Arabic for Beginners: A Guide to Modern Standard Arabic (Free Online Audio and Printable Flash Cards) [Bilingual ed.] 0804852588, 9780804852586

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ARABIC

FOR BEGINNERS

ARABIC

FOR BEGINNERS Sarah Risha

T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore

“Books to Span the East and West” Tuttle Publishing was founded in 1832 in the small New England town of Rutland, Vermont [USA]. Our core values remain as strong today as they were then—to publish best-in-class books which bring people together one page at a time. In 1948, we established a publishing office in Japan—and Tuttle is now a leader in publishing English-language books about the arts, languages and cultures of Asia. The world has become a much smaller place today and Asia’s economic and cultural influence has grown. Yet the need for meaningful dialogue and information about this diverse region has never been greater. Over the past seven decades, Tuttle has published thousands of books on subjects ranging from martial arts and paper crafts to language learning and literature—and our talented authors, illustrators, designers and photographers have won many prestigious awards. We welcome you to explore the wealth of information available on Asia at www.tuttlepublishing.com.

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Copyright © 2022 Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd. Illustrations by Scott Larson

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Table of Contents Why Learn Arabic?

Lesson 1

7

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System

11

Lesson 2

Arabic Culture

29

Lesson 3

The Classroom

43

Lesson 4

Arab Hospitality

Lesson 5

Tea and Arabic Coffee

Lesson 6

Social Life and Visits

Lesson 7

Arabic Calligraphy

Lesson 8

The Arab Family

Lesson 9

Family Relations and Children

Lesson 10

Arabic Dress

Lesson 11

Who is an Arab?

Lesson 12

Relations between the Sexes

Lesson 13

The Effect of Islam on Arab Culture

Lesson 14

Sports in the Arab World

Lesson 15

Arab Women

Lesson 16

Marriage in the Arab World

Lesson 17

Arabic Proverbs

Lesson 18

The Term “Middle East”

Lesson 19

Holidays and Celebrations

Lesson 20

Review

Answer Key

256

53 65 77

95 109 123

137 149 161

183

193 203

215

244

English-Arabic Dictionary

279

Arabic-English Dictionary

298

225 235

173

Why Learn Arabic? There are many good reasons to learn Arabic: • Arabic is the fifth most widely spoken language in the world. • Arabic is an official language of the United Nations. • There is a high demand for speakers of Arabic in the Western world. • There are financial incentives, as Arabic-speaking nations are fast-growing trade markets. • Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam. The Arabic language is strongly connected to Arab culture. Fundamental values and traditions are shared among all Arabs speaker regardless of geographical, historical, social or class differences. However, traditions and practices vary from one country and from one region to another. In 2016, the United Nations calculated the total population of the Arab world at approximately 420 million people spread across a vast area so it is natural for cultural differences to exist. However, there are a few major reasons for these differences. The first is that the Arab world has long been known as the cradle of three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Although these religions share many common values, each one has its own devotions, tenets and loyalties. Arab culture grew and developed through a combination of the main principles of these three religions; nevertheless, Islam has had the greatest effect on Arab culture. Furthermore, the Arab world was at the crossroads of world trade, which encouraged cultural exchange through commerce among the Persians, Romans, Greeks, Indians, Chinese and Turks. Being the cradle of these three main religions and a center of commerce united Arab societies and cultures and at the same time created cultural differences. By relating Arab customs to the teaching of Islam, it can be explained how tradition was established and developed or where it came from. This does not mean that all Arabs are familiar with a specific Islamic teaching. This is to say, for example, Islam guides its followers to use their right hand in eating. Therefore, Arabs were directed that it was proper to eat with their right hand. Almost all Arabs use the right hand because it is a part of their culture more than a rule of their religion.

Arabic and the Arab World There are about seven thousand languages spoken in the world. It is estimated that half of them are spoken by only three thousand people and several languages are expected to become extinct in just a few decades. The most spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese with more than one billion speakers. The most commonly used alphabet in the world is the Roman or Latin alphabet used by English speakers and most European languages. However, the Arabic alphabet is the second most used. Arabic alphabets are widespread, used in other languages beside Arabic including Urdu in Pakistan and India, Persian in Iran, Turkish in Turkey and Swahili in Tanzania, Kenya, and other countries in central Africa.

8

Introduction

The Arabic language belongs to Semitic family which incudes Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, 1 Syriac, Akkadian and Phoenician (Al-Kauther, 2009, p. 7 ). The 420 million people who speak Arabic are spread throughout the world; however, the nation with the largest Arabic speaking population is Egypt with 82 million and the smallest is in Bahrain with 1.3 million. It is the national language of the twenty-two countries of the Arab world in the Middle East and North Africa—Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. One of the most widespread misconceptions about Arabs is that all Arabs are Muslims and all Muslims are Arabs—all Arabic countries have Islam as their main religion but there are Arab Christians and Jews. The word “Arab” is a linguistic term, not a religious one, that refers to a person who speaks Arabic as their first language. There are many non-Arab Muslim countries including Indonesia, with the largest Muslim population, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Tajikistan and Turkey. Arab countries enjoy diverse populations with different cultures, politics, history and dialects but formal Arabic plays a major role in connecting Arab cultures, backgrounds and activities. As with any other language, it acts to unite communities with different historical backgrounds, nationalism and ethnicity all over the world.

How to use this book The most effective way to use this book is to study each part of the lesson alone, as there is more than one point introduced in a chapter. Study the first section carefully and give yourself enough time to understand the information and practice. Later, review what you learned then move to the next section. I encourage you to be dedicated and not to wait too long between tackling sections and lessons. Learning a language is a skill that requires time and practice. All lessons have practice exercises including some which review materials covered earlier to help you practice what you learned. Do not be shy or confused when making mistakes; it is a sign that you are learning and approaching your goal. This book has detailed explanations and exercises on the important topics. All you have to do is work hard. As you continue, you’ll learn that there are three short vowels used in Arabic to make reading easier for the learner. It is important, however, to note that almost all books, magazines or newspapers written in Arabic do not use these vowels. They are only used in elementary classes and in religious works such as the Quran, the Bible and the Torah that are published in Arabic. In order to familiarize you with correct pronunciation and to help make learning and memorizing them easier, you will see vowels incorporated in the new vocabulary of every lesson and in the exercises of the first seven lessons. Beyond that, you will continue without vowels so you will be able to learn to pronounce words without them.

1

Al-Kauther. (March/April 2009). A Rasooli community newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.nuradeen.com/ archives/Al_Kauther_News_Letter.pdf

Introduction

9

Each chapter concludes with an opportunity to reflect upon what you have learned so you can better understand the things you need to practice. This will help you measure your progress. There are also opportunities to listen to downloadable audio so you can learn how to properly pronounce Arabic words and to better understand the dialogues presented in the practice lessons. One of the main objectives of this book is to raise awareness of Modern Standard Arabic. It is my hope that learners of Arabic who use this book will be able to better converse, write, read and otherwise communicate in Arabic and to comprehend what you hear and read in the Arabic language. Additionally, points of Arab culture are introduced in each lesson to present this culture from an Arab’s point of view rather than what might be shown in the media.

My advice • Start by reading, pronouncing and writing the alphabet. Do not move to the next step until you know the alphabet. After this, the following steps will be much easier. • Read and review each lesson carefully. • Memorize all the words presented before moving to the next lesson. • Relate the words you are learning to your daily life. Apply what you learned to your surroundings, friends and family. • Feel confident when you are speaking Arabic; try not to hesitate or pause between words. • Try to find a native Arabic speaker in your area and practice speaking with them. • Consistency is very important, so be dedicated and spend some learning time every day. • Listen to the new vocabulary as many times as you wish. • Use flashcards and look at them whenever you have time. • Work on making your learning experience pleasant and fun. • The best method to learn a language is practice. Please use the audio to practice as much as possible and compare your pronunciation to the native speaker’s pronunciation.

To access the online audio recordings and printable flash cards for this book: 1. Check that you have an Internet connection. 2. Type the following URL into your web browser. https://www.tuttlepublishing.com/arabic-for-beginners For support, you can email us at [email protected].

Lesson 1

ϰϟϭϷ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ Al-logha al-arabiyah

Objectives: 1. Formal vs. Colloquial Arabic 2. The Arabic Writing System 3. Arabic Letters: • Consonants with English equivalents • Consonants with no English equivalent

4. Special Characteristic: Changing Shapes 5. Table of Arabic Letters

Formal vs. Colloquial Arabic Arabic is one of the world’s oldest languages. The Nabatean people who lived in what is now Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia developed the Arabic alphabet more than two thousand years ago. When the alphabet was first developed it had no dots and by the year 600 dots were added to some letters. Several forms of Arabic were developed through history. The first, and most historically significant, is Classical Arabic, the language of the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam. All Muslims, whether Arabs or not, must read some verses of the Qur’an in their five daily prayers. This is the main reason Classical Arabic is still a living language fourteen hundred years later. Many non-Arab Muslims teach their children Classical Arabic so that they are able to read the Qur’an and understand its teachings. Additionally, Classical Arabic is the language of the Hadith, the sayings of the Prophet Mohammed. Therefore, learning it helps people understand the teachings of Islam. Classical Arabic was the international language of scientific writing, administration, research and diplomacy throughout Islamic civilization from the seventh to 1 the twelfth centuries (Ryding, 2007, p. 3 ). Numerous books were translated into Classical Arabic during this era.

1

C. Ryding, Karin. (2007). A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Language Problems & Language Planning. 31. 10.1075/lplp.31.2.12ton.

12

Lesson 1

During the spread of Islam, Arabic became the major language in several regions. For example, in Spain you will find many areas with Arabic names such as the famous area alHamra, meaning “the red.” Other languages were influenced by Arabic such as Urdu and Farsi (Persian). As for English, there are many words that are adapted from Arabic such as admiral, alcohol, coffee, balsam, caliph, cipher, giraffe, guitar, lemon, algebra, etc. Why Modern Standard Arabic

Classical Arabic developed into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) which is currently used in print, literature, radio and TV shows, books, newspapers, magazines, official documents, businesses, conferences and street signs. Modern Standard Arabic is also the form taught at schools, colleges and universities in all Arab countries. Speaking Modern Standard Arabic makes it easier for people to communicate and avoid misunderstandings caused by differences in dialects. Learning Modern Standard Arabic opens doors throughout the Arab world. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic are very similar with very few differences in vocabulary as both represent different cultures. From a linguistic point of view both are similar but not totally. Anyone who knows or speaks Modern Standard Arabic would have no difficulty in reading and comprehending Classical Arabic. This is why in this book we will be learning Modern Standard Arabic. It is also important to note that Arabic has borrowed words with Latin roots such as “bank” ϚϨΑ , “telephone” telefoun ϥϮϔϠΗ, “internet” internet ΖϧήΘϧ΍, “computers” combuters ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ and others. The last form of Arabic is colloquial Arabic, which can be called “Spoken Arabic” or the “Dialects of Arabic.” As with any dialect, some letters and words are pronounced differently in different countries and regions, as with British and American English, or in different areas within the same country such as in the Southern and Northern United States. In colloquial Arabic the vocabulary and styles are more casual. Like in all parts of the world, there is a difference between city and village dialects. Colloquial Arabic differs between countries, regions and even areas in the same country. However, there are five regional variations of colloquial Arabic. They are: • Egyptian—spoken in Egypt • Iraqi—spoken in Iraq • Levantine—spoken in Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Syria • North African—spoken in Tunisia, Libya, Morocco and Algeria • Gulf /Arabian—spoken in the Gulf countries of Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Yemen and Oman Egyptian, Iraqi, Levantine and Arabian Arabic are very similar and the various speakers understand each other very well. However, communicating with speakers of North African dialects can be a challenge. This may be due to the effect that the French occupation of North African Arab countries had on the language (other Arab countries were occupied by the

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)

13

British). North African dialects are very much affected by the French language. Additionally, while the spread of media like movies, films, television dramas and comedies throughout the Arab world made it easier to communicate, very little media originates from North African Arab countries. Learning Modern Standard Arabic makes it much easier to communicate in any Arabic dialect as it is the heart and soul of the Arabic language. Therefore, since all native speakers can understand Modern Standard Arabic, most Arabic language programs teach this form. Because of this, the learner will be culturally informed and will be able to communicate with Arabs throughout the Arabic-speaking world.

The Arabic Writing System There are 28 consonants in the Arabic alphabet and each letter has its own pronunciation. As in English each letter has a name that will be introduced. Our concentration is more on the Transliterations of the letters not on their names. Many Arabic letters have the same Transliteration as they do in English while nine letters do not have equivalency in English. There are several important distinguishing characteristics in Arabic: 1. Arabic is written from right to left. The same as in Persian (Farsi), Hebrew and Urdu. Therefore, when you write or read Arabic make sure to start from the right. 2. Arabic words always start with a consonant. 3. Vowels do not occur consecutively in a word. 4. The Arabic writing system is phonetic. Words are pronounced as they are written. If you do not hear the Transliteration, do not make up letters. This is different than in English. For example, in English you will find words such as “know,” with a silent “k.” These silent letters do not exist in Arabic. All the letters shown should be pronounced. 5. Arabic is written in a cursive script. Letters are connected to form words both in print and in handwriting. Unlike Latin writing where alphabets are connected only in cursive, there is no print in Arabic. However, there are six letters that can be connected to other letters from the right side only. That is, they are connected to letters that come before them but not after them. Therefore, they are called one way connecting letters. These letters are:

ϭ

ί

έ

wa

za

ra

Ϋ

Ω

΃

Letter in Arabic

the

da

a

Transliterations

For example (remember to start from the right): (ba) ΎΑ = ΍ + Ώ while (ab) Ώ΃ = Ώ + ΍

14

Lesson 1

6. Some letters have the same shape and can be distinguished from each other by a dot over or under them. There are 18 different shapes with 28 different pronunciations. They are like twins or triplets and there are seven twins and two triplets in the Arabic alphabet. For example the letters Ώ Ι and Ε may look the same at first glance but they are different in the number and placement of dots that they have. They also have different pronunciations: Ι is pronounced “tha,” Ε is pronounced “ta,”and Ώ is pronounced “ba.” As a result of this, it is possible to divide letters into groups according to their shapes. But be careful when you do this. For example, some scholars might add the letter na ϥ to this group; however, if you look at the letter, na has a more circular shape than the others and when written falls a little under the line while Ε , Ώ and Ι are written on the line. Here are the triplets and twins of Arabic alphabets: 1.

Ι

Ε

Ώ

Transliterations

Tha

ta

ba

Υ

Ρ

Ν

kha

ha

ja

Ϋ

Ω

Tha (as in “the”)

da

4.

ί

έ

Transliterations

za

ra

5.

ε

α

Transliterations

sha

sa

ν

ι

Transliterations

dh

Emphatic sa

7.

υ

ρ

Emphatic tha

Emphatic ta

8.

ύ

ω

Transliterations

gh

ai

9.

ϕ

ϑ

Transliterations

qa

fa

2. Transliterations 3. Transliterations

6.

Transliterations

15

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)

Did you notice that the only difference between these letters is the dots they have? Each letter has its own Transliteration. For example, in English we connect two letters to get a Transliteration as in th, sh or ch. In Arabic each letter has its own Transliteration and connecting any two letters will not give you a different Transliteration, you just pronounce both. Another note is that s in English is pronounced as s and sometimes as z. In Arabic we have a letter for s and a different one for z and the pronunciation of a letter does not change. 7. The letter ˰ϫ ha is the only letter that may be written in five different forms—at the beginning of the word it is ˰ϫ , in the middle it may be written as ˰Ϭ˰ or while at the end it may be as Ϫ˰˰ or ϩ depending on what letter comes before it.

The Arabic Alphabet Among the 28 Arabic consonants, there are both consonants with an English equivalent and those without. That’s why it is very important to be comfortable with Arabic pronunciation before you advance. The Arabic alphabet is presented below. Study the Arabic letters and repeat the Transliterations a few times until you are comfortable. Mastering the Transliterations is very important as it is a base for learning Arabic. Keep in mind that changing the shape does not mean changing the Transliteration. Transliteration

Name of the letter in Arabic

Apple

A

Alif

Bee

B

Ba’a

Tea

T

Ta’a

Three

Th

Tha’a

J

Jeem

Hha

Ha

΃ Ώ Ε Ι Ν Ρ

Kha’a

Υ Ω Ϋ

Sounds like the first letter in

Jam, judge No equivalence in English

Υ is pronounced “ch-ich” as in the German word “kochen” or in the Scottish word “loch.” It is pronounced when the back of the tongue hits the roof of the mouth. In some cultures, it might be used to say “yekh.”

No equivalence in English

Dad

D

Daal

There

TH (that)

Tha’a

Letter

16

Lesson 1

Sounds like the first letter in

Transliteration

Name of the letter in Arabic

Ray (Transliterations as in the Spanish pero)

R

Ra’a

Zoo

Z

Zain

Sam (Soft s)

S

Seen

SH

Sheen

Almost as the Transliteration of s in sod

Like emphatic S

Saad

Almost as the Transliteration of the first D in Dumb

Like emphatic D

Dad

Almost as the Transliteration of T in Todd

Like emphatic T

Ta

Like emphatic th

Dha

Shelter

No equivalence in English

Letter

έ ί α ε ι ν ρ υ ω

No equivalence in English No equivalence in English, almost as gh

Ghain

ύ

F

Fa

No equivalence in English

Qaf

Keep

K

Kaf

Let

L

Lam

Moon

M

Meem

No

N

Noon

ϑ ϕ ϙ ϝ ϡ ϥ

Hat

H

Ha

We

W

Waw

Yam

Y

Ya

No equivalence in English Pronounced as in the French Gr as in Maigret, or the German rot. The letter ύ is similar to the noise you make when you gargle. Fat A bit similar to the Transliteration of the C in cot

Ain

˰ϫ ϭ ϱ

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)

17

Writing the Arabic Alphabet In this section, you will be introduced to and practice how to correctly write Arabic letters. Please note that as in all Arabic texts you will be writing from right to left. As you know by now, there are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet. Six of these are one-way connectors, that is, they are connected to the letter coming before it but not with the ones after it. Each letter has its own shape at the beginning, middle and end of a word. Some letters have a dot on top or underneath. So you can become better acquainted with the Arabic alphabet, first write the letters below and then add the dots accordingly. Alif End

Middle

΄˰˰

Ύ˰˰

1

Beginning

΍

1

1

Letter

΃

Note: Alif is one of the six one-way connecting letters; it is not connected to the letter that comes after it. Ba’a End

Middle

ΐ˰ 2

˰Β˰

1

Beginning

˰Α

1

1

Letter

Ώ

Note: Ba’a and the following letters Ta’a and Tha’a are almost the same. The only difference is in the dots. The full form, as seen in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of the word and comes after a one-way connector letter. Ta’a End

Ζ˰

1

Middle

Beginning

Letter

˰Θ˰

˰Η

Ε

1

1

Tha’a End

Κ˰˰

1

Middle

Beginning

Letter

˰Μ˰˰

˰˰Λ

Ι

1

1

18

Lesson 1 Jeem End 2

Middle

Ξ˰˰

3

1

Beginning

˰˰Ο

˰˰Π˰˰ 2

3

1

1

2

Letter

Ν

Note: Jeem and the following letters Ha and Kha’a are almost the same. The only difference is in the dots. The full form, as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Ha End 2

΢˰˰

3

1

Middle

Beginning

Letter

˰˰Τ˰˰

˰˰Σ

Ρ

Beginning

Letter

2

3

1

2

1

Kha’a End

Middle

2

2

Φ˰˰ 1

3

1

˰˰Ψ˰˰ 3

1

˰˰Χ

Υ

Beginning

Letter

2

Daal End

Middle

2

ά˰˰

3

1

2 1

ά˰˰

3

Ϋ

Ϋ

1

Note: Daal and the next letter, Thal are one-way connector letters, the same as Alif. They are not connected to the letter that comes after it. They are written on top of the line. Thal End

Middle

2 3

Ϊ˰˰

Beginning 1

2 1

Ϊ˰˰

3

1

Letter

Ω

Ω

Beginning

Letter

Ra’a End

ή˰˰

Middle

2

ή˰˰

2 1

1

έ

1

έ

Note: Ra’a and the next letter, Zain, are one-way connector letters, the same as Alif. They are not connected to the letter that comes after it. They start at the top of the line and goes under the line.

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)

19

Zain End

ΰ˰˰

Middle

ΰ˰˰

2

Beginning

ί

2 1

1

Letter

ί

1

Seen End 3

Middle

β˰˰ 2

1

˰˰δ˰˰ 3 2

Beginning

Letter

˰˰γ

α

3 2 1

1

Note: Seen and the next letter Sheen are almost the same. The only difference is in the dots. At the beginning and middle of the word, they stay on the line. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Sheen End 3

Middle

ζ˰˰ 2

1

˰˰θ˰˰ 3 2

Beginning

Letter

˰˰η

ε

Beginning

Letter

3 2 1

1

Saad End

Middle

2

κ˰˰ 1

3

2

1

˰˰λ

˰˰μ˰˰

3

1

3

2

ι

Note: Saad and the next letter, Dad, are almost the same. The only difference is the dots. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Dad End

Middle

2

Beginning

2

ξ˰˰

˰˰π˰˰

End

Middle

3

1

1

˰˰ο 3

1

3

2

Letter

ν

Ta 2

˰˰τ˰˰ 4

3

1

2

˰˰τ˰˰ 4

3

1

Beginning 1

˰˰ρ 3

2

Letter

˰ρ

Note: Ta and the next letter, Dha are almost the same. The only difference is the dots. The full form in the first column is written when on the line all the times.

20

Lesson 1 Dha End

Middle

2

˰˰ψ˰˰ 4

3

1

Beginning

2

˰˰ψ˰˰ 4

3

1

˰˰υ

2

˰υ

Beginning

Letter

3

1

Letter

Ain End

Middle 2

2

3

ϊ˰˰

1

˰˰˰ό˰˰ 3

1

˰˰ϋ

1

2

ω

Note: Ain and and the next letter, Ghain, are almost the same. The only difference is the dots. At the beginning and middle of the word, it is written on the line. The full form, as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Ghain End

Middle

3

ώ˰˰

Beginning

2

2

1

˰˰˰ϐ˰˰ 3

1

1

Letter

˰˰Ϗ

ύ

Beginning

Letter

3

2

Fa End

ϒ˰˰

Middle 2

2

3

1

˰˰ϔ˰˰ 3

1

1

˰˰ϓ

ϑ

Beginning

Letter

2

Note: Fa and is written on the line all the times. Qaf End

Middle

3

ϖ˰˰

2

2

2

1

˰˰Ϙ˰˰ 3

1

˰˰ϗ 3

ϕ

Note: Qaf is written on the line at the beginning and middle of the word. The full form as in the first column is written, when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter.

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)

21

Kaf End

Middle 2

3

Ϛ˰˰

2

Beginning

1

3

˰˰Ϝ˰˰

˰˰ϛ

2 3

1

1

Letter

ϙ

Note: Kaf is written on the line all the times. Lam End 2

Ϟ˰˰

Middle

Beginning

2

1

˰˰Ϡ˰˰

1

2

1

˰˰ϟ

Letter

ϝ

Note: Lam is written on the line at the beginning and middle of the word. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. It starts over the line and then goes under it. Meem End

Middle

2

Ϣ˰˰

3

Beginning

2

1

˰˰Ϥ˰˰

˰˰ϣ 2

1

1

Letter

ϡ

Note: Meem is on the line at the beginning and middle of the word. The full form in the first column is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. It starts over the line and then goes under it. Noon End 3

Ϧ˰˰

2

Middle

1

1

3

˰˰Ϩ˰˰ 2

Beginning

1

2

˰˰ϧ

Letter

ϥ

Note: Noon is written on the line at the beginning and middle of a word. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. It starts over the line and then goes under it.

22

Lesson 1 Ha End 2

Middle

Beginning 1

2

Ϫ˰˰

4

1

˰˰Ϭ˰˰ 3

Letter

1

˰ϫ

˰˰ϫ

2

Note: Ha has different shapes. Pay attention to how it is written at the beginning. In the middle of a word it looks like 8 while at the end of a word it looks a little like 9. It stays on the line at the beginning and end of a word. Waw End

Middle

2

Ϯ˰˰˰

Beginning

2

1

Ϯ˰˰

1

Letter

1

2

ϭ

ϭ

Note: Waw is the last one-way connector letter, the same as in Alif. It is not connected to the letter that comes after it. It starts at the top of the line and then goes under it. Ya End

2

Middle

ϲ˰˰ 3

˰˰ϴ˰˰

Beginning

Letter

˰˰ϳ

ϱ

2

1

3

1

2

1

Note: Ya has two forms. At the beginning and middle of the word, it stays on the line, and is the same as Ba’a but with two dots underneath it. The full form starts on top of the line, goes under it and then goes back up again. The full form as in the first column is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. 1.1. Practice Now repeat the words you hear to practice the letter ύ: Meaning

Transliteration

West

Gharb

Cover

Ghamara

Formed

Sagha

Word

ΏήϏ ήϤϏ ύΎλ

Meaning

Transliteration

Clouds

Ghoyoom

Small

Sagheer

Stupid

Aghbiyaa

Word

ϡϮϴϏ ήϴϐλ ˯ΎϴΒϏ΃

23

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)

1.2. Practice Circle the words that have the letter ρ :

ΓέΫ βϠΑ΍ήρ ΝίΎρ

ϢρΎϤρ ήϤΗ βϧϮΗ ήτϗ

3. 6. 9.

ΔΟ΍έΩ ή΋Ύρ ϥΎτϴη ΡΎϔΗ

2. 5. 8. 11.

1. 4. 7. 10.

1.3. Practice Read these examples of words with the letter Υ:

ΔϤΨΗ – ίΎ˷ΒΧ – ϱϭΎΧ – έ΍ϮΧ – ϞϴΨΑ – ΰΒΨϣ – ΥϮΧ – ήϴΒΧ By now you should have mastered all the twenty-eight letters of the Arabic alphabet. 1.4. Practice

I am sure that you noticed that there are some similarities between Transliterations of letters that might be a little confusing for the non-native speaker of the language at the beginning. To clarify the Transliteration differences between these letters, study the following table. Read the following letters and make sure you can tell the difference in your pronunciation between each two letters, then listen to see how well you did:

ρ ν υ ˰ϫ

Ε Ω Ϋ Ρ

ϙ ι ω Ϋ

ϕ α ΃ Ι

1.5. Practice Read the following words and make sure to note the difference in pronunciation of the first letter of the word:

έΎλ – έΎγ ϖϴϓέ – ϖϳήϓ ήϣΎγ – ήϤγ

3. 6. 9.

Ϊ˷ λ – Ϊγ Ϊϫ – ΪΣ ΥϮδϓ – ϑϮδΧ ˯ΎπϴΑ – ˯΍ΪϴΑ

2. 5. 8. 11.

Ώήο – ΏέΩ ϡήϫ – ϡήΣ ϑ΍ήΧ – Υ΍ήϓ ϑήμϳ – ϑήδϳ

1. 4. 7. 10.

24

Lesson 1

1.6. Practice Now listen and circle the letter you hear:

˰ϫ – Ρ ϕ-ϙ

ν–Ϋ ˰υ - ˰ο Ϋ-Ι

3. 6.

Ϋ–Ω ι–α ΃–ω

2. 5. 8.

1. 4. 7.

Special characteristic: Changing shapes Look at the table to see how the letter changes its shape at the beginning, middle and end of the word: End

Middle/end Separated

Middle Connected

Beginning

Transliteration

Letter

Ύ˰

΍ Ώ Ε Ι Ν Ρ Υ Ω Ϋ έ ί α ε ι ν ˰ρ ˰υ ω

Ύ˰˰ ˰Β˰ ˰Θ˰ ˰Μ˰ ˰˰Π˰˰ ˰Τ˰ ˰Ψ˰ Ϊ˰ ά˰ ή˰ ΰ˰ ˰δ˰ ˰θ˰ ˰μ˰ ˰π˰ ˰τ˰ ˰ψ˰ ˰ό˰

΍ ˰Α ˰Η ˰Λ ˰Ο ˰Σ ˰Χ Ω Ϋ έ ί ˰γ ˰η ˰λ ˰ο ˰ρ ˰υ ˰ϋ

A

΍ Ώ Ε Ι Ν Ρ Υ Ω Ϋ έ ί α ε ι ν ˰ρ ˰υ ω

ΐ˰ Ζ˰ Κ˰ Ξ˰ ΢˰ Φ˰ Ϊ˰ ά˰ ή˰ ΰ˰ β˰ ζ˰ κ˰ ξ˰ ˰τ˰ ˰ψ˰ ϊ˰

Ba Ta Tha (thin) Ja Ha Kha Da Tha (the) Ra Za Sa Sha Sa (sod) Dha Ta Tha Ai’

25

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah) End

Middle/end Separated

Middle Connected

Beginning

Transliteration

Letter

ώ˰

ύ ϑ ϕ ϙ ϝ ϡ ϥ ˰˰ϫ ϭ ϱ

˰ϐ˰ ˰ϔ˰ ˰Ϙ˰ ˰Ϝ˰ ˰Ϡ˰ ˰Ϥ˰ ˰Ϩ˰ ˰Ϭ˰ Ϯ˰ ˰ϴ˰

˰Ϗ ˰ϓ ˰ϗ ˰ϛ ˰ϟ ˰ϣ ˰ϧ ˰ϫ ϭ ˰ϳ

Gha

ύ ϑ ϕ ϙ ϝ ϡ ϥ ˰˰ϫ ϭ ϱ

ϒ˰ ϖ˰ Ϛ˰ Ϟ˰˰ Ϣ˰˰˰ Ϧ˰ Ϫ˰ Ϯ˰ ϲ˰

Fa Qa Ka La Ma Na Ha Wa Ya

Note: Each letter has its own shape at the beginning, middle and end of the word. Most letters are recognized very easily in their different forms. Note that the letters Υ– Ρ– Ν– ύ and ω– ν and ι – ε and α – ϕ – ϝ – ϥ lose their tails at the beginning and middle of the word but they keep it when they fall at the end of the word. Some examples are provided later in this lesson. Each group is written the same and differ in their Transliteration and the dot they have. Note that Ω and Ϋ are written on the line while έ and ί fall under the line. The same applies to ϑ and ϕ . They look the same especially at the beginning and middle of the word but ϕ is rounder at the end of the word and it falls below the line. 1.7. Practice Look at each letter, read it and write it twice: End

Middle

Beginning

Letter

End

Middle

Beginning

Letter

΄˰˰

Ύ˰˰

΍

΃

Ζ˰

˰Θ˰

˰Η

Ε

ΐ˰

˰Β˰

˰Α

Ώ

Κ˰˰

˰Μ˰˰

˰˰Λ

Ι

26

Lesson 1 End

Middle

Beginning

Letter

Ξ˰˰

˰˰Π˰˰

˰˰Ο

Ν

΢˰˰

˰˰Τ˰˰

˰˰Σ

Φ˰˰

˰˰Ψ˰˰

Ϊ˰˰

End

Middle

Beginning

Letter

ξ˰˰ ˰˰π˰˰

˰˰ο

ν

Ρ

˰˰τ˰˰

˰˰τ˰˰

˰˰ρ

˰ρ

˰˰Χ

Υ

˰˰ψ˰˰

˰˰ψ˰˰

˰˰υ

˰˰υ

Ϊ˰˰

Ω

Ω

ϊ˰˰

˰˰˰ό˰˰

˰˰ϋ

ω

ή˰˰

ή˰˰

έ

έ

ώ˰˰

˰˰ϐ˰˰

˰˰Ϗ

ύ

ΰ˰˰

ΰ˰˰

ί

ί

ϒ˰˰

˰˰ϔ˰˰

˰˰ϓ

ϑ

β˰˰

˰˰δ˰˰

˰˰γ

α

ϖ˰˰

˰˰Ϙ˰˰

˰˰ϗ

ϕ

ζ˰˰

˰˰θ˰˰

˰˰η

ε

Ϛ˰˰

˰˰Ϝ˰˰

˰˰ϛ

ϙ

κ˰˰ ˰˰μ˰˰

˰˰λ

ι

Ϟ˰˰

˰˰Ϡ˰˰

˰˰ϟ

ϝ

27

The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah) End

Middle

Beginning

Letter

End

Middle

Beginning

Letter

Ϣ˰˰

˰˰Ϥ˰˰

˰˰ϣ

ϡ

Ϯ˰˰˰

Ϯ˰˰

ϭ

ϭ

Ϧ˰˰

˰˰Ϩ˰˰

˰˰ϧ

ϥ

ϲ˰˰

˰˰ϴ˰˰

˰˰ϳ

ϱ

Ϫ˰˰

˰˰Ϭ˰˰

˰˰ϫ

˰˰ϫ

1.8. Read then write

ήτγ : Ώήρ : ΝήΧ : ΎϜϳήϣ΃ : Ϟϴϓ :

Δη΍ήϓ : Ϊγ΃ :ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ : ήϓΎγ :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 9. 10.

28

Lesson 1

1.9. Practice Connect the letters to form a word then read it:

= = = = = = = = = =

έ+ϭ+Ώ+ι ϝ+΍+ϝ+Ν ϥ + ΍ + ϙ +έ + Ώ έ +ϱ + Ϋ + Ώ + Ε ϝ+Ν+α+ϡ ϥ+ϭ+ϡ+ϝ+α+ϡ Γ+Ώ+ϝ+΍+ρ Ώ+ϭ+έ+Ρ έ+ϱ+Ω+ι+Ε Ώ+΍+ϝ+ϙ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

1.10. Practice Listen to the words and repeat, there will be a pause after each word to give you a chance to repeat. Make sure to differentiate between the similar letters:

ϝϼο – ϝϻΩ έΎϴΗ – έΎϴρ ϮψΤϳ – ϭάΤϳ ωΎη – ˯Ύη ΩΎϛ – ΩΎϗ

3. 6. 9. 12. 15.

Reflection: 1. In this Lesson I learned:

2. I have some trouble with:

3. I need to learn more about:

ϝ˷ Ω – ΐο ήΘγ – ήτγ ΢ΑΎλ – ΢ΑΎγ ήϴδϋ – ήϴγ΃ ΓήϘϓ – ΓήϜϓ

2. 5. 8. 11. 14.

ϝΎο – ϝ΍Ω ΐρέ – ΐΗέ ήϴμϳ – ήϴδϳ ήψΣ – ήπΣ ϯ΃έ – ϰϋέ

1. 4. 7. 10. 13.

Lesson 2

ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Arabic Culture

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϓΎϘΜϟ΍ Althaqafa al-Arabiya

Objectives: 1. Long and Short Vowels: • Alif and Fat-ha • Waw and Dhamma • Ya and Kasra

2. Shaddah or Double consonants 3. Culture: Identifying Yourself and Others 4. Shaking Hands

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Word

Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϡ˵ ϼδϟ΍ ϡ˸ ϼδϟ΍ Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϭ˴ ˱ ΎΒΣ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ ˱ϼϫ˸ ΃ ή˸ϴΨ˴ ϟ΍ Ρ˵ ΎΒλ ˴

Peace be upon you

Assalamu Alaikum

And on you be peace

Wa alikum assalam

Hello

Marhaba

Welcome and hi

Ahlan

Good morning

Sabah al-kair

Exact meaning: Morning of lights (it means: good morning to you too)

Sabah anoor

Good evening

Masaa alkhair

ή˸ϴΨ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύδϣ˴

Evening of lights (means good evening to you too)

Masaa anoor

έϮϨϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύδϣ˴

My name

Ismee

Your name

Ismoka

έϮϨϟ΍ Ρ˵ ΎΒλ ˴

ϲϤ˸γ· Ϛ ˴ Ϥ˵ γ˸ ·

30

Lesson 2 Meaning

Transliteration

I am honored – pleased to meet you

Tasharafna

What

Ma

How

Kayfa

Your situation

Haloka

Thank God

Al-hamdulillah

I

Ana

You (masculine)

Anta

You (feminine)

Anti

Good

Bikhair

And

Wa

See you soon – looking forward to seeing you

Ila aliqa

Goodbye or go with peace

Ma’ assalama

Pen

Qalam

Table

Tawela

City

Madina

Street

Shari’

Teacher

Ostath

Go

Thahaba

To

Fi

Word

ΎϨϓ˸ ή͉ θ˴ ˴Η Ύϣ ϒ˸ϴϛ˴ ˸ Σ˴ ϚϟΎ ͿΪ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ Ύϧ΃ ˴ ϧ˸ ΃ Ζ Ζ ˶ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ή˸ϴΨ˴ ˶Α ϭ˴ ˯ΎϘ ˸ ˶Ϡϟ΍ ϰϟ· Δϣϼδϟ΍ ϊϣ˴ Ϣ˸ ˴Ϡ˴ϗ ΔϟϭΎρ ˶ Δ˴ϨϳΪϣ˴ ω˸ έΎη ˶ ˸ γ˵΃ ΫΎΘ˸ ΐ ˴ ˴ϫΫ˴ ϲϓ

Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)

31

Culture: Identifying Yourself and Others

High-context and Low-context Culture Both Arab and American cultures have their own distinctive features. Although American culture is a melting pot of diverse cultures, with variations across the fifty states, the term “American culture” represents structures acknowledged by intercultural scholars such as Stewart in 1972 and 1989. These characteristics are widespread and prevalent in the media and public communication. In this section, we will examine one main variance between Arab and American cultures in communication and usage of language by discussing the concept of high-context and low-context cultures. The difference between high- and low-context cultures depends on 1 how much meaning is initiated in the context. Hall (1990 ) states that meaning and context are “inextricably bound up with each other” (p. 18). He added that “most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message” (p. 18). Arab culture is a high-context culture. This means that the listener must understand contextual indications or signals to comprehend the full message presented. In other words, it is the listeners’ job to understand what has been said. Henle (1962) stated that the listener needs to “go to considerable lengths to make sense of 2 an oral message” (p. 371 ). Consequently, the auditors play a significant role in constructing meaning. Gold (1988) agreed, stating that “the audience cooperates with the speaker by trying 3 to understand the meaning or ‘gist’ rather than the actual content” (p. 170 ). Thus, listeners are active partners. Hall summarized the difference between low- and high-context culture when he wrote: “People raised in high-context systems expect more from others than do the participants in low-context systems. When talking about something that they have on their minds, a high-context individual will expect his interlocutor to know what’s bothering him, so that he doesn’t have to be specific. The result is that he will talk around and around the point, in effect putting all the pieces in place except the crucial one. Placing it properly—this keystone—is the role of his interlocutor.” (1976, p. 98) For example, an Arab visitor would say, “I am thirsty,” and it is the host’s job to get some water for the visitor. Another example is if an Arab needs to borrow money from a friend, he would talk about how difficult life is, describe the situations he faces and gives a few examples of the hardships in his life. It is the listener’s job to interpret the message as a loan request or a need for a financial support. Therefore, if the listener has the money, he should offer it to his friend or say, “let me see what I can do.” Then he will offer him the money or talk to a mutual friend to support and arrange the amount he needs. 1 2 3

Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R., 1990. Understanding Cultural Differences: German, French and Americans, Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. Henle, M. (1962). On the relations between logic and thinking. Psychological Review, 69, 366-378. Gold, E. (1988). Ronald Reagan and the oral tradition. Central States Speech Journal, 39, 159-176.

32

Lesson 2

Another example for high-context culture is when a speaker asks an Arab for help. Instead of saying “No” or “Sorry, I can’t help you,” the Arab will often say, “I will try” or “Let me look around to see how I can help” regardless of how difficult or even impossible it may be to help. After several times of saying “Not yet” or “I am still checking,” the person who asked for help would know that the real response is no. The friendship will remain intact as long as there was not a direct refusal. Additionally, it is also common to respond to yes-and-no questions, such as “Do you understand?” with a yes. Arabs feel it is impolite to say no, which would require the speaker to explain things again or make the speaker feel that he is not being clear. Saying no also could be interpreted as a sign of unhappiness or a desire to end a conversation or relationship. In contrast, low-context American culture assigns more meaning to the actual words and language used rather than the context. American communication is clear, direct, analytical and 4 to the point (Ting-Toomey , 1985). In low-context culture, it is the speaker’s role to convey the meaning accurately and methodically with no need of the participation of the listener. Other scholars have used the terms direct versus indirect to distinguish between Arab and 5 American communications to describe this difference. Levine (1985 ) stated that there are many common expressions used in American culture reflecting direct and clear communication. Some of these expressions include “What do you mean,” “Be specific,” “Don't beat around the bush,” and “Get to the point” (p. 29). Arabs, however, do not have such direct expressions in their communications. For example, criticism of an Arab requires an indirect approach that might include some positive comments in addition to criticism. On the other hand, Arabs tend to express their feelings and emotions in what might look to the Western eye like a forceful and exaggerated fashion. Arabs in turn often feel that Westerners are cold people. For example, friends may shout and scream at each other when angry, but they also hug and kiss on the cheeks when they miss each other. Likewise, the Arab response to death includes much screaming, weeping and loud wailing. Another example is that when parents are mad at their children, they loudly express their feelings. However, children do not yell back; they just listen and sit still. For Americans, this might be considered abusive. For Arabs it is seen as normal parenting as all parents love their children and work hard to give them everything they can. So, it is necessary to study the differences between cultures without being judgmental. Nevertheless, many people have an unconscious tendency to view cultural variances as undesirable 6 and negative compared with one’s own culture (Zaharna, 2016 ). We need to absorb differences and deal with them as differences only rather than professing them as right or wrong. Shaking Hands

The most common greeting in the Arab world is Assalamu Alaikum meaning “Peace be upon 4 5 6

Ting-Toomey, S. (1985). Toward a theory of conflict and culture. In W. Gudykunst, L. Stewart & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), Communication, culture and organizational processes. Beverly Hills: Sage. Levine, D. (1985). The flight from ambiguity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Zaharna, R. 1995, Bridging Cultural Differences: American Public Relations Practices & Arab Communication Patterns Public Relation Review, 21 (1995), P. 241-255

Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)

33

you.” The response is wa Alaikum Assalam which is “and upon you be peace.” When Arabs meet each other, they shake hands using the right hand with a smile and say Assalamu Alaikum. Once a relationship is developed, then men would kiss other men on the cheeks while women would kiss other women on the cheeks. Men do not kiss women and vice versa. In greetings between men and women, a smile and saying Assalamu Alaikum is enough. Men do not extend their hands to shake unless the women do it first. Some women do not shake hands with men, so a man should wait and see. If the woman does not extend her hand, then he will bow his head in greeting while putting his right hand on his chest. Assalamu Alaikum may be used when entering or leaving the house. It might be considered rude not to say it even if it meant to interrupt people’s conversation Another popular greeting that can be used anytime is: marhaba ΎΒΣήϣ meaning “Hello,” and the response is ahlan ϼϫ΃ meaning “Welcome” it is like Hi and Hello in English. Both Assalamu Alaikum and Marhaba can be used for one person or a group of people. After greeting, it is polite to ask, “how are you” that is “ ˮϚϟΎΣ ϒϴϛ.” Some people might consider it rude not to ask. The common response is to say alhamdulillah, that is “thank God,” but the intended meaning is “I am well.” Later, after a relation is built, after saying alhamdulillah you may talk about your current situation, complain or criticize things. When entering a social function, the visitor is to start from the person on his/her right and start shaking hands with all attendees and kissing on the cheeks those whom he knew. Just saying Hi or Salam and going inside is considered rude and gives the feeling that you do not care about the people in the room. In short, when meeting an Arab, it is a good idea to greet, introduce yourself and say goodbye. Short Vowels

Usually, vowels are not written in Arabic books except for the first few years of elementary schools and in religious book as the Qur’an and Bible. Vowels are important for the first level of Arabic, so students can read better and comprehend words easier. Hence, in this book, all new vocabulary is introduced with short vowels to make it easier to read. Additionally, the first seven lessons have all readings and exercises written with vowels. At this stage, you should be used to reading Arabic words, and therefore the vowels will not be written. The reader must guess the Transliterations while reading and pronouncing words. I am sure, this will be appreciated as you will be able to read words as they appear. Arabic has three short vowels and they give a Transliteration to the letter. These Transliterations are not considered letters and when written, they appear as signs on or under the letter. They are: 1. Fat-ha: has the Transliteration of a as in “at.” It is written on the top of the letter and looks like .

Ժ

34

Lesson 2

2. Kasra: has the Transliteration of e in the word “bit” and it is written under the letter and looks like (as in Ϊ˴ϴ˶Α “bit”). 3. Dhamma: has the Transliteration of o as in “foot.” It is written on top of the letter and it looks like .

˶

Again, fat-ha and dhamma are written on top of the letter while kasra is written under it. 2.1. Practice

Read each letter of the alphabets with fat-ha, dhamma and kasra. To make it easier to recognize, here is a table of Arabic alphabets with short vowels with some examples of how they sound in English. They are arranged to have fat-ha, dhamma and kasra: Example of Arabic words

ϝΎϤΟ˴ ΎΤ˵Ο ϝΎϤ˶˰Ο

jamal jam joha job jimal Jesus

ΪϤΣ˴ hamad Ϧϴδ˵Σ hoseen έΎϤ˶˰Σ himar ΪϟΎΧ ΩϮϠΧ ϡΎΘ˶˰Χ

Sounds like the first letter of

khalid kholood

No equivalent in English

No equivalent in English

khitam

έ΍Ω dar ΎϴϧΩ˵ donya ϚϳΩ˶ deek

dad door dip

Arabic letters

Example of Arabic words

˴ ˰Ο ˵ ˰Ο ˶˰Ο

Ϟϣ΃ ϲϣ˵΃ ΩΎϳ˶·

Sounds like the first letter of

Arabic letters

amal at

˴΍

omee on

˵΃

Iyad in

˶·

˴ ˰Σ ˵ ˰Σ ˶˰Σ

ϢγΎΑ basim ΔϨϴΜ˵Α bothayna Ϊ˴ϴ˶Α biyad

˴ ˰Χ ˵ ˰Χ ˶˰Χ

ϢϤϴ˴Η tayamam βϧϮΗ toonis ϚϠ˶Η tilka

Ω˴ Ω˵ Ω˶

ΏϮ˴Λ Thawb ΕϮΒ˵Λ thoboot έΎϤ˶Λ thimar

bat bush bit tab to T-shirt thank thorn think

Ώ ˴ ˵Ώ Ώ ˶ ˴ Ε ˵ Ε Ώ ˶ ˴ Ι ˵ Ι Ι ˶

35

Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya) Example of Arabic words

έΎο dhar ˴ έϮϤο dhomoor έ΍ή˶˰ο dherar ή˴ ˴ϔ˴υ thafara ϢϠ˵υ tholm ˯ΎΒ˶˰υ thiba ϝ˴ Ϊ˴ ϋ˴ ήϤ˴ ϋ˵ ΩΎϤ˶˰ϋ

adala omar

΢˴ ˴Θ˴ϓ fataha Ω΍Ά˵ϓ foad έΩΎ˴ϗ ϥϭή˵ϗ ϡΎϴ˶ϗ

No equivalent in English

No equivalent in English

No equivalent in English

emad

έ˴ Ω˴ ΎϏ ghadara ϡϮϴϏ˵ ghoyoom έΎϤϏ˶ ghimar

ϝΎϳή˶ϓ

Sounds like the first letter of

No equivalent in English

fat full

firyal feed qader qoroon qiyam

No equivalent in English

Arabic letters

Example of Arabic words

˴ ˰ο ˵ ˰ο ˶˰ο

ΐϫΫ˴ thahaba ΓέΫ˵ thora ήϛΫ˶ thikr

˴ ˰υ ˵ ˰υ ˶˰υ

Δοϭέ˴ rawdha ϰΑ˵έ roba ϡΎϫέ˶ riham

˴ ˰ϋ ˵ ˰ϋ ˶˰ϋ

ΓΎϛί˴ zaka ήϴϫί˵ zoheer

˴ ˰Ϗ ˵ ˰Ϗ ˰Ϗ

ήϤγ˴ ήϴϬ˵γ ϡΎϬ˶˰γ

˴ ˰ϓ ˵ ˰ϓ ˰ϓ

ή˴ Ϝ˴ η˴ ΍ήϜη˵ ΏΎϬ˶˰η

˴ ˰ϗ ˵ ˰ϗ ˰ϗ

Ω˴ Ύλ ˴ ˲ έϮ˴ λ ϡΎϴ˶˰λ

Ϧϳί˶

Sounds like the first letter of

the though this ran room red

Arabic letters

Ϋ˴ Ϋ˵ Ϋ˶ έ˴ έ˵ έ˶

zoo

ί˴ ί˵

zain zip

ί˶

Zak

samar Sam sohair so siham sim shakara Shall shokran shore shihab shell sada sowar siyam

No equivalent in English

˴ ˰γ ˵ ˰γ ˶˰γ ˴ ˰η ˵ ˰η ˶˰η ˴ ˰λ έϮ˴ λ ˵ ˶˰λ

36

Lesson 2 Example of Arabic words

˯ϻϭ˴ walaa Ϊ˴ ϟϭ˵ wolida Δϳϻϭ˶ welayah ΔϳΪ˴ϫ hadiya ϯΪ˵ϫ hoda ϡΎϴ˶˰ϫ hiyam αϭΪ˴ϳ ϯήδ˵ϳ ϪϴϠϳ

Sounds like the first letter of

Washington wool went hat hood him

yadoos yahoo yosra you yet

Arabic letters

ϭ˴ ϭ˵ ϭ˶

Example of Arabic words

ϝΎϤϛ˴ ϝϮϬϛ˵ ΡΎϔϛ˶

Sounds like the first letter of

kamal cat kohool cumulative kifah keen

˴ ˰ϫ ˵ ˰ϫ ˶˰ϫ

ϰϠϴ˴ϟ Layla ϱΆ˵ϟ loay ϲ˶ϟ lee

˴ ˰ϳ ˵ ˰ϳ ˰ϳ

ήϫΎψϣ mathaher ήϴϨϣ˵ moneer ΩΎόϴ˶˰ϣ mi-aad ή˴ μ ˴ ϧ nasara ϥϮϧ noon ΔϳΎϬ˶ϧ nihaya

Arabic letters

˴ ˰ϛ ˵ ˰ϛ ˰ϛ ϝ˴ ϝ˵ ϝ˶

lamp lonely lentils mad moon miss

˴ ˰ϣ ˵ ˰ϣ ˶˰ϣ ϥ˴ ϥ˵ ϥ˶

na nomad near

2.2. Practice Read the following words with their vowels:

Ϊϫ˶ Ύη˲΃ ˵ΐό˴ Ϡ˸ ˴ϳ ˵Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍

3. 6. 9.

ϊ˴ Ϥ˶ γ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ ˲ΔΤ˴ ϔ˸ λ ˴

2. 5. 8.

Ϟ˴ λ ˴ ϭ˴ ωϮ˵Βγ˲΃ ϲ˰Ϥγ·

1. 4. 7.

Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)

Would you please help? Momken an tosa’edini?

37

Yes, what do you need? Naam, matha toreedeen?

Where can I find the gym? Ayna ajid salat arriyada?

Walk straight, then go right on the first street. It’s there. Imshee ila alamam, thomma ila alyameen fee awal share’.

Good. Thank you. Hasanan shokran laki.

You are welcome. Ahlan wa sahlan.

38

Lesson 2

Long Vowels

To make the letter have a long vowel, we add another letter to it. There are three long letters that may be considered as long vowels and they give the letter before them a Transliteration of long vowel. They are: 1. ϭ Transliterations as oo in “moon” and “root.” 2. ϱ Transliterations as ee in “heat” and “meet.” 3. ΍ Transliterations as a in “hat” and “cat.” They are a little similar to short vowels but are pronounced with long vowels. The same as in: “fit” and “feet,” “foot” and “food,” “attorney” and “mat.” Now listen to the difference between long and short vowels: Transliteration

baa daa zoo joo fee see

Long Vowel

ΎΑ ΍Ω ϭί ϮΟ ϲϓ ϲγ

Transliteration

Short Vowel

Letter

Ώ ˴ Ω˴ ί˵ Ν˵ ϑ ˶ α ˶

Ώ Ω ί Ν ϑ α

ba da zo jo fi si

The long vowels are also called weak letters because when conjugating a word with one of these letters in the middle, they can be changed to a different letter. For example: when we change ϥΎϛ from past to present tense, it would change to ϥϮϜϳ. The other 25 letters would never change so they are called Transliteration letters. 2.3. Practice Read the following words using the vowels shown:

έϭί – έί˵ έ΍ά˴ϧ – έ˴ ά˴ ˴ϧ

2. 4.

Ϊ˸ ϳή˴Α – Ω˸ ή˴Α ϥ΍Ω – ϦϳΩ˶ Ϊϳΰϳ – Ω˸ ΰ˶ ˴ϳ

1. 3. 5.

Double consonants or Shaddah

˴ on top of it. Shaddah is not In Arabic, doubling a letter is indicated by writing a shaddah ΓΪ˷ η a letter, it is only a symbol written on the letter. This means letters with shaddah on top of

Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)

39

them should be pronounced with a stress. The fat-ha and dhamma are written on top of the shaddah while the kasra is written under the shaddah. They would look like this: and , . Meaning

Transliteration

Announce something via media

Bath-tha

Teacher

Moddaris

School

Kottab

To return something

Rajja’a

Got married

Tazzawaja

Word

͉ ΚΑ αέΪ͉ ϣ˵ ΏΎ͉Θϛ˵ ϊ͉Οέ˴ Ν˴ ϭ͉ ΰ˴ ˴Η

2.4. Practice Each of the following words have either shaddah or long vowel. Read carefully and notice the difference:

.ϊ˴ Ο͉ έ˴ – ϊ˴ Ο˴ ΍έ˴ ˲ ˶ΑΎ˴Λ ˴ ˷Λ – Ζ .ΖΒ .΢˴ ͉Βλ ˴ - ΢˴ ˴ΑΎλ ˴

2. 4. 6.

.˲Ν΍ϭ˴ ί˴ – Ν˴ ϭ͉ ί˴ .Ω˲ ΍Ϊ˴ Σ˶ – Ω˴ Ϊ͉ Σ˴ . ˲αέ΍ ˴ έΩ˴ ˶ Ω˴ – α͉

1. 3. 5.

Nunation

Another characteristic of Arabic letters is that sometimes the letter has double dhammas, double fat-ha or double kasra. Doubling short vowels is called tanween ϦϳϮϨΗ in Arabic or nunation in English. From the name: tanween you might guess that is has a relation with the letter N. Yes, you are right. Tanween is used only at the last letter of the word and it gives these three Transliterations: a) With double fat-ha it is pronounced as an b) With double dhamma it is pronounced as on c) With double kasra it is pronounced as in Look at these examples: έ˴ With fat-ha is pronounced as ra while with tanween fat-h ˱΍έ it is pronounced as ran ˵α With dhamma is pronounced as son while with tanween dhamma ˲α it is pronounced as soon α ˳ it is pronounced as sin ˶ With kasra is pronounced as sip while with tanween kasr α Note that the N is not written but is pronounced as long as we have the short vowel doubled. To summarize what we learned. Arabic has:

40

• • • •

Lesson 2

3 short vowels fat-ha, dhamma and kasra 3 long vowels: ΍– ϭ and ϱ 3 nunations tanween fat-ha, tanween dhamma and tanween kasra Consonants may be doubled by putting shaddah on or under it

2.5. Practice Connect to form a word: = = = = = = = = = =

ϑ+ε+ϙ έ+ϙ+ε Ν + ΍+ Ν+ Ω ϙ+Ρ+ν ϥ+ϭ+ϙ+α Ι+Ρ+Ώ+ϱ Ω+έ+΍+Ώ έ+ϱ+Ι+΃+Ε Ω+ϭ+έ+ϭ Ε+΍+Ώ+Ι+·

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2.6. Practice Read the following words and pay attention to the difference between Ρ and ˰ϫ:

.Ϊ˲ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϫ - Ϊ˵ ϣ˶ ΎΣ˴ .Ϣ˲ Ϭ˸ η˴ - ϢϬγ ϡ˵ ΎϤ͉ ˴ϫ - ϡ˲ ΎϤ͉ Σ˴

˵ ϫ˶ ˸έ˵΃ - ϕ ˵ ή˵ ˸Σ΃˴ .ϖ .Ϣ˲ ˸Τ˴ϓ - Ϣ˲ Ϭ˸ ˴ϓ .Ϊ˴ ˴ϫΎΟ˴ - Ϊ˲ ΣΎ ˶ Ο˴

2. 4. 6.

1. 3. 5.

2.7. Practice Listen to the words and write the missing letter:

ήϳ ΪϳΩ

΄Η

3.

Ω

6.

Ν΍ϭί

ΎΑ

2. 5.

έϭ ίέ

˰Α

1. 4.

Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)

ήϳί

ϭ

9.

ΎΒη

8.

ΪΣ Ε΍

41

ϭ

7.

Υ΃

10.

2.8. Practice Translate to Arabic using tanween when applicable:

1. The teacher: 2. Pen: 3. The street: 4. Table: 5. The city: Read the following conversation between Amal and Hind (two female names), listen to compare your reading, then practice it with your partner:

marhaba. Hello. ahlan. Hi – welcome. kayfa haloki? How are you? alhamdulillah, ana bekhayr wa anti kayfa haloki? Thank God, I am doing well. And you? How are you? alhamdulillah ana bekhayr. Thank God, I am good. men ayna anti? Where are you from? ana men sorya wa anti? I am from Syria, how about you? ana men al-iraq. I am from Iraq. ila alliqa. Until we meet. ma’a assalamah. Go with peace.

.Ύ˱ΒΣ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ .ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴΃ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ ϭ˴ ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ !˶Ϳ˶ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴ ˮΖ .ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ ˶Ϳ˶ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ ˮΖϧ˸ ˴΃ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ ˮΖ ˶ γ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϟϣ ˴΃ .ϕ΍ ˶ ή˴ ό˶ ϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ .˯˶ Ύ˴Ϙ͋Ϡϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· :Ϟϣ ˴΃ Δ˶ ϣ˴ ϼ˴ δ˴ ϟ΍ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ

42

Lesson 2

Now read this conversation between Ali and Ahmed who met for the first time, then practice it with a partner: Assalamu Alaikum Peace be upon you. wa alaikum assalam And on you be peace. ismee Ali My name is Ali. tasharrafna, ismee ahmad I am honored, my name is Ahmad. ahlan wa sahlan. Kayfa haloka? You are welcome. How are you?

.Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ΍ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴ .ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ΍ Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϭ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ .ϲ͇ ˶Ϡϋ˴ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶΍ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴ .Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶΍ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ !Ύ˴Ϩ˶ϓ ͊ήθ˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ΃ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴ ϼ˸˱ Ϭγ˴ ϭ˴ ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴΃ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ϭ˴ ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ Ϳ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮΖ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴

Alhamdulillah, ana bekhayr wa anta? Thank God, I am good. How about you? Alhamdulillah, ana bekhayr Thank God, I am good.

ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ Ϳ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴

2.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect words from the right column with the suitable response from the left (See Answer Key):

ήϴΨΑ Ύϧ΃ ͿΪϤΤϟ΍ ˯ΎϘϠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϼϫ΃ ϡϼδϟ΍ ϢϜϴϠϋ ϭ ΪϤΣ΃ ϲϤγ΍ . ΎϨϓήθΗ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ΎΒΣήϣ ˮ ϝΎΤϟ΍ ϒϴϛ ϢϜϴϠϋ ϡϼδϟ΍ ΪϟΎΧ ϲϤγ΍ Δϣϼδϟ΍ ϊϣ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lesson 3

ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ The Classroom

Ϟμϔϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ Gorfat al-fasel

Objectives: 1. Gender in the Arabic Language 2. Ta Marbuta 3. Numerals: • 0–9 • 10–100 • Tens in Arabic • 100 • More than 100

4. Culture: Introducing Someone and Forms of Address 5. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Hey (Oh you)

–

Notebook

Dafater

Boy

Awlad

Girl

Banat

Book

Kotob

Pen

Aqlam

Picture

Sowar

Room

Ghoraf

Plural

Transliteration

–

˸ή˶ΗΎ˴ϓΩ˴ Ω˸ ϻϭ΃ ˸ ˸ ˴Α ΕΎϨ ˸ΐ˵Θϛ˵ ϡ˸ ϼϗ˸ ˴΃ ˸έϮ˴ λ ˸ ή˴ Ϗ˵ ϑ

Ya Daftar Walad Bent Kitab Qalam Soura Ghorfa

Word

Ύ˴ϳ ˸ή˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ Ϊ˸ ˴ϟϭ˴ ˸ Ϩ˸ ˶Α Ζ ˸ΏΎΘϛ˶ Ϣ˸ ˴Ϡ˴ϗ Γέ˴ Ϯλ Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵

44

Lesson 3 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸Ρ΍Ϯϟ˸ ˴΃ ϲγ΍ήϛ˴ ˸ΐ˶΋ΎϘΣ˴ Εϼ͋Πδ˴ ϣ˵ ΢ϴΗΎϔϣ˴ ΕϮϴ˵Α

Board

Alwah

Chair

Karasi

Bag/suitcase

Haqa’eb

Recorder

Mosajelat

Key

Mafateeh

House

Beyoot

Eraser

–

Desk

Adraj

Paper

Awraq

Mr.

Sadah

Mrs.

Sayyedat

Father

Abaa’

Mother

Omahat

Tired

–

–

Ta’aban

Good

–

–

Jayed

He

–

–

Howa

She

–

–

Hiya

From

–

–

Min

Where

–

–

Ayna

Thank you

–

–

Shokran

You’re welcome

–

–

A’fwan

–

Ν΍έΩ˸ ˴΃ ϕ΍έϭ˸ ˴΃ ΓΩΎγ Ε΍Ϊ͋ϴγ˴ ˯ΎΑ΁ ΕΎϬϣ͉ ˵΃

Law-h Korsee Haqeeba Mosajela Mof-tah Bayt Memhah Dorj Waraqa Sayyed Sayyedah Ab Om

Word

˸ΡϮϟ ˸ ϲγ ˸ ˸ήϛ˵ Δ˴ΒϴϘΣ˴ ΔϠ ͋Πδ˴ ϣ˵ ΡΎΘϔ˸ ϣ˵ Ζ˸ϴ˴Α ΓΎΤϤ˸ ϣ˶ Ν ˸έ˵Ω Δϗέ˴ ϭ˴ Ϊ͋ϴγ˴ ΓΪ͋ϴγ˴ ˸Ώ˴΃ ϡ˸ ˵΃ ϥΎΒ˸ό˴Η Ϊ͋ϴΟ˴ Ϯ˴ ϫ ϲ˴ ϫ Ϧϣ˶ Ϧ˸ϳ˴΃ ˱΍ήϜ˸ η˵ ˱΍Ϯϔ˸ ϋ˴

The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel)

45

Culture: Introducing Someone & Forms of Address Speaking politely is important in Arabic culture. To address people, there are various titles that are used. For example, in formal situation for people who have professional title, Arabs will address them with their titles as doctor, engineer or teacher. For people with no professional title, we address them by saying: “Mr” Ϊϴγ sayyed followed by his name and “Mrs.” ΓΪϴγ sayyeda or “Miss” Δδϧ΁ anisa for unmarried or younger age girls followed by her name. For informal situations, usually you call a person who is older than you saying amee ϲϤϋ meaning “uncle” for males and ϲΘϟΎΧ khalatee “aunt,” for females. The older person does not have to be a relative to call him/her uncle/aunt. It might be a person you just met for the first time and wanted to talk to him/her or ask about something. Usually titles are followed by the person’s first name not his last and are proceeded by the word ya Ύ˴ϳ . The closest meaning for Ύ˴ϳ is: “Oh You.” Ύ˴ϳ is used when addressing someone in front of you or directly to attract his/her attention. If you know the family, then it is also very common to call a person by using the word ϮΑ΃ abo for father meaning “the father of,” and ϡ΍ om for the mother meaning “the mother of,” followed by the name of their oldest son. For example, when the oldest son’s name in the family is Ahmed, then you call the “father” ΪϤΣ΃ ϮΑ΃ abu ahmad and the “mother” is om ahmad ΪϤΣ΃ ϡ΃. There is no need to use titles to call friends, just say their names. It is not very common for men and women to greet each other in public. Additionally, it is very rude to leave someone’s house, a group gathering and friends without “saying goodbye” or “see you later” ˯ΎϘϠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ila aliqaa & Δϣϼδϟ΍ ϊϣ ma’ assalamah. Gender in Arabic Words in Arabic are considered either masculine or feminine. When a word refers to a masculine human then it is masculine and when it refers to female human then it is feminine. The tricky part is that some words have no gender, but they are defined as masculine or feminine. Some examples are: nar έΎϧ “fire,” riyah ΡΎϳέ “wind,” yad Ϊϳ “hand,” are considered feminine while ϊΒλ΍ isba’ “finger,” α΃έ ra’s “head,” or ΏΎΑ bab “door” are considered masculine. Additionally, most towns, cities and countries are considered feminine words as in America, Britain and Saudi Arabia. What makes it easier is to remember that words ending in ta marbuta ( Δ˰ - Γ) are feminine as will be explained. It is very important to know the gender of the nouns because the verbs and adjectives are conjugated accordingly. The proper way to do is by memorization. Just memorize words with their gender. Ta Marbuta

Words in Arabic are considered either masculine or feminine. When a word refers to a masculine human then it is masculine and when it refers to female human then it is feminine. The tricky part is that some words have no gender, but they are defined as masculine or feminine.

46

Lesson 3

As explained, words in Arabic have gender. Most feminine nouns and adjectives end in ta marbuta ΔρϮΑήϤϟ΍ ˯ΎΘϟ΍ represented as (Δ˰ - Γ). ΔρϮΑήϤϟ΍ ˯ΎΘϟ΍ is not a new letter. It is as you noticed a combination of Ϫ˰ and Ε. When it is accompanied with any short vowel or tanween it is pronounced as ta, but when it is silent or comes at the end of the sentence it is pronounced as ha. Examples of words end in ta marbuta are as in: Meaning

Transliteration

Cat

Qittah

Room

Ghorfah

Car

Sayarah

Word

Meaning

Δτϗ ΔϓήϏ ΓέΎϴγ

Transliteration

Tent

Khaymah

Beautiful

Jameelah

Word

ΔϤϴΧ ΔϠϴϤΟ

In most cases ta marbuta is silent unless it is followed by a possessive noun or pronoun then it should be pronounced as ta. Meaning

Transliteration

A big school

Madrasaton kabeerah

A beautiful student

Talibaton jameelah

My sister’s story

Qisato okhtee

Word

.˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Βϛ˴ ˲Δγ˴ έ˴ Ϊ˸ ϣ˴ .˲Δ˴ϠϴϤ˶ Ο˴ ˲Δ˴Β˶ϟΎ˴ρ ͉ ˶ϗ ϲ˶ΘΧ˸ ˵΃ ˵Δμ

Most of the times when we change nouns and adjectives related to living creatures from masculine to feminine, we just add ta marbuta. Here are some examples of feminine and masculine nouns: Meaning

Transliteration

Cat

Qittah

Dog

Kalbah

Prince

Ameerah

Teacher

Ostathah

Hero

Batalah

Beautiful

Jameelah

Big

Kabeerah

Feminine

Δτϗ ΔΒϠϛ Γήϴϣ΃ ΓΫΎΘγ΃ ΔϠτΑ ΔϠϴϤΟ ΓήϴΒϛ

Transliteration

Qit Kalb Ameer Ostath Batal Jameel Kabeer

Masculine

ςϗ ΐϠϛ ήϴϣ΃ ΫΎΘγ΃ ϞτΑ ϞϴϤΟ ήϴΒϛ

The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel) Meaning

Transliteration

Small

Sagheerah

Tall

Taweelah

Short

Qaseerah

Happy

Sa`eedah

3.1. Practice

Feminine

Γήϴϐλ ΔϠϳϮρ Γήϴμϗ ΓΪϴόγ

Transliteration

47

Masculine

ήϴϐλ ϞϳϮρ ήϴμϗ Ϊϴόγ

Sagheer Taweel Qaseer Sa`eed

(see Answer Key)

Read these words and circle the feminine words. If you do not know the word, then you follow the rule of ta marbuta:

.˲ΓΪ˴ ϳή˶ Ο˴ - Ρ˲ Ϯ˸ ˴ϟ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ Ω˴ .ϲ͇ γ˶ ˸ήϛ˵ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ϭ˸ ί˴ – ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ .˲Δ͉ϠΠ˴ ϣ˴ - ή˲ ˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Θϛ˶ .˲Δ˴Β˶ΗΎϛ˴ - ˲ΐ˶ΗΎϛ˴ - ˲ΐϴ˶Β˴ρ ˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ή˵ ˴τ˴ϗ - ΎϜ˴ ϳή˶ ϣ˸ ˴΍

˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α – ˲ΔϤ˴ ϴ˸ Χ˴ .Ζϴ˶Α - Ζ .˲ήϬ˸ ˴ϧ - έ˲ ΎϤ˴ Σ˶ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ ί˵ .˲ϞϳϮ˶ ˴ρ - ή˵ ϴ ͋μ˴ϗ - ˲ΓΪ˴ ϴό˶ γ˴ . ˵ΐϛ˴ Ϯ˸ ϛ˴ - ˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ - ˲Δ͉τ˴Α ˲ ˴Λ˴΃ .˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ˲Δ͉ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵ - ΙΎ

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

Numerals Arabic numbers were developed in the Middle ages and they are the ones used in European languages replacing the Roman numbers. Here are numbers from 0-10 in Arabic: English number Transliteration

Number Raqam 0

Sifr

1

Wahed

2

Ithnan

3

Thalatha

4

Arba`ah

Name

ϡΎϗέ΃/Ϣϗέ ήϔλ ΪΣ΍ϭ ϥΎϨΛ΍ ΔΛϼΛ ΔόΑέ΃

Arabic number

˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽

English number Transliteration

5

Khamsa

6

Sitah

7

Sab`ah

8

Thamaniyah

9

Tesa`ah

10

A`sharah

Name

Arabic number

ΔδϤΧ ˾ ΔΘγ ˿ ΔόΒγ ̀ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ ́ ΔόδΗ ̂ Γήθϋ ˺˹

48

Lesson 3

Please note that numbers 1 and 2 match in gender with the word following it. If there is two of anything, we use the dual form and there is no need to use the word 2 ( ϥΎϨΛ΍). Numbers 3–9 are the opposite in gender. As in many other words, the number can be changed into feminine by adding ta marbuta at the end of it. Meaning

Transliteration

One

Wahedah

Two

Ithnatan

Three

Thalatha

Four

Arba`ah

Five

Khamsa

Six

Sitah

Seven

Sab`ah

Eight

Thamaniyah

Nine

Tesa`ah

Ten

A`sharah

Feminine Number

ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ϦϴΘϨΛ΍ ΔΛϼΛ ΔόΑέ΃ ΔδϤΧ ΔΘγ ΔόΒγ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ ΔόδΗ Γήθϋ

Transliteration

Wahed Ithnan Thalath Arba` Khams Sit Sab`a Thaman Tesa` A`shar

Masculine Number

ΪΣ΍ϭ ϦϴϨΛ΍ ΙϼΛ ϊΑέ΃ βϤΧ Ζγ ϊΒγ ϥΎϤΛ ϊδΗ ήθϋ

3.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Identify each of the Arabic numbers below by writing the question number next to the correct translation:

17 ( ) 4 ( )

ΔόΑέ΃ ήθϋ ΙϼΛ ήθϋ ΔδϤΧ

4.

13 ( )

5.

15 ( )

Γήθϋ ήθϋ ΔόΒγ ΔόδΗ

1. 2.

9 ( ) 6. 10 ( ) 3. The tens Numbers 20–90 are conjugated as the Transliteration masculine plural. You just add “een” when accusative or “oon” when nominative to the end. The same situation applies to regular plurals. There is no masculine or plural form in the tens. They are as follows:

The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel)

English

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Arabic

˻˹ ˼˹ ˽˹ ˾˹ ˿˹ ̀˹ ́˹ ̂˹

Transliteration

Eshroon Thalathoon Arba`oon Khamsoon Sitoon Sab`oon Thamanoon Tes`oon

Number in accusative

ϥϭήθϋ ϥϮΛϼΛ ϥϮόΑέ΃ ϥϮδϤΧ ϥϮΘγ ϥϮόΒγ ϥϮϧΎϤΛ ϥϮόδΗ

Transliteration

Eshreen Thalatheen Arba`een Khamseen Siteen Sab`een Thamaneen Tes`een

49

Number in genitive

Ϧϳήθϋ ϦϴΛϼΛ ϦϴόΑέ΃ ϦϴδϤΧ ϦϴΘγ ϦϴόΒγ ϦϴϧΎϤΛ ϦϴόδΗ

100- Δ΋Ύϣ h`am 100- Δ΋Ύϣ is a noun and may end with fat-ha, dhamma or kasra as any other noun according to its position in the sentence. The noun it is counting comes after it and it should be singular and indefinite all the times. It is considered as the second noun in idafa, as would be explained in detail in next lessons. This means the noun should always have kasra. Ώ ˳ ΎΘϛ Δ΋Ύϣ– mi’a sayyarah Γ˳ έΎϴγ Δ΋Ύϣ mi’a kitab. 1,000- Thousand ϒϟ΍ alf- thousand also forms idafa with its noun where the noun should be singular, indefinite and genitive since it is idafa. To read numbers in Arabic we follow the same procedure as in English. You start with the highest category while inserting (ϭ) meaning a comma before each category. For example, the number 6,457 is read as: ϦϴδϤΧ ϭ ΔόΒγ ϭ Δ΋Ύϣ ϊΑέ΃ ϭ ϑϻ΁ Ζγ. It is very important to keep in mind that numbers in Arabic are written in the same order as English numbers. They are written from left to right. Look at the table to compare the equivalence between Arab and English numbers

50

Lesson 3

Numbers in English

Transliteration

Numbers in Arabic

1,957

Alf wa tes’m`ah wa sab`a wa khamseen

20,345

Eshroon alf wa thalath me`ah wa khamsa wa arb`oon

325

Thalathm`ah wa khamsa wa e`shreen

98

Thamaniya wat es`oon

100

Ma`ah

˺̂˾̀ ˻˹˼˽˾ ˼˻˾ ̂́ ˺˹˹

3.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Now write the following numbers in figures:

: ήθϋ ΔόΒγ : ϦϴδϤΧ ϭ ΔόΒγ :Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ΔόΑέ΃ : Ϧϳήθϋ : ϦϴΘγ ϭ ΔόδΗ

: ϦϴΛϼΛ ϭ ΔδϤΧ : ΔϴϧΎϤΛ : ϦϴόΒγ ϭ ΔΘγ : ήθϋ ΔδϤΧ : Γήθϋ ϯΪΣ΍

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

1. 3. 5 7. 9.

3.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following numbers using letters. Don’t forget to follow the rule of masculine and feminine:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

11 books 14 pens 65 chairs 76 girls 289 houses

6. 50 tables 7. 22 keys 8. 384 erasers 9. 104 rooms 10. 563 papers

3.5. Practice (see Answer Key) To review your writing skills: Match the same words then write the word on the line beside it:

ϙαϥ Ώαϙ Ώέν Υέι ϝϡω

Ώή˰ο Υή˰λ Ϛ˰δ˰ϧ ϒ˰θ˰ϛ ΐ˰δ˰ϛ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel)

ϝΩω ΏΕϙ ϡϝω ϑεϙ ϕαύ ΃έϕ ϕέύ έϡϕ

ΐ˰Θ˰ϛ Ϣ˰Ϡ˰ϋ Ϟ˰Ϥ˰ϋ ϝ Ϊ˰ϋ ή˰Ϥ˰ϗ ϖ˰δ˰Ϗ ΃ ή˰ϗ ϕ ή˰Ϗ

51

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

3.6. Practice Read and respond to the following:

ˮΖϧ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ : Ϟϣ΃ : ϯΪϫ ˮΖϧ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ : Ϟϣ΃ : ϯΪϫ ˯ΎϘϠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ : Ϟϣ΃ : ϯΪϫ

! ΎΒΣήϣ : : ˮ ϚϤγ΍ Ύϣ : : ˮϚϤγ΍ Ύϣ ˮΖϧ΍ ϭ : : ˮϚϟΎΣ ϒϴϛ : :

Ϟϣ΃ ϯΪϫ Ϟϣ΃ ϯΪϫ ϯΪϫ Ϟϣ΃ Ϟϣ΃ ϯΪϫ

3.7. Practice To review your reading skills, read the following and pay attention to the difference in pronunciation of letters:

Δπϳήϓ – ΓΪϳήϓ ˷ ή˴ ˴ψΣ – ˴ έάΣ ήϴόΑ – ήϴΒϋ

3. 6. 9.

ΩήΑ – ξϴΑ ϕήρ – ϙήΗ Ϣ˶ϟΎϋ – Ϣ˴ϟΎϋ

2. 5. 8.

βϓέ – αή˵ϓ ϑήμϳ – ϑήδϳ εήρ – ήτη ωέΎη ˶ – ω˴ έ˴ Ύγ

1. 4. 7. 10.

52

Lesson 3

3.8. Practice (see Answer Key) This is your final review for the alphabet. Please circle the word/words that have the letter mentioned at the beginning in it:

ϱΪϬϳ ΐόϟ ήϤγ ήϤγ ΚΤΒϳ

ΐϴΘϛ ή΋Ύρ ϑήΣ ϑήΣ ΫΎΘγ΃ ήϛΫ ϞϴΜϤΗ ϙήθϣ ΐϴΒρ ΐϴΒρ

Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

ΔΒΘϜϣ ΔϜϴΒγ ϝΎΜϣ ϝΎϨϣ βϳέΩ΍ ϢϴϠόΗ ρϮτΧ ϙέΎη ΔϘϳήρ ΓήΨλ

ϯΪϫ ϦϜγ ϲϤγ΍ ΐόϠϧ ΪϳΪΟ ΚϳΪΣ ΏϮϨΟ ϰοέ ΏϭήϏ ίΎϓ

ΓΩέϭ ΐΘϛ ΔΒόϟ ΔΒόϟ ΔϴδϨΟ ΐϧΎΟ ϢϴϠόΗ ϢϟΎγ ΕΎϓήϋ ϑΎϓί

: : : : : : : : :

˰ϫ ϙ ϡ ϥ ϱ Ε Ν ε ύ

:ϑ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lesson 4

ΔόΑ΍ήϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Arab Hospitality

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϡήϜϟ΍ ϭ ΔϓΎϴπϟ΍ Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi

Objectives: 1. The Definite Article and its uses 2. Alif Mad and Hamza 3. Alif Maqsoora 4. Dagger Alif

5. The particle ya 6. Culture: Arab Hospitality: Visiting Friends and Family 7. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Reside

–

–

Sakana-yaskon

Enter

–

–

Dakhala-yadkhol

Entrance

–

–

madkhal

Go out

–

–

Kharaja-yakhroj

Exit

–

–

Makhraj

Wash

–

–

Ghasala-yaghsel

Travel

–

–

Saafara-yosaafer

Talk to

–

–

Hadatha-yahdoth

Words-(verbs are past tense followed by present tense)

Ϧ˸ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϧ˴ Ϝ˴ γ˴ ˸ϞΧ˵ Ϊ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ Χ˴ Ω˴ ˸Ϟ˴ΧΪ˸ ϣ˴ ˸Ν˵ήΨ˸ ˴ϳ / Ν˴ ή˴ Χ˴ ˸Νή˴ Ψ˸ ϣ˴ ˸Ϟδϐ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ δ˴ Ϗ˴ ˸ή˶ϓΎδ˵ϳ / ή˴ ˴ϓΎγ ˸ Ϊ͋ Τ˴ ˵ϳ / Ι ˴ Ϊ͉ Σ˴ Ι

54

Lesson 4

Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Come

–

–

Hadara-yahdor

Study

–

–

Darasa-yadros

Learn

–

–

Ta`lamma-yata`lam

Pray

–

–

Salla-yosali

School

Madares

University

Jame`at

College

Koliyyat

Library

Maktabat

Office

Makateb

Street

Shaware`

Museum

Matahef

Mosque

Masajid

Here

–

–

Hona

There

–

–

Honak

Many

–

–

Katheerah

Engineering

–

–

Handasah

Business

–

–

Tejarah

Literature

–

–

Al-adab

Sciences

–

–

Oloom

˸αέ΍Ϊ ˶ ϣ˴ ˸ ϣ˶ ΎΟ ΕΎό ˸ ͋Ϡϛ˵ ΕΎϴ ˸ ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ΕΎΒ ˸ΐ˶ΗΎϜϣ˴ ω˸ έ΍Ϯ ˶ η˴ ˸ ΣΎΘ ϒ ˶ ϣ˴ Ϊ˸ ΟΎδ ˶ ϣ˴

Madrasa Jame`a Koliyyah Maktabah Maktab Share` Mathaf Masjid

Words-(verbs are past tense followed by present tense)

˸ή˵π ˸Τ˴ϳ / ή˴ π ˴ Σ˴ ˸α˵έΪ˸ ˴ϳ / α ˴ έ˴ Ω˴ Ϣ˸ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / Ϣ˸ ͉Ϡό˴Η ϲ͋Ϡμ ˴ ˵ϳ / ϰ͉Ϡλ ˴ Δγέ˴ Ϊ˸ ϣ˴ Δόϣ˶ ΎΟ Δ˷ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵ ΔΒ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ΐ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ω˸ έΎη ˶ ˸ Τ˴ Θ˸ ϣ˴ ϒ Ϊ˸ Π˸ ˶ δϣ˴ ΎϨ˵ϫ ˸ ˵ϫ ϙΎϨ ΓήϴΜϛ˴ ΔγΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴ϫ ΓέΎΠ˴ ˶Η ˸Ώ΍Ωϵ΍ ϡ˸ ϮϠϋ˵

Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )

Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Mathematics

–

–

Riyadiyat

Computer

–

–

Hasoob

Computer

–

–

Kombuter

55

Words-(verbs are past tense followed by present tense)

˸ ϴοΎϳ ΕΎ˷ ˶ έ˶ ˸ΏϮγΎΣ ή˴ΗϮϴ˵ΒϤ˸ ϛ˵ (more commonly used than

hasoob Door

–

–

Bab

Window

–

–

Shobbak

Car

Sayyarat

Bicycle

Darrajat

Get angry

–

–

Ghadeba-yaghdab

Be happy

–

–

Fareha-yafrah

I want

–

–

Oreed

Beside

–

–

Bejaneb

I have

–

–

Endee

Ε΍έΎ˷ϴγ˴ ˸ έΩ˴ ΕΎΟ΍˷

Sayyarah Darraja

˸ΏϮγΎΣ) ˸ΏΎΑ ˸ Βη˵ ϙΎ˷ ΓέΎ˷ϴγ˴ ΔΟ˴ ΍˷έΩ˴ ˸ΐπ ˴ ϐ˸ ˴ϳ / ˸ΐπ ˴ Ϗ˴ ˸Ρή˴ ϔ˸ ˴ϳ / Ρ˴ ή˴ϓ Ϊϳέ΃ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϱΪϨϋ

Hospitality and Food A hallmark of Arab cultural practice is hospitality and generosity. As an example, when someone praises an object, be it a picture frame on the wall, a watch, a purse or item of clothing, an Arab may give it to the admirer and insist that he takes it. They would say, “Since you like it so much, it is yours.” As long as it is something they can live without, it will be generously offered. In terms of hospitality toward guests, in regular visits (not an invitation for a meal), when Arabs have a visitor, they start by offering juice or soda, followed by hot tea with assorted sweets such as cakes, cookies and other popular local confections. Nuts such as pistachios, almonds, peanuts, cashews and seeds are presented after the refreshments and kept on the table so the visitor may enjoy them during the visit. At the end of the visit, the host presents

56

Lesson 4

coffee accompanied with chocolates or dates, as is common in Gulf countries. Arab hospitality requires that when presenting something, the host should offer it at least three times and insist on the guest tasting what is on offer before finally accepting a guest’s negative response. It is not considered polite to ask a guest whether he prefers tea or soda, for example, but rather to present a beverage and allow the guests to either drink it all or have a sip of it. Lunch is the main meal in Arab countries. Government jobs start at about seven in the morning and conclude at one or two o’clock in the afternoon, thus allowing Arab families to share lunch and spend quality time together. Some private-sector companies have a long lunch break for three to four hours, after which employees might go back to work in the afternoon until seven or eight o’clock in the evening. Those with a long lunch break may take a nap, spend time with friends or, in the case of students, finish schoolwork. Lunch is also the main meal to which guests are invited, and if a friend, neighbor or family member knocks at the door during lunch time, an Arab usually insists that the visitor come in and have lunch with them. Although, using the right hand is an Islamic custom rather than simply an Arab custom, however, using the right hand while eating and drinking is the cultural norm. Muslims believe that Islam organizes all aspects of life, with verses from the Qur’an or sayings of the Prophet directing Muslims what to do and not to do. Among the directions for acts of worship, morals, manners, interactions with others and private affairs are customs for eating and drinking. The Prophet said, in teaching a companion eating with his left hand, “Oh young man, say the name of Allah, eat with your right hand and eat from what is nearest to you” (Al-Bukhari, Vol 7, Book 65, # 288). This hadith, or utterance of the Prophet, also directs Muslims to begin eating by saying “bismillah” or “in the name of Allah” while using the right hand and to eat what is front of him if the food is presented on one communal tray. Today most Arabs provide individual plates for each guest, so they can choose what they wish to eat. Use of the left hand to eat is only acceptable if one is unable to use the right hand for medical reasons. It is customary practice for a guest to taste everything offered on the table. When served something unfamiliar, guests may ask about the dish and how it was prepared. Hosts usually invite guests to take a second and third serving. It is recommended to take a second serving, even if it is very small, to show appreciation to the host. After the meal, fruits, sweets, hot tea and coffee are served. Throughout the meal, the guests usually praise the food and compliment the host. It is impolite and may be considered shameful for a guest to criticize the food presented. This also goes back to the teachings of the Prophet, as noted in Sahih Al-Bukhari that “The Messenger of Allah has never criticized any food. If he liked it, he would eat it, if not he would leave it” (Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 4, Hadith 764). When they are done eating, guests usually wish the host a full table all the time. It is customary for guests to reciprocate by inviting the host to a meal.

Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )

57

Dates are very popular, especially in Gulf countries, and are often served with hot coffee. In addition to coffee, hot tea, especially with mint, is popular with many Arabs. Although alcoholic drinks are forbidden by Islam and are not served or used in cooking, alcohol is sold in some Arab countries to tourists or non-Muslims. Islam, like Judaism, demands a clear dietary code, and these dietary codes apply equally when dining in someone’s home or at a restaurant. Muslims dining out in a western country often ask if the food they are served contains any pork.

