134 81 11MB
English Pages 320 [322] Year 2022
ARABIC
FOR BEGINNERS
ARABIC
FOR BEGINNERS Sarah Risha
T UT T L E Publishing Tokyo Rutland, Vermont Singapore
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Table of Contents Why Learn Arabic?
Lesson 1
7
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System
11
Lesson 2
Arabic Culture
29
Lesson 3
The Classroom
43
Lesson 4
Arab Hospitality
Lesson 5
Tea and Arabic Coffee
Lesson 6
Social Life and Visits
Lesson 7
Arabic Calligraphy
Lesson 8
The Arab Family
Lesson 9
Family Relations and Children
Lesson 10
Arabic Dress
Lesson 11
Who is an Arab?
Lesson 12
Relations between the Sexes
Lesson 13
The Effect of Islam on Arab Culture
Lesson 14
Sports in the Arab World
Lesson 15
Arab Women
Lesson 16
Marriage in the Arab World
Lesson 17
Arabic Proverbs
Lesson 18
The Term “Middle East”
Lesson 19
Holidays and Celebrations
Lesson 20
Review
Answer Key
256
53 65 77
95 109 123
137 149 161
183
193 203
215
244
English-Arabic Dictionary
279
Arabic-English Dictionary
298
225 235
173
Why Learn Arabic? There are many good reasons to learn Arabic: • Arabic is the fifth most widely spoken language in the world. • Arabic is an official language of the United Nations. • There is a high demand for speakers of Arabic in the Western world. • There are financial incentives, as Arabic-speaking nations are fast-growing trade markets. • Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam. The Arabic language is strongly connected to Arab culture. Fundamental values and traditions are shared among all Arabs speaker regardless of geographical, historical, social or class differences. However, traditions and practices vary from one country and from one region to another. In 2016, the United Nations calculated the total population of the Arab world at approximately 420 million people spread across a vast area so it is natural for cultural differences to exist. However, there are a few major reasons for these differences. The first is that the Arab world has long been known as the cradle of three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Although these religions share many common values, each one has its own devotions, tenets and loyalties. Arab culture grew and developed through a combination of the main principles of these three religions; nevertheless, Islam has had the greatest effect on Arab culture. Furthermore, the Arab world was at the crossroads of world trade, which encouraged cultural exchange through commerce among the Persians, Romans, Greeks, Indians, Chinese and Turks. Being the cradle of these three main religions and a center of commerce united Arab societies and cultures and at the same time created cultural differences. By relating Arab customs to the teaching of Islam, it can be explained how tradition was established and developed or where it came from. This does not mean that all Arabs are familiar with a specific Islamic teaching. This is to say, for example, Islam guides its followers to use their right hand in eating. Therefore, Arabs were directed that it was proper to eat with their right hand. Almost all Arabs use the right hand because it is a part of their culture more than a rule of their religion.
Arabic and the Arab World There are about seven thousand languages spoken in the world. It is estimated that half of them are spoken by only three thousand people and several languages are expected to become extinct in just a few decades. The most spoken language in the world is Mandarin Chinese with more than one billion speakers. The most commonly used alphabet in the world is the Roman or Latin alphabet used by English speakers and most European languages. However, the Arabic alphabet is the second most used. Arabic alphabets are widespread, used in other languages beside Arabic including Urdu in Pakistan and India, Persian in Iran, Turkish in Turkey and Swahili in Tanzania, Kenya, and other countries in central Africa.
8
Introduction
The Arabic language belongs to Semitic family which incudes Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, 1 Syriac, Akkadian and Phoenician (Al-Kauther, 2009, p. 7 ). The 420 million people who speak Arabic are spread throughout the world; however, the nation with the largest Arabic speaking population is Egypt with 82 million and the smallest is in Bahrain with 1.3 million. It is the national language of the twenty-two countries of the Arab world in the Middle East and North Africa—Algeria, Bahrain, the Comoros Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. One of the most widespread misconceptions about Arabs is that all Arabs are Muslims and all Muslims are Arabs—all Arabic countries have Islam as their main religion but there are Arab Christians and Jews. The word “Arab” is a linguistic term, not a religious one, that refers to a person who speaks Arabic as their first language. There are many non-Arab Muslim countries including Indonesia, with the largest Muslim population, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Tajikistan and Turkey. Arab countries enjoy diverse populations with different cultures, politics, history and dialects but formal Arabic plays a major role in connecting Arab cultures, backgrounds and activities. As with any other language, it acts to unite communities with different historical backgrounds, nationalism and ethnicity all over the world.
How to use this book The most effective way to use this book is to study each part of the lesson alone, as there is more than one point introduced in a chapter. Study the first section carefully and give yourself enough time to understand the information and practice. Later, review what you learned then move to the next section. I encourage you to be dedicated and not to wait too long between tackling sections and lessons. Learning a language is a skill that requires time and practice. All lessons have practice exercises including some which review materials covered earlier to help you practice what you learned. Do not be shy or confused when making mistakes; it is a sign that you are learning and approaching your goal. This book has detailed explanations and exercises on the important topics. All you have to do is work hard. As you continue, you’ll learn that there are three short vowels used in Arabic to make reading easier for the learner. It is important, however, to note that almost all books, magazines or newspapers written in Arabic do not use these vowels. They are only used in elementary classes and in religious works such as the Quran, the Bible and the Torah that are published in Arabic. In order to familiarize you with correct pronunciation and to help make learning and memorizing them easier, you will see vowels incorporated in the new vocabulary of every lesson and in the exercises of the first seven lessons. Beyond that, you will continue without vowels so you will be able to learn to pronounce words without them.
1
Al-Kauther. (March/April 2009). A Rasooli community newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.nuradeen.com/ archives/Al_Kauther_News_Letter.pdf
Introduction
9
Each chapter concludes with an opportunity to reflect upon what you have learned so you can better understand the things you need to practice. This will help you measure your progress. There are also opportunities to listen to downloadable audio so you can learn how to properly pronounce Arabic words and to better understand the dialogues presented in the practice lessons. One of the main objectives of this book is to raise awareness of Modern Standard Arabic. It is my hope that learners of Arabic who use this book will be able to better converse, write, read and otherwise communicate in Arabic and to comprehend what you hear and read in the Arabic language. Additionally, points of Arab culture are introduced in each lesson to present this culture from an Arab’s point of view rather than what might be shown in the media.
My advice • Start by reading, pronouncing and writing the alphabet. Do not move to the next step until you know the alphabet. After this, the following steps will be much easier. • Read and review each lesson carefully. • Memorize all the words presented before moving to the next lesson. • Relate the words you are learning to your daily life. Apply what you learned to your surroundings, friends and family. • Feel confident when you are speaking Arabic; try not to hesitate or pause between words. • Try to find a native Arabic speaker in your area and practice speaking with them. • Consistency is very important, so be dedicated and spend some learning time every day. • Listen to the new vocabulary as many times as you wish. • Use flashcards and look at them whenever you have time. • Work on making your learning experience pleasant and fun. • The best method to learn a language is practice. Please use the audio to practice as much as possible and compare your pronunciation to the native speaker’s pronunciation.
To access the online audio recordings and printable flash cards for this book: 1. Check that you have an Internet connection. 2. Type the following URL into your web browser. https://www.tuttlepublishing.com/arabic-for-beginners For support, you can email us at [email protected].
Lesson 1
ϰϟϭϷ ΓΪΣϮϟ The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System
ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ Al-logha al-arabiyah
Objectives: 1. Formal vs. Colloquial Arabic 2. The Arabic Writing System 3. Arabic Letters: • Consonants with English equivalents • Consonants with no English equivalent
4. Special Characteristic: Changing Shapes 5. Table of Arabic Letters
Formal vs. Colloquial Arabic Arabic is one of the world’s oldest languages. The Nabatean people who lived in what is now Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia developed the Arabic alphabet more than two thousand years ago. When the alphabet was first developed it had no dots and by the year 600 dots were added to some letters. Several forms of Arabic were developed through history. The first, and most historically significant, is Classical Arabic, the language of the Qur’an, the holy book of Islam. All Muslims, whether Arabs or not, must read some verses of the Qur’an in their five daily prayers. This is the main reason Classical Arabic is still a living language fourteen hundred years later. Many non-Arab Muslims teach their children Classical Arabic so that they are able to read the Qur’an and understand its teachings. Additionally, Classical Arabic is the language of the Hadith, the sayings of the Prophet Mohammed. Therefore, learning it helps people understand the teachings of Islam. Classical Arabic was the international language of scientific writing, administration, research and diplomacy throughout Islamic civilization from the seventh to 1 the twelfth centuries (Ryding, 2007, p. 3 ). Numerous books were translated into Classical Arabic during this era.
1
C. Ryding, Karin. (2007). A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Language Problems & Language Planning. 31. 10.1075/lplp.31.2.12ton.
12
Lesson 1
During the spread of Islam, Arabic became the major language in several regions. For example, in Spain you will find many areas with Arabic names such as the famous area alHamra, meaning “the red.” Other languages were influenced by Arabic such as Urdu and Farsi (Persian). As for English, there are many words that are adapted from Arabic such as admiral, alcohol, coffee, balsam, caliph, cipher, giraffe, guitar, lemon, algebra, etc. Why Modern Standard Arabic
Classical Arabic developed into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) which is currently used in print, literature, radio and TV shows, books, newspapers, magazines, official documents, businesses, conferences and street signs. Modern Standard Arabic is also the form taught at schools, colleges and universities in all Arab countries. Speaking Modern Standard Arabic makes it easier for people to communicate and avoid misunderstandings caused by differences in dialects. Learning Modern Standard Arabic opens doors throughout the Arab world. Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic are very similar with very few differences in vocabulary as both represent different cultures. From a linguistic point of view both are similar but not totally. Anyone who knows or speaks Modern Standard Arabic would have no difficulty in reading and comprehending Classical Arabic. This is why in this book we will be learning Modern Standard Arabic. It is also important to note that Arabic has borrowed words with Latin roots such as “bank” ϚϨΑ , “telephone” telefoun ϥϮϔϠΗ, “internet” internet ΖϧήΘϧ, “computers” combuters ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ and others. The last form of Arabic is colloquial Arabic, which can be called “Spoken Arabic” or the “Dialects of Arabic.” As with any dialect, some letters and words are pronounced differently in different countries and regions, as with British and American English, or in different areas within the same country such as in the Southern and Northern United States. In colloquial Arabic the vocabulary and styles are more casual. Like in all parts of the world, there is a difference between city and village dialects. Colloquial Arabic differs between countries, regions and even areas in the same country. However, there are five regional variations of colloquial Arabic. They are: • Egyptian—spoken in Egypt • Iraqi—spoken in Iraq • Levantine—spoken in Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Syria • North African—spoken in Tunisia, Libya, Morocco and Algeria • Gulf /Arabian—spoken in the Gulf countries of Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Yemen and Oman Egyptian, Iraqi, Levantine and Arabian Arabic are very similar and the various speakers understand each other very well. However, communicating with speakers of North African dialects can be a challenge. This may be due to the effect that the French occupation of North African Arab countries had on the language (other Arab countries were occupied by the
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)
13
British). North African dialects are very much affected by the French language. Additionally, while the spread of media like movies, films, television dramas and comedies throughout the Arab world made it easier to communicate, very little media originates from North African Arab countries. Learning Modern Standard Arabic makes it much easier to communicate in any Arabic dialect as it is the heart and soul of the Arabic language. Therefore, since all native speakers can understand Modern Standard Arabic, most Arabic language programs teach this form. Because of this, the learner will be culturally informed and will be able to communicate with Arabs throughout the Arabic-speaking world.
The Arabic Writing System There are 28 consonants in the Arabic alphabet and each letter has its own pronunciation. As in English each letter has a name that will be introduced. Our concentration is more on the Transliterations of the letters not on their names. Many Arabic letters have the same Transliteration as they do in English while nine letters do not have equivalency in English. There are several important distinguishing characteristics in Arabic: 1. Arabic is written from right to left. The same as in Persian (Farsi), Hebrew and Urdu. Therefore, when you write or read Arabic make sure to start from the right. 2. Arabic words always start with a consonant. 3. Vowels do not occur consecutively in a word. 4. The Arabic writing system is phonetic. Words are pronounced as they are written. If you do not hear the Transliteration, do not make up letters. This is different than in English. For example, in English you will find words such as “know,” with a silent “k.” These silent letters do not exist in Arabic. All the letters shown should be pronounced. 5. Arabic is written in a cursive script. Letters are connected to form words both in print and in handwriting. Unlike Latin writing where alphabets are connected only in cursive, there is no print in Arabic. However, there are six letters that can be connected to other letters from the right side only. That is, they are connected to letters that come before them but not after them. Therefore, they are called one way connecting letters. These letters are:
ϭ
ί
έ
wa
za
ra
Ϋ
Ω
Letter in Arabic
the
da
a
Transliterations
For example (remember to start from the right): (ba) ΎΑ = + Ώ while (ab) Ώ = Ώ +
14
Lesson 1
6. Some letters have the same shape and can be distinguished from each other by a dot over or under them. There are 18 different shapes with 28 different pronunciations. They are like twins or triplets and there are seven twins and two triplets in the Arabic alphabet. For example the letters Ώ Ι and Ε may look the same at first glance but they are different in the number and placement of dots that they have. They also have different pronunciations: Ι is pronounced “tha,” Ε is pronounced “ta,”and Ώ is pronounced “ba.” As a result of this, it is possible to divide letters into groups according to their shapes. But be careful when you do this. For example, some scholars might add the letter na ϥ to this group; however, if you look at the letter, na has a more circular shape than the others and when written falls a little under the line while Ε , Ώ and Ι are written on the line. Here are the triplets and twins of Arabic alphabets: 1.
Ι
Ε
Ώ
Transliterations
Tha
ta
ba
Υ
Ρ
Ν
kha
ha
ja
Ϋ
Ω
Tha (as in “the”)
da
4.
ί
έ
Transliterations
za
ra
5.
ε
α
Transliterations
sha
sa
ν
ι
Transliterations
dh
Emphatic sa
7.
υ
ρ
Emphatic tha
Emphatic ta
8.
ύ
ω
Transliterations
gh
ai
9.
ϕ
ϑ
Transliterations
qa
fa
2. Transliterations 3. Transliterations
6.
Transliterations
15
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)
Did you notice that the only difference between these letters is the dots they have? Each letter has its own Transliteration. For example, in English we connect two letters to get a Transliteration as in th, sh or ch. In Arabic each letter has its own Transliteration and connecting any two letters will not give you a different Transliteration, you just pronounce both. Another note is that s in English is pronounced as s and sometimes as z. In Arabic we have a letter for s and a different one for z and the pronunciation of a letter does not change. 7. The letter ˰ϫ ha is the only letter that may be written in five different forms—at the beginning of the word it is ˰ϫ , in the middle it may be written as ˰Ϭ˰ or while at the end it may be as Ϫ˰˰ or ϩ depending on what letter comes before it.
The Arabic Alphabet Among the 28 Arabic consonants, there are both consonants with an English equivalent and those without. That’s why it is very important to be comfortable with Arabic pronunciation before you advance. The Arabic alphabet is presented below. Study the Arabic letters and repeat the Transliterations a few times until you are comfortable. Mastering the Transliterations is very important as it is a base for learning Arabic. Keep in mind that changing the shape does not mean changing the Transliteration. Transliteration
Name of the letter in Arabic
Apple
A
Alif
Bee
B
Ba’a
Tea
T
Ta’a
Three
Th
Tha’a
J
Jeem
Hha
Ha
Ώ Ε Ι Ν Ρ
Kha’a
Υ Ω Ϋ
Sounds like the first letter in
Jam, judge No equivalence in English
Υ is pronounced “ch-ich” as in the German word “kochen” or in the Scottish word “loch.” It is pronounced when the back of the tongue hits the roof of the mouth. In some cultures, it might be used to say “yekh.”
No equivalence in English
Dad
D
Daal
There
TH (that)
Tha’a
Letter
16
Lesson 1
Sounds like the first letter in
Transliteration
Name of the letter in Arabic
Ray (Transliterations as in the Spanish pero)
R
Ra’a
Zoo
Z
Zain
Sam (Soft s)
S
Seen
SH
Sheen
Almost as the Transliteration of s in sod
Like emphatic S
Saad
Almost as the Transliteration of the first D in Dumb
Like emphatic D
Dad
Almost as the Transliteration of T in Todd
Like emphatic T
Ta
Like emphatic th
Dha
Shelter
No equivalence in English
Letter
έ ί α ε ι ν ρ υ ω
No equivalence in English No equivalence in English, almost as gh
Ghain
ύ
F
Fa
No equivalence in English
Qaf
Keep
K
Kaf
Let
L
Lam
Moon
M
Meem
No
N
Noon
ϑ ϕ ϙ ϝ ϡ ϥ
Hat
H
Ha
We
W
Waw
Yam
Y
Ya
No equivalence in English Pronounced as in the French Gr as in Maigret, or the German rot. The letter ύ is similar to the noise you make when you gargle. Fat A bit similar to the Transliteration of the C in cot
Ain
˰ϫ ϭ ϱ
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)
17
Writing the Arabic Alphabet In this section, you will be introduced to and practice how to correctly write Arabic letters. Please note that as in all Arabic texts you will be writing from right to left. As you know by now, there are 28 letters in the Arabic alphabet. Six of these are one-way connectors, that is, they are connected to the letter coming before it but not with the ones after it. Each letter has its own shape at the beginning, middle and end of a word. Some letters have a dot on top or underneath. So you can become better acquainted with the Arabic alphabet, first write the letters below and then add the dots accordingly. Alif End
Middle
΄˰˰
Ύ˰˰
1
Beginning
1
1
Letter
Note: Alif is one of the six one-way connecting letters; it is not connected to the letter that comes after it. Ba’a End
Middle
ΐ˰ 2
˰Β˰
1
Beginning
˰Α
1
1
Letter
Ώ
Note: Ba’a and the following letters Ta’a and Tha’a are almost the same. The only difference is in the dots. The full form, as seen in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of the word and comes after a one-way connector letter. Ta’a End
Ζ˰
1
Middle
Beginning
Letter
˰Θ˰
˰Η
Ε
1
1
Tha’a End
Κ˰˰
1
Middle
Beginning
Letter
˰Μ˰˰
˰˰Λ
Ι
1
1
18
Lesson 1 Jeem End 2
Middle
Ξ˰˰
3
1
Beginning
˰˰Ο
˰˰Π˰˰ 2
3
1
1
2
Letter
Ν
Note: Jeem and the following letters Ha and Kha’a are almost the same. The only difference is in the dots. The full form, as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Ha End 2
˰˰
3
1
Middle
Beginning
Letter
˰˰Τ˰˰
˰˰Σ
Ρ
Beginning
Letter
2
3
1
2
1
Kha’a End
Middle
2
2
Φ˰˰ 1
3
1
˰˰Ψ˰˰ 3
1
˰˰Χ
Υ
Beginning
Letter
2
Daal End
Middle
2
ά˰˰
3
1
2 1
ά˰˰
3
Ϋ
Ϋ
1
Note: Daal and the next letter, Thal are one-way connector letters, the same as Alif. They are not connected to the letter that comes after it. They are written on top of the line. Thal End
Middle
2 3
Ϊ˰˰
Beginning 1
2 1
Ϊ˰˰
3
1
Letter
Ω
Ω
Beginning
Letter
Ra’a End
ή˰˰
Middle
2
ή˰˰
2 1
1
έ
1
έ
Note: Ra’a and the next letter, Zain, are one-way connector letters, the same as Alif. They are not connected to the letter that comes after it. They start at the top of the line and goes under the line.
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)
19
Zain End
ΰ˰˰
Middle
ΰ˰˰
2
Beginning
ί
2 1
1
Letter
ί
1
Seen End 3
Middle
β˰˰ 2
1
˰˰δ˰˰ 3 2
Beginning
Letter
˰˰γ
α
3 2 1
1
Note: Seen and the next letter Sheen are almost the same. The only difference is in the dots. At the beginning and middle of the word, they stay on the line. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Sheen End 3
Middle
ζ˰˰ 2
1
˰˰θ˰˰ 3 2
Beginning
Letter
˰˰η
ε
Beginning
Letter
3 2 1
1
Saad End
Middle
2
κ˰˰ 1
3
2
1
˰˰λ
˰˰μ˰˰
3
1
3
2
ι
Note: Saad and the next letter, Dad, are almost the same. The only difference is the dots. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Dad End
Middle
2
Beginning
2
ξ˰˰
˰˰π˰˰
End
Middle
3
1
1
˰˰ο 3
1
3
2
Letter
ν
Ta 2
˰˰τ˰˰ 4
3
1
2
˰˰τ˰˰ 4
3
1
Beginning 1
˰˰ρ 3
2
Letter
˰ρ
Note: Ta and the next letter, Dha are almost the same. The only difference is the dots. The full form in the first column is written when on the line all the times.
20
Lesson 1 Dha End
Middle
2
˰˰ψ˰˰ 4
3
1
Beginning
2
˰˰ψ˰˰ 4
3
1
˰˰υ
2
˰υ
Beginning
Letter
3
1
Letter
Ain End
Middle 2
2
3
ϊ˰˰
1
˰˰˰ό˰˰ 3
1
˰˰ϋ
1
2
ω
Note: Ain and and the next letter, Ghain, are almost the same. The only difference is the dots. At the beginning and middle of the word, it is written on the line. The full form, as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. Ghain End
Middle
3
ώ˰˰
Beginning
2
2
1
˰˰˰ϐ˰˰ 3
1
1
Letter
˰˰Ϗ
ύ
Beginning
Letter
3
2
Fa End
ϒ˰˰
Middle 2
2
3
1
˰˰ϔ˰˰ 3
1
1
˰˰ϓ
ϑ
Beginning
Letter
2
Note: Fa and is written on the line all the times. Qaf End
Middle
3
ϖ˰˰
2
2
2
1
˰˰Ϙ˰˰ 3
1
˰˰ϗ 3
ϕ
Note: Qaf is written on the line at the beginning and middle of the word. The full form as in the first column is written, when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter.
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)
21
Kaf End
Middle 2
3
Ϛ˰˰
2
Beginning
1
3
˰˰Ϝ˰˰
˰˰ϛ
2 3
1
1
Letter
ϙ
Note: Kaf is written on the line all the times. Lam End 2
Ϟ˰˰
Middle
Beginning
2
1
˰˰Ϡ˰˰
1
2
1
˰˰ϟ
Letter
ϝ
Note: Lam is written on the line at the beginning and middle of the word. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. It starts over the line and then goes under it. Meem End
Middle
2
Ϣ˰˰
3
Beginning
2
1
˰˰Ϥ˰˰
˰˰ϣ 2
1
1
Letter
ϡ
Note: Meem is on the line at the beginning and middle of the word. The full form in the first column is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. It starts over the line and then goes under it. Noon End 3
Ϧ˰˰
2
Middle
1
1
3
˰˰Ϩ˰˰ 2
Beginning
1
2
˰˰ϧ
Letter
ϥ
Note: Noon is written on the line at the beginning and middle of a word. The full form as in the first column, is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. It starts over the line and then goes under it.
