Atlas of Southeast Europe: Geopolitics and History. Volume One: 1521-1699 (Handbook of Oriental Studies: Section 1; The Near and Middle East) 9004214674, 9789004214675

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Atlas of Southeast Europe

Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik section one

The Near and Middle East Edited by Maribel Fierro (Madrid) M. Şükrü Hanioğlu (Princeton) Renata Holod (University of Pennsylvania) Kees Versteegh (Nijmegen)

VOLUME 108/1

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ho1

Atlas of Southeast Europe Geopolitics and History Volume One: 1521–1699 By

H.H.A. Hötte Edited by

Colin Heywood

LEIDEN | BOSTON

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954459

This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9423 isbn 978-90-04-21467-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28888-1 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Table of Contents

Editor’s Preface

3

The Author & the Atlas

5

General Historical Survey

7

General Legend 1521-1699

18

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

20

Maps 1. 1520–1526

23

2. 1526–1530

37

3. 1530–1540

45

4. 1540–1550

55

5. 1550 - 1566

61

6. 1566 - 1593

69

7. 1593-1606

77

8. 1606–1649

87

9. 1649–1673

95

10. 1672-1683

103

11. 1683 – 1699

107

Karlóca 1699

130

Survey 1: Transylvania from 1521 to 1699

135

Survey 2: Slavonia and Croatia from 1521 to 1699

138

Survey 3: The Habsburg Empire from 1521 to 1699

141

Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1521 to 1699

144

Index 151

Editor’s Preface

This atlas offers a survey of the history of Southeast Europe from 1521 until 1699. That it ends with the well-known Treaty of Karlóca of 1699 will be easy for most readers to understand, but the starting date might be less obvious. Why begin in 1521? The fateful year 1521 is marked by the first major land campaign undertaken by Süleyman I, the new Ottoman sultan, in the third, and finally successful, Ottoman attempt to capture Belgrade, which brought to an end almost sixty years of relative stability, at least in territorial terms, on the Danube frontier of the Ottoman Empire. In the decades which had followed Süleyman’s great-grandfather Mehmed II’s unsuccessful siege of Belgrade (1456), his final extinction of the Serbian state by the capture of the fortress of Smederevo (Semendire) in 1459, and the annexation of most of the lands of medieval Bosnia (1462-3), the frontier between the lands of the Ottoman sultanate and those wide tracts of central and eastern Europe owing allegiance to or claimed by the Hungarian-Polish crown, had followed the line of the river Danube from its mouth to Belgrade; and from thence westwards, the line of its main tributary, the river Sava; and ultimately to the limits of Venetian territory on the borders of Croatia. The “long” fifteenth century on the middle Danube frontier, which extends from the defeat and destruction in 1396, in the battle of Nicopolis, at the hands of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, of a crusading army drawn mainly from western Europe, comes to an abrupt end in the Ottoman capture of Belgrade in 1521, and the destruction of medieval Hungary in 1526 at the battle of Mohács. It was a period in which the middle Danube frontier, and the lands which bordered the Danube-Sava line on both sides, possessed their own special character, a character which would be largely lost once the Ottoman conquest of Hungary became a reality. The Danube-Sava frontier was a border or zone of transition in more than one way: ecological, from the Balkan uplands to the marshes and swamps of the Hungarian plain; ethnic and religious, from a Slav and Orthodox world to a Magyar and Latin Catholic one; and politically, from the social structures of the Ottoman sultanate to the very different ones of the Hungarian kingdom. In the “long” fifteenth century it may have been a frontier which was territorially stable, but it was by no means quiet or even quiescent. On the Ottoman side of the frontier this was the golden age of the Rumelian uj-begis, the ‘frontier lords” and their followers, the Malkoç-oğulları, the Mihail-oğulları, and the Evrenos-oğulları, the descendants of the original uj-begis who had played a major role in the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Under their command were the subordinate commanders (tövija) and the mass of the Rumelian akincilar, or raiders and freebooters, possibly 20,000 strong, animated perhaps more by the joy of looting, raiding and enslavement, and the profits of plunder, than by zeal as ghazis for the “holy war”, but in any case a potent destructive and destabilizing element along the whole length of the frontier throughout this period. On the Hungarian side, the growth in royal power as a response to the Turkish threat perceived more clearly in the aftermath of Nicopolis, and evident in the military reforms undertaken by the Hungarian ruler Zsigmond (1387-1437) and his successors, effected a transformation of the mobilisation and border defence systems of the kingdom, establishing a system of a double line of heavily fortified and strongly manned borders fortresses, with Belgrade, “the key to Hungary”, at its centre, at intervals on the Danube-Sava line, together with more

mobile forces built around the levies of the warrior nobility, plus increasing numbers of mercenaries drawn from diverse parts of Europe directly financed by royal revenues derived from taxation. In addition, as part of the gunpowder revolution which transformed warfare from the mid-fifteenth century onwards, the Hungarians became increasingly skilled in the use of firearms, both in the field and for defence, and in utilising the tábor (T. tábur), the Wagenburg or mobile fortified camp formed from carts chained together, which had been adopted from the Hussite rebels in Bohemia. A further aspect of this apparently stable but potentially highly unstable frontier situation was a duality in terms of the actual warfare carried on along its length. For the entire period from 1396 to 1521 all the major field encounters between Ottoman and Hungarian forces – not that there were many: Nicopolis itself (1396); the “winter campaign” of 1443-4; the crusade of Varna (1444) – and all the major Ottoman sieges – Belgrade (1440; 1456; 1521); Jajca (1462) – took place on the Ottoman side of the frontier. Ottoman offensive activity north of the river, across an arc stretching from the south-eastern provinces of Austria to Transylvania, was carried out almost entirely by the Rumelian uj-begis and their followers. Where regular Ottoman forces did penetrate north of the Danube, as in the ill-fated campaign into Transylvania led by Şihabeddin Pasha in 1442, who was defeated on the Ialomitsa River by János Hunyadi, the Ottomans were unable to penetrate the Hungarian Wagenburg / tábor system of field defences. It was this system, and the allied reforms, that brought the Hungarians close to victory in the “winter war” of 1443, only to be defeated by the bitter weather in the Balkan Mountains and the resolute Ottoman defence at the Zlatitsa Pass. After the Ottoman victory over a crusading army at Varna in 1444 – an event more momentous for crusading history as it was the last western army to penetrate the Balkans for almost two and a half centuries, than it was for this history of the Danube frontier – and after Mehmed II’s failure to take Belgrade (1456) and Jajca (1462), an uneasy peace, punctuated by episodes of furious raiding warfare from both sides, settled on the frontier. The battle of Kenyérmező (Brotfeld; Şibot), in Transylvania in 1479, late in the reign of Mehmed II, when a traditional army collected together by the Hungarian nobility annihilated an invading Ottoman force commanded by nearly all the begs of the Rumelian frontier in what has been termed “the greatest battle of the age”, was followed by further violent incursions in the years after the death of the sultan. Indeed, it has been suggested that the frontier begs of Bosnia and Semendire must have regarded the succession struggle which followed on death of Mehmed II, and the consequent temporary weakening of the central state authority under Bayezid II, as an especially favourable opportunity. In 1481, the year in which Mehmed II died (on May 3), devastating raids were launched into Hungary; in reprisal Pál Kinizsi, the Hungarian governor of Temesvár (and the redoubtable victor at Kenyérmező four years earlier) laid waste with fire and sword to the province of Semendire. Thereafter, with neither Bayezid II nor the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus (145890) eager for a serious conflict, a truce for five years, later extended to 1491, was signed in 1483. The death of Matthias in 1490 destabilised the Hungarian kingdom, which now fell on evil days. A revolt, spearheaded by the greater nobility, against royal taxation designed to support the late king’s

3

“Black Army” of mercenaries, and the election of Vladislav (Wladislaw) II, a weak and amiable but clearly incompetent king, rapidly undid the military structures which underpinned the defence and security of the kingdom. Crown revenues were plundered by magnates, ecclesiastical and lay; royal power was further curtailed, and the revenues of the state were farmed out to speculators and foreigners, while a bitter struggle for power developed between the magnates and the lesser nobility. All these developments opened up for the Ottomans, even though they were themselves constrained by the ongoing crisis centred on the person of Bayezid II’s brother Jem Sultan, a hostage of the Knights of St John and the king of France, the possibility of once again intervening profitably in the affairs of Hungary once the truce of 1483 finally expired. In 1492 the Ottoman frontier raiders swept deep into Hungary, Croatia, and the Austrian provinces of Styria, Carniola and Carinthia: in a desperate battle near Villach, deep within Austrian territory, 10,000 raiders and 7,000 Christian troops were slain; further devastating raids were launched in the following years against Croatia, Styria and Temesvár, while the Hungarians were also still powerful enough to carry out retaliatory devastations in the region of Semendire. Thereafter, in 1495 both sides concluded a three-year truce, renewed on occasion (e.g., in 1503), and for the last time in 1519, despite continuing local unrest along the frontier. It was, however, not so much the continuing strength of the Hungarian defences, or their ongoing military capability, but developments elsewhere which largely led to the apparent stability of the Danube frontier in the late fifteenth and the first two decades of the sixteenth century. Ever since the last decade of the reign of Mehmed II, the focus of Ottoman policy and statecraft had shifted steadily to the east. Mehmed II himself had absorbed the once-powerful Anatolian emirate of Karaman; this had led him into hostilities with the east Anatolian/west-Iranian Turkoman dynasty of the Ak-Koyunlu, the defeat of whose ruler Uzun Hasan by Mehmed II led to conflict with the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria. It also opened up in Bayezid’s reign what became an ideological challenge to the Ottomans through the coming to political power in eastern Anatolia and Iran of the strongly Shiʿi religious movement of the Safaviyya (1501). The policies of Bayezid II in his last years, and those of his son and successor Selim I (1512-20) were determined largely by the social and religious situation in Ottoman Anatolia, where a large-scale, Safavid-inspired revolt amongst the strongly pro-Shiʿi Turkoman tribes of the region (1511) led, following on Selim I’s seizure of power (1512), to a massive Ottoman Drang nach Osten: the defeat of the armies of the Safavid Shah Ismaʿil I at Chaldiran (1514) and a major campaign against the Mamluks (1516-17) which led rapidly to the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt, and to the Ottoman assumption of suzerainty over the Muslim Holy Places of Mecca and Medina.

During the six decades which lie between the Ottoman conquest of Semendire and that of Belgrade little appeared to have changed on the Danube – Sava frontier between the Ottoman and Hungarian lands. The province of Semendire, in 1520, the year in which Süleyman I ascended the throne, was still the frontier province it had become when formed in 1459. But the Ottoman state, in these years, had become changed out of all recognition. In 1459 (and for most of the succeeding period) it had been a powerful but still (despite Mehmed II’s pretensions to universal sovereignty as the conqueror of Constantinople and the self-proclaimed heir to the Caesars) an essentially local Balkan and west- and central-Anatolian polity. Now, in 1520, and thanks largely to the work of Selim I, it had become a true imperium, controlling a vast arc of territory from the borders of Hungary to the Crimea, the fringes of the Caucasus, the eastern Mediterranean lands, Egypt, the Red Sea littoral, and the Arabian Holy Places. In 1521, therefore, when Süleyman I appeared with his army before the walls of Belgrade, the kingdom of Hungary, weakened, riven by social dissent in the aftermath of the brutally suppressed Dózsa peasant rising of 1514, and with a weak, fifteen-year old king in the person of Lajos II, found itself facing unprepared the military might of a new imperial and world power. How had this situation of impending catastrophe come about? In the first place, the kingdom of Hungary, despite what is generally accepted as its immense territory, stretching from Bohemia to Poland, and its relative prosperity, was now unable to finance an effective military defence against the Ottomans. Complacency had played its part. It has indeed been argued that the sixty years of relative peace had helped to precipitate the Hungarian defeats both in siege warfare at Belgrade and on the battlefield at Mohács. It was not the Hungarian forces, but the institutions of the state and its military leadership which were militarily totally inadequate to the task. By the early sixteenth century there were few amongst the Hungarian leadership who had experience of either siege defence or battlefield tactics against the central military forces of the sultan. Furthermore, there had been a too easy acceptance of Selim’s I’s renewal of the truce in 1519, only a year before his death, an event which did not mean that Selim or, for that matter, any eventual successor, might have no aggressive intentions towards Hungary for the future. As it turned out, within a few months of the accession of Süleyman I events were rapidly to demonstrate not only that the dominant Hungarian nobility were wrong to believe that it was possible to come to a lasting agreement with an aggressive great power, but that their reliance on their – by now outdated and antiquated – personal levies would be sufficient to save the country’s independence. In 1521, and again in 1526, events were to prove otherwise. Colin Heywood

4

The Author & the Atlas

This atlas was conceived and produced by Hans H.A. Hötte, who died in 2007. Hötte was born in 1922 in Semarang, the Netherlands Indies, and was educated in the Netherlands. His interests in the rich and complex history of Middle and Southeast Europe already dated back to his years in high school, but it was not until the Second World War that he turned his full attention to the subject. In 1943, Dutch students were forced to pledge their loyalty to the Nazi authorities who had occupied the Netherlands in 1940. Hötte’s refusal to make the pledge made it impossible for him to continue his medical studies and his first attempts at map-making date from this period. After the war, Hötte recommenced his medical studies, becoming a full-time ophthalmologist in the 1950s. His medical career proved impossible to combine with his passion for the history and geopolitics of Southeast Europe, but he made annual trips to the area to gather further information. In 1970, he obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam with a study called Orbital Fractures (published in London by William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. in the same year). After Hötte’s retirement, he took up map-making again and began working on what he came to regard as his most important life’s work, an electronic historical atlas of Southeast Europe. Using specialised software and engaging a professional typesetter to help build the files, he compiled a digital atlas layer by layer. His expertise as an ophthalmologist was relevant to the project, because he used only those colours and patterns of demarcation which create contrasts that are optimal for the human eye; this also explains why the background to all maps is grey instead of white. During the final years of the author’s life discussions with IDC Publishers (which was later taken over by Brill) about an online publication stranded because the technical hurdles were insurmountable. Despite technological advances, these challenges are still difficult to overcome, so it was decided to publish the atlas in print first. The Atlas of Southeast Europe is published several years after the author’s death. Colin Heywood edited the author’s General Historical Survey, while the original typesetter Hötte had worked with, Huibert Stolker, extracted the maps included in this volume from the complex files in the author’s estate. Three external peer reviewers provided invaluable suggestions for improvements, after which Dr. Moniká F. Molnár copy edited both the texts and the maps. The atlas contains two types of maps: survey maps, which represent a static situation at the beginning of a (CE) calendar year, and detailed maps which zoom in on particular events. Each new section begins with a survey map, which shows the situation immediately after the events of the previous section. Volume One of the atlas ends in the year 1699, when the Treaty of Carlowitz heralded a new phase in the region’s history. That new phase will be covered in Volume Two. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support and patience of Hans Hötte’s widow, Doris Hötte-Wintgens. The conscientiousness of Huibert Stolker and his team at Stip Grafisch Ontwerp (Marjolein, Joris and Valentine) has significantly contributed to the quality of the atlas. Maurits van den Boogert BRILL

5

General Historical Survey 1521-1525

tention to the Knights Hospitallers on Rhodes (which capitulated late in 1522 after a long siege).

During the later years of his reign Sultan Selīm I was engaged militarily against the Safavid state in Iran and the Mamluk sultanate in Syria and Egypt, so Central Europe felt relatively safe. King Lajos II of Hungary was only ten years old when, in 1516, he succeeded to the throne and was placed under guardianship. In 1506 he had already been betrothed to Maria, the sister of Emperor Ferdinand, by the Pact of Wiener Neustadt, where a royal double marriage was arranged between the Habsburg and Jagiello dynasties. The government of Hungary was entrusted to a State Council, a group of men who were interested only in enriching themselves. In a word: the crown had been reduced to political insignificance; the country was in chaos, the treasury empty, the army virtual­ly non-existent and the system of defence utterly neglected. This was the situation in Hungary when Sultan Selim I died (8/9 Şevvāl 926/21/22 September 1520) and was succeeded by Süleyman I, who would become known in the West as “Süleyman the Magnificent” and to the Ottomans as Kānūnī (“the Lawgiver”). He would rule for 46 years, waging war incessantly on many fronts, reaching the Persian Gulf in the south-east and Vienna and the headlands of the Tatra Mountains in the north-west. He would personally lead eleven full-scale campaigns into Hungary. Süleyman I must have realized that Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) was the key to Hungary and to Central Europe, so it had to be taken first. And as a superb strategist he must also have understood that before striking into Central Europe he should secure his flanks, in this case his Aegean maritime flank where the Knights of St. John still constituted a formidable threat. So in 1520, immediately after he had assumed power, he first tested and showed off his own maritime forces in order to discourage any designs by the Knights Hospitaller. Thus, in preparation of his final blow against them he ordered to attack a small group of islands called after the largest, Kastelorizo, at the time ruled by Spain. Their capture was easily accomplished. The Sultan then sent an army into Bosnia against the fortress of Jajca, as a warning of Hungary. Süleyman subsequently sent an envoy to the court in Buda offering peace in exchange for vassal status with a yearly tribute. The haughty State Council did not even think it worthwhile to consider the proposal but put Süleyman’s envoy in jail, cut off his nose and ears and sent him back in this condition to his lord in Constantinople. Infuriated, Süleyman immediately started pre­parations for a large campaign in the following year. In 1521 the Sultan ordered to continue his pressure on Bosnia and Dalmatia. Two army groups, one against Szabács and one against Belgrade and Zimony were then sent ahead while Süleyman followed with his main force. The fortress garrisons amounted to only 700 men in Belgrade, 500 in Szabács and 350 in Zimony. The Ottomans took all three fortresses; none of the defenders survived. Süleyman then had all three strongholds refortified and provided each with a permanent garrison. Then he returned to Constantinople. Thus the two main fortresses south of the Sava-Danube line and a bridgehead north of it, including the region of Sirmium were now in the hands of the Ottomans, opening up the soft underbelly of Hungary. These developments finally roused the king and government in Buda, and a Diet was convened. The royal couple were conducted to Székesfehérvár, where Lajos was declared to have come of age and Maria was crowned Queen of Hungary. The court returned to Buda where the official wedding was celebrated. In the meantime, Süleyman had turned his at-

1526-1530 Between 1523 and 1525 Süleyman and his Grand Vizier and favourite, Ibrahim Pasha (d. 942/1536), were chiefly engaged in settling the affairs of Egypt. His second campaign into Hungary, which was launched in April 1526, led ultimately, after a slow and difficult march, to a military encounter known as the first Battle of Mohács. It was fought on 20 Zilkade 932/29 August 1526 on the plain of Mohács, west of the Danube in southern Hungary, near the present-day intersection of Hungary, Croatia and Serbia. Both Süleyman and Lajos II participated in the battle, the forces involved being led on the Hungarian side by Pál Tomori, the Archbishop of Kalocsa, chief commandant of Lower Hungary, and on the Ottoman side by Ibrahim Pasha. The Ottoman force consisted of some 60,000 soldiers – frontier troops, janissaries and fief-holders (timariots). The Hungarian contingent has been estimated at 26.000 men. The first Hungarian attack caught the Ottomans off-guard, but they quickly recovered; within an hour-anda-half, the Ottomans had completely defeated the Hungarian army, which lost all its leaders, including the king, either dead on the field or drowned in the marshes of the Csele stream. On 12 September Süleyman entered Buda, but soon thereafter retreated to Belgrade, bringing the Mohács campain to a successful end. In a technical sense, Süleyman did not immediately add Hungary to the Ottoman Empire, keeping it as a personal possession instead (even after recognizing János Zápolya, the voivoda of Transylvania and head of the “native” party, as the King of Hungary). The first Battle of Mohács was a turning-point in Hungarian history. The death of Lajos II without an heir led to an extensive period of political chaos while the territorial and strategic losses suffered (including the earlier loss of Szerémség (Sirmium)) made the country increasingly vulnerable. After the disaster of Mohács the majority of the lower Hungarian nob­ility, assembled in Tokaj, proclaimed János Zápolya (r. 15261540) as king and planned an election Diet. The delegates convened in Székesfehérvár and, after having laid the recently recovered remains of King Lajos II to rest in his tomb, they opened the Diet. The agreement of 5 November 1521 between Ferdinand of Austria and Lajos was declared illegal and János Zápolya (John Zápolya) was elected King of Hungary and crowned right away by the bishop of Nyitra. In the meantime Ferdinand ordered the Palatine of Hungary, István Báthory, to convoke a Diet in Komárom for 30 November. Ferdinand, Lajos’s widow Maria, and the Palatine – the “German party” – could count on only little support and Komárom had in the meantime (16 December) been taken by Zápolya’s forces, so the “German Party’s Diet” had to be moved to Pozsony (Bratislava). Here a few delegates from the nobility, from some counties near the Austrian border, and from the cities of Pozsony and Sopron, elected Ferdinand their king. His coronation, however, had to be postponed because the crown was in the hands of Zápolya. On 1 January 1527, the delegates from Croatia convened in Cetin (actually on Slavonian territory) and elected Ferdinand as their king. Five days later, the delegates from Slavonia, convened in Dombró, elected Zápolya their king.

7

King Zsigmond of Poland called representatives of both sides to Olmütz in a vain attempt at reconciliation. In these early months after Mohács virtually all of Hungary and Slavonia was in the hands of Zápolya, but he was unable to exploit this advantage. Ferdinand then declared war on Zápolya and entered Hungary with two armies. Zápolya retreated without putting up any resistance but failed to take the sacred crown of St. Stephen with him. And so Ferdinand entered Buda through open gates and sent his forces after Zápolya. This rapid ad­vance and the ‘gift’ of Buda turned the tide in favour of Ferdinand. Zápolya was defeated in battle near Tokaj and at the same time Count Kristóf Frangepán, his great supporter, was killed in the siege of Varasd (Varaždin), which brought Slavonia under Ferdinand’s control. While Zápolya withdrew further east to Nagyvárad and thence to Transylvania, Ferdinand convened a Diet in Buda. On 3 October 1527 Ferdinand was again elected King, this time by delegates from all over Hungary and - even more importantly - this time the election was followed by his coronation in Székesfehérvár with the sacred crown of St. Stephan (3 November 1527). The massive defection of the Hungarian nobility to Ferdinand’s side induced Zápolya to send a trusted envoy, Hieronym Łaski, to Constantinople to seek support from Süleyman. While Hieronym Łaski negotiated, Zápolya made a last attempt on the battlefield, but after attacking Kassa he was defeated by Ferdinand’s troops near Szina (8 March 1528) and fled to Homonna and thence to Tarnów in Poland. Meanwhile, Süleyman granted Hieronym Łaski’s request for assistance, probably with the aim of turning Hungary into an Ottoman vassal state, similar to Wallachia and Moldavia. Popular sympathy for Zápolya grew as a result of the support he obtained from the Pauline monk and bishop of Nagyvarád, “Frater” George (Hung. György) Martinuzzi (Utješenović), who soon took over the leadership of the anti-Habsburg faction from Zápolya. Encouraged by these developments, Zápolya returned to Hungary and defeated the Habsburg forces near Sárospatak. Transylvania and all counties east of the Tisa River then drew together around “Frater” George and Zápolya, who made Lippa his residence. Thus the bipartition of Hungary came about, with Habsburgs ruling “Royal Hungary” and Croatia-Slavonia, and Zápolya ruling Transylvania with the Partes Annexae as a vassal of the Ottoman Sultan.

mans from the start: without forward bases, Vienna lay at or beyond the limits of what an Ottoman army could reach in a single campaign. The campaigning season ran for six months, approximately 185 days, from mid-April to mid-October, between spring and the earliest onset of winter, but it was impossible for an army to reach the line of the Sava River before early July. In 1529 the Ottoman army left Istanbul on 10 May. Belgrade was reached only in mid-July, and progress thereafter was impeded by incessant rain and flooded rivers, particularly at the crossings of the Dráva and Sava Rivers. Buda – in Habsburg hands -- was not reached until 3 September, after which almost two weeks were expended on besieging and taking control of the city and arranging for the enthronement of Zápolya. The onward march to Vienna took almost two further weeks, until 26/27 September: by this time the army had been on the road for 141 days – 83 of them on the march and 53 days of rest, with half of these rest days being enforced by the extreme weather, by flooded river crossings or by destroyed or impassable bridges. Vienna was well fortified and bravely defended; its garrison had been strengthened by Spanish, Italian and Flemish troops, and desperate Ottoman attempts to undermine and breach the walls were all repulsed by the defenders. It has been said that Süleyman terminated the siege on 14 October, after only 18 days, not because he was defeated in battle by a superior relief force – there was none – but because the logistics of the situation – weather, sickness and a chronic lack of supplies -- had worked inexorably against him. Possibly, also, Vienna was not as strategically or politically as significant in 1529 as it had become by 1683 and, in any case, Süleyman had achieved for the time being what had been his main aim in the campaign, the establishment of a pliant puppet ruler in Buda. There was no counter-offensive from the Habsburgs as the Ottoman army began its grim two-month retreat through the snow to Buda (26 October) and Belgrade (10 November), before finally reaching Istanbul on 16 December, no less than 220 days, more than seven months, since it had set out.

1530-1540 After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, the Habsburg rulers undertook preliminary measures to organize the defence of their borders. In the Mediterranean, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V assigned the islands of Malta to the Knights Hospitaller, and it became their final outpost. In 1530 Habsburg forces attacked Süleyman’s vassal Zápolya in Buda, thus providing the sultan with another casus belli. This induced him to personally lead another campaign – his fourth -- into Hungary, in 1532, in order, once again, to attempt to conquer Vienna. On their route of march the Ottomans halted to besiege the small fortress of Kőszeg, in order to entice a much stronger Habsburg army to leave its defensive position around Vienna and to give battle in open field. But the Habsburg forces did not move, and Kőszeg held out for three weeks, capitulating only on 28 August, too late in the campaigning season for Süleyman to advance on Vienna. In the end, the Ottomans retreated, laying waste the Austrian province of Styria and Slavonia as they went. After his return to Constantinople Süleyman opened diplomatic negotiations. Ferdinand was willing accept the partition of Hungary and in 1531 concluded an Armistice, followed an agreement with Süleyman in Costantinople (22 June 1533). Ferdinand accepted the territorial status quo and herewith the partition of Hungary. Süleyman was now engaged (1534-6) in a major campaign in the east, against the Safavid rulers of Iran. During this period of relative quiescence on the Danube frontier, the monk, “Frater” George Martinuzzi, Zápolya’s main adviser, who had been recently appointed

1529: The First Siege of Vienna Hungary, in the years immediately following the battle of Mohács, rapidly became what it was long to remain, a divided land. Habsburg aims have been seen as the welding together of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary to form a formidable barrier against Ottoman aggression; those of the Ottoman sultan, at this point, were to establish Hungary and Transylvania as a vassal state, under a compliant native ruler, which would form, with Moldavia and Wallachia, a bulwark against further Habsburg encroachments. Thus, both Habsburg and Ottoman policies may be seen as essentially defensive, but both policies foundered on the intractable realities of the Hungarian ‘problem’. In 1528 Süleyman had recognised János Zápolya as ‘king’ of Hungary and promised him his protection. Ferdinand in response occupied Buda and sent envoys to Süleyman demanding the retrocession of all the border forts and strong places taken by the Ottomans since 1521: Süleyman, enraged, promised that he would ‘come in person to Vienna and restore what the archduke demanded’. Süleyman’s campaign against Vienna in 1529, despite being led by the sultan in person and by his Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, was a failure, in that the first Ottoman siege of Vienna, like its success 154 years later, was unsuccessful. It may also be accounted a success, in that as a result, Zápolya was again installed in Buda as king of Hungary. The odds for a successful outcome were stacked against the Otto-

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Archbishop of Nagyvarád, started negotiations with the Habsburgs. These led to the secret Treaty of Nagyvarád, concluded on 24 February 1538. While the Ottomans renew their attacks in Croatia, in 1537 Ferdinand takes action in northern Hungary. A Habsburg campaign against Eszék (Osijek) which had been Ottoman since 1526, ends in disaster. The Ottomans had already turned their attention to the Adriatic, and to war with Venice. Süleyman took Salona (1536) and the city of Kamen (1537) in Dalmatia, but the Venetian-Ottoman war of 15371540 was fought mainly at sea. The commander of the Ottoman fleet, Hayreddīn Barbarossa, ransacked the Venetian islands and coastal settlements in Greece one after the other. Many of them were either conquered or forced to pay tribute. During the same period, the Ottomans took Klis, a fortress in the mountains of Dalmatia. In 1538, Süleyman I invaded Moldavia and created the new sancak (province) of Akkerman through the conquest of south-Bessarabia. He ordered a strong castle to be built at Bender (formerly Tighina), on the new border. The town of Brăila was taken by the Ottomans in Rabīʿ II 945/September 1538. On the Adriatic front the Ottomans re-established the (tributary) “Republic” of Poglitza, but kept the fortresses of Sinj and Klis. The Venetians captured Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) but Ottoman naval forces re-took it the following year. Off the coast of southern Epirus, near Preveza (in Ottoman hands since 14778), the fleet of the First Holy League under Andrea Doria was defeated by the Ottoman navy under Hayreddīn Pasha in September 1538. The Ottoman siege of Venetian-held Nauplia that had begun in 1537 ended with its surrender on 21 November 1540. Its capture was soon followed by the surrender of Monemvasia, the “Castle of Violets”, in the Morea. The peace treaty that ended the war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire in October 1540 stipulated that Venice was to keep only Butrinto (opposite Corfu), Parga, and six Ionian Islands (with Zante remaining under Ottoman suzerainty), as well as Tinos, Crete (Candia) and Cyprus. The Venetian fiefs of the Duchy of Naxos and several other islands remained under Ottoman suzerainty.

Rákos field under the walls of Buda, where he was proclaimed King of Hungary. For the time being the parts of Hungary owing allegiance to János Zsigmond were to be administered by a court commission, headed by “Frater” George. Basing his actions on the Treaty of Nagyvarád of 1538, however, Ferdinand, who now considered himself the sole king of Hungary, sent an army against Buda to oust János Zsigmond. At the same instant, an Ottoman army was also approaching Buda, which was now taken by the Ottomans for the third and final time: on 29 August 1541 Buda and its territories were formed into the Ottoman province which would henceforth bear its name. Thus came about the partition of Hungary, which, within continually changing frontiers, would last for 150 years: • The west and north of the country would be administered by the Habsburgs as “Royal Hungary”. • The centre, with Buda as the chief seat of Ottoman power and a base for further Ottoman expansion, would come under Ottoman rule. • The eastern lands (in essence Transylvania and Partes Annexae east of the Tisa River) were effectively governed for the time being by “Frater” George in the name of the infant János Zsigmond. Ferdinand did not accept the partition. With military support from his brother, the Emperor Charles V, he sent his army to re-conquer Buda in 1542, but its commander, Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg, redirected the attack towards Pest, opposite Buda on the east bank of the Danube, which he ineffectively besieged instead. A year later, Süleyman retaliated by personally leading his troops against the Habsburgs, taking Valpó, Siklós, Pécs, Szászvár and Szekszárd before returning to Constantinople. The Ottoman conquests in Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia continued from the command centre of Buda, its Ottoman governor seizing Vác, Esztergom (Gran), Csókakő, Csákvár and Székesfehérvár. Ottoman forces also occupied at this time vast areas in Slavonia. In 1544 a small area in Slavonia was lost by Ferdinand to the Ottomans, while the Pasha of Buda also seized control of the fortresses of Visegrád, Nógrád and Hatvan. In the east of the country “Frater” George convoked a Transylvanian Diet in Torda, drafting a constitution for Transylvania and its Partes Annexae which forged all parts closer together into one political unit acknowledging János Zsigmond as suzerain of Transylvania (20-22 December 1542). In 1545 an armistice was agreed between Ferdinand and Süleyman I; two years later, in June 1547, they concluded the peace Treaty of Adrianople for a period of five years. The treaty entailed a confirmation of the territorial status quo and an annual payment by Ferdinand of 30,000 ducats as tribute for the lands he controlled in Hungary. The treaty forbade, but did not actually manage to prevent, continual small-scale raids (Kleinkrieg) across the border by local and provincial forces from both sides, which were to remain a constant feature of the Hungarian border until the Austrian reconquista at the end of the seventeenth century.

The Emerging Austrian Military Borders In 1535 the Uskoks (Croatian: Uskoci), settled around Žumberak on the River Kolpa, received from the Habsburgs a charter granting them privileges. This may be considered to be the birth-certificate of the Austrian Militärgrenze, the defensive so-called ‘Military Border’ against the Ottomans. Two years later the Habsburgs settled refugees from Klis around Zengg on the Upper Adriatic coast, and Žumberak and Metlika on the River Kolpa. Others were settled in Slavonia in the province which became known as the Slavonian Military Border (Windische Gränitz). Gradually German Imperial commanders in these areas took over the civil administration as well. Later in 1537 the first semi-official military border administration was established around Žumberak, receiving further Habsburg privileges in 1544. The first official Military Borders were established in Croatia, into which the Žumberak district (a captaincy since 1543) and the Zengg district (Meer Gränitz) were incorporated. The Croatian Military Border (Krabatische und Meer Gränitz) was followed by the establishment of the Varasd or Slavonian Military Border (Slawonische Gränitz). So by 1543 two distinct areas of military frontier settlements had emerged: one in Croatia and one in Slavonia, which remained under a single command until 1568.

1550-1566 In 1551 “Frater” George made diplomatic overtures towards Ferdinand, who sent his general, Giovanni Battista Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano, to George’s aid with 8,000 men. Thereupon “Frater” George and Castaldo induced Isabella to abdicate in favour of Ferdinand, who appointed “Frater” George as governor of Transylvania. In response to these developments, Süleyman I once again led an army into Hungary. Both the Ottomans and the Habsburgs now considered “Frater” George a traitor, having secret connections with the Ottomans and, before the end of the year, Ferdinand permitted Castaldo to have him

1540-1550 On 7 July 1540, little more than a week before the death of Zápolya (on 21 July), Isabella gave birth in Buda to a son, who would become known as János Zsigmond (John II Zsigmond Zápolya, d. 1571). On 13 September Isabella and “Frater” George carried the child to the

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assassinated. The elimination of “Frater” George could not, however, prevent the outbreak of another Ottoman-Habsburg war in Hungary (1551-1562). The Ottoman army, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, crossed the Danube on 6 Ramadan 958/7 September 1551, and then the Tisa. In the first year of the war, the Ottoman campaign into the Bánát of Temesvár resulted in the Ottoman capture of Becse, Becskerek, Csanád and Lippa (which had to be evacuated again at the end of the year). In the winter of 1551-2, at his headquarters at Belgrade, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha prepared for the second year of the war. In February 1552 the Ottomans briefly lost control of Szeged, but the city was quickly recovered. In April 1552 the leadership of the Ottoman campaign was taken over by Kara Ahmed Pasha, the second vizier. In July, the Turks captured Temesvár (after a siege of 35 days) and other places in the Bánát, and the city of Szolnok, but they failed to take one of the keys Hungarian fortresses under Habsburg role of Eger. The Austrian Military Border in Croatia-Slavonia, from the Adriatic to the Dráva, were placed under a single military command; all civilian institutions were subordinated to the authority of the military. In 1554 witnessed another Ottoman attack directed from Buda against northern Hungary (Fülek, Salgó). Two years later the Turks took Kostajnica on the Unna, leaving the Austrian province of Carniola open to incursions. In the same year the “Hofkriegsrat” or Court Council of War was established in Vienna. It would thereafter play a preponderating role in the direction and conduct of Austrian military activity in Hungary. In 1558 the Ottomans penetrated further into Slavonia and captured the Balearic Islands. Ferdinand was succeeded his brother Charles as emperor. For the Habsburg lands, Ferdinand’s death (25 July 1564) had far-reaching consequences. In accordance with his wishes, the empire was divided among his three sons: Maximilian was to be Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia and Archduke of Upper- and Lower Austria; Karl would hold Inner Austria i.e. Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Trieste, Istria and Görz and Gradiška; and Ferdinand received Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Vorder Österreich (theVorlande). Meanwhile, with the death of Ferdinand, the war recommenced. in Croatia the Ottomans took Novi and the key fortress of Krupa in 1565. During both these years frontier skirmishes led to minor border corrections in northern Hungary. In the Mediterranean, in 1565 the Ottomans, in a determined effort, besieged Malta, but were driven off by a Spanish relief force. A year later Süleyman the Magnificent, now 71 years old, personally took the field for the last time against the Habsburgs. After reaching Belgrade he sent one army east to capture Gyula, Jenő and Világos, and himself led the main force to Eszék. The sultan ordered a pontoon-bridge to be constructed to cross the Dráva river, then marched west, and laid siege (5 August 1566) to the fortress of Szigetvár (T. Sigetvār), which was defended by Count Nicholas (Miklós) Zrínyi. The siege dragged on, seemingly without success: Süleyman I died in the night of 20-1 Ṣafer 974/6-7 September 1566, just two days before the final – and successful – assault. In a heroic counter-attack from the castle, Count Zrínyi and his entire retinue was killed. Maximilian, meanwhile, had kept his sizeable army entrenched all the time near Győr, without moving to help. After Szigetvár, the minor fortresses of Babócsa and Csurgó also fell into Ottoman hands. As a result of this campaign the frontier of Croatia near Csurgó was pushed southward to a more southern branch of the Mur River, which had gradually become the main branch. Earlier in 1566, in the on-going sea war in the Mediterranean, the Ottoman fleet had set sail, finally to take the important Aegean island of Chios from the Genoeses. This successful naval campaign, under the command of the kapudan paşa (Ottoman high admiral) Piyale Pasha, also brought about the sovereignty of the Duchy of Naxos, and

the island of Andros. Süleyman I’s successor, Sultan Selim II (r. 97482/1566-74), ceded Naxos to his friend, the wealthy Sephardic Jewish banker, Joseph Nasi, who ruled it through an administrator until his death in 1579.

1566-1593 In 1567 the Ottomans made incursions into Austrian-held territory on the north bank of the Maros River. It was the last major event of the current war, a belated carry-over from Süleyman I’s last Hungarian campaigns. A year later, Emperor Maximilian and Sultan Selim II concluded another Treaty of Adrianople, which replicated that of 1547. Once again, the territorial status quo was confirmed, and this time Maximilian agreed to an annual payment of tribute. Like two decades before, raids by irregular forces from both sides continued despite the treaty. The Habsburgs now placed the Croatian and Slavonian Military Borders each under a separate command. With an unquiet peace on the Hungarian frontier, the Ottomans now turned their attention to the Adriatic and to war with Venice. In 1570 Ottoman military operations in Albania, by sea and overland, led to the capture of the Venetian strongholds of Dulcigno, Budua (Budva) and Antivari (Bar). This brought Venice to a declaration of war on the Ottomans and to forge the Second Holy League with Spain and the Pope. The Second Holy League against the Ottomans (1570-1581) In 1570, Selim II had formally demanded that Venice should hand over Cyprus. When the Venetians refused to comply, the sultan landed a strong army at Larnaca, on the south coast of the island. Nicosia, the centre of Venetian rule, and nearly all of Cyprus was easily taken, except Famagusta, one of the strongest fortresses in the Christian world. After an eleven-month siege the famished garrison surrendered in August 1571. Although they had been promised evacuation to Crete with full honours, the entire garrison was slaughtered. The Captain-General of Famagusta, Marc Antonio Bragadino, tortured and horribly mutilated, was flayed alive. The Venetian fleet, sent out to the relief of Famagusta rescue, had reached Kastelorizo, but had already turned back after learning that Nicosia had fallen. On 7 October 1571, in the sea battle of Lepanto, on the Gulf of Corinth, the Holy League annihilated the Ottoman fleet, but the Christians failed to exploit their success and the Ottomans were able to replace their lost galleys within a short time. In Bosnia the Ottomans advanced against Ripac and Bihac, the last Venetian strongholds on the right bank of the Una River, but this yielded them only small gains. Venice recaptured Budua (Budva), leaving the area of Grbalj under Montenegrin protection. Venice then concluded a separate peace treaty with the Ottomans (7 March 1573), giving up Cyprus. On 28 Şaʿbān 982/13 December 1574 Sultan Selim II died in Istanbul at the age 50, and was succeeded by Murad III (r. 982-1003/157495), his eldest son by his Venetian consort, Nūr Bānū. Almost two years later, Emperor Maximilian II died, on 12 October 1576. He was succeeded by Rudolf II, who entrusted the government of Upper- and Lower Austria and Hungary to his brother, the Archduke Ernst von Österreich (1553-1595). Two years later, upon Joseph Nasi’s death (1579), the Duchy of Naxos was placed under direct Ottoman rule. In 1583 Emperor Rudolf II united the military districts that had been formed in the area between the Karlovac and Varasd Military Borders into one new Military Border, located around Petrinja, and administered by the governor (bán) of Croatia. The new frontier is called ‘the Ban’s Border’. Resuming their attacks in Croatia and Slavo-

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nia, the Ottomans reach Slunj (Hung. Szluin) in 1584. Until 1590 a period of military stalemate then ensued, as a result of the Ottomans’ involvement in war with Safavid Iran. After that conflicts ended, the Turks resumed their border campaigns against the Habsburgs. In 1591, the Ottomans attacked in northern Slavonia and against the Kulpa line. Ripač in Croatia, near Bihac, was taken, and in between, on the south bank of the Kulpa, a strong fortress is built by the Ottomans at Petrinja, called Yeni Hisar (New Fortress). In 1592, the Ottomans advanced further towards the Kulpa River in Croatia. Bihac, the key fortress of the Croatian Military Border, was finally taken. Austro-Croatian forces, sent out to recapture it, were destroyed by the Ottomans, who strengthened the fortifications of Petrinja. The tipping-point in the “Kleinkrieg”, or ongoing border warfare, came in 1593, when Hasan Pasha Predojević, (or Telli Hasan Pasha) the Ottoman governor-general of Bosnia, with his Bosnian ghazi forces – after two vain sieges in 1591 and 1592 – attacked and besieged the fortress of Sisak (Hung. Sziszek), situated at the confluence of the Kulpa and Sava rivers. However, hastily assembled Austrian and Croatian forces made a surprise attack on the enemy at Sisak on 22 June 1593 and gained an overwhelming victory over Hasan Pasha and his Bosnian forces. Although this defeat precipitated a declaration of war by the Ottomans, it marks in some ways the turning of the tide of Ottoman predominance in Hungary. The future now looked grim for the Crown of St. Stephan: the lands of Croatia-Slavonia were reduced to a minimum, called Reliquiæ reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiæ (“The Remnants of the Remnants of the once famous Croatian Kingdom”). The resulting “Long War” in Hungary (1593-1606) will demonstrate the end of Ottoman superiority on the battlefield, but will not yet bring an end to their conquests.

After the death of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, the ruler of Further Austraia and Tyrol, on 24 January 1595, his lands reverted to the ruler of Inner Austria. An agreement was concluded between Prince Zsigmond Báthory of Transylvania and the emperor Rudolf II, stipulating that: 1. War and peace were to be made jointly and in concert with the voivodas of Wallachia and Moldavia. 2. Zsigmond Báthory and his male heirs were to be the hereditary rulers of Transylvania and the Partes Annexae within the limits they had in the time of János Zsigmond and István Báthory. 3. In absence of a male heir Transylvania would to revert to the Habsburgs. 4. A Habsburg princess was to be Báthory’s bride. Less than two weeks before Ferdinand II’s death, Sultan Murad III had also died on 16 January 1595. He was succeeded by his eldest son Mehmed lll, who, the day after his father’s funeral, had all his 19 half-brothers killed – the last sultan to fully implement the Ottoman custom of fratricide. Mehmed III (r. 1003-1012/1595-1603) now offered peace to the Emperor, but Rudolf felt strong enough to refuse and ordered the siege of Esztergom (Gran). The fortress of Párkány, on the opposite bank of the river, was taken first and the relief army sent by the Pasha of Buda was defeated, whereupon Esztergom surrendered on 3 September 1595. The surrender of Visegrád followed. In the meantime Zrínyi took Babócsa, Petrinja, Krastovica and Gora. Sinan Pasha now led another campaign, this time into Transylvania. The substantial army assembled by Báthory, however, forced him to retreat and, chased into Wallachia, Sinan Pasha was defeated near Gyurgyevó. Other Transylvanian troops, operating on both sides of the Maros river, took Lippa, Arad, Csanád, Pankota, Világos, Solymos and even Jenő. This encouraged the Austrians to take Vác and Hatvan in 1596. Sinan Pasha briefly lost favour at the court as a result of these Ottoman losses, but soon returned to office. While planning another campaign against Transylvania, he died, on 3 April 1596. Sultan Mehmed III then personally led a campaign into Hungary. This time the main objective was the key fortress of Eger, which fell to the Ottomans after a siege of three weeks, on 13 October 1596. The Ottomans’ hold on Eger was only secured through their defeat of the Austrian-Hungarian-Transylvanian army at the Battle of Mezőkeresztes not far from Eger, between 26 and 28 October 1596. On their way north the Ottoman forces also retook Arad and Csanád. During 1595-1597 peasant uprisings occurred in Upper Austria and part of Lower Austria, and a revolt took place in Gacko Polje (Croatia). In 1598, Austro-Hungarian forces managed to take Győr (Raab), Tata (Totis), Pápa, Szentmárton, Gesztes, Veszprém, Palota, Csesznek, Vázsony and Tihany, and they besieged Buda for the second time. In 1600, the Ottomans recaptured Babócsa and Kanizsa. On 21 December 1603 Sultan Mehmed III suddenly died, probably of a heart-attack. He was succeeded by his thirteen-year old son, Ahmed l (1r. 1603-1617) (r. 1012-1026 /1603-1617). The Ottoman efforts in Hungary continued unabated under the Grand Vizier Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha (1604-1606); after setbacks before Esztergom, Lala Mehmed Pasha managed to occupy the fortress towns of Pest, Hatvan and Vác. In a second campaign, in which he received support from István Bocskai, the Prince of Transylvania (1605-1606), Lala Mehmed Pasha successfully stormed the fortress of Esztergom (Gran), on 3 October 1605. During the same campaign the Ottomans retook Veszprém and Palota. After Lala Mehmed Pasha’s death, the office of Grand Vizier passed first to Dervish Mehmed Pasha and then to Murad Pasha, surnamed Kuyucu (“the Well-Digger”). It was the latter who signed the Treaty of

1593-1606 The “Long War” The Ottoman siege of Sisak had ended in a famous battle (22 June 1593) in which the besiegers were defeated by an Austro-Croatian relief force. Hasan Pasha drowned. Although this victory was celebrated widely in the West, the Ottomans finally conquered Sisak only two months later, on 24 August 1593. The Ottoman commander was Mehmed Pasha, the Beylerbey (beglerbeg) of Rumelia. Another Ottoman army, under the command of the Grand Vizier, Sinan Pasha (d. 1004/1596), thereupon seized Veszprém and Palota, and then returned to Belgrade. After Sinan Pasha’s withdrawal a combined force of Austrian, Hungarian and Croatian troops advanced on both sides of the Danube, turning south to lay siege to Székesfehérvár. The siege of Székesfehérvár had hardly begun when Sokolluzade Hasan, the Pasha of Buda, came to the rescue. In the ensuing battle at Pákozd the Ottomans were defeated, but after this success the Habsburg army divided its forces. The Austrians retreated to Győr; the Hungarian contingent turned north and in conjunction with local forces took a great number of cities and fortresses. In 1594 the Coratian troops under György Zrínyi turned south, to take Berzence, Csurgó, Babócsa. In the north the Habsburgs took Nógrád, while Zrínyi went on the offensive in Slavonia, his campaign objectives including Sisak and Petrinja, which were occupied by the Pasha of Bosnia in September. Zrínyi went on the offensive in Slavonia, his campaign objectives including Sisak and Petrinja. Once more Sinan Pasha marched with an army from Edirne (Adrianople) against Hungary, besieging Győr. The Austrian relief forces were chased away and the town and fortress surrendered after a siege of only five days. Sinan Pasha thereupon sent his son to Pápa, which was easily taken, while he himself laid siege to Komárom (Komárom), but its strong resistance obliged Sinan Pasha to retire his army to winter-quarters.

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Zsitvatorok (11 November 1606) with the Austrians, which ended the Long War. It stipulated that the Emperor pay the Ottomans 200,000 florins as a once-and-for-all indemnity payment; and that castles taken in the county of Nógrád were not to be returned to the Ottomans, but Esztergom with its surroundings was to remain in their hands. The future of Kanizsa and its surroundings was to be decided later.

Ottoman Empire and Austria /Transylvania simply confirmed earlier agreements (the second treaty was concluded in 1642). 1628 The bishop of Zagreb (G. Agram) again insisted on the dissolution of the Varasd Military Border, but the Grenzer flatly refused. The Emperor then issued a new charter, the Statuta Valachorum (1630). In 1630 Ferdinand II had issued the Statuta Valachorum, a charter which redefined the rights and obligations of the Grenzer of the Military Border. From now on, for example, the Grenzer could be mobilized against all enemies of the Emperor and, if the area of operation was in territory occupied by the Ottomans, the Grenzer were not to be paid for the first two weeks; in the case of other areas they would lose one week’s wages. After the death of Bethlen on 15 November 1629, the fortresses and the seven counties which he had controlled were returned to the administration of “Royal” Hungary. On 1 December 1630, György Rákóczi I was elected Prince of Transylvania. Rákóczi (1630-1648), a great landowner and magnate, had been an early supporter of Bethlen, and came to the fore after Bethlen’s widow had failed to achieve what the Porte had approved and her late husband had wished, that she should succeed him, and after further family dissention. György Rákóczi I’s period of rule coincided with the last, French-dominated phase of the Thirty Years’ War: French policy, under Richelieu, attempted to bring Transylvania into hostilities with the Emperor; unsuccessfully in 1635 and with greater but short-lived success in 1643. Two years later the Ottoman régime, under the uncertain rule of Sultan Ibrahim I (1640-48), had become embroiled in a long but ultimately successful war with Venice for the possession of Crete, which would drag on until 1669. The emperor Ferdinand II died on 15 February 1637 and was succeeded by Ferdinand III (b. 13 July 1608). In 1641, the Croatian coastal fortress of Carlopago (Bag/ Karlobag) was occupied by Ottoman forces but retaken in five years later by the Croatian Grenzer. Rákóczi’s Transylvanian campaign against the Habsburgs in 1644-1645 led to the Treaty of Linz (16 September 1645), by which the seven counties named in the Treaty of Nikolsburg were again assigned to Transylvania, and Rákóczi obtained the fortresses of Tokaj, Tarcal and Regéc in hereditary possession. The Peace of Westphalia, signed between May and October 1648, by (among others) Transylvania, ends the Thirty Years’ War. On 25 February 1650 in Istanbul the Treaty of Zsitvatorok (1606), originally made between the Habsburgs, the Ottomans (represented by Ali, the beglerbegi of Buda), and the Transylvanian prince István Bocskai, and the Treaty of Szőny (1627) were extended for a further 22 years.

1606-1649 Hungary-Transylvania In 1608 the ailing Rudolf II was forced to resign as the sovereign of Hungary and Croatia in favour of his younger brother, Matthias (b. 24 February 1557), but Rudolf continued to rule as King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. The Hungarian crown was returned to Pozsony where Matthias was crowned King of Hungary as Matthias II. Three years later, Rudolf also transferred the crown of Bohemia to him (1611), and in 1612, on his brother’s death, Matthias succeeded Rudolf as Holy Roman Emperor. In 1613-14, Ottoman-Transylvanian border skirmishes resulted in border line corrections in favour of Transylvania. A year later, in 1615, the Ottomans seized Világos and, in 1616, took possession of Lippa from Transylvania’s Partium. In the same year there were hostilities between Austria and Venice, the latter besieging Gradiška. In 1617, Matthias, concluded the Treaty of Madrid with Venice; thereafter he resigned in favour of Ferdinand as King of Bohemia, and as King of Hungary in 1618, the year which witnessed the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War (16181648). After the death of Matthias on 20 March 1619, the Archduke Ferdinand II (b. 9 July 1578) was elected Emperor. As a result, all the Austrian Habsburg titles and lands were now brought together in the hands of the ruler of Inner Austria, the Archduke Ferdinand. Thus the three territorial branches of Habsburg family rule, in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, created by Ferdinand I, were once again re-united. Austria was now at war with the Prince of Transylvania, Gábor Bethlen (1613-1629), and with Frederick V, the Elector Palatine and de facto king of Bohemia (1619-1620). In his first campaign, in 1619, Gábor Bethlen had driven the Austrians back, occupying a large part of “Royal Hungary” and finally coming to a favourable agreement with Ferdinand II. In early November 1620, however, the revolt in Bohemia, which had broken out in 1618, was crushed by the Imperial Habsburg army in the battle of Bela Hora, the “White Mountain”, outside Prague. This victory virtually brought to an end the last vestiges of the constitutional autonomy of the lands of the Bohemian Crown: Habsburg rule over Bohemia was now de facto hereditary. Ferdinand II was now in the ascendancy over his opponents, and able to dictate terms. On the last day of 1621, the Peace Treaty of Nikolsburg (in Moravia) was signed between Bethlen and Ferdinand II. It was agreed that the former would renounce his claim to the royal title and return the crown of St Stephen to the Habsburgs; all the Hungarian lands conquered by Bethlen were to be turned over to Ferdinand; Ferdinand, for his part, would cede to Bethlen the duchies of Oppeln and Ratibor in Silesia, as well as the counties of Ugocsa, Bereg and Szatmár, Zemplén, Abaúj, Borsod and Szabolcs. The peace between Ferdinand II and Bethlen was to be shortlived. In addition, in 1622-1623 the number of raids by Ottoman forces into Croatia increased. In 1623, in his second campaign, Bethlen, this time supported by England, France and Holland, was once again victorious against Ferdinand II. The Treaty of Vienna (1624) confirmed the Treaty of Nikolsburg, except that Bethlen also gained Nagybánya, Felsőbánya and Ecsed, but ceded Oppeln and Ratibor. Two years later Bethlen launched his third campaign against the Habsburgs, which led to the Treaty of Pozsony (Pressburg), reconfirming the Treaty of Vienna. The (first) Treaty of Szőny (13 September 1627) between the

1649-1673 Hungary and Transylvania In 1648, György Rákóczi I had died (11 October), and was succeeded by his son, György Rákóczi II (b. 30 January 1621). In an attempt to realize his father’s unfulfilled ambitions against Poland, Rákóczi allied himself with the Cossacks, Moldavia, and Wallachia, but only when, in 1657, this coalition was also joined by the Protestant king of Sweden, Karl Gustav X, did an army march against John II Casimir, the King of Poland (r. 1648-1668). Rákóczi manage to take Cracow and to enter Warsaw with his Swedish allies, but after they subsequently returned home, Rákóczi was defeated by Polish and Tatar forces. He was allowed to return to Transylvania, where he was soon deposed at the Porte’s behest, but within a few months he was reinstated by the Transylvanian Diet. Rákóczi eventually died of wounds received in the Battle of Szászfenes against Seydi Ahmed Pasha of Buda in May 1660. In the meantime, the Austrian Habsburgs were intent on securing an orderly imperial succession. Ferdinand III had seen to it that his son Leopold was elected King of Hungary in 1655 and King of Bohemia in the following year. After Ferdinand’s own death, on 2 April

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1657, the French king Louis XIV unsuccessfully opposed Leopold’s election as Holy Roman Emperor, which took place nonetheless; Leopold was crowned on 1 August 1658. Meanwhile, events at the Porte had taken a different turn. After the deposition and subsequent execution (8 August 1648) of Ibrahim I, his six-year old son, Mehmed IV was placed on the throne. The following faction-ridden and turbulent years, while the Cretan campaign, begun in 1645, went on hesitantly and the so-called ‘sultanate of the women’ dominated affairs at the Porte, were brought to an end in 1656, when the ongoing and successful Venetian blockade of the Dardanelles, which effectively prevented the Ottomans from sending supplies and reinforcements to Crete, precipitated the summoning to the grand vizierate of the elderly, uncouth but able Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, with full powers to restore order in the state. A start was made by putting the Cretan war on a sound military footing. The Ottoman navy, defeated by the Venetians in 1651 and 1656, was now rapidly rebuilt and directed against the Venetians. In the course of the following year (1657) the blockade was lifted; the islands (Tenedos; and Lemnos) in the north-eastern Aegean which the Venetians had occupied, were retaken, and at the entrance to the Dardanelles two massive fortresses, Seddülbahir (1659) and Kumkale, were rapidly erected as a deterrent to any future attempts to force or blockade the Straits. On Crete itself the majority of the island, with the exception of three Venetian strongpoints on the north coast and of the island’s capital Candia itself, was quickly overrun. The effects of the new regime at the Porte, which was the beginning of a veritable renovatio imperii, were soon also felt in the Balkans. A start was made in the reducing of Transylvania once more to vassal status. Late in June 1658 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha departed at the head of an Ottoman army destined for Transylvania, in order to bring to heel György Rákóci’s successor, György II. Rákóczi (1648-1660), who in alliance with Sweden had invaded Poland in 1657 in quest of the Polish throne. On 3 September 1658 the Ottomans seized the fortress of Jenő, the gateway to Transylvania, without a fight; two years later, on 27 August 1660, after the unforeseen distraction of the revolt of the governor of Aleppo, Abaza Hasan Pasha, the great fortress of Nagyvarád (Grosswardein) fell to the Ottomans after a six-week siege. When György Rákóczi II was dead in 1660, the sultan nominee was Mihály Apafi for the throne of Transylvania. The anti-Turkish party there now (1661) elected János Kemény to succeed Rákóczi, but a series of half-hearted Austrian attempts to aid Kemény in the ongoing civil strife came to nothing; Kemény was killed in the Battle of Nagyszőlős against Küçük Mehmed Pasha of Temesvár and Jenő, in 1662. The sultan’s nominee, was left in possession of the country. In the midst of these upheavals Mehmed Köprülü died (Oct. 1661), to be succeeded by his even more able son, the twenty-five year old Fazıl Ahmed Pasha. The Austrian emperor Leopold, who had succeeded to the throne in 1658, was timid, bigoted and indecisive, with little appetite for conflict, but with an unshakeable belief in his position as a Habsburg ruler. Mehmed Köprülü, on the other hand, was determined to build on his father’s achievements and to revive, on the middle Danube, an expansionist foreign policy of a magnitude not seen since the days of Süleyman the Magnificent. After a year’s military preparations, in April 1663 Mehmed Köprülü set out at the head of a considerable army – some estimates put its strength at 120,000 men -- en route for Hungary. Early in June the army rested for ten days at Belgrade. A month later Austrian attempts to negotiate a truce while the Ottomans were encamped at Eszék (Osijek) came to nothing; the Ottomans then turned northwards to besiege and capture (after a six-week siege; 25 September 1663) the vital Habsburg fortress of Érsekújvár (Uyvar, Neuhaüsel). The campaigning season was now well advanced; Ahmed Pasha thereupon retreated slowly to win-

ter quarters at Belgrade. In the following campaign season (1664) he returned to Hungary with a massive army, supplemented by Tatar and Cossack auxiliaries. This time he directed his line of march more to the west, in the direction of the Austrian province of Styria, while the Austrian forces under Montecuccoli steadily withdrew. Finally, with the Austrian forces supplemented by volunteers from all over Europe, the two armies came together at St Gotthard, (H. Szentgotthárd) at the point where the Ottoman line of march had brought them to cross the River Raab (1 August 1664). The Ottoman defeat at the hands of Montecuccoli effectively terminated the campaign. Ten days later, at Vasvár, a negotiated peace allowed the Ottomans to effect an orderly withdrawal from the conflict. With the ending of the campaign of 1663-1664 the Ottomans’ main preoccupation, until its fall in 1669, would be with the ongoing siege of Candia. The Ottomans poured in men and supplies, commandeering European merchant vessels in the ports of Istanbul and Izmir for the purpose, and while the defences of Candia were reinforced by volunteers from many parts of Europe, English and Dutch sappers participated as advisors in the Ottoman siege works. It would not be until 1669, by which time the Ottoman naval forces had become strong enough to interdict the passage of Venetian reinforcements and European volunteers, that Candia in the end capitulated. And it was only in 1670, after settling the affairs of the island and establishing there a new Ottoman province (Girit eyaleti), that the grand vizier would return from Crete to the mainland. Thereafter, for more than a decade, the Ottomans were concerned with their northern frontiers beyond the limits of the Balkans. Major campaigns against Poland in 1672 and 1673, which were only partially successful (e.g. defeat at Hotin in 1673), nonetheless led eventually to the Ottoman conquest of Podolia (1676) and its transformation into the short-lived province (Podolya eyaleti) of Kamieniec. Already, from 1674 the focus of Ottoman attentions shifted even further to the east and north, involving campaign in the Ukraine (capture of Ladzhin in 1674, and battle of Lwów/Lesienice in 1675). After the death of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha in 1676 the grand vizierate passed to his adopted brother, Kara Mustafa Pasha, who continued the Ottoman campaigns in the Ukraine, culminating in a major expedition in 1677-78 against the Cossack stronghold of Chyhyryn, in the course of which the town and fortress were razed to the ground after a violent and protracted siege in which a Muscovite army supported the Cossack defenders. In 1681 the Ottomans concluded a peace with Muscovy, and abandoning their pretensions in the Ukraine. Meanwhile, the Peace of Vasvár, concluded in 1664, was due to expire in the following year, 1682. Once again the affairs of Transylvania and Hungary entered the frame, with the recognition by the Porte in 1682 of the Hungarian magnate Imre Thököly, the leader of the anti-Habsburg Protestant nobility, as ‘king’ of what the Turks termed ‘Middle Hungary’ (T. Orta Macar kralı).

1673-1683 In 1672, anti-Habsburg Hungarian refugees in Transylvania, organized with Ottoman aid and French money, taking advantage from Leopold I’s involvement in war with Louis XIV, form the Kuruc movement in northern Hungary. In 1677, with the support of Polish mercenaries under French command, the Kuruc movement had inflicted a defeat on Habsburg forces at Nyalábvár. In 1680, the Hungarian protestant magnate, Imre Thököly, became the leader of the Kuruc movement, and two years later was proclaimed Prince of Upper Hungary. In these years, between 1672 and 1676, the above mentioned war was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A successful campaign against Poland by Ottoman

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forces led in person by the Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, resulted in the Ottoman capture of the strategic border fortress of Kameniec. When the Ottomans pressed on further into Polish territory, the politically divided Commonwealth decided to sue for peace. This resulted in the Treaty of Buczacz, formally concluded on 18 October 1672, according to which the Commonwealth province of Podolia was ceded to the Ottomans. Another result of this defeat was a temporary rapprochement among the political factions in the Commonwealth. The Polish Diet then rejected the Treaty of Buczacz, after which Jan Sobieski again took to the field and defea t the Ottoman army at Hotin in November 1673, a success which gained him the Polish crown. Further Polish campaigns in 1674 and 1675 were inconclusive, but then the Ottoman army, under a new commander, besieged Żurawno. The Treaty of Żurawno, signed on 17 October 1676, modified the Buczacz treaty in favour of Poland-Lithuania: the annual tribute of 22,000 ducats stipulated in 1672 was cancelled, and the Poles retained two Ukrainian castles. Podolia, however, remained in Ottoman hands. With the conquest of Podolia, the Ottoman Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe. It now extended as far as the right bank of the Dnieper River, the left bank of which had been reached by the Russians just five years before, thus making the Ottoman and Russian Empires neighbours for the first time. The new common border led to the first Ottoman-Russian war, from 1677 to 1681. The bone of contention was the election of a single Hetman (leader) of the Ukrainian Cossacks: the Hetman of the RightBank area of the Dnieper, Petro Doroshenko, who was an Ottoman ally, or the Hetman of the Left-Bank, Ivan Samojlovich. Doroshenko refused to accept his rival’s election and decided to fight, seizing the Cossack fortress of Chyhyryn in Central Ukraine. With Russian support, Samojlovich managed to force Doroshenko to surrender. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV (1648-87) then appointed a new Hetman of the Right-Bank and Ottoman army moved on Chyhyryn. At the end of August 1677, the Ottoman camp besieging Chyhyryn was attacked by Muscovite forces; the Turks suffered so many casualties that they were forced to lift the siege. In July 1678 the Ottomans tried again; their army was now led by Kara Mustafa Pasha, who had succeeded his relative, Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, as Grand Vizier in June 1676. After a lengthy and bloody siege, Chyhyryn was taken and razed to the ground, after which Kara Mustafa Pasha turned back to Ottoman territory, subjecting the Ukraine to a scorched-earth policy as he retreated southwards. In 1679-1680, the Russians also managed to fight off attacks from the Crimean Tatars. Eventually, the Peace Treaty of Bahçesaray was signed, on 3 January 1681, which recognized the Dnieper as the frontier between the Ottoman Empire and the Moscovite state, which now had incorporated Left-bank part of Ukraine. On the Polish border, the Ottomans subsequently strengthened the fortifications of Hotin and extended the supporting area around it. In Hungary, after Imre Thököly had been proclaimed prince of a Kuruc “Principality” in the north, the Habsburgs ameliorated their harsh regime in Hungary in order to prevent any further escalation of the revolt. This did not prevent Thököly, in 1681, seizing the mining towns in Upper Hungary with their gold and silver, but he was defeated at Szentkereszt after the Habsburgs’ war against France had ended. The Kurucs were forced to withdraw eastwards, behind the barrier of the River Tisa. Renewed fighting and further Kuruc successes finally induced Leopold to sign an armistice and to convoke a Diet at Sopron in 1681. Here the Sopron Compromise was concluded, by which the Hungarian constitution and the country’s religious freedoms were partially restored. Thököly, however, was not content and, supported by Mihály Apafi and the Ottomans, he denounced the armistice and took the towns of Kálló and Böszörmény, only to accept another armistice in

order to be able to celebrate his wedding with Ilona Zrínyi, the widow of Ferenc Rákóczi. In 1682 Thököly concluded an agreement with the Ottomans in which he was recognized as the tribute-paying Prince of Northern Hungary, entitled to military support from the Sultan. Encouraged, Thököly once more took up arms against the Habsburgs, capturing Kassa and later Léva. Thus, by the end of the year 1682, Thököly’s power extended as far as the Vág River. From 1682, Austrian attempts to negotiate a further extension of the Treaty of Zsitvatorok had met with no success. The Ottoman Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha was intent on war, and Sultan Mehmed IV was brought to permit him to make another attempt to capture Vienna. On 31 March 1683, the Sultan himself and the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha departed from the military assembly grounds outside Edirne at the head of an army of 120.000 men and 300 cannon. The army’s destination was to be Vienna.

1683-1699 The Great Turkish War (1683-1698) On 31 March 1683, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, together with his Grand Vizier, Kara Mustafa Pasha, had left Edirne at the head of a large army with 300 cannon; the Ottomans’ aim was to conquer Vienna. In May Mehmed IV reached Belgrade, where he received Thököly’s envoys and handed over the command of the combined Ottoman forces to Kara Mustafa Pasha. The Sultan remained at Belgrade, to await the outcome of the campaign. On their way to Vienna the Ottomans easily took Veszprém, Tata, Pápa and Pannonhalma. In July the Ottoman army, joined by contingents from Thököly, Wallachia, Moldavia and the khanate of the Crimea, reached the gates of Vienna, which was defended by 12,000 well trained soldiers under the command of Count Rüdiger von Starhemberg. For 60 days von Starhemberg and his defenders managed, although with difficulty, to repulse all Ottoman attacks until the King of Poland, John III Sobieski, arrived with a relief army of 40,000 men. The Habsburg and Polish armies joined forces at the Kahlenberg, a hill outside Vienna. There, on 12 September 1683, the decisive Battle of Kahlenberg was fought. The alliance, under Charles of Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and the commander-in-chief, John III Sobieski, carried the day. (One of the participants in the fighting was the 19-year old Prince Eugene of Savoy, who would play a prominent role as a Habsburg commander in future field battles.) The Ottoman besiegers fled, leaving behind their siege train and cannon. Other Ottoman forces from Buda were soon also beaten, and the coalition’s army laid siege to the strongholds of Esztergom and they defeated the Ottoman forces in 7-9 October at Párkány. On 25 December 1683, the Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha was executed on the sultan’s orders at Belgrade. The Habsburgs decided to exploit their victory, which inaugurates an era of re-conquest in the Balkans. Only seven years after the Ottoman Empire had reached its largest extent, the Turks were being forced to retreat on several fronts. The situation was exacerbated for the Ottomans by the formation in 1684 of the Third Holy League. Initiated by Pope Innocent XI, it united the Habsburgs, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Venice, helped by the naval forces of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta and the Grand Duke of Tuscany. In 1686, Russia also joined the anti-Ottoman coalition, which continued in existence until the end of the Long Turkish War in 1699. In 1684, the Ottomans lost Vác and Visegrád, and Turkish forces making a sally from Buda are defeated. The Habsburg armies also managed to take Gyarmat, Szécsény, Hollókő, and Buják in Hungary, and in Slavonia the city of Veröce. In 1685, they gained possession of the key fortress of Érsekújvár from the Ottomans, as well as Szolnok and Arad. When the Ottomans, in a change of policy, imprisoned

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Thököly, many of his followers changed sides, handing over their fortresses to the Habsburgs and forming an army of 25,000 men to support the Imperial forces. Thus Thököly’s “Principality” was easily occupied by Habsburg forces. Only Munkács was held, by Thököly’s wife, Ilona Zrínyi, who took refuge there with the children from her previous marriage to Rákóczi. The Holy League forces also conquered the castle of Buda, on 2 September 1686, in spite of the arrival of Ottoman relief forces under the Grand Vizier, Sarı Süleyman Pasha (r. 168587); what the Ottomans called the “strong wall of Islam” had fallen. The Grand Vizier retreated to Belgrade, whereupon the Habsburgs, led by Charles of Lorraine, succeed in taking Simontornya, Pécs, Siklós, Kaposvár and Szeged. In 1687 the Hungarian town of Eger falls into Habsburg hands too; Eszék and Pétervárad soon followed, as the Habsburgs occupied the Bácska and a large part of Slavonia. Charles of Lorraine, with the bulk of his army, crossed the Danube, passed through the desolate, depopulated Hungarian puszta and headed for Transylvania, where Mihály I Apafy was forced to sign the Treaty of Balázsfalva (G. Blasendorf, today Blaj, Romania). Concluded on 27 October 1687, it stipulated that:

The second major development after these disasters took the form of a diplomatic mission from the Porte to Vienna, under the leadership of the Reisülküttab (head of the Ottoman chancery) Zülfikar effendi and the Chief Dragoman at the Porte, the Phanariot Greek Alexander Mavrocordato. The mission was a failure: Austrian demands, including the retrocession of the Hungarian lands including Vienna, were unacceptable to the Porte. In the aftermath of the fall of Belgrade, Max Emanuel, the Elector of Bavaria, had advanced further to take the Danube fortresses of Golubac and Smederevo. Despite (or perhaps because of) these setbacks, in 1689 the Ottomans staged a new major campaign, designed to recover Belgrade and induce a less intransigent frame of mind at the Vienna court. It too was a failure; Louis, the Margrave of Baden, penetrated further south, attacking the Ottomans at Batočina and driving up the valley of the Morava to take Niš (24 September 1689) and overrunning parts of Bosnia, as well as the vital Danube fortress of Vidin (14 October). The road into the heart of the Ottoman dominions now seemed to be open. In the late autumn and winter of 1689 Austrian forces, with garrisons now established in Pirot and Dragoman, raided deep into Bulgaria and wintered in Wallachia. It appeared as if Adrianople if not even Constantinople, would soon fall, and the Austrian battle-cry of “marciare verso Costantinopoli” be fulfilled. To the west, in Serbia, on 6 November forces under the Austrian general Enea Silvio Piccolomini entered Prizren to general acclamation. The prospects for Austrian arms in Macedonia and Albania looked promising, but a few days later Piccolomini died of the plague and his successor, Duke Georg Christian von Holstein was unable to capitalise on the so-called “Karposh’s Uprising of the Christian peasantry which broke out in Macedonia at about this time. The Austrian successes in 1688-9, however, were not to be the prelude to the final victory against the Ottomans, as the ‘Eastern’ faction at the Emperor’s court had hoped and believed. In fact, the remaining ten years of the war were to bring Austria and its allies few further gains. For this sea-change in the progress of the war, two causes may be adduced. Firstly, on 25 October 1689, the sultan Süleyman II appointed a strong personality to the grand vizierate. Köprülü Mustafa Pasha, nicknamed ‘Fazıl’ (the Just) was the youngest son of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha. Forceful and able, by vigorous fiscal and administrative measure he re-instilled a measure of financial stability in the state and efficiency into the Ottoman war machine, as a prelude to a counter-offensive aimed at the recovery of Hungary. Secondly, the victorious progress of Austrian arms had not gone unnoticed in France. Louis XIV, fearing growing Austrian predominance on the Danube, in the autumn of 1688 invaded the Rhineland, precipitating a major war in the west which would rapidly involve not only Austria, Spain and the United Provinces, but also England, following on from the Glorious Revolution (Nov. 1688) and the accession of the Dutch stadholder William III to the English throne, and would steadily draw off the best Austrian commanders to service on the Rhine. Even the successful Austrian campaign of 1689 was conducted by Louis of Baden with an army of only 30,000 men, contrasted with the 60,000 Imperial troops sent under Charles of Lorraine to the Rhine. Major disagreements over policy and the “two-front war” also weakened and hampered the Austrian efforts on the eastern front. As a result, Louis of Baden, nicknamed the “Türkenlouis” who was made chief commander of the Imperial army in Hungary in 1689, int he next year he handing command to his able deputy Federico Veterani. At first the campaign went well, even better than in 1689: in March Austrian detachment reached as far as the Bulgarian city of Philippopoli, capturing the local kadi and other Ottoman notables, precipitating

• 12 Transylvanian fortresses were to receive an imperial garrison • Transylvania was to pay Vienna a tribute of 700.000 Rhenish guilder • Religious freedom for all four confessions was guaranteed • The hereditary title of Prince was guaranteed until the death of Apafi In 1687 the Hungarian Diet declared the elective crown of Hungary to be hereditary in the male line of the House of Habsburg. In the next year the Austrians finally captured Munkács (14 January 1688); Ilona Zrínyi and her children were brought to Vienna. In the same year the Hungarian town of Székesfehérvár was taken, but even more substantial gains were made south of the Sava-Danube line: Maximilian, the Elector of Bavaria, took Belgrade, Smederevo and Golubac. In 1689 Louis, Margrave of Baden, penetrated further south, capturing Niš and Vidin, and occupying parts of Bosnia and Serbia, even reaching Ipek, the seat of the Serbian Patriarch, while also forcing the hospodar of Wallachia to accept suzerainty of the Emperor. The Ottoman loss of Buda in 1686, and the year of disasters for the Ottomans which followed, culminating in the defeat and destruction at Nagyharsány (Berg Harsány) or the so-called Second Battle of Mohács on 12 August 1687 of an Ottoman army sent under the command of the grand vizier Süleyman Pasha with the intention of retaking Buda, precipitated a number of significant further developments. The first stemmed from the revolt of the Ottoman army in the aftermath of its crushing defeat at Nagyharsány. The surviving troops elevated Abaza Siyavuş Pasha to be their commander and, marching on Adrianople, called for the dismissal of the grand vizier, Süleyman Pasha. The sacrifice of Süleyman Pasha and the elevation of Abaza Siyavuş Pasha to the grand vizierate was not enough to save the sultan, Mehmed IV, whose sybaritic lifestyle and addiction to hunting, and neglect of state affairs, in the face of the imminent meltdown of the state, provoked an alliance between the ulema and the army which dethroned him (8-9 November 1687) in favour of his half-brother, Süleyman II (1687-91). With the civil administration paralysed by popular uprisings in Istanbul and other towns in the empire, and the descent of much of the Balkans into rebel-infested chaos, the Austrians and their allies were able to make further advances in the following campaigning season. Eger, the strong Ottoman fortress in northern Hungary, had been taken already in December 1687; Pétervárad fell to the forces of the Elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria in the spring of 1688, and the stronghold of Belgrade, in Ottoman hands since 1521, which controlled the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, fell to the Imperialists after a short but destructive siege.