Definite Article or Al-ashamsiyah and Al-alqamariyah To define a noun or adjective in Arabic, we add al ϝ΍ at the beginning of it. Al ϝ΍ is equivalent to “the” in English. ϝ΍ is connected to the word and is NOT used as a separate word. As in English, al is added to nouns and adjectives but never to verbs. When we add al ϝ΍, the noun or adjective may have a vowel but never tanween or double vowel. You can say: kabeerin alkabeer ˶

˲ bayton – ˱ ΎΑΎΘϛ kitaban & ήϴΒϛ ˵ ΖϴΑ and ΖϴΒϟ΍ albayt – ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ alkitab & ήϴΒϜϟ΍ ˴ ˳

There is no equivalent to “a” in Arabic, so we just use ϝ΍ . Please keep in mind that proper nouns are definite whether we add al to them or not. When adding al ϝ΍ to nouns and adjectives there are two cases: 1. Pronouncing both letters, a and l very clearly as in: Δϓήϐϟ΍ & ήϤϘϟ΍. The letters following this pattern are called moon letters and they are: ΃, Ώ, Ν, Ρ, Υ, ω, ύ, ϑ, ϕ, ϙ, ϡ, ϭ, ϱ, ˰ϫ 2. Pronouncing only the a and not the l while putting more stress on the letter that comes after it as if it has shaddah. It is like the letter is assimilating to the l. These are called the sun letters and they are: Ε, Ι, Ω, Ϋ, έ, ί, α, ε, ι, ν, ρ, υ, ϝ, ϥ

58

Lesson 4

Look at the table of moon and sun letters. Listen to the words, the moon letter words are read first followed by the sun letter words: Transliteration

Sun letters with examples

ήϤΘϟ΍ Ε ΏϮΜϟ΍ Ι ϥΎϛΪϟ΍ Ω ϲϛάϟ΍ Ϋ ϲϋ΍ήϟ΍ έ Ϧϳΰϟ΍ ί ΔϋΎδϟ΍ α βϤθϟ΍ ε ΩΎϴμϟ΍ ι ωΪϔπϟ΍ ν ϢρΎϤτϟ΍ ρ Ϟψϟ΍ υ ϞϴϠϟ΍ ϝ έϮϨϟ΍ ϥ

Attamr Ath-thawb Addokkan Ath-thakee Arra’i Azzeen Assa’ah Ashams Assayad Adofda’ Atamatem Ath-thil Alayl Annoor

Transliteration

Moon letters with examples

ϞϣϷ΍ ΍ ΏΎΒϟ΍ Ώ έΎΠϟ΍ Ν ΕϮΤϟ΍ Ρ ήΒΨϟ΍ Υ Ϧϴόϟ΍ ω έΎΒϐϟ΍ ύ ΢Θϔϟ΍ ϑ ήϤϘϟ΍ ϕ ΐϠϜϟ΍ ϙ ϝΰϨϤϟ΍ ϡ ϯΪϬϟ΍ ˰ϫ ΪϟϮϟ΍ ϭ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϱ

Alamal Albab Aljar Alhoot Alkhabar Ala’yn Alghobar Alfat-h Alqamar Alkalb Almanzil Alhoda Alwalad Alyawm

Some examples on definite article: Meaning

Transliteration

The girl is beautiful

albent jameela

The dates are on the table

attamr a’la attawelah

The room is small

Alghorfah sagheerah

The dress is short

ath-thawb qaseer

Word

ΔϠϴϤΟ ΖϨΒϟ΍ ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ήϤΘϟ΍ Γήϴϐλ Δϓήϐϟ΍ ήϴμϗ ΏϮΜϟ΍

Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )

59

4.1

Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the words in which the al is NOT pronounced:

ωέΎθϟ΍ – ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍ – ϥ΁ήϘϟ΍ – ϒμϟ΍ – ϲγήϜϟ΍ – ΔϳΎϬϨϟ΍ – ΖϴΒϟ΍ 4.2 Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the correct form:

˱ ΍ΪΠδϣ – ˱ ΎϋέΎθϟ΍ – ˱ ΔΒΘϜϣ – ΔϋΎδϟ΍ – ˱΍ΓήΠη – Ώ ˳ ΎΘϛ – ˱ ΎδϤη – ΪϟϮϟ΍ – ˱ ΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ Alif and Hamza There are three ways to pronounce alif, the first letter of the alphabet, and several ways to be written which makes it a unique letter. Alif may be pronounced as a as in apple. This form of alif is when it has hamza over or under it. We add the short vowel, that is fat-ha or dhamma on top of hamza while we add the kasra under the hamza and both are written under the alif. When the alif has hamza it is pronounced as with a sudden stop or as it called in linguistics a glottal stop. As you remember, when the ΃ has fat-ha on it, it is pronounced as “an,” when it has dhamma on it, it is pronounced as in “on” and when it has kasra it is pronounced as “in.” Alif with hamza may be at the beginning, middle or end of a word. When a word begins with hamza, it is always written on the alif and it might be accompanied with any of the three vowels. Dhamma may be added or it will be written on a waw ΅ . However with kasra it changes its shape to be written as: ˰Ό˰ . At the end of the word and after a long vowel, the hamza is written by itself as in: ˯ . Some examples of hamza at the end of the word are: ˯Ύϔη – ˯Ϯο – ˯ΎϤγ Some examples of alif and hamza with different vowels are: Meaning

Transliteration

Father

ab

Mother

Um

Permission

ithn

Thing

shay’

Family

A’ilah

Question

so’al

Word

Ώ˴΃ ϡ˵΃ ϥΫ· Ίϴη ΔϠ΋Ύϋ ϝ΍Άγ

Meaning

Transliteration

Woman

imra’ah

Monday

al-ithnayn

Bird

ta’er

Kind/caring

ra’oof

Responsible

mas’ool

Word

Γ΍ήϣ· ϦϴϨΛϹ΍ ή΋Ύρ ϑ΅έ ϝϭΆδϣ

The second form of alif is when it is used as a long vowel aa as in rat or at. It was introduced in Lesson 2.

60

Lesson 4

The third form of alif is when it is used as a very long aa, there is no equivalent to it in English. It is written as ΁. Examples of ΁ are as in: Meaning

Transliteration

Word

Meaning

Transliteration

I am sorry

Aasif

ϒγ΁

I eat

Aakol

The Qur’an

Alqura’an

ϥ΁ήϘϟ΍

Now

Alaan

Word

Ϟϛ΁ ϥϵ΍

Alif Maqsoura- Broken Alif Alif maqsoura is a form of alif that comes at the end of the word only. It is pronounced as alif and written as ϯ. This is why its name is alif maqsoura, meaning broken. Some examples of alif maqsoura are in words such as: Meaning

Transliteration

Moses

Musa

Isa/Jesus

Eesa

Accept

Yardda

Strive

yas’aa

Walk

Masha

Example

Meaning

Transliteration

ϰγϮϣ ϰδϴϋ ϰοήϳ ϰόδϳ ϰθϣ

Female name

Layla

Female name

Najwa

Female name

Mona

Female name

Salma

Example

ϰϠϴϟ ϯϮΠϧ ϰϨϣ ϰϤϠγ

Notice it looks the same as ya at the end of the word, but it has no dots under it. If it has two dots, then it is ya and pronounced as ya. Dagger Alif The last type of alif is called dagger alif. It has its name because it looks like a small dagger on top of the letter. It represents the old spelling of alif in Classical Arabic. It is still used on few words and names. It is pronounced as long alif. The most common words using dagger alif are: Meaning

Transliteration

This (masculine)

Hatha

This (feminine)

Hathihi

These

Ha’olaa

Word

΍άϫ ϩάϫ ˯ϻΆϫ

Meaning

Transliteration

Word

But

Lakenna

That (masculine)

Thalika

ϦϜϟ ϚϟΫ

Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )

61

The particle ya Ύϳ The particle Ύϳ is called vocative because it is only used to call attention of someone who can hear you. It is used before the names, titles and terms of address. It is never used by itself. It is very close to the meaning of “hey, you” and it is used as a respected form of calling attention of someone. Some examples are: ϲϣ΃ Ύϳ – ΖΧ΃ Ύϳ – ΫΎΘγ΃ Ύϳ 4.3 Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:

.Ϣ˲ ˴Ϡ˴ϗ - Ϊ˲ Σ΍ ˶ ϭ˴ - ή˲ ˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Θϛ˶ .˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ - ˲Γέ˴ Ύ͉ϴγ˴ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΍͉έΩ˴ . ˲ΏϮ˵γΎΣ˴ - Δ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ - ˲Δ˴Ϡ ͋Πδ˴ ϣ˵ - ίΎϔϠΗ .˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Α - ˲Δ͉ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵ - ˲Δγ˴ έ˴ Ϊ˸ ϣ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ - ˲ΏΎ˴Θϛ˶ - ϲ͇ γ˶ ˸ήϛ˵ - ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

4.4 Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following conversation between Ahmad and Khaled. After you finish reading please respond to the following questions:

Masa alkhair Good evening.

.ή˸˶ ϴΨ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴

Masa anoor Good evening to you too.

.έϮ ˶ ˵Ϩϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

Ana ismee khalid My name is Khalid. Tasharafna. Ana ismee ahmad I am honored, my name is Ahmad.

.Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶΍ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ .Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶΍ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ .Ύ˴Ϩ˶ϓ ͊ήθ˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

Ahlan wa sahlan You are welcome.

.ϼ˸˱ Ϭγ˴ ϭ˴ ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴

Men ayna anta Where are you from?

˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮΖ

Ana men dimashq I am from Damascus.

.ϖ ˴ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴

62

Lesson 4

Conversation (continued) Ayna Dimashq? Where is Damascus? Dimashq fee Soorya. Men ayna anta? Damascus is in Syria. Where are you from? Ana men tempi. I am from Tempi.

˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮϖ ˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ .Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ ˶ γ ϲ˶ϓ ϖ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ˮΖ .ϲΒϤΗ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

Ayna tempi? Where is Tempi?

ˮϲΒϤΗ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴

Tempi fee Arizona. Tempe is in Arizona.

.Ύϧϭΰϳέ΃ ϲ˶ϓ ϲΒϤΗ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

Matha ta’lamta alyawm? What did you learn today?

˴ Ϥ˸ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η ΍Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ˮϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ΍ Ζ

Ta’lamto asma al-ashyaa almawjooda fi alghorfa. I learned the names of things in the room. Mithla matha?s Like what? Tawela wa korsi wa shobbak. Table, chair and window.

˸ Ϥ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˯˴ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ˯˵ ΎϤ˴ γ˸ ˴΃ Ζ Δ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϐ˵ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˴ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ˮ΍Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ Ϟ˴ Μ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ . ϙΎ˷Βη˵ ϭ˴ ϲ͇ γ˶ ˸ήϛ˵ ϭ˴ ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

Shokran lak ila aliqa. Thank you, see you soon.

˯˶ Ύ˴Ϙ͋Ϡϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· .Ϛ ˴ ˴ϟ ΍˱ήϜ˸ η˵ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴

Ma’ assalama. Go with peace/goodbye.

Δ˶ ϣ˴ ϼ˴ δ˴ ϟ΍ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

After you finish reading please respond to the following questions:

௑ˮΪ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ ௑ˮϖ ௑ˮϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ΍ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ Ϣ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η ΍Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ ௑ˮΔ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϐ˵ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˵ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ Ύϣ˴ ௑ˮϚ ˴ ˶Θ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϲ˶ϓ Γ˳ Ω˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ ϣ˴ ˯˳ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴΃ ˴Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ˵ΐ˵Θϛ˸ ˴΃

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )

63

4.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with a word from the list:

Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ – ˵Δ˴Βϴ˶ϘΤ˴ ϟ΍ - ˵Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˶ϧΎΠ˴ ˶Α - Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵΃ ˶ ͉τϟ΍ - ήϓΎγ - ΐ . ϲ˶ϓ ϲό˴ ϣ˴ ϙ ˴ ή˵ ˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ 1. . ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ ˵ΏϮ˵γΎΤ˴ ϟ΍ 2. .˵Δ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η Ζ ˶ ϧ˸ ˴΃ 3. .ΎϜ˴ ϳή˶ ϣ˸ ˴΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ϮΑ΃ 4. ˮϚ 5. ˴ Σ˵ Ύ˴Θϔ˸ ϣ˶ Δ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ε 6. ˴ Ω˴ ˵΃ ϥ˸ ˴΃ ˶ Ύ͉ϴοΎ ˶ ˴ϳ ͋ήϟ΍ α͋έ 4.6. Practice To make sure you know your numbers, contact five of your friends and fill in their names, date and place of birth:

ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ϥΎϜϣ

ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ΦϳέΎΗ

Ϣγϻ΍

Makan almeelad Place of birth

Tareekh almeelad Date of birth

Al-ism Name

4.7. Practice (see Answer Key) By now you should be familiar with connecting letters. Please connect the following:

. . .

= = =

Γ+έ+΍+υ+ϥ Ω+ϱ+ω+Ώ ϝ+΍+ϡ+΃

1. 2. 3.

64

Lesson 4

. . . . . . . Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

= Ώ+Ε+ϙ+ϱ = ω+΍+ϑ+Ε+έ+΍ = Γ+ϥ+΍+ι+Ρ = Ε+΍+ν+ϩ+ϥ = Γ+ϥ+ϱ+ϑ+α = ϱ+Ε+Ω+ϱ+έ+Ν = ϕ+Ω+΍+ϥ+ϑ

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lesson 5

ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Tea and Arabic Coffee

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϭ ϱΎθϟ΍ Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah

Objectives: In this Lesson you will be introduced to:

1. Days of the Week 2. Academic Fields of Study (Academic Subjects) 3. Grammar: Singular, Dual and Plural Forms (Regular and Irregular)

4. Culture: Coffee and Tea 5. Expression of Courtesy

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸Ώϼ˷ ˵ρ ˸ ͋Ϡό˴ ϣ˵ ϦϴϤ Ω˸ ΍Ϯϣ˴

Student

Tollab

Teacher

Mo’alemeen

Subject

Mawad

History

–

–

Tareekh

Geography

–

–

Joghrafya

Chemistry

–

–

Keemya’

Science

Oloom

Art

–

ϡ˸ ϮϠϋ˵ –

Taleb Moa’lem Maddah

Ilm Rasm

Word in singular

˸ΐ˶ϟΎρ Ϣ˸ ͋Ϡό˴ ϣ˵ ΓΩ˷ Ύϣ ˸ ΦϳέΎΗ Ύϴϓ˸ ΍ήϐ˸ Ο˵ ˯Ύϴ ˸ Ϥ˸ ϴϛ Ϣ˸ Ϡ˸ ϋ˶ Ϣ˸ γ˸ έ˴

66

Lesson 5 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

ΕΎοΎϳέ˶

Riyadah

–

–

Moseeqa

Photography

–

–

Attasweer

Language

Loghat

Arabic Language

–

–

Allogha alarabiyah

English Language

–

–

Allogha alingleeziah

Religion

–

–

Attarbiyah addeeniyah

Medicine

–

–

Attib

Before

–

–

Qabl

After

–

–

Ba’ad

From

–

–

Min

Until

–

–

Hatta

In front of

–

–

Amam

Behind

–

–

Khalf

Phone

Hawatif

Hatif

Eye-glasses

Nath-tharat

Pictures

Sowar

Classroom / class

Fosool

Question

As’elah

ϒΗ΍Ϯϫ ˸ ˷ψ˴ϧ Ε΍έΎ ˸έϮ˴ λ ˸ϝϮμ˵ϓ ΔϠ˶Όγ˸ ˴΃

Several

–

Sport

Riyadat

Music

ΕΎϐ˵ϟ

–

Logha

Nath-tharah Sourah Fasl So’al Eddah

Word in singular

ΔοΎϳέ˶ ϰϘϴγϮϣ ήϳϮ ˸μΘϟ΍ Δϐ˵ϟ Δ˷ϴΑή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ Δϐ˵Ϡϟ΍ Δϐ˵Ϡϟ΍ Δ˷ϳΰϴϠΠ˶ ϧ˸ Ϲ΍ ˶ Δ˷ϴ˶ϨϳΪϟ΍ Δϴ˶Α ˸ήΘϟ΍ ˸ΐτϟ΍ ˶ ˸Ϟ˸Β˴ϗ Ϊ˸ ό˸ ˴Α Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϰ͉ΘΣ˴ ϡ˸ Ύϣ˴΃ ˸ Ϡ˸ Χ˴ ϒ ˸ ˶ΗΎϫ ϒ ΓέΎ˷ψ˴ϧ ΓέϮλ ˸Ϟ ˸μ˴ϓ ˸ϝ΍Ά˵γ ΓΪ˷ ϋ˶

Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

There is/are

–

–

Honak

Most

–

–

Mo’th-tham

Some

–

–

Ba’ad

All

–

–

Kol

Help

–

–

Sa’ad- yosa’ed

Want

–

–

Arada- yoreed

67

Word in singular

˸ ˵ϫ ϙΎϨ Ϣ˸ ˴ψό˸ ϣ˵ ˸ξ˸ό˴Α ˸Ϟϛ˵ Ϊ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδ˵ϳ / Ϊ˴ ϋ˴ Ύγ Ϊ˸ ϳέ˵ / Ω˴ ΍έ΃

Coffee and Tea Coffee ΓϮϬϗ and tea ϱΎη are very important drinks in the Arab world. While Arabs started to drink coffee during the 1200s, Europeans started their coffee drinking habits in the 1600s. Coffee and tea are usually served hot during all day as in with breakfast, after lunch and after dinner. When visitors come tea and coffee are served. They are also served at business meetings and social events. Additionally, they are served during card games, football or just watching movies. For social gatherings, tea is usually served with cake, cookies or any type of sweets. Later and before the end of the event coffee is served with dates or chocolate. A fun fact that I read recently is that and according to the International Coffee Organization (ICO) report, the consumption of coffee in the Arab world is estimated to be 1.4 billion cups of coffee daily. It is very popular to see people selling hot tea and coffee in the souks, bazara and streets. They do have stores such as Starbucks or Coffee Rush, and they may have a small table and move around people selling their hot drinks. Men selling coffee are called kah-waji ϲΟϮϬϗ meaning coffee seller and those selling tea are called Sababeen elshay ϱΎθϟ΍ ϦϴΑΎΒλ which literally means the tea pourers. Tea is mostly flavored with mint or with sage in some areas.

68

Lesson 5

Days of the week Meaning

Transliteration

Saturday

Assabt

Sunday

Al-ahad

Monday

Al-ithnayn

Tuesday

Ath-tholatha

Wednesday

Al-arbia’a

Thursday

Alkhamees

Arabic

Meaning

Transliteration

ΖΒδϟ΍ ΪΣϷ΍ ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ ˯ΎΛϼΜϟ΍ ˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ βϴϤΨϟ΍

Friday

Aljoma’a

Day

Yawm- ayyam

Today

Alyawm

Week

Osboo’

Month

Asabee’

Arabic

ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡΎϳ΍ / ϡϮϳ ϡϮϴϟ΍ / ωϮΒγ΃ ϊϴΑΎγ΃ ήϬη΃ / ήϬη

Weekdays in Arab countries start with Sunday as the first day of the week. The weekend is Friday and Saturday. Please note that ϡϮϳ yawm means “day” while ϡϮϴϟ΍ alyawm means “today.”

Grammar: Singular, Dual and Plural Forms (regular and irregular) There are three states for words in Arabic. They are singular, dual and plural. As you know singular refers to a single person or thing, dual refers to two while plural refers to more than two. Dual forms Dual is the easiest form and it is used with nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns. Dual forms can be created just by adding ϥ΍ or Ϧϳ at the end of the word depending on its case: a) When the word is nominative, as when referring to the subject, the doer of the action or the first noun in a sentence, we add ϥ΍ as in: Transliteration

Kitaban Yal’aban Taweelatan Ghorfatan

Dual

ϥΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΒόϠϳ ϥΎΘϠϳϮρ ϥΎΘϓήϏ

Transliteration

Kitab Yala’ab Taweelah Ghorfa

Word in Singular

ΏΎΘϛ ΐόϠϳ ΔϠϳϮρ ΔϓήϏ

Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah)

69

b) when the word is accusative, as when it is the direct object of a verb or proceeded by a preposition, then you add Ϧϳ as in: Transliteration

Kitabayn Taweelatayn Ghorfatayn

Dual

Transliteration

ϦϴΑΎΘϛ ϦϴΘϠϳϮρ ϦϴΘϓήϏ

Word in Singular

ΏΎΘϛ ΔϠϳϮρ ΔϓήϏ

Kitab Taweelah Ghorfah

As you noticed: 1. When the word ends in ta marbuata, then you change it into the letter ta and add the Ϧϳ or ϥ΍ to it. 2. The dual form is used with definite and indefinite nouns 3. In verbs, we use only ϥ΍ as verbs cannot be objects or come after a preposition Plural forms There are different forms of plurals that we are going to introduce for you today: 1. Transliteration Masculine plural: it is the form that deals with nouns referring to male humans. It is an easy form, all what you do is add Ϧϳ – ϥϭ at the end of the word. When the word is accusative, as when it is the direct object of a verb or proceeded by a preposition, then you add Ϧϳ . However, when the word is nominative, as when referring to the subject, doer of the action or the first noun in a sentence, then we add ϥϭ. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Word

Engineer

Mohandiseen/ mohandisoon

Teacher

Mo’alimeen / Mo’alimoon

Writer

Katibeen/ katiboon

ϥϮΒΗΎϛ / ϦϴΒΗΎϛ

Katib

ΐΗΎϛ

Farmer

Fellaheen/ fallahoon

ϥϮΣϼϓ / ϦϴΣϼϓ

Fallah

Ρϼϓ

Employee

Mowath-thafeen/ Mowath-thafoon

Egyptian

Mesriyeen/ mesriyoon

Translator

Motarjimeen/ motarjimoon

ϥϮγΪϨϬϣ / ϦϴγΪϨϬϣ ϥϮϤϠόϣ / ϦϴϤϠόϣ

ϥϮϔυϮϣ / ϦϴϔυϮϣ

Mohandis Mo’alim

αΪϨϬϣ ϢϠόϣ

Mowath-thaf

ϒυϮϣ

ϥϮϳήμϣ / Ϧϴϳήμϣ

Mesriyy

ϱήμϣ

ϥϮϤΟήΘϣ / ϦϴϤΟήΘϣ

Motarjim

ϢΟήΘϣ

70

Lesson 5

2. Transliteration Feminine Plurals: It is the form that is used with feminine plural nouns ending in ta marbuta. All what you have to do is: remove the ta marbuta and add Ε΍ at the end of the word. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Female teacher

Ostathat

Female student

Talibat

Car

Sayyarat

Library

Maktabat

Aunt

Khalat

Busy

Mash-gholat

State

Wilayat

Building

Benayat

Plural

Ε΍ΫΎΘγ΃ ΕΎΒϟΎρ Ε΍έΎϴγ ΕΎΒΘϜϣ ΕϻΎΧ ΕϻϮϐθϣ ΕΎϳϻϭ ΕΎϳΎϨΑ

Transliteration

Ostatha Taliba Sayyarah Maktabah Khalah Mash-ghoolah Wilayah Benayah

Word

ΓΫΎΘγ΃ ΔΒϟΎρ ΓέΎϴγ ΔΒΘϜϣ ΔϟΎΧ ΔϟϮϐθϣ Δϳϻϭ ΔϳΎϨΑ

3. Broken plurals: These plurals earned their names because they break the letters of the word or change their order in it. There are different forms in plurals that follow different patterns. The best way to learn these plurals for now is whenever you use flashcards, write the word and its plural beside it and memorize both together. This type of plural is called broken plurals as they keep the root/original letters of the word and add few other letters in between. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Color

Alwan

Shape

Ash-kal

Pen

Aqlam

Book

Kotob

Film

Aflam

Name

Asma’

City

Modon

Mr.

Sadah

Plural

ϥ΍Ϯϟ΃ ϝΎϜη΃ ϡϼϗ΃ ΐ˵Θϛ˵ ϡϼϓ΃ ˯ΎϤγ΃ ϥΪϣ ΓΩΎγ

Transliteration

Lawn Shakl Qalam Kitab Film Esm Madinah Sayyed

Word

ϥϮϟ ϞϜη ϢϠϗ ΏΎΘϛ ϢϠϴϓ Ϣγ΍ ΔϨϳΪϣ Ϊ˷ϴγ

Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah) Meaning

Transliteration

Brother

Okhwah

Street

Shaware’

Office

Makateb

Plural

ΓϮΧ΍ ωέ΍Ϯη ΐΗΎϜϣ

Transliteration

Akh Share’ Maktab

71

Word

Υ΃ ωέΎη ΐΘϜϣ

In short, to learn plurals you need to master the agreement rules and you can also memorize the plurals. 5.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the suitable word:

˲ έ˴ Ύ͉ψ˴ϧ - ˵Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ΍ - ϡ˲ Ύ͉ϳ˴΃ - ˲ΓΩ͉ Ύϣ˴ - Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴Θϐ˴ ˵ϟ ϊ˵ ϴ˶ΑΎγ˴ ˴΃ - Ϟ˴ Β˸ ˴ϗ - Ϊ˵ ό˸ ˴Α - Ε΍ .˯˶ Ύ˴Λϼ˴ ͊Μϟ΍ ϡϮϳ .Δ˶ ό˴ Ϥ˸ Π˵ ϟ΍ ϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ˵ .ωϮ˵ ˶ Βγ˸ Ϸ΍ ϲ˶ϓ .˵Δ͉ϳΰϴ ˶ ϭ˴ ˵Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ ˵Δϐ˴ ͊Ϡϟ΍ ˶ ˶ϠΠ˶ ϧ˸ Ϲ΍ .ϡ˳ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ Ϟ͉ ϛ˵ Ύ˴ϴ˶ϓ΍ή˴ ϐ˸ Π˵ ϟ΍

ϲ˶Η˸΄˴ϳ Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ϨΛ˸ ϻ΍ ˶ ϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ˴ Βδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶Η˸΄˴ϳ Ζ˸ ˲Δό˴ Β˸ γ˴ ϙΎϨϫ ˲Δό˴ ˴Α ˸έ˴΃ ή˸˶ Ϭθ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ϢϠϜΗ΃ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵ΐ˴ϫΫ˸ ˴΃ ˴ ϼ˴ ˵Λ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ Ι ͊ΐΣ˶ ˵΃ ϻ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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Lesson 5

Read:

Hathihi eman ali This is Eman Ali.

˵ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ϩ˶ ά˶ ˴ϫ .ϲϠϋ ϥΎ

Tadros eman alhandasa fi jame’a oxford fe breetanya. Eiman is studying Engineering in Oxford University in Britain.

˵ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴Η ϲ˶ϓ ϲ˶ϓ ˴Δγ˴ Ϊ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴Ϭϟ΍ ϥΎ .Ύ˴ϴ˶ϧΎ˴τϳή˶ ˶Α ϲ˶ϓ Ω ˸έϮ˵ϔδ˸ ϛ˸ ϭ˵΃ Δ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴

Fee hatha alfasl tadros al/oloom wa al-keemya’ wa almoseeka. In this semester, she is studying Science, Chemistry and Music.

ϡϮ ˶ ˵Ϡό˵ ϟ΍ ˵ΓΩ͉ Ύϣ˴ ˵α͋έ˴Ϊ˵Η Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϔϟ΍ ΍ά˴ ˴ϫ ϲ˶ϓ .ϰ˴ϘϴγϮ ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ ˯˵ Ύ˴ϴϤ˶ ϴϜ˶ ϟ΍ ϭ˴

Um eman wa abooha yskonan fee Madinat amman fe al-ordon wa yaskon ma’homa ikhwat eman ath-thalatha. Eman’s father and mother live in Amman in Jordan and her three brothers live with them.

Δ˳ ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ ϲ˶ϓ ϥΎ ˴ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ϡ͊ ˵΃ ˶ ˴ϨϜ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ Ύ˴ϫϮ˵Α˴΃ ϭ˴ ϥΎ ˵ Ϥ˴ ϋ˵ ΎϤ˴ ˵Ϭό˴ ϣ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ ϭ˴ ϥ͋ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ϥΎ .Δ˶ ˴Λϼ˴ ͉Μϟ΍ ϥΎ ˴ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ˲ΓϮ˴ Χ˸ ˶·

Eman taskon fe shaqqa sagheera bejaneb aljame’a. Eman lives in a small apartment beside the university.

˵ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· Γ˳ ή˴ ϴϐ˶ λ ˴ ϥΎ ˴ Δ˳ ͉Ϙη˶ ϲ˶ϓ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η ϥϵ΍ .Δ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ΍ ΐ ˶ ˶ϧΎΠ˴ ˶Α

Taskon ma’ha fe alshaqqa taliba arabiyya men falstine ismoha amal mohammad. An Arab student from Palestine lives with her in the apartment. Her name is Amal Mohammad. Tadros amal alhandasa Aydan. Amal is studying Engineering too.

˲Δ˴Β˶ϟΎ˴ρ Δ˶ ͉Ϙθ͋ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ΎϬ˱όϣ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η Ϟ˵ ϣ˴ ˴΃ Ύ˴ϬϤ˵ γ˸ ˶΍ Ϧϴ ˴ τ˸ ˶ δ˴Ϡ˶ϓ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˲Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ϋ˴ .Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .Ύ˱πϳ˸ ˴΃ ˴Δγ˴ Ϊ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴Ϭϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ϣ˴ ˴΃ ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴Η

Fee hatha alfasl tadros amal arriyadhiyat wa allogha al-ingleezia. In this semester, Amal is studying Mathematics and English Language.

Ϟ˵ ϣ˴ ˴΃ ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴Η Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϔϟ΍ ΍ά˴ ˴ϫ ϲ˶ϓ .˴Δ͉ϳΰϴ ˶ Ύ͉ϴοΎ ˶ ˴ϳ ͋ήϟ΍ ˶ ˴Δϐ˴ ͊Ϡϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ε ˶ ˶ϠΠ˶ ϧ˸ Ϲ΍

Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah)

73

5.2

Practice Translate the following sentences into Arabic: 1. Students sit in front of the teacher in the classroom.

2. Each student sits on a chair with his pen and notebook on the desk. 3. There are two teachers for this class. 4. The teacher is standing in front of his 23 students. 5. How many subjects do you study? 5.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Change into plural:

.Γ˳ ή˴ ϴϐ˶ λ ˴ Δ˳ ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϲ˶ϓ ˴Δ˴Β˶ϟΎ͉τϟ΍ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η .Δ˶ ͉ϴ͋ϠϜ˵ ϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵ΐ˶ϟΎ͉τϟ΍ ΐ ˴ ˴ϫΫ˴ .Γ˳ Ϊ˴ Σ΍ ˶ ϭ˴ Δ˳ ϐ˴ ˵ϟ ˵α͋έ˴Ω˵΃ .Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ϣ˲ ˴Ϡό˸ ϣ˴ ϙ ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˵ϫ ͉ ˴ ˴Θϛ˴ Ρ ˶ Ϯ˸ ͉Ϡϟ΍ ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ ˵ΐ˶ϟΎτϟ΍ ΐ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the plural of the following words:

ΔϤϠϛ ϱέϮγ

2. 4.

Δϗέϭ Δϐϟ ϲΘϳϮϛ

1. 3. 5.

5.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions:

ˮΔ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ΍˱ήϬ˸ η˴ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ͋ϔλ ˴ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˱Β˶ϟΎ˴ρ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϙ˵ ˶ ήϤ˸ ϋ˵ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϡ˶ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˲Δϋ˴ Ύγ˴ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮ Δ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ή˸˳ Ϭη˴ ή˵ Χ΁ ˶ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ Ύϣ˴

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

˵ ˮωϮ˵ ˶ Βγ˸ Ϸ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ύϣ˱ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮΔ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ϼ˱ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ˶ΗϮ˴ Χ˸ ˶· Ω˵ Ϊ˴ ϋ˴ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˴ ϣ˶ Ϊ˵ ϴϋ˶ ϰ˴Θϣ˴ ˮϙ ˴ Ω˶ ϼϴ ˮ˯˶ Ύ˴Λϼ˴ ͊Μϟ΍ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Α ϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ΍ Ύϣ˴

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

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Lesson 5

5.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the following sentences in order to form a story. Order the sentences by wrting the the number of the sentence in the brackets:

ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ ΓΩΎϣ ΏΎΘϛ άΧ΃ . ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΃ήϗ . ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ . ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΪΠϳ Ϣϟ . ΔϠΌγϷ΍ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ ΏΎΟ΃ . ΡϮϠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ΍ ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ ϢϠόϣ ΐΘϛ . ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ Ϟμϓ ϰϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ ΡΎΒμϟ΍ ϲϓ

.( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( )

Reading

Read the following conversation between Mohammad and Ayman:

Masa’ alkhair. Good evening. Ahlan masaa annor. Welcome, good evening. Ana Mohamad sadiq fu’ad. I’m Mohammad, Fouad’s friend. Ahlan wa sahlan! You are welcome! Wa anta ma ismoka? What’s your name? Ana ayman. My name is Ayman. Tasharafna, ayna fou’ad? I am honored, where is Fouad? Howa fii almaktaba. He’s at the library. Kam omroka? How old are you?

.ή˸˶ ϴΨ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .έϮ ˶ ˵Ϩϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ !ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴΃ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ ˵ ϳΪ˶ λ .Ω˴ ΍Ά˴ ˵ϓ ϖ ˴ .Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ !ϼ˸˱ Ϭγ˴ ϭ˴ ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴΃ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ϭ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮϚ ˴ Ϥ˵ γ˸ ˶΍ Ύϣ˴ ˮΖ .Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ !Ύ˴Ϩ˶ϓ ͊ήθ˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮΩ˲ ΍Ά˴ ˵ϓ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ .Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵

Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah)

75

Conversation (continued)

ϭ˴ .ΔϨγ Γήθϋ ΙϼΛ ϱή˶ Ϥ˸ ϋ˵ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ˮΖ ϥϭήθϋ ϭ ϊ˲ ˴Α ˸έ˴΃ ϱή˶ Ϥ˸ ϋ˵ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .˱Δ˴Ϩγ˴ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ Ϟϫ ˮΔ˶ γ˴ έ˴ Ϊ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˲ΐ˶ϟΎ˴ρ Ζ

Omree thalath ashrata sana wa anta? I am thirteen years old. How about you? Ana omree arba’a wa eshroon sana. I am twenty-four years old. Hal anta talib fee almadrasah? Are you a student at school?

͋ μϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ .˵ϊγΎ ˶ ͉Θϟ΍ ϒ͉

Na’am ana fee assaf attase.’ Yes, I am in the ninth grade. A hiya madatoka almofaddalah? What is your favorite subject?

͉ ˴ϔϤ˵ ϟ΍ Ϛ ˮ˵Δ˴Ϡπ ˴ ˵ΗΩ͉ Ύϣ˴ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ Ύϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ϭ˴ Ε ˶ Ύ͉ϴοΎ ˶ ˴ϳ ͋ήϟ΍ ͊ΐΣ˶ ˵΃ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃ .΍˱ήϴ˶Μϛ˴ ϰ˴ϘϴγϮ ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ΍

Ana ohibo arriyadhiyat wa almoseeqa kateeran. I love mathematics and Music a lot.

ϲ˶ϓ α˵ ˴ έΪ˸ ˴Η ϥ˸ ˴΃ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ΍Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮΔ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ΍ . ˸έ ͋ή˴ϗ˵΃ Ϣ˸ ˴ϟ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃

Matha toreed an tadros fee aljame’a? What do you want to study at the university? Lam oqarrer ba’d. I did not decide yet.

.Ω˴ ΍Ά˴ ˵ϓ Ϊ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵ΐ˴ϫΫ˸ ˴ ΄γ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .˯˶ Ύ˴Ϙ͋Ϡϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴΃

Sa’th-hab ila almaktaba e’nda fuad. I will go to the library to see Fouad. Hasana ila aliqa.’ OK, goodbye. Ma’ assalamah. Go with peace.

.Δ˶ ϣ˴ ϼ˴ δ˴ ϟ΍ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵

5.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Now answer the following questions:

ˮΩ΍Άϓ Ϧϳ΃ ˮϦϤϳ΃ ϒλ ϱ΃ ϲϓ

2. 4.

ˮΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϧϣ ˮϦϤϳ΃ ήϤϋ Ϣϛ ˮΪϤΤϣ ΐϫάϴγ Ϧϳ΃

1. 3. 5.

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Lesson 5

5.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following to feminine:

ΐϟΎρ Ϊϟϭ ϥΎΒόΗ ήϴΜϛ ήπΣ

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

Ϣ˷Ϡόϣ ήϴϣ΃ Ϊ˷ϴγ Ϯϫ ςϗ

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

5.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:

Ύϧ΃ – ΔόϣΎΟ – ΔϴϠϛ – ΔγέΪϣ ΔΒΘϜϣ – ήπΣ – ϞΧΩ – ΝήΧ ϲϫ – ΏΎΘϛ – Ζϧ΃ – Ύϧ΃ ϒΤΘϣ – ΐόϠϳ – ΪΠδϣ – ΔΒΘϜϣ ϡϮϠϋ – ΓέΎΠΗ – Ώ΍Ω΁ – ΓέΎϴγ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lesson 6

ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Social Life and Visits

ΔϴϋΎϤΘΟϻ΍ ΕΎϗϼόϟ΍ ϭ Ε΍έΎϳΰϟ΍ Azziyarat wa al-ilaqat al-ijtima’yah

Objectives: 1. Months and Seasons Vocabulary 2. Grammar • Verbs • Nouns • Prepositions • Question Words

3. Culture: Greetings and Visits 4. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ή˵Ϭη˸ ˴΃ ˸ϝϮμ˵ϓ

Month

Ash-hor

Season

Fosool

Summer

–

–

Sayf

Fall

–

–

Khareef

Winter

–

–

Shita’

Spring

–

–

Rabee’

Year

Sanawat

˸ ˴Ϩγ˴ Ε΍Ϯ

Sanah

Weather

–

Trees

Ashjar

–

˸έΎΠη˸ ˴΃

Shahr Fasl

Taqs Shajarah

Word

˸ή˸Ϭη˴ ˸Ϟ ˸μ˴ϓ ˸ ϴλ ϒ˸ ˴ ˸ Χ˴ ϒϳή ˯ΎΘ ˸ η˶ ϊϴΑέ ΔϨγ˴ ˸βϘ˸ ˴ρ ΓήΠ˴ η˴

78

Lesson 6 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸έΎϫί˸ ˴΃ ˸ΡΎϳέ˶ ˸έΎτϣ˸ ˴΃ ˸ΝϮϠ˵Λ

Flower

Azhar

Zahrah

Wind

Riyah

Rain

Amtar

Snow

Tholooj

Sky

–

–

Sama’

Cold

–

–

Bared

Hot

–

–

Har

Very

–

–

Jedan

Mountains

Jibal

˸ϝΎΒΟ˶

Jabal

Beautiful

–

Suit

Bedal

Coat

–

Jacket

Jaketat

T-shirt

Balayez

Skirt

Tananeer

Clothes

Malabis

Uniform

–

–

Zey

Specify

–

–

Yohadid

To fall

–

–

Yasqot

Travel

–

–

Yosafer

Traveling

–

–

Assafar

Reeh Matar Thalj

–

Jameel

ϝΪΑ

Badlah

–

ΕΎΘϴϛΎΟ ΰϳϼΑ ήϴϧΎϨΗ ˸β˶Αϼϣ˴

Balto Jakeet Bloozah Tanoorah Malbas

Word

Γήϫ˸ ί˴ ˸΢ϳέ˶ ˸ή˴τϣ˴ ˸ΞϠ˸ ˴Λ ˯ΎϤ ˸ γ˴ Ω˸ έΎ ˶ ˴Α ˸έΎΣ ˱΍Ϊ˷ Ο˶ ˸Ϟ˴ΒΟ˴ ˸ϞϴϤΟ˴ ΔϟΪ˸ ˴Α ˸ ϮτϟΎΑ ΖϴϛΎΟ ΓίϮϠ˸Α ΓέϮ˷Ϩ˴Η βΒϠϣ ˷ ί˶ ϱ Ω˸ Ϊ͋ Τ˴ ˵ϳ ˸ ˵Ϙδ˸ ˴ϳ ς ˸ή˶ϓΎδ˵ϳ ˸ή˴ϔδ͉ ϟ΍

Social Life and Visits (Azziyarat wa al-ilaqat al-ijtima’yah) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Daily

–

–

Yawmay

Weekly

–

–

Osboo’ee

Monthly

–

–

Shahree

Annually

–

–

Sanawee

Old

–

–

Qadeem

New

–

–

Jadeed

Tall & long

–

–

Taweel

Short

–

–

Qaseer

Fast

–

–

Saree’

79

Word

ϲϣ ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ϲϋϮΒ˸ γ˵΃ ˸ ˸ϱήϬη˴ ˸ϱϮ˴Ϩγ˴ Ϣ˸ ϳΪ˴ϗ ΪϳΪΟ ˸ϞϳϮ˴ρ ˸ήϴμ˴ϗ ϊ˸ ϳήγ˴

Greetings and Visits One very important factor constituting to a person’s character is good manners, which starts with greetings. Arabs shake hands using only the right hand when they meet and say goodbye. Sometimes failure to shake hands might be considered rude, especially among older generations. Close friends and people whom one has not seen for a while may hug and kiss on both cheeks when greeting. Arab men kiss other men and women kiss other women. However, women and men do not kiss, as this is considered immodest and shameful unless they are close family members such as brothers and sisters, daughters and fathers or nieces and uncles. When meeting older family members such as parents, uncles or grandparents, it is customary to kiss either forehead, nose, or right hand of that person, depending on family’s tradition, to show admiration and respect. Shaking Hands

When a guest arrives, all people sitting in the room stand up to greet the newcomer, who shakes hands and kisses all attendees starting with those on his right side. Some Arabs, among them those from the Gulf countries, place their right hand on their heart after shaking hands as a sign of respect and love. Sometimes, when an Arab woman is introduced to a man who is not a family member, it is the woman's choice to shake hands or not. Some Arab women might initiate the handshake while others do not, depending on their background and family rules.

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Lesson 6

It is common to have separate seating for men and women. Usually, when entering a house as a guest, males and females are directed to different rooms. In the Gulf countries, most houses have separate entrances for men and women. During visits, one sits properly without drooping, wiggling or sliding down in one’s seat, especially in a gathering among different age groups. While seated, Arabs do not put their feet or shoes facing one another or pointing at someone’s face, as it is considered disrespectful; visitors usually keep both feet on the floor. These seating traditions are required particularly when older people are in the room; however, friends of the same age may sit however they feel comfortable. In conversation, between different generations, it is disrespectful to lean against the wall or put one’s hands in one’s pockets, as it reflects tiredness, boredom or lack of enthusiasm for the conversation. The origins of greeting with a smile and showing feelings are rooted in Islamic teachings, as the religion encourages its followers to greet each other and all people they meet to spread love, peace and friendship. The Prophet said, “You will never enter Paradise until you believe, and you will never believe fully until you love each other. Shall I not lead you to something that if you do it, you will love each other? Spread the greetings of ‘Salaam’ amongst yourselves” (Muslim, Vol. 1, # 68). Additionally, when someone greets you, it is your obligation to respond to his greetings as Allah says in the Qur’an: “When you are greeted with a greeting, greet in return with what is better than it, or (at least) return it equally” (4:86). The teachings of the Prophet clarified who should initiate the greeting, as he said, “A rider should greet a pedestrian, a pedestrian should greet one who is seated, and a smaller group of people should greet a larger” (Muslim, Vol. 1, # 857). When saying goodbye, guests and hosts shake hands again and sometimes kiss. It is very common to see Arabs standing and talking at the door, where they might start another conversation and spend few more minutes talking. The host usually accompanies his guests to the door and to their cars if they are the last to leave. Months and Seasons

As you know, Gregorian calendars are accepted and used all over the world. Some Arab countries, such as Syria and Lebanon, use Aramaic names based on the Babylonian calendar. The dates do not change except for the name of the month. For example the Aramaic name for May is Ayar έΎϳ΃. Other Arab countries use the an Arabized name of the months, as in: May would be Mayo ϮϳΎϣ and September would stay the same Sebtember ήΒϤΘΒγ.

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Here are the names of the Gregorian Arabic months. English

Transliteration

July

Yolyo

August

Oghostos

September

Sebtember

October

October

November

November

December

December

Arabic

English

ϮϴϟϮϳ βτδϏ΃ ήΒϤΘΒγ ήΑϮΘϛ΃ ήΒϤϓϮϧ ήΒϤδϳΩ

Transliteration

January

Yanayer

February

Febrayer

March

Maris

April

Ibreel

May

Mayo

June

Yonyo

Arabic

ήϳΎϨϳ ήϳ΍ήΒϓ αέΎϣ ϞϳήΑ΍ ϮϳΎϣ ϮϴϧϮϳ

However, Saudi Arabia uses the Islamic calendar as its main calendar. The Islamic calendar is based on the lunar cycle. It started in 638 CE using the date of migration of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. Months in the Islamic/lunar calendar are either 29 or 30 days which differs from the Gregorian calendar by ten to eleven days each year. Almost all other Arab countries use both calendars and write both dates in their official letters and communication. The current Islamic year is 1440 and in August 19 the year 1441 would start. The Islamic calendar is important because it is used to determine the proper days for Islamic rituals and holidays as in the month of Ramadan and the month of pilgrimage to Mecca. Here is a list of the twelve months of the Lunar Calendar: Month

Transliteration

7

Rajab

8

Sha’ban

9

Ramadan

10

Shawwal

11

The alqe’dah

12

The alhijjah

Islamic Month

Month

Transliteration

˵ΐΟ˴ έ˴ ˵ ˴Βό˸ η˴ ϥΎ ˵ π ϥΎ ˴ ϣ˴ έ˴ ϝ˵ ΍Ϯ͉ η˴ Γ˶ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ ϱΫ˶ Δ˶ Π͉ Τ˵ ϟ΍ ϱΫ˶

1

Moharram

2

Safar

3

Rabee’ awal

4

Rabee’ thani

5

Jamadi alawal

6

Jamadi athanni

Islamic Month

ϡ˲ ή͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ή˲ ˴ϔλ ˴ ϝ˵ ϭ͉ ˴΃ ϊ˲ ϴ˶Αέ˴ ϲ˶ϧΎ˴Λ ϊ˲ ϴ˶Αέ˴ ϝ˵ ϭ͉ ˴Ϸ΍ ϱΩΎϤΟ ϲ˶ϧΎ͉Μϟ΍ ϱΩΎϤΟ

Grammar Verbs In Arabic, verbs do change their forms according to tense, gender and number as the verb reflects whom or what we are talking about. We add a prefix, suffix or both to indicate the

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person/persons or thing we are talking about. Now, we will learn about verbs in the present tense. Verbs in present tense may refer to present tense as in “he drinks” or to continuous tense as in “he is drinking” depending on the context. The following table shows the forms of present tense verbs conjugated according to the person we are talking about. Please note: the prefixes, suffixes or both added to the verbs. When you know the stem of the verb, you may conjugate any verb very easily. When you look carefully at the table, you will notice that verbs keep a base of letters that keep repeated in each conjugation. This base is called the root of the verb. Arab language cites verbs in the third person masculine singular past tense. What we do is add a prefix, suffix or both. Look at the verb ϦϜγ for example and note what we add to indicate “I,” you masculine, you feminine...etc. ˷ |(hug). There are some verbs with double consonant as in: ˷ΐΣ΃ (love, (think) Ϣ˷ ο & Ϧυ Double consonant verbs occur with verbs in the past as well as in Present tense when talking about the third person but not with the first or second person. For some more explanation look at the table below: Transliteration Past Tense

Ahbabto Ahbabna Ahbabta Ahbabti Ahbabtoma Ahbabtom Ahbabtonna Ahaba Ahabat Ahabba Ahabata Ahaboo Ahbabna

ΖΒΒΣ΃ ΎϨΒΒΣ΃ ΖΒΒΣ΃ ΖΒΒΣ΃ ΎϤΘΒΒΣ΃ ϢΘΒΒΣ΃ ϦΘΒΒΣ΃ ΐΣ΃ ΖΒΣ΃ ΎΒΣ΃ ΎΘΒΣ΃ ΍ϮΒΣ΃ ϦΒΒΣ΃

Transliteration Present Tense

Ohib Nohib Tohib Tohibeen Tohiban Tohiboon Tohbibna Yohib Tohib Yohiban Tohiban Yohiboon Yohbibna

˷ΐΣ΃ ΐΤϧ ΐΤΗ ϦϴΒΤΗ ϥΎΒΤΗ ϥϮΒΤΗ ϦΒΒΤΗ ΐΤϳ ΐΤΗ ϥΎΒΤϳ ϥΎΒΤΗ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϦΒΒΤϳ

Transliteration

Ana Nahno anta Anti Antoma Antom Antenna Howa Hiya Homa Homa Hom Honna

Pronoun

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΃ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃ ϦΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ

ϥΎΒΘϜϳ

Yaktoban

ϥ΁ήϘϳ

Yaqra’an

ϥϼόϔϳ

Yafa’lan

ϥΎΒϫάϳ

ϥϮΒΘϜϳ

yaktoboon

ϥϭ΃ήϘϳ

Yaqra’oon

ϥϮϠόϔϳ

Yafa’loon

ϥϮΒϫάϳ ΏήθΗ Tashrab

ϥϮΑήθϳ ϥΎΑήθϳ

yashraboon

Yashraban

That-hab

yath-haboon Yath-haban

ΐϫάΗ

Tafa’l

ϞόϔΗ

Taqra’

΃ήϘΗ

Taktob

ΐΘϜΗ

taskon

yaskonan

yaskonoon

ϲϫ

ϦϜδΗ

ΎϤϫ

ϥϮϨϜδϳ ϥΎϨϜδϳ

Ϣϫ Ζ ˶ ϧ΃ ˴Ζϧ΃

ϦϴΒϫάΗ

Tafa’leen

ϦϴϠόϔΗ

Taqra’een

Ϧϳ΃ήϘΗ

Taktobeen

ϦϴΒΘϜΗ

taskoneen

ΐϫάΗ

Tafa’l

ϞόϔΗ

Taqra’

΃ήϘΗ

Taktob

ΐΘϜΗ

taskon

Thath-aban That-habeen That-hab

ϥΎΒϫάΗ

Tafa’lan

ϥϼόϔΗ

Taqra’an

ϥ΁ήϘΗ

Taktoban

ϥΎΒΘϜΗ

taskonan

ϥΎϨϜδΗ ϦϴϨϜδΗ ϦϜδΗ

ΎϤΘϧ΍

Nath-hab

ΐϫάϧ

Nafa’l

Ϟόϔϧ

naqra’

΃ήϘϧ

Naktob

ΐΘϜϧ

naskon

ϦϜδϧ

ϦΤϧ

Yashrab

tashraban

Tashrabeen

Tashrab

Nashrab

Ώήθϳ ϥΎΑήθΗ ϦϴΑήθΗ ΏήθΗ Ώήθϧ

Yath-hab

ΐϫάϳ

Yafa’l

Ϟόϔϳ

yaqra’

΃ήϘϳ

Yaktob

ΐΘϜϳ

yaskon

ϦϜδϳ

Ϯϫ

Ashrab

Ώήη΃

Ath-hab

ΐϫΫ΍

Afa’l

Ϟόϓ΃

Aqra’

΃ήϗ΃

Aktob

ΐΘϛ΃

askon

ϦϜγ΃

Ύϧ΃

Shariba

Ώήη

Thahaba

ΐϫΫ

Fa’ala

Ϟόϓ

Qara’

΃ήϗ

kataba

ΐΘϛ

sakana

ϦϜγ

Verb

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Note how the double consonant in the third person, did not use the shaddah but used the double letter be instead. 6.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Apply the rules you learned to conjugate the following verbs:

Ϣϫ

ΎϤϫ

ΎϤϫ

ϦΤϧ

ϲϫ

Ϯϫ

Ζ ˶ ϧ΃

˴ Ζϧ΃

Ύϧ΃

Verb

Meaning

Ω˷ ΪΣ

Assign

φϔΣ

Keep

αέΩ

Study

Ϣγέ

Draw

ΪϫΎη

Watch

Ϟϛ΃

Eat

ϊϤγ

Hear

ΝήΧ

Go out

΢Θϓ

Open

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6.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verbs into the present tense:

ˮϞϣ΃ Ύϳ ( Ϣγέ) ΍ΫΎϣ .ήϴΒϛ ΖϴΑ ϲϓ ( ϦϜγ) Ϣϫ .ϥΪϨϟ ϰϟ΍ ( ΐϫΫ) ϯΪϫ ϭ ΪϤΣ΃ .ΕΎϐϟ ϊΑέ΃ ( ϢϠϜΗ) ΫΎΘγϻ΍ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ( αέΩ) Ύϧ΃ .˯ΎδϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΘϟ΍ ( ΪϫΎη) ΎϤϫ .ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ (ΐΘϛ) ϲϫ .ΔϴϟΎτϳϻ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ( ϢϠϜΗ) ϪΗϮΧ΍ .ήϜδϟ΍ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ( ΐΣ΃) Ύϧ΃ . ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ΍ ( ϊϤγ) ϦΤϧ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

6.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Translate into Arabic

1. I am studying Chemistry and Literature. 3. You look tired, are you OK? 5. I like Art but hate Science.

2. Monday is the first day of the week. 4 Where is your back bag?

6.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb ϑήϋ in the following sentences:

.ϪϤγ΍ .ΐϫ΍Ϋ Ζϧ΃ Ϧϳ΃ ϰϟ΍ ˮϯΪϫ Ύϳ ϩ΃ήϗ΃ ϱάϟ΍ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ Ϣγ΍ .ϦϜγ΃ Ϧϳ΃ .ϲΑέΎϗ΃ Ϟϛ ˯ΎϤγ΃

ϻ Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ Ϟϫ Ϣϫ ϯΪϫ ΓΪϴδϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Nouns As explained earlier in Lesson 3, words in Arabic have a gender as they are either masculine or feminine. Masculine words refer to masculine humans or objects and feminine refer to female humans or objects. If a word ends in ta marbuta (Δ˰ Γ) then it is feminine. It is very important to know the gender of the nouns because the verbs and adjectives should agree with gender to be conjugated correctly. 6.5. Practice (see Answer Key) When the sentence refers to a feminine subject, change into masculine and if it refers to a masculine subject change into feminine:

: ΐϟΎρ Ϯϫ : ΓΫΎΘγ΃ ϲϫ : ϲϜϳήϣ΃ ϩϮΧ΃ : ΔγΪϨϬϣ Ϫϣ΃ : ϥΎΘϳΰϴϠΠϧ΍ ΎϤϫ : ϥϼϳϮρ ΎϤϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Prepositions: The prepositions we have in Arabic are: English Meaning

Transliteration

In

Fee

On

A’la

Beside

Bejanib

Between

Bayna

Preposition in Arabic

ϲϓ ϰϠϋ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϴΑ

English Meaning

Transliteration

Over

Fawqa

Under

Tahta

In front of

Amam

Behind

Khalfa

Preposition in Arabic

ϕϮϓ ΖΤΗ ϡΎϣ΃ ϒϠΧ

All words after a preposition should be genitive, that is, to have kasra. When definite nouns come after a preposition, they always have kasra but when an indefinite noun comes after a preposition, then it should have tanween kasra or double kasra.

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Some examples are provided for you: Meaning

Transliteration

My book is on the table

kitabi ala attawelati

The pen is on the book

alqalam fawqa alkitabi

The teacher is in class

Alostath fee assaffi

Example

Δ˶ ϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϲΑΎΘϛ Ώ ˶ ΎΘϜϟ΍ ϕϮϓ ϢϠϘϟ΍ ϒμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΫΎΘγϻ΍ ˶

If a noun is dual or plural, then we use the een Ϧϳ suffix to both definite and indefinite Question Words Here is a list of question words used in Arabic: Meaning

Transliteration

Do/Does/Did/Is/Are

Hal

Where

Ayna

When

Mata

What (always followed by a noun)

Ma

What (always followed by a verb)

Matha

How many/how much

Kam

Do/Does/Did/Is/Are

A

Who

Man

How

Kayfa

Why

Limatha

Question word in Arabic

Ϟϫ Ϧϳ΃ ϰΘϣ Ύϣ ΍ΫΎϣ Ϣϛ ΃ Ϧϣ˴ ϒϴϛ ΍ΫΎϤϟ

Please note: For kam

• •

Ϣϛ:

Ϣϛ is always used to ask about numbers Ϣϛ is always followed by a singular indefinite noun. The noun is in the singular form and should have tanween as in:

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Transliteration

How many books did you read?

Kam kitaban qarata?

How many students are there in class?

Kam Taliban fee assaf?

How many rooms are there in your house?

Kam ghorfatan fee baytika?

For hal

Example

ˮΕ΃ήϗ ΎΑΎΘϛ Ϣϛ ˮϒμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎΒϟΎρ Ϣϛ ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ ˱ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ

Ϟϫ:

• As in English, the answer for Ϟϫ should start by yes Ϣόϧ or no ϻ • The noun after Ϟϫ is always definite, that it should have possessive letter added to it or you add ϝ΍ to it as in: Meaning

Transliteration

Is my book with you?

Hal kitabi ma’ak

Is the book with you?

Hal alkitab ma’ak?

Example

ˮϚόϣ ϲΑΎΘϛ Ϟϫ ˮϚόϣ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ Ϟϫ

΃

For a :

΃ is the same as Ϟϫ in that the response should always be yes Ϣόϧ or no ϻ. ΃ is added to the first word of the sentence. When it is used, it changes the statement into a yes/no question. It is prefixed to nouns, verbs, adjectives, particles or pronouns. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Is he your friend?

Ahowa sadeeqok?

Do you have a car?

A’endoka sayyarah?

Do you want to eat?

Atoreed an ta’kol?

Didn’t you know?

Alam ta’rif?

Is this your house?

Ahatha baytoka?

Example

ˮϚϘϳΪλ Ϯϫ΃ ˮΓέΎϴγ ϙΪϨϋ΃ ˮϞϛ΄Η ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ΃ ˮ ϑήόΗ Ϣϟ΃ ˮϚΘϴΑ ΍άϫ΃

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Ϧϣ˴ and ayna Ϧϳ΃ :

For man

Please note that Ϧϣ˴ and Ϧϳ΃ may be followed by a noun, verb or pronoun ϩ Meaning

Transliteration

Who is he?

Man howa

Where is she?

Ayna hiya

What is this?

Ma hatha

Where is Tunisia?

Ayna Toonis

Where do you live?

Ayna taskon

Example

ˮϮϫ Ϧϣ ˮϲϫ Ϧϳ΃ ˮ΍άϫ Ύϣ ˮβϧϮΗ Ϧϳ΃ ˮϦϜδΗ Ϧϳ΃

All question words do no change the word order or the form of words coming after it

Ύϣ” and matha “΍ΫΎϣ”:

For ma “

“Ύϣ” and “΍ΫΎϣ” as you noticed have the same meaning. The only difference is that Ύϣ is followed by nouns while ΍ΫΎϣ is followed by verbs. For example: Meaning

Transliteration

What do you study?

Matha tadros

What do you do?

Matha ta’mal

What is your name?

Ma ismoka

What is your phone number?

Ma raqam talefonak

Example

ˮαέΪΗ ΍ΫΎϣ ˮϞϤόΗ ΍ΫΎϣ ˮϚϤγ΍ Ύϣ ˮϚϧϮϔϠΗ Ϣϗέ Ύϣ

For ΍ΫΎϤϟ: as in English, when you respond use: “because” ϥϻ or ΐΒδΑ “because it is” followed by complete sentences. However, sometimes the nominal sentences start with a pronoun. So, when this happens, we need to use the attached pronouns as they will be explained with more details in Lesson 7. Now to learn how ϥϻ would look like with attached pronouns, look at the following table: Transliteration

li-annanee li-annana li-annaka

Conjugation of ϥϷ

ϲϨϧϷ ΎϨϧϷ Ϛ ˴ ϧϷ

Transliteration

Ana Nahno Anta

Pronoun

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃

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Lesson 6 Transliteration

Conjugation of ϥϷ

li-annaki li-anakoma li-annaho li-annaha li-annahoma li-annahom li-annahonna

ϚϧϷ ˶ ΎϤϜϧϷ ϪϧϷ ΎϬϧϷ ΎϤϬϧϷ ϢϬϧϷ ϦϬϧϷ

Transliteration

Pronoun

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ ΎϤΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ

Anti Antoma Howa Hiya Homa Hom Honna

Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

I don’t like winter because the weather is cold.

la ohibo ashitaa’ li-anna attaqs barid.

I want to eat because I am hungry.

oreed an aakol li’anee ja’ea.

Example

ϥϷ ˯ΎΘθϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ ϻ .ΩέΎΑ βϘτϟ΍ .Δό΋ΎΟ ϲϨϧϷ Ϟϛ΁ ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃

6.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Use the proper question word to fill in the blanks:

ˮΔτϘϟ΍ ˮήϴΒϛ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ˮϙΪϨϋ ΎΧ΃ ˮΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάΘγ ˮϦϜδΗ ˮ˯ΎδϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞόϔΘγ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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6.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Write questions in Arabic to your friend to find the answers to the following:

1. Location of the library. 2. Number of rooms in her house. 3. His telephone number. 4. The name of her Arabic teacher. 5. Does he have a car? 6. Whether he goes to college by bus or car. 7. The meaning of desk in Arabic. 8. Where did she come from? 9. How many brothers and sisters does she have? 10. How do they come to school? 6.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Use the correct form of ϥϻ:

.ϢϠόΘϧ ϥ΃ Ϊϳήϧ ( ϦΤϧ + ϥϷ) ϒμϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϧ .΍ήϴΜϛ ϞϤόϳ ϥΎΒόΗ Ϯϫ .ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ αέΪΗ ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲϫ .ΔϠϬγ Δϐϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ϥϮΒΤΗ ϢΘϧ΃ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΍ΪϴόΑ ϥϮϨϜδϳ ϲΘϠ΋Ύϋ ϊϣ ϦϜγ΃ ϻ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Form into questions using the interrogative words that you learned:

.ϡΩΎϘϟ΍ βϴϤΨϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϨγ .ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ αέΪϳ ΪϤΣ΃ .ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ Ϯϫ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ΃ .ΓϮΧ΍ ΔΛϼΛ ϱΪϨϋ .΍ΪΟ Γήϴϐλ ϲΘϠ΋Ύϋ ϻ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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I am looking forward to your visit. Ana antathero ziyaratokom.

I am too. I am excited to meet your family. Wa ana aydhan, ana saeed bi-liqaa a’alotaka.

What time does your flight arrive? Mata taselo ta’ratokom.

It should be a little after noon tomorrow. Ghadan ba’ad aldhohr.

I hope you have a safe trip. Atamana lakom rehla amina.

I appreciate it. See you at the airport. Shokran laka, narakom ghadan fee almattar.

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6.10. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following paragraph:

Fee asana arba’to fosool: arrabee’ wa ashitta wa alkhareef wa assayf. There are four seasons in a year: spring, winter, autumn and summer. Ajmal alfossol howa fasl arrabee’. The most beautiful season is spring. Takoon fehi al-ashjar khadra’ wa alazhar katheera. In spring trees are green and have beautiful flowers. Wa taqs Jameel jidan laysa barid wala har. The weather is very beautiful, it's not cold or hot. Ya’tee fasl assayf ba’da arrabee’ wa yakoon attaqs har jidan. Summer comes after spring and the weather becomes very hot. Fee assayf yath-hab annas ila albahr wa yasbahoon honak. In summer, people go the beach and swim there.

ϭ˴ ϊ˵ ϴ˶Αή͉ ϟ΍ :ϝϮ˵μ˴ϓ ˲Δό˴ ˴Α ˸έ˴΃ Δ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲϓ ˵ ϴμ ˵ ή˶ Ψ˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ ˯˵ Ύ˴Θθ͋ ϟ΍ ͉ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ ϒϳ .ϒ˸ ϊϴ ˶ μ˵ϔϟ΍ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Ο˴΃ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ ϝϮ˵ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴Η ϭ˴ ˯˴ ΍ή˴ ˸π˴Χ έ˵ ΎΠ˴ η˸ ˴Ϸ΍ Ϫϴϓ ϥϮ ˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Μϛ˴ έ˵ Ύ˴ϫί˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ϭ˴ Ω˲ έΎ ˴ ϴ˴ϟ ΍Ϊ˱˷ Ο˶ Ϟ˲ ϴϤ˶ Ο˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ΍ ϭ˴ ˶ ˴Α β˸ .έ˴ ΎΣ˴ ϻ˴ ͉ ϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ ϲ˶Η˸΄˴ϳ ϭ˴ ϊϴ ˶ ϴμ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ΍ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Α ϒ˸ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴ϳ .΍Ϊ˱˷ Ο˶ ͇έΎΣ˴ β ˴ Ϙ˸ ͉τϟ΍ ϥϮ ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵αΎ͉Ϩϟ΍ ˵ΐ˴ϫά˸ ˴ϳ ϒ˸ ˶ ϴμ ϙ ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˵ϫ ϥϮΤΒδϳ ϭ˴ ή˶ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍

Fasl ashita’ bared jidan wa yasqot feehi almatar wa athalj ala aljibal. Winter is very cold and has a lot of rain and it snows on the mountains.

˵Ϫϴ˶ϓ ˵ς˵Ϙδ˸ ˴ϳ ϭ˴ ΍Ϊ˱˷ Ο˶ Ω˲ έΎ ˶ ˴Α ˯˶ Ύ˴Θθ͋ ϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ .ϝΎ ˶ ˴ΒΠϟ΍ ˶ ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ Ξ˵ Ϡ˸ ͉Μϟ΍ ϭ˴ ή˵ ˴τϤ˴ ϟ΍

Amma fasl alkhareef, yakoon feehi riyah katheera wa tasqot awraq alashjar. As for autumn, it has a lot of wind and tree leaves fall.

Ρ˲ Ύ˴ϳέ˶ ˵Ϫϴ˶ϓ ϥϮϜ˵ ˶ϳ ϒϳ ˶ ή˶ Ψ˴ ϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ Ύϣ͉ ˴΃ .έΎ ˴ ΍έ˴ ϭ˸ ˴΃ ˵ς˶Ϙδ˸ ˵Η ϭ˴ ˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Μϛ˴ ˶ Π˴ η˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ϕ ˵ ˴ Ϣ͉ ˵Λ ΍˱ήϴ˶Μϛ˴ ϊϴ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ΍ Ϟ˴ ˸μ˴ϓ ͊ΐΣ˶ ΃ Ύ˴ϧ΃ ˯˶ Ύ˴Θθ͋ ϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ

Ana ohib fasl arrabee’ katheeran thomma fasl ashitta’. I love spring season first, then winter.

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Lesson 6

Answer the following questions:

ˮϝϮ˵ ˶ μ˵ϔϟ΍ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Ο˴΃ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ Ύϣ˴ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴ϳ ϰ˴Θϣ˴ ˮ͇έΎΣ˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ΍ ϥϮ

ˮΔ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ϼ˱ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮΞϠΜϟ΍ϭήτϤϟ΍ ϝ˵ ΰ͋ ˴Ϩ˵ϳ ϰ˴Θϣ˴ ͉ ˴΃ ˮ ˷ΐΤ˶ ˵Η Ϟ˳ ˸μ˴ϓ ϱ

2. 4.

1. 3. 5.

6.11. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect the related words by writing their numbers in the brackets:

έΎΣ έΎϫί΃ ήπΧ΃ ΞϠΛ ϭ ήτϣ ΡΎϳέ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ϊϴΑέ ϒϳήΧ ˯ΎΘη ϒϴλ ήΠη

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lesson 7

ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Arabic Calligraphy

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ςΨϟ΍ Alkhat al-arabi

Objectives: 1. Colors (masculine & feminine) 3. Culture: Greetings and Visits 4. Reading

2. Grammar • Singular Pronouns (I, he, she) • Plural Personal Pronouns (we, they) • Possessive Pronouns (my, his, her) • Plural Possessive Pronouns (your, their, our) • Attached Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns

Vocabulary Meaning

This

Transliteration

Ha’ola’

Plural

Transliteration

˯ϻΆϫ

Hatha/hathihi

What is this? –

–

Ma hatha

I do not know

–

–

La a’ref

Of course.

–

–

Tab’an

Doctor

–

–

Doctor/ doctoora

Hospital

Mostashfayat

Early

–

–

Mobakir

Late

–

–

Mota’khir

ΕΎϴϔθ˴Θδϣ˵

Mostashfa

Word

ϩά˰ϫ / ΍ά˰ϫ ˮ΍ά˰ϫ Ύ˰ϣ ˸ ή˰ ϑ ˶ ϋ˸ ˴΃ ϻ ˱ Ύ˰ό˰˸Β˰˴ρ ΓέϮΘϛΩ / ˸έϮΘϛ˸ Ω ϰϔθ˸ ˴Θδ˸ ϣ˵ ˸ήϜ͋ ˴Βϣ˵ ͋ ˴Θϣ˵ ˸ήΧ΄

96

Lesson 7 Meaning

Transliteration

How much/ how many

–

Room

Ghoraf

Bedroom

Ghoraf nawm

Living room

Ghoraf joloos

Guest room

Ghoraf istiqbal

Dining room Ghoraf safrah

Plural

Transliteration

–

ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ϡϮϧ ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ˸αϮϠ˵Ο ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ˸ϝΎΒϘ˸ ˶Θγ˸ ˶· ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ Γήϔ˸ γ˵ ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ΦΑΎτϣ˴ ˸ Ϥ˷ Σ˴ ΕΎϣΎ ˸ Ϥ˷ Σ˴ ΔΣΎΒγ˶ ΕΎϣΎ

Kam a’dad Ghorfah Ghorfat nawm Ghorfat joloos Ghorfat istiqbal Ghorfat sofra

Ω˸ Ϊ˴ ˰ϋ˴ Ϣ˸ ˰ϛ˴ ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϡ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϧ ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ˸αϮϠ˵Ο ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ˸ϝΎΒϘ˸ ˶Θγ˸ ˶· ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ Γήϔ˸ γ˵ ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ˸ ϣ˴ Φ˸ ˴Βτ

Kitchen

Matabekh

Bathroom

Hammamat

Swimming pool

Hammamat sebaha

Apartment

Shoqaq

Nature

–

–

Tabee’ah

There is

–

–

Uwjad

Breakfast

–

–

Aliftar

Lunch

–

–

Alghada

Dinner

–

–

Alasha’

Restaurant

Mata’em

Hotel

Fanadeq

Stadium

Mala’eb

ϢϋΎτϣ ϕΩΎϨ˴ϓ ΐϋϼϣ

Shopping center

Aswaq

ϕ΍Ϯγ΃

Sooq

ϕ˸ Ϯγ

Thing

Ashya’

˯Ύϴη΃

Shay’

˯ϲ ˸ η˴

ϖ˴Ϙη˵

Matbakh

Word

Hammam

ϡ˸ ΎϤ˷ Σ˴

Hammam sebaha

ΔΣΎΒγ˶ ϡ˸ ΎϤ˷ Σ˴ Δ˷Ϙη˴

Shaqa

Mat’am Findoq Mal’ab

ΔόϴΒ˰˴ρ Ϊ˸ Ο˴ Ϯϳ ˸έΎτϓ˸ Ϲ΍ ˯΍Ϊ ˸ ϐ˶ ϟ΍ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ˸ ˸ ϣ˴ Ϣ˸ ό˴ τ ϕ˸ Ϊ˵ Ϩ˸ ˵ϓ ˸ΐό˴ Ϡ˸ ϣ˴

Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi) Meaning

Transliteration

Please

–

Cup

Fanajeen

Glass

Ko’oos

Sugar

Plural

Transliteration

–

Law samaht

ϦϴΟΎϨϓ αϭΆϛ

Fenjan

–

–

Sokkar

Salt

–

–

Milh

Milk

–

–

Haleeb

Tea

–

–

Shay

Coffee

–

–

Qahwah

Water

–

–

Maa’

Ready

–

–

Jahizah

Café

Maqahi

ϲϫΎϘϣ˴

Maqha

Wait

–

Bakery

Makhabiz

Chocolate

–

Ka’s

–

Yantathir

ΰΑΎΨϣ˴

Makhbaz

–

Shokolatah

97

Word

˸ ˸ΤϤ˴ γ˴ Ϯ˴ϟ Ζ ˸ Ϩ˸ ˶ϓ ϥΎΠ α˸΄ϛ˴ ˸ήϜ͉ γ˵ ˸΢Ϡ˸ ϣ˶ ˸ΐϴϠΣ˴ ˸ϱΎη ΓϮ˸Ϭ˴ϗ ˯Ύϣ ˸ Γΰϫ˶ ΎΟ ϰϬϘ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ήψ˶ ˴ΘϨ˸ ˴ϳ ΰ˸ ˴ΒΨ˸ ϣ˴ ΔΗϻϮϛϮη

Culture Calligraphy ϲ˰Αή˰ό˰ϟ΍

ς˰Ψ˰ϟ΍

alkhat alarabi Calligraphy is an art form that has been highly developed through the centuries. Handwritten with pen or brush and ink, calligraphy is highly appreciated in Arab and Islamic culture because it is connected with writing the Qur'an, the holy book of Muslims. It is regarded as an art form like painting. It is a primary form of art for Islamic expression and creativity and represents beauty, creativity and power. Arabic script can be written in various cursive styles such as Naskh, Thuluth and Kufi. On traditional buildings such as mosques, companies and even homes, different writing styles would be designed on the walls, windows, or minarets. Most of the inscriptions are not only from the Qur'an but also the Hadith (the Prophet’s words).

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Lesson 7

Artists have continuously created new styles and designs of calligraphy since the time of the earliest scripts: the Kufic writing in the eighth century A.D. Kufic writing has beautiful geometrical measurement that are known to the writers. It is mostly used with Qur’anic verses, poetry and proverbs which are used to decorate building entrances, offices, houses and monuments. One will find the word ௌ Allah (God), ΪϤΤϣ Mohammed (Prophet of Islam), ௌ ϢδΑ (in the name of God), or ௌ ˯Ύη Ύϣ (may God Bless Our Home) written with very different beautiful artistic styles and displayed on walls. There are several forms of calligraphy. For example, the name of the prophet Mohammed can be written in many different ways:

Colors Colors have their own masculine and feminine rules. The easiest way to learn them is to relate the color to something you are familiar with as in “my car is black,” “my cat/dog is white,” etc. Here is the table of colors. Color in English

Transliteration

White

Abyadh

Black

Aswad

Blue

Azraq

Yellow

Asfar

Green

Akhdar

Masculine form

ξϴΑ΃ ΩϮγ΃ ϕέί΃ ήϔλ΃ ήπΧ΃

Transliteration

Baydhaa’ Sawdaa’ Zarqaa’ Safraa’ Khadraa’

Feminine Form

˯ΎπϴΑ ˯΍ΩϮγ ˯Ύϗέί ˯΍ήϔλ ˯΍ήπΧ

Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi) Color in English

Transliteration

Red

Ahmar

Brown

Bonni

Orange

Bortoqali

Masculine form

Transliteration

ήϤΣ΃ ϲ˷ ϨΑ ϲϟΎϘΗήΑ

Hamraa’ Bonniyah Bortoqaliyyah

99

Feminine Form

˯΍ήϤΣ Δ˷ϴϨΑ ΔϴϟΎϘΗήΑ

Read: Ba’d albihar wa almanatiq yojad fee ismoha lawn. Some seas and areas have a color in their name. Mathalan albahr al-ahmar bayn mesr wa assa’oodiya wa alyaman. For example the Red Sea between Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Albar al-abyadh almotawaset bayn afreeqia wa asya. The Mediterranean White Sea between Africa and Asia. Albahr al-aswad fee asya. The Black Sea in Asia. Amma benesbah lilmodon, fa honak Madinat addar al baydha fee almaghrib wa tosama toonis bi toonis alkhadra li-anna feeha ashjar khadhraa katheera. As for cities, there is the city of White House in Morocco. Tunis is called the “Green Tunisia” because it has so many green trees. Tosama marakish be-ism marakish alhamra lekathrat albeyoot wa al-ammarat alhamraa almawjooda feeha. Marrakesh is called the red Marrakesh because it has so many red buildings and houses.

Ϊ˵ Ο˴ Ϯ˵ϳ ϖ ˶ ˴ϨϤ˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ έΎ ˶ ρΎ ˶ Τ˴ ˶Βϟ΍ ˵ξ˸ό˴Α .ϥ˳ Ϯ˸ ˴ϟ Ύ˴ϬϤ˶ γ˸ ˶΍ ϲ˶ϓ ή˴ ˸μϣ˶ Ϧ˸˴ ϴ˴Α ή˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴Ϸ΍ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍ :ϼ˱ ˴Μϣ˴ .Ϧ˶ Ϥ˴ ˴ϴϟ΍ ϭ˴ Δ˶ ͉ϳΩ˶ Ϯ˵όδ͉ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϴ˴Α ˵ςγ͋ Ϯ˴ ˴ΘϤ˵ ϟ΍ ˵ξ˴ϴΑ˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍ .Ύ˴ϴγ΁ ˶ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴ˶Ϙϳή˶ ϓ˸ ˶΍ .Ύ˴ϴγ΁ ˶ ϲ˶ϓ Ω˵ Ϯ˴ γ˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍ ˵Δ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ .:ϙ ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˵Ϭ˴ϓ ϥ˶ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˵ Ϡ˶ϟ Δ˶ ˴Βδ˸ ͋ϨϟΎ˶Α Ύϣ͉ ˴΃ .Ώ ˴ ή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˯˵ Ύπ ˴ ϴ˸ ˴Βϟ΍ έ΍ ˶ Ϊ͉ ϟ΍ β˶ϧϮ˵Η" Ώ ˶ β˶ϧϮ˵Η ϰϤ͉ δ˴ ˵Η έ˲ ΎΠ˴ η˸ ˴΃ Ύ˴Ϭϴ˶ϓ ϥ͉ ˴Ϸ˶ "˯˶ ΍ή˴ ˸π˴Ψϟ΍ ˱Γή˴ ϴ˶Μϛ˴ ˯˵ ΍ή˴ ˸π˴Χ ζϛ˶ ΍͉ήϣ˴ " Ϣ˸˶ γΎ˶Α ζϛ˶ ΍͉ήϣ˴ ϰϤ͉ δ˴ ˵Η ϭ˴ Ε ˶ Ϯ˵ϴ˵Βϟ΍ Γ˶ ή˴ Μ˸ Ϝ˴ ˶ϟ "˯˶ ΍ή˴ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ Ύ˴Ϭϴ˶ϓ ˵ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˵ ΍ή˴ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ΍ Ε΍έΎϤόϟ΍

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Lesson 7

7.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following in Arabic:

1. The sky is blue. (sky is feminine word in Arabic) 2. My car is brown 3. I like the red color 4. Trees are green in spring (trees are feminine) 5. Our door is black (door is masculine)

Pronouns (Singular, dual and Plural) There are two types of pronouns: The first type is called independent pronouns: ΔϠμϔϨϣ ή΋ΎϤο (dhama’er monfasela ) and as in their name, they stand alone. They are the same as the possessive pronouns in English. If a group has feminine and masculine names, things or people, then we use the masculine pronouns. Note that feminine plural Ϧϫ honna is not used a lot as all group members should be feminine. Additionally, pronouns should agree with the number and gender with the person or object we are referring to. Independent pronouns are: Transliteration

Ana talib Nahno tollab Anta talib Anti talibah Antoma Taliban/ talibatan Antom tollab Howa talib Hiya talibah

Example

ΐϟΎρ Ύϧ΃ Ώϼρ ϦΤϧ ˴ ΐϟΎρ Ζϧ΃ ΔΒϟΎρ Ζϧ΃ / ϥΎΒϟΎρ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϥΎΘΒϟΎρ Ώϼρ ϢΘϧ΃ ΐϟΎρ Ϯϫ ΔΒϟΎρ ϲϫ

Transliteration

Independent pronoun

English pronoun

I

Anti

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΃

Antoma

ΎϤΘϧ΃

Dual (m. & f.)

Antom

ϢΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ

Ana Nahno Anta

Howa Hiya

We You (masculine) You (feminine)

You (plural) He she

Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi) Transliteration

Homa Taliban/ talibatan Hom tollab Honna talibat

Example

/ϥΎΒϟΎρ ΎϤϫ ϥΎΘΒϟΎρ Ώϼρ Ϣϫ ΕΎΒϟΎρ Ϧϫ

Transliteration

Independent pronoun

101

English pronoun

Homa

ΎϤϫ

Dual (m. & f.)

Hom

Ϣϫ Ϧϫ

They-Masculine

Honna

They-Feminine

7.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the suitable pronoun:

.ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎγέΪϳ (ΎϤϫ – ϲϫ – Ϯϫ) .ϱΫΎΘγ΃ (Ϣϫ – ϲϫ – Ϯϫ) .ΔϴΑήϋ (ϦΤϧ – Ϣϫ – Ζϧ΃ ) Ϟϫ .ΪϤΣ΃ Ύϳ (Ζϧ΃ – Ϣϫ – ΎϤΘϧ΃) Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ (ΎϤϬΗέΎϴγ – ϢϬΗέΎϴγ – ϚΗέΎϴγ) Ύϔϗϭ΃ ΎϤϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

7.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronoun:

ϦΤϧ – ϢΘϧ΃ – ΎϤΘϧ΃ – Ζϧ΃ – Ύϧ΃ – Ϣϫ – ΎϤϫ – ϲϫ –Ϯϫ .ϲΑήϋ ϻ ˮ ϲϜϳήϣ΃ Ϟϫ .ϲϣ΃ Ύϳ Δϓήϐϟ΍ ϲϓ ˮΩϻϭ΃ Ύϳ Ϧϳ΃ .ϚϨΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ ˮϙϮΧ΃ ϞϤόϳ Ϧϳ΃ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϥΎδϠΠϳ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϦϳήϜΒϣ ϥϮϣΎϨΗ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The second type is called attached pronouns or possessive pronouns ΔϠμΘϣ ή΋ΎϤο . They are called this because they are added as a suffix to the noun. For example, to say “from me,” we would use ϲϨϣ . We just added ya to the preposition Ϧϣ. Look at the table and note what we attached for the preposition depending on the person being talked about. Here is the conjugation of the word book (kitab) ΏΎΘϛ :

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Lesson 7

Transliteration

Example

ϲΑΎΘϛ ΎϨΑΎΘϛ Ϛ ˴ ΑΎΘϛ ϚΑΎΘϛ ˶ ΎϤϜΑΎΘϛ ϢϜΑΎΘϛ ϪΑΎΘϛ ΎϬΑΎΘϛ ΎϤϬΑΎΘϛ ϢϬΑΎΘϛ ϦϬΑΎΘϛ

Kitabee Kitabona Kitaboka Kitaboki Kitabakoma Kitabokom Kitaboho Kitaboha Kitabahoma Kitabohom Kitabohonna

Transliteration / Attached pronouns

ϲ˰ Na Ύϧ Ka Ϛ ˴ ˰ Ki Ϛ˰ ˶ Koma ΎϤϜ˰ Kom ϢϜ˰ Ho Ϫ˰ Ha ΎϬ˰ Homa ΎϤϬ˰ Hom ϢϬ˰ Honna ϦϬ˰ Ee

Transliteration / pronoun

Ύϧ΃ Nahno ϦΤϧ ˴ Anta Ζϧ΃ Anti Ζ ˶ ϧ΃ Antoma ΎϤΘϧ΍ Antom ϢΘϧ΍ Howa Ϯϫ Hiya ϲϫ Homa ΎϤϫ Hom Ϣϫ Honna Ϧϫ Ana

English pronoun

mine our Your (masculine) Your (feminine) Yours -dual (m. & f.) his hers Dual (m. & f.)

Their–masculine Their–feminine

As you noticed, most possessive endings are easy to remember because they are the same as the pronoun. 7.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks in the schedule below to practice conjugation of possessive pronouns. The first one is done for you:

ϦΘϧ΃

ϢΘϧ΃

ϦΤϧ

ΎϤΘϧ΃

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍

˴Ζϧ΍

Ύϧ΃

ϦϛήΘϓΩ ϢϛήΘϓΩ ΎϧήΘϓΩ ΎϤϛήΘϓΩ ϙήΘϓΩ ϙήΘϓΩ ϱήΘϓΩ

ΔϤϠϜϟ΍

ήΘϓΩ ϥΎΘδϓ ΐΘϜϣ ΔόϣΎΟ Ϣγ΍

Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi)

ϦΘϧ΃

ϢΘϧ΃

ϦΤϧ

ΎϤΘϧ΃

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍

Ύϧ΃

˴Ζϧ΍

103

ΔϤϠϜϟ΍

ϡ΃ Ϊϟϭ ΖΧ΃ ΖϴΑ ΓέΎϴγ ΔϓήϏ 7.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks using the right form of attached preposition. As an example the first one is done for you: Preposition would be

ΎϬϴϠϋ

preposition

ϰϠϋ ϕϮϓ ΖΤΗ ϦϴϤϳ έΎδϳ ϰϠϋ ϡΎϣ΃ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϴΑ

pronoun

ϲϫ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ ϢΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ

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7.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blank with the correct form of possessive pronoun:

.ΓέΎγ .ϰϔθΘδϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓέϮΘϛΩ ϞϤόΗ .Ω΍ΪϐΑ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϲϓ ˮΪϳΪΠϟ΍ ( ϢΘϧ΃ + ϥ΍ϮϨϋ) .(Ύϧ΃ + ΖϴΑ ) ϲϓ .ΕΎόϣΎΠϟ΍ ήΒϛ΃ Ϧϣ .ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ .βϣ΃ ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ήϓΎγ

(Ύϧ΃ + Ϣγ΍) (ϲϫ + ΓΪϟ΍ϭ) (ϦΤϧ + ΖϴΑ) Ϯϫ Ύϣ (Ϯϫ + ϪϟΎΧ) ϦϜδΗ (Ϣϫ _ ΔόϣΎΟ) (ΎϤϫ + ΏΎΘϛ) (ϲϫ + Ϣϋ) ϦΑ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Demonstrative Pronouns “This” in Arabic ϩάϫ hathihi & hatha ΍άϫ:

In English we use demonstrative pronouns to identify entities by making a reference to them as in: this and that (for singular) and these and those (for plural). This is the same as in Arabic. In Arabic there are two types of demonstrative pronouns. 1. Used for near or close objects. Transliteration

Hatha dafar/ hatha abee/ hathihi talibah

Hathan kitaban/ hatan ghorfatan

Example

/ ήΘϓΩ ΍άϫ ΔϓήϏ ϩάϫ ϲΑ΃ ΍άϫ ϩάϫ – ΔΒϟΎρ ϥ΍άϫ ϥΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΗΎϫ / ϥΎΘϓήϏ

Feminine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun

Hathihi

Hatan

ϩάϫ

ϥΎΗΎϫ

Masculine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun

Hatha

Hathan

΍άϫ

ϥ΍άϫ

Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi)

Transliteration

Ha’ola’ ashabee/ Ha’ola’ sadeeqati / Ha’ola’ attollab

Feminine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun

Example

˯ϻΆϫ ϲΑΎΤλ΃ ˯ϻΆϫ / ϲΗΎϘϳΪλ ˯ϻΆϫ / Ώϼτϟ΍

˯ϻΆϫ

Ha’ola’

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Masculine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun

˯ϻΆϫ

Ha’ola’

2. Used for far or distant objects. Transliteration / Example

Transliteration Feminine Transliteration Masculine

Thalika maktabi/ tilka okhtee

ϚϠΗ / ϲΒΘϜϣ ϚϟΫ ϲΘΧ΃ Ola-ika ahlee

tilka

Ola-ika

ϲϠϫ΃ ϚΌϟϭ΃

ϚϠΗ

Thalika

ϚϟΫ

ϚΌϟϭ΃

Ola-ika

ϚΌϟϭ΃

Demonstrative Pronoun

That is

These are

As you have probably noticed, demonstrative pronouns agree with number and gender. With non-human plurals we use ϩάϫ hathihi as in: Meaning

Transliteration

These are books

Hathihi kotob

These are cars

Hathihi sayyarat

These are universities

Hathihi jame’at

Example

ΐΘϛ ϩάϫ Ε΍έΎϴγ ϩάϫ ΕΎόϣΎΟ ϩάϫ

΍άϫ is considered as a noun and functions as a noun. This means that ΍άϫ might: a) Be the subject in a nominal sentence as in: ϲΑΎΘϛ ΍άϫ hatha kitabi (this is my book) b) Come after a preposition as in: ήϴμόϟ΍ ΍άϫ Ϧϣ ϲϨϘγ΍ isqini hatha al-asse (give me some of this juice)

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c) Be the object of a verb as in: ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϨτϋ΍ A’tini hatha alkitab (give me this book) d) Be part of idafa structure as in: ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ΍άϫ hatha alostath (this teacher) 7.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks using hathihi ϩάϫ or hatha

.ΔϓήϏ .α΄ϛ

2. 4.

΍άϫ:

.ϢϠϗ .ΓΫΎΘγ΃ .ΔϤρΎϓ

1. 3. 5.