22
Lesson 1 Ha End 2
Middle
Beginning 1
2
Ϫ˰˰
4
1
˰˰Ϭ˰˰ 3
Letter
1
˰ϫ
˰˰ϫ
2
Note: Ha has different shapes. Pay attention to how it is written at the beginning. In the middle of a word it looks like 8 while at the end of a word it looks a little like 9. It stays on the line at the beginning and end of a word. Waw End
Middle
2
Ϯ˰˰˰
Beginning
2
1
Ϯ˰˰
1
Letter
1
2
ϭ
ϭ
Note: Waw is the last one-way connector letter, the same as in Alif. It is not connected to the letter that comes after it. It starts at the top of the line and then goes under it. Ya End
2
Middle
ϲ˰˰ 3
˰˰ϴ˰˰
Beginning
Letter
˰˰ϳ
ϱ
2
1
3
1
2
1
Note: Ya has two forms. At the beginning and middle of the word, it stays on the line, and is the same as Ba’a but with two dots underneath it. The full form starts on top of the line, goes under it and then goes back up again. The full form as in the first column is written when it lies at the end of a word or comes after a one-way connector letter. 1.1. Practice Now repeat the words you hear to practice the letter ύ: Meaning
Transliteration
West
Gharb
Cover
Ghamara
Formed
Sagha
Word
ΏήϏ ήϤϏ ύΎλ
Meaning
Transliteration
Clouds
Ghoyoom
Small
Sagheer
Stupid
Aghbiyaa
Word
ϡϮϴϏ ήϴϐλ ˯ΎϴΒϏ
23
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah)
1.2. Practice Circle the words that have the letter ρ :
ΓέΫ βϠΑήρ ΝίΎρ
ϢρΎϤρ ήϤΗ βϧϮΗ ήτϗ
3. 6. 9.
ΔΟέΩ ήΎρ ϥΎτϴη ΡΎϔΗ
2. 5. 8. 11.
1. 4. 7. 10.
1.3. Practice Read these examples of words with the letter Υ:
ΔϤΨΗ – ίΎ˷ΒΧ – ϱϭΎΧ – έϮΧ – ϞϴΨΑ – ΰΒΨϣ – ΥϮΧ – ήϴΒΧ By now you should have mastered all the twenty-eight letters of the Arabic alphabet. 1.4. Practice
I am sure that you noticed that there are some similarities between Transliterations of letters that might be a little confusing for the non-native speaker of the language at the beginning. To clarify the Transliteration differences between these letters, study the following table. Read the following letters and make sure you can tell the difference in your pronunciation between each two letters, then listen to see how well you did:
ρ ν υ ˰ϫ
Ε Ω Ϋ Ρ
ϙ ι ω Ϋ
ϕ α Ι
1.5. Practice Read the following words and make sure to note the difference in pronunciation of the first letter of the word:
έΎλ – έΎγ ϖϴϓέ – ϖϳήϓ ήϣΎγ – ήϤγ
3. 6. 9.
Ϊ˷ λ – Ϊγ Ϊϫ – ΪΣ ΥϮδϓ – ϑϮδΧ ˯ΎπϴΑ – ˯ΪϴΑ
2. 5. 8. 11.
Ώήο – ΏέΩ ϡήϫ – ϡήΣ ϑήΧ – Υήϓ ϑήμϳ – ϑήδϳ
1. 4. 7. 10.
24
Lesson 1
1.6. Practice Now listen and circle the letter you hear:
˰ϫ – Ρ ϕ-ϙ
ν–Ϋ ˰υ - ˰ο Ϋ-Ι
3. 6.
Ϋ–Ω ι–α –ω
2. 5. 8.
1. 4. 7.
Special characteristic: Changing shapes Look at the table to see how the letter changes its shape at the beginning, middle and end of the word: End
Middle/end Separated
Middle Connected
Beginning
Transliteration
Letter
Ύ˰
Ώ Ε Ι Ν Ρ Υ Ω Ϋ έ ί α ε ι ν ˰ρ ˰υ ω
Ύ˰˰ ˰Β˰ ˰Θ˰ ˰Μ˰ ˰˰Π˰˰ ˰Τ˰ ˰Ψ˰ Ϊ˰ ά˰ ή˰ ΰ˰ ˰δ˰ ˰θ˰ ˰μ˰ ˰π˰ ˰τ˰ ˰ψ˰ ˰ό˰
˰Α ˰Η ˰Λ ˰Ο ˰Σ ˰Χ Ω Ϋ έ ί ˰γ ˰η ˰λ ˰ο ˰ρ ˰υ ˰ϋ
A
Ώ Ε Ι Ν Ρ Υ Ω Ϋ έ ί α ε ι ν ˰ρ ˰υ ω
ΐ˰ Ζ˰ Κ˰ Ξ˰ ˰ Φ˰ Ϊ˰ ά˰ ή˰ ΰ˰ β˰ ζ˰ κ˰ ξ˰ ˰τ˰ ˰ψ˰ ϊ˰
Ba Ta Tha (thin) Ja Ha Kha Da Tha (the) Ra Za Sa Sha Sa (sod) Dha Ta Tha Ai’
25
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah) End
Middle/end Separated
Middle Connected
Beginning
Transliteration
Letter
ώ˰
ύ ϑ ϕ ϙ ϝ ϡ ϥ ˰˰ϫ ϭ ϱ
˰ϐ˰ ˰ϔ˰ ˰Ϙ˰ ˰Ϝ˰ ˰Ϡ˰ ˰Ϥ˰ ˰Ϩ˰ ˰Ϭ˰ Ϯ˰ ˰ϴ˰
˰Ϗ ˰ϓ ˰ϗ ˰ϛ ˰ϟ ˰ϣ ˰ϧ ˰ϫ ϭ ˰ϳ
Gha
ύ ϑ ϕ ϙ ϝ ϡ ϥ ˰˰ϫ ϭ ϱ
ϒ˰ ϖ˰ Ϛ˰ Ϟ˰˰ Ϣ˰˰˰ Ϧ˰ Ϫ˰ Ϯ˰ ϲ˰
Fa Qa Ka La Ma Na Ha Wa Ya
Note: Each letter has its own shape at the beginning, middle and end of the word. Most letters are recognized very easily in their different forms. Note that the letters Υ– Ρ– Ν– ύ and ω– ν and ι – ε and α – ϕ – ϝ – ϥ lose their tails at the beginning and middle of the word but they keep it when they fall at the end of the word. Some examples are provided later in this lesson. Each group is written the same and differ in their Transliteration and the dot they have. Note that Ω and Ϋ are written on the line while έ and ί fall under the line. The same applies to ϑ and ϕ . They look the same especially at the beginning and middle of the word but ϕ is rounder at the end of the word and it falls below the line. 1.7. Practice Look at each letter, read it and write it twice: End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
΄˰˰
Ύ˰˰
Ζ˰
˰Θ˰
˰Η
Ε
ΐ˰
˰Β˰
˰Α
Ώ
Κ˰˰
˰Μ˰˰
˰˰Λ
Ι
26
Lesson 1 End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
Ξ˰˰
˰˰Π˰˰
˰˰Ο
Ν
˰˰
˰˰Τ˰˰
˰˰Σ
Φ˰˰
˰˰Ψ˰˰
Ϊ˰˰
End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
ξ˰˰ ˰˰π˰˰
˰˰ο
ν
Ρ
˰˰τ˰˰
˰˰τ˰˰
˰˰ρ
˰ρ
˰˰Χ
Υ
˰˰ψ˰˰
˰˰ψ˰˰
˰˰υ
˰˰υ
Ϊ˰˰
Ω
Ω
ϊ˰˰
˰˰˰ό˰˰
˰˰ϋ
ω
ή˰˰
ή˰˰
έ
έ
ώ˰˰
˰˰ϐ˰˰
˰˰Ϗ
ύ
ΰ˰˰
ΰ˰˰
ί
ί
ϒ˰˰
˰˰ϔ˰˰
˰˰ϓ
ϑ
β˰˰
˰˰δ˰˰
˰˰γ
α
ϖ˰˰
˰˰Ϙ˰˰
˰˰ϗ
ϕ
ζ˰˰
˰˰θ˰˰
˰˰η
ε
Ϛ˰˰
˰˰Ϝ˰˰
˰˰ϛ
ϙ
κ˰˰ ˰˰μ˰˰
˰˰λ
ι
Ϟ˰˰
˰˰Ϡ˰˰
˰˰ϟ
ϝ
27
The Arabic Language, Alphabet and Writing System (Al-logha al-arabiyah) End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
End
Middle
Beginning
Letter
Ϣ˰˰
˰˰Ϥ˰˰
˰˰ϣ
ϡ
Ϯ˰˰˰
Ϯ˰˰
ϭ
ϭ
Ϧ˰˰
˰˰Ϩ˰˰
˰˰ϧ
ϥ
ϲ˰˰
˰˰ϴ˰˰
˰˰ϳ
ϱ
Ϫ˰˰
˰˰Ϭ˰˰
˰˰ϫ
˰˰ϫ
1.8. Read then write
ήτγ : Ώήρ : ΝήΧ : ΎϜϳήϣ : Ϟϴϓ :
Δηήϓ : Ϊγ :ΓέΎϴδϟ : ήϓΎγ :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 9. 10.
28
Lesson 1
1.9. Practice Connect the letters to form a word then read it:
= = = = = = = = = =
έ+ϭ+Ώ+ι ϝ++ϝ+Ν ϥ + + ϙ +έ + Ώ έ +ϱ + Ϋ + Ώ + Ε ϝ+Ν+α+ϡ ϥ+ϭ+ϡ+ϝ+α+ϡ Γ+Ώ+ϝ++ρ Ώ+ϭ+έ+Ρ έ+ϱ+Ω+ι+Ε Ώ++ϝ+ϙ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
1.10. Practice Listen to the words and repeat, there will be a pause after each word to give you a chance to repeat. Make sure to differentiate between the similar letters:
ϝϼο – ϝϻΩ έΎϴΗ – έΎϴρ ϮψΤϳ – ϭάΤϳ ωΎη – ˯Ύη ΩΎϛ – ΩΎϗ
3. 6. 9. 12. 15.
Reflection: 1. In this Lesson I learned:
2. I have some trouble with:
3. I need to learn more about:
ϝ˷ Ω – ΐο ήΘγ – ήτγ ΑΎλ – ΑΎγ ήϴδϋ – ήϴγ ΓήϘϓ – ΓήϜϓ
2. 5. 8. 11. 14.
ϝΎο – ϝΩ ΐρέ – ΐΗέ ήϴμϳ – ήϴδϳ ήψΣ – ήπΣ ϯέ – ϰϋέ
1. 4. 7. 10. 13.
Lesson 2
ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Arabic Culture
ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϓΎϘΜϟ Althaqafa al-Arabiya
Objectives: 1. Long and Short Vowels: • Alif and Fat-ha • Waw and Dhamma • Ya and Kasra
2. Shaddah or Double consonants 3. Culture: Identifying Yourself and Others 4. Shaking Hands
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Word
Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϡ˵ ϼδϟ ϡ˸ ϼδϟ Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϭ˴ ˱ ΎΒΣ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ ˱ϼϫ˸ ή˸ϴΨ˴ ϟ Ρ˵ ΎΒλ ˴
Peace be upon you
Assalamu Alaikum
And on you be peace
Wa alikum assalam
Hello
Marhaba
Welcome and hi
Ahlan
Good morning
Sabah al-kair
Exact meaning: Morning of lights (it means: good morning to you too)
Sabah anoor
Good evening
Masaa alkhair
ή˸ϴΨ˴ ϟ ˯˵ Ύδϣ˴
Evening of lights (means good evening to you too)
Masaa anoor
έϮϨϟ ˯˵ Ύδϣ˴
My name
Ismee
Your name
Ismoka
έϮϨϟ Ρ˵ ΎΒλ ˴
ϲϤ˸γ· Ϛ ˴ Ϥ˵ γ˸ ·
30
Lesson 2 Meaning
Transliteration
I am honored – pleased to meet you
Tasharafna
What
Ma
How
Kayfa
Your situation
Haloka
Thank God
Al-hamdulillah
I
Ana
You (masculine)
Anta
You (feminine)
Anti
Good
Bikhair
And
Wa
See you soon – looking forward to seeing you
Ila aliqa
Goodbye or go with peace
Ma’ assalama
Pen
Qalam
Table
Tawela
City
Madina
Street
Shari’
Teacher
Ostath
Go
Thahaba
To
Fi
Word
ΎϨϓ˸ ή͉ θ˴ ˴Η Ύϣ ϒ˸ϴϛ˴ ˸ Σ˴ ϚϟΎ ͿΪ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ Ύϧ ˴ ϧ˸ Ζ Ζ ˶ ϧ˸ ˴ ή˸ϴΨ˴ ˶Α ϭ˴ ˯ΎϘ ˸ ˶Ϡϟ ϰϟ· Δϣϼδϟ ϊϣ˴ Ϣ˸ ˴Ϡ˴ϗ ΔϟϭΎρ ˶ Δ˴ϨϳΪϣ˴ ω˸ έΎη ˶ ˸ γ˵ ΫΎΘ˸ ΐ ˴ ˴ϫΫ˴ ϲϓ
Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)
31
Culture: Identifying Yourself and Others
High-context and Low-context Culture Both Arab and American cultures have their own distinctive features. Although American culture is a melting pot of diverse cultures, with variations across the fifty states, the term “American culture” represents structures acknowledged by intercultural scholars such as Stewart in 1972 and 1989. These characteristics are widespread and prevalent in the media and public communication. In this section, we will examine one main variance between Arab and American cultures in communication and usage of language by discussing the concept of high-context and low-context cultures. The difference between high- and low-context cultures depends on 1 how much meaning is initiated in the context. Hall (1990 ) states that meaning and context are “inextricably bound up with each other” (p. 18). He added that “most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message” (p. 18). Arab culture is a high-context culture. This means that the listener must understand contextual indications or signals to comprehend the full message presented. In other words, it is the listeners’ job to understand what has been said. Henle (1962) stated that the listener needs to “go to considerable lengths to make sense of 2 an oral message” (p. 371 ). Consequently, the auditors play a significant role in constructing meaning. Gold (1988) agreed, stating that “the audience cooperates with the speaker by trying 3 to understand the meaning or ‘gist’ rather than the actual content” (p. 170 ). Thus, listeners are active partners. Hall summarized the difference between low- and high-context culture when he wrote: “People raised in high-context systems expect more from others than do the participants in low-context systems. When talking about something that they have on their minds, a high-context individual will expect his interlocutor to know what’s bothering him, so that he doesn’t have to be specific. The result is that he will talk around and around the point, in effect putting all the pieces in place except the crucial one. Placing it properly—this keystone—is the role of his interlocutor.” (1976, p. 98) For example, an Arab visitor would say, “I am thirsty,” and it is the host’s job to get some water for the visitor. Another example is if an Arab needs to borrow money from a friend, he would talk about how difficult life is, describe the situations he faces and gives a few examples of the hardships in his life. It is the listener’s job to interpret the message as a loan request or a need for a financial support. Therefore, if the listener has the money, he should offer it to his friend or say, “let me see what I can do.” Then he will offer him the money or talk to a mutual friend to support and arrange the amount he needs. 1 2 3
Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R., 1990. Understanding Cultural Differences: German, French and Americans, Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press. Henle, M. (1962). On the relations between logic and thinking. Psychological Review, 69, 366-378. Gold, E. (1988). Ronald Reagan and the oral tradition. Central States Speech Journal, 39, 159-176.
32
Lesson 2
Another example for high-context culture is when a speaker asks an Arab for help. Instead of saying “No” or “Sorry, I can’t help you,” the Arab will often say, “I will try” or “Let me look around to see how I can help” regardless of how difficult or even impossible it may be to help. After several times of saying “Not yet” or “I am still checking,” the person who asked for help would know that the real response is no. The friendship will remain intact as long as there was not a direct refusal. Additionally, it is also common to respond to yes-and-no questions, such as “Do you understand?” with a yes. Arabs feel it is impolite to say no, which would require the speaker to explain things again or make the speaker feel that he is not being clear. Saying no also could be interpreted as a sign of unhappiness or a desire to end a conversation or relationship. In contrast, low-context American culture assigns more meaning to the actual words and language used rather than the context. American communication is clear, direct, analytical and 4 to the point (Ting-Toomey , 1985). In low-context culture, it is the speaker’s role to convey the meaning accurately and methodically with no need of the participation of the listener. Other scholars have used the terms direct versus indirect to distinguish between Arab and 5 American communications to describe this difference. Levine (1985 ) stated that there are many common expressions used in American culture reflecting direct and clear communication. Some of these expressions include “What do you mean,” “Be specific,” “Don't beat around the bush,” and “Get to the point” (p. 29). Arabs, however, do not have such direct expressions in their communications. For example, criticism of an Arab requires an indirect approach that might include some positive comments in addition to criticism. On the other hand, Arabs tend to express their feelings and emotions in what might look to the Western eye like a forceful and exaggerated fashion. Arabs in turn often feel that Westerners are cold people. For example, friends may shout and scream at each other when angry, but they also hug and kiss on the cheeks when they miss each other. Likewise, the Arab response to death includes much screaming, weeping and loud wailing. Another example is that when parents are mad at their children, they loudly express their feelings. However, children do not yell back; they just listen and sit still. For Americans, this might be considered abusive. For Arabs it is seen as normal parenting as all parents love their children and work hard to give them everything they can. So, it is necessary to study the differences between cultures without being judgmental. Nevertheless, many people have an unconscious tendency to view cultural variances as undesirable 6 and negative compared with one’s own culture (Zaharna, 2016 ). We need to absorb differences and deal with them as differences only rather than professing them as right or wrong. Shaking Hands
The most common greeting in the Arab world is Assalamu Alaikum meaning “Peace be upon 4 5 6
Ting-Toomey, S. (1985). Toward a theory of conflict and culture. In W. Gudykunst, L. Stewart & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds.), Communication, culture and organizational processes. Beverly Hills: Sage. Levine, D. (1985). The flight from ambiguity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Zaharna, R. 1995, Bridging Cultural Differences: American Public Relations Practices & Arab Communication Patterns Public Relation Review, 21 (1995), P. 241-255
Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)
33
you.” The response is wa Alaikum Assalam which is “and upon you be peace.” When Arabs meet each other, they shake hands using the right hand with a smile and say Assalamu Alaikum. Once a relationship is developed, then men would kiss other men on the cheeks while women would kiss other women on the cheeks. Men do not kiss women and vice versa. In greetings between men and women, a smile and saying Assalamu Alaikum is enough. Men do not extend their hands to shake unless the women do it first. Some women do not shake hands with men, so a man should wait and see. If the woman does not extend her hand, then he will bow his head in greeting while putting his right hand on his chest. Assalamu Alaikum may be used when entering or leaving the house. It might be considered rude not to say it even if it meant to interrupt people’s conversation Another popular greeting that can be used anytime is: marhaba ΎΒΣήϣ meaning “Hello,” and the response is ahlan ϼϫ meaning “Welcome” it is like Hi and Hello in English. Both Assalamu Alaikum and Marhaba can be used for one person or a group of people. After greeting, it is polite to ask, “how are you” that is “ ˮϚϟΎΣ ϒϴϛ.” Some people might consider it rude not to ask. The common response is to say alhamdulillah, that is “thank God,” but the intended meaning is “I am well.” Later, after a relation is built, after saying alhamdulillah you may talk about your current situation, complain or criticize things. When entering a social function, the visitor is to start from the person on his/her right and start shaking hands with all attendees and kissing on the cheeks those whom he knew. Just saying Hi or Salam and going inside is considered rude and gives the feeling that you do not care about the people in the room. In short, when meeting an Arab, it is a good idea to greet, introduce yourself and say goodbye. Short Vowels
Usually, vowels are not written in Arabic books except for the first few years of elementary schools and in religious book as the Qur’an and Bible. Vowels are important for the first level of Arabic, so students can read better and comprehend words easier. Hence, in this book, all new vocabulary is introduced with short vowels to make it easier to read. Additionally, the first seven lessons have all readings and exercises written with vowels. At this stage, you should be used to reading Arabic words, and therefore the vowels will not be written. The reader must guess the Transliterations while reading and pronouncing words. I am sure, this will be appreciated as you will be able to read words as they appear. Arabic has three short vowels and they give a Transliteration to the letter. These Transliterations are not considered letters and when written, they appear as signs on or under the letter. They are: 1. Fat-ha: has the Transliteration of a as in “at.” It is written on the top of the letter and looks like .
Ժ
34
Lesson 2
2. Kasra: has the Transliteration of e in the word “bit” and it is written under the letter and looks like (as in Ϊ˴ϴ˶Α “bit”). 3. Dhamma: has the Transliteration of o as in “foot.” It is written on top of the letter and it looks like .
˶
Again, fat-ha and dhamma are written on top of the letter while kasra is written under it. 2.1. Practice
Read each letter of the alphabets with fat-ha, dhamma and kasra. To make it easier to recognize, here is a table of Arabic alphabets with short vowels with some examples of how they sound in English. They are arranged to have fat-ha, dhamma and kasra: Example of Arabic words
ϝΎϤΟ˴ ΎΤ˵Ο ϝΎϤ˶˰Ο
jamal jam joha job jimal Jesus
ΪϤΣ˴ hamad Ϧϴδ˵Σ hoseen έΎϤ˶˰Σ himar ΪϟΎΧ ΩϮϠΧ ϡΎΘ˶˰Χ
Sounds like the first letter of
khalid kholood
No equivalent in English
No equivalent in English
khitam
έΩ dar ΎϴϧΩ˵ donya ϚϳΩ˶ deek
dad door dip
Arabic letters
Example of Arabic words
˴ ˰Ο ˵ ˰Ο ˶˰Ο
Ϟϣ ϲϣ˵ ΩΎϳ˶·
Sounds like the first letter of
Arabic letters
amal at
˴
omee on
˵
Iyad in
˶·
˴ ˰Σ ˵ ˰Σ ˶˰Σ
ϢγΎΑ basim ΔϨϴΜ˵Α bothayna Ϊ˴ϴ˶Α biyad
˴ ˰Χ ˵ ˰Χ ˶˰Χ
ϢϤϴ˴Η tayamam βϧϮΗ toonis ϚϠ˶Η tilka
Ω˴ Ω˵ Ω˶
ΏϮ˴Λ Thawb ΕϮΒ˵Λ thoboot έΎϤ˶Λ thimar
bat bush bit tab to T-shirt thank thorn think
Ώ ˴ ˵Ώ Ώ ˶ ˴ Ε ˵ Ε Ώ ˶ ˴ Ι ˵ Ι Ι ˶
35
Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya) Example of Arabic words
έΎο dhar ˴ έϮϤο dhomoor έή˶˰ο dherar ή˴ ˴ϔ˴υ thafara ϢϠ˵υ tholm ˯ΎΒ˶˰υ thiba ϝ˴ Ϊ˴ ϋ˴ ήϤ˴ ϋ˵ ΩΎϤ˶˰ϋ
adala omar
˴ ˴Θ˴ϓ fataha ΩΆ˵ϓ foad έΩΎ˴ϗ ϥϭή˵ϗ ϡΎϴ˶ϗ
No equivalent in English
No equivalent in English
No equivalent in English
emad
έ˴ Ω˴ ΎϏ ghadara ϡϮϴϏ˵ ghoyoom έΎϤϏ˶ ghimar
ϝΎϳή˶ϓ
Sounds like the first letter of
No equivalent in English
fat full
firyal feed qader qoroon qiyam
No equivalent in English
Arabic letters
Example of Arabic words
˴ ˰ο ˵ ˰ο ˶˰ο
ΐϫΫ˴ thahaba ΓέΫ˵ thora ήϛΫ˶ thikr
˴ ˰υ ˵ ˰υ ˶˰υ
Δοϭέ˴ rawdha ϰΑ˵έ roba ϡΎϫέ˶ riham
˴ ˰ϋ ˵ ˰ϋ ˶˰ϋ
ΓΎϛί˴ zaka ήϴϫί˵ zoheer
˴ ˰Ϗ ˵ ˰Ϗ ˰Ϗ
ήϤγ˴ ήϴϬ˵γ ϡΎϬ˶˰γ
˴ ˰ϓ ˵ ˰ϓ ˰ϓ
ή˴ Ϝ˴ η˴ ήϜη˵ ΏΎϬ˶˰η
˴ ˰ϗ ˵ ˰ϗ ˰ϗ
Ω˴ Ύλ ˴ ˲ έϮ˴ λ ϡΎϴ˶˰λ
Ϧϳί˶
Sounds like the first letter of
the though this ran room red
Arabic letters
Ϋ˴ Ϋ˵ Ϋ˶ έ˴ έ˵ έ˶
zoo
ί˴ ί˵
zain zip
ί˶
Zak
samar Sam sohair so siham sim shakara Shall shokran shore shihab shell sada sowar siyam
No equivalent in English
˴ ˰γ ˵ ˰γ ˶˰γ ˴ ˰η ˵ ˰η ˶˰η ˴ ˰λ έϮ˴ λ ˵ ˶˰λ
36
Lesson 2 Example of Arabic words
˯ϻϭ˴ walaa Ϊ˴ ϟϭ˵ wolida Δϳϻϭ˶ welayah ΔϳΪ˴ϫ hadiya ϯΪ˵ϫ hoda ϡΎϴ˶˰ϫ hiyam αϭΪ˴ϳ ϯήδ˵ϳ ϪϴϠϳ
Sounds like the first letter of
Washington wool went hat hood him
yadoos yahoo yosra you yet
Arabic letters
ϭ˴ ϭ˵ ϭ˶
Example of Arabic words
ϝΎϤϛ˴ ϝϮϬϛ˵ ΡΎϔϛ˶
Sounds like the first letter of
kamal cat kohool cumulative kifah keen
˴ ˰ϫ ˵ ˰ϫ ˶˰ϫ
ϰϠϴ˴ϟ Layla ϱΆ˵ϟ loay ϲ˶ϟ lee
˴ ˰ϳ ˵ ˰ϳ ˰ϳ
ήϫΎψϣ mathaher ήϴϨϣ˵ moneer ΩΎόϴ˶˰ϣ mi-aad ή˴ μ ˴ ϧ nasara ϥϮϧ noon ΔϳΎϬ˶ϧ nihaya
Arabic letters
˴ ˰ϛ ˵ ˰ϛ ˰ϛ ϝ˴ ϝ˵ ϝ˶
lamp lonely lentils mad moon miss
˴ ˰ϣ ˵ ˰ϣ ˶˰ϣ ϥ˴ ϥ˵ ϥ˶
na nomad near
2.2. Practice Read the following words with their vowels:
Ϊϫ˶ Ύη˲ ˵ΐό˴ Ϡ˸ ˴ϳ ˵Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ
3. 6. 9.