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hopes of a general Christian uprising which would allow the capture of Constantinople and the driving of the Turks “away across the sea into Asia”. But the Imperial forces were insufficient in number for such a task – Veterani had only 12,000 men under his command – and now the tide turned. In the summer of 1690 Mustafa Köprülü led an army of 80,000 combatants into the central Balkans and at the same time the Ottoman vassal Imre Thököly with 18,000 men under his command, advanced against the Austrian forces in Transylvania. Transylvania was saved, but the Austrians were forced to abandon their conquests in the central Balkans was able to advance unchallenged beyond Sofia and recover first Pirot (9 August), Vidin (29 August) and Niš (8/9 September) and then Belgrade, which capitulated on 8 October after a powder magazine exploded, leveling a section of the walls of the fortress. In the following year 1691, at the head of a large army, Mustafa Köprülü advanced beyond Belgrade into Hungary, with the intention of retaking Buda. The attempt might have succeeded, but the Austrians had also reacted to their losses of the previous year by transferring their best commanders and troops from the Rhine to the Danube. At the battle of Szalánkemén (19 August 1691) the Ottoman army, well dug in, resisted strongly, but in the mêlée Mustafa Köprülü himself was slain and the Ottomans were utterly defeated by Louis of Baden and his heterogeneous forces, in a battle which ended with immense losses on both sides. Thereafter, for several years, under a series of more or less incompetent commanders on both sides, the Balkan war stagnated in the near-impassable bogs and marshes of Hungary. Sultan Süleyman II, Mehmed IV’s successor, had died in 1691; his brother, Sultan Ahmed II, was little more than a nonentity. At Vienna and at the Porte, English and Dutch diplomats attempted to mediate a peace between the two sides, but without success. In 1692 Austrian forces under Louis of Baden took the strong fortress of Nagyvarád, but with Baden now transferred to the Rhine, an attempt under Eugen von Croy to regain Belgrade in 1693 met with failure. In the following year, 1694, an Ottoman attempt to recapture Pétervárad failed equally, more through the inclement weather than the competence of the Austrian defence. Events in the Peloponnesus and the Morea, where Ottoman and Venetian forces fought each other in a separate land war, and in the Adriatic and the Aegean, where there was a revival of naval warfare between the two states, took a different turn. Venetian forces made some slight gains in Dalmatia, but failed to make inroads in Bosnia, in the early years of the war. In the Morea, where Ottoman power was both unpopular and relatively weak, they were more successful, profiting from an anti-Ottoman insurrection (1685) to take Koroni, Kalamata, Navarino, Modon and Nauplia. Venetian forces then advanced northwards into the Peloponnesus, capturing Lepanto and Patras, and besieging and occupying Athens (1687). It was in the course of the Venetian assault that a stray shell landed on an Ottoman powder magazine in the Parthenon, reducing the building more or less to its present ruined state. Thereafter the land war slowly petered out. In the Aegean the Venetians were largely held at bay by the Ottoman fleet under the command of the redoubtable Ottoman grand admiral Hajji Hüseyin “Mezzomorto” Pasha (Hacı Hüseyin Mezamorta). In 1694 the Turks were able to take the important Aegean island of Chios (Sakız), but were forced to relinquish it in the following year after a popular uprising against their rule, achieving no further naval successes during the remaining years of the war. In the Hungarian theatre, by 1695 both the war and attempts to end it had equally reached an impasse, but with the death of Ahmed II in that year and the accession of Mehmed IV’s young son, Mustafa II, the war in the Balkans revived. Mustafa II looked back to the days of Süleyman the Magnificent and, urged on by his closest advisors,

dreamed of reviving the Holy War by once again leading an army in person. A few places, including Lippa and Lugos on the fringes of Transylvania were retaken in 1695, with the death in battle at Lugos of the under-supported Austrian general Veterani. The Ottomans enjoyed further success in 1696, defeating in the field (26 August) the incompetent Imperial commander Friedrich August von Sachsen, who had failed signally to prosecute the siege of Temesvár, but the major theatre of war in those years was on the Black Sea, where Peter the Great launched an amphibious operation against the Ottoman fortress of Azov on the coast of the Bay of Azov, and took it on 18 July 1696. At this point the tide of the war again turned. Although Jan Sobieski, the hero of Vienna, had died in 1696, to be replaced by the militarily incompetent Elector Augustus of Saxony, and although the Venetian offensives in the Morea had long since petered out, while the brilliant Ottoman Grand Admiral Mezzomorto Hüseyin Pasha, a former Dey of Algiers, at least held his own against the Venetian fleet in the Aegean, in the West the War of the League of Augsburg was also winding down, thus once more freeing the Emperor’s best generals to fight on the Danube. 1697 was the year of decision. Mustafa II, intent on building on the Ottoman successes of the previous two seasons, led yet another large army – possibly 100,000 strong – into Hungary, aiming at first to retake Pétervárad and Szeged. At a place called Zenta it encountered an Austrian army commanded by Prince Eugene of Savoy, a veteran of the earlier Turkish campaigns, and about to become the greatest soldier of his age. On 11 September 1697, with the diplomats at Ryswick about to conclude their deliberations and peace (for a time) secure in the West, the Ottoman army was surprised while fording the river Tisa, and totally destroyed. The Grand Vizier, Elmas Mehmed Pasha, most of the leading officers and viziers, and many tens of thousands of men were slain; the sultan himself barely escaped with the remnants of his army to the sanctuary of Temesvár. The war was now effectively over. There was to be no military revolt or deposition of the sultan, unlike in 1687 – that would have to wait until 1703 -- but a peace party, headed by yet another member of the Köprülü family, emerged at the Porte, and the diplomats began holding the meetings and conferences, and writing the despatches, which would eventuate in the Congress of Karlóca in the autumn of the following year. On 19 October, as the delegates were assembling at the conference site in the ravaged no-man’s land between Habsburg and Ottoman territory, a cease-fire was announced. A month later, on 13 November, the first negotiating session was held; two and a half months later, on 26 January 1699, the Treaties of Karlóca were signed. In the words of one eminent historian, this event marks in truth the ‘closing of the Ottoman frontier’.

1699: Karlóca (Karlowitz) On 26 January 1699 the Peace Treaty of Karlóca was signed, bringing to an end the long Austro-Ottoman conflict which had broken out in 1683, and the wars with the other Holy Alliance powers (with the exception of Russia, with whom peace was finally concluded in 1701). After the shattering Ottoman defeat in 1697 at Zenta, and the ensuing change of regime at the Porte, from the latter part of 1697 through the first half of 1698 preparations for the conference had been secretly negotiated between the Austrians and their allies, and the Ottomans, to be formalised and then concluded in the congress at Karlóca, with the mediation of the English and Dutch ambassadors at the Porte, William Lord Paget and Jacob Colyer. The Treaty of Karlóca, which was envisaged to last for 25 years, contained the following provisions:

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A. Austria-Hungary-Croatia-Slavonia: - Broadly speaking the border was to follow the Una-Sava-Tisa-Maros line, assigning all of Hungary-Transylvania to Austria except for the Bánát of Temesvár which was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Seven fortresses in the Bánát were to be razed: Lugos, Lippa, Csanád, Magyarkanizsa, Karánsebes, Becskerek and Becse. - The frontier between Hungary and the Danubian Principalities was to be delineated more accurately. - In Syrmium the border was to be formed by a straight line between the mouth of the Tisa in the Danube and the mouth of the Bosut in the Sava. Free shipping for both parties on the Tisa and Maros rivers was guaranteed. - Religious freedom was to be granted to the Christians in the Ottoman Empire. Prisoners of war were to be exchanged. - All fortresses on the right bank of the Una, taken by the Emperor, were to be returned to the Ottomans. Croat Dubica and the bastion at the mouth of the Una, both on the left bank of the Una, were to be kept by the Ottomans. - The position of Novi remained unsolved; de facto it remained Ottoman.

The article was added to preclude borderline disputes between the two rivals, Venice and Ragusa. This aim was achieved by Ragusa ceding two strips of land to the Ottomans: Klek (Neum) and the Sutorina. These two Bosnian outlets to the sea were confirmed in 1718 in the Treaty of Passarowitz and continued to exist until the 20th century. (The status of Klek was even revived by Tito.) D. Poland - Poland recovered Podolia. E. The Holy Mountain of Mount Athos was acknowledged as a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.

B. Venice: - Dalmatia, the Bocche di Cattaro, the Morea, Aegina, all the seven Ionian Islands, including Santa Maura, Butrinto, Parga, Suda, Spinalonga and Tenos are to fall under Venetian rule. The payment of tribute for Zante was terminated. - Lepanto; and Preveza, occupied by Venice, were to be restored to Ottoman rule; Preveze’s population would be evacuated to Corfu. - Crete, with the exception of the fortresses of Grabusa, Suda and Spinalonga, was to remain under Ottoman rule. - Venetian territorial acquisitions in Dalmatia and Bocche di Catarro were termed the Acquisto Nuovo, being delimited by a line called the Linea Grimani, after the Venetian chief delegate to the conference. Dalmatia: The Linea Grimani commenced at the point where the boundaries of Croatia, Dalmatia and Bosnia met, near Veliko Brdo. From there it ran in straight lines to Knin-Vrlika-Sinj-Duare-Vrgorac-Gabela (Ciclut), leaving to Venice these strong points with a perimeter of “one hour’s walk”. Bocche di Cattaro: - Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) and Risano were to fall under Venetian rule, bringing the entire Bocche di Cattaro coast under control of Venice. - Antivari and Dulcigno (Ulcinj) were to be restored to Ottoman rule. - The coastal region between Corfu and the Gulf of Arta was to be under control of Venice. Budua (Budva) remained Venetian. - The coastal area north of Budua (three villages of the county of Zupa) was placed under the protection of Montenegro. C. Ragusa - The Republic of Ragusa was to continue to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but from now on only once in every three years. - A special article (no. 9) was added, stipulating that: “The territory of the Signoria of Ragusa will be bounded by territory of the Ottoman Empire, eliminating all obstacles that might hinder the communication and the continuity of the territory of the Signoria with the territory of the Ottoman Empire”.

17

General Legend 1521-1699

“Trajan’s wall” in Bessarabia, probably falsely atttributed to Trajan. “Trajan’s wall” in the Dobruja, probably rightly atttributed to Trajan.

Personal Union of two or (more) Crowns Boundary “Holy Roman Empire” BOSNA

Fortress, shown in theZ Acolor of the country or power that is in control of the fortress at that time. LA Main border-line fortress, whose power is also felt across the border. Place or city, often walled-in but not primarily a fortress, usually shown in white, irrespective of who is a in control. If the name 6of a place onZ AaL Asmall island is identical to the name of the island, it is not given 4 BOSNA separately. 1 BOSNA

BOSNA

Place, which is important at that time. Orthodox monastery

BOSNA

6

4

Roman Catholic monastery ZALA

background of the residents ZALA

B O S NBAO S N A

Z A L AZ A L A

”Dragon”

ZALA

Diocese (churches)

a a

a

Small, nearly independentaRoman Catholic diocese6 4a

6

ZALA

BOSNA

ZALA

ZALA

ZALA

BOSNA

B O S BN OA S N A

Z A L A Z A LZAA L A

BOSNA

1

Archdiocese

BOSNA

ZALA Z AZ LAAL A The colour marks ethnic B O S N AZ A L A ZALA

a

BOSNA

B OB SONS AN A BOSNA BOSNA

a

1

4

6

6

44

4

1 1a

1

6 a1

aa6 6 4

a

6

6

a

a 4a

1 6 fugitives Settlement by Austrian authorities of mainly Orthodox Serbian on 6mainly Roman Catholic 4 6 6 64 a6 4 4 4 41 Croatian territory, this being the Austrian Military Borders. 16 1 the basis of 1 a

a

”Dragon”

4

RAGUSA

1

1

1

64

1

4

4

Roaming Nogay and other Tatar nomad tribes of the Khanate of the Crimea, who make 1 1 their power felt (particularly earlier, in time of war). 1 Extraterritorial areas in Walachia & Moldavia, which have a fortress with a permanent Ottoman garrison and are surrounded by an area with a Turkish civilian population. Such an ensemble is administered as an ? Ottoman core province. RAGUSA

”Dragon”

?

”Dragon”

Territory under direct Venetian rule / Autonomous Venetian fiefs. ? ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Inaccessibility of terrain, offering relative freedom to local (Greek or Albanian) population; ill-defined, porous boundaries. ? ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?

RAGUSA

Vassals ? A Turkish-coloured margin around the colour of an area indicates vassal status of the country. An international boundary-line marks the actual border.

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

Scorched earth

in

RAGUSA

?

Lighter tint indicates autonomy.

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

?

? International boundaries between first order political units

?

in

Boundaries between second order political units. ?

??

BOSNA

B O S NB AO

ZALA

SN

BB OO SS NN AA B BBZOOOASSSLNNNAAAA

A

ZA

in

LA

BOSNA BOSNA

ZZ AA LL AA ZZAALLAA ZALA ZALA a

a

6

4

1

a

6

4

1

in

1830s

in in

in in

in

in inin in

6 4a a a a166 4 a466 4

?? ? ?? RAGUSA RAGUSA ? ? ? The boundaries and names (in capitals) of the Hungarian comitatus ? ? (counties) ? ? Revolts, the colour indicatingthe ethnic background of the insurgents. ? ? ?

RAGUSA Boundaries (roughly), and names (in red capitals) ?of Ottoman ? ? sanjaks, or (later) eyalets

Blockade, the colours indicating participants.

Austrian troops stationed in Croatia as a buffer against Ottoman raids.

4 41

1

1

”D

r

o ag

n”

1830s

in

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

1830s

RAGUSA

?? ? ? to the end situationRAGUSA The initial situation of the boundaries in a map, as??compared of that map. ?? ? ? ?

641a a1 416 61

18 2

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA

?

?

?

?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

6

BOSNA

4

aS N A BOa

BOSNA

ZALA

4 a

6 a6 4a46

BOSNA

16

Z A416L A

4

4

1 1

ZALA

11

6

1

ZALA

44

a

1

a

6

4

1

a

6

BOSNA

a

ZB OA 6SLNAA Z A4L A

4

1

”Dragon”

B O SaN A

6

4

1

Z A1L A

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

River

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

”Dragon” ”Dragon”

”Dragon”

Mountain

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

a

a6 46 a 4 16 ”Dragon” 14

1

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

RAGUSA RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

River disappearing underground in karst regions, or running dry in a steppe region RAGUSA

The brown line indicates vassal status in cases of a maritime border. RAGUSA

RAGUSA RAGUSA

Paying tribute to Hungary, as wellas to the Sultan (before 1526). RAGUSA

Sometimes dots are used just to add an easily discernable shade, when discernable plain hues are running out. ”Dragon”

Austrian civil administration

RAGUSA RAGUSA

RAGUSA

”Dragon”

?

?? ? ???? ? ?? RAGUSA

?

? ?

?

?

Austrian military occupation

?? ?? ?

RAGUSA

RAGUSA

”Dragon”

”Dragon”

?

1560 – 1795 1566

?

? ? ?

??

? ?? ??

?

?

Conquests and other border changes that are related to Süleymān’s last campaign.

RAGUSA

Maximum reach of Ottoman sovereignty in Europe 1682

in

in in

in in

?

?? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?

Maximum reach of Ottoman suzerainty

“Lineae” in Dalmatia+ Bocche di Cattaro: (Cfr. top Comment 1 Map14) 1670-1699 “Linea Nani” Map 9, 10, 11. 1699-1718 “Linea Grimani” Map 11, 12, 13 1669-1699 This shade marks the vague situation in the Makarska coastal region as mentioned in the Peace Treaty of 1670-’71 between Venice and the Ottoman Empire: Venice is “not to claim the coastal region of Makarska, and the Ottomans will be “content by only summarily taking possession of it”. 1600s

The ultimate defense line of Austria

1683-’99

Habsburg’s conquests

1690s

Ottoman recovery

1683-’88

Thököly’s principality,

1830s

1830s

1830s 1830s

1830s

19 3

1

a

6

Legend of the Habsburg Dominions

4

1

Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan: Hungary - Croatia - Slavonia - Fiume - Transylvania

A Kingdom of Hungary 1

Hungary proper

13 out of the 24 “Zips” (Spiš) cities and 3 manors in the mining district of northern Hungary, mortgaged by ”Dragon” the King to Poland, 1412–1772.

”Dragon”

Autonomous areas in Hungary Hungarian territories under Austrian administration, 1447-1647 “Royal Hungary” = Hungarian regions under control of the Emperor, 1526–1711 Original border between Transylvania and Hungary proper

RAGUSA

Border between the Principality of Transylvania and “Royal Hungary”

(Principality of) Transylvania and Partes Annexae

2

1 2 3

$

$ $

?

?

“Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia” “Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia “Bohemia

$ $ $ $ $ $

$

“Bohemia

the Transylvanian nations of the “Union of Three Nations” RAGUSA < 1521-18

“Bohemia

“Bohemia “Bohemia

After “liberation” in 1687 Transylvania is kept separated from Hungary proper, administered jointly by Transylvania and Austrian authorities (marked on map 12). To accentuate this, the King in 1713 assumes the title of Fürst von Siebenbürgen. The traditional internal selfgovernment is continued, but now under direct control of the King and his Transylvania agencies in Vienna.

$ $ $

?

Székely Magyar Saxon

Some Hungarian counties (comitates) continued to be considered as “Partes Annexae” after 1687 and remained that way.

$

In some counties civil administration is floating between the Hungarian Neo-Conquista Commission in Vienna and Transylvanian agencies.

$ $

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Former Partes Annexae (Partium) 1687-1751

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Civil and military authorities in the Habsburg administration of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephan. Authorities Vienna Inner-Austrian Hungarian Transylvanian Croatian

1720

$

1745

1720

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

Frontier between Croatia and Slavonia before the Ottomans

1720 1720 1720

c. b. c.

!

Autonomous administration by Bánus and Sabor (under supervision of Graz and Vienna). Croatian officials try to elude interfering Hungarian authorities, whose influence varies. Croatia continues to send delegates to the Hungarian Diet as well.

1720

1.

3. 4.

! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! 1720

1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 3. 3. 1. 2. 4. 1. 2. 4. 3. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4. 1. 4. 1. 1. 2. 1. 2. 1. 3. 2. 2. 1. 3. 2. 3. 3. 4. 2. 3. 1. 4. 4. 4. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.

4. 1. 2. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 4.

“Littorale” (Hungarian/Croatian coastal area) administered by the Imperial German-Croatian Trading Company since 1670.

• • • ••

1720

c. 2.

b.

Civil Croatia

1720

•

b. 1 b.c.3.4. 1745 1745 b. 1745 c. 1745 b. 1745 c. b. 1745 c. 1745 c. ! b. b. b. b. c. b. 1745 c. c. b. c. c. b. 1745 c.

• • • •• • •

c.

?

”Bohemia”

20 2

• •

1745 1745

2.

b.

”Bohemia”

B Kingdom of Croatia & Slavonia $

1745 1745

1745 1. 1720 1720

1745

?

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

3

1720 1720 1720

•

c.

2

1 Austrian Military Presence; 2 Military Jurisdiction; 3 Civil Administration

1720 1720 $

b.

?

1

”Bohemia”

3

• ”Bohemia” •

”Bohemia”

$ $ $

$$ $

$

”Bohemia”

•

”Bohemia”

$

“Bo

$ $$ $

$

1

$

C “Austrian” military borders, established on the lands of the Crown of St. Stephan ”Bohem

1720

1

“Hungarian” Military Borders $

Tisza-Maros Military Border, directly under Vienna. Civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

$

”Bohem

Bánát of Temesvár. After its annexetion in 1718 it is administered directly by Vienna and is not 1745 incorporated into the Hungarian County administration. Gradually 8 civil and 4 military districts are established. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military Colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

$

8 districts of the Bánát are gradually turned over to Hungarian civilian authorities.

1720 1720

b.

1720

b. c.

1720

Croatian Military Borders under control 1. of Inner-Austria (Graz) and Vienna The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Estates of Inner-Österreich in Graz ( ). M.B.Militias fall under the 1745 jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Graz ( 2.), which after 1705 is subordinated to the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna.

1745 1720

c.

b.

c. c.c. c.

1.

c. b. b. b. c. c. c.

2. 3.

1.

1745

2. 3.

4.

4.

3. 2. 1.

b.

•

1720

•

!

!

! ! !

b. c.

1745

c.

!! !!1.2. !!3. !!4.

1720

b. c.

1745

1. 1. 2.

1745

1 2 3 4 5

3. 4. 2. 1. 1. 3. 1. 4.1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 4. 2. 3. 3. 3.2. 1.3. 3. 4. 1.4. 4. 2. 1. 4. 2. 3. 2.4. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4.

3.

Karlovac Generalate Warazdin Generalate 4. b. 1720and Krbava Counties, which after 1712 become part of the Karlovac Generalate. Lika c. Zumberak district (in Carniola !), is part of the Slunj Captaincy of the Karlovac Generalate. Bánus’ Border,1. under control of Bánus, Sabor and Vienna. Civilian and in Military ( ) matters under 1. 1745 ) and Hofkriegsrat ( ) the Bánus, Sabor 2. and local Seigneurs, under supervision of the Ho�kammer ( 2. 3. of Inner-Austria in Graz, which after 1705 is subordinated to the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna. 3.

•

b.b. c. b. b.

Transylvanian Military Borders 1720

•

b. c. 1745 3 b. 1745c.

!

4.

4.

Habsburg garissons of Military Border fortresses holding out in Ottoman occupied territory. b. c.

!

•

2 b.

1720 1720 1720

•

1745 1745 1745 1745

• • • • ••• • • •

1745 1745

!

•

1745 1745

Sava-Danube Military Border, directly under Vienna. This area is still considered to be part of Hungary $ proper. The civilian population falls under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kammer in Vienna ( ). Military c. colonists (Militia) fall under the jurisdiction of the Ho�kriegsrat in Vienna ( ).

1720 1720 1720

1745 1745

•

1720

b.

4 southern districts are gradually turned into the (Hungarian) Bánát Military Border.

1720

1720

”Bohem

1526 -1. 1919 Personal1. Union in the Habsburg Dynasty ! 2. 3.

2. 3.

Lands of the Bohemian Crown Habsburg “Austrian” Lands 4. Bohemia - Moravia 1720 - Silesia

4.

“Bohemia” ! “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia” “Bohemia”

1. 2. 3.

•

1. 1. 2. 1.

!

2.

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1564

1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

“Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” 1. 1.

1564 – 1595

c.

2 2 2

2 3.

3.

2.

22 2

In his last will Ferdinand l had determined that his lands be divided between his three sons: 3. 2. 3. 3. 3.

2. 2. 2.

1.

1.

2.

1595

”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

• •• ••

2. 1

11

• •

3

2

3 3 3

22 2

3 33 3

3

2

3

• Tyrol and Vorderösterreich, ••

2.

3

3

3.

Maximilian’s ! Line became extinct, so his lands reverted to Inner-Austria:

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

3.

2.

all ••• other Eastern Habsburg Hereditary Lands 1.and • the Bohemian Lands 2. •• • ••

1595 – 1619

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” 1. ”Bohemia”

1.

3

3

3. 2. • Maximilian, his 2. first born son, 3. the Lands of the Crown of 2. was to receive the Arch-Duchy of Austria, 3. 2. 3. St. Stephan and of the Crown of Bohemia. Later he was elected Emperor as well. 1. 3. 2. 4. 3. 2. • Charles was to get Inner-Austria. 2 • Ferdinand was to get Tyrol and Vorderösterreich.

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

3

3

a Austria in a narrower sense (Upper-2.and Lower-Austria) 3. 2 Istria b Inner Austria (Styria, 2.Carinthia, 2 Carniola, Görz & Gradiška, and Trieste) 3. b. 3. 2. 2. c Tyrol 3.and Vorarlberg 3.

1.

1.

!

1745 Austria’s Hausmacht consisting of:

1526 – 1564

4.

1.

– 1620

•

A

“Bohemia” “Bohemia” 1526

•

c.

•

b.

3.

3.

2

2

3

2

1.

3.

3 21

2.

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

• ”Bohemia” • • •• ”Bohemia” 1526 - 1919 Personal Union in the Habsburg Dynasty • 1619 Ferdinand’s Line became extinct, so his lands also revert to Inner-Austria. ”Bohemia”

all • Eastern Habsburg Lands •

”Bohemia”“Bohemia” ”Bohemia”

1619 – 1620

B

”Bohemia”

•

1621 – 1772 Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1 Habsburg Hereditary Lands (Hausmacht) 1647 Gradiska is sold to Prince Eggenberg; so strictly speaking it is not part of the Habsburg Dominions from 1647 to 1717.

1 11

”Bohemia”

• •

”Bohemia”

”Bohemia”

•

1

22 4

3

1. 1520–1526 SILEZIA

Munkács

Eger

Fehérvár

Kiskunság

Kapornak

S L

Istria

Bovic

Budački

Ogul in

Otočac

Islan ds

Dreznik

T rzac

Dvor

Krupa

Bihac C R O A T I A

y

Blagaj

r

S

T

E

s

Knin Kl ic

ev ac Vrana

Ostrovica

Seben ico

L

Rogosni zza

Kamen

Bua

M

Solta

i

Mezősomlyó

i B ánság

Targoviste

Mehadia

Orsova

Smederevo

Dragašani

Szörényvár

Golubac

W

Kladovo

e

r

b

Kragujevac

i

O lt

Vidin

A

Nikopoli

Prijepolje

Rusçuk

Sistova Sumen

Plevna

Varna

Niš

T llo

Vraca

Ston

T irnovo

Herzegovina

I Lagosta

Lovec

Bijelo Polje

Metkovic

Slano

A

Meleda

Su

RAGUS A Cavtat (Epidaurus)

Klobuk to

r in

Nikšić

Brda

a

MONTE NEGRO

Pelag osa Isles

Sliven

Sofia

Spuž

Cetinje

Castel Nuovo (Herceg novi)

ˇ Zabljak Budua

Upper Pulati

Pazardzik

Pastrovici An tiv

Burgas

Stara Zagora

Scu

ar i

tar

i

O

a

on ce

Küçük Kaynarca

Zimnica

Pirot Sa bi

Consta nţa

Silistria

Gyurgyevó

Turnu Magurele

` Paracin

Kraljevo

Lesina

Curzola

a en it ¸

T utrokan

Priboj

Plevlja

T ulcea

Cernav oda

Negotin

a

` Cuprija

Čačak Pozega

Mosta r

V rgorac

Slobozia

Bucharest

Calarasi

Foca

Makarska

Hirsova

Craiova

S

Kilia

Ismail

Babada gh

A

I

H

C

A

L

A

Akke rman

Macin

Brăila

Belgrad e

Bánát of Belgrade

Užice

Duare

Brazza

Lissa

(Kronstadt)

Little (Mali)-Zvornik

a

Republic of Poglizza

Spa latoAlmissa

Gyurgye vó

Brassó

Karánsebes

a Zimony

Sarajevo

i

Klis

Focşani

Szeben

Isacea

Srebrenica

Sinj

Salona

T rau

s

n

o

x

a

Tirgu Jiu

Sokol

n

Scard ona

Incoro nata

Zvornik

T ravnik

A

T

Zvonigr ad

D

i

Dulcigno

T

Skopje

n

M

a

c

T

e

d

o

n

i

Philippopoli

O

M

A

N

Kırklareli

Adriano ple

Nevrekop

a

Lüle-Burg as

Strumica

Durazzo

Prilep

a

T

Elbasan

r

b

Kavalla

Cons tant inop le

e

Skutari

San Stefa no

Rodosto

Ismid

l

Enos

Kastoria

Isnik

Samothrace

Thessaloniki

Veria

Gallipoli

Mudan ia Holy Mount Athos Argyrocastro

Delvino

Lo

E

K as

t e s i o

sa n

p

Lemnos

os

Kum Kale

s

E

M

T h e s s a l i a

l

Parga

Paxos

Arta

Antipaxos

Preveza

P

Gyaros Pelagonisi Chelidromia

Skiathos

I o n i a n

(Levkas)

(Mytilene)

Cephalonia

Psara

Negroponte (E u b o i a )

Salona Gla

Chalkis

T

A

N

A

Skyros

Lepanto=Naupakto s =Antirrhion

Mesolongi

E

Lesbos

Sporades

Gravia

V rachori

Ithaca

R

Skopelos

Lamia

Santa Maura

I

Northern

Vonitza

La Punta

•••

Tenedos

Larissa

Trikala

o Goumenitza

Troy

Tavshan Isls

Moudros

Kokkinos

Joanina

r

Corfu

ng

dr a

Brussa

Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)

Imbros

i

Butrinto

O

I

L

A

Manissa Smyrna

C h i o s

Rrhion Vostitsa

Lixuri

Patras

Argostoli

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Border German Empire

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Gulf of Saros

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Lake Ostrovo

ti Kastoria

Veria

W

o a nt Otr

is

on

of

A

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a

ka

Florina

Se

ni

Re

Crn

Monastir

Lake Ochrid

b

it ra St

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon) Otranto

l

rd

a

Durazzo

Shkumbi

A pulia

ga

Va

in

M

Sveti Jovan Bigorski

Elba san

Brindisi

T

Skopje

Matka

Dr

Sea

ri

Dr

i tar

Dr

Dulci gno

Adriatic

Uppe r Pulat i

Lake S c u t a ri

a

Cas tel Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)

Whi t e D

Cetin je

Bre

jic

vo

Mele da

isn

so

A

eb

i

Tr

Slano

va

Ston

Ko

Lag osta

s

N

Plevlja

o

Stalać

Ju

K

I

lo

tje

Ceh

c

ava

n)

cel

Uva

` Paracin

garia

ion

Zica

Priboj

ka

)M or

ar

Sab

an

Ib

T Cur zola

Su

bi

Kraljevo

na

t

i za

er

` Cuprija

ti

Tr

A

eb

Lesi na

Liss a

Čačak

(S

ul

Mo sta r

V rgora c

apadna

Pozega

na

Mak arsk a

Bra zza

Z

m

Foca

Dri

ssa

Li

aca

in

t

M

Solta

Sp al at oAlmi

Užice

a

etva

Bua

Repu blic of Pogli zza

er

Kame n

i

N e ret

Klis

va

Salona

T rau

Ce

L

Rogo sniz za

Ravanica

Sara jevo

Mor

Seb eni co

a

ragujevac

s

Inc oro nat a

A

E

Sca rdo na

D

T

An co na

ba

T

tr

it

sa

Al

Argyrocastro

Delvino

ia

km

E

t e s i o

p rfu

Pine

l

na l

T h e s s a l

Parga

Paxos

Arta

Antipaxos

Preveza

Gulf of Arta

ta

r k

(Levkas)

o

op

A

Santa Maura

Sperchei

mos

o

Vonitza

La Punta

Aspr

I o n i a n

a

V rachori

d

I o n i a n

ios

s

Ca

Goumenitza

M e l u n a Pa s s

Trikala

o

Co

Corfu

Meteora

Joanina

r

P h i lia t

i

Butrinto

S u

A

i a

S e a

Ithaca

Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion

Mesolongi

Cephalonia

Patras A

Zante

Lavra Kalavryta

E l i s

M

o

Lala

Olympia

a n d s

M

c h a i a

Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s

(Zakintho s)

I s l

Rrhion Vostits

Gulf of Patras

Lixuri Argostoli

Al p h e

ios

r

e

A r k a d i T

(Peloponne

M e s s e n i a Kalamata

Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos

Methoni

Zarnat

Gulf of Messenia Koroni

M E

M ALTA

D I

T

26

E

R

R

A

m o k Vidin

Gyurg yevó

Ti

Ravanica ` Cuprija

Stalać

Krusevac

zn

Rusçu k

D u nare a Nikopoli

(B

Sum en

garia

n)

Vraca

Pirot

Mo

Iske

ra

B

Jan

Lovec

r

va

a

Aladza

Varn a

Niš

T irnovo

Tu

n d ža

Burg as G u l f o f B u r g a s

o

n

i

es

Strumica

Arda

M

Nevrekop

a

n

ta

a

c

Co ns tan tin op le

e

m

Kavalla

Dede agac h

Samothrace

M a r m o r a

o f

S e a

Marmara

Isnik

Gallipo li

Ç.

Gulf of Saros

tr

it

sa

ia

km

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

Kas

Meteora

M e l u n a Pa s s

Trikala

Pine

Te m

pe

v

E

o

o op

a

Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion

Rrhion Vostitsa

At

al

an

ti

Ca

of

M

o

Lala

Olympia

Al p h e

ios

r

e

Eur

Corinth

a

Lara

Argos

A r Nauplia g

Burdshi

A

Manissa Smyrna

or

l

i

s

Cape Sounion

Myconos

Rinia Siros

Thermisi

Patmo s

Delos

Hermupolis

Hydra

Naxos

Antiparos

L a k o n i a

Amorgo s

Nios

Sikinos

Stampalia

Gulf of Kos

K os

Gulf of Adalia Syme

S

Nisyros

Folegandros

F

Anafi

St

Chalke

.J

O

Cerigo

C r e t e

of

S e a

Cerigotto

Rhodes

Telos

O

Santorini

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kalym nos

T

Gulf of Laconia

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Mesy (Bodrum)

H

Kimolos

Melos

Fort St.Peter

I G K N

Paros

Sifnos

Passavâ

Gulf of Mendela Leros

Serifos

Monemvasia

s

Ikaria

Tenos

Gyaros

Kithnos

o

Me n d e r e

Samos

and e r

Vath y

Misthra

Eur

Me

Aidin

Andros

Keos

Gulf of A e g i n a

Methana

Gulf of Nauplia

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf

Maina

T

E

I

L

O

iz

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

T

A

N

A

Karistos

Aegina

o

Kiveri

Kelapha

a

e

S

os

ta s

Methoni

Zarnata

E

C h i o s

Spetsai

Gulf of Messenia Koroni

d

Nea Moni

ip

Salamis

Saronic

Kastri

M e s s e n i a Kalamata

emi

(Mytilene)

Psara

A t t i c a

Korinthos

(Peloponnesos)

Navarino ay of avarino Pylos

Edr

f f o

Lesbos

Athens

A r k a d i a Tripolis

Gul

Northern

al

E l i s

R

Chalkis

Lavra Kalavryta

astel Tornese Pi n e i o s

I

Skopelos

B o e o t i a Gulf

Tened os

Negroponte (E u b o i a )

l

Troy

•••

Besika Bay

P

Gyaros Chelidromia

n

a

e

Brussa

Kum Kale

Moudros

Kokkinos

Mud ania

Dardanelles

Lemnos

os

Pelagonisi

Gla

Mega Spileon

c h a i a

Imbros

1

an

A

na

Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)

11

5 14

ik

C

Patras

12 13 17

H

Rh od es

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

N

Scar pan to

(Karp atho s)

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Kyr eni a

Suda I.

(Megalo kastron)

Arkadiou Gorg

ar ia f S am

R

Candia

Rhetymno

Chania eo

R

Suda Bay

A

N

Sphakiotes

C

E

A

Knossos

•••

Aspr

Lamia

Salona

Gulf of Patras

3

6

8

19 Daphne

Skyros

Gravia

Mesolongi

Karyes

15

Holy Mount Athos

Sporades

Gulf of

V rachori

16

g

Lamia

s

ta

Sperchei

ng

7

20

10

iğ i r l

Tavshan Isls

Skiathos

mos

Lo

e

M

Gulf of Vo l o s

a

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

dra

A

Larissa

ios

san

y alle

T h e s s a l i a

a

2 9

Sus

is

on

W

Al

18

4

Ismid

Büy ük Ček mede ze Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Veria

Skutari

Sa n Ste fan o

Rodo sto

M

a

r

Enos

ares)

Lake Ostrovo Kastoria

h

N e s to s

Lake Tachino

on

(V ard

Florina

Ev ro

Seres

Sr

ei

Axios

Monastir

T

Lake Doiran

Bosporus

E rgene

ka

Crn

Re

Lüle- Burg as

t s .

Prilep

Kırkl areli

Adri anop le

sa

ic

o

M

d

N

er

ar

e

it

ar

rd

c

A

e

Bre

p

Va

a

M

M

O

o

a

d

lnic

Rila

Philippopoli

Tun

h

ga

Pazardzik a Marits

s

R

Markov

ma

Nerezi

T

ru

T

Skopje

Matka

St

dga

Stara Zagor a

Staro Nagaricino

S e a

Black

tra

s a i n t n Slive n M o u

l k a n

Sofia

ake Prespa

n

Sistova

Gracanica

M

Du

Plevna

ul

To p l i c a

av

Zimnica

Deligrad

a

D

Turnu Magurele

` Paracin

Ju

o

a

evac

r

Knossos

Lasithi

Mesara

e t e

Spinalo nga lo el o f ra b ay Mi B

Cape Sideros

Kaso s

Nic osi a

C y p r .u s

Sitia

Pap hos

N

Gavdos

S

E A 27

T roödos Mnts

Lim ass ol

Fam agu sta Lar nac a

ÁRVA TRENCSÉN

SÁROS LIPTÓ

SZEPES

TURÓC

ZEMPLÉN

(ZIPS) ZÓLYOM

NYITRA

GÖMÖR

POZSONY

UNG

KIS-

BARS

TORNA

ABAÚJ

HONT

HONT

BEREG NÓGRÁ D

SZABOLCS

BORSOD

MOSON ESZTERGOM

SOPRON

GYŐR

SZATMÁR

HEVES

PILIS

KOMÁROM

MÁRAMA ROS

UGOCSA

KÖVÁR

H.V .

VAS

H.V .

PEST

VESZPRÉM

VIDÉKE

VIDÉKE

KK.

FEJÉR KK.

´

ZALA

BELSÖ - SZOLNOK

KRASZNA

KÜLSÖ SZOLNOK

BESZTERCE -

KÖZÉP - SZOLNOK

BIHAR

HEVES

DOBOKA

DOBOKA DOBOKA

BIHAR

B.V.

T ORDA

KOLOZS

BÉKÉS

CSIKSZ ÉK

BIHAR SOMOGY

TOLNA

CSONGRÁD

VAR ASD

CSANÁD

CSONG RÁD

TORDA

TORDA

KOLOZS

ZARÁND

ALSÖ-FEHÉR

ARANYOST. SZÉK

MAROSSZÉK UDVARHELYSZÉK

KÜKÜLLŐ F.

VERÖCE

BARANYA

KŐ RÖ S

CSANÁD

BODR OG

ARAD

K

BARANYA

ZÁG RÁ B

´

HUNYAD

TEMES

TORONTÁL

POZSEGA

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VALKó KEVE

SZERÉ M (SYRMIA )

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1.0.1 - The provinces of Hungary in 1520.

28 Kiveri

F.

F.

(A)

G

L

S F.

Y

FELSÖ-FEHÉR B

F

O

D

O L E

F.

N)

F (F)

D

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

F.

HÁROMSZÉK

FOGARAS FÖLD F.

T

O

ica

Va ar

e

in

n

a

a

b

Crn

o

n

E d i r n e

Lake Doiran

i

Lake Ostrovo

it

sa

ia

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

l

t e s i o

i

Co

r

S u

M e l u n a Pa s s

rfu

Ca

o

Goumenitza

Pine

Y a n y a

Te m

ios

s

l

Arta Preveza

va ll

ey

A

T i r h a l a

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

S e a

o

Sperchei

o

Gulf of

op

Santa Maura (Levkas)

t

os am

Aspr

Karli-Eli

La Punta

Gulf of Vo l o s

Lamia

At

M

al

an

Rrhion

g Ca

r o na

p

l

A c h a i a

a n d s

Castel Tornese

^

Zante

M

o

Al p h e

r

Korinthos

e

a

(Peloponnesos) ios

E ǧ r i b o z

ip

Burdshi

M o r a

Kalamata

of Messenia

Koroni

Methana

Cape Sounion

Aegina

z

Pru

d

l

u

Va

B

Kithnos Rinia

Gulf of Nauplia

Siros

D u n a rea

a

j

u r D

a

Myconos Delos

Hermupolis

M E

Naxos

Antiparos

o

Kimolos

Passavâ

Gulf of Laconia

Monemvasia

Polyaigos

Melos

Santorini

Syme

Rhod es

Telos

Anafi Chalke

E

Rhod es

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

“Dragon”

Suda

ar ia f S am

R

A

Sphakiotes

Sphakia

N

C

r

1 5 14

Spinalonga

Knossos

e t e

M

29

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s

E

A

N

S

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Paphos

E A

Limassol

Monastery

M. Megisti Lavras M. Vatopedio u M. Iviron M. Chilandariou M. Dionysiou M. Koutloumousiou M. Pantokratoros M. Xeropotamou M. Zographou M. Dochiariou M. Karakallou M. Philotheou M. Simonos Petras M. Agiou Paulou M. Xenophontos M. Stavronikita M. Gregoriou M. Esphigmenou M. St.Panteleimonos M. Kostamonitou Skete Prodromos

1.0.3 - 1520 The monasteries on ‘Holy’ Mount Athos.

of y o B ab e l l ira

T roödos Mn

Holy Mount Athos 11

Kyrenia

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

Rhetymno Gorg

Scarpa nto

Suda Bay

Chania

R

C r e t e

of

S e a Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

13 17

Gulf of Adalia Nisyros

Cape Malia

eo

12

Daphne

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

K os

Amorgos

Duchy of Naxos

•••

T

19

3

6

Kalymn os

Sifnos

I 16

8

Mendelia

(Minoa)

Eur

D 7

Karyes

Gulf of

Gulf of Mendela

Paros

Cerigo

2

15

Patmos

Leros

Serifos

Misthra

Cape Matapan

18

10

and e r

Ikaria

Tenos

Gyaros

Administration Harbour

20

Me M en d e r e s

Samos Vathy

Keos

Gulf of

Nauplia

Maina

1.0.2 - 1520 The Ottoman provinces in 1520.

9

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Kiveri

Kelapha

Gulf of Orphani

iz

Bay of Chesmé

ta s

Pylos Methoni

Zarnata

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

C h i o s

os

Spetsai

Gulf

a

e

Psara

Hydra

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

E

Gulf of Edremid

Athens

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

n t e (E ub oia )

R

al

of Corinth

I

S

o

Eur

Gulf

Besika Bay

an

Patras

ik

Dardanelles

C

Gulf of Patras

P

Sporades

e ti

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca

n

a

e

g

e

Northern

N

s

I o n i a n

pe

E

na

Paxos

Cephalonia

Gulf of Kasandra

i

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Joanina

Parga

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Marmara

iğ i r l

km

N e s to s

p

P h t ilia

4

M a r m o r a

o f

Sus

tr

Al

Argyrocastro

I s l

Büyük Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

Gallipoli

Delvino

I o n i a n

Bosporus

Constantinople

Gulf of Saros

E

1536

V i z e

E rgene

on

is

o n y a

Butrinto

Lake Tachino

Adrianople

itsa

Ev ro

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

S e a

Ç.

vA l

Corfu

ar

W

o a nt Otr

A

Lake Tachino

on

m

Gulf of Burgas

E d i r n e

t s .

E d i r n e

Sr

St.George

ˇ

G e l i b o l u

l

of

Valona

Bay of Va l o n a

a

M

Arda

N e s to s

d

m

a

Filorina

ti

e

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

ni

c

ares)

m

Se

a

Monastir

Lake Prespa

(V ard

it ra St A pulia

M

Lake Ochrid

Elbasan

ei

Shkumbi

ka

Axios

E l b a s a n

Re

un

ta

B

e s Bra

r

N

g

l

M

M

es

O h r i

Durazzo

n d ža

a

A

an u

Black

tra

Ç i r m e n

E d i r n e

Tr a i

b

t Ol

p

rd

Dr

Sea

Jan

Philippopoli

a

rg

S i l i s t r e

Tu

Marits

M

o

ln ga

d

Skopje

o

T

V a l l um

be

n

n s t a i M o u n

l k a n

h

i

a

eo

o

es m Te

St

Black

B

O

in

Adr i a t i c

a ojan

n

ma

ari

Dulcigno

ri

in

N i ǧ b o l u

R

Dr

ru

ti v

Dr

An

Scutari

Danu

r

Iske

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

S t. G

a

e

K u s t e n d i l

Pir zerin

c u t a ri

Pastrovići

Bay of Spizza

B

S o f y a

Du

Bran c h

ndga

sa

Žabljak Upper Pulati

I s L ka k e e n d e r y e S

Budua

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

dz

mits

Dunai

lia

Tu

Grbalj

N i š

Turnu Magurele

narea

Rahovo

t s .

(B

de

Jalo

u

Gyurgyevó Du

Kilia

s

Bocche di Catta ro

im

l

A

za

ic

L Kuci

Whi t e D

Cetinje

Spuž

t

et a

a

je

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

zn

va

Brda

a

Hercegn ovi (Castel Nuovo)

Ju

ra

in

Lim

Ve

mok

V i d i n

Po l

or

V u l ç i t r i n

Ta r a

Z

RAGUSA

Niksic

Klobuk

a h i s a r

vo

a Su t

a nA l a c )M or ava

Mo

Herzegovina jic

bi

so

isn

er

a

Ko

eb

nic

a

Tr

n u (S

i

n)

ar

b

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Ko m

A

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ra

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Ta

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Ceh

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A

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A

ul

Ar

a

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Zi

Brăila Bu

I

H

C

Ol

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tj e

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Su

H e r s e k

padna

in

N

S

B o s n a

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W

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M o u n t a i n s

Szörényvár

S e m e n d i r e

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m

Orsova

Dunav

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na

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Mehadia

D

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B

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Li

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Tr

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Za

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T

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Spalato

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Republi c of Poglizza

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Belgrade

Zimony

M

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K o lu b a

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Scardona

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Szabács

Alt

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Karánsebes

Mezősomlyó

Titel

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Travnik

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Knin

Vrana Ostrovica

M

E

es

B o s n a

Zvonigrad

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nj

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L

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Karin

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s

n

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M o r a v

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Nadin

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o

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t

S

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B

I z v o r n i k

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a

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m

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Un

Sea

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Bo

em

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Facsád Lugos

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ba

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Csák Becskerek

ina

K

na Požega

v a Gradiška

Vr

Ripač

Udbina

T

Óbecse

Dr

Dubica

Sa

na Una Krupa Novi

Bihac

Plitvi cka - Jezera

Eszék

K ü k ü llő

h

C R O A T I A

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Bre

zá

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31

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Eur o 1.4 - The fortress of Orsava was captured by Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in 1522. Navarino Bay of Piro t Gulf Navarino

Larn aca

Kokkinos

Skiathos

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o

•••

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om

ica

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E A

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ln ga

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k a n

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vo

ar ia f S am

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t e s i o

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s

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Florina

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c

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P h i lia t

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Kyre Ta Kasos r a and the surrounding islands, Nicosia 1.3b - The Ottomans conquer Rhodes the Knights C r of e St. t eJohn capitulating on 21 December 1522. C y p r u s Suda Bay

Chania

.J

amvousa

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m

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iz Ged

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Knossos

Lasithi

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e t e

32

Spina longa lo el o f ra b i y a M B

O

ta

on

Gulf of Adalia

p e res RhSod c heio

Pelag Chelidromia

mos

Gulf of

N

Lamia

Gravia

V rachori

At

al

an

Salona

Cephalonia

Cape Zante S i d e r(Zakinth os os)

I s l

a n d s

Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion

Mesolongi nto Sca rpa

(Kar path os)

Rrhion Vostitsa

Gulf of Patras

Patras A

Kas os

M

o

Lala

Olympia

Al p h e

ios

r

Gulf

of

Corinth

Ky ren ia

e

Ca

na

Negropon (E u b o

l

Chalkis

Eur

Kalavryta

E l i s

ti

Gla

c h a i a

Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s

Skopelos

Lamia

o

H

op

Aspr

(Levkas)

Ithaca

Sitia

v

os

Larissa

ios

s

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(Megal okastro n)

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pe

ng

dra

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Chalke

St

Rhetymno

Te m

san

Skiathos

Gulf of Arta

Suda I.

Gorg

Pa s s

F Preveza

Santa Maura

Suda Bay Chania

Telos

Arta

Lixuri

1.5b - Situation 1523 - The Ottomans have conquered Rhodes and its dependencies.Knossos

Kas y alle

H

Lo

TS y m he e s s a l i a odes Rh

Argostoli

Cand ia

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

s

l

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Gulf

Gulf of

Pine

H

na

S e a

km

Trikala

Nisyros

La Punta

C r e t e

ia

Meluna Gulf of Kos

Joanina K os

Antipaxos

I o n i a n

Al

Mesy (Bodr (Bodrum)

Paxos

Cerigo

of

Gulf Or

Thessaloniki

Veria

o

Ca

Goumenitza

I o n i a n

S e a

Crn

a

b l Corfu S t a m p a l i a

Anafi

Cerigotto

Lake Tachino

m

Amor gos

Santorini

Cape Malia

ta

Seres

Sr

on

Fort St.Peter Fort um)

t e s Kaly mno i os

Parga

Folegandros

aLnadk e r MDeo i r a ne

ei

E

Butrinto

rfu

Cape Matapan

” Dragon”

Nios

Sikinos

Polyaigos

Melos

Delvino

Co

Gulf of Laconia

Monemvasia

Duch y of Naxo s

Leros

Argyrocastro

r

ta s

Kimolos

Passavâ

Gulf of Mendela

P h i lia t

Sifnos

L a k o n i a

Patm os

Naxo s

Antiparos

o

es

ares)

Eur

Kastoria

sa

Paros

Misthra

Lake Ostrovo

ti

i G p I K N

Serifos

Florina

it

Hermupolis

Hydra

ni

s

tr

Siros

Thermisi

Me n d e r e

Vat hy

A

Saseno KINGDOM of Cape Glossa NAPLES or Linguetta Myconos (Span. Bay of RiniaBourbon) Va l o n a Otranto Delos

Kithnos

Nevrekop

a

ka

is

Gulf of Nauplia

s

i

W

i

Gyaros

n

(V ard

l

Cape Sounion

o a nt Otr

Kiveri

Gulf of A e g i n a

Methana

Ikaria

Re

Aidin

Lake Prespa

Samos a

o

A pulia Tenos

Monastir

Lake Ochrid

Se

m

Keos

of

Burdshi

or

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it ra St

r Nauplia g

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o

Axios

al

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A

Gulf

d

M

an

Lara

Saronic

e

C

Salamis

Korinthos

p

e

Strumica

Elb asan

Andros

o

c Prilep

é B a y o f C hS eh sk m umbi

Gulf of Petalia

d

a

ar

M

Durazzo

Karistos

T

ica

A

rd

Smyrna

ln ga

o

Manissa

in

os

T

Skopje

I

L

ma

OA

iz Ged

Dr

Nea Moni

A

N

St

O

T

Va

Gulf of Smyrna

Black

Dulc igno

na Boja

Sea

ri

in

Sofia

ru

Scu

ari

Dr

i tar

l k

Bre

Uppe r Pula ti

u t a ri (Mytilene)

iv Ant

E

im

a

h

LesbosLSa kc e

in

a

L

r

R

Pastro vici

f

Iske

B

va

Gul

Whi t e D

ˇ Zablja k Budua

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ra

R

mid

e Edr o fL i m

Ta r a

C h i o s

A t t i c a

Niš

je

Spuž

Cetin je

e

S

et a

MONT E NEGRO

Bocche di Catta ro

Sz

Ti

Dr

ç e rn a

a

Troy

Brda

a

Cas tel Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)

Brussa

Mo

rin

Cavta t (Epid aurus )

ik

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to

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es Te

rav

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Sus

Du na

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m

iğ i r l

` Paracin

n)

Nikšić

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Negoti n

m o k Vidin

garia

etva

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Craiova

a

A l a ç a h i s a r

an

A

ul

vo

I

a

Su

Maina

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a

i

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so

jic

W

ul

er

bi

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n

K K

Bre

on

Kragujevac

b

ar

isn

A d r i a t iPsara c

Spetsai

R

M o r a v

er

Marmara

Bijelo Polje

H e r z e g o v i anr n iac a

eb

Chalkis

ip

o f

Ko

Slano

i a t h a p

Ismid

M a r m o r a

Ib

Tr

Ston

Skopelos

Eur

Čačak

om

RAG USA

Negroponte (E u b o i a )

l

r

Dr

na

Karánsebes

` Cuprija

•••

Besika Bay

Mele da

Northern

Athens

Kelapha

na

n

lo

e

na

Ca

S (S

S

Mehadia

S e a

padna

a

Co ns ta nt in op le

Kum Kale

o

S

a r

ti

cel

ra

s

Lugos

V ersec

r d jea n e l l e s D aPrijepol Plevlja

Tene dos

Metk ovic

Z

ti

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Gulf of Messenia Koroni

ion

Moudros

em

K

P

KokkinosN

Ta

Bé ga

ro

Ma

Sa n St ef an o

Çanakkale ( KU av al ce S u l t a n i e )

a sk tje S u Tavsha n Isls

Déva

S e m e n d i r e

Pozega

na

an

Corinth

Peloponnesos)

Zarnata

Dri

Pe lag os a Isl es

Chelidromia

B o e o t i a

a

Kalamata

va

t

al

Lavra Kalavryta

s s e nia

Tr

Pelagonisi

Gla

A r k a d i a Tripolis

i za

Lippa

Skutari Orsova na u Szörényvár D Dunav Smede revo ( a n edz e Rod osto Goluba on) Bü yükc Če ckm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e K l a d o v o

Bánát of Belgrad e

Priboj

Ceh

T

ros

Gyulafehérvár

s

Belg rade

ra

Za

m

- Kö

Mezősom lyó

Gallip oli

Užice

Foca

V ilágos

a

B o sCp o r u sTirgu Jiu

e

ri

s

e

a Sab

Lag osta

s

ba

At

Mega Spileon

e

g

A

Lepanto =Naupa ktos =Antirrhion

h a i a

eb

Mo sta r Lemnos

Csák

Titel

Zimony

K o lu b a

Sokol

Imbros

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a

5 14

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i

1

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os

a

v Sa i B ánság

Gulf of Saros

Sara jevo

a Dua re

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of

11

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12 13 17

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Gulf of

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3

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n

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e

i

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ó

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1.5a - Situation 1522 o

ng

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t

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Gulf of

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as

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na

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ep

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a

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a

s

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Mor

)

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in

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ia

n)

e B i sc s ka tr i ca

(Levkas )

Whi t e D

ˇ Zablja k

e a 1.7a -Despite various clashes in the area, the Bosnian-Slovenian border witnessed only minor changesSin 1523. Bocche di Catta ro

Vonitza

L Santa MauraP im

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Cast el Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)

on)

garia

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a

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je

et a

MONTE NEGRO

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ul

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a

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ros

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o

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Lake Ostrovo

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KINGDOM of s ba NAPLES Vr (Span. Bourbon) Otranto

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llék

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k

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Border German Empire

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Fi um e

ur

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Black

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r

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et MONT E NEGRKomárom a Spuž O

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r

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Suda Bay

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Munkács

ie nn a Da o m Nyitr a un g 1.6b 1523 - With the surrender of Rhodes, the Knights ofdroSt. John also lost their T r a conquer the strategic strong-point of Ostrovica. 1.6a - In 1523, the Ottomans a r-n Events i ca Latorca Tr H e r z e g Lag ost a o Pozs ony v Bo i n D o ebi a Sajo n s stronghold on the peninsula of Halicarnassus (now Bodrum). a u Patak Sa nj lz bu rg Nikšić Be rc ht es i Ston

r

Pirot

S

na

m

Ti

ina Dr

g

Vá

(B

Rhod

ul

g

a

.J

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zn

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h

s T e l oN

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Ju

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Bijelo Polje

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an

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a

m o k Vidin

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ar

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Kladovo

a

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Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

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s in G u l f o f K oNegot

i

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V

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ava

ar

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a

on)

Fort St.Peter Fort

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r

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Lower-

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m

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OF THE

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A N B O H E M I M O

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i

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t

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Cerigo

Solt a

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Rep ubli c of Pog lizz a

in

la to L AS p aN Alm D issaS

PA S SAU

Cape Malia

Cape B A V A R I Matapan

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1522 Melos

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L

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ba

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Monemvasia

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Mehadia

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ó

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ac

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Hermupolis

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Bo

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o

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Ol ib

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em

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Bosn . Grad iška

Cape Sounion

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Gulf of A e g i n a

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T

Csák

Bács

Ma

K K

Nauplia P l i t v i c e C R O A

Ar be

Lu ss in

Oto čac

Lara

Gulf

T rzac

Lippa

es

Ch er so

Tod orov o

S a r o nFurijanc

Ze ng g

s

Facsád

B a y o f C h e s m é Óbecse

a

Andros

G u l f o fz Dub ica No va á i a diš ka Gra diš ka P e t vaal Gra

Ko sta jni ca

áv

Pož ega

Jas eno vac

Maro

Smyrna

Csanád

T

ros

Temesvár

Dr

Karistos

Glina Hra stov ica

a

- Kö

V ilágos

Solymo s

Tisa

Korinthos

ar ne ri an Is la nd s

Cet in

Sl un j

A

S

V eg lia

V O N I

Us til on ja

Pe tri nja

Gor a Athens

in Gl Salamis

A

al

ta

os

M a n iArad ssa

Nagylak

ros

Magyarkanizsa

C h i o s

Siklós

an

Bovi c

Top usk o

ip

Si sa k

k

Bud ačk i

Og ul in

n

S L

A t t i c a Ste nic nja

u p a Ka rlo va c

e

Eur

C

orinth FiCum

Szeged S m y rMnaa

Mohács

va

ulp

of

a

Gulf

Zu mb era k

Sa

itsa

Pécs

Zá gr ábChalkis

Gla

Go tts ch ee

Szig etvá r

Kő rös

ér

Negroponte (E u b o i a )

al

g

an

Salona

on e

i

Sifnos

a

Eger szeg

)

S

a

n

n

o

n

O

a

Kapos

va

•••

ar ia f S am

K

K

Dr ezn ik

T rza c

Una

Kr up a

Iza cic

Lak es

Novi

Du bic a

zá

Sana

Dr

No va Gr ad išk a v a Gr ad išk a

Bosn. Du bic a

g áv

a

m

Pa ph os

Ko baš

Bos n. Gra dišk a

Blagaj

ba

S

Bo

na B os

a

Dr

na

ó

Ti

Be lgr ad e

Zimo ny

a av

S i B ánság

K o lu b a

Sokol

n

ba

s

D

Sc ar do na Se be ni co

Sin j

A

Báná t of Belg rade

Du

na

ra

in

t issa

a Du are Ma kar ska

M os ta r t

Sab

ion

cel

lo

bi

Kraljevo

A

an

)M or ava

c

Prije polje

o

ra

Bijelo Polje

Me tko vic

Ston

Tr

o

ma r n i ca eb H e r z e g o v i n a isn

a

Su

to

rin

a

Nikšić

Ta r a

Brda

Lim

L

i

Po l

RA GU SA

Klo buk

vo

jic

so

Slano

Ko

A

34

er

K

I

Me led a

Ta

N

1.8 - In 1524-25, the Ottomans again attack Jajca and also march on Zengg, Krupa, and Novi. La go sta

tje

Plevlja

(S

ar

T Cu rzo la

Su

Ceh

Čačak

Ib

i za

Uva

Foca

na

Le sin a

Lis sa

Priboj

a sk

padna

ti

eb

Tr

A

V rgo rac

Za

Pozega

m

na

Br az za

Li

Dri

M

Sol ta

S p a la toAlm

Užice

a

etva

Bua

Rep ubl ic of Pog lizz a

er

Kam en

va

Salo na

T rau

Kragujeva

Sar aje vo

i

N e ret

Kli s

Ce

L

Ro gos niz za

a

na

Ostrov ica

In co ro na ta

i

Little (Mali)-Zvornik

Srebr enica

Vr

va c Vra na

s

Titel

ri

ce

m

Szabács

Zvornik

Bos

T rav nik

e

D

Kn in Knin

a

Kli

t

Pétervárad

Karlóca

s

Nad in

B o s n a

Zv on igr ad

r

ac

Zrm

Kari n

y

D a nub

M

No vig rad Bi og ra d

Ug lia no Pa sm an

Ob rov ac

Becskerek

I z v o r n i k

Jaj ca

o

Za ra

Ba na t of Ja jc a

St ar ig ra d

nj

Lu ng a (G ro ss a)

No na

su

Sava

B

a

V ir

Óbecse

Li ma sso l

Rma nj

Ol ib

La rn ac a

T roödos Mnts

Bro d

Rip ač

Nagylak

s

Magyarkanizsa

Bác s

s

Kastell (Meg

Fa ma gu sta

C y p r .u s

Po žeg a

Vr

Ud bin a

Go sp ic

A

Jas en ov ac

Ko st aj ni ca Dvor

Sitia

Us til on ja

Glin a Hra sto vic a

Un

Pa go

a

Caz in

Bih ac C R O A T I A Ca rlo pa go (B ag )

G

lin

Tod oro vo

Fu rja n

Plitvic e

Ar be

Ce tin

Sl un j

Ot oč ac

Is la n d s

L u ss in

ea

Top usk o

Ze ng g

C he rs o

u ar n er ia n

E A

Pe tr in ja

Gor a

ra

Szeged Ma ro

s

Csanád

Ni co sia

Siklós

ina

V eg lia

S

Bov ic

ay Mi

S

Q u a r n e r o

Gavdos

Ky re ni a

Mohács

Ka sos

Cape

o

V O N I

sa k

ak

Bu da čki

O gu lin

B

a

N

St en ic nj

s

Du

Sa

eo

Knossos

C r eS t L e A Si

u p a K ar lo va c

Vá

Pécs

Spina longa

(Mega lokast ron)

ulp

F iu m e

po

Sca rpa nto

K ő rö

Tisa

Cand ia

Sphakiotes

N

Szi get vár

Go tt sc he e 1.7b. By 1524, the Ottomans have conquered all territories held by the Knights ofe l lSt. John. S i d e r o s of b Gorg

H

(Ka rpa tho s)

Zá gr áb

Zu m be ra k Rhetymno

Chania

Rh od es

“Dragon”

Suda Bay Suda I.

Chalke

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Dráva Kő rö s

one

i

Ka niz sa

Kissamos Bay

amvousa

in

ur

C r e t Vaerasd

of

S Laibeach aa v a

P

Ka

La ac k (F RE IS IN G )

M

Lake Balaton

.J

& a

V e ld e s (B R IX E N

M ar bu rg

St

ia

Kapo rnak

Anaf iPele ske

N

Rhodes

Telos

F

Dráva

Gulf of Adalia

g n s á y k u a g

Santorini

Cse pel Isl.