7.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following in Arabic using demonstrative pronouns:

1. This is his office. 2. These are my friends. 3. This is her grandmother. 4. These two notebooks are yours. 5. This is his dog. 6. This is the college of literature. 7. These girls are in my classroom. 8. This is an Arabic name. 9. These are new houses. 10. These two girls are my new friends. 7.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the suitable word from the three in the parenthesis:

.ΔγΪϨϬϟ΍ ΔϴϠϛ ϲϓ ΔΒϟΎρ (ΎϤϫ – Ϯϫ – ϲϫ) .ΎϬΘγέΩ ϭ (ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ – ΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍ – ΔϤϠϜϟ΍) Ϟϛ ΖΒΘϛ .ΓήϴΒϛ ϭ ΔϠϴϤΟ ΕϮϴΒϟ΍ (ΎϤϫ – ΍άϫ – ϩάϫ) .ήπΧ΃ (ϢϬϧϮϟ – ϪϧϮϟ – ΎϬϧϮϟ) ΓήΠθϟ΍ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϴϠϛ ήΒϛ΃ ϲϫ (ΎϤϬΘϴϠϛ – ϢϬΘϴϠϛ – ΎϬΘϴϠϛ) Ϟϣ΃ ΖϟΎϗ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi)

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7.10. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:

.ΪΟϮϳ – ϲϓ – ΕΎΒϟΎρ – ϒμϟ΍ – ϊΒγ .ϊΑ΍ήϟ΍ – ϖΑΎτϟ΍ – ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ – ϲϓ .Ϟϛ΁ – ϲϓ – ϢότϤϟ΍ – ϡΎόρ – ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ˮϰϟ΍ – ϲόϣ – Ϟϫ – ΰΒΨϤϟ΍ – ΐϫάΗ .ϲϓ – ΐόϠϤϟ΍ – Γήϛ – ΔϠδϟ΍ – ΐόϠϳ – ˯ΎϗΪλϷ΍ .ϞϤόϳ – ϲϓ – ϕϮδϟ΍ – ϮΧ΃ – ϝΩΎϋ .ΕΎϣΎϤΣ – ΔΛϼΛ ϭ – ϊΑέ΃ – ϲϓ – ϑήϏ – ϲΘϴΑ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

7.11. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following conversation between Ahmad and his wife Amal:

Ayna anti ya amal? Where are you Amal? Ana fee almatbakh. Hal toreed shay’an? I am at the kitchen do you want anything? Na’am, oreed finjanan men alqahwa law samahti. Yes, I want a cup of coffee please. Hasanan sa’mal laka qahwa. Hal toreed sokkar ma’ alqahwa? OK, I will do you some coffee. Do you want sugar with it? Mil’aka wahida. Yes, one spoon. Hal toreed haleeban ma’ qahwatik? Do you want milk with your coffee? La shokran! No, thank you! Intather khams daqa’ik wa satakoon alqahqa jahiza. It will be ready in five minutes.

˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴΃ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮ˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ Ύ˴ϳ Ζ ˸ ˴ ˴ ˮΎ˱Όϴ˸ η˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ .Φ ˶ ˴ΒτϤ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˴ϧ΃ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ΃ Ϯ˸ ˴ϟ Γ˶ Ϯ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˱ϧΎΠ˴ Ϩ˸ ˶ϓ Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵΃ Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ .Ζ ˸ΤϤ˴ γ˴ ˸Ϟ˴ϫ .˱ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴ϗ Ϛ ˴ ˴ϟ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ϋ˸ ˴ ΄γ˴ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ ˮΓ˶ Ϯ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ή˴ Ϝ͉ γ˵ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η .˲ΓΪ˴ Σ΍ ˶ ϭ˴ ˲Δ˴Ϙό˴ Ϡ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮϚ ˴ ˶ΗϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴ϗ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ Ύ˱Βϴ˶ϠΣ˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ .΍˱ήϜ˸ η˵ ϻ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴Θγ˴ ϭ˴ ϖ ϥϮ ˴ ˶΋Ύ˴ϗΩ˴ ˵βϤ˸ Χ˴ ή˴ ˴ψ˴Θϧ˸ ˶΍ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ ˲Γΰ˴ ϫ˶ ΎΟ˴ ˵ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍

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Conversation (continued) Hal toreedeen an tashrabi qahwa ma’ee? Do you want to drink some coffee with me? Na’am hathihi fekrah jayyedah. Yes, this is a good idea.

˱ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴ϗ ϲ˶Αή˴ θ˸ ˴Η ϥ˸ ˴΃ Ϧϳ ˴ Ϊ˶ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮϲό˴ ϣ˴ .˲ΓΪ˴ ͋ϴΟ˴ ˲Γή˴ Ϝ˸ ˶ϓ ϩ˶ ά˶ ˴ϫ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃

Hasanan sa’antathiroki. Great, I will be waiting for you.

!ϙ ˴ ή˵ ψ˶ ˴Θϧ˸ ˴ ΄γ˴ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃

Hathihi hiya alqahwa tafadhal. Here is the coffee, please take it.

.˲Ϟ ͊π˴ϔ˴Η .˵ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϩ˶ ά˶ ˴ϫ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃

Hal toreedeen shokolata ma’ alqahwa? Do you want chocolate with your coffee?

Na’am ana ohibu alqahwa ma’a shokolata. Yes, I love chocolate with coffee. Tafadali wa haya najlis fee ghorfat aljoloos. Here it is. Let’s sit in the living room.

˴ ϛ˵ Ϯη˵ Ϧϳ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ˱Δ˴ΗϻϮ ˴ Ϊ˶ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˮΓ˶ Ϯ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ˴ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ ͊ΐΣ˶ ˵΃ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴΃ ˴ ϛ˵ Ϯθ͊ ϟ΍ .Δ˶ ˴ΗϻϮ ϲ˶ϓ ˵β˶Ϡ ˸Π˴ϧ Ύ͉ϴ˴ϫ ϭ˴ !ϲ˶Ϡ ͊π˴ϔ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ αϮ ˶ ˵ϠΠ˵ ϟ΍ Δ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵

Now answer the following questions:

ˮϞϣ΃ Ϧϳ΃ ˮΪϤΣ΃ Ϊϳήϳ ΍ΫΎϣ ˮϪΗϮϬϗ ΪϤΣ΃ Ώήθϳ ϒϴϛ ˮΎϬΗϮϬϗ ϊϣ Ϟϣ΃ Ϟϛ΄Θγ ΍ΫΎϣ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Lesson 8

ΔϨϣΎΜϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ The Arab Family

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϠ΋Ύόϟ΍ Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah

Objectives: In this lesson you will be introduced to:

1. Vocabulary of Family Structure 2. Identifying Family Members 3. Grammar: Comparatives

4. Culture: Most Popular Arabic Names 5. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

˸ ˶΋Ύϋ Εϼ ˯ΎΑ΁ ˸ ϣ͉ ˵΃ ΕΎϬ

Family

A’ilat

Father

Aabaa

Mother

Omahat

Brother

Ikhwah

Sister

Akhawat

Son

Abna’

Daughter

Banat

Paternal uncle

A’mam

ΓϮΧ˸ ˵΃ ˸ Χ˴ ˴΃ Ε΍Ϯ ˯ΎϨ˸ ˸ Α˴΃ ˸ ˴Α ΕΎϨ ϡ˸ ΎϤϋ˸ ˴΃

Paternal aunt

Ammat

ΕΎϤ͉ ϋ˴

Transliteration

A’ilah Ab Om Akh Okht Ibn Bent Amm Ammah

Family member

ΔϠ˶΋Ύϋ ˸Ώ˴΃ ϡ˸ ˵΃ Υ˸ ˴΃ ˸ Χ˸ ˵΃ Ζ Ϧ˸˸ Α· ˸ Ϩ˸ ˶Α Ζ Ϣ˸ ϋ˴ ΔϤ͉ ϋ˴

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Lesson 8 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ϝ΍ϮΧ˸ ˴΃

˸ϝΎΧ

Maternal uncle

Akhwal

Maternal aunt

Khalat

Grandfather

Ajdad

Grandmother

Jaddat

The son of paternal uncle

–

–

Ibn a’m

The son of paternal aunt

–

–

Ibn a’mmah

ΔϤ˷ ϋ˴ Ϧ˸˵ Α·

The son of maternal uncle

–

–

Ibn khal

˸ϝΎΧ Ϧ˸˵ Α·

The son of maternal aunt

–

–

Ibn khalah

The daughter of paternal uncle

–

–

Bent a’m

The daughter of paternal aunt

–

–

Bent a’mmah

The daughter of maternal uncle

–

–

Bent khal

The daughter of maternal aunt

–

–

Bent khalah

Husband

Azwaj

Wife

Zawjat

Member

Afrad

Housewife

Rabbat beyoot

Night

–

–

Layl

Day

–

–

Nahar

Land – floor

Aradi

ϲο΍έ˴΃

Arddq

˸ ΕϻΎΧ Ω˸ ΍Ϊ ˸Ο˴΃ ˸ Ϊ˷ Ο˴ Ε΍

˸Ν΍ϭί˸ ˴΃ ˸ ϭ˸ ί˴ ΕΎΟ Ω˸ ΍ήϓ˸ ˴΃ ΕϮϴΑ ΕΎ˷Αέ˴

Khal

Family member

Khalah Jed Jedda

Zawj Zawjah Fard Rabbat bayt

ΔϟΎΧ Ϊ˸ Ο˴ ΓΪ˷ Ο˴ Ϣ˸ ϋ˴ Ϧ˸˵ Α·

ΔϟΎΧ Ϧ˸˵ Α· ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α Ϣ˸ ϋ˴ Ζ ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α ΔϤ˷ ϋ˴ Ζ ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α ˸ϝΎΧ Ζ ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α ΔϟΎΧ Ζ ˸Νϭ˸ ί˴ ΔΟϭ˸ ί˴ Ω˸ ˸ή˴ϓ ˸ ϴ˴Α ˵Δ˷Αέ˴ Ζ˸ ˸Ϟ˸ϴ˴ϟ ˸έΎϬ˴ϧ ˸ν ˸έ˴΃

The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

–

Tareekh

Date of

–

Sea

Bihar

Late

–

–

Change

–

–

Gift

Hadaya

Active

–

–

Nasheet

Lazy

–

–

Kaslan

Now

–

–

Alaan

Since

–

–

Montho

Birth

–

–

Meelad

Death

–

–

Wafat

Residence

Iqamat

Work-job

A’mal

Place

Amakin

˸έΎΤΑ

Ύϳ΍Ϊ˴ϫ

ΕΎϣΎϗ˶· ϝΎϤϋ˴΃ ϦϛΎϣ˴΃

Bahr Ta’khara/ yata’khar Ghayyara/ yoghayyer Hadiyyah

Iqamah Amal Makan

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Family member

˸ ΦϳέΎΗ ˸ή ˸Τ˴Α ήΧ΄Θϳ / ˸ήΧ˷ ˴ ΄Η ήϴϐ˴ ˵ϳ / ˸ή͉ϴϏ˴ Δ˷ϳΪ˴ϫ ˸ ˴ϧ ςϴθ ˸ δϛ˴ ϥϼ˸ ˸ ϥϵ΍ ά˸ Ϩ˸ ϣ˵ Ω˸ ϼϴϣ Γ˸ Ύϓϭ˴ ΔϣΎϗ˶· ˸ϞϤ˴ ϋ˴ ˸ ϣ˴ ϥΎϜ

Arabic Names: In Arab countries, names are composed of 4 names, not two as here in the US. The name includes the person’s name, his father, grandfather and then family name. Some countries as in Saudi Arabia and Yemen include the word ϦΑ΍ / ϦΑ meaning the son of, after each name. Most of the time, the last name represents a place of origin or attribution of profession. For example, the family name Nabulsi, refers to the city of Nablus in Palestine; the name Sayegh ώϳΎμϟ΍ meaning “goldsmith” represents that the family ancestors used to work with gold and ύΎ˷Βμϟ΍ reflects that the family used to have a business of painting houses. Almost all Arabic names have pleasant meaning as in: Amal means “hope;” Khalid means “eternal,” Tahani means “congratulation,” Salam means “peace” and Mohammed means “a person with many virtues.” Mohammed is the most popular male name after the Prophet of Islam

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may be to inspire people to follow the Prophet’s path. As for girls, the most popular female name is Fatima after the Prophet’s daughter and Maryam, the mother of Prophet Jesus. Arabs tend to name their children after prophets, so you would find Ibraheem (Abraham), Issa ( Jusus), Moosa (Moses), Dawood (David), Yousef ( Joseph) and Sulaiman (Solomon). Christian Arabs would call their children Bulus (Paul), Butrus (Peter). There are also compound names as in ϦϤΣήϟ΍ ΪΒϋ & ௌΪΒϋ , the first part ΪΒϋ means the servant of, and the second part is a name of God. There is a common mistake in a west which is calling a person Abdul, it is a mistake because it does not mean anything, and it combines ΪΒϋ with al. Family Structure Western media often portray Arab families as Bedouins, tribal societies or other nomadic groups. However, the Bedouin way of life has almost disappeared in nearly all Arab countries beyond the Gulf states and Morocco. What is more accurate is that religious affiliation, place of birth, occupation and ethnicity are now more important than one’s tribe. Almost every Arab can classify himself by his original clan or tribe, yet he will not employ this allegiance for any social purpose as used to be the case. For Arabs, the center of obligation and loyalty is the family. Arabs have close relationships with their relatives but even tighter relationships with their own immediate families. The most authoritative social obligation is the family, rather than friends, jobs or any other social affiliation. Arabs take more pride in the accomplishments of their family than in their own personal accomplishments, as is often the case in the West. Individuality is not encouraged and is not considered as important as family association. People hold profound respect for the familial expectations and integrity upon which they base their actions and decisions. They pay great heed to their family’s reputation as well, because social approval is usually gained through good relations with one’s own family. Any member’s accomplishment advances the entire family’s reputation, while his mischievous actions can harm the whole family. Because negative actions by one family member affect the entire family, not just the individual, such actions result in increased shame. The feeling of kinship and association with one’s family is so strong, in fact, that the easiest way to insult an Arab is to curse one of his relatives. Maintaining the family’s name applies to men as well as women. Even after marriage, a woman keeps her family name and does not change it to her husband’s family name, as is often the

The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah)

I do not want to tell you. It’s mine. Ajab: la oreed an okhberoka, innaho lee.

What is in your hand? Ma hatha allathee fee yadoka?

If you don’t tell me, I will take it from you. Itha lam tokhbernee saakhothoho mink.

Why didn’t he want to tell him? Limatha la yoreed an yokhberaho?

OK, what happened next? Hasanan, matha hadatha ba’ad thalik?

He doesn’t like him and he doesn’t want to play with him. Innaho la yohiboho wa la yoreed an yala’b ma’ho.

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case in the United States. In addition, when a married couple has their first child, people stop referring to the parents by their first names. They are called by the name of their first child with a prefix to indicate “father of ” or “mother of.” For example, if a couple named their first child Ahmad, the father is called Abu Ahmad and the mother is called Um Ahmad. Furthermore, parents typically name their first male child after the paternal grandfather to show admiration and love for parents. In the past, Arab families were large and had profound influence on their members’ lives, as several generations often lived together in the same house. Once married, children continued to live in a parent’s home. However, this is not the situation anymore. Recently, families have become smaller and have less influence on individuals, with married children moving to their own homes. Nevertheless, even today most Arabs live with their parents until they get married, regardless of their age at marriage. Those who do not marry remain in the home of their parents. It is worthy to note, there are four categories of family units. The highest and most important is the nuclear unit represented by the father, mother, brothers and sisters. It is called usrah Γήγ΃, in Arabic. The father is the head of the family, the supporter who is respected and obeyed by all. Arab societies are hierarchal and patriarchal, as fathers and male elders in the family have the final say. Yet Arab families are also considered partnerships in which the husband and wife are assigned to complimentary duties and responsibilities. The husband supports the family financially, while the wife takes care of children and the household. The wife is not expected to have a job to support the family. If she does, then it is not her responsibility to pay for family’s expenses. It is the father’s full responsibility. In real life and in many situations, the working mother is a partner and participates with her family’s expenses. The second category is the extended family, or ayla ΔϠ΋Ύϋ in Arabic, consisting of sons’ wives, their children, aunts and uncles; in other words, blood relatives and the women who marry into the family. All people in this unit look to the grandfather or eldest male in the family for guidance. The importance of extended family should not be underestimated. Usually, the extended family resides in the same area and supports each other. It is common for Arabs to ask the opinion or advice of older males in the family before making a decision. The elders enjoy obedience and respect from all family members and at the same time are expected to guide and discuss family matters wisely. For Westerners, this might be considered meddling or a constraint on individuality, but Arabs accept this structure as part of their culture. If a family member does not agree with an elder’s advice or opinion, he usually does not announce his disagreement but instead feigns agreement and then does what he wants or has decided for himself. Growing up in Kuwait, my father was the eldest of his brothers and cousins. Although every family lived in a different area, I remember how respectfully everyone treated my father.

The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah)

Would you please make me a cup of coffee? Momkin an tohadiri lee fenjan men alqahwa?

Do you want chocolate with your coffee? Hal toreedeen shocolata maa alqahwa?

Good. You make the coffee and I will get the chocolate. Hasanan anti tohadeiri alqahwa wa ana ohdir ashocolata.

Yes, and I will have a cup with you. Naam wa sashrab maak finjan.

Yes, as you know I love chocolate! Naam, kama ta’ref ana ohib ashocolata!

Very good idea. Fikraton jameela.

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They consulted with him about personal matters and followed his suggestions, and when he spoke, everyone would stop talking and give him their full attention. The third category is the clan, or hammula in Arabic, which is a combination of joint families. Members of the clan are related through a male ancestor. The importance of clans varies from one Arab country to another. In some areas, the clan may seem to surpass the extended family unit in influence, while in other areas the clan may not have any obvious role in societal structure. Members of the clan know each other very well and know the exact descendants and relatives of other members. They relate themselves to one another systematically, referring to each other. Interestingly, there are different words to distinguish paternal uncles from maternal uncles, which reflects the importance of family structure and knowing how people are related to each other. For example, the paternal uncle is called amm Ϣϋ, while the maternal uncle is called khala ΔϟΎΧ Similarly, the paternal aunt is called amma ΔϤϋ, while the maternal aunt is called khaala ΔϟΎΧ. However, these names are not exclusively used for family members. It is very common to call older people amm Ϣϋ (for males) or khaala ΔϟΎΧ (for females) because it is not polite to call older people by their first names when they are not relatives. Another example is with the terms ibn 'amm Ϣϋ ϦΑ΍, meaning paternal first cousin for males, and bint 'amm Ϣϋ ΖϨΑ, for a paternal female cousin. Such identifications reflect how each clan member is connected and is part of a larger family beyond his closer biological one. The fourth and last category is the tribe, which consists of several clans. Tribes may vary in size, with some numbering a few hundred people and others ranging in the thousands. Many villages have three to four tribes. Tribes do not convey inheritance rights, as members might not be related. Each tribe has a leader called a sheikh Φϴη. When the sheikh dies, the tribal council meets and decides who is most fit to be the new leader. The sheikh is very well respected and loved by his tribe as he governs through affection and respect and acts according to his tribal interests and needs. The sheikh represents his tribe, maintains the tribe’s status in the neighborhood and strives to exceed in generosity, hospitality and strength. As explained earlier, the tribes are not popular now in most Arab countries. Reading: Fatima wrote this to introduce herself in class. A’alitee kabeerah. I have a big family.

.˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Βϛ˴ ϲ˵Θ˴Ϡ˶΋Ύϋ˴

Endee sab’ato a’mam wa laken laysa endee amat. I have seven uncles, but I do not have any paternal aunts.

Ϧ͉ Ϝ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ ϡΎ˳ Ϥ˴ ϋ˸ ˴΃ ˵Δό˴ Β˸ γ˴ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ .Ε ˳ ΎϤ͉ ϋ˴ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ β˸ ˴ ϴ˴ϟ

Wa endee sit khalat wa khalayn ithnayn. I have six maternal aunts and two maternal uncles.

͊ γ˶ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ ϭ˴ Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ϟΎΧ˴ ϭ˴ Ε ˳ ϻΎ˴ Χ˴ Ζ .Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ϨΛ˸ ˶΍

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117

Conversation (continued) Amee ali endaho sitato abnaa thalath banat wa thalath abnaa’. My uncle Ali has six children, three boys and three girls. Khalee ahmad endaho nafs al’adad thalath banat wa thalathato abnaa. My uncle Ahmad had the same number, three boys and three girls. Khalee mohammad indaho sit banat wa walad wahid. My uncle Mohammad has six girls and one son. Ibnoho yadros fee jami’at alazhar fee mesr. His son is studying at Al-Azhar University in Egypt. Ana endee akhayn wa okhtayn. I have two sisters and two brothers. Lee okht ta’eesh fee alordon wa okht fee al-imarat wa akh fee asaoodiya wa ikh fee alkowayt. I have a sister who lives in Jordan, and a sister who lives in Emirate, a brother in Saudi Arabia and a brother in Kuwait.

˯˳ Ύ˴ϨΑ˸ ˴΃ ˵Δ͉Θγ˶ ˵ϩΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϲϤ͋ ϋ˴ ˲ ˴Ϩ˴Α Ι .Ωϻϭ΃ ˵Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ϭ˴ ΕΎ ˳ ϼ˴ ˴Λ Ω˶ Ϊ˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ ˵βϔ˸ ˴ϧ ˲ΓΪ˴ ˴Ϩϋ˴ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ϲ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ˵ ϼ˴ ˴Λ .˯˳ Ύ˴ϨΑ˸ ˴΃ ˵Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ϭ˴ Ε ˳ Ύ˴Ϩ˴Α Ι ͊ γ˶ ˲ΓΪ˴ ˴Ϩϋ˴ Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ϲ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ϭ˴ Ε ˳ Ύ˴Ϩ˴Α Ζ .Ϊ˲ Σ΍ ˶ ϭ˴ Ϊ˳ ˴ϟϭ˴ ή˵ ˴ϫί˸ ˴Ϸ΍ Δ˳ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ ϲ˶ϓ ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴ϳ ˲Δ˴ϨΑ˸ ˶΍ .ή˴ ˸μϣ˶ ϲ˶ϓ .Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ΘΧ˸ ˵΃ ϭ˴ Ϧϴ ˴ Χ˶ ˴΃ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ ˲ Χ˸ ˵΃ ϲϟ ϭ˴ ϥ͋ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˵ζϴό˶ ˴Η Ζ ˴ ˶ ΍έ˴ Ύϣ˴ Ϲ΍ ˲ Χ˸ ˵΃ ϲ˶ϓ Υ ˶ ϲ˶ϓ Ζ ˶ ΃ ϭ˴ Ε ˴ .ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Υ ˶ ΃ ϭ˴ Δ˶ ͉ϳΩ˶ Ϯ˵όδ͉ ϟ΍

Comparatives: When we compare between things in English we add -er or -est at the end of the adjective as in cheaper, slower, happiest or funniest. Sometimes we add the word “more” or “most” depending on what we are expressing as in: more suitable or most agreeable. In Arabic, the adjective should rhyme with the pattern: Ϟόϓ΃ and it does not change whether I am comparing between singular, dual, plural, masculine or feminine. It is always followed by the word Ϧϣ The same as in English, it should be followed by “than.” The superlative is the same, as it is to rhyme with the pattern Ϟόϓ΃ however, it is not followed by Ϧϣ and it should be followed by a noun as in English. We would say: “the tallest man” ϝϮρ΃ ϞΟέ or “the highest mountain” ϞΒΟ ϰϠϋ΃. However, there are few important things to notice: 1. When the second or third letter of the adjective are the same, we combine them and use shaddah for example:

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Please take some and taste it. Tafadali, kolee men hatha.

It tastes very good, thank you. Inaho latheeth-shokran laki.

I ate too much. Akallto katheeran jedan.

Thank you very much, mom. Shokran katheeran ya omee.

Take one more piece! You have to eat some more. Khothee qit’atan okhra! Yajib an taakolee akthar.

Thank you very much. Shokran lakom.

The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah) Transliteration

Changes to

Ajadd

ϒΧ΃ Ϊ˷ Ο΃

Allath

άϟ΃

Akhaff

Transliteration

word

Meaning

ϒϴϔΧ ΪϳΪΟ άϳάϟ

Khafeef Jaded Latheeth

119

Light- not heavy New Delicious

2. When the last letter is a waw ( ϭ ) or ya ( ϱ ) then we change it to alif maqsoura ϯ , as in: Meaning

Transliteration

Comparative

ϰϠΣ΃ ϰϛΫ΃

Sweet- beautiful Ahla Athka

smart

Transliteration

Word

ϮϠΣ ϲϛΫ

Hilo Thaki

3. When the word has ya as the third letter, then we remove it as in: Meaning

Transliteration

Old

Aqdam

Tall

Atwal

Short

Aqsar

Fast

Asra’

Comparative

ϡΪϗ΃ ϝϮρ΃ ήμϗ΃ ωήγ΃

Transliteration

Word

ϢϳΪϗ ϞϳϮρ ήϴμϗ ϊϳήγ

Qadeem Taweel Qaseer Saree’

4. Sometimes we add al as a prefix to mean the superlative, as in English we add “the” as in: “the highest” ϰϠϋϷ΍ al-a’la, “the smallest” ήϐλϷ΍ alasghar or “the best” ϞπϓϷ΍ alafdal 5. Both superlatives and comparatives are always considered as nouns 6. The superlative should agree with gender which rhymes with the pattern ϰϠό˵ϓ as in “the youngest” ϯήϐ˵μϟ΍ or “the biggest” ϯήΒϜ˵ ϟ΍. 8.1.

Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following adjectives into comparisons by filling in the blanks. The first one is done for you: Comparisons

ϡΪϗ΃

Adjective

ϢϳΪϗ ήϴΜϛ

Romanization

Qadeem Katheer

Comparisons

Adjective

ήϴΒϛ ΪϳΪη

Romanization

Kabeer Shaded

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Lesson 8

Comparisons

Adjective

ϡΎϫ ήϴϘϓ ϲϨϏ κϴΧέ

Romanization

Ham Faqeer Ghaniy

Comparisons

Adjective

ϲϟΎϏ ϦδΣ ϢϴΣέ

Romanization

Ghalee Hasan Raheem

Rakhees

8.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Derive the comparative or superlative from the words in parentheses in the sentences below:

ˮΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ (ήϴϐλ) ϲϫ Ύϣ .ΪϤΣ΃ Ϧϣ (ϞϴϠϗ) ΎΒΘϛ ϲϣΎγ ϯήΘη΍ ˮϢότϤϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ ϪΘϠϛ΃ ϡΎόρ (άϳάϟ) Ϯϫ Ύϣ .ϚΗέΎϴγ Ϧϣ (ΪϳΪΟ) ϲΗέΎϴγ ˮϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ϰϨΒϣ (ϞϳϮρ) Ϯϫ Ύϣ .ϢΤϠϟ΍ Ϧϣ (ήϴΜϛ) ΍ΰΘϴΒϟ΍ ΐΤΗ ϯΪϫ .ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ωέΎη (ϒϴψϧ) Ϯϫ ˯΍ήϤΤϟ΍ ωέΎη .ΪϠΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓέΎϴγ (ϊϳήγ) ϲϫ ϲΗέΎϴγ .ϒμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΖϨΑ (ςϴθϧ) ϲϫ ϥΎϤϳ΍ .ϲϣ΃ ΎϬΗήΘη΍ ϲΘϟ΍ ϲϫ ΔϳΪϫ (ϞϴϤΟ)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

8.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the order of sentences to form a meaningful paragraph by writing order in the parentheses:

.΍ήϴΜϛ ΎϬΑ ΩϻϭϷ΍ Ρήϓ .ΔΗϻϮϛϮη ΔΒϠϋ ΏϷ΍ ϯήΘη΍ .ΔΒϠόϟ΍ ϡϷ΍ ΖΤΘϓ .Δότϗ Γήθϋ ΎΘϨΛ΍ ΔΒϠόϟ΍ ϲϓ . ϊτϗ ϊΑέ΃ ΪΣ΍ϭ Ϟϛ ϡϷ΍ Ζτϋ΃

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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121

8.4. Practice (see Answer Key) To review your colors, please fill in the spaces using masculine or feminine forms of the colors. By the way, these are very commonly used in Arab countries:

.βϤθϟ΍ ϞΜϣ .ήΤΒϟ΍ ˯Ύϣ ϞΜϣ .ϞϴϠϟ΍ ϞΜϣ .ΞϠΜϟ΍ ϞΜϣ .νέϷ΍ ϞΜϣ

Ύϫήόη ΎϬϧϮϴϋ Ύϫήόη ϲϫ ϪμϴϤϗ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

8.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Provide questions for the following responses:

.ΓϮΧ΍ ϱΪϨϋ βϴϟ ϻ .Ε΍έΎϣϻ΍ ϲϓ ΔϤϠόϣ ϞϤόΗ ϲΘϟΎΧ .ΕϻΎΧ βϤΧ ϭ ϡΎϤϋ΃ ΔΛϼΛ ϱΪϨϋ .Δϳήμϣ ϲΘϟΎΧ Ϣόϧ .ΪϟΎΧ ϪϤγ΍ ϲϤϋ ϦΑ΍ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lesson 9

ΔόγΎΘϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Family Relations and Children

ΓήγϷ΍ ϭ ˯ΎϨΑϷ΍ Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah

Objectives: 1. Names of Arab Countries 2. Nationalities 3. Grammar: Sentence Structure (Nominal and Verbal Sentences)

4. Culture: Identifying People (sons) 5. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Country

Dowal

City

Modon

River

Anhar

Mountain

Jibal

Plain

Sohool

Desert

–

Ocean

Moheetat

Coast

Sawahil

Border

Hodood

Beach

Shawati

Plural

Transliteration

ϝϭ˴ Ω˵ ϥΪ˵ ϣ˵ ˸έΎϬϧ˸ ˴΃ ˸ϝΎΒΟ˶ ˸ϝϮϬ˵γ –

˸ ΕΎτϴΤ ϣ˵ ˸ϞΣ΍Ϯγ ˶ Ω˸ ϭΪ˵Σ Ίρ΍Ϯ ˶ η˴

Dawlah Madinah Nahr Jabal Sah-l Sahraa Moheet Sahel Had Shati’

Word

Δϟϭ˸ Ω˴ ΔϨϳΪϣ˴ ˸ή˸Ϭ˴ϧ ˸Ϟ˴ΒΟ˴ ˸Ϟ˸Ϭγ˴ ˯΍ή ˸ ˸Τλ ˴ ˸ ϣ˵ ςϴΤ ˸ϞΣΎγ ˶ Ϊ˸ Σ˴ ˸ΊρΎη ˶

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Lesson 9 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

–

Waqa’/ yaqa’

Lie

–

Location

Mawaqi’

Asia

–

–

Aasya

Africa

–

–

Afriqya

Europe

–

–

Orooba

Australia

–

–

Ostoralya

America

–

–

Amreeka

Continent

Qarrat

North

ϊ˸ ˶ϗ΍Ϯϣ˴

Mawqi’

Ε΍˷έΎϗ

Qarrah

–

–

Shamal

South

–

–

Janoob

East

–

–

Sharq

West

–

–

Gharb

Capital

A’wasim

As for

–

–

Amma

Consists of

–

–

Yatakawwan

World

–

–

Ala’alam

Region

Aqaleem

Sea

Bihar

Valley

Wedyan

Island

Jozor

Gulf

–

Ϣλ΍Ϯϋ

Ϣ˸ ϴϟΎϗ˴΃ έΎΤΑ ϥΎϳΩϭ έΰ˵ Ο˵ –

A’simah

Iqleem Bahr Wadi Jazeera Khaleej

Word

ϊ˸ ˴Ϙ˴ϳ/ ϊ˴ ˴ϗϭ˴ ϊ˸ ˶ϗϮ˸ ϣ˴ Ύϴγ΁ ΎϴϘ˸ ϳήϓ˸ ΃ ΎΑϭέϭ΃ Ύϴϟ΍ή˵Θγ˵΃ ΎϜϳήϣ΃ Γ˷έΎϗ ˸ϝΎϤη˴ ˸ΏϮϨΟ˴ ϕ˸ ˸ήη˴ ˸Ώ ˸ή˴Ϗ ΔϤλΎϋ ˶ Ύϣ˷ ΃ ϥϮ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ Ϣ˸ ϟΎόϟ΍ Ϣ˸ ϴϠϗ˸ ˶· ˸ή ˸Τ˴Α ϱΩ΍ϭ ΓήϳΰΟ˴ ˸ΞϴϠ˴Χ

Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

125

Word

Prince

Omaraa’

˯΍ήϣ˴ ˵΍

Ameer

˸ήϴϣ˴΃

Sheikh (no equivalent in English) the closest is Head of or leader of

Shiyookh

ΥϮ˵ϴη

Shaykh

Φ˸˸ ϴη˴

King

Molook

Leader of

Ro’asaa

Kingdom

Mamaalik

Emirate

Imarat

Republic

Jomhoriyat

ϙϮϠϣ˵ ˯Ύγ΅˵έ ϚϟΎϤϣ˴ Ε΍έΎϣ˶· ΕΎ˷ϳέϮϬϤ˸ Ο˵

Malik Ra’ees Mamlakah Imarah Jomhooriyah

Ϛ˸ ˶Ϡϣ˴ ˸βϴ΋έ˴ ΔϜ˴ϠϤ˸ ϣ˴ ΓέΎϣ˶· Δ˷ϳέϮϬϤ˸ Ο˵

To help you memorize your vocabulary, you may make a schedule and arrange your words into land words and water words.

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Lesson 9

Children in Arab Societies In the past, cultural and family pressure strongly motivated Arabs to have many children. This social pressure still exists in rural areas, but not in the entire Arab world. In the past, a strong motivation for marriage was to have children who can maintain family lineage and inherit family property, in addition to strengthening the family in numbers. A popular Arab saying is “Every baby comes with his own provision,” (Fowler, 1 Kirkham, Sawatzky & Elizabeth , 2012, p. 241). Similarly, a verse in the Qur’an states: “Do not abandon your children out of fear of poverty. We will provide for them and for you” (17:242). However, families are becoming smaller with fewer children born in each generation; most Arab families today have two to three children at most. Although Arabs believe that all children are a gift from God, the birth of a baby boy is celebrated more than that of a baby girl. Males represent future security for parents, as it is the responsibility of males to take care of their parents and support them when they get old and can no longer work. Arab parents devote their lives, time and love to their children and have great expectations of their children. Usually parents pay for their children’s college education and support their children until they get married. There is almost no pressure on adult children to seek independence, as is often the case in the United States. This is to say, fulfillment of a child’s economic and educational needs is the principal goal of the family. Child discipline consists of rewards and punishment. It is common for parents to use strong verbal reprimands and even scream at or raid their children. During childhood, one’s mother is the primary disciplinarian, but as children reach their teenage years, the father becomes the authority figure. Arab children are brought up to respect and obey their parents, no matter how old they get. Obedience to parents is a lifelong commitment that supersedes all other social commitments, including marital obligations. Correspondingly, it is considered shameful in Arab culture for children to place their parents in a nursing home. Usually it is the eldest son’s responsibility to provide for his parents and bring them to live with him in his own house if needed. Other male children are expected to help take care of their parents. Daughters may help with other support but are not required to contribute monetarily, usually only doing so if they can afford it. Daughters, usually help in buying clothes, cleaning their house, preparing food and all other emotional care and support. Sons provide the money as they are the ones responsible to work and they spend time with their parents in the afternoons and evenings.

1 Religion, Religious Ethics and Nursing, 2012, Edited by: Marsha D. Fowler, Sheryl Reimer Kirkham, Richard Sawatzky, Elizabeth Johnston Taylor, Springer Publishing Company, New York (p. 241).

Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)

127

Obedience to elders extends beyond one’s parents. When an older person enters the room, for example, a child is expected to stand up and offer his seat to the older person, not raise his voice, speak politely, wait until the older person stops talking before speaking. Children must greet everyone who visits whether they know them or not. Children are taught that the family’s interest comes first, and they must live according to the family’s expectations (Hammad, 2 1989 ). This plays a role in having strong family relation. Arab Countries: Arab countries lay in Asia and Africa. There are twenty-two Arab countries, as you know, and are considered as developing countries. People refer to Arab countries using the term Middle East. However, when “Middle East” is used, the first thing comes to mind is rich countries and oil. This is not very true. Yes, Saudi Arabia is the second largest in the world in producing oil, Iraq ranks the seventh, United Arab Emirate ranks the eighth and Kuwait the eleventh in the world. The economy of these countries depends on petroleum production countries. However, not all Arab countries have oil or petroleum products. Some countries are very poor while others are extremely rich. For example, Qatar is one of the highest per capita in the world while Yemen is one of the lowest. Many of Arab countries names are the same as in English. Here is a list of the names of Arab countries: Name in English

Transliteration

Kuwait

Alkowayt

Qatar

Qatar

Sudan

Assodan

Oman

Oman

Bahrain

Albahrain

Yemen

Alyaman

Syria

Soorya

Lebanon

Lobnan

Palestine

Falasteen

Arab Country

ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ ήτϗ ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍ ϥΎϤϋ˵ ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϦϤϴϟ΍ ΎϳέϮγ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϦϴτδϠϓ

2 Hammad, A. 1989. Effectiveness and Efficiency in the Management of Palestinian Health Services. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Manchester. Jan. 1989.

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Lesson 9

This is my youngest son. Hatha ibni, akher ala’nqood.

We named him Ahmad, after my father. Asmaynaho Ahmad ala ism abee.

Yes, he is and he said he will pay for the dinner tonight. Na’am howa sa’eed wa qal annaho sayqoom bea’mal ala’shaa allaylah.

May God protect him. He is very cute. Masha Allah, howa jameelon.

His grandpa will be very happy. Jaddoho sayakoon masroron.

That was very nice of him. Shay’on jameelon jidan.

Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah) Name in English

Transliteration

129

Arab Country

Iraq

Aliraq

Libya

Leebya

Mauritania

Moretanya

Saudi Arabia

Almamlaka alarabiyya assa’oodiya

ϕ΍ήόϟ΍ ΎϴΒϴϟ ΎϴϧΎΘϳέϮϣ ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϜϠϤϤϟ΍

United Arab Emirates

Alimarat alarabiyyah almotahidah

ΓΪΤΘϤϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ Ε΍έΎϣϻ΍

Egypt

Jomhooriyat mesr alarabiyyah

Tunisia

Toonis

Algeria

Aljazaer

Morocco

Almaghrib

Somalia

Assoomal

Djibouti

Jaibooti

Comoros

Jozor alqamar

Jordan

Alordon

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ βϧϮΗ ή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍ ΏήϐϤϟ΍ ϝΎϣϮμϟ΍ ϲΗϮΒϴΟ ήϤϘϟ΍ έΰΟ ϥΩέϷ΍

Note that although there might be some differences between English and Arabic names, there are many similarities and it can be easy to identify them. Nationalities It is very easy to learn nationalities, which is an adjective in Arabic. In most cases, you just add the suffix “ya” to the name of the country and remove the “al” (if there is an “al”) from the beginning. The same rule applies to all countries and not only Arab countries. For example:

ΏήϐϤϟ΍ almaghrib would be ϲ˷ Αήϐϣ maghribiy ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ alsaoodiya would be ϱΩϮόγ sa’oodi ϥΩέϷ΍ alordon would be ϲ˷ ϧΩέ΃ ardoniy Many non-Arab countries have names in Arabic that are very similar to their English names: Britain ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ (Breetanya), Russia Ύϴγϭέ (Roosya), Italy ΎϴϟΎτϳ΍ (Italya) and France Ύδϧήϓ (Faransa).

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Lesson 9

This is also true of the words for nationalities: Britain

ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ (Breetanya)

British

Russia

Ύϴγϭέ (Roosya)

Russian

Italy

ΎϴϟΎτϳ΍ (Italya)

Italy

ϲϟΎτϳ΍ (Eetali)

France

Ύδϧήϓ

French

ϲδϧήϓ (Faransey)

(Faransa)

ϲϧΎτϳήΑ (Breetani) ϰ˷ γϭέ (Roosiy)

This information will be reviewed in the next lesson, and more details will be provided. 9.1.

Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks: Nationality

Country

ϲϗ΍ήϋ

Nationality

ϕ΍ήόϟ΍ ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ ϥΎΑΎϴϟ΍

ϲϜϳήϣ΃ ϱέϮγ ϱΪϨϫ

Country

ϦϴτδϠϓ ϲϧΎϨΒϟ ή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍ ΎϴΒϴϟ ϱήμϣ

Nominal sentences: Sentences starting with a noun are called nominal sentences, as in: Meaning

Transliteration

The weather is hot.

altaqs har.

The door is open.

Albab maftooh.

My house is far.

baytee ba’eed.

Example

έΎΣ βϘτϟ΍ ΡϮΘϔϣ ΏΎΒϟ΍ ΪϴόΑ ϲΘϴΑ

Usually the subject and the predicate have dhamma. The predicate agrees with the subject in gender, number and all other situations.

Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)

131

Note that the subject is definite while the predicate is not. You may guess the reason by reading the following sentences: Al-bayt al-kabeer ήϴΒϜϟ΍ ΖϴΒϟ΍ means “the big house is” which indicates the sentences is not complete while: Al-bayt kabeer ήϴΒϛ ΖϴΒϟ΍ means “the house is big.” Verbal sentences: Unlike English, sometimes Arabic sentences start with a verb. These are called verbal sentences. In verbal sentences the verb comes before the subject and the rest of the sentence. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Ahmad left the house.

Kharaja ahmed men albayt.

My father went to the office.

Thahaba abee ila almaktab.

Mr. Ali attended the meeting.

Hadhar assayed ali alijtimaa’.

Example

ΖϴΒϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΪϤΣ΃ ΝήΧ . ΐΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲΑ΃ ΐϫΫ ωΎϤΘΟϻ΍ ϲϠϋ Ϊϴδϟ΍ ήπΣ

Verbal sentences should always start with verb in the singular form even if the subject of the sentence is plural, while matching the gender. Verbs should match the subject if it comes before it but not after it. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Students went to school.

Thahab atalameeth ila almadrasa

Students wrote the homework.

Taktob attalibat alwajeb

The family sits in the kitchen.

Tajlis ala’ilah fee almatbakh.

My brothers live in this house.

Yaskon ikhwatee fe hatha albayt.

Example

ΔγέΪϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ άϴϣϼΘϟ΍ ΐϫΫ ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ ΐΘϜΗ ΦΒτϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϠ΋Ύόϟ΍ βϠΠΗ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ ϲΗϮΧ΍ ϦϜδϳ

Note that at the beginning of the sentence, the verbs match with gender but are always singular. It does not matter if the subject is singlar or plural.

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Lesson 9

9.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Identify whether the sentence is verbal or nominal:

.ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ ϲϓ ϲΘϴϠϛ ϊϘΗ .ΩέΎϓέΎϫ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΔγΪϨϬϟ΍ αέΩ΃ .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϜδΗ ϲΘΧ΃ .ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ΪϤΣ΃ ϲϠϋ ϲϘϳΪλ Ϣγ΍ .ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϚΑΎΘϛ .ΕΎϐϟ ϊΑέ΃ ϢϠϜΗ΃ Ύϧ΃ .ΔϠϴϤΟ αϭέΪϟ΍ ϩάϫ .ϚϨΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲΧ΃ ϞϤόϳ .ϥΎϨΒϟ Ϧϣ Ϟϣ΃ ϭ ΔϴϣΎγ .Ύϧϭΰϳέ΃ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ΃ αέΪϳ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ΎϫϮΧ΃ ϊϣ ΎϬϣ ϦϜδΗ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

9.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following into nominal sentences:

.ΏΩϷ΍ ϭ ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ΍ ΎϬϣ αέΪΗ .ΕΎϐϟ ΙϼΛ ϱΪϟ΍ϭ ϢϠϜΘϳ .˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ϲΘϘϳΪλ ήϓΎδΘγ .ΎϤ΋΍Ω έΎΒΧϷ΍ ϲΘϤϋ ϦΑ΍ ΪϫΎθϳ .ϡϮϴϟ΍ ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

9.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following into verbal sentences:

.ΐϴϠΤϟ΍ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ΐΤΗ ΓέΎγ .ΓΪϳΪΠϟ΍ ΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍ ϥΎγέΪΗ Ϟϣ΃ ϭ ϯΪϫ ϞΟήϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϑήόϳ ϲϠϋ

1. 2. 3.

Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)

.ϥΩέϷ΍ ϲϓ ϦϜδΗ ΎϬΘϠ΋Ύϋ .ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ ϲϘϳΪλ

133

4. 5.

Non-Human Plural Agreement: All non-human nouns regardless of their gender use singular feminine adjectives, pronouns or demonstratives. This means we say: Meaning

Transliteration

These are watches

hathihi saa’at

These are the rooms

hathihi heya alghoraf

These are my books

Hathihi kotobi

Big cars

Sayyarat kabeera

Beautiful houses

Beyoot jameela

Example

ΕΎϋΎγ ϩάϫ ϑήϐϟ΍ ϲϫ ϩάϫ ϲΒ˵Θϛ˵ ϩάϫ ΓήϴΒϛ Ε΍έΎϴγ ΔϠϴϤΟ ΕϮϴΑ

This also means we say: Hathihi saa’ah ΔϋΎγ ϩάϫ for singular and hathihi saa’at for plural ΕΎϋΎγ

ϩάϫ

9.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following paragraph about Arab countries:

Yatakawan alalam ala’rabi men ithnatan wa eshreen dawlah. The Arab world consists of twenty-two countries.

ϥΎ ˶ ˴Θ˴ϨΛ˸ ˶΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲ͊ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ Ϣ˵ ˴ϟΎό˴ ϟ΍ ϥ˵ Ϯ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ .Δ˳ ˴ϟϭ˸ Ω˴ Ϧϳ ˴ ή˶ θ˸ ϋ˶ ϭ˴

Taqa’ thalath ashrat menha fee qarrat asya wa tes’ dowal fee afriqya. Thirteen countries lie in Asia while the other nine are in Africa.

Γ˳ έ͉ Ύ˴ϗ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˴ϬϨ˸ ϣ˶ ˱Δ˴ϟϭ˸ Ω˴ ˲Γή˴ θ˸ ϋ˴ ΙϼΛ ϊ˵ ˴Ϙ˴Η Ύ˴ϴ˶Ϙϳή˶ ϓ˸ ˴΃ Γ˳ έ͉ Ύ˴ϗ ϲ˶ϓ ϝ˳ ϭ˴ Ω˵ ϊ˵ δ˸ ˶Η ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴγ΁ ˶

Yakhtalif attaqs feeha men balad ila akhar The weather is different from one country to another.

˵ ˶Ϡ˴ΘΨ˸ ˴ϳ ή˴ Χ˴ ΁ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ϊ˳ ˴Ϡ˴Α Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴Ϭϴ˶ϓ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ΍ ϒ

Wa lakin yomkin taqseemoha ila khamsat aqaleem joghrafiyya hasab mawqi’oha. But we can divide into five regional parts according to its location.

ϢϴϟΎϗ΃ ˱Δδ˴ Ϥ˸ Χ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ΎϬϴδϘΗ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˶ Ϥ˸ ˵ϳ Ϧ͉ Ϝ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ :Ύ˴Ϭό˶ ˶ϗϮ˸ ϣ˴ ΐ ˴ δ˴ Σ˴ ˲Δ˴ϴ˶ϓ΍ή˴ ϐ˸ Ο˵

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Lesson 9

Conversation (continued) 1. Bilad asham wa hiya: sorya, lobnan wa alordon wa falasteen. The Asham region which consists of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. 2. Dowal alkhaleej alarabi wa hiya: alkwayt, assa’oodiya, alimarat al-Arabiya almotahida wa oman wa alyaman wa albahrain. The Gulf region: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and Bahrain. 3. Ma bayn annahrayn aliraq. Between the two rivers: Iraq.

˵ ˴ϨΒ˸ ˵ϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ ϥΎ ˶ γ :ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϭ˴ ϡ˵ Ύθ͉ ϟ΍ Ω˲ ϼ˴ ˶Α .˺ ˵ τ˸ .Ϧϴ ˶ δ˴Ϡ˶ϓ ϭ˴ ϥ͊ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ΍ ϭ˴ :ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϭ˴ ϲ͋ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ Ξϴ ˶ ˶ϠΨ˴ ϟ΍ ϝ˵ ϭ˴ Ω˵ .˻ ˵ έ˴ Ύϣ˴ Ϲ΍ Ε΍ ˶ ϭ˴ ˵Δ͉ϳΩ˶ Ϯ˵όδ͉ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ ˵ Ϥ˴ ϋ˵ ϭ˴ ˵ΓΪ˴ Τ˶ ͉ΘϤ˵ ϟ΍ ˴Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϥ˴ ˴ϴϟ΍ ϭ˴ ϥΎ .Ϧϳή˴ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍ ˵ ΍ή˴ ό˶ ϟ΍ :Ϧ˸˶ ϳή˴ Ϭ˸ ͉Ϩϟ΍ Ϧ˸˴ ϴ˴Α Ύϣ˴ .˼ .ϕ

4. Wadi aneel: mesr, asoodan, asoomal wa jaybooti. The Nile Valley: Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti.

˵ Ω˴ Ϯ͊δϟ΍ ϭ˴ ή˵ ˸μϣ˶ :Ϟϴ ϭ˴ ϥ΍ ˶ ͋Ϩϟ΍ ϱΩ˶ ΍ϭ˴ .˽ .ϲ˶ΗϮ˵ΒϴΟ˶ ϭ˴ ϝ˵ Ύϣ˴ Ϯ ͊μϟ΍

5. Shamal afriqya: toonis,wa aljaza’r wa leebya wa almaghrib wa moritanya. North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania.

ή˵ ˶΋΍ΰ˴ Π˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ β˶ϧϮ˵Η :Ύ˴ϴ˶Ϙϳή˶ ϓ˸ ˴΃ ϝ˵ ΎϤ˴ η˴ .˾ .Ύ˴ϴ˶ϧΎ˴ΘϳέϮ ˶ ϣ˵ ϭ˴ ˵Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴ˶Βϴ˶ϟ ϭ˴

Yahodo alalam alarabi men asharq iran wa bahr alarab. The Arab world is bordered from the east by Iran and the Arab Sea. Wa men algharb almoheet alatlasi. From the west by Atlantic Ocean. Wa men aljanoob almoheet alhindi wa assahra alkobra. From the south: the Indian Ocean and the great Sahara.

ϕ ˶ ˸ήθ͉ ϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲ͊ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ Ϣ˵ ˴ϟΎό˴ ϟ΍ Ϊ͊ Τ˵ ϳ ˵ ή˴ ϳ˶· ˵Ώή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Α ϭ˴ ϥ΍ ˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ˵ςϴΤ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ΍ Ώ ϲ͊ δ˶ ˴Ϡρ ˶ ˸ή˴ϐϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϭ˴ ϭ˴ ͊ϱΪ˶ Ϩ˸ Ϭ˶ ϟ΍ ˵ςϴΤ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ΍ Ώ ˶ Ϯ˵ϨΠ˵ ϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϭ˴ ϯή˴ Β˸ Ϝ˵ ϟ΍ ˯˵ ΍ή˴ ˸Τ͉μϟ΍

Wa men ashamal torkya wa albahr alahmar. From the North: Turkey and the Red Sea.

ή˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴Ϸ΍ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴϛ˶ ˸ή˵Η ϝΎ ˶ Ϥ˴ θ͉ ϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϭ˴

Torkya wa iran homa men dowal asharq alwasat wa lakinahoma. Turkey and Iran are part of the Middle East, but they are not Arab countries.

˵ ή˴ ϳ˶· ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴϛ˶ ˸ή˵Η ϕ ˶ ˸ήθ͉ ϟ΍ ϝ˶ ϭ˴ Ω˵ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ΎϤ˴ ˵ϫ ϥ΍ ˲Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ϋ˴ ϝ˴ ϭ˴ Ω˵ Ύ˴Θδ˴ ϴ˸ ˴ϟ ΎϤ˴ ˵Ϭ͉ϨϜ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ ς˶ γ˴ ϭ˸ ˴Ϸ΍

135

Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)

Now answer the following questions:

ௐˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ Ϣϛ ௐˮϡΎθϟ΍ ΩϼΑ ϝϭΩ ϲϫ Ύϣ ௐˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϢϴϠϗ΍ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ Ϣϛ ௐˮΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ϝΎϤη ϝϭΩ ϲϫ Ύϣ ௐ ˮΏϮϨΠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˮ ϝΎϤθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ΪΤϳ ΍ΫΎϣ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

9.6. Practice (see Answer Key) To learn more about Arab countries, do some search and connect the country with its capital: Capital - ΔϤλΎόϟ΍

ΔϣΎϨϤϟ΍ ϖθϣΩ ϲϧϭέϮϣ ϥΎϤ˷ ϋ ˯ΎόϨλ Ω΍ΪϐΑ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ΕϭήϴΑ ϡϮρήΨϟ΍ ρΎΑήϟ΍ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

#

ΔϟϭΪϟ΍ Ϣγ΍

ήϤϘϟ΍ έΰΟ ΔϴϤηΎϬϟ΍ ΔϴϧΩέϷ΍ ΔϜϠϤϤϟ΍ ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍ ϥΎϨΒϟ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ΔϳέϮδϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϳέϮϬϤΠϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ϦϤϴϟ΍ ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ΔϜϠϤϣ ΏήϐϤϟ΍ ϕ΍ήόϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lesson 10

ΓήηΎόϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Arabic Dress

ϲΑήόϟ΍ αΎΒϠϟ΍ Allibas ala’rabi

Objectives: 1. Arabic Clothes and Cultural Dress 2. Body Parts 3. Grammar: Nouns-Adjectives Agreement 4. Adjective of Place (Nisba)

5. Culture: Dress Code 6. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Buy

–

– Ishtara

Sell

–

– Ba’

Job

Mihan

Nationality

Jinsiyat

Once / one time

Marrat

Numbers

A’dad

Good person

Salihoon/ saliheen

Tooth

Asnan

Hand

Aydee

Leg

Arjol

Ϧ˸ ˴Ϭϣ˶ ˸ ϴδ˶ Ϩ˸ Ο˶ ΕΎ˷ ˸ ήϣ˴ Ε΍˷ Ω˸ ΍Ϊϋ˸ ˴΃ / ϥϮΤϟΎλ ϦϴΤϟΎλ ˸ γ˴΃ ϥΎϨ˸ ϱΪ˸ϳ˴΃ ˸Ϟ˵Ο ˸έ˴΃

Mihnah Jinseyya

Word

ϯή˴Θη˸ · ω˴ ΎΑ ΔϨ˸Ϭϣ˶ Δ˷ϴδϨ˸ Ο˶

A’dad

Γ˷ήϣ˴ Ω˸ Ϊ˴ ϋ˴

Salih

˸΢˶ϟΎλ

Marrah

Sin Yad Rijl

Ϧ˸ γ˶ Ϊ˸ ˴ϳ ˸ϞΟ˶ έ˶

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Lesson 10 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

ϩ˸ ϮΟϭ αϭ΅έ ˸ή˸όη˴

Wajh

Word

Ϫ˸ ˸Οϭ˴ α ˴ ΃˸ έ˴ Γή˸όη˴ Ϣ˸ ˴ϓ ϥ˸ Ϋ˵ ˵΃ Ϧ˸˸ ϴϋ˴ ˸ΏέΎη ˶ ˸΢ϴΒ˴ϗ ˸ϞϴϤΟ˴ ˸ήϴΒϛ˴ ˸ήϴϐλ ˴ ˸έϮδϜ˸ ϣ˴ Ϣ˸ ϴϠγ˴ ˸ δ˵ϓ ϥΎΘ˸ ˸κϴϤ˴ϗ ˸ ˴τϨ˸ ˴Α ϥϮϠ ˸ ΕέϮη ˸ϝϮϐθ˸ ϣ˴

Face

Wojooh

Head

Ro’oos

Hair

Sha’r

Mouth

–

Ear

Athan

Eye

Oyoon

Mustache

Shawareb

Ugly

–

– Qabeeh

Beautiful

–

– Jameel

Big

–

– Kabeer

Small

–

– Sagheer

Broken

–

– Maksoor

Intact

–

– Saleem

Dress

–

– Fostan

Shirt

–

– Qamees

Pants

–

– Bantaloun

Shorts

–

– Short

Busy

–

– Mash-ghool

Get ready

–

–

Ista’da (present tense) / yasta’ed (past tense)

Ϊ˸ ό˶ ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϊό˴Θγ΍

Arrive

–

–

Wasala (present tense) / yasel (past tense)

Ϟμ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ λ ˴ ϭ˴

Raas Sha’rah

– Fam

ϥ΍Ϋ΁ ˸ ϋ˵ ϥϮϴ Ώέ΍Ϯη˴

Othon Ayn Sharib

Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

139

Transliteration

Word

I’tabara (present tense) / ya’taber (past tense)

˸ή˴Β˴Θό˸ ˵ϳ / ή˴ ˴Β˴Θϋ΍ ΍Ϋ˶· ϕ˸ Ϯδϟ΍

Considered

–

–

If

–

– Ithan

Shopping center

–

– Assoq

There are some words describing outfits that have no equivalence in English. For example: • Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ for women and dishdasha Δη΍ΪηΩ for men: both mean long loose outfit that cover the whole body • Kofiyah ΔϴϓϮϛ and shemagh ύΎϤη or ghotra ΓήΘϏ for men: men’s head cover, they wear it to protect them from the heat/cold, high temperature and dust • Hijab ΏΎΠΣ : women’s head cover that a woman wear to cover her hair Dress Code Currently, many Arabs wear Western dress, from blue jeans, t-shirts and shorts to miniskirts and three-piece suits, and they follow European and American brand names and clothing styles. The trend began with colonialism and European dominance over Arab countries during World War I, and it has continued since then, especially among younger generations. At the same time, many Arabs young and old, continue to wear traditional attire, especially in traditional gatherings and during celebrations. Traditional Arab attire includes long, loose robes that cover the whole body. It is called dishdasha Δη΍ΪηΩ for men and Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ for women. Dishdasha Δη΍ΪηΩ and Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ have slight variations in styling, colors and designs from one country to the next and even from one village to another. Usually, Arab men wear a light-colored dishdasha Δη΍ΪηΩ in summer or in desert environments, such as Gulf countries, Iraq or Egypt; strong breezes circulating through the dishdasha Δη΍ΪηΩ provide a cooling effect in the summer. Men wear a dark-colored dishdasha Δη΍ΪηΩ in winter. In countries with more rain and vegetation, such as Syria, Jordan and Lebanon, the dress is more colorful. As for Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ, it has assorted color according to the country. For example, in Tunisia, women wear white and green Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ; in Egypt the Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ is often solid white or blue with embroidery; in Syria and Palestine, it is often black with colorful embroidery, and in Gulf countries the Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ is black.

140

Lesson 10

Traditional dress for men also includes a head dress ghotra for protection from the sun during hot summers and from the cold in winters. The color varies among countries, with men in Gulf countries using a white ghotra and men in Jordan and Palestine using a redand-white checkered ghotra. Noun-Adjective agreement Adjectives come after the noun, not before it as in English. Adjectives agree with the noun it is describing in almost all its details including gender, definiteness and number. It also takes the same vowels and tanween as the noun. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

A good man

Rajol salih

Two good men

Rajolan salihan

Good men

Rijal salihoon

Example

΢ϟΎλ ϞΟέ ϥΎΤϟΎλ ϥϼΟέ ϥϮΤϟΎλ ϝΎΟέ

The only situation that the adjectives do not follow the noun is when the noun is a non-human plural, then the adjective should be singular feminine. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Big books

Kotob kabeerah

Small houses

Beyoot sagheerah

Example

ΓήϴΒϛ ΐ˵Θϛ˵ Γήϴϐλ ΕϮϴΑ

Additionally, if we are describing an identified noun, then we can use more than one adjective without writing the word and (ϭ) in between for example: Meaning

Transliteration

The new small car…

Assayarah aljadeeda assagheera…

The beautiful big house …

albayt aljameel alkabeer…

Example

....... Γήϴϐμϟ΍ ΓΪϳΪΠϟ΍ ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ........ ήϴΒϜϟ΍ ϞϴϤΠϟ΍ ΖϴΒϟ΍

Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi)

141

10.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Write a check mark beside the correct noun-adjective agreement, and an X beside the wrong ones. Then correct the wrong ones:

.ΔϴϧΎϨΒϟ ΐϟΎρ ΪϤΣ΃ .ϲΑήϋ ΔϨϳΪϣ βϧϮΗ .ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ Δϳϻϭ Ύϧϭΰϳέ΃ .ήϴμϗ ϭ ΔϠϴϤΟ ϲΘΧ΃ .ΓήϴΒϛ ϲΘϓήϏ .ϱΰϴϠΠϧϻ΍ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ϢϠϜΗ΃ .ΪϳΪΟ ΐΘϛ ΖϳήΘη΍ .ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ΍ ΎϧΫΎΘγ΃ ΖϴΑ ϩάϫ .Γήϴϐμϟ΍ ΏΎΒϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϥϼΧΪϳ ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ .ϥΎϤϳΪϗ ϥΎΘΟ΍έΩ ϱΪϨϋ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Adjectives of place (Nisba): Adjectives of place, or nationalities, are sometimes called nisba. Nisba means “related to,” so nisba adjectives are related adjectives because they are derived from the name of the city, region, country or family’s last name. This is very easy procedure. All you have to do is add ϱ at the end of the word. Words describing nationalities are considered adjectives. They are called adjectives of place as they are describing the place of origin of someone or something. Adjectives of place may be formed by adding ya at the end of the name of country as in: English Name Adjective of place Adjective of place Transliteration Transliteration of country (Feminine) (Masculine)

Qatar

Qatariyyah

Egypt

Mesriyyah

Lebanon

Lebnaniyyah

Δ˷ϳήτϗ Δϳήμϣ ΔϴϧΎϨΒϟ

Qatari Mesrey lobnani

ϱήτϗ ϱήμϣ ϲϧΎϨΒϟ

Notice that when referring to females we add the ta marbuta after the ya.

Name of country

ήτϗ ήμϣ ϥΎϨΒϟ

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If the country name ends in a ta marbuta or alif, then remove it and add the ya as in: English Name Adjective of place Adjective of place Transliteration Transliteration of country (Feminine) (Masculine)

Syria

Sooriyyah

America

Amreekiayyah

Britain

Breetaniyyah

ΔϳέϮγ ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ ΔϴϧΎτϳήΑ

Sooriy Amreeki Breetani

Name of country

ϱέϮγ ΎϳέϮγ ϲϜϳήϣ΃ ΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϲϧΎτϳήΑ ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ

As explained earlier, if the country name starts with the definite al, then remove it and add the ya as in: English Name Adjective of place Adjective of place Transliteration Transliteration of country (Feminine) (Masculine)

Iraq

Iraqiyyah

Kuwait

Kuwaytiyyah

Sudan

Soodaniyyah

Japan

Yabaniayyah

Δϴϗ΍ήϋ ΔϴΘϳϮϛ Δϴϧ΍ΩϮγ ΔϴϧΎΑΎϳ

Iraqi Kowaiti Soodani Yabani

Name of country

ϲϗ΍ήϋ ϕ΍ήόϟ΍ ϲΘϳϮϛ ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ ϲϧ΍ΩϮγ ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍ ϲϧΎΑΎϳ ϥΎΑΎϴϟ΍

To make nationalities a plural form, we just add the Ϧϳ/ϥϭ form for masculine and Ε΍ for feminine. Some examples are: English Name Transliteration of place

Plural-Feminine Transliteration Plural -Masculine

Egyptian

Misriyyat

ΕΎϳήμϣ

Mesriyoon/ Mesriyeen

Iraqi

Iraqiyyat

ΕΎϴϗ΍ήϋ

Iraqiyoon/ Iraqiyeen

Qatari

Qatariyyat

ΕΎϳήτϗ

Qatariyoon/ Qatariyeen

Adjective of place

/ ϥϮϳήμϣ ϱήμϣ Ϧϴϳήμϣ /ϥϮϴϗ΍ήϋ ϲϗ΍ήϋ Ϧϴϴϗ΍ήϋ / ϥϮϳήτϗ ϱήτϗ Ϧϴϳήτϗ

Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi) English Name Transliteration of place

Plural-Feminine Transliteration Plural -Masculine

Algerian

Jazairiyyat

ΕΎϳή΋΍ΰΟ

Jaza’reyoon/ Jaza’riyeen

Jordanian

Ordoniyyat

ΕΎϴϧΩέ΃

Ardoneyoon/ Ardoniyeen

143

Adjective of place

ϥϮϳή΋΍ΰΟ ϱή΋΍ΰΟ Ϧϴϳή΋΍ΰΟ / / ϥϮϴϧΩέ΃ ϲϧΩέ΃ ϦϴϴϧΩέ΃

Of course, there are few exceptions for the rule as in: English Name Adjective of Transliteration Plural- Feminine Transliteration Plural- Masculine of place Place

English

Ingleeziyat

Arab

Arabiyat

Russian

Roosiyat

ΕΎϳΰϴϠΠϧ΍ ΕΎϴΑήϋ ΕΎϴγϭέ

Ingleez Arab Roos

ΰϴϠΠϧ· ϱΰϴϠΠϧ΍ Ώήϋ ϲΑήϋ αϭέ ϲγϭέ

10.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks: Adjective of place Feminine Adjective of place Masculine

Country

ϥΎΘδϛΎΑ ήτϗ Ε΍έΎϣϻ΍ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϦϤϴϟ΍ βϧϮΗ ή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍ ΎϴϟΎτϳ΍

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Lesson 10

10.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks:

: ΎΑϭέϭ΃ : Ωϼϴϣ

: : :

2. 4.

Γήγ΃ ΪϠΑ ΔϨϬϣ

1. 3. 5.

10.4. Practice (see Answer Key) To review your understanding of verb conjugation, fill in the blanks with the conjugated verbs: Meaning

Ϣϫ

ΎϤϫ

ϲϫ

Ϯϫ

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍

˴Ζϧ΃

ϦΤϧ

Ύϧ΃

Verb in past tense

ΐΘϛ Ώήη ϦϜγ ΃ήϗ ΐϫΫ ΐΣ΃ ΦΒρ Ω΍έ΃ Ϟλϭ ϞΣέ

Write Drink Live Read Go Love/like Cook Want Arrive Leave 10.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:

Ϣϛ – ΏΎΘϛ – ϰΘϣ – Ϟϫ Υ΃ – ΏΎΑ – Ώ΃ – ϡ΃ – ϲΑ΃ – Δη΍ΪηΩ – ϥΎΘδϓ κϴϤϗ

2. 4. 6.

Ϣϫ – Ϟϫ – Ζϧ΃ – Ύϧ΃ ΏΎΘϛ – ΪϤΣ΃ – ϢϠϗ – ήΘϓΩ ϢϴϠγ – Ϟϣ΃ – ϞϳϮρ – ήϴμϗ

1. 3. 5.

Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi)

ήτϤϣ – ΩέΎΑ – έΎΣ – ΓϮϬϗ

8.

ϱΎη – ΕΎϐϟ – ϡϮϠϋ – Ώ΍Ω΁

10.

145

– ΔϴϠϛ – ϲϜϳήϣ΃ – ϲΑήϋ ϱΰϴϠΠϧ΍ – ήϳΎϨϳ – ΔόϤΠϟ΍ – ˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ ΖΒδϟ΍

Read the following conversation: Almalabis altaqleediya al-Arabiya motashabiha jidan. Arab traditional clothes are very similar. Wa takoon motanasiba ma’ ataqs. It also fits the weather.

ΔϬΑΎθΘϣ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϳΪϴϠϘΘϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ .΍ΪΟ .βϘτϟ΍ ϊϣ ΔΒγΎϨΘϣ ϥϮϜΗ ϭ

Mathalan fee dowal alkhaleej wa aliraq wa alardon wa mesr takoon almalabes alwanoha fatiha mithl alabyad lita’kis ashi’at ashams fee alsayf . For example, in Gulf countries, Iraq, Jordan and Egypt people tend to wear light colors as white to reflect the sun rays.

ϭ ϕ΍ήόϟ΍ ϭ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϝϭΩ ϲϓ ϼΜϣ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ήμϣ ϭ ϥΩέϷ΍ βϜόΘϟ ξϴΑϷ΍ ϞΜϣ ΔΤΗΎϓ ΎϬϧ΍Ϯϟ΃ .ϒϴμϟ΍ ϲϓ βϤθϟ΍ Δόη΃

Wa wasi’a litasmah biharakat alhawa wa takoon masnoo’a men alqotn. And loose to allow air movement and it is made of cotton.

ϭ ˯΍ϮϬϟ΍ ΔϛήΤΑ ΢ϤδΘϟ Δόγ΍ϭ ϭ .ϦτϘϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϣ ϥϮϜΗ

La’anna attaqs yakoon har jidan. Because the weather is very hot.

.΍ΪΟ έΎΣ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ΍ ϥϷ

Wa fee ashitaa yalbis alarab alalwan alghamiqa mithl alaswad wa alazraq alghamiq aw alboni. In winter they wear dark colors as black, dark blue and brown.

ϥ΍ϮϟϷ΍ Ώήόϟ΍ βΒϠϳ ˯ΎΘθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϭ ϕέίϷ΍ ϭ ΩϮγϷ΍ ϞΜϣ ΔϘϣΎϐϟ΍ .ϲϨΒϟ΍ ϭ΃ ϖϣΎϐϟ΍

Wa takoon almalabes masnoo’a men assof la’nna ataqs yakoon barid jidan. And made of wool because the weather is very cold.

Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϣ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϥϮϜΗ ϭ ΩέΎΑ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ΍ ϥϷ ϑϮμϟ΍ .΍ΪΟ

7.

9.

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Conversation (continued) Men almohim Aydan taghtiyat arras belkoofiya aw ashemagh aw ghita’ arra’s lihimayat arra’s wa alwajh men ashams alharra aw arimal aw ariyah It is important too to cover the head with Kufia, or any head cover to protect the head and face from the hot sun, sands or winds

α΃ήϟ΍ ΔϴτϐΗ Ύπϳ΃ ϢϬϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ α΃ήϟ΍ ˯ΎτϏ ϭ΃ ύΎϤθϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΔϴϓϮϜϟΎΑ βϤθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔΟϮϟ΍ ϭ α΃ήϟ΍ ΔϳΎϤΤϟ . ΡΎϳήϟ΍ ϭ΃ ϝΎϣήϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΓέΎΤϟ΍

Yalbis alarab allibas ataqleedi ba’dh alahyan Sometimes Arabs wear their traditional clothes

ξόΑ ϱΪϴϠϘΘϟ΍ αΎΒϠϟ΍ Ώήόϟ΍ βΒϠϳ ϥΎϴΣϷ΍

Wa lakinnahom okhra yalbisoon albintal aw ashort ma’ alqamees aw albolooza Other times they wear pants or shorts with t-shirts or blouses

ϭ΃ ϝΎτϨΒϟ΍ ϥϮδΒϠϳ ϯήΧ΃ ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ ϭ ΓίϮϠΒϟ΍ ϭ΃ κϴϤϘϟ΍ ϊϣ ΕέϮθϟ΍

10.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions:

ˮΔϴΑήόϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϪΑΎθΘΗ Ϟϫ ˮϒϴμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΤΗΎϔϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ Ώήόϟ΍ βΒϠϳ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮ˯ΎΘθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϑϮμϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϤϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϥϮδΒϠϳ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮϢϬγϭ΅έ ϥϮτϐϳ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮΎϤ΋΍Ω Δη΍ΪηΪϟ΍ ϝΎΟήϟ΍ βΒϠϳ Ϟϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi)

147

10.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the following words to form meaningful sentences:

Ε΍ήϣ – ϲϓ – ϡϮϴϟ΍ – ϥϮϠμϳ – βϤΧ – ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ΍ ϲϓ – ϊΒγ – Ώϼρ – ΐτϟ΍ – αέΪϳ – ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ – Ε΍ϮϨγ ˮβϣ΃ – ϱάϟ΍ – ϪΘϳήΘη΍ – Ύϣ – Ϣγ΍ – ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ .ϞϤϋ΃ – ΍Ϋ΍ – Ϣϟ – ϲϣ΃ – ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ - ΐπϐΗ .Γ΍έΎΒϤϠϟ – βΒϠϳ – ΍ϭΪόΘδϳ – ϖϳήϔϟ΍ – ϲϜϟ – βΑϼϣ – ϥϮΒϋϼϟ΍ .ϡϮϳ – ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ – ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ – ϥΩέϷ΍ – ϰϟ΍ – ΍ϮϠλϭ ˮήμϣ – ϲϓ – Εέί – Ϣϛ – ΔϨϳΪϣ .ϕϮδϟ΍ – ϊϣ – ΎϬϣ΃ – ΖΒϫΫ – ϰϟ΍ – ΩΎόγ .έϮΘϛΩ – ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ – ϥϮϜϳ – Ϊϳήϳ – ϥ΃ – ϲϓ – ΪϟΎΧ .ήΒΘόΗ – ΪϠΑ – ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ – ϲΑήϋ – ήϐλ΃

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

10.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect the related words by writing the words’ numbers in the parentheses:

ϡ΃ ήϴϐλ ςϴθϧ

( ) ( ) ( )

Υ΃ ϥϵ΍ έΎϬϧ

Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

2. 4. 6.

ϲΗΪΟ ΔϨγ άϨϣ Ϟϴϟ ΖΧ΃

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Ώ΃ ϱΪΟ ϥϼδϛ ήϴΒϛ

1. 3. 5. 7.

Lesson 11

Γήθϋ ΔϳΩΎΤϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Who is an Arab?

ϲΑήόϟ΍ Ϯϫ Ϧϣ Man howa alarabi

Objectives: 1. Children’s Value in the Arab world 2. Daily Schedule and Time Expression 3. Grammar: Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers

4. Culture: “You Know You’re an Arab When…” 5. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

ΕϮϳί ή΋Ύμϋ ˸ ˴Η ˸ή˵Α ΕϻΎϘ ˸ΡΎ˷ϔ˵Η ί˸ Ϯ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ξ˸ϴ˴Α

Oil

Ziyoot

Juice

Asa’er

Orange

Bortoqalat

Apple

Tofah

Banana

Mawz

Egg

Baydh

Butter

–

– Zobda

Jam

–

– Moraba

Bread

–

– Khobz

Cheese

Ajban

Biscuit

-

ϥΎΒΟ΃

Zayt A’seer Bortoqal Tofaha Mooza Baidha

Jobna

- Baskaweet

Word

˸ ϳί˴ Ζ˸ ˸ήϴμϋ˴ ˸ϝΎϘ˴Η ˸ή˵Α ΔΣΎ˷ϔ˵Η ΓίϮ˸ ϣ˴ Δπ˸ϴ˴Α ΓΪ˸Αί˵ ϰ˷Αή˴ ϣ˵ ΰ˸˸ ΒΧ˵ ΔϨ˸ΒΟ˵ ˸ Ϝ˴ δ˸ ˴Α ΖϳϮ

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Lesson 11 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Salad

Salatat

ΕΎτϠγ

Rice

-

Meat

Lahm

Chicken

Dajaj

Fish

Samak

Fried

Mashawi

Broiled

Maqali

Falafel

–

– Falafel

Humus

–

– Hommos

Cereal

–

– Hoboob

Macaroni

–

– Ma’karoona

Cake

–

– Ka’k

Food

At’emah

Drink

Mashroobat

Prefer

–

Hour (o’clock)

Saa’at

Minute

Daqa’iq

Half

–

– Nisf

Quarter

–

– Rob’

Third

–

– Tholoth

Till /Except

–

– Illa

Schedule

Jadawel

Salatah

- Arz

Ϣ˸ ˸Τ˴ϟ ˸ΝΎΟΩ˴ Ϛ˸ Ϥ˴ γ˴ ϱϭΎθϣ ϲϟΎϘϣ

˸ ˴΃ ΔϤό˶ ρ ˸ ΕΎΑϭή θ˸ ϣ˴ –

˸ ΕΎϋΎγ ϖ˸ ˶΋ΎϗΩ˴

˸ϝϭ΍Ϊ ˶ Ο˴

Lah-ma Dajajah Samakah Mashwi Maqli

Ta’am Sharab Faddala (present tense)/ yofaddel (past) Saa’h Daqiqa

Jadwal

Word

Δτ˴Ϡγ˴ ί˵˸ έ˴΃ ΔϤ ˸Τ˴ϟ ΔΟΎΟΩ˴ ΔϜϤ˴ γ˴ ϱϮθ˸ ϣ˴ ϲϠϘ˸ ϣ˴ ˸Ϟ˶ϓϼ˴ϓ ˸κϤ͊ Σ˵ ˸ΏϮΒ˵Σ ΔϧϭήϜ˴ ό˸ ϣ˴ ˸ όϛ˴ Ϛ˸ ϡ˸ Ύό˴ρ ˸Ώ΍ήη˴ ˸Ϟ͉π˴ϔ˵ϳ / Ϟ˴ π ͉ ˴ϓ ΔϋΎγ ΔϘϴϗΩ˴ ˸ ˸μ˶ϧ ϒ ϊ˸ Α˸ έ˵ ˸ Ϡ˸ ˵Λ Κ ϻ·˷ ˸ϝϭ˴ Ϊ˸ Ο˴

Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi ) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ ˶ϗ΍Ϯϣ˴ ϒ ϖϋϼϣ˴ ϙϮ˴ η˵ ϦϴϛΎϜγ˴ ϕΎΒρ΃

Parking lot

Mawaqif

Spoon

Mala’eq

Fork

Showak

Knife

Sakakeen

Plate

Atbaq

Eat

–

–

Akala (present tense) / ya/kol (past tense)

Cook

–

–

Tabakha (present tense) / yatbokh (past tense)

Wash

–

–

Ghasalaa (present tense) / yaghsel (past tense)

Reserve

–

–

Hajaza (present tense) / yahjiz (past tense)

Person

Ash-khas

˸ιΎΨη˸ ˴΃

Mawqif Mila’qa Shawka Sikeen Tabaq

Shakhs

151

Word

˸ ˶ϗϮ˸ ϣ˴ ϒ ΔϘό˴ Ϡ˸ ϣ˶ ΔϛϮ˸ η˴ ˸ Ϝ͋ γ˶ Ϧϴ ϖ˸ ˴Β˴ρ ˸Ϟϛ˵ ˸΄˴ϳ /Ϟ˴ ϛ˴ ˴΃ ˸ ˴ϳ /Φ˴ ˴Β˴ρ Φ˸ ˴Βτ ˸Ϟδ˶ ϐ˸ ˴ϳ /Ϟ˴ δ˴ Ϗ˴ ΰ˸ Π˶ ˸Τ˴ϳ /ΰ˴ Π˴ Σ˴ ˸κΨ˸ η˴

You know you’re an Arab when: The following list is from an email that is exchanged, as a joke, among Arabic friends. It is similar to the “Redneck” jokes told by comedian Jeff Foxworthy. The issues mentioned are part of Arabic culture, so the list below is included to add a bit of humor to the lesson. Specific cultural explanations are included below each point. • A visa is not a credit card. Arabs mostly use cash in their daily monetary transactions. They do not use credit cards. In some Arabic countries, Jordan for example, you must pay an extra 7-10% if you want to use your credit card while shopping. So, it is cheaper to pay cash. In Arab countries, it is quite safe to carry large amounts of cash in your pocket and walk around. • You refer to your dad’s friends as Amme ϲϤϋ. As you know, Amme means “uncle,” which is a paternal uncle. It is very rude for people to address older people by their first names. They should use the word ϲϤϋ ammee before mentioning his name or calling him. Females are addressed as ϲΘϟΎΧ khaltee, maternal aunt. As a rule of thumb and irrespective of

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your age, you should always address people who are older than you in this fashion: ϲϤϋ (for males) or ϲΘϟΎΧ (for females) when communicating with them. • You have an endless supply of pistachios, dates, and pumpkin seeds. Arabs have a short workday. Most government offices finish their work at 2:00 P.M. They start at 7:00 A.M. and do not have lunch breaks, as lunch is considered part of the family ritual that all members of the family must attend. They go home to have their main meal (lunch) at this time and take a short nap. When they wake up, they have plenty of time to go and socialize by visiting their family and friends. During these visits, they offer juice, soda, or other cold drinks (non-alcoholic) at the beginning, and then hot tea with cakes and/or cookies, followed by pistachios and/or pumpkin seeds; finally, the coffee is served with some dates. Even without visitors, Arabs enjoy watching TV while cracking their pumpkin seeds and pistachios. • Your parents can tell you are becoming Americanized anytime you talk back to them! Children are not allowed to talk back or raise their voices to their parents. Children are supposed to listen and discuss politely what they want to say. They are not supposed to look at their parents directly in the eyes or in any rude manner (rolling their eyes, making faces, etc). Therefore, when children talk back to their parents, the prevailing thought is that they must have acquired it from the TV (watching American movies, MTV, the Simpsons, etc.). • After a family meal, the women (while visiting other families) fight to the death over who should wash the dishes while the men sit and discuss politics, waiting for their tea. When Arabs invite people for lunch (the main meal), they prepare many dishes. Therefore, the host is tired, and her visitors want to help her clean. The men move to a different room to get out of the way and the women start to argue who will clean the dishes, who will put the food away, and who will take care of preparing the hot tea. When women are done cleaning, either they can join the men to have tea together or they might prefer to sit in a different room and have their own chat. • Your parents want you to become a doctor or engineer. Most Arabs want their children to be doctors or engineers. Perhaps they believe that doctors and engineers have excellent pay; so, they steer their children in that direction. Usually things do not turn out to this way; but parents want their children to live comfortably, so they do their best to convince them to major in either of these two fields. • You have at least 30 cousins. Of course, if you know all your uncles and aunts from both sides, you would know all your cousins and have a strong relationship with them all. Brothers and sisters visit each other a lot. When visiting family members, the tradition is to take your children with you, so chil-

Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )

What do you think? Ma ra’yoki? Very beautiful. Jameelon jidan.

Is this one more beautiful or the blue one? Hal hatha ajmal am al-azraq?

I love the blue color. Ana oheb allown al-azraq.

OK, I will take the blue then. Hasanan saakhoth al-azraq ithan. Congratulations. Alf mabrouk.

153

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dren get to know all their relatives. In addition to that, it is a tradition in most families to invite all married children every weekend for lunch, for the brothers and sisters to develop close relationships. This helps to cement the strong family bond. • You are standing next to the largest suitcases at the airport. When you go to visit your family, you will meet all your relatives, cousins, aunts, and uncles from both sides. All of them will come to say hello, and it will be very embarrassing if you did not give them a gift. They also will bring you a good-bye gift when you leave. Therefore, you will definitely need a big suitcase. Arabs pay attention to the way you are dressed (unless you are truly poor). Therefore, you must wear nice clean clothes at all times, and you need a variety of clothes to wear for the trip. • Your relatives alone could populate a small city. Arabs believe in big families. In the past, families always aspired for more children, especially sons, to defend their tribes and villages from invaders and thugs, so the more sons (warriors) you had, the stronger you were. Despite all the changes that affected societies and cultures, the urge to have more children stayed the same. Now, if you have sixuncles and each has five children as an average, this equals 30 cousins. When each of these 30 cousins has another five of their own, how many will you have? So, do the math. Remember, this is only from the father's side, and if you add your cousins from the mother's side, you would truly make up a small village. • You still came back home to live with your parents after you graduate. This concept was introduced in earlier lessons. It is common to send sons and daughters to a different country to study at a university. There has been a lot of development in Arabic countries over the past 20 years. Previously, not all Arab countries had universities and if they had one, it would not have all degrees. So, a father will provide for his son(s) to go to a different country to finish his/her degree. When the sons and daughters have completed their degrees, they come back to their parents’ home to reside until they find a job, establish themselves, get married, and start their own families.

Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )

155

Cardinal Number Number-Noun Agreement When talking about nouns and combining them with quantity, there are few rules to follow: 1. Numbers 1 & 2 follow the noun in gender and case. When used, they are used for emphasis. 1 & 2 come after the noun, so we would say: Meaning

Transliteration

One book

kitab wahed

One room

ghorfa wahidah

Two rooms

ghorfatan ithnatan

Example

ΪΣ΍ϭ ΏΎΘϛ ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ΔϓήϏ ϥΎΘϨΛ΍ ϥΎΘϓήϏ

2. Numbers 3-10 come before the noun they modify, and they use the opposite word gender. For example: sit sayyarat Ε΍έΎϴγ Ζγ “six cars” and sab’at kotob – ΐΘϛ ΔόΒγ “seven books” 3. In all situations, the noun we are referring to should be indefinite in all situation. That is it should not have ϝ΍ 4. The nouns coming after numbers 3-10 are always considered as idafa which means they should have kasra Here is a list of the numbers in the masculine and feminine forms of 1-10: Transliteration

Taliba wahida Talibatan ithnatan Thalath talibat Arba’ talibat Khams talibat Sit talibat Sab’ talibat Thamani talibat Tes’ talibat A’shr talibat

Feminine form

ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ΔΒϟΎρ ϥΎΘϨΛ΍ ϥΎΘΒϟΎρ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ΙϼΛ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊΑέ΃ ΕΎΒϟΎρ βϤΧ ΕΎΒϟΎρ Ζγ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊΒγ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϲϧΎϤΛ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊδΗ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ήθϋ

Transliteration

Talib wahid Talibatan ithnatan Thalathat tollab Arba’at tolab Khamsato tollab Sitato tollab Saba’ato tollab Thamaniyato tollab Tesa’to tollab Ashrato tollab

Masculine form

ΪΣ΍ϭ ΐϟΎρ ϥΎϨΛ΍ ϥΎΒϟΎρ Ώϼρ ΔΛϼΛ Ώϼρ ΔόΑέ΃ Ώϼρ ΔδϤΧ Ώϼρ ΔΘγ Ώϼρ ΔόΒγ Ώϼρ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ Ώϼρ ΔόδΗ Ώϼρ Γήθϋ

Number

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Lesson 11

11.1. Practice

(see Answer Key)

: ΔΒϴϘΣ (6) : ϢϠϗ (8) : ΔϟΎΧ (7) : ΔϴϠϛ (2) : ΡΎΘϔϣ (1)

: : : : :

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

ΖϴΑ (9) ΔϟϭΎρ (4) ΫΎΘγ΃ (3) ωέΎη (5) ΔϤϠϛ (10)

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

Ordinal Numbers: Ordinal numbers indicate things done in order. They are the same as first, second, …etc in English. The first ordinal number ϝϭ΃ is different from the first cardinal number ΪΣ΍ϭ. However, 2-10 are formed from their cardinal numbers. There are different forms for masculine and feminine forms. Yes, it is just adding ta marbuta. Look at the table below to learn ordinal numbers: Meaning

Transliteration

The first

Oola

Second

Thaniya

Third

Thalitha

Fourth

Rabi’a

Fifth

Khamisah

Sixth

Sadisa

Seventh

Sabi’a

Eighth

Thamina

Ninth

Tasi’a

Tenth

A’shira

Feminine form

ϰϟϭ΃ ΔϴϧΎΛ ΔΜϟΎΛ ΔόΑ΍έ ΔδϣΎΧ ΔγΩΎγ ΔόΑΎγ ΔϨϣΎΛ ΔόγΎΗ ΓήηΎϋ

Transliteration

Awal Thani Thalith Rabi’ Khamis Sadis Sabi’ Thamin Tasi’ A’shir

Masculine Ordinal number

ϝϭ΃ ϲϧΎΛ ΚϟΎΛ ϊΑ΍έ βϣΎΧ αΩΎγ ϊΑΎγ ϦϣΎΛ ϊγΎΗ ήηΎϋ

Transliteration

Wahid Ithnan Thalathah Arba’ Khamsa Sitta Saba’h Thamaniyah Tes’ah Asharah

Number

ΪΣ΍ϭ ϥΎϨΛ΍ ΔΛϼΛ ΔόΑέ΃ ΔδϤΧ ΔΘγ ΔόΒγ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ ΔόδΗ Γήθϋ

Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )

157

Ordinal numbers 11-19 are invariable which means that they do not change the case. Unlike cardinal numbers, both words in 11-19 in ordinal numbers should agree in gender with the noun. We say: Meaning

Transliteration

The twelfth lesson

addars athani ashar

The twelfth page

assafhato athaniyato asharah

11.2. Practice

Example

ήθϋ ϲϧΎΜϟ΍ αέΪϟ΍ Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔΤϔμϟ΍

(see Answer Key)

Arrange the following sentences to form a meaningful paragraph:

ϝΎϘΗήΑ ήϴμϋ Ϊϳήϧ ϭ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ άΧ΄Ϩγ .΍ΪΟ ΐϴρ ϭ ϲϠϘϣ ϚϤγ ΎϧΪϨϋ – Ϣόϧ ΖΤϤγ Ϯϟ Ϣγϻ΍ Ύϣ .ΎϨϤότϣ ϲϓ ϢϜΑ ΎΒΣήϣ ˮϡϮϴϟ΍ ϖΒρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ! ΍ήϜη ιΎΨη΃ ΔΛϼΜϟ ΔϟϭΎρ ΎϧΰΠΣ .ήϴΨϟ΍ ˯Ύδϣ ˮϚϤγ ϢϛΪϨϋ Ϟϫ .ϚϤδϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ Ύϧ΃ ΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϣγϻ΍ ˮϦϳΪϳήΗ ΍ΫΎϣ ΓΪϴγ Ύϳ Ζϧ΃ ϭ ΎϨδΣ ΔόΒγ Ϣϗέ ΔϟϭΎρ ! ϼϬγ ϭ ϼϫ΃ ίέ΃ ϊϣ ϱϮθϣ ΝΎΟΩ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϖΒρ ίέϷ΍ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϦϴϘΒρ ϭ ϚϤγ ϖΒρ ΍Ϋ΍

–. –. –. –. –. –. –. –. –. –. –.