ϊ˴ Ϥ˶ γ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ ˲ΔΤ˴ ϔ˸ λ ˴
2. 5. 8.
Ϟ˴ λ ˴ ϭ˴ ωϮ˵Βγ˲ ϲ˰Ϥγ·
1. 4. 7.
Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)
Would you please help? Momken an tosa’edini?
37
Yes, what do you need? Naam, matha toreedeen?
Where can I find the gym? Ayna ajid salat arriyada?
Walk straight, then go right on the first street. It’s there. Imshee ila alamam, thomma ila alyameen fee awal share’.
Good. Thank you. Hasanan shokran laki.
You are welcome. Ahlan wa sahlan.
38
Lesson 2
Long Vowels
To make the letter have a long vowel, we add another letter to it. There are three long letters that may be considered as long vowels and they give the letter before them a Transliteration of long vowel. They are: 1. ϭ Transliterations as oo in “moon” and “root.” 2. ϱ Transliterations as ee in “heat” and “meet.” 3. Transliterations as a in “hat” and “cat.” They are a little similar to short vowels but are pronounced with long vowels. The same as in: “fit” and “feet,” “foot” and “food,” “attorney” and “mat.” Now listen to the difference between long and short vowels: Transliteration
baa daa zoo joo fee see
Long Vowel
ΎΑ Ω ϭί ϮΟ ϲϓ ϲγ
Transliteration
Short Vowel
Letter
Ώ ˴ Ω˴ ί˵ Ν˵ ϑ ˶ α ˶
Ώ Ω ί Ν ϑ α
ba da zo jo fi si
The long vowels are also called weak letters because when conjugating a word with one of these letters in the middle, they can be changed to a different letter. For example: when we change ϥΎϛ from past to present tense, it would change to ϥϮϜϳ. The other 25 letters would never change so they are called Transliteration letters. 2.3. Practice Read the following words using the vowels shown:
έϭί – έί˵ έά˴ϧ – έ˴ ά˴ ˴ϧ
2. 4.
Ϊ˸ ϳή˴Α – Ω˸ ή˴Α ϥΩ – ϦϳΩ˶ Ϊϳΰϳ – Ω˸ ΰ˶ ˴ϳ
1. 3. 5.
Double consonants or Shaddah
˴ on top of it. Shaddah is not In Arabic, doubling a letter is indicated by writing a shaddah ΓΪ˷ η a letter, it is only a symbol written on the letter. This means letters with shaddah on top of
Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)
39
them should be pronounced with a stress. The fat-ha and dhamma are written on top of the shaddah while the kasra is written under the shaddah. They would look like this: and , . Meaning
Transliteration
Announce something via media
Bath-tha
Teacher
Moddaris
School
Kottab
To return something
Rajja’a
Got married
Tazzawaja
Word
͉ ΚΑ αέΪ͉ ϣ˵ ΏΎ͉Θϛ˵ ϊ͉Οέ˴ Ν˴ ϭ͉ ΰ˴ ˴Η
2.4. Practice Each of the following words have either shaddah or long vowel. Read carefully and notice the difference:
.ϊ˴ Ο͉ έ˴ – ϊ˴ Ο˴ έ˴ ˲ ˶ΑΎ˴Λ ˴ ˷Λ – Ζ .ΖΒ .˴ ͉Βλ ˴ - ˴ ˴ΑΎλ ˴
2. 4. 6.
.˲Νϭ˴ ί˴ – Ν˴ ϭ͉ ί˴ .Ω˲ Ϊ˴ Σ˶ – Ω˴ Ϊ͉ Σ˴ . ˲αέ ˴ έΩ˴ ˶ Ω˴ – α͉
1. 3. 5.
Nunation
Another characteristic of Arabic letters is that sometimes the letter has double dhammas, double fat-ha or double kasra. Doubling short vowels is called tanween ϦϳϮϨΗ in Arabic or nunation in English. From the name: tanween you might guess that is has a relation with the letter N. Yes, you are right. Tanween is used only at the last letter of the word and it gives these three Transliterations: a) With double fat-ha it is pronounced as an b) With double dhamma it is pronounced as on c) With double kasra it is pronounced as in Look at these examples: έ˴ With fat-ha is pronounced as ra while with tanween fat-h ˱έ it is pronounced as ran ˵α With dhamma is pronounced as son while with tanween dhamma ˲α it is pronounced as soon α ˳ it is pronounced as sin ˶ With kasra is pronounced as sip while with tanween kasr α Note that the N is not written but is pronounced as long as we have the short vowel doubled. To summarize what we learned. Arabic has:
40
• • • •
Lesson 2
3 short vowels fat-ha, dhamma and kasra 3 long vowels: – ϭ and ϱ 3 nunations tanween fat-ha, tanween dhamma and tanween kasra Consonants may be doubled by putting shaddah on or under it
2.5. Practice Connect to form a word: = = = = = = = = = =
ϑ+ε+ϙ έ+ϙ+ε Ν + + Ν+ Ω ϙ+Ρ+ν ϥ+ϭ+ϙ+α Ι+Ρ+Ώ+ϱ Ω+έ++Ώ έ+ϱ+Ι++Ε Ω+ϭ+έ+ϭ Ε++Ώ+Ι+·
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
2.6. Practice Read the following words and pay attention to the difference between Ρ and ˰ϫ:
.Ϊ˲ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϫ - Ϊ˵ ϣ˶ ΎΣ˴ .Ϣ˲ Ϭ˸ η˴ - ϢϬγ ϡ˵ ΎϤ͉ ˴ϫ - ϡ˲ ΎϤ͉ Σ˴
˵ ϫ˶ ˸έ˵ - ϕ ˵ ή˵ ˸Σ˴ .ϖ .Ϣ˲ ˸Τ˴ϓ - Ϣ˲ Ϭ˸ ˴ϓ .Ϊ˴ ˴ϫΎΟ˴ - Ϊ˲ ΣΎ ˶ Ο˴
2. 4. 6.
1. 3. 5.
2.7. Practice Listen to the words and write the missing letter:
ήϳ ΪϳΩ
΄Η
3.
Ω
6.
Νϭί
ΎΑ
2. 5.
έϭ ίέ
˰Α
1. 4.
Arabic Culture (Althaqafa al-Arabiya)
ήϳί
ϭ
9.
ΎΒη
8.
ΪΣ Ε
41
ϭ
7.
Υ
10.
2.8. Practice Translate to Arabic using tanween when applicable:
1. The teacher: 2. Pen: 3. The street: 4. Table: 5. The city: Read the following conversation between Amal and Hind (two female names), listen to compare your reading, then practice it with your partner:
marhaba. Hello. ahlan. Hi – welcome. kayfa haloki? How are you? alhamdulillah, ana bekhayr wa anti kayfa haloki? Thank God, I am doing well. And you? How are you? alhamdulillah ana bekhayr. Thank God, I am good. men ayna anti? Where are you from? ana men sorya wa anti? I am from Syria, how about you? ana men al-iraq. I am from Iraq. ila alliqa. Until we meet. ma’a assalamah. Go with peace.
.Ύ˱ΒΣ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ .ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ ϭ˴ ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴ !˶Ϳ˶ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴ ˮΖ .ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴ ˶Ϳ˶ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ ˮΖϧ˸ ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ ˮΖ ˶ γ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϟϣ ˴ .ϕ ˶ ή˴ ό˶ ϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ .˯˶ Ύ˴Ϙ͋Ϡϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· :Ϟϣ ˴ Δ˶ ϣ˴ ϼ˴ δ˴ ϟ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˴ ͉Ϩ˴ϫ
42
Lesson 2
Now read this conversation between Ali and Ahmed who met for the first time, then practice it with a partner: Assalamu Alaikum Peace be upon you. wa alaikum assalam And on you be peace. ismee Ali My name is Ali. tasharrafna, ismee ahmad I am honored, my name is Ahmad. ahlan wa sahlan. Kayfa haloka? You are welcome. How are you?
.Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴ .ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϭ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ .ϲ͇ ˶Ϡϋ˴ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴ .Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ !Ύ˴Ϩ˶ϓ ͊ήθ˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴ ϼ˸˱ Ϭγ˴ ϭ˴ ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ϭ˴ ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴ Ϳ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮΖ ˮϚ ˴ ˵ϟΎΣ˴ ϒ˸ ˴ ϴϛ˴
Alhamdulillah, ana bekhayr wa anta? Thank God, I am good. How about you? Alhamdulillah, ana bekhayr Thank God, I am good.
ή˸˳ ϴΨ˴ ˶Α Ύ˴ϧ˴ Ϳ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ :ϲ˴Ϡϋ˴
2.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect words from the right column with the suitable response from the left (See Answer Key):
ήϴΨΑ Ύϧ ͿΪϤΤϟ ˯ΎϘϠϟ ϰϟ ϼϫ ϡϼδϟ ϢϜϴϠϋ ϭ ΪϤΣ ϲϤγ . ΎϨϓήθΗ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ΎΒΣήϣ ˮ ϝΎΤϟ ϒϴϛ ϢϜϴϠϋ ϡϼδϟ ΪϟΎΧ ϲϤγ Δϣϼδϟ ϊϣ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lesson 3
ΔΜϟΎΜϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ The Classroom
Ϟμϔϟ ΔϓήϏ Gorfat al-fasel
Objectives: 1. Gender in the Arabic Language 2. Ta Marbuta 3. Numerals: • 0–9 • 10–100 • Tens in Arabic • 100 • More than 100
4. Culture: Introducing Someone and Forms of Address 5. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Hey (Oh you)
–
Notebook
Dafater
Boy
Awlad
Girl
Banat
Book
Kotob
Pen
Aqlam
Picture
Sowar
Room
Ghoraf
Plural
Transliteration
–
˸ή˶ΗΎ˴ϓΩ˴ Ω˸ ϻϭ ˸ ˸ ˴Α ΕΎϨ ˸ΐ˵Θϛ˵ ϡ˸ ϼϗ˸ ˴ ˸έϮ˴ λ ˸ ή˴ Ϗ˵ ϑ
Ya Daftar Walad Bent Kitab Qalam Soura Ghorfa
Word
Ύ˴ϳ ˸ή˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ Ϊ˸ ˴ϟϭ˴ ˸ Ϩ˸ ˶Α Ζ ˸ΏΎΘϛ˶ Ϣ˸ ˴Ϡ˴ϗ Γέ˴ Ϯλ Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵
44
Lesson 3 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ΡϮϟ˸ ˴ ϲγήϛ˴ ˸ΐ˶ΎϘΣ˴ Εϼ͋Πδ˴ ϣ˵ ϴΗΎϔϣ˴ ΕϮϴ˵Α
Board
Alwah
Chair
Karasi
Bag/suitcase
Haqa’eb
Recorder
Mosajelat
Key
Mafateeh
House
Beyoot
Eraser
–
Desk
Adraj
Paper
Awraq
Mr.
Sadah
Mrs.
Sayyedat
Father
Abaa’
Mother
Omahat
Tired
–
–
Ta’aban
Good
–
–
Jayed
He
–
–
Howa
She
–
–
Hiya
From
–
–
Min
Where
–
–
Ayna
Thank you
–
–
Shokran
You’re welcome
–
–
A’fwan
–
ΝέΩ˸ ˴ ϕέϭ˸ ˴ ΓΩΎγ ΕΪ͋ϴγ˴ ˯ΎΑ ΕΎϬϣ͉ ˵
Law-h Korsee Haqeeba Mosajela Mof-tah Bayt Memhah Dorj Waraqa Sayyed Sayyedah Ab Om
Word
˸ΡϮϟ ˸ ϲγ ˸ ˸ήϛ˵ Δ˴ΒϴϘΣ˴ ΔϠ ͋Πδ˴ ϣ˵ ΡΎΘϔ˸ ϣ˵ Ζ˸ϴ˴Α ΓΎΤϤ˸ ϣ˶ Ν ˸έ˵Ω Δϗέ˴ ϭ˴ Ϊ͋ϴγ˴ ΓΪ͋ϴγ˴ ˸Ώ˴ ϡ˸ ˵ ϥΎΒ˸ό˴Η Ϊ͋ϴΟ˴ Ϯ˴ ϫ ϲ˴ ϫ Ϧϣ˶ Ϧ˸ϳ˴ ˱ήϜ˸ η˵ ˱Ϯϔ˸ ϋ˴
The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel)
45
Culture: Introducing Someone & Forms of Address Speaking politely is important in Arabic culture. To address people, there are various titles that are used. For example, in formal situation for people who have professional title, Arabs will address them with their titles as doctor, engineer or teacher. For people with no professional title, we address them by saying: “Mr” Ϊϴγ sayyed followed by his name and “Mrs.” ΓΪϴγ sayyeda or “Miss” Δδϧ anisa for unmarried or younger age girls followed by her name. For informal situations, usually you call a person who is older than you saying amee ϲϤϋ meaning “uncle” for males and ϲΘϟΎΧ khalatee “aunt,” for females. The older person does not have to be a relative to call him/her uncle/aunt. It might be a person you just met for the first time and wanted to talk to him/her or ask about something. Usually titles are followed by the person’s first name not his last and are proceeded by the word ya Ύ˴ϳ . The closest meaning for Ύ˴ϳ is: “Oh You.” Ύ˴ϳ is used when addressing someone in front of you or directly to attract his/her attention. If you know the family, then it is also very common to call a person by using the word ϮΑ abo for father meaning “the father of,” and ϡ om for the mother meaning “the mother of,” followed by the name of their oldest son. For example, when the oldest son’s name in the family is Ahmed, then you call the “father” ΪϤΣ ϮΑ abu ahmad and the “mother” is om ahmad ΪϤΣ ϡ. There is no need to use titles to call friends, just say their names. It is not very common for men and women to greet each other in public. Additionally, it is very rude to leave someone’s house, a group gathering and friends without “saying goodbye” or “see you later” ˯ΎϘϠϟ ϰϟ ila aliqaa & Δϣϼδϟ ϊϣ ma’ assalamah. Gender in Arabic Words in Arabic are considered either masculine or feminine. When a word refers to a masculine human then it is masculine and when it refers to female human then it is feminine. The tricky part is that some words have no gender, but they are defined as masculine or feminine. Some examples are: nar έΎϧ “fire,” riyah ΡΎϳέ “wind,” yad Ϊϳ “hand,” are considered feminine while ϊΒλ isba’ “finger,” αέ ra’s “head,” or ΏΎΑ bab “door” are considered masculine. Additionally, most towns, cities and countries are considered feminine words as in America, Britain and Saudi Arabia. What makes it easier is to remember that words ending in ta marbuta ( Δ˰ - Γ) are feminine as will be explained. It is very important to know the gender of the nouns because the verbs and adjectives are conjugated accordingly. The proper way to do is by memorization. Just memorize words with their gender. Ta Marbuta
Words in Arabic are considered either masculine or feminine. When a word refers to a masculine human then it is masculine and when it refers to female human then it is feminine. The tricky part is that some words have no gender, but they are defined as masculine or feminine.
46
Lesson 3
As explained, words in Arabic have gender. Most feminine nouns and adjectives end in ta marbuta ΔρϮΑήϤϟ ˯ΎΘϟ represented as (Δ˰ - Γ). ΔρϮΑήϤϟ ˯ΎΘϟ is not a new letter. It is as you noticed a combination of Ϫ˰ and Ε. When it is accompanied with any short vowel or tanween it is pronounced as ta, but when it is silent or comes at the end of the sentence it is pronounced as ha. Examples of words end in ta marbuta are as in: Meaning
Transliteration
Cat
Qittah
Room
Ghorfah
Car
Sayarah
Word
Meaning
Δτϗ ΔϓήϏ ΓέΎϴγ
Transliteration
Tent
Khaymah
Beautiful
Jameelah
Word
ΔϤϴΧ ΔϠϴϤΟ
In most cases ta marbuta is silent unless it is followed by a possessive noun or pronoun then it should be pronounced as ta. Meaning
Transliteration
A big school
Madrasaton kabeerah
A beautiful student
Talibaton jameelah
My sister’s story
Qisato okhtee
Word
.˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Βϛ˴ ˲Δγ˴ έ˴ Ϊ˸ ϣ˴ .˲Δ˴ϠϴϤ˶ Ο˴ ˲Δ˴Β˶ϟΎ˴ρ ͉ ˶ϗ ϲ˶ΘΧ˸ ˵ ˵Δμ
Most of the times when we change nouns and adjectives related to living creatures from masculine to feminine, we just add ta marbuta. Here are some examples of feminine and masculine nouns: Meaning
Transliteration
Cat
Qittah
Dog
Kalbah
Prince
Ameerah
Teacher
Ostathah
Hero
Batalah
Beautiful
Jameelah
Big
Kabeerah
Feminine
Δτϗ ΔΒϠϛ Γήϴϣ ΓΫΎΘγ ΔϠτΑ ΔϠϴϤΟ ΓήϴΒϛ
Transliteration
Qit Kalb Ameer Ostath Batal Jameel Kabeer
Masculine
ςϗ ΐϠϛ ήϴϣ ΫΎΘγ ϞτΑ ϞϴϤΟ ήϴΒϛ
The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel) Meaning
Transliteration
Small
Sagheerah
Tall
Taweelah
Short
Qaseerah
Happy
Sa`eedah
3.1. Practice
Feminine
Γήϴϐλ ΔϠϳϮρ Γήϴμϗ ΓΪϴόγ
Transliteration
47
Masculine
ήϴϐλ ϞϳϮρ ήϴμϗ Ϊϴόγ
Sagheer Taweel Qaseer Sa`eed
(see Answer Key)
Read these words and circle the feminine words. If you do not know the word, then you follow the rule of ta marbuta:
.˲ΓΪ˴ ϳή˶ Ο˴ - Ρ˲ Ϯ˸ ˴ϟ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ Ω˴ .ϲ͇ γ˶ ˸ήϛ˵ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ϭ˸ ί˴ – ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ .˲Δ͉ϠΠ˴ ϣ˴ - ή˲ ˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Θϛ˶ .˲Δ˴Β˶ΗΎϛ˴ - ˲ΐ˶ΗΎϛ˴ - ˲ΐϴ˶Β˴ρ ˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ή˵ ˴τ˴ϗ - ΎϜ˴ ϳή˶ ϣ˸ ˴
˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α – ˲ΔϤ˴ ϴ˸ Χ˴ .Ζϴ˶Α - Ζ .˲ήϬ˸ ˴ϧ - έ˲ ΎϤ˴ Σ˶ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ ί˵ .˲ϞϳϮ˶ ˴ρ - ή˵ ϴ ͋μ˴ϗ - ˲ΓΪ˴ ϴό˶ γ˴ . ˵ΐϛ˴ Ϯ˸ ϛ˴ - ˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ - ˲Δ͉τ˴Α ˲ ˴Λ˴ .˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ˲Δ͉ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵ - ΙΎ
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
Numerals Arabic numbers were developed in the Middle ages and they are the ones used in European languages replacing the Roman numbers. Here are numbers from 0-10 in Arabic: English number Transliteration
Number Raqam 0
Sifr
1
Wahed
2
Ithnan
3
Thalatha
4
Arba`ah
Name
ϡΎϗέ/Ϣϗέ ήϔλ ΪΣϭ ϥΎϨΛ ΔΛϼΛ ΔόΑέ
Arabic number
˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽
English number Transliteration
5
Khamsa
6
Sitah
7
Sab`ah
8
Thamaniyah
9
Tesa`ah
10
A`sharah
Name
Arabic number
ΔδϤΧ ˾ ΔΘγ ˿ ΔόΒγ ̀ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ ́ ΔόδΗ ̂ Γήθϋ ˺˹
48
Lesson 3
Please note that numbers 1 and 2 match in gender with the word following it. If there is two of anything, we use the dual form and there is no need to use the word 2 ( ϥΎϨΛ). Numbers 3–9 are the opposite in gender. As in many other words, the number can be changed into feminine by adding ta marbuta at the end of it. Meaning
Transliteration
One
Wahedah
Two
Ithnatan
Three
Thalatha
Four
Arba`ah
Five
Khamsa
Six
Sitah
Seven
Sab`ah
Eight
Thamaniyah
Nine
Tesa`ah
Ten
A`sharah
Feminine Number
ΓΪΣϭ ϦϴΘϨΛ ΔΛϼΛ ΔόΑέ ΔδϤΧ ΔΘγ ΔόΒγ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ ΔόδΗ Γήθϋ
Transliteration
Wahed Ithnan Thalath Arba` Khams Sit Sab`a Thaman Tesa` A`shar
Masculine Number
ΪΣϭ ϦϴϨΛ ΙϼΛ ϊΑέ βϤΧ Ζγ ϊΒγ ϥΎϤΛ ϊδΗ ήθϋ
3.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Identify each of the Arabic numbers below by writing the question number next to the correct translation:
17 ( ) 4 ( )
ΔόΑέ ήθϋ ΙϼΛ ήθϋ ΔδϤΧ
4.
13 ( )
5.
15 ( )
Γήθϋ ήθϋ ΔόΒγ ΔόδΗ
1. 2.