Syme

Nisyros

Szen tgot thár d

Jás zsá g

Pest

O

St .A nd ra e

Süm eg

Eger vár

S

Folegandros

Vas vár

Feh érv ár

V esz pré m

T

Raab

Stampalia

Kör men d

Nios

Sikinos

L av anPolyaigos t

Melos

Amor gos

Duc hy of Naxo s

Rá ko s r i v e r

Bu da

Gulf of Kos

K os

H

G u rk

asia

Szo mb ath ely

G ra z

Kimolos

Kal ymn os

Hatv an

es

r

” Dragon”

V isegr ád

m

y

Fort St.Peter Fort

rum) Mesy (Bod (Bodrum)

a

Ónod

Te

r

Ráb

Kő sz eg

Naxo s

Antiparo s

Eszt ergo m

a

Mu

Paros

Miskolc

Eger

Duna

l f őr G uGy of Mendela Leros

G

Nógr ád

Komárom

I G K N

n

Se ck auSerifos

Patm os

Sop ron Rép ce

N

Ip o ly

sa

Delos

Sajo

Ti

Rinia

U

Érs ekú jvá r

and e r

s

be

Myconos

Hermupolis

Hydra

Lake Fe r t ő

e

Kithnos

Siros

t

Ikaria

Tenos W ie ne r Ne us ta dt

Gyaros

A U S T R I A Leobe S

Vat hy

Cs all ók öz

Me

Me n d e r e

H

Samos

ub

En n s

Thermisi

Po zso ny

an

Cape Sounion

Aidin

D

Gulf of A e g i n a

Nyi tra

Leith a

Keos

Aegina

Chesmé

nau

Sze

Lőcse

Galg óc

Danu

bb

Y

or

Methana

g

s

En

Gulf

Do

Késmárk

an

na

ns

al

ronic

V ieB na ynoaf

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis

rc

Danube

Karistos

Gr

T ren csé n

G a ra

an

T r aAthens

Smyrna

i o s

A u s t r i a

C

A t t i cn a u

L o w e rC - h

Va h

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Manissa

Smyrna

Z s i tv a

E uD r iap n u b e os

a

A

Wa a

U p p e r-

Chalkis

e

h

sau

Psar a

Negroponte (E u b o i a )

l

yj

M O R A V T I AG e d i z h a Gulf of y

M

na

D

N

A

Ma

Ca

BOHEM IA

B aO H E M I

e

S

OF THE

Skyros

orva

S AU

sa Ti

Du

Óbecse

na B os

ina Dr

s

Sinj

a Dua re

etva

Ta

N

es m

` Paracin

ava

Ju

c

To p l i c a

Su

to

rin

Ta r a Lim

Brda

a

L

et a

Pe lag os a Isl es

Z

MONT E NEGRO

Spuž

im

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

ˇ Zablja k Budua

i

na

lnic

T

a

n

c

e

d

o

n

i

Nevre

a

Strumica

a

Prilep a

b

on

m

l

Se

Sr

a

ares)

m

ni

Lake Ostrovo

ti

of

A

Saseno

Kastoria

Thessaloniki

Veria

W

o a nt Otr

Cape Glossa or Linguetta Bay of Va l o n a

Florina

Se

Lake Doiran

(V ard

Lake Prespa

ka

ei

Monastir

Lake Ochrid

Re

Axios

it ra St

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon) Otranto

ar

in

a

Durazzo

Shkumbi

is tr

it

sa

Al

Argyrocastro

Delvino

ia

km

Gulf of

Kas

t e s i o

p

Trikala

Pine

l

o

rfu

na l

Gulf of Vo l o s

Arta

Antipaxos

Skiat

Preveza

Gulf of Arta Vonitza

La Punta

ta

Sperchei

mos

Santa Maura

Lamia Gulf of

(Levkas)

Lamia

At

Gravia

V rachori

al

an

ti

Ca

Salona

Ithaca

Lepanto= Naupakto s =Antirrhion

Mesolongi

Cephalonia

Rrhion Vostitsa

Gulf of Patras

Lixuri Argostoli

Zante

(Zakinth os)

I s l

o

s

I o n i a n

S e a

Larissa

ios

T h e s s a l i a

Parga

Paxos

I o n i a n

san

ley

s

Ca

Goumenitza

Te m

val pe

Joanina

r

Co

Corfu

M e l u n a Pa s s

i

Butrinto

P h i lia t

Gulf Ka

Saloniki

E

S u

A pulia

ga

rd

Dr

M

Elb asan

Brindisi

T

Skopje

Va

Boja

St

o

O

Black

in

Sea

n

Dr

Dulc igno

1.9 - Situation 1526 - Zengg and Novi are under Ottoman rule, Jajca remains in Hungarian hands.

in

ma

S

ri

ri

Dr

i

ru

iv a Ant

ar cut

h

Pastro vici

Adriatic

Uppe r Pula ti

Lake S c u t a ri

R

Bocche di Catta ro

Whi t e D

Cetin je

Cas tel Nuo vo (He rceg nov i)

a

Sofia

je

Cavta t (Epid aurus )

Po l

RAG USA

Nikšić

Klob uk

Iske

B

vo

a

a r n i ca

va

Herzegovina jic

V

Pirot

ra

om

isn

Niš

Mo

A

eb

(B

so

Slano

Mele da

a

o

ra

Bijelo Polje

Tr

zn

Prijepol je

Metk ovic

Ston

)M or

Ko

Lag osta

a

K

I

lo

sk

u

A l a ç a h i s a r

an

n)

cel

tje

Zi

m o k Vidin

ar

ion

bi

Kraljevo

W

Negoti n

a

Ib

T Cur zola

Sab

Su

Ceh

Plevlja

a

i

Szörényvár

Kladovo

` Cuprija

na

t

i za

er

Kragujevac

b

ti

eb

Tr

A

V rgor ac

Les ina

Liss a

(S

r

on)

garia

Mo sta r

Čačak

e

Priboj

Uva

(can

ul

Mak arsk a

padna

Pozega

na

Bra zza

Za

m

Foca

Dri

issa

er

in

t

M

Sp al at oAlm

Repu blic of Pogl izza

Li

a

va

Bua

Ce

L

Kame n

i

N e ret

Klis

Užice

a

A Salon a

T rau

Sara jevo

aca

Seb eni co

Solta

na

ba

Sca rdo na

Rog osni zza

S

Orsova

Dunav

Smede revo Goluba c

ra

ri

n

Vr

Ostrovica

Inc oro nat a

K o lu b a

Sokol Srebren ica

na

on

s

Du

S e m e n d i r e

D

ce

va c Vran a

B o s n a

Knin Knin

Mehadia

Crn

a

a

K li

Bos

T ravn ik

Little (Mali)-Zvornik

a r p a C Tirgu Jiu

Belg rade

Bánát of Belgrad e

a

v Sa i B ánság

S

Karánsebes

a Zimony

s

Lugos

V ersec

Titel

i

ro

Mezősom lyó

M o r a v

Zrm

Karin

Nadi n

Bio gra d

Ugl ian o Pas ma n

Zvo nigr ad

Zvornik

ó

s

Nov igra d

m

I z v o r n i k

Jajc a

Pétervárad

e

Karlóca

ac

Zar a

Obro vac

nj

Lu ng a (G ros sa)

Non a

o

V ir

D a nub

Szabács

Sava

Ban at of Jajc a

Sta rig rad

r

t

em

Ma

Bre

Ripa č

su

y

Csák

Bé ga

ç e rn a

Bo

Rman j

Oli b

Déva

Ti

S

s

Lippa

o

ba

Gyulafehérvá

s

op

Blagaj

T

Becskerek

Brod

Kob aš

Bosn. Gradi ška

T

ros

Facsád

Bács

Nov a Gra dišk a v a Gra dišk a

Vr

Udb ina

Gos pic

Sana

a

B

Pa go

zá

Bosn. Dub ica

áv

M

Car lop ago (Ba g)

Dubi ca

Maro

Aspr

Izaci c

Lakes

Bih ac C R O A T I A

D

E

Plitvic e

Arb e

Kru pa

a

Lu ss in

Sea An co na

Isl an ds

Drez nik

Una

Cazi n

Novi

Un

driati c

Oto čac

T rzac

Dvor

- Kö

Temesvár

Pože ga

Jase nov ac

Ko sta jni ca

Dr

Feh

V ilágos

Solymos

Csanád

Mor

K

Q u a r n e r o

Ch ers o

Qu ar ne ria n

a

Glina Hras tovic a

Todo rovo

Furj an

Ze ng g

in Gl

A

Tord

es

V e n i c e

Ceti n

Slu nj

V eg lia

Pet rin ja

Gora Topu sko

V O N I

Ust ilo nja

S

Po la

Bovic

Bud ački

Og uli n

A

Sis ak

k

s

Magyarkanizsa

Siklós

S L

K

t e - Kő r ö s

Pankota

Arad

Nagylak

Te

ulp

Ste nic nja

u p a Ka rlo va c

Fi um e

Szeged Ma ro

Mohács

na

Istria Pa zin

of

Pécs

ke

Jenő

Tisa

Go tts che e

Ro vig no

Szig etvá r

Zá grá b

Zu mb era k

s

Fe

Gyula

va

f

po

on e

a

va

Pa re nz o

a

a

Kapos

Dráva Kő rös

Grado Gulf o f T r i es te Ca poTd’rIsi e s t e tri a Pi ra no

Ci tt an uo

i

Sa

n

o

v Sa

n

ér

Mo n f a l c

s

La ib ac h

o I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Aq ui le ja

Var asd

K

no ne

La ac k (FR EIS IN G)

o nz

o

s á g k u n

Ferma

n

Kan izsa

Ka

a

n

ur

na

M

NICE

a n d s

Patras A

Gulf

of

c h a i a

Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s

na

l

Gla

Corinth

A t

Kalavryta

E l i s

M

o

Lala

r

e

a

Saronic

Lara

Olympia

Al p h e

Sa

Korinthos

Nauplia

ios

Gu

Meth

Burdshi

Kiveri

(Peloponnesos)

Gulf of Nauplia

Thermisi Kastri

Spetsai

35

Kalamata

Methoni

Zarnata

Gulf of Messenia

Eur

o

ta s

Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos

Misthra

2. 1526–1530

U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a

Óbecse

Krupa

Požega

Gradiška

r

T

Ripač

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

Starigrad

Ostrovica

a

d u

B r

b Scardona

A

Sinj

i

Klis

Trau

Rogosnizza

S

n

Sebenico

M

A

L

A

A

I

H

C

Travnik

s

Vrana

L

W

Jajca

Zvonigrad Knin

Szörényvár

Alm

iss

r

b

i

a

Gyurgyevó Turnu Magurele

a

Republic of Poglizza

Spalato

T

e

Rahovo

a

I A

a

A

E

Orsova

Ko

to

rin

Klobuk

Brda

a

Spuž

je

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

Po l

Hercegno vi (Castel Nuovo)

vo

Su

RAGUSA

so

H e r z e g oNiksic vina

Kuci

Cetinje

r

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Grbalj

Budua

Philippopoli

Pastrovići

An

a ri ti v

Scutari

O

Dulcigno

T

i

T T

Mehadia

T

Skopje

O

M

n

Biograd

Obrovac Karin

Klicevac

Ancona

Belgrade

Zimony

M

Elbasan

a

Monastir

c

e

d

o

n

i

a

A

g

N

Adrianople

l

u

B

Durazzo

a

Nadin

a

Constantinople

a

b

Novigrad

i

A pulia

l

S

A

Zara

o

Nona(Nin)

D

m

Rmanj

A

SAN MARINO

Brăila

V ersec

Titel

Karlóca

Szabács

Srebrenica

B

I

Udbina

Mezősomlyó

Pétervárad

y

Kilia

Karánsebes

Becskerek

S

Kobaš

Novi

Bihac

Ravenna

Csák

n

o

x

a

u

A

P A P A L

Dubica Cazin

h s

O

Kostajnica Slunj

S

Facsád Lugos

Eszék

s

Lippa Temesvár

Glina

S

Akkerman

y

Csanád

Mohács

Sisak

Jasenovac

Otočac

l

R

A

L

T r a n s y l v a n i a Szeged Magyarkanizsa

O

V

C

Ogulin

Novi grad

e

I

N

Fiume

A

a

a

A

i

I i

n

b

o

Y

k

n

R

TATARS

J e d i s a n

e

Zumberak

Zengg

Tuscany

n

Babócsa

C a r n i o l a

T r i este

I s t r i a

a

Berzence

A

CRIMEAN

V

Nagyvarád

G

z

Venice

one

P

Csurgó

Varasd

Laibach

N

A S

(FRE ISIN G) Laac k

Mo n f a l c

Grado

Torcello

U

Kanizsa

Gör z & Grad iška

Aquileja

H

Marburg

(BRIX EN)

Ferma

N

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

D

Saxon

Kiskunság

OF THE

a

Lavant

L

Debrecen

Fehérvár

V eszprém

Vasvár Egervár

Jászság

g n s á y k u a g

VENICE Pordenone

Ikervár

Körmend

St.Andrae

V eldes

Terra

Buda

z

a Graz

C a r i n t h i a

O

Győr Kőszeg

KHANATE

s

M

Visegrád

o

i

e

D

r

B

i

y Gurk

L I T H U A N IA

AN D

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

r

t

i

s

Komárom

Leoben

Lienz

l

a

S Tyrol

o

Érsekújvá r

A U S T R I A Seckau

d

Nyitra

Wiener Neustadt

SALZBURG

o

Hotin

Pozsony

Tyrol

P O L A N D P

Kassa

Salzburg

n

D

Eperjes

Vienna

a

Passau

Szepesvár

Lőcse

Thessaloniki

Saseno Valona KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Gallipoli

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Adr i a t i c t e s ley val pe M e l u n a Pa s s Te m ir o Butrinto a i P h t il S e 2.4 - Later in 1526, theMOttoman army retreats ransacking Szeged on its way south. afrom Buda, St Joanina aritsa o

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2.3 - After their victory at Mohács, the Turks continue north, capturing Székesfehérvár and entering Buda unopposed. Budua

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ha

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P B i es c s k a tr ica

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2.2 - In 1526, Sultan Süleyman takes Eszék, has a bridge built over the Drave, crosses the river and advances on Mohács. The (first) Battle of Mohács takes place on 29 August 1526. a S forces, e whose r leader, b Kingi LouisaII, m o k The Ottomans swiftly defeat the smaller Hungarian padna (S Za drowns in the stream Csele. er

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Zi

Holy Mount Athos

l

mos

V

s

e

ta

A

k

Szörényvár

Vonitza

r

n

La Punta

on)

D

Gulf of Orphani

e

s

n

o

ey

E

Sperchei

Se

g

s

i

z

v a ll pe

i a n t h

a r p C a

o

A

l

tL s .

a

S

s

un

ov

m

x

e s

ld

t

ei

na

M

n

M

Gulf of Kasandra

t

etva

o u

K ü k ü llő gy Na Gulf of

Te m

OM

ta

Lake Tachino

on

Maros

os

Philippopoli

Marits

th

B

Sr

Ol

er

d o

K

o

Pru

M

K

M

h

ns

R

a

s

(can

Mo

i

i

B

Hotin

n

Lugos

Dunav

n)

Lim

L

a

aro s

ia

S M e l u n a Pa s s a

Facsád

Gulf of Orsova Arta

garia

Brda

Po

a

vo

rin

n

L

AN D

D n je s t ear

ares)

Preveza

a

To p l i c a

so

to

Ta r a

o

s am o

(V ard

r Ma

Arta

ul

a r n i ca

Klobuk

d

S aDxoLioar aknne

Axios

Al

io Pine

(Zakinthos)

Ko

a Su

41

i

es

Karánsebes

a n d s

ot

H e r z e g oNiksic vina

jic

ma

ar

a

e

sa

I s l

c

Patras

rav

l

Mehadia

r

ar

isn

ru

rd

ros

it

)M o

o

T is a

ka

M o u nB u

Kami eniec Podol ski

p eS M ir e t

Joanina

V ersec

Cephalonia

an

d

O

a

Va tr

e

bi

Ib

eb

l u tu

T r a k mn s y l v a n i a

is

em

a

a

Tr

om

ra

h

Pr

ica

M

W

t e s i oB é g a

Santa Maura (Levkas)

in

Ta

N

K

A

Ceh

ka

ln ga

o

St

i

bb

va

Y

ra

En

Mo

je

E

n)

Po l - Kö

ér

er

l k a n

Thessaloniki

s

a

t

i za

je s

t

Lak e Ostrovo

t e - Kő r ö s

o

na c

(S

a

Saloniki

M o r a v

a

r

P O L A N D P

a

Y

Lippa

Goumenitza

Belgrade

Zimony

S e Sa Uva

D r in

Tr

I

t Su

t

garia

n

vo

Sa

so

ke

Parga

I o n i a n

m

de

ul

Ko

Fe

Re

R

Paxos

padna

a

r

Titel

T

Iske

str

mos

Castel Tornese 2.10 - By 1529, the OttomansTcontrol Aall of Bosnia, and have pushed the border north to just below Dubica, ZanteGradiška, and Kobaš. eb

p

T

Mezősomlyó

l

Q u a r n e r o

Ol

M o r a v

ar

ti

es

Csák

I S aov a n i a n

ri

a

ni

i

P h t ilia

n Du

D

i

ss lmi

Li

a

na

Spalato

e

Za

va

Repub lic of Pogliz za

A

Delvino

Pétervárad

K o lu b a r

i

M

Maro Argyrocastro s

Csanád

a

s N e ret

C et

A

Sinj Klis

Trau

aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa

Karlóca

i

n

Sebenico

Rogosnizza

m

ba

Scardona

M

M

Szabács

Vr

L

r t

Bos

Travnik

s

Knin

Vrana

Klicevac

su

Ve

Gyurg

B

r

Skopje

na

Bo

D a nub

H

C

A

L

A

ul

mok

Dnie

a

LakeÉ r m e l l é k Monastir Ochrid Nagyvarád Lake Prespa Se b es - Kő r ö s

Ca

o

ja Ostrovica

y

na

B

Karin

an

Nadin

Biograd

T

Latorca

Feh

Jajca

Zvonigrad

m

Zara

S ?

B os

og

A

Corfu Becskerek

?

s

s

Óbecse

Kobaš

a

A

Obrovac Zr

Valona

Bay of Va l o n a

Eszék

Sava Srebrenica

Starigrad

Novigrad

ba

K ő rö

Butrinto

Rmanj

A

Nona(Nin)

v a Gradiška

Vr

Ripač

Udbina

a

C

Tisa

G Se

rfu

Dubica

Bihac

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

áv

Požega

Un

E

zá

Kostajnica Sana

Plitv icka - Jezer a

I

Ancona

Jasenovac

na Cazin U Krupa Novi

Otočac

T

T

a lin

Slunj

A

Sea

Dr

Sisak

dr

Temesvár

S

O

S

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Glina

G

Zengg

D

MARINO

V

A

L

Mohács

N

Co

Nov igra d

dr i a t i c

s

a

n

Saseno

a

Zi

D

Sza

p

Ogulin

R

V e n i c e

po

i

King Lajos

O

a

C

Fiume

I s t r i a

of

n

N

E

N up a

A

I

Ib

Sava

W

in

Zumberak

N

U

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Babócsa

ulp

G u l f

o

h

m ku

a

Gulf

T r i est

of T ries e te

n

Kapos

Berzence

C a r n i o l a

Szörényvár

on)

i

To p l i c a

bi

m

Grado

n

Bo

S Elbasan Kiskunság

Tisa

s

a

b

Debrecen

Csepel Isl.

g n s á y k u a g

n

o

on e

Varasd

Laibach S a v a

P

Csurgó

Durazzo Jászság

o a nt Otr

zo o nGö rz & Gra diš ka

H

Lake Balaton

A pulia

Dráva

O

a ojan

ri

in

Visegrád

of

Is

Aquileja

Sümeg

Ka

Ferma

Fehérv ár

Kanizsa

(FR EIS ING ) Laa ck

Dr

Sajo

B

A

Kassa

Scutari

ari

Sea

ur

(BR IXE N)

Mo n f a l c

o

M

tiv

M o u n t a i n s

Turnu Magurele

P B i es c s k a tr Eperjesi c a

Szepesvár

Lőcse

Lake S c u t a ri

Dulcigno

it a jos Kinrg La St

Marburg

V elde s

im

Késmárk

Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i

Buda

Egerszeg Kapornak

St.Andrae

et a

´

an

Bartfa

Cetinje

Ip o ly

a

V eszpr ém

Vasvár Egervár

An

bi

r

Dr

Körmend Ra a b

Dráva

VENICE

Ráb

L

Rákos r i v e r

Ikervár

Lavant

Bay of Spizza

Duna

Győr

Kőszeg

a

an

er

L

Lim

Ta t r a m o u nSpužt a i nKuci s

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

Pastrov ići

Komárom

O

Brda

Va h

(S

Ta r a

Klobuk

a

a

e

Black

i

rin

padna

S

Whi t e D

r

to

Adr i a t i c

Rép ce

Graz

C a r i n t h i a

erra

e

r

y

Gurk

Pordenone

ub

Mu

t

a Su

Érsekú jvár

an

S

Lienz

Tyrol

Drau

Csall óköz

P

a r n i ca

Budua

Nyitra

D

r

om

H e r z e g oNiksic vina

jic

Herce gnovi (Caste l Nuovo )

Pozsony

Lake Fe r t ő

Leoben

Seckau Mu

sn

I

Z L E

in

nau

Ann s U S T R I A

SALZBURG

a

ot

ra

Dr

Do

(can

na

Vienna

Wiener Neustadt

S a lz a c h

bi

RAGUSA

M O R A V I A

Leitha

Tyrol

re

N

rc

Danube

Orsova

Dunav

a

ade n

W N S I R OT

B o c c h e d i C a t t a Grbalj G r ro

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

Salzburg

Du

in

T Ber cht esg

n rau

ya

Ta

Z

D a n uU p be

ha

Ceh

a

K

n

T e

sk

N

C I A

tje

Alt

Al u ta

Mehadia

na

ri

na

In

yj

Su

x

a

s

n

o

area )M 2.9 - In 1528 the Ottomans finally conquer Jajca, the last Bosnian town to fall. Via D u nUdbina, or ava Rahovo theU Turks launch campaigns toJ u the north-west, taking Gospic and its surroundings, and zn vac a (B advancing north.

m

Dri

t

D

S

i a n t h a r p C a

V ersec

D

va

Tr

i za

K ü k ü llő

Karánsebes

Mezősomly ó

a

s

i

a

M B O H E

THE

Li

a

gy

s

ro

Lugos

Belgrade

Zimony

ba

Repub lic of Pogliz za

eb

BOHEMIA

(Pas) Oberndorf

Titel

v Sa

Vr

C et

iss

Ma

Facsád

a

Za

na

Alm

Na

na

o Klis

A

(Szb. )

i

K o lu b a r

i

N e ret

I

Müh ldorf

t

e

Karlóca

m

T r a n s y l v a n i a

ros

Lippa

Bé ga

em

aro s

av

B Sinj

Spalato

OF

D a nub

r

n

Trau

- Kö

ç e rn a

a

an

Scardona

L A N D S

su

Bos

Travnik

s

Knin

Sebenico

s

Jajca

m

L

Klicevac

T Csák

Pétervárad

Szabács

Sava Srebrenica

Vrana

T

Inn

g

Bo

Zvonigrad

ja Karin Ostrovica

A

Passau

sna

Un

I

Obrovac Zr

Nadin

Rogosnizza

B A V A R I A

y Bo

Rmanj

M

PA S SAU

S ?

Z s i tv a

T

Vr

Maro

Csanád

Becskerek

?

Koba š

s ba

aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa

Óbecse

ina

K

K

A

Sana

Ripač

Udbina

Eszék

Požega

v a Gradiška

Krupa Novi

Novigrad

E

Isar

Z s i tv a

na zá

Dubica

Starigrad

Biograd

Ancona

M

Du

Jasenovac Kostajnica

A

D o nau

Vá m

E

O

Q u a r n e r o

a

na Cazin U

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

a

S

in

Bihac

A

M

Feh

Glina

Gl

Plit vick a - Jeze ra

áv

Maros

t e - Kő r ö s

Temesvár

Dr

Y

k

L

Otočac

Zara

a

Mohács

Sisak

Slunj

Nona(Nin)

i s

R

e

V

A

S

Zengg

Sea

po

ke

es

R

Ogulin

No vig rad

D

n

Se b es - Kő r ö s

A Fe

King Lajos

O

a

C

up a

Fiume

A

I

N

V e n i c e

o

G

s

z

Sava ulp

of

n

K ő rö

Tisa

Zumberak

T r i es

I s t r i a

n

N

Saxon s am o

a

Gulf

a

Kapos

Babócsa

C a r n i o l a

on e

P

Csurgó Berzence

o f T r i e s te te

l f

Dráva

Varasd

Laibach S a v a

M

S

Mo n f a l c

N

mos

m ellék Nagyvarád

ér

Aquileja

Grado

(FR EIS IN G) Laa ck

zo o nGö rz & Is Gr ad išk a

Ér

Kiskunság

U

Kanizsa

r i a t i c

g

ur

Ka

Ferma

s

M

(BR IXE N)

i

l

Debrecen

Csepel Isl.

g n s á y k u a g

Marburg

H

Lake Balaton

Sza

Jászság

Kin g La jos

ENICE

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

St.Andrae

l

t

Vasvár Egervár

Raab

o

n

Lavant

Fehér vár

u tu

d

T is a

Ráko s r i v e r

V eszp rém

Pr

o

u

Körmend

h

Tisa

Buda

Ikervár

Graz

t

Latorca

Visegrád

a

P

a

o

a

g

P O

M

i

p

n

r

V eld es

n

e

y

Ráb

ro

Ip o ly

Duna

Győr

Kőszeg

Dráva

o

ub

t

C a r i n t h i a

enone

an

S

r

r

str

a

D

r

Mu

Gurk

ra

Komárom

d Bo

Sajo

Érsek újvár

Rép ce

Leoben

Seckau

Lienz

rol

Nyitra

Csal lókö z

Lake Fe r t ő

Ann s U S T R I A Mu

u

Pozsony

be

Y

nau

Wiener Neustadt

S a lz a c h

an

G a ra

s

Do

Dnie

a

Kassa

Danu

Vienna

C

Eperjes

Waa

Danube

SALZBURG

Szepesvár

Lőcse

g

rc

Leitha

yrol

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

a

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

Salzburg

de n

M O R A V I A

i

erc hte sga

un

ya

Gr

bb

Tra

ha

D

Késmárk

h

D a n uU p be

T e

Ma

n

ns

Inn

Passau

In

(Pas) Oberndorf

(Szb .)

En

Müh ldor f

yj

Bartfa

Va h

Crn

D

BOHEMIA

A V A R I A

I

M B O H E

THE

rva

Isar

OF

Mo

L A N D S

PA S SAU

n

D o nau

Siros

Hermupolis

Rinia

sa Ti

Sz na

l

S u

p

o n t e (E ub oia Szeged

Ti

sa

l

)

a Burdshi

Nauplia

?

Koroni

Bo

su

r

Passavâ

Kelapha

t

D a nub

m

Gulf of Laconia

Maina

Cape Matapan

Becskerek

D

Cape Malia

Cerigo Szabács

Dr

T na

a

h

z d

l

a

i

ndga

Tu

s

sa

ic er

Ç.

Sz

x

a

i a t h

Gulf of Kos

a r p C a

Gulf of Adalia

Nisyros

Syme Telos

Gorg

Np a d n a S

Za

(S

Sphakiotes

Dunav (can

Orsova

Rhod es

Rho des

Szörényvár

Scarpa nto

(Karpat hos)

on)

W

C

r

Se E Ar bi

an

)M or

ava

c

of e y ra b B a Mi

Knossos

e t e

zn

ul

Kyrenia

i

C y p r u s

a

mok

A

Nicosia

llo

T roödos Mnts.

b

Ju

Zi

Kasos

Spinalonga

Heraklion

a

er

Chalke

Mehadia

Famagust Larnaca

Paphos Limassol

Rah a

(B garia

n)

ra

Ib

er

K os

Santorini

ot

ar

To p l i c a

Mo ra

va

Ko

a r n i ca

so

aca

Lim

L

im

j

P

Po l

Brda

vo

Ta r a

Klobuk

a

Kalymn os

Stampalia (Astypalaia)

a

K

rin

S

Gulf of Mendela

Amorgos

in

Ta

and e r

ul

na

t

RAGUSA

to

Karánsebes

Patmos

Sikinos

M o r a v

Dri

Tr

Ceh

a

a ar ia f S am

va

i

Uva

Me

os

Lugos

Naxos

na

na

s

A

r Ma

Mezősom lyó

o Df u C r e t e

Rhetymno

m

H e r z e g42oNiksic vina a Su

Bé ga

Duchy ofV Naxos ersec Nios

Polyaigos

Sphakia

E

M en d e r e s

Vathy Facsád

Ikaria

Suda

ri

ba

N

A N A T O L I A

f Chesmé

Suda Bay

D

A

Vr

C et

etva

Kimolos

S e a

a

eo

K o lu b a r

R

T r a n s y

Bay o Lippa

Belgrade

Zimony

v Sa

I

o

R

ros

aro

Anafi

Chania

a

jic

Delos

Paros

Folegandros

Gramvousa

Li

t

s

T Myconos em

Antiparos

Melos

M

iz

Smyrna

- Kö

Kissamos Bay

E

k jes

Titel

Ged

F e hG u lof f

Sifnos

a

Y

Leros

Serifos

es

e

ina

Sava Srebrenica

CsákRinia

Siros

Hermupolis

Monemvasia Karlóca

i

R E ös

Samos

Kithnos

m

y

d

a

Tenos

Gyaros

Cape Sounion

Pétervárad

emi

Fe

Temesvár

Óbecse

o

G

dr of E ulf

Andros

Te

Eur

e b es - Kő r

A S Rk e t e - Kő r ö s

ik

am o

C h i o s

Keos

Misthra

Kalamata

S

Gallipoli

m ellék Dardanelles Nagyvarád

Maro

Csanád

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf of A e g i n a

Kiveri

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Ti

ros

os

Methana

S

z a mo r a M a r m os

o f

Ér

e

Eur Magyarkanizsa ip

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

T is a

Büyük Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

Psara

Ma

Bosporus

Constantinople

Gulf of Saros

I

S

t

Sus

be

on

Danu

Du

na

Ca

r o

Corinth

Korinthos

e

ios

?

om

isn

a

Tisa

es

Bo

Su

eb

p

Adrianople

a

ç e rn a

g

ti

Athens

Eszék

N

Tr

u

Va

B j

u r

b o

Ti

e

an

its

Northern Sporades

2.12 - The Turkish troops march on from Belgrade to Eszék, and from there to Mohács, where they are met by the forces of János Zápolya.

A

r

Latorca

ér

of

(Peloponnesos)

Al p h e

a

r

sna

E

B i za

S e a

Ti

o op

Aspr

al

ar

Besika Bay

•••

b

l

At

nG

rös

P

al

K

M

an

o

Pylos Methoni

a iss eb

I

Kő

C

K

Lamia

Kalavryta

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

i

N e ret Repu blic of Pogl izza

a

ˇ

M

Z s i tv a

n

M

Arda

Kiskunság

a

e

Spetsai

na

Alm

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Tisa

áv

Gulf

Rrhion

n

Sinj

Spalato

T

N

Gulf of

h a i a

M

Bos

Travnik

m

iğ i r l

Holy Mount Athos

e Ng

A

ta s

Q u a r n e r o

s

Castel Tornese

Dr

Jajc a

Klis

Trau

A

iS p e r c hae i o

Pi n e i o s

Kob aš

s ba

s

Knin

Sebenico

Rogosnizza

m

A c Mohács

a

an

ja Ostrovica Scardona

M

ey

g n s á y k u a g

v a Gradiška

Zvonigrad

m

L

po

Požega

Vr

Vrana

Klicevac

ares)

Dubica

an u

Ev ro

Hydra

Un

I

Karin

va ll

U E

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

a n d s

M

T

Nadin

Biograd

ios

pe

s

A

A

Zara

Obrovac Zr

mos

S

O

zá

Kostajnica

Starigrad

Novigrad

n

Gulf of Patras Aug 26 1526 Patras Kin g Lajos

Rmanj

A

D

Tem

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of Nauplia

Ripač

Udbina

ta

Ithaca

Jasenovac

Bihac

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Kin g La jos

na

Sana

Otočac

o

Vonitza

Zante (Zakinthos)

na Cazin U Krupa Novi

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

Sea

I s l

n

Ka

I

St.George

E rgene

Lake Tachino

on

Gulf of Vo l o s

rta

Sisak

Slunj

Zengg

Nona(Nin)

Kapos

Cephalonia

A

Tr a i

Gulf of Burgas

g ro

t s .

Sr

Saloniki

Glina

i Gl

S

sa

A

L

it

R

Ogulin

No vig rad

V

Gulf of A

Santa Maura (Levkas)

O

a

up a

tr

Sava

N

C

Ancona

S e a

ulp

Fiume

n

Babócsa

Zumberak

of T ries te

i c e

is

I o n i a n

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A Se 2.14 - En route to Vienna, theT Ottoman forces again capture Győr. The Ottomans arrive at Vienna in late September 1529, starting the First Siege. er

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Aug 26 1526 Kin g Lajos

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once again take Komárom, which Ferdinand I had regained two years earlier.

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a

Udbina

Bo

D a nub

a

Ripač

y

?

s

ba

S

Kob aš

Un

(Bag) Gospic

o

?

a

Vr

Lippa

Bé ga

em

Na

M o u n t a n i h a t V ersec p r Titel 2.13 - Together the armies of Süleyman and Zápolya re-capture C a Buda and in 1529 also Becskerek

i

Bihac

Csák

b

Dubica

Sana

v a Gradiška

T

Óbecse

ina

zá

Kostajnica

Požega

na Cazin U Krupa Novi

vic ka - Jez era

Eszék

A

Jasenovac

Slunj

očac

a

S

S

a

s

Temesvár

áv

Glina

in Gl

Maro

Csanád

es

L

Dr

Sisak

Mor

K

a

V

A

Mohács

O

ulp

gulin

Aug 26 1526 Kin g Lajos

Magyarkanizsa

T r a n s y l v a n i a

ros

Pruth

I

N

up a

A

- Kö

aro s

D u n a rea

Sava

Ma Szeged ros

Tisa

berak

sa

na

Feh

ér

Babócsa

M

o

a

t e - Kő r ö s

D

Berzence

i s

Maro

av

po

ke

Y

t

n

Fe

R

Ol

o

s K ő rö

Se b es - Kő r ö s

A

ç e rn a

n

G

s am o

Sz

n

N

Saxon

Bre

a

Kapos

mos

m ellék Nagyvarád

Ti

be Danu

U

o

P

Csurgó

Ka

Dráva

Varasd

l

M

N

Kanizsa

Ér

Kiskunság

g n s á y k u a g

ur

u tu

Debrecen

Csepe l Isl.

King La jos

M

H

Lake Balaton

Sza

Jászság

Te

e Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

Marburg

sa

Z s i tv a

ub

Vasvár Egervár

Raab

Fehé rvár

Pr

T is a

Rák os r i v e r

V eszp rém

h

Tisa

Buda

Ikervár

Körmend

t

Latorca

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a

P

a

n

an Ráb

d

g ro

Ip o ly

Duna

Győr

Kőszeg

Graz

p

a

D

Komárom

Bo

Sajo

Érse kújv ár

Rép ce

Leoben

r

str

t

g g Nyitra

Csa llók öz

Lake Fe r t ő

I A

a

Waa

Ma

Mo

Pozsony

Leitha

Wiener Neustadt

Dnie

i

nau

C

Eperjes

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rva

Vienna Do

Lavant

Szepesvár

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h

rc

Danube

g

Vá

Gr

Lowers t r i a

u

Va h

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Ol

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M B O H E

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ip

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a

e

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n

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os

al

Corinth Athens

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e

an

of

dz

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u

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Brăila Besika Bay Bu

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on

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op

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Jan tra Gulf of Petalia

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i n s t a Gyaros ape n Gulf of M a Cu A e g i no

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Holy Mount Athos

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av

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g

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etva

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Gulf of

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ares)

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2.16 - Situation 1530 - The First Siege ofissaVienna marked the maximum western reach Cephalonia of the Ottoman Empire. Gulf of Patras lm Patras The Turks only gained someT territoryA north of Srebrenica through attacks from Syrmia in 1529. eb

e

ul

n Du

Sa

S e a

ros

Facsád

Bé ga

Parga

Paxos va

m

- Kö

Mezősomlyó

M o r a v

Li

a

Lippa

s

Belgrade

(S

Pr

d

T r a n s Thessaloniki y l v a n i a

sa

Titel

l

va

Repub lic of Pogliz za

na

Spalato

d

Joanina

Goumenitza

padna

s

es

P h t ilia

Zimony

Za

i

h

o

mos

s

ér

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na

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o

r CorfuKarlóca m i a

na

s N e ret

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Trau

e

ri

ba

A

Sinj

C et

Rogosnizza

t

Pétervárad

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n

Sebenico

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su

te ke

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T

D

Vr

L

Scardona

Maro

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Ca

o

an

s

Knin

Vrana

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Magyarkanizsa

I o n i K o lau b a r an

Bos

Travnik

t

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Lak e Ostrovo

Ma Szeged ros

Jajca

Zvonigrad

ja Karin Ostrovica

g

P O L A N D

P

a

ica aln

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m ellék eka Nagyvarád R

Feh

r

Bo

na

B

Obrovac Zr

m

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D a nub

y

?

s

a

Nadin

ba

S

Sava Srebrenica

Starigrad

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?

dz

de

n Bug t a i M o u n L I TT H

l k a n

str

Saxon

ti

t e s Becskerek o i Butrinto

Kobaš

Un

I

A

Vr

T

e S e bae s - K ő rc ös AMonastir R

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ni

Delvino Óbecse

rfu

T

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v a Gradiška

M Lake Prespa

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Eszék

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G

Argyrocastro

Rmanj

A

Zara

a

p

St

Skopje T i s a

Lake Ochrid

s

i

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Udbina

Bay of Va l o n a

K ő rö

Co

Otočac

áv

Valona

N Elbasan

p

zá

Kostajnica Sana

Plitv icka - Jezer a

s

Saseno

S

A

E

Jasenovac

na Cazin U Krupa Novi

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

D

Ancona

a lin

Bihac

i a t i c

Sea

Dr

Sisak

Slunj

Zengg

a

Glina

G

S

O

V e n i c e

A

L

po

i

ku

E

R

Ogulin

Nov igra d

V

r

Latorca

it

O

a

C

Fiume

I s t r i a

f

up a

g

tr

N

n

KINGDOM of Aug 26K i n1526 g Lajos NAPLES Otranto Mohács (Span. Bourbon)

A

I

Bo

o dr

is

Sava

a

a

Debrecen

Tisa

Zumberak

Dnie

W

C a r n i o l a

o

Sh

U

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Babócsa

ulp

f

A p u l i aK a p o s

n

n

i mb

a

Gulf

T r i est

of T ries e te

n

N

m

Grado

Berzence

a

C

Eperjes

Kiskunság

g n s á y k u a g

s

on e

Varasd

Laibach S a v a

P

Csurgó

Ka

zo o nGö rz & Gra diš ka

Dráva

o a nt Otr

n

Kanizsa

(FR EIS ING ) Laa ck

of

Is

Aquileja

Mo n f a l c

o

ur

(BR IXE N)

Ferma

ne

M

H

Lake Balaton

it ra St

Marburg

V elde s

a

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

St.Andrae

Dráva

NICE

V eszpr ém

Vasvár Egervár

Ra a b

Kin g La jos

C a r i n t h i a

Körmend

Lavant

Ve

r Iske

B

D

je

Gurk

Jászság

DurazzoCsepel Isl.

Fehérv ár

C

A

L

A

ul

Jan

in

Lienz

Buda

Sea

Ikervár

Graz

N

Bartfa

T

Dr

a

Rákos r i v e r

a

Zi

I

H

(B

To p l i c a

A

Black

i

n aVisegrád

Boja

Duna

in

O

Ip o ly

Dulcigno

Győr

a

Kassa

ri

SDa jro

Scutari

i va r

in

r

Lake S c u t a ri

Adr i a t i c Ráb

P B i es c s k a tr ica

Dr

r

y

Komárom

e

Mu

t

ub

S

ti Érsekú jvár An

an

r

Bay of Spizza

Csall óköz

Kőszeg

im

Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i

Pastrov ići

Nyitra

Rép ce

L

n ra GKuci

Spuž

et a

L

Szepesvár

Lőcse

Cetinje

Budua

Pozsony

Késmárk

Lim

Brda MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

zn

Po l

nau

V Ta a hr a

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

B o c c h e d i C a t t a Grbalj ro

Lake Fe r t ő

Leoben

Seckau

W

vo

Do

O

a r n i ca

a

D

SALZBURG

on)

so

Vienna

Ann s U S T R I A

S a lz a c h

rin

P

Ko

rc

Danube

Wiener Neustadt

ol

RAGUSA

Leitha

ol

Mu

ya

ra

ar

e

M O R A V I A

to

Klobuk

Herce gnovi (Cast el Nuov o)

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

Salzburg

tes gad en

yj

ha

a Su

Ju

Whi t e D

T

n rau

Szörényvár

2.15S - Strong and e defenses r b bad i weather a m o kthwarted the siege, and the sultan decided to retreat ( S in October 1529. The return journey became a disaster for the Turkish forces, which Gyurgyevó er Turnu Magurele bi a n a defeat near Pozsony, and had to leave most of their baggage, prisoners, as well suffered ar )M Dun ea or n ava Du as canon behind. Rahovo

Ib

D

T

om

Z

D a n uU p be

Orsova

padna

ot

H e r z e g oNiksic vina

jic

M o u n t a i n s

Ar

c

a

THE

N sn

TIa

Z L E

K

Inn

n

IT r eAb i

tje

W N S I R O

C

M B O H E

BOHEMIA

In

(can

in

t

OF

Su

N

Alt

´

M o r a v

na

na

i za

Ceh

o

x

a

i a n t h a r p C a

Dunav

a

m

Dri

Tr

eb

L A N D S

S

s

n

Al u ta

a

Uva

a sk

s

Mehadia

na

ri

va

a

A

(Pas) Oberndorf

S

s

iss

Li

a

i

Alm

I

(Szb. )

Du

ba

C et

Repu blic of Pogli zza

K ü k ü llő

gy

Karánsebes

V ersec

a av

Za

na

Spalato

ro

Lugos

Belgrade

Zimony

K o lu b a r

i

N e ret

Klis

T

Passau

Titel

n

Sinj

Trau

A

Bé ga

a

Szabács

Vr

Scardona

Sebenico

Rogosnizza

i

Bos

Travnik

s

Knin

Vrana

M

t

e

Karlóca

m

Ma

Facsád

Mezősomly ó

D

ja Ostrovica

D a nub

r

sa

K

o Zvonigrad

an

Karin

Lippa

Jajca

m

Nadin

su

Pétervárad

ina

B

Obrovac Zr

L

A V A R I A

Du

a

Novigrad

s

em

Na

Ol

Bo

sna

Rmanj

Klicevac

Isar

y Bo

Sava Srebrenica

Starigrad

Biograd

S ?

Un

I

Udbina

A

Müh ldorf

be

na K

Q u a r n e r o

T

Vr

Ripač

Csák Becskerek

Koba š

s ba

T

Óbecse

?

a

A

Sana

Csanád

ros

s

Dubica

Krupa Novi

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

Eszék

Požega

v a Gradiška

Maro

y

O

zá

- Kö

aro s

T r a n s y l v a n i a

l

Jasenovac Kostajnica

s

a

na Cazin U

Plit vick a - Jeze ra

a

S

in

Bihac

PA S SAU

M

aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa

Temesvár

áv

Maros

M

Mohács

Dr

Y

t e - Kő r ö s

Feh

Glina

Gl

Otočac

Zara

a

s

R

o

e

L

Aug 26 1526 Kin g Lajos

Sisak

Slunj

Nona(Nin)

i

po

M

n

V

A

S

Zengg

D o nau

n

ke

es

R No vig rad

Sea

o

O

k

a

C

Ogulin

A

I

O

ulp

up a

Fiume

A

n

Fe

Tisa

Sava

N

D

n

Babócsa

Zumberak

t r i a

a

Kapos

Berzence

C a r n i o l a

e

P

Csurgó

s am o

Se b es - Kő r ö s

A

ér

n f a l c on

Dráva

Varasd

Laibach S a v a

Ka

(FR EIS IN G) Laa ck

G

s

t

i

Kanizsa

K ő rö

re

e

ur

(BR IXE N)

N

Saxon m ellék Nagyvarád

z

M

N

U

mos

S

Marburg

V eld es

H

Lake Balaton

Ér

Kiskunság

g n s á y k u a g

Dráva

o nz s o Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

Kin g La jos

Raab

St.Andrae

Si

a

Vasvár Egervár

M

Debrecen

Csepel Isl.

th

ov

Lavant

Fehér vár

V eszp rém

Pru

t

Körmend

Sza

Jászság

B

Hotin

ld

Graz Gurk

l

Sz

E

Ikervár

Kam ienie c

a

n

a

i

u

i

l

o

r

Buda

a

u tu

o

M

y

Ráb

Kőszeg

Ráko s r i v e r

Ti

e

t

r

Pr

d

T is a

Te

ub

S

Mu

Z s i tv a

an

Győr

h

Tisa

Visegrád

Duna

t

o

n

D

Komárom

P O L A N D P

a

Latorca

Ip o ly

Érsek újvár

Rép ce

Leoben

Seckau r

p

str

a

Csal lókö z

Lake Fe r t ő

B

Sajo

og

ç e rn a

Nyitra

r od

sa

Pozsony

Leitha

Ann s U S T R I A

r

Kassa

Danu

Y

nau

Dnie

a

an

G a ra

bb

s

Do

C

Eperjes

Waa

Vienna

Wiener Neustadt

Mu

Szepesvár

Lőcse

i

rg

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

h

rc

Danube

ns

un

M O R A V I A

Gr

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

En

Tra

ya

Ma

D a n uU p be

ha

rva

n In

T e

Mo

Passau

yj

D

Késmárk

Ti

D

BOHEMIA

Va h

g

THE

Vá

OF

N

Bartfa

an

L A N D S

PA S SAU

I A

M B O H E

Tenos

ˇ

3. 1530–1540 L A N D S

OF

M B O H E

THE

U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a

e

z s

Eszék

Jasenovac Kostajnica

Óbecse

Dubica Cazin

C R O A T I A

Krupa

Požega Gradiška

S

Kobaš

Novi

r

Udbina

Karlóca

m

Ripač Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

i

Belgrade

Mehadia Orsova

Szörényvár

T E

s

Vrana Ostrovica Scardona

Sebenico

M Rogosnizza

r

S

n

Sinj

i

Klis

Trau

A

A

L

A

Travnik

T

Alm

iss

e

r

b

i

a

Gyurgyevó Turnu Magurele

a

Republic of Poglizza

Spalato

Rahovo

a

A

a

I Herzegovina

Hercegno vi (Castel Nuovo)

to

Klobuk rin

Niksic

Brda

a

i

Su

RAGUSA

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

Spuž

Cetinje Grbalj

Budua

Kuci

r

Žabljak Upper Pulati Philippopoli

Pastrovići

An

Scutari

O

T

a

a ri ti v

T

Skopje

O

M

n

i

Dulcigno

a

M

Elbasan

a

c

e

d

o

n

i

a

A

N

g

Adrianople

l

u

B

Durazzo

^

Constantinople

a

b

Monastir

l

A pulia

Thessaloniki

Saseno KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Valona

Gallipoli

A Argyrocastro

E

Delvino

p l

Butrinto

t e s i o Joanina

i

Corfu

r

S u

A

T

W

A

I

H

C

b

Biograd

L

Klicevac

Knin

Karin

d Brăila

Jajca

o

S

A Ancona

Zvonigrad

Nadin

u

Mezősomlyó

a Zimony

Kilia

V ersec

Titel

Szabács

Srebrenica

Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac

Zara

s

n

o

x

Karánsebes

Rmanj

D

a

Pétervárad

y

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Once again, the armies first marched EBay of toSpBelgrade. M

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3.3 - The fortress of Klis had first been attacked by the Ottomans in 1515 and was besieged P i nwas i o s once again in 1522 by Gazi Husrev Beg, the governor-general of Bosnia. In 1531, Klis Corfu besieged, but held out against the Ottoman forces. ( S a l a m v rCorfu ias)

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L 3.2 -Klicevac Situation 1531

s

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aV ersec Eszék

na

ro

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Duna

ba

r

Varasd

ri

n

Rep ubl ic of Pog lizz a

na

ade n

In

ATHE dig

a rb

Du

K o lu b

Komárom

Győr

Vasvár

an

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Érsek újvár

Lugos

Mezőso mlyó Rá

áv

Gr

Ma

Egervár

Marburg

C a r n ir ao l a a

I

Z L E

oRf T r i e s te

C

N

I A

s

N i es te OT r W S I

Facsád

Karánsebes

Egerszeg Kapornak

BelgradeM u

Ko ba š

D

(Pas) Oberndorf

Udbina

i

Ber cht esg

e

(Szb. )

s

Mühl dorf

C et

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Inn

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OF

BOHEMIA

a

arlopago (Bag) Klis Trau Gospic

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Un

B A V A R I A Sinj

n

L A N D S

PAS SAU

Isar

Sebenico

av

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o

g

ba

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Venice

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Pi

a

Bihac

s

on e

Nyitra

Ka

o

s

nj

A T IKninA

Mo n f a l c

Gulf

Grado

Bé ga

Kőszeg

Körmend

Laibach S a v a

T

ros

Csa llók öz

m

Raab

va

Sa

I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Aquilej a

Torcello

Titel

V eld es

Dr

S

B

Sana Una Bos Cazin Travnik Novi Krupa

Pordenone

Dr

Graz

St.Andrae

(BR IXE N) V E N Iz C á vE Gradiška (FREISING) a La ack T e rDubica ra Ferma zo on

Pozsony

Rép ce

Lavant

Gurk

a

a

Zimony SzabácsPožega

na

a

Srebrenica

Kostajnica

Jajc a

Zvonigrad Otočac

i

i

Dráva

Jasenovac Sava

3.1 - In 1530, Slunj the Ottoman armies capture Kobaš.

ma

m

t

r

S u

a

Rmanj

vac

r

su

y

e Karlóca

C a r i n t h i a

etva

K

Un

in Gl

Bo

Bo

t

r Pétervárad Mu

Aspr

Tyrol

S

D a nub

y

Lienz

Drau

sna

r

Lake Fe r t ő

Csák

Leoben

Seckau

- Kö

g n s á y k u a g

Ripač

Udbina

Sisak

s Glina ba r V

Ogulin

a

Kob aš

er

hac

Krupa Novi

Mu

rva

Cazin

Sana

Mohács T e

Wiener Neustadt

Becskerek

SALZBURG

Mo

K

u p Uan a

Dubica

E

S L A V O N SI A

v a Gradiška

nau

Va h

Lippa

Temesvár

An n s U S T R I A

S a lz a c h

Požega

Do

Óbecse

Ti

Jasenovac

ulp z á

Kostajnica

Vienna

es

lunj

i

Sa

Gl

na

h

e

Eszék

ya

Maro rc s

Danube

Leitha

Glina

os

M O R A VFIe A

ros

bb

Salzburg

a

N

ub

T y ra o l

e

ha

an

áv

un

i

I A

D

Sisak

Tra de n

yj

T

Y

Be rc ht es ga

Dr

a

K

Ti

Du

Mohács

Zumberak ulp S L A V O NS a vI a A

THE

rLowerD a U p p eMagyarkanizsa Babócsa n u b e A u s t r i a Csanád Tisa

Sava

n

In

(Pas) Oberndorf

(Szb .)

Ma

sa

Passau

na

Müh ldor f

Inn

BOHEMIA

n

M B O H pE

D

^

Babócsa

o

ér

Berzence

B A V A R I A

n

K a p o s OF

L A N D S

PAS SAU

n

s

s

a

ns

po

Isar

Berzence

P

En

i a Csurgó D o nau

g n s á

Kapos

n

Ka

Varasd

o

á g u n s

Varasd

Csurgó

a D rná v an

P

Ka

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Prev

La Punt Gulf of Smyrna

Gulf of

iz Santa Maura (Levkas)

Ged

s

sa Ti

av

sa Ti

bi

an

ti

rav

j

u Tr a i

an u

r

g

b

r o

a

Ju

Ca

na

zn

a

va

Ta r a

vo

Rinia

Siros

Sifnos

Heraklion

i

ndga

a

Tu

i

n s

r

a

Crn

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ic

b l

l

e t e

o

Sus

o

op

Ikaria

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Patmos

Gulf of

Suda Bay

Suda

elop

Sca rp

Mendelia

Gulf of Mendela

Cape Malia

St.J O H N

Sikinos

Naxos

Kalymn os

Cerigo

Spinalonga Santorini

Stampalia

Cape Sideros of Anafi y lo a admiralB bAndrea Doria while el a ir M

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

Amorgos

Nios

Kal

Gulf of Kos

B a y o f Navarino K os N a v a r i n o

o M e sGs

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Syme

Nisyros

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Süleyman I

Chalke

C r e t e

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T

I

T

Chania

Kal

i de PM Castel Tornese

Samos

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I

I

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of

Aspr

a n dM so n e m v a snee ni ois ar e s

D

C

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E

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E

ar ia f S am

D

47

S u

on

o

op

Aspr

eo

E

D

Sphakia

Cape Matapan

OF

Folegandros

3.8 - In 1532 Koroni was retaken by the Genoese Cerigo was engaged in the Kőszeg campaign. Cape Malia

Rrhion

A c h a i a

M

M

Maina

Ch

Lepanto=N =Antirrhio

Gulf of Patras

Myconos

Cape “Dragon” Duchy of Naxos Matapan

Polyaigos

Melos

iz

Ithaca

Paros

KNIGHTS Kimolos

Passavâ

Tel

Leros

Serifos

o

t

A N A T O

Cephalonia

Delos

Hermupolis

Ged

Smyr

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io

Sper

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Vonitza

(Minoa)

Kelapha

Sphakiotes

er

a

Crn

l l

S u

aca

Tenos

Gyaros

Kithnos

Antiparos

Gulf of Rhetymno Laconia

Gorg

M

n

a

b

a

Keos

Cape Sounion

Aegina

Gulf of Arta

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Laconia

Pine

K os

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G u l f Maura Santa of (Levkas) na

I s l

Andros

Kelapha

Parga

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Meluna P

Hydra

E

La Punta

C h i o s

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf of

t e s i o

s Kaly mnoJoanina

n i a n

I oPsaran i a n

Anafi

os

C r e t e

Monemvasia

ar

Suda

rd

of Messenia

Koroni

Va

Gulf

sa

E

^

R 3.7 - In 1531, Methoni was almost taken by the Knights of St. John, who captured many Muslim prisoners. R A N E

Pylos Chania Methoni

Suda Bay Zarnata

it

ip

P h t ilia

S E ue r o aI o

Zarnata

ta s

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

tr

Gulf

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ia S t a m p a lPaxos

Misthra

Misthra

Eur

is

T

Kalamata

W

n

Spetsai

Kissamos Bay

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s

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k

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Leros

Argyrocastro

Corfu

t e (E ub o

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Lake Ostrovo

Gulf of

m G u l f o f M e n dAel li aak

o

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Santorini o

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Nauplia

ka

r

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M

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Kiveri

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G u l f D oa r dfa n e l l e s N a u pDelvino lia

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Koroni

a

A

Besika Bay

io a) f Messenia

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Re

Methana

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Goumenitza id Gulf of Edrem Spetsai

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Burdshi

Bay of

Athens

of

Gallipoli

i

S e a

e

in

r

p

of Corinth

eloponnesos)

Dr

o

Al p h e ( P ios

Black

D

M

Ps Naxo

of

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ti

l

l

ni

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Gulf of Saros

p

r o

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A

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Lake Prespa

na

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Lake Ochrid

Elbasan

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nt

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Skopje

Salamis Constant S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina Monastir r m o r ao r a M f o a e S

Vat

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al

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n

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N

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e Folegandros g Lamia A ta

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rfu

Gulf of

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Cephalonia

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o

itsa

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mos

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1536

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ta

s

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a

e

g

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

e

A

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Gulf of Arta

NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

A N A

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s

l

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Adrianople

m

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Gulf of Laconia

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E Kimolos

ar

Ev ro

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Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Delos KINGDOM of

Gulf of Kasandra

Sifnos

ios

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v a ll

M

Ikaria

o a nt Otr

it

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o

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pe

pulia

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r

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tr

Gulf of

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Gulf of Orphani

Hermupolis

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e

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t e s i o

na

Durazzo

it ra St

ares)

is

lia

r

A l p hThessaloniki e Siros i o s

km

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Sea

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Lake Ostrovo

o

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m

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i

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n

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in

o

o

W

p

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l

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ta

g B

N O ay of Chesmé

t iv

ari

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d

d

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ei

e

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An

o

Bre

a

h

ma

i

ru

c

Delvino

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E

ka

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1536

A

rfu

Koroni

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Co

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Re

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ti

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E

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Bay of Va l o n a

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M

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Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina Shkumbi r oLake Elbasan Ochrid

m

of

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ar

a

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

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Zante

eloponnesos)

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rd

e

Athens

Korinthos

Durazzo

ga

Va

r

al

o

Al p h e ( P ios

Sea

it ra St

M

a n d s

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Kuci

Grbalj

TA c h Oa i a M A p Adr

Skopje

an

Zante

na

in

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

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Dr

I s l

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A c h a i a

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in

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t iv

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ari

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aca

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Bay of Spizza

et a

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Herceg novi (Castel Nuovo)

Whi t e D

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Bocche di Catta ro

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

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k tr ia ca

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MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

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l

Brda Fertő (G. Neusiedler See) to the north. They also moved west, toward Wiener Neustadt. Tu =Antirrhion RAGUSA RAGUSA e n d ža (E lf of Burgas ub aged to withstand an Ottoman siege. After negotiations, the Ottomans only symbolically After a series of smaller clashes, the Turks were defeated at the Battle of Steinfeld onG u19 o Lepanto=Naupaktos i Cephalonia Žabljak Žabljak Ithaca Rrhion captured Kőszeg before moving on. The town remained part of the Empire. a ) September 1532. Afterwards, the Ottoman armyGretreated south, besieging first Graz, then r ulf Upper Habsburg Upper Pulati Pulati =Antirrhion Eur Gulf of Patras C h i o s ri ri n n retreat ip St Dr D Marburg (Maribor) later in September 1532, both without success. Via Varasd, the a s t i of rin in os Mar Patras Scutari Scutari Rrhion G u l f a Gulf of Patras continued through Slavonia via Kobaš and the area to its north back to Belgrade. Corinth of Patras Lim

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e

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a

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Gulf Aof Edremid

as

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a

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an

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D

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Travnik

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river

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ˇ iz Gulf Ged s o f town and Lake n j i c the area Niksic l 3.6 - After Kőszeg, the Ottoman forces plundered between the i a k a Klobuk Lepanto=Naupaktos n Psara M Sutoor u n t a SL m y r n a

vo

Ithaca

Ta r a

Dr

C

A

Sinj

ra

an

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va

g

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s

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o

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e

so

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M

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Besika Bay

L Jajca

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O

a i n s

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Sperchei

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a

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N

Ko

Herzegovina a

eb

mos

A

ul

Vrana Ostrovica

Sporades

t i through p Hungary, Niksic 3.5 - From Belgrade the Ottoman forces this timej i c Sa took a different route Ca o Klobuk ut na n or Brda in l Psize im t a which took them to the minor stronghold of Kőszeg, which despite its L small manecs Tr

a

Zrm Karin

Zi

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zn

Rmanj

W

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Bo

s

M

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Gradiška

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a

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t

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Al u ta S L SA Va O x N oI A

Karánsebes Ogulin

Mehadia

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e

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m

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s

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n

s

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ta

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g

Du

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V ersec

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on

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Győr

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r

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Csall óköz

Rép ce

Ra a b

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Elbasan

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Žabljak Upper Pulati

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C In y p r u s 3.11a - After several earlier attempts, the Ottomans managed to conquer Klis in 1537. T roödos Mnts. Brda 1537-38, the town of Nadin was destroyed. In the north, the Ottomans launched attacks RAGUSA Paphos Limassol Afrom the Kobaš area. isn

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3.9 - In the spring of 1533, the Ottomans attacked Koroni by land and sea, but without E success. The sultan engaged the famous corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa for another camR paign against Koroni at the end of May, 1534. The advance of Barbarossa, an outbreak of the plague and other hardships caused the garrison installed by DoriaRto evacuate Koroni A in 1534. and retreat to Nauplia. The Ottomans reoccupied Koroni without any opposition

s

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1534 (BR IXE N) V E N I C3.10 E - ESituation uri p

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KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

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49

Limassol

Larnaca

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“Dragon”

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

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r

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N- Due to Barbarossa’s S campaign E A of 1537-38, the Venetians have lost 3.12a - Situation 1538 several islands to the Ottomans. Crete remains Venetian.

Nof the OttomanSfleet returned E A to Istanbul, but Barbarossa, with 60 3.11c - The main part ships, seized Keos (Zea) and Naxos.

Rho

Limassol

Suda

Sphakiotes

Chalke

Nicosia

C y p rt s . u s

C r e t e

of

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C y p rt s . u s

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Telos

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Suda Bay

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A

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Heraklion

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Gulf of Kos

K os

Amorg os

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

S e a

N

Rho des

Kalym nos

Nios

“Dragon”

Suda

Mendelia

Leros

Chalke

Naxos

Sikinos

Gulf of

Rho des Gulf of Mendela

Telos

Paros

Folegandros

Kyrenia Chania

R

Syme

Patmo s

Nisyros

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Rho des

Sphakia

N

Anafi

Kimolos

Suda Bay

Cape Chania

alia RhoMdes Gorg

e t e C rMelos

ar ia f S am

ar ia f S am

Sphakia

of y o B ab e l l ira

of

eo

eo

Sphakiotes

Spinalonga

Knossos

E

Gulf of Adalia

Monemvasia

ar ia f S am

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

A

Gulf of Adalia

Delos

Sifnos

Cerigo

R

T “Dragon”

Suda Rhetymno

Gorg

E

Chalke Cape Matapan

I

Suda Bay

Chania

N

D

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

C r e t e

of

S e a

R

Myconos

Antiparos

eo

Cerigo

Syme Gulf of L Taecloons i a ssamos i K aina Gramvousa B a y

M

Gulf of Kos

Santorini

Serifos

S e a

Kelapha

Anafi

Ikaria K os

(Minoa)

Passavâ

Nisyros

T

M

Folegandros

Maina

Cape Matapan

of Messenia

Koroni

M en d e r e s

Samos

Stampalia

Rinia Siros

E u r Gulf of Kos o

K os

I

Gulf of Laconia

Nios

Sikinos

Amorgo s

Nios

Spetsai

Zarnata

Gulf

Pylos Methoni Stampalia

Amorg os

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Cerigo

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

D

ta s

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Sikinos

Kalym nos

Tenos

Gyaros

of Naxos Kithnos

•••

Naxos

Sifnos

Passavâ

Naxos

Keos

Malia Misthra

Cape Kalamata M a t a p anos n Kalym

Mendelia

Vathy

Antiparos

Folegandros

Hydra

Gulf of

Gulf of Mendela

Leros

(Minoa)

ta s

o

of Mendela

Patmos

Andros

Paros

Polyaigos

Melos

Nauplia

Mendelia

Delos

Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa Kimolos Duchy

Methana

A T O

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Petalia

Cape

E

Eur

Nauplia

Monemvasia Gulf of

Paros

(Minoa) Antiparos

SalamisSerifos S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of Sifnos B

Kiveri

Gulf of Gulf of L a c o n i a Gulf

M a i n a Leros

M

Serifos

Hermupolis

a

Burdshi

Passavâ

Koroni

Delos

e

Rinia

Siros Athens

M en d e r e s Korinthos

eloponnesos)

Myconos

•••

Myconos

Rinia Siros

oE u r o r

Al p h e ( P ios

Zarnata

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

Misthra

M

and e r Me

Hydra

Spetsai

Vathy

Kalamata

Ikaria

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Kithnos

Spetsai

A

Castel Tornese

Kithnos

al

Tenos

Gyaros

Samos

an

Keos

Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Zante

Misthra

Kelapha

A c h a i a

I s l Andros a n d s

ta s

Methana

Burdshi

Kiveri

Ikaria

Gyaros

C

al

Nauplia

ios

Keos

Cape arb S o u n i o n Methana aro Aegina ssa Corinth

i

Dardanelles

n

a

eP a

S

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B

Gallipoli

Gulf of Edremid

Sporades

e

an

ik

Sus

I

Northern

N

al

M a r m o

o f

S e a

Besika Bay

e

g

n t e (E ub oia )

Athens Korinthos

Büy ük Ček mede Kü ç ü k Ç

Ç.

p

l

o

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca C h iM o s

Ca

a

a

Sus ti

r o

Gulf of

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

n

a

Gulf of Kasandra

e

al

Gulf of Smyrna

Aspr

Patras

er

Bre

on

o

Gulf

Gulf of Saros

iğ i r l

Sporades

g

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

M

M

on

m

an

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

M

a

s

ic

er

ta

Rrhion

al

e

an

Gulf of Patras

Zante

At

Sperchei

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhiono s

Vonitza

Psara

s

Lamia

Arta Gulf of Arta

A

C

Santa Maura (Levkas)

N

Bosporus

Constantinople

Gulf of Saros

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Northern

ios

Gulf of

Adrianople

itsa

Dardanelles

Pinios (Salamvrias)

s

a

e

g

M

ey

ar

iğ i r l

Saloniki

E E

s

La Punta

i

a

i a

Crn

a

b l

sa

l

it

S u

tr

e

v a ll

pe

M

Arda

E rgene

Ç.

n a

b l

m

ares)

is

Preveza Ithaca

Te m

N

Ev ro

ik iğ i r l

e

Gulf of Vo l o s

Pine

G u l f o f S pEedrrcehme iiod

g

a

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Gulf of

A

Gulf of Burgas

Gallipoli

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

W

A

Gulf of Burgas

n d ža

Ev ro

t s .

Lake Tachino

M a Orr p hma n io r a

Gulf of Kasandra

P ikn m ios l i a (Salamvrias)

E

R

mos

s ta

ey

un

Adrianople

itsa

l

ˇ

r

E rgene

N e s to s

a

Sr

on Büy ük Ček mede ze çük Ç kmece G u lKü f of

(V ard

sa

Te m

v a ll pe

M

ta

Constantinople

L aTachino ke Doiran

i

e

ar

Marmara

Saloniki

ˇ

Tu

A

Arda

Bosporus

B

ei

Axios

ares)

n

es

N M

N e s to s

m

(V ard

o

t s .

a

Philippopoli

a

g

M

ei

Axios

Crn

aca

Mor

a

ndga

Bre

a

Tu

ar

d

n

u

Lake

on

pl

o

M

rd

it

Vonitza

Parga

M

ta

Sr

Gulf of

Joanina

Gulf of Arta

d

e

Marits

M

o

o

Va

a

A

h

ma

d

a

Philippopoli

a

R

ru

o

i

h

ma

ar

n

R

ru

rd

i

aca

Mor

va

Va

Bre

ra

va

M

p

Lake Ostrovo

km

tr

on

Mo

ra

je

i

e

Bay of Chesmé

Hydra

R

Po l

is

I

Marits

O es

M e l u n a Pa s s

Al p h e

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B

Gulf of Nauplia

oroni

c

W

S e a

i a)

lnic

Black

a

r

St

Thessaloniki S e a o f

Besika Bay

an

Korinthos

Kiveri

of Messenia

vo

Santa Maura Paxos (Levkas)

I o n i a n I s l a n d

Athens

Burdshi

Zarnata

so

of Corinth

oponnesos)

ulf

ka

Monastir

Prespa

t e s i o Arta

ntr

tra

E Eur i o s 3.11b - In August, 1537, gathered at Valona C(T.h Avlonya, Alb. Vlorë) from where o to r wrest e aCorfu from the Venetians. The fleet, with i p Süleyman I made the first Ottoman attempt Tenos os Cephalonia A N N A Tto Edirne. O L Iu r i p o sABarbarossa, Rrhion A Gulf G( uPl feolf oP apt o r ans n e s o s ) Nauplia it besieged the town of Corfu (T. Körföz) for 43 days before it withdrew. The land forces retreated o f Patras

Kalavryta

Kalamata

Ko

t e (E ub o

l

n

Gallipoli

o

La Punta

Cephalonia

n

a

ios Pine

PrevezaGoumenitza

I o n i a n

o

M

Lak L aOkset r oev o

Re

r

P

Corfu

S eI ao n i a n S

p

ga

E r g e n eD oLi ar ak ne

o

Dardanelles

i

na

O

T

a

d

M e l u n a Pa s s

ps

Paxos

h ti

l

Ca

ti

S

r

B a n s l k s l k t a i a n a i n M ao nu n t n u o M Tu

a

in a

n

na

ti

r o

Lake Ochrid

o sl i a Gulf of SarA

Butrinto Parga P lia

Ca

an

g

lnic

Skopje

e

Monastir

Lake Prespa

Eo

Goumenitza

rfu

al

c

Delvino

Co

a

e

ni

Iske

B

Ev ro

r

At

ga

Adrianople

Argyrocastro Joanina

Sporades

e

T

ka Re

t e s i o

i

Corfu

r

n d ža

St

itsa

a

C

Gulf

P h t ilia

l

on

p

s

to=Naupaktos rhion

Butrinto

I o nN o ir t hae r nn N

Lamia

A

na

o

Gulf of

Delvino

Ca

Sperchei

Gulf of Vo l o s

M

ar

M

Elbasan

m

B

g

e

Arda

Argyrocastro

Valona

rfu

E

M

Dr

Saseno

Co

A

Skopje

ti

A

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

ni

a

Valona

Bay of

G u l f Va o fl o n a Orphani

B

ˇ

Se

E

v a ll

m

o

o a nt Otr of it o ra a nt St f Otr

m

ares)

eios

pe

Shkumbi

Se

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Black

Iske

Gulf of Burgas

N T

Lake Ochrid

Elbasan

N e s to s

ei

(V ard Te m

Whi t e D

in

s.

Shkumbi

Lake Tachino

KINGDOM A of p u l i a NAPLES Otranto (Span. Thessaloniki Bourbon)

n

Black

Dr

M

it ra St

Axios

n a Pa s s

g

n d ža

r

Ta

Black

o

l

ri

in

AO

in

d

na

n t uDurazzo

n

Dr

Scutari Dr

o

Boja

ay of KINGDOM of Va l o n a NAPLES Gulf of the Otranto Oros n o i g a H (Span. Gulf of Gulf of Bourbon) Saloniki Kasandra

km

O

a

Tu

B i sc s ka tr i ca

Philippopoli

S c u t a ri

Marits

ri

rin

je

Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i D

S cLuatkae r i

Po l

Kuci

M

Durazzo

ta

Sea

on A pulia

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

in

h

es

B Sr

Spuž

Dulcigno

A d r i a tp ei c

Lake Doiran

et a

An a

Boja

Sea

Lim

im

Dr

A dO r i a t i cM

a

vo

Lake S c u t a ri

Budua

ari t i vPastrov ići An Bay of Spizza i Dulcigno va r nti

R

lnic

Grbalj

Pastrov ići

L

Žabljak CetinjeUpper Pulati

Grbalj

Bay of Spizza

ma

ga

Katunsksa Nahya

Budua Bocche di Catta ro

ru

T

Kuci

Cetinje

Perasto

Ta r a

Lim

Brda

Whi t e D

Bocche di Catta ro

Ta r a

Z

Herce gnovi (Cast el Nuov o)

Pinios S t (Salamvrias)

n s t a i n u o M Lim Pe so

et a

a

Ko

MONTE aNEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Spuž Nahya MONTE NEGRO

RAGUSA

Herce gnovi (Caste l Nuovo )

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ni

l Klobuk k a Niksic Brda n Z

RAGUSA

n jKlobuk ica Su to Su rin to a rin

ntr

Mo

HTBr ee r H z e g o vei gn oa v ic n a jic bis a e r z Niksic a nic

a

isn

a

ar

ar

ar

a

eb

r

Ko m

Tr

Ko m

Iske

ar

a

N

A

T

Paphos

Do

Salzburg

y

r

r

a Körmend

Lavant

St.Andrae

M

Marburg

V el de s

ur

P

Csurgó

K

a

up a

i

a

na

s

Mohács

S L A V O N I A

Dr

K

Sisak

áv

a

Eszék

Glina in

a

Jasenovac Kostajnica

zá

Slunj

Zengg

Cazin

Otočac

C R O A T I A

Dubica

Sana

v a Gradiška

Una Krupa Novi

Bihac

Pl itv ick a - Je ze ra

Požega

S

Gl

V

Ripač

a rb

S

Ko ba š

s

na B os Sava Srebrenica

a Rmanj

Zrm

Nadin

i

a

Szabács

na

K o lu b a

ra

ri na

Vrana Ostrovica

a

D

s

Knin

Zim

v Sa

Bos

Travnik

Vr

L

Klicevac

Karin

a

Biograd

Zvonigrad

a

nj

Scardona

n

ba s

Sebenico

M

C et

Trau

Rep ubl ic of Pog lizz a

a iss

Uva

na jes

Ceh

ka

Ta

N

Ko m

A

ar

eb

ra

nic

Herzegovina a

50

Tr

ot

a

t

i za

t Su

c

in

Tr

eb

I 3.12b - Situation 1538 - The Ottoman-Habsburg front in Bosnia-Slavonia.

m

Dri

Alm

Li

a

na

Spalato

T

i

i

A

N e ret

Kli s

Za

va

Rogosnizza

Sinj

etva

A

Zara

m

t

e Karlóca

Jaj ca

o

Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac

D

su

r

Pétervárad

Dr

B

Udbina

y

Bo

Un

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

D a nub

ina

Ogulin

N ov ig ra d

Q u a r n e r o

n

po

Sava ulp

i c

Kapos

o

Du

Zumberak

Istria

n

Babócsa

Zumberak Captaincy

Fiume

n

Berzence

C a r n i o l a

Tr

a

Ti

Dráva

Varasd

Laibach S a v a

o f T r i ei es st e te

Sea

U

er

Gulf

H

Lake Balaton

Kanizsa

(FREISING ) La ac k

one

N

Ka

Mo n f a l c

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

(B R IX EN ) zo on I s G ö rz & G ra d iš k a

Cse pel Isl.

Egervár

Dráva

ona

m

Vasvár

Raab

Feh érv ár

V esz pré m

g n s á y k u a g

a r i n t h i a

Rá ko s r i v e r

Buda

a

Ikervár

Graz Gurk

Ráb

Kőszeg

Visegrád

Duna

Győr

Rép ce

Leoben

i

Komárom

e

Mu

ub

t

an

S

r

Seckau

Ip o ly

Érs ekú jvá r

D

E

ac h

Nyitra

Cs all ók öz

Lake Fe r t ő

An n s U S T R I A

e

Pozsony

Leith a

Wiener Neustadt

Mu

nau

be

bb

Danu

Vienna

G a ra

Y

Waa

Danube

an

g

h

rc

Z s i tv a

un

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

rva

Tra

Gr

Mo

D a n uU p be ns

I

En

(Pas) Oberndorf

nn

ya

Ma

Passau

ha

e

s

A

yj

sa

D

BOHEMIA

isn

jic

a Su t

Klobuk o

Niksic

Ta r a Lim

pa

Sz

t

d

Ol

l

u

B

Va

ç e rn a

k a

h

D u n a rea

Ve

e s Bra

av

a

j

Ti

u

de

St.Georg

Turnu M

narea

tra

r

b

o

D

a

i

n d ža

M

r

nd

M

p

es

Marits

M

ar

Arda

e

M

ta

u

Philippop

a

itsa

l

n

t s .