11.3. Practice How do you say the following using ordinal numbers?

: : :

ΖϨΒϟ΍ 1 ΔΒϟΎτϟ΍ 19 ΖϴΒϟ΍ 4

2. 4. 6.

: : :

ΔΤϔμϟ΍ 1925 ΔϨγ ϲϓ 17 ϞΟήϟ΍ 25

1. 3. 5.

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Lesson 11

Reading: Jadwal ali alyawmi. Ali’s daily schedule. Kol yawm yastayqith ali men annawm fee assa’a alkhamisa wa arrob’ sabahan. Everyday, Ali wakes up at 5:15 in the morning. Yath-hab ila alhammam wa yonathif asnanaho wa yastahim belmaa wa assaboon. He goes to the bathroom, brush his teeth and wash himself with water and soap. Thoma yath-hab ila almatbakh wa yohadher ta’am alfotoor. Then he goes to the kitchen and prepare breakfast. Mo’tham alayam yaakol albaydh wa alkhobz ma’ aljibn wa yashrab ashay. Most days, he eats eggs, bread and cheese and drinks tea. Howa yohib ashay katheeran. He likes tea very much.

:ϲϣϮϴϟ΍ ϲϠϋ ϝϭΪΟ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϲϠϋ φϘϴΘδϳ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ .ΎΣΎΒλ ϊΑήϟ΍ ϭ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϭ ϪϧΎϨγ΃ ϒψϨϳ ϭ ϡΎϤΤϟ΍ ϲϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ .ϥϮΑΎμϟ΍ ϭ ˯ΎϤϟΎΑ ϢΤΘδϳ ήπΤϳ ϭ ΦΒτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ ϢΛ .έϮτϔϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΰΒΨϟ΍ ϭ ξϴΒϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ϡΎϳϷ΍ Ϣψόϣ .ϱΎθϟ΍ Ώήθϳ ϭ ϦΒΠϟ΍ ϊϣ .˱΍ήϴΜϛ ϱΎθϟ΍ ΐΤϳ Ϯϫ

Fee assa’a assabi’a yath-hab ila amilihi fee albas la’anaho la yajod mawqifan lisayyarataho. At seven o’clock, he goes to his work by bus because he cannot find a parking for his car at his work.

ϰϟ΍ ϲϠϋ ΐϫάϳ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϔϗϮϣ ΪΠϳ ϻ ϪϧϷ ιΎΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϪϠϤϋ .ϪΗέΎϴδϟ

Fee assa’a athaniyata ashara yath-hab ila mat’am qareeb wa ya’kol ta’am alghada. At twelve O’clock, he goes to a nearby restaurant to eat lunch.

ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ .˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϡΎόρ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ϭ ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ

Ta’amoho almofadal alahm ma’ alarz wa assalatah. His favorite food is meat with rice and salad.

ϭ ίέϷ΍ ϊϣ ϢΤϠϟ΍ ϞπϔϤϟ΍ ϪϣΎόρ .ΔτϠδϟ΍

Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )

159

Conversation (continued) Yabqa fee amalihi hata assa’a alkhamisa masaa’n. He stays at work until 5 o’clock.

ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ϪϠϤϋ ϲϓ ϰϘΒϳ .˯Ύδϣ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍

Ahyan yahdhor endaho sadiqoho hani wa yoshahidan atilfaz wa yashraban ashay. Sometimes, his friend Hani goes to him to watch TV and drink tea.

ϭ ϲϧΎϫ ϪϘϳΪλ ϩΪϨϋ ήπΤϳ ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ .ϱΎθϟ΍ ϥΎΑήθϳ ϭ ίΎϔϠΘϟ΍ ϥ΍ΪϫΎθϳ

Yath-hab ali ila annowm fee assa’a al’shirati masa’an. Ali goes to bed at 10:00 at night.

ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲϠϋ ΐϫάΑ .˯˱ Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ΍

11.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions:

ˮΡΎΒλ Ϟϛ Ϟόϔϳ ΍ΫΎϣ ˮϞπϔϤϟ΍ ϲϠϋ ϡΎόρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

2. 4.

ˮϲϠϋ φϘϴΘδϳ ϰΘϣ ˮΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϲϠϋ Ώήθϳ Ϟϫ ˮϲϠϋ ϡΎϨϳ ϰΘϣ

1. 3. 5.

11.5. Practice Connect the related words by writing the numbers in parentheses:

ΔϘϴϗΩ ϥΎϨγ΃ ϥϮΠόϣ

( ) ( )

ήϳήγ ΔϋΎγ

2. 4.

Ώ΍ήη ϡΎόρ ϡΎϨϳ

( ) ( ) ( )

ΓΎηήϓ ΦΒτϣ ήϴμϋ

1. 3. 5.

11.6. Practice Connect the related words by writing the numbers in parentheses:

˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ϝϭΎϨΗϷ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍ήϗϷ ΕήΒϠΟ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϲΒϤΗ ωέΎη 645 ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ ΐόϟ΃ Ύϧ΃ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ΍ ϲϓ ΖΤΠϧ ϲϨϜϟ ϭ

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΃ ϢότϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΃ ˮΐόϠΗ ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ ΍ΫΎϣ ΐόλ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ΍ ϥΎϛ ˮϚϧ΍ϮϨϋ Ύϣ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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Lesson 11

Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

Lesson 12

Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Relations between the Sexes

ϦϴδϨΠϟ΍ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ΍ Alilaqa bayna aljensayn

Objectives: 1. Professions and occupations vocabulary 2. Grammar • Negation of Nominal Sentences • Negation of Verbal Sentences

3. Culture: Modesty and Sex Separation 4. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Busy

Transliteration

–

Sleep

Plural

Transliteration

– Mash-ghool –

Nama (present tense)/ Yanam (past tense)

Refuse

–

–

Rafada (present tense) / yarfod (past tense)

Agree

–

–

Wafaqa (present tense) / yowafiq (past tense)

Go or continue doing something

–

–

Madha (present tense) / yamdhi (past tense)

Newspaper

Jara’ed

Box

Sanadeeq

Candy

–

Ϊ΋΍ή˴ Ο˴ ϖϳΩΎϨλ

Jareeda Sondooq

– Halwa

Word

˸ϝϮϐθ˸ ϣ˴ ϡΎϨϳ/ϡ˸ Ύϧ /ξ ˴ ˴ϓέ ˸ξ˵ϓ ˸ή˴ϳ ϖ˸ ˶ϓ΍Ϯ˵ϳ/ϖ ˴ ˴ϓ΍ϭ /ϰπ ˴ ϣ˴ ϲπϤ˸ ˴ϳ ΓΪϳήΟ˴ ϕ˸ ϭΪϨ˸ λ ˴ ϯϮϠ˸ Σ˴

162

Lesson 12 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Late

–

– Mota’khir

Early

–

– Mobakir

Ready

–

– Jahiz

Holiday, vacation

O’tal

End

Nihayat

Beginning

Bedayat

About

–

Employee

Mowathafeen/ mowathafoon

Company

Sharikat

Accountant

Mohasebeen/ mohaseboon

Too

–

– Aydhan

Then

–

– Thomma

But, however

–

– Lakin

As for

–

– Amma

Wake up

–

Istayqatha – (present tense) / yastayqith (past tense)

Take a shower, bathe

–

– Istahamma/ yastahim

Ϟ˴τϋ˵ ΕΎϳΎϬϧ ΕΎϳ΍ΪΑ

Otla Nihaya Bedaya

– A’mma

/ϦϴϔυϮϣ ϥϮϔυϮϣ ΕΎϛήη˴ /ϦϴΒγΎΤϣ ϥϮΒγΎΤϣ

Mowathaf

Word

͋ ˴Θϣ˵ ˸ήΧ΄ ˸ήϜ͋ ˴Βϣ˵ ΰ˸ ϫ˶ ΎΟ ˸ ϋ˵ ΔϠτ ΔϳΎϬ˶ϧ Δϳ΍Ϊ˶Α Ϧ˸ ϋ˴ = ΎϤ˷ ϋ˴ Ύϣ ˸ ͉υϮ˴ ϣ˵ ϒ

Sharikah

Δϛή˶ η˴

Mohaseb

˸ΐγΎΤ ˶ ϣ˵ ˱ Ύπ˸ϳ˴΃ Ϣ͉ ˵Λ Ϧ˸ Ϝ˶ ϟ Ύϣ˷ ˴΃ ˸ ˶Ϙϴ˴Θγ˸ ˴΃ /φ φϘϴΘδϳ / Ϣ˸ Τ˶ ˴Θγ˸ ˴΃ ϢΤΘδϳ

163

Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Guard

Horras

α΍˷ήΣ˵

Director, manager

Modara’

˯΍έΪ˴ ϣ˵

Modeer

Businessman

Rijal a’mal

ϝΎΟέ ϝΎϤϋ΃

Rajol a’mal

Salary

Rawateb

Carpenter

Najjareen/ najaroon

Artist

Fannaneen/ fannanoon

Helper, assistant

Mosa’deen/ mosa’doon

Journalist

Sahafiyeen/ sahafiyoon

Shoes

Ahthiyah

Belt

Ahzima

Tie

Rabtat onoq

Pajama

Bijamat

Size

Maqasat

Tight

–

– Dhayiq

Loose

–

– Wasi’

ΐΗ΍ϭέ /ϦϳέΎΠϧ ϥϭέΎΠϧ /ϦϴϧΎ˷Ϩ˴ϓ ˸ ˷Ϩ˴ϓ ϥϮϧΎ /ϦϳΪ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδϣ˵ ϥϭΪ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδϣ˵ /ϥϮ˸ϴϔΤ˴ λ ˴ Ϧϴ˸ϴϔΤ˴ λ ˴ ΔϳάΣ΃ ΔϣΰΣ΃ ΕΎτΑέ ϖ˸ ˵Ϩϋ˵ ΕΎϣΎΠϴΑ ΕΎγΎϘϣ

Haris

Word

˸αέΎΣ ˶ ˸ήϳΪϣ˵ ˸ϝΎϤϋ˸ ˴΃ ˸Ϟ˵Οέ˴

Ratib

˸ΐ˶Η΍έ

Najjar

˸έΎ˷Π˴ϧ

Fannan

˸ ˷Ϩ˴ϓ ϥΎ

Mosa’ed

Ϊ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδϣ˵

Sahafi

ϲϔ ˸ Τ˴ λ ˴

Hitha’

˯΍ά ˸ Σ˶ ϡ˸ ΍ΰΣ˶

Hizam Rabtat onoq Bijama Maqas

ϖ˸ ˵Ϩϋ˵ Δτ˸Αέ˴ ΎϣΎΠϴΑ ˸αΎϘϣ˴ ϖ˸ ˷ϴο ˴ ϊ˸ γ΍ϭ ˶

164

Lesson 12

Modesty and Sex Separation Generally, interaction between sexes is limited to family members. However, there is a significant difference in gender separation from one Arab country to another. Gulf countries have more restrictions than other Arab countries, whereas Levantine and North African Arab countries are more flexible. Eye contact is not encouraged in cross-gender interactions outside the family structure. Males do not look directly at females, and females do not look directly at males when speaking together. Men and women are expected to not interact socially in public outside of their extended family. Arabs normally do not allow dating and sexual relations outside of marriage are strictly prohibited. Premarital sexual relations are considered highly shameful and divisive. An Arab girl is expected to be a virgin on her wedding night, and an unchaste bride or groom brings shame on herself or himself as well as on their family. However, the rules against sexual relations applies to females more than it does to males because a girl’s pride and dignity represent the honor of her family. As explained earlier, Arabs place immense value on the family’s name, reputation and honor and will protect that honor with their own lives. When meeting an Arab woman, there are few things that are not accepted especially in front of male family members. For example, showing any interest as in staring or trying to take pictures with them; asking about female members and starting a conversation without being introduced or not respecting the woman’s privacy. When meeting each other, one should ask about the family in general and not a wife, sister or daughter. On the other hand, women do play an important role in the workforce. Separation between males and females is maintained in the workplace in Saudi Arabia only. In all other Arab countries, there is no separation between sexes. As for professional careers, females are encouraged to be teachers, nurses, doctors and caregivers, and although there are many female lawyers and engineers, depending on the country, these careers are less preferable. Contrary to popular Western belief about Muslims, restricting women to certain jobs or professions is an Arab cultural norm rather than an Islamic tradition. There is no Islamic law that requires women to stay home or to refrain from having a job. However, when a woman chooses to work, she is entitled to equal pay, as the Qur’an states: “And in no wise covet those things in which Allah hath bestowed His gifts more freely on some of you than on others: To men is allotted what they earn, and to women what they earn: But ask Allah of His bounty. For Allah hath full knowledge of all things” (4:32) Interestingly, the Prophet’s Mohammed’s first wife, Khadija, was a business owner and she hired him to take care of her trade before she proposed to him. Negation of Nominal sentences To negate nominal sentences, we just add βϴϟ to the sentence. However, βϴϟ should be conjugated according to the thing I am negating as it should agree with gender and number.

Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn)

Here is a list of conjugations that are used according to the noun that I is negated: Meaning

Transliteration Conjugation of βϴϟ

Pronoun

˵ Ζδϟ ΎϨδϟ ˴ Ζδϟ Ζ ˶ δϟ ΎϤΘδϟ ϢΘδϟ ϦΘδϟ βϴϟ Ζδϴϟ Ύδϴϟ ΍Ϯδϴϟ Ϧδϟ

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃ ϦΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ

I am not

Lasto

We’re not

Lasna

You’re not (m.)

Lasta

You’re not (f.)

Lasti

You’re not (dual)

Lastoma

You’re not (m. plural)

Lastom

You’re not (f. Plural)

Lastonna

He’s not

Laysa

She’s not

Laysat

They’re not- dual

Laysa

They’re not (m. plural)

Laysoo

They’re not (f. plural)

Lasnna

165

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Lesson 12

Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Example

Mohmoud is not from Syria

Mahmood laysa men Soorya

Your car is not white

sayaratoka laysat baydha

They (dual) are not home

homa laysa fii albayt

ΎϳέϮγ Ϧϣ βϴϟ ΩϮϤΤϣ ˯ΎπϴΑ Ζδϴϟ ϚΗέΎϴγ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ Ύδϴϟ ΎϤϫ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍Ϯδϴϟ Ϣϫ

They are not at the university hom laysoo fi aljame’a 12.1 Practice (see Answer Key) Negate the following sentences using βϴϟ:

.ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϲΑΎΘϛ ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲΘΧ΃ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍ϭ΃ήϗ Ώϼτϟ΍ έ΍ΪΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϢϬΗέϮλ ϲϨϏ Ύϧ΃

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Negating Verbal Sentences: Negating a verbal sentence simply involves creating a negative verb according to your needs. For example, as you know, there are two types of present tense: the regular as in “he writes” and the continuous as in “he is writing.” To negate these verbs in the present tense, we have two options: 1. If we are talking about the continuous present tense (which indicates an ongoing action such as “writing”) we just add ϻ before the verb. ϻ has no effect on the the verb’s form. 2. To negate verbs in the present tense, we add Ϣϟ before the verb. For example: Meaning

He is writing the lesson/ He is not writing the lesson.

Would be

αέΪϟ΍ ΐΘϜϳ ϻ la yaktob addars

ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤόΗ Ϣϟ

Do the homework/did not do the homework. lam ta’mal alwajib

Example

αέΪϟ΍ ΐΘϜϳ yaktob addars

ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤόΗ ta’mal alwajib

Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn) Meaning

Would be

Eat breakfast/did not eat breakfast.

167

Example

έΎτϓϻ΍ Ϟϛ΄ϳ Ϣϟ

έΎτϓϻ΍ Ϟϛ΄ϳ

lam ya’kol aliftar

ya’kol aliftar

There is one important rule for negating present tense verbs using Ϣϟ which is: after Ϣϟ the verb should has sukoon on it, that is no vowels. The verb would be called majzoom ϡϭΰΠϣ. When a verb is ϡϭΰΠϣ and referring to the pronouns: Ϣϫ – ΎϤϫ – Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ we remove the ϥ from the verb. Look at the table below with verbs that have sukoon and come after Ϣϟ : all of them are in negation, that is they mean “did not do.” Transliteration

Lam af ’al Lam naf ’al Lam taf ’al

Verb

Pronoun

Ϟόϓ΃ Ϣϟ Ϟόϔϧ Ϣϟ ϞόϔΗ Ϣϟ

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃

Transliteration

Verb

Lam taf ’alee

ϲϠόϔΗ Ϣϟ ϼόϔΗ Ϣϟ ΍ϮϠόϔΗ Ϣϟ

Lam taf ’ala Lam taf ’loo

Pronoun

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃

To negate the sentences with verbs in the past tense we just add Ύϣ before the verb. Ύϣ does not make any changes in the sentence, the same as ϻ. Some examples are: Meaning

Would be

Did not write the lesson

Did not study for the test

Example

αέΪϟ΍ ΖΒΘϛ Ύϣ ma katabto adars

αέΪϟ΍ ΖΒΘϛ katabto addars

ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ Ύϣ ma darasat lilimtihan

ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ darasat lilimtihan

To negate sentences with future tense verbs, we add Ϧϟ lan before the verb and remove the letter ˰γ or ϑϮγ . For example: Meaning

I will not meet

I will not read

Would be

Example

ϞΑΎϗ΃ Ϧϟ ϞΑΎϗ΃ ϑϮγ lan oqabil

sawfa oqabil

΃ήϗ΃ Ϧϟ lan aqra’

΃ήϗ΄γ sa’qra’

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Lesson 12

To summarize negation: 1. To negate verbs in the continuous present tense use ϻ and the verb should have dhamma on it 2. To negate verbs in past tense use Ύϣ 3. To negate verbs in present tense use Ϣϟ and the verb should have sukoon, that is no vowels 4. To negate verbs in future tense use Ϧϟ and the verb should have fat-ha 5. To negate nominal sentences use βϴϟ and conjugate it according to the subject 12.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Negate the following sentences:

.βϣ΃ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ .ήϬη άϨϣ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ ϥϮϨϜδϳ Ϣϫ .΍ΪϏ Γ΍έΎΒϤϟ΍ ˯ϼϋ ΪϫΎθϴγ .΍άϳάϟ ΎϣΎόρ ϲΘΧ΃ ΖΨΒρ .έΎτϓϻ΍ ϊϣ ϱΎθϟ΍ ΏήθΗ ϥ΃ ϲϣ΃ ΐΤΗ .ϞϴϠϗ ΪόΑ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϨγ .΍ΪϏ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ϩΫΎΘγ΃ ϲϠϋ ϞΑΎϘϳ ϑϮγ .ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲΘΧ΃ ΖϠϘΘϧ΍ .ϦϳήϬη ϞΒϗ ϥΎϨΒϟ Ύϧέί .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥϮδϠΠϳ .Ύϧ΃ Ϧϣ ϑήόΗ ϲϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions without using negation:

ௐˮϙΫΎΘγ΃ ΍άϫ Ϟϫ ௐˮ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ΍ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ ΖγέΩ Ϟϫ ௐˮΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡϮϳ Ϛ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϊϣ ΝήΨΘγ Ϟϫ ௐˮϡϮϴϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ ΍ΫΎϣ ϦϴϓήόΗ Ϟϫ ௐˮΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍ Δγ΍έΩ ϲϓ ϲϧϭΪϋΎδΘγ Ϟϫ ௐˮϲϠϋ ϊϣ ωϮΒδϟ΃΍ ΔϠτϋ ϢΘϴπϣ΃ Ϟϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn)

169

12.4. Practice (see Answer Key) How would you ask or respond to the following in Arabic?

1. Where can you get a newspaper. 2. Your friend said, “I’ll visit you tonight!” 3. You want to buy a box of candy. 4. You are late to class. 5. You were busy working so you did not do your homewor.k 6. You need extra time to be ready. 12.5. Practice Read the following conversation between Ali and Othman:

Masa’ alkair. Good evening. Masa’ anoor ahlan wa sahlan. Good evening to you too. You are welcome. Ayna kont? Where were you ? Konto fee almala’ab limatha? I was at the sports field, why? Tariq kana yabhatho ank. Tariq was looking for you. Limatha? Hal yoreed shaya’n? Why? Does he need anything?

ήϴΨϟ΍ ˯Ύδϣ :ϲϠϋ ϼϬγ ϭ ϼϫ΃ .έϮϨϟ΍ ˯Ύδϣ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ˮ ΖϨϛ Ϧϳ΃ : ϲϠϋ ˮ΍ΫΎϤϟ .ΐόϠϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΖϨϛ :ϥΎϤΜϋ .ϚϨϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϥΎϛ ϕέΎρ : ϲϠϋ ˮΎΌϴη Ϊϳήϳ Ϟϫ ˮ ΍ΫΎϤϟ :ϥΎϤΜϋ

Yoreed an tadros ma’aho litosa’edaho fee maddat aloloom. He wants you to study with him to help him with his science.

Δόϣ αέΪΗ ϥ΃ ϙΪϳήϳ : ϲϠϋ ϡϮϠόϟ΍ ΓΩΎϣ ϲϓ ΓΪϋΎδΘϟ

Hasanan ayna howa al-an? Ok, where is he now?

ˮϥϵ΍ Ϯϫ Ϧϳ΃ .ΎϨδΣ :ϥΎϤΜϋ

Howa fee almaktabah. He’s at the library.

ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ Ϯϫ :ϲϠϋ

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Lesson 12

Conversation (continued) Sa’ath-hab ila almaktaba, hal toreed an tadros ma’ana? OK, I will go to the library. Do you want to study with us? La, oreed an ath-hab ila almat’am ana ja’e’. I want to go to the restaurant, I am hungry.

.ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΄γ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ˮΎϨόϣ αέΪΗ ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ Ϟϫ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΃ ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃ ϻ :ϲϠϋ ϊ΋ΎΟ Ύϧ΃ .ϢότϤϟ΍

Taal ma’ee ila almatabah nadros qaleelan wa nohil alwajib thomma nath-hab ma’an ila almata’am. Come with me to the library, study for a while, do the homework then go to the restaurant.

ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲόϣ ϝΎόΗ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ϢΛ ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞΤϧ ϭ ϼϴϠϗ αέΪϧ .ϢότϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ Ύόϣ ΐϫάϧ

Ana ja’e jidan wa oreed an aakol awalan thomma adros. I am very hungry, I want to eat first then study.

Ϟϛ΁ ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃ ϭ ΍ΪΟ ϊ΋ΎΟ Ύϧ΃ :ϲϠϋ αέΩ΃ ϢΛ ϻϭ΃

Hasanan taal linokgber tariq thomma nath-hab ila almata’m. Ok, lets go and tell Tariq then go to the restaurant.

ϕέΎρ ήΒΨϨϟ ϝΎόΗ . ΎϨδΣ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ϢότϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϧ ϢΛ

Fikrah jayyeda, haya bina. Good idea, let’s go.

ΎϨΑ Ύϴϫ .ΓΪϴΟ ΓήϜϓ : ϲϠϋ

Now answer the following questions:

ௐˮϥΎϤΜϋ ϥΎϛ Ϧϳ΃ ௐˮϥΎϤΜϋ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ Ϧϣ ௐˮϕέΎρ Ϊϳήϳ ΍ΫΎϣ ௐˮϕέΎρ ϭ ϥΎϤΜϋ αέΪϴγ Ϧϳ΃ ௐˮΐϫάϳ ϥ΃ ϲϠϋ Ϊϳήϳ Ϧϳ΃

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn)

171

12.6. Practice Please change into plural as in the example:

ΕΎϴϔΤλ / ϦϴϴϔΤλ

ϲϔΤλ ϡΎΤϣ ϥΎϨϓ ϖ΋Ύγ ΪϋΎδϣ ϢϤμϣ

αέΪϣ αΪϨϬϣ έΎΠϧ ϢϠόϣ ήϳΪϣ

12.7. Practice Connect the related words by writing the numbers in the parentheses:

Δϛήη ϞΟέ ˯Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ίέϷ΍ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ ϥϮϤϴϟ ήϴμϋ ϥΎΘδϓ ϊΑήϟ΍ ϻ΍ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΔϳΎϬϧ ϖϓ΍Ϯϳ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Δϳ΍ΪΑ Ώήθϳ ΦΒτϳ ΏέΎη ϡΎϨϳ ΖΒδϟ΍ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ κϴϤϗ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ξϓήϳ ϒυϮϣ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lesson 13

Γήθϋ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ The Effect of Islam on Arabic Culture

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ Ε΍ΩΎόϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϡϼγϻ΍ ήΛ΃ Athar alislam ala al’adat ala’rabiyyah

Objectives: 1. Weather and Nature 2. Grammar: Past, Present and Future Tense

3. Arabs and Religious Life 4. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Tathakar/ yatathakar

Remember

–

–

Opinion

–

– Ra’y

In your opinion –

– Fee ra’yik

Word

˸ήϛ͉ ά˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / ή˴ ϛ˷ ά˴ ˴Η ϱ΃˸ έ˴ Ϛ˸ ˶ϳ΃˸ έ˴ ϲϓ ΓέΎϤϋ˶

˸ Ε΍έΎϤ ϋ˶

Imara

ϖ˸ ˶Α΍Ϯ˴ρ

Tabiq

ϖ˸ ˶ΑΎρ

Mabna

ϰϨ˸Βϣ˴ ϕ˸ Ϊ˵ Ϩ˸ ˵ϓ ΔϘϳΪΣ˴

Building

Imarat

Floor (in a building or hotel)

Tawabiq

Building

Mabani

Hotel

Fanadiq

Park

Hada’iq

Consist

–

–

Takkawana (present tense) / yatakawan (past)

Move

–

–

Intaqala/ yantaqil

ϲϧΎΒϣ˴ ϕ˸ Ω˶ ΎϨ˴ϓ ϖ˸ ˶΋΍ΪΣ˴

Fondoq Hadiqa

ϥ˸ Ϯ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / ϥ˴ Ϯ˷ Ϝ˴Η ˸Ϟ˶Ϙ˴ΘϨ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ ˴Ϙ˴Θϧ΍

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Lesson 13 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Transfer/Move

–

– Naqala/yanqil

Suppose/Guess

–

– Thanna/yathon

Graduate

–

– Takharraja/yatakharraj

Think

–

– Fakkara/yofakir

Always

–

– Da’man

Empty

–

– Farigh

Full

–

– Malee’

Stay

–

– Aqama/ yoqeem

Achieve

–

–

Several

–

– Idda

Wrong

–

– Khati’

Correct, true

–

– Sahih

In fact, actually

–

– Fi alhaqiqa

Information

Ma’loomat

As for…

–

– Belnisbati lee

Horse

–

– Hisan

Camel

–

– Jamal

Soda

–

– Soda

Hobby

Hiwayart

Take a picture

–

˸ ΕΎϣϮϠ˸ όϣ˴

ΕΎϳ΍Ϯϫ˶ –

Haqaqa/ yohaqiq

Ma’looma

Hiwayah Sawwara/ yossawer

Word

˸Ϟ˶ϘϨ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ ˴Ϙ˴ϧ ˷ Ϧ˸ ˵ψ˴ϳ / Ϧυ ˸Ν͉ήΨ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / Ν˴ ή˷ Ψ˷ Η ˸ήϜ͋ ˴ϔ˵ϳ / ή˴ Ϝ͉ ˴ϓ ˱ ΎϤ˶΋΍Ω ύ˸ έΎϓ ˶ ˸ΊϴϠϣ˴ ˸ ϢϴϘ˵ϳ /ϡΎϗ˴΃ ˸ ϖϘΤ˴ ˵ϳ /ϖ͉ϘΣ˴ ΓΪ˷ ϋ˶ ˸ΊρΎΧ ˶ ˸΢ϴΤλ ˴ ΔϘϴϘΤ˴ ϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϣϮϠ˸όϣ˴ ˰˶ϟ ΔΒ˸δ˶ϨϟΎ˶Α ˸ Σ˶ ϥΎμ ˸ϞϤ˴ Ο˴ ΍ΩϮλ Δϳ΍Ϯϫ˶ έϮ͋ μ ˴ ˵ϳ / ˸έϮ˷ λ

The Effect of Islam on Arabic Culture (Athar alislam ala al’adat ala’rabiyyah) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Ride

–

– Rakiba/yarkab

Leisure

–

– Faragh

Authority

–

– assoltah

175

Word

˸ΐϛ˴ ˸ή˴ϳ / ΐϛ ˴ έ˴ ύ˸ ΍ή˴ϓ ΔτϠ˵˸ δϟ΍

Religious Life As explained earlier, regional variations exist in the Arab world. Islamic philosophies and interpretations change gradually from generation to generation and from one country to another, but there are some common beliefs shared among all. For Arabs, a religious affiliation is an essential part of life. Arabs respect other religious groups and practices but do not appreciate atheists or agnostics. Arabs tend to make their religious identity public by means of a head scarf and modest clothing for women. Additionally, almost all Arabs decorate their buildings, houses, cars and offices with ornaments and pendants inscribed with Qur’anic verses. They wear jewelry that has Qur’anic verses or with the word “Allah” engraved on it. It is common to see Arabs wearing necklaces holding miniature Qur’ans or hanging them in their cars. Businesses and residential buildings have the words “This is from Allah,” “In the name of Allah” or “Masha Allah” written in Arabic at the entrance. Even formal letters have the words “Bismillah ArRahman Ar-Rahim,” meaning “In the Name of Allah the Most Merciful, Most Compassionate” printed at the top of it, to symbolize that we start everything with the name of Allah. The same term is used at the beginning of speeches or when writing letters to friends and family. Additionally, the term is used at the beginning of a meal, starting a journey, going to bed or starting any task. Another common term used by all Arabs, both Muslims and non-Muslims, is “Inshallah,” meaning “If God wills” or “God willing.” It is used to discuss future events and to respond to requests. Instead of a clear yes, an Arab might say “Inshallah.” It is also used to indicate “Let me think about it” or to deflect additional requests. Sometimes and at home environment, parents might use “Inshallah,” to make their children stop asking for something. Arabs also respond first with alhamdulillah, meaning “thanks for Allah,” when they are asked, “How are you?” The “alhamdulillah” precedes the rest of the response that might be news or complaints. In general, Arabs believe that humans must worship Allah and follow His orders. Yet this does not mean that all Arabs are religious. Some follow Allah’s orders while others do not as the case in all religions.

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Lesson 13

Belief in Destiny One common belief is “fate,” or qadar in Arabic. Arabs believe that what happens in the world is controlled by Allah rather than by human beings or natural forces. They believe in the power of Allah and his authority over all things. They also believe everything that happens in the world is related to our behavior and is a consequence of our deeds; Arabs believe that our actions have a metaphysical effect on everything in the world. What we do is reflected on us. For example, natural disasters, earthquakes and volcanoes are not seen as meteorological or geological occurrences, but rather because of human behaviors. Some Westerners might view this as old-fashioned, superstitious, or even ignorant because they cannot relate to the Arab world view. Arabs think that these disasters happen because of our sins and straying from Allah’s orders. At the same time, when good things happen, such as rain when we need it, it is because we humans did something good and rain is a gift for us from Allah. This perception is applied to almost all events, whether related to nature or to regular daily events. If one’s car breaks down on the way to school, work or any other destination, it is because that person did something wrong. Arabs feel that Allah is watching everyone’s actions, and people will be punished or rewarded for their actions here in this life as well as in the hereafter. This is not to say, Arabs do not believe in science or environmental occurrences, they believe it happened because humans are doing something wrong and at the same time, they accept its scientific factors. Dependency on God often makes reactions to events much easier. For example, in the case of a death in the family, Arabs feel this is the will of Allah and they might not try to learn about the cause of death. Therefore, it is customary to bury the dead at the same day or the next day at the most. As part of believing in destiny, when a woman gets pregnant, it is a gift from Allah, and every child comes with his own livelihood. Abortion after forty days of pregnancy is prohibited in Islam so it is not an option. Muslims believe that after forty days in the mother’s womb the child is given a soul, so miscarriages are forbidden and are considered as killing a soul. Therefore, miscarriage is not a frequent practice in the Arab world. Hence, children are never considered a financial burden on the family. Nevertheless, some Arabs strive for good behavior in their daily lives because they fear Allah’s punishment. At the same time, others deviate completely from Islamic behavior and do whatever they please. Death Arabs view death as a family and community occasion requiring care and support from all family members and the larger community. When a person dies, Arab tradition encourages a quick burial with respect and dignity in a ritual called janaza. For Arabs, death means the person’s soul is sent to the afterlife for judgement. People present at the time

The Effect of Islam on Arabic Culture (Athar alislam ala al’adat ala’rabiyyah)

177

of death encourage the dying person to testify to their faith and recite verses from the Qur’an beside him. There is no need to call a cleric to perform these tasks. After death, a certified man for dead males and a certified woman for dead females cleans the body and wraps it in one piece of white cloth covering all the body. The white cloth represents the belief that all people are equal, coming into the world with no clothes and leaving with a simple white rag. It does not matter how rich or poor a person was in his life; all that counts are his actions and deeds. Janaza also involves visitation of family and close friends, prayer and unfettered expression of feelings and emotion. The body is taken to a cemetery for burial as soon as possible rather than waiting for several days, as is often customary in the United States. In addition, Arabs usually refuse autopsies unless necessary, because they consider autopsies to be disrespectful to the dead, and, regardless, death is the will of Allah. Sometimes, if an Arab immigrant dies in a Western country, his family may prefer him to be buried in his country of origin. In this case, they would permit embalming to be done so they can fly the body overseas for burial; however, cosmetic preparations are not accepted. The janaza prayer is announced to family, friends and community members. People are encouraged to attend a prayer and go to cemetery to attend the burial. Usually, people from the community would go and visit the closest family member for three days after the burial. Close friends would provide food for the family and their visitors and spend almost all their time with the sad family trying to comfort them. After three days, people would stop their visitation, but close friends and family members keep visiting for a while. The death of parents with small children is taken very seriously. The oldest adult brother or closest family member of the deceased takes full responsibility for the children. No legal papers or documentations are required. If the father dies, family members ensure the well-being of the survivors. For example, my father was the oldest of seven brothers. After the death of my grandfather, my father and the second-oldest brother were responsible for their mother and other brothers. They supported them financially and paid for their housing, daily expenses and even for university educations in different countries including Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey and Jordan. If the mother dies, then the paternal grandmother takes care of the children or the father marries someone who will help him take care of the children. Verbs in Present Tense: In Arabic, verbs are usually sited in the past tense because it is the simplest form of verbs. Therefore, to conjugate a verb in present or future we add suffix, prefix or both to the verb in the past tense to represent the person we are talking about, as explained earlier. Present tense verbs are verbs that describe actions that are not complete yet, but in the process. Verbs in the present tense are formed by adding a prefix, suffix or both. For example, look at the conjugation of the verb (write) ΐΘϛ , I wrote the prefixed and suffixed that apply to all verbs to make it easier for you

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Lesson 13

Prefix, suffix or both

Ϧϳ ϥ΍ ϥϭ

΃ ˰ϧ ˰Η ˰Η ˰Η ˰Η

Pronoun

Verb

Ύϧ΃ ΐΘϛ΃ ϦΤϧ ΐΘϜϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ ΐΘϜΗ Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ ϦϴΒΘϜΗ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϥΎΒΘϜΗ ϢΘϧ΃ ϥϮΒΘϜΗ

Prefix, suffix or both

ϥ΍ ϥ΍ ϥϭ

Pronoun

Verb

˰ϳ Ϯϫ ΐΘϜϳ ˰Η ϲϫ ΐΘϜΗ ˰ϳ ΎϤϫ (M) ϥΎΒΘϜϳ ˰Η ΎϤϫ (F) ϥΎΒΘϜΗ ˰ϳ Ϣϫ ϥϮΒΘϜϳ

Verbs in past tense: As you know, they are verbs describing actions that are completed or happened in the past. Unlike the present tense, only the end of the verb changes depending on who did the action. Look at the conjugation of this verb ήϛάΗ (remember) Suffix added

˵ Ε Ύϧ ˴ Ε Ε ˶ ΎϤΗ ϢΗ

Conjugation of the verb

Pronoun

˵ ΕήϛάΗ ΎϧήϛάΗ ˴ ΕήϛάΗ Ε ˶ ήϛάΗ ΎϤΗήϛάΗ ϢΗήϛάΗ

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζϧ΃ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃

Suffix added

Ε ˶ ΍ ΎΗ ΍ϭ

Conjugation of the verb

Pronoun

ή˴ ϛάΗ Ϯϫ ΕήϛάΗ ϲϫ ΍ήϛάΗ ΎϤϫ (M) ΎΗήϛάΗ ΎϤϫ (F) ΍ϭήϛάΗ Ϣϫ

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13.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Here is a list of verbs you studied in the past tense. Conjugate them and keep them handy to use when needed: Future Tense

Present Tense

Transliteration

Shariba Dakhala Kharaja Tabakha Fa’ala Rasama Shahada Thahaba Akala Amila A’rafa Qara’ Darasa Sakana Takkalama Samia’ Sa’ada Ista’jara ajjara

Past tense

Ώήη ϞΧΩ ΝήΧ ΦΒρ Ϟόϓ Ϣγέ ΪϫΎη ΐϫΫ Ϟϛ΃ ϞϤϋ ϑήϋ ΃ήϗ αέΩ ϦϜγ ϢϠϜΗ ϊϤγ ΪϋΎγ ήΟ΄Θγ΃ ήΟ΃

Meaning

Drank Entered Got out Cooked Did Drew Watched Went Ate Did Knew Read Studied Inhabited Spoke Heard Helped Rented Rented someone

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13.2. Practice (see Answer Key) How would you ask the following in Arabic?

1. Where can I rent a car? 2. What is the first word you learned in Arabic? 3. Do you like your school? Why? 4. What is your favorite hobby? 5. What was the most beautiful place you visited? 6. In your opinion, which is better: to buy a house or rent an apartment? 13.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb in parentheses to fit in the sentence:

.ϲδΑϼϣ (ή˷ϴϏ) ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃ .ΪϋϮϤϟ΍ Ϧϋ (ήΧ΄Η) Ϛϟάϟ ΓήϴΜϛ ΕΎΒΟ΍ϭ ϱΪϨϋ ϥΎϛ .ϥ΍Ϊϳήϳ Ύϣ Ϟϛ (ϖϘΣ) Ϣϟ ΎϤϫ ˮ (ϞϤϋ) ΍ΫΎϣ ˮϥΎϤϳ΍ (ϡΎϗ΃) Ϧϳ΃ ˮϥϵ΍ ϲΑήϋ ϢϠϴϓ (ΪϫΎη) ϥ΃ (ΐΣ΃) Ϟϫ Ϟϣ΃ .ϞϳϮρ ϡϮϳ ϞϤϋ ΪόΑ ΔΣ΍ήϟΎΑ (ήόη) Ύϧ΃ΪΑ .Ύόϣ (΃ήϗ) ϥ΃ ΐΠϳ ϭ ϢϬϣ ΏΎΘϛ ΍άϫ .ΎϳέϮγ ϲϓ ΔϠϴϤΟ ϭ ΓήϴΜϛ ϢϛΎϣ΃ (έ΍ί) Ϣϫ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ (βϠΟ) ΎϤϫ .ϞϤόϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϊΟήΗ ϥ΃ (Ω΍έ΃) ϲϣ΃ ˮΩϻϭ΃ Ύϳ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΔόγΎΘϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϞΒϗ (ϡΎϧ) Ϟϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

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13.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the word that does not belong to the group:

ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ – ΪϤΣ΃ – ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ – ϮϳΩ΍έ ς΋ΎΣ – Γήθϋ – ϙΎΒη – ΏΎΑ ϝΎΧ – Ϣϋ – ϥΎϤϳ΍ – Ώ΃ ΓέϮΘϛΩ – Ϣγ΍ – ΔϔυϮϣ – ΔϤϠόϣ ήτϗ – ΔόϣΎΟ – Ε΍έΎϣϻ΍ – ήμϣ Ϧϴϋ – ήόη – ϪΟϭ – ˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ ΩϮγ΃ – ϲΧ΃ – ξϴΑ΃ – ϕέί΃ ΡϮϟ - ΓέΎϤϋ – ΖϴΑ – ΔϘη 13.5. Practice Reading:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

(see Answer Key)

ϙΎϨϫ ϥ΃ ΔϘϴϘΤϟ΍ ϲϓ .˯΍ήΤλ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϟϛ ϥ΃ ϲϫ ϭ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔΌρΎΧ ΔϣϮϠόϣ ϙΎϨϫ ϲϓ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϙΎϨϫ ϼΜϣ .ϱέΎΤμϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΔϓΎοϻΎΑ έΰΟ ϭ ϝΎΒΟ ϭ ϥΎϳΩϭϭ έΎϬϧ΃ ϭ έΎΤΑ ΏϮϨΟ ϲϓ ΔΒϘόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΧ ϙΎϤϫ ϭ .ΔόΒδϟ΍ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϝϭΩ ϪϟϮΣ ϊϘΗ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΓήϳΰΠϟ΍ ϕήη Ϯϫ ϭ ϡΎθϟ΍ ΩϼΑ ϲϓ ςγϮΘϤϟ΍ ξϴΑϷ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϭ ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ϭ ήμϣ ϦϴΑ ήϤΣϷ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϭ ϥΩέϷ΍ Ϫϴϓ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΓήϳΰΠϟ΍ ϪΒη ϕήη ΏϮϨΟ ϲϓ ϊϘϳ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϭ .ϲδϠρϷ΍ ςϴΤϤϟΎΑ ϞμΘϣ ξϴΑϷ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϭ ήϤΣϷ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ςΑήΗ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ βϳϮδϟ΍ ΓΎϨϗ .ϥΎϤϋ˵ ΞϴϠΧ ϭ ΰϣήϫ ϖϴπϣ .ςγϮΘϤϟ΍ ΔϠΟΩ ήϬϧ ϭ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ΃ Ϯϫ ϭ ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ ϞϴϨϟ΍ ήϬϧ ϙΎϨϬϓ έΎϬϧϸϟ ΔΒδϨϟΎΑ Ύϣ΃ .ϥΩέϷ΍ ϲϓ ϥΩέϷ΍ ήϬϧ ϭ ϕ΍ήόϟ΍ ϲϓ Ε΍ήϔϟ΍ ϭ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϥΪϋ ΞϴϠΧ ϲϓ ΓήτϘγ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϞΜϣ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ έΰΟ Ύπϳ΃ ϙΎϨϫ .ϲΑήόϟ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϲϓ Γήϴμϣ ϞΒΟ ϭ ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ϲϓ ΕΎϓήϋ ϞΒΟ ϭ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ Φϴθϟ΍ ϞΒΟ ϞΜϣ ΓέϮϬθϣ ϝΎΒΟ ΓΪϋ Ύπϳ΃ ΪΟϮϳ ϭ .ςγϮΘϤϟ΍ ξϴΑϷ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϭ ϲδϠρϷ΍ ςϴΤϤϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ϕέΎρ ϲϓ ϯήΒϜϟ΍ ˯΍ήΤμϟ΍ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ ˯ΎϨϴγ ˯΍ήΤλ ϞΜϣ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ϱέΎΤλ ΪΟϮΗ Ϣόϧ ϭ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ϲϓ ΫϮϔϨϟ΍ ˯΍ήΤλ ϭ ΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ϝΎϤη

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Now answer the following questions:

ˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔΌρΎΨϟ΍ ΔϣϮϠόϤϟ΍ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ έΎϬϧ΃ ΪΟϮϳ Ϟϫ ˮϊϘϳ Ϧϳ΃ ˮϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ΃ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ΔϴΑήϋ έΰΟ ΔΛϼΛ ˯ΎϤγ΃ ΐΘϛ΍ ˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϊϘΗ ΔϟϭΩ Ϣϛ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Lesson 14

Γήθϋ ΔόΑ΍ήϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Sports in the Arab World

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔοΎϳήϟ΍ Alriyadda fee ala’lam ala’rabi

Objectives: 1. Animals 2. Grammar • Imperative Verbs • Negation of Imperative

3. Culture: Sports in Arab Cities 4. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Play

–

–

La’iba/ yala’b

Watch

–

–

Shahada/ yoshahid

Game/match

Mobarayat

Football

–

–

Korat alqadam

Basketball

–

–

Korat assallah

Volleyball

–

–

Korat atta’rah

Hand ball

–

–

Korat alyad

Tennis

–

–

Korat attawelah

Team

–

–

Fareeq

Win

–

–

Rabiha/ yarbah

˸ έ˴ ΎΒϣ˵ ΕΎϳ

Mobarah

Word

˸ΐό˴ Ϡ˸ ˴ϳ / ΐό ˴ ˴ϟ Ϊ˸ ϫ˶ Ύθ˵ϳ / Ϊ˴ ˴ϫΎη Γ΍έΎΒϣ˵ ϡ˸ Ϊ˴ ˴Ϙϟ΍ ˵Γήϛ˵ Δ˷Ϡδ˴ ϟ΍ ˵Γήϛ˵ Γή˶΋Ύτϟ΍ ˵Γήϛ˵ Ϊ˸ ˴ϴϟ΍ ˵Γήϛ˵ ˵Γήϛ˵ ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ˶ ϖ˸ ϳή˴ϓ ˸΢˴Α ˸ή˴ϳ / ΢Αέ˴

184

Lesson 14 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Lose

–

–

Khasira/ yakhsar

Train

–

–

Taddaraba/ yatadarrab

Trainer

–

–

Moddarib

Ball

Korat

Bat

Madharib

Dance

–

–

Raqasa/ yarqos

Dancing

–

–

Arraqs

Swim

–

–

Sabiha/ yasbah

Swimming

–

–

assibaha

Boxer

–

–

Molakim

Boxing

–

–

Molakamah

Decide

–

–

Qarrara/ yoqarrir

Spent

–

–

Qadha/ yaqdhi

Important

–

–

Mohim

Airplane

Ta’rat

Ship

Sofon

Cheap

–

–

Rakhees

Expensive

–

–

Ghali

Show

–

–

Isti’radh

Walk

–

–

Sara/ yaseer

˸ ϛ˵ Ε΍ή ˸ΏέΎπ ϣ˴ ˶

˸ ˶΋Ύρ Ε΍ή Ϧ˵ϔγ˵

Korah Madhrab

Ta’rah Safeenah

Word

˸ήδ˴ Ψ˸ ˴ϳ / ή˴ δΧ˴ ˸Ώ͉έΪ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / Ώ͉έΪ˴ ˴Η ˸Ώ ͋έ˴Ϊϣ˵ Γήϛ˵ ˸Ώή˴ ˸πϣ˴ κ˵ϗήϳ / ˸κϗ˸ έ˴ ˸κϗ˸ ή˴ ϟ΍ ˸΢˴Βδ˸ ˴ϳ / ˴ ΢Βγ˴ ΔΣΎΒδϟ΍ ˶ Ϣ˸ ϛ˶ ϼϣ˵ ΔϤϛ˴ ϼϣ˵ έή˴Ϙ˵ϳ / ˸έ͉ή˴ϗ ϲπϘ˴ϳ / ϰπ˴ϗ Ϣ˸ Ϭ˶ ϣ˵ Γή˶΋Ύρ ΔϨϴϔ͉γ ˸κϴΧέ˴ ϲϟΎϏ ˸ν΍ή˸ό˶Θγ˸ ˶· ˸ήϴδ˴ϳ /έ˴ Ύγ

Sports in the Arab World (Alriyadda fee ala’lam ala’rabi) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Respect

–

–

Ihtarama/ yahtarim

Close

–

–

Aghlaqa/ yoghliq

Draw

–

–

Rasama/ yarsom

Sent

–

–

Arsala/ yorsel

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Word

ϡ˸ ή˶ ˴Θ ˸Τϳ˴ / ϡ˴ ή˴ ˴ΘΣ΍ ϖϠϐ˵ϳ / ϖ˸ ˶ϠϏ˸ ˴΃ Ϣ˸ γ˵ ˸ή˴ϳ / Ϣ˸ γ˸ έ˴ ˸Ϟ˵γ ˸ή˴ϳ / ˸Ϟγ˴ ˸έ˴΃

Sports in the Arab World Sports in the Arab world, as in all parts of the world, are an important aspect of society as they represent a source of entertainment, encouraging teamwork and discipline while, and at the same time, providing a good source of income for the players. In almost all Arab countries, international games are watched via satellite broadcast while people wear their team’s or favorite player’s jerseys. Sports have gained a lot of attention in the Arab world. Looking back in history you will find many stories and legends regaridng sports. In the past, popular sports included hunting, falconry, camel and horse racing, archery and sailing. In one of the Prophet Mohammed’s sayings, he encouraged his followers to teach their children “swimming, archery and horse-riding.” Additionally, Islamic scholars encouraged people to exercise due to its benefits for the mind and body. One example is Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) who was a prominent Islamic theologian, jurist, and mystical thinker (Fates, 1994:26). Some examples of these traditional sports that are still practiced are: Fantasia, a combination of horse riding and shooting, still practiced in the Maghreb; Falcon hunting, traditional sailing, and camel racing, still popular in the Arabian Peninsula; Bullfighting in Oman and the UAE; traditional wrestling, known as Gourrara in Morocco, and Taabaz or Debli in Algeria; Kharbaga, kharbga (in the Maghreb), games of strategy that use a square checkerboard, known also as 1 “Seega” or “siga” in Egypt. The first Formula One World Championship racing event was held in Bahrain in 2004 and sponsored by Gulf Air. As for current sports, Egypt was the first Arab country to participate in international competitions. In 1934, Egypt participated in the FIFA World Cup, the first African country to do so. Al-Ahly and Zamalek are popular soccer teams in Egypt which are very well known throughout the Arab world. The Moroccan team won the African Cup of Nations in 1976 and also qualified four times, in 1970, 1986, 1994 and 1998, for the FIFA World Cup. 1 Festivals for the promotion of traditional games are organized in Morocco: http://www.mjs.gov.ma/fr/Page-32/ sauvegarde--des-jeux--sportifs-traditionnels

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As for other Arab countries in North Africa, such as Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, their participation in international sports started almost immediately after they gained independence from France. For example, Tunisia was liberated in 1956 and became a member of International Olympic Committee in 1957, Morocco joined in 1959 while Algeria became a member in 1964. Additionally, in 2010, the third Euro-Mediterranean Heritage Games was held in Tunisia. Although, the most popular game in Arab countries is soccer, there are other sports that are thriving as well. No one can ignore the inspiring performance of Moroccan athletes in Track and Field such as Nawel Moutawakel, who was the first Muslim women to win a gold medal at the Olympics, Saïd Aouita, Nezha Bidouane, Kalid and Brahim Boulami, Khalid Skah, Hasna Benhassi and Hicham Al-Guerrouj. In the Gulf region, many sports are held. For example, in 2006, the Asian Games competition was held in Doha, Qatar. Additionally, Qatar won the bid to host the FIFA World Cup in 2022 which is considered a historical win, not only for Qatar but the entire Gulf countries. In United Arab Emirates there are several popular sport centers as in: Dubai Sport City and Zayed Sports City in Abu Dhabi. Despite the heat and humidity in UAE, it became a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation in 2001 and they were the first to participate in the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) World Championship in Europe in 2009. As for Saudi Arabia, some members of the royal family are professional football players in Saudi Arabia team. Imperatives: As in other languages, there are four forms of Arabic verbs: past, present, future and imperative. As you know imperative is used for commanding or asking someone to do something. It is used with the second person as you should be talking to someone in front of you to ask him/her to do something. You can simply use the stem of the present tense verb, remove its prefix ( ˰ϳ or ˰Η) and add ΃ instead. There are five forms of imperatives depending on the person/ persons you are addressing. Usually imperatives start with an alif ΃ .

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Look at the conjugation of the verbs “write” and “go” below ϦΘϧ΃

ϢΘϧ΃

ϦΒΘϛ΍ Oktobna

΍ϮΒΘϛ΍ oktoboo

ϦΒϫΫ΍ Ith-habna

ΎϤΘϧ΃

ΎΒΘϛ΍ Okyoba

΍ϮΒϫΫ΍ Ith-habo

˴Ζϧ΃

Ζϧ΃

ϲΒΘϛ΍ Oktobee

ΎΒϫΫ΍ Ith-haba

ΐΘϛ΍ Oktob

ϲΒϫΫ΍ Ith-habee

ΐϫΫ΍ Ith-hab

14.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Ask the following groups of people to do the following:

1. Two people to sit down: 2. A man to write: 3. Two girls to study: 4. Mixed group of people to leave: 5. Group of girls to play: Negating Imperatives Negating imperatives is done by just using ϻ before the imperative verb, and in this situation it would mean “do not.” When using ϻ the verb should be in present tense. For example, we say: ΐϫάΗ ϻ la that-hab – βϠΠΗ ϻ la tajlis. Verbs after ϻ should have sukoon on them, that is they are not vowelled. 14.2. Practice (see Answer Key) How do you say this in Arabic?

1. Ask a woman not to forget her purse: 2. Tell your female friend not to give your phone number to Ali: 3. Tell students there is no class today: 4. Tell a boy not to throw his shoes: 5. Ask your female friends not to run and slow down:

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14.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb in parentheses into the imperative form:

(΃ΪΑ) .ϢϠϴϔϟ΍ ΓΪϫΎθϣ ΪόΑ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ήϴπΤΘΑ ( ϡΎϧ) .΍ήϜΒϣ Ϛϟάϟ ΍ΪϏ ήϴΜϛ ϞϤϋ ϙΪϨϋ (ΐϫΫ) .Ϟϣ΍ Ύϳ ϥϵ΍ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϻ (ϯήΘη΍) !ϞΤϤϟ΍ ΍άϫ Ϧϣ ΓΪϳΪΟ ΓέΎϴγ ϚϘϳΪλ ϭ Ζϧ΃ (Ώήη) .Ωϻϭ΃ Ύϳ ήϜδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϞϴϠϗ ϊϣ ϱΎθϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

14.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb in parentheses using negation into the imperative form:

(ΐϫΫ) .ϦϴϟϮϐθϣ ϢϜϧϷ ϢότϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ (ϞϘΘϧ΍) .ϲϠϋ ϭ ΪϤΣ΃ Ύϳ ήΒϛ΃ ΔϘη ϰϟ΍ (Ϟϛ΃) !ΩΎόγ Ύϳ ΔτϠδϟ΍ (Ώήη) .ϲ΋ΎϨΑ΃ Ύϳ ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ϞΒϗ ΍ΩϮμϟ΍ (΢Βγ) .ϥϵ΍ ΍ΪΟ ΩέΎΑ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϥϷ ΕΎϨΑ Ύϳ ήϬϨϟ΍ ϲϓ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

14.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Choose the correct word in parentheses:

ϲϓ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΎϤϫ ΖΒδϟ΍ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ (ΎϣϮϳ – ϡΎϳ΃ – ϡϮϳ) .ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ .Ϟϣ΃ Ύϳ ϥϵ΍ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϲΑήθΗ ϥ΃ (ΕΩ΍έ΃ – ϦϳΪϳήΗ – ΪϳήΗ) Ϟϫ .ϪϴΑ΃ ϞΜϣ (˯΍ήπΧ – ήπΧ΃) ϪϧϮϴϋ ΔϘη ϲϓ ϥΎϨϜδϳ ϥ΃ (΍ϭέήϗ – ΎΗέήϗ – ΍έήϗ) ϯΪϫ ϭ Ϟϣ΃ .Ύόϣ ΓΪΣ΍ϭ .βϣ΃ ϦϳήϜΒϣ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ (΍ϭΩΎϋ – ΍ΩΎϋ – ΩΎϋ) ϢϬόϴϤΟ

1.

2. 3. 4.

5.

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14.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Negate using βϴϟ

.ΎϤϬϣ .Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ Ϧϣ ωήγ΃ .ΎϤϫΪϳήΗ ΎϬϨϜϟ ϭ ϥΎμϴΧέ .ΔόϣΎΟ Ϟπϓ΃ ΎϬϨϜϟ ϭ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ΃ .ΔϠϴϤΟ ΎϬϨϜϟ ϭ ΔϴϟΎϋ

ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍άϫ ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ΔΒϴϘΤϟ΍ ϭ ϥΎΘδϔϟ΍ ΎϨΘόϣΎΟ ϝΎΒΠϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

14.7. Practice Conjugate the verbs in parentheses to fit the sentences:

.ΔϴοΎϳήϟ΍ ΕΎϨϳήϤΘϟ΍ (΃ΪΑ) ϭ ΐόϠϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϦϴΒϋϻ΍ ϒϗϭ .ΕΎόϣΎΠϟ΍ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ ΎϨΘόϣΎΟ ϖϳήϓ (΢Αέ) ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ ϲϓ (έΎγ) Ϧϳάϟ΍ ϦϴΒϋϻ΍ ν΍ήόΘγΎΑ Γ΍έΎΒϤϟ΍ Ε΃ΪΑ .ΔϴοΎϳήϟ΍ ϢϬδΑϼϤΑ .Ϫϟ Ύϣ΍ήΘΣ΍ (ϒϗϭ) ϦϴΒϋϻ΍ ϊϴϤΟ ΏέΪϤϟ΍ ϞΧΩ ϥ΃ ΪόΑ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΝήΨΘϳ ϥ΃ ΪόΑ ΎγέΪϣ ( ΢Βμϳ) .ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤϋ ϲϓ (ΪϋΎγ) ϥ΃ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ Ϧϣ ϲϠϋ ϭ ΪϤΣ΃ ΐϠρ .ΖϴΒϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΖΟήΧ ϥ΃ ΪόΑ ΏΎΒϟ΍ (ϖϠϏ΃) Ϟϫ .ϱΩϻϭ΃ Ύϳ ϲϣϼϛ ϰϟ΍ (ϊϤΘγ΍) .Δγ΍έΪϠϟ ϝϮρ΃ ΎΘϗϭ (Ϊϳήϳ) ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ .ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϠϴϤΠϟ΍ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ (ΪϫΎη) ϥΎΘϘϳΪμϟ΍

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

14.8. Practice Connect the related phrases by adding numbers in the parentheses:

ΔϠΌγϷ΍ Ϧϋ ήΤΒϟ΍ ΊρΎθϟ ΓέϮλ 70-50 ΔΤϔλ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍

( ) ( ) ( )

΍ϭ΃ήϗ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϊϤΘγ΍ ΐΟ΃

1. 2. 3.

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Lesson 14

ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϟΎγέ Ϟμϔϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ϥϮϔϠΘϟ΍ ΫΎΘγϷΎϣϼϛ

( ) ( ) ( )

Ϣγέ΍ Ϟγέ΍ ϞϤόΘδΗ ϻ

4. 5. 6.

Reading: 14.9. Practice Read the following conversation between friends:

Ϧϋ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ΍ϭ΃ΪΑ ϭ ϦΧΎδϟ΍ ϱΎθϟ΍ ΍ϮΒϠρ ϭ ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ΍ βϠΟ .ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΔϠϛ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ΖϴπϘϓ ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ Γ΍έΎΒϤϟ ΐϳέΪΗ ϱΪϨϋ ϥΎϛ :ΪϤΣ΃ ϝΎϗ ΏέΪΘϧ ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΒϫΫ ϢΛ ΎϤϨϴδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲΗήγ΃ ϊϣ ΎϤϠϴϓ ΕΪϫΎη Ύϧ΃ :ΪϤΤϣ ϝΎϗ .΍ΪΟ ΍άϳάϟ ϡΎότϟ΍ ϭ ϼϴϤΟ ϢϠϴϔϟ΍ ϥΎϛ .ϲϨϴλ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ .ΔϠ΋Ύόϟ΍ ϊϤΘΠΗ ΚϴΣ ϱΪΟ ΖϴΑ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϧ ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϲϓ :ϲϠϋ ϝΎϗ ΎϨόϣ ΙΪΣ ΎϤϋ ΙΪΤΘϧ ϭ Ϣϫ΅ΎϨΑ΃ ϭ ϲϟ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϲϣΎϤϋ΃ ϊϣ βϠΠϧ ϙΎϨϫ ήΗϮϴΒϤϜϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΐόϠϧ ϲΘϤϋ ˯ΎϨΑ΃ ϭ Ύϧ΃ βϠΠϧ ϢΛ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϝϼΧ ϰϠϋ ΎϨϘϳήϓ ίΎϓ Ϊϗ ϭ ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ ϥ΍ήϴΠϟ΍ Ωϻϭ΃ ϊϣ ΖΒόϟ Ύϧ΃ :ϝΎϤΟ ϝΎϗ ϭ ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΎϨϠϛ΃ ϭ ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ ϰϟ΍ ΎϧϮϋΩ ΪϘϓ Ϛϟάϟ ήΧϵ΍ ϖϳήϔϟ΍ . ϯήΧ΃ Γήϣ ΏέΪΘϧ ϭ ϲϘΘϠϧ ϥ΃ ΎϨϘϔΗ΍ ϭ ήΧϵ΍ ϖϳήϔϟ΍ Ω΍ήϓ΃ ϰϠϋ ΎϨϓήόΗ Answer the following:

ˮΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ΪϤΣ΃ ϰπϗ Ϧϳ΃

2.

ˮ˯ΎϗΪλϷ΍ βϠΟ Ϧϳ΃

1.

ˮϝΎϤΟ Ϟόϓ ΍ΫΎϣ

4.

ˮ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΪϤΤϣ Ϟϛ΃ Ϧϳ΃

3.

Sports in the Arab World (Alriyadda fee ala’lam ala’rabi)

191

14.10. Practice The teacher entered the class and gave the following instructions to students. Translate these instructions into Arabic using the imperative form:

1. Come to class on time. 2. Put your phone in your bag. 3. Don’t talk to students beside you. 4. Work on your assignment alone. 5. Don’t forget to write the date on your paper.

Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

Lesson 15

Arab Women

Γήθϋ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ Γ΃ήϤϟ΍ Almar’a al’arabiyyah

Objectives: 1. Shopping in Arab World 2. Grammar: Nouns Used as Adjectives (idafa and modaf ileeh)

3. Culture: Status of Arab Woman 4. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Word

ϞΑΎϘ˵ϳ / ˸Ϟ˴ΑΎ˴ϗ ϖ˸ ˶΋Ύγ ϡ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϧ ΓέΎΟ / ˸έΎΟ ϝ΍ί Ύϣ ϮϳΪ˸ ϴϓ ΎϤϨϴγ ΔϠ ˸Σέ˶

Meet

–

–

Qabala/yoqabil

Driver

–

–

Sa-iq

A sleep

–

–

Nawm

Neighbor

Jeeran

Still

–

–

Ma zala

Video

–

–

Vidyoo

Cinema

–

–

Sinema

Trip

Rihlat

Leave

–

–

Ghadara/ yoghader

έΩΎϐ˵ϳ / ˸έΩ˴ ΎϏ˴

Walking

–

–

Mashitan

˱ ΎϴηΎϣ ˶

ϥ΍ήϴΟ

ΕϼΣέ

Jar/ jarrah

Rihla

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Lesson 15 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Word

ΏΎϛ˷ έ˵

Rakeb

–

Siyahi

ΐϛ΍έ ϲΣΎϴ ˸ γ˶

˸έΎΛ΁

Athar

ή˴Λ˴΃

Passenger

Rokkab

Touristic

–

Monument / historical structures

Athar

Lose

–

–

Faqada/yafqid

Find

–

–

Wajada/yajid

Call

–

–

Itasala/yatasil

Send

–

–

Arsala/yorsel

Receive

–

–

Istalama/ yastalim

Letter

–

–

Risalah

Police

–

–

Ashortah

Center

Marakiz

Post office

Makatib albareed

Gas station

Mahataat albanzeen

Train station

Mahataat alqitar

Ticket

Tathaker

ΰϛ΍ήϣ ΐΗΎϜϣ ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΕΎτΤϣ ϦϳΰϨΒϟ΍ ΕΎτΤϣ έΎτϘϟ΍ ˸ήϛ˶ ΍ά˴Η

Markaz Maktab albareed

ΪϘϔϳ /Ϊ˸ ˴Ϙ˴ϓ ΪΠ˴ϳ /Ϊ˸ Ο˴ ϭ˴ ϞμΘϳ / ˸Ϟμ ˴ ͉Η· /Ϟ˴ γ˴ έ˴΃ ˸Ϟγ˶ ˸ή˵ϳ Ϣ˸ ˶Ϡ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ /Ϣ˴ ˴Ϡ˴Θγ΍ ΔϟΎγέ˶ Δρ ˸ήθ˵ ϟ΍ ΰ˸ ϛ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ Ϊ˸ ϳή˴Βϟ΍ ˵ΐ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴

Mahatat albanzeen

˸ Ϩ˸ ˶Βϟ΍ ˵Δ˷τΤ˴ ϣ˴ Ϧϳΰ

Mahatat alqitar

˸έΎτ˶Ϙϟ΍ ˵Δ˷τΤ˴ ϣ˴

Tathkirah

Γήϛ˴ ά˸ ˴Η

Arab Women (Almar’a al’arabiyyah) Meaning

Transliteration

Travel agency

Makateb/ safariyyat

Project

Masharee’

Continue

–

Period

–

Type

Anwa’

Pain

Aalaam

Practice

–

Fat

Dohoon

To increase

–

Plural

Transliteration

ΐΗΎϜϣ ΕΎϳήϔγ ϊϳέΎθϣ

Maktab safariyyat

195

Word

˸ ϳή˴ϔγ˴ ˸ΐ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ΕΎ˷

Mashroo’

ω˸ ϭήθ˸ ϣ˴

–

Istamara/ yastamer

˸ήϤ˶ ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ /͉ήϤ˴ ˴Θγ˸ ˶·

–

Moddah

ω˸ ΍Ϯϧ˸ ˴΃ ϡϻ΁ –

˸ Ω˵ ϥϮϫ –

Naw’ Alam Marasa/ yomares Dihn Kath-thara/ yokther

ΓΪ͉ ϣ˵ ω˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϧ Ϣ˸ ˴ϟ˴΃ /α ˴ έ˴ Ύϣ ˸αέΎϤ˵ ˶ ϳ Ϧ˸ ϫ˸ Ω˶ ˸ή˶ΜϜ˸ ˵ϳ /ή˴ ͉Μϛ˴

Arab Women and Veiling Arabs use the word hijab to refer to the veil that many Muslim women wear. The exact meaning of the word hijab is a garment or curtain that separates things. The hijab is a scarf covering the hair, neck and sometimes the shoulders, leaving the face uncovered, depending on how large a scarf the woman chooses or the style she prefers. This modest apparel covers the hair, trunk and limbs, but not necessarily the face. Most Muslim scholars understand Islamic veiling as covering the entire body except for the face 1 and hands (Stowasser, 1993, p. 17 ). There is also the niqab, which is a small piece of cloth that women may use in addition to the hijab to cover their faces, leaving an opening for the eyes. Yet head coverings are not exclusive to Islamic tradition. Throughout history, women have covered their hair for several reasons, including religious beliefs, a mark of social status, cultural traditions or fashion statements. The first records of veiling go back to the thirteenth century 1 Stowasser, B., 1993, “Women’s issue in Modern Islamic Thought,” in Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers, ed. Judith E. Tucker, Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, p. 17

196

Lesson 15

BC in Assyria. To differentiate themselves from women of a lower social status, noblewom2 en began to cover their hair (Cross-Cultural Head Coverings, p. 1 ). Veiling was practiced in Mesopotamia, Greece, ancient Persia, and pre-Islamic Arabia (Scarce, 1975, p. 5-6). In medieval times, to wear a veil meant “to become a nun” or “to enter a convent” (Oxford English Dictionary 2, 1971, p. 3599). In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, covering women’s hair was associated with modesty and respectability. This is clear in Judaism and Christianity, in that all representations of Mary, the mother of Jesus, show her wearing a head covering and a 3 long, loose dress. Christian women used to cover their hair in public (Yohannan, 2011 ), and it is still quite common to see elderly non-Muslim women in Europe wearing headscarves, especially in Russia. Today, head or hair coverings for religious reasons are most frequently associated with Muslim women, Catholic nuns, and Amish and Mennonite women. In addition, some Jewish sects require married women to wear scarves as a sign of modesty. These scarves are known as 4 tichels or snoods (Elisabet, 1997 ). Currently, married women in some Near East countries wear a veil as an announcement that their beauty and magnetism are only for their husbands and they will not expose themselves to other men, which is precisely why Muslim women wear veils. In the Qur’an, Allah told the Prophet: “O Prophet, tell your wives, your daughters, and the womenfolk of the believers to draw their hijab close about them. That is most appropriate so that they be recognized and not be molested. God is forgiving and merciful” (33:59). Some might say that this order is for the Prophet’s wives only, but that is not the case. For Muslims, all orders and practices of the Prophet apply to all Muslims to imitate and follow. In another chapter of the Qur’an, Allah says: “Tell the female believers that they should lower their gaze, guard their chastity, to reveal of their adornments only that which is apparent, and to cast their veils over their bosoms” (24:31). This is a clear admonishment for Muslim women to practice modesty. Muslim or not, however, because of the Islamic influence in Arab countries, many but not all Arab women wear modest clothing, whether European or traditional, when going out in public. Of course, not all Arab women cover their hair, but veiling is widespread in all Arab countries. The difference lies in the degree of how much of her body a woman should cover. In all Arab countries, one can see women wearing the abaya with their heads and faces covered, walking side-by-side with women wearing tight, colored dresses or pants. Some restrictions exist in Saudi Arabia and in rural areas, but there is a vast array of veils with assorted colors and styles in use by women. 2 Cross-Cultural Head Coverings, Created by the Center for South Asian & Middle Eastern Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Retrieved from: http://www.csames.illinois.edu/documents/outreach/Cross-Culture_Head_Coverings.pdf 3 Yohannan, K., 2011, Head Coverings, What the Bible Teaches about Head Coverings for Women, Believers Church Publications 4 Elisabet, 1997, On Account of the Angels: Why I Cover My Head, Orthodox Christian Information Center, From the Spring 1997 issue of The Handmaiden, Conciliar Press, retrieved from: http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/headcoverings.aspx

Arab Women (Almar’a al’arabiyyah)

197

Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, the process of forsaking the veil in the Arab world started first with Christian and Jewish Arab women due to a strong European influence. In Beirut in 1890, Christian women had abandoned the veil 5 (Baer, 1964, p. 42 ); however, the abandonment of the hijab by Muslim women started much later. The earliest occurrences of Muslim women abandoning the hijab took place in Turkey, which is not an Arab country. In the nineteenth century, upper-class women started to wear European-inspired clothing as a sign of modernization. Initially they wore European styles indoors while keeping the face covering when outdoors. Later, they started to wear thin, transparent face veils exposing 6 their features (Micklewright, 1986, p. 217 ). The second step in abandoning the hijab took place in the early twentieth century, with some Turkish women wearing “European-style face veils 7 that were attached to large European-style women’s hats” (Norton, 1997, p. 155 ). Following that, Egyptian women were the first Arab women to forsake the hijab. In the middle of the twentieth century, many Muslim women stopped wearing the hijab, which invited Oxford historian Albert Hourani to publish an article in the UNESCO Courier titled “The Vanishing Veil a Challenge to the Old Order” in 1956. In his article, he described the disappearing hijab 8 in many Arab countries (Hourani, 1956, p. 35-37 ). However, there is another phenomenon taking place, which is the return of hijab or veiling in its different forms. As an interesting side note, most of the time Western media describe the hijab using words niqab or burqa. Both niqab and burqa refer to an extra piece of cloth worn to cover the nose and mouth but keep the eyes uncovered. However, burqa is an Afghani word for a cloth that covers the whole body. Although it is a Muslim country, Afghanistan is not an Arab country, and the Afghani burqa is not an accurate term to describe the head covering used by Arab women. Nouns Used as Adjectives—Idafa-modaf ileeh: Idafa is a fundamental structure in Arabic. Idafa is the same as “annexation” in English. It is the ownership or possession. Simple idafa is when two nouns following each other while the second noun is identifying the first or explaining what it is. Usually the second noun is definite or proper noun. The first noun is called ϑΎπϣ meaning “added” and the second is called Ϫϴϟ΍ ϑΎπϣ meaning “added to it.”

5 Baer, G., 1964, Population and Society in the Arab East (Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1964), p. 42. 6 Micklewright, N., “Women’s Dress in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Mirror of a Changing Society” (Ph. D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1986), p. 217. 7 Norton, J., 1997, “Faith and Fashion in Turkey,” in Languages of Dress in the Middle East, ed. Nancy Lindisfarne-Tapper and Bruce Ingham, London, Curzon Press, 1997, pp. 155-157 8 Hourani, A., 1956, “The Vanishing Veil a Challenge to the Old Order.” UUNISCO Courier, January 1956, 35-37.

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Lesson 15

Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

The niece

Bint al-akh

My niece

Bint akhee

Students of the class

Tollab assaf

Students of my class

Tollab saffee

The book of my teacher

Kitab mo’alimee

Example

ΥϷ΍ ΖϨΑ ϲΧ΃ ΖϨΑ ϒμϟ΍ Ώϼρ ϲϔλ Ώϼρ ϲϤϠόϣ ΏΎΘϛ

When the idafa is dual or plural then it loses the na in it as in: ϦϴϤϠόϤϟ΍ ΎΘϓήϏ or ϦϴΒϟΎτϟ΍ ΎΗέΎϴγ You may realize that the construction of Idafa exists in English language too. Some examples are: cat food, post office, mail man, school bus or fire truck. Simple idafa is when we have two nouns connected while complex idafa is when we have more than two nouns as in: ϱΪϟ΍ϭ Ϣϋ ϦΑ΍ ....... ibn a’m walidee Please note that the ta marbuta Γ – Δ˰˰ should be pronounced all the time when it appears in all the nouns in idafa except on the final noun of idafa as in: ϖθϣΩ ΔϨϳΪϣ Madinat Dimashq – Ύϧϭΰϳέ΃ Δϳϻϭ ΔόϣΎΟ jame’at Wilayat arizona 15.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Translate the following using idafa. Please note that idafa defines the first noun:

1. The classroom windows are big. 2. The college of Science is close to my house. 3. He lost his car keys. 4. Ahmad’s bicycle is in the parking lot. 5. The newspaper is on the teacher’s desk.

Arab Women (Almar’a al’arabiyyah)

199

15.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Put a check mark beside the correct sentences and correct the wrong ones. Keep in mind the idafa and noun-adjectives agreement:

.ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϢϳΪϘϟ΍ ΏϮγΎΤϟ΍ .ΐΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϴΑήϋ ΓΫΎΘγϷ΍ .ϊγ΍ϭ ΪϳΪΠϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ .ΔϤϳΪϘϟ΍ ΓέΎϴγ ϲΧ΃ ΪϨϋ .ΔϤϳΪϗ ΓέϮλ έ΍ΪΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔΒϴϘΤϟ΍ ϲϓ Γήϴϐλ ΢ϴΗΎϔϤϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

15.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Write whether the following is idafa or noun and adjective:

: ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΏΩϷ΍ : ΔϴϟΎϋ Γέ΍ήΣ : ΓήϴΒϛ ΔϠ΋Ύϋ : Ώ΍Ωϵ΍ ϭ ϡϮϠόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϛ : ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ΍ ΓΪΤΘϤϟ΍ ΕΎϳϻϮϟ΍ : ΔΒϳήϗ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ : ϢϳΪϗ ωέΎθϟ΍ : ϝϭϷ΍ ϡϮϴϟ΍ : ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ΔΒΘϜϣ : ΙϼΜϟ΍ Ε΍ϮΧϷ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

15.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Write whether the following is idafa or noun and adjective:

.ωέΎθϟ΍ ϲϓ (ήϤΣ΃ – Γήϴμϗ – ΓήϴΜϛ) Ε΍έΎϴγ ϙΎϨϫ .΍ήϴΜϛ ΔΗϻϮϛϮθϟ΍ (ΐΣ΃ – ΐΤϳ – ϥϮΒΤϳ) Ϣϫ .ϒΤΘϤϟ΍ ΪΟ΃ Ϧϳ΃ (ϥϮϓήόΗ – ϦϴϓήόΗ – ϑήόΗ) ϻ ϲϫ

1. 2. 3.

200

Lesson 15

.˯Ύδϣ Ϟϛ ϕέϮϟ΍ ΐόϠϧ (ϦΤϧ – Ζϧ΃ – Ύϧ΍) .ήϬψϟ΍ ΪόΑ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ (˯ΎΘθϟ΍ – Γ΍έΎΒϤϟ΍ – αέΪϟ΍) ϲϬΘϨϴγ .ΎόΑέ (ϻ΍ – ϞΒϗ – ΪόΑ) ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ Ύόϣ ΙΪΤΘϨγ .(ήΘϓΪϟ΍ – ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ΍ – ΔοΎϳήϟ΍) ϰϟ΍ ωΎϤΘγϻ΍ ΐΤϳ ϻ ϲϠϋ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΎϬΗέΎΟ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ (ΖΑήη – ϦϴΑήθΗ – ΏήθΗ) ϲϣ΃ .Δϓήϐϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΖΟήΧ ϭ ΎϬΘΒϴϘΣ ΔΒϟΎτϟ΍ (ϦϳΎϤΤΗ – ϞϤΣ – ΖϠϤΣ) .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ (ϥϭ΃ήϘϳ – ϥ΁ήϘϳ – ΃ήϘϳ ) Ϣϫ 15.5. Practice

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

(see Answer Key)

Here are some places in the Arab world. Identify the idafa ones and circle them:

Φϴθϟ΍ ϞΒΟ ϞϴϨϟ΍ ϱΩ΍ϭ ϲδϠρϷ΍ ςϴΤϤϟ΍ ΔΒϘόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΧ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

ήϤΣϷ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ΔϠΟΩ ήϬϧ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ΓέΎϗ ϯήΒϜϟ΍ ˯΍ήΤμϟ΍

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

15.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Using the new vocabulary in this lesson fill in the blanks:

– ΕΎϳήϔδϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ - ΰϛήϣ Δρήθϟ΍ – ϦϳΰϨΒϟ΍ ΔτΤϣ - ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ -ϕϮδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϔδϟ΍ ήϛ΍άΗ ϱήΘθϧ 1. Ϧϣ ϦϳΰϨΒϟΎΑ ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ϼϤϧ 2. Ϧϣ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϱήΘθϧ 3. ϲϓ Ϟ΋Ύγήϟ΍ Ϟγήϧ 4. ϲϓ ΖϠμΗ΍ ϭ ϲΗέΎϴγ ΕΪϘϓ 5.

Arab Women (Almar’a al’arabiyyah)

201

15.7. Practice Reading:

Ϧϣ ϊγ΍ϭ ΖϴΑ ϲϓ ϪΘΟϭί ϭ Ϯϫ ϦϜδϳ .ΔϨγ 65 ϩήϤϋ ΪϤΣ΃ ϲϤϋ ΔϓήϏ ϭ αϮϠΠϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ Γ ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ ΪΠϳ ϝϭϷ΍ ϖΑΎτϟ΍ ϲϓ .ϦϴϘΑΎρ ϡϮϧ ϑήϏ ΙϼΛ ΪΟϮϳ ϲϧΎΜϟ΍ ϖΑΎτϟ΍ ϲϓ ϭ .ϡΎϤΣ ϭ ήϴΒϛ ΦΒτϣ ϭ Γήϔδϟ΍ ΍ϮΟϭΰΗ ϭ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϪΗΎϨΑ ϭ ϩΩϻϭ΃ ΝήΨΗ .ΐΘϜϣ ΔϓήϏ ϭ ϦϴϣΎϤΣ ϭ .ΖϴΒϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΍ϮΟήΧ Ϛϟάϟ ΖϴΑ ϰϟ΍ ϞϘΘϨΗ ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ ϭ ύέΎϓ ϭ ήϴΒϛ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϥ΃ ϲϤϋ ΔΟϭί ϝϮϘΗ ϰϟ΍ ϦϴΘϓήϏ ϭ΃ ΔϓήϏ ήΟΆϨγ ϝϮϘϳ ϭ ϞϘΘϨϳ ϥ΃ Ϊϳήϳ ϻ ϲϤϋ ϦϜϟ .ήϐλ΃ .ωϮοϮϤϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ ϥϭήϜϔϳ ΍Ϯϟ΍ί Ύϣ Ϣϫ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ΔΒϠρ ϭ ϥϮδϠΠϳ ϭ Ύόϣ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΍ϮΨΒτϳ ϥ΃ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϪΘΟϭί ϭ ϲϤϋ Ϟϛ ήϳϮμΗ ϭ ήϔδϟ΍ ϥϮΒΤϳ Ύπϳ΃ Ϣϫ .ΎϤ΋΍Ω ϢϬ΋ΎϨΑ΃ Ϧϋ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ΎϬϴϓ ϲΘϟ΍ Ε΍ϮϳΪϴϔϟΎΑ ΔΌϴϠϣ ΔΒΘϜϣ ϢϫΪϨϋ .ΎϬϧϭέϭΰϳ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔϠϴϤΠϟ΍ ϖρΎϨϤϟ΍ .ϢϬΗϼΣέ Answer the following:

ˮϪΘϴΑ ϲϓ ϖΑΎρ Ϣϛ ˮΖϴΒϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΓΩϻϭ΃ ΝήΧ ΍ΫΎϤϟ 15.8. Practice

ˮΪϤΣ΃ ϲϤϋ ήϤϋ Ϣϛ 4. ˮϲϧΎΜϟ΍ ϖΑΎτϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ ˮϪΘΟϭί ϭ ϲϤϋ Ϟόϔϳ ϥ΃ ΐΤϳ ΍ΫΎϣ 2.

1. 3. 5.

(see Answer Key)

Rearrange the following words to form meaningful sentences:

- ΃ΪΒϴγ – ΔϨγ – ωϭήθϤϟ΍ ΓΪϤϟ – ήϤΘγ΍ – ϦϴΘϋΎγ – ϢϠϴϔϟ΍ ϲϓ – ϥΎϨΒϟ – ϥϮπϘϴγ – ϡΎϳ΃ – Γήθϋ ˯˱ Ύϣ – ˱΍ήϴΜϛ – ϲΑήη΍ ϭ – ϲϠϤόΘγ΍ – ΍άϫ – ˯΍ϭΪϟ΍ ϲϓ – ϱΪϨϋ - ϲγ΃έ - Ϣϟ΃ 2020

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

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ΎϬϋ΍Ϯϧ΃ – ϥϮΒΤϳ – ϊϴϤΠΑ – Ϣϫ – ΔοΎϳήϟ΍ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟ΍ – ϞϤόϳ – Δϛήη – Ϯϫ – ήϳΪϣ Ϧϣ – ϱήΜϜΗ – ϥϮϫΪϟ΍ – ϻ ϭ – ϲϠϛ – Ϫϛ΍Ϯϔϟ΍ ϭ – έΎπΨϟ΍ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

6. 7. 8.