9 ( ) 6. 10 ( ) 3. The tens Numbers 20–90 are conjugated as the Transliteration masculine plural. You just add “een” when accusative or “oon” when nominative to the end. The same situation applies to regular plurals. There is no masculine or plural form in the tens. They are as follows:
The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel)
English
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Arabic
˻˹ ˼˹ ˽˹ ˾˹ ˿˹ ̀˹ ́˹ ̂˹
Transliteration
Eshroon Thalathoon Arba`oon Khamsoon Sitoon Sab`oon Thamanoon Tes`oon
Number in accusative
ϥϭήθϋ ϥϮΛϼΛ ϥϮόΑέ ϥϮδϤΧ ϥϮΘγ ϥϮόΒγ ϥϮϧΎϤΛ ϥϮόδΗ
Transliteration
Eshreen Thalatheen Arba`een Khamseen Siteen Sab`een Thamaneen Tes`een
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Number in genitive
Ϧϳήθϋ ϦϴΛϼΛ ϦϴόΑέ ϦϴδϤΧ ϦϴΘγ ϦϴόΒγ ϦϴϧΎϤΛ ϦϴόδΗ
100- ΔΎϣ h`am 100- ΔΎϣ is a noun and may end with fat-ha, dhamma or kasra as any other noun according to its position in the sentence. The noun it is counting comes after it and it should be singular and indefinite all the times. It is considered as the second noun in idafa, as would be explained in detail in next lessons. This means the noun should always have kasra. Ώ ˳ ΎΘϛ ΔΎϣ– mi’a sayyarah Γ˳ έΎϴγ ΔΎϣ mi’a kitab. 1,000- Thousand ϒϟ alf- thousand also forms idafa with its noun where the noun should be singular, indefinite and genitive since it is idafa. To read numbers in Arabic we follow the same procedure as in English. You start with the highest category while inserting (ϭ) meaning a comma before each category. For example, the number 6,457 is read as: ϦϴδϤΧ ϭ ΔόΒγ ϭ ΔΎϣ ϊΑέ ϭ ϑϻ Ζγ. It is very important to keep in mind that numbers in Arabic are written in the same order as English numbers. They are written from left to right. Look at the table to compare the equivalence between Arab and English numbers
50
Lesson 3
Numbers in English
Transliteration
Numbers in Arabic
1,957
Alf wa tes’m`ah wa sab`a wa khamseen
20,345
Eshroon alf wa thalath me`ah wa khamsa wa arb`oon
325
Thalathm`ah wa khamsa wa e`shreen
98
Thamaniya wat es`oon
100
Ma`ah
˺̂˾̀ ˻˹˼˽˾ ˼˻˾ ̂́ ˺˹˹
3.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Now write the following numbers in figures:
: ήθϋ ΔόΒγ : ϦϴδϤΧ ϭ ΔόΒγ :Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ΔόΑέ : Ϧϳήθϋ : ϦϴΘγ ϭ ΔόδΗ
: ϦϴΛϼΛ ϭ ΔδϤΧ : ΔϴϧΎϤΛ : ϦϴόΒγ ϭ ΔΘγ : ήθϋ ΔδϤΧ : Γήθϋ ϯΪΣ
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
1. 3. 5 7. 9.
3.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following numbers using letters. Don’t forget to follow the rule of masculine and feminine:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
11 books 14 pens 65 chairs 76 girls 289 houses
6. 50 tables 7. 22 keys 8. 384 erasers 9. 104 rooms 10. 563 papers
3.5. Practice (see Answer Key) To review your writing skills: Match the same words then write the word on the line beside it:
ϙαϥ Ώαϙ Ώέν Υέι ϝϡω
Ώή˰ο Υή˰λ Ϛ˰δ˰ϧ ϒ˰θ˰ϛ ΐ˰δ˰ϛ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The Classroom (Gorfat al-fasel)
ϝΩω ΏΕϙ ϡϝω ϑεϙ ϕαύ έϕ ϕέύ έϡϕ
ΐ˰Θ˰ϛ Ϣ˰Ϡ˰ϋ Ϟ˰Ϥ˰ϋ ϝ Ϊ˰ϋ ή˰Ϥ˰ϗ ϖ˰δ˰Ϗ ή˰ϗ ϕ ή˰Ϗ
51
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
3.6. Practice Read and respond to the following:
ˮΖϧ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ : Ϟϣ : ϯΪϫ ˮΖϧ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ : Ϟϣ : ϯΪϫ ˯ΎϘϠϟ ϰϟ : Ϟϣ : ϯΪϫ
! ΎΒΣήϣ : : ˮ ϚϤγ Ύϣ : : ˮϚϤγ Ύϣ ˮΖϧ ϭ : : ˮϚϟΎΣ ϒϴϛ : :
Ϟϣ ϯΪϫ Ϟϣ ϯΪϫ ϯΪϫ Ϟϣ Ϟϣ ϯΪϫ
3.7. Practice To review your reading skills, read the following and pay attention to the difference in pronunciation of letters:
Δπϳήϓ – ΓΪϳήϓ ˷ ή˴ ˴ψΣ – ˴ έάΣ ήϴόΑ – ήϴΒϋ
3. 6. 9.
ΩήΑ – ξϴΑ ϕήρ – ϙήΗ Ϣ˶ϟΎϋ – Ϣ˴ϟΎϋ
2. 5. 8.
βϓέ – αή˵ϓ ϑήμϳ – ϑήδϳ εήρ – ήτη ωέΎη ˶ – ω˴ έ˴ Ύγ
1. 4. 7. 10.
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Lesson 3
3.8. Practice (see Answer Key) This is your final review for the alphabet. Please circle the word/words that have the letter mentioned at the beginning in it:
ϱΪϬϳ ΐόϟ ήϤγ ήϤγ ΚΤΒϳ
ΐϴΘϛ ήΎρ ϑήΣ ϑήΣ ΫΎΘγ ήϛΫ ϞϴΜϤΗ ϙήθϣ ΐϴΒρ ΐϴΒρ
Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
ΔΒΘϜϣ ΔϜϴΒγ ϝΎΜϣ ϝΎϨϣ βϳέΩ ϢϴϠόΗ ρϮτΧ ϙέΎη ΔϘϳήρ ΓήΨλ
ϯΪϫ ϦϜγ ϲϤγ ΐόϠϧ ΪϳΪΟ ΚϳΪΣ ΏϮϨΟ ϰοέ ΏϭήϏ ίΎϓ
ΓΩέϭ ΐΘϛ ΔΒόϟ ΔΒόϟ ΔϴδϨΟ ΐϧΎΟ ϢϴϠόΗ ϢϟΎγ ΕΎϓήϋ ϑΎϓί
: : : : : : : : :
˰ϫ ϙ ϡ ϥ ϱ Ε Ν ε ύ
:ϑ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 4
ΔόΑήϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Arab Hospitality
ϲΑήόϟ ϡήϜϟ ϭ ΔϓΎϴπϟ Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi
Objectives: 1. The Definite Article and its uses 2. Alif Mad and Hamza 3. Alif Maqsoora 4. Dagger Alif
5. The particle ya 6. Culture: Arab Hospitality: Visiting Friends and Family 7. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Reside
–
–
Sakana-yaskon
Enter
–
–
Dakhala-yadkhol
Entrance
–
–
madkhal
Go out
–
–
Kharaja-yakhroj
Exit
–
–
Makhraj
Wash
–
–
Ghasala-yaghsel
Travel
–
–
Saafara-yosaafer
Talk to
–
–
Hadatha-yahdoth
Words-(verbs are past tense followed by present tense)
Ϧ˸ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϧ˴ Ϝ˴ γ˴ ˸ϞΧ˵ Ϊ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ Χ˴ Ω˴ ˸Ϟ˴ΧΪ˸ ϣ˴ ˸Ν˵ήΨ˸ ˴ϳ / Ν˴ ή˴ Χ˴ ˸Νή˴ Ψ˸ ϣ˴ ˸Ϟδϐ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ δ˴ Ϗ˴ ˸ή˶ϓΎδ˵ϳ / ή˴ ˴ϓΎγ ˸ Ϊ͋ Τ˴ ˵ϳ / Ι ˴ Ϊ͉ Σ˴ Ι
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Lesson 4
Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Come
–
–
Hadara-yahdor
Study
–
–
Darasa-yadros
Learn
–
–
Ta`lamma-yata`lam
Pray
–
–
Salla-yosali
School
Madares
University
Jame`at
College
Koliyyat
Library
Maktabat
Office
Makateb
Street
Shaware`
Museum
Matahef
Mosque
Masajid
Here
–
–
Hona
There
–
–
Honak
Many
–
–
Katheerah
Engineering
–
–
Handasah
Business
–
–
Tejarah
Literature
–
–
Al-adab
Sciences
–
–
Oloom
˸αέΪ ˶ ϣ˴ ˸ ϣ˶ ΎΟ ΕΎό ˸ ͋Ϡϛ˵ ΕΎϴ ˸ ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ΕΎΒ ˸ΐ˶ΗΎϜϣ˴ ω˸ έϮ ˶ η˴ ˸ ΣΎΘ ϒ ˶ ϣ˴ Ϊ˸ ΟΎδ ˶ ϣ˴
Madrasa Jame`a Koliyyah Maktabah Maktab Share` Mathaf Masjid
Words-(verbs are past tense followed by present tense)
˸ή˵π ˸Τ˴ϳ / ή˴ π ˴ Σ˴ ˸α˵έΪ˸ ˴ϳ / α ˴ έ˴ Ω˴ Ϣ˸ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / Ϣ˸ ͉Ϡό˴Η ϲ͋Ϡμ ˴ ˵ϳ / ϰ͉Ϡλ ˴ Δγέ˴ Ϊ˸ ϣ˴ Δόϣ˶ ΎΟ Δ˷ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵ ΔΒ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ΐ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ω˸ έΎη ˶ ˸ Τ˴ Θ˸ ϣ˴ ϒ Ϊ˸ Π˸ ˶ δϣ˴ ΎϨ˵ϫ ˸ ˵ϫ ϙΎϨ ΓήϴΜϛ˴ ΔγΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴ϫ ΓέΎΠ˴ ˶Η ˸ΏΩϵ ϡ˸ ϮϠϋ˵
Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )
Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Mathematics
–
–
Riyadiyat
Computer
–
–
Hasoob
Computer
–
–
Kombuter
55
Words-(verbs are past tense followed by present tense)
˸ ϴοΎϳ ΕΎ˷ ˶ έ˶ ˸ΏϮγΎΣ ή˴ΗϮϴ˵ΒϤ˸ ϛ˵ (more commonly used than
hasoob Door
–
–
Bab
Window
–
–
Shobbak
Car
Sayyarat
Bicycle
Darrajat
Get angry
–
–
Ghadeba-yaghdab
Be happy
–
–
Fareha-yafrah
I want
–
–
Oreed
Beside
–
–
Bejaneb
I have
–
–
Endee
ΕέΎ˷ϴγ˴ ˸ έΩ˴ ΕΎΟ˷
Sayyarah Darraja
˸ΏϮγΎΣ) ˸ΏΎΑ ˸ Βη˵ ϙΎ˷ ΓέΎ˷ϴγ˴ ΔΟ˴ ˷έΩ˴ ˸ΐπ ˴ ϐ˸ ˴ϳ / ˸ΐπ ˴ Ϗ˴ ˸Ρή˴ ϔ˸ ˴ϳ / Ρ˴ ή˴ϓ Ϊϳέ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϱΪϨϋ
Hospitality and Food A hallmark of Arab cultural practice is hospitality and generosity. As an example, when someone praises an object, be it a picture frame on the wall, a watch, a purse or item of clothing, an Arab may give it to the admirer and insist that he takes it. They would say, “Since you like it so much, it is yours.” As long as it is something they can live without, it will be generously offered. In terms of hospitality toward guests, in regular visits (not an invitation for a meal), when Arabs have a visitor, they start by offering juice or soda, followed by hot tea with assorted sweets such as cakes, cookies and other popular local confections. Nuts such as pistachios, almonds, peanuts, cashews and seeds are presented after the refreshments and kept on the table so the visitor may enjoy them during the visit. At the end of the visit, the host presents
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Lesson 4
coffee accompanied with chocolates or dates, as is common in Gulf countries. Arab hospitality requires that when presenting something, the host should offer it at least three times and insist on the guest tasting what is on offer before finally accepting a guest’s negative response. It is not considered polite to ask a guest whether he prefers tea or soda, for example, but rather to present a beverage and allow the guests to either drink it all or have a sip of it. Lunch is the main meal in Arab countries. Government jobs start at about seven in the morning and conclude at one or two o’clock in the afternoon, thus allowing Arab families to share lunch and spend quality time together. Some private-sector companies have a long lunch break for three to four hours, after which employees might go back to work in the afternoon until seven or eight o’clock in the evening. Those with a long lunch break may take a nap, spend time with friends or, in the case of students, finish schoolwork. Lunch is also the main meal to which guests are invited, and if a friend, neighbor or family member knocks at the door during lunch time, an Arab usually insists that the visitor come in and have lunch with them. Although, using the right hand is an Islamic custom rather than simply an Arab custom, however, using the right hand while eating and drinking is the cultural norm. Muslims believe that Islam organizes all aspects of life, with verses from the Qur’an or sayings of the Prophet directing Muslims what to do and not to do. Among the directions for acts of worship, morals, manners, interactions with others and private affairs are customs for eating and drinking. The Prophet said, in teaching a companion eating with his left hand, “Oh young man, say the name of Allah, eat with your right hand and eat from what is nearest to you” (Al-Bukhari, Vol 7, Book 65, # 288). This hadith, or utterance of the Prophet, also directs Muslims to begin eating by saying “bismillah” or “in the name of Allah” while using the right hand and to eat what is front of him if the food is presented on one communal tray. Today most Arabs provide individual plates for each guest, so they can choose what they wish to eat. Use of the left hand to eat is only acceptable if one is unable to use the right hand for medical reasons. It is customary practice for a guest to taste everything offered on the table. When served something unfamiliar, guests may ask about the dish and how it was prepared. Hosts usually invite guests to take a second and third serving. It is recommended to take a second serving, even if it is very small, to show appreciation to the host. After the meal, fruits, sweets, hot tea and coffee are served. Throughout the meal, the guests usually praise the food and compliment the host. It is impolite and may be considered shameful for a guest to criticize the food presented. This also goes back to the teachings of the Prophet, as noted in Sahih Al-Bukhari that “The Messenger of Allah has never criticized any food. If he liked it, he would eat it, if not he would leave it” (Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol. 4, Hadith 764). When they are done eating, guests usually wish the host a full table all the time. It is customary for guests to reciprocate by inviting the host to a meal.
Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )
57
Dates are very popular, especially in Gulf countries, and are often served with hot coffee. In addition to coffee, hot tea, especially with mint, is popular with many Arabs. Although alcoholic drinks are forbidden by Islam and are not served or used in cooking, alcohol is sold in some Arab countries to tourists or non-Muslims. Islam, like Judaism, demands a clear dietary code, and these dietary codes apply equally when dining in someone’s home or at a restaurant. Muslims dining out in a western country often ask if the food they are served contains any pork.
Definite Article or Al-ashamsiyah and Al-alqamariyah To define a noun or adjective in Arabic, we add al ϝ at the beginning of it. Al ϝ is equivalent to “the” in English. ϝ is connected to the word and is NOT used as a separate word. As in English, al is added to nouns and adjectives but never to verbs. When we add al ϝ, the noun or adjective may have a vowel but never tanween or double vowel. You can say: kabeerin alkabeer ˶
˲ bayton – ˱ ΎΑΎΘϛ kitaban & ήϴΒϛ ˵ ΖϴΑ and ΖϴΒϟ albayt – ΏΎΘϜϟ alkitab & ήϴΒϜϟ ˴ ˳
There is no equivalent to “a” in Arabic, so we just use ϝ . Please keep in mind that proper nouns are definite whether we add al to them or not. When adding al ϝ to nouns and adjectives there are two cases: 1. Pronouncing both letters, a and l very clearly as in: Δϓήϐϟ & ήϤϘϟ. The letters following this pattern are called moon letters and they are: , Ώ, Ν, Ρ, Υ, ω, ύ, ϑ, ϕ, ϙ, ϡ, ϭ, ϱ, ˰ϫ 2. Pronouncing only the a and not the l while putting more stress on the letter that comes after it as if it has shaddah. It is like the letter is assimilating to the l. These are called the sun letters and they are: Ε, Ι, Ω, Ϋ, έ, ί, α, ε, ι, ν, ρ, υ, ϝ, ϥ
58
Lesson 4
Look at the table of moon and sun letters. Listen to the words, the moon letter words are read first followed by the sun letter words: Transliteration
Sun letters with examples
ήϤΘϟ Ε ΏϮΜϟ Ι ϥΎϛΪϟ Ω ϲϛάϟ Ϋ ϲϋήϟ έ Ϧϳΰϟ ί ΔϋΎδϟ α βϤθϟ ε ΩΎϴμϟ ι ωΪϔπϟ ν ϢρΎϤτϟ ρ Ϟψϟ υ ϞϴϠϟ ϝ έϮϨϟ ϥ
Attamr Ath-thawb Addokkan Ath-thakee Arra’i Azzeen Assa’ah Ashams Assayad Adofda’ Atamatem Ath-thil Alayl Annoor
Transliteration
Moon letters with examples
ϞϣϷ ΏΎΒϟ Ώ έΎΠϟ Ν ΕϮΤϟ Ρ ήΒΨϟ Υ Ϧϴόϟ ω έΎΒϐϟ ύ Θϔϟ ϑ ήϤϘϟ ϕ ΐϠϜϟ ϙ ϝΰϨϤϟ ϡ ϯΪϬϟ ˰ϫ ΪϟϮϟ ϭ ϡϮϴϟ ϱ
Alamal Albab Aljar Alhoot Alkhabar Ala’yn Alghobar Alfat-h Alqamar Alkalb Almanzil Alhoda Alwalad Alyawm
Some examples on definite article: Meaning
Transliteration
The girl is beautiful
albent jameela
The dates are on the table
attamr a’la attawelah
The room is small
Alghorfah sagheerah
The dress is short
ath-thawb qaseer
Word
ΔϠϴϤΟ ΖϨΒϟ ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ήϤΘϟ Γήϴϐλ Δϓήϐϟ ήϴμϗ ΏϮΜϟ
Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )
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4.1
Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the words in which the al is NOT pronounced:
ωέΎθϟ – ΔϨϳΪϤϟ – ϥήϘϟ – ϒμϟ – ϲγήϜϟ – ΔϳΎϬϨϟ – ΖϴΒϟ 4.2 Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the correct form:
˱ ΪΠδϣ – ˱ ΎϋέΎθϟ – ˱ ΔΒΘϜϣ – ΔϋΎδϟ – ˱ΓήΠη – Ώ ˳ ΎΘϛ – ˱ ΎδϤη – ΪϟϮϟ – ˱ ΎΒϟΎτϟ Alif and Hamza There are three ways to pronounce alif, the first letter of the alphabet, and several ways to be written which makes it a unique letter. Alif may be pronounced as a as in apple. This form of alif is when it has hamza over or under it. We add the short vowel, that is fat-ha or dhamma on top of hamza while we add the kasra under the hamza and both are written under the alif. When the alif has hamza it is pronounced as with a sudden stop or as it called in linguistics a glottal stop. As you remember, when the has fat-ha on it, it is pronounced as “an,” when it has dhamma on it, it is pronounced as in “on” and when it has kasra it is pronounced as “in.” Alif with hamza may be at the beginning, middle or end of a word. When a word begins with hamza, it is always written on the alif and it might be accompanied with any of the three vowels. Dhamma may be added or it will be written on a waw ΅ . However with kasra it changes its shape to be written as: ˰Ό˰ . At the end of the word and after a long vowel, the hamza is written by itself as in: ˯ . Some examples of hamza at the end of the word are: ˯Ύϔη – ˯Ϯο – ˯ΎϤγ Some examples of alif and hamza with different vowels are: Meaning
Transliteration
Father
ab
Mother
Um
Permission
ithn
Thing
shay’
Family
A’ilah
Question
so’al
Word
Ώ˴ ϡ˵ ϥΫ· Ίϴη ΔϠΎϋ ϝΆγ
Meaning
Transliteration
Woman
imra’ah
Monday
al-ithnayn
Bird
ta’er
Kind/caring
ra’oof
Responsible
mas’ool
Word
Γήϣ· ϦϴϨΛϹ ήΎρ ϑ΅έ ϝϭΆδϣ
The second form of alif is when it is used as a long vowel aa as in rat or at. It was introduced in Lesson 2.
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Lesson 4
The third form of alif is when it is used as a very long aa, there is no equivalent to it in English. It is written as . Examples of are as in: Meaning
Transliteration
Word
Meaning
Transliteration
I am sorry
Aasif
ϒγ
I eat
Aakol
The Qur’an
Alqura’an
ϥήϘϟ
Now
Alaan
Word
Ϟϛ ϥϵ
Alif Maqsoura- Broken Alif Alif maqsoura is a form of alif that comes at the end of the word only. It is pronounced as alif and written as ϯ. This is why its name is alif maqsoura, meaning broken. Some examples of alif maqsoura are in words such as: Meaning
Transliteration
Moses
Musa
Isa/Jesus
Eesa
Accept
Yardda
Strive
yas’aa
Walk
Masha
Example
Meaning
Transliteration
ϰγϮϣ ϰδϴϋ ϰοήϳ ϰόδϳ ϰθϣ
Female name
Layla
Female name
Najwa
Female name
Mona
Female name
Salma
Example
ϰϠϴϟ ϯϮΠϧ ϰϨϣ ϰϤϠγ
Notice it looks the same as ya at the end of the word, but it has no dots under it. If it has two dots, then it is ya and pronounced as ya. Dagger Alif The last type of alif is called dagger alif. It has its name because it looks like a small dagger on top of the letter. It represents the old spelling of alif in Classical Arabic. It is still used on few words and names. It is pronounced as long alif. The most common words using dagger alif are: Meaning
Transliteration
This (masculine)
Hatha
This (feminine)
Hathihi
These
Ha’olaa
Word
άϫ ϩάϫ ˯ϻΆϫ
Meaning
Transliteration
Word
But
Lakenna
That (masculine)
Thalika
ϦϜϟ ϚϟΫ
Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )
61
The particle ya Ύϳ The particle Ύϳ is called vocative because it is only used to call attention of someone who can hear you. It is used before the names, titles and terms of address. It is never used by itself. It is very close to the meaning of “hey, you” and it is used as a respected form of calling attention of someone. Some examples are: ϲϣ Ύϳ – ΖΧ Ύϳ – ΫΎΘγ Ύϳ 4.3 Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:
.Ϣ˲ ˴Ϡ˴ϗ - Ϊ˲ Σ ˶ ϭ˴ - ή˲ ˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Θϛ˶ .˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ - ˲Γέ˴ Ύ͉ϴγ˴ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ͉έΩ˴ . ˲ΏϮ˵γΎΣ˴ - Δ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ - ˲Δ˴Ϡ ͋Πδ˴ ϣ˵ - ίΎϔϠΗ .˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Α - ˲Δ͉ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵ - ˲Δγ˴ έ˴ Ϊ˸ ϣ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴ - ˲ΏΎ˴Θϛ˶ - ϲ͇ γ˶ ˸ήϛ˵ - ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
4.4 Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following conversation between Ahmad and Khaled. After you finish reading please respond to the following questions:
Masa alkhair Good evening.
.ή˸˶ ϴΨ˴ ϟ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴
Masa anoor Good evening to you too.
.έϮ ˶ ˵Ϩϟ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
Ana ismee khalid My name is Khalid. Tasharafna. Ana ismee ahmad I am honored, my name is Ahmad.
.Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ .Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ϲϤ˶ γ˸ ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ .Ύ˴Ϩ˶ϓ ͊ήθ˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
Ahlan wa sahlan You are welcome.
.ϼ˸˱ Ϭγ˴ ϭ˴ ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴
Men ayna anta Where are you from?
˴ ϧ˸ ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮΖ
Ana men dimashq I am from Damascus.
.ϖ ˴ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴
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Lesson 4
Conversation (continued) Ayna Dimashq? Where is Damascus? Dimashq fee Soorya. Men ayna anta? Damascus is in Syria. Where are you from? Ana men tempi. I am from Tempi.
˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮϖ ˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ .Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ ˶ γ ϲ˶ϓ ϖ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ˮΖ .ϲΒϤΗ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
Ayna tempi? Where is Tempi?
ˮϲΒϤΗ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴
Tempi fee Arizona. Tempe is in Arizona.
.Ύϧϭΰϳέ ϲ˶ϓ ϲΒϤΗ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
Matha ta’lamta alyawm? What did you learn today?
˴ Ϥ˸ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ˮϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ Ζ
Ta’lamto asma al-ashyaa almawjooda fi alghorfa. I learned the names of things in the room. Mithla matha?s Like what? Tawela wa korsi wa shobbak. Table, chair and window.