Ev ro

Lake Tachino

on

A

ic er M

a

Crn

Tu

Tu

es m Te

Pruth

z

sa

Ti

av

Bre

i

n a

b

ndga

a

Bre

l

Tu

Mor

aca

Gulf of Orphani

s on

Crn

a

Gulf of

Gal

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

ic

l

S u

Gulf of Arta

P

Ithaca

o op

S

Gulf

os

al

e

e

an

ti

Patras

g

Ch

ai

re

dd

of Corinth

in

Ba

C

al

rb

ar

os

Bay of

Tenos

Gyaros

Burdshi

Nauplia

Siros

t

ios

Eur

GHermupolis ulf of

ip

Rinia

e

Gulf of

a

)

Ged Burdshi

g Ca

r o na

p

l

Nauplia a

ire

Gulf of Nauplia

P

Besika Bay

o n t e (E ub oia ) Eur

e

dd

Methana

in

Ba

rb

ip

os

Ch

a

Gulf

re

dd

in

Aegina

A

Gulf of

PsaraP e t a l i a Keos Cape arb S o u n i o n aro ssa

Gyaros

C h iKithnos o s

A N A T O L I A ar

os

Siros

Hermu

s a Hydra

Serifos

Spetsai

of Chesmé Kalamata

ai

Athens

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B

iz

Ch

Kiveri

os

Navarino

Me

Misthra

Eur

Andros

o ulf of G Zarnata P e t a l i a Samos

S a r o n i c Pylos Gulf of Vath y Messenia Methoni Aegina Passavâ Koroni r o a i r a k I Ha Keos yre Kelapha dd Gulf of Gyaros in Gulf of Laconia Ba C a p e Myconos Methana rba S o u n i o n M a i n a r a n i Aeg oss Kithnos a Delos

ti

Korinthos

( Pb eol io ap o n n e Ssmoy rsn)a

AthensB a y

KorinthosN a v a r i n o Salamis

Kiveri Hydra

Al p h e

sa

Andros

Kithnos

Kalavryta

M( E u o e r

an

S

ta s

sa

n

C h i o s

M

ros

ap

Pi n e i o s

o a n Tornese Castel Psara

al

Aegina

A c h a i a

r o

al

of Corinth

al

an

ios

At

Gulf of Patras

ik

Sporades e

E

Gulf of Edremid

S pRrhion o r a d e s Gulf

At

iğ i r l

al

N Lamia

R

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

an

ip

C

Al p h e

Methana

I

Lamia

M

n

a

Northern

N

Northern

C

Eur

Gulf of

op

Gulf of Vo l o s

Gulf of Vo l o s

P

o

Besika Bay

o

n Lepanto=Naupaktos t e (E =Antirrhion ub oia ) Rrhion

Sperchei

mos

n

a

e

g

e

an

l

ta

A

Dardanelles

o

n

Santa Maura (Levkas)

M

Vonitza

1538

La Punta

M a r m o r a

o f

S e a

Marmara

Aspr

Ea

Preveza

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

E

e

g

e

Arta

v a ll

Ç.

M

A

Paxos

pe

Sus

er

on

on

Parga

Zante

p

Te m

Gallipoli

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ley

Gulf of Kasandra

C

r o na

Gulf of the ros H a gMieol nu n aOPa ss

s

Aspr

t

sa

ç e rn a Ti

ina

Dr

t

na

ç e rn a

Ol

be

Danu

na

Sz

Te

etva

er

Ti

n a a

sa

ia

s

l

i

m

Adrianople

s G u l f o f PSi anreo is o

o

S u

rg

Sr

N e s to s

it

Crn

a

a

i

eo

N e s to s

n

ares)

b

Du

M

o

Lake Doiran

(V ard

tr

Al

r

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

pe

Joanina

i

o

S t. G

B ei

d

Gulf of Burgas

t s . Axios

e

g

o

ar

c

ˇ

l

n

u

r

eka

is

p

Te m

l

op

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

n

l k a n

d

ga

a lnic

M

ts

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

s

Aspr

C

A

r

o

rd

M

R

ta

W

^

l

Ti

es

m

Ol

es m

Te

aca

Bran c h

m

h

Va

e

R

o

Bre

sa

Du

sa

sa Ti

K

Dr

be Danu

e r a o

nnan

ina

K

Z s i tv a

Ti

Du

G a ra

na

m

Waa

g

Ti

Mor

lia

a B l a c ka S e

OA

ma

d

n

an u

a

ru

o

a

Tr a i

Iske

Philippopoli

a St

n d ža

L a ak e Ostrovo

Arda

N e s to s

val

na

l

Du

Jan

Thessaloniki

Goumenitza

Ca

S u

va

h

a

Ki

i n s a t M oB u n

Marits

M T

Lake M Tachino ar i

m

i

L

Dunai

V a l l um

be

R

ares)

b

mok

ra

je

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ei

a

l

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Gyurgyevó

A

u

Brăila

u

Monastir

on

e

h

Mo

Po l

g

dz

nc

ina

Ar

Tr a i a n u m um

t

n)

vo

A

Zi

a

Danu

s a i pn Skopje

Lake Prespa

Jalo

r

Ol

Dr

narea

garia

e

M aa

Sr

te

ul

so

a

aca

t

mits

W

l Turnu Magurele

l k a n

in

Mor

Ol

v

Du za

de

l

Dn

a

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i

th

Ve

is

I

M o u n t

i a n t h a r p C a

A

A

Al u ta

A

re

etva

b

Se

er

a

H

s

n

o

x

a

C

s

na

u

r

es

y

Ko

etva

tr

h

et

S

s

l M o r a v

ar

er

o

N is

a

ut

a

n e

dz

Dr

E

rfu

Ca

Tig hin a

(B

Tu

l

Co

ti

Pr

ov

i

k

Ar

B a

IS p os r a ld e sa n d s

an

ér

ld

a

e Ib

W h i t er uDm

Black ti

Gulf of

g

I

s

Rahovo a

tra

Tt

e s G u l f i oof t

Butrinto

of Corinth

Gulf of Nauplia

n

Northern

e

o ar

n

Du

Jan

S p e r c h e i Cephalonia o

Patras

Kiveri

zn

es

i

( Vm a r d

k

Corfu

Gulf of Patras

Burdshi

a

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ia

MS e a

N al

a

Ju

Jalo

i sa a

k ü llő y Kü

Szörényvár

a

A

T

E rgene Bosporu u t s. Gulf of o O r pEhvarn i A Thessaloniki km 3.13c - Moldavia (T. Bogdan) had accepted Ottoman suzerainty since the mid-15th Constantinople century, G u l f o f S a r o

Valona

A c h a i a 3.13b - On 28 September 1538, Hayreddin Barbarossa A c hmet a i the a Holy League’s fleet under Athens I s l a n d s I off s Preveza. l a n After d ssome skirmishes, Kalavryta Andrea Doria which were intended to prevent an Kalavryta Pi n e i o s Gulf of Pi n e i o s Korinthos Salamis Castel Tornese Petalia Castel Tornese outright battle, the western fleet S a r o n i c Gulf Zante Zante withdrew. Aegina r o M o r e a M Gulfo Hofayreddir e Keos a n Cape Nauplia Al p h e ( P e l o p o n n e s o s ) io ( P e 51 l o pBaorba Sno unn i oen s o s ) s

t

z

t

in

Gulf

S

Ol

Dr

Patras

n

na

Gulf of Patras

n

IA o ne i ga ne

At

I

sker

Philippopoli

ni

M

ta

OF THE

g Na

M

Gyurgyevó

O

Se

Gulf of Orphani

ta

Lamia

ri

n

e

M

Gulf of

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion Rrhion

u

ri

o

o

H

ava

Bu

i

I

a

Sperchei

b

M o u n

I o n i a n

Gulf of Vo lm oso s

Vonitza

)M or

on)

Rahovo

r

in

d

Cephalonia

Gulf of Arta

an

Lake Elbasan D o i r a nLake Ochrid

o

ios Pine

Ithaca Cephalonia

o

Ithaca

va

S e a

h

S e a

O

ar

Santa Maura (Levkas)

Santa Maura os am t (Levkas)

bi

de

in

rd

I o n i a n

ra

Va

La Punta

Z

E

s

Vonitza

Al

Gulf of Kasandra

Arta

1538

er

a

Gulf of Arta

1538

M

´

but the sultans had absorbed several parts of it over time. In S1538, a l o n i k i Süleyman I brought Argyrocastro Lake Büy ük Ček mede ze Moldavia under closer control by annexing Bucak to secure the port of Akkerman. Delvino Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e Tachino m

im

s

l

Preveza

es

1538

on

Pinios (Salamvrias)

La Punta

I o n i a n

R

P

s ineio

na

I o n i a n

Mo

Ko m

o

Ca

Paxos

I o n i Artaa n Preveza

ey

s

Parga

Parga

Paxos

v a ll

(S

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Dr

d

p

B

Saloniki

o

l

Te

e mp

e

B

im

Shkumbi

e

Bay of Va l o n a

Gulf of

r

na

rfu

Goumenitza

M e l u n a Pa s s

Joanina

r

Co

Corfu

t e s i o

i

P h t ilia

Goumenitza

Ca

p

Butrinto

1536

n) na

sa

rfu

E

Delvino

A

Co

Corfu

c

K H A MNaA r o sT

r

V

Turnu Magurele

Marits

M e l u n a Pa s s

Joanina

i

it

Argyrocastro

S

C

narea

ca

st

CRIMEAN aro s M o u n t M A T r a a i n n s s y lJ ve ad n i - Kö ros

Orsova Rim na

Dunav

a

St

ka

Re

t e s i o m k lia

D

L

A

a

´D un

Lim

l a k ga l n i n a n Boja

W

ares)

p

tr

P h t ilia

padna

Kuci

T

a

Thessaloniki

E

is

1538

Butrinto

D uL

Scutari

Saseno

a e o a n t rits t Otr is

(V ard

Ostrovo

s

Y

Karánsebes

(can

Ve

Lake S c u t a ri

Monastir

a

ul

Durazzo

a

n

s am o

A l tD n

Lugos

Mezősoml yó

Southern B

Saxon

s

Facsád

Belgrade

A

c

P h t ilia

Delvino

A

L

e - Kő r ö

M Mehadia i l l ko

ot

Spuž

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i

Axios

n

Lake Argyrocastro

Uva

Lt

ke

Bé ga

em

V ersec

M o u n t ra a i n s K o lu b a

Ta r a

I i ar

A

x

Alt

a

v Sa

Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i

Skopje Bntiv

of

a

o

Monastir

ti

mok

Brda Rahovo

et a

sker

Bay of Spizza

KINGDOM of NAPLES LOtranto ake (Span. D o i r a n Sr Bourbon)

d

s

m

ra

C a p e G l o s sLa a k e o r L i n g u eO t t sa t r o v o

e

W

Zi

D

garia Dri Pastrov ići

A pulia

c

a

nic

Budua

ma

ar

m

a

W

o a nt Otr

Valona

Ta

Grbalj

Lake Prespa

rd

A

Ceh

Cetinje

O

ga

ka

a

A

ul

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

ti

Re

Li

a

ru

Va

ni

in

M

Se

a

of

Bay of Va l o n a

M

Lake Prespa

1538

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Lake Valona Ochrid

Bay of Va l o n a

m

o a nt Otr

it ra St A pulia

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

or

T

T

i

n Zimony Szabács o Al u ta

x

Niksic

Klobuk

Herce gnovi (Cast el Nuov o)

Lake a Ochrid lnic

ni

i

T

Titel

Za

ka

Sea

Skopje Elbasan

in

Saseno

Cape Glossa

a Su t

RAGUSA

Se

L ibni g u e t t a S hokru m Elbasan

jic

it ra St

T

Shkumbi

t

Herzegovina

St

Dr

Durazzo

of

S e aA p u l i a

isn

je

na

eb

n

Black

Boja

it ra St

dr i a t i c

O

in

Dulcigno

va

ari

in

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tiv

Dr

An

Dr

Scutari

s tje

vo

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Bay of Spizza

ri

Tr

va

Durazzo

Lake S c u t a ri

Zi

ar

mok

ra

Budua

m

B

Adr i a t i c

in

Žabljak Uppe r Pulat i

Grbalj

a

W

Su

cche di Cattaro

Dr

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a

Szörényvár

Pinios (Salamvrias)

je

Spuž

Whi t e D

Bocche di Catta ro

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Sea

Cetinje

538 = Venetian

im

in

Po l

L

J r C a uzna (

r i Doria: 1538 = Venetian n Bo

Black

in

Z

et a

vo

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

so

Brda

a

S

b

i

Mo

Dr

Ko

in

Lim

(B

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ar

a

or

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jana

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a

a

su

r

s

AS e b e os - K ö r ö sARl u tsa

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t

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Csák

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a n h i t pa

ava

n)

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i

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so Ko t

a

va r

zn

i

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

garia

in

ti An

Ko m

AGUSA

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Dr

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3.13a -nThe Ottomans take Dubica. ic Dulcigno

a Su t

a

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastr ovići

Ma

Bos

ar

c

Bay of Spizz a

Niksic

b

Žabljak Upp er Pula ti

Budua

ot

ra

AL ri m

rav

i za

re

Temesvár

Szörényvár

D a n u b y Kükü eg N a Karlóca

B ug

mos

Kükü

gy

Na

M

Óbecse

aro s

s ro

N

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e

bKuci ia n) Mo

eb

ul

na

Ta

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Grbalj

Dri

Ceh

a

I

Whi t e D

Cetinje

er

Ib

m

(S

Spuž

a

Tr

Li

Herzegovina jic

i

Ze t a MONT E NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

iss

on)

M o r a v

apadna

Adr i a t i c

isn

C et

Ta r a

Z

va eb

Alm

Brda S

a

ar

Tr

a

in

Bocche di Catta ro

N

a ar

(can

na

r

N e ret

Orsova

Dunav

M

Sza

m ellék Nagyvarád

Fe

Csanád

on)

Bo

a

e

Mehadia

Repu blic of Pogli zza

Orsova

y

n

na

a

or

a

sk

D Spalato

T

nic

Niksic

Klobuk

Doria: 1538 = Venetian

tje

A

a

c

Si

Ér

Magyarkanizsa

T r a n Ss y l v aPétervárad n i a llő

Koba š

Karánsebes ( SJajca er bi an )M Travnik or

Klis

a un

Trau

ra

Eszék

(can

B os

Lugos

Sinj

na

a Su t

ri

jic

Herc egno vi (Cas tel Nuo vo)

Su

Ta Rogosnizza

H e r z e g oK ovl u bi n a D

isn

RAGUSA

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Belgrade

in

v Sa

Ko m

eb

Sebenico

C

eho Zimony t

Su

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a

ul

na

t

Tr

Uva

Scardona

ar

i

N e ret

a

s

áv

Dunav

as

Facsád

S

Mezősoml yó

Knin

VranaTitelOstrovica

a M Szabács sk tje

apadna

rb

MGS

e

a nF e ho i S e r h Ma t ros a r p Maro a s Maros C

Saxon

s am o

s K ő rö

Mehadia

na

s

i

L

Klicevac

em

Z

Zvonigrad

Dr

ba

m

Biograd e Karlóca

Bé ga

a

s

Y

Vr

r

t

Karin

T

Rmanj Csák

a

su

LZ rim ma

Nadin Pétervárad

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Udbina

es

Zara

aA

D a nub

y

Bo

N

Bos

avnik

Ripač

nj

S

LippaV

o

D

Sava Srebrenica

i za

o lu

Starigrad Nona(Nin) Becskerek Novigrad Obrovac

Dri

Tr

eb

Csanád

B

i

va

Bo Ancona

Sa

Óbecse

Sea

sna

E

Eszék

N e ret

Koba š

Bihac

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

a

Feh v Gradiška Dubica a - Kö ros

Karánsebes

Mohács

Požega

zá

na Una Krupa Novi M r a a b ar o s K

na rUi n a

s

Požega

áv

ros

Plit vick a - Jeze ra

R

Du

Jasenovac

D

ba

Dr

Kostajnica

i

M

N

ar

os

h rut

o

C R O A T I A

Tisa

Vr

i a t ni c

a

v Sa

a

in

OtočacMagyarkanizsa Cazin

Mohács

s

S Szabács L A V O Ne k e I Belgrade As Zimony F Sisak Glina

n

V ersec

S e b e s - K ö rö

t e - Kő r ö

Slunj

Ma

Babócsa

Titel

A

o

P

Kiskunság

Lugos

p olyó Mezősom

Nagyvarád

a

em

n

M o r a v

Travnik

s

s

Gl

Zengg

Bos

G

n

Kapos

m ellék

ér

Jajc a V e n i ócsa c e

ulp

Ogulin

No vig rad

s

t

i

a

T

mos

Berzence

Ér

e Karlóca

m

P

Csurgó Becskerek

Pétervárad

Sava

K ő rö

Sava up a Srebrenica

Debrecen Dráva

Sza

S

po

a

r

Csák

Bé ga

aro s

B

Hotin

Tisa

Kapos

of

s to r i na i

N

su

a

nI

n

Óbecse

U Facsád

T is a

Temesvár

M

T r a nDebrecen s y l v a llő n i a

M

U

g n s á y k u a g

a

Ka

P

Bo

Zumberak

Zumberak Captaincy

H

Lake Balaton

N

a

D n je s t e r

Csepel Isl.

Lippa

Kanizsa

Kiskunság

D a nub

y

Egervár

ur

Varasd

s

Tisa

Ka

S

Bo

sna

Fiume

l f

S

C a Nr n i o l a

on e

H

B a l Va rt o n

Jászság

Laibach S a v a Csepel Isl.

V eszp rém

Sümeg

es

Buda

Gulf Grado T r i es te s L a bk ea o f T r i e s t e

s

Marburg

Eszék

(FREISING) Laa ck

Kob aš

Mo n f a l c

eg

a

Maro

i

ie

e

v Aquilej a Gradiška ubica Vaeszp rém

áv

Fehér vár

Csanád

Vasvár

Egerszeg Kapornak

Dráva

Ráko s r i v e r

Latorca

g n s á y k u a g

ub

V eld es

Požega zo on I s Gö rz & Gr ad išk a Fehér vár

Körmend Raab

M

ros

Magyarkanizsa Bo Ikervár

St.Andrae

Dr

Ma

g

l

M

Mohács

Visegrád

Duna

(BR IXE N)

nonez á

Sajo Graz

o dr

a

n

an

A Győr

a

o

a

D

C a r i n t h i a Komárom

i

Lavant

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rJasenovac a Ferma

n

r

d

s

Nyitra

ENICE

o

y

r

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o

y

rol

u

t

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P

a Ráko BudaF e h s r i v e r t - K ö P r u t u l Jászság r h os

l

Lienz

S

Ráb

i

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r

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p

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ér

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s

e

a

po

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S a lz a c h

e

Csurgó

S A L Z Berzence BURG

Patmo s

Gulf of

Cape

and e r A

M en d e r e s

Sifnos Kimolos

Monemvasia

Tenos

Melos

Polyaigo

Ikari

Fole

Cape

Mendelia

Malia Gulf of Mendela

Rinia

Myconos

c

u

ic er

Jan

Santorini

Ç.

Sus

k a h

d

z

Pruth

a

j Kalymno s

u o

D

Naxos

m

Gulf of Mendela

Gulf of Kos

K os

Amorgos

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia Syme

Black

Nisyros

tra

Telos

a

ˇ

S e a

Rhode s

Rhod es

ares)

n d ža

Cyprus

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Cyprus

Gulf of Burgas Scarpan to

l

S

N

e t e

g

M

Arda

Spinalonga M

ar

Kasos

Cape Sideros

of y B ab e l lo ir a

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s

Adrianople

itsa

Larnaca

T roödos Mn

Paphos

E A

Limassol Bosporus

E rgene

Ev ro

s

t s .

a

Tu

Ar

Knossos

Kyrenia

ndga

“Dragon”

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

l

Constantinople Büyük Čekme dze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

ic

Gulf of Orphani

S e a

M a r m o r a

o f

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli Ç.

Ç.

iğ i r l

it

lia

km

Gulf of

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

ik

Sus

on

tr

sa

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

i

Tu

Chalke

Marmara

Thessaloniki

is

Sus

u

l

Va

B D u n a rea

r an u

b

Tr a i

Mendelia

er

a

Crn

M

Sz

Bre

n

a

av

o op

Aspr

es Te

a

Gulf of

M

aca

Mor

t

Crn

on

D

Dr

ç e rn a

u

l

Va

B ina

j

u

Ol

sa Ti

b

l

k

l

a

S u

h

sa

Ti

z

Du

d

m

Ti

e D an ub

Ç.

na

Pruth

r

b

a i

a

a

Zsi

Sus

ic

na

D

etva

er

K

t

D u n a rea

a

Sz

Ol

Q u a r n e r o

Dardanelles

n

a ir

ed

os

d in

Ba

sa

Methana

Aegina

M en d e r e s

Samos

I s l

Rinia Siros

y

Kalymno s K os

o op

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Spinalonga

Knossos

Kyrenia

Methana

•••

S

Aegina

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s

E A

Paphos Limassol

52

Bay of Chesmé

Me

Eur

o

Passavâ

Monemvasia

Myconos Delos

Antiparos

N a Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Naxos

Gulf of

Mendelia

Gulf of Mendela

Kalymno s K os

Amorgos

Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Nisyros Santorini

Syme

Rhode s

Telos

Anafi

Cape Malia

Chalke

Rhod es

(includes Keos)

C r e t e

of Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

Sphakia

Scarpan to

“Dragon”

Suda

Kyrenia

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

Rhetymno

N

Patmos

Paros

o f(Minoa)

Sifnos

Melos

Gorg

A

Ikaria

Leros

y

Kimolos Gulf of Laconia

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Rinia

Serifos

C

r

Spinalonga

Knossos

e t e

M

of y B ab e l lo ir a

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn

E

A

N

3.14d - Situation 1540

3.14c - Also in 1539, the Ottomans attacked Nauplia by land and Monemvasia and Naxos by sea.

sa

Tenos

Gyaros

Cerigo

R

os

Hermupolis

Chania

Larnaca

ar

Siros

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

R

A N A T O L I A

C h i o s rb

Kithnos

S e a

E

Ba

Vathy

Keos Cape a rb S o u n i o n a ro ss a

ar ia f S am

M

Cape Sideros

d in

Andros

h

Cape Matapan

Cyprus

ed

Gulf of Petalia

eo

e t e

of y B ab e l lo ir a

a ir

iz

s

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

T

ar ia f S am

N

Nauplia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r y re dd in Gulf of B

I

eo

A

Ch

os

D

Scarpan to

T roödos Mn

E

ip

Maina

E

T

r

Koroni

M

I

C

t e ub oia )

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

Psara

Misthra

Kelapha

Rhod es

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

Rhetymno

Zarnata

of Messenia

Rhode s

Telos

“Dragon”

Suda

(E

Kiveri

Gulf

a

n

o

Syme

s Nisyros

Suda Bay

Sphakia

l

o

x

o

Pylos Methoni

Gulf of Adalia

C r e t e

of

Sphakiotes

Burdshi

Kalamata

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

Cerigo

Gorg

na

p

Hydra

Chalke

Chania

Ca

r o

Gulf of Nauplia

Anafi

S e a

a

eloponnesos)

Mendelia

Santorini

Cape Malia

Kissamos Bay

e

Korinthos

Gulf of Mendela

Amorgos

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Gramvousa

g

ta s

D

Naxos

x

N a Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

r

E

Gulf of Edremid

e

S

Sporades

e ti

Spetsai

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Monemvasia

o

R

Athens

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o f(Minoa)

c u

o

Passavâ

an

Leros

Serifos

h

M

Al p h e ( P ios

Gulf of

al

of Corinth

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

Zante

Patmos

At

Eur

Gulf

A c h a i a

Myconos Delos

Hermupolis

Rrhion

Patras

Ikaria

Tenos

Gyaros

Kithnos

N Lamia

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion Gulf of Patras

a n d s

Vathy

Keos Cape a rb S o u n i o n a ro ss a

Gulf of

Ithaca

and e r Me

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

o

al

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r y re dd in Gulf of B

l

S e a

Bay of Chesmé

Sperchei

mos

an

os

ta

I

C

ar

I o n i a n

A N A T O LCephalonia I A

C h i o s rb

Vonitza

Besika Bay

Northern

c

ip

Ch

Gulf of Arta

1538

Santa Maura (Levkas)

P

u

t e ub oia )

Preveza La Punta

M

n

a

e

g

e

D

(E

Psara

Gulf of Vo l o s

Aspr

o

G

A

s

l

Gulf of Smyrna

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

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I o n i a n ediz

va ll

E

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a

e

S

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ios

s

na

p

Goumenitza

Pine

o

E

r

R

Gulf of Edremid

M e l u n a Pa s s

m pe

Joanina

i

P h t ilia

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a

on

er

ndga Tu

n

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m

(V ard

b

M

^

isa

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K

•••

ç e rn a

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av

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be

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o

i

ar ia f S am

o

s

eo

d ei

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ic

o

ar

er

h

ma

rd

M

R

ru

Va

Bre

Du

Sikinos

C

Lake Tachino

St.George

and e r

r

Sphakia

Sr

Sulina

e s Bra

M en d e r e s

Patmos

Gyurgyevó

N

Philippopoli

un

rg

h

e

C r e t e

Sphakiotes

N

eo

nc

tsa

Danu

Suda Bay

M

Bran c h

Branch

Me

W

on

a

va

B

on

lomi

n s t a i M o u n

e ta

lia

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s

ra

a

Dn

A

dz

a Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

of

Kilia

A N A T O L I A

o

Mo

Crn

i

o

b

op

a

Ar

o n i a 3.14b - Situation 1539 in the Aegean.

d

u

Dunai

BJ aa y o f C h e s m é

x

n)

A

es

Akkerman

v

f

ritsa M aSuda Rhetymno

M Gorg

D n ie s te r L im a n

th

s

t

garia

T

E

za

Delos

Antiparos

l k a n

p

N

iz Ged Brăila

Gulf of Smyrna

Anafi

I

O

A

er

a

r

ra ia n u m mT

Ki

Ikaria

Myconos

Rinia

Sifnos

Melos

Chania

Lake Doiran

y

Ol

ta s

ul

B

lu

na

Samos

Tenos

de

Paros Turnu Magurele y o (Minoa)

h

narea

Bu

I

H

Folegandros

Isk Cape Malia

te

Vathy

Gyaros

Kithnos V e

Rim

Psara

sa

Serifos

Monemvasia

re

l

os

C

Kimolos

A

ar

Hermupolis

Rahovo

Gulf of Laconia

Se

e

Aspr

u

r

et

Tigh ina =Bender

is

i l l ko

C h i o s rb

Andros

A

Keos

Cape a rb S o u n i o n a ro ss a

Du

in

o

tr

h

a

s

L

E

Gulf of Edremid

a

e

´

Siros

e a

Ba

al

Aegina

DP o l j lnic

d in

an

Methana

St

TR

ed

C

Nauplia

Saloniki

l

op

N is

ut

ov

ik

k

a ir

os

Passavâ

na

Aspr

a

Pr

ld

n

ip

Ch

Gulf of Petalia

o

ka

A

t e s i o

Ca

Nauplia

N

Eur

Argyrocastro

p

Ca

r o

Misthra

A

oia )

Hydra

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Paxos

Maina

R

e

Eur

vo Whi t e D

a

a

Cape Matapan

ub

Salamis

Cerigo

e

iğ i r l

Delvino

rfu

Korinthos

Gulf of Laconia

(E

R

M

M o u n t a i n s

a n h ni t

H ao r y re dd in Gulf of B

Cape Matapan

Monastir

1538

Corfu

Athens

Kelapha

ni

Alt

S

o

Misthra

Zarnata

ga

Lake Prespa

ik i ğ i r l Valona

Butrinto

I

al

Koroni

mok

Cyprus

Re

Dardanelles

Al u ta

Maina

Skopje

I

e

s

es

M o r a v

so

E

T

Larnaca

Lake Ochrid

Co

1536 a n t i

g

of Corinth

Eur

t

l

o

Sporades

Gulf of Nauplia

Kelapha

R

V

TATARS

J e d i s a n

E

P

Sporades

e

ta s

Zarnata

Bay of Va l o n a

Besika Bay

an

Kalamata

a

Koroni

E

n

Famagusta

Elbasan

m

o a nt Otr

al

Kiveri

of Messenia

of

n

a

e

C

e

it ra St

At

M

Eur

Gulf

p

I

Athens

Limassol Bosporus

Saseno

r o na

s

N o r t h enr n

Gulf WS a r oZniiuclAegina A

Se

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Ca

P

Kükü

S e a

Constantinople

Marmara

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. D a r d a n e l l e s Bourbon)

ti

gy

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

Dr

Paphos

Shkumbi

A pulia

an

g

x

of Corinth

a

of Messenia

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Ko

T roödos Mn

M a r m o r a

o f

al

e

Korinthos

ar

M

O

C y p rt s . u s

Durazzo

At

Szörényvár

Kalamata

Ib

ri

Kyrenia Dr in

Büyük Čekme dze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S e a

Gulf

e

Gulf

er Gallipoli

Besika Bay

l v a llő n i a Na

a

a r p C a

Burdshi

Baa y o f Navarino Ju Navarino zn Pylos a

Nicosia

Black

na

N Lamia

S

n

a

e

aro s

M

Kiveri

rav

CRIMEAN

Marmara

A

G u l f o f SSa r o s

M a r m o r a

o f

S e a

i

s Tisa

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

in

Sea

E rgene

im

Dr

Boja

)M o

o

z

ér

o

Scutari

Dulcigno

Adr i a t i c

Adrianople

Ev ro

a

An

Gulf of

Kalavryta

i

Maros

Spetsai

an

Lim

L

Gulf of Kasandra

s Gulf of ro VoM l o as

eloponnesos)

( Methoni B

Kuci

a ri ti v

T

E

on)

r

b

D

OF THE

Büyük Čekme dze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

S

r

h

na

Spizza

bi

S e a

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastrovići

KasosBay of

Spuž

Al p h e ( P ios

r

c

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Budua

Ottoman

Cape Sideros

er

o

L

Constantinople KHANATE

tr

a

sa

i

nc

ri

et a

Cetinje

Grbalj

(S

Ta r a

Z

Burgas l f o fNEGRO uMONTE GPerasto Katunsksa Nahya to Scarpan

(can

M

a

e

Rhode s

Brda

a

apadna

S

s am o

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

A e g r a n s y

o

Orsova

Dunav

M

t

it

p

al

D

in

Sperchei

Mehadia

Pi n e i o s

ra

Rhod es

Niksic

Klobuk or

Lugos

A c h a i a

na

s

O

n

tr

E

a

a Su t

Pinios (Salamvrias)

itsa

ra

Herzegovina jic

ot

Black Ta

a C h a lrknei c

Bocche di Catta ro

1539 =

Syme

a

isn

Hercegno vi (Castel Nuovo)

of y B ab e l lo ir a

a

Ceh

ros

Rrhion

Castel Tornese

Gulf of Adalia in

eb

sk

Telos

ˇ

Doria: 1538 = Venetian

Chair. Barbarossa :

E A

Du

m Uva

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Patras

Saxon

Gulf of Orphani

M

Karánsebes

Gulf of Patras

t

u

is

Dn

A

M

ar

Belgrade

Sa

Z Li

va ll

Facsád

V ersec

a n v ad s K o lu b a

m

pe

Mezősomlyó

Ithaca

Szabács andZimony er Me

I s l

T e mosm

re

o MN e s t o s

W

gu C a n n s áC o r f y k u a g

i

tj e

N

RAGUSA

Spinalonga

an u

Ko m

M

Titel

St.George

m

a

b

Ka

Su

Nisyros

Tr

n d ža

Tr a i

na

N

Arda

Pétervárad

e s Karlóca Bra

i

t

D ri

i za

t

eg t e

Becskerek

Santa Maura (Levkas) Sulina

Zante

Gulf of Kos

Anafi

Knossos

oerg

Te m

s

Bé ga

Y

Gulf of

t e - Kő r ö s

Lippa

ta

mos

ares)

m

o a nt Otr

Tr

eb

a

su

Northern

N Lamia

Burdshi

R

Maro

Vonitza Csák

Lake Tachino

Saloniki

Feh ios -K Pine ö

Gulf of Arta

ei

u

a

of

va

a K os

Stampalia

Tu

Heraklion

Bo

ke

Arta

1538

Sr

on

Si

M

T is a

a Sza

Nagyvarád

Fe

Csanád

i

Thessaloniki

M e l u n a Pa s s

La Punta

Gulf of Mendela

Gallipoli

Hydra

E

s

Lake Doiran

m ellék

Temesvár

Branch

n

Ai a Sk me b e s - K ö r ö s R Al

Joanina

Óbecse

o

(V ard

tr

r

t ai

s

o

eloponnesos)

Gulf

Ar

S

t s .

Spetsai

Pylos Methoni

G

Akkerman Ma ros

Mendelia

Amorgos

a

Gulf of Saros

g

e

Gulf of Nauplia

o f Navarino arino

ba

Gulf of Vo l o s

s

r

K ő rö

Preveza

Bran c h

D a nS tu. Gbe

y

Vr

sa

o

ss lmi

Ér

Kiskunság

Parga

Paxos

d

Lake Ostrovo

Magyarkanizsa

Kilia lia

e

Debrecen

ie s te t DenL ism a n i o

Goumenitza

ra ia n u m mT

S e ra m

M en d e r e s

Leros

ka

c

r

I o n i a n

na

Gulf of

Re

Monastir

Lake Prespa

v

it

Gulf of Kasandra

A

Kalavryta

Al p h e ( P ios

lu

Eszék

V a l l um

i

“Dragon”

l

un

P h t ilia

s

Sulina

be

N e ret Kalymno s

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

A c h a i a

M

h

m

tr

va ll

E

Rrhion

Pi n e i o s

N

Butrinto

I o D unn a i i a n S

Bos

Travnik

Danu

I Jantra Santorini

C

Sphakia

M

a

Vathy

n Poglizza a

NiosA

a

Samos

n

Gulf of Orphani

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Castel Tornese

s

N e s to s

ei

ares)

is

ios

pe

Gulf of

Patras

Sphakiotes

e

Lake Tachino

on

(V ard

W

Te m

Sperchei

ulf of Patras

e

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Rhetymno

ta

is Delvino t e r

i

Sava Srebrenica

Naxos Republic of

S u d a B a yPhilippopoli

Sr

Saloniki

mos

ut

B

Gulf of

M e l u n a Pa s s

ta

Pr

A

Thessaloniki

km

Pine

T

Sikinos

B os

a

o n i a M a c 3.14a - In 1538, Barbarossa attacked and took the Northern Sporades and several other islands from Venetians. He also plundered Crete for a week, taking 15,000 captives. From Rhodes, the Ottomans took the island of Scarpanto and they captured the city and castle of Limassol on Cyprus. A

Lake Ostrovo

ia Al

ar ia f S am

es

M

d

E

Lake Doiran

Axios

e

eo

ar

c

o

rd

a

ka

Monastir

ke Prespa

p

N

dz

C r e t e

of

ritsa M aSuda

M

d

A

o

a

h

Va

M

Re

O

ma

lnic

Gorg

N

a A N A T O LCephalonia I A

Ikaria

r Chania

s

Jajca

n s t a i M o u n

l k a n

R

ru

ga

S

va

T

R

th

ra

a

I

T

RT

Skopje

Klis

n

áv

itsa

A

S e a St

re

Mo

Cape Matapan

Du Spalato

r

Iske

Se

n)

B

Cape Malia

ba

Kobaš

Patmos

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Trau

A

Folegandros

Maina

et

Monemvasia

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

E

(Minoa)

Antiparos Rogosnizza

Sifnos

Kimolos

Cerigo

a

M

narea

Rahovo

Gulf of Laconia

ina

Argyrocastro

Mohács

i

garia

Kelapha

Ar

u

Gyurgyevó Sebenico Sinj Serifos Turnu Magurele Paros

Passavâ

Koroni

M

n

ATigh=Bender

U

Corfu

BJ a yl oomf C h e s m é

o

Du

o

n

po

iz Ged Brăila

Požega

C et

of Messenia

a

Hydra

ta s

Gulf

ul

Pylosa ( B Methoni

Vr

A

I

za

Hermupolis

Spetsai

E

Eur

H

C

L

Misthra

Zarnata

ov

A

T

Kalamata o f Navarino Ju zn arino

Ancona

N

i kValona

1538

o

na

Gulf of

Bu

C h i o s

Ripač

sa

B

mok

Dubica

Sa

a

a

os

Udbina

A

A

n

Dr

v a GradiškaS m y r n a

na Una Krupa Novi

Bihac

Plitvic ka - Jezera Ba rb ar

Carlopago (Bag) Gospic

zá

Psara

t

i

T

b

Sea

Gulf of Nauplia

Jasenovac Kostajnica

Ol

S

r

Nauplia

Burdshi

Kiveri

Lake Ochrid

J e d i siti a n

iğ i r l

Bay of Va l o n a

H I

r

Csepel Isl.

Ki

nj

ponnesos)

D

O F Elbasan THE

C R I M E A N S eJászság TATARS

i l l ko

Rim

a

(Pelo A l p h eTuscany ios

a

na

Cazin

C R O A T I Ad d in

L

E

Babócsa

Sisak

Glina

Rmanj Andros Gulf of Petalia Starigrad Nona(Nin) Novigrad Obrovac H ao r Keos y re TenosZvonigrad Zrm Zara dd Gyaros Nadin a in Gulf of Ba C a p e Methana rb a S o u n i o n Knin Karin ro ss Aegina Kithnos V e Myconos Biograd a de Vrana Ostrovica Rinia Klicevac Scardona Siros Delos

iucl Gulf WS a r oZniSalamis A Aegina

Korinthos

r MARINO e a SAN

Ch Otočac a ir e

os

n

Kapos

Gulf of Edremid

a

e

Zengg

Athens

Szörényvár

Kalavryta

on)

o

ip

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

S L A V O N I A

M o uCroatian n t Border G l i a i n s Slunj

t e ub oia ) Eur

´

S

up a

Ogulin

al

M o r a v

M

Orsova

(E

R

M

ulp

Novi grad

a n h ni o

Alt

a

Slavonian Border

Sava

Al u ta

an

(can

o

C

Dunav

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

t

s

N o r t h enr n

of Corinth

A c h a i a A d r i a t i c

a

l

p

I

s

r o

na

Zumberak

y

iC a

a r p C a

Gulf

Mehadia

1536a l a n t

P

S p o Fiume rades

I es gt r i a

At

a

k ü llő y Kü

Un

P A P A L

Ravenna Rrhion

x

a

N Lamia

V e n i c e

Lake

ag

Zumberak Captaincy

S

V

Fehérvár

Berzence

l

of

Comacc Lepanto=Naupaktos hio =Antirrhion

Patras

of

l

C a rN n i o l a

one

P

Csurgó

Varasd Besika Bay

e

Vo l o s

l fGulf

Mezősomlyó

ulf of Patras

Tr o f T r i ei este ss Gulf of a r o t e M

an i na

Dráva

Shkumbi

Buda M a r m o r a

o f

Kanizsa

s

Po

V ersec

n

Gulf

Grado

s

ev

Laibach S a v a

a

Karánsebesu

s

ta

M

Mo n f a l c

o

g Facsád

Bé ga Lugos T Adig S p e rc h ei em o e G mos

es

a Csák

o

E

Dardane

n

Venice Temesvár

T

Aquileja

M

o z& Gra dišk a

ur

Visegrád

Büyük Čekme dze Çekmece Kü ç ü k Rákos rive

Marmara

KINGDOM of NAPLES L a k e Otranto Balaton (Span. l l e s Bourbon)

Egerszeg Kapornak

k

e

Torcello Lippa

rA a ne s g y Is

Constantinople Duna

S e a

e

av

s

(FREISING) Laac akr o s

o nz Gör

M

z

i o s - Köros i ér P

Pine

Pordenone

ld

sa

Feh

Ferma

Sümeg

Egervár

Marburg

(BRI XEN)

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

V eszprém

r Vasvár Gallipoli

i

it

va ll

A

A pulia

Ikervár

Ra a b

Gulf of K a s a n dVr aeldes

VENICE m pe

Dráva

D

Körmend G u l f o f SSae r o s

S

tr

s

T e Ter r a

o

a

is

Gulf of

Lavant Maros

St.Andrae

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Saloniki

M e l u n a Pa s s

Maro

Y

Rá ba

Kőszeg

M

Komárom Győr

L

Rép ce

a

Graz

Gurk

C a r i n t h i a

W

k

s am o

i

s

Fe r t ő

O

t

Thessaloniki

Ai a Sk me b e s - K ö r ö s R Al - Kő r ö ete

t Mur y r Saxon

Gulf of Orphani

Lienz

m ellék T y r o l Drau Nagyvarád

t

Leoben

Seckau

S

r

ir e

n

ares)

Mu

Ér

Fe

A U S T R I A

ns En Lake Tachino

on

u

(V ard

Lake Ostrovo

kunság

a

Sr S a Sl zz a c h amo s

Axios

i

SALZBURG

Debrecen

M

T is a

Lake Doiran

m

Monastir

ke Prespa

n

N is

o

aStr

d

o MN e s t o s

e

•••

Tyrol

ka

c

be

Re

ei

a

Axios

M

S

E A

Paphos Limassol

Larnaca

i

B ug

D n je s t e r

G uB lf of

Hotin

Gulf of Kasandra

iki Salone

h

y

Pinios (Salamvrias)

s

a

M

t s

Gulf of Arta

d

Sperchei

o

a Adrianople Gulf of Vo l o s

M

E rgene

k

a h u

r m

y

Antiparo

c

o

Paros

o f(Minoa) s

D

Sifnos

N

N

a Duch y of Naxo s

Polyaigos

Nios

Sikinos

a S e Folegandros

Black

Santorini

ˇ

Arda

ar

i

ndga Tu

Kissamos Bay

Adrianople

itsa

Suda

s

Gorg

Sphakiotes

Constantinople Sphakia

ic

E

A

S e a

53

R

Gulf of Edremid

Bosporus

r

e t e

M a r m o r a

N

Marmara

Sus Besika Bay

I

C

Knossos

Büy ük Ček mede ze Kü ç ü k Ç k m e c e

o f

iğ i r l

n

Heraklion

Bosporus

Ev ro

N

K

Rhetymno

E rgene

S Ae a

C r e t e

of Suda Bay

Chania

Dardanelles

Sporades

Myconos Delos

Hermupolis

an u

Gramvousa

Gulf Hagion Oros

Northern

Tr a i

D

av

M

er

R

N

M

R

g

Gallipoli

P

Rinia

S e a

i

ndga

itsa

l

t s .

a

Tenos

Gyaros

Gulf of Burgas

Gulf of Saros

e

sa

Kithnos

Melos

a

l

u

Va

B

a

j

u b

o

D

Arta

E

ar

a

A

ˇ

g

Keos

b

k

a

h

z

Pruth

D u n a rea

St.George

os

St.George

h

Maina

ar

Andros

e s Bra

Kimolos

r

s

l

Arda

Tu

l

na

M

e

A

z

o

op Ol

t

o

Ca

o

N

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

d

Sz

Aspr

ç e rn a

Ti

Bre

av

a

a

Crn

on ios

v a ll

rg

u

es m Te

t Ol

n

b

sa

r

rfu

d

l

g

Pine

a

pe

Gulf of Kasandra

eo

rb

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

Serifos

Monemvasia

Gulf of Burgas of the

Saloniki

l

l

S u

sa Ti

sa Ti

Sz

l

it

i

S u

n

Ba

s

a

o

in

o

n d ža Gulf of

Te m

be

dd

Siros

V a l l um

r

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Ki

re

Bran c h lia

Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa

Hydra

Psara

x

i

Gulf of Nauplia

ai

Kilia

h

L im a n

Sulina Kelapha Gulf of Jan tra Laconia

e s Bra

Black

Lake Tachino

on

Methana

Ch

ra ia n u m mT

Gulf of Petalia

ar ia f S am

tr

p

Co

o

Parga

Sr

lu

S t. G

eo

is

i

a

mit

sa Nauplia D n ie s te r

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

nc

rg

Eur

os

Dunai

Athens

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B

Akkerman

e

Dn

dz

ip

na

u

a

e

S

r

a

Burdshi

i a)

al

W

Al

Meluna Pass

A

un

ta

E

n

an

Jalo

Cerigo u n d ža

N e s to s

a

Tu

m ak

Philippopoli

Joanina

M

M

i

ares)

m

E t e ssa i oM a r i t

T

o

tra

Lake Doiran

r

Delvino

u

d

n

Argyrocastro

n Preveza

A

r

te

Cape Malia i n s C a pae t n - Situation M o u3.16b M a t a p a n 1539 on the Black Sea coast. T

I

o

m

Jan

d

ei

e

(V ard

Monastir

c

i n s a t M o u n

ti

e

B

ka

Axios

a

Re

es

un

Lake Ostrovo

l k a n Valona A

M

p

ar

Se

e

o

a

o

t e (E ub o

l

C

a

i

eo

u

A

D

lnic

M

h

ga

rd

in

M

Lake Ochrid

Goumenitza

R

O

ma

Va

Dr

D

Lake Prespa

ni

a

te

is

Passavâ

Branch

S t. G

l k a n

p

v

a

Du

Koroni Sulina

Tig hin a =Bender

b

th

a

ru

Gyurgyevó

Turnu Magurele

u narea

Elbasan

Ph t

mits

r

Iske

Kilia Zarnata

o f Bran c h M e s sK ei l i an i a

Dunai

tr

re

Jalo

B

E

je

t

Black

in

T

na

Misthra

h

va

Po l

Ol

Dr

T

Rahovo

ilia

Gulf

Pylos Methoni

TATARS

Northern

Eur

Korinthos

Ar

nc

ra

vo

I

a

Se za

Danu

Tr a i a n u m um

Philippopoli 3.16ar -i n The town of Brăila fell to theA r Ottomans in Süleyman I’s S t September 1538, following dz V a l l uMma r i t s a in e Tr a i an u campaign against Moldavia. Radu Paisie, prince of Wallachia, was obliged to surrender it e b Ve m de Danu to the Sultan, who also Skopje appropriated an extensive area around the town.

D

Butrinto

u

M

Mo

A

so

O

za

l

P

Besika

OF THE

CRIMEAN

ta s

n)

Ko

Dr

ker

Rahovo

na

garia

Bu

H

C

A

Whi t e D

L

A

k ul Uppe r Pulat i

Shkumbi

narea B a y o f Navarino Du Navarino

Brăila

ar

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

r o

Spetsai

ul

Ib

im

is

Gyurgyevó Kalamata Turnu Magurele

i l l ko

(B

M o u n t a i n s

r

et

s

M

Rim a

de

N is

h

a

zn

ie

ut

ov

Ju

Ve

mok

´

a

e

Dn

rav

Ca

Brăila Bu

a

a

r

i

Mo

o

t

i

v

n)

L

A

ul

Ol

b

a

Pr

ld

ti

s

u

th

ne

A lr bui at a

rA l t

c

Paxos es ta

an

i l l ko

Rim

so fC oar i n t nh

I Al p h e ( P e l o p o n n e s o s ) H ios C Kiveri A

s

na

a

se

Zi

y

ri

o

Kuci

p

Gulf

J e d i

A

re

l

K ü k ü llő

gy

W

Se

e

D

Na

M

Szörényvár

on)

M o r a v

ra

Lim

orfu

al

g

TATARS

b

s k

Orsova

Dunav (can

Ta r a

a

Rrhion

Patras

n

a un

3.15 - Situation 1539 on the Ionian Islands.

padna (S Za

x

Scutari

At

et

i

Sa

aro s

i a n t h

Zi

CRIM EAN ´

Gulf of Patras

Mehadia

e

D

va

S

L

tr

a

a n

a

Belgrade

Zimony

K o lu b a

Uva

M

=Antirrhion

a

ov

Se

z

Szabács

a

Al u ta

M o u n r a n A c h a i ta a i n s i V t h d s Tig hin a Kalavryta pa r Pi n e i o s =Bender a Castel Tornese C I Zante

ld

t

V ersec

Maros

Titel

Lamia

e

OF THE

N is

es

I s l

Gulf of

s Lepanto=Naupaktos Alt

r

n

Mezősoml yó

a

M

o

n

o

x

a

A

M Karánsebes

S

e Karlóca

Cephalonia Lugos

h

u

Becskerek

Pétervárad

i

Csák

em

os

r Ithaca D S Ma

ut

o

Óbecse

T

V

n

a

Sporades

N

KHANATE

Na

L

Facsád

Bé ga

Dn

a

Lippa

aro s

Pr

S e a

M

ta

e

J e d i s a n

I

y

O

s

Gulf of Vo l o s

l

t

M

S o u t h e r n Bug

o

e

Maro

re

e

A

r

KHANATE

r

n

M

Tisa

Csanád

Saxon

m

s

Sperchei

mos

T r a sn s y l v as tllőr n i a Kükü gy

ér

ros

Santa Maura - Kö ros (Levkas)

Vonitza

ie

n

I o n i a Mn

Magyarkanizsa

s am o

Gulf of Arta

e 1538

sk

a Feh

Si

Temesvár

r

Preveza La Punta

Ma

A

i

Fe

i

T is a

t

B

I o n i a nP r u t h

B ug

e

k

- Kő r ö e t e Hotin s

Maros

D

st

g

z

l rös u tu K ő

Arta

Y

Se

S

S e b e s - K ö rö sR APaxos D n je s t e r

o

Dn

s

L

a

a

s am o

t

i

n

l

E

M

ie

h

o

LITHUA I u z hN I A

Parga i NagyvarádKam ieni ec Pod olsk

ny

Pr

d

ios

Pine

Saxon

s

l

t

o

O

u

na

g n s á y k u a g

P

AN D

o

Ca

P O LÉ r mAe l l é N D k

Kiskunság

a

D a nub

Goumenitza

Bug

o

Debrecen

str

sepel Isl.

pN

rfu

Dnie

mos

r

Corfu

Jászság

Co

kos r i v e r

Sza

M

M elun a Pass

Joanina

i

P h t ilia

T is a

S valle p ei r e t Te m

M

Butrinto

n

p

Visegrád

t e s i o

S o u t h e r n Bug

Ç.

l

i

t Pru

E

Tisa

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

u

ia

Al

a

Va

l

km

B

l

o

a

u tu

d

j

a

Crn

h

Argyrocastro

Delvino

Pr

o

LITHUA I u z hN I A

Kam ienie c Podo lski

ie

t

Latorca

o ly

P

sa

Bo

Sajo

g

o dr

a

it

1538

p

tr

A

Gulf of Orphani

AThessaloniki ND

ny

Valona

Kassa

Bug

P O L A N D

is

Bay of Va l o n a

r

W

o a nt Otr

DOM of ES Otranto an. rbon)

a

Lake Tachino

on

D u n a rea

Saseno

C

Lake Ostrovo

str

Sr

Pruth

a

Eperjes

Dnie

on

m

Lőcse

ti

a

m

D

ni

i

•••

a

n

Monastir

Lake Prespa

b

o

N e s to s

d

ares)

Se

n

Szepesvár

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

an

e

ei

N

Késmárk

of

Gr

A Bartfa

Va h

pulia

L

c

Lake Doiran

(V ard

O

a

Sa

it ra St

P

M

Lake Ochri d

Elbasan

ka

Axios

Shkumbi

Re

E

ik

S

E A

et a

Cetinje

Spuž

ˇ

Grbalj

Budua Pastrovi ći

ari

Dulcigno

ndga

Boja

na

on

1538

A

iğ i r l

na

p

l

r

e

os

a

eloponnesos) Burdshi

Nauplia

Methana

Kiveri

Keos

Bay of Chesmé

Rinia

y

h

Sifnos Kimolos

Naxos

N

Gulf of

Mendelia

Kalymn os K os

es m

l

Ithaca

I s l

Gulf of Patr

A

a n d s

Pi n e i o s

Castel Torn

Zante Gulf of Kos Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia Nisyros

M

Santorini

Syme

Rhod es

Telos

Anafi

Cape Malia

E

Cape Matapan

and e r

Cephalonia

Gulf of Mendela

Amorgos

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Maina

Patmos

a Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Chalke

Rho des

K

Cerigo

D

B a y o f Navari Navarino

I

Suda Bay

Chania

“Dragon”

Suda

N

•••

Sphakia

C

r

Knossos

e t e

M

of y o B ab e l l ira

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn

A

N

S

E A

Paphos Limassol

I

E

Larnaca

D

A

Sphakiotes

Spinalonga

E

Gorg

ar ia f S am

R

Kyrenia

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

Heraklion

Rhetymno eo

R

Scarpa nto

M

T

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

Py Meth

C r e t e

of

S e a

E

m

P

Myconos

s

Monemvasia

ta

Paros

o f(Minoa)

Antiparos

c o

Gulf of Laconia

M en d e r e s

Leros

Serifos

Passavâ Kelapha

Me

S e a

Ikaria

Delos

Hermupolis

u

Eur

Vonitza

L I A I oA nN i Aa Tn O (Levkas) Samos

o

Koroni

sa

x

of Messenia

os

Tenos

D

Gulf

ar

Kithnos

Misthra

Gulf of Arta

1538

Santa Maura

C h i o s rb

Siros

ta s

Pylos Methoni

Ba

Gyaros

Spetsai

Zarnata

in

Vathy

Hydra

Kalamata

dd

Andros

Cape arb S o u n i o n aro Aegina ssa

S u

l

S u

Gulf of Nauplia

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

re

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina H ao r yre dd in Gulf of B

Preveza

I o n i a n

Athens Korinthos

Arta

iz

La Punta

al

o

Al p h e ( P ios

ip

ai

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

Psara Ch

an

M

o n t e (E ub oia )

of Corinth

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese

S

Paxos

o

Ca

r o

a

e

op

ti

g

Goumenitza

Aspr

o op

Aspr

e

Eur

Gulf

A c h a i a Pi n e i o s

Zante

an

C

Patras

a n d s

al

Joanina

s

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

Corfu

Parga

Sporades

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

1536

E

Gulf of Edremid

o

Cephalonia

At

R

t e s i o

l

Ithaca

Lamia

I

P h t ilia

Northern

N

s Gulf of

Butrinto

na

o

P

Besika Bay

Ca

Gulf of Vo l o s

M

n

a

e

g

e

r

s

l

t

Sperchei

os am

i

Argyrocastro

Delvino

rfu

na

Vonitza

Santa Maura (Levkas)

S e a I s l

A

E

ik

i

neios

Te

b

l

Valona

Bay of Va l o n a

Ç.

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Co

o

Ca

Gulf of Arta

La Punta

I o n i a n

ey

ti

p

r

rfu

1536

va ll

ni

Saseno

tr

Tem

pe

Se

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

M

Lake Prespa

Sus

l

S e a

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)D a r d a n e l l e s

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Lake Ochrid

Elbasan

Büyük Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

Bosporus

a

Shkumbi

E

i

Co

Pi

1538

sa

Durazzo

s

ic er M

a

Crn

^

a

b

Ti

Adrianople

is

Gulf of Kasandra

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Arta Preveza

T

n

Sea

itsa

n

W

sa

p

M e l u n a Pa s s

Parga

I o n i a n

O

Tu

ar

ri

in

a

it

Gulf of

Joanina

Paxos

Dr

G u l f o f B u r gSacs u t a r i

m

Gulf of Orphani

km

Saloniki

Goumenitza

k

Žabljak Upper Pulati

i

A

v nti

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

a

Bay of Spizza

S e a

im

Black

Kuci

E

Corfu

a

Lim

L

Lake S c u t a ri

o a nt Otr

tr

lia

Argyrocastro

P h t ilia

h

z

d

Va

B a

u r

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

n d ža

Ta r a

Brda

a

Delvino

Butrinto

u

l

ina Dr

j

in

of

is

A

t e s i o

Ti

sa

be

Danu

na Du

Klobuk or

i

Tu

nic

Niksic

aca

a Su t

Mor

Sz K

Bre

b

es

K

L a

m

Pruth

D u n a rea

o D

av

jic

a

Ti

Q u a r n e r o

be

na

sa

Te

na

etva

sa

Z s i tv a

Du

ina

ç e rn a

Ti

er

m

Danu

Y

Dr

t

Vá Waa na

m

ares)

A

m

je

a

ra

Herzegovina

A pulia Thessaloniki

J

Po l

i

an u

a

vo

n

Tr a i

rav

so

aca

ot

)M o

Ko

Lake Tachino

on

an

ar

Mor

Ta

E rgene

Sr

bi

r

in

a

er

a

e

Dr

i

(S

Black

Lake Doiran

S

Ib

isn

Herce gnovi (Caste l Nuovo )

M

W

o a nt Otr

1538

St.George

padna

Whi t e D

n

M o r a v

Ceh

a

it ra St

o

(V ard

a

of

Valona

e s Bra

h

tra

N e s to s

d

Lake Ostrovo

ti

rg

c

in

M

e

ei

c

Axios

m

ni

eo

nc

etva

Dn

sk

Uva

Ev ro

Monastir

Lake Prespa

Sulina

Sulina

S t. G

na

Bran c h

ra K o l u b Bar a n c h

Dr

ar

Lake Ochrid

a

Du

a av SKilia

u t s. 3.17b - In 1539, Barbarossa reconquered Castelnuovo, which had been taken in 1538 by B Constantinople Doria’s fleet. From land, Budua was attacked.

ka

Belgrade

m

lia

V er

Akkerman

a

eb

RAGUSA

Arda

l

n

a

t je

D n ie s te r L im a n

Titel

in

rd

M

Re

lu

na

Su

ar

Tr

N

g

r

SzabácsTraia n uZimony m

ri

Va

in

M

a

D

er

i

A

be

Z

A

te

a

a

Tisa

b

K

u

a

K

tr

r

Q u a r n e r o

N is

a

Danu

A da r i a t i c

Philippopoli

Csák Becskerek

m

V a l l um

N

Pinios (Salamvrias)

e ta

ie

Ka

a

Ko m

M

p

es

Elbasan

it ra St KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Li

a

O

a

Saseno Bay of Va l o n a

a

B o cn c h e d isC a t t a r o t a i M o uChair.nBarbarossa : 1539 = Ottoman

Marits

i

Dunai

D r in

lnic

o

ga

Se

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

h

T

Skopje

d

T

Durazzo

Shkumbi

A pulia

ut

St

o

O

n

Dr

Sea

3.17a - Situation 1539 on the Dalmatian coast.

mits

Doria: 1538 = Venetian

l k a n

h

na

in

u

r

Black

Boja

in

Adr i a t i c

a

m

t

Pétervárad

e Karlóca

Za

e

n

sker

R

ari

Dulcigno

ri

ma

t iv

Dr

Scutari Dr

An

v

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

ru

Bay of Spizza

th

im

Kuci

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastrovići

Pinios (Salamvrias)

re

Budua

Se

L

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Grbalj

Pr

Bocche di Catta ro

Spuž

I

za

va

Lim

Whi t e D

Cetinje

Doria: 1538 = Venetian

et

va

et a

Du

je

MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

B

ra

a

dz

M

T ACsanád TARS

is

Ki

Turnu Magurele

Jan

Po l

in

Ta r a

Brda

Hercegn ovi (Castel Nuovo)

Jalo

i

N e ret

(B

Mo

nic

Z

RAGUSA

or

a

i za

t

ra

Niksic

Klobuk

eb

Rahovo

vo

a Su t

zn

ot

Herzegovina jic

Ju

so

isn

ava

de

Gyurgyevó

A

Ko

eb

Ve

narea Du

c

a

Tr

I

mok

n)

ar

a

ar

Ko m

A

i

Ib

N

b

a

t

Ta

)M or

Ar

Tr

Ceh

a

an

a iss

garia

sk

bi

Alm

C

na

I

H

Repub lic of Pogliz za

A

ul

tj e

er

r

in

Su

(S

A

L

Spalato

T

a

e

a

W A A

on)

Klis

Trau

i

Uva

a

Tr

i za

padna

S

m

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54

A

4. 1540–1550

a

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Zumberak Captaincy

Mohács

Siklós

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Szabadka Zombor

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rad

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KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

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Duchy of Naxos

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55

Larnaca

g Waa

be Danu

sa Ti

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g Vá Ç.

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56

Facsád

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Pr

Ság Gyarmat Szécsény

Komárom

o

Divény ul

h Kekkő

U

d

D n je s t e r

n

Se ck au

Csepe l Isl.

N

I

Eger

Hatvan

Rák os r i v e r

t Mu Buda

R

Lake Fe r t ő

t

o

a

Esztergom Visegrád

S

T

Szanda

Tisa

e

S

Wiener Neustadt

YH

Csa llók öz

ub

AE U

Nógrád n n s Vác

R

Leitha

P

a

an

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A

Onod

Somoskő

Bo D onau

Latorca

D

Ip o ly

o dr

Ajnácskő

Ság Gyarmat Szécsény

rc

Vienna g

Sajo

s

En

ns

Danube

Fülek

p

Kassa

A u s t r i a

Divény

n Kekkő

una

Lower-

i

G a ra

m

u Tra

p e r-

Mo

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ie

n

e

m

sa Ti

Sz

es

Ti

av

ndga

i

s

k a

ic er

h

M

z d

Sulina

e s Bra

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St.George

Va

a

ç e rn a

j

u

R

OrsovaG u l f

of Edremid

rav

Szörényvár

m

a

mok

Ti

an u

a

JuC zn a

c

os

Gulf of Smyrna

h i o s

Black va

Gyaros

e B i sc s ka tr i Kithnos ca

Tenos rgas G u l f o f B uMyconos Rinia

S e a

Bay of Chesmé

ra

Gulf of

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To p l i c a

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aca

u

l

es

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b

o

b

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ai

n)

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sa

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sa

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m

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ria

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rg

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e r

je

Spuž

an

eo

r

ina

av

bi

S t. G

a

na

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t

Ol

Te

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ga

etva

(S

nch

Branch

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Dunav

a

Po l

ta

B

be Danu

na Du

on

o

op Aspr

I

a

padna

l

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a un

vo

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ul

er

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m

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Sz

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a K

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l

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g Vá g

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rva

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s

bb Y

a

i

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b

l S u

sa

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aca

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sa es

m Te

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t

m Te

ina Dr er

be

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so

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W

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Kilia

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a r n i ca

Nauplia MONTENEGRO e Perasto

m

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Besika Bay

ar

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Athens

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h

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al

om

a

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ot

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r

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Dunai Somlyó

an

s

s

C

t je

in

Su

Corinth

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ka

ip

te

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t e Li ( mE ub o

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n

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a

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a

a

l

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i

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es

na

o

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is

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r

al o a n Gyurgyevó p t Turnu Magurele i C a

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Northern dz

t e - Kő r ö s

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v

v Sa

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v ro

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a

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g

b

th

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ke

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tsa

mo

u

re

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ri

At

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e

K

RAGUSA

tr

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g s á k u n

r o s Nagylak

Magyarkanizsa

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ios

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g y

s

u

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Szabács Jalo mi

I

S e b e s - K ö rö

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N

Lamia

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e

za

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Arad

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na

OF THE

ri ts a Arda É r m e l l é k

a

et

a

s

y

g

t

e

a

I

rös

Szeged

Lim

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g

i l l ko

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Y

r KHANATE

r

r

a

M

l Sava

su

st

Kiskunság V

Kő

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Tr Petalia eb c Gulf i s nH e r z e g o vS ai r onn i a jic l Niksic Aegina i n s o ra M o k r a en a aSutor Klobuk t n Keos Mina o u Brda L (Peloponnesos) im Gulf of A e g i n a P

Castel Tornese

A

S o u t h e r n Bug

Latorca

n d ža

CRIMEAN

Becskerek

D a nub

R

Tisa

a

ov

n Bo

a

N

A

l

t s .