Lesson 16

ήθϋ ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Marriage in the Arab World

Ώήόϟ΍ ΪϨϋ Ν΍ϭΰϟ΍ Azzawaj enda al’arab

Objectives: 1. Health Symptoms and General Medical Conditions 2. Grammar: kana wa akhawatoha 3. Culture: Marriage in the Arab World

4. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

People

–

–

Nas

Yesterday

–

–

Ams

Tomorrow

–

–

Ghadan

Day

Ayam

Coming

ϡΎϳ΃

Yawm

–

–

Qadim

Past

–

–

Madhi

Present

–

–

Hadher

Future

–

–

Mostaqbal

Airport

Matarat

Sit

–

–

Jalasa/ yajlis

Arrive

–

–

Wasala/ yasil

˸ Ε΍έΎτ ϣ˴

Matar

Word

˸αΎϧ ˸βϣ˸ ˴΃ ˱΍ΪϏ˴ ϡ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ϡ˸ Ω˶ Ύϗ ϲοΎϣ ήοΎΣ ϞΒϘΘδϣ ˸έΎτϣ˴ ˸β˶Ϡ ˸Π˴ϳ /β ˴ ˴ϠΟ˴ ˸Ϟμ ˴ ϭ˴ ˶ ˴ϳ /Ϟ˴ λ

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Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Accident

Hawadith

Cup

Akwab

ΙΩ΍ϮΣ Ώ΍Ϯϛ΃

Pharmacy

–

–

Saydaliyah

Medicine

–

–

Dawa’

Sunstroke

–

–

Dharbat shams

Cold

–

–

Bard

Flu

–

–

Inflowanza

Fever

–

–

Homma

Blood pressure

–

–

Dhaght addam

Diabetic

–

–

Sokkari

Allergy

–

–

Hasasiyyah

Headache

–

–

Soda’

Sick

Mardha

Disease

Amradh

Smoking

–

–

Tad-kheen

Weight

–

–

Wazn

Pill

–

–

Habbat dawa’

Decrease

–

–

Inkhifad

Suffering

–

–

Mosab

Necessary

–

–

Men allazim

Probably

–

–

Men almohtamal

ϰοήϣ˴ ν΍ήϣ˴΃

Hadith Koob

Mareedh Maradh

Word

˸ Ω˶ ΎΣ Ι ˸ΏϮϛ Δ˷ϴϟΪ˴ ϴλ ˴ ˯΍ϭ ˸ Ω˴ ˸βϤ˸ η˴ ˵ΔΑ ˸ήο ˴ Ω˸ ˸ή˴Α ΍ΰϧ˸ Ϯ˴ Ϡ˸ ˶ϔϧ˸ · ϰϤ˵Σ ˸ ϐ˸ ο ϡ˸ Ϊϟ΍ ς ˴ ˸ϱήϜ͉ γ˵ Δ˷ϴγΎδΣ˴ ω˸ ΍Ϊ˵λ ˸ξϳήϣ˴ ˸νή˴ ϣ˴ ˸ Ϊ˸ ˴Η ϦϴΧ ϥ˸ ί˸ ϭ˴ ˯΍ϭ ˸ Ω˴ ˵Δ˷ΒΣ˴ ˸νΎϔΨ˶ ϧ˸ ˶· ˸ΏΎμϣ˵ ϡ˸ ίϼϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˶ ϞϤΘΤϤϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶

Marriage in the Arab World (Azzawaj enda al’arab) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

205

Word

Stomach

–

–

Batn

Foot

–

–

Qadam

˸ ˴Α Ϧ˸ τ ϡ˸ Ϊ˴ ˴ϗ

Fracture

–

–

Kasr

˸ή˸δϛ˴

Transport

–

–

Naql

˸Ϟ˶Ϙ˴ϧ

Marriage One of the primary foundations of Arab society is marriage. From an early age, whenever a child does something good, it is customary to praise him with a wish for a happy married life and wish that parents live long enough to see their children’s weddings and enjoy their grandchildren. The age of marriage differs from one region to another. In the past, girls and boys married in their teenage years. However, now most parents encourage their children to finish their studies with a university degree and have well-established careers before getting married. According to a United Nations World Fertility Report in 2003, in the 1970s about forty percent of women in Kuwait and Libya were married by the age of fifteen to nineteen. However, by 1990 this percentage had dropped to five percent. Women now tend to marry in their late twenties or early thirties. Although less common overall today, early marriages are still prevalent in Yemen, Oman, rural areas in Egypt and Palestine in Gaza (Rashad, H., Osman, M. & Roudi-Fahimi, F., 2005). Additionally, women now tend to have jobs, which has changed the role of women and marriage trends. One common Western perception is that first-cousin marriages are the norm in the Arab world. Looking through history reveals that marriage between close biological relatives is not an Arab tradition, and the practice predates Islam. First cousin marriage goes back to the Greeks and Romans. Even in more recent history, members of royal families in Europe often married cousins because traditionally they were not allowed to marry non-royals, because they are from a lower status. Recently, members of royal families have permission to marry 1 for love and not just for status (Sennels, 2010 ), thereby allowing them to marry non-royals and reducing first-cousin marriages. First-cousin marriages are still popular in some areas of the Middle East, Africa, the United 1 Sennels, N., 2010, Muslim Inbreeding: Impacts On Intelligence, Sanity, Health and Society. Islam under Scrutiny, Australian Islamist Monitor. Retrieved from: http://islammonitor.org/index.php?option=com_con-

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Kingdom and Australia. However, parts of Europe, China, and the United States prohibit 2 these marriages (Bittles, 1994 ). Permission and prohibitions also vary from one religion to the next. First-cousin marriage is permitted in Islam and Buddhism but forbidden by “Christian Orthodox churches and require special permission for members of the Roman Catholic Church” (Shareen Joshi, Sriya Iyer & Quy Toan Do, p. 1). Marriage rates between close relatives range “from 30-50% in Middle Eastern countries, 20-40% in North Africa, and 10-20% in South Asia” (Kapadia, 1958: 117-137; Naderi, 1979; Maian and Mushtaq, 1994; Bittles, 1998; Bittles, 2001; Bittles, 2008). First-cousin marriage was encouraged in the past because daughters get a percent of the inheritance, so and to keep the property in the family it was the norm. Researchers explain that marriage between cousins was encouraged to mainly preserve cultural values, secure a family’s wealth, strengthen family relationships and develop closer bonds between a wife and her 3 in-laws (Conniff, 2003 ). Bittles and Hussain confirm these reasons and add that first-cousin marriages would reduce the possibilities for conflict and sometimes reduce dowry payments (Bittles, 1994; Hussain, 1999). The larger the family or clan, the more control they would have over land and wealth, and consequently the more powerful they would be, especially in rural societies as almost all Arab countries were in the past. The percentage of first-cousin marriage reaches ninety percent among Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, compared with forty 4 percent in all other Arab countries (Teebi, 1997 ) and ten percent worldwide (Kershaw, Sarah, 5 2009 ). Marriage between relatives of the same family, not only first cousin, is high in Saudi Arabia, Libya and Sudan. Marriage of a relative does not mean arranged marriages, it might be because the couple see each other a lot in family occasion and fell in love. Islam neither encourages nor prohibits first-cousin marriages. Although the Prophet Mohammed did not forbid Muslims from practicing it, he advised against it, as children of first-cousin marriages might have genetic disorders. Scientists have shown that children of first-cousin marriages do indeed have double the risk (six percent) of genetic diseases, as opposed to three 6 percent for children whose parents are genetically not related (Paul DB, Spencer HG, 2008 ). First-cousin marriage was a cultural norm but with decreased tribal influence in modern Arab culture, this practice is disappearing. Young people today usually refuse first-cousin marriages because they consider their cousins to be like sisters or brothers rather than future spouses. In Islam, marriage is the only accepted way to produce children and replenish the earth, as family is considered the basic unit of society. The Prophet Mohammed said, “Marriage is

2 3 4 5 6

tent&view=article&id=3910:muslim-inbreeding-impacts-on-intelligence-sanity-health-and-society&catid=294:social-practices-interactions&Itemid=61 Bittles, AH (1994), “The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable,” Population and Development Review, 561‐584. Conniff, R. (2003), Go Ahead Kiss Your Cousin, Heck, marry her if you want to, August issue, Discover science for the curious from: http://discovermagazine.com/2003/aug/featkiss Teebi, A.S., Farag, T.I., eds. 1997, Genetic Disorders Among Arab Populations, New York: Oxford University Press. Kershaw, S., 2009, “Shaking Off the Shame.” The New York Times, Nov. 26, P. D1 Paul DB, Spencer HG (2008) “It's Ok, We’re Not Cousins by Blood”: The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective. PLoS Biol 6(12): e320. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060320

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207

my Sunnah (divinely guided way of life). Whoever is displeased with my Sunnah is not from among us” (Al-Bukhari, Vol. 7, pp. 1-2, # 1). This is to say that marriage is designed to protect people against immortality, and it is highly appreciated and encouraged in Islam. In many hadith, he asked men to be gentle and kind to their wives. One such hadith is: “The most perfect believer in faith is the best of them in character and the best of you in character is he who is best to his family” (At-Tirmithi, Vol. 1, pp. 340, # 928). Another hadith is: “Fear Allah in dealing with your women because you have taken them in your trust by Allah’s permission...” (Muslim, Vol. 2, pp. 615-6, # 2083). Two verses from the Qur’an are: “And women have right corresponding to the obligations on them, according to what is equitable…” (2:228) and “… Live with them (women) in equity….” (4:19). Traditionally, the groom, with the support of his family, is responsible for marriage expenses as: ceremonies, bridal gifts, housing and paying a dowry for the bride. The festive culture surrounding the marriage, makes it costly and in some cases as an economic burden on the groom. One popular culture in wedding is to invite all relatives, neighbors and friends to the wedding. The attendees would be in hundreds of numbers and dinner should be served for all. To conclude this section, in the Arab world, marriage is the norm as pre-marital relations are not allowed and considered shameful.

Grammar: Kana wa akhawatoha ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥΎϛ The verb ϥΎϛ in Arabic is almost the same as the verb “to be” in English. It is used to state actions in the past. ϥΎϛ is conjugated like other verbs, according to the subject it is describing. It means was and it is used to mean that the whole sentence happened in the past. If we want to describe things in the future we may use ϥϮϜϴγ . It is conjugated as all other verbs as it has its forms in present, past and future tense. An example is: Future

ϲΒΘϜϣ ϲϓ ϥϮϛ΄γ Sa’koono fee maktabi

Past

ϲΒΘϜϣ ϲϓ ΖϨϛ Konto fee maktabi

Present

ϲΒΘϜϣ ϲϓ ϥϮϛ΃ Akoon fee maktabi

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Lesson 16

Here is the conjugation of the verb ϥΎϛ : Transliteration

Sa’koon Sanakoon Satakoon Satakooneen Satakoonan Satakoonoon Sayakoon Satakoon Sayakoonan Sayakoonoon

Future

ϥϮϛ΄γ ϥϮϜϨγ ϥϮϜΘγ ϦϴϧϮϜΘγ ϥΎϧϮϜΘγ ϥϮϧϮϜΘγ ϥϮϜϴγ ϥϮϜΘγ ϥΎϧϮϜϴγ ϥϮϧϮϜϴγ

Transliteration

Akoon Nakoon Takoon Takooneen Takoonan Takoonoon Yakoon Takoon Yakoonan Yakoonoon

Present

ϥϮϛ΃ ϥϮϜϧ ϥϮϜΗ ϦϴϧϮϜΗ ϥΎϧϮϜΗ ϥϮϧϮϜΗ ϥϮϜϳ ϥϮϜΗ ϥΎϧϮϜϳ ϥϮϧϮϜϳ

Transliteration

Konto Konna Konta Konti Kontoma Kontom Kana Kanat Kana Kanoo

Past

Pronoun

ΖϨϛ ΎϨϛ ˴ ΖϨϛ Ζ ˶ Ϩϛ ΎϤΘϨϛ ϢΘϨϛ ϥΎϛ ΖϧΎϛ ΎϧΎϛ ΍ϮϧΎϛ

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΍ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ

Note the conjugation is almost the same as other verbs. An example (the room is big)

˲ΓήϴΒϛ ˵Δϓήϐϟ΍ alghorfato kabeeraton would be kanat alghorfato kabeeratan ˱ΓήϴΒϛ ˵Δϓήϐϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ ϥΎϛ has sisters. They are called sisters because they have the same effect on the nominal sentence when they precede it. The subject of the nominal sentences is called ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ΍ and it keeps ˸ ˵ ˲ Ϯϓ ˸ήϣ˴ while the predicate or ή˵ ˴ΒΨ˴ ϟ΍ in Arabic takes the accusative its nominative case, that is ω ˴ case and it is called ϥΎ ϛ ή Β Χ ˵ ˴ ˴ ˴ khabar kana.

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Marriage in the Arab World (Azzawaj enda al’arab)

The sisters of ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴ are: Example

Meaning

ΎϤ΋ΎϏ ˵βϘτϟ΍ ϥΎϛ Kana attaqso gha’man. The weather was cloudy.

˱΍Ϊϴόγ ˵ΐϟΎτϟ΍ ϝ΍ίΎϣ Ma zala attalibo sa’eedan. The student is still happy.

ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ˱Δϳήϗ Ϣ˵ ϟΎόϟ΍ ΢Βλ΃

Asbaha ala’lam qaryatan wahida. The world becomes one village.

˱ΔΣϮΘϔϣ ˵ΔγέΪϤϟ΍ Ζ˷Ϡυ Thallat alghorfato maftohatan. The school is still open.

˱ΔϏέΎϓ ˵Δϓήϐϟ ΍ ΕέΎλ Sarat alghorfato farigha. The room became empty.

˱ϼϴϤΟ ˵βϘτϟ΍ ϰδϣ΃ Amsa attaqso jameelan. The weather became beautiful in the evening.

Transliteration

ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴

Was

Kana

Still is

Ma zala

ϝ΍ίΎϣ

Became, something happened in the morning

Asbaha

΢Βλ΃

Continue

Thalla

Became, something changed

Sara

έΎλ

Became, something happened in the evening

Amsa

ϰδϣ΃

Ϟ˷ υ

In short, there are several features of ϥΎϛ and its sisters, when added to nominal sentences: a) It provides a time frame b) It affects the predicate of the nominal sentence. It should be accusative (have fat-ha) all the times c) The subject of the nominal sentence will keep its dhamma all the time d) The same rules of ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴ conjugation are applied to all the sisters. 16.1. Practice

(see Answer Key)

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ϥΎϛ:

.βϣ΃ ΔγέΪϤϟ΍ ϲϓ

.˱΍ΪϏ ϲΑΩ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ΃ ΎϬΘΧ΃ ϭ Ϟϣ΃ ϲΘϘϳΪλ

1. 2.

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Lesson 16

ˮϦϴϣϮϳ ϞΒϗ ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ Ϟϫ .βϣ΃ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ΐΘϜϣ ϲϓ ΔϣΎγ΃ ϭ ΪϤΣ΃ .ϲοΎϤϟ΍ ΪΣϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ .ϡΩΎϘϟ΍ ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ ϡϮϳ ϲΘϠ΋Ύϋ ϭ Ύϧ΃ ϢϛΪϨϋ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ϲϓ αέΪϳ ϲϘϳΪλ 16.1. Practice

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(see Answer Key)

ˮΪΣϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ˮϚόϣ ΏΩϷ΍ ϥϮγέΪϳ .ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϊϤΘδϧ .ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόΗ ϲϣ΃ .ΔϴοΎϤϟ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϨϫ ϦϜγ΃ ˮβϣ΃ ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ϲϓ Ϟϛ΄Η ˮϲοΎϤϟ΍ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϓ ˮϚόϣ αέΪΗ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ Ώήθϧ .ϡΎϳ΃ ΔόΑέ΃ ϕΪϨϔϟ΍ ϲϓ

(ϢΘϧ΍ + ϥΎϛ) Ϧϳ΃ (Ϣϫ+ ΢Βλ΃) Ϟϫ (ϦΤϧ+ ϰδϣ΃) (ϲϫ+ Ϟ˷ υ) (Ύϧ΃+ έΎλ) ˴ + ϥΎϛ) Ϟϫ (Ζϧ΃ (Ζϧ΃ + ϥΎϛ) Ϧϳ΃ (ϲϫ+ ϝ΍ί Ύϣ) Ϟϫ (ϦΤϧ + ΢Βλ΃) (Ϣϫ + Ϟ˷ υ)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

16.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:

.΍άϫ – ήϬθϟ΍ – ϪϧϷ – ξϳήϣ – ϖϳήϔϟ΍ – ϊϣ – ΐόϠϳ – ΪϤΤϣ – ϻ

1.

.Ϊϴλ - ΔϠϳϮρ – ϲπϘϳ – ϥΎϛ – ϲϓ – ௌΪΒϋ – ΕΎϋΎγ – έϮϴτϟ΍

2.

.ϞπϔΗ – ϲόϴΒτϟ΍ – Νϼόϟ΍ – ϲΗΪΟ

3.

Marriage in the Arab World (Azzawaj enda al’arab)

211

.ΪόΑ -ϰϔθΘδϤϟ΍ – Ϫϟ – ϲϓ – ΖϳήΟ˵΍ – ΔϴϠϤϋ – ΔΤΟΎϧ -ΙΩΎΤϟ΍

4.

.ΎϜϳήϣ΃ - ϲϓ – ϲϫ – αέΪΗ – ΐτϟ΍

5.

16.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with words from the list:

– ϦϴΒϫάΘγ – ϥϮγέΪϳ – ΕάΧ΃ - ϲΘϟ΍ – ϱάϟ΍ – ΖδϠΟ – Ϊϳέ΃ ΖϳήΘη΍ .ΏΎΒϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϲγήϜϟ΍ ϰϠϋ Ϟϣ΃ .ϲϠϋ Ϧϣ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ .ϦΧΎδϟ΍ ϱΎθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΎΑϮϛ Ύϧ΃ .ϦϴϋϮΒγ΍ ϞΒϗ ˯΍ΩϮγ ΓΪϳΪΟ ΓέΎϴγ .ΔϤϳΪϘϟ΍ ΓέΎϤόϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϡϮϠόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϛ ϲϓ Ϣϫ .ΓέΎγ Ύϳ ΔγέΪϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϰΘϣ .ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϥΎϛ ϡΎότϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϑϮϴπϟ΍ Ϟϛ΃ .ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ αέΪΗ ΓΫΎΘγϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨόϤΘγ΍ 16.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following using the correct form of ϥΎϛ :

1. You used to love scientific films. 2. They were reading the novel. 3. We were watching the horror movie. 4. They (2 people) have left before we came. 5. I used to enjoy reading poetry. 6. Tea was cold so I did not drink it.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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7. I was afraid. 8. Our room was very big and cold. 9. The winds were very strong. 10. She had a flu, so she went to the doctor. 16.6. Practice To review your comparatives, conjugate the adjectives between brackets:

(ΔϠϴϤΟ) ˮϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϨϳΪϣ (ΓήϴΒϛ) ˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪϠΑ (ϞϳϮρ) ˮΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϲϓ ήϬϧ (Γήϴϐλ) .ϦϴΘϨδΑ ΎϬΟϭί Ϧϣ (ϞϬγ) ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ Ϧϣ (ήϴΜϛ) .ΓΪΣ΍ϭ Δϐϟ Ϧϣ (ϢϳΪϗ) .ϖθϣΩ ΔϨϳΪϣ έΎΛ΁ Ϧϣ (ϦδΣ) ˮΎϨϫ Ϣότϣ

Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ϲϫ ΔϳΰϴϠΠϧϻ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ϢϠϜΘΗ ϯΪϫ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ έΎΛ΁ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

16.7. Practice Change the following into singular:

: ˯ΎϤγ΃ : Ω΍Ϊϋ΃ : ϊϴΑΎγ΃ : ϦϴΟΎϨϓ : ˯΍ήϣ΃ 16.8. Practice Reading:

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

: ϡΎϳ΃ :Ε΍ϮΧ΃ : ϕ΍έϭ΃ : ΔϠΌγ΃ : ˯ΎϨΑ΃

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

(see Answer Key)

ϰΘΣ ϭ ΪΣϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ΃ΪΒΗ ΔϴϤγήϟ΍ ϞϤόϟ΍ ϡΎϳ΃ ϥϮϜΗ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ϝϭΪϟ΍ Ϣψόϣ ϲϓ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΎϣϮϳ ΎϤϫ ΖΒδϟ΍ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϲϣϮϳ ϥΎϓ ϚϟάΑ ϭ .βϴϤΨϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΕΎϛήθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡ΍ϭΪϟ΍ ΃ΪΒϳ ΓΩΎϋ .ωϮΒγϷ΍

Marriage in the Arab World (Azzawaj enda al’arab)

213

ϭ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϢΛ ϭ ΍ήϬυ Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ΎΣΎΒλ ϞϤόϟ΍ ϡΎϳ΃ ϝ΍Ϯρ ˯Ύδϣ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ΍ήμϋ ϒμϨϟ΍ ΕΎϋΎγ ϥϮϜΘϓ αέ΍ΪϤϟ΍ ϭ ΔϴϣϮϜΤϟ΍ ΕΎδγΆϤϠϟ ΔΒδϨϟΎΑ Ύϣ΃ .ΔϴϋϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ΎΣΎΒλ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΎϬϴϓ ϞϤόϟ΍ .΍ήϬυ Now answer the following questions from what you read:

ˮΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ϝϭΪϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ΍ ϡΎϳ΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ϡΎϳ΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮΕΎϛήθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡ΍ϭΪϟ΍ ΃ΪΒϳ ϰΘϣ ˮΔϴϣϮϜΤϟ΍ ΕΎδγΆϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡ΍ϭΪϟ΍ ϲϬΘϨϳ ϰΘϣ ϝϭΪϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ΍ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϭ ϙΪϠΑ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ΍ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϥέΎϗ !ΔϴΑήόϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

16.9. Practice Underline the suitable word in parentheses:

.ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΓήϠΠΘϟ΍ (αέΪϳ – αέΪΗ – αέΩ΃) Ύϧ΃ .ΓήϴΜϛ ΐΘϛ ϭ ΕϼΠϣ ϲΒΘϜϣ (ϲϓ – Ϧϣ – ϰϠϋ) – ωέΎθϟ΍ – ϒΤΘϤϟ΍) ϲϓ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ Ώήη΃ ϥ΃ ΐΣ΃ .(ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϡϮϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϮΤλ΃ ( ήϬθϟ΍ – ωϮΒγϷ΍ – ϡϮϴϟ΍) ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ϲϓ .΍ήΧ΄Θϣ .ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϢότϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ (ΎΒϫΫ – ΍ϮΒϫΫ – ΐϫάΗ) ΎϬΘϠ΋Ύϋ ϭ Ϟϣ΃ ϭ ΐόϠϟ΍ ϲϓ ϢϬΘϗϭ (ϲπϘϳ – ϥϮπϘϳ – ϥΎϴπϘϳ) ΪϤΤϣ ϭ ΪϤΣ΃ .ίΎϔϠΘϟ΍ ΓΪϫΎθϣ .ΪϟΎΧ Ύϳ ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤόΗ ϥ΃ (ϥϮδϨΗ – ϲ˴ δϧ – ϰδϨΗ) ϻ

1. 2. 3.

4.

5. 6.

7.

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Lesson 16

ˮωϮΒγ΃ Ϟϛ ΔϠ΋Ύόϟ΍ ϊϣ ϞόϔΗ (ϰΘϣ – Ϧϣ – ΍ΫΎϣ) .ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΔτΤϣ ϲϓ ϥϼϤόϳ (Ϣϫ – ΎϤϫ – ϲϫ) .ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϲϫ ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ (ήϐλ΃ - Γήϴϐλ – ήϴϐλ) Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

8. 9. 10.

Lesson 17

ήθϋ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Arabic Proverbs

ΔϴΑήϋ ϝΎΜϣ΃ Amthal Arrabiyyah

Objectives: 1. Grammar: ina w a akhawatuha 2. Culture: Most Popular Idioms

3. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ν΍ήϏ˸ ˴΃

Belongings

Aghradh

Father

–

– Walid

Mother

–

– Walida

Magazine

Majjalat

Story

Qissas

Stay

–

Author

Mo’lifoon/ mo’lifeen

Producer

Mokhrijoon/ mokhrijeen

Actor

Momathiloon/ momathileen

˸ ϼ˷ Π˴ ϣ˴ Ε ˸κμ ˴ ˶ϗ

Gharad

Majjallah Qissa

– Baqiya/yabqa

˸ ͋ϟΆ˴ ϣ˵ ˸ ͋ϟΆ˴ ϣ˵ /ϥϮϔ Ϧϴϔ ˸ ή˶ Ψ˸ ϣ˵ /ϥϮΟ ˸ ή˶ Ψ˸ ϣ˵ ϦϴΟ ˸ ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ ϦϴϠ˸ ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ /ϥϮϠ

Word

˸νή˴ Ϗ˴ Ϊ˸ ˶ϟ΍ϭ ΓΪ˶ϟ΍ϭ Δ͉ϠΠ˴ ϣ˴ Δ˷μ˶ϗ ϰϘ˸Β˴Η /ϰϘΑ

Mo’alif

˸ ͋ϟΆ˴ ϣ˵ ϒ

Mokhrij

˸Νή˶ Ψ˸ ϣ˵

Momathil

˸Ϟ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵

216

Lesson 17 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ Εϼ ˸ ϴΣή˴ δ˸ ϣ˴ ΕΎ˷ ϡ˸ ϼϓ˸ ˴΃ ˸κμ ˴ ˶ϗ ˸ ΕΎϳ΍ϭ έ˶

Actress

Momathilat

A play

Masrahiyyat

Film

Aflam

Story

Qissas

Novel

Riwayat

Horror

–

– Ro’b

Romantic

–

– A’tifi

Science

-

- Elmi

Imagination

Khayalat

Science fiction

–

Poem

Asha’ar

Poet

Sho’ra’

Song

Aghani

Effect

–

– Ta’theer

Affecting

–

– Mo’ather

Criticism

–

– Naqada

Absence

–

– Ghiyab

Unanimous

Maj-hooleen

Written by

–

Cupboard

Khaza’en

Mirror

Maraya

ΕϻΎϴΧ

Momathilah Masrahiyyah Film Qissa Riwaya

Khayal

– Khayal elmi

˸έΎόη˸ ˴΃ ˯΍ή ˸ ό˴ η˵ ϲϧΎϏ˴΃

˸ ˸Πϣ˴ ϦϴϟϮϬ

Sh’er Sha’ar Oghniyyah

Majhool

– Men ta’leef

Ϧ΋΍ΰΧ Ύϳ΍ήϣ

Khezana Mera’ah

Word

Δ˸ Ϡ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ Δ˷ϴΣή˴ δ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ Ϣ˸ Ϡϴϓ Δ˷μ˶ϗ Δϳ΍ϭέ˶ ˸ΐϋ˸ έ˵ ϲϔ ˸ ρΎϋ ˶ ϲϤ ˸ Ϡ˸ ϋ˶ ˸ϝΎϴ˴Χ ϲϤ ˸ Ϡ˸ ϋ˶ ˸ϝΎϴ˴Χ ˸ή˸όη˶ ˸ήϋ˶ Ύη ΔϴϨϏ˸ ˵΃ ˸ήϴΛ˸΄˴Η ˸ή͋ΛΆ˴ ϣ˵ Ϊ˸ Ϙ˸ ˴ϧ ˸ΏΎϴϏ ˸ϝϮϬ ˸Πϣ˴ ˸ ˸΄Η Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϒϴϟ Δϧ΍ΰΧ˴ Γ΁ ˸ήϣ˶

Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

ΕϻΎδϏ ϥ΍ήϓ΃ ΕΎΟϼΛ ϯή˴ ˵ϗ

Washer

Ghassalat

Stove

Afran

Refrigerator

Thallajat

Village

Qora

Morning

–

– Sabah

Evening

–

– Massa’

Fruit

Fawakih

Ϫϛ΍Ϯϓ

Ghassalah Forn Thallaja Qaryah

Fakihah

217

Word

ΔϟΎ˷δϏ˴ ϥ˸ ˸ή˶ϓ ΔΟϼ˷ ˴Λ Δϳ ˸ή˴ϗ ˸ΡΎΒλ ˴ ˯Ύδ ˸ ϣ˴ ΔϬϛ˶ Ύϓ

Most popular idioms and Proverbs As in all world languages, Arabic has its own idiomatic expressions ϝΎΜϣ΃ amthal / Ε΍ή ˴ ϴ˸ ˶Βό˸ ˴Η Δ͉ϴΣϼ ˶ τ˶ ˸λ˶΍ or ta’beerat istilahiyah. Idiomatic expressions ϝΎΜϣ΃ refer to idioms that cannot be understood literally but they have a story behind them and are used in certain situations. These expressions might be difficult to comprehend for non-native speakers. Here are few examples of idioms: “Returned back with pair of Hunain’s shoes” (Ϧϴ˴ϨΣ ˵

ϲ˷ϔΨΑ ϊΟέ raja’ bekhofay honain).

The meaning of this idiom is “to come back empty-handed.” The origin of the idiom goes back to the following story: A man came by Hunanin, a shoemaker, to buy pair of shoes. He kept on bargaining with Hunanin hoping he’d sell him the shoes for lowest price. Not reaching a figure he’d be satisfied with, he decided to leave Hunain without buying the shoes. Hunain became dismayed that the buyer wasted his time haggling with him and not appreciating the quality of his craftsmanship. He then decided to teach him a lesson. Predicting travel route the man would take, Hunain took the pair of shoes he wanted and threw the shoes on the road at a distant from each other’s and hid at the side of the road where he could watch the buyer’s route and could not be seen. The man eventually came riding on his camel and saw the first piece of the pair in the middle of road and said to himself: This looks like the shoes I wanted to buy from Hunain but kept on riding. After few yards, he saw the other piece of the pair. This time he descended from his camel and walked back to where he saw the first pair to pick it up. Hunain immediately came out of his hiding place, stole the camel with its all goods and ran away. When the man came back there was nothings. He looked and looked but could not find his belongings, so he went back

218

Lesson 17

to his town on foot. People in the town asked him about his trip and the goods he brought back with him, he answered with disappointment: “I returned with Humanin’s shoes.” Later on, when anyone goes to do something and cannot achieve what he wants, people would use the expression “Returned back with pair of Hunain’s shoes” meaning: ϦϴϨΣ ϲ˷ϔΨΑ ϊΟέ The second example is: jawe’ kalbak yatba’ak « ϚόΒΘϳ so it follows you.”

ϚΒϠϛ ωϮΟ ˶ meaning: “Starve your dog

The proverb is attributed to one of Himyarite’s tyrant kings. It is common fact throughout history that dictators and tyrants use all kinds of cruelties and inhumane practices, including starving the people to subjugate and force them to surrender to their demands. Witnessing the dire situation of the starving citizens and fearing grave consequences, the king’s advisors as well as his wife expressed their deep concerns of the continuous worsening conditions and recommended to the king to ease their distress. With utter contempt and disregard to their advice he replied: “starve your dog and it will follow you.” The idiom is continued to be used when someone wants to be in control and make his people follow his orders without discussion, so he will control their benefits. Other few idioms that have English equivalents are: •

ϦϴΗήϣ ήΤΟ Ϧϣ ϦϣΆϤϟ΍ ύΪϠ˵ϳ ϻ la yoldagh almo/men men johr maratayn: the exact meaning is that a believer will not be bitten twice from the same hole. It is the same as “Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me.”

•

έΎϤΤϟ΍ Ϣ˷Ϡόϳ έ΍ήϜΘϟ΍ attikrar yo’alim alhimar means repetition teaches the donkey. It is the same as “Practice makes perfect.”

•

ϊϘΗ ΎϬϟΎϜη΍ ϰϠϋ έϮϴτϟ΍ attoyyor ala ashkaliha taqa’ is the same as “Birds of feather flock together.”

•

ΪγϷ΍ ϙ΍Ϋ Ϧϣ ϞΒθϟ΍ ϙΎϫ hatha ashiblo men hathat alasad means this cub is from that lion. It is the same as “Like mother, like daughter.”

˷ : ina w a akhawatuha ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥ΍ ˷ ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥ΍ are used to identify or highlight the topic of the sentence. As in the case of ϥΎϛ ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ they highlight the noun following it as the topic of the sentence. Both introduce the nominal sentences.

˷ : is that ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥΎϛ are verbs while The difference between ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥΎϛ and ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥ΍ ˷ are particles. Additionally: ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥ΍ ˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ΍ and the predicate is called ϥ΍ ˷ ή˵ ˴ΒΧ˴ 1. The subject of the sentences is called ϥ΍ ˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ΍ takes the accusative case, that is ΏϮμϨϣ while the predicate or ή˵ ˴ΒΧ˴ 2. The subject or ϥ΍ ˷ϥ΍ keeps its nominative case, that is ω ˲ Ϯ˵ϓ ˸ήϣ˴

Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah)

The sisters of

219

˷ are: ϥ΍

Meaning / Transliteration

Meaning / Transliteration

Example

The test is close. Inna alimtihan qareeb.

˷ . ˲ΐϳήϗ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ΍ ϥ΍ ˴

It gives confirmation Inna

˷ ϥ΍

΢Βλ΃ ΎϬΘϴΑ ϥ΄ϛ .ϥϵ΍ ΍ΰϫΎΟ

Used for comparison, as if Ka’anna

ϥ΄ϛ

But or however Lakinna

ϦϜϟ

Gives the impression of expectation La’alla

Ϟ˷ όϟ

Because Lia’nna

ϥϷ

It looks like her house is ready. Ka’anna baytaha asbaha jahizan alaan. He wants to come but he is busy. Howa yoreed an yahdor lakinnaho mash-ghool.

ήπΤϳ ϥ΃ Ϊϳήϳ Ϯϫ .ϝϮϐθϣ ϪϨϜϟ

He might be sleeping. La’llaho na’im.

.Ϣ΋Ύϧ ΔϠόϟ

He knows how to swim because he learned at the club. Howa ya’rif assibaha linnaho ta’lama fii annadi.

˷ ΎϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϭ ϥ΍

ΔΣΎΒδϟ΍ ϑήόϳ Ϯϫ .ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϢϠόΗ ϪϧϷ

˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ΍ ism inna is a pronoun, then it should be attached to ϥ΍ ˷ When ϥ΍ for a detailed conjugation:

Ϣ˵ γ˸ ΍. Look at the table

Transliteration ˷ / ϥϷ

Transliteration / Ϟ˷ όϟ

Transliteration / ϦϜϟ

Transliteration / ϥ΄ϛ

Transliteration ˷ / ϥ΍

Lia’nnani

La’allani

Lakinnani

Ka’annani

Innani

ϲϨϧϷ Lia’nnana

ΎϨϧϷ Lia’nnaka

˴ ϚϧϷ

ϲϨϠόϟ La’allana

ΎϨϠόϟ La’allaka

Ϛ ˴ Ϡόϟ

ϲϨϨϜϟ Lakinnana

ΎϨϨϜϟ Lakinnaka

ϚϨϜϟ

ϲϨϧ΄ϛ Ka’annana

Ka’annaka

Ϛ ˴ ϧ΄ϛ

ϲϨϧ΍

Ύϧ΃

ΎϨϧ΍

ϦΤϧ

Ϛ ˴ ϧ΍

˴ Ζϧ΃

Innana

ΎϨϧ΄ϛ

Pronoun

Innaka

220

Lesson 17

Transliteration ˷ / ϥϷ

Transliteration / Ϟ˷ όϟ

Transliteration / ϦϜϟ

Transliteration / ϥ΄ϛ

Transliteration ˷ / ϥ΍

Lia’nnaki

La’allaki

Lakinnaki

Ka’annaki

Innaki

ϚϧϷ ˶ Lia’nnakoma

ϚϠόϟ ˶ La’allakoma

ΎϤϜϧϷ Lia’nnakom

ΎϤϜϠόϟ La’allakom

ϢϜϧϷ Lia’nnaho

La’allaho

Lia’nnaha

Ϫ˷Ϡόϟ

La’allaha

ΎϬ˷Ϡόϟ

˴ ΎϬϧϷ Lia’nnahoma

La’allahoma

ΎϤϬ˷Ϡόϟ

˴ ΎϤϬϧϷ Lia’nnahom

La’allahom

˴ ϢϬϧϷ

Ϛϧ΄ϛ ˶

Lakinnakoma

Ka’annakoma

ΎϤϜϨϜϟ

΍ΎϤϜϧ΄ϛ

Lakinnakom

ϢϜϠόϟ

ϪϧϷ

ϚϨϜϟ ˶

ϢϬ˷Ϡόϟ

Ka’annakom

ϢϜϨϜϟ Lakinnaho

Ka’annaho

ΎϤϜϧ΍ Innakom

Ϫϧ΍

Ϯϫ

ΎϬϧ΍

ϲϫ

Innaha

ΎϬϧ΄ϛ

Lakinnahoma

Ka’annahoma

ΎϤϬϨϜϟ

ΎϤϬϧ΄ϛ Ka’annahom

ϢϬϨϜϟ

ϢϬϧ΄ϛ

ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃

Ϫϧ΄ϛ Ka’annaho

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍

ϢϜϧ΍ Innaho

ΎϬ˷ϨϜϟ

Lakinnahom

Innakoma

ϢϜϧ΄ϛ

Ϫ˷ϨϜϟ Lakinnaha

Ϛϧ΍ ˶

Pronoun

Innahoma

ΎϤϬϧ΍ Innahom

ϢϬϧ΍

ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ

Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Sentence

She prefers walking more than riding a car.

Innaha tofaedl almashi akthar men rokoob assayarah

ήΜϛ΃ ϲθϤϟ΍ ϞπϔΗ ΎϬϧ΍ ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ΏϮϛέ Ϧϣ

It looks like its going to rain today.

La’la attaqs momter alyawm

ήτϤϣ βϘτϟ΍ Ϟ˷ όϟ ϡϮϴϟ΍

I know her but I am not sure of her name.

Ana a’refoha lakinnani ghair mota’kida men ismoha

ήϴϏ ϲϨϜϟ ϭ ΎϬϓήϋ΃ Ύϧ΃ ΎϬϤγ΍ Ϧϣ ΓΪϛ΄Θϣ

Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah) Meaning

She’s late because she slept late yesterday.

Transliteration

Hiya ta’kharat li’naha namat mota’khira ams.

221

Sentence

ΎϬϧϷ ΕήΧ΄Η ϲϫ .βϣ΃ ΓήΧ΄Θϣ ΖϣΎϧ

17.1. Practice (see Answer Key) ˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ΍ ism inna) and circle ϥ΍ ˷ ή˵ ˴ΒΧ˴ (khabar inna) and add the case endings on them Underline ( ϥ΍ in the following sentences:

΍ΪϳΪΟ ΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΒΘϜϳ ΎϤϬϧ΍ .ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϥΎΒόΗ Ϫϧ΄ϛ ΍ϭέάΘϋ΍ ϢϬϨϜϟ ΍ϭήπΤϳ ϥ΃ ϢϬϟ ΖϠϗ Δπϳήϣ ΎϬϧϷ ϞϔΤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ήπΤΗ Ϣϟ ΓΪϳΪΟ ϢϫέΎϜϓ΃ Ϟόϟ ϢϬϟ΄γ΍ ΍ΪΟ ΢ΟΎϧ ϞΟέ ϢϫϮΑ΃ ϥ΍ .ήΧ΁ ϥΎϜϣ ϰϟ΍ ΍ϮΒϫΫ ϢϬϠόϟ ΎϨϫ ΪΣ΃ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ 17.2. Practice Reading:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(see Answer Key)

ϩΪϋΎδϴϟ ήϬψϟ΍ Γϼλ ΪόΑ ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϪϴΑ΃ ϊϣ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΓήϴΒϛ ΔΒϴϘΣ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃ άΧ΄ϳ .ΖϴΒϠϟ ν΍ήϏ΃ Ϧϣ ϪϧϮΟΎΘΤϳ Ύϣ ˯΍ήη ϲϓ ϩΪϟ΍ϭ ΪϋΎδϴϟ ϯήΧ΃ ΔΒϴϘΣ ˯ϼϋ ϞϤΤϳ ϭ ν΍ήϏϷ΍ ΎϬϴϓ ϊπϴϟ Δόϣ ΔϠΠϣ ˯΍ήθϟ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎΒϫάϳ Δϳ΍ΪΒϟ΍ ϲϓ .ϪϧϭήΘθϳ Ύϣ ξόΑ ϞϤΣ ϲϓ ϞΒϗ ΎϬϴϓ ΃ήϘϴϟ Δμϗ ˯ϼϋ ϱήΘθϳ ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ .΍ήϴΜϛ ΎϬϧΎΒΤϳ ΎϤϬϧϷ "ϲΑήόϟ΍" .ϡΎϨϳ ϥ΃ ϝϼΧ ϢϬϴϔϜϴϟ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ ϭ ϢΤϠϟ΍ ΎϳήΘθϳ ϭ ϢΤϠϟ΍ ϕϮγ ϰϟ΍ ΎΒϫάϳ ϚϟΫ ΪόΑ ϝΎϘΗήΒϟ΍ ϭ ΡΎϔΘϟ΍ ϭ ίϮϤϟ΍ ϥΎϳήΘθϳ ϭ ΔϬϛΎϔϟ΍ ϞΤϣ ϰϟ΍ ΎΒϫάϳ ϢΛ .ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΐΤΗ ˯ϼϋ ϡ΃ ϭ ϝΎϘΗήΒϟ΍ ϭ ίϮϤϟ΍ ΐΤϳ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃ .ήπΧϷ΍ ΐϨόϟ΍ ϭ .ΡΎϔΘϟ΍ ΐΤϴϓ ˯ϼϋ Ύϣ΃ ήπΧϷ΍ ΐϨόϟ΍

222

Lesson 17

ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΍ΩϮόϳ ϥ΃ ϞΒϗ ϦϜϟ ϭ ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ϲϓ ν΍ήϏϷ΍ ϪϴΑ΃ ϭ ˯ϼϋ ϊοϭ ϢϬΘϴΑ ΐϧΎΠΑ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϞΤϣ ϰϟ΍ ΎΒϫάϓ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϥϮΟΎΘΤϳ ϢϬϧ΃ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃ ήϛάΗ Ϧϣ ϩϭήΘη΍ Ύϣ Ϟϛ ϥϮϠϤΤϳ Ϣϫ ϭ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΍ϭΩΎϋ ϢΛ .ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ΎϳήΘη΍ ϭ .ϕϮδϟ΍ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ϭ ϥϮϠϛ΄ϳ ΎόϴϤΟ ΍ϮδϠΠϓ ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΕΪϋ΃ Ϊϗ ˯ϼϋ ϡ΃ ΖϧΎϛ .ϡΩΎϘϟ΍ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϝϼΧ ϥϮϠόϔϴγ ΎϤϋ ϭ ϢϬόϣ ΙΪΣ ΎϤϋ Now answer the following questions:

ˮϪϴΑ΃ ϊϣ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ Ϧϳ΃ ˮϪϴΑ΍ ϊϣ ΐϫάϳ ϰΘϣ ˮΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϩϮΑ΃ ϭ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮΔϬϛΎϔϟ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃ ΐΤϳ ΍ΫΎϣ ˮΖϴΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ ϥ΃ ϞΒϗ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃ ήϛάΗ ΍ΫΎϣ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

17.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the most suitable word between brackets:

.ΎΣΎΒλ ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϮϏΎϜϴη ϰϟ΍ (ϰϨϣ – ΪϤΣ΃) Ϟμϳ ˮϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϰϘϴΘγ (ϰΘϣ – ΎϣϮϳ – ϙΪϨϋ) Ϣϛ ˮϥΎϤϳ΍ Ύϳ (ϦϴγέΪΗ - αέΩ΃ – αέΪΗ ) Ϧϳ΃ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΍ΪϏ ϪΘϠ΋Ύϋ ϊϣ (ήϓΎδΘγ – ήϓΎδϴγ – ϥϭήϓΎδϳ) ΪϟΎΧ .ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ Ύϳ ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΏΎϫάϟ΍ (ϥϭΪϳήΗ – ϥ΍ΪϳήΗ – ΪϳήΗ) Ϟϫ .΍ΪΟ (Γήϴμϗ – ΔϠϳϮρ – ϞϳϮρ) ϞΟήϟ΍ ΍άϫ .(ϥΎΒόΗ – ϥΎθτϋ – ήϴϐλ) ΎϨΘϴΑ .ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ (ϕϮϓ – ϲϓ – ϊϣ) Γ΍έΎΒϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΄γ ˮϰϨϣ ϚΘϟΎΧ (˯ϻΆϫ - ΍άϫ – ϩάϫ) Ϟϫ .ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϛϷ΍ (ϦϴΒΤΗ – ϥϮΒΤϳ – ΐΤϳ) ϻ Ϣϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah)

17.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Change into plural:

.΢ϳήϣ ϲγήϜϟ΍ .ΔϠϳϮρ ΖϨΒϟ΍ .ΔϏέΎϓ ϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ .ΔϠϴϤΟ ΔϘϳΪΣ ΪΟϮϳ .ΓήϴΒϛ ΓέΎϤϋ ϲϓ Γήϴϐλ ΔϘη ϩάϫ

223

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

17.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list:

έΎΒΧϷ΍ – ΓΪϳήΠϟ΍ – ΔϟΎγέ – ϲϧΎϏϷ΍ – ΓήΛΆϣ .ΡΎΒλ Ϟϛ ΃ήϗ΃ ϥ΃ ΐΣ΃ .ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϪϴΑϷ ˯ϼϋ ΐΘϜϳ ˮ ϰϟ΍ ϊϤΘδΗ ϥ΃ ΐΤΗ Ϟϫ .΍ΪΟ ϪΒΘϛ ϭ έϮϬθϣ ϒϟΆϣ Ϯϫ .ΖϧήΘϧϻ΍ ϰϠϋ ϥϭ΃ήϘϳ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

17.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:

.ϯήΘη΍ - ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ – ΓέΎϴγ – ΪϤΣ΃

1.

.ϒϴμϟ΍ - ϰϟ΍ – ϲϓ – ΐϫάϳ – αΎϨϟ΍ – ήΤΒϟ΍

2.

.ΐΘϜϣ – ΫΎΘγϷ΍ – ΍άϫ – ΡΎΘϔϣ

3.

.ΎϜϳήϣ΍ – Γή΋ΎτϟΎΑ – ϰϟ΍ – Ϧϣ – ΎϴϛήΗ – ΕήϓΎγ

4.

.ήϬη – ΖϠλϭ – ϥΩέϷ΍ – ήΒϤϓϮϧ – ϲϓ – ϰϟ΍

5.

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Lesson 17

17.7. Practice (see Answer Key) To review question words, form questions from the following statements:

.ΪϤΣ΃ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϩάϫ .ήϤΣϷ΍ Ϯϫ ϞπϔϤϟ΍ ϲϧϮϟ .ΩΎόγ Ϯϫ ϲΘϘϳΪλ Ϣγ΍

΃ήϗϷ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΃ .ΓάϓΎϧ Ϧϳήθϋ ϲϟΰϨϣ ϲϓ .ΪΣ΍ϭ ΐϠϛ ϭ ςτϗ ϊΑέ΃ ϱΪϨϋ

2. 4. 6.

1. 3. 5.

17.8. Practice To review your attached pronouns, attach the suitable pronoun for the following nouns:

= = = = =

Ϣϫ + ϖ΋Ύγ ϲϫ + Δμϗ Ύϧ΍ + ΓέΎψϧ Ζϧ΍ + ΔϋΎγ ˴ + ΡΎΘϔϣ Ζϧ΃

Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

= ϲϫ + Γή΋Ύρ = ΎϤϫ + ΓΪϟ΍ϭ = ϦΤϧ + ΔγέΪϣ = ΎϤϫ + ΔΟ΍έΩ = ϦΤϧ + ΰΒΨϣ

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

Lesson 18

ήθϋ ΔϨϣΎΜϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ The Term “Middle East”

ςγϭϷ΍ ϕήθϟ΍ Asharq alawsat

Objectives: 1. Vocabulary: The Environment 2. Grammar: Relative Nouns: Ϧϳάϟ΍

3. Culture: The Term “Middle East” 4. Reading

– ϲΘϟ΍ – ϱάϟ΍

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ Α ϙϮϨ˵

Bank

Bonook

Win

–

– Faza/ yafooz

Believe

–

– Saddaqa/ yossadiq

Lie

–

– Kathaba/ yokkathib

Game

Ala’ab

Electronics

–

– Ilktrooni/ ilktrooniya

Screen

–

– Shasha

Subject

Mawad

All

–

– Kol

Almost

–

– Mo’tham

Media

–

– I’lam

˸ΏΎόϟ˴΃

Ω˸ ΍Ϯϣ˴

Bank

Lo’ba

Maddah

Word

Ϛ˸ Ϩ˸ ˴Α ˸ ίϮϔϳ /ίΎϓ ϕ˸ Ϊ͋ μ ˴ ˵ϳ /ϕΪ˷ λ ˷ ˸Ώά͋ Ϝ˴ ˵ϳ /Ώάϛ ΔΒ˸ό˵ϟ /ϲϧϭήΘ Ϝ˸ ϟ΍ ˸ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟ΍ ΔηΎη ΓΩ˷ Ύϣ ˸Ϟϛ˵ ˴ ό˸ ϣ˵ Ϣ˸ ψ ϡ˸ ϼϋ˸ ·

226

Lesson 18 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

˸ ˴Λ Ε΍έϮ ˸ ΕΎϧ΍Ϯ˸ ϴΣ˴

Revolution

Thawrat

Animal

Haywanat

Dig

–

– Hafara/ yahfor

Possibly

–

– Men almomkin

Stone

Ahjar

Print

–

– Taba’a/ ytba’

Printing or publishing

–

– Tiba’a

Storage

–

– Takhzeen

Show

Oroodh

Move

–

Society

Mojtama’at

Technology

–

– Teknolojia

Climate, weather

–

– Manakh

Raise, height

–

– Irtifa’

Reduction, drop

–

– Inkhifad

Temperature

Darajat alhararah

Rule

Qawaneen

Storm

Awasef

Traffic

–

˸έΎΠ ˸Σ˴΃

νϭήϋ

Thawra Hayawan

Hajar

Ard

– Naqala/ yanqol

ΕΎόϤΘΠϣ

˵ έ˴ Ω˴ ΕΎΟ Γέ΍ήΤ˴ ϟ΍ ˸ ˴ϗ Ϧϴϧ΍Ϯ ˸ λ΍Ϯ ϒ ˶ ϋ˴

Mojtama’

Darajat alhararah Qanoon A’sifa

– Moroor

Word

ΓέϮ˸ ˴Λ ˸ ϴΣ˴ ϥ΍Ϯ˸ ˸ή˵ϔ ˸Τ˴ϳ /ή˴ ˴ϔΣ˴ Ϧ˸ Ϝ˶ Ϥ˸ Ϥ˵ ϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˸ήΠ˴ Σ˴ ϊΒτϳ /˸ϊ˴Β˴ρ ΔϋΎΒρ˶ ˸ Ψ˸ ˴Η Ϧϳΰ ˸ν ˸ήϋ˴ ϞϘϨϳ / ˸ϞϘ˸ ˴ϧ ϊ˸ Ϥ˴ ˴Θ ˸Πϣ˵ Ύϴ ˸ΟϮϟϮϨϜ˸ ˶Η ˸ ϣ˴ ΥΎϨ ω˸ Ύϔ˶Η ˸έ˶· ˸νΎϔΨ˶ ϧ˸ ˶· Γέ΍ήΤ˴ ϟ΍ ˵ΔΟέ˴ Ω˴ ˸ ϥϮϧΎϗ ΔϔλΎϋ ˶ ˸έϭήϣ˵

The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat) Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Local

–

– Mahalli

National

–

– Dowali

Immigration

Hijrat

Directly

–

– Mobasher

Industrial

–

– Sina’I

Ε΍ήΠϫ

Hijrah

227

Word

ϲ˷ϠΤ˴ ϣ˴ ϲϟϭ˴ Ω˵ Γή ˸Πϫ˶ ˸ήηΎΒ ˶ ϣ˵ ϲϋΎϨ ˸ λ ˶

The Term “Middle East” Throughout history, the Middle East has been home for different peoples with different languages and religions, although Arabs represent the main group living there today. Several terms are used to refer to these Arab countries, including the Middle East, the Near East, the Fertile Crescent, and the Levant. The term Middle East is undoubtedly the most popular, but it was not a term people living in the area used for themselves. Rather, it was created by the Europeans stemming from the colonial description of the area between Europe and distant parts of Asia. Dividing the world into east and west goes back to the time of the Roman Empire. The word east refers to east of Britain. Sometimes, use of Middle East is a problematic as it does not describe the precise geographical area for people in Africa, Canada, or Europe. Different opinions exist on the most accurate geographical area that in reality represents the Arab world. However, the term is the most popular, and it refers to all Arab countries. The term Middle East, as it is used now, refers to all Arab countries in Asia as well as Africa. Some scholars wrote that the term was originated in the 1850s in Britain (Beaumont, Blake, 1 and Wagstaff, 1988, pp. 16 ), but its use was limited until the American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to refer to the area between India and Arabia (Koppes, 2 1976, pp. 95–98 ). Mahan realized the strategic significance of the region, especially with the Persian Gulf at its center. He explained, “After the Suez Canal, it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British 3 India” (Laciner, 2006, para. 2 ). Mahan first used the term in one of his articles, titled “The Persian Gulf and International Relations,” which was published in the British journal The National Review in September 1902 (Adelson, 1995, pp. 22). Before World War II, the areas centered on the Mediterranean and its eastern shores were 1 Beaumont, P., Blake, G. H., & Wagstaff, J. M. (1988). The Middle East: A geographical study. Oxford, UK: David Fulton. 2 Koppes, C. R. (1976). Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term “Middle East.” Middle East Studies 12, 95–98. 3 Laciner, S. (2006). Is there a place called “the Middle East”? The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved from http:// www.turkishweekly.net/2006/06/02/comment/is-there-a-place-called-the-middle-east

228

Lesson 18

referred to as the Near East, while the Far East referred to China. In the1930s, however, the British established a center for their military forces based in Cairo called the Middle East Command Center. Later, the term Middle East became more common in Europe and the United States, especially after the foundation of the Middle East Institute in Washington, DC, in 4 1946 (Held, 2000, p. 7 ). The colonial application of the term Middle East became so common that the Arabs themselves use the term to refer to their region. The southern section of the Middle East includes Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, an area well known in history as the Fertile Crescent. The western area of the Middle East includes Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia, and the Comoros Islands. The Arab countries in northern Africa are Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia; the Gulf States are Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Yemen, and Iraq. In all, there are 22 Arab countries, so called because Arabic is their official language. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to modify the noun phrase. It agrees with the noun in gender and number. They are the same as who or which in English and there is no difference in use with human or non-human words. Look at the table Meaning

Transliteration

Who/which – masculine

Allatheena

Who/which – Feminine

allawati

Plural

Transliteration

Ϧϳάϟ΍ ϲΗ΍ϮϠϟ΍

dual

Transliteration

singular

Allatahn

ϥ΍άϠϟ΍

Allathi

ϱάϟ΍

Allatan

ϥΎΘϠϟ΍

allati

ϲΘϟ΍

With non-human plural, the same rule applies of using the singular feminine. For example, we say: Meaning

Transliteration

The books that I read are in the library.

Alkotob allati qara’toha fee almaktaba

The friends who I know are not here

Alasdiqa allatheen a’rifohom layso hona

Plural

ϲϓ ΎϬΗ΃ήϗ ϲΘϟ΍ ΐ˵ΘϜ˵ ϟ΍ . ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ Ϧϳάϟ΍ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ΍ ΎϨϫ ΍Ϯδϴϟ ϢϬϓήϋ΃

4 Held, C. C. (2000). Middle East patterns: Places, peoples, and politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat) Meaning

229

Transliteration

Plural

These are the streets that I know

Hathihi hiya ashawari’ allati a’rifoha

ϲΘϟ΍ ωέ΍Ϯθϟ΍ ϲϫ ϩάϫ .ΎϬϓήϋ΃

Who/which - Feminine

Attalibat allawati fee almaktaba fee saffi

The countries which I visited are few

Albilad allati zortoha qalilah

ϲϓ ϲΗ΍ϮϠϟ΍ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ ϲϔλ ϲϓ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ΔϠϴϠϗ ΎϬΗέί ϲΘϟ΍ ΩϼΒϟ΍

18.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Use the suitable relative pronoun ϲΘϟ΍ ,ϱάϟ΍ or Ϧϳάϟ΍ and its conjugations to fill in the blanks:

.ϲΘϴΑ ϲϓ ϥϮϨϜδϳ Ώϼτϟ΍ ήϓΎγ .ϲϨΗΪϋΎγ ΔΒϟΎτϟ΍ ϲϫ ϩάϫ .ϒμϟ΍ ΍ϮϛήΗ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎγέΪϳ ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ .ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϦΒΘϛ ΖϠϤϠόϤϟ΍ Ϧϫ Ϧϣ ˮΎϬΘϳήΘη΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ΪΟ΃ Ϧϳ΃ .ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥϼϤόΗ ϯΪϫ ϭ ϥΎϤϳ΍ .ϪϨϋ Ύϧ΃ήϗ ήϴϣϷ΍ Δμϗ ΔΒϟΎτϟ΍ ΖΒΘϛ .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΖϧΎϛ ΐΘϜϟ΍ ξόΑ ϲϣ΃ ΪϳήΗ .ΎϬϟ ϪΘϣΪϗ ϱΎθϟ΍ Ϟϣ΃ ΕάΧ΃ .ΔϘΑΎδϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍ϭίΎϓ Ϣϫ 18.2. Practice What is it:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

(see Answer Key)

ˮϮϫ Ύϣ .ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϊϣ ϪΑήθϧ 1. .ήΘϓΪϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϪΑ ΐΘϜϧ 2. .Ϫϴϓ αΎϨϟ΍ ϲϠμϳ ϥΎϜϣ 3.

230

Lesson 18

.Γ˯΍ήϘϟ΍ ΪϨϋ Ϧδϟ΍ έΎΒϛ ΎϬδΒϠϳ .ϡϼϗϷ΍ ϭ ΐΘϜϟ΍ ΎϬϴϓ ϊπϧ .˯ΎϤϟ΍ ϭ΃ ήϴμόϟ΍ Ϫϴϓ Ώήθϧ .βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϪϨϣ ϱήΘθϧ .ϝ΍ϮϣϷ΍ Ϫϴϓ ϊπϧ .ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ΃ .ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ ήϐλ΃

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

18.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form a meaningful sentence:

:ϡΎόρ – ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ – ήπΤΗ – ϡϷ΍ :ϙΎϨϫ – έϮμϟ΍ – ϰϠϋ – ς΋ΎΤϟ΍ :ϊπΗ – Ϟϣ΃ – ϲϓ – ΔΒϴϘΤϟ΍ – βΑϼϤϟ΍ : ΪϤΣ΃ – ϞϤόϳ – ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ – ϲϓ – ΦΒτϤϟ΍ : ϲϓ – βτδϏ΃ – ήϬη – ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ – ϊΟέ – ϰϟ΍ - Ώϼτϟ΍ : ϊΑ΍ήϟ΍ – ϲϓ – ΓέΎϤόϟ΍ – ϲϓ – ϩάϫ – ϲΘϴΑ – ϖΑΎτϟ΍ 18.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

ΓήΠϬϟ΍ – ϱήϬη – έϭήϤϟ΍– Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ – ΩέΎΑ – ξϔΨϨΗ -ϝΪΘόϣ ϭ ˯ΎΘθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ ΥΎϨϤϟ΍ 1. .ϒϴμϟ΍ ϲϓ .ϒϴμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍ΪΟ ΔϴϟΎϋ ˯΍ήΤμϟ΍ ϲϓ 2. .ϞϴϠϟ΍ ϲϓ Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ ϱΪϠΑ ϲϓ 3. .ήϬη Ϟϛ Ϧϣ ˯ΎΛϼΛ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ΃ ϲϓ ˯ΎϘϟ ΎϨϟ ϥϮϜϴγ 4. .ϡΩΎϘϟ΍ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϥϮϧΎϗ ΔϟϭΪϟ΍ ϊΟ΍ήΘγ 5. .ΓέΎϴδϟ΍ ΓΩΎϴϗ ϢϠόΘΗ ϥ΃ ϞΒϗ ϥϮϧΎϗ αέΩ΃ 6.

The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat)

231

18.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Reearrange the following sentences to form a meaningful paragraph:

έΎτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΘϴΑ Ϧϣ ΓήΟϷ΍ ΓέΎϴγ ΎϨΒϛέ ΕΎϳήϔδϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ Ϧϣ ήϛ΍άΗ ΎϨϳήΘη΍ ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϧ ϥ΃ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϭ Ύϧ΃ Ύϧέήϗ ΕΎϋΎγ Ζγ ΓΪϤϟ ΓέΎϴτϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϨΒϛέ ΍ήϴΜϛ ΔϠΣήϟΎΑ ΎϨόΘϤΘγ΍ ΎϨΗϼ΋Ύόϟ Ύϳ΍ΪϬϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ ΎϨόϣ ϭ ΎϨόΟέ έΎΛϵ΍ ϭ ΔϴΣΎϴδϟ΍ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ Ύϧέί ϭ ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΒϫΫ ήϔδϠϟ ΎϨΒ΋ΎϘΣ ΎϧΩΪϋ΃ 18.6. Practice

– – – – – – – –

(see Answer Key)

Translate the following to plan a conversation with an Arabic friend: 1. Do you have some time to meet on Friday? 2. Shall we play football, or do you prefer video games? 3. Can you help me with my Arabic homework? 4. Today it will be much colder than yesterday. 5. I just finished printing my first book. 6. Do you know immigration law? 7. This is the storm that I was talking about. 8. Where is the community center that you told me about? 9. What is your favorite animal? Do you have one at home? 10. What is the temperature outside? Do I have to wear a jacket? 18.7. Practice

(see Answer Key)

Reading:

.Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ΍ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ௌΪ˸Βϋ˴ ,ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴΃ !ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ΍ Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϭ˴ :ϦδΣ ˱ ϐ˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ ϭΪ˵ Β˸ ˴Η ?˵ήϜ͋ ˴ϔ˵Η ΍Ϋ˴ ΎϤ˴ ˶Α :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ .ϻϮ .˯˳ ΍ά˴ Σ˶ ϭ˴ Ζ ˳ ϴϛ˶ ΎΟ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ν˴ Ύ˴Θ ˸Σ˶΍ ϭ˴ ΍Ω˱ έΎ ˶ ˴Α ΢˴ ˴Β ˸λ˴΃ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ΍ :ϦδΣ

232

Lesson 18

͉ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ˮϕϮ͊ ˴ ˴ϫάϟ΍ ˶ δϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ΏΎ .˵ϞϤ˴ ό˸ ˴Η ϻ˴ ϲ˸ ˴Ηέ˴ Ύ͉ϴγ˴ Ϧ͉ Ϝ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :ϦδΣ .ϕϮ͊ ˴ ά˵ Χ˵ ΂γ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ˶ δϟ΍ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ϙ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴΃ ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :ϦδΣ ˮΪ˲ ϛ͋ ˴ ΄˴Θϣ˵ Ζ .Ύ˱όϣ˴ ˸ΐ˴ϫά˸ ˴Ϩ˶ϟ ϭ˴ Ϊ͉ ό˶ ˴Θγ˸ ˴΍ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ .ΰ˲ ϫ˶ ΎΟ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃ :ϦδΣ .Ύ˴Ϩ˶Α Ύ͉ϴ˴ϫ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ˮϕϮ͊ ˶ δϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˱Όϴ˸ η˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :ϦδΣ .΍Ϊ˱ ϳΪ˶ Ο˴ ϻΎ˱ ˴τϨ˸ ˴Α ϱ ˴ ή˶ ˴Θη˸ ˴΃ ϥ˸ ˴΃ Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵΃ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˶Α Ύ͉ϴ˴ϫ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :ϦδΣ Now answer the following questions:

ˮϦδΣ ήϜϔϳ ΍ΫΎϤΑ ˮϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ ϥ΃ ϊϴτΘδϳ ϻ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮϦδΣ ΪϨϋ έΎΣ βϘρ΍΃ Ϟϫ ˮϕϮδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϠϟ΍ΪΒϋ Ϊϳήϳ ΍ΫΎϣ

1. 2. 3. 4.

18.8. Practice Specify the people or places by using Ϧϳάϟ΍ – ϲΘϟ΍ – ϱάϟ΍ then use in a sentence:

: ϢϳΪϘϟ΍ ΖϴΒϟ΍ : ϯϮϠΤϟ΍ : ˯΍ήΤμϟ΍ : ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍ : ΓϮΧϷ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat)

: ϢϟΎόϟ΍ : ΔϋΎδϟ΍ : ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍ : ΔοΎϳήϟ΍

233

6. 7. 8. 9.

18.9. Practice Underline all words that belong to or found in a given place:

ϙΎΒη – ΓέΎϤϋ – ΖϴΑ – ΓέΎϴγ – ΏϮγΎΣ : ωέΎη ΓΩΎϣ – ΔϴϠϛ – ΔγέΪϣ – ΔΒΘϜϣ – ΐΘϜϣ : ΔόϣΎΟ βϘρ – ΕέϮη – ϝΎτϨΑ – ΞϠΛ – ϥΎΘδϓ : βΑϼϣ Γήϛ – ΐϴϠΣ – ϖΒρ – ΏϮϛ – ΐόϠϣ : ΦΒτϣ ΪϳήΑ ΐΘϜϣ – Γήϔγ ΔϓήϏ – ϡΎϤΣ – ΰΒΨϣ – ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ : ΔϘη Δϛήη – ϲϟΪϴλ – ˯΍ϭΩ – έϮΘϛΩ – ΓϮϬϗ : ΔϴϟΪϴλ ΔϟΎΧ – ΡΎΒλ – Ϣϋ ϦΑ΍ – Ώ΃ – ΔΟϭί : ΔϠ΋Ύϋ ΎΑϭέϭ΃ – ςϴΤϣ – ˯΍ήΤλ – ϞΒΟ – ήϬϧ : ΔϟϭΩ ϚϤγ – ΔϋΎγ – ΡΎϔΗ – ϢΤϟ – ΝΎΟΩ : ϡΎόρ ϕϭΪϨλ – ΐόϠϣ – ϕΪϨϓ – ϡΪϗ Γήϛ – ΔΣΎΒγ : ΔοΎϳέ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lesson 19

ήθϋ ΔόγΎΘϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Holidays and Celebrations

ΕϻΎϔΘΣ΍ ϭ ΩΎϴϋ΃ A’yad wa ihtifalat

Objectives: 1. Holidays 2. Grammar: Active and Passive verbs 3. Culture: Celebrations and Islamic Holidays

4. Reading 5. Holidays (from Islam as Identity ch)

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Now

–

– Al-aan

All

–

– Kol

Party, celebration

Haflat

Receive

–

Prize

Jawa’iz

Company

Sharikat

Pass by

–

– Marra/ Yamor

Considered

–

– Ya’tabir

Historical

–

– Tareekhi

Too

–

– Aydhan

Pharoah

Fara’ina

˸ ϔ˸ Σ˴ Εϼ

Half

– Yatassalam

ΰ˸ ˶΋΍ϮΟ˴ ˸ ή˶ η˴ ΕΎϛ

ΔϨϋ˶ ΍ή˴ϓ

Ja’zah Sharikah

Fer’awn

Word

˸ ϥϵ΍ ˸Ϟϛ˵ ˸Ϟ˶ϔΣ˴ Ϣ˸ ͉Ϡδ˴ ˴Η˴ /Ϣ˷Ϡ˷δΘϳ Γΰ˶΋ΎΟ Δϛή˶ η˴ ˸ήϤ˵ ˴ϳ /˷ήϣ ˸ή˴Β˴Θό˸ ˵ϳ ϲΨϳέΎΗ ˸ ˱ Ύπ˸ϳ˴΃ ϥ˸ Ϯ˸ ϋ˴ ˸ή˶ϓ

236

Lesson 19 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Come

–

– Atta/ Ya’tee

Funny

–

– Mod-hik

Sad

–

– Hazeen

Wise

–

– Hakeem

Stupid

–

– Ghabi

Popular

–

– Mahboob

Famous

–

– Mash-hoor

Bedouin

Bado

Citizen (from the city)

–

– Madani

Simple

–

– Baseet

Quiet

–

– Hadi’

Prohibited

–

– Mamnoo’

Traditional

–

– Taqleedi

Use

–

–

Meeting

Ijtima’at

Center

Marakiz

Festival

A’yad

Eid Al-Fitr

–

– Eid alfitr

Eif Al-Adha

–

– Eid alad-ha

ϭΪΑ

ΕΎϋΎϤΘΟ΍ ΰ˸ ϛ˶ ΍ήϣ˴ ΩΎϴϋ΃

Badawi

Istakhdama/ yastakhdim Ijtimaa’ Markaz Eid

Word

ϰΗ΄ϳ /ϲΗ΃˸ Ϛ˸ Τ˶ ˸πϣ˵ ˸ Σ˴ Ϧϳΰ Ϣ˸ ϴϜΣ˴ ϲΒ ˸ Ϗ˴ ˸ΏϮΒ ˸Τϣ˴ ˸έϮϬθ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ϱϭΪ˴ ˴Α ϲϧ ˸ Ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ˸ ˴Α ςϴδ ˸ΉΩ˶ Ύϫ ω˸ Ϯ˵ϨϤ˸ ϣ˴ ϱΪϴϠϘ˸ ˴Η /ϡΪΨΘγ΍ ϡ˸ Ϊ˶ Ψ˸ ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ ω˸ ΎϤ˶Θ ˸Ο˶· ΰ˸ ϛ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ Ϊϴϋ ήτϔϟ΍ Ϊϴϋ ϰΤοϷ΍ Ϊϴϋ

Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )

237

Islamic Holidays All Arab and Islamic countries use a lunar calendar to determine religious dates such as fasting during the month of Ramadan, performing the Hajj, taking the pilgrimage to Mecca, and celebrating Islamic holidays. Lunar calendars, like the Gregorian calendar, have twelve months. Each month has twenty-nine to thirty days depending on the lunar cycle. The Islamic calendar is also called the Hijri calendar. Umar ibn Al-Khattab, companion of the Prophet Mohammad, introduced it after the Prophet’s death to resolve dating conflictions. He consulted his advisors at that time, and all agreed to use the Hijra, migration of the Prophet, as the beginning of the Hijri dating system. Some may refer to the Islamic calendar as a lunar calendar as it follows the orbit of the moon. It was started in 622 AD and the current Islamic year is 1437. The first month of the Islamic calendar is called Muharram and therefore, the first day of Muharram is equivalent to January 1 or New Year’s Day. This day is celebrated by closing schools, stores, government agencies. There are no fireworks or counting down to the beginning of the New Year. Arabs celebrate the day by visiting each other and having a fun day with family and friends. Some Arab and Islamic countries celebrate the Prophet Muhammad's birthday, Mawlid al Nabi, which is on the twelfth day in the third month of the Islamic calendar. Others believe Muslims should not celebrate birthdays since the Prophet did not celebrate his own, or any other, birthday. Therefore, in general, Arabs and Muslims do not pay much attention to birthdays. There are two major holidays in all Arab and Islamic countries, Eid al-Fitr and Eid alAdha. The word Eid means celebration. Eid al-Fitr refers to the conclusion of Ramadan, the month of fasting, and celebrates the first day of breaking the fast. Muslims celebrate three days for Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha is celebrated at the conclusion of the Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam. All Muslims celebrate it whether they are performing Hajj or not. The story behind Eid al-Adha goes back to

238

Lesson 19

the time of the Prophet Ibrahim. Unlike in the Jewish and Christian traditions which believe Ibrahim (Abraham) was commanded by God to sacrifice his son Isaac, most Muslims believe that the Prophet Ibrahim was told in a dream to slaughter his son Ismail. Prophets’ dreams are believed to be orders from Allah and are to be fulfilled. Therefore, the Prophet Ibrahim, told his son about the dream, and Ismael’s response was acceptance of Allah’s order. When the Prophet Ibrahim held the knife and put it close to his son’s throat, Allah sent down a lamb from Heaven to be sacrificed in his place. This is the reason that Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha by slaughtering a lamb, cow or camel depending on availability and affordability. Sacrificing an animal is not an obligation but it is recommended. When sacrificing an animal, Muslims must divide their sacrifice into three parts: one third is to be given to friends and family, the second for the needy and they keep the third part for themselves. Muslims celebrate Eid Al-Adha for four days. For Muslims, Friday is a holy day, the same as Saturday for Jews and Sunday for Christians. Males have to attend a lecture or ceremony introduced by the imam, a religious scholar, followed by the noon prayer. Women can attend the Friday ceremony if they wish, but it is not mandatory. I think this is because mothers need to tend to their babies and take care of them when the father is not available, so it was meant to make it easier for family. Active and Passive verbs: ϝϮϬΠϤϠϟ ϲϨΒϤϟ΍ Arabic verbs, as in English, may be transitive or passive. To change a transitive verb into passive, there are few changes you are going to make to the verb: 1. Verbs in the past tense, you just put dhamma on the first letter and kasra on the second letter as in: ΐΘϛ would be ΐ ˴ ˶Θϛ˵ and ΢˴ ˴Θ˴ϓ would be ΢˴ ˶Θ˵ϓ In weak verbs, that is verbs with alif ΍ , waw ϭ or ya ϱ in the middle of the verb, we just change the long vowel into ya as in: ϝΎϗ would be Ϟϴϗ and ˯ΎΟ would be ΊϴΟ When the last letter is a long vowel, we change it into ya as in: ϰϤ˷ γ would be ϰ ˴ Ϥ˶ γ˵ and ϰθϣ would be ϲ ˴ θ˶ ϣ˵ 2. Verbs in Present tense: we put dhamma on the present tense prefix (˰ϧ ,˰ϳ , ˰Η , ΃), and fat-ha on the middle consonant of the verb for example: ΃ήϘϳ would be ΃ήϘ˵ϳ and ΢Θϔϳ would be ΢˴Θϔ˵ϳ As for weak verbs in the Present tense, we put dhamma on the first letter that is the prefix and replace the weak letter with alif as in: ϝϮϘϳ would be ϝΎϘ˵ϳ and ϝϮμϳ would be ϝΎμ˵ϳ When the last letter is a long vowel, then we change it into alif maqsoura as in: ϲϤδ˵ϳ would be ϰϤδ˵ϳ and ϲθϤϳ would be ϰθϤ˵ϳ

Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )

239

19.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following sentences into the passive tense and remember to remove the doer of the action:

.ϞϴϤΟ ΪϠΑ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϥ΃ ϲϠϋ ϝΎϗ .έΎτϓϻ΍ ΪόΑ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϲϣ΃ ΏήθΗ .ϥΎπϣέ ΪόΑ ήτϔϟ΍ ΪϴόΑ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ΍ ϞϔΘΤϳ .ΓήϴΜϛ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ϲΑ΃ ϯήΘη΍ .ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϲϓ Ε΍ήϣ βϤΧ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ΍ ϰϠμϳ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

19.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Indicate whether the sentence has a passive or active tense:

.βϣ΃ ϦϴϔυϮϤϟ΍ ϊϣ ήϳΪϤϟ΍ ϊϤΘΟ΍ .˯΍ϭΪϟ΍ Ώή ˴ η˵ .Ε΍έϻϭΩ ΔΛϼΜΑ ίήϟ΍ ωΎΒ˵ϳ .ϻΎϣ ήϴϘϔϟ΍ ϲ˴ τϋ˵ .ΔϟΎϘ˵ΗήΒϟ΍ ΖϠϛ˵΃ ˵ .ϼϴϤΟ ΎϧΎΘδϓ ΖδΒϟ .ϪΘϓήϏ ϲϓ Ϟϔτϟ΍ ϡΎϧ .ΔϴϛΫ ϙέΎϜϓ΃ ϥ΃ Ϟϴϗ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

19.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:

ˮϲϓ – ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ – ΍ΫΎϣ – αέΪϳ – ϙϮΧ΃ .ϲΑΩ – ϦϜδΗ – ϲϓ – ΔϨϳΪϣ – ϲΗΪϟ΍ϭ ϲϓ – ϦτϨη΍ϭ – ϞϤόΗ – ϱΪϨϋ – ϥϵ΍ – ΖΧ΃ .ΡΎΒμϟ΍ – Ϣψόϣ – Ϟϛ΄ϳ – ϲϓ – ΰΒΨϟ΍ ϭ – ϦΒΠϟ΍ – Ώήόϟ – ϝϮλϭ – ϥΎϛ – Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ – ˯Ύδϣ – ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ – ϲϓ – ΪϋϮϣ .ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

240

Lesson 19

.ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ – ΎόϴϤΟ – ϝϮΣ – ΕήπΣ΃ – ΍ϮδϠΟ ϭ – ϡϷ΍ – ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ – ϊϴϤΟ – ΩϼΒϟ΍ – Ϊϳέ΃ – ϥ΃ – έϭί΃ .˯ΎδϤϟ΍ – ϰϟ΍ – Ϧϣ – Ϣϫ – ΡΎΒμϟ΍ – ϥϮϠϤόϳ .Ύϧ΍έ΍ί – βϣ΃ – ϥ΍άϟ΍ – ϥ΍άϫ – ϥΎϔϴπϟ΍ .ΎΣΎΒλ – ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ – ΔϋΎδϟ΍ - ˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ – ΔϨϣΎΜϟ΍ – ϙ΍έ΄γ – ϡϮϳ

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

19.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:

1. There is a café on the second street 2. January is the first month of the year 3. It is 8:30 now, I have to leave at 9:00 o’clock 4. Bilal is 75 years old, he is my maternal uncle 5. This is my Syrian friend Elham 6. I am Jordanian and he is a Kuwaiti 7. My paternal aunt is at home with her husband and daughter 8. I am hungry. I want to eat falafel and humus 9. What is the name of the closest hotel to the airport? 10. What day comes after Sunday? 19.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following sentences into plural form:

.ϪΗΰ΋ΎΟ ϢϠδΘϴϟ ΔϠϔΤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϟΎτϟ΍ Ϟλϭ .Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ ΐϛήϴϟ έΎτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ Ϟλϭ ήϓΎδϤϟ΍ .΢Βδϴϟ ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϋϻ΍ ˯ΎΟ .ΎΣΎΒλ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ Δϛήθϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ αΪϨϬϤϟ΍ .ΡϮϠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ΍ ΖΒΘϛ ΔγέΪϤϟ΍ .ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϱΎθϟ΍ ΏήθΗ ϥ΃ ΐΤΗ ϲΘϘϳΪλ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )

.ϪΘΧ΃ ϊϣ κϤΤϟ΍ ϭ Ϟϓϼϔϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ΪϟϮϟ΍ ˮϲΧ΃ Ύϳ ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ΖϠϤϋ Ϟϫ ˮϚΘϋΎγ ΖϳήΘη΍ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ .ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ Γ΍έΎΒϣ ΪϫΎηϻ ΓήϛάΗ ΖϳήΘη΍ 19.6. Practice

241

7. 8. 9. 10.

(see Answer Key)

Underline the most suitable word in parentheses:

.(˯Ύϗέί – ήϤΣ΃ – ˯΍ήϤΣ) ή΋Ύρ ϱΪϨϋ .(ΔϴϨΑ – ˯΍ήϤΣ – ήϤΣ΃) ϥΎΘδϓ ΍άϫ .ϥϼϳϮρ ϥϼΟήϟ΍ (˯ϻΆϫ - ϥ΍άϫ – ΍άϫ) .ϡϮϴϟ΍ Ϊϴόγ (΍Ϯδϴϟ – Ύδϴϟ – Ζδϟ) Ζϧ΃ ˮϯΪϫ ϚΘϟΎΧ ϩάϫ (Ϣϛ – ϰΘϣ Ϟϫ) (Γήθϋ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ – Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ – Γήθϋ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍) ϥϵ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ .˯Ύδϣ .ήϳΎϨϳ ήϬη Ϧϣ (ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ – ΚϟΎΛ – ΚϟΎΜϟ΍) Ϯϫ ϡϮϴϟ΍ .˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ ϡϮϳ (Ϧϣ – ϞΒϗ – ΪόΑ) ϲΗ΄ϳ βϴϤΨϟ΍ ϡϮϳ .(ΔϤϳΪϗ – ϢϳΪϗ – ϞϳϮρ) ϲϫ ΓΪϳΪΟ Ζδϴϟ ϲΗέΎϴγ .ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤϋ ϲϓ (΍ϭΪϋΎδϳ – ϥ΍ΪϋΎδϳ – ΪϋΎδϳ) ϥ΃ ϥϭΪϳήϳ Ϣϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9. 10.

19.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect the related words by writing the number in parentheses:

ϦϳΰΣ ϡϮϳ ΐϟΎρ ˯ΎΘη ϰϬϘϣ

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ϞΧΩ ξϴΑ΃ Ϊϴόγ ΓϮϬϗ ϝ΍Άγ

2. 4. 6. 8. 10.

ΡΎΒλ ϰδϨϳ ΩϮγ΃ ΝήΧ Ώ΍ϮΟ

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

ήϛάΘϳ ˯Ύδϣ βϴϤΨϟ΍ αέΪϣ ΞϠΛ

1. 3. 5. 7. 9.

242

Lesson 19

19.8. Practice Reading:

(see Answer Key)

ϲϫ ϭ .ΎϬϧΎϜγ ΩΪϋ ϲϓ ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ΃ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ήΒΘόΗ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ΃ Ϯϫ ϭ ϞϴϨϟ΍ ήϬϧ ΎϬϴϓ ήϤϳ .ΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ΃ Ύπϳ΃ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ϕήη ϝΎϤη ϲϓ ϊϘΗ ϲϫ ϭ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϫ ήμϣ ΔϤλΎϋ .ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ΔϤΣΩΰϣ ϲϫ ϭ ΔϤδϧ ϥϮϴϠϣ 17 ΎΒϳήϘΗ ϥϵ΍ ΎϬϧΎϜγ ΩΪϋ .ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ϭ ΓέΎϴγ ϒϟ΃ Δ΋ΎϤδϤΧ ϭ Ϧϴϳϼϣ ϊΑέ΃ ΪΟϮϳ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥ΃ ϝΎϘ˵ϳ .΍ΪΟ ΎϴϣϮϳ ϞϘϨΗ ϭ ΎϬϴϓ έΎτϘϠϟ ΔτΤϣ ϙΎϨϫ .ΎϬϴϓ ΍ΪΟ ΔϤΣΩΰϣ ωέ΍Ϯθϟ΍ ΎϤ΋΍Ω .ΎϴϣϮϳ ΐϛ΍έ Ϧϴϳϼϣ ΔόΑέ΃ ϲϟ΍ϮΣ ϢΛ ΔϨϋ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΎϬϤϜΤϳ ϥΎϛ ϭ ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ϞΒϗ 969 ΔϨγ ϲϓ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ΔϨϳΪϣ ˯ΎϨΑ ϢΗ .ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ ϢΛ Ύδϧήϓ ϭ ϙ΍ήΗϷ΍ ϭ ΔϴϧΎϣϭήϟ΍ ΔϟϭΪϟ΍ ϮΑ΃ ϝΎΜϤΗ ϭ ΕΎϣ΍ήϫϷ΍ ϲϫ ήμϣ ϲϓ ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ ήϬη΃ Ϧϣ ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ϞΒϗ 2500 ΔϨγ ϲϓ ΔϨϋ΍ήϔϟ΍ ΎϫΎϨΑ ϲΘϟ΍ ϭ ΓΰϴΠϟ΍ ΔϘτϨϣ ϲϓ ϝϮϬϟ΍ ΢τγ ϕϮϓ ήΘϣ 140 ϊϔΗήΗ ϭ ϊΑήϣ ήΘϣ ϮϠϴϛ ϒϟ΍ 53 ΔϓΎδϤϟ ΪΘϤΗ ϲϫ ϭ .νέϷ΍ Ϧϣ ήΜϛ΃ ϰϠϋ ϱϮΘΤϳ ϱάϟ΍ ϭ ϱήμϤϟ΍ ϒΤΘϤϟ΍ ΪΟϮϳ Ύπϳ΃ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ .ΎϬϴϓ νϭήόϣ ϒϟ΍ 130 ΖϧΎϛ Ϊϗ ϭ ήϫίϷ΍ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϫ ϭ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ΃ Ύπϳ΃ ϙΎϨϫ ϭ ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΔϳέΎϤόϤϟ΍ ΔγΪϨϬϟ΍ ΐΒδΑ ΔϧάΌϣ ϒϟϷ΍ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϰϤδΗ ϭ ΍ΪΠδϣ .ΎϬϴϓ ϭ.ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ϕ΍ϮγϷ΍ ήΒϛ΃ Ϧϣ ΪΣ΍ϭ Ϯϫ ϭ ϲϠϴϠΨϟ΍ ϥΎΧ Ύπϳ΃ ϙΎϨϫ ϊϴΒΗ ΔϔϠΘΨϣ ϡΎδϗ΃ ϰϟ· ϢδϘϨϳϭ .ήθϋ ϊΑ΍ήϟ΍ ϥήϘϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϪΨϳέΎΗ ΩϮόϳ ϯήΧϷ΍ ήλΎϨόϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΪϳΪόϟ΍ϭ ΔϴϧΪόϤϟ΍ ϝΎϐηϷ΍ϭ ϞΑ΍ϮΘϟ΍ϭ ΩΎΠδϟ΍ ϊϣΎΟ ϭ ΐϨϳί ΓΪϴδϟ΍ ϊϣΎΟ ϞΜϣ ΎϬϴϓ ΓέϮϬθϣ ΓήϴΜϛ ΪΟΎδϣ Ύπϳ΃ ϙΎϨϫ ΔϨγ Ϟϛ ϥϮΒϫάϳ αΎϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ .ϦϴδΤϟ΍ ΪΠδϣ ϭ ιΎόϟ΍ ϦΑ ϭήϤϋ

Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )

243

ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ΍ ΔϠϴϤΠϟ΍ ΔϴΨϳέΎΘϟ΍ έΎΛϵ΍ ΓέΎϳΰϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ϰϟ΍ ΎϬϴϓ

Now answer the following questions:

ˮΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ΖϴϨ˵Α ϰΘϣ ˮϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ

ˮΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ 4. ˮΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ ήϬη΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮΎϬϴϓ ΪΟΎδϤϟ΍ ήϬη΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ 2.

1. 3. 5.

19.9. Practice Connect each two sentences using the relative pronouns (Ϧϳάϟ΍ – ϲΘϟ΍ – ϱάϟ΍):

.βϣ΃ ϝΎτϨΒϟ΍ ΖϠδϏ ˮϲϨΒϟ΍ ϝΎτϨΒϟ΍ Ϧϳ΃ .ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍ϮϧΎϛ ΩϻϭϷ΍ ˮΩϻϭϷ΍ Ϟϛ΃ Ϟϫ .Δϧ΍ΰΨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎϛ ϥΎΘδϔϟ΍ .ϥΎΘδϓ ϯΪϫ ΕήΘη΍ .ΎϋΎϤΘΟ΍ ΍ϮΒϠρ ϥϮϔυϮϤϟ΍ .ϦϴϔυϮϤϟ΍ ϊϣ ήϳΪϤϟ΍ ϊϤΘΟ΍ .ήμϣ ϲϓ ΕΎϣ΍ήϫϷ΍ .ΕΎϣ΍ήϫϷ΍ Εέί

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

19.10. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following words into plurals then use them to fill in the blanks:

- ΔϳΪϬϟ΍ – ΰϛήϣ – ϡΎϤΣ – ΔτΤϣ – ϦΑ΍ – ΏϮϛ – αΪϨϬϣ – ϥΎϜϣ Ωϻϭ΃ ΔόΑέ΃ ϭ ΕΎϨΑ ΙϼΛ : ΔόΒγ ϱΪϨϋ ΔΛϼΛ ϭ ϡϮϧ ϑήϏ ϊΑέ΃ Ϫϴϓ ΍ήϴΒϛ ΎΘϴΑ ΎϧήΟ΄Θγ΃ .˯΍ΪϐϠϟ ίήϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔόΑέ΃ ϲϣ΃ ΦΒτΗ ΎϨΘϠΣέ ϲϓ ΓήϴΜϛ ϦϳΰϨΑ ΎϨϳ΃έ .ΔϣϮϜΤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥϮϠϤόϳ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΒϫΫ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ϲϓ .ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϕϮδΘϟ΍ .ΔϴΣΎϴδϟ΍ ΓέΎϳΰΑ ΎϨόΘϤΘγ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

244

Lesson 19

.ϲΘϠ΋Ύόϟ

Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ ΎϨϳήΘη΍

8.

19.11. Practice Write questions that correspond to the given answers:

.ΓΪΣ΍ϭ ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ ϲΘϴΑ ϲϓ .ϝ΍Άγ ϱΪϨϋ Ϣόϧ .ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲϔΗΎϫ Ζϴδϧ .ΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϲϓ ϲΘΧ΃ ϊϣ ϦϜγ΃ Ύϧ΃ ϻ .ϡΎϳ΃ ΔΛϼΛ ϕΪϨϔϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϨϤϗ΃ .ϲϨρϮϟ΍ ϚϨΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤϋ΃ Ύϧ΃ .ΕήΒϠΟ ΔϴϠϛ ϲϓ ΕΎϴοΎϳήϟ΍ αέΩ΃ .˯Ύδϣ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϨγ .ΪΣ΍ϭ ϝΎΧ ϱΪϨϋ ϻ .ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲϫ . ϞϤόΗ ϻ ϲϣ΃ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Lesson 20

ϥϭήθόϟ΍ ΓΪΣϮϟ΍ Review

ΔόΟ΍ήϣ Moraja’a

Objectives: 1. Describing things in the Past, Present and Future 2. Grammar: ΎϤϛ – ϥ΄ϛ – ϞΜϣ -ϙ 3. Culture: Body Language

4. Review 5. Reading

Vocabulary Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

ϝΎϔρ΃

Child

Atfal

Behave

–

–

Luxurious

–

– Fakhma

Winner

–

– Fa’iz/Fa’iza

Grade

Darajat

Contest

Mosabaqat

Test/Exam

Imtihanat

Final

–

Veiled

Mohajabbat

Imagine

–

˸ έ˴ Ω˴ ΕΎΟ ˸ ˴ΑΎδϣ˵ ΕΎϘ ˸ ΕΎϧΎΤ ˶Θϣ˸ ˶·

Tifl Tasarrafa/ yatasaraaf

Darajah Mosabaqa imtihan

– Niha’ee

ΕΎΒ͉ΠΤ˴ ϣ˵

mohajabbah

–

Takhayyala/ yatakhayyal

Word

˸Ϟϔ˸ ρ˶ ˸ ήμ ˷ Η ϑ͉ ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ /ϑ˷ήμ ΔϤΨ˸ ˴ϓ Γΰ˶΋Ύϓ /ΰ˸ ˶΋Ύϓ ΔΟέ˴ Ω˴ ΔϘ˴ΑΎδϣ˵ ˸ ˶Θϣ˸ ˶· ϥΎΤ ϲ΋ΎϬ ˸ ˴ϧ ΔΒ͉ΠΤ˴ ϣ˵ Ϟ˷ϴΨΘϳ / ˸Ϟ͉ϴΨ˴ ˴Η

246

Lesson 20 Meaning

Transliteration

Plural

Transliteration

Clean

–

– Natheed

Dirty

–

– Qathir

Suddenly

–

– Faj’a

Laugh

–

–

Cry

–

– Baka/ yabki

Taxi

Sayyarat Ojra

Bus

Basat

First

–

– Awalan

Last

–

– Akheeran

Dawn

–

– Alfajr

Noon

–

– Adhohr

Afternoon

–

– Ala’sr

Sunset

–

– Almaghrib

Evening

–

– Alisha

After that

–

– Ba’da thalik

Clear/pure

–

– Saffi

Cloudy

–

– Gha’m

Crowded

–

– Mozdahim

Empty

–

– Farigh

Invent

–

–

Ε΍έΎϴγ ΓήΟ˵΃ ΕΎλΎΑ

Dhahika/ yadh-hak

Sayyarat Ojra Bas

Ightara’/ yakhtari’

Word

˸ ˴ϧ ϒϴψ ˸έά˶ ˴ϗ Γ΄ ˸Π˴ϓ Ϛ˸ Τ˴ ˸π˴ϳ /Ϛ ˴ Το ˴ ϲϜ˸Β˴ϳ /ϰϜ˴Α Γή ˸Ο˵΃ ΓέΎ˷ϴγ ˸ιΎΑ ˱ϻϭ˷ ˴΃ ˱΍ήϴΧ˴΃ ˸ή ˸Π˴ϔϟ΍ ˸ή˸Ϭ˵ψϟ΍ ˸ή ˸μό˴ ϟ΍ ˸Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ˯Ύθ ˸ ό˶ ϟ΍ Ϛ˸ ˶ϟΫ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Α ϲϓΎλ Ϣ˸ ˶΋ΎϏ Ϣ˸ Σ˶ Ω˴ ΰ˸ ϣ˵ ύ˸ έΎϓ ˶ ω˸ ή˶ ˴ΘΨ˸ ˴ϳ /ωήΘΧ΍

Review (Moraja’a) Meaning

Transliteration

Information

Ma’loomat

Procedure

Ijra’at

Expect

–

Plural

Transliteration

˸ ΕΎϣϮϠ˸ όϣ˴ Ε΍˯΍ή ˸ ˸Ο΍ –

Ma’looma Ijra’ Tawaqa’/ yatawaqa’

247

Word

ΔϣϮϠ˸όϣ˴ ˯΍ή ˸ ˸Ο˶· ϊϗϮΘϳ /ϊϗϮΗ

Gestures and Body Language We will conclude this book culture part with examples of some common Arab gestures and displays of body language which may have different meanings in the West. Below are some examples. • Usually, when using the hand for eating, drinking or shaking hands, the right hand is used. • Nodding the head down is a sign of agreement and it means yes. • Raising the eyebrows, moving the head from right to left, moving an open palm from right to left, using the tongue to make a clicking sound or tilting the head up are all different ways of saying “no.” • To open the left-hand palm and hit it with the right fist means condescension or offensiveness. • Making a circle using the thumb and index fingers indicates a threat or “I am coming to get you.” • Holding the fingers together while pointing the tips up and moving the hand up and down is a sign to slow down, be careful or wait. • Touching the forehead with the fingertips and bowing the head shows respect and appreciation. • A man stroking his mustache reflects seriousness and honesty. • To point at someone with the index finger and move it up and down indicates condescension toward that person or threatening him to stop what he is doing. • To open the right-hand palm and move it right to left means no, in contrast to its meaning as “hello” for Westerners. • To put the right-hand forefinger in the mouth and pretend to bite it means “I am angry with you” or “I am coming to get you.” • To touch the tip of the nose or the lower eyelid with the right hand or its forefinger means a promise to do something or an obligation. • To grasp the chin with the right-hand thumb indicates wisdom or “I am thinking.”