˸ Ϥ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˯˴ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴Ϸ ˯˵ ΎϤ˴ γ˸ ˴ Ζ Δ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϐ˵ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˴ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ˮΫ˴ Ύϣ˴ Ϟ˴ Μ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴ . ϙΎ˷Βη˵ ϭ˴ ϲ͇ γ˶ ˸ήϛ˵ ϭ˴ ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
Shokran lak ila aliqa. Thank you, see you soon.
˯˶ Ύ˴Ϙ͋Ϡϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· .Ϛ ˴ ˴ϟ ˱ήϜ˸ η˵ :Ϊ˵ ˶ϟΎΧ˴
Ma’ assalama. Go with peace/goodbye.
Δ˶ ϣ˴ ϼ˴ δ˴ ϟ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
After you finish reading please respond to the following questions:
ˮΪ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ ˮϖ ˮϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ Ϣ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ ˮΔ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϐ˵ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˵ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ˯˵ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴Ϸ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ Ύϣ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ˶Θ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϲ˶ϓ Γ˳ Ω˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ ϣ˴ ˯˳ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴ ˴Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ˵ΐ˵Θϛ˸ ˴
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Arab Hospitality (Al-deyafa wa al-karam al-arabi )
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4.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with a word from the list:
Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ – ˵Δ˴Βϴ˶ϘΤ˴ ϟ - ˵Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˶ϧΎΠ˴ ˶Α - Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵ ˶ ͉τϟ - ήϓΎγ - ΐ . ϲ˶ϓ ϲό˴ ϣ˴ ϙ ˴ ή˵ ˴Θϓ˸ Ω˴ 1. . ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ ˵ΏϮ˵γΎΤ˴ ϟ 2. .˵Δ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η Ζ ˶ ϧ˸ ˴ 3. .ΎϜ˴ ϳή˶ ϣ˸ ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ϮΑ 4. ˮϚ 5. ˴ Σ˵ Ύ˴Θϔ˸ ϣ˶ Δ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ Ε 6. ˴ Ω˴ ˵ ϥ˸ ˴ ˶ Ύ͉ϴοΎ ˶ ˴ϳ ͋ήϟ α͋έ 4.6. Practice To make sure you know your numbers, contact five of your friends and fill in their names, date and place of birth:
ΩϼϴϤϟ ϥΎϜϣ
ΩϼϴϤϟ ΦϳέΎΗ
Ϣγϻ
Makan almeelad Place of birth
Tareekh almeelad Date of birth
Al-ism Name
4.7. Practice (see Answer Key) By now you should be familiar with connecting letters. Please connect the following:
. . .
= = =
Γ+έ++υ+ϥ Ω+ϱ+ω+Ώ ϝ++ϡ+
1. 2. 3.
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Lesson 4
. . . . . . . Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
= Ώ+Ε+ϙ+ϱ = ω++ϑ+Ε+έ+ = Γ+ϥ++ι+Ρ = Ε++ν+ϩ+ϥ = Γ+ϥ+ϱ+ϑ+α = ϱ+Ε+Ω+ϱ+έ+Ν = ϕ+Ω++ϥ+ϑ
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 5
ΔδϣΎΨϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Tea and Arabic Coffee
ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓϮϬϘϟ ϭ ϱΎθϟ Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah
Objectives: In this Lesson you will be introduced to:
1. Days of the Week 2. Academic Fields of Study (Academic Subjects) 3. Grammar: Singular, Dual and Plural Forms (Regular and Irregular)
4. Culture: Coffee and Tea 5. Expression of Courtesy
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸Ώϼ˷ ˵ρ ˸ ͋Ϡό˴ ϣ˵ ϦϴϤ Ω˸ Ϯϣ˴
Student
Tollab
Teacher
Mo’alemeen
Subject
Mawad
History
–
–
Tareekh
Geography
–
–
Joghrafya
Chemistry
–
–
Keemya’
Science
Oloom
Art
–
ϡ˸ ϮϠϋ˵ –
Taleb Moa’lem Maddah
Ilm Rasm
Word in singular
˸ΐ˶ϟΎρ Ϣ˸ ͋Ϡό˴ ϣ˵ ΓΩ˷ Ύϣ ˸ ΦϳέΎΗ Ύϴϓ˸ ήϐ˸ Ο˵ ˯Ύϴ ˸ Ϥ˸ ϴϛ Ϣ˸ Ϡ˸ ϋ˶ Ϣ˸ γ˸ έ˴
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Lesson 5 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
ΕΎοΎϳέ˶
Riyadah
–
–
Moseeqa
Photography
–
–
Attasweer
Language
Loghat
Arabic Language
–
–
Allogha alarabiyah
English Language
–
–
Allogha alingleeziah
Religion
–
–
Attarbiyah addeeniyah
Medicine
–
–
Attib
Before
–
–
Qabl
After
–
–
Ba’ad
From
–
–
Min
Until
–
–
Hatta
In front of
–
–
Amam
Behind
–
–
Khalf
Phone
Hawatif
Hatif
Eye-glasses
Nath-tharat
Pictures
Sowar
Classroom / class
Fosool
Question
As’elah
ϒΗϮϫ ˸ ˷ψ˴ϧ ΕέΎ ˸έϮ˴ λ ˸ϝϮμ˵ϓ ΔϠ˶Όγ˸ ˴
Several
–
Sport
Riyadat
Music
ΕΎϐ˵ϟ
–
Logha
Nath-tharah Sourah Fasl So’al Eddah
Word in singular
ΔοΎϳέ˶ ϰϘϴγϮϣ ήϳϮ ˸μΘϟ Δϐ˵ϟ Δ˷ϴΑή˴ ό˴ ϟ Δϐ˵Ϡϟ Δϐ˵Ϡϟ Δ˷ϳΰϴϠΠ˶ ϧ˸ Ϲ ˶ Δ˷ϴ˶ϨϳΪϟ Δϴ˶Α ˸ήΘϟ ˸ΐτϟ ˶ ˸Ϟ˸Β˴ϗ Ϊ˸ ό˸ ˴Α Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϰ͉ΘΣ˴ ϡ˸ Ύϣ˴ ˸ Ϡ˸ Χ˴ ϒ ˸ ˶ΗΎϫ ϒ ΓέΎ˷ψ˴ϧ ΓέϮλ ˸Ϟ ˸μ˴ϓ ˸ϝΆ˵γ ΓΪ˷ ϋ˶
Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
There is/are
–
–
Honak
Most
–
–
Mo’th-tham
Some
–
–
Ba’ad
All
–
–
Kol
Help
–
–
Sa’ad- yosa’ed
Want
–
–
Arada- yoreed
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Word in singular
˸ ˵ϫ ϙΎϨ Ϣ˸ ˴ψό˸ ϣ˵ ˸ξ˸ό˴Α ˸Ϟϛ˵ Ϊ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδ˵ϳ / Ϊ˴ ϋ˴ Ύγ Ϊ˸ ϳέ˵ / Ω˴ έ
Coffee and Tea Coffee ΓϮϬϗ and tea ϱΎη are very important drinks in the Arab world. While Arabs started to drink coffee during the 1200s, Europeans started their coffee drinking habits in the 1600s. Coffee and tea are usually served hot during all day as in with breakfast, after lunch and after dinner. When visitors come tea and coffee are served. They are also served at business meetings and social events. Additionally, they are served during card games, football or just watching movies. For social gatherings, tea is usually served with cake, cookies or any type of sweets. Later and before the end of the event coffee is served with dates or chocolate. A fun fact that I read recently is that and according to the International Coffee Organization (ICO) report, the consumption of coffee in the Arab world is estimated to be 1.4 billion cups of coffee daily. It is very popular to see people selling hot tea and coffee in the souks, bazara and streets. They do have stores such as Starbucks or Coffee Rush, and they may have a small table and move around people selling their hot drinks. Men selling coffee are called kah-waji ϲΟϮϬϗ meaning coffee seller and those selling tea are called Sababeen elshay ϱΎθϟ ϦϴΑΎΒλ which literally means the tea pourers. Tea is mostly flavored with mint or with sage in some areas.
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Lesson 5
Days of the week Meaning
Transliteration
Saturday
Assabt
Sunday
Al-ahad
Monday
Al-ithnayn
Tuesday
Ath-tholatha
Wednesday
Al-arbia’a
Thursday
Alkhamees
Arabic
Meaning
Transliteration
ΖΒδϟ ΪΣϷ ϦϴϨΛϻ ˯ΎΛϼΜϟ ˯ΎόΑέϷ βϴϤΨϟ
Friday
Aljoma’a
Day
Yawm- ayyam
Today
Alyawm
Week
Osboo’
Month
Asabee’
Arabic
ΔόϤΠϟ ϡΎϳ / ϡϮϳ ϡϮϴϟ / ωϮΒγ ϊϴΑΎγ ήϬη / ήϬη
Weekdays in Arab countries start with Sunday as the first day of the week. The weekend is Friday and Saturday. Please note that ϡϮϳ yawm means “day” while ϡϮϴϟ alyawm means “today.”
Grammar: Singular, Dual and Plural Forms (regular and irregular) There are three states for words in Arabic. They are singular, dual and plural. As you know singular refers to a single person or thing, dual refers to two while plural refers to more than two. Dual forms Dual is the easiest form and it is used with nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns. Dual forms can be created just by adding ϥ or Ϧϳ at the end of the word depending on its case: a) When the word is nominative, as when referring to the subject, the doer of the action or the first noun in a sentence, we add ϥ as in: Transliteration
Kitaban Yal’aban Taweelatan Ghorfatan
Dual
ϥΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΒόϠϳ ϥΎΘϠϳϮρ ϥΎΘϓήϏ
Transliteration
Kitab Yala’ab Taweelah Ghorfa
Word in Singular
ΏΎΘϛ ΐόϠϳ ΔϠϳϮρ ΔϓήϏ
Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah)
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b) when the word is accusative, as when it is the direct object of a verb or proceeded by a preposition, then you add Ϧϳ as in: Transliteration
Kitabayn Taweelatayn Ghorfatayn
Dual
Transliteration
ϦϴΑΎΘϛ ϦϴΘϠϳϮρ ϦϴΘϓήϏ
Word in Singular
ΏΎΘϛ ΔϠϳϮρ ΔϓήϏ
Kitab Taweelah Ghorfah
As you noticed: 1. When the word ends in ta marbuata, then you change it into the letter ta and add the Ϧϳ or ϥ to it. 2. The dual form is used with definite and indefinite nouns 3. In verbs, we use only ϥ as verbs cannot be objects or come after a preposition Plural forms There are different forms of plurals that we are going to introduce for you today: 1. Transliteration Masculine plural: it is the form that deals with nouns referring to male humans. It is an easy form, all what you do is add Ϧϳ – ϥϭ at the end of the word. When the word is accusative, as when it is the direct object of a verb or proceeded by a preposition, then you add Ϧϳ . However, when the word is nominative, as when referring to the subject, doer of the action or the first noun in a sentence, then we add ϥϭ. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Word
Engineer
Mohandiseen/ mohandisoon
Teacher
Mo’alimeen / Mo’alimoon
Writer
Katibeen/ katiboon
ϥϮΒΗΎϛ / ϦϴΒΗΎϛ
Katib
ΐΗΎϛ
Farmer
Fellaheen/ fallahoon
ϥϮΣϼϓ / ϦϴΣϼϓ
Fallah
Ρϼϓ
Employee
Mowath-thafeen/ Mowath-thafoon
Egyptian
Mesriyeen/ mesriyoon
Translator
Motarjimeen/ motarjimoon
ϥϮγΪϨϬϣ / ϦϴγΪϨϬϣ ϥϮϤϠόϣ / ϦϴϤϠόϣ
ϥϮϔυϮϣ / ϦϴϔυϮϣ
Mohandis Mo’alim
αΪϨϬϣ ϢϠόϣ
Mowath-thaf
ϒυϮϣ
ϥϮϳήμϣ / Ϧϴϳήμϣ
Mesriyy
ϱήμϣ
ϥϮϤΟήΘϣ / ϦϴϤΟήΘϣ
Motarjim
ϢΟήΘϣ
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Lesson 5
2. Transliteration Feminine Plurals: It is the form that is used with feminine plural nouns ending in ta marbuta. All what you have to do is: remove the ta marbuta and add Ε at the end of the word. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Female teacher
Ostathat
Female student
Talibat
Car
Sayyarat
Library
Maktabat
Aunt
Khalat
Busy
Mash-gholat
State
Wilayat
Building
Benayat
Plural
ΕΫΎΘγ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ΕέΎϴγ ΕΎΒΘϜϣ ΕϻΎΧ ΕϻϮϐθϣ ΕΎϳϻϭ ΕΎϳΎϨΑ
Transliteration
Ostatha Taliba Sayyarah Maktabah Khalah Mash-ghoolah Wilayah Benayah
Word
ΓΫΎΘγ ΔΒϟΎρ ΓέΎϴγ ΔΒΘϜϣ ΔϟΎΧ ΔϟϮϐθϣ Δϳϻϭ ΔϳΎϨΑ
3. Broken plurals: These plurals earned their names because they break the letters of the word or change their order in it. There are different forms in plurals that follow different patterns. The best way to learn these plurals for now is whenever you use flashcards, write the word and its plural beside it and memorize both together. This type of plural is called broken plurals as they keep the root/original letters of the word and add few other letters in between. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Color
Alwan
Shape
Ash-kal
Pen
Aqlam
Book
Kotob
Film
Aflam
Name
Asma’
City
Modon
Mr.
Sadah
Plural
ϥϮϟ ϝΎϜη ϡϼϗ ΐ˵Θϛ˵ ϡϼϓ ˯ΎϤγ ϥΪϣ ΓΩΎγ
Transliteration
Lawn Shakl Qalam Kitab Film Esm Madinah Sayyed
Word
ϥϮϟ ϞϜη ϢϠϗ ΏΎΘϛ ϢϠϴϓ Ϣγ ΔϨϳΪϣ Ϊ˷ϴγ
Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah) Meaning
Transliteration
Brother
Okhwah
Street
Shaware’
Office
Makateb
Plural
ΓϮΧ ωέϮη ΐΗΎϜϣ
Transliteration
Akh Share’ Maktab
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Word
Υ ωέΎη ΐΘϜϣ
In short, to learn plurals you need to master the agreement rules and you can also memorize the plurals. 5.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the suitable word:
˲ έ˴ Ύ͉ψ˴ϧ - ˵Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ - ϡ˲ Ύ͉ϳ˴ - ˲ΓΩ͉ Ύϣ˴ - Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴Θϐ˴ ˵ϟ ϊ˵ ϴ˶ΑΎγ˴ ˴ - Ϟ˴ Β˸ ˴ϗ - Ϊ˵ ό˸ ˴Α - Ε .˯˶ Ύ˴Λϼ˴ ͊Μϟ ϡϮϳ .Δ˶ ό˴ Ϥ˸ Π˵ ϟ ϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ˵ .ωϮ˵ ˶ Βγ˸ Ϸ ϲ˶ϓ .˵Δ͉ϳΰϴ ˶ ϭ˴ ˵Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ ˵Δϐ˴ ͊Ϡϟ ˶ ˶ϠΠ˶ ϧ˸ Ϲ .ϡ˳ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ Ϟ͉ ϛ˵ Ύ˴ϴ˶ϓή˴ ϐ˸ Π˵ ϟ
ϲ˶Η˸΄˴ϳ Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ϨΛ˸ ϻ ˶ ϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ˴ Βδ͉ ϟ ϲ˶Η˸΄˴ϳ Ζ˸ ˲Δό˴ Β˸ γ˴ ϙΎϨϫ ˲Δό˴ ˴Α ˸έ˴ ή˸˶ Ϭθ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ϢϠϜΗ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵ΐ˴ϫΫ˸ ˴ ˴ ϼ˴ ˵Λ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ Ι ͊ΐΣ˶ ˵ ϻ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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Lesson 5
Read:
Hathihi eman ali This is Eman Ali.
˵ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ϩ˶ ά˶ ˴ϫ .ϲϠϋ ϥΎ
Tadros eman alhandasa fi jame’a oxford fe breetanya. Eiman is studying Engineering in Oxford University in Britain.
˵ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴Η ϲ˶ϓ ϲ˶ϓ ˴Δγ˴ Ϊ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴Ϭϟ ϥΎ .Ύ˴ϴ˶ϧΎ˴τϳή˶ ˶Α ϲ˶ϓ Ω ˸έϮ˵ϔδ˸ ϛ˸ ϭ˵ Δ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴
Fee hatha alfasl tadros al/oloom wa al-keemya’ wa almoseeka. In this semester, she is studying Science, Chemistry and Music.
ϡϮ ˶ ˵Ϡό˵ ϟ ˵ΓΩ͉ Ύϣ˴ ˵α͋έ˴Ϊ˵Η Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϔϟ ά˴ ˴ϫ ϲ˶ϓ .ϰ˴ϘϴγϮ ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ ϭ˴ ˯˵ Ύ˴ϴϤ˶ ϴϜ˶ ϟ ϭ˴
Um eman wa abooha yskonan fee Madinat amman fe al-ordon wa yaskon ma’homa ikhwat eman ath-thalatha. Eman’s father and mother live in Amman in Jordan and her three brothers live with them.
Δ˳ ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ ϲ˶ϓ ϥΎ ˴ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ϡ͊ ˵ ˶ ˴ϨϜ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ Ύ˴ϫϮ˵Α˴ ϭ˴ ϥΎ ˵ Ϥ˴ ϋ˵ ΎϤ˴ ˵Ϭό˴ ϣ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴ϳ ϭ˴ ϥ͋ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ ϲ˶ϓ ϥΎ .Δ˶ ˴Λϼ˴ ͉Μϟ ϥΎ ˴ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· ˲ΓϮ˴ Χ˸ ˶·
Eman taskon fe shaqqa sagheera bejaneb aljame’a. Eman lives in a small apartment beside the university.
˵ Ϥ˴ ϳ˶· Γ˳ ή˴ ϴϐ˶ λ ˴ ϥΎ ˴ Δ˳ ͉Ϙη˶ ϲ˶ϓ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η ϥϵ .Δ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ ΐ ˶ ˶ϧΎΠ˴ ˶Α
Taskon ma’ha fe alshaqqa taliba arabiyya men falstine ismoha amal mohammad. An Arab student from Palestine lives with her in the apartment. Her name is Amal Mohammad. Tadros amal alhandasa Aydan. Amal is studying Engineering too.
˲Δ˴Β˶ϟΎ˴ρ Δ˶ ͉Ϙθ͋ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ΎϬ˱όϣ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η Ϟ˵ ϣ˴ ˴ Ύ˴ϬϤ˵ γ˸ ˶ Ϧϴ ˴ τ˸ ˶ δ˴Ϡ˶ϓ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˲Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ϋ˴ .Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .Ύ˱πϳ˸ ˴ ˴Δγ˴ Ϊ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴Ϭϟ Ϟ˵ ϣ˴ ˴ ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴Η
Fee hatha alfasl tadros amal arriyadhiyat wa allogha al-ingleezia. In this semester, Amal is studying Mathematics and English Language.
Ϟ˵ ϣ˴ ˴ ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴Η Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϔϟ ά˴ ˴ϫ ϲ˶ϓ .˴Δ͉ϳΰϴ ˶ Ύ͉ϴοΎ ˶ ˴ϳ ͋ήϟ ˶ ˴Δϐ˴ ͊Ϡϟ ϭ˴ Ε ˶ ˶ϠΠ˶ ϧ˸ Ϲ
Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah)
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5.2
Practice Translate the following sentences into Arabic: 1. Students sit in front of the teacher in the classroom.
2. Each student sits on a chair with his pen and notebook on the desk. 3. There are two teachers for this class. 4. The teacher is standing in front of his 23 students. 5. How many subjects do you study? 5.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Change into plural:
.Γ˳ ή˴ ϴϐ˶ λ ˴ Δ˳ ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϲ˶ϓ ˴Δ˴Β˶ϟΎ͉τϟ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˵ δ˸ ˴Η .Δ˶ ͉ϴ͋ϠϜ˵ ϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵ΐ˶ϟΎ͉τϟ ΐ ˴ ˴ϫΫ˴ .Γ˳ Ϊ˴ Σ ˶ ϭ˴ Δ˳ ϐ˴ ˵ϟ ˵α͋έ˴Ω˵ .Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ Ϣ˲ ˴Ϡό˸ ϣ˴ ϙ ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˵ϫ ͉ ˴ ˴Θϛ˴ Ρ ˶ Ϯ˸ ͉Ϡϟ ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ ˵ΐ˶ϟΎτϟ ΐ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
5.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the plural of the following words:
ΔϤϠϛ ϱέϮγ
2. 4.
Δϗέϭ Δϐϟ ϲΘϳϮϛ
1. 3. 5.
5.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions:
ˮΔ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˱ήϬ˸ η˴ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ͋ϔλ ˴ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˱Β˶ϟΎ˴ρ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϙ˵ ˶ ήϤ˸ ϋ˵ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϡ˶ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˲Δϋ˴ Ύγ˴ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮ Δ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ή˸˳ Ϭη˴ ή˵ Χ ˶ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ Ύϣ˴
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
˵ ˮωϮ˵ ˶ Βγ˸ Ϸ ϲ˶ϓ Ύϣ˱ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮΔ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ϼ˱ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ˶ΗϮ˴ Χ˸ ˶· Ω˵ Ϊ˴ ϋ˴ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˴ ϣ˶ Ϊ˵ ϴϋ˶ ϰ˴Θϣ˴ ˮϙ ˴ Ω˶ ϼϴ ˮ˯˶ Ύ˴Λϼ˴ ͊Μϟ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Α ϡ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϴϟ Ύϣ˴
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
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Lesson 5
5.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the following sentences in order to form a story. Order the sentences by wrting the the number of the sentence in the brackets:
ΦϳέΎΘϟ ΓΩΎϣ ΏΎΘϛ άΧ . ΏΎΘϜϟ ϝΩΎϋ ήϗ . ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ . ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ΏΎΘϜϟ ϝΩΎϋ ΪΠϳ Ϣϟ . ΔϠΌγϷ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ ΏΎΟ . ΡϮϠϟ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ ΦϳέΎΘϟ ϢϠόϣ ΐΘϛ . ΦϳέΎΘϟ Ϟμϓ ϰϟ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ ΡΎΒμϟ ϲϓ
.( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( ) .( )
Reading
Read the following conversation between Mohammad and Ayman:
Masa’ alkhair. Good evening. Ahlan masaa annor. Welcome, good evening. Ana Mohamad sadiq fu’ad. I’m Mohammad, Fouad’s friend. Ahlan wa sahlan! You are welcome! Wa anta ma ismoka? What’s your name? Ana ayman. My name is Ayman. Tasharafna, ayna fou’ad? I am honored, where is Fouad? Howa fii almaktaba. He’s at the library. Kam omroka? How old are you?
.ή˸˶ ϴΨ˴ ϟ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .έϮ ˶ ˵Ϩϟ ˯˵ Ύδ˴ ϣ˴ !ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ ˵ ϳΪ˶ λ .Ω˴ Ά˴ ˵ϓ ϖ ˴ .Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ !ϼ˸˱ Ϭγ˴ ϭ˴ ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ϭ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮϚ ˴ Ϥ˵ γ˸ ˶ Ύϣ˴ ˮΖ .Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ !Ύ˴Ϩ˶ϓ ͊ήθ˴ ˴Η :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮΩ˲ Ά˴ ˵ϓ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ .Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵
Tea and Arabic Coffee (Ashay wa alqahwa al-arabuyah)
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Conversation (continued)
ϭ˴ .ΔϨγ Γήθϋ ΙϼΛ ϱή˶ Ϥ˸ ϋ˵ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ˮΖ ϥϭήθϋ ϭ ϊ˲ ˴Α ˸έ˴ ϱή˶ Ϥ˸ ϋ˵ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .˱Δ˴Ϩγ˴ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ Ϟϫ ˮΔ˶ γ˴ έ˴ Ϊ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˲ΐ˶ϟΎ˴ρ Ζ
Omree thalath ashrata sana wa anta? I am thirteen years old. How about you? Ana omree arba’a wa eshroon sana. I am twenty-four years old. Hal anta talib fee almadrasah? Are you a student at school?