Bács Pétervárad Bu

e

ie

Gyula

M

Tu

Bo

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n

Szabadka

D r in

Gulf of

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u

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

a

B ug

Philippopoli

Szolnok

r

C

t

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h

ld

i

ei

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de

va

a

i za

t

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eb

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e k eK a p o sm

t

s

Gulf of

e u n a r e at

M

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L

Se

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Gulf of Orphani

Ar

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i

e

Lake Tachino

Gulf of Kasandra

MH

C

Ol

o

B

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na

Gulf of Vo l o s

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a

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áv

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Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

sa mis

z

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D

s a i n t n u M o og dr

ut

o a

S

Jajca

E s

Salona n a

p

s

aritsa

Jászberény

M Csepel o Isl.

an

Eger

M

Buda

Baja

Srebrenica

Sinj

Pi n e i o s

Dr

ey

ba

aca

N

L I T H Ur aA I u z hN I A

Pr

d t

v a ll

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e sN ta

n

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Szanda

Rákos r i v e r

o

n

pe

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t

Sajo Ajnácskő

Zombor

B os

n

Spalato

re

Esztergom Visegrád

Szekszárd o

M o u n t a i n s Kobaš Pinios Te m

e

Hollókő

Drégely

Si

M

u

A

os

Klis

Ip o ly

Mohács Siklós Thessaloniki Alt

s

Al u ta

Vr

Mor

A

Kassa

Fülek

N

Ság Gyarmat Szécsény

Kalocsa

Pécs

ares)

na

U

Simontormya

Sr

(V ard

ul

s

Al

Lake Doiran

B

Kekkő th

Eperjes J

Szepesvár

Lőcse

AN D

Pru

h

o

ma

Ti

m

G a ra Z s i tv a

Ol

sa

na Du

na

A

etva

g Vá g

Waa

n

Bug

Késmárk

l k D n je s t e r a n

Hotin

R

ru

Axios

Du

M

na

e

Zi

i

etva

ub

Q u a r n e r o

h Ma

rva

Mo

a

an

W m ta

Ozora

Požega

s

C et

er

n

D

K

a

Maros

Szigetvár

n

S

Ti

K K Q u a r n e r o

s

bb

i

ar

K

v

va

ns

th

Du

ie

ra

rd

ba

ios

5.6 - Situation r 1553 Iske 63

L

r a Podol ski KamiGeniec

a

Gulf of

Vr

Pine

Trau

A

O

ny

Mo

O

km

M e l u n a Pa s s

Novi

o

I

be

n

n)

Va

Ithaca

e

Sa

ria

En

re

t

ga

Y

Se

Ol

ul

ia

B

T

dz

(B

sa

Kuci

it

Spuž

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Sebenico

Rogosnizza

va

ta

im

je

Cetinje

L

tr

mok

ra

Lim

Brda MONTENEGRO e

Perasto

is

Santa Maura (Levkas)A

Tata

n K a p ois Szászvár a

K ü k ü llő Babócsa gy Na

Szörényvár Rmanj

Mo

Klobuk

a

o

va n h i a Gradiška Dubica

a

i M a

Zante

Po l

rin

Ta r a

vo

to

Niksic

so

ica Su

Z

RAGUSA

a r n i ca

H erzegovina j

isn

Ko

eb

t

a S r apn a CKrupaa

a

Udbina

n)

ar

om

K

Tr

d

zá

nj

ot

ra

Ib

Ta

e

a

Kaposvár

Jasenovac

Pedali

Novigrad

a

M

Al

Ustilonja

Ripač

ria

s

zn

c

Csurgó ro s

Raca

Kostajnica

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad Zara a Nadin Karin Knin Ostrovica Biograd Gulf of Arta Preveza Vrana Vonitza Kucevac Scardona

b

Komár

Kanizsa

s

Hrastovica

PargaStarigrad

L

Ju

a lin

Noni

Paxos

eka

Slavonian Border ro

a Cazin U n

Plitv icka - Jezer a

Mehadia Carlopago (Bag) Gospic Goumenitza Orsova

Dunav

a

New Novi

ga

t je

a

Su

N

a

W

Corfu

R

Dráva

Un

ava

t e s

Otočac i o

Butrinto R O A T I A Bihac

I r boi a n ) n i a n M

c

G

Slunj

Zengg (Senj)

D

in

t

i za

lnic

Lake Ostrovo

Glina

Topusko

Croatian Border

P h t iC lia

ur

Gora

Bovic

Budački

ul

a

Tr

eb

Ceh

ka

M

Sisak

S te n i c n j a k

Bi

Duna

Sg a a x o n

u

Gyurgyevó

Turnu Magurele

Divény

a

S L A VS O a N xI A o

Todorovo

V ersec

Corfu

r

up a

Somlyó

a un

e

ulp

Karánsebes Ogulin

Nov igra d

I So en a ai a n or

T

na

a

Danu

P

narea Du

sker

I

Komárom

Lake Balaton

Agram

va

za

mits

de

Va

a

Ma

(B

D r in

Uva

Sa

Ve

Ta t r a hm o u n t a i n s

l

Körmend m os

a

Salona n a

je

m

Lugos

o

GyőrS t

Ráb

Kőszeg

M

Zumberak

S e a a iss 5.5 vizier Ahmed Pasha conquered Temesvár on 27 July 1552, moving I - TheA l msecond Cephaloniaon to Arad; A then to Szolnok Castle, which was taken in the first week of September; then to To p l i c a Eger, the unsuccessful siege of which lasted two months. I s l a n d s Spalato

Po l

m

vo

A

va

Li

a

E

Rép ce

ros

l

T

N e ret

Klis

T

Ancona padna (S Za e

Lake

Ra a b

Facsád

Bé ga

d

H

Csall óköz

T r LPaarkees p an s y l v a n i a

- Kö

o

l u tu

Pr

s

i

Lippa

na

na

S

s

i

i

T

Sinj

C et

Rogosnizza

Trau

a

ri

n

Te

Csák

A

D

S

Scardona

Sebenico

A

D

a

h

nau

Szombathely

Lake Ochrid

eh

I

Z I L E

P O L A N Dn

P

rc

t

T isFae r t ő

mos

s

S a vFa

C

A

L

A

ul

Jalo

Bártfa

Sopron

Marburg

Temesvár

M o r a v

K o lu b a r

ba

M

SAN MARINO

Tuscany

Vr

Vrana

Kucevac

Bos

Travnik

s

a

Biograd

Belgrade

Jajca

o

Nadin

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica nj

Zara

Novigrad

s

Ca

Starigrad

Noni

v Sa

- Kő r ö

e

rfu

Rmanj

Zimony

Szabács

ete

Mezősomlyó

Adr i a t i c

Sava

e ki

mFb

Co

Srebrenica

B

Udbina

Karlóca

a Do

T

a

S e b e s - K ö rö

Világos S

Maro

Istria

Ravenna

p

so

na

e

Ko

B os

ku

Zi

W NS R O

T M DOn iRe s tAr V I A ha ya

Vienna

Sza

Graz

C a r n Solymos i on i lt a

A

Titel

ar

s

a

(Bag) Gospic

ba

Un

Carlopago

Vr

Arad

Becskerek

V e n i c e e

Ib

Krupa Ripač

D a nub

Lake C o mBa c c os h i o ut

yj

A

Leoben

i l l ko

A

I

H

mok

Leitha

in

Bihac

Plitv icka - Jezer a

Kobaš

Novi

Sh

Jenő Laibach

o Is Gö rz & Gra diš ka Nagylak

Bay of Va l o n a

Pétervárad

Whi t e D

C R O A T I A

Dubica

Sana

v a Gradiška

Óbecse

r

To p l i c a

Wiener Neustadt

I

i

ér

New Novi

of

Bács

D

a

Dr

Pedali

a Cazin U n

Otočac

zá

G u l f Otranto

(Span. Bourbon)

Po

Požega

Tisa

Rn

Black

Kostajnica

Todorovo

Zengg (Senj)

Jasenovac

P A P A L

Slunj

a

Ustilonja

a

N I A B O H E M

THE

m ellék Lav ant

St.A ndr ae

Bu

a

Y

ri

r

a

G

Hrastovica

S

Croatian Border

Glina

a lin

o nz

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of

EszékA d i gNAPLES e

Ér

es

Topusko

Szörényvár

C zn

Lower-

Se ck au

y

M

M o u n t a i n s

i a n t h a p

W

i

Ju

C

Latorca Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

m

Gora

Bovic

Budački

áv

in

S te n i c n j a k

Ogulin

Dr

Sisak

ava

D

Danube

og

Gur k

(FR EIS ING ) Laa ck

Magyarkanizsa Gulf Csanád Aquileja Trieste o f Saseno Tr i e s t e

o a nt Otr

S L A V O N I A

s

n

o

o

g

Zombor

f

Venice

Mur

b

A u s t r i a

O

t

Gyula

(BR IXE N)

ros

p e r-

rin

V elde s

Tisa

up a

Orsova

Dráva

K ő rö

Ma

)M or

R

Durazzo s

Szeged

an

OF

SD T

Kiskunság C a r i n t h i a

Ferma

A pulia Torcello

S

na

dr

Bo

Scutari

Dr

Mohács

Siklós

Boja

Lienz Szolnok

o g it r as á k uS t n

Slavonian Border

a

ulp

i

Sea

Szabadka

e

va

Pécs

Szigetvár

av

Agram

Pi

Sa

Raca

L

Hatvan S a lz a c h Bay of Spizza

Pordenone Baja

im

A E n n sU

e S c u t a ri

S A L Z B U RntivaGr A Jászberény DulcignoM u r Jászság

Terra

Szekszárd

K a p o s Szászvár

L

A

Onod

VENICE

Kalocsa

Lim

un

Kuci

EgerL a k

Budua

g y

Kaposvár

Csurgó

Kapos

Komár

Tra

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Pastrovići

a

Simontormya

DKassa a n uUb p e

Alt

Al u ta

Ar

a

r

n

e

Ozora

c

Ta r a

G

Somoskő

N

BOHEMIA

n

Brda

Ajnácskő

bi

Sa

ub

ur

Babócsa

Zumberak

Nov igra d

ade n

T y rol Csepel Isl. Drau

S ava

r n i o l a

a r n i c aI n

(Pas) Oberndorf

MONTENEGRO Sajo et a SalzburgSpuž Cetinje

Perasto

Szanda

N

Kanizsa

Laibach

om

Niksic

Adr i a t i c Lake Balaton

Dráva

Ip o ly

Buda

Dráva M

Ság Gyarmat Szécsény

a

St.A ndr ae

Marburg

N

Rákos r i v e r

Körmend

Ra a b

(Szb. )

Fülek

Ber cht esg

Esztergom Visegrád

Tata

Szombathely

Lav ant

na

an

Kőszeg

a Graz

Gur k

Ráb

Kekkő

Nógrád Vác

Duna

Győr

Rép ce

Müh ldorf

ica S uDivényKlobuk to rin a

er

Eperjes

Passau

H e Irn nz e g o v i n a j

isn

Hollókő Castel Nuovo B o c c h e d i C a t t a r o Grbalj Drégely Tyrol (Hercegnovi)

Komárom

Sopron

eb

RAGUSA

U

Lőcse T a r Szepesvár a

B A V A R I A an

x

a

s

n

o

Rim

r C a

Dunav

ri

D

i

Tr

H

Csall óköz

Lake Fe r t ő

A

Leoben

r

N

A

e

(S

L A N D S

a

nau

Leitha

Wiener Neustadt

y

i za

CPASSAU eho Késmárk t

Z

Do

Se ck au

S

padna

Bártfa

in

Vienna

L Uva

a

K

rc

Danube

I

Va

Ta t r a hm o u nI s ta ra i nSutsjesk Gr

A u s t r i a

R

a

O Li m

na

A

ha M O R A V I A ya

Lower-

P Dri

T e

eb

t

yj

i

I Z N e ret I L E

D o nau

Tr

THE

D

T

C

Za

va

Salona n a

S

Karánsebes

na

a

s

Spalato

W NS R O

N i ssa I I A Alm B O H E M

BOHEMIA

p e r-

Klis i

T

Trau

Belgrade Du

ba

Rogosnizza

Sinj

C et

5.4 - Situation 1552 OF

n

Sebenico

s

Lugos

V ersec

D

Scardona

A

A N D S

K o lu b a r

Vr

M

ro

Ma

Facsád

Somlyó

a av

S

Bos

Travnik

s

a

Vrana

Kucevac

Lippa

Bé ga

K ü k ü llő

gy

Mehadia

Zimony

Szabács

Na

M o r a v

Nadin

Biograd

s

m

ros

Jajca

o

Zara

L

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica nj

Sea

Novigrad

- Kö

Solymos

Mezősomly ó

Titel

Karlóca

Sava

r

et

Starigrad

Noni

e

t

a

Srebrenica

B

Udbina

Rmanj

A

S

na B os

D a nub su

a

D

V

Ripač

rb

Bo

Un

(Bag) Gospic

Becskerek Pétervárad

as

ov

Krupa

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

Carlopago

Csák

Bács

Novi

ld

Bihac

Óbecse

Te

aro s

M

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Feh

Temesvár

Koba š

Se

s

a Cazin U n

Otočac

v a Gradiška

Dubica

Sana

o

y

New Novi

C R O A T I A

zá

Pedali

Todorovo

Zengg (Senj)

Maro

Csanád

Eszék

Požega

D

s

Kostajnica

M

l

Slunj

i

Maros

t e - Kő r ö s

Világos

r o s Nagylak

Ustilonja

Jasenovac

L

e

Gl

Hrastovica

Ma

Arad

Magyarkanizsa

S

Croatian Border

na

O

k

Glina

Topusko

a

t

n

Gora

Bovic

Budački

Ogulin

Nov igra d

áv

ke

es

Istria

Sisak

S te n i c n j a k

re

i

a

up a

Dr

Fe

Jenő

Szeged

Zombor

S L A V O N I A

ulp

Mur

Mohács

Siklós

Raca

s

e

Slavonian Border

s

s

Tisa

va

Szabadka

e

th

a

Sa

Zumberak

Trieste

Baja

Pécs

Szigetvár

M

s am o

ér

Babócsa

Agram

Tr i e s t e

n uUb ep

Szekszárd

K a p o s Szászvár

mos

m ellék S e b e s - K ö rö

Gyula

Kalocsa

S ava

C a r n i o l a

Gulf

Kaposvár

Csurgó

K ő rö

g s á k u n

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s L5.14 - InBiograd 1565 the Ottomans succeed in taking Krupa, after several earlier attempts. Co

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L5.13 - The situation in 1565 along the Slovanians border with Carniola. Biograd Kucevac

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B O H

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a

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N Orsova Dna Szörényvár Rmanj I A Du Dunav va B O H E M Va h Sa Késmárk Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s Starigrad Zi 5.16b - In September 166, the Turks, led by the but retreat the Grand nies Jajc a Grand Vizier, Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, also conquer Babócsa and Csurgó. The Habsburgs besiege DKanizsa, Wbefore NoniT h M O R A V I A ul tr Eperjes Szepesvár D L A Lőcse C ay yj Novigrad Obrovacso he returns to Belgrade. The Ottomans also Vizier arrives, capture Gyula. e s a a Bo Zrm Udbina

g

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Phil

a

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o

ina

et

s

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h

na

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Szörényvár

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a

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Se

a S

Du

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t

n

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p

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Gulf of Kasandra

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t

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a Corfu

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ei

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K ü k ü llő

Ol

na

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67

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ri

ba

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ma

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Mehadia

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Du

M

sa

Sa

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M

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it

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ru

rd

Zimony

aro s

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KINGDOM Szabácsof NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Ol

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Cape Glossa or Linguetta

St

Na

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ni

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o

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Karlóca

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Titel

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na

su

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5.17a - Jajc Situation 1567 - The Ottomans have also brought Jászság and Kiskunság under their a direct control. s Travnik

a

ga

B os

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T

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ut hn a r e a P rDu

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D n je s t e r

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a

s

je

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Kob aš

of

ba

Po l

v a Gradiška

Becskerek

i

AN

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l

s

Lugos

ku

l

s am o

Facsád

Sh

o

Saxon

Lippa

B é g a bi m

m

d

B

vo

Te

u tu

o

T is a

T

- Kö

Temesvár

Csák

Pr

a

so Whi t e D

Bács

Srebrenica

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s

Durazzo

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h

in

Eszék

Požega

Vr

č

Knin

Maro

Csanád

mok

T r a n s y l v g aal n i c a n i a

r

a

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Krupa

nigrad

Világos Solymos

m

Dubica

Feh

Dr

áv

S

zá

Sana

O

r o s Nagylak

ri

t e - Kő r ö s kDe r i n

Jenő

Arad

Magyarkanizsa

it ra St

Jasenovac

Pedali

Una

na Boja

Ustilonja

Kostajnica

ew Novi

Scutari

es

Hrastovica

Fe

Gyula

B l a c ké

Sisak

Gora

k tr ia ca

S e b e s - K ö rö

in

Dr

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Kuci

Lake S c u t a ri

Tisa

Zombor

zn

S z a To p l i c a mos

m e Pl el éc k s

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

rös

Szeged Ma

Spuž

i ar tiv An Dulcigno

Sea

Raca

L A V O N I A

Bay of Spizz a

Ér

im

Dr

Szabadka

Mohács

Siklós

Budua

L

Kiskunság ta

Pastrovići

g s á k u n

Slavonian Border

Kő

Lim

Brda

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Baja

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Szigetvár

Ta r a

Z

Cetinje

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ra

MONTENEGRO e

Grbalj

Ju

ot

a r n i ca

Perasto

Castel Nuovo B o c che di Cattaro (Hercegnovi)

Y

ava

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c

i

Ko

RAGUSA

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R

P

a a t

ul

K

Csepe l Isl.

Simontormya

Kapos

Kaposvár

Babócsa

ina

Ta

T r Jászberény eb isn jic Niksic a Klobuk Su to rin Szolnok a

g y

Ozora

Komár

Csurgó

Ceh

Eger

a

a

Lake Balaton Kanizsa

sk

om

N

ur

tje

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b

ram

Su

Hatvan

Rák os r i v e r

a

Körmend

Dráva

Szanda

Esztergom Visegrád N

Uva

or

ar

Tata

Szombathely

M

Nógrád Vác

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Onod

e r Latorca bi an )M

b

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i za

G

m

dr

r

a

eb

Somoskő

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in

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a

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padna

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p

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iss

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Klis

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T

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Trau

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nau

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ri

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ba

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a

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nj

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Kanizsa RE IS IN G) La ac k

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es

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a

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m

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a

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6. 1566 - 1593 OF

P

N I AM O R A V I A B O H E M

THE

O

U p p e rLowerA u s t r i a

H

Vienna Salzburg

t

y

Leoben

r

i

Kőszeg

a

Ikervár

Körmend

Lava nt

S

Karlóca

Mehadia

Szabács

Srebrenica

Zimony

Belgrade Orsova

Szörényvár

Rmanj

W

Rogosnizza

A

Trau Spalato

e

r

b

i

a Gyurgyevó

Turnu Magurele

i

a

Salona Almissa

Mostar

Herzegovina RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) (Cavtat Epidauros)

MONTENEGRO Spuž Cetinje

Risan Perasto

C a tt a

ro

a

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Grbalj

Budua

i

Pastrovići

An

t iv

ar

i

Scutari

O

Dulcigno

T

T

O

r

M

A

a

N

Adrianople

g

l

u

B

Durazzo

a

E

I

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Sarajevo

Sinj Klis

D

Sebenico

Constantinople

M a c e d o n i a

i

T

n

Scardona

T

r

s

Knin

n

A

A

u

Travnik

Zvonigrad

Ostrovica

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A

I

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C

A

L

Marmara

a

S T

Biograd

A

Apulia Saseno

Thessaloniki

Gallipoli

l

Obrovac

Novigrad

Karin

M

Jajca

o

Noni

L

Kilia

Brăila

Starigrad

A

Brassó

Partes Annexae

Ripac

Udbina

Gospic

Zara

Focșani

Fogaras

Szeben

Versec

Titel

Krupa

s

n

o

x

Bihac Golubic

B

P A P A L

Novi

a

Mezősomlyó Somlyó

Gradiška

Pedali New Novi

Cazin

Akkerman

Karánsebes

Kostajnica Todorovo

a

Csák

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

Becskerek

C R OATIA

Déva

Lugos

Óbecse

Bender

Segesvár

Gyulafehérvár

Lippa Facsád

Sisak

A

s

Gora

Glina Topusko

Croatian Border

Solymos

Csanád

I

l y

Petrinja

Bovic

Carlopago

Ancona

Magyarkanizsa

Mohács

Siklós

Raca

TATARS

J e d i s a n

e

Budački

Ogulin

Slunj

D

Desnye

Világos

Arad

Nagylak

Pécs

Temesvár

Stenicnjak

Otočac

Ravenna

Jenő

CRIMEAN

k

C

I

T

A

O

Szigetvár

V

e

Novi grad

R

Zengg

SAN MARINO

Jenő

A

Agram

Zumberak

Aquileja Trieste

Szamosujvár

T r a n s y l v a n Marosvásárhely ia

Berzence Babócsa

Istria

Tuscany

Gyula

Szegesd

A

z

Torcello

KomárKomár

Csurgó

Laibach

C a r n i o l a Venice

Kanizsa

OF THE

S

Csáktornya Zrínyivár

(FRE ISIN G) Laac k Görz & Grad iška

Almás Sebesvár

Kolozsvár

Kanizsa

(BRIX EN)

Ferma

PartesNagyvárad Annexae

Sümeg

KHANATE

a

Beszterce

Peleske

Marburg

D

Saxons

Székelyhid

Egerszeg Kapornak

V eldes

L

Debrecen

Pest

Palota

Egervár

St.A ndra e

O

Rákos

Veszprém

Vasvár

s

i

C a r i n t h i a

Annexae

Szatmár

Kalló

Hatvan

M

b

Gurk

Buda

Gesztes

Szentmarton

Visegrád

Pápa

Graz

r o l Lienz

Esztergom

Tata

Mezőkeresztes

a

S

Győr

Vác

s

Hollókő Szanda Buják

r

Sec kau

A

e

Partes

h

I

B

Hotin Huszt

Nyaláb

Somoskő

Szécsény

Nógrád

Párkány

Y

L I T H U A N IA

AN D

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

z

R

ly

R

i

d

T

ge D ré

A

Fülek Ajnácskő

Kékkő

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Komárom

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Divény

l

B

S

a r Ság ma Ságt

o

a

U

Gy

Divény

d

j

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Pordenone

N

Érsekújvár

Wiener Neustadt

VENICE

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o

b

n

SALZBURG

Terra

Nyitra Komját

Tyrol

T y

Galgóc

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Otranto

A

Butrinto

Corfu

Corfu

l

Berc htes gade

P O L A N D P

o

Passau

Szepesvár

t e s i o

M e l u n a Pa s s

S u

(Pas) Oberndorf

D

Lőcse

b

(Szb.)

N

E

Goumenitza Parga

Paxos

M

P

I

R

E

Northern

I o n i a n

Preveza

Vonitza

N

Santa Maura (Levkas) Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca Cephalonia

Patras

I s l a n d s Zante

Sporades

eg ro po nt e (E ub

Chios

A N A T O L I A

Rrhion

A c h a i a

Athens

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese

M

Psara

oia )

o

r

e

Andros

Korinthos

a

Samos Vathy

Aegina Keos

(Peloponnesos)

Burdshi

Nauplia

Myconos

Kithnos

Kalamata

Serifos

Koroni

Passavâ Kelapha

Leros

(Minoa)

Naxos

Antiparos

Sifnos Kimolos

Monemvasia

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Kalymnos

Amorgos

K os

Stampalia

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Maina

Patmos

Paros

(Livadion)

Zarnata

Pylos Methoni

Delos

Hermupolis

Spetsai

Navarino

Rinia

Siros

Hydra

Misthra

Ikaria

Tenos

Gyaros

Nisyros Santorini

Syme

Rhode s

Telos

Anafi Chalke

(Megiste) Kastellorizo

Rhod es

Cerigo

Scarpan to

(Karpatho s)

Gramvousa

Chania

eo

Gorg

Kyrenia

Suda Rhetymno

ar ia f S am

Sphakiotes

Sphakia

Heraklion

Spinalonga

Kasos

Nicosia

•••

Mühld orf

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Késmárk

BOHEMIA

B A V A R I A

L

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6.2b - Situation 1569

Lake S c u t a ri

Heraklion

Mo

Sa

D

Z

atrovići

Belgrade

Ko

E

ajevo

dua

Zimony

ar

N

MONTENEGRO et Perasto a Spuž Cetinje

Partes Annexae

Suda J u Versec zn Rhetymno a ( B

n)

Szabács

x

Al

V

Bu

Rh od es

(Karp athos )

Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

a

n

Chalke

Alt

s u ta

Karánsebes

garia

ot

Gorg

Ta r a

j

Titel

ar ia f S am

a r n i ca

Karlóca

Lugos

Mezősomly ó Somlyó

or a Chania v a

Ib

K

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bi

t

a

A

S a v aT a ra Srebrenica

Csák

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a

U v ae c

in

sk

Se e r a bT e m oi f a C r e t e m o k

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na tje

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Bé ga

o

A

a

Dri Su

su

S

a( S

S

Segesvár

i l l ko

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ov

m

Bo

a

issamos an K Becskerek )M Gramvousa B a y D a nub

Ceh

Temesvár

s

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a

ld

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Za

Déva a r o M

Na

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a

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C

A Ol

na

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K ü k ü llő gy

s

s

ri

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Csanád

Solymos

Zi

l y

a

Maro

W

Anafi

Telos

J e d i s

S o u t h e r n Bug

n

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Nagylak

Magyarkanizsa

- Kö

s

and e r

D

e

ros

Világos

M

Szörényvár

T

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Gulf of Adalia

Syme

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aro s

OF THE

Iuzh

Gulf of Kos

Stampalia

KHANAT

r

CRIMEAN

A

L I T H U A N IA

M

L

Brassó

T r a n s y l v a n Marosvásárhely ia

Orsova JenőFolegandros D u n a v Desnye Santorini

I

OF

Bug

i

D

Dr

Jenő

Feh

Tisa

K o lu b a r

Mohács Cerigo

Siklós

Ma

os Amorg Kolozsvár

Nios

Sikinos

Polyaigos

M o r a v

Cape Matapan

Fe

O

k

Sa Cape Malia

Naxos Almás

Sebesvár

Duchy r ö NaxosMehadia t e - K őof s Kimolos ke

Belgrade Melos na Du

va

Antiparos

Sifnos

Me

M o Me n d eol a u n t of M a i n sS e r

ros L eBeszterce

st

B ug

t Alt

Fogaras

e

Maina

s

Gyula

Szabács Zimony Monemvasia

Laconia

s

K ő rö

s am o

(Minoa)

ér

Pécs

Titel

t

é

Partes S e b e sAnnexae - K ö rö s

Versec

re

M

Al u ta

Gulf i a n h a t Maros r p Kalym nos a C Szamosujvár K os

Ér Mezősom lyók

m

Szeben

Saxons

Patmo s

ell Somlyó Partes Annexae Nagyvárad Paros

(Livadion)

o

x

th

Segesvár

s

n

V

r

a

Ka

po

1568

Karlóca

e

mos

K ü k ü llő

gy

M e n d e rSei s

Vath y

Myconos

Hermupolis Székelyhid

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ie

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6.2a - Situation 1569

of ssenia

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ir e

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Pest N IA O W S I L E Z6.1a - In 1566, the Ottoman P O Admiral Piyale Pasha annexed the islands of Keos and Grand

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Bay of Chesmé

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Athens M en d e r e s

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Butrinto 6.6b - In 1571, the Ottomans attack Bihac, conquering its surroundings but not the Székelyhid P h t ilia Otown; Ér themVenetians re-take Budua. ellék Beszterce A d r i a m os

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abócsa

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Agram

va

A O THE

up a

R

C

No vig rad

BV O H E M I A o s e B

e n i c Travnik

ba

Scardona

s

A

of

jo Fülek Passau S aRavenna n I n Ajnácskő A

(Pas Oberndorf)

OF

Istria

Vr

K osn a r Ság n m aI ely Ságt rég D Ip o ly

Lake Comacc h

P A P A L

a

Gy

Ostrovica

a

o

nj

Kékkő M üh ld or f Knin f .)o f K o s G u(Slzb

L A N D S

Jajca

Sa

Zumberak

T rieste

G u l f

e

Po

B A V A R I A

Kaly mno s

Adig

Divény

Zvonigrad Gulf of Mendela

Leros

G

PASSAU

G

Kanizsa

Sava Srebrenica

a S av

ulf s Aquileja Trieste of

n

o

o

Laibach

t

Peleske

ur

a

N

Torcello

g

Divény

Isar

c

Venice

D o nau

Rmanj

s

e

Vat hy

s

d ere

M

Dráva

C a r n i o l a

av

B M

Samos

a

Pi

n

Marburg

Csáktornya Zrínyivár

o Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Pordenone

L a

a

a G ren

and e r Me

n

Ka

Un

A N A T O L I A

Udbina

os

B V eld es Lőcse (BR IXE N) VENICE (F RE ISI NG ) Laa ck T e r r a F Szepesvár erma o nz

En

Ripac

K

ah

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n sV r b

Bihac

Golubic

sa es

sa

s

Bos

a

bi

an

Ti a

)M or

N e ret

i

on

m

Salona

er

Sr

ei

Klis

a( S

i

va

Trau

Za

re

m

Sinj

Lake Prespa

V arda sx i o s ( b aA

Li

na

be

Ti ç e rn a

Ti

es

m

Bre

s bb

Y

sa

Danu

m

sa

ka Re

Vr

Lake Ochrid Sebenico

Rogosnizza

g

h

m

g

ns

Ma

g

Vá

be

Waa

En

rva Mo

Te

m Danu

Te

Ti

Travnik

a

o

Jajca

Lake M a c ea d d o n ni raD o i r a nb p n

Ce

Se

na

h

ga

T

Du

a lnic

M o r a v

Knin

n B os

Belgrade

ar

K o lu b a r

s

R

T

ba

Versec

St

a av

a

LK a

Ti

Titel

ma

S

So

v a Gradiška

Zimony

Rmanj

i

I

Is

B

ru

Szabács

na

i

em

S

zá

Pedali New Novi

rd

Ostrovica

s

es

va

Ustilonja

ri

N e ret

Waa

Vá

K

K

Csák

ra

e r o

Tisa

T

Vr

D

73

A Sarajevo T

Maro

Temesvár

b Scardona um 6.12 - SituationS1578-83 - The area after the Turkish conquest of Todorovo. S e hk

n

Arad

Raca

Krupa

a Vrana

Szigetvár

Becskerek

nj

Biograd

Babócsa Nagylak

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Kostajnica

Zvonigrad

a

Kapos

Óbecse

o

Zrm

m

Salona

M

(B

To p l i c a

in

L

Ma

D a n NoviS U n a u b ae n a Karlóca

O

Obrovac

Novigrad

Karin

Durazzo

Szegesd

a

Cazin

Z

Gyula

Csanád

Sisak

Dr

Klis

Noni

Zara

Bos

va

Trau

Ce

Rogosnizza

Udbina

W

Csurgó

Va

Starigrad

s

E I

na

a

Lake

SzörényvárB a l a t o n

Mo

Boja

A

Bo

Sümeg

n)

Gospic Srebrenica

Dulcigno

it ra St

T

Sinj

Croatian Border

Todorovo

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

a r p a Veszprém C

garia

i

ba

A

T

Ancona

Sebenico

Slunj

zn

ul

ar

Vr

A

6.11 - In 1578, the Ottomans take Todorovo. Scardona

im

T

Berzence mok

B

tiv

Ju

S

Szentmarton

KomárKomár

Kanizsa

a

Hrastovica

je

An

in

Gora

a

Bay of Spizz a

SS ee aa

Gl

Black

s

Knin

Ostrovica

Glina Topusko

Ogulin

in

Vrana

Bovic

Dr

o

a

M

Biograd

Pastrovići

B

a

Budački

Ta r a

L

i

Petrinja

su Žabljak n a t Bihac OATIA o s CerRPula ti B Upp Pli tvi ck a - Jez er Golubic Ripac a r Lake in S c u t a ri Dr iSna v a Scutari Carlopago

Budua

Travnik

nj

TuscanyKarin

S T

L

a ro

Grbalj

Jajca

Zvonigrad

Stenicnjak

Otočac

A d r i a t iD c

MARINO Z rSAN m Obrovac

Novigrad

O

Po l

a

Noni

R

C

MONTENEGRO et Risan Perasto a Zengg Spuž Cetinje

as

A

a

s Peleske K ő rö

Dráva

ulp

Un

Un

Rmanj

áv p a au

I

Orsova

Csáktornya Zrínyivár

A

ava Agram

T

Vasvár

Kanizsa

a

Komár

s Déva a r o Mezőkeresztes M

Pápa

Körmend

ur

vo

b Vr

Ripac

Udbina

Dr

Ráb

Karánsebes Kőszeg

Dunav

b

)M or

va

Lim

v a Gradiška

B o c c h e d i C a t t a C a tt ro

Bihac

N ov ig ra d

a

Cavtat ( Epidauros)

Sa

Whi t e D

Krupa

jic

an

so

a

a r n i ca

Z

Novi

zá

S

P A P A L

V e n i c e S a n (Dubrovnik)

Una

Starigrad

Zara

RAGUSA

om

Herzegovina

isn

Adr i a t i c

Gospic

A

IT r s t r i a eb

Pedali New Novi

Cazin

ra

M

r

Ko

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

Kostajnica

Todorovo

Golubic Pli tvi ck a - Ravenna Jez er a

N

Sisak

bi

Gyulafehé

Egerszeg Kapornak

aI b a r

aof

Ta

ot

a

in

Ceh

a sk

in

Gl

tje

er

Siklósc

K

Po

Gora

Su

(S

ZumberakMohács

na

Glina Topusko

C R OATIA

D

Petrinja

Bovic

Ogulin

i za

e

Uva

Dri

Budački

Croatian Border Lake Otočac Comacc hio

Carlopago

G u l f

Stenicnjak

Slunj

Zengg

eb

t

C

Raca

Mostar

Tr

N ov ig ra d

T rieste

a

Oe

n

ulp

A

p ad i uA g

o

Tg

Io

a

G

ulf s Aquileja Trieste of

padna

Győr

Crn

i

Venice

C a r n i o l a

Facsád

na

ina

C et

Agram S n A T oSpalato r c e l l o aAlmissa va a Zumberak

va

A

e

Salona

i

Za

Lake Fe r t ő Lippa

Partes Annexae

a

Ka

Klis

Trau

Rogosnizza

R

N e ret

av

C a r n i oI l a

na

Pi

Sinj

Belgrade

S

Cs all ókö z

Solymos

Versec

Galgó

T

Jenő j o Fülek DJenő o n Sa Desnye Ajnácskő a u Feh SomoskőLeith a Világos Köros

EgervárMehadia

Marburg

s

H A

s

Ikervár

Csep el Isl.

Du

po

ri

Sebenico

T

s

Pordenone

D

Scardona

ba

A

a S av

Zrínyivár

F e Drr ámv a a n Vr

Laibach

s

Terra

Ostrovica

Vrana

Vienna

Raab

va

K o lu b a r

- Kő r ö

Mezőso mlyó Somlyó

Dr

a

Biograd

Sa

Szegesd (F R E IS IN G ) La ac k Csurgó Kapos zo on Laibach v a s I Berzence Sa G ör z & Sarajevo G ra d iš ka Babócsa Szigetvár Pécs Li m

Titel

Zimony

Dráva

N)

Q u a r n e r o

nj

M

o BKanizsa (B RI XE

Travnik

St .A n dr aeSzabács

Lake Balaton

KomárKomár

na

V E N I Csáktornya CE

Zvonigrad

a

Kanizsa s

Jajca

La va n t

V el de s

6.10 - Situation 1577 - Ottoman Hungary continues to expand gradually. Knin Karin

Srebrenica

Karlóca

Graz

Almás Sebesvár

rc

Hatvan B é g a Répc T e Lugos em

M o r a v

Zrm

Sümeg

Peleske

ur

o

Novigrad

na

a

G

ete

Pest

Becskerek

s

Temesvár

Visegrád

Rákos Leoben BudaRá kos r i v eCsák r

i

D a nub Palota e

k Fe

GyulaDivény

A

K

Noni Obrovac

B os

C a r Egerszeg i n t h i a Sava

B M

Starigrad

L

Vasvár

Egervár

Kapornak

Marburg

Rmanj

(F R E IS IN G ) La ac k

s

a

Udbina

Dráva

Zara

ba

Bo Veszprém G ur sku t

Divény

Óbecse

na

Vr

Raab

Körmend

I

Esztergom

Gesztes

r

N

a

Drau

Ripac

y

Ikervár

r o l Lienz

Un

St .A n dr ae Gospic

Del de s A N)

T y

t

ina

La vaBihac nt

Pli tvi cka - Jez eraGolubic

Carlopago

Krupa

v a Gradiška

S

r

S e b e s - K ö rö

Wiener Neustadt

R

Seckau

Szentmarton Mur Pápa

Dr

K

CGRurOk A T I A

zá

Sana

Novi

Una

Cazin

Otočac

Kostajnica

Pedali Novi GrazNew

Todorovo

Croatian Border

Zengg

a

Mu

a

aca

bb Y K

Slunj

G

Ráb

Kőszeg

an

Kékkő a r Ság ma ly Szécsény t r élgye M aSág r oIsp Do Nagylak Arad Magyarkanizsa Gyarmat Hollókő Maro s Nógrád Csanád Szanda Párkány Vác Buják

Duna

Szepesvár

PartesNagyvárad Annexae

e

i

SALZBURG

Tata

T

a ySzékelyhid

m ellék a

ub

r

D Győr rá va

S a l z a c hRépc e

Ustilonja

Hrastovica

a lin

S

Ér

e

an

Glina Topusko

Gr

yj

D

Bovic

Sisak

Leoben Gora

Komárom

LC

N Szamos A I MKésmárkM O R A V I A

ér

Budački

Ogulin

Petrinja

A En n sU

Siklós

Raca

Pa

Szatmár

Va h

es

tCM u r y

Seckau O

Stenicnjak

Mohács

O

Tisa

Kalló

Gy

Tisa

ulp

A

A

S

S

R

No vig ra d

I

a

up a

I

R T

Lake Fe r t ő

THE

Danube

Érsekújvár

Cs all ókö z

Pécs

Huszt

B ODebrecen H E Ta t r a m o u n t a i n sT h Lőcse

OF

U

Komját

e

T

Szigetvár

s

ub

S

Hatvan

D

Nyitra

an

A En n sU

po

Leith a

Babócsa

Wiener Neustadt A Tyrol

Agram

va

un

H

Salzburg

Berzence

ad en

Tra

D

Sa

Zumberak

D o Kapos nau

Csurgó

B er ch te sg

C a r n i o l a

Vienna

Mezőkeresztes

LowerD a nUu p p e rs be K ő rö GalgócA u s t r i a

L a k eI Balaton c

r

Szegesd

Dráva

nn

KomárKomár

Kanizsa

P

Isl. B OCsep H Eel M IA

Palota

Passau

(Pa Oberndorfs)

Peleske

Kanizsa

Csáktornya Zrínyivár

s

En a S av

Sümeg

Mü hld or f Egerszeg (Sz b.) Kapornak

Inn

y

a Veszprém

Ka

Laibach

ha

Mor

Danube

ns

n

Vasvár

e

na

LowerD a nUu p p e rbe A u s Marburg t r i aM u r rau

yj

B A V Egervár A R I A

Raab

Dráva

RE ISTIN G) La ac k

D

Latorca

Nyaláb

Rákos

h

La va nt

St .A nd ra e

s

T

Ikervár

Körmend

Visegrád

a

Pápa

Isar

Graz

BOHEMIA

Gu rk

Kőszeg

THE

dr

Hollókő

na

OF

D o nau

Bo

r

Y

og

Somoskő

N BudaRákos AGesztes river I Pest M O R ALV IAA N M D S B O HSzentmarton EPASSAU Ráb

R

Fülek Sajo Ajnácskő

Szécsény

Du

Ly A rN Di Sa

Mur

Esztergom

Tata

etva

t

Leoben

Duna

er

S

Győr

Rép ce

A

W NS I L E Z I A O Nógrád R CVác SzandaBuják

Párkány

Ma

Se ck au

A

Z s i tv a

I

Divény

Kékkő

a r Ság ma y gel Ságt I p Dorél y

G

Divény

Gyarmat

Komárom

e

R

Lake Fe r t ő

ub

T

Gy

Érsekújvár

Csa llók öz

an

S

N

D

A En n sU

Waa

Komját

Leitha

Wiener Neustadt

Nyitra

U

a

n

Z s i tv a

bb Y

nau

Galgóc

G a ra

Do

g

h

H

Ma

Vienna

s

En

ns

n rau

rc

Danube

C

Szepesvár

a Gr

LowerD a nUu p p e rbe A u s t r i a

Lőcse

ya

G a ra

e

Va h

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Du

yj

ha

i

BOHEMIA

T

D

Késmárk

n

D

g

I AM O R A V I A B O H E M

THE

rva Mo

OF

rva Mo

L A N D S

Serifos

Spetsai

Marburg

(Livadion)

Paros

M

(Minoa)

Antiparos

Laibach

a S av

Kelapha 1568

Santorini

C a r n i o l a

Monemvasia

Szegesd

Kapos

Berzence

Babócsa Cerigo

Joseph Nasi dies Direct Ottoman rule

1579

D

A

•••

E U nAa

Pedali New Novi

M

K

K

Pl itv ick a - Je ze ra

E

Sana

Novi

Krupa

Vr

Ripac

ba

A

be

Paphos

N

s

S

na B os

Karin

a

a

C

D a nub

e

Karlóca

Titel

Szabács

Zimony

Dr

Sa

Belgrade Du

va

na

a

D ri na

s Li

a

na

Uva

na

Ceh

a

a r n i ca

so

vo

Ta r a Lim

Mor

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Whi t e D

a ro

im

Žabljak Up per Pul ati

Grbalj

Budua

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastrovići Bay of Spiz za

ar

Scutari

i

in

na

Black

Dr in

Adr i a t i c

Boja

in

Dulcigno

ri

Dr

A

iv nt

Dr

je

MONTENEGRO et a Spuž Cetinje

Perasto

L

Po l

Risan

B o c c h e d i C a t t a C a tt ro

74

ra

a

Cavtat ( Epidauros)

c

Ko

(Dubrovnik)

jic

)M or ava

ot

Herzegovina

isn

Z

RAGUSA

eb

an

ar

om

K

Tr

bi

Ib

t

Ta

N

er

a

S

sk

(S

in

Tr

i za

je ut

padna

m

Dri

Mostar eb

etva

Almissa

Za

er

Spalato

Salona

va

Trau

i

N e ret

Klis

i

A

Kas os

Cape

Becskerek

Sarajevo

Sinj

C et

Rogosnizza

(K

Óbecse Sideros

of y B a e llo b ira

K o lu b a r

n

Sebenico

I

Sca

t

s

Scardona

T

Csanád

ba

A

M

Bos

Travnik Knin

Ostrovica

Vrana

su

Vr

M

Biograd

Nagylak

na

o

Zrm

Jajca

Zvonigrad

nj

L

Obrovac

T

E A Bo

B

Noni

Novigrad

e t e

Limassol

Sava Srebrenica

6.15 - In 1584Starigrad the Ottomans invade Croatia from the area around Todorovo. Zara

Knossos

Famagusta

r

Rmanj

A

Spinalonga

Nicosia Heraklion Famagusta

CSphakia y p r u sC

a

Udbina

Gospic

a

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Kyrenia

Suda Rhetymno

Sphakiotes

Un

Carlopago

Suda Bay

áv

Ma

Under Egyptian (Ottoman) ”Suzerainty”

T roödos Mnts.

v a Gradiška

Bihac Golubic

N

Joseph Nasi dies Direct Ottoman rule

Du Gorg

A

zá

Dr

ar ia f S am

Otočac

Kostajnica

Todorovo

Cazin

R

Ustilonja

Chania

Kas os

Cape Sideros

of y B a e llo b ira

S

S

Knossos

Hrastovica

e t e

G

Slunj

Spinalonga

Santorini

Anafi

o

(Kar path os)

eo

Cl i n a r

Sphakia

C R OATIA

Gora

Glina Topusko

R

Heraklion Sisak

1579

G

Nisyros

os

(Megiste) Kastellorizo

S eSiklósa Sca rpa nto

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

E

K os

Stampalia

Rh od es

Pécs

s

Amor gos

Nios

Polyaigos

K ő rö

Tisa

T

N

Petrinja

Bovic

Sphakiotes

Croatian Border

Zengg

a

A

Ogulin ar ia f S am

E

C

Budački

Gorg

eo

N ov ig ra d

R

A

Suda Stenicnjak Rhetymno

O

up a

T

S u d a B a yu l p

Chania

G u l f o f A d a l i a Sikinos

Gulf of Mendel

Kaly mno s

( Duchy of Naxos )

6.14 - From 1579, the former DuchyfMohács of Naxos e Ottoman Empire. t the e of C ris part

I

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

Naxo s

Rh p od esFolegandros

Chalke

Szigetvár

S a Agram va Zumberak 6.13 - In 1579, upon the death of Joseph Nasi, the e C r Duket ofe Naxos, the Duchy comes under f o a e S direct Ottoman rule. Raca

I

Paros

(Minoa)

Sifnos

Telos

Cape Malia

Leros

Antiparos

Melos

Syme

Nisyros

Cape Matapan

o

Serifos

Gulf of Kos

Patm os

Delos

Hermupolis

Kimolos

Gulf of

Maina

Rinia

(Livadion)

K os

Laconia Csurgó

Anafi

E

Cape Malia

Zrínyivár

Dráva

Folegandros

KomárKomár

Tenos

Siros

Kaly mno s

o

Vath y

Ikaria

Myconos

Ka

nia

Melos

Zarnata

ta s

Monemvasia

Eur

Kanizsa

Samos

Cse pel Isl.

Kithnos

Balaton

Spetsai

G u l f o f Amor gos Kanizsa Messenia Csáktornya tampalia SPassavâ Nios Koroni

Sikinos

Polyaigos

M

SI N G ) of k ac

ur

Duchy Pylos of Naxos Methoni

Kimolos

Leros

Peleske

Gyaros

o f aMke ned e l a Gulf L

Misthra

Naxo s Kalamata

Keos Cape Sounion

Hydra

Kapornak

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Sifnos

Sümeg

Gulf of EgerszegPatm os N a u p l i a

Delos

Hermupolis

Gulf of A e g i n a

Nauplia

Burdshi

Egervár

Rinia

Siros

Dráva

Veszprém

( P e l o p o n n e s oVasvár s)

ios Myconos

Palota

es

St .A n dHydra ra e

r Iek a r i a a Körmend

Al p h e

Raab

Kithnos

Vath y

Andros

M e n d eGr eusl f o f

Petalia

S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Bay of Chesmé

m

Tenos

Gyaros

o

Ikervár

Athens

river

sa

Sounion

M

Korinthos Samos

Pest

and e r Me

Ti

Keos

L av C a pae n t

Pápa

Kalavryta

Andros Pi n e i o s Castel Tornese

Graz

Gulf of Petalia Zante

Szentmarton

Danu

Gulf of A e g i n a

A c h a i a

Corinth

Rákos

os

ina

Gulf of Nauplia

a

of Kőszeg

Bay of Chesmé

a

ip

aca

rdshi

n

S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

G ur k

i d s

Ráb

na

Nauplia

r lAthensa

Gulf

al

Korinthos

y I s

al

Mur

an

t

Eur

an

Patras

C

S

inth

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

Tata

A N A T OGesztes L I A BudaRá ko s C

Leoben

os

Te

épc C h i =Antirrhion os e

Ithaca

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Myconos Delos

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78

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an

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I

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Gulf

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Gulf of Patras

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Ithaca Cephalonia

M

n

a

e

g

e

Gulf of Vo l o s

s

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(Salamvrias)

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Holy Mount Athos

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ey

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l

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ei

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Bay of Va l o n a

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ti

l

t s .

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ares)

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g

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Cape Glossa or Linguetta

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s

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Partes Annexae

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t

Dr

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nj

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s

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B a n u s’ Border Petrinja

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i

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e

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es

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stria

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e

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Szegesd Csurgó

Dráva

Laack (FREISING)

zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Partes Annexae

Komár

Kanizsa

s am o

a

ur

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z

M

Ér

S

Marburg

Veldes (BRIXEN)

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Lake Balaton

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sa

t

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t

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re

n

i n t h i a

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Fehérvár

mos

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Annexae

Bre

a

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i

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a

ina

r

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Esztergom Visegrád

be

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an

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Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos Sikinos

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m be Danu

es m Te

o

x

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n

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in

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in

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Lake S c u t a ri

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a

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im

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sker

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vo

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o

n

(B

so

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n)

etva

a

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narea

garia

er

zn

Ko

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Bay of Spizza

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ar

a r n i ca

L

tar

a

be

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mok

Du

c

e

ul

ra

a

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a

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om

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b

dz

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de

o

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r

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a

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av

ina Dr

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Adrianople

sa

u t s. S e a Durazzo 7.2a - In the summer of 1593, Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha personally led a campaign against the Habsburgs, managing B to capture the fortress of Veszprém. This campaign marks the

E rgene

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op Gulf of Patras

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ip

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Gulf of

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iz

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os

al

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Gulf of

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a

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o

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Santa Maura (Levkas)

Dard ane lle s

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Holy Mount Athos

(Salamvrias)

s

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Pinios

E

l

Paxos

I o n i a n

ey

S u

Butrinto

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l

Saloniki

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Gulf of Orphani

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A

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M

a Crn

a

i n a

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Lake Tachino

on

ares)

Se

N e s to s

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m

Lake Prespa

ni

Lake Doiran

W

Bay of Va l o n a

R

M a c e d o n i a

Lake Ochrid

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Otranto

i

m

of

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

mb

(V ard

it ra St

A pulia

ku

ei

Sh

Axios

start of the Long War (1593-1606).

eka

on

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ut

ov

K

Pr

ld

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s

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eb

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r

s

na

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a

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Se

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s

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s Tr

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o

l y

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Partes Annexae

a

Za

i s sa eb

D

n

Bé ga

em

Ma

Facsád

Mezősoml yó

a av

S

Salona n a

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e

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k

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Szabács

ba

to

Lippa

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Spala

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Sinj

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s

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a

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aro s

ros

t

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i

a

t

i

o

a

n

s

Mehadia

B

nj

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zza

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Csák

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s

e

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e

re

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su

e

th

z

sna

a

s

a

Ostrovica

a

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- Kö

ros

Óbecse

Bo

Un

rin

Ma

Magyarkanizsa Csanád

a

Sava Srebrenica

brovac

Kolozsvár

M

Temesvár

D a nub

Bo

Maros

T r a n s y l v a n ia Feh

v a Gradiška

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zera

s

Jenő

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s ba

s am o

t e - Kő r ö s

ér

zá

Sana

ke

es

Una

m ellék

s

s

Mohács

áv

mos

Saxons

Partes Annexae

Szigetvár

M

S

po

Kapos

Si

t

Ér

Jase nov ac

Dub ica

Pru

n

Csepel Isl.

Fe

Szegesd Csurgó

B

Hotin

Annexae

Nagyvárad

Ustilonja

Pedali

D n je s t e r

l

u

T

a is

Tisa

a

Todorovo

Zrm

Sza

Komár

Sisak 1593

Kam ienie c Podo lski

a

r

Hatvan

K ő rö

Dr

Blin je

Mezőkeresztes

S

in Gl

Eger

Raca

Hrastovica

i

Tisa

S e b e s - K ö rö

Ka

a

Topusko

Hollókő

Buda

Fehérvár

Slavonian Border

Petrinja

l

o

ur

Bab ócsa

Gora Glina

u tu

Pr

Partes

Tisa

Szanda Buják

Vác

Gesztes Csákvár

Mor

Slavon.Border

S te n i c n j a k

Latorca

Somoskő

Szécsény

Esztergom Visegrád

Berzence

Bovic

y

Lake Balaton

Kanizsa

B a n u s’ Border

h

o

M

Pápa

Palota

Budački

el rég

Gyarmat Nógrád

Duna

Veszprém

Dráva

t

d

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e

a

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A

D

Párkány

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dr

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o

ol Ság

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r

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a

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C

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C O M M O N W E A L T H

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e

ha

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T

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OF

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a

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sa

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O

I

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P

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i

s

g

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m

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Sz

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Na

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Ma

S

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io

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h Ma

rva

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B a n u s’ Border

M

Szigetvár

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a

e

T r a no s s y l v a n i a

Un

yj

p

Kapos

Jenő

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S te n i c n j a k

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s Szegesd Csurgó

is u t a n h D a nub a t Partes Annexae Karlóca p Késmárk V a he V ersec Titel r Sava Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s a Srebrenica Bo Szabács T su A Szepesvár C has d C Lőcse r t a i s n aa b- After ya oVeszprém, B 7.3 The Habsburg and Ottoman armies then meet at the inconclusive Battle of Fehérvár r 7.2b the conquest of Koca Sinan Pasha also seizes the fortress of Palota. t a i c V Mehadia (Székesfehérvár) of 1593. r n ra Sava Zimony G p D Szabács Jajca Noni Novigrad Belgrade Srebrenica Obrovac SAN MARINO os B a Z a r ma Orsova n Zara A Tuscany Szörényvár Du rc D su n a v a v t H U N L S aBiograd G Karin Knin A R Y P A P A L

S

D

Ti

na

Du

L a

a

A N I B O H E M MORAVIA Du bic a

up a

R

C

No vi gr ad

A W NS I L E Z I O R

áv

F

es

C

Istria

os

Saxons

S

of

ek

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Feh

a

Dr

Ustilonja

zá

Ma Zumberak r

Csep el Isl.

s am o

Berzence

Magyarkanizsa Csanád

Mohács

G u l f

Lake Comacc h

Dráva

Tisa

e

Po

Jas en ov ac

f T riest e

Fehérvár

Komár

Kanizsa

C a r n i o l a

s Aquileja Trieste o

n

Hatvan

Buda

Veszprém

ér

o

g Adig

o

ur

Slavon.Border

Gulf

Vác

Lake S e b e s - K ö rö sBalaton

Laibach S a v a

e

Szigetvár

M

s K ő rö

Hollókő

Szanda Buják

Ti

av

Torcello

Ba

bó csa Venice

Raca

Marburg

A

Pi

Berzence Slavon.Border

Gesztes Csákvár

Mo r

m ellék

Somo

Szécsény

Annexae

Partes Annexae

Laack (FREISING)

s

os

Palota

y

Esztergom Visegrád

1593

Ér

St .A nd ra e

zo on Is G ör z & G ra di šk a

Pápa

Nagyvárad Raab

K

po

Kapos

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v Sa

a

na

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aca

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M

Dr

i

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s

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mb Szeben ku Sh

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e

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l n M t Se n a s. h i u B t a es

ta

n

S

m

a

a

Ma

a Partes Annexae A p u l i a

gy

Marits

M

Karánsebes

aro s

Na

o

es

Lake S c u t a ri

d

m

l k a n

Žabljak Upp er Pula ti

o

T

St

o

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im

h

a i cFacsád aln

g Lugos

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sa

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ol

be

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m

na

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narea

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rva

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ri

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80

D a nu

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Za

T r tivaari n s y S clu t avr i a n i

ru

Becskerek

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a

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v a Gradiška

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in

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Pr

Saxon

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7.4- In the aftermath of the Battle of in the northernmost part of the Ottoman territories, as well as Szeged and three other Óbecse towns in its vicinity.

B

a

Ta r a

Z

Feh

ra

MONTENEGRO er I s k e t a Spuž Cetinje

Bay of Spiz za

Va

Adr i a t i c

Black

Ustilonja

in

Dulcigno na Fehérvár, the B o j aHabsburgs reconquer several towns Dr áv a

1593

va

Mohács

in

Dr

ari tiv

An

K

ra

Bay of Spiz za Raca

Dr

Scutari

t e - Kő r ö

Annexae

a r n i ca

Perasto

ro C a tt a

ros n Csanád Magyarkanizsa

Ta

Uva

ot

a

( Epidauros)

ke

Ceh

a

Herzegovina jic

S (Dubrovnik) e b e s - K ö r öCavtat s

rös

Fe

sk

om

isn

Jenő

ri

tje

mos

Partes Annexae RAGUSA Mo

Lake S c u t a ri

Tisa

avonian Border

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Whi t e D

Ba bó csa

m ellék

eb

je

Ka

Slavon.Border

Z

Dráva

N

Tr

Ér

Po l

MONTENEGRO et a (Dubrovnik) Szegesd Spuž Cetinje Csurgó po Kapos s o Berzence tar Žabljak B o c c h e d i C a t t a C at ro Upp er Pul ati Szigetvár Budua Perasto

im

Su

Sza

Nagyvárad

vo

Lim

L Cavtat ( Epidauros)

i za

so

RAGUSA

To p l i c a

Kő

Ta r a

a

Komár

Kanizsa

(B

n)

a r n i ca

Herzegovina

jic

a

La gos ta

Ko

sn

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A d r Sinan i aPasha 7.6 - In 1594, the forces of Hoca t itookcTata, Győr (Raab), and Pápa. Jajca

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7.16 - In respons toRrhion the Ottoman campaign against Kanizsa, south S a v a the Habsburgs move Zimony Gulf Szabács Belgrade Jalo Patras Adr i a Srebrenica m and reconquer territory there. o f In 1604, in the north Grand Vizier Lala Mehmed Pasha- A a a Orsova n B a y o f C h e sDmué n Corinth t i c Szörényvár Du A c h a i a D a a unav I v v takes Vácg; on 25 September 1605, he also conquers back Esztergom. In November 1605, I sS a l a n d s Athens HS a Kalavryta Zi CAndros KorinthosW ul A A Castel Tornese he wanted tor crown the Prince of Transylvania István Bocskai as King of Hungary (exD L 7.15 In 1600, the Ottomans once again march on Kanizsa, retaking several towns the Zante Jajca Jajca Noni Noni Novigrad Obrovac Novigrad Obrovac SAN BMARINO os Bos Zrm Zcept rm M occupied o rs e directly a Zara Zara the regions by the Ottomans) and Transylvania at Rákos a a field. A a a Habsburgs had taken back in 1593 s Ar r r Tenos Tuscanybut not Kanizsa itself. Aegina K o lu b a K o lu b a (Peloponnesos) dz Karin Karin e Knin Knin Nauplia Biograd L Biograd L V S ed e Ostrovica Ostrovica Vrana Vrana D a n n e 85 a a M M Gyurgyevó k Scardona Scardona S e r b i a S e r b i mo Ancona i i padna A padna A (S (S Za Za Sebenico Sebenico er er Sinj Sinj Turnu Magurele bi bi a T a T er a er a Sava Srebrenica

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I beginningo of Salona 7.17 - Situation at the 1606. t Spala Trau

Partes Annexae

na

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Gulf of Nauplia

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Monemvasia Gulf of Laconia

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a

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ie

Annexae

Se

Mohács

Siklós

Feh

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Tisa

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et

s

a

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aro s

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s

s

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r oEmperor sign the second Treaty of Vienna, whichl u m T r o the Thirty Years’ War against the Habsburgs. The Dévathe Déva 8.8 - OnFacsád 8 May 1624, Bethlen and 8.7 - In Facsád 1619, Gábor BethlenZombor had joined MM a n n ta Ma i l l ko of Nikolsburg, signed on 31 December 1621, resulted in peace between Transylvania Al u ta Al u o o Temesvár B é confirmed the Treaty of Nikolsburg of 1621. Fogaras Fogaras S S B é g Treaty g a a x x to the throne of Hungary, rea a Kilia and Lugos the DHoly Lugos r á Roman Empire. Bethlen renounced his claimSzeben Szeben Brassó ´ Brassó ´ va T Eszék em ceiving in return the Emperor’s guarantee that the conditions of the 1606 Treaty of VienR i m Óbecse Csák na ran c h Karánsebes Karánsebes na would be implemented, including freedom of worship for Protestants in Transylvania. a B ili

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es

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ri

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padna

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e er

bi

an

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b

i90 a

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a

j Zi

ul

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dz

e

mok

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a

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mits

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ul

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r

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SZATMÁR S z ( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o (Temporary

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re

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(Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to

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ub

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an

Annexae

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Latorca (Temporary to Trans.) (Lifelong Fülek Sajo Kékkő to G.Bethlen) Komját G y Ság Nyaláb Huszt ar ma UGOCSA Somoskő BORSOD Szécsény tI p o l y Érsekújvár sal lók öz (Temporary (Lifelong (Lifelong Tokaj to (to G.Bethlen) Trans.) Trans.) (Tokaj a s i T to G.Bethlen) (Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to Drégely Hollókő Mezőkeresztes Nógrád Tisa Szanda Párkány Komárom V Ecsed ác SZABOLCS Buják a D u n(”Eternally” elong to G. Bethlen) to Trans. Nagybánya Esztergom Szatmár Kalló őr Hatvan Visegrád Tata SZATMÁR S z 1620 Felsőbánya ( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o s (Temporary Rák os r i v e r Gesztes Debrecen Jászberény Pest Szentmarton

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(”Eternally” to Trans.

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i

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dr

ar ia f S am

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eo

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1621

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Matthias Rudolf

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1617

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8.6b - Situation N 1621

Direct Ottoman rule

Sz

W SN ILEZIA R O

AC

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Santorini

•••

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Cape Malia

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ina

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Kimolos

Gulf of Mendela

Leros

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hra

Eur

Ikaria

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Gyaros

Cape Sounion

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Samos

Keos

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Nauplia

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Andro s

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf

and e r

Me

na

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e M

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ru

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a

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1620

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in

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Bay of Spizza

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Nagyvárad

t us a wasDurazzo 8.11a - In 1645, the Cretan War (1645-1669) begins fleet ESr gee n eb e s - K ö r . with the arrival of an Ottoman 8.10 - On 16 December 1645, the TreatySofeLinz signed between Emperor Ferdinand B Ev ro a Egerszeg and György in the Gulf of Chania on 23 June 1645. The Ottoman troops land to the west of Chania, III, as King of Hungary, Rákóczi, the Prince Kapornak Lake L a k eof Transylvania. In April 1643, Doiran Sr which they immediately and conquered on 22 August. The town of Kissamos Rákóczi, with Ottoman support, had formed anBalliance with Sweden and France against Lake alaton M a c e d o n i a besieged Ochrid Peleske Lake rös on Simontormya ő K Lake was occupied in March 1646, followed by Aprikorno in July, Milopotamo in September, the Habsburgs. Although Rákóczi had some military success, he soon agreed to negoTachino M ur and Rethymno in November. - Kő r ö tiations. In return for his withdrawal, Rákóczi and his sons receivedS two inheritable r M aM ete Komár s k n t e counties, as well as five for life. A Kanizsa A p u l i a F Pettau Kalocsa Thessaloniki Saseno Gallipoli Cape Glossa or Linguetta Dr áCsáktornya KINGDOM of va s A Szászvár Szekszárd NAPLES km Otranto Szegesd ia Kapos (Span. Jenő Al Cs ta

n

Zante

sa Zenta

ta

o

Gulf of

op

Aspr

Eszék

N Lamia

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al

an

Gulf of Patras

Bács

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A c h a i a Pi n e i o s

91

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese

M

o

Sporades e ti

g Ca

r o na

l

p

o

n

ic

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oia ) ip

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Besika Bay

Maro

s

R

a eTemesvár T

Gulf of Edremid

Lippa

ros

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Bé ga

Psara

t e

Eur

Gulf of

n

Nagylak

Northern

(E Óbecse ub

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

P

a

Csanád

em

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Gulf of Smyrna

Ged

Becskerek

Corinth

PéterváradKorinthos

r Dea n au b

Athens

of Chesmé Mezős B a yomlyó

Saronic

Karlóca

Gulf or

Gulf of Petalia

Keos

Andros

Partes Samos Vathy

Tenos

iz

Karánsebes

C h i o s

os

es

Vonitza

Sperchei

mos

o

a n d s

M

m

Du Gulf of Arta

Ithaca Cephalonia

er

on

na a

Ti

l

S u

áv

Santa Maura (Levkas)

Magyarkanizsa

Te

a

b

l

I

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e

g

e

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es

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ey

al

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v a Gradiška

v a ll

Gulf of Vo l o s

Patras

I s l

pe

Feh

an

a

New Novi

Dubica

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s ineio

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C

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zá

Požega

Preveza

Dr

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Tisa

Kostajnica

Gulf of Kasandra

s

Ustilonja

Parga

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Gulf of Saros

ér

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sa

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it

Bli nje

na

m

tr

i

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S

Gl

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Sisak

Gulf of

Mohács

l

Glina Topusko

Gora

Baja

na

va

a

Bovic

ki

Paxos

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B a n u s’ Border Petrinja

t e s i o

Goumenitza

Ca

Raca

ak

Corfu

Slavonian Border

Sa

Au lp

Pécs

rfu

Corfu

Butrinto

P h t ilia

Co

Zagreb

T

is

Babócsa

Gulf of Orphani

Saloniki

Szigetvár

Annexae

W

Matthias

Lake Ostrovo

K apo

Berzence

Bay of Va l o n a

ei

a

i i

ares)

e

m

o a nt Otr

ur gó

Bourbon)

k

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of

s

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M

a

i

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mb

n

ku

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it ra St

Marburg Marburg

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i

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a

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1619

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Leith a

Salona n a

Alm W.Neustadt

n

s

to

i

Spala

I

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Klis

C et

T

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Annexae

Koroni

ba

Sebenico Rogosnizza Trau

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M

Scardona

A

Galgóc

Knin

a

Vrana

G u l fa v S ao f Messenia

o A l u t a Fogaras Késmárk Tenos

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a

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s 8.9 - SituationVienna 1629-1640 Ostrovica

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V ersec

M o r a v

Zvonigrad

a

Karin

Biograd

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o

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Va h

Karánsebes

Spetsai Kalamata Zimony

Cape Sounion

s

n

Ged

v

rc

Titel

Gulf of A e g i n a

x

Keosa

Bay of Chesmé

Andros

s

S

L

Segesvár

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ta s

B Rmanj

Novigrad

Zara

B a y o f Navarino Navarino Srebrenica

Starigrad

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H

a

wer-

Udbina

Gospic

Karlóca

e

t

Hungary: Matthias Sava

Un

Carlopago

na B os

su

or

Mezősomly ó

Gulf of Nauplia

K ü k ü llő gy

A Gulf of Smyrna

r

th

s

D a nub Bo

Csák

Burdshi

Becskerek

Pétervárad

Matthias Rudolf

em Nauplia

Na

Gyulafehérvár

Aegina

Lugos

T

O

S z e k e l y

aro s

Se

h

ba

Austria proper: Matthias

Óbecse

P

M

o

D

re

Vr

Ripac

Temesvár B é ga

C h i o s

Gulf of Petalia

Déva a r o M

M

Se

Bihac

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

Matthias

Novi

a

Maros

T r a n s y l v a n Marosvásárhely ia

Athens Gulf

Facsád

a

ut

New Novi

Koba š y aBohemia:

Saronic

Psara

Kolozsvár

os

L

Pr

ySja n a e

hei

Bács

v a Gradiška

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ros

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et

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o

p Partes

C aS e b e s - K öo rön s na l

t e - Kő r ö s

e

S

E s

a

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ke

t

s

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a

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re

ov

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áv

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bo

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e

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ld

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ti

es

i

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na

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r o

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n

va

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Glina

Topusko

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g

m ellék

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al

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a

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e

t Annexae ( E u eSebesvár

s

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ABaja c h a i

Castel Tornese Zlin

Siklós

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B a n u s’ Border

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R OF

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an

a

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Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

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T

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up a

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a n d s

Slavonian Border

Lamia

i

I

N o r t h e r n Annexae

an

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N

l

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Tisa

( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o s (Temporary

Gulf of

u

o

Besika Bay

(”Eternally” to Trans. Nagybánya Szatmár

ér

Rann Rann

Zumberak

C

I s l Matthias

G u l fs o f Szekszárd

Szászvár

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n i o l a

ovi gra d

Szegesd

Csur gó

Partes

C

a

Laibach a v a S

(SZABOLCS Gulf Lifelongofto G. Bethlen) Kalló Vo l o s

o

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Annexae

Ecsed

Debrecen

Szolnok

Kalocsa

K apo

Cephalonia áCsáktornya v

Csepel Isl.

Simontormya

Ithaca

Komár

Kanizsa

Dr

Matthias

ck (FREISING)

Lake Balaton

Tisa

Pr

d

i

ur

Pettau

Cilli

Kapornak Peleske

UGOCSA

(Temporary (Lifelong Trans.) (toG.Bethlen) to Trans.)

n

h

o

tu l

a

XEN)

M

Sperchei

P

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AN D

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t

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Jászberény

mos

ta

Fehérvár

river

M

SZABOLCS

Hatvan

Latorca BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Nyaláb Huszt

Tokaj (Tokaj (Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to

BORSOD

Buják

1620

Pest

Vonitza

Ikervár

Egerszeg

Radkersburg

Visegrád

BudaRáko s

Gesztes

Hollókő Szanda

c

E

BORSOD (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Mezőkeresztes

(”Eternally” to Trans. (”Eternally” Munkács to Trans.

t

n

Dráva

Somoskő

a

e

g

e

A

Bethlen)

a

P O L A N D

u

St.Andrae

Sajo

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og dr Regéc (ABAUJ Bo Lifelong to G. Sárospatak

ABAUJ

s i oFülek

Y

UNG

p

Bug

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o

I o n i a n

Vá

R

Kassa

Partes

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Nógrád

Duna

Szentmarton Gulf of Arta Pápa

Körmend

Raab

Párkány

Tata

Preveza

Szombathely

Fürstenfeld Fürstenfeld

Lavant

a

A

s

I o n i a n Graz

Gurk

Ráb

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a

Pine

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a r Ság ma tI p o l y

Esztergom

Győr

pce

v

pe

r

M

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Paxos Ré

Hartberg Hartberg

i

Gy

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e

r

ub

y

r

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a

str

n

l

Mu

A

ZEMPLEN (Lifelong to G. Bethlen) Eperjes

Pinios (Salamvrias)

y alle

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an

Lake Fe r t ő

Leoben

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t

I

G

M e lMu enlau n Paa sPa s ss

D

na

R

Komját

Goumenitza Csal lóköz

Ca

T

N

1621

n

C

C O M M O N W E A L T H Dnie

a

rfu

W.Neustadt

l

1619

Leitha

a Gr

Zólyom Nyitra

Mo

bb Y

Co

onau

Saloniki

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D

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

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i

Corfu D

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Ma

Vienna

s

En

ns

Danube

Ht e s i o

g

h

Butrinto rc

P h t ilia

Gulf of Szepesvár

Hungary: Matthias

N

Bártfa

be

a b

l

p e rLowerA u s t r i a

Ta t r a m o u n t a i n s

Matthias Rudolf

Matthias

A

•••

e

Austria proper: Matthias

Va h

Késmárk

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

n

yj

y aBohemia:

L

Sa

D

ha

MORAVIA

sa

BOHEMIA

T

O

km

ia Al

it

THE

Zlin

tr

M B O H E

is

Brünn

P

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

W

OF

N

I A

W SN ILEZIA R O

C

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A

A N D S

S

Lake Ostrovo

ti

s

a

o a nt Otr

Bay of Va l o n a

Budweis

res)

m

of

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ni

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

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it ra

respa

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g Vá

g Waa

h

m

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na

z

d

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l

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av

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a

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s

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áv

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t

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r

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I

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r

n d ža

ba

s

na B os

Gulf of Burgas

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a

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s

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to

i

ic

a

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t

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o f

Büy ük Çek me ce Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

na

iss

O

Constantinople a

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Alm

A

KINGDOM of NAPLES Sarajevo (Span. Bourbon)

n

Dri

I

Klis

AA p u l i a

s

Scardona

T

Bos

Travnik

Famagusta

Ostrovicai

Rogosnizza Trau

na

ndga Tu

Knin

Sebenico

A

N

Zvonigrad Nicosia

etva

a

Tr

92

A

g

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Zrm

er

ML

os KasZara

Starigrad

Novigrad

M

Noni

er

ndga

Tu

s

Q u a r n e r o

D

ic

er

M

ç e rn a

h

K apo

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nc

t

a

va

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va

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s

es

ba

m

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ic

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sa

sa

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a

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i

A

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s

a

b

a

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ba

i

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e

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i

n

tr

ub

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v a Gradiška ˇ

C et

a

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aS

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t us .