248

Lesson 20

As the cradle of Judaism, Christianity and Islam and a crossroads of international commerce, the Arab world shows elements of a unified culture as well as a great deal of cultural variation. Despite differences in clothing, music, food and dialects from one Arab country to another, common fundamental values of Arab culture and customs merit exploration and explanation to foster greater understanding. Grammar

ΎϤϛ – ϥ΄ϛ – ϞΜϣ _ϙ , are used to show similarities. They mean “the same as.” However, they are used differently. ϞΜϣ: mithla means “like” and is treated as the first noun in idafa. It can be suffixed according to the subject. For example here is the conjugation of ϞΜϣ mithla: Transliteration

Mithlee Mithlona Mithloka Mithloki Mithlokoma Mithlokom Mithloho Mithloha Mithlohoma Mithlohom Mithlohonna

It would be:

ϲϠΜϣ ΎϨϠΜϣ ϚϠΜϣ ϚϠΜϣ ˶ ΎϤϜϠΜϣ ϢϜϠΜϣ ϪϠΜϣ ΎϬϠΜϣ ΎϤϬϠΜϣ ϢϬϠΜϣ ˷ ϦϬϠΜϣ

Pronoun

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΃ ΎϤΘϧ΃ ϢΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ

ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ

Review (Moraja’a)

249

Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

Example

He is as short as I am.

Howa qaseer mithlee.

She is as smart as you.

Hiya thakiyyah mithlokom.

ϲϠΜϣ ήϴμϗ Ϯϫ ϢϜϠΜϣ ΔϴϛΫ ϲϫ

˰ϛ: means “like” comes at the beginning of the nouns only and is connected to it. It does not come by itself and it does not make any changes. Some examples: Meaning

Transliteration

My house is as small and beautiful as his house.

Bayti kabaytoho sagheer wa jameel.

I want a car like yours.

Oreed sayyarah kasayyaratok.

Example

ϞϴϤΟ ϭ ήϴϐλ ϪΘϴΒϛ ϲΘϴΑ ϚΗέΎϴδϛ ΓέΎϴγ Ϊϳέ΃

ϥ΄ϛ : means “as if.” It should be followed by a nominal sentence. It gives the idea that whatever it is describing might not be true. Some examples: Meaning

Transliteration

The year passed as if it’s a month.

Marrat assanah ka’naha shahr.

He behaves like a child.

Yatasarraf ka’nnaho tifl sagheer.

Example

ήϬη ΎϬϧ΄ϛ ΔϨδϟ΍ Ε˷ήϣ ήϴϐλ Ϟϔρ Ϫϧ΄ϛ ϑήμΘϳ

ϥ΄ϛ can be used by itself or attached to a pronoun, when it is attached it would be like this: Transliteration

Ka’nanee Ka’nana Ka’naka Ka’naki Ka’nakoma

It would be:

ϲϨϧ΄ϛ ΎϨϧ΄ϛ Ϛϧ΄ϛ Ϛϧ΄ϛ ˶ ΎϤϜϧ΄ϛ

Pronoun

Ύϧ΃ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ΃ Ζ ˶ ϧ΃ ΎϤΘϧ΃

ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ

250

Lesson 20 Transliteration

Ka’nakom Ka’naho Ka’naha Ka’nahoma Ka’nahom Ka’nahonna

It would be:

ϢϜϧ΄ϛ Ϫϧ΄ϛ ΎϬϧ΄ϛ ΎϤϬϧ΄ϛ ϢϬϧ΄ϛ ϦϬϧ΄ϛ

Pronoun

ϢΘϧ΃ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ

ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ

Kama ΎϤϛ: means “as” and must be followed by a verb. It does not make any changes to the verb. Some examples are: Meaning

Transliteration

As you know

Kama ta’lam

As I want

Kama oreed

Example

ϢϠόΗ ΎϤϛ Ϊϳέ΃ ΎϤϛ

20.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks using one of the following: ΎϤϛ – ϥ΄ϛ – ϞΜϣ _ϙ

.ΪϳήΗ ϑήμΘΗ ϭ ΊϴθΑ ϢΘϬΗ ϻ ϲϫ .ϚϧΎΘδϓ ϼϴϤΟ ΎϧΎΘδϓ ϱήΘη΃ ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃ .ϩΪΣϮϟ ϢϠϜΘϳ ϥΎϛ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ αέΪϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΎΌϴη ΍ϮϤϬϔϳ Ϣϟ .Ϟϣ΃ ΎϬΘϘϳΪλ ϥϮϜΗ ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ ϻ ϲϫ .ΓήΧ΄Θϣ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ ϻ Ύϧ΃ ϥϮϓήόΗ .ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ΍ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ Ζδϴϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ .ϥϮϜΗ Ζϧ΃ Ϊϳήϳ ΍ΪΟ ΓΪϴΟ ϩΪϟ΍ϮΑ ΔΘϗϼϋ ˮϚϣ΃ Ζϧ΃ Ϟϫ .Ϊϳήϳ Ύϣ Ϟϛ΄ϳ Ϯϫ .ΔϤΨϓ ΓέΎϤϋ ϭΪΒϳ Ώϼτϟ΍ ΖϴΑ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Review (Moraja’a)

251

20.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Read. Then pretend you are the student and answer the questions to review your information on the Arab World:

ΰ΋Ύϔϟ΍ ϭ .ΔϘΑΎδϣ ϢϬϟ ϞϤόϴγ Ϫϧ΃ ϪΑϼτϟ ϝΎϗ ϭ ϒμϟ΍ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ϞΧΩ ΔΟέΩ ϰϟ΍ ΎϬϔϴπϴγ ΕΎΟέΩ ΔδϤΧ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϴγ ΔϘΑΎδϤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϲϓ ϞΣ ϲϓ ΍ϭ΃ΪΒϴϟ ϢϠϘϟ΍ ϭ ΔϗέϮϟ΍ ΍ϭΪϋ΃ ϭ Ώϼτϟ΍ Ρήϓ .ϲ΋ΎϬϨϟ΍ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ΍ :ΡϮϠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ΐΘϛ .ΔϠΌγϷ΍ ˮϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήϐλ΃ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήΒϛ΃ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ΃ Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ ˮΪΟϮΗ Ϧϳ΃ ˮ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮϥΎπϣέ ήϬη ϲϓ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ΍ Ϟόϔϳ ΍ΫΎϣ ˮΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϊΑΎδϟ΍ ήϬθϟ΍ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮΔϳήΠϬϟ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϭ ΔϳΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ϕήϔϟ΍ Ύϣ ˮ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϧϣ έϭΰΗ ϥ΃ ΐΤΗ ΪϠΑ ϱ΃ ˮϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ΃ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮΕΎΒΠΤϣ ΕΎϴΑήόϟ΍ ˯ΎδϨϟ΍ ϊϴϤΟ Ϟϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

ΔϠΌγϷ΍ ϩάϫ ϰϠϋ ΔΑΎΟϻ΍ ϝϭΎΣ ϭ ϒμϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ Ϛϧ΃ ϞϴΨΗ 20.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the opposite of the following sentences:

.κϴΧέ ΎϫέΎΠϳ΍ ϭ Δόγ΍ϭ ϪΘϘη .ήϴϐλ ϙΎΒη Ϫϴϓ ϭ ϖϴο ΦΒτϤϟ΍ .ϢϳΪϗ ήϳήδϟ΍ ϭ Γήϴϐλ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ .ΓΪϳΪΟ ϲγ΍ήϜϟ΍ ϭ ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ .ϒϴψϧ ϡΎϤΤϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

252

Lesson 20

.ΐΘϛ ΎϬϴϓ βϴϟ ϭ ΔϏέΎϓ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ .ΦΒτϤϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΓΪϴόΑ αϮϠΠϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ .ΔϴϓΎλ ˯ΎϤδϟ΍ ϭ έΎΣ βϘτϟ΍ .ΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϰϟ΍ ΪϤΣ΃ ˯ΎΟ .ΎΗϮϳϮΗ ΓέΎϴγ Ϟϣ΃ ΪϨϋ

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

20.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Replace the numbers with words:

.ΕΎϋΎγ .Ω΍Ϯϣ

ϲϓ ϲΒΟ΍ϭ ϞϤϋ΃ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ 7 αέΩ΃ ΖϨϛ ϲΘγέΪϣ ϲϓ .΍έϻϭΩ 56 ϥΎΘδϔϟ΍ ήόγ .΍ήϬη 12 ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ .ΓίΎΟ΍ ωϮΒγ΃ 2 ϱΪϨϋ ϥϮϜϳ ΔϨγ Ϟϛ .ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϊϴΑΎγ΃ 10 ΎϨϴπϗ .ΎΣΎΒλ 6 ΔϋΎδϟ΍ έΎτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨϠλϭ 2019/8/15 βϴϤΨϟ΍ Ϯϫ ϡϮϴϟ΍ .ΔϴοΎϤϟ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎΑΎΘϛ 25 Ε΃ήϗ .ήϬθϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍έϻϭΩ 1260 ΝΎΘΣ΃ 3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

20.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:

ΫΎΘγ΃ – ήπΧ΃ – Γήϫί – ΓήΠη ωϮΒγ΃ – ϝΪΘόϣ – έΎΣ – ΩέΎΑ ήΤΑ – ΔΟέΩ – ήϬϧ – ΊρΎη ˯ΎΘη – ϒϳήΧ – ΔόϣΎΟ – ϊϴΑέ ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ – ϡϮϠόϟ΍ – ΕΎϴοΎϳήϟ΍ – ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Review (Moraja’a)

ΓϮϬϗ – ΓέΎϴγ – ˯Ύϣ – ϱΎη ΔϟΎμϟ΍ – ϡϷ΍ – αϮϠΠϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ - ΦΒτϤϟ΍ ΦΒτϳ – Ϟϛ΄ϳ – Ώήθϳ – ΡΎϔΗ ϡϮϳ – ΔϋΎγ – ΔϘϳΪΣ – ΔϘϴϗΩ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ – ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ – ήϴϣϷ΍ – έΎτϓϻ΍

253

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

20.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:

: ϱΎη : ΏΎΘϛ : Γή΋Ύρ : ΔϘη : ϲγήϛ : ίΎϔϠΘϟ΍

2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12..

: ϡΎότϟ΍ : ϕϮδϟ΍ : ϢϠϗ :βΑϼϣ : ΓέΎϴγ : ϮϳΩ΍έ

1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11.

20.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the most suitable word in parentheses:

ˮΔϠϴϠϟ΍ ϞόϔΘγ (ϒϴϛ – Ϟϫ – ΍ΫΎϣ) ˮϡϮϴϟ΍ βϘτϟ΍ (ϒϴϛ – Ϧϳ΃ – ΍ΫΎϣ) ˮϯΪϫ Ύϳ ϦϴϠϤόΗ (Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ – ΍ΫΎϣ – Ϣϛ) ˮήϔδϠϟ ΪόΘδϣ (ϻ – ΃ – ϒϴϛ) .ϲγέΪϤϟ΍ ϱΰϟ΍ (ϥΎΒΤϳ – ϥϮΒΤϳ – ΐΤϳ ) ϻ Ώϼτϟ΍ .ϲΒΟ΍ϭ ϲϬϧ΃ ϥ΃ ΪόΑ ϡΎότϟ΍ (ϥϻϭΎϨΘϳ – ϝϭΎϨΗ΃ – ϝϭΎϨΗ΄γ) .(ϢΣΩΰϣ – ύέΎϓ – ήϴμϗ) ωέΎθϟ΍ ϦϜϟ ωήγ΃ ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃ .ΎϤ΋΍Ω ΔϴϟΎϐϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ (ϱήΘθϳ – ϱήΘθΗ – ϦϳήΘθΗ) ϲϫ

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

254

Lesson 20

Ϟϛ ΓέΎϳί ϥϭήϓΎδϤϟ΍ (ϥΎόϴτΘδϳ – ϥϮόϴτΘδϳ – ϊϴτΘδϳ) ϻ .ΪΣ΍ϭ ϡϮϳ ϲϓ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ .ΪΣ΍ϭ ήϬη Ϊόϳ ϒϴμϟ΍ ΔϠτϋ (΃ΪΒϳ – ΃ΪΒΘγ – Ε΃ΪΑ)

9.

10.

20.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the sentence then form into questions:

.ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ΔϨϳΪϣ Ϧϣ Ύϧ΃ .΍ήϴΜϛ Ϟϓϼϔϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ Ϣόϧ .ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ΍ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ Ϯϫ .ϙέϮϳϮϴϧ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΓέΎΠΘϟ΍ ϥϮγέΪϳ Ϣϫ .ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ ϦϜγ ϲϓ ϯΪϫ ΎϬΘϘϳΪλ ϊϣ ϦϜδΗ Ϟϣ΃ .ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ αέΩϷ ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΖΒϫΫ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ΔϤλΎϋ ϲϫ νΎϳήϟ΍ .ϒϳήΨϟ΍ Ϟμϓ ϲϓ ήΠθϟ΍ ϕ΍έϭ΃ ςϘδΗ .ΪϨϬϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ήΒϛ΃ ϲϫ ϱΎΒϣϮΑ .ϥϵ΍ ϰΘΣ ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤϋ΃ Ϣϟ ϻ 20.9. Practice Reading:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

(see Answer Key)

ΔϴϠϤϋ ˯΍ήΟΎΑ ΓΪϋΎδϤϟ΍ ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ Ϧϣ έϮΘϛΩ ϥΎϜϣΎΑ ϥ΃ ΎϣϮϳ ΕήϜϓ Ϟϫ ˮϥΩέϷ΍ ϲϓ ξϳήϤϟ ΔϴΣ΍ήΟ ΕϼΤϤϟ΍ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ϕϮδΘϟ΍ ϢϬϧΎϜϣΎΑ ΕΎϨΒϟ΍ ϭ ΩϻϭϷ΍ ϥ΃ ϕΪμϳ Ϧϣ ϥϭΩ ϢϬΗϮϴΑ ϲϓ Ϣϫ ϭ ϥϭΪϳήϳ Ύϣ Ϟϛ ϥϭήΘθϳ ϭ ΓέΎϴγ ϥϭΪΑ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϻ΍ ˮϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΏΎϫάϟ΍ ϭ ΕϼΠϤϟ΍ ϭ ΐΘϜϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϩΪϳήΗ Ύϣ Ϟϛ έΎϴΘΧ΍ ϚϧΎϜϣΎΑ ϥ΃ ϕΪμΗ Ϟϫ ΐόϠΗ ϥ΃ Ύπϳ΃ ϚϧΎϜϣΎΑ ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ Ζϧ΃ ϭ Ϛ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϊϣ ϚγϭέΩ ήϛ΍άΗ

Review (Moraja’a)

255

ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϷ΍ ΔηΎθϟ΍ ήΒϋ Ϛ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϊϣ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϷ΍ ΏΎόϟϷ΍ Ϧϣ ˯ΎθΗ Ύϣ ΪϳήΗ Ύϣ Ϟϛ αέΪΗ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΍ήϴΧ΃ ϭ .ϢϬΗϮϴΑ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάΗ ϥ΃ ϥϭΩ ΔγέΪϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάΗ ϥ΃ ϥϭΩ ΓΩΎϬη ϰϠϋ ϞμΤΗ ϭ Δϴγ΍έΪϟ΍ Ω΍ϮϤϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϥΎϜϣ ϱ΃ ϲϓ ϭ΃ ήΤΒϟ΍ ΊρΎη ϰϠϋ βϟΎΟ Ζϧ΃ ϭ αέΪΗ ϥ΃ ϭ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϭ΃ Δϴϣϼϋϻ΍ ΓέϮΜϟ΍ ϲϫ ϩάϫ .ΪϳήΗ ϰϠϋ ϥϮΒΘϜϳ ΍ϮϧΎϛ ϭ ΔΑΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍ϮϋήΘΧ΍ ϦϴϨδϟ΍ ϑϻ΁ ϞΒϗ ϭ Δϳ΍ΪΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϢΛ .ήΠΤϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϥϭήϔΤϳ ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ ϭ ήΠθϟ΍ ϕ΍έϭ΃ ϭ ΕΎϧ΍ϮϴΤϟ΍ ΩϮϠΟ ϥϵ΍ ϭ ϥΎϜϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ΐΘϜϟ΍ ΕήθΘϧ΍ ΖϗϮϟ΍ ϡΪϘΗ ϊϣ ϭ ΔϋΎΒτϟ΍ ΍ϮϋήΘΧ΍ ϭ ΕΎϣϮϠόϣ Ϧϣ ΪϳήΗ Ύϣ Ϟϛ ϦϳΰΨΗ Ϧϣ ϚϨϜϤΗ ΕΎϣϮϠόϤϟ΍ ΎϴΟϮϟϮϨϜΗ .ιΎΨϟ΍ ϚϧϮϔϠΗ ϰϠϋ ΔϘϴϗΩ Ϧϣ Ϟϗ΃ ϲϓ ήΧϻ ϥΎϜϣ Ϧϣ ΎϬϠϘϧ ϭ ΎϬοήϋ ˮΔϨγ ϦϴδϤΧ ΪόΑ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϥϮϜϴγ ϒϴϛ ˮ ϚϟΫ ΪόΑ ϥϮϋήΘΨϴγ ΍ΫΎϣ :ϯήΗ Answer the following questions from the reading:

ˮΔΜϳΪΤϟ΍ ΎϴΟϮϟϮϨϜΘϟ΍ ϲϓ Ϛϳ΃έ Ύϣ ˮϚΒΘϛ ϱήΘθΗ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ ˮϚδΑϼϣ ϱήΘθΘϟ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάΗ Ϟϫ ˮΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάΗ ϥ΃ ϥϭΩ ήΗϮϴΒϤϜϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΖγέΩ ΓΩΎϣ Ϣϛ ˮΔϨγ ϦϴδϤΧ ΪόΑ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ΢Βμϳ ϥ΃ ϊϗϮΘΗ ϒϴϛ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Answer Key Lesson 1 1.2. Practice

ήτϗ

11.

ΝίΎρ

9.

ϥΎτϴη

7.

βϠΑ΍ήρ

6.

ή΋Ύρ

4.

1.9. Practice:

ΪΠδϣ

5.

ήϳάΒΗ

4.

ϥΎϛήΑ

3.

ϝϼΟ

2.

έϮΒλ

1.

Ώϼϛ

10.

ήϳΪμΗ

9.

ΏϭήΣ

8.

ΔΒϟΎρ

7.

ϥϮϤϠδϣ

6.

ϚΤο Ωϭέϭ

4.

ΝΎΟΩ ήϴΛ΄Η

3.

ήϜη ΩέΎΑ

2.

ϒθϛ ΚΤΒϳ

1.

Lesson 2 2.5. Practice

ϥϮϜγ ΕΎΒΛ΍

5. 10.

9.

8.

7.

6.

2.7. Practice:

ήϴΛ΄Η = ήϳ___΄Η

3.

ΩέΎΑ = Ω ___ΎΑ

2.

έϭΪΑ = έϭ ___ ˰Α

1.

ΪϳΪΣ = ΪϳΩ___

6.

Ν΍ϭί΃ = Ν΍ϭί___

5.

ίέ΃ = ίέ___

4.

ήϳίϭ = έϳ___ϭ

9.

ϙΎΒη = ___ΎΑη

8.

ΪΣ΍ϭ = ΪΣ___ϭ

7.

Ε΍ϮΧ΃ = Ε΍___Υ΃

10.

2.8. Practice:

ΔϨϳΪϤϟ΍

˱ΔϟϭΎρ

5.

4.

ωέΎθϟ΍

ΎϤϠϗ

3.

2.

ΫΎΘγϷ΍

2.9. Practice

˯ΎϘϠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍

(5)

ήϴΨΑ Ύϧ΃ ͿΪϤΤϟ΍

(2)

ϡϼδϟ΍ ϢϜϴϠϋ ϭ

(3)

ϼϫ΃

(1)

ΪϤΣ΃ ϲϤγ΍ . ΎϨϓήθΗ

(4)

Lesson 3 3.1. Practice:

˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ ί˵ ˲Δ͉ϠΠ˴ ϣ˴ .˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ˲Δ͉ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵

.˲ΓΪ˴ ϳή˶ Ο˴ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ Ω˴ ˲ΓΪ˴ ϴό˶ γ˴ ˲Δ˴Β˶ΗΎϛ˴

3. 6. 9.

2. 5. 8.

˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α – ˲ΔϤ˴ ϴ˸ Χ˴ Ζ ˲ΔΟ˴ ˸ϭί˴ – ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ ˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ - ˲Δ͉τ˴Α ˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴

3.2. Practice: 15 (6)

13 (5)

17 (2)

10 (1)

9 (3)

10 (4)

1. 4. 7. 10.

1.

ϢρΎϤρ

2.

Answer Key 3.3. Practice:

˿̀

5.

̀˾

4.

́

3.

̀˺

2.

˾˼

1.

̂˿

10.

˺˺΍

9.

˹˻

8.

˾˺

7.

˽˻

6.

3.4. Practice:

ΎϤϠϗ ήθϋ ΔόΑέ΃

2.

ΎΑΎΘϛ ήθϋ ΪΣ΃

1.

ΎΘϨΑ ϦϴόΒγ ϭ Ζγ

4.

Ύϴγήϛ ϦϴΘγ ϭ ΔδϤΧ

3.

ΔϟϭΎρ ϦϴδϤΧ

6.

ΎΘϴΑ ϦϴϧΎϤΛ ϭ ΔόδΗ ϭ ϥΎΘΌϣ

5.

ΔϳΎΤϣ ϦϴϧΎϤΛ ϭ ϊΑέ΃ ϭ Δ΋Ύϣ ΙϼΛ

8.

ΎΣΎΘϔϣ Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ϥΎϨΛ΍

7.

Δϗέϭ ϦϴΘγ ϭ ΙϼΛ ϭ Δ΋Ύϣ βϤΧ

10.

ϑήϏ ϊΑέ΃ ϭ Δ΋Ύϣ

9.

3.5. Practice:

Ώήο = Ώ έ ν

3.

ΐδϛ = Ώ α ϙ

2.

Ϛδϧ = ϙ α ϥ

1.

ϝΪϋ = ϝ Ω ω

6.

ϒθϛ = ϑ ε ϙ

5.

Υήλ = Υ έ ι

4.

ϞϤϋ = ϝ ϡ ω

9.

ϢϠϋ = ϡ ϝ ω

8.

ΐΘϛ = Ώ Ε ϙ

7.

ϕήϏ = ϕ έ ύ

12.

΃ήϗ = ΃ έ ϕ

11.

ϖδϏ = ϕ α ύ

10.

ήϤϗ = έ ϡ ϕ

13.

3.6. Practice: Read and respond to the following:

ήϴΨΑ Ύϧ΃ ͿΪϤΤϟ΍ : ϯΪϫ

! ΎΒΣήϣ : Ϟϣ΃

ˮΖϧ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ : Ϟϣ΃

ϼϫ΃ : ϯΪϫ

ˮΖϧ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ ____΍ϱέϮγ Ϧϣ Ύϧ΃ : ϯΪϫ

ˮ ϚϤγ΍ Ύϣ : Ϟϣ΃

ΖϳϮϜϟ΍ Ϧϣ Ύϧ΃ : ϯΪϫ

ϯΪϫ ϲϤγ΍ : ϯΪϫ

˯ΎϘϠϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ : Ϟϣ΃

ˮϚϤγ΍ Ύϣ ˮΖϧ΍ ϭ : ϯΪϫ

Δϣϼδϟ΍ ϊϣ : ϯΪϫ

Ϟϣ΃ ϲϤγ΍ : Ϟϣ΃ ˮϚϟΎΣ ϒϴϛ :Ϟϣ΃

3.8. Practice:

ΔϜϴΒγ – ϦϜγ – ΐΘϜϣ : ϙ

2.

ϱΪϬϳ - ϯΪϫ – ΓΩέϭ : ˰ϫ

1.

ϝΎϨϣ – ΐόϠϧ –: ϥ

4.

ήϤγ – ϝΎΜϣ – ϲϤγ΍ –: ϡ

3.

ϢϴϠόΗ –: Ε .˿

6.

ΚΤΒϳ – βϳέΩ΍ – ΪϳΪΟ – ΔϴδϨΟ : ϱ

5.

ϙήθϣ – ϙέΎη ε

8.

ΏϮϨΟ : Ν

7.

ίΎϓ – ϑΎϓί : ϑ

10.

ΏϭήϏ ύ

9.

257

258

Answer Key

Lesson 4 4.1. Practice:

4.2. Practice:

4.3. Practice:

ΔϳΎϬϨϟ΍

˱ ΎδϤη

ΪϟϮϟ΍

.˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵

2.

ϒμϟ΍

ΔϋΎδϟ΍

. ˲ΏΎ˴Α

4.

ωέΎθϟ΍

΍ΪΠδϣ

Ώ ˳ ΎΘϛ ˱ ΔΒΘϜϣ

.Ϊ˲ Σ΍ ˶ ϭ˴

1.

Δ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴΃

3. 5.

4.4. Practice:

˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ ˴Ϧϳ˸ ˴΃ ˮϖ ΎϳέϮγ ϲϓ ϖθϣΩ ˮΔ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϐ˵ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˵ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵Ο ˸ϮϤ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˵ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ Ύϣ˴ ˴ . ϙΎ˷Βη ˵ ϭ˴ ϲ͇ γ ˶ ή˸ ϛ˵ ϭ˴ ˲Δ˴ϟϭ˶ Ύρ

ˮΪ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ ˴Ϧϳ˸ ˴΃ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲΒϤΗ Ϧϣ ΪϤΣ΃ ˮϡ˴ ˸Ϯ˴ϴϟ΍ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴΃ Ϣ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η ΍Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ Δ˶ ˴ϓή˸ ϐ˵ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ˴ΓΩ˴ ϮΟ˵ Ϯ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ˯˴ Ύ˴ϴη ˸ ˴Ϸ΍ ˯˵ ΎϤ˴ γ ˸ ˴΃ Ϣ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η Ϛ ˴ ˶Θ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϲ˶ϓ Γ˳ Ω˴ Ϯ˵Ο ˸Ϯϣ˴ ˯˳ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴΃ ˴Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ˵ΐ˵Θϛ˸ ˴΃ ΏΎΑ - ϢϠϗ – ΐΘϜϣ

2.

4.

1.

3.

5.

4.5. Practice:

Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵΃

6.

˴Ϧϳ˸ ˴΃

5.

͊ή˶ϓ˴΄γ˴

4.

ΐ ˶ ˶ϧΎΠ˴ ˶Α

3.

˵Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ͉τϟ΍

2.

˵Δ˴Βϴ˶ϘΤ˴ ϟ΍

1.

4.7. Practice:

ωΎϔΗέ΍

5.

ΐΘϜϳ

4.

ϝΎϣ΃

3.

ΪϴόΑ

2.

ΓέΎψϧ

1.

ϕΩΎϨϓ

10.

ϲΗΪϳήΟ

9.

ΔϨϴϔγ

8.

ΕΎπϬϧ

7.

ΔϧΎμΣ

6.

Lesson 5 5.1. Practice:

ϊ˵ ϴ˶ΑΎγ˴ ˴΃ ˲ΓΩ͉ Ύϣ˴

4. 8.

ϡ˲ Ύ͉ϳ˴΃ ˲ έ˴ Ύ͉ψ˴Ϩϋ Ε΍

Ϟ˴ Β˸ ˴ϗ ˵Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ΍

3. 7.

Ϊ˵ ό˸ ˴Α Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴Θϐ˴ ˵ϟ

2. 6.

1. 5.

5.2. Practice:

.Ϟμϔϟ΍ ϲϓ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ϡΎϣ΃ Ώϼτϟ΍ βϠΠϳ

1.

.ΝέΪϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϢϠϗ ϭ ήΘϓΩ Ϫόϣ ϭ ϲγήϜϟ΍ ϰϠϋ βϠΠϳ ΐϟΎρ Ϟϛ

2.

.ϒμϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ ϦϳΫΎΘγ΃ ϙΎϨϫ

3.

.ϒμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎΒϟΎρ Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ΔΛϼΛ ϡΎϣ΃ ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ϒϘϳ

4.

ˮαέΪΗ ΓΩΎϣ Ϣϛ

5.

5.3. Practice:

ΕΎϐϟ αέΩ΃

ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ Ώϼτϟ΍ ΐϫΫ

2.

Γήϴϐλ ϑήϏ ϲϓ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ΍ ϦϜδΗ

1.

Ρ΍ϮϟϷ΍ ϰϠϋ Ώϼτϟ΍ ΐΘϛ

5.

ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥϮϤϠόϣ ϙΎϨϫ

4.

3.

5.4. Practice:

ϥϮϴΘϳϮϛ

5.

ϦϴϳέϮγ

4.

ΕΎϐϟ

3.

ΕΎϤϠϛ

2.

ϕ΍έϭ΃

1.

259

Answer Key 5.5. Practice:

ϝϮμϓ ΔόΑέ΃ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϔϛ

3.

΍ήϬη ήθϋ ΎϨΛ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ

2.

ϡΎϳ΃ ΔόΒγ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϓ

1.

ΔϨγ ....... ϱήϤϋ

6.

ΓϮΧ΍ ....... ϱΪϨϋ

5.

ˮΎΒϟΎρ Ϧϳήθϋ ϲϔλ ϲϓ

4.

˯ΎΛϼΜϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ΪόΑ ˯ΎόΑέϷ΍

9.

ΔϋΎγ Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ϊΑέ΃ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϲϓ

8.

......... ήϬη ϲϓ ϱΩϼϴϣ Ϊϴϋ ήΒϤδϳΩ Ϯϫ Δ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ή˸˳ Ϭη˴ ή˵ Χ΁ ˶

10.

7.

5.6. Practice:

.ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΃ήϗ

(6)

.ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ ΓΩΎϣ ΏΎΘϛ άΧ΃

(5)

.ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΪΠϳ Ϣϟ

(3)

.ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ

(4)

.ΡϮϠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ΍ ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ ϢϠόϣ ΐΘϛ

(2)

.ΔϠΌγϷ΍ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ ΏΎΟ΃

(7)

. ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ Ϟμϓ ϰϟ΍ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ ΡΎΒμϟ΍ ϲϓ

(1)

5.7. Practice

Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ ˮ Ω΍Άϓ Ϧϳ΃ ϊ˵ γΎ ˶ ͉Θϟ΍ ͋ϒ͉μϟ΍ ϲ˶ϓ ϦϤϳ΃ ˮ ϦϤϳ΃ ϒλ ϱ΃ ϲϓ

˵ ϳΪ˶ λ Ω΍˴Ά˵ϓ ϖ ˴ Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮ ΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϧϣ ΔϨγ Γήθϋ ΙϼΛ ϦϤϳ΃ή˶ Ϥ˸ ϋ˵ ˮϦϤϳ΃ ήϤϋ Ϣϛ

2. 4.

ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΪϤΤϣ ΐϫάϴγ ˮ ΪϤΤϣ ΐϫάϴγ Ϧϳ΃

1. 3. 5.

5.8. Practice:

ΓΪϴγ

5.

ΖϨΑ

4.

Γήϴϣ΃

3.

ΔΒϟΎρ

2.

ΔϤϠόϣ

1.

ΕήπΣ

10.

Δτϗ

9.

ΓήϴΜϛ

8.

ϲϫ

7.

ΔϧΎΒόΗ

6.

ΐόϠϳ

4.

ΏΎΘϛ

3.

ΔΒΘϜϣ

2.

Ύϧ΃

1.

5.9. Practice:

ΓέΎϴγ

5.

Lesson 6 6.1. Practice:

Ϣϫ

ΎϤϫ

ΎϤϫ

ϦΤϧ

ϲϫ

Ϯϫ

Ζ ˶ ϧ΃

˴Ζϧ΃

Ύϧ΃

ϥϭΩΪΤϳ

ϥ΍ΩΪΤΗ

ϥ΍ΩΪΤϳ

ΩΪΤϧ

ΩΪΤΗ

ΩΪΤϳ

ϦϳΩΪΤΗ

ΩΪΤΗ

ΩΪΣ΃

Ω˷ ΪΣ

Assign

ϥϮψϔΤϳ

ϥΎψϔΤΗ

ϥΎψϔΤϳ

φϔΤϧ

φϔΤΗ

φϔΤϳ ϦϴψϔΤΗ

φϔΤΗ

φϔΣ΃

φϔΣ

Keep

ϥϮγέΪϳ

ϥΎγέΪΗ

ϥΎγέΪϳ

αέΪϧ

αέΪΗ

αέΪϳ

αέΪΗ αέΩ΃

αέΩ

Study

ϥϮϤγήϳ

ϥΎϤγήΗ

ϥΎϤγήϳ

Ϣγήϧ

ϢγήΗ

Ϣγήϳ ϦϴϤγήΗ

ϢγήΗ

Ϣγέ΃

Ϣγέ

Draw

ϥϭΪϫΎθϳ

ϥ΍ΪϫΎθΗ

ϥ΍ΪϫΎθϳ

ΪϫΎθϧ

ΪϫΎθΗ

ΪϫΎθϳ ϦϳΪϫΎθΗ

ΪϫΎθΗ ΪϫΎη΃

ΪϫΎη

Watch

ϥϮϠϛ΄ϳ

ϥϼϛ΄Η

ϥϼϛ΄ϳ

Ϟϛ΄ϧ

Ϟϛ΄Η

Ϟϛ΄ϳ

ϦϴϠϛ΄Η

Ϟϛ΄Η

Ϟϛ΁

Ϟϛ΃

Eat

ϥϮόϤδϳ

ϥΎόϤδΗ

ϥΎόϤδϳ

ϊϤδϧ

ϊϤδΗ

ϊϤδϳ

ϦϴόϤδΗ

ϊϤδΗ

ϊϤγ΃

ϊϤγ

Hear

ϥϮΟήΨϳ

ϥΎΟήΨΗ

ϥΎΟήΨϳ

ΝήΨϧ

ΝήΨΗ

ΝήΨϳ ϦϴΟήΨΗ

ΝήΨΗ ΝήΧ΃

ΝήΧ

Go out

ϥϮΤΘϔϳ

ϥΎΤΘϔΗ

ϥΎΤΘϔϳ

΢Θϔϧ

΢ΘϔΗ

΢Θϓ

Open

΢Θϔϳ

ϦϴγέΪΗ

ϦϴΤΘϔΗ

΢ΘϔΗ

΢Θϓ΃

Verb

Meaning

260

Answer Key

6.2. Practice:

ϢϠϜΘϳ

4.

ϥΎΒϫάϳ

3.

ϥϮϨϜδϳ

2.

ϦϴϤγήΗ

1.

ϥϮϤϠϜΘϳ

8.

ΐΘϜΗ

7.

ϥ΍ΪϫΎθϳ

6.

αέΩ΃

5.

ϊϤδϧ

10.

ΐΣ΃

9.

6.3. Practice:

. ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϡΎϳ΃ ϝϭ΃ Ϯϫ ϦϴϨΛϻ΍

2.

ΏΩϷ΍ ϭ ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ΍ αέΩ΃ Ύϧ΃

1.

ˮ ϚΘΒϴϘΣ Ϧϳ΃

4.

ˮ ήϴΨΑ Ζϧ΃ Ϟϫ ΎΒόΘϣ ϭΪΒΗ

3.

ϡϮϠόϟ΍ Γήϛ΃ ϦϜϟ ϭ Ϧϔϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ Ύϧ΃

5.

6.4. Practice:

ϑήόΗ

ϥϮϓήόϳ

5.

ϦϴϓήόΗ

4.

3.

ϑήόϧ

2.

ϑήϋ΃

1.

Ϟϫ

2.

6.5. Practice:

ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ ΎϬΘΧ΃

3.

ΫΎΘγ΍ Ϯϫ

2.

ΔΒϟΎρ ϲϫ

1.

ϥΎΘϠϳϮρ ΎϤϫ

6.

ϥΎϳΰϴϠΠϧ΍ ΎϤϫ

5.

αΪϨϬϣ ϩϮΑ΃

4.

6.6. Practice:

΍ΫΎϣ

Ϧϳ΃

6.

ϰΘϣ

5.

4.

Ϣϛ

3.

Ϧϳ΃

6.7. Practice Form questions to ask your friend in Arabic:

ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ

2.

ˮΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ Ϧϳ΃

1.

ˮΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ΫΎΘγ΍ Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ

4.

ˮϚϧϮϔϠΗ Ϣϗέ Ύϣ

3.

ˮΓέΎϴδϟΎΑ ϡ΃ ιΎΒϟΎΑ ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάΗ Ϟϫ

6.

ˮΓέΎϴγ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ

5.

ˮΖϴΗ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ

8.

ˮϲΑήόϟΎΑ ..... ΔϤϠϛ ϰϨόϣ Ύϣ

7.

ˮΔγέΪϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΖϴΗ΃ ϒϴϛ

10.

ˮϙΪϨϋ ΖΧ΃ ϭ Υ΃ Ϣϛ

9.

6.8. Practice:

ϢϬϧϷ

ΎϬϧϷ

5.

ΎϬϧϷ

4.

3.

ϪϧϷ

2.

ΎϨϧϷ

1.

6.9. Practice:

ˮ ΪϤΣ΃ αέΪϳ ΍ΫΎϣ

2.

ˮ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϨγ ϰΘϣ

1.

ˮ ϙΪϨϋ Υ΃ Ϣϛ

4.

ˮ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ΃ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

3.

ˮ ΓήϴΒϛ ϚΘϠ΋Ύϋ Ϟϫ

5.

6.10. Practice:

ϊϴ ˶ μ˵ϔϟ΍ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Ο˴΃ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ΍ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ ϝϮ˵ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴ϳ ϒϴμϟ΍ ϲϓ ͇έΎΣ˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ΍ ϥϮ

2. 4.

.ϝϮμϓ ΔόΑέ΃ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯ΎΘθϟ΍ Ϟμϓ ϲϓ ΞϠΜϟ΍ϭήτϤϟ΍ ϝ˵ ΰ˴͋ Ϩ˵ϳ ....... Ϟμϓ ΐΣ΃

1. 3. 5.

1.

261

Answer Key 6.11. Practice:

ήπΧ΃

(1)

έΎϫί΃

(5)

έΎΣ

(4)

ΡΎϳέ

(2)

ΞϠΛ ϭ ήτϣ

(3)

Lesson 7 7.1. Practice:

.ήϤΣϷ΍ ϥϮϠϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ Ύϧ΃

.ΔϴϨΑ ϲΗέΎϴγ

2.

.˯Ύϗέί ˯ΎϤδϟ΍

1.

.ΩϮγ΃ ΏΎΒϟ΍ ϥϮϟ

5.

.ϊϴΑήϟ΍ Ϟμϓ ϲϓ ˯΍ήπΧ ϥϮϜΗ έΎΠηϷ΍

4.

3.

7.2. Practice:

ΎϤϬΗέΎϴγ

5.

Ζϧ΃

4.

Ζϧ΃

3.

Ϯϫ

2.

ΎϤϫ

1.

ΎϤϫ

4.

Ϯϫ

3.

ϦΤϧ -ϢΘϧ΃

2.

Ζϧ΃

1.

7.3. Practice:

ϢΘϧ΃

5.

7.4. Practice:

ϦΘϧ΃

ϢΘϧ΃

ϦΤϧ

ΎϤΘϧ΃

Ζϧ΃

Ζϧ΃

ΔϤϠϜϟ΍

ϦϛήΘϓΩ

ϢϛήΘϓΩ

ΎϧήΘϓΩ

ΎϤϛήΘϓΩ

ϙήΘϓΩ

ϱήΘϓΩ

ήΘϓΩ

ϦϜϧΎΘδϓ

ϢϜϧΎΘδϓ

ΎϨϧΎΘδϓ

ΎϤϜϧΎΘδϓ

ϚϧΎΘδϓ

ϲϧΎΘδϓ

ϥΎΘδϓ

ϦϜΒΘϜϣ

ϢϜΒΘϜϣ

ΎϨΒΘϜϣ

ΎϤϜΒΘϜϣ

ϚΒΘϜϣ

ϲΒΘϜϣ

ΐΘϜϣ

ϦϜΘόϣΎΟ

ϢϜΘόϣΎΟ

ΎϨΘόϣΎΟ

ΎϤϜΘόϣΎΟ

ϚΘόϣΎΟ

ϲΘόϣΎΟ

ΔόϣΎΟ

ϦϜϤγ΍

ϢϜϤγ΍

ΎϨϤγ΍

ΎϤϜϤγ΍

ϚϤγ΍

ϲϤγ΍

Ϣγ΍

ϦϜϣ΃

ϢϜϣ΃

ΎϨϣ΃

ΎϤϜϣ΃

Ϛϣ΃

ϲϣ΃

ϡ΃

ϦϛΪϟϭ

ϢϛΪϟϭ

ΎϧΪϟϭ

ΎϤϛΪϟϭ

ϙΪϟϭ

ϱΪϟϭ

Ϊϟϭ

ϦϜΘΧ΃

ϢϜΘΧ΃

ΎϨΘΧ΃

ΎϤϜΘΧ΃

ϚΘΧ΃

ϲΘΧ΃

ΖΧ΃

ϦϜΘϴΑ

ϢϜΘϴΑ

ΎϨΘϴΑ

ΎϤϜΘϴΑ

ϚΘϴΑ

ϲΘϴΑ

ΖϴΑ

ϦϜΗέΎϴγ

ϢϜΗέΎϴγ

ΎϨΗέΎϴγ

ΎϤϜΗέΎϴγ

ϚΗέΎϴγ

ϲΗέΎϴγ

ΓέΎϴγ

ϦϜΘϓήϏ

ϢϜΘϓήϏ

ΎϨΘϓήϏ

ΎϤϜΘϓήϏ

ϚΘϓήϏ

ϲΘϓήϏ

ΔϓήϏ

7.5. Practice: Preposition would be

preposition

pronoun

Preposition would be

preposition

pronoun

ΎϬϳϠϋ Ύϧϗϭϓ ϙΗΣΗ ϙϧϳϣϳ ΎϧέΎγϳ

ϰϠϋ ϕϭϓ ΕΣΗ ϥϳϣϳ έΎγϳ

ϲϫ ϥΣϧ ˴ Εϧ΃ Ε ˶ ϧ΍ ϡΗϧ΃

ϪϳϠϋ ΎϬϣΎϣ΃ ΎϣϬΑϧΎΟΑ ϡϬϧϳΑ

ϰϠϋ ϡΎϣ΃ ΏϧΎΟΑ ϥϳΑ

ϭϫ ϲϫ Ύϣϫ ϡϫ

262

Answer Key

7.6. Practice:

ϢϜϧ΍ϮϨϋ

4.

ΎϨΘϴΑ

3.

ΎϬΗΪϟ΍ϭ

2.

ϲϤγ΍

1.

ΎϬϤϋ

8.

ΎϬϤϋ

7.

ϢϬΘόϣΎΟ

6.

.ϲΘϴΑ -ϪΘϟΎΧ

5.

΍άϫ

4.

ϩάϫ

3.

7.7. Practice

ϩάϫ

5.

ϩάϫ

2.

΍άϫ

1.

7.8. Practice

.ΎϬΗΪΟ ϩάϫ

3.

.ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ˯ϻΆϫ

2.

ϪΒΘϜϣ ΍άϫ

1.

.Ώ΍Ωϵ΍ ΔϴϠϛ ϩάϫ

6.

.ϪΒϠϛ ΍άϫ

5.

.Ϛϟ ϥ΍ήΘϓΪϟ΍ ϥ΍άϫ

4.

. ΓΪϳΪΟ ΕϮϴΑ ϩάϫ

9.

.ϲΑήϋ Ϣγ΍ ΍άϫ

8.

.ϲϔλ ϲϓ ΕΎϨΒϟ΍ ˯ϻΆϫ

7.

.ϲΗΎϘϳΪλ ϥΎΘϨΒϟ΍ ϥΎΗΎϫ

10.

7.9. Practice:

ΎϬΘϴϠϛ

5.

ΎϬϧϮϟ

ϩάϫ

4.

3.

ΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍

ϲϫ

2.

1.

7.10. Practice:

.ϊΑ΍ήϟ΍ ϖΑΎτϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍

2.

.ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊΒγ ϒμϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪΟϮϳ

1.

ˮΰΒΨϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲόϣ ΐϫάΗ Ϟϫ

4.

.ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϡΎόρ Ϟϛ΁

3.

.ϕϮδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ ϝΩΎϋ ϮΧ΃

6.

.ΐόϠϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϠδϟ΍ Γήϛ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ΍ ΐόϠϳ

5.

.ΕΎϣΎϤΣ ΔΛϼΛ ϭ ϑήϏ ϊΑέ΃ ϲΘϴΑ ϲϓ

7.

7.11. Practice:

ΦΒτϤϟ΍ ϲϓ Ϟϣ΃ ˮ Ϟϣ΃ Ϧϳ΃

1.

ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˱ϧΎΠ˴ Ϩ˸ ˶ϓ Ϊϳήϳ ΪϤΣ΃ ˮ ΪϤΣ΃ Ϊϳήϳ ΍ΫΎϣ

2.

ήϜγ ϊϣ ϪΗϮϬϗ Ώήθϳ ΪϤΣ΃ ˮ ϪΗϮϬϗ ΪϤΣ΃ Ώήθϳ ϒϴϛ ˴ ϛ˵ Ϯθ͊ ϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄Θγ Ϟϣ΃ ˮ ΎϬΗϮϬϗ ϊϣ Ϟϣ΃ Ϟϛ΄Θγ ΍ΫΎϣ Δ˶ ˴ΗϻϮ

3. 4.

Lesson 8 8.1. Practice: Comparisons

Adjective

Romanization

Comparisons

Adjective

Romanization

ϡΪϗ΃

ϢϳΪϗ

Qadeem

ϰϨϏ΃

ϲϨϏ

ήΜϛ΃

ήϴΜϛ

Katheer

κΧέ΃

κϴΧέ

ήΒϛ΃ Ϊ˷ η΃

ήϴΒϛ

Kabeer

ϰϠϏ΃

ϲϟΎϏ

Ghalee

ΪϳΪη

Shaded

ϦδΣ΃

ϦδΣ

Hasan

Ϣϫ΃

ϡΎϫ

Ham

ϢΣέ΃

ϢϴΣέ

Raheem

ήϘϓ΃

ήϴϘϓ

Faqeer

Ghaniy Rakhees

Answer Key

263

8.2. Practice:

ϝϮρ΃

5.

ΩΪΟ΃

4.

˷ άϟ΃

3.

κΧέ΃

2.

ήϐλ΃

1.

ϞϤΟ΃

10.

ςθϧ΃

9.

ωήγ΃

8.

ϒψϧ΃

7.

ήΜϛ΃

6.

8.3. Practice:

ΔΒϠόϟ΍ ϡϷ΍ ΖΤΘϓ

(2)

ΔΗϻϮϛϮη ΔΒϠϋ ΏϷ΍ ϯήΘη΍

(1)

΍ήϴΜϛ ΎϬΑ ΩϻϭϷ΍ Ρήϓ

(5)

ϊτϗ ϊΑέ΃ ΪΣ΍ϭ Ϟϛ ϡϷ΍ Ζτϋ΃

(3)

Δότϗ Γήθϋ ΎΘϨΛ΍ ΔΒϠόϟ΍ ϲϓ

(4)

8.4. Practice:

ϱΩΎϣέ

˯ΎπϴΑ

5.

ΩϮγ΃

4.

˯Ύϗέί

3.

2.

ϲΒϫΫ /ήϔλ΃

1.

8.5. Practice:

ˮϙΪϨϋ ΔϟΎΧ ϭ Ϣϋ Ϣϛ

3.

ˮϚΘϟΎΧ ϞϤόΗ ΍ΫΎϣ

2.

ˮΓϮΧ΃ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ

1.

ˮϚϤϋ ϦΑ΍ Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ

5.

ˮΔϳήμϣ ϚΘϟΎΧ Ϟϫ

4.

Lesson 9 9.1. Practice: Fill in the spaces:

ΔϴδϨΠϟ΍ ϲϗ΍έϋ ϲΗϳϭϛ ϲϧΎΑΎϳ ϲϛϳέϣ΃ ϱέϭγ ϱΩϧϫ

Nationality

ΪϠΒϟ΍ ϕ΍έόϟ΍ Εϳϭϛϟ΍ ϥΎΑΎϳϟ΍ Ύϛϳέϣ΃ Ύϳέϭγ ΩϧϬϟ΍

ΔϴδϨΠϟ΍ ϲϧϳργϠϓ ϲϧΎϧΑϟ ϱέ΋΍ίΟ ϲΑϳϟ ϱέλϣ

Country

Nationality

ΪϠΒϟ΍ ϥϳργϠϓ ϥΎϧΑϟ έ΋΍ίΟϟ΍ ΎϳΑϳϟ έλϣ

Country

9.2. Practice:

.ΔϠϴϤΟ αϭέΪϟ΍ ϩάϫ

7. nominal

.ϚϨΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲΧ΃ ϞϤόϳ

8. verbal

.ϥΎϨΒϟ Ϧϣ Ϟϣ΃ ϭ ΔϴϣΎγ

9. nominal

.ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ ϲϓ ϲΘϴϠϛ ϊϘΗ

1. verbal

.ΩέΎϓέΎϫ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΔγΪϨϬϟ΍ αέΩ΃

2. verbal

.ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϜδΗ ϲΘΧ΃

3. nominal

.Ύϧϭΰϳέ΃ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ΃ αέΪϳ

10. verbal

.ΪϤΣ΃ ϲϠϋ ϲϘϳΪλ Ϣγ΍

4. nominal

.ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ΐϧΎΠΑ ΎϫϮΧ΃ ϊϣ ΎϬϣ ϦϜδΗ

11. verbal

.ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϚΑΎΘϛ

5. nominal

.ΕΎϐϟ ϊΑέ΃ ϢϠϜΗ΃ Ύϧ΃

6. nominal

9.3. Practice:

.ΎϤ΋΍Ω έΎΒΧϷ΍ ΪϫΎθϳ ϲΘϤϋ ϦΑ΍

4.

.ΏΩϷ΍ ϭ ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ΍ αέΪΗ ΎϬϣ

1.

.ϡϮϴϟ΍ ˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ ϦΤϧ

5.

.ΕΎϐϟ ΙϼΛ ϢϠϜΘϳ ϱΪϟ΍ϭ

2.

.˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ήϓΎδΘγ ϲΘϘϳΪλ

3.

264

Answer Key

9.4. Practice:

.ΓΪϳΪΠϟ΍ ΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍ Ϟϣ΃ ϭ ϯΪϫ αέΪΗ

2.

.ΐϴϠΤϟ΍ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ΓέΎγ ΐΤΗ

1.

.ϥΩέϷ΍ ϲϓ ΎϬΘϠ΋Ύϋ ϦϜδΗ

4.

ϞΟήϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϠϋ ϑήόϳ

3.

.ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ ϲϘϳΪλ ϞϤόϳ

5.

9.5. Practice:

.Δ˳ ˴ϟ ˸ϭ˴Ω ˴Ϧϳή˶ θ˸ ϋ˶ ϭ˴ ϥΎ˴ ˶ Θ˴ϨΛ˸ ˶΍ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲ͊ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ΍ Ϣ˵ ˴ϟΎό˴ ϟ΍ ϥ˵ Ϯ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ ˵ τ˸ ˵ ϨΒ˸ ˵ϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ .Ϧϴ ˶ δ˴Ϡ˶ϓ ϭ˴ ϥ͊ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ΍ ϭ˴ ϥΎ˴ ˶ γ :ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϭ˴ ϡ˵ Ύθ͉ ϟ΍ Ω˲ ϼ˴ ˶Α ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϝϭΩ ϊΒγ ϙΎϨϫ .Ύ˴ϴ˶ϧΎ˴ΘϳέϮ ˶ ϣ˵ ϭ˴ ˵Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴ˶Βϴ˶ϟ ϭ˴ ή˵ ˶΋΍˴ΰΠ˴ ϟ΍ ϭ˴ β˶ϧϮ˵Η ϲϫ ΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ϝΎϤη ϝϭΩ ϯή˴ Β˸ Ϝ˵ ϟ΍ ˯˵ ΍ή˴ ˸Τ͉μϟ΍ ϭ˴ ͊ϱΪ˶ Ϩ˸ Ϭ˶ ϟ΍ ˵ςϴΤ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ΍ ΏϮϨΠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ή˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴Ϸ΍ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ΍ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴϛ˶ ˸ή˵Η ϝΎϤθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ΪΤϳ 9.11. Practice: Capital -

ΔϤλΎόϟ΍

#

ΔϟϭΪϟ΍ Ϣγ΍

ΔϣΎϨϤϟ΍

8

ήϤϘϟ΍ έΰΟ

1.

ϖθϣΩ

5

ΔϴϤηΎϬϟ΍ ΔϴϧΩέϷ΍ ΔϜϠϤϤϟ΍

2.

ϲϧϭέϮϣ

1

ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍

3.

ϥΎϤ˷ ϋ

2

ϥΎϨΒϟ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ

4.

˯ΎόϨλ

7

ΔϳέϮδϟ΍ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϳέϮϬϤΠϟ΍

5.

Ω΍ΪϐΑ

10

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ

6.

ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍

6

ϦϤϴϟ΍

7.

ΕϭήϴΑ

4

ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ΔϜϠϤϣ

8.

ϡϮρήΨϟ΍

3

ΏήϐϤϟ΍

9.

ρΎΑήϟ΍

9

ϕ΍ήόϟ΍

10.

Lesson 10 10.1. Practice:

.ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϨϳΪϣ βϧϮΗ

2. X

.ϲϧΎϨΒϟ ΐϟΎρ ΪϤΣ΃

.Γήϴμϗ ϭ ΔϠϴϤΟ ϲΘΧ΃

4. X

.ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ Δϳϻϭ Ύϧϭΰϳέ΃

.ΔϳΰϴϠΠϧϻ΍ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ϢϠϜΗ΃

6. X

.ΓήϴΒϛ ϲΘϓήϏ

5.

X

.ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ΍ ΎϧΫΎΘγ΃ ΖϴΑ ΍άϫ

8. X

.ΓΪϳΪΟ ΐΘϛ ΖϳήΘη΍

7.

X

.ϥΎΘϤϳΪϗ ϥΎΘΟ΍έΩ ϱΪϨϋ

10. X

.ήϴϐμϟ΍ ΏΎΒϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϥϼΧΪϳ ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ΍

9.

X

1.

X

3. correct

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

265

Answer Key 10.2. Practice: Adjective of place F

Adjective of place M

Country

ΔϴϧΎΘδϛΎΑ

ϲϧΎΘδϛΎΑ

ϥΎΘδϛΎΑ

Δϳήτϗ

ϱήτϗ

ήτϗ

ΔϴΗ΍έΎϣ΍

ϲΗ΍έΎϣ΍

Ε΍έΎϣϻ΍

ΔϴϧΎϨΒϟ

ϲϧΎϨΒϟ

ϥΎϨΒϟ

Lebnan

ΔϴϨϤϳ

ϲϨϤϳ

ϦϤϴϟ΍

Alyaman

ΔϴδϧϮΗ

ϲδϧϮΗ

βϧϮΗ

Toonis

Δϳή΋΍ΰΟ

ϱή΋΍ΰΟ

ή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍

ΔϴϟΎτϳ΍

ϲϟΎτϳ΍

ΎϴϟΎτϳ΍

Bakistan Qata Alimarat

Aljaza’er Italya

10.3. Practice:

ϲϨϬϣ

ϱΩϼϴϣ

5.

ϱΪϠΑ

4.

ϲΑϭέϭ΃

3.

ϱήγ˵΃

2.

1.

10.4. Practice:

Ϣϫ

Meaning

ΎϤϫ

Verb in past tense

ϲϫ

Ϯϫ

Ζ ˶ ϧ΍

˴Ζϧ΃

ϦΤϧ

Ύϧ΃

ΐΘϜΗ

ΐΘϜϧ

ΐΘϛ΃

ΐΘϛ

Write

ϥϮΒΘϜϳ

ΎΒΘϛ

ΐΘϜΗ

ΐΘϜϳ

ϦϴΒΘϜΗ

Drink

ϥϮΑήθϳ

ϥΎΒΘϜϳ

ΏήθΗ

Ώήθϳ

ϦϴΑήθΗ

ΏήθΗ Ώήθϧ Ώήη΃

Ώήη

Live

ϥϮϨϜδϳ

ϥΎΑήθϳ

ϦϜδΗ

ϦϜδϳ

ϦϴϨϜδΗ

ϦϜδΗ

ϦϜδϧ

ϦϜγ΃

ϦϜγ

Read

ϥϭ΃ήϘϳ

ϥΎϨϜδϳ

΃ήϘΗ

΃ήϘϳ

Ϧϳ΃ήϘΗ

΃ήϘΗ

΃ήϘϧ

΃ήϗ΃

΃ήϗ

Go

ϥϮΒϫάϳ

ϥ΁ήϘϳ

ΐϫάΗ

ΐϫάϳ

ϦϴΒϫάΗ

ΐϫάΗ

ΐϫάϧ

ΐϫΫ΃

ΐϫΫ

ϥϮΒΤϳ

ϥΎΒϫάϳ

ΐΤΗ

ΐΤϳ

ϦϴΒΤΗ

ΐΤΗ

ΐΤϧ

ΐΣ΃

ΐΣ΃

Cook

ϥϮΨΒτϳ

ϥΎΒΤϳ

ΦΒτΗ

ΦΒτϳ

ϦϴΨΒτΗ

ΦΒτΗ

ΦΒτϧ

ΦΒρ΃

ΦΒρ

Want

ϥϭΪϳήϳ

ϥΎΨΒτϳ

ΪϳήΗ

Ϊϳήϳ

ϦϳΪϳήΗ

ΪϳήΗ

Ϊϳήϧ

Ϊϳέ΃

Ω΍έ΃

Arrive

ϥϮϠμϳ

ϥ΍Ϊϳήϳ

ϞμΗ

Ϟμϳ

ϦϴϠμΗ

ϞμΗ

Ϟμϧ

Ϟλ΃

Ϟλϭ

Leave

ϥϮϠΣήϳ

ϥϼμϳ

ϞΣήΗ

ϞΣήϳ

ϦϴϠΣήΗ

ϞΣήΗ

ϞΣήϧ

ϞΣέ΃

ϞΣέ

Love/like

10.5. Practice:

Ϟϣ΃

5.

ΏΎΑ

4.

ΪϤΣ΃

3.

ΏΎΘϛ

2.

Ϟϫ

1.

ϱΎη΁

10.

ήϳΎϨϳ

9.

ΓϮϬϗ

8.

ΔϴϠϛ

7.

ϲΑ΃

6.

10.6. Practice:

.΍ΪΟ έΎΣ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ΍ ϥϷ ϝΎϣήϟ΍ ϭ΃ ΓέΎΤϟ΍ βϤθϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔΟϮϟ΍ ϭ α΃ήϟ΍ ΔϳΎϤΤϟ .ΡΎϳήϟ΍ ϭ΃

2. 4.

΍ΪΟ ΔϬΑΎθΘϣ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϳΪϴϠϘΘϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϑϮμϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϤϟ΍ βΑϼϤϟ΍ ϥϮδΒϠϳ .΍ΪΟ ΩέΎΑ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ΍ ϥϷ ˯ΎΘθϟ΍ .ϥΎϴΣϷ΍ ξόΑ Δη΍ΪηΪϟ΍ Ώήόϟ΍ βΒϠϳ

1. 3.

5.

266

Answer Key

10.7. Practice:

ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ Ε΍ϮϨγ ϊΒγ ΐτϟ΍ Ώϼρ αέΪϳ

2.

ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϲϓ Ε΍ήϣ βϤΧ ϥϮϠμϳ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ΍

1.

.ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤϋ΃ Ϣϟ ΍Ϋ΍ ϲϣ΃ ΐπϐΗ

4.

ˮβϣ΃ ϪΘϳήΘη΍ ϱάϟ΍ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ

3.

.ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ ϡϮϳ ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΍ϮϠλϭ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃

6.

.Γ΍έΎΒϤϠϟ ΍ϭΪόΘδϳ ϲϜϟ ϖϳήϔϟ΍ βΑϼϣ ϥϮΒϋϼϟ΍ βΒϠϳ

5.

.ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϬϣ΃ ϊϣ ΩΎόγ ΖΒϫΫ

8.

ˮήμϣ ϲϓ Εέί ΔϨϳΪϣ Ϣϛ

7.

.ϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήϐλ΃ ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ήΒΘόΗ

10.

ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ έϮΘϛΩ ϥϮϜϳ ϥ΃ ΪϟΎΧ Ϊϳήϳ

9.

10.8. Practice:

ΔϨγ άϨϣ

(4)

ϡ΃

(1)

ϲΗΪΟ

(3)

ςϴθϧ

(5)

Ϟϴϟ

(6)

ήϴϐλ

(7)

ΖΧ΃

(2)

Lesson 11 11.1. Practice:

ΓάΗΎγ΃ ΔΛϼΛ

5.

ϡϼϗ΃ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ

4.

ΕϻϭΎρ ϊΑέ΃

3.

ΐ΋ΎϘΣ Ζγ

2.

ΕϮϴΑ ΔόδΗ

1.

ΪΣ΍ϭ ΡΎΘϔϣ

10.

ΕΎϤϠϛ ήθϋ

9.

ϥΎΘϴϠϛ

8.

ωέ΍Ϯη ΔδϤΧ

7.

ΕϻΎΧ ϊΒγ

6.

11.2. Practice:

ΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϣγϻ΍

3

ϝΎϘΗήΑ ήϴμϋ Ϊϳήϧ ϭ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ άΧ΄Ϩγ

10

ˮϦϳΪϳήΗ ΍ΫΎϣ ΓΪϴγ Ύϳ Ζϧ΃ ϭ ΎϨδΣ

9

.΍ΪΟ ΐϴρ ϭ ϲϠϘϣ ϚϤγ ΎϧΪϨϋ – Ϣόϧ

8

ΔόΒγ Ϣϗέ ΔϟϭΎρ ! ϼϬγ ϭ ϼϫ΃

4

ΖΤϤγ Ϯϟ Ϣγϻ΍ Ύϣ . ΎϨϤότϣ ϲϓ ϢϜΑ ΎΒΣήϣ

2

ίέ΃ ϊϣ ϱϮθϣ ΝΎΟΩ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϖΒρ

6

ˮϡϮϴϟ΍ ϖΒρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ! ΍ήϜη

5

ίέϷ΍ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϦϴϘΒρ ϭ ϚϤγ ϖΒρ ΍Ϋ΍

11

ιΎΨη΃ ΔΛϼΜϟ ΔϟϭΎρ ΎϧΰΠΣ . ήϴΨϟ΍ ˯Ύδϣ

1

ˮϚϤγ ϢϛΪϨϋ Ϟϫ . ϚϤδϟ΍ ΐΣ΃ Ύϧ΃

7

11.3. Practice:

Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ βϤΧ ϭ Δ΋ΎϤόδΗ ϭ ϒϟ΃

3.

ΔόΑ΍ήϟ΍

2.

Ϧϳήθόϟ΍ ϭ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍

1.

ήθϋ ϊγΎΘϟ΍

6.

ήθϋ ϊΑΎδϟ΍΍

5.

ϰϟϭϷ΍

4.

11.4. Practice:

ΎΣΎΒλ ϊΑήϟ΍ ϭ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϲϠϋ φϘϴΘδϳ

1.

ϥϮΑΎμϟ΍ ϭ ˯ΎϤϟΎΑ ϢΤΘδϳ ϭ ϪϧΎϨγ΃ ϒψϨϳ ϭ ϡΎϤΤϟ΍ ϲϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ

2.

ϱΎθϟ΍ ΐΤϳ Ϯϫ ϻ

3.

ΔτϠδϟ΍ ϭ ίέϷ΍ ϊϣ ϢΤϠϟ΍ ϞπϔϤϟ΍ ϪϣΎόρ

4.

.˯˱ Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲϠϋ ΐϫάΑ

5.

Answer Key

267

11.5. Practice:

ϡΎόρ

ΔϋΎγ

(3)

3.

ΔϘϴϗΩ

(4)

ήϳήγ

2.

Ώ΍ήη

(5)

ΓΎηήϓ

1.

ϡΎϨϳ

(2)

ήϴμϋ

5.

ϥΎϨγ΃ ϥϮΠόϣ

(1)

ΔϋΎγ

4.

11.6. Practice:

˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ϝϭΎϨΗϷ

(2)

ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍ήϗϷ

(1)

ΕήΒϠΟ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϲΒϤΗ ωέΎη

645 (5)

ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ ΐόϟ΃ Ύϧ΃

(3)

ϥΎΤΘϣϻ΍ ϲϓ ΖΤΠϧ ϲϨϜϟ ϭ

(4)

Lesson 12 12.1. Practice:

ΏΎΘϜϟ΍ ΍ϭ΃ήϗ Ϣϟ Ώϼτϟ΍

3.

ϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ Ζδϴϟ ϲΘΧ΃

2.

.ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ βϴϟ ϲΑΎΘϛ

1.

ϲϨϏ Ζδϟ Ύϧ΃

5.

έ΍ΪΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ Ζδϴϟ ϢϬΗέϮλ

4.

12.2. Practice:

.ήϬη άϨϣ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϓ ϥϮϨϜδϳ ϻ Ϣϫ

2.

.βϣ΃ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ Ύϣ

1.

.΍άϳάϟ ΎϣΎόρ ϲΘΧ΃ ΖΨΒρ Ύϣ

4.

.΍ΪϏ Γ΍έΎΒϤϟ΍ ˯ϼϋ ΪϫΎθϳ Ϧϟ

3.

.ϞϴϠϗ ΪόΑ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϧ Ϧϟ

6.

.έΎτϓϻ΍ ϊϣ ϱΎθϟ΍ ΏήθΗ ϥ΃ ϲϣ΃ ΐΤΗ ϻ

5.

.ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϲΘΧ΃ ΖϠϘΘϧ΍ Ύϣ

8.

.΍ΪϏ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ ϲϓ ϩΫΎΘγ΃ ϲϠϋ ϞΑΎϘϳ Ϧϟ

7.

.ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍ϮδϠΠϳ Ϣϟ

10.

.ϦϳήϬη ϞΒϗ ϥΎϨΒϟ Ύϧέί Ύϣ

9.

.Ύϧ΃ Ϧϣ ϑήόΗ ϻ ϲϫ

11.

12.3. Practice:

˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ΍ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ αέΩ΃ Ϣϟ ϻ

2.

ϱΫΎΗγ΍ αϳϟ ΍Ϋϫ ϻ

1.

ϡϮϴϟ΍ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ ΍ΫΎϣ ϑήϋ΃ ϻ

4.

ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϊϣ ΝήΨΗ΃ Ϧϟ ϻ

3.

ϲϠϋ ϊϣ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϠτϋ ξϤϧ Ϣϟ ϻ

6.

ΕΎϤϠϜϟ΍ Δγ΍έΩ ϲϓ ϙΪϋΎδϧ Ϧϟ ϻ

5.

ˮΔϠϴϠϟ΍ ϲϧέϭΰΘγ ΔϋΎγ ϱ΃ / ϰΘϣ

2.

ˮΓΪϳήΠϟ΍ ϱήΘη΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ

1.

ˮήΧ΄Θϣ Ζϧ΃ ΍ΫΎϤϟ

4.

ˮϯϮϠΣ ϕϭΪϨλ ϱήΘη΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ

3.

ΪόΘγϷ ΖϗϮϟ΍ ξόΑ ΝΎΘΣ΃

6.

ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϞϤϋ΃ Ϣϟ Ϛϟάϟ ϭ ϞϤόϟΎΑ ϻϮϐθϣ ΖϨϛ

5.

ϥΎϤΜϋ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϥΎϛ ϕέΎρ

2.

ΐόϠϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎϛ ϥΎϤΜϋ

1.

ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎγέΪϴγ ϕέΎρ ϭ ϥΎϤΜϋ

4.

ϲϠϋ ϊϣ αέΪϳ ϥ΃ Ϊϳήϳ ϕέΎρ

3.

ϢότϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ ϥ΃ Ϊϳήϳ ϲϠϋ

5.

12.4. Practice:

12.5. Practice:

268

Answer Key

12.6. Practice: Plural

ϊϤΠϟ΍

Δϔϴυϭ ϲϔΣλ ssahafi

Profession

ΕΎϴϔΤλ / ϦϴϴϔΤλ ΕΎϴϣΎΤϣ / ϦϴϴϣΎΤϣ ΕΎϧΎϨϓ / ϦϴϧΎϨϓ ΕΎϘ΋Ύγ / ϦϴϘ΋Ύγ Ε΍ΪϋΎδϣ / ϦϳΪϋΎδϣ ΕΎϤϤμϣ / ϦϴϤϤμϣ

Plural

ϊϤΠϟ΍

Profession

ΕΎγέΪϣ / ϦϴγέΪϣ ΕΎγΪϨϬϣ / ϦϴγΪϨϬϣ

ϡΎΤϣ mohami ϥΎϨϓ fannan ϖ΋Ύγ sa’iq ΪϋΎδϣ mosa’ed ϢϤμϣ mosamem

Ε΍έΎΠϧ / ϦϳέΎΠϧ ΕΎϤϠόϣ / ϦϴϤϠόϣ Ε΍ήϳΪϣ / ϦϳήϳΪϣ

Δϔϴυϭ

αέΪϣ moddares αΪϨϬϣ mohandis έΎΠϧ najjar ϢϠόϣ moa’lim ήϳΪϣ modeer

12.7. Practice:

ϥΎΘδϓ

(7)

Δϛήη

(10)

ϊΑήϟ΍ ϻ΍ ΔδϣΎΨϟ΍

(8)

ϞΟέ

(4)

ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ

(6)

˯Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍

(5)

ΔϳΎϬϧ

(1)

ίέϷ΍ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ΍

(3)

ϖϓ΍Ϯϳ

(9)

ϥϮϤϴϟ ήϴμϋ

(2)

Lesson 13 13.1. Practice: Future Tense

Present Tense

Transliteration

Past tense

Meaning

Ώήθϴγ

Ώήθϳ

Shariba

Ώήη

ϞΧΪϴγ

ϞΧΪϳ

Dakhala

ϞΧΩ

Entered

ΝήΨϴγ

ΝήΨϳ

Kharaja

ΝήΧ

Got out

ΦΒτϴγ

ΦΒτϳ

Tabakha

ΦΒρ

Cooked

Ϟόϔϴγ

Ϟόϔϳ

Fa’ala

Ϟόϓ

Did

Ϣγήϴγ

Ϣγήϳ

Rasama

Ϣγέ

Drew

ΪϫΎθϴγ

ΪϫΎθϳ

Shahada

ΪϫΎη

Watched

ΐϫάϴγ

ΐϫάϳ

Thahaba

ΐϫΫ

Went

Ϟϛ΄ϴγ

Ϟϛ΄ϳ

Akala

Ϟϛ΃

Ate

ϞϤόϴγ

ϞϤόϳ

Amila

ϞϤϋ

Did

ϑήόϴγ

ϑήόϳ

A’rafa

ϑήϋ

΃ήϘϴγ

΃ήϘϳ

Qara’

΃ήϗ

αέΪϴγ

αέΪϳ

Darasa

αέΩ

Studied

ϦϜδϴγ

ϦϜδϳ

Sakana

ϦϜγ

Inhabited

ϢϠϜΘϴγ

ϢϠϜΘϳ

Takkalama

ϢϠϜΗ

Drank

Knew Read

Spoke

269

Answer Key Future Tense

Present Tense

Transliteration

Past tense

Meaning

ϊϤδϴγ

ϊϤδϳ

Samia’

ϊϤγ

Heard

ΪϋΎδϴγ

ΪϋΎδϳ

Sa’ada

ΪϋΎγ

Helped

ήΟ΄Θδϴγ

ήΟ΄Θδϳ

Ista’jara

ήΟ΄Θγ΃

Rented

ήΟΆϴγ

ήΟΆϳ

ήΟ΃

ajjara

Rented someone

13.2. Practice:

ˮΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΎϬΘϤϠόΗ ΔϤϠϛ ϝϭ΃ ϲϫ Ύϣ

2.

ˮΓέΎϴγ ήΟ΄Θγ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ

1.

ˮΔϠπϔϤϟ΍ ϚΘϳ΍Ϯϫ ϲϫ Ύϣ

4.

ˮ΍ΫΎϤϟ ˮ ϚΘγέΪϣ ΐΤΗ Ϟϫ

3.

ˮΔϘη ήΟ΄Θγ΃ ϡ΃ ΖϴΑ ϱήΘη΃ : Ϛϳ΃έ ϲϓ ϞπϓϷ΍ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

6.

ˮϪΗέί ϥΎϜϣ ϞϤΟ΃ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

5.

13.3. Practice:

ϦϴϠϤόΗ - ϦϴϤϴϘΗ

4.

.ΎϘϘΤϳ

3.

.ΕήΧ΄Η

2.

ήϴϏ΃

1.

΍ϭέ΍ί

8.

ϩ΃ήϘϧ

7.

ήόθϧ

6.

ϱΪϫΎθΗ - ϦϴΒΤΗ

5.

ϥϮϣΎϨΗ

11.

ΪϳήΗ

10.

ΎδϠΟ

9.

13.4. Practice:

Ϣγ΍

4.

ϥΎϤϳ΍

3.

Γήθϋ

2.

ΪϤΣ΃

1.

ΡϮϟ

8.

ϲΧ΃

7.

˯ΎόΑέϷ΍

6.

ΔόϣΎΟ

5.

13.5. Practice:

˯΍ήΤλ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϟϛ ϥ΃ ϲϫ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔΌρΎΨϟ΍ ΔϣϮϠόϤϟ΍

1.

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ έΎϬϧ΃ ΪΟϮϳ Ϣόϧ

2.

ϥ΍ΩϮδϟ΍ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ ϊϘϳ ϭ ϞϴϨϟ΍ ήϬϧ Ϯϫ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ΃

3.

. ϲΑήόϟ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϲϓ Γήϴμϣ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϥΪϋ ΞϴϠΧ ϲϓ ΓήτϘγ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ έΰΟ

4.

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϊϘΗ ϲΑήόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΨϟ΍ ϝϭΩ

5.

Lesson 14 14.1. Practice:

ϦΒόϟ΍

5.

΍ϮϛήΗ΍ / ΍ϭέΩΎϏ

4.

ΎγέΩ΍

ΐΘϛ΍

3.

2.

΍ϮδϠΟ΍

1.

14.2. Practice:

ϡϮϴϟ΍ Ϟμϓ ΎϧΪϨϋ βϴϟ

3.

ϲϠϋ ϰϟ΍ ϲϧϮϔϠΗ Ϣϗέ ϲτόΗ ϻ

2.

ϚΘΒϴϘΣ ϲδϨΗ ϻ

1.

ΔϋήδΑ ϲπϛήΗ ϻ

5.

ϙ΅΍άΣ ϲϣήΗ ϻ

4.

Ϣϧ

14.3. Practice:

΍ϮΑήη΍

5.

ΎϤΘϳήΘη΍

4.

ϲΒϫάΗ

3.

΍ϮΑήθΗ ϻ

4.

ϲϠϛ΄Η ϻ

3.

΃ΪΑ΍

2.

1.

14.4. Practice:

ϦΤΒδΗ ϻ

5.

ϼϘΘϨΗ ϻ

2.

΍ϮΒϫάΗ ϻ

1.

270

Answer Key

14.5. Practice:

΍ϭΩΎϋ

5.

ΎΗέήϗ

4.

˯΍ήπΧ

3.

ϦϳΪϳήΗ

2.

ΎϣϮϳ

1.

Ζδϴϟ

4.

Ύδϴϟ

3.

Ζδϴϟ

2.

αϳϟ

1.

14.6. Practice:

Ζδϴϟ

5.

14.7. Practice:

΢Βμϴγ

5.

΍Ϯϔϗϭ

4.

΍ϭέΎγ

3.

΢Αέ

2.

΍ϭ΃ΪΑ

1.

ΎΗΪϫΎη

10.

ϥ΍Ϊϳήϳ

9.

΍ϮόϤΘγ΍

8.

ΖϘϠϏ΃

7.

ΎϤϫΪϋΎδϳ

6.

14.8. Practice:

ήΤΒϟ΍ ΊρΎθϟ ΓέϮλ

(4)

ΔϠΌγϷ΍ Ϧϋ

(3)

ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϟΎγέ

(5)

ΔΤϔλ ΏΎΘϜϟ΍

(1)

ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ϡϼϛ

(2)

Ϟμϔϟ΍ ϞΧ΍Ω ϥϮϔϠΘϟ΍

(6)

14.9. Practice:

ΏέΪΘϳ ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϠϛ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ΪϤΣ΃ ϰπϗ

2.

ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ΍ βϠΟ

1.

ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ ϥ΍ήϴΠϟ΍ Ωϻϭ΃ ϊϣ ΐόϟ ϝΎϤΟ

4.

ϲϨϴλ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΪϤΤϣ Ϟϛ΃

3.

14.10. Practice:

ϢϜΒ΋ΎϘΣ ϲϓ ϢϜΗΎϧϮϔϠΗ ΍Ϯόο

2.

ΖϗϮϟ΍ ϰϠϋ Ϟμϔϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΍ϮϟΎόΗ

1.

ϢϛΪΣϮϟ ϦϳέΎϤΘϟ΍ ΍ϮϠΣ

4.

ϢϜΒϧΎΠΑ Ώϼτϟ΍ ϊϣ ΍ϮϤϠϜΘΗ ϻ

3.

ϢϜϗ΍έϭ΃ ϰϠϋ ΦϳέΎΘϟ΍ ΍ϮΒΘϜΗ ϥ΃ ΍ϮδϨΗ ϻ

5.

Lesson 15 15.1. Practice:

ϲΘϴΑ Ϧϣ ΔΒϳήϗ ϡϮϠόϟ΍ ΔϴϠϛ

2.

ΓήϴΒϛ ϲϔλ ϲϓ ϲΘϟ΍ άϓ΍ϮϨϟ΍

1.

ϒϗϮϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ΃ ΔΟ΍έΩ

4.

ΔΗέΎϴγ ΢ϴΗΎϔϣ ΪϘϓ

3.

ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ΐΘϜϣ ϰϠϋ ΓΪϳήΠϟ΍

5.

15.2. Practice:

1.

ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϢϳΪϘϟ΍ ΏϮγΎΤϟ΍

3. it should be: 5.

correct

ϊγ΍ϭ ΪϳΪΠϟ΍ ΐΘϜϤϟ΍

.ΔϤϳΪϗ ΓέϮλ έ΍ΪΠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ

correct

2. it should be:

ΐΘϜϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΓΫΎΘγϷ΍

4. it should be:

ΔϤϳΪϗ ΓέΎϴγ ϲΧ΃ ΪϨϋ

6. it should be:

ΔΒϴϘΤϟ΍ ϲϓ Γήϴϐμϟ΍ ΢ϴΗΎϔϤϟ΍

15.3. Practice: Write whether the following is idafa or noun and adjective:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Idafa noun and adjective noun and adjective idafa

5. 6. 7. 8.

idafa noun and adjective noun and adjective idafa

9. Idafa 10. idafa

271

Answer Key 15.4. Practice:

αέΪϟ΍

5.

ϦΤϧ

4.

ϑήόΗ

3.

ϥϮΒΤϳ

2.

ΓέϲΛϛ

1.

ϥϭ΃έϘϳ

10.

ΖϠϤΣ

9.

ΏήθΗ

8.

ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ΍

7.

ϻ΍

6.

15.5. Practice:

ΔΒϘόϟ΍ ΞϴϠΧ

8.

ΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ΓέΎϗ

7.

ϞϴϨϟ΍ ϱΩ΍ϭ

ΔϠΟΩ ήϬϧ

4.

3.

Φϴθϟ΍ ϞΒΟ

2.

15.6. Practice:

ϕϮδϟ΍

3.

ϦϳΰϨΒϟ΍ ΔτΤϣ

2.

ΕΎϳήϔδϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ

1.

Δρήθϟ΍ ΰϛήϣ

5.

ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ

4.

15.7. Practice:

ΔϨγ ˾˿ ϩήϤϋ ΪϤΣ΃ ϲϤϋ

1.

ϦϴϘΑΎρ ϪΘϴΑ ϲϓ

2.

ΐΘϜϣ ΔϓήϏ ϭ ϦϴϣΎϤΣ ϭ ϡϮϧ ϑήϏ ΙϼΛ ΪΟϮϳ ϲϧΎΜϟ΍ ϖΑΎτϟ΍ ϲϓ

3.

΍ϮΟϭΰΗ ϭ ΔόϣΎΠϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϪΗΎϨΑ ϭ ϩΩϻϭ΃ ΝήΨΗ

4.

ΎϤ΋΍Ω ϢϬ΋ΎϨΑ΃ Ϧϋ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ϭ ϥϮδϠΠϳ ϭ Ύόϣ ˯Ύθόϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ΍ϮΨΒτϳ ϥ΃ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϪΘΟϭί ϭ ϲϤϋ

5.

15.8. Practice:

ϲγ΃έ ϲϓ Ϣϟ΃ ϱΪϨϋ

5.

2020 ΔϨγ ωϭήθϤϟ΍ ΃ΪΒϴγ

1.

ΎϬϋ΍Ϯϧ΃ ϊϴϤΠΑ ΔοΎϳήϟ΍ ϥϮΒΤϳ Ϣϫ

6.

ϒμϧ ϭ ϦϴΘϋΎγ ΓΪϤϟ ϢϠϴϔϟ΍ ήϤΘγ΍

2.

ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟ΍ Δϛήη ήϳΪϣ ϞϤόϳ Ϯϫ

7.

ϡΎϳ΃ Γήθϋ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϥϮπϘϴγ

3.

ϥϮϫΪϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϱήΜϜΗ ϻ ϭ Ϫϛ΍Ϯϔϟ΍ ϭ έΎπΨϟ΍ ϲϠϛ

8.

˱΍ήϴΜϛ ˯˱ Ύϣ ϲΑήη΍ ϭ ˯΍ϭΪϟ΍ ΍άϫ ϲϠϤόΘγ΍

4.

Lesson 16 16.1. Practice:

ΎϧΎϛ

4.

ΖϨϛ

3.

ΎΘϧΎϛ

2.

ϥΎϛ

1.

ϥΎϛ

7.

ΎϨϛ

6.

˷ Ϧϛ

5.

16.2. Practice:

Εήλ

5.

ΖϠυ

4.

ΎϨϴδϣ΃

3.

΍ϮΤΒλ΃

2.

ϢΘϨϛ

1.

΍ϮϠυ

10.

ΎϨΤΒλ΃

9.

Ζϟ΍ί Ύϣ

8.

ΖϨϛ

7.

ΖϨϛ

6.

16.3. Practice:

ξϳήϣ ϪϧϷ ϖϳήϔϟ΍ ϊϣ ΪϤΤϣ ΐόϠϳ ϻ ήϬθϟ΍ ΍άϫ

1.

έϮϴτϟ΍ Ϊϴλ ϲϓ ΔϠϳϮρ ΕΎϋΎγ ϲπϘϳ ϥΎϛ ௌΪΒϋ

2.

ϲόϴΒτϟ΍ Νϼόϟ΍ ϲΗΪΟ ϞπϔΗ

3.

ϰϔθΘδϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔΤΟΎϧ ΔϴϠϤϋ Ϫϟ ΖϳήΟ΃ ΙΩΎΤϟ΍ ΪόΑ

4.

ΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϲϓ ΐτϟ΍ αέΪΗ ϲϫ

5.

272

Answer Key

16.4. Practice:

ΖϳήΘη΍

4.

Ϊϳέ΃

3.

ΕάΧ΃

2.

ΖδϠΟ

1.

ϲΘϟ΍

8.

ϱάϟ΍

7.

ϦϴΒϫάΘγ

6.

ϥϮγέΪϳ

5.

16.5. Practice:

Δϳ΍ϭήϟ΍ ϥϭ΃ήϘϳ ΍ϮϧΎϛ

2.

ΔϴϤϠόϟ΍ ϡϼϓϷ΍ ΐΤΗ ΖϨϛ

1.

ήπΤϧ ϥ΃ ϞΒϗ ΍έΩΎϏ

4.

ΐϋέ ϢϠϴϓ ΪϫΎθϧ ΎϨϛ

3.

ϪΑήη΃ Ϣϟ Ϛϟάϟ ΍ΩέΎΑ ϱΎθϟ΍ ϥΎϛ

6.

ήόθϟ΍ Γ˯΍ήϗ ΐΣ΃ ΖϨϛ

5.

ΓΩέΎΑ ϭ ΍ΪΟ ΓήϴΒϛ ΎϨΘϓήϏ ΖϧΎϛ

8.

Ύϔ΋ΎΧ ΖϨϛ

7.

ΐϴΒτϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΖΒϫΫ Ϛϟάϟ ϭ ΩήΑ ΎϫΪϨϋ ϥΎϛ

10.

΍ΪΟ ΔϳϮϗ ΡΎϳήϟ΍ ΖϧΎϛ

9.

16.6. Practice:

ήϐλ΃

4.

ϝϮρ΃

3.

ήΒϛ΃

2.

ϞϤΟ΃

1.

ϦδΣ΃

8.

ϡΪϗ΃

7.