͋ μϟ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˴ϧ˴ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ .˵ϊγΎ ˶ ͉Θϟ ϒ͉
Na’am ana fee assaf attase.’ Yes, I am in the ninth grade. A hiya madatoka almofaddalah? What is your favorite subject?
͉ ˴ϔϤ˵ ϟ Ϛ ˮ˵Δ˴Ϡπ ˴ ˵ΗΩ͉ Ύϣ˴ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ Ύϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ϭ˴ Ε ˶ Ύ͉ϴοΎ ˶ ˴ϳ ͋ήϟ ͊ΐΣ˶ ˵ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴ .˱ήϴ˶Μϛ˴ ϰ˴ϘϴγϮ ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ
Ana ohibo arriyadhiyat wa almoseeqa kateeran. I love mathematics and Music a lot.
ϲ˶ϓ α˵ ˴ έΪ˸ ˴Η ϥ˸ ˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮΔ˶ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ . ˸έ ͋ή˴ϗ˵ Ϣ˸ ˴ϟ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴
Matha toreed an tadros fee aljame’a? What do you want to study at the university? Lam oqarrer ba’d. I did not decide yet.
.Ω˴ Ά˴ ˵ϓ Ϊ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵ΐ˴ϫΫ˸ ˴ ΄γ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ .˯˶ Ύ˴Ϙ͋Ϡϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :Ϧ˸ Ϥ˴ ͊ϳ˴
Sa’th-hab ila almaktaba e’nda fuad. I will go to the library to see Fouad. Hasana ila aliqa.’ OK, goodbye. Ma’ assalamah. Go with peace.
.Δ˶ ϣ˴ ϼ˴ δ˴ ϟ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ :Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵
5.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Now answer the following questions:
ˮΩΆϓ Ϧϳ ˮϦϤϳ ϒλ ϱ ϲϓ
2. 4.
ˮΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϧϣ ˮϦϤϳ ήϤϋ Ϣϛ ˮΪϤΤϣ ΐϫάϴγ Ϧϳ
1. 3. 5.
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Lesson 5
5.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following to feminine:
ΐϟΎρ Ϊϟϭ ϥΎΒόΗ ήϴΜϛ ήπΣ
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
Ϣ˷Ϡόϣ ήϴϣ Ϊ˷ϴγ Ϯϫ ςϗ
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
5.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:
Ύϧ – ΔόϣΎΟ – ΔϴϠϛ – ΔγέΪϣ ΔΒΘϜϣ – ήπΣ – ϞΧΩ – ΝήΧ ϲϫ – ΏΎΘϛ – Ζϧ – Ύϧ ϒΤΘϣ – ΐόϠϳ – ΪΠδϣ – ΔΒΘϜϣ ϡϮϠϋ – ΓέΎΠΗ – ΏΩ – ΓέΎϴγ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lesson 6
ΔγΩΎδϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Social Life and Visits
ΔϴϋΎϤΘΟϻ ΕΎϗϼόϟ ϭ ΕέΎϳΰϟ Azziyarat wa al-ilaqat al-ijtima’yah
Objectives: 1. Months and Seasons Vocabulary 2. Grammar • Verbs • Nouns • Prepositions • Question Words
3. Culture: Greetings and Visits 4. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ή˵Ϭη˸ ˴ ˸ϝϮμ˵ϓ
Month
Ash-hor
Season
Fosool
Summer
–
–
Sayf
Fall
–
–
Khareef
Winter
–
–
Shita’
Spring
–
–
Rabee’
Year
Sanawat
˸ ˴Ϩγ˴ ΕϮ
Sanah
Weather
–
Trees
Ashjar
–
˸έΎΠη˸ ˴
Shahr Fasl
Taqs Shajarah
Word
˸ή˸Ϭη˴ ˸Ϟ ˸μ˴ϓ ˸ ϴλ ϒ˸ ˴ ˸ Χ˴ ϒϳή ˯ΎΘ ˸ η˶ ϊϴΑέ ΔϨγ˴ ˸βϘ˸ ˴ρ ΓήΠ˴ η˴
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Lesson 6 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸έΎϫί˸ ˴ ˸ΡΎϳέ˶ ˸έΎτϣ˸ ˴ ˸ΝϮϠ˵Λ
Flower
Azhar
Zahrah
Wind
Riyah
Rain
Amtar
Snow
Tholooj
Sky
–
–
Sama’
Cold
–
–
Bared
Hot
–
–
Har
Very
–
–
Jedan
Mountains
Jibal
˸ϝΎΒΟ˶
Jabal
Beautiful
–
Suit
Bedal
Coat
–
Jacket
Jaketat
T-shirt
Balayez
Skirt
Tananeer
Clothes
Malabis
Uniform
–
–
Zey
Specify
–
–
Yohadid
To fall
–
–
Yasqot
Travel
–
–
Yosafer
Traveling
–
–
Assafar
Reeh Matar Thalj
–
Jameel
ϝΪΑ
Badlah
–
ΕΎΘϴϛΎΟ ΰϳϼΑ ήϴϧΎϨΗ ˸β˶Αϼϣ˴
Balto Jakeet Bloozah Tanoorah Malbas
Word
Γήϫ˸ ί˴ ˸ϳέ˶ ˸ή˴τϣ˴ ˸ΞϠ˸ ˴Λ ˯ΎϤ ˸ γ˴ Ω˸ έΎ ˶ ˴Α ˸έΎΣ ˱Ϊ˷ Ο˶ ˸Ϟ˴ΒΟ˴ ˸ϞϴϤΟ˴ ΔϟΪ˸ ˴Α ˸ ϮτϟΎΑ ΖϴϛΎΟ ΓίϮϠ˸Α ΓέϮ˷Ϩ˴Η βΒϠϣ ˷ ί˶ ϱ Ω˸ Ϊ͋ Τ˴ ˵ϳ ˸ ˵Ϙδ˸ ˴ϳ ς ˸ή˶ϓΎδ˵ϳ ˸ή˴ϔδ͉ ϟ
Social Life and Visits (Azziyarat wa al-ilaqat al-ijtima’yah) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Daily
–
–
Yawmay
Weekly
–
–
Osboo’ee
Monthly
–
–
Shahree
Annually
–
–
Sanawee
Old
–
–
Qadeem
New
–
–
Jadeed
Tall & long
–
–
Taweel
Short
–
–
Qaseer
Fast
–
–
Saree’
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Word
ϲϣ ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ϲϋϮΒ˸ γ˵ ˸ ˸ϱήϬη˴ ˸ϱϮ˴Ϩγ˴ Ϣ˸ ϳΪ˴ϗ ΪϳΪΟ ˸ϞϳϮ˴ρ ˸ήϴμ˴ϗ ϊ˸ ϳήγ˴
Greetings and Visits One very important factor constituting to a person’s character is good manners, which starts with greetings. Arabs shake hands using only the right hand when they meet and say goodbye. Sometimes failure to shake hands might be considered rude, especially among older generations. Close friends and people whom one has not seen for a while may hug and kiss on both cheeks when greeting. Arab men kiss other men and women kiss other women. However, women and men do not kiss, as this is considered immodest and shameful unless they are close family members such as brothers and sisters, daughters and fathers or nieces and uncles. When meeting older family members such as parents, uncles or grandparents, it is customary to kiss either forehead, nose, or right hand of that person, depending on family’s tradition, to show admiration and respect. Shaking Hands
When a guest arrives, all people sitting in the room stand up to greet the newcomer, who shakes hands and kisses all attendees starting with those on his right side. Some Arabs, among them those from the Gulf countries, place their right hand on their heart after shaking hands as a sign of respect and love. Sometimes, when an Arab woman is introduced to a man who is not a family member, it is the woman's choice to shake hands or not. Some Arab women might initiate the handshake while others do not, depending on their background and family rules.
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Lesson 6
It is common to have separate seating for men and women. Usually, when entering a house as a guest, males and females are directed to different rooms. In the Gulf countries, most houses have separate entrances for men and women. During visits, one sits properly without drooping, wiggling or sliding down in one’s seat, especially in a gathering among different age groups. While seated, Arabs do not put their feet or shoes facing one another or pointing at someone’s face, as it is considered disrespectful; visitors usually keep both feet on the floor. These seating traditions are required particularly when older people are in the room; however, friends of the same age may sit however they feel comfortable. In conversation, between different generations, it is disrespectful to lean against the wall or put one’s hands in one’s pockets, as it reflects tiredness, boredom or lack of enthusiasm for the conversation. The origins of greeting with a smile and showing feelings are rooted in Islamic teachings, as the religion encourages its followers to greet each other and all people they meet to spread love, peace and friendship. The Prophet said, “You will never enter Paradise until you believe, and you will never believe fully until you love each other. Shall I not lead you to something that if you do it, you will love each other? Spread the greetings of ‘Salaam’ amongst yourselves” (Muslim, Vol. 1, # 68). Additionally, when someone greets you, it is your obligation to respond to his greetings as Allah says in the Qur’an: “When you are greeted with a greeting, greet in return with what is better than it, or (at least) return it equally” (4:86). The teachings of the Prophet clarified who should initiate the greeting, as he said, “A rider should greet a pedestrian, a pedestrian should greet one who is seated, and a smaller group of people should greet a larger” (Muslim, Vol. 1, # 857). When saying goodbye, guests and hosts shake hands again and sometimes kiss. It is very common to see Arabs standing and talking at the door, where they might start another conversation and spend few more minutes talking. The host usually accompanies his guests to the door and to their cars if they are the last to leave. Months and Seasons
As you know, Gregorian calendars are accepted and used all over the world. Some Arab countries, such as Syria and Lebanon, use Aramaic names based on the Babylonian calendar. The dates do not change except for the name of the month. For example the Aramaic name for May is Ayar έΎϳ. Other Arab countries use the an Arabized name of the months, as in: May would be Mayo ϮϳΎϣ and September would stay the same Sebtember ήΒϤΘΒγ.
Social Life and Visits (Azziyarat wa al-ilaqat al-ijtima’yah)
81
Here are the names of the Gregorian Arabic months. English
Transliteration
July
Yolyo
August
Oghostos
September
Sebtember
October
October
November
November
December
December
Arabic
English
ϮϴϟϮϳ βτδϏ ήΒϤΘΒγ ήΑϮΘϛ ήΒϤϓϮϧ ήΒϤδϳΩ
Transliteration
January
Yanayer
February
Febrayer
March
Maris
April
Ibreel
May
Mayo
June
Yonyo
Arabic
ήϳΎϨϳ ήϳήΒϓ αέΎϣ ϞϳήΑ ϮϳΎϣ ϮϴϧϮϳ
However, Saudi Arabia uses the Islamic calendar as its main calendar. The Islamic calendar is based on the lunar cycle. It started in 638 CE using the date of migration of the Prophet Mohammed from Mecca to Medina. Months in the Islamic/lunar calendar are either 29 or 30 days which differs from the Gregorian calendar by ten to eleven days each year. Almost all other Arab countries use both calendars and write both dates in their official letters and communication. The current Islamic year is 1440 and in August 19 the year 1441 would start. The Islamic calendar is important because it is used to determine the proper days for Islamic rituals and holidays as in the month of Ramadan and the month of pilgrimage to Mecca. Here is a list of the twelve months of the Lunar Calendar: Month
Transliteration
7
Rajab
8
Sha’ban
9
Ramadan
10
Shawwal
11
The alqe’dah
12
The alhijjah
Islamic Month
Month
Transliteration
˵ΐΟ˴ έ˴ ˵ ˴Βό˸ η˴ ϥΎ ˵ π ϥΎ ˴ ϣ˴ έ˴ ϝ˵ Ϯ͉ η˴ Γ˶ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Ϙϟ ϱΫ˶ Δ˶ Π͉ Τ˵ ϟ ϱΫ˶
1
Moharram
2
Safar
3
Rabee’ awal
4
Rabee’ thani
5
Jamadi alawal
6
Jamadi athanni
Islamic Month
ϡ˲ ή͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ή˲ ˴ϔλ ˴ ϝ˵ ϭ͉ ˴ ϊ˲ ϴ˶Αέ˴ ϲ˶ϧΎ˴Λ ϊ˲ ϴ˶Αέ˴ ϝ˵ ϭ͉ ˴Ϸ ϱΩΎϤΟ ϲ˶ϧΎ͉Μϟ ϱΩΎϤΟ
Grammar Verbs In Arabic, verbs do change their forms according to tense, gender and number as the verb reflects whom or what we are talking about. We add a prefix, suffix or both to indicate the
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Lesson 6
person/persons or thing we are talking about. Now, we will learn about verbs in the present tense. Verbs in present tense may refer to present tense as in “he drinks” or to continuous tense as in “he is drinking” depending on the context. The following table shows the forms of present tense verbs conjugated according to the person we are talking about. Please note: the prefixes, suffixes or both added to the verbs. When you know the stem of the verb, you may conjugate any verb very easily. When you look carefully at the table, you will notice that verbs keep a base of letters that keep repeated in each conjugation. This base is called the root of the verb. Arab language cites verbs in the third person masculine singular past tense. What we do is add a prefix, suffix or both. Look at the verb ϦϜγ for example and note what we add to indicate “I,” you masculine, you feminine...etc. ˷ |(hug). There are some verbs with double consonant as in: ˷ΐΣ (love, (think) Ϣ˷ ο & Ϧυ Double consonant verbs occur with verbs in the past as well as in Present tense when talking about the third person but not with the first or second person. For some more explanation look at the table below: Transliteration Past Tense
Ahbabto Ahbabna Ahbabta Ahbabti Ahbabtoma Ahbabtom Ahbabtonna Ahaba Ahabat Ahabba Ahabata Ahaboo Ahbabna
ΖΒΒΣ ΎϨΒΒΣ ΖΒΒΣ ΖΒΒΣ ΎϤΘΒΒΣ ϢΘΒΒΣ ϦΘΒΒΣ ΐΣ ΖΒΣ ΎΒΣ ΎΘΒΣ ϮΒΣ ϦΒΒΣ
Transliteration Present Tense
Ohib Nohib Tohib Tohibeen Tohiban Tohiboon Tohbibna Yohib Tohib Yohiban Tohiban Yohiboon Yohbibna
˷ΐΣ ΐΤϧ ΐΤΗ ϦϴΒΤΗ ϥΎΒΤΗ ϥϮΒΤΗ ϦΒΒΤΗ ΐΤϳ ΐΤΗ ϥΎΒΤϳ ϥΎΒΤΗ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϦΒΒΤϳ
Transliteration
Ana Nahno anta Anti Antoma Antom Antenna Howa Hiya Homa Homa Hom Honna
Pronoun
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ ϦΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ
ϥΎΒΘϜϳ
Yaktoban
ϥήϘϳ
Yaqra’an
ϥϼόϔϳ
Yafa’lan
ϥΎΒϫάϳ
ϥϮΒΘϜϳ
yaktoboon
ϥϭήϘϳ
Yaqra’oon
ϥϮϠόϔϳ
Yafa’loon
ϥϮΒϫάϳ ΏήθΗ Tashrab
ϥϮΑήθϳ ϥΎΑήθϳ
yashraboon
Yashraban
That-hab
yath-haboon Yath-haban
ΐϫάΗ
Tafa’l
ϞόϔΗ
Taqra’
ήϘΗ
Taktob
ΐΘϜΗ
taskon
yaskonan
yaskonoon
ϲϫ
ϦϜδΗ
ΎϤϫ
ϥϮϨϜδϳ ϥΎϨϜδϳ
Ϣϫ Ζ ˶ ϧ ˴Ζϧ
ϦϴΒϫάΗ
Tafa’leen
ϦϴϠόϔΗ
Taqra’een
ϦϳήϘΗ
Taktobeen
ϦϴΒΘϜΗ
taskoneen
ΐϫάΗ
Tafa’l
ϞόϔΗ
Taqra’
ήϘΗ
Taktob
ΐΘϜΗ
taskon
Thath-aban That-habeen That-hab
ϥΎΒϫάΗ
Tafa’lan
ϥϼόϔΗ
Taqra’an
ϥήϘΗ
Taktoban
ϥΎΒΘϜΗ
taskonan
ϥΎϨϜδΗ ϦϴϨϜδΗ ϦϜδΗ
ΎϤΘϧ
Nath-hab
ΐϫάϧ
Nafa’l
Ϟόϔϧ
naqra’
ήϘϧ
Naktob
ΐΘϜϧ
naskon
ϦϜδϧ
ϦΤϧ
Yashrab
tashraban
Tashrabeen
Tashrab
Nashrab
Ώήθϳ ϥΎΑήθΗ ϦϴΑήθΗ ΏήθΗ Ώήθϧ
Yath-hab
ΐϫάϳ
Yafa’l
Ϟόϔϳ
yaqra’
ήϘϳ
Yaktob
ΐΘϜϳ
yaskon
ϦϜδϳ
Ϯϫ
Ashrab
Ώήη
Ath-hab
ΐϫΫ
Afa’l
Ϟόϓ
Aqra’
ήϗ
Aktob
ΐΘϛ
askon
ϦϜγ
Ύϧ
Shariba
Ώήη
Thahaba
ΐϫΫ
Fa’ala
Ϟόϓ
Qara’
ήϗ
kataba
ΐΘϛ
sakana
ϦϜγ
Verb
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Lesson 6
Note how the double consonant in the third person, did not use the shaddah but used the double letter be instead. 6.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Apply the rules you learned to conjugate the following verbs:
Ϣϫ
ΎϤϫ
ΎϤϫ
ϦΤϧ
ϲϫ
Ϯϫ
Ζ ˶ ϧ
˴ Ζϧ
Ύϧ
Verb
Meaning
Ω˷ ΪΣ
Assign
φϔΣ
Keep
αέΩ
Study
Ϣγέ
Draw
ΪϫΎη
Watch
Ϟϛ
Eat
ϊϤγ
Hear
ΝήΧ
Go out
Θϓ
Open
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6.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verbs into the present tense:
ˮϞϣ Ύϳ ( Ϣγέ) ΫΎϣ .ήϴΒϛ ΖϴΑ ϲϓ ( ϦϜγ) Ϣϫ .ϥΪϨϟ ϰϟ ( ΐϫΫ) ϯΪϫ ϭ ΪϤΣ .ΕΎϐϟ ϊΑέ ( ϢϠϜΗ) ΫΎΘγϻ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ( αέΩ) Ύϧ .˯ΎδϤϟ ϲϓ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΘϟ ( ΪϫΎη) ΎϤϫ .ΐΟϮϟ (ΐΘϛ) ϲϫ .ΔϴϟΎτϳϻ ΔϐϠϟ ( ϢϠϜΗ) ϪΗϮΧ .ήϜδϟ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ ( ΐΣ) Ύϧ . ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ ( ϊϤγ) ϦΤϧ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
6.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Translate into Arabic
1. I am studying Chemistry and Literature. 3. You look tired, are you OK? 5. I like Art but hate Science.
2. Monday is the first day of the week. 4 Where is your back bag?
6.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb ϑήϋ in the following sentences:
.ϪϤγ .ΐϫΫ Ζϧ Ϧϳ ϰϟ ˮϯΪϫ Ύϳ ϩήϗ ϱάϟ ΏΎΘϜϟ Ϣγ .ϦϜγ Ϧϳ .ϲΑέΎϗ Ϟϛ ˯ΎϤγ
ϻ Ύϧ ϦΤϧ Ϟϫ Ϣϫ ϯΪϫ ΓΪϴδϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Lesson 6
Nouns As explained earlier in Lesson 3, words in Arabic have a gender as they are either masculine or feminine. Masculine words refer to masculine humans or objects and feminine refer to female humans or objects. If a word ends in ta marbuta (Δ˰ Γ) then it is feminine. It is very important to know the gender of the nouns because the verbs and adjectives should agree with gender to be conjugated correctly. 6.5. Practice (see Answer Key) When the sentence refers to a feminine subject, change into masculine and if it refers to a masculine subject change into feminine:
: ΐϟΎρ Ϯϫ : ΓΫΎΘγ ϲϫ : ϲϜϳήϣ ϩϮΧ : ΔγΪϨϬϣ Ϫϣ : ϥΎΘϳΰϴϠΠϧ ΎϤϫ : ϥϼϳϮρ ΎϤϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Prepositions: The prepositions we have in Arabic are: English Meaning
Transliteration
In
Fee
On
A’la
Beside
Bejanib
Between
Bayna
Preposition in Arabic
ϲϓ ϰϠϋ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϴΑ
English Meaning
Transliteration
Over
Fawqa
Under
Tahta
In front of
Amam
Behind
Khalfa
Preposition in Arabic
ϕϮϓ ΖΤΗ ϡΎϣ ϒϠΧ
All words after a preposition should be genitive, that is, to have kasra. When definite nouns come after a preposition, they always have kasra but when an indefinite noun comes after a preposition, then it should have tanween kasra or double kasra.
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Some examples are provided for you: Meaning
Transliteration
My book is on the table
kitabi ala attawelati
The pen is on the book
alqalam fawqa alkitabi
The teacher is in class
Alostath fee assaffi
Example
Δ˶ ϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϲΑΎΘϛ Ώ ˶ ΎΘϜϟ ϕϮϓ ϢϠϘϟ ϒμϟ ϲϓ ΫΎΘγϻ ˶
If a noun is dual or plural, then we use the een Ϧϳ suffix to both definite and indefinite Question Words Here is a list of question words used in Arabic: Meaning
Transliteration
Do/Does/Did/Is/Are
Hal
Where
Ayna
When
Mata
What (always followed by a noun)
Ma
What (always followed by a verb)
Matha
How many/how much
Kam
Do/Does/Did/Is/Are
A
Who
Man
How
Kayfa
Why
Limatha
Question word in Arabic
Ϟϫ Ϧϳ ϰΘϣ Ύϣ ΫΎϣ Ϣϛ Ϧϣ˴ ϒϴϛ ΫΎϤϟ
Please note: For kam
• •
Ϣϛ:
Ϣϛ is always used to ask about numbers Ϣϛ is always followed by a singular indefinite noun. The noun is in the singular form and should have tanween as in:
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Lesson 6 Meaning
Transliteration
How many books did you read?
Kam kitaban qarata?
How many students are there in class?
Kam Taliban fee assaf?
How many rooms are there in your house?
Kam ghorfatan fee baytika?
For hal
Example
ˮΕήϗ ΎΑΎΘϛ Ϣϛ ˮϒμϟ ϲϓ ΎΒϟΎρ Ϣϛ ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ ˱ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ
Ϟϫ:
• As in English, the answer for Ϟϫ should start by yes Ϣόϧ or no ϻ • The noun after Ϟϫ is always definite, that it should have possessive letter added to it or you add ϝ to it as in: Meaning
Transliteration
Is my book with you?
Hal kitabi ma’ak
Is the book with you?
Hal alkitab ma’ak?
Example
ˮϚόϣ ϲΑΎΘϛ Ϟϫ ˮϚόϣ ΏΎΘϜϟ Ϟϫ
For a :
is the same as Ϟϫ in that the response should always be yes Ϣόϧ or no ϻ. is added to the first word of the sentence. When it is used, it changes the statement into a yes/no question. It is prefixed to nouns, verbs, adjectives, particles or pronouns. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Is he your friend?
Ahowa sadeeqok?
Do you have a car?
A’endoka sayyarah?
Do you want to eat?
Atoreed an ta’kol?
Didn’t you know?
Alam ta’rif?
Is this your house?
Ahatha baytoka?
Example
ˮϚϘϳΪλ Ϯϫ ˮΓέΎϴγ ϙΪϨϋ ˮϞϛ΄Η ϥ ΪϳήΗ ˮ ϑήόΗ Ϣϟ ˮϚΘϴΑ άϫ
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Social Life and Visits (Azziyarat wa al-ilaqat al-ijtima’yah)
Ϧϣ˴ and ayna Ϧϳ :
For man
Please note that Ϧϣ˴ and Ϧϳ may be followed by a noun, verb or pronoun ϩ Meaning
Transliteration
Who is he?