Sr

Lake Tachino

an

A

a

8.15a - Situation 1649 on

isn

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Szigetvár

Vr

n

Dubica

o

a

M

zá

New Novi

ar

i

ta

eb

Požega

Jasenovac

M

n

es

ea

Marits

N e s to s

o

Lake Doiran

e

M

d

p

B

E m

e

T

ei

c

ka

(V ard

Lake Prespa

a

E A Axios

M

OS

Ancona

A

Lake Ochrid

Re

e t e

M

T

ar

m

Se

S

8.14 - Situation 1648

r

Knossos

Ustilonja

Pedali

Cazin

a

rd

i

N

T

Cape Sideros

Bra

Rmanj

nj

Va

in

b um

A

a

S

C

Sphakia

Dr

E

lnic

o

ga

of y B a e llo b ira

d

Sphakiotes

D

e

s Szekszárd

Szászvár um

Dr

Kostajnica

1641

Spinalonga

o

Tuscany

MARINO Heraklion

h

ar ia f S am

T

SAN Rhetymno

St

Udbina

Gospic (Kar path os)

rg

N

Tr

B

Suda

ma

eo

Gorg

Suda Bay

ru

Chania

O

Black

N

Gulf of Chania

Raca

Blin je

a od es Rh

Ripac

Sca rpa nto

R

in

in

Slavonian Border

Krupa

tvi cka - Jez era

eo

Simontormya

a lKl uamp To s ra ia n

Berzence

Famagusta

in Gl

a

os Gramvousa K i s s a m Bay r

dr i a t i c

t r aTopusko

Bihac

Carlopago

i za

Lake Balaton

Babócsa

Hrastovica

Gora

Glina

Otočac

AC r e t e

of

S e a

Whi t e D

Dr

Ravenna

je

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

io

D

Po l

im

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Un

P A P A L

vo

rigo m

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eb

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SzegesdV

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e ub

San i n sa a t M o Pliu n

l k a n

V e n i c e

i

va

Lake Comacc h

so

n

S t. G

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Sisak

Rh od es

Fehérvár

Veszprém

B a n u s’ Border

Todorovo

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ra

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1617

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Branch

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f Adalia G u l f oPetrinja

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Jan

V

i

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Komár

Matthias

S te n i c n j a k

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Dunai

ssa

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Nicosia

T

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ran c h a B

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áCsáktornya va

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i

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S

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Direct Ottoman rule

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os

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o

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ze

n

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Tr a i a n u m

Tata

a

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ur

Dr

T roödos Mnts. n Du

O

RS y m e

A

C y p r u s

Gulf of Kos up a

ar

Cape Malia

k

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Stampalia

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M

Ráb

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Pettau

Turnu Magurele

Amor gos

Polyaigos Sikinos

Marburg

Matthias A rd

Zumberak

I

u

Jalo d ei trs a anm Me

Gyurgyevó

K os

za

B

1621

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Sinj

Klis Kőszeg Spala

A

(Kar path os) Cilli

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Bu

s

Győr

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Raab

I Marburg

Rann Rann

r

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C a Gru l f no f Mi e nod e l al a

Scardona R épc e

Fürstenfeld Fürstenfeld

de Kas os

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T rieste

EDuchA y of Naxo s

n)

Ib

a

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s

Bos Travnik Érsekújvár

Sopron

T

ba

Jajca Komját

Csa llók öz

Lake

Rogosnizza Trau

Vr

1619

Knin

i l l ko

Bender

Galgóc

B

s Aquileja Trieste of

a

nau

Kob aš

Nyitra

R i mSebenico na

A

M en d e r e s Sca rpa nto

Laibach Ve S a v a

8.13 - In 1647 the Ottomans manage to the entire island of Crete, except Suda, P o conquer Folegandros To p l i c a o fin Venetian hands. Santorini Spinalonga, and the city of Heraklion, which remained r Iske

f of conia

Sh

Leros

v

Melos

Sideros Patm os

Gulf

C

aa

A dKimolos ig e

o

g

of y B a e llo b a ir

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Radkersburg

Laack (FREISING)

Ikaria

Sa

(B

Antiparos

M

n

o

Vath y

a

S

Sifnos

garia

Monemvasia

a

i

H

Ostrovica F e r t ő

Hartberg Hartberg Gulf of Adalia

H

I

Leitha Zvonigrad

Zrm

Požega

va

N

zn

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Seckau

A

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M

CRIMEAN

Zlin

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Ju

Delos

lo CT o r c erl Paros e t e

Venice

IM A

a

ta s

A

a

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Samos

zo on Is G ör z & Spinalonga G ra di šk a Cape

Myconos Rinia Heraklion

mok

Hermupolis

Serifos

Sphakia

rav

Siros

L

A

ul

t

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a

Zi

Vienna

a Karin W.Neustadt

Biograd

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Ol

n)

Rhetymno

i

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R

Mu

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Ferma

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e

ia

T Tenos erra

Suda

av

rb

C r e t e V E N I CW E

Keos

b

Bodrum

L

Brassó Gulf ´ of Kos

K os

Bay of Chesmé

Andros

S u d a B a yGyaros

ul

E

ac

Gorg

T

Fogaras

s

MS t a m p a l i a

Szörényvár

Pi

Spetsai

e Hydra r

ar ia f S am

padna (S Za e

a

eo

S

Gulf of Nauplia

N

Gulf of

Gulf of A e g i n a C h Ca anpi ea Chania Sounion

S

Novigrad

Zara

St.Andrae

Orsova

of

Gulf of Petalia

os Gramvousa Koi sr s a m Bay Aegina

Nauplia

Burdshi

Gulf

S e a

M o r a v

K o lu b

Saronic

Dunav

Kaly mno Ancona Szeben

Un

Korinthos

Mehadia

h

na Du Athens

Ao n n s U

Ss e a

G u l f o f M e n d e ll at

Al u ta

au t

Belgrade

a

a ar

os

al

v Sa

ip

1617

an

orinth

Eur

Folegandros

C

Zimony

x

a

Noni

A

Segesvár

n

Gospic

1641

Starigrad

OF W SN ILEZ R O

C

Hungary: Matthias

rc

v

n

rigo

Annexae

V ersec

i a )Direct Ottoman rule

D

A

Novi U n Matthias

M

a

Titel

Cape Malia

k e l y

KH

Pedali

Bihac Matthias Austria proper: r Pli tvi ckae a-nJez d eera Ripac

Danube

Eu r SM o ut i z n tr y r Syme aG u lonf f Ged a i s o r y s i i n s 8.12 -NSituation 1647 Psara t h Telos Smyrna TSantorini y r o l Lienzp a r Anafi Drau Gurk C a Lavant C h i o s Chalke C a r i n t h i a Nios

Polyaigos Sikinos

Partes

S

a

E

Kostajnica

Krupa

Udbina

S

Szigetvá

r

N

Ustilonja

Blin je

in

Cazin

nj

Karlóca

t e (E ub o

al

e

of Naxo s

K ü k ü llő

gy

Leros

S A L Z B U RAmor GTgos

Karánsebes Kimolos Duch y

Mezősom Melos lyó

p

8.11bC-a n“Linz”o1645 n ti

dremid G u l f o f E Patm os

S a lz a c h

S

Na

Gora

Otočac

p e rLowers Carlopago n A u M es d te r e r i a

st

New Novi

e

th

an

Salzburg

yj

re

g

At r o Monemvasia al

R

Naxo s

Antiparos

Lugos

un

Zengg

Se

ab e

e Becskerek

Paros

Sifnos

S pCsák orades

M

Vath y

Tra

SAN MARINO Gyulafehérvár

l os TTy yr rool Déva ar

SerifosFacsád

em

Tuscany Delos

aro s

A

Lamia

rvárad f of conia

Hermupolis

Lippa

es

ta s

N

Siros

s

Bé ga

Óbecse

I

Rinia

NTemesvár orthern T

Be rc htMyconos es ga de n

T

Gulf of Spetsai Vo l o s

ros

Pr

Tisa

Zenta

P

Maro

Hydra Csanád

n

- Kö

M

Ikaria

Besika Bay

S

M

Magyarkanizsa Gulf of Nauplia

a

Kithnos

Adr i a t Si z ce

Hrastovica

Todorovo

D

ie

A A E M I Jasenovac M O R zAá V I A B O H v a Gradiška T Dubica ha V Sana Matthias Rudolf ay aBohemia: Gl

et

Burdshi

ka

F

eh Gyaros

D a n uU p be

Dard ane lle s

T r a n s y l v a nSamos ia Marosvásárhely

Desnye Tenos

a

e

g

e

Szeged Gulf of A e g i n a C a p e Nauplia Sounion Ma ros Nagylak

Jenő

ér

A

Keos

Passau

Kapos

Babócsa

Kremsier

Sisak

Petrinja

Brünn a

Topusko

Se THE r

ov

or

Aegina

Maros

Szamosujvár

Dn

Slavonian Border

B a n u s’ Border

Glina

M

OF

Szegesd

Csu rgó

Raca

Bovic

Ogulin

ld

Gulf

Andros

ik iğ i r l

T

s

Saronic

V e n i c e

áCsáktornya va

B ug

Komár

Kanizsa

s

S te n i c n j a k

Croatian Border

Lake Balaton

Iuzh

Matthias

B o s p o r u sZagreb

Budački

Co

No vi gr ad

BOHEMIA

mé n C h e s(Pa Ravenna B a y o fKolozsvár Mü hld orf (Sz b.) n Oberndors) f I

Inn

ma r m rBudweis M aM

L A N D S

Beszterce

a Gallipoli

s

Rann Rann

L Au lp O Gulf of Ismid a p u D R

n

al

Pinios (Salamvrias)

F

Gulf of Petalia

PASSAU m os

Gulf of Saros

Lake C o m aAlmás cchio

t e - Kő r ö s

Saxon

Kapornak

Berzence

i

an

Athens

Korinthos

e ek

r a o f M a r m o S e a Mountain I Gse dti z rWhite i a a r aa r a

Gulf of Smyrna

of

B ASebesvár V A R I A

Annexae

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

os

s

Büy ük Çek me ce Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

a

s

S e b e s - K ö rö

C

K ő rö

Go ur li fn tohf

ip

Isar

C h i o s

O

ur

Dr

re t MConstantinople

1620 Battle of the

G u l f

M

Sümeg

Peleske

Pettau

Zumberak

t

Eur

Partes

Nagyvárad

Si

Felsőbánya

D o nau

P A P A L

oia )

C a r n i o l a

Gulf

T rieste

Annexae

Egerszeg

Marburg Marburg

Vesz

O Egervár FVasvár

Bug

e

Pr

n

ub

m ellék

a

e

Po Psara

Székelyhid

Laibach a v a S uth

u

Thessaloniki

Ér

o Is G ör z & G ra di šk a

o

(

n

G u l ft oef E Orphani

SZATMÁR S z

Adig

Hotin

E rgene

Körmend

L I T H U A N IA

Matthias

B

Laack (FREISING)

Szentmarto Pápa

Ikervár

A NRadkersburg D

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

a

o nz

Hereditary Hereditarytoto G.Bethlen

( Lifelong totoG.Trans.) Bethlen) a m o s (Temporary

e

o

o

g

i

a

Szombathely

Cilli D n je s t e r

s Aquileja Trieste of

n

l

M

o

Venice

(”Eternally” to Trans. Nagybánya Szatmár

S

E

a

ik

St.Andrae

Veldes (BRIXEN)

o

n

es)

p

l

E v r o Tisa

d

tu l

a

C

Debrecen

F eh r m a

o

i

Lifelong to G. Bethlen) Kalló

P

u Pr

Adrianople

Partes Gulf of Edremid

AnnexaeT o r c e l l o

Ecsed

N (SZABOLCS orthern

e

SZABOLCS

R av

ti

r o

I

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an

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(Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to

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m al

g

Terra

it

ar

M

ei

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lf of

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l

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Lake S p o r a d e s Tachino

on

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Jászberény lf of Lamia

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iğ i r l

Dráva P O L A N D

Dard ane lle s

a

i

Fürstenfeld

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Latorca sa BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) BEREG (Lifelong rda Pordenone to G.Bethlen) A Nyaláb Huszt

tu

n

BORSOD

Sr

n

a

Regéc (ABAUJ Bo Lifelong to G. Sárospatak

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p

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Gulf of

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mountains

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r aa r a r ma ram M aM

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D

n

ThessalonikiKésmárk

A

Sa

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Gulf of Orphani

i n s a t M No u n T y rol

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m

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SALZBURG

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r Lake Tachino

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bi

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i

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Gulf of Orphani

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Gulf of Saros

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18 2 9

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Saseno Bay of Va l o n a

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ka

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Lake Ochrid

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Cape Glossa or Linguetta

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Annexae

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a n h i t a r p a C

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Kapornak

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i

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river

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UGOCSA (Temporary (Lifelong UGOCSA (toG.Bethlen) to Trans.) Trans.)

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u Pr

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Esztergom

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Tokaj (Tokaj (Temporary to Trans.) Trans.) ”Eternally” to

sa

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Komárom

Hollókő Szanda

Partes

Ti

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an

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Latorca BEREG (Temporary to Trans.) BEREG (Lifelong to G.Bethlen) Nyaláb Huszt

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t

(”Eternally” to Trans. (”Eternally” Munkács to Trans.

o

n

Érsekújvár

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Sajo

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OF THE

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x

a

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s

n

o

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Akkerman

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Partes Annexae

V ersec

Titel

TATARS

J e d i s a n

Karánsebes

Gradiška

Pedali

KHANATE

a

Segesvár

Gyulafehérvár Csanád

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B a n u s’ Border

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A

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Partes Annexae

Szigetvár

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Nagyvárad

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Kamien iec Podolsk i

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S e b e sFehérvár - K ö rö s Palota

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9.5 - Situation 1659K o l u b a r

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11

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58 16 Csák

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to plunder Fehérvár, the centre of government. By this time Rákoczy had fled, and the Gyurgyevó Grand Vizier was ordered to return home because of a revolt in Anatolia. He therefore Turnu Magurele appointed Akos Barcsay as Prince of Transylvania on the condition that the area would a rea Dun pay the annual poll-tax toD uthe sultan and hand over the the fortresses of Karánsebes n and Lugos. Dnie

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s

Knin

Vrana Ostrovica Scardona

A

D

Karin

Biograd

Marmara

A pulia Saseno

Thessaloniki

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Otranto

Gallipoli

A

Butrinto

Corfu

Corfu

l

Zara

M

W

a

L

Szörényvár

Jajca

t e s i o

M e l u n a Pa s s

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A

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Adakale Orsova

l

A Ancona

o

S T

SAN MARINO

Noni

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j

B

D

Zimony

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Srebrenica

b

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Mezősomlyó

Pedali

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Croatian Border

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B a n u s’ Border

Stenicnjak Budački

Lippa

d

I

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u

T

Mohács

Raca

B

A

Slavonian Border

z

Partes Annexae

Magyarkanizsa

Zumberak

Aquileja Trieste

h

s

Görz & Grad iška

Istria

Tuscany

KHANATE

a

z

Torcello

L

Nagyvárad

C a r n i o l a Venice

O

s

i

Lavant

s

S

Ferma 1

e

Saxons

Annexae

ZAPOROZHIAN COSSACKS

B

b

Kőszeg

L I T H U A N I A)

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

Annexae

VENICE Pordenone

i

M

St.Andrae

Veldes (BRIXEN)

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l

Partes

Nyaláb

Graz

C a r i n t h i a

o

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S

o

Hotin

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C O M M O N W E A L T H

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Salzburg

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(Szb.)

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E

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M

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Santa Maura Levkas Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

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P

I

R

E

Northern Sporades

eg ro po nt e (E ub

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Athens

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Castel Tornese

M

oia )

A N A T O L I A

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r

e

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Samos Vathy

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(Peloponnesos)

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Ikaria

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Gyaros

Kithnos

Rinia

Myconos

Siros

Delos

Hermupolis

Serifos

Kalamata

Pylos Methoni

Kalymnos

Amorgos

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Polyaigos

Melos

Gulf of Kos

K os

Stampalia

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Sikinos

Folegandros

Maina

Mendelia

Bodrum Naxos

Sifnos

Koroni

Gulf of

Leros

Antiparos

Navarino

Patmos

Paros

Misthra

Nisyros Santorini

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Rhode s

Telos

Anafi Chalke

Rhod es

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Cerigo

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Rhetymno

eo

Gorg

ar ia f S am

Sphakiotes

Sphakia

103

Heraklion •••

Mühld orf

P

N I A B O H E M

BOHEMIA

B A V A R I A

W NS I L E Z I A R O

Spinalonga

Kasos

Nicosia

Knossos

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Cyprus

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t

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tu l

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Sz

t

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un

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ç e rn a

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n

104

R

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ea

Bu

Ar

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10.2 - Situation 1674

a

ri

´

so

in

Whi t e D

)M or av

b

n

o

n)

Ko M o r a v

r

x

M

Al

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v

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ar Dunav

Pe B i sc s ka a tr i ca

a

s u ta

a n h i t a r p a C

ul

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h

a

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Du

S

mok

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th

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zn

ut

(Partes Annexae)

elgrade

os

Karánsebes

Ju

A

K RH A N A T E

r

re

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r Ma

Lugos

a v alyó Mezősom

ek

K ü k ü llő

st

Pr

em

L

i l l ko

Se

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a

et

an

T

i

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A

C

t

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es

b Csáki

b

ul

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er

r

gy

r

s

apadna ( S

e

a

a

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s

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s

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o

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l y

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aro s

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ie

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a

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T r a n s Szörényvár y l v a n ia Orsova

k

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s

a

s

a - Kő u n kete rö s

O

S o u t h e r n Bug

M

e

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t

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Mehadia

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s

t

COSSACKS

Alt

s

Al u ta

ov

s am o

S

ő rö

re

B ug

e

s

h

ld

m ellék

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Zimony

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n

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S e b e s - K ö rö

x

i a n h a t S a x o n sr p C a

mos

(Partes Annexae)

Ér

n

o M

Annexae

B t Pru

u

Titel

a

ZAPOROZHIAN

D n je s t e r

o

lóca

Sza

Mezőso mlyó

K ü k ü llő gy

Hotin

Tisa

Karánsebes

Na

1673

M

Becskerek

a

s

S

A

n

Lugos

es

Csák

é ga

M

i

Iuzh

s

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T i s aB

em

Partes

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n

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Nyaláb

l

(A N D

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

l

a

Temesvár

P

o

I

i

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Latorca

d

r

OB u Fg

l y

g

o

V

e

ro

tu ru

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a Partes Annexae t h

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a

Csanád

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ros

k

R

p

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A

Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99

C O M M O N W E A L T H

str

i

e

A

r

- Kö

ér

Magyarkanizsa

a

Feh

M “P Ra rIoNs C I P A L I T Y”

L Y’S

Dnie

D

t

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Szepesvár

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Poland and Lithuania were forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans and Podolia was ceded M a r oPoland to the Turks. In 1673, occupied Hotin, which had remained in Moldovian hands, s but the Ottomans captured the important fortress in the next year.

T r a n s y l v a n ia Buczacz

M

S

n

őcse

D

L

ld

s am o

Żurawno

O

Dn

ut

Annexae

m ellék

t e - Kő r ö s

t

n

Sa

Késmárk

ke

re

s

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Saxons

10.1 - The Polish-Ottoman War (1672-1676). August 1672, an Ottoman army led by S e b e sOn - K ö18 rö s Grand Vizier Ahmed Köprülü, laid siege to Kamieniec Podolski until its capitulation on 27 August. The Ottomans then occupied Podolia, bringing the Ottoman Empire beyond rös K őL the River Dnjester. This led to the Treaty of Buczacz, signed on 16 or 18 October 1672. A Fe

s

Pr

mos

Nagyvárad

N

e

th

o

Partes

Si

M

Ér

O

M

Annexae Sza

B

Hotin

a

Tisa

LITHUA

Kam ien iec Pod ols ki

a

i

Partes

Nyaláb

(A N D

j

A

p

P O L A N D

u

G

r

str

r

“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”

a

Pruth

T H Ö K Ö L Y’S

Dnie

OB u Fg

b

C

Szepesvár

C O M M O N W E A L T H

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o

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n

Késmárk

D

D

Sa

N

a k

A

h

L

u

O

Marits

a

i

ndga

P

a

Gulf of Burg

P

O

L

A

Sa

N

Lőcse

n

Késmárk

D

Żurawno

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Szepesvár

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R

d Bo

o

ro

a

r

p

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str

t

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h

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tr

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b

ov

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OF THE

a

h

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KHANATE

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e

T r a n s y l v a n ia

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a

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a

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is

n

k

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M

S

ke

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ld

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t

n

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m ellék S e b e s - K ö rö

s

u

Saxons

COSSACKS S o u t h e r n Bug

e

h

o

mos

Nagyvárad

K ő rö

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re

M

Partes

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Si

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D n je s t e r

Hotin

Annexae Sza

Ér

1673

l u tu

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Iuzh

B ug

a

Partes

Tisa

(A N D

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

i

1676

Nyaláb

OB u Fg

ie

“P R I N C I P A L I T Y”

Dnie

Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99

C O M M O N W E A L T H

ny

K Ö L Y’S

Buczacz

te

r

e

ecskerek

a k z d

l

ra ia n u m mT

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Kilia

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na Ki

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a

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re

t

Ju

zn

a

s

(B

st

Du

nar

Du

tr

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et

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aj e

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Tu

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a

s

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N

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli Ç.

u

d

d

a Gulf of Saloniki

Ar

eo

A

10.4 - Between 1676 and 1681, a Russo-Turkish War was fought over control over the Rightbank ipart of Ukraine. The Ottoman-supported Hetman (leader) of the Cossacks, Petro Adrianople ts a da A rDoroshenko, was opposed by Ivan Samoilovich, the Hetman of Left-bank Ukraine, who was supported by Russia. In 1676, Doroshenko managed to conquer the city of Chyhyryn, e n e and forced him to withdraw. The Ottomans but his rivals besieged the the rus E r gcity B o s p o joined E v r o an army under Ibrahim Pasha arrived at Chyhyryn on 4 August 1677. On conflict when Constantinople 29 August, Ibrahim Pasha was forced to retreat, but in July 1678 an army led by Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha besieged Chyhyryn once more, occupying it on 11 August 1678. Büy ük Çek mec e ece e k mrepel Kü ç ü k Çto The Russians withdrew over the Dnjepr and managed attacks from Crimean Gulf of Ismid a r o the conflict signed the Treaty m in Tatars in 1679 and 1680. On 3 JanuaryS1681, the parties r a M f o a e a r a official border between Ottoman and of Bahçesaray, which made the River Dnjepr M a r m the Russian territories.

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

iğ i r l

105

Sus

it

km

j

tr

ia

B

D u n a rea

a

on

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Al

t s. N e s to s

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Branch

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Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

g

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h

W

A

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n

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ares)

Lake Ostrovo

Ki

m

au

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M

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Sr

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Lake Doiran Brăila

Lake M a c e d o n i a Ochrid a i n sL a k e B Presp a

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v

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p

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re

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ga

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tra

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sker

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OF THE

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b

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mits

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th

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i

Pru

aB

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b

rav

B ug

D n je s t e r

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r

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L

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ul

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1673

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r

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ina

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Szörényvár

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D

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Cossack territory in the western Ukraine, as far as 50 km. from Kiev under : Ottoman protectorate 1672/’76 - 1681 Russian protectorate 1681 - 1699 Polish sovereignty Sovereignty after 1699 L I T Podolia H U A N =IOttoman A) 1672 -1684/’99

OB u Fg

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a

P O L A N D

I

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Akkerman

unai Sul lina a i byn the Battle of Żurawno (25 September - 14 October 1676), h iexpense of Poland were halted 10.3 - The Ottoman at whichS uwas concluded by the Truce of t the Bu (Partes Annexae)attempts to expand further a za p u V ersec Żurawno three days later. Poland no longer had to pay tribute to the Ottomans and regained some of the territories it had lost in 1672. r

Te

el

em

ro

Lugos

es

Csák

Ma

Facsád

Bé ga

D n ie s te r L im a n

v

T

K ü k ü llő

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gy

re

s

Na

Partes Annexae

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Csanád

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s

ros

anizsa

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l y

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A

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p

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mos

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Saxons

Annexae

m ellék

s am o

Sz

e

T

sa Ti

na Du

Óbecse

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Karlóca

Titel

V ersec

Dunav

Dri

Orsova

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Adakale Szörényvár

W

a

Ve

de

nar

Turnu Magurele

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(B

Mo ra

B

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Whi t e D

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106

St

R

in

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ma

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Bay of Spizz a

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Belgrade

n Du

padna (S Za

N

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Szabács

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ina

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(Partes Annexae)

m su

e

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Partes Annexae

Facsád

Bé ga

em

ros

Lippa

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Csák

S

Bo

Su

k

s

Tisa

a

Srebrenica

i za

e

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Temesvár

Sava

eb

t z

Maro

Csanád

na B os

i

S

ros

va

n

T r a n s y l v a n ia

t e - Kő r ö s

Feh

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s

ke

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Ma

Magyarkanizsa

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Maros

M

Raca

as

s

s

Mohács

b Vr

n

Ka

po

áv

i

l

s Fe

Dr

l

u

K ő rö

nian Border

o

o

Ér

S e b e s - K ö rö

10.5 - Situation 1683

d

M

Csep el Isl.

Lake Balaton

Kapos

u tu

Annexae Sza

Nagyvárad

zá

h

Buda

Kőszeg

Pr

o

Tisa

Rák os r i v e r

a

t

Partes

Tisa

Visegrád

Duna

P O P

a

Latorca

Ip o ly

str

n

an

Z s i tv a

r

Nyaláb

Rép ce

Ráb

a

1676

Érsekújvár

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11. 1683 – 1699 OF

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Athens

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108 Titel

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S z a Ottoman presence in Dalmatia, 11.2b - The defeat at Vienna signalled the end of the mos e where large-scale popular insurrections broke out. Before the end of the year 1683, the i Gulf of Turks Saseno had lost Skradin, Karin, Vrana, Benkovac, Obrovac and Drniš, retaining only Knin Valona Partes Thessaloniki Saxon Kanina and Sinj. É

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Rák os 11.2a - The Second Siege of Vienna was ended, after two months, by the Battle r i v e r of the Buda Ráb a Pest Kahlenberg on 11 and 12 September 1683. The Ottoman invaders were met by the comH u n g a r y A pulia bined forces of the HolyKőszeg Roman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, led Ikervár FehérvárLeague” defeated the army of by the King of Poland, Jan Sobieski III. The so-called “Holy Csepe l Isl. V eszp rém Körmend KINGDOM of Vasvár Mustafa Pasha. Grand Vizier Merzifonlu Kara NAPLES

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Suda o Chania 114.c - In 1684, Venice joined the Great Turkish War. In the summer, a Venetian fleet cappA N Gulf Rrhion tured the island of Levkas after the town R had been bombarded for 16 days. The Venetians of es e Rhetymno é t m s e h C a Bay of Corinth i a took Preveza a also R and Vonitza, and attacked Mesologi, precipitating the Morean War Sphakiau Navar Kalavryta Athens AAndros B P (1684-1699). AroundKorinthos this time a revolt began in the Mani. Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

M

Al p h e

of

(B

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a

Va

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o

Al p h e

Sporades

n

A c h

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

P

ri

Patras

p Tu r a n dža C

Lamia

Salona

(Serb. Patriarchate)

a e hgi e t a

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Lake Scutari

)

an

MS e ga

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im

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d

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zn

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it

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11.4b - On the Croatian front, the Ottomans suffered various raids in the course of Durazzo 1684. Castel Tornese Zante

Dr

Salona

Gulf of Patras

a n d s

o

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Cephalonia

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o

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in

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AS eda r i a t i c

(Serb. Patriarchate)

a

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

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a

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Gulf of Orphani

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tiv

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(Salamvrias)

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ios Pine

va

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p

ta

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Gulf of Kasandra

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im

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t

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so

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pe

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Bay of Spizz aVonitza ri

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l

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o

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MONTENEGRO

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(Salamvrias)

t i Cat he d

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Meluna Pass

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mos D u n a v ta Golubac

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ll e y

ey

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ar

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ro

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m

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p Tem

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a laor n i k i So m ni

Tr

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na

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na

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ni

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t

m

va

ri m

C a p eVrgorac Glossa or Linguetta

Tr

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ga

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im

Lake Prespa

Metkovic

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Belgrade

I o n i a n

ML a

a

Valona Saseno Klobuk

o a n t O t r

A

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

T

Sa

Uva

Ceh

ka

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Mezősom lyó(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

G u la n f of Arta Du SmederevoVonitza Santa Maura (Levkas)

I o n i av a n

Skopje

Lake Ochrid

Ljubuski i za N

é ga

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Zimony

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to

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su

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n

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in

V rlik a

in

Bo

Sava Srebrenica

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s

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ri

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a

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o

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Žabljak Upper Pulati

B

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Sta rig rad

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Lake Scutari

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nj

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(Serb. Patriarchate)

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Bay of Spizza

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ra

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ar C att

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(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

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t e I ssk e r i o Butrinto Becskerek

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D

de 11.4a - On 27 JuneAS1684, Vác was taken by Habsburge hforces, who occupied Pest three days( S e r b i 11.3 - Having suffered heavy losses before Vienna, the Ottoman army retreatedT througha Sinj e Gyurgyevó an Szig etvá r Arad - K öi r o Li Ma Kükü )M Lake m Babócsa s gy E m o k siege n i r o Buda later. The first of started soon afterwards. The Austrian forces managedG uto Pécs Rogosnizza a or N a Hungary to Buda, with the Poles in close pursuit. The two armies met between 7 and 9 Medgyes Trau t lo Ostrovo i s n ava Sebenico padna A p u l i a n l f f o a a Magyarkanizsa T o Z ( a Annexae Orphani alat Valona Buda, but a TurkishS prelief Turnu Magurele army forced thePartes Habsburgs to withdraw on M aeventually October 1683Sinjat the Battle of Parkány.Slavonian The Ottomans won the first stage ofS e rthe battle, but Sasenooccupy Thessaloniki bi a ros A Border an iss Li Mohács narea Csanád Alm )M Sava i Cape Glossa m I Kanina Du Rogosnizza al o r forceso r L i n g u e t t a 30 October 1684. Lippa Siklós Trauthe second. lost Jan Sobieski III captured Párkány on 9 October, while Habsburg Zenta ava s Du C aT r n i ot o l o naa Szászszebes T ro KINGDOM of Bay of a A Ma S p a l a and took Esztergom on 26 October 1683. A Valona Facsád besieged NAPLES k Otranto a ssa o ATlo i Temesvár lp li lm S k (Span. u A A le A l f f o u G K x I a Dr Bourbon) Lugos B

Mor

En

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p r Bih ac Plitv icka - Jeze C ara

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ub

x

a

s

n

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i a n t h a L I TpH U A N I A) r c Podo V a hlski a ienie C Kam Tatra mountains

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n

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Belgrade

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Tuscany

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t a i Ka t r S

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A n Mezősomly Csepe l óIsl.

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Lake Balaton Sa

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Croatian Border

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(Serb. Patriarchate)

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Topusko

Zenta

Késmárk

Tatra mountains

Bovic

Budački

Croatian Border

r n e r o

Kahlenberg

V e n i c e

R

C

No vig rad

Vah

ulp

Stenicnjak

S

e r - of

O

up a

er

ya

Istria

A

Vá

M O R A V I A

K

e

ha

a

T

Z s i tv

G u l f

yj

a

D

Medgyes

Tisa

THE

Mohács

Siklós

T

os

Magyarkanizsa

n

OF

Sava

E CM a r n i o l a B O H

of T rieste

Slavonian Border

Sa

s Aquileja Trieste

n

o

o

g

K

e

N

I A

Gulf

Sphakiotes

Sph

es m Te

sa

Ti

Ti es m Te

Sz Bre

sa Ti

t

Ol

Crn

a

l

S u

l

Ti

m

on

b

ç e rn a

i

a

n

ina Dr

o Asp

Bre

aca

a

i

Crn

a

n

Korinthos

io

s

o

d

e

B

a

Lake Doiran

Sr

i

n

a

(V ard ares)

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Kalamata

l

m

tr it

sa

i

Eur

l

E Meluna Pass

Tem

( S a l aMatapan mvrias)

Cerigo

D

A

I

rfu

Ca na

T

l

Paxos Venice, Malta

Parga Arta

E

E

Gulf or

Athen

u

Aegina

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Cape Malia

P i n i o s Cape

Co

Goumenitza

e

Saronic

e

e i o s the Venetians advanced on Kalamata. Corfu 11.6b - In August 1685, the Ottomans lost Koroni P i n and

111

p

ta

i

Gulf of Aegina

Gulf of Kasandra

l o nai ki in a S aM

va pe

o

Eur

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Laconia

Gulf of

Porto Kayio

t e s i o

O

o n t ( E M ae ub o

Gulf of Orphani

o

Passavâ Kelapha

lley

p

Lake Tachino

Thessaloniki

Koroni

on

is

Al

Gulf of No anu p l i a

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

ak

o l

tas

W

M

o a n t O t r

Pylos Methoni

Kanina

es

r na

Nauplia m

e

r

o

ei

c

g Ca

M

Al p h e

ti

d

of

Kalavryta

M

e

an

Corinth

Axios

a

M

al

o

Gulf

A c h a i a

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Corfu

At

h

a

ica l nRrhion ga

ar

a

N Lamia

M

Spo

R

T

um

rd

a

b

o

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Patras

ka

M

a l k a n

Gulf of Volos

r Salona

T

Re

t

B

g

e

A

r Iske

Gulf of

Mesolongi

D

(Salamvrias)

E St

Gulf of uHnaag ri

Pinios

ley

Castel Tornese

A

Gulf of Orpha

Gulf of Kasandra

s

mos

Pi n e i o s

Lake Ochrid

L

Ol

val

pe

ios

S p erchei

Gulf of Patras

Valona

P h t ilia

m

Tem

rop

be

Danu

ç e rn a

ina aca

Mor

a

M

ta

Lake Tachino

on

A

ul

ares)

Pine

Se

Butrinto

Zi

Gulf of

va

Mor

O M

Sr

a

ei

(V ard

na

d

o

es

k

ra

ta

Ithaca Skopje

bi

ni

W

i

Niš

Va

m

Axios

etva

o

ar

er

A

h

a

rd

ia

Meluna Pass

Gulf of Arta

Zante

S u

I

Dr

G a ra

m

A

Du

na

bb

Y

K

R

um

K

va

Va

u a r n e r o

ra

ér

sa

Al

n

ku

Lake Doiran

n

je Preveza

a n d s

m

of

Bay of Valona

T

o

x

Vidin

(B

ri

i t r a S t Otranto

o

d

Szörényvár

Arta

Lake Prespa

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

e

Parga

O

Cephalonia

I s l

Durazzo

Saseno

a

in

in

S e a

Sh

A pulia

zn

t e s i o

D

S e a

Ju

Vonitza

Black

A d r i a t i c

ava

Santa Maura (Levkas) r

in

Dulcigno na Boja

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

P Venice, Malta c B i ePope, Toscane st ska ri ca

Scutari

ari

a

Saloniki

Toplica

(Serb. Patriarchate)

I o n i a n

Dr

tiv

Adakale

mok

it

im

Lake Scutari

An

c

Mo

L

I o n i Da n r

Budua

)M or

Peć

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

ttaro

S

r

Thessaloniki

Pol

o

Bay of Spizz a

11.6a - Events 1685

Spuž

Szászszebes

St

a n h i t a r p a C

Lake Ostrovo

vo

Cetinje

L Golubac ake Prespa

Goumenitza

Paxos

Lim

Spuž

a

lnic

so

Ca e di

Corfu

l

h Bocc

et a

an

Whi t e D

ar C att

Perasto

bi

P h t ilia

Tara

MONTENEGRO

Risan

er

Butrinto

ot

a r n ica

Z

RAGUSA

(S

c

Corfu

a

v

Orsova

tr

Uva

a

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

A

padna

m

v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks

ti

Ko

om

eb

Za

na

Tr

s

)

K

o

ni

M

Duna

ar

ov

k y Kü

B

a

Ca

op

na D u Lake Ochrid Smederevo

Se

rfu

K P

ka Mehadia Re

Kanina

Bay of Valona

ra

ga

Versec

Co

Metkovic

lek

ro

Karánsebes

Mezősom lyó

arian

Ta

Ma

T

Skopje

es

Ib

t

Gabela

em

Lugos

ulg

ka

T

Bé ga

is

jes

Medgyes N a g

Facsád

Temesvár

O

a l k a

aros

Partes Annexae

W

t Su

s

s

i Belgrade

mb

a

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

ku

ra

in

Vrgorac

Ceh

- Köro

M o r a v

Klobuk

Sh

va

a

na

a

Duare

Titel Szalánkemén

m

ri

a

Li

na

iss

Tr

A

on n a a

Otranto

Dri

I

Alm

va

Sp

o alat

ti

T

al

S

Rogosnizza Trau

i

Neret

Arad

n

Csák

Zimony

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

o a n t O t r

Sinj

Klis

Ce

A

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

B

Lippa

Valona

Saseno

s

n

T r a n I ss y l

Mitrovica

Sa

D

V rlik a

Sebenico

in

Óbecse

e Karlóca

K o lu b a

of

ba

M

Vr

Sca rdo na

s

A pulia

s

Vrana

Bo

ker

Mo

t

i t r a S t

Nadin

Biograd

Jajca

o

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

a

L

Klicevac

Novigrad

s

Niš

)

B

Zara

arian

Q

ulg

a

A

Sta rig rad

nj

S e a

Nona(Nin)

ri

Feh

je

Un

D

Dr

Pétervárad D a nub

s am o

M

Maro

Becskerek

Durazzo

Sava Srebrenica

Annexae

T o p l-iKc őa rö te ke s

Csanád

Scutari

ari

Saxo

k

Fe

n

su

Ju m e ll é zn a Nagyvárad (B

ri

Bo

S e a

na B os

Ér

Pol

tiv

va

D

s ba

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Lake Scutari

An

Partes ra

vo

Eszék

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Whi t e D

a

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Žabljak Zenta Uppe r Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

)M o

Peć

Black

Vr

Spuž

o ar Mohács C a tatr o Catt Budua

Ma

in

B. Gra d .

Bih ac

Ba g

Cetinje

L Szeged im

Spuž

Tisa

áv

et a

A d r i a t i c

z

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

B. Kos t New Nov i

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era

Perasto

Dr

Ped ali

Todorovo

Ze ng g

Jas. Pala nka

S

Croatian Border

i he d

Lim

Dulcigno na Boja

Jas eno vac

s

Tara

MONTENEGRO

Risan

an

so

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat Pécs

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica

bi

Gyula

os

A

ul

Annexae

c

K őrö

Zi

Sza m m o k o s Vidin

Ko

RAGUSA

Szig etvá r

Gora

a

in Gl

er

a r n ica

Z

Topusko

Ka

a

Slavonian Border

Petrinja Hrastovica

om

W

a

S e b e s - K ö rö

ra

Partes

Tisa

ot

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr zp e g o Niks

Siklós

Glina

Ta

K

Dr

Bovic

Ceh

a

(S

k

Kapos

Babócsa

sk

padna

m Uva

vo

Tr

Csurgó

tje

av

ar

po

Bocc

Stenicnjak

Csepe l Isl.

Y

Mehadia

Latorca MunkácsAdakale Orsova Szörényvár Dun

Ib

Kle

Po

ulp

Budački

Za

a

t

Metkovic

T

A

Hatvan

Li

R

g

Golubac

a K o l u b a rEger

Buják

in

Su

a

O

R

C

No vig rad

Klobuk

Tr

a

Egerszeg Kapornak Vrgorac

Dráva

Sava

up a

Z s i tv n a a

Vasvár Duare Sümeg

s s a Egervár

Bo

na Du Smederevo

o dr

Tisa

Hollókő

Pest

a

V eszp rém

Berzence

C a r n i o l a

tria

Waa

on n a a

S ava

e

g

rch

Ma Ikervár

Kanizsa

Varasd

i Fehérvár

Neret

Gabela

Veldes (BRIXEN) Laack (FREISING)

Buda

y

Ljubuski eb Lake B ai zlaa t o n Kula Norin N

A

ur

r

)

M o r a v

i

I

n

Belgrade

a av

S

Szécsény

Vác

A

Zimony

Sajo

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

a

g

n

ely

na

i Alm

u

G

Mitrovica

Dri

Körmend to Spala

Győr

ti

Raab

S

T

al

Ce

Rogosnizza Trau

a

ég

Nógrád

Párkány

e Karlóca

Titel ’S “ P R I N C I Versec P A L I T Y” H Ö K Ö L YSzalánkemén

na

Kőszeg Klis

M

c

Ráb

H

Sinj

t

t

ri

V rlik a

oly

Dr

Duna

va

A

Dráva

o nz so Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Rép ce

Sebenico

St.Andrae

i n t h i a

s

Érsekújvár

s Bo

ma

(T

D

M

a n Jajca ub e

ar

Ip

s

y

Sca rdo na

r

Gurk

Lake Fertő

Vrana

Gy

ba

ur

t

Klicevac

Sava Srebrenica

Vr

Seckau Mu r

UM R G

D

su

N

Csa llók öz

o

Ancona

L

Biograd

U Komját

Leitha

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

Nadin

H

a

ns

Zara

Novigrad

nau

nj

A

S e a S En

Sta rig rad

Nona(Nin)

Bo

sna

D a nub

Bo

a

D

s ba

an

str

a h i r P Op aL t A N p r C a a t u Pr h

a

i

A u s t r i a

Do

B

s

Vienna

Gr

etva

ns

a

En

Un

nube D aBa g

Vr

rva

Q

be

t i c

Bih ac Kahlenberg

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

C

Mezősom lyó

Szepesvár

Lőcse

z

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Lower-

Linz

un Tra

R A V I A O nka Ms. Pala

h ajica y

B. Kos ta New Nov i

Mo

U p p e r-

T ePed ali

er

Ze ng g

u a r n e r o

nu

)

yj

Todorovo

S

Da

Passau

i Icn n e

D

Croatian Border

BOHEMIA

Gulf of Volos

M

e

g

S

P

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Northe

C

Crn

be

Danu

Arta

na

K

Cetinje

o

rop

Asp im

Spuž

o

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Pi n e i o s

Lake Scutari

ri

Sz

Gulf of Nauplia

ar

a

i n

a

b

l

o

is tr it

sa

P h t ilia

Passavâ k

ia Kelapha Al

Gulf of

rfu

Ca

Cape ios P i n e Matapan

l

D

Paxos Venice, Malta

Parga Arta

ley

E

u

M

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Cape Malia

A

Cerigo

Goumenitza

na

112

e

Lake Tachino

on

Gulf of

Laconia al ev

Corfu 11.7b - Situation 1686

p

ta

Monemvasia

p Meluna Pass em Porto T Kayio

Co

E

Corfu

t e s i o

o

Sr

a

Thessaloniki

Maina Butrinto

O

M

W

A

i

ares)

Eur

Lake Doiran

n

(V ard

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf Lake of Ostrovo Messenia

Koroni

o

d

m

e

ei

c

tas

Pylos Methoni

es

eka

aritsa

Gulf of Aegin

B Axios

Kanina

Kalamata

Lake Prespa

a

M

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

a

M

Lake Ochrid

R

T

Nauplia

ica

Gulf or

M Aegina

d

ln ga

r

o

T

St

rd

bi

m

of

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Valona

M o

Saronic

h

s

Va

i t r a S t Saseno

o narea n t (E ub Du

l

R

Skopje

a

n

um

Se B a y o f Navarino ni Navarino ti

A pulia

O

ri

Durazzo k Sh

Otranto

io

e

a

Al p h e

r

o

n

D

S e a

p

r

Korinthos

Black

A d r i a t i c

11.7a - The Second Siege of Buda started in the middle of June 1686.

in

in

Dulcigno na Boja

na

o

Ath

um

tiv

M

Dr

An

Dr

Scutari

ari

Ca

r

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

taro i Cat he d Budua

Bay of Spizz a

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

on m

es

m

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Mor

aca

L

Spuž

ti

g

a l k a n

je

et a

Pol

Bocc

Perasto

Whi t e D

ar C att

Zante

MONTENEGRO

Risan

B

Corinth

vo

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Z

a RAGUSA n d s

Lim

an

Iske

of

A c Pećh a i a

Tara

a

Gulf

so

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks

al

e

Sp

Eu

va

Patras

a r n ica

At

Vidin

(B

Ko

Tr

om

Lamia

Salona a

Toplica

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

k

vo

zn

ra

po

Ju

Mo

Kle

Po

N

L

A

ul

)

Metkovic

ra

o

Zi

Bre

etva

er

Ta

W

mok

ava

M o

Szörényvár

Gulf of

ar

Gabela

Orsova

v

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion Niš

Mesolon gi

ot

)M or

e

M

Gulf of Adakale Volos

Golubac

Ib

Cephalonia

I s l

Ceh

ka

c

an

Al u ta

arian

jes

bi

a

t Su

in

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

Duna

A

a

n

o

x

ulg

na

Ithaca

Klobuk Vrgorac

t

A

Uva

Dri

Alm

er

m

a

Duare

Tr

SI e a a iss

Li

(S

S

t

on n a a

i

ti

to

va

S

Spala

Neret

Ce

al

(Levkas)

E

S p erchei

padna

Szászszebes

a n h i t a r p a C

a

Za

ro

k ü llő y Kü

Ol

Sinj

Klis

na Du Smederevo

ra

Ma

s

IAo n i a n T

na

s

Santa SantanMaura Maura

Sebenico

t

ri

V rlik a

Rogosnizza Trau

Vonitza

( S a l a m v r i a s )s

Facsád

Mehadia

os am

K o lu b a

ba

Sca rdo na

Vr

M

Vrana

Gulf of Arta

Bo

D

s

a

Biograd

s Preveza

Sa

i n i o sAnnexae PPartes

ley

Karánsebes

Versec

M o r a v

I o n i a n o

Nadin

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

es

Belgrade

va

Medgyes N a g

Lugos

Mitrovica

Dr

B

Novigrad

nj

L

Klicevac

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane Jajca

Sta rig rad

Bé ga

s

Mezősom lyó

Titel Szalánkemén

Zimony

- Köro

o Ha

G u lrfo so f a KMa s a n d r a

on

a

Sava Srebrenica

t

em

m

Paxos

Un

Nona(Nin)

s Becskerek n e i o Pi

e Karlóca

Orph

s am o

Ol

Parga

su

S aGxu ol f no

T r a n s y lG uvl f

Saloniki

val Lippa pe m e T

a

b

D a nub Bo

T

Csák

Óbecse

na B os

l

Vr

as

s

Meluna Pass

Pétervárad

Lake Tachino

Tisa

s

s

ç e rn a

Eszék

on

Annexae Thessaloniki

Ti

a

l

K

Du

na

Q

l

Ca

Bih ac

Ba g

áv

l

mos

Gulf of

Temesvár

Goumenitza

B. Gra d .

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Maro

Te

z

S

Ze ng g

Zenta

Jas. Pala nka

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

B. Kos t New Nov i

t e -Kőr ö

Feh

Crn

Kos tan jica

Ped ali

ros Csanád

Jas eno vac

rfu

Corfu

Todorovo

Corfu

Ustilonja

ke

Arad

S u

Petrinja Hrastovica

Fe

Magyarkanizsa

Co

G

a lin

Ma

ina

Glina

Topusko

Dr

S u

Gora

Bovic

na

A I

K

P h t ilia

ak l i Gyula

Szeged

Mohács

Siklós

Butrinto

Stenicnjak

Pécs

t e s i o

Slavonian Border

ulp

Budački

Szig etvá r

s

sa

po

Partes

u tu

Annexae

mellék

ér

A

Plit vic ka - Jez era

e a

s

A

Tisa

R

C

Zara

sa

G a ra

a

Z s i tv

Kapos

Babócsa

T

Croatian Border

A

K őrö

a

Sza

S e b e s - K ö rö

Ti

Csurgó

a

O

up a

D

Ti

a

b

a

m

Ér

sa

C a r n i o l a

Tisa

Nagyvárad

Berzence

Sava

i

n

h

Partes

Csepe l Isl.

Lake Balaton

Sr

Pr

t

g

n

s bb

Y

l

Lake Ostrovo

it

Dráva

S ava

u a r n e r o

Pest

Kanizsa

Varasd

o

Sümeg

Egervár

Egerszeg Kapornak

Ka

Laack (FREISING)

d

L aMunkács ke Doiran

t

P

n

Hatvan

tr

A

V eszp rém

e

Y Latorca

Eger

Buják

is

ur

Hollókő

c

W

M

Buda

y Fehérvár

Vasvár

a

Bay of Valona

Otranto Veldes (BRIXEN)

Körmend

Kanina

i

o a n t O t r

Dráva

ti

Szécsény

LNógrád ake PVác respa

Duna

a

M

ely

Bo

R

g

B

a

ni

ég

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

a

g

n

t

Sajo

o dr

ares)

u

ly

Dr

A

(V ard

Raab

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

No vig rad

Se

a

ma

Párkány

Győr

a

of

St.Andrae

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Lake Fertő

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sa

Ti

Du

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Gulf of Volos

s

aros

Medgyes N a g

k y Kü

Partes Annexae Lippa

Ma

Facsád

Bé ga

Lugos

es

Gulf of

Karánsebes

Lamia

ro

s

Szászszebes

Óbecse

S

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e

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es m

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t

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Sz

sa Ti

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Asp

e

s am o

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va a A S Vidin Korinthos S a r o n i c G u l f

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na

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Gulf of Kasandra

Annexae

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Gulf of Arta

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Annexae

s ineio

Siklós

Tisa

Ustilonja

Cephalonia

B

Un

Nadin

Preveza

G uT ils fa o f

Pécs

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t

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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

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tan jica PeKosda li

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Berzence

I o n i a n Plit vic ka - Jez era

A

Petrinja Hrastovica

Todorovo Todorovo

Hatvan

Kő

po

str

a

Saloniki

Csepe l Isl.

Babócsa

Kapos

Petrinja Hrastovica

Gora

in Gl

Berzence

B

od

Poland stops paying tr C O M M 1684. the OttomansDin nie

Helen Zrinyi

g ro

Eger

Buják

Pest

S

Z e n gg

a lin GGlina a

Topusko

Croatian Border Ze ng g

Glina

Bovic

Vác

Cse pel Isl. C

R

ak

i Al

Kapos

Ka

R

Gora

Topusko

Stenicnjak

Hollókő

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Buda

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l

Border Croatian No vig rad C

Paxos Slavonian Border

T Bovic

Budački

ely

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

y

Sajo

na

O

ly

t

Ca

up a

Ipo

t e s Csurgó i o r

Parga

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I Ao n i a n ulp

ma

A

Goumenitza Slavonian Border Kanizsa Dráva

Sava

Stenicnjak

Budački

ar

Duna

Lake Balaton

rfu

C tria

gr a d

ur

Varasd

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a

R

A

Egerszeg Kapornak

a

C a r n i

l a oO

Corfu Co

a

T

Laack (FREISING)

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i

n i o l a

up a

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Corfu

Sava

S ava

Butrinto

a

g

n

P h t ilia

r Raab

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Z s i tv

i rva

Kőszeg

Körmend

St.Andrae

M

D Bag

n

a

b

rch Ráb

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Lake B a l aton Dr ég

Párkány

Győr

Ikervár

Dráva

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Kanizsa

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bb

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En

Ma

l

ns

y

Gy

Érsekújvár e

Rép ce

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Lake Tach

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Mur

Lake Fertő

an

a

i

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Csa llók öz

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SING) URG

U

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AM

Vienna

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V es zp rém

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Késmárk Fehérvár

Vah

is

Bay of

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y

e

E

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Kahlenberg Kanina

a

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of Dráva

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ha

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U p p e r-Saseno r RL o w e Valona St.Andrae aab Linz

o nz so Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

E SM B O H e

THE

Lak e W N O R árid ROch bSaI L E

Kőszeg I A

m

r

OF

Da

I

)

Rép ce

Párkány

eka

Hollókő

Nógrád

(V ard

i t r a S t

lia

BOHEMIA

e

Győr

N

L A N D S

nn

i mb

y

PASSAU

Passau

ku

Sh

t

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ub

Axios

S

Durazzo

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S e a

an

Lake Fertő

e

unar

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oDr

s o Zrm T B oU v Duare Aegina Ju alat S pZvonigrad zn ac a a a a s s r Nadin (B i m Al Karin K o lu b a Gulf of Ae A l p h eforces from entering the city at the beginning Klobuk Nauplia C e h not prevent the Habsburg 11.8a - An Ottoman reliefI army arrived at Buda Vrgorac in the middle of August 1686, but it could of September. Eger Knin io ot ka Ljubuski Ostrovica jes s t eb Niš Su surrounding area was controlled by the Austrians. Biogradand Hatvan remained in Ottoman i za Ta A hands, but the Kula ra Norin N Vrana Gabela Toplica Gulf of r Metkovic K l e k Iske Po Sc ar do na cevac K po Nauplia om vo a r n i c a V rl ik a Tr B e Dri

na

ra

va

Bre

aca

Mor

a

i

es

o

p

ta

B

e

u

Ib

Laconia

M

etva

d

er

o

Monemvasia

Porto Kayio

ka

Ma

O

h

Gulf of

R

a

er M bi a

k

a

K

(V ard

a

ares)

b

a

ca

l

of

Valona Kanina

m

Lake Ochrid

n

Sh

i

Axios

po

b um

ei

Cape Lake S Malia Cape Doiran r om a c e d o n i a vo M 11.8c - In the Morea, the Venetian advance with an attack on Methoni a r ncontinues, Lake o n and i c a Matapan Lake Tachino Tr Prespa campaigns from Koroni. Cerigo eb i s n Se Nik sič Tara jic Lake 113 a niti Ostrovo Lim

Po

m

etva

D Cape Glossa

lnic

c

rM a a i n a

Herzegovina

Saseno

T a

Re

r

Uva

a

Ta

St

um

ot Kelapha

ga

in

k

tas

Ceh

ka

ar

Kle

T

rd

Su

s tje

(S

LMisthra im Eur o Passavâ

Va

i t r a S t

A pulia

Skopje

Koroni

na

E

11.8b - On 30 September 1686, the Ottomans also lose the Dalmatian town of Sinj.

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Dri

Gabela

Metkovic

a

O

n

t

N

Durazzo

n

ri

Kula Norin

Kalamata

D

Tr

A d r Vrgorac i a t Ljubuski i c e

Black

in

KlobukDulcigno na Boja

S e a

Pylos Methoni

Scutari

ri

Z

je

B a y o f Navarino Dr Navarino in

ari

za

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Pol

An

(Serb. Patriarchate)

i

Lake Scutari

tiv

Peć

im

Whi t e D

Neret

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

bi

vo

Cetinje

L

Spuž

o

a l a pka dan an

so

Spuž

Dr

a

M

A

iss

Duare

Lim

va

I

Alm

on n a a

et a

Z

to Spala

Perasto

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua Bocc

ti

T

al

S

Rogosnizza Trau

r tta

Tara

MONTENEGRO

Risan

ri

Mo

Ko

s

Kli s

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

)

ar

ba

Sinj Ce

A

a

D

Ib

Vr

n

v iič n a Hb i s en j i cr z e g o Niks

Sebenico

arian

a

t

er

ulg

in

Tr

M

na

s

a

L

va

Crn

ti

nj

Zara

on n a a

LThessaloniki im

Gulf of Orphani

Peć

(Serb. Patriarch

a

A

g m

Ér

sa

Du Eszék

z

D a nub

Un

Sava Srebrenica

t

a

e Karlóca

Zimony

S

K o lu b a

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Sz Szörényvár

v

W

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mok

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tje

sk

a

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c

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aca

(Serb. Patriarchate)

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Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari

r

a

T

d

lnic

Va rd ar

ri n

o

i

Durazzo ku

mb

i

a b

e

d

o

Lake Doiran

n

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona

i

Sr

a

on

m

ni

Thessaloniki

l

Kanina

W

O

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Se

a

of

Saseno

114

m

A pulia

c

(V ard

Lake Prespa

a

ei

M

eka

ares)

i t r a S t

Lake Ochrid

R

p

ta

B Axios

Sh

n

S e a

a

M

es

M o

Marits

O

o

ga

a l k a n

h

T

Skopje

St

r

R

O

D

A d r i a t i c

Black

in

Dulcigno na Boja

n

a

tiv

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ri

in

Dr

An

Dr

Scutari

um

Bay of Spizz a

va

ro

C a aro Catt e di Budua occh

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Spuž

je

Cetinje

Peć

Pol

et a

L

Whi t e D

B

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Z

tta

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MONTENEGRO

Risan

B

vo

Tara

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Iske

ra

a r n ica

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Niš

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Tr

om

narea

(B

Ko

vo

a

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k K

zn

Mo

po

Vidin

Du

ava

ot

ra

L

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ul

)

Kle

Po

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ar

Gabela

Metkovic

an

Ib

t

Ta

bi

arian

Su

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a

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

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(S

in

Vrgorac

Ceh

Zi

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na

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M o

Adakale

Bre

Duare

er

a

apadna

m

Dri

ss lmi

Tr

A

Orsova

a

a

ti

A

va

S

to

a a

Al u ta

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i

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n

o

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Rogosnizza Trau 11.9 - After the Habsburg armies hada taken Buda, they continued south towards Mohács. lo n n

Spala

Duna

na s

n

Sinj

S

M o r a v

Klis

T

Du Smederevo

a av

s

A

Szászszebes

a n h i t a r p a C Mehadia

na

V rlik a

Sebenico

s

Karánsebes

na

ba

Sca rdo na

M

Bo

Vr

Vrana

Belgrade

ri

Biograd

es

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén

ro

Lugos

Mezősom lyó

D

s

a

L

Klicevac

Nadin

o

Zara

Jajca

Bé ga

Mitrovica

Dr

B

A

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

Ma

Facsád

t

na B os

su

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

em

k ü llő y Kü

Ol

V

rb

as

Bo

Medgyes N a g

es

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

nj

e a

Nona(Nin)

T

Becskerek

Jas. Pala nka

s

Lippa

Csák

Óbecse

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

B. Kos t New Nov i

Bih ac

Ba g

a

- Köro

aros

Partes Annexae

a

Q

áv

T r a n s y l v

s

s

Temesvár

Jas eno vac

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era

Maro

Csanád

Crn

Ze ng g

Zenta

Feh

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica Ped ali

Todorovo

t e -Kőr ö

Arad

ros

S

G

Petrinja Hrastovica

a

lin

ke

m

Glina

Topusko

Ma

s

M

Te

Budački

Fe

Magyarkanizsa

ina

K

Dr Gora

Bovic

Mohács

Siklós

ulp

Stenicnjak

s am o

s

Szeged

Ti

A Slavonian Border

I

K

A

Saxon Annexae

mellék

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Pécs

s

Tisa

R

C

Szig etvá r

T

Croatian Border

D

sa

G a ra po

a

O

up a

u a r n e r o

Ka

Kapos

Babócsa

Sava

mos

Partes Csepe l Isl.

K őrö

l

Annexae Sza

S e b e s - K ö rö

Berzence

C a r n i o l a

No vig rad

Hatvan

Lake Balaton

u tu

Tisa

Nagyvárad

Csurgó

Pr

h

Munkács

Eger

Buják

ç e rn a

i

Dráva

Varasd

t

Tisa

Hollókő

Gyula

S ava

Y

Partes

Sümeg

ur

P

a

Helen Zrinyi

Latorca

Szécsény

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING)

R

g

Pest

be

r

Vasvár

ely

Vác

Buda

y

V eszp rém

Egerszeg Kapornak

Veldes (BRIXEN)

ia

r

a

g

n

Fehérvár

Egervár

M

& ka

u

ég

Nógrád

Duna

Bo

Sajo

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

Ikervár

Raab

Dráva

a

t

Danu

Kőszeg

St.Andrae

n t h i a

H

ly

Dr

Párkány

Győr Ráb

y Körmend

Gurk

e

Rép ce

t

Ipo

Érsekújvár

ub

ma

na

ur

an

ar

o dr

p

n

Seckau Mu r

RG

Gy

Csa llók öz

Lake Fertő

S

A

P O L A N D

r

a

Leitha

ns

g Komját

D

En

an

G

str

a

i

nau

C

Szepesvár

Lőcse

N

a

bb

Y

Do

U

Z s i tv

Vienna

A u s t r i a

H

rva

e

s

En

ns

Danub

Waa

Kahlenberg

Poland stops paying tribu C O M M O 1684. the OttomansDin nie

Késmárk

Tatra mountains Gr

Ma

be n

M O R A V I A

ya

rch

nu

Lower-

Linz u Tra

ha

Vá

T e

Mo

Da

U p p e r-

yj

Vah

Ti

D

BOHEMIA

ssau

E M B O H

THE

n

OF

N

I A

Z I

Sa

L A N D S

SAU

O WS I LNE C R

Lake Tachino

Gulf of Orphani

e

u

a

M

Bre

A

a

Crn

a

sa Ti

on

G a ra

m

Waa

a

Z s i tv

m

b

be

Danu

sa

na Du

Ti

es m

o

S

Ol

r

zn

a

Korinthos

(B

e

Toplica

Kalamata n

Niš

Saronic

a

Aegina Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

Iske

B

Gulf of Nauplia

o

St

a l k a n

a

Monemvasia

ar

Gulf of

n

Laconia

a

Maina

i

a

n

ka

Porto Kayio

Cape cMatapan e d

n

(V ard

o Cerigo

Cape

i

a

on

a

b

a

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Thessaloniki

O

W

I

Kanina

l

of

Valona

ares)

m

D

Se

Ma

p

ta

e

u

Lake Sr D o i rMalia an

m

a

Re

o

B ei

M

M

O

M

es

Axios

i t r a S t

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

d

rd

Kelapha

T

o

lnic

h

ga

a

Passavâ

r

um

T

O Koroni

Lake Ochrid

Ca S

r

R

Eur

Zarnata Gulf of M e s s e n i a Skopje

bi

ni

Gulf or

Misthra

ri

E

m ku

os

nar

Bre

ri

ip

Vidin

11.10b - The Ottomans gradually lose more and more of the Morea to the Venetians. Saseno

A

N

ç e rn a

C o r i n tmho k Ti

Ju

Lake Prespa

115

o

x

a

Du Athens

Crn

etva

er

Szászszebes

Kalavryta

D

M

Durazzo Sh

A pulia

of

Va

Black

A d r i a t i c S e a

Dr B a y o f Navarino in Scutari Navarino Pylos Methoni in

Dulcigno na Boja

M

s

Eur

tas

ari

ro

k y Kü

t

rop Asp

Dr aca

Mor

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Dr

A

iv nt

ava

s

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

g

aros

t

im

Spuž

Lake Scutari

M

M i aS pn o r a h t N pa Gulf of r e a g Lamia AC r ta la o nt p i C Mehadia o an n Adakale al t e Orsova (E Szörényvár ub o W Ziul A Lia

va

ro

C a aro Catt e di Budua occh

Gulf of Volos

Ma

je

Cetinje

e

Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

Pol

et a

Lugos

vo

Perasto

io

Peć

Whi t e D

tta

B

MONTENEGRO

Risan

Z

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Lim

L

s

Facsád

so

Tara

a

- Köro

ra

a r n ica

v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks

T r a n s y l

A

Mo

om

eb

(Salamvrias)

ös

)

K

o

)M or

o

Al p h e

k Tr

a

Ko

ov

an

Gulf

arian

op

ra

av

Golubac

ar

Kle P

Salona Dun

Ib

Gabela

bi

M

ot

a

t

Ta

s

Karánsebes

ulg

Ceh

a

Gulf of os K a s a n d r aa m

Annexae Saloniki

Ol

na

sk

es

Versec

Rrhion

Pi n e i o s

in

tje

G u l f So fa t xh eo Hagion O

Partes Annexae

Bé ga

S p e r c h e iMezősom lyó o

Te

l

na

ri

Su

-Kőr

E

s

M o r a v

D

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

Metkovic

11.10a - Situation 1687

a

Tornese Castel Uva c

na

Vrgorac

Fe

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

er

Dri

Klobuk

em

na Du Smederevo

a

Patras

m

a

Zante

Duare

T

AZ a pca d n ah( S a i a Li

Annexae

Pinios

ley

Belgrade

Gulf of Patras

Neret

Gulf of Orphani

Tisa

mos

Lippa

Titel Szalánkemén

Mesolon gi K o lu b a r

a n id s Tr

A

a

mos

v Sa

Ithaca

va

A

ss lmi

Maro

Csák

Zimony

s

to

Tisa

mellék

te ke

Mitrovica

ba

I

t

Vr

Spala

on n a a

Partes

u

Sz

g Vá

i

a

S u

Sava Srebrenica

ti

al

S

T

I s l Ce

Rogosnizza Trau

su

ta

e Karlóca

val

pe

Arad

Temesvár

Becskerek

D a nub

Pr

h

Munkács

Partes Gulf of

Feh

1686

Pétervárad

n

Sinj

Klis

Pin

ros

Csanád

ina

K

g

Ma rva

l

A I

K

n

rch

s

bb

Y

Mo

ns

En

u a r n e r o Q

Bo

s

Ma

(1st)

Gulf of Arta

Cephalonia

V rlik a

Sebenico

A

Bo

Tem

eios

Óbecse

na B os

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

s

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

Eszék

a Lake Tachino t

a

o

Sca rdo na

M

a

Preveza

B

Vrana

Szeged

Arta

on

i

s

a

Klicevac

Biograd

s

Vonitza

Jajca

s

a

L

Nadin

Ér

s

a rb

Un

Zara

nj

S e a

A

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Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

ak

Gyula

B. Gra d .

V

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

M

S

z

I o n i a n

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d

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B. Kos t New Nov i

Bih ac

Plit vic ka - Jez era

D

o

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Ped ali

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Ba g

h

Jas eno vac

I o n i a n

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Ze ng g

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

Ustilonja

áv

p

Helen Zrinyi

ér

a

lin

Dr

Y

Sza

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Tisa

Petrinja Hrastovica

sa

Topusko

Ka

l

Glina

G

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Bovic

Croatian Border

c

na

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i Al

K őrö

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a

str

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r

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ulp

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po

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tria

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t e s i o

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ilia

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Slavonian Border

Sava

g

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ro

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ely

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d Bo

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i

n

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Lake Balaton

ur

Varasd

ly

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t

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o

d

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Laack (FREISING)

ma

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r

a

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up a

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e

n

ar

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Raab

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e

ti

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it

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i

i n t h i a

o nz so Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

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Körmend

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ni

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e

r

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N

c

tr

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Bay of Valona

y

a

M

Lake Prespa

is

t

an

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an

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Seckau Mu r

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

o a n t O t r

KINGDOM of RG U Mur NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Lake Fertő

Valona

Saseno

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Lake Ochr id

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a

of S

H

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nau

RLőcse

ares)

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m

bi

eka

ei

Vienna

ku

Sh

Tatra mountains

ta

Poland stops paying tr C O M M 1684. the OttomansDin nie

Késmárk

(V ard

e

A u s t r i a

En

ya

m

i t r a S t

Kahlenberg

Danub

M O R A V I A

p

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n

be un

ha

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e

o

ar

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rd

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)

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a

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I A

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OF THE Durazzo

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Passau

O WS I LNE C R

ri

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D

d r i a t i c

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Skopje

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Black

in

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PASSAU

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r

iva

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t An

ma

of Spi zza

Lake Tachino

Gulf of Orphani

S

m

es m Te

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t

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ç e rn a

v

na

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es m Te

a i

n

n

a

b

l

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l

a

a

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on m

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o rop

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a

i n

a b

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on m

aca

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l

etva

er

sa

l

pe

a

S u

ey

o n t e (E ub oia ) Eur

Saronic

Gulf of Gulf of N a u p l i aK a s a n d r a

(Salamvrias) Kalamata Misthra

Koroni

Eur

ip

os

Athens

n

t

Passavâ

Ca l

M

na

Laconia

Maina

E

o f Kayio G u l f Porto CapeV o l o s

D

Bay

Andros

Myconos

I

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At

al

Asp

an

g

r

ti

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na

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I

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Northern

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

r

e

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Suda

Sphakiotes

al

N

Korinthos

o

os

ar ia f S am

Castel Tornese

M

A

Corinth

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

ip

an

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Suda Bay

a

E

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A

Gulf or

C h i o s

Athens

N

Gulf of Petalia

Heraklion

Rhetymno

C

a n d s

of

C r e t e

Chania eo

I s l

R

Eur

Gulf of Chania

a

e

S

of

S e a

o

l

Naxos Besika Bay

n

a

Sporades

e

Mesolongi

Patras

Gu

Tenos

e

g

Cape Malia

N

s Gulf of

A c h a i a

ts

a

e

s.

Arda

A

Delos

M

Gulf of

Kelapha

Salona

116

S

Cape Sounion

Monemvasia

Cerigo

Rrhion

I

ri

C h i o s

p I o n i a 11.11b o T n - On 22 July 1687, the Venetians n took Patras, as wel as the strongholds of Rion, t e (E ub E Antirihon, and Lepanto. On 28 September, a Venetian army besieged bombarded oand Lepanto=Naupaktos i a) Ithaca S e a =Antirrhion Athens, leading the Ottoman garrisonRto capitulate. Cephalonia Gulf Gulf of Patras

g

l

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf or

Gulf of Aegina Gulf of the Hagion Oros

e

A

o

o

o

l

M

M

Pinios

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

rop

p

Besika Bay

Aegina

tas

rfu

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

v a ll

u

a

n

Sphakia

S

•••

it

Co

Vonitza

Gul

a

e

Gulf of

Tem

na

o

Gulf of Orphani

Nauplia

s

E S p erchei

Ca

r

P

of

Matapan

mos

tra

al

tr

io

Arta

ta

Jan

an

is

r

o

Al p h e

Meluna Pass

Gulf of Arta

s.

N e s to s

on

Korinthos

M

ti

a

Sporades

Lake Tachino

Thessaloniki

Castel Tornese

B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos os e i Methoni

Preveza

an

a

Northern

e

ta

e

Corinth

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Goumenitza

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

I o n i a n

v

t

C

ares)

A c h a i a

al

m

(V ard

Gulf

Rrhion

At

BN e g

Sr

a

=Antirrhion

Patras

t e s i o

Parga

es

M

Lake D o iSalona ran

Lamia

ei

Mesolongi

ak

Arda

A

ts

Du

M

d

o

o n i Lepanto=Naupaktos

Pin

Paxos

Mo p

Gulf of Volos

Gulf of

d

Marits

g

O

o

S p erchei

mos

e

i Al

ri

a

M

a

M

l

u

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

e

A

h

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Axios

c

g na

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aca

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t

ina Dr

sa Ti

Sz

isa

sTa Ti

na Du

ina

Dr

ç e rn a

be na

na Du etva

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be

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m

Waa

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g g

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rva K

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I

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s K

u a r n e r o Q

a

er

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ns En Y

s bb

Mo

ns

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s

K

a

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dz

Gyurgyevó

N e s to s

T

s

ka

W

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T

s M o u n t a i n

(Salamvrias)

Saloniki

P h t ilia

I

Pinios

ey

a

l

ar

Re

ta

Lake Ostrovo

Zante

Butrinto

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of Kasandra

R

S t e m p e v a ll Tr

ios Pine nica

Gulf of Patras

A

ov

y

e

m

Gulf of

rd

Ithaca

Lake Prespa

a n d s

Kanina

s

narea

a l k a n

k

um

l

Bay of Valona

ga

Va

na

a

o a n t O t r

Otranto

ti

a

M

Cephalonia

ld

Dpu

ta

de

Turnu Magurele

ei

sa

Ca

m

of

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

Lake Ochrid

I s l

Valona

B

ares)

it

rfu

n

i t r a S t

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Saseno

(V ard

tr

Co

ri

Preveza

I h k ou m n i a n S

ni

T

Skopje

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

Se

ia

Arta

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

S e a

Al

Meluna Pass

Parga

Paxos

bi

A pulia

t e s i o

Goumenitza

I o n i a n

Durazzo

Axios

is

O

Corfu

l

a M a r i t sVe

Isk

Thessaloniki W

P h t ilia

D

S e a

Butrinto

Black

A d r i a t i c

n

Corfu

in

Dulcigno na Boja

va

t

Lake Doiran

Saloniki

ri

in

Dr

An

Dr

Scutari

ri iva

ra

Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizza

a

i he d

A

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Lake Ostrovo

ti

je

Bocc

C a ta r o Catt Budua

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Whi t e D

o tar

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Bay of Valona

tra

C

A

B

ka

Re

Pol

Z

KINGDOM of et Perasto a Spuž NAPLES S p u ž Cetinje Otranto (Span. Bourbon)

Peć Kanina

C a p eL G i lossa o r L i n gmu e t t a

n

u a r n e r o

a

s

e

o

M

(B

Se

ni

i

d

a

vo

MONTENEGRO

Risan

Valona

Saseno

Lim

o a n t O t r

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

of

a

Tara

s

y

´ Turnu Magurele

t

o

zn

e

Gyurgyevó

s M o u n t a i Hn

O

h

a

lnic

dz

Du

L

ar

Ju

Lake Ochrid

m

a r n ica

n l

k

narea

dAe l t

Al u ta

Ol

T a

ga

Mo

om

v i nA pau l i a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksič

i e

Du

Ve

Jan

A

ul

Ar

s

n

a l k a n

es

i

so

Tr

e

Zi

um

T

r

Vidin

)

o

a

z

L

M o u n t a i n s

R

St

Lake Prespa

Ko

ov

K

ar

op

k

Ib

K P

ra

i t r a S t

Gabela

Metkovic

Sh

a

t

Ta

b um

a k

t

va

B

Adakale

mok

o

I

H

C

A

k ü llő y Kü

o

x

a

ra

s

e

S

Q

ov

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n

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Ljubuski eb i za Kula Norin N

ld

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u

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rd

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M

Niš 11.11a - At the Second Battle of Mohács A(or Battle of ’Nagyharsány’) on 12 August 1687 the Ottomans suffer another defeat. In its aftermath, the Ottoman armyS r disintegrated and the M a c e d o n i a o Lake Toplica n Habsburgs seized Pétervárad, Palota, and Eger. Large areas of Slavonia and Transylvania came under Habsburg control. Tachino lek er Vrgorac

ka

S

Szászszebes

Iske

Va

va

Alt

Ar

ulg

Durazzo

A

n

ra

O

o

s

W

ri

Mo

Zi

Szörényvár

D

n)

M

M

n

a

ia

t

M Moa r ou n s t a i n s

t

Niš

)

M o r a v

rb

ri

s

aros

a n h i a t p r C a r

v

th

Pru

´

Ol

o ar

Golubac

Black

c

W

mok

arian

Whi t e D

Scutari

in

in

S e a

Dr

Duna

Orsova

re

Al u ta

x

ul g Blasendorf Medgyes Na

ulg

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Žabljak Upper Pulati a

Lake Scutari

t

M

s

(B

Mehadia

je

(Serb. Patriarchate)

K o lu b a r ri iva

n

ér

M o r a v

a

Toplica

Pol

Spuž

im

Dr

Ceh

zn

vo

D Smederevo

Spuž

ro

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua

Uva

na

Klobuk

Ju

so

et a

L

Si

n

S a x o on

a

Karánsebes

Ko

Perasto

Adakale Szörényvár

Facsád

ar

va

Cetinje

Orsova

v

Lugos

o

Hotin

Partes Annexae

Versec

a u n Peć

M

K ü k ü llő gy

a n h i a t p r C a

Lippa

Mezősomly ó

Lim

Dulcigno a p a d n a Zn a (S Boja e

Duare

s

Temesvár padna Bé ga Za (S er T Csák bi e an m ) Me o rs ava

Belgrade

Tara

MONTENEGRO Sa

Risan

Dri

a

Zimony

a

na

va

iss

a r n ica

vina He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksič

a

Maro

Titel Szalánkemén

a

A d r iL i a t i c m

i

a

Golubac

- Köro

Ib

Tr

s

Alm

on n a a

ot

a

om

o

An

Neret

Arad

a

M

T r a n s y l v a n i a Duna

Feh

L

Kam ie

l

Szászszebes

S s am o

s

Mehadia

na Du Smederevo

s

Annexae

s

Mitrovica K

ba

o alat

ar

in

t

tta

ti

Sp

I

al

S

T

Ceh

t e -Kőr ö

a

Pétervárad e Karlóca T

ke

ro

Ma

Versec

Fe

i

aros

M

Blasendorf Medgyes N a

Karánsebes

Mezősomlyó

na

su

Bay of Spizza

Ce

Rogosnizza Trau

1686

s S zam o Partes sAnnexae

Facsád

Lugos

m Nagyvárad e s

ri

ov

s

n

Sinj

Klis

Bé ga

m eTlel é k

Belgrade

ac

Z

Bo

Sebenico

A

op

Bo

k

K le P

Metkovic

K o lu b a r Csanád

Becskerek Uv

a

Bocc

V rlik a

Ér

S e b e s - K ö rö

Titel Szalánkemén

a av

S

Magyarkanizsa

ri

Vrana

Sca rdo na

Jajca

s

Partes

l

o

Maros

Annexae

- Köro

O

O

(A N D

T r a n s y l v a n i a

s

s

Temesvár

tu ru

P

h

Partes

Lippa

Csák

ros

D

Bo

Ma

a S

Gabela

sna

Szeged

L i Óbecse m

D au tnje s ku b

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

RAGUSA

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

M

i

D

Biograd

Neret

Vr

Klicevac

Nadin

Eszék

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

a

L

Novigrad

a

eb

Star igra d

o

Zara

Maro

Gyula

Mitrovica

(1st)

n

Sava Srebrenica

nj

A

(2nd)

Klobuk Vrgorac

B

Nona(Nin)

ros

Zimony

Zenta (1st)

Duare

a

D

Feh

Arad

Csanád

n u b e Karlóca

t

Tisa

áv

Un

Ba g

1687

t

Vr

B

Mohács

Tr

Bih ac

on n a a

ssa

A

s ba

os

a

i Alm

I

B. Gra d .

S a n a Nov i U n a Blag aj Kru pa

al

to

Spala

s

D r in

z

Ma

Óbecse

su

s am o

Munkács s

k F eT i s a

1686

Eszék

Bo

t

S e b e s - K ö rö

-Kőr ete ö

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

Sava Srebrenica

va

T

Jas. Palan ka

Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a

B. Kost New Novi

va

S aP x oon d

a

Annexae

Helen Zrinyi

Latorca

(1st)

s

Kost anji ca Peda li

Todorovo

Plit vick a - Jeze ra

Ka

a

in

S

Gl

Dr

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau Jase nov ac

Ustilonja

1687

na

ti

Topusko

s Siklós

V rlika

A

Petrinja Hrastovica

rá

B os

PécsJajca

Sebenico

Gora

Glina

Mohács

ba

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Partes Annexae

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Helen Zrinyi

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KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

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n

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z of Spizza Dub . áBay v Gra dišt i vka ari B.D ubi ca a n

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Facsád

Bé ga

T aSzörényvár ra

v

Risan

1687

(Serb. Patriarchate)

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Žabljak Upper Pulati

S

Ped ali

e

Lippa

ot Adakale

a

je

Kos tan jica

B

Partes Annexae

M a r oMezősomlyó s

Z ( Sa n h i erbia n) a t p Mo r ra va C a

m

vina He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksič

(2nd)

Peć

im

Spuž

Ustilonja

)M or

ka jes ut SOrsova

K

Pol

Topusko

Croatian Border

Cetinje

o ar C attatr o i Cat Budua che d Jas B o ceno vac Jas. Pala nka

L

T

aros

Zimony

Uva

Mehadia

Maros

Dnjester

th

Pru

s

Temesvár

Csák

apadna

a

Tr

vo

Petrinja Hrastovica

Lim

Whi t e D

Glina

et a

Saxon

A

M

Sajo

Ma

Li

so

Gora

Bovic

Perasto

Z

Stenicnjak

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Tara

MONTENEGRO

Risan

an

Ko

a

RAGUSA

Maro

m os

e Karlóca

Mitrovica

Hatvan

AMohács d r i a t i c

Siklós

a r n ica

a

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Ze ng g

om

vina He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niksič

Feh

Titel T r a n Szalánkemén s y l v a Versec n i a

Partes Annexae

vo

ar

Tr

ulp

Budački

K

vo

po

D a nub

Golubac

le k

Ib

po

T

ra

bi

Pécs

a

t

Ta

K

G

Karánsebes

arian

Tr

Babócsa

er

c

Szig etvá r

ot

s

ZAPO

B ug

Hotin

t e -Kőr ö

Arad

a Óbecse

t

Lugos Buják

es

Duna

Po

su

Hollókő

Vác Bé ga

em

ulg

Ceh

ka

Gabela

Metkovic K le k Slavonian Border Po

a C 11.12a - Situation 1688 in Gl

No vig rad

Su

s t je

(S

po

in

Ljubuski eb i za Kula Norin N

padna

Kapos Uva

a

Klobuk Vrgorac

A

m

a

Berzence

Sava

O

Csurgó

1686

Pétervárad

Facsád

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Ka

a iss

C a r n i o l a up a

i

Duare

A

R

Za Li

Lippa

a RAGUSA

D r in

Alm

Dráva

Varasd

on n a a

va

I

to

Neret

s

Csepe l Isl.