ήΜϛ΃

6.

ϞϬγ΃

5.

16.7. Practice:

Δϗέϭ

5.

ΩΪϋ

4.

ΖΧ΃

3.

Ϣγ΍

2.

ϡϮϳ

1.

ήϴϣ΃

10.

ϦΑ΍

9.

ϥΎΠϨϓ

8.

ϝ΍Άγ

7.

ωϮΒγ΃

6.

16.8. Practice:

βϴϤΨϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ϰΘΣ ϭ ΪΣϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ΃ΪΒΗ ΔϴϤγήϟ΍ ϞϤόϟ΍ ϡΎϳ΃

1.

ωϮΒγϷ΍ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΎϣϮϳ ΎϤϫ ΖΒδϟ΍ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ

2.

Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϰΘΣ ΎΣΎΒλ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ΕΎϛήθϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡ΍ϭΪϟ΍ ΃ΪΒϳ ΍ήμϋ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϢΛ ϭ ΍ήϬυ .΍ήϬυ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ΔϴϣϮϜΤϟ΍ ΕΎδγΆϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡ΍ϭΪϟ΍ ϲϬΘϨϳ ˯Ύδϣ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϰΘΣ

3.

!ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ϝϭΪϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ΍ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϭ ϙΪϠΑ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ΍ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϥέΎϗ 16.10. Practice:

΍ϮΒϫΫ

5.

ωϮΒγϷ΍

4.

ϰϬϘϤϟ΍

3.

ϰϠϋ

2.

αέΩ΃

1.

ήϐλ΃

10.

ΎϤϫ

9.

΍ΫΎϣ

8.

ϰδϨΗ

7.

ϥΎϴπϘϳ

6.

Lesson 17 17.1. Practice:

ΓΪϳΪΟ ϢϫέΎϜϓ΃ Ϟόϟ ϢϬϟ΄γ΍

5.

΍ΪϳΪΟ ΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΒΘϜϳ ΎϤϬϧ΍

1.

΍ΪΟ ΢ΟΎϧ ϞΟέ ϢϫϮΑ΃ ϥ΍

6.

. ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϥΎΒόΗ Ϫϧ΄ϛ

2.

΍ϭέάΘϋ΍ ϢϬϨϜϟ ΍ϭήπΤϳ ϥ΃ ϢϬϟ ΖϠϗ

3.

Δπϳήϣ ΎϬϧϷ ϞϔΤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ήπΤΗ Ϣϟ

4.

.ήΧ΁ ϥΎϜϣ ϰϟ΍ ΍ϮΒϫΫ ϢϬϠόϟ ΎϨϫ ΪΣ΃ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ

4. 5.

273

Answer Key 17.2. Practice:

ήϬψϟ΍ Γϼλ ΪόΑ ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϝΎϘΗήΒϟ΍ ϭ ίϮϤϟ΍ ΐΤϳ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃

2. 4.

ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϪϴΑ΃ ϊϣ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΎϤϬϧϷ "ϲΑήόϟ΍" ΔϠΠϣ ˯΍ήθϟ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϩϮΑ΃ ϭ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΍ήϴΜϛ ΎϬϧΎΒΤϳ

1.

ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ϥϮΟΎΘΤϳ ϢϬϧ΃ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ΃ ήϛάΗ

5.

17.3. Practice:

ϥϭΪϳήΗ

5.

ήϓΎδϴγ

4.

ϦϴγέΪΗ

3.

ΎϣϮϳ

2.

ΪϤΣ΃

1.

ϥϮΒΤϳ

10.

ϩάϫ

9.

ϊϣ

8.

ήϴϐλ

7.

ϞϳϮρ

6.

17.4. Practice:

.ΕϼϳϮρ ΕΎϨΒϟ΍

2.

.ΔΤϳήϣ ϲγ΍ήϜϟ΍

1.

.ΔϠϴϤΟ ϖ΋΍ΪΣ ΪΟϮϳ

4.

.ΔϏέΎϓ ϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ϑήϏ

3.

. ΓήϴΒϛ ΓέΎϤϋ ϲϓ Γήϴϐλ ϖϘη ϩάϫ

5.

17.5. Practice:

έΎΒΧϷ΍

ΓήΛΆϣ

5.

ϲϧΎϏϷ΍

4.

ΔϟΎγέ

3.

ΓΪϳήΠϟ΍

2.

1.

17.6. Practice:

. ϒϴμϟ΍ ϲϓ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ αΎϨϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ

2.

.- ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ ΓέΎϴγ ΪϤΣ΃ ϯήΘη΍

1.

. Γή΋ΎτϟΎΑ ΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϰϟ΍ ΎϴϛήΗ Ϧϣ ΕήϓΎγ

4.

ΫΎΘγϷ΍ ΐΘϜϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΍άϫ

3.

ήΒϤϓϮϧ ήϬη ϲϓ ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΖϠλϭ

5.

17.7. Practice:

ˮϚϟΰϨϣ ϲϓ ΓάϓΎϧ Ϣϛ

3.

ˮΔΒϴϘΤϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϦϤϟ

2.

ˮΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΖΒϫΫ ΍ΫΎϤϟ

1.

ˮϚΘϘϳΪλ Ϣγ΍ Ύϣ

6.

ˮ ϙΪϨϋ ΐϠϛ ϭ Δτϗ Ϣϛ

5.

ˮ ϞπϔϤϟ΍ ϚϧϮϟ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

4.

17.8. Practice: To review your attached pronouns, attach the suitable pronoun for the following nouns:

ΎϨΘγέΪϣ

5.

ΎϬΘμϗ

4.

ΎϤϬΗΪϟ΍ϭ

3.

ϢϬϘ΋Ύγ

2.

ΎϬΗή΋Ύρ

1.

ϚΣΎΘϔϣ

10.

ΎϧΰΒΨϣ

9.

ϚΘϋΎγ

8.

ΎϤϬΘΟ΍έΩ

7.

ϲΗέΎψϧ

6.

Lesson 18 18.1. Practice:

ϲΘϟ΍

5.

ϲΗϼϟ΍

4.

ϥ΍άϠϟ΍

3.

ϲΘϟ΍

2.

Ϧϳάϟ΍

1.

Ϧϳάϟ΍

10.

ϱάϟ΍

9.

ϲΘϟ΍

8.

ϱάϟ΍

7.

ϥΎΘϠϟ΍

6.

18.2. Practice:

ΔΒϴϘΣ

5.

ΓέΎψϧ

4.

ΪΠδϣ

3.

ϢϠϗ

2.

ΐϴϠΣ

1.

ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍

10.

ή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍

9.

ϚϨΒϟ΍

8.

ϕϮδϟ΍

7.

α΄ϛ

6.

3.

274

Answer Key

18.3. Practice:

ς΋ΎΤϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϙΎϨϫ έϮμϟ΍

2.

˯΍Ϊϐϟ΍ ϡΎόρ ϡϷ΍ ήπΤΗ

1.

ΦΒτϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ ΪϤΣ΃ ϞϤόϳ

4.

ΔΒϴϘΤϟ΍ ϲϓ βΑϼϤϟ΍ Ϟϣ΃ ϊπΗ

3.

: ϊΑ΍ήϟ΍ ϖΑΎτϟ΍ ϲϓ ΓέΎϤόϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϲϓ ϲΘϴΑ

6.

βτδϏ΃ ήϬη ϲϓ ΔϴϠϜϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ Ώϼτϟ΍ ϊΟέ

5.

18.4. Practice:

ξϔΨϨΗ

3.

Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ

2.

ϝΪΘόϣ - ΩέΎΑ

1.

έϭήϤϟ΍

6.

ΓήΠϬϟ΍

5.

ϱήϬη

4.

18.5. Practice:

ΕΎϳήϔδϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ Ϧϣ ήϛ΍άΗ ΎϨϳήΘη΍ - ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϧ ϥ΃ ϲ΋ΎϗΪλ΃ ϭ Ύϧ΃ Ύϧέήϗ έΎτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΘϴΑ Ϧϣ ΓήΟϷ΍ ΓέΎϴγ ΎϨΒϛέ -

ήϔδϠϟ ΎϨΒ΋ΎϘΣ ΎϧΩΪϋ΃ -

έΎΛϵ΍ ϭ ΔϴΣΎϴδϟ΍ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ Ύϧέί ϭ ϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΒϫΫ -

ΕΎϋΎγ Ζγ ΓΪϤϟ ΓέΎϴτϟ΍ ϲϓ ΎϨΒϛέ -

΍ήϴΜϛ ΔϠΣήϟΎΑ ΎϨόΘϤΘγ΍ -

ΎϨΗϼ΋Ύόϟ Ύϳ΍ΪϬϟ΍ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ΍ ΎϨόϣ ϭ ΎϨόΟέ -

18.6. Practice:

ˮ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϡϮϳ ϞΑΎϘΘϨϟ Ζϗϭ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ

1.

ˮ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϻ΍ ΏΎόϟϷ΃ ϞπϔΗ ϡ΃ ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ ΐόϠΗ ϥ΃ ΪϳήΗ Ϟϫ

2.

ˮ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΔϐϠϟ΍ ΐΟ΍ϭ ϲϓ ϲϧΪϋΎδΗ ϥ΃ ϦϜϤϣ

3.

βϣ΃ Ϧϣ ΍ήϴΜϛ ΩήΑ΃ ϡϮϴϟ΍ βϘτϟ΍ ϥϮϜϴγ

4.

ϝϭϷ΍ ϲΑΎΘϛ ΔϋΎΒρ Ϧϣ ΖϴϬΘϧ΍

5.

ˮ ΓήΠϬϟ΍ ϥϮϧΎϗ ϑήόΗ Ϟϫ

6.

ΎϬϨϋ ΙΪΤΗ΃ ΖϨϛ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔϔλΎόϟ΍ ϲϫ ϩάϫ

7.

ˮ ϪϨϋ ΙΪΤΘΗ ΖϨϛ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϋΎϤΘΟϻ΍ ΰϛήϤϟ΍ Ϧϳ΃

8.

ˮ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ΪΣ΍ϭ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ ˮ ϞπϔϤϟ΍ Ϛϧ΍ϮϴΣ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

9.

ˮ ΖϴϛΎΠϟ΍ βΒϟ΃ ϥ΃ ΐΠϳ Ϟϫ ˮ ϡϮϴϟ΍ Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ΔΟέΩ ϲϫ Ύϣ

10.

18.7. Practice:

˯˳ ΍ά˴ Σ˶ ϭ˴ Ζ ˳ ϴϛ˶ ΎΟ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ν˴ Ύ˴Θ ˸Τϳ ϭ˴ ΍˱ΩέΎ ˶ ˴Α ΢˴ ˴Β ˸λ˴΃ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ ϥ΃ ήϜϔϳ ϥΎϛ ϦδΣ ϞϤόΗ ϻ ΔΗέΎϴγ ϥϻ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϳ ϥ΃ ϊϴτΘδϳ ϻ ϦδΣ ΪϨϋ ΩέΎΑ βϘτϟ΍ ϻ ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴Α ϱ .΍˱ΪϳΪ˶ Ο˴ ϻΎ˱ τ ˴ ή˴˶ Θθ˸ ϳ ϥ˸ ˴΃ Ϊ˵ ϳήϳ ˶ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ

1. 2. 3. 4.

18.8. Practice:

Ϧϳάϟ΍

5.

ϲΘϟ΍

4.

ϲΘϟ΍

3.

ϲΘϟ΍

2.

ϱάϟ΍

1.

ϲΘϟ΍

9.

ϲΘϟ΍

8.

ϲΘϟ΍

7.

ϱάϟ΍

6.

275

Answer Key 18.9. Practice:

ΔϴϠϛ – ΔΒΘϜϣ – ΐΘϜϣ : ΔόϣΎΟ

2.

ΓέΎϤϋ – ΖϴΑ – ΓέΎϴγ ωέΎη

1.

ΐϴϠΣ – ϖΒρ – ΏϮϛ : ΦΒτϣ

4.

ΕέϮη – ϝΎτϨΑ – ϥΎΘδϓ : βΑϼϣ

3.

ϲϟΪϴλ – ˯΍ϭΩ : ΔϴϟΪϴλ

6.

Γήϔγ ΔϓήϏ – ϡΎϤΣ – ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ : ΔϘη

5.

˯΍ήΤλ – ϞΒΟ – ήϬϧ : ΔϟϭΩ

8.

ΔϟΎΧ – Ϣϋ ϦΑ΍ – Ώ΃ – ΔΟϭί : ΔϠ΋Ύϋ

7.

ΐόϠϣ – ϡΪϗ Γήϛ – ΔΣΎΒγ : ΔοΎϳέ

10.

ϚϤγ – ΡΎϔΗ – ϢΤϟ – ΝΎΟΩ : ϡΎόρ

9.

Lesson 19 19.1. Practice:

.έΎτϓϻ΍ ΪόΑ ΓϮϬϘϟ΍ Ώή˴ θ˵Η

2.

.ϝϳϣΟ ΩϠΑ ϥΎϧΑϟ ϥ΃ ϝϳϗ

1.

.ΓήϴΜϛ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ΖϳήΘη΍

4.

.ϥΎπϣέ ΪόΑ ήτϔϟ΍ ΪϴόΑ Ϟ˴ϔ˴ΘΤ˵ϳ

3.

.ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϲϓ Ε΍ήϣ βϤΧ ϰϠμ ˴ ˵ϳ

5.

19.2. Practice:

1. active tense 5. active tense.

2. passive tense 6. active tense

3. passive tense 7. active tense

4. passive tense 8. passive tense

19.3. Practice:

ˮΔόϣΎΟϟ΍ ϲϓ ϙϭΧ΃ αέΩϳ ΍ΫΎϣ

1.

.ϲΑΩ ΔϧϳΩϣ ϲϓ ϲΗΩϟ΍ϭ ϥϛγΗ

2.

ϥϵ΍ ϥρϧη΍ϭ ϲϓ ϝϣόΗ ΕΧ΃ ϱΩϧϋ

3.

.ΡΎΑλϟ΍ ϲϓ ίΑΧϟ΍ ϭ ϥΑΟϟ΍ Ώέόϟ΍ ϡυόϣ ϝϛ΄ϳ

4.

.˯Ύδϣ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔγΩΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ ϝϮλϭ ΪϋϮϣ ϥΎϛ

5.

.ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍ – ΎόϴϤΟ – ϝϮΣ – ΕήπΣ΃ – ΍ϮδϠΟ ϭ – ϡϷ΍ – ˯Ύθόϟ΍

6.

ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ΩϼΒϟ΍ ϊϴϤΟ έϭί΃ ϥ΃ Ϊϳέ΃

7.

. ˯ΎδϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΡΎΒμϟ΍ Ϧϣ ϥϮϠϤόϳ Ϣϫ

8.

βϣ΃ Ύϧ΍έ΍ί ϥ΍άϟ΍ ϥΎϔϴπϟ΍ ϥ΍άϫ

9.

.ΎΣΎΒλ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔϨϣΎΜϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ˯ΎόΑέϷ΍ ϡϮϳ ϙ΍έ΄γ

10.

19.4. Practice:

ΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϬη ϝϭ΃ Ϯϫ ήϳΎϨϳ

2.

ϲϧΎΜϟ΍ ωέΎθϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ϰϬϘϣ ϙΎϨϫ

1.

ΔϨγ ϦϴόΒγ ϭ βϤΧ ϩήϤϋ ϭ ϲϟΎΧ Ϯϫ ϝϼΑ

4.

ΔόγΎΘϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϲϓ ΐϫΫ΃ ϥ΃ ΐΠϳ ϒμϨϟ΍ ϭ ΔϨϣΎΜϟ΍ ΎϬϧ΍

3.

ϲΘϳϮϛ Ϯϫ ϭ ΔϴϧΩέ΃ Ύϧ΃

6.

ΔϳέϮδϟ΍ ϲΘϘϳΪλ ϡΎϬϟ΍ ϲϫ ϩάϫ

5.

κϤΣ ϭ Ϟϓϼϓ Ϊϳέ΃ Δό΋ΎΟ Ύϧ΃

8.

ΎϬΘϨΑ΍ ϭ ΎϬϨΑ΍ ϊϣ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϲΘϤϋ

7.

ˮΩΣϷ΍ ϡϭϳ ΩόΑ ϲΗ΄ϳ ΍ΫΎϣ

10.

ˮέΎτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϕΪϨϓ Ώήϗ΃ Ϣγ΃ Ύϣ

9.

276

Answer Key

19.5. Practice:

.ϡϫί΋΍ϭΟ ΍ϭϣϠγΗϳϟ ΔϠϔΣϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ Ώϼρϟ΍ ϝλϭ

1.

.Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ ΍ϮΒϛήϴϟ έΎτϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΍ϮϠλϭ ϥϭήϓΎδϤϟ΍

2.

.΍ϮΤΒδϴϟ ϱΩΎϨϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϥϮΒϋϻ΍ ˯ΎΟ

3.

.ΎΣΎΒλ ΔόΑΎδϟ΍ ΔϋΎδϟ΍ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ Δϛήθϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ϥϮΒϫάϳ ϥϮγΪϨϬϤϟ΍

4.

.ΡϮϠϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ΍ ϦΒΘϛ ΕΎγέΪϤϟ΍

5.

.ϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ϱΎθϟ΍ ΍ϮΑήθϳ ϥ΃ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϲΗΎϘϳΪλ

6.

.ϢϬΗ΍ϮΧ΃ ϊϣ κϤΤϟ΍ ϭ Ϟϓϼϔϟ΍ ϥϮϠϛ΄ϳ ΩϻϭϷ΍

7.

ˮϲΗϮΧ΃ Ύϳ ΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ϢΘϠϤϋ Ϟϫ

8.

ˮ ϢϜΗΎϋΎγ ϢΘϳήΘη΍ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ

9.

.ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ Γ΍έΎΒϣ ΪϫΎθϨϟ ήϛ΍άΗ ΎϨϳήΘη΍

10.

19.6. Practice:

Ϟϫ

5.

Ζδϟ

4.

ϥ΍άϫ

3.

ήϤΣ΃

2.

ήϤΣ΃

1.

΍ϭΩϋΎγϳ

10.

ΔϤϳΪϗ

9.

ΪόΑ

8.

ΚϟΎΜϟ΍

7.

Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ΍

6.

19.7. Practice:

ϦϳΰΣ

(6)

ΡΎΒλ

(3)

ϡϮϳ

(5)

ϰδϨϳ

(1)

Ϊϴόγ

(7)

ΩϮγ΃

(4)

˯ΎΘη

(9)

ΝήΧ

(2)

ϰϬϘϣ

(8)

Ώ΍ϮΟ

(10)

19.8. Practice:

ΎϴϘϳήϓ΃ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ΃ ΔϴΑήόϟ΍ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ήΒΘόΗ

1.

ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ϞΒϗ ̂˿̂ ΔϨγ ϲϓ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ΔϨϳΪϣ ˯ΎϨΑ ϢΗ

2.

ϲϠϴϠΨϟ΍ ϥΎΧ ϕϮγ ϭ ήϫίϷ΍ ΔόϣΎΟ ϭ ϱήμϤϟ΍ ϒΤΘϤϟ΍ ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ϦϛΎϣϷ΍ ήϬη΃

3.

ήϫίϷ΍ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϫ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ΃

4.

ϦϴδΤϟ΍ ΪΠδϣ ϭ ιΎόϟ΍ ϦΑ ϭήϤϋ ϊϣΎΟ ϭ ΐϨϳί ΓΪϴδϟ΍ ϊϣΎΟ ΎϬϴϓ ΪΟΎδϤϟ΍ ήϬη΃

5.

19.9. Practice:

ϕΪϨϓ ΎϬϴϓ βϴϟ ϲΘϟ΍ ΔϳήϘϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΒϫΫ = ϕΪϨϓ ΎϬϴϓ βϴϟ ΔϳήϘϟ΍ . Δϳήϗ ϰϟ΍ ΎϨΒϫΫ ˮβϣ΃ ϪΘϠδϏ ϱάϟ΍ ϲϨΒϟ΍ ϝΎτϨΒϟ΍ Ϧϳ΃

1.

ˮϢότϤϟ΍ ϲϓ ΍ϮϧΎϛ Ϧϳάϟ΍ ΩϻϭϷ΍ Ϟϛ΃ Ϟϫ

2.

.Δϧ΍ΰΨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎϛ ϱάϟ΍ ϥΎΘδϔϟ ϯΪϫ ΕήΘη΍

3.

.ΎϋΎϤΘΟ΍ ΍ϮΒϠρ Ϧϳάϟ΍ ϦϴϔυϮϤϟ΍ ϊϣ ήϳΪϤϟ΍ ϊϤΘΟ΍

4.

.ήμϣ ϲϓ ϲΘϟ΍ ΕΎϣ΍ήϫϷ΍ Εέί .˾

5.

Answer Key

277

19.10. Practice:

ΕΎτΤϣ

4.

Ώ΍Ϯϛ΃

3.

ΕΎϣΎϤΣ

2.

˯ΎϨΑ΃

1.

Ύϳ΍ΪϬϟ΍

8.

ϦϛΎϣϷ΍

7.

ΰϛ΍ήϣ

6.

ϦϴγΪϨϬϣ

5.

19.11. Practice:

ˮϚϔΗΎϫ Ζϴδϧ Ϧϳ΃

3.

ˮϝ΍Άγ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ

2.

ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ

1.

ˮϞϤόΗ Ϧϳ΃

6.

ˮϕΪϨϔϟ΍ ϲϓ ΖϤϗ΃ ΎϣϮϳ Ϣϛ

5.

ˮΎϜϳήϣ΃ ϲϓ ϚΘΧ΃ ϊϣ ϦϜδΗ Ϟϫ

4.

ˮϦϴϟΎΧ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ

9.

ˮϰϬϘϤϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫάϨγ ϰΘϣ

8.

ˮΕΎϴοΎϳήϟ΍ αέΪΗ Ϧϳ΃

7.

ˮϚϣ΃ ϞϤόΗ ΍ΫΎϣ

10.

Lesson 20 20.1. Practice:

ΎϤϛ

5.

ϞΜϣ

4.

ϥ΄ϛ

3.

ϚϧΎΘδϔϛ

2.

.ΎϤϛ

1.

Ϫϧ΄ϛ

10.

ΎϤϛ

9.

ϞΜϣ

8.

ΎϤϛ

7.

ΓϮϬϘϟΎϛ

6.

20.2. Practice:

ϦϳήΤΒϟ΍ Ϯϫ ϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήϐλ΃

1.

ή΋΍ΰΠϟ΍ Ϯϫ ϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήΒϛ΃

2.

ϞϴϨϟ΍ ήϬϧ Ϯϫ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ΃

3.

ΓήϫΎϘϟ΍ ϲϓ ήϫίϷ΍ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϫ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ΃

4.

ϥΎπϣέ ήϬη ϲϓ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ΍ ϡϮμϳ

5.

ˮΔϨδϟ΍ ϲϓ ϊΑΎδϟ΍ ήϬθϟ΍ Ϯϫ Ύϣ

6.

ΔϳήΠϬϟ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϭ ΔϳΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ΔϨδϟ΍ ϦϴΑ ϕήϓ ϡΎϳ΃ Γήθϋ ϙΎϨϫ

7.

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ Ϧϣ ..... έϭί΃ ϥ΃ ΐΣ΃

8.

ϲΑήόϟ΍ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ϲϓ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ΃ Ϯϫ ΪΣϷ΍ ϡϮϳ

9.

ΕΎΒΠΤϣ ΕΎϴΑήόϟ΍ ˯ΎδϨϟ΍ ϊϴϤΟ Ζδϴϟ ϻ

10.

20.3. Practice:

.ήϴΒϛ ϙΎΒη Ϫϴϓ ϭ ϊγ΍ϭ ΦΒτϤϟ΍

2.

.ϲϟΎϏ ΎϫέΎΠϳ΍ ϭ ΔϘϴο ϪΘϘη

1.

.ϦϴϤϳΪϗ ϲγ΍ήϜϟ΍ ϭ ΔϟϭΎτϟ΍

4.

.ΪϳΪΟ ήϳήδϟ΍ ϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϡϮϨϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ

3.

ΐΘϜϟΎΑ ΔΌϴϠϣ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ΍

6.

.Φγϭ ϡΎϤΤϟ΍

5.

.ΔϤ΋ΎϏ ˯ΎϤδϟ΍ ϭ ΩέΎΑ βϘτϟ΍

8.

.ΦΒτϤϟ΍ Ϧϋ ΔΒϳήϗ αϮϠΠϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ

7.

.ΎΗϮϳϮΗ ΓέΎϴγ Ϟϣ΃ ΪϨϋ βϴϟ

10.

.ΎϜϳήϣ΃ ΪϤΣ΃ έΩΎϏ

9.

278

Answer Key

20.4. Practice:

ϊΒγ

2.

ΙϼΛ

1.

΍ήϬη ήθϋ ΎϨΛ΍

4.

ϦϴδϤΧ ϭ ΔΘγ

3.

Γήθϋ

6.

ϦϴϋϮΒγ΍

5.

ήθϋ ϊδΗ ϭ Ϧϴϔϟ΃ ΔϨγ βτδϏ΃ Ϧϣ ήθϋ βϣΎΨϟ΍

8.

ΔγΩΎδϟ΍

7.

ϦϴΘγ ϭ ϦϴΘ΋Ύϣ ϭ ϒϟ΍

10.

Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ΔδϤΧ

9.

20.5. Practice:

ϰϬϘϤϟ΍

5.

ΔόϣΎΟ

4.

ΔΟέΩ

3.

ωϮΒγ΃

2.

ΫΎΘγ΃

1.

ήϴϣϷ΍

10.

ΔϘϳΪΣ

9.

ΡΎϔΗ

8.

ϡϷ΍

7.

ΓέΎϴγ

6.

20.6. Practice:

΃ήϘϳ

4.

ϱήΘθϳ

3.

Ώήθϳ

2.

Ϟϛ΄ϳ

1.

ϦϜδϳ

8.

βΒϠϳ

7.

ήϴτϳ / ήϓΎδϳ

6.

ΐΘϜϳ

5.

ΪϫΎθϳ

12.

ϊϤδϳ

11.

βϠΠϳ

10.

ϕϮδϳ

9.

20.7. Practice:

ϥϮΒΤϳ

5.

΃

4.

΍ΫΎϣ

3.

ϒϴϛ

2.

΍ΫΎϣ

1.

΃ΪΒΘγ

10.

ϊϴτΘδϳ

9.

ϱήΘθΗ

8.

ϢΣΩΰϣ

7.

ϝϭΎϨΗ΄γ

6.

20.8. Practice:

ˮϞϓϼϔϟ΍ ΐΤΗ Ϟϫ

2.

ˮΖϧ΃ Ϧϳ΃ Ϧϣ

1.

ˮϥϮγέΪϳ ΔόϣΎΟ ϱ΃ ϲϓ /ˮ ΓέΎΠΘϟ΍ ϥϮγέΪϳ Ϧϳ΃

4.

ˮϞϤόϳ Ϧϳ΃

3.

ˮϥΩέϷ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΖΒϫΫ ΍ΫΎϤϟ

6.

ˮϞϣ΃ ϦϜδΗ Ϧϳ΃

5.

ˮήΠθϟ΍ ϕ΍έϭ΃ ςϘδΗ ϰΘϣ

8.

ˮΔϳΩϮόδϟ΍ ΔϤλΎϋ ϲϫ Ύϣ

7.

ˮΐΟ΍Ϯϟ΍ ΖϠϤϋ Ϟϫ

10.

ˮΪϨϬϟ΍ ϲϓ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ήΒϛ΃ Ϯϫ

9.

20.9. Practice:

Γήϴϐλ Δϳήϗ ϢϟΎόϟ΍ ΖϠόΟ ΔΜϳΪΤϟ΍ ΎϴΟϮϟϮϨϜΘϟ΍

1.

ΖϧήΘϧϻ΍ Ϧϣ ϲΒΘϛ ϱήΘη΃

2.

ΖϧήΘϧϻ΍ Ϧϣ ϰδΑϼϣ ϱήΘη΃ / ϲδΑϼϣ ϱήΘηϻ ϕϮδϟ΍ ϰϟ΍ ΐϫΫ΃ Ϣόϧ

3.

Ω΍Ϯϣ ..... ήΗϮϴΒϤϜϟ΍ ϰϠϋ ΖγέΩ

4.

ˮΔϧγ ϥϳγϣΧ ΩόΑ ϡϟΎόϟ΍ ΢Αλϳ ϥ΃ ϊϗϭΗΗ ϑϳϛ

5.

English-Arabic Dictionary Notes: If a letter has a (‘) it means it is pronounced as ω. When a letter is doubled, then there is shaddah on it and it should be stressed. gh stands for ύ dh stands for ν th-th stands for υ˰ q stands for ϕ kh stands for Υ tt stands for ρ “ii” means long ee hh stands for Ρ ss stands for ι

A about

ΎΒϳήϘΗ/ϲϟ΍ϮΣ

above abroad accident adaptor add address admission adult advice airplane after aftershave again against age AIDS air conditioning airmail airplane airport alarm alarm clock alcohol Allah all day allergy alone altogether always ambulance America American (m.) American (f.)

ϕϮϓ ΩϼΒϟ΍ ΝέΎΧ ϲϓ ΙΩΎΣ ΔϠλϭ ϒϴπϳ ϥ΍ϮϨϋ ϝϮΧΩ ώϟΎΑ ΔΤϴμϧ Γή΋Ύρ ΪόΑ ΎϴϧϮϟϮϛ ϯήΧ΍ Γήϣ Ϊο ήϤϋ ίΪϳ΃ ϒϴϜϣ ϱϮΟ ΪϳήΑ Γή΋Ύρ έΎτϣ έ΍άϧ· ϪΒϨϣ ήϤΧ/ϝϮΤϛ ௌ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϝ΍Ϯρ ΔϴγΎδΣ ΪϴΣϭ ΎόϴϤΟ ΎϤ΋΍Ω ϑΎόγ· ΓέΎϴγ ΎϜϳήϣ΍ ϲϜϳήϣ΍ ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃

hawaaly / taqreeban fawq fee al-kharij haadith wasla yodheef onwaan dukhool baaligh nasiiha taa’ira ba’d kuloonya marra ukhraa dhid ‘ umr aydiz mokayyef bariid jawwii taa’ira mataar inthaar monabbeh khamr /kuhuul Allah ttiwal al-yawm hassasiyya waheed jamee’an daa’iman sayyaarat is’aaf amariikaa amareeki amareekiyyah

architecture

ΔϴϤϛ ήϳΪΨΗ ΐοΎϏ ϥ΍ϮϴΣ ΐόϛ Ωέ /Ώ΍ϮΟ ϪϠϤϧ ϢϳΪϗ ϪϘη έ΍άΘϋ΍ ΔΣΎϔΗ ΪϋϮϣ ϞϳήΑ΍ ΔϳέΎϤόϣ ΔγΪϨϫ

area area code arm arrange arrive arrow art article ashtray ask (question) ask for aspirin assault assorted at home at night at the back at the front at least August Australia

ΔϘτϨϣ/ΔΣΎδϣ ϱΪϳήΒϟ΍ Ϣϗήϟ΍ ω΍έΫ ΐΗήϳ Ϟμϳ ϢϬγ Ϧϓ ϝΎϘϣ ή΋ΎΠγ ΔπϔϨϣ ϝΎδϳ ΐϠτϳ ϦϳήΒγ΍ ˯΍ΪΘϋ΍ ϒϨμϣ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϴϠϟ΍ ϲϓ ϒϠΨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϡΎϣϻ΍ ϲϓ Ϟϗϻ΍ ϰϠϋ β˰τ˰δϏ΃ Ύϴϟ΍ήΘγ΍

amount anesthetic angry animal ankle answer ant antique apartment apologies apple appointment April

kemmiyya takhdeer ghadheb hayawan ka’ib jawab/ rad namla qadeem shaqqa i’tithaar tuffaaha maw’id ibreel handasa mi’maariya masaaha/mintaqa arraqam albareedi thiraa’ yuratib yasil sahm fan maqaal minfadat sajaa’ir yas’al yattlub asbireen i’tidaa musannaf fi al-bayt fi al-layl fi al-khalf fi al-amaam ‘ alaa al-qal oghostos ustiraaliyaa

280

English-Arabic Dictionary

ϲϟ΃/ϲϜϴΗΎϣϮΗϭ΍ ϒϳήΨϟ΍ φϘϴΘδϣ Ϟ˰ψϟ΍

utumaateeki/aali al-khareef mustayqith ath-th-ill

tifl hadhina khalf haqibah faasid khabbaz shurfa kura mawz dhimaad masraf/bank dhiffa shiwaa’ korat as-salla hammaam battaariya shatii’ fassoliya jameel le’nna firash

bedding

Ϟϔρ ΔϨοΎΣ ϒϠΧ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΪγΎϓ ίΎΒΧ Δϓήη Γήϛ ίϮϣ ΩΎϤο ϚϨΑ/ϑήμϣ Δϔο ˯΍Ϯη ΔϠδϟ΍ Γήϛ ϡΎϤΣ ΔϳέΎτΑ Ί˰ρΎη ΎϴϟϮλΎϓ ϞϴϤΟ ϥ˸ Ϸ˶ ε΍ήϓ ήϳήδϟ΍ ΕΎηϭήϔϣ

bee beef beer begin behind belt berth better bicycle bill billiards birthday biscuit bite

ΔϠΤϧ ήϘΑ ϢΤϟ ΓήϴΑ ΃ΪϴΑ ϒϠΧ ϡ΍ΰΣ ˯ΎϨϴϤϟ΍ ϒϴλέ ϦδΣ΃ ΔΟ΍έΩ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ΩέΎϴϠΑ Ωϼϴϣ Ϊϴϋ ΖϳϮϜδΑ ϪϏΪϟ

automatic autumn awake awning

B baby babysitter back backpack bad (rotten) baker balcony ball banana bandage bank bank (river) barbecue basketball bathroom battery beach beans beautiful because bed

mafruushaat as-sariir nahhla lahhm baqar beera yabda’ khalf hizaam raseef almeenaa’ ahsan darraja fatoora bilyaard eed meelad baskaweet ladgha

bitter black blanket bleach bleed blind (can’t see) blind (on window) blond (m. & f.) blood blouse blue board boat body boiled bone book booked (reserved) border boring born borrow both bottle box boy boyfriend bracelet brake bread break breakfast bridge briefs bring brochure broken broth brother brown bruise brush

ήϣ ΩϮγ΃ ΔϴϧΎτΑ ξϴΒϣ ϑΰϨϳ ϰϤϋ΍ ΓέΎΘγ ˯΍ή˰Ϙη/ήϘη΍ ϡΩ ΓίϮϠΑ ϕέί΃ β˶ϠΠϣ˴ ΏέΎϗ ϢδΟ ϲϠϐϣ Ϣψϋ ΏΎΘϛ ίϮΠΤϣ

morr aswad battaaniyya mubbayyidh yanzif a’maa sitaara ashqar/shaqraa dam blooza azraq majlis qarib jism maghli ‘athm kitaab

ΩϭΪΣ ϞϤϣ ΩϮϟϮϣ ήϴόΘδϳ ΎϤϫϼϛ ΔϨϴϨϗ ϕϭΪϨλ Ϊϟϭ ϖϳΪλ έ΍Ϯγ Ϟϣ΍ήϓ ΰΒΧ ΔΣ΍ήΘγ΍ έϮτϓ ήδΟ κΨϠϣ ΐϠΠϳ έϮθϨϣ έϮδϜϣ ˯ΎδΣ Υ΃ ϲϨΑ νϮοέ ΓΎηήϓ

hudood mumil mawlood yasta’eer kilahuma qinneena
ssondooq walad ssadiiq siwaar faramil khubz istiraha fotoor jisr mulakhas yajlib manshoor maksoor hisaa’ akh bunni rodhoodh furshaah

mahjooz

English-Arabic Dictionary bucket buffet building burglary burn (v.) burnt bus bus station business card business trip busy (schedule) busy (traffic) butcher butter button by (with) by phone

Ϟτγ Δϧ΍ΰΧ ΔϳΎϨΑ Δϗήγ/Ϯτγ ϕήΘΤϳ/ϕήΤϳ ϕϭήΤϣ ΔϠϓΎΣ/ιΎΑ ιΎΒϟ΍ ΔτΤϣ ΔϗΎτΑ ϞϤϋ ΔϠΣέ ϝϮϐθϣ ϡΎΣΩί΍ ΏΎμϗ/έ΍ΰΟ ΓΪΑί έί ˰˰Α ϥϮϔϴϠΘϟΎΑ

ssatl khazana binaayah sattw/sariqa yuhriq/yahtariq mahrooq hafila/bass mahattat al-bass bittaqqa rihlat ’amal mashghool izdiham qassab/jazar zobda zerr bi bit-tilifoon

ΥϮϛ ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ϞμΘϳ ΍ήϴϣΎϛ ϢϴΨϣ ϲϐϠϳ ΔόϤη ϯϮϠΣ ΓέΎϴγ έάΣ ΓΩΎΠγ ΔΑήϋ έΰΟ ϱΪϘϧ/αϮϠϓ ΔϗΎτΑ ϮϨϳίΎϛ ΔόϠϗ Δτϗ ΝϮϟΎΘϛ ΐΒγ ϒϬϛ ϞϔΘΤϳ ϝϮϤΤϣ/ϝ΍ϮΟ ΓήΒϘϣ

kookh mokalamah yattassil kamira mukhayyam yolghi sham’a halwaa sayyaara hathir sijjaada ‘ araba jazar naqdi/fuloos bittaqah kazeenu qal’a qitta katalug sabab kahf yahtafil mahmoul/jawwal maqbara

C cabin call (n.) call (v.) camera camping cancel candle candy car careful carpet carriage carrot cash card casino castle cat catalog cause cave celebrate cell phone cemetery

chilled

ΰϛήϣ ήΘϴϤϴΘϨγ ϱΰϛήϣ ΔϘϴΛϭ/ΓΩΎϬη ϲγήϛ ϒϴψϨΗ ΔϠϣΎϋ ΎϴϧΎΒϤη ήϴϐΗ ήϴϐϳ ϦΣΎη ΔηΩέΩ Ϛϴη κΤϓ ϝΰϨϳ έΩΎϐϳ ϦϴΘΤλ ϦΒΟ Ξϧήτη ΔΟΎΟΩ Ϟϔρ ΪϤΠϣ/ΞϠΜϣ

China chocolate choose chopsticks church cigar cigarette circle circus citizen city clean (adj.) clean (v.) clearance (sale) clock closed clothes coat (jacket) cockroach cocoa coffee

Ϧϴμϟ΍ ΔΗϼϛϮη έΎΘΨϳ Ω΍Ϯϋ΃ ΔδϴϨϛ έΎΠϴγ ΓέΎΠϴγ Γή΋΍Ω ϙήϴγ Ϧρ΍Ϯϣ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϒϴψϧ ϒψϨϳ ΔϴϔμΗ ΔϋΎγ ϖϠϐϣ βΑϼϣ ϒτόϣ/ΖϴϛΎΟ έϮλήλ ϭΎϛΎϛ ϩϮϬϗ

center (middle) centimeter central certificate chair chambermaid champagne change (n.) change (v.) charger chat check (n.) check (v.) check in check out cheers! cheese chess chicken child

281

markaz sentimeeter markazi shahada/watheeqa kursi a’amelat funduq shimbaniya taghyeer yughayyir shahin dardasha shek fahs yanzil yoghader saheen jobn shataranj dajaja ttifl muthallaj/ mujammad asseen shokolatta yakhtar a’waad kaneesa siigaar sigaara daa’ira serk muwattin madeena nath-theef yunath-thif tasfiya saa’ah mughlaq malaabis jakiet/mi’taf sarsoor kakaw qahwa

282

English-Arabic Dictionary

cold (not hot) cold (flu) collar colleague collision cologne color colored comb come come back committee company compartment complaint completely compliment (v.) computer

ΩέΎΑ ΍ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΔϗΎΑ Ϟϴϣί ϡΩΎμΗ ήτϋ ϥϮϟ ϥϮϠϣ ςθϣ ϝΎόΗ ϊΟέ΍ ΔϨΠ˴ϟ Δϛ ή˶ η˴ ΓέϮμϘϣ /ΡΎϨΟ ϯϮϜη ΎϣΎϤΗ ΡΪϤϳ ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ/ΏϮγΎΣ

congratulations

ΔϴϘϴγϮϣ ΔϠϔΣ αέΎΣ ΝΎΠΗέ΍ ϒΜϜϣ !ΎϨϴϧΎϬΗ/ϙϭήΒϣ

connection consulate consultation contagious cook (person) cook (v. ) cookie copper copy corkscrew corner cornflower correct correspond corridor cosmetics costume cotton

ΔϠλϭ ΔϴϠμϨϗ ΓέΎθΘγ· ϱΪόϣ ΥΎΒρ ΦΒτϳ ΖϳϮϜδΑ αΎΤϧ ΔΨδϧ ΡΎΘϔϣ Ϧϛέ Γέάϟ΍ ϖϴϗΩ ΢ϴΤλ Ϟγ΍ήϳ ήϤϣ ϞϴϤΠΗ ϱί Ϧτϗ

concert concierge concussion condensed

barid influwanza baqa zameel tassadum ‘ itr lawn mulawwan musht ta’aal irja’ lajna shareka maasoora/janaah shakwaa tamaman yamdahh kombyooter/ haasoob hafla muusiqiyya haris irtijaj mukkath-thaf tahaaneena/ mabrook waslah qunsiliyya istishaara mu’dii tabbakh yatbukh baskawiit nuhaas nuskha miftaah rukn daqiiq ath-thura saheeh yurasil mammar tajmeel zay qutn

cough (n.) cough (v.) counter country (nation) course cousin crab cracker cream credit card crime crockery

ΔΤϛ/ϝΎόγ ΢Ϝϳ/Ϟόδϳ Ϊο/βϜϋ ΪϠΑ ΓέϭΩ Ϣϋ ΖϨΑ/Ϣϋ ϦΑ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϥΎρήγ ΓέΎδϛ Δτθϗ ΩΎϤΘϋ΍ ΔϗΎτΑ ΔϤϳήΟ ΔϳέΎΨϓ Ε΍ϭΩ΍

su’aal/kahha yas’ul/yakuhh ‘ aks/dhidh balad dawrah ibn ‘am/bint ‘am sarataan al-bahr kassaara qishta bitaaqat i’timaad jareema adawaat fakhariyya yaqta’ taqaatu’ turuq ‘ ukkaaz bukaa’ muka’ab khiyaar al-kumm kuub muja’ad hadeeth sataa’ir wisaada ‘ aada jamaarik jurh yaqta’

cutlery

ϊτϘϳ ϕήρ ϊρΎϘΗ ίΎϜϋ ˯ΎϜΑ ΐόϜϣ έΎϴΧ ϢϜϟ΍ ΏϮϛ ΪόΠϣ ΚϳΪΣ ή΋ΎΘγ ΓΩΎγϭ ΓΩΎϋ ϙέΎϤΟ ΡήΟ ϊτϘϳ ΓΪ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϡί΍Ϯϟ

cycling

ΕΎΟ΍έΪϟ΍ ϕΎΒγ

sibaaq addarraajaat

Ώ΍ήΧ /έήο κϗήϳ κϗέ Γήθϗ ήτΧ ήϴτΧ ϡϼυ ΦϳέΎΗ ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ΦϳέΎΗ

dharar kharaab yarqus raqs qishra khatar khatiir zthklaam taariikh taariikh almiilaad

cross (v.) crossroad crutch cry cubic cucumber cuff cup curly current curtains cushion custom customs cut (n.) cut (v.)

D damage dance (v. ) dance (n.) dandruff danger dangerous dark date date of birth

lawaazim al-maa’ida

English-Arabic Dictionary daughter day dead deaf December declare deep degree delay delicious dentist dentures deodorant department depart departure deposit (n.) deposit (v.) desert dessert destination detergent develop (photo) diabetic dial diamond diarrhea dictionary diesel oil diet difficulty dinner direction direct directly dirty disabled disco discount dish distance disturb disturbance

ΖϨΑ ϡϮϳ Ζϴϣ εήρ΍ ήΒϤδϳΩ Ρήμϳ ϖϴϤϋ ΔΟέΩ ήϴΧ΄Η άϳάϟ ϥΎϨγ΃ ΐϴΒρ ϥΎϨγ΍ ϢϘρ ήτόϣ Ϣδϗ έΩΎϐϳ ΓέΩΎϐϣ ΔόϳΩϭ/ΔϧΎϣ΍ ωΩϮϳ ˯΍ήΤλ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ήϴμϣ/ΪμϘϣ ΓήϬτϣ ΓΩΎϣ ξϴϤΤΗ ϱήϜγ ϞμΘϳ αΎϤϟ΃ ϝΎϬγ΍ αϮϣΎϗ ϝΰϳΪϟ΍ Ζϳί ΔϴϤΣ ΔΑϮόλ ˯Ύθϋ ϩΎΠΗ· ήηΎΒϣ ΓήηΎΒϣ Φγϭ ϕΎόϣ ϮϜδϳΩ ξϴϔΨΗ ϖΒρ/ϦΤλ ΔϓΎδϣ Ξϋΰϳ ΝΎϋί΍

bint yawm mayyit attrash desember yussarrih ‘ amiiq darajah ta’khiir latheeth ttabiib asnaan ttaqm asnaan mu’attir qism yoghader mughaadara amaana/wadii’a yuwdi’ sahraa’ halawiyyaat maqsad /maeeir maadda mutahhira tahmeedh sukkari yatassel almaas iss-haal qaamoos zayt ad-deezil hhimyyah ssu’ooba ‘ ashaa’ ittijaah mubashir mubasharah wasikh mu’aaq diskoo takhfeedh sahin/tabaq masaafa yuz’ij iz’aaj

dive diving divorced dizzy do doctor dog doll domestic done (cooked) door double down download drapes draught dream (v.) dream (n.) dress (v.) dress (n.) drink (n.) drink (v.) drive driver driver’s license drunk dry (n. ) dry (v.) dry clean duck during duty (responsibility) duty (tax) duty-free

ιϮϐϳ βτϏ ϖϠτϣ ΔΧϭΩ /έ΍ϭΩ ϞϤόϳ έϮΘϛΩ ΐϠϛ ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ ϲϠΤϣ ΥϮΒτϣ ΏΎΑ ϒόο Ϟϔγ΍ ϞϴϤΤΗ ή΋ΎΘγ ϑΎϔΟ ϢϠΤϳ ϢϠΣ βΒϠϳ ϥΎΘδϓ Ώ΍ήη Ώήθϳ ϕϮδϳ ϖ΋Ύγ ΔϗΎϴγ ΔμΧέ ϥ΍ήϜγ ϑΎΟ ϒϔΠϳ/ϒΠϳ Ϟϴδϐϟ΍ ΔϐΒμϣ ΔτΑ ϝϼΧ ΐΟ΍ϭ

yaghoos ghatts muttallaq duwar/dowkha ya’mal doctoor kalb dumiya/ loo’bah mahallii mattbuukh baab di’f asfal tahmeel sataa’ir jafaf yahlam helm yalbas fostaan sharaab yashrab yasooq saa’iq rukhsat siyaaqa sakraan jaaf yujaffif/yajuf masbaghat ghaseel batta khilaal wajib

ϲϛήϤΟ Ϣγέ rasm jumrukii ϢγήϠϟ ΔόοΎΧ ήϴϏ ghayr khaadi’a ϲϛήϤΠϟ΍ lir-rasm aljumrukii

E ear earache ear drops early earrings

283

ϥΫ΃ ϥΫϷ΍ ϲϓ Ϣϟ΃ ϥΫϸϟ Γήτϗ ήϜΒϣ ϞΧΩ

uthun alam fii al-udhun qatra lil–uthon mubakkir dakhl

284

English-Arabic Dictionary

earth east easy eat economy eczema eel egg eggplant electric electricity electronic elephant elevator email embassy embroidery emergency emperor empty engaged (to be married) England English enjoy enquire (v.) enquiry envelope escealate escalator escort essential evening event everything everywhere examine excellent exchange excursion exhibition exit

νέ΃ ϕήη ϞϬγ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ΩΎμΘϗ΍ Ύϣΰϛ΍ βϴϠϘϧϷ΍ ΔϜϤγ

ardh sharq sahl ya’kul iqtissad akzima samakat alanqaliis baydh baathinjaan kahrabaa’i kahrabaa’ ilekiooni feel miss’ad kahrabaa’ii bariid iliktoronii safara tattreez ttawaari’ imbirattour farigh

ξϴΑ ϥΎΠϧΫΎΑ ϲ΋ΎΑήϬϛ ˯ΎΑήϬϛ ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ΍ Ϟϴϓ ϲ΋ΎΑήϬϛ Ϊόμϣ ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ· ΪϳήΑ ΓέΎϔγ ΰϳήτΗ ˯ϱέ΍Ϯρ έϮρ΍ήΒϣ΍ ύέΎϓ ΏϮτΨϣ/ΔΑϮτΨϣ makhttooba/ ΍ήΘϠΠϧ΍ ϱΰϴϠΠϧ΍ ϊΘϤΘϳ ήδϔΘδϳ έΎδϔΘγ΍ ϑήυ ϊϓήϳ ϙήΤΘϣ ΝέΩ ϖϓ΍ήϳ ϲγΎγ΍ ˯Ύδϣ ΙΪΣ/ΔΒγΎϨϣ Ίϴη Ϟϛ ϥΎϜϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ κΤϔϳ ίΎΘϤϣ ϝΪΒϳ/ϑήμϳ ΔϠΣέ νήόϣ ΝήΨϣ

makhttoob ingiltra ingleezi yatamata’ yastafsir istifsaar th-tharf yarfaa’ daraj motaharrek yurafiq asaasi masaa’ munasaba/hadath kol shay’ fii kol makan yafhas mumtaz yubaddil /yusarrif rihla ma’rad makhraj

expenses

ΕΎϘϔϧ/ϒϳέΎμϣ

expensive explain express external eye eye-drops

ϝΎϏ Ρήθϳ ήΒόϳ ϲΟέΎΧ Ϧϴϋ ϦϴόϠϟ Γήτϗ

nafaqaat/ masaariif ghaali yashrah ya’bur khaariji ayn qatra lil-ayn

εΎϤϗ ϪΟϭ ϙϮΑ βϴϓ ϊϨμϣ ϒϳήΧ ςϘδϳ ΔϠ΋Ύϋ έϮϬθϣ ΔΣϭήϣ ΪϴόΑ Δϋέΰϣ Ρϼϓ ϱί ϊϳήγ Ώ΍ ϮϤΤϟ΍ ΎτΧ βϛΎϓ ήϳ΍ήΒϓ ήόθϳ ΩϮϳ έϮγ ΓέΎΒϋ/ΔϨϴϔγ Γέ΍ήΣ/ϲϤΣ ΐϴτΧ ΔΒϴτΧ ϸϤϳ ΓϮθΣ ϸϤϳ ϢϠϓ έϮμϳ ήΘϠϓ /ΓΎϔμϣ ϦδΣ /ΪϴΟ

qimaash wajh feasbook massna’ khareef yasqut ‘ aa’ila mash-hoor marwaha ba’eed mazra’a fallah zay saree’ ab al-hamow khata’ faks febraayer yash’ur yawwad soor safiina/’abbaara hummaa/haraara khateeb khateeba yamla’ hashwa yamla’ film yossawer misfaa/filtar jayyid /hasan

F fabric face Facebook factory fall (season) fall (v.) family famous fan far farm farmer fashion fast father father-in-law fault fax February feel feel like fence ferry fever fiancé fiancée fill filling fill out (form) film (movie) film (v.) filter fine (good)

English-Arabic Dictionary

first aid

Δϣ΍ήϏ ϊΒλ· Ϣ͊ ˶Θ˴ϳ ϖϳήΣ/έΎϧ ϖϳήΣ ϪΒϨϣ ϝϭ΍ Δϴϟϭ΍ ΕΎϓΎόγ΍

first class fish fish (v.) fit fitness fitting room fix flag flashlight flavor flea flea market flight flood floor flour flu fly (insect) fly (v.) fog folklore follow food foot forbidden forehead foreign forget fork form founder fountain frame free (no charge) free time

ϰϟϭ΃ ΔΟέΩ ϚϤγ ϚϤδϟ΍ ΩΎτμϳ ΐγΎϨϳ ΐϳέΪΗ/ ΔϗΎϴϟ αΎϴϘϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ ΢Ϡμϳ ϢϠϋ ϱϭΪϳ ΡΎΒμϣ ΔϬϜϧ ΙϮϏήΑ ϲΒόη ϕϮγ ϥ΍ήϴρ ΔϠΣέ ϥΎπϴϓ ϖΑΎρ ϦϴΤρ ΍ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΔΑΎΑΫ ήϴτϳ ΏΎΒο έϮϠϜϠϓ ϊΒΘϳ ˯΍άϏ /ϡΎόρ ϡΪϗ ϡήΤϳ/ϊϨϤϳ ϦϴΒΟ ϲΒϨΟ΃/ΐϳήϏ ϰδϨϳ ΔϛϮη ΓέΎϤΘγ΍ β͋γ Ά˴ ϣ˵ ΓέϮϓΎϧ έΎρ΃ ϲϧΎΠϣ ύ΍ήϓ Ζϗϭ

fine (money) finger finish (v.) fire fire alarm first

gharaama issbi’ yottem naar/hreeq munabbih hariiq awwal is’aafaat awwaliyya daraja owla samak yassttaad as-samak yonaseb liyaaqa/tadriib ghurfat alqiyyas yuslih ‘ alam mosbah yadawee nak-ha barghooth sooq sha’abi rihlat tayaran fayadhan tabiq tahiin influwanza dhubaaba yatteer dhabab fuliklor yatba’ ta’aam /ghitha qadam yamna’/yuharrim jabeen ghareeb/ajnabi yansaa shawka istimara mo’sess nafoora ittar majjani waqt faragh

freeze fresh Friday fried friend friendly frightened frozen fruit full fun funeral

285

ΪϤΠΗ ΝίΎρ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ϲϠϘϣ ϖϳΪλ ϱΩϭ έϮϋάϣ ΪϤΠϣ Ϫϛ΍Ϯϓ ˯ϮϠϤϣ/ϥΎόΒη Ρήϣ/ϮϬϟ ΓίΎϨΟ

tajjamud taazij al-jumu’a maqli sadeeq woddi math’oor mujammad fawakih shab’aan/mamluu’ marah/lahw janaza

ϮϬΑ/ ΔϟΎλ ΔΒόϟ Δϗϼϋ Ν΍ήϛ ΔϟΎΑί ϡϮΛ ΔϘϳΪΣ ΏϮΛ ίΎϏ ϦϳΰϨΑ ΩϮϗϭ ΔτΤϣ ΔΑ΍ϮΑ αϭήΘϟ΍ ΓήϫϮΟ βϨΠϟ΍ ΝήΨϳ/ϝΰϨϳ Ϊόμϳ ΔϳΪϫ ϞϴΒΠϧί ΖϨΑ ΔϘϳΪλ ΝΎΟί Ε΍έΎψϧ ϊϣϻ Ε΍ίΎϔϗ ώϤλ ΔοϮόΑ ΐϫΫ΍ ϑ˴Ϊ˴ϫ

bahw/saala lu’ba allaqa karaj zibala thoom hadeeqa thawb ghaz banzeen mahattat waqood bawwaba at-turoos jawhara al-jins yakhruj/yanzil yass’ad hadiyya zanjabeel bint sadeeqa zujaj nathh-thharaat laami’ quffazat samgh ba’ooda ith-hab hadaf

G gallery game hanger garage garbage garlic garden garment gas gasoline gas station gate gear (car) gem gender get off get on gift ginger girl girlfriend glass (material) glasses glossy gloves glue gnat go goal

286

English-Arabic Dictionary

ϊΟέ΍ ΝήΧ΍ ΐϫΫ ϒϟϮϏ ΪϴΟ Δϣϼδϟ΍ ϊϣ Γίϭ ϡ΍ήϏ ΏϮΒΣ ΪϴϔΣ ΓΪϴϔΣ ΪΟ ΓΪΟ ΐϨϋ ΓήΒϘϣ ϱΩΎϣέ ϲϨϫΩ ήπΧ΃ ΔϴΤΗ ϱϮθϣ ϝΎϘΑ ΔϟΎϘΑ Groceries (food) Δϴ΋΍άϏ Ω΍Ϯϣ

go back go out gold golf good goodbye goose gram grain grandchild granddaughter grandfather grandmother grapes grave gray greasy green greeting grilled grocer groceries

irji’ ukhroj thahab gholf jayyed ma’a as-salaama wazza ghram huboob hafiid hafeeda jad jadda ‘ inab maqbara ramaadi dohnee akh-dhar tahiyya mashwi baqqaal biqala

group guide (v.) guide (book) guide (person) guilt gulf gym

ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ϪΟϮϳ ϞϴϟΩ ϪΟϮϣ/Ϊηήϣ ϢΛ·/ΐϧΫ ΞϴϠ˴Χ ΔοΎϳέ ΔϟΎλ

mawaad ghithaa’iyya majmoo’a yowwajeh daleel muwajjih/murshid thanb/ithm khaleej salat riyyadha

ήόη ςθϣ ήόη Δμϗ ϕϼΣ ήόη ϒϔΠϣ ήόη εΎηέ ήόη ΔΤϳήδΗ ϒμϧ Δϗήτϣ Ϊϳ

sha’r moshit qassat sha’r hallaaq mujaffif sha’r rashash sha’r tasreehat sha’r nissf mitraqa yad

H hair hairbrush haircut hairdresser hairdryer hairspray hairstyle half hammer hand

handbag handkerchief handmade happy harbor hard (difficult) hard (firm) hat head headache healthy hear heart heart attack heat heater heavy heel hello help helping hem herbs here high highway hiking hip hire hobby holiday homesick honest honey hopefully horrible horse hospital hospitality hot

Ϊϳ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϞϳΪϨϣ ϱϭΪϳ ϊϨλ Ϊϴόγ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΐόλ ϲγΎϗ/ΐϠλ ΔόΒϗ α΃έ ω΍Ϊλ ϲΤλ ϊϤδϳ ΐϠϗ ΔϴΒϠϗ Δϣί΃ Γέ΍ήΣ Γ΄ϓΪϣ ϞϴϘΛ ΐόϛ ϼϫ΍ ΓΪΠϨϟ΍/ΓΪϋΎδϣ ΓΪϋΎδϣ ΔϓΎΣ ΏΎθϋ΍ ΎϨϫ ϝΎϋ ϊϳήγ ϖϳήρ ϡ΍Ϊϗϻ΍ ϰϠϋ ήϴγ ϙέϭ ήΟ΄Θδϳ Δϳ΍Ϯϫ ΓίΎΟ· ΔϠτϋ ϰϟ· ϦϴϨΤϟ΍ ϦρϮϟ΍ Ϧϴϣ΃ Ϟδϋ ˸ ௌ ˯Ύη ϥ· Ϫϳήϛ ϥΎμΣ ϰϔθΘδϣ ΔϓΎϴο έΎΣ

haqeebat yad mindeel sun’ yadawi sa’eed minaa’ ssa’b ssalb/qaasi qubba’a ra’s sudaa’ sihhi yasma’ qalb azma qalbiyya harara midfa’a thaqeel ka’b ahlan musaa’ada/ an-najda musaa’ada hhaafat ‘ ashaab hona ‘ aali tariiq sarii’ sayr ’alaa al-aqdaam werk yasta’jir hiwaaya ‘ utla /ijaaza haniinila al watan amiin ‘ asal in shaa’ Allah kareeh hissan mustashfaa dhiyaafa hhaar

English-Arabic Dictionary hotel hour house how? hundred hungry hurry husband hut

ϕΪϨϓ ΔϋΎγ ΖϴΑ ˮϒϴϛ Δ΋Ύϣ ϥΎϋϮΟ /ϊ΋ΎΟ ΔϋήδΑ/ωήγ΃ Νϭί ΥϮϛ

fondoq saa’a bayt kayf mi’ah jaa’i’ /jow’aan asri’/bisur’a zawj kookh

ΞϠΛ ΔυϮΑ ΞϠΜϣ ΓήϜϓ ΔϴμΨη ΔϗΎτΑ

thalj boothha muthallaj fikra

I ice ice cream iced idea identification card identify ill illness imagine immediately important impossible improve in indigestion in-laws included indicate inexpensive infection infectious information injection injured innocent insect inside install instructions insurance internal

ϑήόΘϳ ξϳήϣ νήϣ ϞϴΨΘϳ ϻΎΣ ϢϬϣ ϞϴΤΘδϣ έϮτϳ/ϦδΤϳ ϲϓ Ϣπϫ ˯Ϯγ ΏΎδϧϷ΍ ϝϮϤθϣ ΢οϮϳ κϴΧέ ΏΎϬΘϟ· ϱΪόϣ ΕΎϣϮϠόϣ ΔϨϘΣ ΡϭήΠϣ ˯ϱήΑ ΓήθΣ ϞΧ΍Ω ΖϴΒΘΛ ΕΎϤϴϠόΗ ϥΎϤο/Ϧϴϣ΄Η ϲϠΧ΍Ω

bittaaqa shakhsiyya yuta’arraf mareedh maradh yatakhayyal haalan muhim mustaheel yuhasin /yuttawir fi suu’ hadhm al-ansaab mashmool yuwadhih rakhees iltihaab mu’di ma’luumaat huqna majrooh barii’ hashara dakhil tathbeet ta’leemat ta’meen /dhaman dakhili

international Internet interpreter intersection introduce invite invoice iodine Ireland iron (metal) iron (for clothes) iron (v.) Islamic island itch

287

ϲϟϭΩ ΖϧήΘϧ· ϢΟήΘϣ ϊρΎϘΗ ϡΪϘϳ /ϑήόϳ ϮϋΪϳ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ΩϮϴϟ΍ ΍ΪϨϟήϳ΍ ΪϳΪΣ Γ΍ϮϜϣ ϱϮϜϳ ϲ˷ ϣϼγ· ΓήϳΰΟ ΔϜΣ

duwali Internet motarjim taqaatu’ yuqaddim/yu’arrif yad’u fatoora al-youd erlanda hadiid mikwaah yakwii islaamee jaziira hakka

Δόϓ΍έ ϰΑήϣ ήϳΎϨϳ Ϛϓ ΰϨϴΟ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϞϳΪϨϗ ώ΋Ύλ Ε΍ήϫϮΠϣ Ϟϐη/Δϔϴυϭ ξϛήϳ ΔΘϜϧ ΔϠΣέ ήϴμϋ ϮϴϟϮϳ ϮϴϧϮϳ ήϴϏ ΪϳήΒϟ΍ Ϫϴϓ ΏϮϏήϤϟ΍

raafi’a murabba yanayer fak jeanz qandeel al-bahr sayigh mujawharat shughl/watheefa yarkudh nukta rihla ‘ aseer yolyo yunyo

Ϧϴγϭήϴϛ ΡΎΘϔϣ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϡ΍ήϏϮϠϴϛ ϚϠϣ ΔϜ˴ϠϤϣ˴ ΔϠΒϗ ϞΒϘϳ

kirooseen miftah al-kila kiloghram malik mamlakah qubla yuqabbil

J jack (for car) jam January jaw jeans jellyfish jeweler jewelry job jog joke journey juice July June junk mail

al-bareed ghair marghoub feeh

K kerosene key kidney kilogram king kingdom kiss kiss (v.)

288

English-Arabic Dictionary

kitchen knee knife knit know

ΦΒτϣ ΔΒϛέ ϦϴϜγ ϙϮΤϳ ϑήόϳ

mattbakh rukba sikeen yahook ya’rif

ϢϠγ ΓήϴΤΑ ϞϤΣ /ϑϭήΧ ΡΎΒμϣ νέ΃ ϝΰϨϳ /ςΤϳ έΎδϣ Δϐϟ /ϝϮϤΤϣ ΏϮγΎΣ ΏϮΗ Ώϻ ϊγ΍ϭ /ήϴΒϛ ήΧ΁ ΔϴοΎϤϟ΍ ΔϠϴϠϟ΍

sollam buhhayra kharoof/haml missbaah ard yahut /yanzil masar lugha

L ladder lake lamb lamp land (ground) land (v.) lane (of traffic) language laptop large last (final) last night

laxative

ήΧ΄Θϣ ΪόΑ ΎϤϴϓ ϚΤπϳ ϥϮϧΎϗ ϲϣΎΤϣ ϞϬδϣ /ϦϴϠϣ

leak leather leave left leg leggings leisure lemon lend less lesson letter lettuce library license

ΏήδΗ ΪϠΟ έΩΎϐϳ έΎδϳ ϕΎγ ϦϴϗΎδϟ΍ ˯ΎτϏ ύ΍ήϓ Ζϗϭ ϥϮϤϴϟ νήϘϳ Ϟϗ΃ αέΩ ϑήΣ/ΔϟΎγέ βΧ ΔΒΘϜϣ ΓέΎΟ·/ΔμΧέ

late later laugh law lawyer

hasoub mahmoul/ labtob kabeer /waasi’ akhir al-layla almadhiya muta’akhir feemaa ba’d yadhak qaanoon muhamii musahil/ mulayyin tasarob jild yughadir yasar saaq ghitaa as-saaqayn waqt faragh laymoon yuqridh aqal dars risala/harf khas maktaba rukhsa/ijaaza

lumps (sugar)

ΏάϜϳ ϲϘϠΘδϳ Ϊόμϣ ΔϠϴλϮΗ ˯ϲπϣ ϒϴϔΧ ΔΣ΍Ϊϗ ϕήΑ ΐϏήϳ /ΐΤϳ ςΧ ϥΎΘϛ ΔϧΎτΑ ϲϐμϳ /ϊϤΘδϳ ήΘϟ ΏΩ΍ ϞϴϠϗ ήϴϐλ ζϴόϳ ϦϜδϳ ΪΒϜϟ΍ ήΤΒϟ΍ Ω΍ήΟ ϲϠΤϣ Ϟϔϗ/ϞϔϘϳ ϞϳϮρ ΓΪϴόΑ ΔϓΎδϣ ϰϟ΍ ήψϨϳ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϊϠτΘδϳ ΪϘϔϳ ΓέΎδΧ/ ϥ΍ΪϘϓ ϊ΋Ύο Ϣϳήϛ ϝΎϋ ΐΣ ΐΤϳ ξϔΨϨϣ φΧ ΐ΋ΎϘΣ/ΔόΘϣ΍ ήϜδϟ΍ ΕΎΒόϜϣ

lunch lungs

˯΍ΪϏ ϥΎΘ΋ήϟ΍

lie (be lying) lie down lift (elevator) lift (in car) light (not dark) light (not heavy) lighter lightning like (v.) line linen lining listen liter literature little (amount) little (small) live (alive) live (v.) liver lobster local lock long long-distance look at look for look up lose loss lost (missing) lotion loud love love (v.) low luck luggage

yakthib yastalqii mis’ad tawsseela mudhi’ khafiif qaddaha barq yuhib / yarghab khatt kittaan bitaana yusghii / yastami’ letr adab qaleel sagheer ya’iish yaskun al-kabid jarad al-bahr mahhalli qufl/yaqfil taweel masafa ba’iida yanthhur ilaa yabhath ’an yastattle’ yafqid khasaara /fiqdaan dhaa’i’ kreem ‘ aali hob yohib munkhafid khatt amti’a/haqaa’ib moka’bat assukkar ghidhaa’ ar-ri’ataan

English-Arabic Dictionary

M ΓΪϴγ /ϡ΍Ϊϣ ΔϠΠϣ ΪϳήΑ ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ ϲδϴ΋έ ϊϨμϳ ΝΎϴϜϣ ϞΟέ ήϳΪϣ ΎΠϧΎϣ ήϓΎυ΃ ώΒλ ήϴΜϛ ΔρέΎΧ ήϣήϣ αέΎϣ ΓΪΑί ϰγήϣ ϕϮγ ΝϭΰΘϣ ΔϠΘϛ ΓΩΎΠγ ΐγΎϨϳ/ ϖϓ΍Ϯϳ

madam /sayyida majalla bareed yursil bilbareed ra’isi yasna’ mikyaaj rajul mudeer manga ath-thafir katheer kharita marmar maris zubda marsa suuq mutazawwij kutla sijjadda

ΖϳήΒϛ

kabreet mayoo rubbamaa maayuuneez mohaafiz

meal

ϮϳΎϣ ΎϤΑέ ΰϴϧϮϳΎϣ φϓΎΤϣ Δϴ΋΍άϏ ΔΒΟϭ

mean (v.) mean (not nice) mean (average) measure meat medication medicine meet melon member mend

ϲϨόϳ ϢϴΌϟ ϝΪόϣ βϴϘϳ ϢΤϟ Νϼϋ ˯΍ϭΩ ϲϘΘϠϳ ϡΎϤη Ϯπϋ ΢ϴϠμΗ/΢Ϡμϳ

madam magazine mail (letters) mail (v.) main make makeup man manager mango manicure many map marble March margarine marina market married mass mat match matches (fire starter) May maybe mayonnaise mayor

yuwaafiq/ yunaasib

wajba ghidhaa’iyya ya’nee laieem mo’addaal yaqees lahm ‘ ilaaj dawaa’ yaltaqi shimmaam ‘udw yuslih/tasleeh

menu

ΕϻϮϛ΄Ϥϟ΍ ΔϤ΋Ύϗ

message metal meter meter (in taxi) migraine mild (taste) milk millimeter minister minute mirror miss (loved one) missing mist misty mistake mistaken misunderstanding mixed moment Monday money monkey month moon mosquito motel mother mother-in-law motorbike mountain mouse mouth much mud muscle museum mushrooms music

ΔϟΎγέ ϥΪόϣ ήΘϣ Ω΍Ϊϋ ΔϘϴϘθϟ΍ ω΍Ϊλ ϒϴτϟ ΐϴϠΣ ήΘϤϴϠϣ ήϳίϭ˴ ΔϘϴϗΩ Γ΍ήϣ ϕΎΘθϳ ΩϮϘϔϣ ΏΎΒο ξϣΎϏ ΔτϠϏ /ΎτΧ ˯ϲτΨϣ ϢϬϓ ˯Ϯγ ΝϭΰϤϣ ΔψΤϟ ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ αϮϠϓ /ΩϮϘϧ Ωήϗ ήϬη ήϤϗ ΔοϮόΑ ήϴϐλ ϕΪϨϓ ϡ΍ ΓΎϤΤϟ΍ ΔϳέΎϧ ΔΟ΍έΩ ϞΒΟ έ΄ϓ Ϣϓ ήϴΜϛ Ϧϴρ ΔϠπϋ ϒΤΘϣ ήτϔϟ΍ ϰϘϴγϮϣ

289

qaa’imat al-ma’kuulaat risaala ma’dan metr addad sudaa’ ashshaqeeqa lateef haleeb millimitr wazeer daqeeqa mir’aah yashtaaq mafqood dhabaab ghamidh khata’ /ghaltta mukhti’ soo’ fahm mamzooj lahh-tha al-ithnayn nuqood/fuloos qird shahr qamar ba’oodha fundiq sagheer um al-hamaa darraaja naariyya jabal fa’r fam katheer tteen ‘ adala mat-haf al-fetr moseeqaa

290

English-Arabic Dictionary

N nail (finger) nail (metal) naked nation national nationality natural nature near nearby necessary neck necklace necktie needle neighbor nephew never new news newspaper next nice (person) nice (pleasant) niece night no noise nonstop noodles normal north nose notebook nothing November nowhere

ήϔυ έΎϤδϣ ϱέΎϋ Δϣ˷ ˵΃ ϲ˷ Ϩ˴ρ ϭ˴ ΔϴδϨΟ ϲόϴΒρ ΔόϴΒρ Ώήϗ ΐϳήϗ ϱέϭήο ΔΒϗέ ΪϘϋ/ΓΩϼϗ ϖϨϋ ΔτΑέ ΓήΑ· έΎΟ /ΖΧϻ΍ ϦΑ΍ Υϻ΍ ϦΑ΍ ˱΍ΪΑ΃ ΪϳΪΟ έΎΒΧ΃ ΓΪϳήΟ/ΔϔϴΤλ ϖΣϼϟ΍/ϡΩΎϘϟ΍ ΐϴρ ϊΘϤϣ ΖϨΑ/ΖΧϻ΍ ΖϨΑ Υϻ΍ Ϟϴϟ ϻ/ϼϛ ˯ΎοϮο ϒϗϮΗ ϥϭΩ ΔϧϭήϜόϣ ϲόϴΒρ ϝΎϤη ϒϧ΍ ΕΎψΣϼϣ ήΘϓΩ

thhifr mismaar ‘ aaree ommah wattane jinsiyya tabee’ee tabii’a qurb qareeb dhaooree raqaba qilaada/e’qd rabtat ’unuq ibra jaar ibn al-akh/ ibn al-ukht abadan jadiid akhbaar jariida/saheefa al-laahiq/alqaadim tayyib mumti’ bint al-ukht /bint al- akh layl laa/kallaa dhawdhaa’ doon tawaqquf ma’karuuna tabii’ii shamaal anf daftar mulaahaththat laa shay’ november

˯ϲη ϻ ήΒϤϓϮϧ ϥΎϜϣ ϱ΃ ϲϓ βϴϟ laysa fee ay makan

nurse nuts

ΔοήϤϣ Ε΍ήδϜϣ

mumarridha mokasarat

Δϔϴυϭ/Ϟϐη ήΑϮΘϛ΍ ˯ϲϔτϳ /ϖϠϐϳ νήϋ ΐΘϜϣ Ζϳί Ϣϫήϣ ΎϨδΣ ϞμΑ ΡϮΘϔϣ ΢Θϔϳ ς˴Ϙ˴ϓ ϞΑΎϘϣ/βϜϋ ϲϟΎϘΗήΑ ϝΎϘΗήΑ ήϣ΃/ΐϠρ ήϣ΄ϳ ήΧ΁ ΝέΎΧ ΝέΎΨϟ΍ ϲϓ έΎΤϣ

wathheefa /shughl octoober yughliq /yutfi’ ardh maktab zayt marham hhasanan basal maftuuh yaftah faqatt ‘ aks/muqaabul burtuqali butuqaal ttalab/amr ya’mur aakhar kharij fii al-khaarij mahhaar

ΔΤϔλ Ϣϟ΃ Ϣϟ΃ ϦϜδϣ ώΒλ/ϥΎϫΩ ώΒμϳ ΔϣΎΠϴΑ ϥΎϜϣ ΓϼϘϣ ϥϮϠτϨΑ Δϗέϭ Ωήρ/Δϣίέ ΍Ϯϔϋ ϥ΍Ϊϟ΍ϭ ΔϘϳΪΣ ϒϗϮϳ ΐ˸όθ͉ ϟ΍ β˶ϠΠϣ˴

safha alam musakkin alam sabgh/dihaan yasbogh bijaama makaan miqlah bantaloon waraqah ruzma/tard ‘ afwan waalidaan hadiiqa yuqif majlis ash-sha’ab

O occupation October off (turned off ) offer office oil ointment okay onion open open (v.) only opposite orange (color) orange (fruit) order order (v.) other outside overseas oyster

P page pain painkiller paint painting pajamas palace pan pants paper parcel pardon parents park park (v.) parliament

English-Arabic Dictionary part partner party passenger passport password patient patient (sick) pay peach peanut pear pearl peas pen pencil people performance perfume perhaps permit person personal pet petrol pharmacy phone phone (v.) phone call photo photocopier photocopy photocopy (v.) phrasebook pick up picnic contraceptive (pill) pills (tablets) pillow pin pineapple

˯ΰΟ Ϛϳήη ΔϔϠΣ ήϓΎδϣ ήϔγ ί΍ϮΟ ήδϟ΍ ΔϤϠϛ ήΑΎλ ξϳήϣ ϊϓΪϳ ϕ΍έΩ/ΥϮΧ ϖΘδϓ ιΎΟ· ΆϟΆϟ ˯ϻίΎΑ ϢϠϗ ιΎλέ ϢϠϗ αΎϧ ˯΍Ω΃ ήτϋ ΎϤΑέ ΔμΧέ κΨη ϲμΨη ϒϴϟ΍ ϥ΍ϮϴΣ ΩϮϗϭ ϲϟΪϴλ ϒΗΎϫ/ϥϮϔϠΗ ϞμΘϳ ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ΓέϮλ ΦδϨϟ΍ Δϟ΁ ΔΨδϧ έϮμϳ Ε΍έΎΒϋ ΏΎΘϛ άΧΎϳ/ϢϠδΘϳ

juz’ shareek hafla musaafir jawaaz safar kalimat al-ser ssabir mareedh yadfa’ khawkh/durraaq fustuq ajass lu’lu’ bazilla qalam qalam rassaas naas adaa’ ‘ itr robama rokhsa shakhs shakhsi hayawaan aleef waqood saydaliyya tilifun/haatif yatassil mukalama ssoura aalat an-nasikh nuskha yussawwir kitaab ’ibaaraat yatasallam / ya’khudh rihla

ΔϠΣέ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ϊϨϣ ΏϮΒΣ huboob man’ ΏϮΒΣ ΓΪΨϣ αϮΑΩ αΎϧΎϧ΍

al-hamal huboob mikhadda dabboos ananas

population

ΏϮΒϧ΍ ϥϮϴϠϏ ΔϘϔη ςϴδΑ/΢ϳήλ ΔϬϜϧ ϥϭΪΑ ΞϣΎϧήΑ/ΔτΧ Γή΋Ύρ ΕΎΒϧ ϚΘγϼΑ ΔμϨϣ ΔϴΣήδϣ ΐόϠϳ ΐόϟ ΔϘτϨϣ Ϟϔρϸϟ ϚϠπϓ Ϧϣ ΔόΘϣ ΐϴΟ ϡΎγ Δρήη ΔγΎϴγ˶ ΔϛήΑ ήϴϐλ ϥΎμΣ ΔϴϧΎϜδϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍

pork port porter (concierge) possible post (v.) postage postbox postcode post office postpone potato poultry precious prefer preference pregnant prescription present (gift) present (here)

ήϳΰϨΧ ϢΤϟ ˯ΎϨϴϣ Ώ΍ϮΑ ϦϜϤϣ ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΓήΟ΍ ΪϳήΑ ϕϭΪϨλ ϱΪϳήΑ ΰϣέ ΪϳήΑ ΐΘϜϣ ϞΟΆϳ βρΎτΑ ϦΟ΍ϭΩ ϦϴϤΛ Ϟπϔϳ Ϟπϔϣ ϞϣΎΣ Δϔλϭ ΔϳΪϫ ΩϮΟϮϣ

pipe (plumbing) pipe (smoking) pity plain (simple) plain (unflavored) plan (intention) plane plant plastic platform play (drama) play (v.) playground please pleasure pocket poisonous police politics pond pony

291

unbuub ghalyoon shafaqa baseet/ sariih bidoon nakha khetta /barnamej taa’ira nabat blastik manassa masrahiyya yal’ab mintaqat la’ib lil-atfaal min fadlik mut’a jayb saam shurta siyasa birka hisaan saghiir al-kathaafa assukkkaaniyya lahm khinziir miinaa’ bawwab momkin yursil bilbarid ujrat al-barid sundooq barid ramz baridi maktab bareed yu’ajjl batatis dawajin thameen yufadhil mufaddal hhaamil wasfa hadiyya mawjood

292

English-Arabic Dictionary

press (v.) pressure pray price print (v.) printer probably problem profession profit program project pronounce prophet pull pulse pure purple purse (handbag) push puzzle pyramids pyjamas

ςϐπϳ ςϐο ϲ˷Ϡμ ˴ ˵ϳ ήόγ ϊΒτϳ ΔόΑΎρ ϞϤΘΤϣ ΔϠϜθϣ ΔϓήΣ /ΔϨϬϣ ΔΤϠμϣ /ΓΪ΋Ύϓ ΞϣΎϧήΑ ωϭήθϣ˴ φϔϠΘϳ ϝϮγέ ΐΤδϳ ξΒϧ ϲϘϧ ϲΠδϔϨΑ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϊϓΪϳ ΰϐϟ ϡ΍ήϫ΃ ΔϣΎΠϴΑ

yadghat daght yossali si’r yattba’ ttabi’a muhtamal moshkila mihna /herfa faa’ida /maslaha barnamej mashroo’ yatalaffath rasool yas-hab nabdh naqi banafsaji haqeeba yadfa’ lughz ahraam bijaama

ϊΑέ ΔϜϠϣ ϝ΍Άγ ϊϳήγ ˯ϱΩΎϫ

rub’ malika so’aal sarii’ haadi’

ϮϳΩ΍έ /ωΎϳάϣ έΎτϘϟ΍ ΔϜγ ήτϣ ήτϤΗ ΏΎμΘϏ΍ ϊϳήγ έϮϬΘϣ ΫήΟ ϡΎΧ ΃ήϘϳ ΰϫΎΟ

mithyaa’/radyo sikkat al-qitaar matar tomtter ightisaab sarii’ mutahawwir jurth kham yaqra’ jahiz

Q quarter queen question quick quiet

R radio railroad, railway rain (n.) rain (v.) rape rapid rash rat raw read ready

really reason receipt reception recipe recommend rectangle red reduction refrigerator refund regards registered relatives reliable religion rent repair repairs repeat repeatedly reserve responsible rest restaurant restroom result retired reverse rheumatism ribbon rice ridiculous riding right (correct) right (side) rinse ripe risk river road roasted rock (stone)

ΎϘΣ ΐΒγ Ϟλϭ ϝΎΒϘΘγ΍ Δϔλϭ ΢μϨϳ ϞϴτΘδϣ ήϤΣ΍ νΎϔΨϧ· ΔΟϼΛ ϝΎϣ ΓΩΎϋ· ΕΎϴΤΗ ϞΠδϣ ΏέΎϗ΃ ϕϮΛϮϣ ϦϳΩ ήΟ΄Θδϳ ΢Ϡμϳ ϢϴϣήΗ Ϊϴόϳ ˱΍έ΍ήϣ˶ ήΠΤϳ ϝϭΆδϣ ΡΎΗήϳ Ϣότϣ ϡΎϤΣ ΔΠϴΘϧ ΪϋΎϘΘϣ ϊΟήϳ ϞλΎϔϤϟ΍ Ϣϟ΍ ςϳήη ίέ΃ ϒϴΨγ ΐϛ΍έ ΢ϴΤλ ϦϴϤϳ ϒτθϳ ΞοΎϧ ήτΧ ήϬϧ ϖϳήρ κϤΤϣ ΓήΨλ

haqqan sabab wasl istiqbal wasfa yunssah mustatteel ahmar inkhifadh thallaja i’aadat al-maal tahiyat musajjal aqaarib mawthooq deen yasta’jir yuslih tarmeem yu’iid mirrarran yahjiz mas’ool yartah mat’am hammaam natiija mutaqaa’id yurji’ alam al-mafaasil shareett aruz sakheef rakib saheeh yamiin yashtuf naadij khatar nahr tariiq muhammas sakhra

English-Arabic Dictionary roof room rope route rubber rude ruins run

ϒϘγ ΔϓήϏ ϞΒΣ ϖϳήρ ρΎτϣ ΏάϬϣ ήϴϏ Ώ΍ήΧ ξϛήϳ

saqf ghurfa habl tareeq mattat ghayr muhathab kharaab yarkud

ϦϳΰΣ Ϧϣ΁ ΔτϠγ ϊϴΑ ΢Ϡϣ βϔϧ/ϪΑΎθϣ ϝΪϨλ ν΍έ ΖΒδϟ΍ ϕήϣ ΓϼϘϣ ϝϮϘϳ ϥ΍ΰϴϣ ϞϳΪϨϣ ΔγέΪϣ κϘϣ ΍ΪϨϠΘϜγ΍ ϲϏήΑ ΖΤϨϟ΍ Ϧϓ ήΤΑ ΚΤΑ ΪόϘϣ ϲϧΎΛ ΔϴϧΎΛ ϞϤόΘδϣ ϦϜδϣ ϯήϳ Ϟγήϳ ΔϠϤΟ ϞμϔϨϣ/Ϟμϔϳ ήΒϤΘΒγ ήϴτΧ ΔϣΪΧ

hazeen aamin salata bay’ milh mushaabih/nafs sandal radi as-sabt maraq miqlaah yaqool meezaan mandeel madrasa miqas iskutlanda burghi fann an-naht bahr bahth maq’ad thaani thaaniya musta’mal musakkin yara yursil jumla yafsil/munfasil sebtember khateer khidma

S sad safe salad sale salt same sandals satisfied Saturday sauce saucepan say scales scarf school scissors Scotland screw sculpture sea search seat second (in line) second (instant) second-hand sedative see send sentence separate September serious service

set sew shade shallow shame shampoo shark sheet shirt shoe shop (store) shop (v.) short shoulder show shower shrimp sightseeing sign (road) sign (v.) signature silence silk silver simple similar single (only one) single (unmarried) sir sister sit size skiing skin skirt sleep sleeve slip slippers slow small smartphone

293

Δϣίέ/ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ςϴΨϳ Ϟυ ϞΤο έΎϋ ϮΒϣΎη εήϗ ϒηήη κϴϤϗ ˯΍άΣ ήΠΘϣ/ϥΰΨϣ ϕϮδΘϳ ήϴμϗ ϒΘϛ νήόϳ εΩ ϥΎϴΑέ ϩΰϨΘϟ΍ ΓέΎη΍ ϊϗϮϳ ϊϴϗϮΗ ΖϤλ ήϳήΣ Δπϓ ϞϬγ/ςϴδΑ ϞΜ˸ ϣ˶ ΓΪΣ΍ϭ/ΪΣ΍ϭ Ώΰϋ΃

majmuua’/ruzma yakheet thhil dhahl ‘ aar shamboo qirsh sharshaf qamees hithaa’ makhzan/ matjar yatasawwaq qaseer katif ya’redh dush robyan at-tanazzuh esharah yuwwaqqi’ tawqii’ ssamt hareer fidda baseett/sahl mithla waahid /waahida

Ϊϴγ ΖΧ΃ βϠΠϳ ϢΠΣ ΞϟΰΗ ΪϠΟ ΓέϮϨΗ ϡΎϨϳ Ϣϛ ϖϟΰϨϳ ϒϴϔΧ ϝΎόϧ ˯ϲτΑ ήϴϐλ ϲϛΫ ϒΗΎϫ

sayyid ukht yajlis hajm tazalluj jild tannoora yanaam kum yanzaliq nu’aal khafiif batii’ sagheer hatif dhakii

a’zab

294

English-Arabic Dictionary

snorkel

ΔΤ΋΍έ ϦϴΧΪΗ/ϥΎΧΩ ϦΧΪϣ ΔϴΣ ϲ΋Ύϣ βϔϨΗ ΏϮΒϧ΃

snow snow (v.) soap soccer socks someone sometimes somewhere son soon sore sorry soup sour south souvenir spare speak special specialist spell spices spicy spoon sport spring (season) square (shape) stadium stain stairs stamp stand up star start station statue stay (remain)

ΞϠΛ ΞϠΜΗ ϥϮΑΎλ ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ Ώέ΍ϮΟ κΨη ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ Ύϣ ϥΎϜϣ ϲϓ ϦΑ· ΎΒϳήϗ ΐϬΘϠϣ ϒγ΁ ˯ΎδΣ/ΔΑέϮη ξϣΎΣ ΏϮϨΟ έΎϛάΗ ϲρΎϴΘΣ΍/ϲϓΎο΍ ϢϠϜΘϳ ιΎΧ ϲ΋ΎμΧ΍ φϔϠΘϳ ϞΑ΍ϮΗ έΎΣ ΔϘόϠϣ ΔοΎϳέ ϊϴΑέ ϊΑήϣ ΐόϠϣ ΔόϘΑ ΝέΩ/ϢϠγ ϊΑΎρ Ϣϗ ΔϤΠϧ ΍ΪΒϳ ΔτΤϣ ϝΎΜϤΗ ϰϘΒϳ

smell smoke smoked (adj.) snake

raa’iha dukhan/tadkhiin mudakhan hayya unboob tanaffus maa’ii thalj tuthlij saabuun kurat al-qadam jawaarib shakhs ahyaanan fee makaanin ma ibn qareeban moltaheb aasif shuurba/hisaa’ haamidh janoob tithkaar ihtiyatii/idhafi yatkallam khass akhissaa’i yatalaffath tawaabil haar mil’aqa riyaadha rabii’ murabba’ mal’ab buq’a sullam/daraj ttabe’ qom najma yabda’ mahatta timthal yabqa

steal steam steel stepfather stepmother steps sterilize stitches stomach (abdomen) stop (cease) store (shop) storey storm straight strange straw street strike (work stoppage) string strong study stuffing subway succeed sugar suit suitcase summer success sun sunbathe Sunday sunglasses