Man howa
Where is she?
Ayna hiya
What is this?
Ma hatha
Where is Tunisia?
Ayna Toonis
Where do you live?
Ayna taskon
Example
ˮϮϫ Ϧϣ ˮϲϫ Ϧϳ ˮάϫ Ύϣ ˮβϧϮΗ Ϧϳ ˮϦϜδΗ Ϧϳ
All question words do no change the word order or the form of words coming after it
Ύϣ” and matha “ΫΎϣ”:
For ma “
“Ύϣ” and “ΫΎϣ” as you noticed have the same meaning. The only difference is that Ύϣ is followed by nouns while ΫΎϣ is followed by verbs. For example: Meaning
Transliteration
What do you study?
Matha tadros
What do you do?
Matha ta’mal
What is your name?
Ma ismoka
What is your phone number?
Ma raqam talefonak
Example
ˮαέΪΗ ΫΎϣ ˮϞϤόΗ ΫΎϣ ˮϚϤγ Ύϣ ˮϚϧϮϔϠΗ Ϣϗέ Ύϣ
For ΫΎϤϟ: as in English, when you respond use: “because” ϥϻ or ΐΒδΑ “because it is” followed by complete sentences. However, sometimes the nominal sentences start with a pronoun. So, when this happens, we need to use the attached pronouns as they will be explained with more details in Lesson 7. Now to learn how ϥϻ would look like with attached pronouns, look at the following table: Transliteration
li-annanee li-annana li-annaka
Conjugation of ϥϷ
ϲϨϧϷ ΎϨϧϷ Ϛ ˴ ϧϷ
Transliteration
Ana Nahno Anta
Pronoun
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ
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Lesson 6 Transliteration
Conjugation of ϥϷ
li-annaki li-anakoma li-annaho li-annaha li-annahoma li-annahom li-annahonna
ϚϧϷ ˶ ΎϤϜϧϷ ϪϧϷ ΎϬϧϷ ΎϤϬϧϷ ϢϬϧϷ ϦϬϧϷ
Transliteration
Pronoun
Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ
Anti Antoma Howa Hiya Homa Hom Honna
Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
I don’t like winter because the weather is cold.
la ohibo ashitaa’ li-anna attaqs barid.
I want to eat because I am hungry.
oreed an aakol li’anee ja’ea.
Example
ϥϷ ˯ΎΘθϟ ΐΣ ϻ .ΩέΎΑ βϘτϟ .ΔόΎΟ ϲϨϧϷ Ϟϛ ϥ Ϊϳέ
6.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Use the proper question word to fill in the blanks:
ˮΔτϘϟ ˮήϴΒϛ ΖϴΒϟ ˮϙΪϨϋ ΎΧ ˮΔόϣΎΠϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάΘγ ˮϦϜδΗ ˮ˯ΎδϤϟ ϲϓ ϞόϔΘγ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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6.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Write questions in Arabic to your friend to find the answers to the following:
1. Location of the library. 2. Number of rooms in her house. 3. His telephone number. 4. The name of her Arabic teacher. 5. Does he have a car? 6. Whether he goes to college by bus or car. 7. The meaning of desk in Arabic. 8. Where did she come from? 9. How many brothers and sisters does she have? 10. How do they come to school? 6.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Use the correct form of ϥϻ:
.ϢϠόΘϧ ϥ Ϊϳήϧ ( ϦΤϧ + ϥϷ) ϒμϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϧ .ήϴΜϛ ϞϤόϳ ϥΎΒόΗ Ϯϫ .ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ αέΪΗ ϥ ΪϳήΗ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ϲϫ .ΔϠϬγ Δϐϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ ϥϮΒΤΗ ϢΘϧ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ Ϧϋ ΪϴόΑ ϥϮϨϜδϳ ϲΘϠΎϋ ϊϣ ϦϜγ ϻ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Form into questions using the interrogative words that you learned:
.ϡΩΎϘϟ βϴϤΨϟ ϡϮϳ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϨγ .ΦϳέΎΘϟ αέΪϳ ΪϤΣ .ϦϴϨΛϻ Ϯϫ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ .ΓϮΧ ΔΛϼΛ ϱΪϨϋ .ΪΟ Γήϴϐλ ϲΘϠΎϋ ϻ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Lesson 6
I am looking forward to your visit. Ana antathero ziyaratokom.
I am too. I am excited to meet your family. Wa ana aydhan, ana saeed bi-liqaa a’alotaka.
What time does your flight arrive? Mata taselo ta’ratokom.
It should be a little after noon tomorrow. Ghadan ba’ad aldhohr.
I hope you have a safe trip. Atamana lakom rehla amina.
I appreciate it. See you at the airport. Shokran laka, narakom ghadan fee almattar.
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6.10. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following paragraph:
Fee asana arba’to fosool: arrabee’ wa ashitta wa alkhareef wa assayf. There are four seasons in a year: spring, winter, autumn and summer. Ajmal alfossol howa fasl arrabee’. The most beautiful season is spring. Takoon fehi al-ashjar khadra’ wa alazhar katheera. In spring trees are green and have beautiful flowers. Wa taqs Jameel jidan laysa barid wala har. The weather is very beautiful, it's not cold or hot. Ya’tee fasl assayf ba’da arrabee’ wa yakoon attaqs har jidan. Summer comes after spring and the weather becomes very hot. Fee assayf yath-hab annas ila albahr wa yasbahoon honak. In summer, people go the beach and swim there.
ϭ˴ ϊ˵ ϴ˶Αή͉ ϟ :ϝϮ˵μ˴ϓ ˲Δό˴ ˴Α ˸έ˴ Δ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ ϲϓ ˵ ϴμ ˵ ή˶ Ψ˴ ϟ ϭ˴ ˯˵ Ύ˴Θθ͋ ϟ ͉ ϟ ϭ˴ ϒϳ .ϒ˸ ϊϴ ˶ μ˵ϔϟ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Ο˴ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ ϝϮ˵ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴Η ϭ˴ ˯˴ ή˴ ˸π˴Χ έ˵ ΎΠ˴ η˸ ˴Ϸ Ϫϴϓ ϥϮ ˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Μϛ˴ έ˵ Ύ˴ϫί˸ ˴Ϸ ϭ˴ Ω˲ έΎ ˴ ϴ˴ϟ Ϊ˱˷ Ο˶ Ϟ˲ ϴϤ˶ Ο˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ ϭ˴ ˶ ˴Α β˸ .έ˴ ΎΣ˴ ϻ˴ ͉ ϟ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ ϲ˶Η˸΄˴ϳ ϭ˴ ϊϴ ˶ ϴμ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Α ϒ˸ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴ϳ .Ϊ˱˷ Ο˶ ͇έΎΣ˴ β ˴ Ϙ˸ ͉τϟ ϥϮ ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ˵αΎ͉Ϩϟ ˵ΐ˴ϫά˸ ˴ϳ ϒ˸ ˶ ϴμ ϙ ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˵ϫ ϥϮΤΒδϳ ϭ˴ ή˶ ˸Τ˴Βϟ
Fasl ashita’ bared jidan wa yasqot feehi almatar wa athalj ala aljibal. Winter is very cold and has a lot of rain and it snows on the mountains.
˵Ϫϴ˶ϓ ˵ς˵Ϙδ˸ ˴ϳ ϭ˴ Ϊ˱˷ Ο˶ Ω˲ έΎ ˶ ˴Α ˯˶ Ύ˴Θθ͋ ϟ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ .ϝΎ ˶ ˴ΒΠϟ ˶ ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ Ξ˵ Ϡ˸ ͉Μϟ ϭ˴ ή˵ ˴τϤ˴ ϟ
Amma fasl alkhareef, yakoon feehi riyah katheera wa tasqot awraq alashjar. As for autumn, it has a lot of wind and tree leaves fall.
Ρ˲ Ύ˴ϳέ˶ ˵Ϫϴ˶ϓ ϥϮϜ˵ ˶ϳ ϒϳ ˶ ή˶ Ψ˴ ϟ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ Ύϣ͉ ˴ .έΎ ˴ έ˴ ϭ˸ ˴ ˵ς˶Ϙδ˸ ˵Η ϭ˴ ˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Μϛ˴ ˶ Π˴ η˸ ˴Ϸ ϕ ˵ ˴ Ϣ͉ ˵Λ ˱ήϴ˶Μϛ˴ ϊϴ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ Ϟ˴ ˸μ˴ϓ ͊ΐΣ˶ Ύ˴ϧ ˯˶ Ύ˴Θθ͋ ϟ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ
Ana ohib fasl arrabee’ katheeran thomma fasl ashitta’. I love spring season first, then winter.
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Lesson 6
Answer the following questions:
ˮϝϮ˵ ˶ μ˵ϔϟ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Ο˴ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ Ύϣ˴ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴ϳ ϰ˴Θϣ˴ ˮ͇έΎΣ˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ ϥϮ
ˮΔ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ϼ˱ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϣ˸ ϛ˴ ˮΞϠΜϟϭήτϤϟ ϝ˵ ΰ͋ ˴Ϩ˵ϳ ϰ˴Θϣ˴ ͉ ˴ ˮ ˷ΐΤ˶ ˵Η Ϟ˳ ˸μ˴ϓ ϱ
2. 4.
1. 3. 5.
6.11. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect the related words by writing their numbers in the brackets:
έΎΣ έΎϫί ήπΧ ΞϠΛ ϭ ήτϣ ΡΎϳέ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ϊϴΑέ ϒϳήΧ ˯ΎΘη ϒϴλ ήΠη
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lesson 7
ΔόΑΎδϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Arabic Calligraphy
ϲΑήόϟ ςΨϟ Alkhat al-arabi
Objectives: 1. Colors (masculine & feminine) 3. Culture: Greetings and Visits 4. Reading
2. Grammar • Singular Pronouns (I, he, she) • Plural Personal Pronouns (we, they) • Possessive Pronouns (my, his, her) • Plural Possessive Pronouns (your, their, our) • Attached Pronouns • Demonstrative Pronouns
Vocabulary Meaning
This
Transliteration
Ha’ola’
Plural
Transliteration
˯ϻΆϫ
Hatha/hathihi
What is this? –
–
Ma hatha
I do not know
–
–
La a’ref
Of course.
–
–
Tab’an
Doctor
–
–
Doctor/ doctoora
Hospital
Mostashfayat
Early
–
–
Mobakir
Late
–
–
Mota’khir
ΕΎϴϔθ˴Θδϣ˵
Mostashfa
Word
ϩά˰ϫ / ά˰ϫ ˮά˰ϫ Ύ˰ϣ ˸ ή˰ ϑ ˶ ϋ˸ ˴ ϻ ˱ Ύ˰ό˰˸Β˰˴ρ ΓέϮΘϛΩ / ˸έϮΘϛ˸ Ω ϰϔθ˸ ˴Θδ˸ ϣ˵ ˸ήϜ͋ ˴Βϣ˵ ͋ ˴Θϣ˵ ˸ήΧ΄
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Lesson 7 Meaning
Transliteration
How much/ how many
–
Room
Ghoraf
Bedroom
Ghoraf nawm
Living room
Ghoraf joloos
Guest room
Ghoraf istiqbal
Dining room Ghoraf safrah
Plural
Transliteration
–
ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ϡϮϧ ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ˸αϮϠ˵Ο ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ˸ϝΎΒϘ˸ ˶Θγ˸ ˶· ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ Γήϔ˸ γ˵ ϑή˴ Ϗ˵ ΦΑΎτϣ˴ ˸ Ϥ˷ Σ˴ ΕΎϣΎ ˸ Ϥ˷ Σ˴ ΔΣΎΒγ˶ ΕΎϣΎ
Kam a’dad Ghorfah Ghorfat nawm Ghorfat joloos Ghorfat istiqbal Ghorfat sofra
Ω˸ Ϊ˴ ˰ϋ˴ Ϣ˸ ˰ϛ˴ ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϡ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϧ ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ˸αϮϠ˵Ο ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ˸ϝΎΒϘ˸ ˶Θγ˸ ˶· ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ Γήϔ˸ γ˵ ˵Δϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ˸ ϣ˴ Φ˸ ˴Βτ
Kitchen
Matabekh
Bathroom
Hammamat
Swimming pool
Hammamat sebaha
Apartment
Shoqaq
Nature
–
–
Tabee’ah
There is
–
–
Uwjad
Breakfast
–
–
Aliftar
Lunch
–
–
Alghada
Dinner
–
–
Alasha’
Restaurant
Mata’em
Hotel
Fanadeq
Stadium
Mala’eb
ϢϋΎτϣ ϕΩΎϨ˴ϓ ΐϋϼϣ
Shopping center
Aswaq
ϕϮγ
Sooq
ϕ˸ Ϯγ
Thing
Ashya’
˯Ύϴη
Shay’
˯ϲ ˸ η˴
ϖ˴Ϙη˵
Matbakh
Word
Hammam
ϡ˸ ΎϤ˷ Σ˴
Hammam sebaha
ΔΣΎΒγ˶ ϡ˸ ΎϤ˷ Σ˴ Δ˷Ϙη˴
Shaqa
Mat’am Findoq Mal’ab
ΔόϴΒ˰˴ρ Ϊ˸ Ο˴ Ϯϳ ˸έΎτϓ˸ Ϲ ˯Ϊ ˸ ϐ˶ ϟ ˯Ύθόϟ ˸ ˸ ϣ˴ Ϣ˸ ό˴ τ ϕ˸ Ϊ˵ Ϩ˸ ˵ϓ ˸ΐό˴ Ϡ˸ ϣ˴
Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi) Meaning
Transliteration
Please
–
Cup
Fanajeen
Glass
Ko’oos
Sugar
Plural
Transliteration
–
Law samaht
ϦϴΟΎϨϓ αϭΆϛ
Fenjan
–
–
Sokkar
Salt
–
–
Milh
Milk
–
–
Haleeb
Tea
–
–
Shay
Coffee
–
–
Qahwah
Water
–
–
Maa’
Ready
–
–
Jahizah
Café
Maqahi
ϲϫΎϘϣ˴
Maqha
Wait
–
Bakery
Makhabiz
Chocolate
–
Ka’s
–
Yantathir
ΰΑΎΨϣ˴
Makhbaz
–
Shokolatah
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Word
˸ ˸ΤϤ˴ γ˴ Ϯ˴ϟ Ζ ˸ Ϩ˸ ˶ϓ ϥΎΠ α˸΄ϛ˴ ˸ήϜ͉ γ˵ ˸Ϡ˸ ϣ˶ ˸ΐϴϠΣ˴ ˸ϱΎη ΓϮ˸Ϭ˴ϗ ˯Ύϣ ˸ Γΰϫ˶ ΎΟ ϰϬϘ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ήψ˶ ˴ΘϨ˸ ˴ϳ ΰ˸ ˴ΒΨ˸ ϣ˴ ΔΗϻϮϛϮη
Culture Calligraphy ϲ˰Αή˰ό˰ϟ
ς˰Ψ˰ϟ
alkhat alarabi Calligraphy is an art form that has been highly developed through the centuries. Handwritten with pen or brush and ink, calligraphy is highly appreciated in Arab and Islamic culture because it is connected with writing the Qur'an, the holy book of Muslims. It is regarded as an art form like painting. It is a primary form of art for Islamic expression and creativity and represents beauty, creativity and power. Arabic script can be written in various cursive styles such as Naskh, Thuluth and Kufi. On traditional buildings such as mosques, companies and even homes, different writing styles would be designed on the walls, windows, or minarets. Most of the inscriptions are not only from the Qur'an but also the Hadith (the Prophet’s words).
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Lesson 7
Artists have continuously created new styles and designs of calligraphy since the time of the earliest scripts: the Kufic writing in the eighth century A.D. Kufic writing has beautiful geometrical measurement that are known to the writers. It is mostly used with Qur’anic verses, poetry and proverbs which are used to decorate building entrances, offices, houses and monuments. One will find the word ௌ Allah (God), ΪϤΤϣ Mohammed (Prophet of Islam), ௌ ϢδΑ (in the name of God), or ௌ ˯Ύη Ύϣ (may God Bless Our Home) written with very different beautiful artistic styles and displayed on walls. There are several forms of calligraphy. For example, the name of the prophet Mohammed can be written in many different ways:
Colors Colors have their own masculine and feminine rules. The easiest way to learn them is to relate the color to something you are familiar with as in “my car is black,” “my cat/dog is white,” etc. Here is the table of colors. Color in English
Transliteration
White
Abyadh
Black
Aswad
Blue
Azraq
Yellow
Asfar
Green
Akhdar
Masculine form
ξϴΑ ΩϮγ ϕέί ήϔλ ήπΧ
Transliteration
Baydhaa’ Sawdaa’ Zarqaa’ Safraa’ Khadraa’
Feminine Form
˯ΎπϴΑ ˯ΩϮγ ˯Ύϗέί ˯ήϔλ ˯ήπΧ
Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi) Color in English
Transliteration
Red
Ahmar
Brown
Bonni
Orange
Bortoqali
Masculine form
Transliteration
ήϤΣ ϲ˷ ϨΑ ϲϟΎϘΗήΑ
Hamraa’ Bonniyah Bortoqaliyyah
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Feminine Form
˯ήϤΣ Δ˷ϴϨΑ ΔϴϟΎϘΗήΑ
Read: Ba’d albihar wa almanatiq yojad fee ismoha lawn. Some seas and areas have a color in their name. Mathalan albahr al-ahmar bayn mesr wa assa’oodiya wa alyaman. For example the Red Sea between Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Albar al-abyadh almotawaset bayn afreeqia wa asya. The Mediterranean White Sea between Africa and Asia. Albahr al-aswad fee asya. The Black Sea in Asia. Amma benesbah lilmodon, fa honak Madinat addar al baydha fee almaghrib wa tosama toonis bi toonis alkhadra li-anna feeha ashjar khadhraa katheera. As for cities, there is the city of White House in Morocco. Tunis is called the “Green Tunisia” because it has so many green trees. Tosama marakish be-ism marakish alhamra lekathrat albeyoot wa al-ammarat alhamraa almawjooda feeha. Marrakesh is called the red Marrakesh because it has so many red buildings and houses.
Ϊ˵ Ο˴ Ϯ˵ϳ ϖ ˶ ˴ϨϤ˴ ϟ ϭ˴ έΎ ˶ ρΎ ˶ Τ˴ ˶Βϟ ˵ξ˸ό˴Α .ϥ˳ Ϯ˸ ˴ϟ Ύ˴ϬϤ˶ γ˸ ˶ ϲ˶ϓ ή˴ ˸μϣ˶ Ϧ˸˴ ϴ˴Α ή˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴Ϸ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ :ϼ˱ ˴Μϣ˴ .Ϧ˶ Ϥ˴ ˴ϴϟ ϭ˴ Δ˶ ͉ϳΩ˶ Ϯ˵όδ͉ ϟ ϭ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϴ˴Α ˵ςγ͋ Ϯ˴ ˴ΘϤ˵ ϟ ˵ξ˴ϴΑ˸ ˴Ϸ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ .Ύ˴ϴγ ˶ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴ˶Ϙϳή˶ ϓ˸ ˶ .Ύ˴ϴγ ˶ ϲ˶ϓ Ω˵ Ϯ˴ γ˸ ˴Ϸ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ ˵Δ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ .:ϙ ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˵Ϭ˴ϓ ϥ˶ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˵ Ϡ˶ϟ Δ˶ ˴Βδ˸ ͋ϨϟΎ˶Α Ύϣ͉ ˴ .Ώ ˴ ή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˯˵ Ύπ ˴ ϴ˸ ˴Βϟ έ ˶ Ϊ͉ ϟ β˶ϧϮ˵Η" Ώ ˶ β˶ϧϮ˵Η ϰϤ͉ δ˴ ˵Η έ˲ ΎΠ˴ η˸ ˴ Ύ˴Ϭϴ˶ϓ ϥ͉ ˴Ϸ˶ "˯˶ ή˴ ˸π˴Ψϟ ˱Γή˴ ϴ˶Μϛ˴ ˯˵ ή˴ ˸π˴Χ ζϛ˶ ͉ήϣ˴ " Ϣ˸˶ γΎ˶Α ζϛ˶ ͉ήϣ˴ ϰϤ͉ δ˴ ˵Η ϭ˴ Ε ˶ Ϯ˵ϴ˵Βϟ Γ˶ ή˴ Μ˸ Ϝ˴ ˶ϟ "˯˶ ή˴ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ Ύ˴Ϭϴ˶ϓ ˵ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵ΟϮ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ˯˵ ή˴ Ϥ˸ Τ˴ ϟ ΕέΎϤόϟ
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Lesson 7
7.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following in Arabic:
1. The sky is blue. (sky is feminine word in Arabic) 2. My car is brown 3. I like the red color 4. Trees are green in spring (trees are feminine) 5. Our door is black (door is masculine)
Pronouns (Singular, dual and Plural) There are two types of pronouns: The first type is called independent pronouns: ΔϠμϔϨϣ ήΎϤο (dhama’er monfasela ) and as in their name, they stand alone. They are the same as the possessive pronouns in English. If a group has feminine and masculine names, things or people, then we use the masculine pronouns. Note that feminine plural Ϧϫ honna is not used a lot as all group members should be feminine. Additionally, pronouns should agree with the number and gender with the person or object we are referring to. Independent pronouns are: Transliteration
Ana talib Nahno tollab Anta talib Anti talibah Antoma Taliban/ talibatan Antom tollab Howa talib Hiya talibah
Example
ΐϟΎρ Ύϧ Ώϼρ ϦΤϧ ˴ ΐϟΎρ Ζϧ ΔΒϟΎρ Ζϧ / ϥΎΒϟΎρ ΎϤΘϧ ϥΎΘΒϟΎρ Ώϼρ ϢΘϧ ΐϟΎρ Ϯϫ ΔΒϟΎρ ϲϫ
Transliteration
Independent pronoun
English pronoun
I
Anti
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ
Antoma
ΎϤΘϧ
Dual (m. & f.)
Antom
ϢΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ
Ana Nahno Anta
Howa Hiya
We You (masculine) You (feminine)
You (plural) He she
Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi) Transliteration
Homa Taliban/ talibatan Hom tollab Honna talibat
Example
/ϥΎΒϟΎρ ΎϤϫ ϥΎΘΒϟΎρ Ώϼρ Ϣϫ ΕΎΒϟΎρ Ϧϫ
Transliteration
Independent pronoun
101
English pronoun
Homa
ΎϤϫ
Dual (m. & f.)