SmederevoGabela

na

s

Spala

ti

al

S

Trau

T

S ava

Sinj Ce

ck (FREISING) Rogosnizza

va

Lake ra B a l a t o n K o lu b a

Kanizsa

n

Sebenico

Klis

Klobuk

Belgrade Vrgorac Ljubuski eb i za u n a D Kula Norin N

ri

V rlika

A

Zimony

Sa

Szécsény

ly

Visegrád

D

ur

ba

Scar don a

M Veldes (BRIXEN)

A

ge

Duare

Fehérvár

V eszp rém

Vr

Vrana

Klicevac

na na

ss lmi

Bo

K öros

Temesvár

M o r a v

a

Ms

Titel Szalánkemén

Mitrovica a

s

Sava Srebrenica -

n RákMezősomlyó os r i v e r Buda Pest Neret i Versec

Metkovic

Egerszeg Kapornak

s

lo

t e -Kőr ö

va

nj

L

Biograd

Bo

A

Kami eniec Podo lski

aS e b e s - K ö r ö s

Iuzh

s am o

s

Becskerek

sna

s B oNógrád

T

s

Jajca

oa

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

Klis

to

ke

Fe

Gyula

Saxon

L I TAnnexae H U A N I A)

tu l

Csanád

s

Feh

Maro

ba

Novigrad

Dráva Nadin

ré

t

ly

Csák

t

Star igra d

Sümeg

Egervár

i

Nona(Nin)

Raab

Sinj Pétervárad

re a Karlóca y

a

u Pr

m(Ae lNl éDk

i

Bug

Partes

Nagyvárad

l

o

d

Ma Annexae ros

Szepesvár

Annexae

S e b e s - K ö rö

Arad D

Párkány

Tr

B

St.Andrae

Ipo

Becskerek

D a nub

I

sD u n a

Óbecse

V rlik a

Spala

Sava Srebrenica

Vasvár

ma

Vr

a

Körmend

ar

1686

(1st)

Győr

Ráb a u n g HA Rogosnizza Trau T Bosut

Ikervár

r Un

Gurk

Zara

B os

os Csanád

Sebenico

Kőszeg na

s

ba

Gy

ÉrsekújvárJajca

Zenta (1st)

Knin

Ostrovica

h

(1st)

Lőcse

Nagyvárad

ke

Fe

Bo

Magyarkanizsa

ti

Vr

Komját M a r

S

E

B. Gra d .

Bih ac

Bag

A

z

Eszék Vrana

Vr

N

Gyula

s ba

Szeged

Zvonigrad

e

Scar don a

Dub. á v Grad iška B.Du bica a

B. Kost New Novi

S a n a Nov i U n a Blaga j Kru pa

B. Gra d .

o

Peda li

a

U

Ce

y

Karin

ub

Zenta Késmárk (1st)

(2nd)

z

Tisa

T

Todorovo

Jas. Palank a

D

an

Obrovac

(2nd) Z r m a

M

Rép ce

Jase nov ac

Ancona Kost anjic a

Nadin

rá Biograd v

L

Klicevac

1687

Novigrad

an

Gr

Dub. á v Gra r ö sdišk a B.Du bicaK aő

Bih ac

Mohács D

Siklós

1687

Vah

o

Magyarkanizsa

mos

Partes Tatra mountains

Jas. Palan ka

S a n a Nov i U n a Blaga j Kru pa

Csa llók öz

Star igra d

Sza

Mohács

Siklós

Jase nov ac

B. Kost New Novi

B

a

in

Pécs

Lake FZara ertő

Peda li

H

s

Pécs

Ustilonja

Kost anjic a

Todorovo

Nona(Nin)

A

Petrinja Hrastovica

s

K őrö

a T i sSzeged

É r áv k m e lal é Eszék

a

in

a

Gl

Ustilonja

Gl

Ba g

Leitha

D

Glina

Topusko

t

Vienna

Dr

a

Topusko

Petrinja Hrastovica

nau

Sziget vár

Babócsa

Budački

po

Szige tvár

Ér

P

a

p oTisa s

Kapos

Babócsa Hatvan

Slavonian Border

p

Munkács

Latorca

Berzence

Eger

Buják

P O L A N D

r

Partes

Gora

Bovic

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

S

t

A

Plitv icka - Jeze ra

i a

Do

Stenicnjak

nj

T

Seckau Mu r

Glina

N

og

dr

Z I

Csurgó

Hollókő

Vác

Zen gg

Kapos

S e a

Gora

Bovic

Szécsény

Un

S

Stenicnjak Budački

Croatian Border Zen gg

ulp

a

O

up a

R

A

O WS I LNE D r á v aR C

Varasd

Croatian Border

Kahlenberg

Vienna Berzence

T SAN MARINO

Tuscany

C S

Lake Balaton

R

C

Nov igra d

Slavonian Border

Sava

C a r n i o l a

Nov igra d

Sümeg

Csurgó

At rd ir a i a t i c

A u s

ns

Kanizsa

Dráva

Varasd

ely

Nógrád

a

mos

O F

str

Tisa

Ravenna

ég

p A V I A h a Fehérvár M OA Ru lCsepel Isl. V eszpré m y a up a O

e

Bo

ajo

Y

Helen Zrinyi

Sza

S

e Danub

yj

R

S Kanizsa

Duna

T

Egerszeg Kapornak

ur

V e n i c e

io

ur

AB a lLaatkoen

a

M

t

Párkány

Ka

P A P A L

be S ava

I s Egervár tria

of

ly

Dr

Pest

D

Vasvár

a

nu n

Lake Comacc h

u (FREISING) ack

Kőszeg

Lower-

ma

a

Ikervár

i

Da

Linz Veldes (BRIXEN)

OF

of T rieste

G u lR afa b

p pP o e rUDráva

ar

Ipo

Érsekújvár

S ava

e

Gy

Egerszeg Kapornak

G

C

Csepel Isl.

M

Annexae

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

Pest

i

e

e

St.Andrae

i a

Ráb

r

Gurk

s Aquileja Trieste

Körmend

M

Hatvan

Ka

av

BOHEMIA Adig

o

o

g

N

I A Visegrád Rákos r i v e r M Buda S a v a E an r O H u Cn a g r B THE l a i yo H T

Gulf

n

ub

Győr

Rép ce

To r c e l l o

L A Venice N Dy S Seckau Mu r

an

rz & Gr ad išk a

1

Pi

t

Csall óköz (FREISING) Laack D

zo

L as okne FIeGö rtő

U

Dráva

Veldes (BRIXEN) Komját

Leitha

Ferma

Pordenone

S

H

Visegrád Ráko s r i v e r

l

u tu

Tisa

Eger

Buják

Sümeg

Egervár

a

nau

an

Fehérvár

Tisa

Hollókő

Vác

Buda

y

Partes

Szécsény

Nógrád

Párkány

Duna

V eszpr ém

Vasvár

r RG aab

St.Andrae

r

a

g

n

Szepesvár

Lőcse Ikervár

Körmend

u

ely

Pr

h

ie

be

Terra

En

Do

Kőszeg

Tatra mountains

a

H

Késmárk

ég

t

Vienna

Munkács

ny

nu

Vienna

VENICE

Vah

i

Da

Kahlenberg

nns

M O R A V I A

ya

C a r i n t h i a

e Danub

A u s t r i a

E

e

ha

Gurk

Lower-

Linz

aun

T

Ráb

y

Sajo

Dr

t

Y

Helen Zrinyi

Latorca

o

yj

Rép ce

t

Seckau Mu r

oly

R

g

M

l

Drau

U p p e r-

D

ur

e

Győr

r

ro

BOHEMIA

M

L ZBB OUM RH GE

SA THE

OF y

ma

ro

d Bo

n

T

Ip

Érsekújvár

ub

ar

n

L A N D S

NS

I A

an

Lake Fertő

Z I

Gy

Csall óköz

Sa

S a lz a c h

O WS I LNE C R

ns

A

a

En

G

Ti

Komját

Leitha

D

Tyrol

G a ra

nau

N m

rva

Y

Do

U

Z s i tv

s bb

H

Mo

ns

En

Vienna

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

en

e

Danub

i

Be rch tes gad

un

•••

Tra

d

u

Va

B

a

t Ol

g Vá

u

r g

m

b

Waa

G a ra

o

Ti

D a

Z s i tv

a

be

Danu

i

r

sa

Ç.

ina

Sus

Dr

on m

na

etva

er

Ti

na

Bre

ic

er

o

k

ndga

os

a

Crn

b

Asp

a

a

e

Za

Uva

Nc o r t h e r n

ot

ra

o

pad

P

m

Sporades

p

o n t ( ET a r a e ub o i aL i m L)

et a

aca

Spuž

ip

P

Spuž

im

(S

B

os

C

an

Cetinje

Eur

Mor

Perasto

Me Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti e n d e r e sAthens G u l f o f L aM ke P e tDa l i a Korinthos S a rSoc untiacr i G u l f rin orScutari Bay of Spizz a i r a Aegina v ti An Gulf of Aegina Cape Nauplia Sounion Dulcigno a n Boja Gulf of al

C o r i n t ha r o C att

aro Catt e di Budua occh

e

a

Dr

A d r i a t i c Patmos

Black

in

s

Nauplia

D

Eur

Gulf of Durazzo

o

a

Bodrum Kos

i

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Passavâ

i mb ku Ada Sh Gulf of

Monemvasia

i t r a S t

Gulf of

Rhodes

a

StampaliaL a c o n i a Maina

Matapan

of

Saseno

O

D

D

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

ni

a

Cape Malia

A p u Cape lia

Se

m

Porto Kayio

b

Koroni

S e a

Misthra

n

Kalamata

r

Gulf of Mendela

Valona Kanina

l

I

Du

A

a

K

i n

l

D u narea

j

ç e rn a

rch

Ma Mo

s Y

a

M

ns

rva

na

v

Tu

Dr aca

u a r n e r o

Q

l

l

l

A

es

m

Te

t

Ol

ina

S u

on

m

o rop Asp

rop

a

Crn

K

L a

a

En

bb

Ti

etva

Bre

aca

er

ina Dr

n

S u

v Sa

e

g

a

Ta

Z

oIkaria r io

na

Ceh

a

MONTENEGRO

Risan

of

Zimo

A N A T O L

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat Gulf Rrhion

e Karlóca

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

in

a

M

Pétervárad

i

iğ i r l

tas

Santorini

iz

168

(1st)

ri

na

Ged

u

Mitrovica Gulf of Orphani

e

g At r a K lan o m ti a r nC iac a na l Niks ič

Lamia

Zenta (1st)

e

D

Dri

Al p h e

sk

Mag

Tisa

M

a

d

m

b

o ei

ares)

l

h

i

Mor

K

es m Te

u a r n e r o

Q

Mor

t

R

a

(V ard

s k

GPuo plof ovfo T ry r n a Sm e

p

ta

M N

Cerigo

Cerigo

Ka

um

Axios

va

t

Gulf of

B

o

K o lu b a r

E Ea

Kelapha

118

Bo Ma rm ara s u t

Gulf of Kasandra

s

Monemvasia

E

E

Cape Matapan

Kle

O

M a r

Li

tje

Marits

Tachino m Doa nr uab

o f

S e a

sna

Su

Kalavryta

Pylos Methoni

Cape Malia

M

Büy ük Çek mec e Lake Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

on

(Salamvrias)

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

M Myconos

M

M

Porto Kayio

Sr

a

H ej i cr z e g o v i n a

Pi n e i o s

Tenos

11.14b - Situation 1689

S

ConstantinopleÓb

Pinios

ey

Castel Tornese

Zante

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Maina

Hatvan

Pest

B

Eszék

ba

Gulf of

Gabela

Metkovic

Delos

Laconia

narea

Buják

es

i

A cB ahy oaf Cih a

a n d Andros s

o

Vác

A

esmé

Cape Sounion

s

Gulf of Volos

Tr

Kelapha

mos

Naxos

Passavâ

Vr

Koroni

ar

Pylos Methoni

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

ta

Patras

tas

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

pe

Ljubuski S i za p e r c h e io Kula Norin N

o s C h iMesolongi

Misthra

Eur

rd

a

Vonitza

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

va

Va

s

Gulf of Aegina

a

n

eb

Gulf of Patras

Aegina Nauplia

ra

sa

Gulf or

Mo

it

a

Saronic

áv

i

Klobuk Vrgorac

Gulf of Arta

e

Tem

l val

bi Salona sn

Gulf of Petalia

Du

Hollókő

Csepe l Isl.

Srebrenica

R

Duare

a Arta iss Alm

Cephalonia

I s l

Szécsény

Nógrád

Thessaloniki Sava

e r e ti d G u l f o f E d Nr e m

on n a a

Ithaca

os

Athens

e

tr

r

S

o

ip

of

Korinthos

io

A

I

ato

al

al

Al p h e

a

Eur

Castel Tornese

M

Spal

Preveza

e (E ub oia )

ely

1687

ios

Pine

Sinj

Klis

I

S

ég

Mohács

Lake Doiran

n

Bo

Meluna Pass

Besika Bay

ti

l

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

Dr

t

a l k a n

A Gulf of Jajca a r d a n e l l e s Saloniki D s o B

s

V rlik a

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

o

Corinth

A c h a i a

Parga

ly

ak

li

o

na

n

Dr

Gallipoli

Sebenico

I op o nn i a n t

Ca

s

Lbaak e OV sr t r o v o

is

r

Pécs

Gulf of Saros

t e s i o

Sca rdo na

o

d

diš ka

W

P

thern N o r Paxos

T

B

po

NT

Szig etvá r a lnic

B. Gra d .

an

Zante

ti

Prespa

Goumenitza Rogosnizza Trau

I o n i a n g

v B.D ubi ca a

C

Patras

a n d s

e

R

az c e Dub . á Gra

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

S

an

A

Ipo

B l a c k

r

eka

Ce

al

a

P h t ilia

ma

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

Siklós

Jas. Pala nka

B. Kos t L a kNov e New i

Todorovo

Vrana

Butrinto

Corfu

S e a

Gulf

Rrhion

Corfu

Me

Sporades

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Gulf of Patras

g

ga

Adrianople

Jas eno vac

M

B

Cephalonia

Mesolongi

L

Klicevac

ar

r Iske

St

Berzence

a

At

Salona

Ithaca

I s l

Lamia

Nadin

Biograd

M N

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica

a

S e a

Gulf of

M

a lin GLake Ochrid Ped ali

nj

o n i a n

mos

Zara

e s Br a

Gulf of Burgas

Kapos

Babócsa

Un

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

ta

o

je

Glina

Topusko

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

l

Vonitza

S p erchei

A

Novigrad

rg

N

um

Buda

Lake Balaton

AT

a

Gulf of Arta

s

I o n i a n

Preveza

Pol

i

Gy

y

Evr

Sta rig rad

na

l

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

Gulf of Kasandra

S e a A e

Gulf of Volos

)

vo

mb

Ca

na

Arta

D

Gulf of the Oros H a g i o n Nona(Nin)

(Salamvrias)

E

Parga

Csurgó

ri ts a Slavonian A r d a Border

Petrinja Hrastovica

rfu

Ca

E

a

Skopje

Co

rfu

T

Goumenitza

Paxos

pe

Pinios

ey

arian

so

a

ku

ia n

Párkány

Fehérvár

Sümeg

Tra

Duna

V eszp rém

Egervár

Gora

m

Tem

l val

Ancona

i

o a n t O t r

Co

Pine

Ao s

Saloniki

A

Bay of Valona

r

a

g

n

eo

L

A G ra n

ul

Ciprovci

E rgene

Bovic

N e s to s

of

Meluna Pass

T

Corfu

Corfu

S

P h t ilia

t e s i o

KINGDOM of NAPLES Otranto (Span.G u l f o f Bourbon)

u

S t. G

Tatra mountains

(2nd)

Stenicnjak

Ba g Kanina

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

a

Tu Egerszeg n Kapornak dža

Plit vic ka - Jez era i

Gulf of phani O rValona

H

Vasvár

Dráva

Varasd

O n t s.

m

a

A

li

ak

SAN MARINO

Tuscany Butrinto

ThessalonikiSaseno

A d r i a t i c

ts

A

A pulia

Ostrovo Ravenna

ei

Bay of Valona

Kanina

i t r a S t

ossa uetta

ares)

a

i

Valona

(V ard

i tr P A P A W i sL

m

aseno

e

ulg

Ko

Sh

ub

ulp

Budački

Zi

V a l l um

Érsekújvár

a

R

Vidin

n

M

up a

C

No vig rad

Sr

n

l T

A

W

Komját

Niš

Ráb

ur

M

Branch

Vah

U

Győr

Ikervár

Sava

ri

Istria

Toplica

Branch

lia

Kanizsa

Border Croatian 11.13 - Events 1688-1689 - On 23 September 11.14a - Situation 1689 i a o (but Lake M a1689,c Nišewaso df taken o by nthe Austrians n a k e the Ottomans); on 13 October, the Habsburg forces abandoned again the next yearLPto Tachino Ze ng g respa L a k but e took Vidin. The Austrians continued south, an Ottoman forced the V e counter-attack n Comacc Se Se i c e hio Austrians back ntoi t Niš. Lake ni Bih ac t Lake Ochrid

tra

an

n

Alu t

Ol

M o r a v

ar Whi t e D

B

Adakale

Csa llók öz

Lake Fertő zn a (B

Körmend

M Og

D

u

Durazzo

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Jan

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M o u n t a i n s i a n Pétervárad h t a D a nub e Karlóca r p Titel a Szalánkemén Bo s Cs n a ut

z

B. Gra d . Partes Annexae

S a n a No vi U n a Blag Versec aj Kr up a

a

A l u t a (1st)

Csanád

Alt

1686

Becskerek

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

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A

Jas eno vac lyóJas. Pala nka

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va

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e a

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Zimony

Sa

D

Ped ali

áv

o

x

a

n

Karánsebes

Ustilonja

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es

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(2nd)

s

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h

t

a

in Gl

em

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nc

su

e Karlóca

Petrinja Hrastovica

S

Pétervárad

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Bo

Glina

Topusko

Becskerek

Croatian Border

D a nub

Bovic

Dr

na

R

C

No vig rad

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K

ria

T

Csák Gora

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r Ma

v

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up a Óbecse

Eszék

Mohács

Siklós

Temesvár

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(1st)

Lippa

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s

2nd)

Csanád Sava

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Tisa

1687

Tisa

Mohács

Rhodes

ti

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be

Ti

Du

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z

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Duna

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na

a

mok

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a

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P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Spuž

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o

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Žabljak Upper Pulati Lake Scutari

ri

n

T

r

a

T

Va

o

rd ar

ri n

es

a

i

Durazzo

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a

n

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g

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n

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a

m

i

n

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ta

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d

Lake Doiran

Valona

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Bay of Valona

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Pine

Co

Corfu

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E

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o

Gulf of

N Lamia

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ta

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al

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m

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to A

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ri

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11.15 - Situation 1689

v Sa

Vr

Sca rdo na

A

E

s

Vrana

Bo

x

a

Alt

Al u ta

i a n t h a r p C a

Partes Annexae

D

Biograd

Jajca

o

Ancona

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

a

L

Klicevac

Nadin

S

s

n

o

Karánsebes

Mitrovica

Star igra d

Novigrad

es

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén

Szászszebes

Lugos

es

e Karlóca

s

v

Sava Srebrenica

t

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ro

Ma

Facsád

t

na B os

su

s

na

V

Bo

B

Zara

em

k ü llő y Kü

Ol

Bih ac

rb

as

Te

D a nub

B. Gra d .

Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

Mezősomly ó

m

Pétervárad

a

A

T

Csák

Óbecse

aros

Partes Annexae

Temesvár

Eszék

s

Lippa

(1st)

Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a

B. Kost New Novi

nj

S e a

Nona(Nin)

Csanád

- Köro

1686

Jase nov ac

Kost anji ca Peda li

Maro

ç e rn a

a

in

a

Arad

ros

Ustilonja

S a n a Nov i U n a Blag aj Kru pa

Q

na

A

I

K

K

a

u a r n e r o

Petrinja Hrastovica

Todorovo

Ba g

Zenta (1st)

Feh

l

Glina

Topusko

Gl

1687

áv

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Tisa

Dr Gora

Bovic

Budački

Mohács

Siklós

ulp

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D

T r a n s y l v a n i a

s

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Stenicnjak

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MARINO

T

Slavonian Border

Un

d r i a t i c

A

A

s

S

a

Pécs

T

Croatian Border

V e n i c e

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a

O

R

C

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of

po

sa

Kapos

Babócsa

Sava

C a r n i o l a

Istria

A

m

Csurgó Berzence

up a

G u l f

t e -Kőr ö

e

Gulf

ke

k

Dráva

Varasd

S ava

of T rieste

Maros

i

Laack (FREISING)

s Aquileja Trieste

Fe

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ve

g

n

o

o

s

e

Kanizsa

ia

lo

s am o

s

ér

zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

r

a

1

Saxon Annexae

mellék

z

Ferma

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Ka

Terra Pordenone

mos

Partes Ér

S e b e s - K ö rö

ur

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Sza

Csepel Isl.

Lake Balaton

Si

M

S

a

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Annexae

Nagyvárad

Egerszeg Kapornak

M

Tisa

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Buják

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i

Dráva

Fehérvár V eszpr ém

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t

St.Andrae

y

Ikervár

Körmend

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r

a

g

n

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Danu

l

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Pr

h

a

n

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Kőszeg

r

ro

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y

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Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Petalia

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T

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11.16a - In Kosovo and Bosnia various uprisings occur in the 1689-1690. Tornese Castel Zante

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l

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e

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i

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ava

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po

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k ü llő y Kü

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Gabela

Bocc

Ithaca

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n

tje

s

t

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t

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

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a

Za

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ss lmi

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to

i

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s am o

Partes Annexae

Belgrade

( S a l a m v r i a sS)a v a K o lu b a r

ti

Spala

ArtaI

al

S

T

Zimony

Pinios

na

Sinj

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t

s

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a

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s

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Saxon

s.

s

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s

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Meluna Pass

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t

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Pétervárad D a nub

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ros

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val

t e -Kőr ö

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e mp

ke

ri

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rb

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Nadin

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k

as

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Dnjester

Hotin

M

mos

Annexae

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sa

ia

Lake Tachino Gyula

Magyarkanizsa

Tisa

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Al B. Gra

Ce

l

n

it

Novigrad

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Partes

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na

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t e s i o L

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a

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áv

u

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s

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St 11.18 S- pIno 1690, the stronghold of Adakale, recently conquered by the Habsburgs, was taken a r Marits rades back by the Ottomans. For several more years it would remain contested. S e a Skopje

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Partes Annexae

Temesvár

St r Pétervárad

T

Skopje

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a

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Žabljak Uppe r Ustilonja Pulat i

Dr

An

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dz

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Turnu Magurele

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Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

(B

Szepesvár

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t

G

HH e r z e g oUv i n a Tr

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B

1690 Thököly

M o r a v

Sinj

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na

n

Sebenico

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ra

ri

V rlik a

s

M

K o lu b a

ba

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s Bo

Vr

Vrana

na Du Smederevo

a

D

s

a

Biograd

Mehadia

Belgrade

na

o

nj

Nadin

Jajca

m

Zimony

Dr

B

Zara

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

na

D

a

Novigrad

Partes Annexae

Mitrovica

Star igra d

Nona(Nin)

Rim

M o u n t a i n s

i a n t h a r p C a

i l lko

(A N aDn t r a

o

P

a

l

o

d

i

L I T H U A N I A)

Kam ienie c Podo lski

a

aca

i

r

Ve

os

Saronic

Gulf of Aegina

Iske

B

ndga Tu

os

ic er

H

o

Jalo

mits

dz

a

Gulf of yrna e Sm

e

Du

A

D

Bay of Chesmé

Ikaria

Jan

tra Myconos Patmos

Delos

Gu

s M o u n t a i nNaxos

Tu

n dža

r Passavâ

Maina

r

Cape

h

a

Porto Kayio

St

Marits

a

Santorini

a

ndga

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Ge

b Danu

h i o s CGyurgyevó

Tenos

r

E

a

de

Andros

Cape Sounion

a l k a n

RA

Turnu Magurele

narea Du

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf or

u

a

Ti

e

za

i

t

l

M

Bre

ç e rn a

Ol

Ti

l

on

es

o

C

Bu

I

Ar

ip

B

Tu

a Crn

m

a b

sa

m Te

rop

S

A

n

t e (E ub oia )

l

na

Gulf of Edremid

v

sa

a

Sz

be

i n

Asp

o

i l lko

Rim

na

G a ra

a

Danu

Ti

Waa

Mo

s

bb

Y

Mor

S u

M

v

ina

th

s

Dr

re Gallipoli

y

aca

Se

l

Mor

s e

na

n k

Du

et

i

e

na

a

a

z

Gulf of Saros

Dard ane lle s

al

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ov

A E rgene

Evr

I

t

Eur

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r

Alt

P

L

an

er

ld

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t S

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h

a

n

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ut

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u

p

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1690 Thököly

Aegina

Misthra

Kelapha

n

Pr

o

s.

N e s to s

K

M

na

o

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Gulf of Nauplia

Koroni

ts

s

D Adrianople

M o u n Besika Bay a nt a i n s

Ol

Pylos Methoni

s

n

e

A

ul

Eur

um

in

Ca

Nauplia

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

s

L

Al u ta

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Niš

a

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Kalamata

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

122

ti

r

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Dr

ri

n

K

a

Z s i tv

i

M

io

e

A

o

tas

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

M

Scutari

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D

nt

ri iva

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(Serb. Patriarchate)

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Bay of Spizza

o

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im

Spuž

Lake Scutari

an

Zi

g

Athens

va

ro

L

Spuž

je

Cetinje

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua

et a

m

Toplica

Pol

Perasto

Whi t e D

tta

Bocc

Lim

MONTENEGRO

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RAGUSA

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so

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a

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of

ra

a r n ica

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t

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Sporades

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n

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Korinthos

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x

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Gulf of Volos

)

ra

gy

o

i a n teh g

Kalavryta

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the Hagion Oros

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Castel Tornese ( B

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va

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po

ra

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Szászszebes Gulf of

(Salamvrias)

Adakale

Gulf

aO

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E

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Patras

Mo

M

ei

Ta

c

R

Ceh

a

n)

a n d s

Uva

v a ll

Gulf of

arian

sk

ia

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e mp

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion mok

ulg

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je ut

rb

a

t

Metkovic

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vS p e r c h ei

s

Salona

Gulf of Patras

in

Ljubuski eb i za Kula Norin N

Gabela

a

na

Klobuk Vrgorac

Tr

A

a iss

CephaloniaZ a p a d n a ( Se

m

m o s Golubac

aMesolongi

Ithaca

I s l

a

Duare

na

Alm

on n a a

Dri

I

to

va

Spala

Li

ti

al

S

T

i

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ta

M o r a v

ri

s

Sinj

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Ce

A

Vonitza

I o n i a n

n

Sebenico

Karánsebes

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ro

Ma

Gulf of Saloniki

Mehadia

Gulf of Arta

D

V rlik a

Gulf of Orphani

Lugos

es

t

A r d aM

aros

ThessalonikiBlasendorf Medgyes

ios Partes P i n eAnnexae

Smederevo

u

Tachino M

s

Facsád

Versec

Santa Santa Maura Maura ra K o l u(Levkas) ba

ba

Sca rdo na

s

Vr

Vrana

M

Bé ga

Arta Belgrade na Du

Preveza

e

re

g

a T o r aLake n s y l v a n i a n

s

o

Biograd

k

Parga

v

M

l

Sr

i

n

ares)

B

s

a

L

Klicevac

Nadin

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Titel

Zimony

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane a

Lake Doiran

M

a

Saxon

p

B

s

(V ard

a

Zara

nj

A

Jajca

ér

Mitrovica

Paxos

I o n i a n Sa

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

em

ia

l

Sava Srebrenica

Star igra d

Novigrad

- Köro

na

t

o

ds

Meluna Pass Mezősomly ó

Szalánkemén Goumenitza

Ca

su

Karlóca

rfu

Bo

sna

Al

sa

Co

s ba

Lippa

it

Corfu

Corfu D a n u b e Bo

T

Csák

t e s i o Becskerek

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

s

tr

P h t ilia

Maro

Feh

o

Si

Partes Annexae

Temesvár Óbecse

Butrinto

Un

Nona(Nin)

1686

Eszék

z

Vr

Csanád

(1st)

Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a

Bih ac

Ba g

a

Zenta (1st)

Jas. Palan ka

S a n a Nov i U n a Blag aj Kru pa Plit vick a - Jeze ra

(2nd)

Jase nov ac

B. Kost New Novi

Todorovo

Zen gg

áv

A

B a 1687 y of Valona

Siklós

Arad

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Ustilonja

Kost anji ca Peda li

Mohács

Ma

Lake Ostrovo

O

e sm os ata

ka

c F e k e te

Szeged

ti

is

Croatian Border

Kanina

S

i Gl

Petrinja Hrastovica

na

ni

W

Glina

Se

Valona

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Dr

Gora

Bovic Topusko

Gyula

Re

e -Kőr ö

a

M

Lake Ochrid

Tisa

C

Stenicnjak Budački

Otranto

s K őrö

a

R

ulp

a

O

up a

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

T

A

s

Saseno

Pécs

Annexae

mellék

Nagyvárad

i

m

C a r n i o l a

Szige tvár

o a n t O t r

Slavonian Border

Sava

A pulia

of

Babócsa

po

Partes

Axios

Kapos

Berzence

Ér

Lake Prespa

Ka

Csurgó

mos

Marits

Annexae

ar

i t r a S t

Dráva

Varasd

S ava

D

k

Kanizsa

aack (FREISING)

ga

rd

Sh

b um

T

a lnic

S e b e s - K ö rö

Durazzo

r

Sza

Va

Csepel Isl.

St

T

Skopje

n

a ur

S e a

O

Hatvan

Pest

Dulcigno na Boja

Tisa

r i Eger n

in

um

Buda

Dr

ri

i

Lake Balaton

Buják

D

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

Veldes (BRIXEN)

No vig rad

y

ari

Fehérvár

Egervár

M

tiv

Vác

Scutari Visegrád Ráko s r i v e r

V eszpr ém

Vasvár

Raab

Dráva

r

a

g

n

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

u

Lake Scutari

A d r i a t i c

Kőszeg Körmend

Gurk

H

Bay of Spizza

An

a

Párkány

Duna

Tisa

Black

Ráb

y

di

Győr

Rép ce

t

h i a

he Bocc

e

Vienna

l

in

Seckau Mu r

ub

Helen Zrinyi

Spuž

y ly Ipo Žabljak Hollókő Upper NógrádPulati

o ar C a tatr o Érsekújvár Catt Budua

Dr

S

an

(Serb. Patriarchate)

je

ns

Lim

Whi t e D

D

Lake Fertő

et a

Z

Perasto

Csal lókö z

En

Tara

m

rva

ns

Niksič

Pol

En

isn

vo

n

eb

so

Dnjester a l t jic tu l e a ru Danub k P Hotin g a n h Szabács. The Austrians o s Peć B 11.19 - In 1690, the Ottomans reconquered Belgrade, which had been lost toL i m the Habsburgs two years earlier, severalMunkács other cities, including d r as well Latorca Vienna M o u n t a i nretreatedhT u n ž a RAGUSA Bo P Sajo Do Gy MONTENEGRO Bi ecsk nau d ar e Cavtat (Dubrovnik) Risan rut st a ma Komját through Transylvania, bringing it entirely under their control. P D ri A u s t r i a S ptu ž r é Cetinje Partes ca ge Szécsény Leitha Kahlenberg

Linz

a

Un

Sava Srebrenica

t

´

v

na

M

Karánsebes

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén

Alt

Al u ta

t

B os

e Karlóca

x

a

s

n

o

na

V

rb

su

Szászszebes

S

Ol

Bih ac

Bo

Te

D a nub

as

ina

K

Ti

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

es

Mezősomly ó

S

z

S a n a Nov i U n a Blag aj Kru pa

Ba g

em

s

Lugos

ç e rn a

I

K

Du

Becskerek

Jas. Palan ka

Dub . á v Gra dišk a B.Du bica a

B. Kost New Novi

Todorovo

Plit vick a - Jeze ra

na

A

Jase nov ac

Kost anji ca Peda li

T

Csák

Óbecse

Bé ga

ro

Ma

Facsád

Temesvár

Ustilonja

k ü llő y Kü

Partes Annexae

s

1686

Eszék

Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

v

a

lin

a

th

Petrinja Hrastovica

s

Lippa

(1st)

re

Glina

- Köro

s

Gora

Bovic

áv

Maro

Csanád

aros

y

Dr

Topusko

G

Zenta (1st)

(2nd)

Stenicnjak Budački

1687

Arad

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Tisa

A

Mohács

Siklós

Ma

Feh

l

Slavonian Border

M

Szeged

ér

Pécs

a

O

Szige tvár

s

Se

po

e

Kapos

s

Ka

Csurgó

T

Zen gg

a

Fe

re

M

rös

Kő

ulp

Croatian Border

rau

Saxon

mellék S e b e s - K ö rö

Babócsa

Sava

R

C

Klicevac

M

mos

Partes

Lake Balaton

Berzence

up a

L

Sza

Pest

Ér

e

h

s Si

Annexae

Csepel Isl.

B

Hotin

Pr

Hatvan

Dnjester

l

t Pru

Tisa

Eger

Buják

u tu

u

i

Dráva

Varasd

C a r n i o l a

a

h

Tisa

Hollókő

Gyula

S ava

A

Pr

Partes

Nagyvárad

ur

t

Munkács

Latorca

Szécsény

Kanizsa

aack (FREISING)

D

og

a

Vienna

o

y

dr

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

Veldes (BRIXEN)

ely

Vác

Buda Fehérvár

Egervár

M

ég

Nógrád

Duna

Bo

Sajo

Visegrád Ráko s r i v e r

r

a

g

n

Dr

t

Párkány

V eszpr ém

Vasvár

Raab

Dráva

No vig rad

e

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

u

ma

Y

Helen Zrinyi

Kam ienie c Podo lski

a

M

H

Kőszeg

R

i

n

y

a

ar

ly Ipo

Érsekújvár

ub

Győr Ráb

Körmend

Gurk

h i a

an

Rép ce

t

Seckau Mu r

A

l

o

d

a

S

Gy

Csal lókö z

Lake Fertő

ns

Waa

Komját

Leitha

D

En

G

o

P

i

nau

p

N

a

bb

Y

Do

U

Z s i tv

Vienna

A u s t r i a

H

rva

e

s

En

ns

Danub

g

Ma

be Kahlenberg

Linz n rau

Gr

rch

nu

Lower-

Mo

Da

U p p e r-

Stampalia

S u

na l

ta

mos

o

Gulf of

rop

o

Vonitza

S p erchei

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

Asp

al

e

an

ti

g Ca

p

o

m G a ra

Dr

t

Gorg

i

a

ég

ely

on m

os

r

C

Sphakia

Knossos

e t e

Buják

S

be

Danu

Ér

áv

a

T

Csák

em

t

e Karlóca

Ç.

k

Sus

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

s

Partes Annexae Ma

Facsád

Bé ga

es

Partes Annexae

Belgrade

Mehadia

na

Du Smederevo

va

Duna

Orsova

a

D

ri

va

S

ti

o

Ce

al

Neret

i

Li

m

Al u ta

M o u

W

padna

(S

mok

Ti

Za

er

bi

an

)M or

a

Zi

ul

A

A

L

Ve

t

123

o

x

Ol

n

s

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

a

ba

V rlik a

Sebenico

A

na

Vr

M

a

Szörényvár

v

Golubac

M o r a v

K o lu b a r

a

Sca rdo na

S

s

n

Adakale

na

o

s

Szászszebes

a n h i t a r p a C

es

Zimony

Dr

B Bo

s

Karánsebes

Mitrovica

Sa

ro

Lugos

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

aros

t

su

- Köro

Mezősom lyó

m

D a nub Bo

T r a n s y l v a n

s VranaAustrian and Ottoman armies fought the Battle of Szalánkemén on 19 August 1691. Once again, the Ottomans lost. 11.21b - The

Biograd

s am o

Ma

s

s

Temesvár Óbecse

nj

Nadin

Saxon

Lippa

Becskerek

Jajca

t e -Kőr ö

Feh

Maro

Csanád

Pétervárad

Sava Srebrenica

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

mos

Annexae

mellék

1686

Eszék

na B os

ke

Arad

ros

(1st)

B. Gra d .

b

Troö dos Mnt s.

M

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

Ma

sa Ti

Du 1687

z

a

Nona(Nin)

Fe

Szeged

Jas. Pala nka

Un

Ba g

s

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

as

l

Famagusta

Partes

Jas eno vac

Vr

Nicosia

Partes C y p r u s

u tu

Ol

Bih ac

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Munkács

Pr

h

Annexae

Te

K

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

t

Vienna

Sza

Csepe l Isl.

ina

B. Kos t New Nov i

Kasos

Cape Sideros

Latorca

Tisa

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica Ped ali

Todorovo

Helen Zrinyi

g

Tisa

S

G

a lin

a

Y

Pest

na

A I

K

Gora

Petrinja Hrastovica

Rhodes

E Eger A

Hatvan

Mohács

Siklós

Glina

of y B a e llo b

ira

E stops SPoland AC paying tribute O M M O N

(Karpathos)

ér

Slavonian Border

Dr

Topusko

Ze ng g

Pécs

ulp

Bovic

M

Bo

of y B a e llo b ira

o dr

R

s K őrö

po

Szig etvá r

e t e

M

Gulf of Adalia

N

Hollókő

(2nd)

Stenicnjak

A

Stampalia

Knossos

S e b e s - K ö rö s

Kapos

T

Budački

E

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Sajo

Rhetymno

Tisa

C

O

Croatian Border

L

ic

Suda

Szécsény

Vác

Buda

Ka

Csurgó

a

R

A

N

r

C

Sphakia

A

Lake Balaton

Babócsa

Sava

up a

Klicevac

G

Suda Bay

Sphakiotes

Nógrád

N

y

Berzence

Zara

A

Rhetymno

Sphakiotes

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Gulf of Kos

Gorg

Gyula

Dráva

Suda

Nagyvárad

ur

Varasd

C a r n i o l a

A

R

Suda Bay

Bodrum Chania

Sümeg

S ava

D

er

A

g Vá

Waa

N

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

a

g

n

R

Kissamos y ela G u l f oB fa M e n d G ulf of Chania

Gramvousa

Naxos

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING)

a

u

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Veldes (BRIXEN)

A

ly

Duna

V eszp rém

Egervár

M

No vig rad

a

ma

Párkány

Fehérvár

Vasvár

Raab

Dráva

E

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

h i a

g

rch Kőszeg

Körmend

Gurk

H

E

Chania

ar

Ipo

Érsekújvár

Győr Ráb

y

Patmos

Delos

C r e t e

of

S e a

Myconos

M

t

N

e

Rép ce

Ikaria

Tenos

T

s

n

Seckau Mu r

ub

M en d e r e

Cerigo

a

S

an

Santorini an d e r Me

i

Lake Fertő

ns

A

Gy

Csa llók öz

D

Naxos

iz

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Andros

Patm

A N A T O L I A

Maina

hesmé B a y o f CPorto Kayio

Gulf of Chania

ar ia f S am

R

Leitha

Komját

Myconos

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Laconia

Cape Sounion

eo

R

nau

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

a

Y

Do

Ikaria

Tenos

Cape Sounion

W Vah 1684. the OttomansDin nies Kaste Tatra mountains t Szepesvár Rhodes (Meg Lőcse 11.21a - On 6 December 1691, the commander of Gramvousa C (Grambusa) surrundered to r a the Ottomans for a generous bribe. Only Suda remained in Venetian hands. r P O L A N D an Gr p e t e r C f o S e a P o Scarpanto

Cape Malia

U

Z s i tv

bb

s

En

Vienna

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En

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e

rv Mo a

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ns

un

Ma

be

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H

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

o

Santorini Késmárk

Cerigo

ya

Aegina

Gulf of Aegina

ar ia f S am

I

nu

T

Kahlenberg

Linz

ha

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

eo

D

Da

U p p e rLower11.20b - Situation 1691

e

Bay of Chesmé

Delos

Passavâ

Laconia

Porto Kayio

C h i o s

n

yj

Eur

Kelapha

Z I

Maina Cape

G

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Gulf or

E

Nauplia

Misthra

Koroni

Monemvasia

A M O R A V I Matapan

ip

Sa

E

D

BOHEMIA

T

O WS I LNE C R

o

Gulf of

Kelapha

Kalamata

C h i o s

I

THE

Passavâ

Saronic

a

R

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Gulf of Petalia

Aegina

tas

OF

N

I A

E M B O H

M

L A N D S

Eur

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Koroni

o

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Gulf of Nauplia

Misthra

a

os

Gulf or

Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

B a y o f Navarino Navarino Pylos Methoni

e

s

al

Saronic

a

Kalamata

io

e

S

D

e

s

r

o

an

r

o io

ip

Athens Korinthos

Al p h e

Al p h e

E

Kalavryta

M

I

n

Corinth

Pi n e i o s

n

Athens Korinthos

M

t e (E ub oia )

l

of

Castel Tornese

Zante

na

o

Eur

A c h a i a

o

t e (E ub oia )

l

a

e

S

i iğ i r l

Eur

Gulf of Edremid

C

Patras

a n d s

r

M

Gulf

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

p

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

P

na

o

Corinth

Castel Tornese

Northern

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Mesolongi

Cephalonia

Zante

n

a

Sporades

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Ca

r

of

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tas

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g

ti

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an

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Gulf of Arta

al

ç e rn a

Preveza

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Gulf of Volos

N At

sa

Ca

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Patras

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M

Sporades

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Gulf

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Gulf of Ismid

al

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Gulf of Patras

I

r a oNf o rMt ha er rmn o

S e a

Gulf of Edre

Ma rma ra

o

Gulf of Saros Gulf of Gallipoli Lamia

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ios

mos

P

Büyü k Çekm ece Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

an

l

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Gulf of Volos

Salona

Ithaca

Cephalonia

I As l

Goumenitza

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

I s l

v a ll

E

Constantinople

C

Co

Pine

Paxos

S e a

pe

ios

B o s p o r u Bs e s i k a B a y

n

a

e

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e

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Ti

sa

Tem

E rgene

Asp

on m

it

Meluna Pass

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Evr

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a Crn

l

a

i

tr

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Corfu

t e s i o

ta

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M

Gulf of Arta

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

v a ll

Dard a

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W

o a n t O t r

S e a

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•••

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I o n i a n Gulf of

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Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

pe

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

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N

Gulf of

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Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

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n

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Bay of Valona

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Lake Tachino

on

A

k

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Paxos

ares)

a

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ti

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a

(V ard

m

Se

ni

i

n

m

o

d

Sr

ei

e

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i t r a S t

c

Corfu

Corfu

Lake Doiran

Valona

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

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a

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Lake Ochrid

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t e s i o

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Lake Prespa

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NGDOM of PLES (Span. Bourbon)

mb

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Bay of Valona

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r i a t i c

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narea

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S e a

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l

S u

Bu

E

t

o

rop

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Mesolongi

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I

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Gulf of Patras

Gulf of

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Jalo

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al

e

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ti

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Northern

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p

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Gulf of the Hagion Oros

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C

pe

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Santa Maura Maura u l Santa (Levkas)

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re

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Saloniki

1690 Meluna Pass Thököly

io Pine

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l

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of RK a s a n d r a

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Golubac

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Szörényvár

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

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l

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s

na

Du Smederev o

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Lake Tachino

ares) Gulf of

´

Ca

na

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on

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k ia

M o u n t a i n s

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Mehadia

Sr

a

(V ard

Al

sa

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i a n i t h a Corfu p Corfu r Goumenitza C a P h t ilia

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Al u ta

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Lake Doiran

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Sz

na

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t

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h

ov

t

ica aln

M o u n

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R

T a

o

D

Pr

L

um

r

ld

n

rd

ro

Butrinto

Partes Annexae Versec

M o r a v

K o lu b

Ma

Bay of Valona

11.23 - At the end of 1692, the Habsburg reconquer the town of Nagyvarád. I o a ar

ni

Co

S

va

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Mezőso mlyó

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

Lake Prespa

W

Karánsebes

ka Re

a

M

Lake Ochrid

Valona

Saseno

o a n t O t r

es

aros

a

Partes Annexae

of

em

M

m

A pulia

s

ku

i mb

K ü k ü llő Se Blasendorf gy Blasendorf Medgyes Na

Mitrovica

a av

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KINGDOM Facsád of NAPLES Temesvár Otranto (Span. Lugos Bé ga Bourbon) T

Csák

Belgrade

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Zimony

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s am o

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t e -Kőr ö

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Black

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ra

ri iva

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S na x o n

in

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Ciprovci Ciprovci

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Lake Scutari

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Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

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tr ka ic a

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L I T H U A N I A) Du

(B

je

mos

Bug

Kam ien iec Pod olsk i

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Pol

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Spuž

in

ke

Szeged

Óbecse

Annexae P B ecs

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

Sh

Zenta (1st)

Peć

im

Dr

Fe

Gyula

Ma

a

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vo

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A d r S eib e sa- K ö r öts i c

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Sza

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mellék

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Cetinje

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Szörényvár

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11.22 - Situation 1692

A

ssa

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PolandK stops r a paying tribute o l u b aC O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

a Li

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A

lmi

on n a a

v Sa

Mehadia

n

I

to

va

Spala

ti

G

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Ce

Rogosnizza Trau

i

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Partes Annexae

Belgrade

Sa

s

Sinj

Klis

Sajo

ge

n

Sebenico

A

C

ba

M

N

ré

Szepesvár

Sca rdoLőcse na V rlik a

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M o u n t

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Zimony

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Klicevac

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Nadin

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Karánsebes

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Ma

Facsád

Mezősom lyó

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B. Gra d .

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Partes Annexae Lippa

Óbecse

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a Plit vic ka - Jez era

Eszék

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k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

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ina

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Todorovo

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Magyarkanizsa

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Bovic Topusko

Croatian Border

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1687

(2nd)

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Mohács

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Slavonian Border

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up a

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Berzence

Ti

Csurgó

Ka

Dráva

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Saxon

mellék S e b e s - K ö rö

Lake Balaton

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Partes Csepe l Isl.

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Gulf of Volos

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Gulf of Orphani

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Lake Tachino

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aca

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Peć (Serb. Patriarchate) Parga P

Venice, Malta Go u l f o f A e g i n a Cape Pope, Toscane ar Sounion Žabljak C attatr o Preveza t Uppe r Pula ti Ca Budua Lake ri Scutari n Dr in Santa Maura Santa Maura Scutari Bay of Spizz a (Levkas) ari tiv An

125

EW

Gulf of Smyrna

)

so

Paxos

Sr

a

ta

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Bay of Chesmé

Goumenitza Andro s

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N e s to s

Lake Doiran

n

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Lake Ostrovo

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Saxon

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Partes Annexae

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Lake Prespa

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mellék

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Ol

M

ar

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Partes

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Adrianople Vidin mok Partes

a

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Versec

Belgrade

P O L A N MD o u

r

T i s a Szörényvár

S e b e s - K ö rö a

B l a c Al u ta

Vienna

Sza

Skopje Mezősom lyó

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Butrinto

Corfu

Gulf MONTENEGRO r oPerasto et a Spuž Spuž Cetinje Aegina

ts

C h i o s

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s

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ri

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Helen Zrinyi

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in

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alta ane

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o

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SAe ae

im

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Lim

L

ari

na B os

Partes Annexae

Tisa

A

(S

Tara

Gulf of the H a g i o n O r o sS c u t a r i

Sava Srebrenica

nj

a

Nona(Nin)

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n N e s to s

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Sajo

Zimony

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Tra

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s

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Annexae Sza

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Berzence

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Partes Annexae

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

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ca

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ssa 11.27 - In 1695, the Ottomans Aoccupied Lippa, defeated the Habsburgs at Lugos and proceeded to capture Karánsebes; lmi ley val t e s Klobuk I (Salamvrias) pe C ee m Pass Meluna i o Vrgorac T ho the Ottomans withdrew from Gyula, which the Habsburgs then occupied.. ka t Butrinto s Ljubuski tje a P h t ili

i

Duna

Adrianople

a

s

ic

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Lippa Temesvár

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Poland stopsApaying tribute C O M M O N the in 1684. G u l f o f M eDnndi ee l a I Ottomans

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et

Kalamata Smederev o

a

n Du

ov

nu un

a

Saronic

Nauplia

TBelgrade M O R A V I A ha ya a

e

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Linz

Tra

v Sa

Lower-

yj

Alt

n

o

x

a

s

D

s

Da

U p p e r-

Zimony

ld

THE

C h i os s

Szászszebes

S

y

OF

Sava B O Srebrenica HEMIA

l

L A N D S

I A

E M B O H

Mitrovica

n

t

Athens

W N or a C R O S I L E Z I Aegina Partes Annexae Versec Gulf of Aegina

N

s

n

na

lphe ATitel io Szalánkemén s (2nd)

ro

iz

Sa

B os

su

e Karlóca

Ma

os

Ged

Karánsebes

Mezőso mlyó

e

e

D a nub

r

ip

Lugos

Korinthos

o

M

Eur

Facsád

i

Zante

Becskerek

n Eu bo i a)

t e Partes Annexae (

r

E

Gulf of Smyrna

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

o

Se

k

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese Pétervárad

Kalavryta

p

o

a

a n d s

Bo

Csák

c h a i a AÓbecse

n-tK ö r o o s i C an al

R

a

e

aros

al

Eszék

r

Lippa

f G u l Temesvár of Bé ga TC o r i n t h em es

Rrhion

Patras

os

I

S

an

s l

a

(1st) Gulf of Patras

la

g

D

Gulf of Edremid

Maros

T r a n s y l v a n i a

C

áv

Csanád

ta

P

Northern

M

L

e

Cephalonia

Salona M a r

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Zenta Mesolongi (1st) 1686

(2nd)

Dr

Magyarkanizsa

Tisa

Ithaca

Arad

ros

FA e h

Lamia

e

ér

1687

s

Mohács

Siklós

Ma

Gulf of

Besika Bay

s am o

Sporades

N

M

z

Ka

Pécs

o

n

O

t

l

Vonitza

S p erchei

mos Szeged

ta

s

Saxon

n

na Gulf of Arta

Annexae

si ğ i

t

Dard ane lle s

S

Ca

Preveza

s

Fe

Gyula

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

i a n

e a

po

M

Gulf of -Kő r te kVe o l o s ö s

a

e

g

e

A

mellék

S e b e s - K ö rö

E

s

mos

Partes

(Salamvrias)

Nagyvárad

Arta

n i a n

Pinios

ley

eios

K őrö

Parga

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

val

pe

Ér

Goumenitza

Paxos

ár

Tem

re

u

Csep el Isl.

Pin

rfu

e n

Saloniki

Meluna Pass

Sza

Si

M

Annexae

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Pest

Co

Corfu

Gulf of

Gallipoli

o

Corfu

sa

P h t ilia

ak

i

Al

t e s i o

Fehérvár Butrinto

eszp rém

Hatvan

Tisa

s

Gulf of Saros

M

it

Buda

y

tr

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

Eger

Partes

Gulf of Orphani

n

Buják

is

őr

Vác

Duna

Thessaloniki T i s a

Hollókő

Nógrád

Párkány

Ostrovo

Szécsény

ly

W

A

ge

Ti

ré

ly

a

Érsekújvár

Kanina

t i at

Ipo

m

b

ni

s)

lona

n

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Besika Bay

Iske

B

r

Gulf of Edremid

Tu

ndg

g

Tu

sa Ti

Vá

ic

Sz

Ç.

es m

k t

Ol

ç e rn a Ti

n

T

M en d e r e

a

s

d

a

i n

a

e

o

d

Lake Doiran

i

n

u

Lake Ostrovo

Bodrum Thessaloniki

Valona

Gulf of Orphani

l

Kanina

M

Lake Tachino

on

ares)

Gulf of Mendela

ti

e

Sr

a

m

c

(V ard

b

ka Re

is

A

Gulf of Kos

on

W

tr it

sa

A

a li

k

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

11.29 - On 22 August 1696 the naval Battle of Andros, southeast of the island, between the Monemvasia Ottomans and Venice and the Papal states was inconclusive.

Butrinto P h t ilia

t e s i o

Co

127 Corfu rfu

Corfu

l

Saloniki

S u

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

Lake Prespa

Se

a

Naxos

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

a

M

p

ta

B ei

Lake

Ochrid Patmos

Crn

a

i

ni

o

M

es

Marits

O

o

g

ic aln

h

mb

M o

M a

R

T

Skopje

r

a

O

St

um

ku

m

of

Saseno

Ca na

Santorini

a l k a n

A N A T O L

Axios

i t r a S t

Delos

Otranto

B

r

ar

Sh

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

Iske

rd

Durazzo

Myconos

A pulia

Toplica

n

Ikaria

Ten os

S e a

Niš

Va

A d r i a t i c

Ciprovci Ciprovci

iz Ged

ri

Cape Sounion

Dulcigno na Boja

narea

(B

D

Gulf of Aegina

ari

ri

rin

Scutari

Black

Aegina

tiv

B a y o f C h eD s m é

in

Gulf or

An

Andr os

a

Bre

Lake Scutari

Dr

Saronic

Gulf of Petalia

zn

tr a ic a

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

Athens

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Mor

aca

al

i he d

C a aro Catt Budua

Sus

sa

Te

K

Ti ina Dr

na

K

na

A I

u a r n e r o

Du

Peć

im

Spuž

o

t

L

Whi t e D

an

Bocc

r tta

Vidin

va

Cetinje

os

Ju

je

Z

ip

mok

ra

Lim

A

L

A

ul

Du

va

Pol

C h i o s

Zi

Mo

Tara

RAGUSA P MONTENEGRO 11.28 - On 26 1696 the Ottomans defeated the Habsburg armyRisan which had setSpužout to besiege Temesvár. E uAugust Bi ecsk Cavtat (Dubrovnik) Perasto r s et a

W

vo

a

ra

Gulf of Smyrna

a r n ica

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks

M o

Szörényvár

so

Tr

Al u ta

)

o

om

)M o

c

k K

an

Ko

ov

bi

ar

op

er

ot

ra

n

o

x

a

Adakale

v

E

Ib

Ta

Orsova

Golubac

arian

tje

Szászszebes

S

a n h i t a r p a C

ulg

Su

a sk

s

Ol

na Uva Ceh

(S

a

Kle P

Duna

M o r a v

ri

Gabela

Mehadia

a

apadna

m

a

i

Karánsebes

Partes Annexae

a

in

Ljubuski i za Kula Norin N

eb

a

e

es

Versec

na Du Smederevo

R

D

Klobuk Vrgorac

Sa

ro

Lugos Lugos

Belgrade

va

K o lu b a r

na

S

Metkovic

t e (E ub oia )

Zimony

Li

Ma

Facsád

Mezősom lyó

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

iğ i r l

Partes Annexae

Bé ga

aros

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

Mitrovica

Dri

n

Duare

em

Gulf of Edremid

i

Neret

t

A

t Besika Bay

Z va

ssa

na

e Karlóca

su

I

s Bo

s

o

i Alm

on n a a

Bo

Sava Srebrenica

n

Tr

l

s

ti

na

p

al

S

Ca

n

B os

Jajca

Ce

ti

o

s

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

I

r

ba

Sebenico

Spala

g

P

Vr

ba

M

S p oT r a d e st o e

a

N o Vrrlikta h e r n

Sca rdo na

D a nub

Vr

Vrana

Pétervárad

B. Gra d .

o

Nadin

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

z

C

thos

B

an

a

Novigrad

a

al

e

Sta rig rad

T

Becskerek

Jas. Pala nka

T r a n s y l v a

s

s

Temesvár

Csák ard ane lle s D Óbecse

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

- Köro

1686

Eszék

M ar m ar a

s

Lippa

S

g

Bih ac

Maro

Csanád

Jas eno vac

B. Kos t New Nov i

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Plit vic ka - Jez era

A

N

Ped ali

a

Feh

Arad

ros

(1st)

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica

Todorovo

Biograd

Klicevac

os

a

Un

L

Petrinja Hrastovica

Ma

M a r m o r a

M

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

t e -Kőr ö

ér

Glina

in Gl

áv

Gora

Bovic Topusko

Gallipoli

1687

ke

Fe

s

o f

S e a

Szeged

Tisa

Stenicnjak Budački

nj

e a M

Ka

R

Nona(Nin)

Zara

S e b e s - K ö rö

rös

Saxon

Annexae Bü yü k Çe km ec e m o s a Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

mellék

m

a

O

up a

Ba g

A

Ér

Gulf of Saros

s

l

Constantinople

mos

Partes Csepe l Isl.

(2nd)

Dr

h

u tu

Annexae Sza

Pest

Mohács

Siklós

T

Ze ng g

D

Pécs

Slavonian Border

Sava

Croatian Border

e

Szig etvá r

Babócsa

Gulf of the lp H a g i o nA Ou r o s

C

A

po

a

Gulf of Kasandra

)

E v Hatvan r

Kő

Kapos

Pr

Tisa

E rgene

Eger

Buják

Lake Balaton

Berzence

t

Vienna

Munkács

Latorca

Nagyvárad

Csurgó

P

a

Partes

Gyula

Dráva

p

Tisa

Sümeg

ur

Varasd

d

er

i

Gulf of Orphani

Bo

Y

Helen Zrinyi

Hollókő

Vác

Buda

y

R

g ro

P O L A N D

r

Szécsény

Kanizsa

C a r n i o l a

No vig rad

g

m

Vasvár

Egerszeg Kapornak

a

ia

r

a

ely

A

Sajo

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

Fehérvár

N e s to s

m

ssaloniki

sg.

n

G

Adrianople

a

Nógrád

Duna

V eszp rém

Egervár

Veldes (BRIXEN)

S ava

u

ég

ts

M

r

ei

Körmend Raab

M

Laack (FREISING)

a

Dr

at

ly

Párkány

Győr

t

Ráb

H

e

N

ri

os

n

Érsekújvár

ub

Ikervár

Dráva

a

Rép ce

Kőszeg

LakeSt.Andrae Tachino

o Gurk n t h in a

At

Ma

rch

M

y

Sr

a

Lake Fertő

an

etva

r

D

Ipo

er

RG

Csa llók öz

be

t

Seckau Mu r

Komját

Danu

B

u

A r Gdyaarm

G a ra

s bb

Y

S

l

nau

Leitha

e

ta

Do

U

a

ns

En

ns

p

H

N

an

str

a

n

En

Vienna

g

C

a

M

es

e

A

Szepesvár

Lőcse

i

A u s t r i a

Kahlenberg

a

Poland stops paying tribut C O M M O 1684. the OttomansDin nie

Késmárk

Tatra mountains Gr

Z s i tv

o

Danub

M

M O R A V I A

ya

Vah

a

un

d

Tra

ha

rva

be

Linz

T

e

Lower-

o

nu

U p p e r-

yj

Waa

h Da

sau

D

M

O

BOHEMIA

Mo

R

OF

n

L A N D S

AU

I

E M aritsa B O H MTHE

Goumenitza

Meluna Pass

Stampalia

Pine

ios

Tem

pe

l val

ey

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Ad

Pinios (Salamvrias)

A

e

g

e

a

Rhodes

l

Csepe l Isl.

Ér

a

sa Zenta (1st)

ba

s

B os

na Sava Srebrenica

t

a

Zimony

Duna

Sz

Orsova

Szörényvár

v

W

mok

er

Uva

bi

an

)M o

ra

Ve

Vidin

Ti

(S

A

L

A

ul

t

padna

m

a

Duare

Zi

Ol

na

ssa

Li

M o u

Adakale

na

ri

on n a a

i

o

x

a

a n h i t a r p a C

Golubac

a

Dri

i Alm

va

to

Neret

ti

al

S

Spala

a

Za

Ce

T

na Du Smederevo

va

K o lu b a r

n

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

Mehadia

Belgrade

s

A

S

s

n

Al u ta

Karánsebes

Partes Annexae

ba

V rlik a

Sebenico

Szászszebes

M o r a v

s Bo

Vr

M

es

Mitrovica

Sa

s

Lugos Lugos

Bé ga

Versec

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

D

s

Vrana

Sca rdo na

Jajca

o

Klicevac

em

ro

Ma

Facsád

es

e Karlóca

Dr

B Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

Partes Annexae

t

Vr

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

s

Mezősom lyó

m

D a nub su

- Köro

aros

Ol

Bih ac

a

Du

va

Ju

c

zn

a

Tu

narea

(

a r n ica

Cetinje

(Serb. Patriarchate)

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Mor

aca

Peć

im

Spuž

o

C at a r o i Cat he d Budua

L

Spuž

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari

T

a

T

d

lnic

rd ar

ri n

o

M

es

a

S e a

i

Durazzo

a b

i

e

Valona

M

Lake Tachino

on

n

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

l

Kanina

u

Sr

a

on

is

A

m

tr it

sa

Al

ia

k

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

P h t ilia

Corfu

Meluna Pass

Pine

Co

rfu

Corfu

t e s i o

Tem

val

ley

(Salamvrias)

Ca

E

na l

Arta

ta

o

Vonitza

mos

S p erchei

M

Gulf of Volos

o

N

s

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

Gulf of Arta

rop

Preveza

Asp

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

e

A

Parga

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios

ios

Goumenitza

Paxos

I o n i128a n

pe

S u

Butrinto

l

Saloniki

I o

p

ta

a

N e s to s

Lake Doiran

n

m

Lake Ostrovo

ti

W

Bay of Valona

o

d

(V ard

ni

a

o a n t O t r

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

e

Se

m

of

Saseno

c

ei

a

M

Lake Ochrid

ka Re

ares)

i t r a S t Otranto

Crn

a

i

n

mb

Lake Prespa

A pulia

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

ku

Marits

B Axios

Sh

M o u

O

o

ga

h

Va

D

A d r i a t i c

Black

in

Dulcigno na Boja

Skopje

r

R

O

St

a

tiv

n

Dr

An

ari

ri

in

um

Bay of Spizz a

Dr

Scutari

je

et a

a l k a n

Pol

Bocc

Perasto

Whi t e D

r tta

Lim

MONTENEGRO

Risan

Z

RAGUSA

B

vo

Tara

a

r

Bre

v iič n a He b i s en j i cr z e g o Niks

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Iske

so

Tr

om

va

o

ra

K

Mo

Toplica

k

Ko

ov

a

)

op

arian

etva

ulg

Kle P

ar

Metkovic

Ib

t

ar

N

Gabela

a

za

Kula Norin

in

Tr

A

na

11.30 - Just as an Ottoman army was crossing theKlobuk River Tisa, Habsburg forces launched a surprise attack, routing the Turkish troops inB the Battle of Zenta (or Senta) of 11 September I Ceh Ciprovci a o Ciprovci k t s Ljubuski tje 1697. Afterwards Prince Eugene advanced Vrgorac as fare bas Sarajevo, burning it down in 1697. Niš Su i T er

L

Nadin

Biograd

T

S

Pétervárad Bo

T r a n s y l v a

s

Temesvár

Becskerek

B. Gra d .

Ma

Lippa

Csák

Óbecse

z

s

s

1686

Eszék

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

B. Kos t New Nov i

nj

Zara

Maro

(1st) (2nd)

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

Arad

ros Csanád

Jas. Pala nka

Un

Nona(Nin)

Ma

Jas eno vac

Kos tan jica Ped ali

a

t e -Kőr ö

Feh

Ustilonja

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Ba g

1687

áv

ke

ç e rn a

Petrinja Hrastovica

s am o

M

Te

Glina

Todorovo

Plit vic ka - Jez era

Du

Gora

Bovic

Fe

Magyarkanizsa

ina

K

Dr

in Gl

Ze ng g

na

A I

K

C

Mohács

Siklós

ulp

Topusko

Annexae

rös

Szeged

(2nd)

Stenicnjak

Saxon

mellék

ér

Slavonian Border

T

Budački

s

Tisa

R

A

Pécs

a

O

mos

Partes

be po

Szig etvá r

Babócsa

Sava

Croatian Border

A

sa

G a ra

a

Pest

Kő

Kapos

l

Annexae Sza

Ti

Hatvan

Ti

Csurgó

u tu

Tisa

Eger

Buják

S e b e s - K ö rö

Berzence

up a

D

a

Hollókő

Lake Balaton

Ka

Dráva

Varasd

C a r n i o l a

No vig rad

Partes Tisa

Gyula

S ava

Pr

h

Munkács

Latorca

Szécsény

Kanizsa

Laack (FREISING)

t

Vienna

Nagyvárad

ur

Veldes (BRIXEN)

d

Helen Zrinyi

g ro

Sümeg

Egerszeg Kapornak

M

ely

Vác

Buda

y Fehérvár

Egervár

a

Dráva

ég

Nógrád

Duna

Bo

Sajo

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

a

g

n

Dr

t

Párkány

V eszp rém

Vasvár

Raab

i

h i a

e

Ikervár

r St.Andrae

u

ly

Danu

Kőszeg

a

ma

a

Y

M

y

H

ar

Ipo

Érsekújvár

ub

Győr Ráb

Körmend

Gurk

an

Rép ce

t

R

n

Seckau Mu r

Gy

Csa llók öz

Lake Fertő

S

A

a

Leitha

ns

Wa

Komját D

En

G

m

rva

Y

nau

N

i

A u s t r i a

Do

Z s i tv

bb

s

Vienna

U

Mo

ns

un

e Danub

En

Tra

H

Kahlenberg

Linz

Gulf of

Lamia

At

al

an

g

P

Northern Sporades

e ti

g C

r

o

a

e

p

o

OF

(Pas) Oberndorf

(Szb.)

U p p e r-

Passau

en

H

Kahlenberg

U ar

ma

Dr

t

Győr

y

Kőszeg

C a r i n t h i a

Eger

s

Hatvan

O

OF THE

L

Pest

Partes

D

Saxon

Nagyvárad

V

A

Petrinja Hrastovica

Karlóca

Knin

Scard ona

M

h z

d

u j

u b

s

V rlika

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

T

Spala

I

to

al

Alm

A

on

a iss

a

Gyurgyevó

n

Sebenico

A

C

A

L

A

Vidin

Turnu Magurele

i

a

Duare Klobuk Vrgorac

Ljubuski

Kula Norin

Metkovic

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

Gabela

o

Ostrovica

Vrana

S

E

Karin

W

D

T

Biograd

A

I

Zvonigrad

K le

Po

po

k

vo

i

vina H e r z e g o Niksič Peć

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Risan

(Serb. Patriarchate)

MONTENEGRO Perasto

Cetinje

Spuž

r

o tar

Spuž

Cat Budua

Žabljak Upper Pulati

An

tiv

Scutari

ari

O

Dulcigno

T

Skopje

T

O

a

M

g

A

N

Adrianople

l a

u

i

Durazzo

B a

c

e

o

d

n

i

a

A pulia

b

a

n

M

Constantinople

Saseno

Valona

Thessaloniki

Kanina

Gallipoli

l

Otranto

A

Butrinto

Corfu

Corfu

l

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

t e s i o

S u

T

A

Ancona

Nadin

Szörényvár

Golubac

Jajca

H

a

S

L

Klicevac

Smederevo

Obrovac

Adakale

Orsova

Starig rad

Novigrad

Mehadia

Belgrade

r

Zimony

Srebrenica

o

Zara

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

Mitrovica

Bag

Nona(Nin)

Brăila

1690 Thököly

Partes Annexae Versec a

Blagaj

Mezősomlyó

Pétervárad

B

P A P A L

Krup a

Gradi ška B. Gra d .