ϕήδϳ έΎΨΑ ΫϻϮϓ ϡϻ΍ Νϭί Ώϻ΍ ΔΟϭί ΕΎΟέΩ/Ε΍ϮτΧ ϢϘόϳ ίήϏ ϦτΑ

yasriq bukhar foolath zawj al-um zawjat al-ab khutuwat /darajat yu’aqqim ghuraz

ϒϗϮΘϳ ϥΰΨϣ ϖΑΎρ ΔϔλΎϋ ϢϴϘΘδϣ ΐϳή˴Ϗ ΔλΎμϣ ωέΎη Ώ΍ήο·

yatawaqqaf makhzan ttabeq ‘ aasifa mustaqiim ghareeb massaasah shaari’

ϞΒΣ/ςϴΧ ϱϮϗ αέΪϳ/Δγ΍έΩ ϮθΤϟ΍ ϕΎϔϧϷ΍ έΎτϗ ΢ΠϨϳ ήϜγ ΔϟΪΑ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϒϴμϟ΍ ΡΎΠ˴ϧ βϤη ϲδϤη ϡΎϤΣ ΪΣϻ΍ ΔϴδϤη Ε΍έΎψϧ

khayt/habl qawi diraasa/yadrus al-hashuu qitar al-anfaaq yanjah sukkar badla haqiiba as-sayf najahh shams hammaam shamsii al-ahad

surf

βϤθϟ΍ ϕϭήη βϤθϟ΍ ΏϭήϏ βϤη ΔΑήο ϱΰϛήϣ ϕϮγ ΓήδϜΘϣ Ν΍Ϯϣ΃

surname

ΐϘϟ

sunrise sunset sunstroke supermarket

batn

idhraab

nathhaaraat shamsiyya shuruuq ashshams ghuroob dharbat shams sooq markazi amwaaj mutakassira laqab

English-Arabic Dictionary surprise swallow (v.) swamp sweat sweet swim swindle switch synagogue syrup

ôϾϔϣ ϊϠΒϳ ϊϘϨΘδϣ ϕήϋ ϮϠΣ ΢Βδϳ ωΪΨϳ/ω΍ΪΧ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΪΒόϣ Ώήη ˯΍ϭΩ

mufaaja’a yabla’ mustanqa’ ‘ araq hhelo yasbahh khedaa’/yakhda’ miftah ma’bad dawaa’ shorb

ΔϟϭΎρ / ΓΪπϨϣ ΔϘόϠϣ ΏϮΒΣ ΓΪ΋ΎϤϟ΍ Ε΍ϭΩ΃

mindada/ ttawelah milaqa’a hubuub

T table tablespoon tablets tableware take (pick up) take (photo)

άΧ΄ϳ ΓέϮλ ςϘΘϠϳ ΙΪΤΘϳ/ΚϳΪΣ

adawaat almaa’ida ya’khudh yaltaqit ssoorah

yatahhadath/ hadeeth ϞϳϮρ taweel tall tap ΔϴϔϨΣ hhanafiyya Ϣόρ tta’am taste (n.) taste (v.) ϕϭάϳ yathooq tax ΔΒϳήο dhareeba taxi ΓήΟ΍ ΓέΎϴγ/ϲδϛΎΗ taksi/sayyarat ojra tea ϱΎη shay ϖϳή˴ϓ fareeq team ϱΎη ϖϳήΑ΃ ibriiq shaay teapot ϱΎη ΔϘόϠϣ mil’aqat shaay teaspoon television ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ telefizyoon temple ΪΒόϣ ma’bad tennis βϨΗ tenis ten Γήθϋ a’shara tent ΔϤϴΧ kkayma terrace ΢τγ satt-h terribly ΔϋΎψϔΑ bifathha’aa ήϜθϳ yashkur thank (v.) thank you, thanks ΍ήϜη shokran ϥΎΑϭΫ thawaban thaw theater Ρήδϣ masrahh Δϗήγ sariqa theft talk

there thermometer thick thief thigh thin (not fat) think third thirsty this thread throat thunderstorm Thursday ticket (admission ) ticket (travel) tidy

ϙΎϨϫ Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ϥ΍ΰϴϣ ϚϴϤγ κϟ άΨϓ ϒϴΤϧ Ϧψϳ ΚϠΛ ϥΎθτϋ ΍άϫ ςϴΧ ΓήΠϨΣ ΔϳΪϋέ ΔϔλΎϋ βϴϤΨϟ΍ ϝϮΧΩ ΔϗΎτΑ ήϔγ ΓήϛάΗ ϢψϨϳ/ΐΗήϳ

295

honak mezan al-harara sameek liss fakhidh nahheef yathhun tholuth ‘ atshaan hatha khayt honjara assifa ’ra’diyya al-khamees bitaaqat dukhuul tathkirat safar yuratib / yunathhim yarbit waqt jadwal ulba

tip

ςΑήϳ Ζϗϭ ϝϭΪΟ ΔΒϠϋ Δϴϣ΍ήϛ·/ζϴθϘΑ

tire tissues to tobacco toddler toe together

έΎρ· ϡέΎΤϣ ϰϟ· ώΒΗ Ϟϔρ ϡΪϘϟ΍ ϊΒλ· ξόΑ ϊϣ

toilet tomorrow tongue tonight tool tooth toothache toothbrush toothpaste top topic

al-mirhadh/ Ζϴϟ΍ϮΘϟ΍/νΎΣήϤϟ΍ at-tuwaleet ΍ΪϏ ghadan ϥΎδϟ lisan ΔϠϴϠϟ΍ ϩάϫ haathihi al-layla Γ΍Ω΃ adah Ϧγ sin ϥΎϨγ΃ Ϣϟ΃ alam asnan ϥΎϨγ΃ ΓΎηήϓ forshat asnan ϥΎϨγ΃ ϥϮΠόϣ ma’joon asnan ΔϤϗ qimma ωϮο ˸Ϯϣ˴ mawdhoo’

tie (v.) time timetable tin (can)

ikraamiyya/ baqsheesh itaar mahaarim ila tibgh ttifl isbi’ al-qadam maa’ ba’dh

296

English-Arabic Dictionary

total tough tour tow towards towel tower town toy traffic train translate travel traveler treatment triangle trim trip truck trustworthy Tuesday tunnel TV twitter typhoon

ωϮϤΠϣ ϦθΧ ΔϴΣΎϴγ ΔϠΣέ ήΠϳ /ΐΤδϳ Ϯ˴ Τ˴ϧ ΔϔθϨϣ ΝήΑ ΓΪϠΑ ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ έϭήϤϟ΍ ΔϛήΣ έΎτϗ ϢΟήΘϳ ήϔγ ήϓΎδϣ ΔϠϣΎόϣ ΚϠΜϣ κϘϳ ΔϠΣέ ΔϨΣΎη ϕϮΛϮϣ ˯ΎΛϼΜϟ΍ ϖϔϧ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ ήΘϳϮΗ έΎμϋ·

majmoo’ khashin rihla siyahiyya yashab /yajor nahhwa minshafa burj balda lu’ba /dumya harakat al-muroor qitar yutarjim safar musafir mu’aamala muth-thallath yaqus rihla shaahina mawthuuq ath-thulaathaa’ nafaq tilifizyoon twitter i’saar

΢ϴΒϗ ΔΣήϗ ΔϠψϣ ΖΤΗ ϢϬϔϳ ϊϠΨϳ/ϊϠΧ΍ ϞϤόϟ΍ Ϧϋ ϞρΎϋ ΝήόΘϣ ΪΤ˶ ͉Θϣ˵ ΔόϣΎΟ ιΎλέ ϥϭΪΑ ϕϮϓ /ϰϠϋ΃ ΐμΘϨϣ ϞΟΎϋ /΢Ϡϣ ϝϮΑ ΓΩΎϋ

qabeeh qurha mithhalla tahta yafham ikhla’/yakhla’ ‘atil ’an al-’amal mut’arrij mattahed jaami’a bidoon rasas a’la /fawq muntasib mullih /’aajel bawl ‘ aadatan

U ugly ulcer umbrella under understand undress unemployed uneven united university unleaded up upright urgent urine usually

V ϙήΘϳ ΓίΎΟ· /ΔϠτϋ ϲϧϮϧΎϗ ϱΩ΍ϭ ϦϴϤΛ Γήϴϐλ ΔϨΣΎη Δϳήϫΰϣ Ε΍ϭήπΧ ϲΗΎΒϧ Ϊϳέϭ ϞϤΨϣ ϡΎγ ϱΩϮϤϋ ήψϨϣ Δϳήϗ Ε ˸Ϯλ ˴ αϭήϴϓ Γήϴη΄Η/΍ΰϴϓ έϭΰϳ ΓέΎϳί ΕΎϨϴϣΎΘϴϓ ϥΎϛήΑ Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ Γήϛ

yatruk ‘ utla /ijaza qanooni waadi thameen shahina sagheerah mazhariyyah khudrawaat nabaati wareed mokhmal saam ‘ amoodi manthar qarya ssawt fayroos ta’sheera (visa) yazoor ziyaaa vitameenat burkaan kurat at-taa’ira

wait

ήψΘϨϳ/ήψΘϧ·

waiter waitress wake up walk (n.) walk (v.) wall wallet

ϝΩΎϧ ΔϟΩΎϧ ξϬϨϳ ϲθϣ ϲθϤϳ έ΍ΪΟ /ς΋ΎΣ ΩϮϘϧ ΔψϔΤϣ

intathhir/ yantathhir nadil nadilah yanhadh mashy yamshi haa’it /jidar

warm warn warning wash watch (v.) watch water

˯ϲϓ΍Ω έάΤϳ ήϳάΤΗ Ϟδϐϳ ΪϫΎθϳ ΔϋΎγ ˯Ύϣ

vacate vacation valid valley valuable van vase vegetable vegetarian vein velvet venomous vertical view village voice virus visa visit (v.) visit (n.) vitamins volcano volleyball

W

mihfathat nuqood daafi yuhathir tah-theer yaghsil yushahid sa’aa maa’

English-Arabic Dictionary

wheelchair

ΦϴτΑ ˯ΎϤϟ΍ Ϊο ϖϳήρ ϦΤϧ ϒϴόο βΒϠϳ βϘτϟ΍ ΍ήϴϣΎϛ ϑΎϓί ϞϔΣ ˯ΎόΑέϻ΍ ωϮΒγ΃ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϥΰϳ ϼϬγϭ ϼϫ΍ ΪϴΟ ΏήϏ ΐρέ/ ϞϠΒϣ ΍ΫΎϣ ϞΠϋ ϙήΤΘϣ ϲγήϛ

when where which white who why widow widower wife wind window winter wire with without witness woman

ϰΘϣ Ϧϳ΃ ϱ΃ ξϴΑ΃ Ϧϣ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ΔϠϣέ΃ Ϟϣέ΍ ΔΟϭί ΢ϳέ ( p: ΡΎϳέ) ϙΎΒη ˯ΎΘη ϚϠγ ϊϣ ˴ϥϭΪ˶Α/ ˴ϥϭ˴Ω Ϧϣ˶ ΪϫΎη Γ΃ήϣ΃

watermelon waterproof way (direction) we weak wear weather webcam wedding Wednesday week weekend weigh welcome well (good) west wet what wheel

batteekh dhidh al-maa’ tariiq nahnu da’iif yalbas at-taqs kamira hafl zafaf al-arbi’aa’ usboo’ ‘utlat nihaayat al-usboo’ yazin ahlan wa sahlan jayyid gharb rattib/muballal matha ‘ajal kursii mattaharrik mata ayna ayy abyadh man limatha armala armal zawja riih/riyaah shubbak shitaa’ silk maa’ bedoon/men doon shahid imra’a

wonderful wood wool word world work worn worried wound wrap wrist write wrong

297

ϞϴϤΟ/ ϊ΋΍έ ΐθΧ ϑϮλ ΔϤϠϛ Ϣ˴ϟ Ύϋ ϞϤϋ/ Ϟϐη ϲϟΎΑ/ ϕΰϤϣ ϖϠϗ ΡήΟ ϒϠϳ/ ϒϠϐϳ ώγέ ΐΘϜϳ ΄τΧ/ ςϠϏ

jameel/raa’i’ khashab soaf kalima alam ‘ amal/shughl baali/mumazzaq qaliq jurh yaluf /yughallif risgh yaktub khata’ /ghalt

ςϴΧ Ώ˯ΎΜΘϳ ΔϨγ ήϔλ΍ Ϣόϧ βϣ΃ Ζϧ΃ ΓΎΘ˴ϓ / ˷ΐ˴η ή˴ϐλ ˶

khayt yatatha’ab sana asfar na’am ams anta (M)/anti (F) shabb / fatah ssighar

ΓΎϛί˴

zakah

ήϔλ ΰϣέ Νή˵Α ΔϘ˴τϨϣ˶ ϲ˷ ϧϮϴ˸Ϭλ ˴ ΕΎϧ΍ϮϴΤϟ΍ ΔϘϳΪΣ

sifr ramz borj minttaqa sahyyooni

ΔγϮϛ

koosa

Y yarn yawn year yellow yes yesterday you young youth

Z zakat (alms giving in Islam) zero zip zodiac zone zionist zoo zucchini (courgette)

hadeeqat alhaywanat

Arabic-English Dictionary A

a’zab

ϰϤϋ΍ ΔϠ΋Ύϋ ΓΩΎϋ ΓΩΎϋ ϝΎϋ έΎϋ ϱέΎϋ ΔϔλΎϋ ΔϠπϋ ΍Ϯϔϋ ϞΠϋ Ϊο/βϜϋ ϞΑΎϘϣ/βϜϋ Ϟϗϻ΍ ϰϠϋ ϢϠϋ ϞϤϋ/ Ϟϐη ϖϴϤϋ ϱΩϮϤϋ ΔΑήϋ ϕήϋ Ϟδϋ ήϴμϋ ˯Ύθϋ ΏΎθϋ΍ Ϣψϋ ϥΎθτϋ ϒϴψϨΗ ΔϠϣΎϋ Γήθϋ ϕϮϓ /ϰϠϋ΃ Ω΍Ϯϋ΃ Ώΰϋ΃

aakhar aalat an-nasikh aali aamin aasif ab abadan

ήΧ΁ ΦδϨϟ΍ Δϟ΁ ϝΎϋ Ϧϣ΁ ϒγ΁ Ώ΍ ˱΍ΪΑ΃

a’maa ‘aa’ila ‘aada ‘aadatan ‘aali ‘aar ‘aaree ‘aasifa ‘adala ‘afwan ‘ajal ‘aks/dhidh ‘aks/muqaabul ‘alaa al-qal ‘alam ‘amal/shughl ‘amiiq ‘amoodi ‘araba ‘araq ‘asal ‘aseer ‘ashaa’ ‘ashaab ‘athm ‘atshaan a’amelat funduq a’shara a’la /fawq a’waad

blind (can’t see) family custom usually high shame naked storm muscle pardon wheel counter opposite at least flag work deep vertical carriage sweat honey juice dinner herbs bone thirsty chambermaid ten up chopsticks single (unmarried) other photocopier loud safe sorry father never

abyadh adaa’ adab adah adawaat al-maa’ida adawaat fakhariyya addad ahlan ahlan wa sahlan ahmar ahraam ahsan ahyaanan ajass akh akh-dhar akhbaar akhir akhissaa’i akzima al-ahad al-ansaab al-arbi’aa’ al-bareed ghair marghoub feeh al-fetr al-hamaa al-hamow al-hashuu al-ithnayn al-jins al-jumu’a al-kabid al-kathaafa assukkkaaniyya al-khamees al-khareef al-kila al-kumm

ξϴΑ΃ ˯΍Ω΃ ΏΩ΍ Γ΍Ω΃ ΓΪ΋ΎϤϟ΍ Ε΍ϭΩ΃

white performance literature tool

ΔϳέΎΨϓ Ε΍ϭΩ΍

crockery

Ω΍Ϊϋ ϼϫ΍ ϼϬγϭ ϼϫ΍ ήϤΣ΍ ϡ΍ήϫ΃ ϦδΣ΃ ΎϧΎϴΣ΃ ιΎΟ· Υ΃ ήπΧ΃ έΎΒΧ΃ ήΧ΁ ϲ΋ΎμΧ΍ Ύϣΰϛ΍ ΪΣϻ΍ ΏΎδϧϷ΍ ˯ΎόΑέϻ΍ ήϴϏ ΪϳήΒϟ΍ Ϫϴϓ ΏϮϏήϤϟ΍ ήτϔϟ΍ ΓΎϤΤϟ΍ ϮϤΤϟ΍ ϮθΤϟ΍ ϦϴϨΛϻ΍ βϨΠϟ΍ ΔόϤΠϟ΍ ΪΒϜϟ΍ ΔϴϧΎϜδϟ΍ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ΍

meter (in taxi) hello welcome red pyramids better sometimes pear brother green news last (final) specialist eczema Sunday in-laws Wednesday

βϴϤΨϟ΍ ϒϳήΨϟ΍ ϰϠϜϟ΍ ϢϜϟ΍

Thursday autumn kidney cuff

tableware

junk mail mushrooms mother-in-law father-in-law stuffing Monday gender Friday liver population

Arabic-English Dictionary al-laahiq/ al-qaadim

ϖΣϼϟ΍/ϡΩΎϘϟ΍

al-layla al-madhiya

ΔϴοΎϤϟ΍ ΔϠϴϠϟ΍ /νΎΣήϤϟ΍ al-mirhadh/ Ζϴϟ΍ϮΘϟ΍ at-tuwaleet al-youd ΩϮϴϟ΍ alam Ϣϟ΃ Ϣ˴ϟ Ύϋ alam alam al-mafaasil ϞλΎϔϤϟ΍ Ϣϟ΍ alam asnan ϥΎϨγ΃ Ϣϟ΃ alam fii al-udhun ϥΫϷ΍ ϲϓ Ϣϟ΃ ௌ Allah allaqa Δϗϼϋ almaas αΎϤϟ΃ amaana/wadii’a ΔόϳΩϭ/ΔϧΎϣ΍ amareeki ϲϜϳήϣ΍ amareekiyyah ΔϴϜϳήϣ΃ ΎϜϳήϣ΍ amariikaa amiin Ϧϴϣ΃ ams βϣ΃ amti’a/haqaa’ib ΐ΋ΎϘΣ/ΔόΘϣ΍ amwaaj ΓήδϜΘϣ Ν΍Ϯϣ΃ mutakassira ananas anf anta (M)/anti (F) aqaarib aqal ar-ri’ataan ard ardh ardh armal armala arraqam albareedi aruz as-sabt as-sayf asaasi asbireen asfal asfar

αΎϧΎϧ΍ ϒϧ΍ Ζϧ΃ ΏέΎϗ΃ Ϟϗ΃ ϥΎΘ΋ήϟ΍ νέ΃ νέ΃ νήϋ Ϟϣέ΍ ΔϠϣέ΃ ϱΪϳήΒϟ΍ Ϣϗήϟ΍ ίέ΃ ΖΒδϟ΍ ϒϴμϟ΍ ϲγΎγ΍ ϦϳήΒγ΍ Ϟϔγ΍ ήϔλ΍

next

last night toilet iodine pain world rheumatism toothache earache Allah hanger diamond deposit (n.) American (m.) American (f.) America honest yesterday luggage surf pineapple nose you relatives less lungs land (ground) earth offer widower widow area code rice Saturday summer essential aspirin down yellow

ashqar / shaqraa asri’/bisur’a asseen assifa ’ra’diyya aswad at-tanazzuh at-taqs at-turoos ath-th-ill ath-thafir ath-thulaathaa’ atil ’an al-’amal attrash awwal aydiz ayn ayna ayy azma qalbiyya azraq

299

˯΍ή˰Ϙη / ήϘη΍ ΔϋήδΑ/ωήγ΃ Ϧϴμϟ΍ ΔϳΪϋέ ΔϔλΎϋ ΩϮγ΃ ϩΰϨΘϟ΍ βϘτϟ΍ αϭήΘϟ΍ Ϟ˰ψϟ΍ ήϓΎυ΃ ώΒλ ˯ΎΛϼΜϟ΍ ϞϤόϟ΍ Ϧϋ ϞρΎϋ εήρ΍ ϝϭ΍ ίΪϳ΃ Ϧϴϋ Ϧϳ΃ ϱ΃ ΔϴΒϠϗ Δϣί΃ ϕέί΃

blond (m. & f.) hurry China thunderstorm black sightseeing weather gear (car) awning manicure Tuesday unemployed deaf first AIDS eye where which heart attack blue

ΪϴόΑ ΪόΑ ΔοϮόΑ ΔοϮόΑ ΏΎΑ ϲϟΎΑ/ ϕΰϤϣ ώϟΎΑ ϥΎΠϧΫΎΑ ΔϟΪΑ ήΤΑ ΚΤΑ ϮϬΑ/ ΔϟΎλ ΪϠΑ ΓΪϠΑ ϲΠδϔϨΑ ϥϮϠτϨΑ ϦϳΰϨΑ ΔϗΎΑ ϝΎϘΑ ΪϳήΑ ΙϮϏήΑ

far after gnat mosquito door worn adult eggplant suit sea search gallery country (nation) town purple pants gasoline collar grocer mail (letters) flea

B ba’eed ba’d ba’ooda ba’oodha baab baali /mumazzaq baaligh baathinjaan badla bahr bahth bahw/saala balad balda banafsaji bantaloon banzeen baqa baqqaal bareed barghooth

300

Arabic-English Dictionary

barid barii’ bariid iliktoronii bariid jawwii barnamej barq basal baseet/ sariih baseett / sahl baskaweet baskawiit batatis batii’ batn batta battaaniyya battaariya batteekh bawl bawwab bawwaba bay’ baydh bayt bazilla bedoon / men doon beera bi bidoon nakha bidoon rasas bifathha’aa bijaama bilyaard binaayah bint bint bint al-ukht / bint al- akh biqala birka bit-tilifoon

ΩέΎΑ ˯ϱήΑ ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ· ΪϳήΑ ϱϮΟ ΪϳήΑ ΞϣΎϧήΑ ϕήΑ ϞμΑ ςϴδΑ/΢ϳήλ ϞϬγ / ςϴδΑ ΖϳϮϜδΑ ΖϳϮϜδΑ βρΎτΑ ˯ϲτΑ ϦτΑ ΔτΑ ΔϴϧΎτΑ ΔϳέΎτΑ ΦϴτΑ ϝϮΑ Ώ΍ϮΑ ΔΑ΍ϮΑ ϊϴΑ ξϴΑ ΖϴΑ ˯ϻίΎΑ ˴ϥϭΪ˶Α/ ˴ϥϭ˴Ω Ϧϣ˶ ΓήϴΑ ˰˰Α ΔϬϜϧ ϥϭΪΑ ιΎλέ ϥϭΪΑ ΔϋΎψϔΑ ΔϣΎΠϴΑ ΩέΎϴϠΑ ΔϳΎϨΑ ΖϨΑ ΖϨΑ ΖϨΑ/ΖΧϻ΍ ΖϨΑ Υϻ΍ ΔϟΎϘΑ ΔϛήΑ ϥϮϔϴϠΘϟΎΑ

cold (not hot) innocent email airmail program lightning onion plain (simple) simple biscuit cookie potato slow stomach (abdomen) duck blanket battery watermelon urine porter (concierge) gate sale egg house peas without beer by (with) plain (unflavored) unleaded terribly pajamas billiards building daughter girl niece groceries pond by-phone

bitaana bitaaqat dukhuul bitaaqat i’timaad bittaaqa shakhsiyya bittaqah bittaqqa blastik blooza boothha borj buhhayra bukaa’ bukhar bunni buq’a burghi burj burkaan burtuqali butuqaal

ΔϧΎτΑ ϝϮΧΩ ΔϗΎτΑ ΩΎϤΘϋ΍ ΔϗΎτΑ ΔϴμΨη ΔϗΎτΑ

lining ticket (admission ) credit card

ΔϗΎτΑ ΔϗΎτΑ ϚΘγϼΑ ΓίϮϠΑ ΔυϮΑ Νή˵Α ΓήϴΤΑ ˯ΎϜΑ έΎΨΑ ϲϨΑ ΔόϘΑ ϲϏήΑ ΝήΑ ϥΎϛήΑ ϲϟΎϘΗήΑ ϝΎϘΗήΑ

card business card plastic blouse ice cream zodiac lake cry steam brown stain screw tower volcano orange (color) orange (fruit)

ϒϴόο ΎϤ΋΍Ω Γή΋΍Ω ˯ϲϓ΍Ω αϮΑΩ ΕΎψΣϼϣ ήΘϓΩ

weak always circle warm pin

ςϐο ΔΟΎΟΩ ϞΧ΍Ω ϲϠΧ΍Ω ϞΧΩ ϞϴϟΩ ϡΩ ΔϘϴϗΩ Γέάϟ΍ ϖϴϗΩ ϙήΤΘϣ ΝέΩ ϰϟϭ΃ ΔΟέΩ ΔΟέΩ ΔηΩέΩ

pressure chicken inside internal earrings guide (book) blood minute cornflower escalator first class degree chat

identification card

D da’iif daa’iman daa’ira daafi dabboos daftar mulaahath-that daght dajaja dakhil dakhili dakhl daleel dam daqeeqa daqiiq ath-thura daraj motaharrek daraja owla darajah dardasha

notebook

Arabic-English Dictionary darraaja naariyya darraja dars dawaa’ dawaa’ shorb dawajin dawrah deen desember dhaa’i’ dhabaab dhabab dhahl dhaooree dharar /kharaab dharbat shams dhareeba dhawdhaa’ dhid dhidh al-maa’ dhiffa dhimaad dhiyaafa dhubaaba di’f diraasa/yadrus diskoo doctoor dohnee doon tawaqquf dukhan/ tadkhiin dukhool dumiya/ loo’bah dush duwali duwar/dowkha

ΔϳέΎϧ ΔΟ΍έΩ

motorbike

ΔΟ΍έΩ αέΩ ˯΍ϭΩ Ώήη ˯΍ϭΩ ϦΟ΍ϭΩ ΓέϭΩ ϦϳΩ ήΒϤδϳΩ ϊ΋Ύο ΏΎΒο ΏΎΒο ϞΤο ϱέϭήο Ώ΍ήΧ/έήο βϤη ΔΑήο ΔΒϳήο ˯ΎοϮο Ϊο ˯ΎϤϟ΍ Ϊο Δϔο ΩΎϤο ΔϓΎϴο ΔΑΎΑΫ ϒόο αέΪϳ/Δγ΍έΩ ϮϜδϳΩ έϮΘϛΩ ϲϨϫΩ ϒϗϮΗ ϥϭΩ ϦϴΧΪΗ/ϥΎΧΩ

bicycle lesson medicine syrup poultry course religion December lost (missing) mist fog shallow necessary damage sunstroke tax noise against waterproof bank (river) bandage hospitality fly (insect) double study disco doctor greasy nonstop

ϝϮΧΩ ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ εΩ ϲϟϭΩ ΔΧϭΩ /έ΍ϭΩ

admission doll shower international dizzy

Ωϼϴϣ Ϊϴϋ ΍ΪϨϟήϳ΍ ΓέΎη΍

birthday Ireland sign (road)

smoke

E eed meelad erlanda esharah

F faa’ida/maslaha faasid fahs fak fakhidh faks fallah fam fan fann an-naht faqatt fa’r faramil fareeq farigh fassoliya fatoora fatoora fawakih fawq fayadhan fayroos feasbook febraayer fee al-kharij fee makaanin ma feel feemaa ba’d fi fi al-amaam fi al-bayt fi al-khalf fi al-layl fidda fii al-khaarij fii kol makan fikra film firash fondoq foolath forshat asnan

ΔΤϠμϣ /ΓΪ΋Ύϓ ΪγΎϓ κΤϓ Ϛϓ άΨϓ βϛΎϓ Ρϼϓ Ϣϓ Ϧϓ ΖΤϨϟ΍ Ϧϓ ς˴Ϙ˴ϓ έ΄ϓ Ϟϣ΍ήϓ ϖϳή˴ϓ ύέΎϓ ΎϴϟϮλΎϓ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ΓέϮΗΎϓ Ϫϛ΍Ϯϓ ϕϮϓ ϥΎπϴϓ αϭήϴϓ ϙϮΑ βϴϓ ήϳ΍ήΒϓ ΩϼΒϟ΍ ΝέΎΧ ϲϓ Ύϣ ϥΎϜϣ ϲϓ Ϟϴϓ ΪόΑ ΎϤϴϓ ϲϓ ϡΎϣϻ΍ ϲϓ ΖϴΒϟ΍ ϲϓ ϒϠΨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϞϴϠϟ΍ ϲϓ Δπϓ ΝέΎΨϟ΍ ϲϓ ϥΎϜϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ΓήϜϓ ϢϠϓ ε΍ήϓ ϕΪϨϓ ΫϻϮϓ ϥΎϨγ΃ ΓΎηήϓ

profit bad (rotten) check (v.) jaw thigh fax farmer mouth art sculpture only mouse brake team empty beans bill invoice fruit above flood virus Facebook February abroad somewhere elephant later in at the front at home at the back at night silver overseas everywhere idea film (movie) bed hotel steel toothbrush

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fostaan fotoor fuliklor fundiq sagheer furshaah fustuq

ϥΎΘδϓ έϮτϓ έϮϠϜϠϓ ήϴϐλ ϕΪϨϓ ΓΎηήϓ ϖΘδϓ

dress (n.) breakfast folklore motel brush peanut

G ghaali ghadan ghadheb ghalyoon ghamidh gharaama gharb ghareeb ghareeb/ajnabi ghatts ghayr khaadi’a lir-rasm al-jumrukii ghayr muhathab ghaz ghidhaa’ ghitaa as-saaqayn gholf ghram ghuraz ghurfa ghurfat alqiyyas ghuroob

ϝΎϏ expensive ΍ΪϏ tomorrow ΐοΎϏ angry ϥϮϴϠϏ pipe (smoking) ξϣΎϏ misty Δϣ΍ήϏ fine (money) ΏήϏ west ΐϳή˴Ϗ strange ϲΒϨΟ΃/ΐϳήϏ foreign βτϏ diving ϢγήϠϟ ΔόοΎΧ ήϴϏ duty-free ϲϛήϤΠϟ΍

hammaam

ΏάϬϣ ήϴϏ ίΎϏ ˯΍ΪϏ ϦϴϗΎδϟ΍ ˯ΎτϏ ϒϟϮϏ ϡ΍ήϏ ίήϏ ΔϓήϏ αΎϴϘϟ΍ ΔϓήϏ βϤθϟ΍ ΏϭήϏ

rude gas lunch leggings golf gram stitches room fitting room sunset

έ΍ΪΟ /ς΋ΎΣ ˯ϱΩΎϫ ΙΩΎΣ ϻΎΣ ξϣΎΣ έΎΣ ΔϠϴϠϟ΍ ϩάϫ ϞΒΣ ϑ˴Ϊ˴ϫ ΔϘϳΪΣ

wall quiet accident immediately sour spicy tonight rope goal garden

H haa’it /jidar haadi’ haadith haalan haamidh haar haathihi al-layla habl hadaf hadeeqa

hadeeqat al-haywanat hadeeth hadhina hadiid hadiiqa hadiyya hadiyya hafeeda hafiid hafila /bass hafl zafaf hafla hafla muusiqiyya hajm hakka halawiyyaat haleeb hallaaq halwaa

hammaam shamsii handasa mi’maariya haniin-ila al watan haqeeba haqeebat yad haqibah haqiiba haqqan harakat al-muroor harara hareer haris hashara hashwa

ΕΎϧ΍ϮϴΤϟ΍ ΔϘϳΪΣ zoo ΚϳΪΣ ΔϨοΎΣ ΪϳΪΣ ΔϘϳΪΣ ΔϳΪϫ ΔϳΪϫ ΓΪϴϔΣ ΪϴϔΣ ΔϠϓΎΣ/ ιΎΑ ϑΎϓί ϞϔΣ ΔϔϠΣ ΔϴϘϴγϮϣ ΔϠϔΣ ϢΠΣ ΔϜΣ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ΐϴϠΣ ϕϼΣ ϯϮϠΣ ϡΎϤΣ ϲδϤη ϡΎϤΣ ΔϳέΎϤόϣ ΔγΪϨϫ

current babysitter iron (metal) park gift present (gift) granddaughter grandchild bus wedding party concert size itch dessert milk hairdresser candy bathroom/ restroom sunbathe architecture

ϦρϮϟ΍ ϰϟ· ϦϴϨΤϟ΍ homesick

ΔΒϴϘΣ Ϊϳ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΎϘΣ έϭήϤϟ΍ ΔϛήΣ Γέ΍ήΣ ήϳήΣ αέΎΣ ΓήθΣ ΓϮθΣ hasoub mahmoul/ /ϝϮϤΤϣ ΏϮγΎΣ ΏϮΗ Ώϻ labtob ΔϴγΎδΣ hassasiyya hatha ΍άϫ hathir έάΣ

purse (handbag) handbag backpack suitcase really traffic heat silk concierge insect filling laptop allergy this careful

Arabic-English Dictionary hatif dhakii hawaaly / taqreeban hayawaan aleef hayawan hayya hazeen helm hhaafat hhaamil hhaar hhanafiyya hhasanan hhelo hhimyyah hisaa’ hisaan saghiir hissan hithaa’ hiwaaya hizaam hob hona honak honjara huboob huboob huboob man’ al-hamal hubuub hudood hummaa/ haraara huqna

ϲϛΫ ϒΗΎϫ ΎΒϳήϘΗ/ϲϟ΍ϮΣ

smartphone

ibriiq shaay

about

idhraab

ϒϴϟ΍ ϥ΍ϮϴΣ ϥ΍ϮϴΣ ΔϴΣ ϦϳΰΣ ϢϠΣ ΔϓΎΣ ϞϣΎΣ έΎΣ ΔϴϔϨΣ ΎϨδΣ ϮϠΣ ΔϴϤΣ ˯ΎδΣ ήϴϐλ ϥΎμΣ ϥΎμΣ ˯΍άΣ Δϳ΍Ϯϫ ϡ΍ΰΣ ΐΣ ΎϨϫ ϙΎϨϫ ΓήΠϨΣ ΏϮΒΣ ΏϮΒΣ ϞϤΤϟ΍ ϊϨϣ ΏϮΒΣ

pet animal snake sad dream (n.) hem pregnant hot tap okay sweet diet broth pony horse shoe hobby belt love here there throat grain pills (tablets)

ightisaab ihtiyatii/idhafi ikhla’/yakhla’

contraceptive (pill)

ΏϮΒΣ ΩϭΪΣ Γέ΍ήΣ/ϲϤΣ

tablets border

ΔϨϘΣ

injection

is’aafaat awwaliyya i’saar isbi’ al-qadam iskutlanda islaamee iss-haal issbi’ istifsaar istimara istiqbal istiraha istishaara itaar ith-hab i’tidaa

fever

I ϝΎϣ ΓΩΎϋ· ϦΑ· ibn al-akh/ibn /ΖΧϻ΍ ϦΑ΍ Υϻ΍ ϦΑ΍ al-ukht ibn ‘am / bint ‘am Ϣϋ ΖϨΑ/Ϣϋ ϦΑ΍ ibra ΓήΑ· ibreel ϞϳήΑ΍ i’aadat al-maal ibn

refund son nephew cousin needle April

ikraamiyya/ baqsheesh ila ilekiooni iltihaab imbirattour imra’a in shaa’ Allah influwanza influwanza ingiltra ingleezi inkhifadh intathhir/ yantathhir Internet inthaar iqtissad irja’ irji’ irtijaj

ϱΎη ϖϳήΑ΃ Ώ΍ήο·

teapot strike (work stoppage) rape spare undress

ΏΎμΘϏ΍ ϲρΎϴΘΣ΍/ϲϓΎο΍ ϊϠΨϳ/ϊϠΧ΍ Δϴϣ΍ήϛ·/ζϴθϘΑ tip ϰϟ· ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ΍ ΏΎϬΘϟ· έϮρ΍ήΒϣ΍ Γ΃ήϣ΃ ˸ ௌ ˯Ύη ϥ· ΍ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΍ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΍ήΘϠΠϧ΍ ϱΰϴϠΠϧ΍ νΎϔΨϧ· ήψΘϨϳ/ήψΘϧ·

to electronic infection emperor woman hopefully cold (flu) flu England English reduction

ΖϧήΘϧ· έ΍άϧ· ΩΎμΘϗ΍ ϊΟέ΍ ϊΟέ΍ ΝΎΠΗέ΍ Δϴϟϭ΍ ΕΎϓΎόγ΍

Internet alarm economy come back go back concussion

έΎμϋ· ϡΪϘϟ΍ ϊΒλ· ΍ΪϨϠΘϜγ΍ ϲ˷ ϣϼγ· ϝΎϬγ΍ ϊΒλ· έΎδϔΘγ΍ ΓέΎϤΘγ΍ ϝΎΒϘΘγ΍ ΔΣ΍ήΘγ΍ ΓέΎθΘγ· έΎρ· ΐϫΫ΍ ˯΍ΪΘϋ΍

typhoon toe Scotland Islamic diarrhea finger enquiry form reception break consultation tire go assault

wait

first aid

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i’tithaar ittar ittijaah iz’aaj izdiham

έ΍άΘϋ΍ έΎρ΃ ϩΎΠΗ· ΝΎϋί΍ ϡΎΣΩί΍

apologies frame direction disturbance busy (traffic)

ϥΎϋϮΟ /ϊ΋ΎΟ ϑΎΟ ΔόϣΎΟ έΎΟ ϞΒΟ ϦϴΒΟ ΪΟ ΓΪΟ ΪϳΪΟ ϝϭΪΟ ϑΎϔΟ ΰϫΎΟ ϒτόϣ/ΖϴϛΎΟ ϙέΎϤΟ ΎόϴϤΟ ϞϴϤΟ ϞϴϤΟ/ ϊ΋΍έ ΓίΎϨΟ ΏϮϨΟ ήΤΒϟ΍ Ω΍ήΟ ΔϤϳήΟ ΓΪϳήΟ/ΔϔϴΤλ Ώέ΍ϮΟ ήϔγ ί΍ϮΟ Ωέ /Ώ΍ϮΟ ΓήϫϮΟ ΐϴΟ ΪϴΟ ΪϴΟ ϦδΣ /ΪϴΟ έΰΟ ΓήϳΰΟ ΰϨϴΟ ΪϠΟ ΪϠΟ ΔϴδϨΟ

hungry dry (n. ) university neighbor mountain forehead grandfather grandmother new timetable draught ready coat (jacket) customs altogether beautiful wonderful funeral south lobster crime newspaper socks passport answer gem pocket good well (good) fine (good) carrot island jeans leather skin nationality

J jaa’i’ /jow’aan jaaf jaami’a jaar jabal jabeen jad jadda jadiid jadwal jafaf jahiz jakiet/mi’taf jamaarik jamee’an jameel jameel /raa’i’ janaza janoob jarad al-bahr jareema jariida/saheefa jawaarib jawaaz safar jawab/ rad jawhara jayb jayyed jayyid jayyid /hasan jazar jaziira jeanz jild jild jinsiyya

jism jisr jobn jumla jurh jurh jurth juz’

ϢδΟ ήδΟ ϦΒΟ ΔϠϤΟ ΡήΟ ΡήΟ ΫήΟ ˯ΰΟ

body bridge cheese sentence cut (n.) wound rat part

ΐόϛ ΐόϛ ϊγ΍ϭ/ήϴΒϛ ΖϳήΒϛ ϒϬϛ ˯ΎΑήϬϛ ϲ΋ΎΑήϬϛ ϭΎϛΎϛ ΐϠϛ ΔϤϠϛ ήδϟ΍ ΔϤϠϛ ΍ήϴϣΎϛ ΍ήϴϣΎϛ ΔδϴϨϛ Ν΍ήϛ Ϫϳήϛ ΓέΎδϛ ΝϮϟΎΘϛ ήϴΜϛ ήϴΜϛ ϒΘϛ ˮϒϴϛ ϮϨϳίΎϛ ΔϴϤϛ ϲΟέΎΧ ίΎΒΧ ϒϴϔΧ ΞϴϠ˴Χ ϒϠΧ ϒϠΧ ϡΎΧ ήϤΧ/ϝϮΤϛ Ώ΍ήΧ

heel ankle large matches (fire starter) cave electricity electric cocoa dog word password camera webcam church garage horrible cracker catalog many much shoulder how? casino amount external baker light (not heavy) gulf back behind raw alcohol ruins

K ka’b ka’ib kabeer /waasi’ kabreet kahf kahrabaa’ kahrabaa’i kakaw kalb kalima kalimat al-ser kamira kamira kaneesa karaj kareeh kassaara katalug katheer katheer katif kayf kazeenu kemmiyya khaariji khabbaz khafiif khaleej khalf khalf kham khamr /kuhuul kharaab

Arabic-English Dictionary khareef kharij kharita kharoof/haml khas khasaara /fiqdaan khashab khashin khass khata’ khata’ /ghalt khata’ /ghaltta khatar khatar khateeb khateeba khateer khatiir khatt khatt khawkh/durraaq khayt khayt khayt/habl khazana khedaa’/yakhda’ khetta /barnamej khidma khilaal khiyaar khubz khudrawaat khutuwat /darajat kilahuma kiloghram kirooseen kitaab kitaab ’ibaaraat kittaan kkayma kol shay’ kombyooter/ haasoob

ϒϳήΧ ΝέΎΧ ΔρέΎΧ ϞϤΣ /ϑϭήΧ βΧ ΓέΎδΧ/ ϥ΍ΪϘϓ ΐθΧ ϦθΧ ιΎΧ ΎτΧ ΄τΧ/ ςϠϏ ΔτϠϏ /ΎτΧ ήτΧ ήτΧ ΐϴτΧ ΔΒϴτΧ ήϴτΧ ήϴτΧ ςΧ φΧ ϕ΍έΩ/ΥϮΧ ςϴΧ ςϴΧ ϞΒΣ/ςϴΧ Δϧ΍ΰΧ ωΪΨϳ/ω΍ΪΧ ΞϣΎϧήΑ/ ΔτΧ ΔϣΪΧ ϝϼΧ έΎϴΧ ΰΒΧ Ε΍ϭήπΧ ΕΎΟέΩ/Ε΍ϮτΧ ΎϤϫϼϛ ϡ΍ήϏϮϠϴϛ Ϧϴγϭήϴϛ ΏΎΘϛ Ε΍έΎΒϋ ΏΎΘϛ ϥΎΘϛ ΔϤϴΧ Ίϴη Ϟϛ ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ/ΏϮγΎΣ

fall (season) outside map lamb lettuce loss wood tough special fault wrong mistake danger risk fiancé fiancée serious dangerous line luck peach thread yarn string buffet swindle plan (intention) service during cucumber bread vegetable steps both kilogram kerosene book phrasebook linen tent everything computer

koosa

ΥϮϛ ΥϮϛ ΔγϮϛ

korat as-salla kreem kuloonya kum kura kurat al-qadam kurat at-taa’ira kursi kursii mattaharrik kutla kuub

ΔϠδϟ΍ Γήϛ Ϣϳήϛ ΎϴϧϮϟϮϛ Ϣϛ Γήϛ ϡΪϘϟ΍ Γήϛ Γή΋Ύτϟ΍ Γήϛ ϲγήϛ ϙήΤΘϣ ϲγήϛ ΔϠΘϛ ΏϮϛ

kookh kookh

305

cabin hut zucchini (courgette) basketball lotion aftershave sleeve ball soccer volleyball chair wheelchair mass cup

L laa/kallaa laa shay’ ladgha lahh-tha lahhm baqar lahm lahm khinziir laami’ laieem lajna laqab lateef latheeth lawaazim al-maa’ida lawn layl laymoon laysa fee ay makan le’nna letr limatha lisan liss liyaaqa/tadriib lu’ba

ϻ/ϼϛ ˯ϲη ϻ ϪϏΪϟ ΔψΤϟ ήϘΑ ϢΤϟ ϢΤϟ ήϳΰϨΧ ϢΤϟ ϊϣϻ ϢϴΌϟ ΔϨΠ˴ϟ ΐϘϟ ϒϴτϟ άϳάϟ ΓΪ΋ΎϤϟ΍ ϡί΍Ϯϟ

no nothing bite moment beef meat pork glossy mean (not nice) committee surname mild (taste) delicious

ϥϮϟ Ϟϴϟ ϥϮϤϴϟ ϥΎϜϣ ϱ΃ ϲϓ βϴϟ ϥ˸ Ϸ˶ ήΘϟ ΍ΫΎϤϟ ϥΎδϟ κϟ ΐϳέΪΗ/ ΔϗΎϴϟ ΔΒόϟ

color night lemon nowhere because liter why tongue thief fitness game

cutlery

306

Arabic-English Dictionary

lu’ba /dumya lu’lu’ lugha lughz

ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ ΆϟΆϟ Δϐϟ ΰϐϟ

toy pearl language puzzle

Δϣϼδϟ΍ ϊϣ ΪΒόϣ ΪΒόϣ ϥΪόϣ ϥΎϨγ΃ ϥϮΠόϣ ΔϧϭήϜόϣ ΕΎϣϮϠόϣ νήόϣ ϊϣ ˯Ύϣ ξόΑ ϊϣ ΓήϬτϣ ΓΩΎϣ

goodbye synagogue temple metal toothpaste noodles information exhibition with water together

ΓέϮμϘϣ/ΡΎϨΟ ΰϴϧϮϳΎϣ ΓΪϴγ /ϡ΍Ϊϣ ΔϨϳΪϣ ΔγέΪϣ ΩϮϘϔϣ ήϳήδϟ΍ ΕΎηϭήϔϣ

compartment mayonnaise madam city school missing

ΡϮΘϔϣ ϲϠϐϣ ϡέΎΤϣ ϲϠΤϣ ΔτΤϣ ιΎΒϟ΍ ΔτΤϣ ΩϮϗϭ ΔτΤϣ

open boiled tissues domestic station bus-station

έΎΤϣ ϲϠΤϣ ίϮΠΤϣ ϝϮϤΤϣ/ϝ΍ϮΟ ϕϭήΤϣ ΔϠΠϣ ϲϧΎΠϣ β˶ϠΠϣ˴

oyster local booked (reserved) cell phone burnt magazine free (no charge) board

M ma’a as-salaama ma’bad ma’bad ma’dan ma’joon asnan ma’karuuna ma’luumaat ma’rad maa’ maa’ maa’ ba’dh maadda mutahhira maasoora/janaah maayuuneez madam/sayyida madeena madrasa mafqood mafruushaat as-sariir maftuuh maghli mahaarim mahallii mahatta mahattat al-bass mahattat waqood mahhaar mahhalli mahjooz mahmoul/jawwal mahrooq majalla majjani majlis

detergent

bedding

gas station

majlis ash-sha’ab majmoo’ majmoo’a majmuua’/ruzma majrooh makaan makhraj makhttooba/ makhttoob makhzan/matjar maksoor maktab maktab al-breed maktab bareed maktaba mal’ab malaabis malik malika mamlakah mammar mamzooj man manassa mandeel manga manshoor manthar maq’ad maqaal maqbara maqbara maqli maqsad/maeeir maradh marah/lahw maraq mareedh mareedh marham maris markaz markazi

ΐ˸όθ͉ ϟ΍ β˶ϠΠϣ˴ ωϮϤΠϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ Δϣίέ/ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ΡϭήΠϣ ϥΎϜϣ ΝήΨϣ ΏϮτΨϣ/ΔΑϮτΨϣ ήΠΘϣ/ϥΰΨϣ έϮδϜϣ ΐΘϜϣ ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΐΘϜϣ ΪϳήΑ ΐΘϜϣ ΔΒΘϜϣ ΐόϠϣ βΑϼϣ ϚϠϣ ΔϜϠϣ ΔϜ˴ϠϤϣ˴ ήϤϣ ΝϭΰϤϣ Ϧϣ ΔμϨϣ ϞϳΪϨϣ ΎΠϧΎϣ έϮθϨϣ ήψϨϣ ΪόϘϣ ϝΎϘϣ ΓήΒϘϣ ΓήΒϘϣ ϲϠϘϣ ήϴμϣ/ΪμϘϣ νήϣ Ρήϣ/ϮϬϟ ϕήϣ ξϳήϣ ξϳήϣ Ϣϫήϣ αέΎϣ ΰϛήϣ ϱΰϛήϣ

parliament total group set injured palace exit engaged (to be married) shop (store) broken office post office post office library stadium clothes king queen kingdom corridor mixed who platform scarf mango brochure view seat article cemetery grave fried destination illness fun sauce ill patient (sick) ointment March center (middle) central

Arabic-English Dictionary marmar marra ukhraa marsa marwaha mas’ool masaa’ masaafa masaaha/ mintaqa masafa ba’iida masar masbaghat ghaseel mash-hoor mashghool mashmool mashroo’ mashwi mashy masraf/ bank masrahh masrahiyya massa massaasah massna’ mat-haf mat’am mata mataar matar math’oor matha mattahed mattat mattbakh mattbuukh maw’id mawaad ghithaa’iyya mawdhoo’ mawjood mawlood mawthooq

ήϣήϣ ϯήΧ΍ Γήϣ ϰγήϣ ΔΣϭήϣ ϝϭΆδϣ ˯Ύδϣ ΔϓΎδϣ ΔϘτϨϣ/ΔΣΎδϣ

marble again marina fan responsible evening distance

ΓΪϴόΑ ΔϓΎδϣ έΎδϣ Ϟϴδϐϟ΍ ΔϐΒμϣ

long-distance lane (of traffic)

έϮϬθϣ ϝϮϐθϣ ϝϮϤθϣ ωϭήθϣ˴ ϱϮθϣ ϲθϣ ϚϨΑ/ϑήμϣ Ρήδϣ ΔϴΣήδϣ ˯Ύδϣ ΔλΎμϣ ϊϨμϣ ϒΤΘϣ Ϣότϣ ϰΘϣ έΎτϣ ήτϣ έϮϋάϣ ΍ΫΎϣ ΪΤ˶ ͉Θϣ˵ ρΎτϣ ΦΒτϣ ΥϮΒτϣ ΪϋϮϣ Δϴ΋΍άϏ Ω΍Ϯϣ

famous busy (schedule) included project grilled walk (n.) bank theatre play (drama) afternoon straw factory museum restaurant when airport rain (n.) frightened what united rubber kitchen done (cooked) appointment

ωϮο ˸Ϯϣ˴ ΩϮΟϮϣ ΩϮϟϮϣ ϕϮΛϮϣ

topic present (here) born reliable

area

dry clean

groceries (food)

mawthuuq mawz mayoo mayyit mazhariyyah mazra’a meezaan metr mezan al-harara mi’ah midfa’a miftaah miftah miftah mihfathat nuqood mihna /herfa miinaa’ mikhadda mikwaah mikyaaj mil’aqa mil’aqat shaay milaqa’a milh millimitr min fadlik minaa’ mindada/ ttawelah mindeel minfadat sajaa’ir minshafa mintaqat la’ib lil-atfaal minttaqa miqas miqlaah miqlah mir’aah mirrarran mis’ad misfaa/filtar mismaar

307

ϕϮΛϮϣ ίϮϣ ϮϳΎϣ Ζϴϣ Δϳήϫΰϣ Δϋέΰϣ ϥ΍ΰϴϣ ήΘϣ Γέ΍ήΤϟ΍ ϥ΍ΰϴϣ Δ΋Ύϣ Γ΄ϓΪϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΩϮϘϧ ΔψϔΤϣ ΔϓήΣ/ΔϨϬϣ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΓΪΨϣ Γ΍ϮϜϣ ΝΎϴϜϣ ΔϘόϠϣ ϱΎη ΔϘόϠϣ ΔϘόϠϣ ΢Ϡϣ ήΘϤϴϠϣ ϚϠπϓ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΔϟϭΎρ/ΓΪπϨϣ

trustworthy banana May dead vase farm scales meter thermometer hundred heater corkscrew key switch wallet profession port pillow iron (for clothes) makeup spoon teaspoon tablespoon salt millimeter please harbor

ϞϳΪϨϣ ή΋ΎΠγ ΔπϔϨϣ ΔϔθϨϣ ΐόϟ ΔϘτϨϣ Ϟϔρϸϟ ΔϘ˴τϨϣ˶ κϘϣ ΓϼϘϣ ΓϼϘϣ Γ΍ήϣ ˱΍έ΍ήϣ˶ Ϊόμϣ ήΘϠϓ/ΓΎϔμϣ έΎϤδϣ

handkerchief ashtray towel

table

playground zone scissors saucepan pan mirror repeatedly lift (elevator) filter nail (metal)

308

Arabic-English Dictionary

miss’ad kahrabaa’ii missbaah mithhalla mithla mithyaa’/radyo mitraqa mo’addaal mo’sess mohaafiz moka’bat assukkar mokalamah mokasarat mokayyef mokhmal moltaheb momkin monabbeh morr mosbah yadawee moseeqaa moshit moshkila motarjim mu’aamala mu’aaq mu’attir mu’di mu’dii mubakkir mubasharah mubashir mubbayyidh mudakhan mudeer mudhi’ mufaaja’a mufaddal mughaadara mughlaq muhamii muhammas

ϲ΋ΎΑήϬϛ Ϊόμϣ

elevator

ΡΎΒμϣ ΔϠψϣ ϞΜ˸ ϣ˶ ϮϳΩ΍έ /ωΎϳάϣ Δϗήτϣ ϝΪόϣ β͋γ Ά˴ ϣ˵ φϓΎΤϣ ήϜδϟ΍ ΕΎΒόϜϣ

lamp umbrella similar radio hammer mean (average) founder mayor

ΔϤϟΎϜϣ Ε΍ήδϜϣ ϒϴϜϣ ϞϤΨϣ ΐϬΘϠϣ ϦϜϤϣ ϪΒϨϣ ήϣ ϱϭΪϳ ΡΎΒμϣ ϰϘϴγϮϣ ςθϣ ΔϠϜθϣ ϢΟήΘϣ ΔϠϣΎόϣ ϕΎόϣ ήτόϣ ϱΪόϣ ϱΪόϣ ήϜΒϣ ΓήηΎΒϣ ήηΎΒϣ ξϴΒϣ ϦΧΪϣ ήϳΪϣ ˯ϲπϣ ôϾϔϣ Ϟπϔϣ ΓέΩΎϐϣ ϖϠϐϣ ϲϣΎΤϣ κϤΤϣ

call (n.) nuts air conditioning velvet sore possible alarm clock bitter flashlight music hairbrush problem interpreter treatment disabled deodorant infectious contagious early directly direct bleach smoked (adj.) manager light (not dark) surprise preference departure closed lawyer roasted

lumps (sugar)

muhim muhtamal muja’ad mujaffif sha’r mujammad mujawharat muka’ab mukalama mukhayyam mukhti’ mukkath-thaf mulakhas mulawwan mullih/’aajel mumarridha mumil mumtaz mumti’ munabbih hariiq munasaba/ hadath munkhafid muntasib murabba murabba’ musaa’ada musaa’ada/ an-najda musaafir musafir musahil/ mulayyin musajjal musakkin musakkin alam musannaf mushaabih/nafs musht musta’mal mustaheel mustanqa’ mustaqiim mustashfaa

ϢϬϣ ϞϤΘΤϣ ΪόΠϣ ήόη ϒϔΠϣ ΪϤΠϣ Ε΍ήϫϮΠϣ ΐόϜϣ ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ϢϴΨϣ ˯ϲτΨϣ ϒΜϜϣ κΨϠϣ ϥϮϠϣ ϞΟΎϋ /΢Ϡϣ ΔοήϤϣ ϞϤϣ ίΎΘϤϣ ϊΘϤϣ ϖϳήΣ ϪΒϨϣ ΙΪΣ/ΔΒγΎϨϣ

important probably curly hairdryer frozen jewelry cubic phone call camping mistaken condensed briefs colored urgent nurse boring excellent nice (pleasant) fire alarm

ξϔΨϨϣ ΐμΘϨϣ ϰΑήϣ ϊΑήϣ ΓΪϋΎδϣ ΓΪΠϨϟ΍/ΓΪϋΎδϣ

low upright jam square (shape) helping

ήϓΎδϣ ήϓΎδϣ ϞϬδϣ/ϦϴϠϣ

passenger traveler

ϞΠδϣ ϦϜδϣ Ϣϟ΃ ϦϜδϣ ϒϨμϣ βϔϧ/ϪΑΎθϣ ςθϣ ϞϤόΘδϣ ϞϴΤΘδϣ ϊϘϨΘδϣ ϢϴϘΘδϣ ϰϔθΘδϣ

registered sedative painkiller assorted same comb second-hand impossible swamp straight hospital

event

help

laxative

Arabic-English Dictionary mustatteel mustayqith mut’a mut’arrij muta’akhir mutahawwir mutaqaa’id mutazawwij muth-thallath muthallaj muthallaj/ mujammad muttallaq muwajjih/ murshid muwattin

ϞϴτΘδϣ φϘϴΘδϣ ΔόΘϣ ΝήόΘϣ ήΧ΄Θϣ έϮϬΘϣ ΪϋΎϘΘϣ ΝϭΰΘϣ ΚϠΜϣ ΞϠΜϣ ΪϤΠϣ/ΞϠΜϣ

rectangle awake pleasure uneven late rash retired married triangle iced

ϖϠτϣ ϪΟϮϣ/Ϊηήϣ

divorced

Ϧρ΍Ϯϣ

citizen

Ϣόϧ ΞοΎϧ ϖϳήΣ/έΎϧ αΎϧ ϲΗΎΒϧ ΕΎΒϧ ξΒϧ ϝΩΎϧ ΔϟΩΎϧ ϖϔϧ ΕΎϘϔϧ/ϒϳέΎμϣ

yes ripe fire people vegetarian plant pulse waiter waitress tunnel

ΓέϮϓΎϧ ϒϴΤϧ ΔϠΤϧ Ϯ˴ Τ˴ϧ ϦΤϧ ήϬϧ ΡΎΠ˴ϧ ΔϤΠϧ ΔϬϜϧ ϪϠϤϧ ϱΪϘϧ/αϮϠϓ ϲϘϧ ΔΤϴμϧ

fountain thin (not fat) bee towards we river success star flavor ant cash pure advice

chilled

guide (person)

N na’am naadij naar/hreeq naas nabaati nabat nabdh nadil nadilah nafaq nafaqaat/ masaariif nafoora nahheef nahhla nahhwa nahnu nahr najahh najma nak-ha namla naqdi/fuloos naqi nasiiha

expenses

nath-theef nathh-thharaat nathhaaraat shamsiyya natiija nissf november nu’aal khafiif nuhaas nukta nuqood/fuloos nuskha nuskha

ϒϴψϧ Ε΍έΎψϧ ΔϴδϤη Ε΍έΎψϧ

clean (adj.) glasses

ΔΠϴΘϧ ϒμϧ ήΒϤϓϮϧ ϒϴϔΧ ϝΎόϧ αΎΤϧ ΔΘϜϧ αϮϠϓ /ΩϮϘϧ ΔΨδϧ ΔΨδϧ

result half November slippers copper joke money copy photocopy

ήΑϮΘϛ΍ β˰τ˰δϏ΃ Δϣ˷ ˵΃ ϥ΍ϮϨϋ

October August nation address

αϮϣΎϗ ϥϮϧΎϗ ΢ϴΒϗ ϡΪϗ ΔΣ΍Ϊϗ ϢϳΪϗ ϩϮϬϗ ΕϻϮϛ΄Ϥϟ΍ ΔϤ΋Ύϗ

dictionary law ugly foot lighter antique coffee

ΔόϠϗ ϢϠϗ ιΎλέ ϢϠϗ ΐϠϗ ϞϴϠϗ ϖϠϗ ήϤϗ κϴϤϗ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϞϳΪϨϗ ϲϧϮϧΎϗ ΐϳήϗ ΎΒϳήϗ ΏέΎϗ

castle pen pencil heart little (amount) worried moon shirt jellyfish valid nearby soon boat

sunglasses

O octoober oghostos ommah onwaan

Q qaamoos qaanoon qabeeh qadam qaddaha qadeem qahwa qaa’imat al-ma’kuulaat qal’a qalam qalam rassaas qalb qaleel qaliq qamar qamees qandeel al-bahr qanooni qareeb qareeban qarib

menu

309

310

Arabic-English Dictionary

qarya qaseer qassab/jazar qassat sha’r qatra lil-ayn qatra lil–uthon qawi qilaada/e’qd qimaash qimma qinneena qird qirsh qishra qishta qism qitar qitar al-anfaaq qitta qom qubba’a qubla quffazat qufl/yaqfil qunsiliyya qurb qurha qutn

Δϳήϗ ήϴμϗ ΏΎμϗ/έ΍ΰΟ ήόη Δμϗ ϦϴόϠϟ Γήτϗ ϥΫϸϟ Γήτϗ ϱϮϗ ΪϘϋ/ΓΩϼϗ εΎϤϗ ΔϤϗ ΔϨϴϨϗ Ωήϗ εήϗ Γήθϗ Δτθϗ Ϣδϗ έΎτϗ ϕΎϔϧϷ΍ έΎτϗ Δτϗ Ϣϗ ΔόΒϗ ΔϠΒϗ Ε΍ίΎϔϗ Ϟϔϗ/ϞϔϘϳ ΔϴϠμϨϗ Ώήϗ ΔΣήϗ Ϧτϗ

village short butcher haircut eye-drops ear drops strong necklace fabric top bottle monkey shark dandruff cream department train subway cat stand up hat kiss gloves lock consulate near ulcer cotton

R ra’isi ra’s raa’iha raafi ’a rabii’ rabtat ’unuq radi rajul rakhees rakib ramaadi ramz ramz baridi

ϲδϴ΋έ α΃έ ΔΤ΋΍έ Δόϓ΍έ ϊϴΑέ ϖϨϋ ΔτΑέ ν΍έ ϞΟέ κϴΧέ ΐϛ΍έ ϱΩΎϣέ ΰϣέ ϱΪϳήΑ ΰϣέ

main head smell jack (for car) spring (season) necktie satisfied man inexpensive riding gray zip postcode

ΔΒϗέ κϗέ ˯ΎϨϴϤϟ΍ ϒϴλέ ήόη εΎηέ ϲϛήϤΟ Ϣγέ ϝϮγέ ΐρέ/ ϞϠΒϣ ΔϠΣέ ΔϠΣέ ΔϠΣέ ΔϠΣέ ΔϴΣΎϴγ ΔϠΣέ ϞϤϋ ΔϠΣέ ϥ΍ήϴρ ΔϠΣέ ΢ϳέ (lp: ΡΎϳέ) ΔϟΎγέ ϑήΣ/ΔϟΎγέ ώγέ ΔοΎϳέ ΎϤΑέ ϥΎϴΑέ νϮοέ ΔμΧέ ϊΑέ ΎϤΑέ ΔΒϛέ ΓέΎΟ·/ΔμΧέ

neck dance (n.) berth hairspray duty (tax) prophet wet excursion journey picnic trip tour business trip flight wind message letter wrist sport perhaps shrimp bruise permit quarter maybe knee

ΔϗΎϴγ ΔμΧέ Ϧϛέ Ωήρ/Δϣίέ

driver’s license corner parcel

watch happy hour clock driver soap

saam

ΔϋΎγ Ϊϴόγ ΔϋΎγ ΔϋΎγ ϖ΋Ύγ ϥϮΑΎλ ϡΎγ

saaq sabab

ϕΎγ ΐΒγ

raqaba raqs raseef almeenaa’ rashash sha’r rasm jumrukii rasool rattib/muballal rihla rihla rihla rihla rihla siyahiyya rihlat ’amal rihlat tayaran riih/riyaah risaala risala/harf risgh riyaadha robama robyan rodhoodh rokhsa rub’ rubbamaa rukba rukhsa/ ijaaza rukhsat siyaaqa rukn ruzma/tard

license

S sa’aa sa’eed saa’a saa’ah saa’iq saabuun

poisonous, venemous leg cause

Arabic-English Dictionary sabab sabgh/dihaan sadeeq sadeeqa safar safara safha safiina/’abbaara sagheer sagheer saheeh saheeh saheen sahin/tabaq sahl sahm sahraa’ sahyyooni sakheef sakhra sakraan salat riyyadha salata samak samakat al-anqaliis sameek samgh sana sandal saqf sarataan al-bahr saree’ sarii’ sarii’ sariqa sarsoor sataa’ir sataa’ir satt-h sattw/sariqa saydaliyya

ΐΒγ ώΒλ/ϥΎϫΩ ϖϳΪλ ΔϘϳΪλ ήϔγ ΓέΎϔγ ΔΤϔλ ΓέΎΒϋ/ΔϨϴϔγ ήϴϐλ ήϴϐλ ΢ϴΤλ ΢ϴΤλ ϦϴΘΤλ ϖΒρ/ϦΤλ ϞϬγ ϢϬγ ˯΍ήΤλ ϲ˷ ϧϮϴ˸Ϭλ ˴ ϒϴΨγ ΓήΨλ ϥ΍ήϜγ ΔοΎϳέ ΔϟΎλ ΔτϠγ ϚϤγ βϴϠϘϧϷ΍ ΔϜϤγ

reason paint friend girlfriend travel embassy page ferry little (small) small correct right (correct) cheers! dish easy arrow desert zionist ridiculous rock (stone) drunk gym salad fish

ϚϴϤγ ώϤλ ΔϨγ ϝΪϨλ ϒϘγ ήΤΒϟ΍ ϥΎρήγ

thick glue year sandals roof

ϊϳήγ ϊϳήγ ϊϳήγ Δϗήγ έϮλήλ ή΋ΎΘγ ή΋ΎΘγ ΢τγ Δϗήγ/Ϯτγ ϲϟΪϴλ

fast quick rapid theft cockroach curtains drapes terrace burglary pharmacy

eel

crab

sayigh sayr ’alaa al-aqdaam sayyaara sayyaarat is’aaf sayyid sebtember sentimeeter serk sha’r shaahina shaari’ shab’aan/ mamluu’ shabb/fatah shafaqa shahada/ watheeqa shahid shahin shahina sagheerah shahr shakhs shakhs shakhsi shakwaa sham’a shamaal shamboo shams shaqqa sharaab shareek shareett shareka sharq sharshaf shataranj shatii’ shawka shay shek

ώ΋Ύλ ϡ΍Ϊϗϻ΍ ϰϠϋ ήϴγ

jeweler

ΓέΎϴγ ϑΎόγ· ΓέΎϴγ Ϊϴγ ήΒϤΘΒγ ήΘϴϤϴΘϨγ ϙήϴγ ήόη ΔϨΣΎη ωέΎη ˯ϮϠϤϣ/ϥΎόΒη

car ambulance sir September centimeter circus hair truck street

ΓΎΘ˴ϓ / ˷ΐ˴η ΔϘϔη ΔϘϴΛϭ/ΓΩΎϬη

young pity

ΪϫΎη ϦΣΎη Γήϴϐλ ΔϨΣΎη

witness charger

ήϬη κΨη κΨη ϲμΨη ϯϮϜη ΔόϤη ϝΎϤη ϮΒϣΎη βϤη ϪϘη Ώ΍ήη Ϛϳήη ςϳήη Δϛή˶ η˴ ϕήη ϒηήη Ξϧήτη Ί˰ρΎη ΔϛϮη ϱΎη Ϛϴη

month person someone personal complaint candle north shampoo sun apartment drink (n.) partner ribbon company east sheet chess beach fork tea check (n.)

hiking

full

certificate

van

311

312

Arabic-English Dictionary

shimbaniya shimmaam shitaa’ shiwaa’ shokolatta shokran shubbak shughl/watheefa shurfa shurta shuruuq ashshams shuurba/hisaa’ si’r sibaaq ad-darraajaat sifr sigaara sihhi siigaar sijjaada sijjadda sikeen sikkat al-qitaar silk sin sitaara siwaar siyasa so’aal soaf sollam soo’ fahm sooq markazi sooq sha’abi soor ssa’b ssabir ssadiiq ssalb/qaasi ssamt ssatl

ΎϴϧΎΒϤη ϡΎϤη ˯ΎΘη ˯΍Ϯη ΔΗϼϛϮη ΍ήϜη ϙΎΒη Ϟϐη/Δϔϴυϭ Δϓήη Δρήη βϤθϟ΍ ϕϭήη

champagne melon winter barbecue chocolate thank you, thanks window job balcony police sunrise

˯ΎδΣ/ΔΑέϮη ήόγ ΕΎΟ΍έΪϟ΍ ϕΎΒγ

soup price

ήϔλ ΓέΎΠϴγ ϲΤλ έΎΠϴγ ΓΩΎΠγ ΓΩΎΠγ ϦϴϜγ έΎτϘϟ΍ ΔϜγ ϚϠγ Ϧγ ΓέΎΘγ έ΍Ϯγ ΔγΎϴγ˶ ϝ΍Άγ ϑϮλ ϢϠγ ϢϬϓ ˯Ϯγ ϱΰϛήϣ ϕϮγ ϲΒόη ϕϮγ έϮγ ΐόλ ήΑΎλ ϖϳΪλ ϲγΎϗ/ΐϠλ ΖϤλ Ϟτγ

zero cigarette healthy cigar carpet mat knife railroad, railway wire tooth blind (on window) bracelet politics question wool ladder misunderstanding supermarket flea market fence hard (difficult) patient boyfriend hard (firm) silence bucket

cycling

ssawt ssighar ssondooq ssoura ssu’ooba su’aal/kahha sudaa’

Ε ˸Ϯλ ˴ ή˴ϐλ ˶ ϕϭΪϨλ ΓέϮλ ΔΑϮόλ ΔΤϛ/ϝΎόγ ω΍Ϊλ

voice youth box photo difficulty cough (n.) headache

sudaa’ ashshaqeeqa sukkar sukkari sullam/daraj sun’ yadawi sundooq barid suu’ hadhm suuq

ΔϘϴϘθϟ΍ ω΍Ϊλ ήϜγ ϱήϜγ ΝέΩ/ϢϠγ ϱϭΪϳ ϊϨλ ΪϳήΑ ϕϭΪϨλ Ϣπϫ ˯Ϯγ ϕϮγ

migraine sugar diabetic stairs handmade postbox indigestion market

ϝΎόΗ ˯΍άϏ /ϡΎόρ ήϴΧ΄Η ΕΎϤϴϠόΗ ϥΎϤο/Ϧϴϣ΄Η Γήϴη΄Η/΍ΰϴϓ Γή΋Ύρ Γή΋Ύρ ΦϳέΎΗ ΩϼϴϤϟ΍ ΦϳέΎΗ

come food delay instructions insurance visa airplane plane date

ΝίΎρ ΥΎΒρ ϲόϴΒρ ΔόϴΒρ ϲόϴΒρ ϖΑΎρ ήϴϐΗ ήϳάΤΗ !ΎϨϴϧΎϬΗ/ϙϭήΒϣ

fresh cook (person) natural nature normal floor change (n.) warning

ϦϴΤρ ΕΎϴΤΗ ΔϴΤΗ ξϴϤΤΗ

flour regards greeting develop (photo)

T ta’aal ta’aam /ghitha ta’khiir ta’leemat ta’meen/dhaman ta’sheera (visa) taa’ira taa’ira taariikh taariikh almiilaad taazij tabbakh tabee’ee tabii’a tabii’ii tabiq taghyeer tah-theer tahaaneena/ mabrook tahiin tahiyat tahiyya tahmeedh

date of birth

congratulations

Arabic-English Dictionary tahmeel tahta tajjamud tajmeel takhdeer takhfeedh taksi/sayyarat ojra tamaman tannoora taqaatu’ taqaatu’ turuq tareeq tariiq tariiq tariiq sarii’ tarmeem tasarob tasfiya tasreehat sha’r tassadum tathbeet tathkirat safar tattreez tawaabil taweel taweel tawqii’ tawsseela tayyib tazalluj telefizyoon tenis th-tharf thaani thaaniya thahab thalj thalj thallaja thameen thameen thanb/ithm

ϞϴϤΤΗ ΖΤΗ ΪϤΠΗ ϞϴϤΠΗ ήϳΪΨΗ ξϴϔΨΗ /ϲδϛΎΗ ΓήΟ΍ ΓέΎϴγ ΎϣΎϤΗ ΓέϮϨΗ ϊρΎϘΗ ϕήρ ϊρΎϘΗ ϖϳήρ ϖϳήρ ϖϳήρ ϊϳήγ ϖϳήρ ϢϴϣήΗ ΏήδΗ ΔϴϔμΗ ήόη ΔΤϳήδΗ ϡΩΎμΗ ΖϴΒΘΛ ήϔγ ΓήϛάΗ ΰϳήτΗ ϞΑ΍ϮΗ ϞϳϮρ ϞϳϮρ ϊϴϗϮΗ ΔϠϴλϮΗ ΐϴρ ΞϟΰΗ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ βϨΗ ϑήυ ϲϧΎΛ ΔϴϧΎΛ ΐϫΫ ΞϠΛ ΞϠΛ ΔΟϼΛ ϦϴϤΛ ϦϴϤΛ ϢΛ·/ΐϧΫ

download under freeze cosmetics anesthetic discount taxi completely skirt intersection crossroad route road way (direction) highway repairs leak clearance (sale) hairstyle collision install ticket (travel) embroidery spices long tall signature lift (in car) nice (person) skiing television tennis envelope second (in line) second (instant) gold ice snow refrigerator precious valuable guilt

thaqeel thawaban thawb thhifr thhil thiraa’ tholuth thoom tibgh tifl tilifizyoon tilifun/haatif timthal tithkaar tomtter tta’am ttabe’ ttabeq ttabi’a ttabiib asnaan ttalab/amr ttaqm asnaan ttawaari’ tteen ttifl ttifl ttiwal al-yawm tuffaaha tuthlij twitter

ϞϴϘΛ ϥΎΑϭΫ ΏϮΛ ήϔυ Ϟυ ω΍έΫ ΚϠΛ ϡϮΛ ώΒΗ Ϟϔρ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ ϒΗΎϫ /ϥϮϔϠΗ ϝΎΜϤΗ έΎϛάΗ ήτϤΗ Ϣόρ ϊΑΎρ ϖΑΎρ ΔόΑΎρ ϥΎϨγ΃ ΐϴΒρ ήϣ΃ /ΐϠρ ϥΎϨγ΍ ϢϘρ ˯ϱέ΍Ϯρ Ϧϴρ Ϟϔρ Ϟϔρ ϡϮϴϟ΍ ϝ΍Ϯρ ΔΣΎϔΗ ΞϠΜΗ ήΘϳϮΗ

heavy thaw garment nail (finger) shade arm third garlic tobacco baby TV phone statue souvenir rain (v.) taste (n.) stamp storey printer dentist order dentures emergency mud child toddler all day apple snow (v.) twitter

ΪϳήΒϟ΍ ΓήΟ΍ ΝήΧ΍ ΖΧ΃ ΔΒϠϋ ϡ΍ ϲ΋Ύϣ βϔϨΗ ΏϮΒϧ΃

postage go out sister tin (can) mother

ΏϮΒϧ΍ ωϮΒγ΃ Ύϴϟ΍ήΘγ΍ ϥΫ΃

pipe (plumbing) week Australia ear

U ujrat al-barid ukhroj ukht ulba um unboob tanaffus maa’ii unbuub usboo’ ustiraaliyaa uthun

snorkel

313

314

Arabic-English Dictionary

ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ωϮΒγϷ΍ ϲϟ΃/ϲϜϴΗΎϣϮΗϭ΍

weekend

ΕΎϨϴϣΎΘϴϓ

vitamins

ϱΩ΍ϭ ΓΪΣ΍ϭ/ΪΣ΍ϭ ϥ΍Ϊϟ΍ϭ ΪϴΣϭ Δϴ΋΍άϏ ΔΒΟϭ

valley single (only one) parents alone

face

wajib

ϪΟϭ ΐΟ΍ϭ

walad waqood waqt waqt faragh waqt faragh waraqah wareed wasfa wasfa wasikh wasl wasla waslah wathheefa/shughl wattane wazeer wazza werk wisaada woddi

Ϊϟϭ ΩϮϗϭ Ζϗϭ ύ΍ήϓ Ζϗϭ ύ΍ήϓ Ζϗϭ Δϗέϭ Ϊϳέϭ Δϔλϭ Δϔλϭ Φγϭ Ϟλϭ ΔϠλϭ ΔϠλϭ Δϔϴυϭ/Ϟϐη ϲ˷ Ϩ˴ρ ϭ˴ ήϳίϭ˴ Γίϭ ϙέϭ ΓΩΎγϭ ϱΩϭ

duty (responsibility) boy petrol time free time leisure paper vein prescription recipe dirty receipt adaptor connection occupation national minister goose hip cushion friendly

ήΒόϳ ζϴόϳ άΧ΄ϳ Ϟϛ΄ϳ

express live (alive) take (pick up) eat

utlat nihaayat al-usboo’ utumaateeki/ aali

automatic

V vitameenat

W waadi waahid /waahida waalidaan waheed wajba ghidhaa’iyya wajh

meal

Y ya’bur ya’iish ya’khudh ya’kul

ya’mal ya’mur ya’nee ya’redh ya’rif yabda’ yabda’ yabhath ’an yabla’ yabqa yad yad’u yadfa’ yadfa’ yadghat yadhak yafham yafhas yafqid yafsil/munfasil yaftah yaghoos yaghsil yahjiz yahlam yahook yahtafil yahut/yanzil yajlib yajlis yakheet yakhruj/yanzil yakhtar yakthib yaktub yakwii yal’ab yalbas yalbas yaltaqi yaltaqit ssoorah yaluf /yughallif yamdahh

ϞϤόϳ ήϣ΄ϳ ϲϨόϳ νήόϳ ϑήόϳ ΃ΪϴΑ ΍ΪΒϳ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϊϠΒϳ ϰϘΒϳ Ϊϳ ϮϋΪϳ ϊϓΪϳ ϊϓΪϳ ςϐπϳ ϚΤπϳ ϢϬϔϳ κΤϔϳ ΪϘϔϳ ϞμϔϨϣ/Ϟμϔϳ ΢Θϔϳ ιϮϐϳ Ϟδϐϳ ήΠΤϳ ϢϠΤϳ ϙϮΤϳ ϞϔΘΤϳ ϝΰϨϳ /ςΤϳ ΐϠΠϳ βϠΠϳ ςϴΨϳ ΝήΨϳ/ϝΰϨϳ έΎΘΨϳ ΏάϜϳ ΐΘϜϳ ϱϮϜϳ ΐόϠϳ βΒϠϳ βΒϠϳ ϲϘΘϠϳ ΓέϮλ ςϘΘϠϳ ϒϠϳ/ϒϠϐϳ ΡΪϤϳ

do order (v.) mean (v.) show know begin start look for swallow stay (remain) hand invite pay push press (v.) laugh understand examine lose separate open (v.) dive wash reserve dream (v.) knit celebrate land (v.) bring sit sew get off choose lie (be lying) write iron (v.) play (v.) dress (v.) wear meet take (photo) wrap compliment (v.)

Arabic-English Dictionary yamiin yamla’ yamla’ yamna’/ yuharrim yamshi yanaam yanayer yanhadh yanjah yansaa yanthhur ilaa yanzaliq yanzif yanzil yaqees yaqool yaqra’ yaqta’ yaqta’ yaqus yara yarbit yarfaa’ yarkud yarkudh yarqus yartah yas-hab yas’al yas’ul /yakuhh yasar yasbahh yasbogh yash’ur yashab /yajor yashkur yashrab yashrah yashtaaq yashtuf yasil yaskun

ϦϴϤϳ ϸϤϳ ϸϤϳ ϡήΤϳ/ϊϨϤϳ

right (side) fill fill out (form)

ϲθϤϳ ϡΎϨϳ ήϳΎϨϳ ξϬϨϳ ΢ΠϨϳ ϰδϨϳ ϰϟ΍ ήψϨϳ ϖϟΰϨϳ ϑΰϨϳ ϝΰϨϳ βϴϘϳ ϝϮϘϳ ΃ήϘϳ ϊτϘϳ ϊτϘϳ κϘϳ ϯήϳ ςΑήϳ ϊϓήϳ ξϛήϳ ξϛήϳ κϗήϳ ΡΎΗήϳ ΐΤδϳ ϝΎδϳ ΢Ϝϳ/Ϟόδϳ έΎδϳ ΢Βδϳ ώΒμϳ ήόθϳ ήΠϳ/ΐΤδϳ ήϜθϳ Ώήθϳ Ρήθϳ ϕΎΘθϳ ϒτθϳ Ϟμϳ ϦϜδϳ

walk (verb) sleep January wake up succeed forget look at slip bleed check in measure say read cross (v.) cut (v.) trim see tie (v.) escelate run jog dance (v.) rest pull ask (question) cough (v.) left swim painting feel tow thank (v.) drink (v.) explain miss (loved one) rinse arrive live (v)

forbidden

yasma’ yasna’ yasooq yasqut yasriq yass’ad yassttaad as-samak yasta’eer yasta’jir yasta’jir yastafsir yastalqii yastattle’ yatahhadath/ hadeeth yatakhayyal yatalaffath yatalaffath yatamata’ yatasallam/ ya’khudh yatasawwaq yatassel yatassil yatatha’ab yatawaqqaf yatba’ yatbukh yathhun yathooq yatkallam yatruk yattassil yattba’ yatteer yattlub yawm yawwad yazin yazoor yodheef yoghader

ϊϤδϳ ϊϨμϳ ϕϮδϳ ςϘδϳ ϕήδϳ Ϊόμϳ ϚϤδϟ΍ ΩΎτμϳ

hear make drive fall (v.) steal get on

ήϴόΘδϳ ήΟ΄Θδϳ ήΟ΄Θδϳ ήδϔΘδϳ ϲϘϠΘδϳ ϊϠτΘδϳ ΙΪΤΘϳ/ΚϳΪΣ

borrow hire rent enquire (v.) lie down look up

ϞϴΨΘϳ φϔϠΘϳ φϔϠΘϳ ϊΘϤΘϳ άΧΎϳ /ϢϠδΘϳ

imagine pronounce spell enjoy

ϕϮδΘϳ ϞμΘϳ ϞμΘϳ Ώ˯ΎΜΘϳ ϒϗϮΘϳ ϊΒΘϳ ΦΒτϳ Ϧψϳ ϕϭάϳ ϢϠϜΘϳ ϙήΘϳ ϞμΘϳ ϊΒτϳ ήϴτϳ ΐϠτϳ ϡϮϳ ΩϮϳ ϥΰϳ έϭΰϳ ϒϴπϳ έΩΎϐϳ

shop (v.) dial phone (v.) yawn stop (cease) follow cook (v.) think taste (v.) speak vacate call (v.) print (v.) fly (v.) ask for day feel like weigh visit (v.) add check out

fish (v.)

talk

pick up

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316

Arabic-English Dictionary

yoghader yohib yolghi yolyo yonaseb yossali yossawer yottem yowwajeh yu’ajjl yu’aqqim yu’iid yubaddil/yusarrif yufadhil yughadir yughayyir yughliq/yutfi’ yuhasin/yuttawir yuhathir yuhib/yarghab yuhriq/yahtariq yujaffif/yajuf yunath-thif yunssah yunyo yuqabbil yuqaddim/yu’arrif yuqif yuqridh yurafiq yurasil yuratib yuratib/ yunathhim yurji’ yursil yursil bilbareed

έΩΎϐϳ ΐΤϳ ϲϐϠϳ ϮϴϟϮϳ ΐγΎϨϳ ϲ˷Ϡμ ˴ ˵ϳ έϮμϳ Ϣ͊ ˶Θ˴ϳ ϪΟϮϳ ϞΟΆϳ ϢϘόϳ Ϊϴόϳ ϝΪΒϳ/ϑήμϳ Ϟπϔϳ έΩΎϐϳ ήϴϐϳ ˯ϲϔτϳ /ϖϠϐϳ έϮτϳ/ϦδΤϳ έάΤϳ ΐϏήϳ /ΐΤϳ ϕήΘΤϳ/ϕήΤϳ ϒϔΠϳ/ϒΠϳ ϒψϨϳ ΢μϨϳ ϮϴϧϮϳ ϞΒϘϳ ϡΪϘϳ /ϑήόϳ ϒϗϮϳ νήϘϳ ϖϓ΍ήϳ Ϟγ΍ήϳ ΐΗήϳ ϢψϨϳ/ΐΗήϳ

depart love (v.) cancel July fit pray film (v.) finish (v.) guide (v.) postpone sterilize repeat exchange prefer leave change (v.) off (turned off ) improve warn like (v.) burn (v.) dry (v.) clean (v.) recommend June kiss (v.) introduce park (v.) lend escort correspond arrange

ϊΟήϳ Ϟγήϳ ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ

reverse send mail (v.)

tidy

ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ ϲϐμϳ /ϊϤΘδϳ ΪϫΎθϳ ΢Ϡμϳ ΢Ϡμϳ ΢ϴϠμΗ/΢Ϡμϳ Ρήμϳ έϮμϳ ϑήόΘϳ ϢΟήΘϳ ΐγΎϨϳ/ ϖϓ΍Ϯϳ

post (v.) listen watch (v.) fix repair mend declare photocopy (v.) identify translate

΢οϮϳ ωΩϮϳ ϊϗϮϳ Ξϋΰϳ

indicate deposit (v.) sign (v.) disturb

zakah

ΓΎϛί˴

zameel zanjabeel zawj zawj al-um zawja zawjat al-ab zay zay zayt zayt ad-deezil zerr zibala ziyaaa zobda zthklaam zubda zujaj

Ϟϴϣί ϞϴΒΠϧί Νϭί ϡϻ΍ Νϭί ΔΟϭί Ώϻ΍ ΔΟϭί ϱί ϱί Ζϳί ϝΰϳΪϟ΍ Ζϳί έί ΔϟΎΑί ΓέΎϳί ΓΪΑί ϡϼυ ΓΪΑί ΝΎΟί

zakat (alms giving in Islam) colleague ginger husband stepfather wife stepmother costume fashion oil diesel oil button garbage visit (N.) butter dark margarine glass (material)

yursil bilbarid yusghii / yastami’ yushahid yuslih yuslih yuslih/tasleeh yussarrih yussawwir yuta’arraf yutarjim yuwaafiq/ yunaasib yuwadhih yuwdi’ yuwwaqqi’ yuz’ij

match (sports)

Z

PHOTO CREDITS All photos used in this book are from Shutterstock—the photographers as follows: abu_zeina (p 98) Anastasiya Kotelnyk (p 27) diplomedia (p 139) dotshock (p 243) encikAn (p 165) ESB Professional (p 53) FB Studio facing title page givaga (p 5 second photo from top) H1N1 (p 11) Juan Ci (p 13) kudla (p 5 last photo) Lazar Milanovic (p 5 first photo from top) LightField Studios (p 248) Mags Ascough (p 10) mohsen nabil (p 186) Monkey Business Images (p 192) Nomad1988 (p 5 middle) nvxstudios (p 175) Odua Images (p 197) oneinchpunch (p 5 second photo from bottom, p 136, 207) Peter Hermes Furian (p 112) Rawpixel.com (p 195) Rus S (p 237 middle) Sony Herdiana (p 237 bottom) soul_studio (p 172) tabunganmasadepanArmand (p 237 top) Waleed_Hammoudeh (p 67) ZouZou (pp 71, 80, 148, 205) Zurijeta (pp 6, 176)

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