Kilia

Karánsebes Becskerek

Jas. Palanka

Dub. B.Dubi ca

Novi

s

n

o

x

a

Csák

Óbecse

Jasen ovac

B. Kost New Novi

S

Lugos Lugos

Ustilonja

Kostan jica Pedali Todorovo

Szászszebes

Facsád

Temesvár

B

A

I Glina

Lippa

1686

(1st) (2nd)

Eszék

Gora

Bovic

Partes Annexae Csanád

Zenta (1st)

Biha c

A

n

a

1687

(2nd)

Topusko

Ravenna

D

a

s

Mohács

Siklós

Stenicnjak Budački

Zeng g

SAN MARINO

s

Akkerman

Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes

Magyarkanizsa

Slavonian Border

T

A

Arad

Pécs

y

C

Novi grad

O

R

Szigetvá r

Babócsa

l

C a r n i o l a

Croatian Border

Tuscany

Szeged

Berzence

Istria

i

Csurgó

e

Venice

Varasd

Gör z & Gra dišk a

Aquileja Trieste

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Gyula

TATARS

i

k

To r c e l l o

1

Kanizsa

e

Pordenone

Veldes (BRIXEN) Laack (FREISING)

Ferma

d

Bender

I

z

VENICE Terra

e

b

S

a

Egerszeg Kapornak

CRIMEAN

J

A

Annexae

Sümeg

KHANATE

s

M

Annexae

Fehérvár

Egervár

e

Hollókő Buják

ZAPOROZHIAN

COSSACKS

B

Hotin

Partes

V eszprém

Vasvár

i

St.Andrae

L I T H U A N I A)

Kamien iec Podolsk i

a

Vienna

Szécsény

Vác

Buda

y

Y

Helen Zrinyi

i

a

Körmend

Gurk

e ly

Visegrád

r

a

g

n

Ikervár

r

l

u

H

R

l

o

r

y

t

A

d

a

Seckau

ég

Nógrád

Párkány

S

G

O F

(A N D

o

P Munkács

Érsekújvár

SALZBURG ro

Gy

Komját

Tyrol

T

N

Vienna

A u s t r i a

Salzburg

A

P O L A N D

Lower-

Linz

Berc htes gad

Szepesvár

Lőcse

a

Mühld orf

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H the Ottomans in 1684.

Késmárk

M O R A V I A

BOHEMIA

B A V A R I A

I A

E M B O H

THE

Z I

k

L A N D S

PASSAU

O WS I LNE C R

N

E

Goumenitza Parga

Paxos

Arta

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

I o n i a n

M

Preveza

N

Vonitza

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

P

Ithaca

g

r

o

p

I s l

a n d s Zante

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Mesolongi

Patras

R

E

Sporades e

Salona

Cephalonia

I

Northern

o n t e (E ub oia )

C h i o s

A N A T O L I A

Rrhion

A c h a i a Kalavryta

Andros

Athens

Castel Tornese

Korinthos

o

M

r

e

a

Aegina

Ikaria

Tenos

Nauplia

Myconos Patmos

Delos

Kalamata

Navarino Pylos Methoni

Bodrum

Naxos

Misthra

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Koroni

Passavâ Kelapha

Monemvasia Rhodes

Stampalia

Maina

Santorini

Porto Kayio

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Rhodes

Cerigo

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Gramvousa Suda Chania eo

Gorg

Heraklion

ar ia f S am

Sphakiotes

Sphakia

11.33 - Situation 1699

129

Spinalonga

Kasos

Nicosia

Rhetymno

C

r

e t e

C y p r u s

Famagusta

Karlóca (Karlowitz) 1699

nau

Raab

M

Dráva

Varasd

Csurgó

Kapos

po

Berzence Szig etvá r

Babócsa

Pécs

I

D a nub

B. Gra d .

Bih ac

Vr

ba

s

B os

Bo

na Sava Srebrenica

su

t

e Karlóca

Dr

v Sa

s

Orsova

v

Golubac

na

r

a

b

i

a

Uva

s

Ta

ra

ra

a r n ica

Niks ič

Cetinje

aca

Mor

Lake Scutari

tiv

ari

n

O

ga

l

rd

ri

ar

D

a

n

i

Durazzo S

u hk

mb

i

i t r a S t

Lake Ochrid

a

M

a

Lake Prespa

ni

a

b

c

e

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona Kanina

W

A

is tr it

sa

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

ka

l

of

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Re

Se

m

A pulia

T

Skopje

Va

Black

A d r i a t i c

130

ri

in

in

Dulcigno na Boja

S e a

Dr

Scutari Dr

An

Otranto

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti

Bay of Spizz a

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

ro

C a aro Catt e di Budua occh

Peć

im

Spuž

je

et a

Pol

B

Perasto

L

Whi t e D

tta

Lim

MONTENEGRO

Risan

Z

RAGUSA

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

Tara

vo

a

so

isn

va

om

H ej i cr z e g o v i n a eb

Niš

Ko

vo

Tr

11.34 - Situation 1699

Toplica

k K

(B

Mo

po

a

)

Kle

Po

zn

ot

ar

Metkovic

Ju

Ib

t

Gabela

ava

c

Bre

etva

tje

)M or

arian

Su

an

a

Ljubuski i za N

Kula Norin

bi

in

eb

Tr

Vrgorac

A

Ceh

ka

er

ulg

Klobuk

(S

on

Duare

na

i

ssa

padna

m

Dri

Alm

va

I

to

on n a a

i

Li

ti

al

S

Spala

e

Za Neret

Ce

T

Duna

a

n

Sinj

Klis

Rogosnizza Trau

a

S

na

V rlik a

Sebenico

A

na Du Smederevo

a

s

M

Mehadi

Belgrade

ba

Sca rdo na

K o lu b a r ri

Vrana

s

D

Biograd

Bo

Vr

L

Klicevac

Nadin

Partes Annexa

Versec

M o r a v

Zara

Jajca

o

A

Obrovac Zrm Zvonigrad a Karin Knin Ostrovica

Karáns

Mitrovica

Sta rig rad

Novigrad

es

Mezősom lyó

Titel Szalánkemén (2nd)

Zimony

er

Nona(Nin)

em

Lugos Lugos

Bé ga

a

Q

Pétervárad

B

T

E

Becskerek

a

D

T

Csák

Óbecse

Jas. Pala nka

S a n a No vi U n a Blag aj Kr up a

Fa

Temesvár

Eszék

z

s Lippa

(1st) (2nd)

Dub . á v Gra diš ka B.D ubi ca a

B. Kos t New Nov i

-Kö

1686

Jas eno vac

a

S Ancona

a

Maro

Csanád

Ustilonja

Kos tan jica Ped ali

áv

ros

Magyarkanizsa

Zenta (1st)

Feh

s

es

K u a r n e r o

Ze ng g

Ba g

S e a T

G

a

lin

Todorovo

Plit vic ka - Jez era

SAN MARINO

A

Glina

Topusko

Petrinja Hrastovica

nj

Tuscany

A d r i a t i c

Gora

Bovic

t e -Kőr ö

Arad

S

Ravenna

Dr

Stenicnjak

Croatian Border

V e n i c e

io

ulp

Budački

1687

(2nd)

Un

P A P A L

of

Lake Comacc h

C

No vig rad

K

L a

Istria

R

A

Ma

Tisa

Po

O

up a

G u l f

T

ke

Szeged

Mohács

Siklós

a

e

Slavonian Border

Sava

C a r n i o l a

of T rieste

s

Du

e

o

Gulf

s Aquileja Trieste

Fe

Gyula

S ava

av

Adig

g

n

o

s

m

Laack (FREISING)

mellék

ér

Pi

To r c e l l o

Venice

A

g

K őrö

Te

1

zo on Is Gö rz & Gr ad išk a

Ér

Kanizsa

A

Pordenone

Ferma

Csepe l Isl.

Seb

Ka

Terra

Pest

sa

VENICE

Hatvan

Lake Balaton

ur

Veldes (BRIXEN)

Eger

Buják

Nagyvárad

Egerszeg Kapornak

a

Dráva

Hollókő

Sümeg

Egervár

i

C a r i n t h i a

Fehérvár

R

g

t e s

m

St.Andrae

y

o dr

Szécsény

Vác

Duna

V eszp rém

Vasvár

ely

Visegrád Rák os r i v e r

r

a

g

n

ég

Nógrád

Párkány

Buda

Ikervár

Körmend

Gurk

u

t

Bo

Crn

l

A

Sajo

n

Drau

H

Kőszeg

r

ro

y

a

ly

Dr

Ti

ur

e

Győr Ráb

ma

Ipo

Érsekújvár

ub

ar

be

S A L Z B UM R G

y

G

na

T

Seckau Mu r

an

Rép ce

t

an

ina

S

S a lz a c h

Szepesvár

Lőcse

m

Lake Fertő

ns

Gy

Csa llók öz

D

En

Vá Komját

Leitha

Tyrol

Késmárk

N

Danu

bb

Do

U G a ra

ns

s

Vienna

A u s t r i a

H

a

de n

Salzburg

Y

Be rc ht es ga

un

e Danub

En

Tra

Gr

Ma

be Kahlenberg

Linz

Vah

Tatra mountains

sa

Lower-

ya

Z s i tv

U p p e r-

M O R A V I A

g

n

e

ha

rch

Passau

In

nu

Inn

(Pas) Oberndorf

(Sz b.)

Da

Mü hld orf

yj

T

Z I

Ti

D

BOHEMIA

B A V A R I A

E M B O H

THE

rva

Isar

OF

Waa

L A N D S

PASSAU

N

I A

Mo

D o nau

O WS I LNE R C

Al

ia

k

d

Sa n

ro

Y

Helen Zrinyi

g

a

P O L A N D

r

p

o

P

a

t

Vienna

Pr

h

Munkács

Latorca

(A N D

n

M

sa

Ti

tr

u

i

d

s

V

b Dn

I

is

i

n

te

r

D n ie s te r L im a n

A a

Pruth Rim

Bu

u

Ve

t

mok

a

j

St.George

a

de

dz

e

Danu

Gyurgyevó

V a l l um

be

Tra

um

o

ia n

Turnu Magurele v

narea

Du

(B

ulg arian

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

Jan

)

tra

B l a c k

r Iske

Mo

Toplica

a

zn

e s Br a

na

Ti Ju

mits

Vidin

Du

a

rg

D

a

eo

r Ar

a

Jalo

Sulina

Branch

u

A

L

A

ul

Ol

i

Zi

H

C

A

I

Sulina

S t. G

b

W

Golubac

M o r a v

ra

a l k a n

s M o u n t a i n

S e a

Tu

n dža

Gulf of Burgas

ka

o

i

n

Sr

a

(V ard

Lake Tachino

on

ares)

Lake Ostrovo

l M

n

ts

Tu

Adrianople

a

t

s.

Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

o f

M a r m o r a

Gulf of Orphani

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

tr

it

i

k

Sus

is

on

W

iğ i r l

sa

ak

Gulf of Saloniki

al ev

Constantinople

S e a

11.35 - Situation 1699 i

Bosporus

E rgene

Evr

Ma rm ara

Thessaloniki

Al

N

os

u

N e s to s

d

m

e

ei

c

Lake Doiran

Arda

A

Ç.

Crn

a

M

B Axios

ake Prespa

e

ri

ic

ar

a

M

Re

p

ta

g

er

rd es

o

M

M

O

a

a

a

d

Va

Bre

a

o

lnic

h

a

ga

Marits

M

T

um

T

Skopje

r

R

St

ndga

r

va

B

m

b

Szörényvár

v

u

l

Dunai za

i

o

Orsova

ç e rn a

Ol

Duna

Branch

h

na

lia

Brăila

1690 Thököly

Adakale

Kilia

nc

Mehadia

ia n u m m Tra

na

t

Partes Annexae Versec

lu

Ki

M o u n t a i n s

a n h i t a r p a C

z

d

´

Karánsebes

Mezősom lyó

i l lko

Va

x

a

M

B

o

Alt

Al u ta

v

S

s

n

a

Szászszebes

D u narea

s

h

th

ro

Lugos Lugos

es

re

Ma

Facsád

Akkerman

s

s

Bé ga

Se

y

em

s

k ü llő y Kü Blasendorf Blasendorf Medgyes N a g

s

Partes Annexae

Temesvár

T

l

- Köro

Lippa

sák

e

Maro

a

k

ér

Arad

ley

Pinios (Salamvrias)

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

n

Bender

e

M

Feh

aros

a

et

r

e

TATARS

a

a

Sz

N is

r

CRIMEAN

i

z

T r a n s y l v a n i a

OF THE

J

A

a

S

Maros

KHANATE

tr

h

ov

Se

es

ut

o

ni

a

Pr

D

t

s

s

L

ld

n

t e -Kőr ö

O

M

s am o

D

s

u

ke

S o u t h e r n Bug

t

o

Fe

re

M

Annexae

mellék

COSSACKS

e s

Si

Saxon

Nagyvárad

Gyula

B h rut

P

mos

Partes

ZAPOROZHIAN

B ug

Hotin

Annexae Sza

Iuzh

Dnjester

l u tu

Tisa

S e b e s - K ö rö

a

a

Tisa

Ér

i

i

Partes

l

o

d

L I T H U A N I A)

Kam ieni ec Pod olsk i

ie

d Bo

R

Bug

ny

A

O F

str

k

C

zepesvár

Poland stops paying tribute C O M M O N W E A L T H 1684. the OttomansDin nie

131

Dard ane lle s

Gulf of Ismid

Ta

ra

Toplica

k a r n ica

aca

Mor

P Bi ecsk st a ri ca

Spuž

ro

Žabljak Uppe r Pula ti Lake Scutari

Bay of Spizz a

tiv

Scutari

ari

n

O

T

Skopje

ga

Va

Black

l

rd

ri

ar

D

A d r i a t i c

a

n

i

Durazzo k

i

a

b um

Crn

Sh

i t r a S t

a

M

Lake Ochrid

a

Lake Prespa

ni

a

c

e

d

b

Lake Ostrovo

ti

Valona Kanina

is

A

on

W tr it

Al

sa

o a n t O t r

Bay of Valona

ka

l

of

Saseno Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Re

Se

m

A pulia

Otranto

ri

in

in

Dulcigno na Boja

S e a

Dr

Dr

An

KINGDOM of NAPLES (Span. Bourbon)

(Serb. Patriarchate)

Spuž

je

et a

C at a r o t d i C a Budua cche

Peć

im

Whi t e D

Bo

Perasto

Cetinje

L

Pol

Risan

tta

Lim

MONTENEGRO Z

(Dubrovnik) Cavtat

vo

Tara

a

RAGUSA

so

v iič n a Hi s en j i cr z e g o Niks eb

va

om

Ko

Tr

Bre

K

vo

Niš

ra

po

(B

Mo

Kle

Po

a

ot

ar

Metkovic

zn

)

t

Gabela

Ju

m

etva

t

va

arian

Su

ra

Ib

Ljubuski i za N

Kula Norin

a

)M o

a

A

k jes

an

in

eb

Tr

Vrgorac

Ceh

bi

ulg

Klobuk

er

c

Butrinto

Corfu

k

Meluna Pass

Pine

Co

Corfu

t e s i o

ia

S u

P h t ilia

l

ssa

Uva

na

I

i Alm

a

Duare

(S

m

Dri

Spal

ato

on n a a

i

Li

ti

T

al

S

Rogosnizza Trau

Z Neret

apadna

n

Sinj

Klis

va

A

a

n

Ce

E

V rlik a

Sebenico

er

T

ard ona

M

s

Ancona

ba

T

A

ios

rfu Ca

Goumenitza

na l

Parga

Paxos

Arta Preveza

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

Santa Santa Maura Maura (Levkas)

S e a

Ithaca Cephalonia

I s l

S p erchei

mos

o

Asp

I o n i a n

ta

o

I o n i a n

rop

Venice, Malta Pope, Toscane

Mesolongi

Lepanto=Naupa =Antirrhion Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

Patras

A c h a i a

a n d s

Kalavryt

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

Zante

o

M Al p h e

io

r

s

Kalamata B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Zarn Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Koroni

M E D

I

T

11.36 - Situation 1699 132

E

R

R

A

Gyurgyevó

mok

zn

a

o Du

(B

ulg arian

Ciprovci Ciprovci

Niš

Jan

)

Iske

Mo

Toplica

ra

r

a l k a n

s M o u n t a i n

S e a

B l a c k

Tu

n dža

Gulf of Burgas

i

n

Bosporus

Tu

E rgene

t

os

n

Lake Tachino

on

Evr

s.

Constantinople Büy ük Çek mec e Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

ares)

S e a

Gulf of Saros

Gallipoli

i

m

tr it

sa

Al

i

Gulf of

Meluna Pass

Pine

Tem

Gulf of Kasandra

E

e

o

N

o

rop Asp

Lamia

At

al

an

ti

g Ca

r na

o

Gulf

p

l

Athens

io

r

e

a

Saronic

Aegina Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

s

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Koroni

Myconos Patmos

Delos

Gulf of Mendela

Bodrum

Naxos

Gulf of Kos

o

Passavâ

Gulf of Adalia

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Kelapha

Laconia

Rhodes

Stampalia

Maina

Santorini

Porto Kayio

Cape Malia

Cape Matapan

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

of

S e a

Suda

ar ia f S am

A

Heraklion Sphakiotes

Rhetymno

C

Sphakia

N

E

•••

eo

Gorg

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Suda Bay

Chania

R

r

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11.37 - Situation 1699 133

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11.38 - The Linea Grimani (the “Grimani Line”) was the officially demarcated border between the Venetian and the Ottoman territories on the Dalmatian coast. It was established in February 1701 as a result of the Treaty of Karlóca of 1699.

(Serb. Patriarchate)

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lin

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P A P A L

V e n i c e

Budački

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a

Partes Annexae

C a r n i Lippa o l a

of T rieste

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P A P A L

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an

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a

l

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VENICE

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Annexae

St.Andrae Nagyvárad

d

Komját

D

Kőszeg Körmend

P O L A N Dn

Csall óköz

Ráb

m ellék

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nau

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Seckau Mu r

C a r i n t h i a

St.Andrae

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Annexae

S

i

Ra a b

ns

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K

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Buda y

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T iFs ear t ő

S A L Z B UM R G

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Duchy of Naxos

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Gulf of Laconia

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Gulf of Kos

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rg

Mesy (Bodrum)

T

d

o

eo

O

T

H

o

d

ei

A

e

(V ard

m

of

Bay of Va l o n a

e

B

R

Sikinos

a

of

S e a

p

Gulf of Mendela

tra

Philippopoli

Kissamos Bay

Saseno

Valona a 1521-1526

M

h

Cerigotto

Se

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

M Polyaigos

a Marits

Gramvousa

Lake Prespa

ni

O

ma

c

Tr a i

Me n

Leros

Anafi

R

ru

it ra St

Monastir

R

Patmos

Cape Malia

Axios

a

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

A

Aidin

Naxos

Folegandros

ar

M

Lake Ochrid

eka

Jan

s a i nAmorgos Duchy of Naxos o u n Niost

Kimolos

Melos

es

R

Bran c h

Ikaria

n

Delos

Paros

Sifnos

l k a n

Monemvasia

Gulf of Laconia

a

V a l l um

Samos

Antiparos

a

rd

i

Elbasan

ta s

Mor

va

mb

lnic

N

Manissa

be

lia

S t. G

Smyrna

e

av

b

l

sa

na

ra

in

ku

ga

of Smyrna

I G K N

Mo

Va

T

Dr

E

Durazzo

Sh

T

Kilia

Myconos

Rinia

•••

Du

Ti

n)

I

T

ra ia n u m mT

h

garia

D

na

Du

Hermupolis

r Iske

B

CerigoS t

Skopje

Dunai

iz

Ged

a Gulf

Vathy

Tenos

Serifos

o

Cape Matapan

n

mits

Gyurgyevó

Kithnos

Hydra

Passavâ

Kelapha

u

A

Danu

Gyaros

Maina

Black

in

Boja

in

O

Dr

Dulcigno

ri

Keos

Spetsai

Eur

za

Bay of Chesmé

Siros

Kastri

Zarnata

Jalo

de Andros

lu

Ki

Brăila

Bu

Turnu Magurele

Thermisi

Misthra

je

E Dr

Scutari

Whi t e D

M

Kuci

Gulf of Nauplia

M o r a

Methoni

Karistos

Brussa

Methana

Kiveri

Po l

Spuž

ari

or

ul

vo P B i es c s k a tr ica

Ve

area

na Gulf of A e g iRahovo Cape Sounion

Nauplia

Kalamata

Dun

Aegina

Lara

Burdshi

Gulf of Messenia Koroni

Gulf

E

A

I

dz

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

nc

(B

Saronic

Edr

f f o

d emi

C h i o s

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis

Korinthos

na

(Mytilene)

Ar

Athens

a

Gul

Psara

os

A t t i c a

Dn

a

E ǧ r i b o z

Corinth

ip

a

H

C

A

L

A

mok

ios

Navarino Bay of Navarino Pylos

so

im

Lake S c u t a ri

Pastrovi ći

of

R

e

S

Isnik

r

a

Al p h e

W

A

Lala

e

Negroponte l (E u b o i a ) Zi ul Chalkis

na

t

zn

To p l i c a

Ko

Lim

L

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Budua

Otranto

r

Gulf

Olympia

Ju

ar

Z

et a

i C a t t a r o Grbalj

Sea

Kalavryta

Ca

Ol

ava

o

a

ti

al

M

an

an

E l i s

Ib

K

Ta r a

Cetinje

tiv

i

a

ra

Brda MONTE NEGRO Katunsksa Perasto Nahya

An

)M or

al

Eur

(Peloponnesos)

a r n i ca

a

Bay of Spizza

an

ot

Klobuk

in

bi

b

in

Ta

om

or

er

At

Rim

Lesbos

C

na

Ceh

a

H e r z e g oNiksic vina

ut

M o r a v

ri

a sk

(S

Zante

r

Lamia

Szörényvár

Gla

Patras

Castel Tornese Pi n e i o s

Gulf of

Lepanto=Na upaktos =Antirrhion

c h a i a

I

Skyros

Salona

Rrhion Vostitsa

P

Sporades

Lamia

Gravia

Orsova

Dunav

A

a

e

I s U v alc a n d s

D r in S

je ut

apadna

(Zakinthos)

m

V rachori

Gulf of Patras

S

o

Mehadia

Mesolongi

Lixuri

D

a

Ithaca

Argostoli

Z Li

a

K a r l i -DEulni

a Cephalonia K o lu b a r

os

m ta

i l l ko

Besika Bay

´

Northern

Skopelos

i

Zimony La Punta

Santa Maura (Levkas) va Sa

I o n i a n S e a

Belgrade Vonitza

Sperchei

s

Szabács

Sava Srebrenica

Gulf of Arta

b

Preveza

M

Tenedo s

te

v

a

Chelidromia

Kum Kale

•••

Mud ania

ik

Troy

Tavshan Isls Moudros

n

a

Dardanelles

M o u n t a i n s

Pelagonisi

a t r p Skiathos C a

Gulf of Vo l o s

th

i

T h e s s a l i a

Mh i a n

Alt Kokkinos

Al u ta

e

ea gx

Lemnos

s

n

o

Gyaros

V ersec

Arta

re

Titel

Karlóca

m

E

S

os

Se

e Antipaxos

I o n i a n

Karánsebes

Mezősomlyó

ng

dra

Imbros

s

r t

es

su

Parga

Pétervárad

P

A

Larissa

s ineio

Trikala

s

l

Bo

D a Paxos nub

Lugos

m

Y a Becskerek n y a

na

y

B

TT e i r éhg aa l a

Csák

o

Ca

Goumenitza

M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te

v

san

iğ i r l

Çanakkale (Kale Sultanie)

y

r

rfu

S

Joanina

Óbecse

Co

Corfu

e mp

Kas

os

r Ma

y a ll e

is

Gallipoli

l

Lippa

Lo

M a r m o r a

Marmara

s

sa

s

Mount Athos Gulf of the K ü k ü llő H a g i o n ag y N Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Gulf of Saros

e

it

Gulf of Saloniki

Temesvár

i

P h i lia t

Eszék

aro s

Holy

p

t e s i o

Feh km -K öros lia ér

tr

A

Maro

Csanád

Tisa

E

Delvino

na B os

Samothrace

k

is

M

aro Szeged s Magyarkanizsa Argyrocastro

Butrinto

a

n

M

W

o a nt Otr

A v l o n y a

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Io f

S e a

G e l i b o l u

Enos

e

a

Rodos to

Dedea gach

i

Ka

i

Mohács

áv

Thasos

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

Veria

Maros

z

E d i r n e

s

Kavalla

Survey 4: Greece and the islands from 1521 to 1699 T r a n s y l v a n i a

n of n o Saseno n DOM Cape Glossa LES apos o r L i n g u ept toa s (Span. Bay of Bourbon) Va l o n a Otranto

Dr

Lake Tachino

on

S

Kastoria

Y

e s to s

e - Kő r ö

R

m

a

L a kkee t O s tFreo v o

Filorina

ti

A

Se b es - Kő r ö s

A

Florina

ares)

Se

ni

G

Lake Prespa

s K ő rö

ard s (V

Ochrid

N

m

of

a

U

g n s á y k u a g

it ra St

H

Sphakiotes

C

Sphakia

N

E

A

N

S

r

E A

b 1526-1530 144

Knossos

e t e

Spinalonga

ll of e y ra b B a Mi

Kasos

Nicosia

o

C y p r u s

T roödos Mnts.

Paphos Limassol

Famagusta Larnaca

a Crn

ic er M

N

Thessaloniki

k h

z d

u

l

Va

B a

j u r

m

Me

and e r

D

S e a

a

Gulf of Adalia Syme

Nisyros

Rho des

G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s

r

Chalke

Rho des

ndga

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Tu

Scarp anto

Adrianople

sa

Kyrenia

Spinalonga s

of E y r oo B ab ve l l ira

Knossos

e t e

M

Kasos

Cape E rgene Sideros

Bosporus Nicosia

Constantinople

Famagusta

C y p rt s . u s T roödos Mn

S

Gulf of Orphani

a

Ç.

Sus

Pruth

D u n a rea

o n d ža

E A

Larnaca

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

Paphos

ic

A

r

St.George

Gulf of Kos

K os

er

Bre

ares)

E

an u

Black

i

Ti

Lake Tachino

on

e s Bra

“Dragon”

Heraklion

C

Sphakia

rg

K N I G H T S OF St.J O H N

t Rhetymno s.

Sphakiotes

Mendelia

Kalym nos

S e a

M

ç e rn a

o op

a

Suda

Tr a i

b

on

es Te

m

Aspr

t

l

S u

a

i

n

Ol

Ti

M a r m o r a

o f

Limassol

Marmara

Gulf of Saros

Ç.

Gallipoli iğ i r l

is

on

W

tr

ia Al

it

sa

km

Gulf of

Argyrocastro

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

ik

Dardanelles

E

Delvino

t e s i o

i

Te m

ios

Pine

o

rfu

v a ll

Pinios (Salamvrias)

ey

na l

Parga

M

Preveza

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

ta

o

op

Lamia

al

an

ti

g Ca

r o na

p

o

r

e

a

ios

Burdshi

Cape Sounion

Pylos Methoni

Kelapha

Myconos

Rinia Siros

Delos

Hermupolis

Gulf of

Mendelia

Gulf of Mendela

Paros

(Minoa)

o

Naxos

Sifnos Kimolos

Monemvasia

M

Gulf of Laconia

Duchy of Naxos

Polyaigos

Melos

Kalym nos

Gulf of Kos

K os

Amorgo s

Gulf of Kos

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Nios

Sikinos

Folegandros

Maina

Nisyros Santorini

Syme

Rho des

Telos

Anafi

Cape Malia

E

Cape Matapan

Patmos

Leros

Serifos

Antiparos

Passavâ

Koroni

Ikaria

Kithnos

ta s

Zarnata

Gulf of Messenia

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Tenos

Gyaros

Hydra Spetsai

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Me

Vathy

Misthra

Eur

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Keos

Gulf of A e g i n a

Nauplia

iz

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

Ged

C h i o s

al

Korinthos

(Peloponnesos)

Al p h e

E

mid

os

Athens

Castel Tornese

M

i a)

ip

Corinth Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

dre of E

Gulf of Smyrna

Psara

n

of

A c h a i a

a n d s

Gulf

a

e

S

an

Patras

o

t e (E ub o

l

Eur

Gulf

R

C

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

Zante

Sporades

e

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca

Cephalonia

At

I

Northern

N

Gulf of

Aspr

Maura I o n i a Santa n (Levkas)

S e a

Sperchei

mos

o

La Punta

s

I o n i a n

Besika Bay

P

Gulf of Vo l o s

Arta

n

a

e

g

e

A

E

s

Ca

Goumenitza

Paxos

I s l

pe

r

S u

M e l u n a Pa s s

Joanina

Co

Corfu

l

p

Butrinto

P h t ilia

Chalke

Rho des

Kastellorizo

Cerigo

D I

T

E

C r e t e

of

S e a

Scarp anto

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

Kyrenia

Suda

Rhetymno Gorg

ar ia f S am

R

eo

R

Suda Bay

Chania

A

Sphakiotes

C

Sphakia

N

E

Heraklion •••

o a nt Otr

Bay of Va l o n a

Sus

ina

Dr aca

Mor

av

b

l sa

na Du

na

b

l

Suda Bay

it

Arda

•••

(V ard

l

g

N e s to s

a

n

Gulf of

Santorini

ar

ar ia f S am

i

N

eo

d

Gorg

u

Sr

m

e

oA n

Lake Doiran

ei

c

ta

B

R

Saseno

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

M

Chania

M

R

Tu

a

e

Sulina

M en d e r e s

Gulf of Mendela

nAmorgos s Duchy of nNaxos t a i Stampalia u Nios o Sikinos

M

o

ka

iz

V a l l um

Naxos

A N C r e t e

of

eo

h

d

Re

Axios

A Valona c 1530-1540

p

es

Lake Ostrovo

ti

M

Bran c h

Branch

Sulina

S t. G

Leros

Philippopoli

a Marits

lia

A N A T O L I A

be

Patmos

Polyaigos

S e a

Kissamos Gramvousa B a y

Se

ni

O

nica

ar

a

Lake Prespa

t

rd

in

M

Lake Ochrid

a

of

OM of S Otranto n. rbon)

u

i mb

m

it ra St ulia

E

Durazzo

k Sh

l

ga

Dunai

Ged

of Smyrna

tra

Anafi

o

Va

T

Dr

Sea

M

Kimolos

Melos

h

I

na

T

Jan

Antiparos

l k a n

Kilia

Myconos

Paros

Sifnos

ra ia n u m mT

Ikaria

n

(Minoa)

a

lu

Ki

Samos

Cape Malia

CerigoS

T

mits Gulf a

Delos

Folegandros

Cape Matapan

Black

Boja

O

in

Dulcigno

Du

Hermupolis

r Iske

Monemvasia

Gulf of Laconia

ma

Scutari

ari

in

Jalo

Vathy

Tenos

Gyaros

Maina

n

u

Gyurgyevó

Rinia

B

ru

tiv

Dr

An

Kelapha

D

Bay of Spizza

Dr

I

anu

Serifos

D n ie s te r L im a n

Akkerman

nc

Pastrovi ći

ri

Keos

irl i k

Brăila

D Bay of Chesmé

Kithnos

R

Lake S c u t a ri

E

A

de Andros

Cape Sounion

Aegina

Passavâ

Koroni

E

Budua

of Messenia

za

Psara

Siros

o

Dn

Whi t e D

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Grbalj

Catta ro

Eur

Zarnata

M

che di Cattaro

Methana

Misthra

Kalamata

Gulf

Bu

ACr h i o s dz e

Turnu Magurele

area

r

a

Kuci

Cetinje

Dun

Gulf of

Nauplia

ta s

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Ve

Gulf of Petalia

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf Aegina or

a

je

Spuž

e

a

os

Hydra

va

im

ip

na

Gulf of Edremid

H

C

A

Spetsai

Po l

L

t e

A u b o i a) L

Gulf of Nauplia

Pylos Methoni

vo

Z

et a

Korinthos

Burdshi

ra

so

Lim

Brda MONTE NEGRO Perasto Katunsksa Nahya

n

(E

ul

Kiveri

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Ko

Ta r a

l

Zi

Rim

R

e

S

i l l ko

Athens

eloponnesos)

Mo

a r n i ca

a

cegno vi el Nuovo )

To p l i c a

o

mok

n)

ar

rin

r

p

of Corinth

garia

Ib

to

(P J u Al p h e i o zn s a (B

a

ra

Niksic

Klobuk

o

in

Ta

om

ca Su

M

ava

ot

H erzegovina ji

isn

Pi n e i o s

Kalavryta

r o na

Eur

Gulf

a

Castel Tornese

)M or

W

ul

Ceh

ka

K

eb

an

ac

a s

bi

Uv

D r in S

je ut

er

i

g Ca

I

Sporades

t

Zante

b

ti

P

Besika Bay

Northern

al

a

a

a( S

Za

m

A c h a i a

e

an

n

a

Ol

na

Li

Patras

a

r

al

i

ri

i

e

At

M

M o u n t a i n s

an

D

I s l

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

a n dp a d n sS

Lamia

Szörényvár

e

C

M o r a v

ra

Gulf of

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca

K o lu b a Cephalonia

Orsova

Dunav

b

Sa

na

Alt

Al u ta

te

v

Du

N

th

S e a

o

Mehadia

re

Santa Maura (Levkas) va

I o n i a n Bos

Zimony La Punta

mos

Se

Szabács

ta

t

Dardanelles

s

Sava Srebrenica

Vonitza Belgrade

Sperchei

s

I o n i a n

Gulf of Arta

n

o

gx

a

iğ

y

Titel

Karlóca Preveza

a

kü

l

i

gy K ü

Mh i a n

a r p C a

Gulf of Vo l o s

V ersec

s

m

e

is

Gallipoli

e

r t

Arta

E

k

D aPaxos nube

n

su

´

S

M a r m o r a

Marmara

e

s

l

Bo

na B os

Mezősomlyó

Na

Tig hin a =Bender

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

o f

S e a

Gulf of Saros

llő

s

A

Lugos

ios P i n e Karánsebes

i

na

y

ér

Ca

Becskerek

ro

Pinios a ( S a l a m v r i a sM )

ey

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Gulf of Kasandra

Saloniki

a ll ev

aro s

T r a n s y l v a n i a

Gulf of

p M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te m

Bé ga

em

o

Goumenitza

T

Csák

Parga

S

baš

s

es

rfu

Bács

žega

Joanina

Óbecse

Co

Corfu

Feh km Köros

Lippa

Temesvár

r

Eszék

Maro

t e s i o

i

P h t ilia

a

sa

Butrinto

ia

Al

Tisa

p

Zombor áv

ros Csanád

Delvino Szabadka

E

Dr

Ma

Magyarkanizsa Argyrocastro

Mohác s

Siklós

z

A

M it

Baja

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

tr

Szekszárd Va l o n a

Maros

S

Valona

Bay of

OM of S getvár Otranto n. rbon)

s

e s to s

a

os

- Kő r ö

Lake Tachino

on

s

m

i

L a k ke e t e O s tFr eo v o

ti

is

o a nt Otr

Kapos

Saseno

Y

W

n C a po e Glossa Szászvár o r L i n g u e pt t a

ni

S e b e s - K ö rö

R

Monastir

es)

n

A

Lake Prespa

s K ő rö

a

n

G

Se

m

a

Ochrid

N

Kalocsa Ka

P

Simontornya

of

ulia

U

ardar s (V

Ozora

g n s á y k u a g

H

it ra St

Lake alaton

r

Knossos

e t e

Spinalonga lo of el y ab B aM ir

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia Famagusta

C y p nrt s . u s T roödos M

A

N

S

E A

d 1540-1550 145

Paphos Limassol

Larnaca

ic er M

a k

Ç.

Sus

d

z

h

Pruth

l

u

Va

B D u n a rea

t

e s Bra

St.George

a j u

r

b

Me

o

and e r

res

D

S e a

Black

Gulf of Adalia Nisyros

Rho des

G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s Chalke

Rho des

ndga

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Tu

N

Scarp anto

Adrianople

sa

Kyrenia

s

oEf v re o y ra b B a Mi

S

Knossos

e t e

Kasos

Cape E rgene Sideros

llo

Bosporus Nicosia

Constantinople

Famagusta

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e Paphos

ic

r

N e s to s

E A

S e a

M a r m o r a

o f

M a r m a r aa

Gulf of Orphani

Limassol

Gulf of Saros

Ç.

Gallipoli

l

iğ i r l

tr

it

km

sa

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

Corfu

l

P h t ilia

t e s i o

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E

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iz

Bay of Chesmé

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ma

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e 1550-1566

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n)

ar

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MONTENEGRO et Risan Perasto a Spuž Cetinje a

o

n

t e (E ub o

l

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o

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Ib

ra

a

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os)

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ava

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a

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in

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an

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a

bi

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g Ca

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ul

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i

ti

n

a

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al

na Uva

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a n dp a d n sS

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ra

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o

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a

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r

v

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na

th

Du

N

g

i a n t h

a r p C a

o Mehadia

os

x

s

n

iğ

re

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M o r a v

S e a

Zimony

Santa Maura (Levkas) va

m ta

a

e

M

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Sperchei

Se

I o n i a n

Vonitza

A

s

Szabács

Gulf of Arta

S

te

Gallipoli

s

l

I o n i a n

Sava Srebrenica

Titel

E

Partes Annexae

s

Déva a r o

( S a l a m v r i a sM )

Versec

k ü llő y Kü

is

Gulf of Saros

Kas

Karánsebes

Mezősomlyó Somlyó

t

Preveza

Gulf of Gyulafehérvár andra

Saloniki

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a M a r m o r Bender

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s

na

su

Gulf of the

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neios

aro s

Büyü k Čekm edze Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

o f

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l y

Ca

Bo

M

A

n

rfu

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Pi

s y O rlp h avn i a n Marosvásárhely ia

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ey Facsád v a ll M e l u n a Pa s s Te m p e

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a

k

it

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s

n

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te

v

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os

th

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s

o

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re

Belgrade

Santa Maura (Levkas) va

m ta

( S a l a m v r i aM s)

Gulf of Vo l o s

Sperchei

Se

I o n i a n

Partes

s

Zimony

Szabács

S e a

Vonitza

Déva a r o

Pinios

ey

Annexae

V ersec

Gulf of Arta

Preveza

v a ll

s

I o n i a n

Sava Srebrenica

Titel

t

Karánsebes

n

Mezősomlyó

l

su

Pi

neios

i

na

Bo

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pe

is

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Ka

Gulf of Ismid

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Gulf of Saros

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aro s

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oI f

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Gulf of Gyulafehérvár sandra

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em

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e s to s

Ca

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i

m

T

M

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n s y O rlp h avn i a n Marosvásárhely ia

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ia

V

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es)

t e s i o

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on

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es

rfu

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s

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sa

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L a k ke e O s tFr eo v o

ti

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t e - Kő r ö

is

Bay of Va l o n a

Pécs

Annexae

W

Szigetvár Otranto

ni

a

Glossa or Linguetta

o a nt Otr

M of

. on)

Se

m

Szászvár

Kapos

Saseno s C a pSzekszárd e

Lake Prespa

s K ő rö

Kalocsa

K apo

of

ulia

Simontormya

S e b e s - K ö rö

Ochrid

ardar s (V

it ra St

Lake alaton

S

r

e t e

E A

h 1606-1649 147

Spinalonga

Knossos

M

of y B a e llo b ira

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia

C y p r u s T roödos Mnts.

Famagusta

ic er

a k

Ç.

Sus

z

h

Pruth

d

B

e s Bra

St.George

a j u

r

m

Me

and e r

b

an u

o ˇ

Sphakiotes

l

Suda

Arda

n Rhetymno t s.

Rho des

G u l f o f BTue lrogsa s

a

N Kasos

s

osporus NicosiaB

Constantinople

C r e t e

N

S

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

(Karpa thos)

Cape E rgene Sideros

Ev ro

Knossos

Rho des

Scarp anto

Adrianople

sa

Spinalonga

Heraklion

Syme

Nisyros

Tu

A

it

Gulf of Kos

K os

Chalke

r

g

S e a

Black

Famagusta

Cyprus

roödos T ece Büyü k Çekm Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

ic

Gorg

res

D

n d ža

Santorini

a

Mendelia

E A

er

Bre

u

l

Va

D u n a rea

t

M

u

Kalym nos

S e a

M

a Crn

n

rg

Bodrum

ndga

ç e rn a

l

M

on

o

Ol

es m Te

Aspr

Gulf of Orphani

Mnts.

Gulf of Ismid

M a r m o r a

o f

Marmara

Gulf of Saros

iğ i r l

is

on

l

W

tr

ia Al

it

sa

km

Gulf of

Gulf of Kasandra

Butrinto ia

Corfu

M e l u n a Pa s s

Pine

Co

Corfu

t e s i o

Te m

pe

v a ll

rfu Ca

Goumenitza

ios

na l

A

Gulf of Arta

Vonitza

ta

Sperchei

mos

o

Gulf of

op

Santa Maura Levkas

Aspr

I o n i a n

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca Cephalonia

At

r

e

Korinthos

a

Aegina

Kithnos

Rinia

Koroni

Myconos Delos

Hermupolis

Kalym nos

Polyaigos

Melos

M

Folegandros

Maina

Gulf of Kos

Gulf of Adalia

Stampalia

Nios

Sikinos

Gulf of Kos

K os

Amorgo s

Kimolos

Monemvasia

Mendelia

Gulf of Mendela

Bodrum Naxos

Sifnos

Gulf of Laconia

Gulf of

Leros

Antiparos

o

Patmos

Paros

Misthra

ta s

Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Ikaria

Siros Serifos

Eur

and e r

M en d e r e s

Samos

Tenos

Gyaros

Cape Sounion

Me

Vathy

Keos

Gulf of A e g i n a

Nauplia

ios

Kalamata

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

S a r o n i c Gulf or

iz

Bay of Chesmé

Gulf of Nauplia

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

Chios

al

o

E

os

Athens

(Peloponnesos)

Al p h e

Gulf of Edremid

a

e

S

an

M

R

a)

ip

Corinth

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Castel Tornese

Zante

boi Eur

of

A c h a i a

I s l a n d s

I

C

Patras

Sporades

eg ro al po an ti nt Ca na e l (E u

Gulf

Rrhion

Gulf of Patras

P

Besika Bay

Northern

N

Lamia

n

a

e

g

e

Gulf of Vo l o s

o

Preveza

M

s

I o n i a n

D ard an e lle s

(Salamvrias)

E

Parga

Paxos

ik

Pinios

ey

S u

P h t il

l

Saloniki

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Nisyros Santorini

Syme

Rho des

Telos

Anafi Chalke

Cape Malia

E

Cape Matapan

Rho des

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Cerigo

D of

I

S e a

T

E

os Gramvousa K i s s a m Bay

Suda

ar ia f S am

R

A

Sphakiotes

E

A

N

S

E A

j 1673-1683 148

Spinalonga

Knossos

C r e t e

Sphakia

N

Heraklion

Rhetymno

Gorg

Scarp anto

Suda Bay

Chania eo

R

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

•••

o ant Otr

Ç.

Gallipoli Sus

ina

Dr

op

Ti

sa Ti

S u

a

e

ta Chania

Gulf of

Naxos

M

N e s to s

i

p

ar ia f S am

of

b

Tr a i

M en d e

Leros

ar

O eo

a

a

Paros

Patmos

tra

i

a Marits

M

A

Thessaloniki

A

S e a

Jan

Anafi

Lake Tachino

on

E

ares)

m

Lake Ostrovo

ti

i 1649-1673

Bay of Va l o n a

Delos

Tu

Sphakia

m

N

eo

Rinia

n ss i Amorgo Kimolos nNios t a u Stampalia o M Sikinos Polyaigos

Melos

Sr

ei

i a

(V ard

Lake Prespa

Lake Doiran

Axios

An

S t. G

V a l l um

Ikaria

n

M

ar

R

Sulina

Branch

Sulina

A N A T O L I A

be

Sifnos

o

rd R

Bran c h

iz

Ged

Samos

Antiparos

B

Dunai

a ili

Myconos

Kithnos

a l k a n

d

Va

T

it ra St Saseno

Du

Hermupolis

es

eka

Akkerman

Vathy

Tenos

Gyarost

Siros

Gramvousa

R

u

Gyurgyevó

(Minoa)

o

l

Se

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

Keos

r Iske

h

ga

nica

M a c e d o

Lake Ochrid

T

ma

I

in

E

i

ni

D

Cape Sounion

R

ru

T

D

O

D n ie s te r L im a n

ra ia n u m mT

K

Brăila

a

Danu

Folegandros

Cerigo St

mits

e

av

n a

b l

na

aca

ta s

Mor

va

Cape Matapan

n

Dr mb

Aegina Gulf of A e g i n a

Monemvasia

Gulf of Laconia

dz

Cape Malia

Black

in ku

Jalo

Psara

•••

Du

ra

Koroni

Durazzo Sh

a

A

de

Serifos

B

za

E

Turnu Magurele

ea

Hydra

o

lu

h

Mo

in

ar un

Maina

Dr

Dulcigno na Boja

Eur

E

Scutari

Antivari

ri

Ve

n) Kalamata

je

Whi t e D

Dr

Nauplia

Bu

na

Chios

Andros

or

Misthra

M

Lake S c u t a ri

Bay of Spizza

a

Gulf of Messenia

Po l

Z

Pe B i sc s ka tr i ca

Žabljak Upper Pulati

Budua

C

A

L

oia )

Salamis S a r o n i c Gulf

Gulf of Nauplia

Pylos Methoni

vo

im

A

I

H

Athens

Burdshi

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

so

Lim

L

o tt ar

e

Rim

R

e

S

Spetsai

To p l i c a

Ko

Ta r a

Sporades

eg ro po nt e (E Zi ub ul

Korinthos

i l l ko

nc

r

irl i k

Kilia

´

PM o u n t a Ii n s

Corinth

garia

ar

a r n i ca

n

Ar

(Peloponnesos)

Ib

ra

MONTENEGRO et Perasto a Spuž Cetinje

Sea

o

a

M

Northern

W

Al p h e ios zn a (B

Dn

Ju

a

M

ava

c

ot

Herzegovina Risan

Kalavryta

Castel Tornese

)M or

e

i a n t h

mok

Pi n e i o s

an

a

K

om

a

in

Ta

i

M

o

x

g

Alt

s

Al u ta

t

a S

bi

Szörényvár

ul

D r in

Uva Ceh

er

b

A c h a i a

a

a

e

n

Ol

na

Zante m

r

Adakale

of

r

v

ri

a( S

Za

Li

e

Patras

S

Gulf

Rrhion

th

D

Gulf of Patras

I s l a n d sp a d nS

N

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Ithaca

ra

Orsova

Dunav

M o r a v

K o lu b a Cephalonia

na

re

Du

Sa

Mehadia o

os

Se

Belgrade

Santa Maura (Levkas) va

m ta

Sperchei

s

Zimony

I o n i a n S e a

Vonitza

s

a r p C a

V ersec

Gulf of Arta

Preveza

Szabács

(Partes Annexae)

ro

A

E

iğ

s

l

Sava Srebrenica

Titel

t

s

na

Mezősomlyó

k ü llő y Kü

te

Gallipoli

l y

Ca

su

Karlóca

Ma

ey

Lugos

i o s Karánsebes Pine

es

rfu

Parga

D aPaxos nube

Bé ga

em

Goumenitza Becskerek

I o n i a n

a

Lippa v a ll

is

n

T Csák

Partes Annexae

pe M e l u n a Pa s s Facsád Te m

Temesvár

Óbecse

Co

Bo

sk

e

Corfu

i

P h t ilia

a

je ut

s

g Na

Bender

Marmara

k

Csanád

Feh km -K öros

a

sa

Maro

t e s i o

ia

Al

A

e

it

ros

aro s

ér

tr

Ma

Magyarkanizsa

Mohács

na B os

Otranto

z

is

A Tisa

áv

M

W

o a nt Otr

Bay of Va l o n a

Corfu

a

T r a n s y l v a n ia Thessaloniki

Butrinto

Dr

C a t t a r oC a

s

Ka

of

Saseno C a p e G l ops s a o r L i n g u e t toa s

Otranto

a

- Kő r ö

Maros

S

a

L a k ke e t e O s tFr eo v o

ti

m

m

ni

Lake Tachino

on

ares)

Se

s

ard s (V

it ra St

Lake Prespa

s K ő rö

e s to s

S e b e s - K ö rö

Ochrid

M

of y B a e llo b ira

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia

Cyprus Troödos Mnts.

Famagusta

ic er

Gulf of Orphani

Thessaloniki

k

Gulf of

Meluna Pass

Tem

Gulf of Kasandra

Pin

rfu Ca na l

Gulf of Arta

S p erchei

mos

o

o

Gulf of

N Lamia

At

al

an

ti

Cephalonia

Mesolongi

Gulf

na

o

p

o

an

Athens Korinthos

Al p h e

o io

r

e

a

Saronic

Aegina Gulf of Aegina

Nauplia

s

Myconos

Zarnata Gulf of Messenia

Pylos Methoni

Koroni

Patmos

Delos

Gulf of Mendela

Bodrum

Naxos

Gulf of Kos

o

tas

B a y o f Navarino Navarino

an d e r

res

Ikaria

Tenos

Cape Sounion

Misthra

Eur

Me

M en d e

Gulf of Nauplia

Kalamata

A N A T O L I A

Andros

Gulf of Petalia

Gulf or

iz

Bay of Chesmé

al

Corinth

Castel Tornese

M

C h i o s

os

of

Kalavryta

Pi n e i o s

Ged

Gulf of Smyrna

n

ip

E

a

e

S

R

t e (E ub oia )

l

Eur

A c h a i a

Gulf of Edremid

I

C

Rrhion

Patras

Zante

Ca

r

Besika Bay

Northern

Lepanto=Naupaktos =Antirrhion

Gulf of Patras

a n d s

g

n

P

Sporades e

Salona

Ithaca

a

e

g

e

M

Gulf of Volos

Asp

I o n i a n

ta

Dard ane lle s

(Salamvrias)

s

Vonitza

rop

Preveza

Gulf of the Hagion Oros

Pinios

ey

E

Arta

Santa Maura (Levkas)

I s l

v a ll

A

Parga

I o n i a n

S e a

pe

eios

Goumenitza

Paxos

Sus

ia

S u

l

t e s i o

Co

Corfu

i

k

iğ i r l

on sa

Corfu

Ç.

Gallipoli

m

it

P h t ilia

Gulf of Ismid

Gulf of Saros

l

tr

Al

Saloniki

Butrinto

S e a

M a r m o r a

o f Mar mar a

Kanina

A

Kü ç ü k Ç e k m e c e

M

a

Lake Tachino

on

m

b

a

e s to s

i

n

es)

Lake Ostrovo

ti

is

Bay of Valona

o

d

Valona W

Passavâ

Gulf of Adalia

Monemvasia

Gulf of

Kelapha

M

Laconia

Rhodes

Stampalia

Maina

Santorini

Porto Kayio

Cape Malia

E

Cape Matapan

Kastellorizo (Megiste)

Rhodes

Cerigo

D

E

Kissamos Bay

Gramvousa

ar ia f S am

R

Gorg

A

Suda

Heraklion Sphakiotes

Rhetymno

E

r

C

Sphakia

N

Scarpanto (Karpathos)

Suda Bay

Chania eo

R

Gulf of Chania

C r e t e

of

S e a

I

T

•••

Otranto

ni

a

o a n t O t r

Cape Glossa or Linguetta

e

Se

m

of

. on)

Saseno

c

ardar s (V

i t r a S t

Lake Prespa

ulia

M of

a

M

Ochrid

Spinalonga

Knossos

e t e

M

of y B a e llo b ira

Cape Sideros

Kasos

Nicosia

C y p r u s Troö dos Mnt s.

A

N

S

E A

k 1683-1699

149

Famagusta

Index A Abaúj 12 Abaza Hasan Pasha 13 Adakale 98, 121 Adrianople (T. Edirne) 9, 10, 11, 15, 57 Adriatic 9, 10, 16 Aegean 7, 10, 13, 16, 52 Aegina 17 Agram 75 Ahmed II 16 Ahmed l 11 Ajnácskő 71 Akıncılar 3 Akkerman 9, 51 Ak-Koyunlu 4 Albania 10, 15 Alexander Mavrocordato 15 Alexey I 96 Algiers 16 Ali, the beglerbegi of Buda 12 Anatolia 97 Andrea Doria 9 Andros (T. Andıra) 10 Antirihon 116 Antivari 10, 17, 71 Aprikorno 91 Arad 11, 14, 63, 72 Athens 16, 116 Augustus of Saxony 16 Austria 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 17 Austrian 88 Azov (Azak kalesi) 16

B Babócsa 10, 11, 67, 99 Bács 56 Bácska 15 Bahçesaray 105 Bánát 10, 17 Banat of Jajca (H. Jajcai Bánság) 31 Barbarossa, Hayreddin 48, 49, 51, 52, 54 Barcsay, Ákos 97 Báthory, “Prince” 82 Battle of Bela Hora 12 Battle of Mohács 7 Battle of Szalánkemén 16 Battle of Szentgotthárd 100 Bayezid I 3 Bayezid II 3, 4 Bay of Azov 16 Becse 10, 17 Becskerek 10, 17 Belgrade (Nándorfehérvár) 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 30, 38, 40, 42, 46, 47, 57, 67, 72, 97 Bender 9 Benkovac 108 Bereg 12, 88 Berzence 11 Bessarabia 9 Bethlen, Gábor 90 Bihac (H. Bihács) 10, 11, 40, 71, 75 Black Sea 16 Bocche di Catarro (Bocche di Cattaro; Bay of Kotor; Boka Kotorska, Montenegro) 17 Bocskai, István 12, 85, 88 Bodrum 33 Bohemia 3, 4, 8, 10, 12 Borsod 12 Bosnia 3, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 40, 41, 50, 120 Bosut 17 Böszörmény 14 Brăila (T. Ibrail) 9, 53 Bucak 51

Buczacz 104 Buda 10 Budački 83 Buda (T. Budīn) 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 16, 38, 40, 43, 56, 57, 58, 72, 84, 109, 112, 113, 114 Budua 10, 17, 54, 71, 72 Buják 14 Butrinto 9, 17

Érsekújvár (today in Slovakia Nové Zámky; G. Neuhäus(e)l, Lat. Novum Castrum, T. Uyvar) 13, 40, 99 Eszék (modern Osijek, T. Ösek) 9, 10, 15, 38, 39, 42 Esztergom (Gran) 9, 11, 12, 14, 57, 81, 85, 100, 109 Eugene of Savoy 14, 16 Eugen von Croy 16 Evrenos-oğulları 3

C

F

Candia 13, 101 Carinthia 4, 10 Carlopago 12 Carniola 10, 65 Casimir, John II 12 Castel Nuovo (Hercegnovi) 9, 17, 54 Cetin 7 Chania (It. Canea, T. Hanya) 91 Charles of Lorraine 14, 15 Charles V 8, 9 Chios (T. Sakız) 10, 16, 126 Chyhyryn (T. Çehrin, Ru. Chigirin) 13, 14, 105 Constantinople 7, 8, 9, 15, 16 Corfu 9, 17, 49 Cossack 12, 13, 14 Count Kristóf Frangepán 8 Cracow 12 Cretan 91 Crete (T. Girit) 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 49, 52, 92 Crimea 4, 14 Croatia 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 74, 83 Crown of St. Stephen 8 Csákvár 9 Csanád 10, 11, 17 Csele 38 Csele stream 7 Csesznek 11 Csókakő 9 Csurgó 10, 11, 67 Cyprus (T. Ḳıbrıs) 9, 10, 52, 71

Facsád (G. Fatschet) 82 Famagusta (T. Mağoşa) 10, 71, 72 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha 13 Federico Veterani 15 Fehérvár (Székesfehérvár, T. Erdel Belgrad) 80, 97 Felsőbánya 12 Ferdinand 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Ferdinand I 40, 43 Ferdinand III 91 Ferdinand of Austria 7 Fertö 47 Fief-holders (timariots) 7 Folegandros 89 France 12, 14, 15, 91 Francis Rákóczi 14 Frater George 8, 9 Frederick V 12 Friedrich August von Sachsen 16 Fülek 64

D Dalmatia 7, 9, 16, 17, 108 Dalmatian 72, 113 Dalmatian coast 71, 96, 121 Danube 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 56, 57, 88 Danube-Sava line 3 Dardanelles 13 Dervish Pasha 11 Dnieper River 14 Dnjepr 105 Dnjester 104 Dombró 7 Doria 48 Doria, Andrea 47, 51 Doroshenko, Petro 105 Dosza peasant rising 4 Dragoman 15 Dráva 99 Drave 38 Drniš 108 Duare 17 Dubica 17, 41, 51 Duchy of Naxos 9, 10, 74, 89 Dulcigno (Ülkün) 10, 17, 71

E Edirne 49, 97 Eger (T. Eğri) 10, 11, 15, 63, 83, 113, 116 Egypt 4, 7 Elmas Mehmed Pasha 16 England 12, 15 Ernst 10

151

G Gabela 17 Gábor Bethlen 12 Gazi Husrev Beg 46 Georg Christian von Holstein 15 Gesztes 11 Ghazis 3 Giovanni Battista Castaldo, Margrave of Cassiano 9 Giray, Adil 101 Golubac (H. Galambóc, G. Taubenberg, T. Gögerdsinlik) 15 Gora 11 Görz 10 Gospic 41 Grabusa 17 Gradiška 10, 12, 41 Gramvousa (Grambusa) 123 Grand Vizier 67, 79, 85, 97 Graz 47 Grbalj 10 Greece 9, 78 Gulf of Arta 17 Gulf of Chania 91 Gulf of Corinth 10 Gyarmat 14 György Rákóczi I 12 György Rákóczi II 12 György Zrínyi 11 Győr (Raab, T. Yanīḳ-ḳalʿe) 10, 11, 40, 43, 81, 84 Gyula 10, 67, 126 Gyurgyevó (R. Giurgiu, T. Yergöğü) 11

H Habsburg 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Halicarnassus 33 Hasan Pasha 75 Hasan Pasha Predojević 11 Hasan, the Pasha of Buda 11 Hatvan 9, 11, 58, 113 Hayreddīn Barbarossa 9 Heraklion (T. Kandiya) 92 Hetman 14 Hieronym Łaski 8

Holland 12 Hollókő 14 Holy League 9, 10, 14, 15 Homonna 8 Hospodar of Walachia 15 Hotin (T. Hotin, Pol. Chocim, Ukrayna: Chotyn) 13, 14, 104 Hungary 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 47, 62, 109 Hussite rebels 3

I Ibrahim I 12, 13 Ilona Zrínyi 14, 15 Imre Thököly 13, 16 Innocent XI 14 Ionian Islands 9, 17 Ipek 15 Isabella 9 Ismaʿil I 4 Istanbul 49 Istria 10 István Báthory 7, 11 Ivan Samojlovich 14

J Jacob Colyer 16 Jajca 3, 7, 34, 39, 41 Janissaries 7 János Kemény 13 Jasenovac 58 Jászság 67 Jem Sultan 4 Jenő (T. Yanova, Kis Jenö) 10, 11, 13, 97 Joachim, Elector of Brandenburg 9 Joseph Nasi 10

K Kahlenberg 14, 108 Kalamata 16, 111 Kálló 14 Kalocsa 7 Kamen 9 Kamieniec Podolski (T. Kamāniça) 13, 104 Kanina 121 Kanizsa 11, 12, 67, 75, 85, 99 Kaposvár 15 Kara Ahmed Pasha 10 Karaman 4 Kara Mustafa Pasha 13, 14 Karánsebes (Sebeş) 17, 97, 126 Karin 108 Karl Gustav X 12 Karlóca, Congress of 16 Karlóca (Karlowitz, T. Karlofça, in present-day Serbia) 3, 16 Karlovac (Károlyváros) 10 Karposh’s Uprising 15 Kassa 8, 14, 40 Kastelorizo 7, 10 Kenyérmező 3 Keos 49 Kimolos 89 King Lajos II of Hungary 7 King Sigismund of Poland 8 Kiskunság 67 Kissamos 91 Klek 17 Klis (T. Kilis) 9, 46, 48 Knights Hospitaller 7, 8 Knights of St. John 7 Knin 17, 108 Kobaš 41, 46, 47, 48 Kolpa 9 Komárom 7, 11, 40, 43 Köprülü, Ahmed 104 Koroni (T. Ḳoron) 16, 47, 48, 111, 113

Kosovo 120 Kostajnica 10, 64, 65 Kőszeg (Germ. Güns) 8, 47 Krabatische und Meer Gränitz 9 Krastovica 11 Krupa 10, 34, 40, 65, 72 Kulpa 11 Kumkale 13 Kupa 75 Kuruc movement 13 Kuruc ‘Principality’ 14 Kyrenia 71 Kythanos 89

L Ladzhin 13 Lajos II 4, 7 Lake Balaton 84 Larnaca 10, 71 Lemnos (T. Limni) 13 Leopold 12, 13, 14 Lepanto (Nafpaktos, Castel Rumeli T. Inebahtı) 10, 16, 17, 116 Léva 14 Levkas 109 Linea Grimani 17 Linz 91, 92 Lippa (T. Lipova) 8, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 62, 82, 89, 126 Lithuania 104 Long Turkish War 14 Louis II, King 38 Louis, Margrave of Baden 14, 15, 16 Louis XIV 13, 15 Lugos 16, 17, 97, 126 Lwów 13

M Macedonia 15 Magyarkanizsa 17 Malkoç-oğulları 3 Malta 8, 10, 14 Mamluk 4, 7 Mani 109 Marburg 47 Maria 7 Maros River 10 Matthias 12 Matthias, Archduke 88 Matthias Corvinus 3 Matthias II 12 Maximilian 10, 15 Mecca 4 Medina 4 Mehmed II 3, 4 Mehmed III, Sultan 83 Mehmed IV 13, 14, 15, 16 Mehmed Köprülü 13, 104 Mehmed lll 11 Mehmed Pasha of Rumelia 11 Mesologi 109 Methoni (T. Modon) 47, 113 Metlika 9 Mezőkeresztes (T. Haçova Muharebesi) 11, 83 Middle Hungary 13 Mihail-oğulları 3 Mihály Apafi 13, 14 Mihály I Apafi 15 Militärgrenze 9 Milopotamo 91 Modon 16 Mohács (T. Mihāč) 3, 4, 7, 38, 42, 57, 114, 116 Moldavia ((H. Moldva, T. Boğdan) 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 51, 53, 70 Monemvasia (T. Menekşe or Benefşe; I. Napoli di Malvasia) 9, 52, 120 Montecuccoli 13 Moravia 12 Morea 9, 16, 17, 113, 115

152

Mount Athos 17 Munkács 15 Murad III 10, 11 Murad Pasha, surnamed Kuyucu 11 Mur River 10 Muscovy 13 Mustafa II 16 Mustafa Köprülü 16

N Nadin 48 Nagybánya 12 Nagyharsány 15 Nagyszőlős 13 Nagyvarád (G. Grosswardei, modern Oradea in Romania) 8, 9, 98 Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) 7 Nasi, Joseph 74 Nauplia (T. Anabolu, Gr. Navplion) 9, 16, 48, 52 Navarino 16 Naxos (T. Nakshe) 49, 52 Nicholas (Miklós) Zrinyi 10 Nicopolis 3 Nicosia 10, 71 Nikolsburg 90 Niš 15, 16, 118 Nógrád 9, 11, 12, 58, 64 Northern Sporades 52 Novi 10, 17, 34, 35 Nūr Bānū 10 Nyalábvár 13 Nyitra 7

O Obrovac 108 Olmütz 8 Oppeln 12 Ostrovica 33 Ottoman 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Ottoman high admiral 10 Ozora 58

P Pact of Wiener Neustadt 7 Paisie, Radu 53 Pákozd 11 Palota (T. Pōlāta) 11, 80, 116 Pál Tomori 7 Pankota 11 Pannonhalma 14 Pápa 11, 14, 81 Parga 9, 17 Párkány (T. Ciğerdelen, G. Gockern, today Štúrovo, Slovakia) 11, 14, 109 Partes Annexae 8, 9, 11, 98 Pasha, Ahmed 63 Pasha, Hajji Hüseyin “Mezzomorto” (Hacı Hüseyin Mezamorta) 16 Pasha, Hasan 75, 78 Pasha, Ibrahim 7, 105 Pasha, Koca Sinan 79, 80, 81 Pasha, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed 99 Pasha, Köprülü Mehmed 13, 15, 97 Pasha, Lala Mehmed 11, 85 Pasha, Lala Mustafa 72 Pasha of Bosnia 11 Pasha, Seydī Ahmed 98 Pasha, Sokollu Mehmed 67 Pasha, Sokolluzade Hasan 11 Patras 16, 116 Peace of Vasvár 13 Peace of Westphalia 12 Pécs 9, 15 Pereyaslav 96 Persian Gulf 7 Pest (T. Peşte) 9, 11, 109 Pétervárad (G. Peterwardein) 15, 16, 116, 126

Petrinja 10, 11 Petro Doroshenko 14, 105 Philippopoli (T. Filibe, Plovdiv, Bulgaria) 15 Piccolomini 15 Pirot 15, 16 Piyale Pasha 10 Podolia 13, 14, 17, 104 Poglitza 9 Poland 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 96, 97, 104, 105 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 13, 14 Polje 11 Polyaigos 89 Pope 10, 14 Pozsony (G. Pressburg, Bratislava) 7, 12, 44 Prague 12 Preveza (T. Preveze) 9, 17, 51, 109 Prizren 15

R Ragusa 17 Rákóczi, György 91, 97 Rákóczi II, Prince György 97 Rákos field 9 Ratibor 12 Red Sea 4 Regéc 12 Reliquiæ reliquiarum olim inclyti Regni Croatiæ 11 Rethymno 91 Rhine 15, 16 Rhodes 7, 32, 33, 52 Richelieu 12 Rion 116 Ripač 10, 11 Risano 17 River Raab 13 Romania 15 Royal Hungary 8 Rüdiger von Starhemberg 14 Rudolf II 10, 11, 12 Russia 105 Russian 14 Ryswick 16

S Sabacz (Šabac, T. Böğürdelen) 7, 30 Safavid 4, 7, 8, 11 Salona (Solin) 9 Samoilovich, Ivan 105 Sancak 9 Santa Maura 17 Sárospatak 8 Sava 7, 8, 11, 15, 17 Scardona (Hr. Skradin) 96 Scarpanto 52 Second Holy League 10 Seddülbahr 13 Selim I 4 Selim II 10 Semlin 38 Serbia 7, 15 Sifnos 89 Şihabeddin Pasha 3 Sikinos 89 Siklós 9, 15, 57, 59 Silesia 12 Simontornya 15, 58 Sinan Pasha 11 Sinj 9, 17, 108, 113 Sirmium 7 Sisak (T. Siska, Hung. Sziszek) 11, 75, 78 Siyavuş Pasha 15 Skradin 108 Slavonia 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 47, 50, 57, 116 Slawonische Gränitz 9 Slunj (Hung. Szluin) 11 Smederevo (H. Szendrő, L. and R. Semendria, T. Semendire) 3, 15 Sobieski, Jan III 14, 108, 109

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha 10 Solymos 11 Sopron 7, 14 Sopron Compromise 14 Spain 7, 10, 15 Spinalonga 17, 92 Srebrenica 44 Statuta Valachorum 12 Steinfeld, Battle of 47 St Gotthard 13 St. John 33, 47 Styria 4, 8, 10, 13 Suda 17, 92, 123 Süleyman 43, 53, 57 Süleyman I 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 47, 49, 51 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16 Süleyman II 15, 16 Süleyman Pasha 15 Süleyman, Sultan 31, 38, 42, 46, 66 Sutorina 17 Sweden 91 Syria 4, 7 Syrmia 44 Syrmium 17 Szabács (Šabac, T. Böğürdelen) 122 Szabolcs 12 Szalánkemén 123 Szászfenes 12 Szászvár 9 Szatmár 12, 88 Szécsény 14 Szeged 10, 15, 16, 38, 80 Székesfehérvár (T. Istōlnī or Ustōlnī Belgrād) 7, 8, 11, 15, 38, 40 Szekszárd 9 Szentkereszt 14 Szentmárton 11 Szigetvár 10, 59, 64, 66 Szina 8 Szolnok 10, 14, 63 Szőny (near Komárom) 12

T Tabor 3 Tarcal 12 Tarnów 8 Tatar 12, 13 Tata (Totis) 11, 14, 65, 81 Tatra Mountains 7 Temesvár (T. Temeşvar; today: Timişoara, Ro.) 3, 4, 10, 16, 17, 63, 72, 127 Tenedos (T. Bozcaada) 13 Tenos 17 Thrace 78 Tihany 11 Tinos 9 Tisa-Maros line 17 Tisa River (H. Tisza, G. Theiss) 8, 9, 14 Tito 17 Todorovo 73, 74 Tokaj 12, 88 Torda 9 Tövija 3 Transylvania (H. Erdély) 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 82, 85, 90, 97, 98, 116, 122 Treaty of Bahçesaray 14 Treaty of Balázsfalva 15 Treaty of Buczacz 14 Treaty of Karlóca 16, 134 Treaty of Madrid 12 Treaty of Nikolsburg 12 Treaty of Szöny 12 Treaty of Vienna 12 Treaty of Zsitvatorok 12, 14 Treaty of Żurawno 14 Trieste 10 Turkoman 4 Tuscany 14 Tyrol 10, 11

153

U Udbina 40, 41 Ugocsa 12, 88 Uj-begis 3 Ukraine 105 Ukrainian 14 Una River 10, 72 Unna 10 Uskoks 9 Utješenović 8 Uzun Hasan 4

V Vác (T. Waç) 9, 11, 14, 58, 85, 89, 109 Vág River 14 Valona (T. Avlonya, Alb. Vlorë) 49, 121 Valpó 9 Varasd (Varaždin, Warasdin) 8, 47 Vasvár 13, 100 Vázsony 11 Veliko Brdo 17 Venetian 121 Venice 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 109 Veröce 14 Veszprém (T. Wesprim) 11, 14, 79, 80 Vidin 15, 16, 118 Vienna 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 42, 43, 44, 46, 88, 90, 100, 108, 109 Világos 10, 11, 12 Visegrád 9, 11, 14, 40, 81 Vladislav 4 Vonitza 109 Vorarlberg 10 Vorder Österreich 10 Vrana 108 Vrgorac 17 Vrlika 17

W Wallachia (H. Havasalföld) 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 82, 96, 97 War of the League of Augsburg 16 Warsaw 12 Wiener Neustadt 47 William III 15 William Lord Paget 16 Windische Gränitz 9

Z Zagreb 12 Zante 9, 17 Zápolya, János (John Zápolya) 7, 40, 42, 43, 56, 62 Zápolya, John II Zsigmond 9 Zara 96 Zemplén 12 Zengg (Senj, Segnia) 9, 34, 35 Zenta 16, 128 Zimony (Zemun) 7 Zlatitsa Pass 3 Zombor 56 Zrínyi 10, 11 Zrínyivár (T. Zerinvar) 100 Zsigmond 3, 8, 9 Zsigmond, Báthory 11 Zsigmond, János 9 Zsitva 88 Zsitvatorok 88 Zülfikar effendi 15 Žumberak 9 Zupa 17 Żurawno (T. İzvança) 14, 105