Hom
Ϣϫ Ϧϫ
They-Masculine
Honna
They-Feminine
7.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the suitable pronoun:
.ΔϴϠϜϟ ϲϓ ϥΎγέΪϳ (ΎϤϫ – ϲϫ – Ϯϫ) .ϱΫΎΘγ (Ϣϫ – ϲϫ – Ϯϫ) .ΔϴΑήϋ (ϦΤϧ – Ϣϫ – Ζϧ ) Ϟϫ .ΪϤΣ Ύϳ (Ζϧ – Ϣϫ – ΎϤΘϧ) Ϧϳ Ϧϣ .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ (ΎϤϬΗέΎϴγ – ϢϬΗέΎϴγ – ϚΗέΎϴγ) Ύϔϗϭ ΎϤϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
7.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronoun:
ϦΤϧ – ϢΘϧ – ΎϤΘϧ – Ζϧ – Ύϧ – Ϣϫ – ΎϤϫ – ϲϫ –Ϯϫ .ϲΑήϋ ϻ ˮ ϲϜϳήϣ Ϟϫ .ϲϣ Ύϳ Δϓήϐϟ ϲϓ ˮΩϻϭ Ύϳ Ϧϳ .ϚϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ ˮϙϮΧ ϞϤόϳ Ϧϳ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϥΎδϠΠϳ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϦϳήϜΒϣ ϥϮϣΎϨΗ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The second type is called attached pronouns or possessive pronouns ΔϠμΘϣ ήΎϤο . They are called this because they are added as a suffix to the noun. For example, to say “from me,” we would use ϲϨϣ . We just added ya to the preposition Ϧϣ. Look at the table and note what we attached for the preposition depending on the person being talked about. Here is the conjugation of the word book (kitab) ΏΎΘϛ :
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Lesson 7
Transliteration
Example
ϲΑΎΘϛ ΎϨΑΎΘϛ Ϛ ˴ ΑΎΘϛ ϚΑΎΘϛ ˶ ΎϤϜΑΎΘϛ ϢϜΑΎΘϛ ϪΑΎΘϛ ΎϬΑΎΘϛ ΎϤϬΑΎΘϛ ϢϬΑΎΘϛ ϦϬΑΎΘϛ
Kitabee Kitabona Kitaboka Kitaboki Kitabakoma Kitabokom Kitaboho Kitaboha Kitabahoma Kitabohom Kitabohonna
Transliteration / Attached pronouns
ϲ˰ Na Ύϧ Ka Ϛ ˴ ˰ Ki Ϛ˰ ˶ Koma ΎϤϜ˰ Kom ϢϜ˰ Ho Ϫ˰ Ha ΎϬ˰ Homa ΎϤϬ˰ Hom ϢϬ˰ Honna ϦϬ˰ Ee
Transliteration / pronoun
Ύϧ Nahno ϦΤϧ ˴ Anta Ζϧ Anti Ζ ˶ ϧ Antoma ΎϤΘϧ Antom ϢΘϧ Howa Ϯϫ Hiya ϲϫ Homa ΎϤϫ Hom Ϣϫ Honna Ϧϫ Ana
English pronoun
mine our Your (masculine) Your (feminine) Yours -dual (m. & f.) his hers Dual (m. & f.)
Their–masculine Their–feminine
As you noticed, most possessive endings are easy to remember because they are the same as the pronoun. 7.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks in the schedule below to practice conjugation of possessive pronouns. The first one is done for you:
ϦΘϧ
ϢΘϧ
ϦΤϧ
ΎϤΘϧ
Ζ ˶ ϧ
˴Ζϧ
Ύϧ
ϦϛήΘϓΩ ϢϛήΘϓΩ ΎϧήΘϓΩ ΎϤϛήΘϓΩ ϙήΘϓΩ ϙήΘϓΩ ϱήΘϓΩ
ΔϤϠϜϟ
ήΘϓΩ ϥΎΘδϓ ΐΘϜϣ ΔόϣΎΟ Ϣγ
Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi)
ϦΘϧ
ϢΘϧ
ϦΤϧ
ΎϤΘϧ
Ζ ˶ ϧ
Ύϧ
˴Ζϧ
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ΔϤϠϜϟ
ϡ Ϊϟϭ ΖΧ ΖϴΑ ΓέΎϴγ ΔϓήϏ 7.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks using the right form of attached preposition. As an example the first one is done for you: Preposition would be
ΎϬϴϠϋ
preposition
ϰϠϋ ϕϮϓ ΖΤΗ ϦϴϤϳ έΎδϳ ϰϠϋ ϡΎϣ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϴΑ
pronoun
ϲϫ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ ϢΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ
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Lesson 7
7.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blank with the correct form of possessive pronoun:
.ΓέΎγ .ϰϔθΘδϤϟ ϲϓ ΓέϮΘϛΩ ϞϤόΗ .ΩΪϐΑ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϲϓ ˮΪϳΪΠϟ ( ϢΘϧ + ϥϮϨϋ) .(Ύϧ + ΖϴΑ ) ϲϓ .ΕΎόϣΎΠϟ ήΒϛ Ϧϣ .ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ .βϣ ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϰϟ ήϓΎγ
(Ύϧ + Ϣγ) (ϲϫ + ΓΪϟϭ) (ϦΤϧ + ΖϴΑ) Ϯϫ Ύϣ (Ϯϫ + ϪϟΎΧ) ϦϜδΗ (Ϣϫ _ ΔόϣΎΟ) (ΎϤϫ + ΏΎΘϛ) (ϲϫ + Ϣϋ) ϦΑ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Demonstrative Pronouns “This” in Arabic ϩάϫ hathihi & hatha άϫ:
In English we use demonstrative pronouns to identify entities by making a reference to them as in: this and that (for singular) and these and those (for plural). This is the same as in Arabic. In Arabic there are two types of demonstrative pronouns. 1. Used for near or close objects. Transliteration
Hatha dafar/ hatha abee/ hathihi talibah
Hathan kitaban/ hatan ghorfatan
Example
/ ήΘϓΩ άϫ ΔϓήϏ ϩάϫ ϲΑ άϫ ϩάϫ – ΔΒϟΎρ ϥάϫ ϥΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΗΎϫ / ϥΎΘϓήϏ
Feminine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun
Hathihi
Hatan
ϩάϫ
ϥΎΗΎϫ
Masculine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun
Hatha
Hathan
άϫ
ϥάϫ
Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi)
Transliteration
Ha’ola’ ashabee/ Ha’ola’ sadeeqati / Ha’ola’ attollab
Feminine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun
Example
˯ϻΆϫ ϲΑΎΤλ ˯ϻΆϫ / ϲΗΎϘϳΪλ ˯ϻΆϫ / Ώϼτϟ
˯ϻΆϫ
Ha’ola’
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Masculine Transliteration Demonstrative Pronoun
˯ϻΆϫ
Ha’ola’
2. Used for far or distant objects. Transliteration / Example
Transliteration Feminine Transliteration Masculine
Thalika maktabi/ tilka okhtee
ϚϠΗ / ϲΒΘϜϣ ϚϟΫ ϲΘΧ Ola-ika ahlee
tilka
Ola-ika
ϲϠϫ ϚΌϟϭ
ϚϠΗ
Thalika
ϚϟΫ
ϚΌϟϭ
Ola-ika
ϚΌϟϭ
Demonstrative Pronoun
That is
These are
As you have probably noticed, demonstrative pronouns agree with number and gender. With non-human plurals we use ϩάϫ hathihi as in: Meaning
Transliteration
These are books
Hathihi kotob
These are cars
Hathihi sayyarat
These are universities
Hathihi jame’at
Example
ΐΘϛ ϩάϫ ΕέΎϴγ ϩάϫ ΕΎόϣΎΟ ϩάϫ
άϫ is considered as a noun and functions as a noun. This means that άϫ might: a) Be the subject in a nominal sentence as in: ϲΑΎΘϛ άϫ hatha kitabi (this is my book) b) Come after a preposition as in: ήϴμόϟ άϫ Ϧϣ ϲϨϘγ isqini hatha al-asse (give me some of this juice)
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Lesson 7
c) Be the object of a verb as in: ΏΎΘϜϟ άϫ ϲϨτϋ A’tini hatha alkitab (give me this book) d) Be part of idafa structure as in: ΫΎΘγϷ άϫ hatha alostath (this teacher) 7.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks using hathihi ϩάϫ or hatha
.ΔϓήϏ .α΄ϛ
2. 4.
άϫ:
.ϢϠϗ .ΓΫΎΘγ .ΔϤρΎϓ
1. 3. 5.
7.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following in Arabic using demonstrative pronouns:
1. This is his office. 2. These are my friends. 3. This is her grandmother. 4. These two notebooks are yours. 5. This is his dog. 6. This is the college of literature. 7. These girls are in my classroom. 8. This is an Arabic name. 9. These are new houses. 10. These two girls are my new friends. 7.9. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the suitable word from the three in the parenthesis:
.ΔγΪϨϬϟ ΔϴϠϛ ϲϓ ΔΒϟΎρ (ΎϤϫ – Ϯϫ – ϲϫ) .ΎϬΘγέΩ ϭ (ΔϟϭΎτϟ – ΕΎϤϠϜϟ – ΔϤϠϜϟ) Ϟϛ ΖΒΘϛ .ΓήϴΒϛ ϭ ΔϠϴϤΟ ΕϮϴΒϟ (ΎϤϫ – άϫ – ϩάϫ) .ήπΧ (ϢϬϧϮϟ – ϪϧϮϟ – ΎϬϧϮϟ) ΓήΠθϟ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ΔϴϠϛ ήΒϛ ϲϫ (ΎϤϬΘϴϠϛ – ϢϬΘϴϠϛ – ΎϬΘϴϠϛ) Ϟϣ ΖϟΎϗ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Arabic Calligraphy (Alkhat al-arabi)
107
7.10. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:
.ΪΟϮϳ – ϲϓ – ΕΎΒϟΎρ – ϒμϟ – ϊΒγ .ϊΑήϟ – ϖΑΎτϟ – ΔΒΘϜϤϟ – ϲϓ .Ϟϛ – ϲϓ – ϢότϤϟ – ϡΎόρ – ˯Ϊϐϟ ˮϰϟ – ϲόϣ – Ϟϫ – ΰΒΨϤϟ – ΐϫάΗ .ϲϓ – ΐόϠϤϟ – Γήϛ – ΔϠδϟ – ΐόϠϳ – ˯ΎϗΪλϷ .ϞϤόϳ – ϲϓ – ϕϮδϟ – ϮΧ – ϝΩΎϋ .ΕΎϣΎϤΣ – ΔΛϼΛ ϭ – ϊΑέ – ϲϓ – ϑήϏ – ϲΘϴΑ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
7.11. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following conversation between Ahmad and his wife Amal:
Ayna anti ya amal? Where are you Amal? Ana fee almatbakh. Hal toreed shay’an? I am at the kitchen do you want anything? Na’am, oreed finjanan men alqahwa law samahti. Yes, I want a cup of coffee please. Hasanan sa’mal laka qahwa. Hal toreed sokkar ma’ alqahwa? OK, I will do you some coffee. Do you want sugar with it? Mil’aka wahida. Yes, one spoon. Hal toreed haleeban ma’ qahwatik? Do you want milk with your coffee? La shokran! No, thank you! Intather khams daqa’ik wa satakoon alqahqa jahiza. It will be ready in five minutes.
˴ ϧ˸ ˴ Ϧ˸˴ ϳ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮ˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ Ύ˴ϳ Ζ ˸ ˴ ˴ ˮΎ˱Όϴ˸ η˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ .Φ ˶ ˴ΒτϤ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˴ϧ :˵Ϟϣ˴ Ϯ˸ ˴ϟ Γ˶ Ϯ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˱ϧΎΠ˴ Ϩ˸ ˶ϓ Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵ Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ .Ζ ˸ΤϤ˴ γ˴ ˸Ϟ˴ϫ .˱ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴ϗ Ϛ ˴ ˴ϟ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ϋ˸ ˴ ΄γ˴ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ ˮΓ˶ Ϯ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ή˴ Ϝ͉ γ˵ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η .˲ΓΪ˴ Σ ˶ ϭ˴ ˲Δ˴Ϙό˴ Ϡ˸ ϣ˶ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮϚ ˴ ˶ΗϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴ϗ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ Ύ˱Βϴ˶ϠΣ˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ .˱ήϜ˸ η˵ ϻ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴Θγ˴ ϭ˴ ϖ ϥϮ ˴ ˶Ύ˴ϗΩ˴ ˵βϤ˸ Χ˴ ή˴ ˴ψ˴Θϧ˸ ˶ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ ˲Γΰ˴ ϫ˶ ΎΟ˴ ˵ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ
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Conversation (continued) Hal toreedeen an tashrabi qahwa ma’ee? Do you want to drink some coffee with me? Na’am hathihi fekrah jayyedah. Yes, this is a good idea.
˱ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴ϗ ϲ˶Αή˴ θ˸ ˴Η ϥ˸ ˴ Ϧϳ ˴ Ϊ˶ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮϲό˴ ϣ˴ .˲ΓΪ˴ ͋ϴΟ˴ ˲Γή˴ Ϝ˸ ˶ϓ ϩ˶ ά˶ ˴ϫ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴
Hasanan sa’antathiroki. Great, I will be waiting for you.
!ϙ ˴ ή˵ ψ˶ ˴Θϧ˸ ˴ ΄γ˴ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴
Hathihi hiya alqahwa tafadhal. Here is the coffee, please take it.
.˲Ϟ ͊π˴ϔ˴Η .˵ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϩ˶ ά˶ ˴ϫ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴
Hal toreedeen shokolata ma’ alqahwa? Do you want chocolate with your coffee?
Na’am ana ohibu alqahwa ma’a shokolata. Yes, I love chocolate with coffee. Tafadali wa haya najlis fee ghorfat aljoloos. Here it is. Let’s sit in the living room.
˴ ϛ˵ Ϯη˵ Ϧϳ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ˱Δ˴ΗϻϮ ˴ Ϊ˶ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˮΓ˶ Ϯ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ˴ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ ͊ΐΣ˶ ˵ Ύ˴ϧ˴ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :˵Ϟϣ˴ ˴ ˴ ϛ˵ Ϯθ͊ ϟ .Δ˶ ˴ΗϻϮ ϲ˶ϓ ˵β˶Ϡ ˸Π˴ϧ Ύ͉ϴ˴ϫ ϭ˴ !ϲ˶Ϡ ͊π˴ϔ˴Η :Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ αϮ ˶ ˵ϠΠ˵ ϟ Δ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵
Now answer the following questions:
ˮϞϣ Ϧϳ ˮΪϤΣ Ϊϳήϳ ΫΎϣ ˮϪΗϮϬϗ ΪϤΣ Ώήθϳ ϒϴϛ ˮΎϬΗϮϬϗ ϊϣ Ϟϣ Ϟϛ΄Θγ ΫΎϣ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Lesson 8
ΔϨϣΎΜϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ The Arab Family
ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϠΎόϟ Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah
Objectives: In this lesson you will be introduced to:
1. Vocabulary of Family Structure 2. Identifying Family Members 3. Grammar: Comparatives
4. Culture: Most Popular Arabic Names 5. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
˸ ˶Ύϋ Εϼ ˯ΎΑ ˸ ϣ͉ ˵ ΕΎϬ
Family
A’ilat
Father
Aabaa
Mother
Omahat
Brother
Ikhwah
Sister
Akhawat
Son
Abna’
Daughter
Banat
Paternal uncle
A’mam
ΓϮΧ˸ ˵ ˸ Χ˴ ˴ ΕϮ ˯ΎϨ˸ ˸ Α˴ ˸ ˴Α ΕΎϨ ϡ˸ ΎϤϋ˸ ˴
Paternal aunt
Ammat
ΕΎϤ͉ ϋ˴
Transliteration
A’ilah Ab Om Akh Okht Ibn Bent Amm Ammah
Family member
ΔϠ˶Ύϋ ˸Ώ˴ ϡ˸ ˵ Υ˸ ˴ ˸ Χ˸ ˵ Ζ Ϧ˸˸ Α· ˸ Ϩ˸ ˶Α Ζ Ϣ˸ ϋ˴ ΔϤ͉ ϋ˴
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Lesson 8 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ϝϮΧ˸ ˴
˸ϝΎΧ
Maternal uncle
Akhwal
Maternal aunt
Khalat
Grandfather
Ajdad
Grandmother
Jaddat
The son of paternal uncle
–
–
Ibn a’m
The son of paternal aunt
–
–
Ibn a’mmah
ΔϤ˷ ϋ˴ Ϧ˸˵ Α·
The son of maternal uncle
–
–
Ibn khal
˸ϝΎΧ Ϧ˸˵ Α·
The son of maternal aunt
–
–
Ibn khalah
The daughter of paternal uncle
–
–
Bent a’m
The daughter of paternal aunt
–
–
Bent a’mmah
The daughter of maternal uncle
–
–
Bent khal
The daughter of maternal aunt
–
–
Bent khalah
Husband
Azwaj
Wife
Zawjat
Member
Afrad
Housewife
Rabbat beyoot
Night
–
–
Layl
Day
–
–
Nahar
Land – floor
Aradi
ϲοέ˴
Arddq
˸ ΕϻΎΧ Ω˸ Ϊ ˸Ο˴ ˸ Ϊ˷ Ο˴ Ε
˸Νϭί˸ ˴ ˸ ϭ˸ ί˴ ΕΎΟ Ω˸ ήϓ˸ ˴ ΕϮϴΑ ΕΎ˷Αέ˴
Khal
Family member
Khalah Jed Jedda
Zawj Zawjah Fard Rabbat bayt
ΔϟΎΧ Ϊ˸ Ο˴ ΓΪ˷ Ο˴ Ϣ˸ ϋ˴ Ϧ˸˵ Α·
ΔϟΎΧ Ϧ˸˵ Α· ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α Ϣ˸ ϋ˴ Ζ ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α ΔϤ˷ ϋ˴ Ζ ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α ˸ϝΎΧ Ζ ˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α ΔϟΎΧ Ζ ˸Νϭ˸ ί˴ ΔΟϭ˸ ί˴ Ω˸ ˸ή˴ϓ ˸ ϴ˴Α ˵Δ˷Αέ˴ Ζ˸ ˸Ϟ˸ϴ˴ϟ ˸έΎϬ˴ϧ ˸ν ˸έ˴
The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
–
Tareekh
Date of
–
Sea
Bihar
Late
–
–
Change
–
–
Gift
Hadaya
Active
–
–
Nasheet
Lazy
–
–
Kaslan
Now
–
–
Alaan
Since
–
–
Montho
Birth
–
–
Meelad
Death
–
–
Wafat
Residence
Iqamat
Work-job
A’mal
Place
Amakin
˸έΎΤΑ
ΎϳΪ˴ϫ
ΕΎϣΎϗ˶· ϝΎϤϋ˴ ϦϛΎϣ˴
Bahr Ta’khara/ yata’khar Ghayyara/ yoghayyer Hadiyyah
Iqamah Amal Makan
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Family member
˸ ΦϳέΎΗ ˸ή ˸Τ˴Α ήΧ΄Θϳ / ˸ήΧ˷ ˴ ΄Η ήϴϐ˴ ˵ϳ / ˸ή͉ϴϏ˴ Δ˷ϳΪ˴ϫ ˸ ˴ϧ ςϴθ ˸ δϛ˴ ϥϼ˸ ˸ ϥϵ ά˸ Ϩ˸ ϣ˵ Ω˸ ϼϴϣ Γ˸ Ύϓϭ˴ ΔϣΎϗ˶· ˸ϞϤ˴ ϋ˴ ˸ ϣ˴ ϥΎϜ
Arabic Names: In Arab countries, names are composed of 4 names, not two as here in the US. The name includes the person’s name, his father, grandfather and then family name. Some countries as in Saudi Arabia and Yemen include the word ϦΑ / ϦΑ meaning the son of, after each name. Most of the time, the last name represents a place of origin or attribution of profession. For example, the family name Nabulsi, refers to the city of Nablus in Palestine; the name Sayegh ώϳΎμϟ meaning “goldsmith” represents that the family ancestors used to work with gold and ύΎ˷Βμϟ reflects that the family used to have a business of painting houses. Almost all Arabic names have pleasant meaning as in: Amal means “hope;” Khalid means “eternal,” Tahani means “congratulation,” Salam means “peace” and Mohammed means “a person with many virtues.” Mohammed is the most popular male name after the Prophet of Islam
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may be to inspire people to follow the Prophet’s path. As for girls, the most popular female name is Fatima after the Prophet’s daughter and Maryam, the mother of Prophet Jesus. Arabs tend to name their children after prophets, so you would find Ibraheem (Abraham), Issa ( Jusus), Moosa (Moses), Dawood (David), Yousef ( Joseph) and Sulaiman (Solomon). Christian Arabs would call their children Bulus (Paul), Butrus (Peter). There are also compound names as in ϦϤΣήϟ ΪΒϋ & ௌΪΒϋ , the first part ΪΒϋ means the servant of, and the second part is a name of God. There is a common mistake in a west which is calling a person Abdul, it is a mistake because it does not mean anything, and it combines ΪΒϋ with al. Family Structure Western media often portray Arab families as Bedouins, tribal societies or other nomadic groups. However, the Bedouin way of life has almost disappeared in nearly all Arab countries beyond the Gulf states and Morocco. What is more accurate is that religious affiliation, place of birth, occupation and ethnicity are now more important than one’s tribe. Almost every Arab can classify himself by his original clan or tribe, yet he will not employ this allegiance for any social purpose as used to be the case. For Arabs, the center of obligation and loyalty is the family. Arabs have close relationships with their relatives but even tighter relationships with their own immediate families. The most authoritative social obligation is the family, rather than friends, jobs or any other social affiliation. Arabs take more pride in the accomplishments of their family than in their own personal accomplishments, as is often the case in the West. Individuality is not encouraged and is not considered as important as family association. People hold profound respect for the familial expectations and integrity upon which they base their actions and decisions. They pay great heed to their family’s reputation as well, because social approval is usually gained through good relations with one’s own family. Any member’s accomplishment advances the entire family’s reputation, while his mischievous actions can harm the whole family. Because negative actions by one family member affect the entire family, not just the individual, such actions result in increased shame. The feeling of kinship and association with one’s family is so strong, in fact, that the easiest way to insult an Arab is to curse one of his relatives. Maintaining the family’s name applies to men as well as women. Even after marriage, a woman keeps her family name and does not change it to her husband’s family name, as is often the
The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah)
I do not want to tell you. It’s mine. Ajab: la oreed an okhberoka, innaho lee.
What is in your hand? Ma hatha allathee fee yadoka?
If you don’t tell me, I will take it from you. Itha lam tokhbernee saakhothoho mink.
Why didn’t he want to tell him? Limatha la yoreed an yokhberaho?
OK, what happened next? Hasanan, matha hadatha ba’ad thalik?
He doesn’t like him and he doesn’t want to play with him. Innaho la yohiboho wa la yoreed an yala’b ma’ho.
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case in the United States. In addition, when a married couple has their first child, people stop referring to the parents by their first names. They are called by the name of their first child with a prefix to indicate “father of ” or “mother of.” For example, if a couple named their first child Ahmad, the father is called Abu Ahmad and the mother is called Um Ahmad. Furthermore, parents typically name their first male child after the paternal grandfather to show admiration and love for parents. In the past, Arab families were large and had profound influence on their members’ lives, as several generations often lived together in the same house. Once married, children continued to live in a parent’s home. However, this is not the situation anymore. Recently, families have become smaller and have less influence on individuals, with married children moving to their own homes. Nevertheless, even today most Arabs live with their parents until they get married, regardless of their age at marriage. Those who do not marry remain in the home of their parents. It is worthy to note, there are four categories of family units. The highest and most important is the nuclear unit represented by the father, mother, brothers and sisters. It is called usrah Γήγ, in Arabic. The father is the head of the family, the supporter who is respected and obeyed by all. Arab societies are hierarchal and patriarchal, as fathers and male elders in the family have the final say. Yet Arab families are also considered partnerships in which the husband and wife are assigned to complimentary duties and responsibilities. The husband supports the family financially, while the wife takes care of children and the household. The wife is not expected to have a job to support the family. If she does, then it is not her responsibility to pay for family’s expenses. It is the father’s full responsibility. In real life and in many situations, the working mother is a partner and participates with her family’s expenses. The second category is the extended family, or ayla ΔϠΎϋ in Arabic, consisting of sons’ wives, their children, aunts and uncles; in other words, blood relatives and the women who marry into the family. All people in this unit look to the grandfather or eldest male in the family for guidance. The importance of extended family should not be underestimated. Usually, the extended family resides in the same area and supports each other. It is common for Arabs to ask the opinion or advice of older males in the family before making a decision. The elders enjoy obedience and respect from all family members and at the same time are expected to guide and discuss family matters wisely. For Westerners, this might be considered meddling or a constraint on individuality, but Arabs accept this structure as part of their culture. If a family member does not agree with an elder’s advice or opinion, he usually does not announce his disagreement but instead feigns agreement and then does what he wants or has decided for himself. Growing up in Kuwait, my father was the eldest of his brothers and cousins. Although every family lived in a different area, I remember how respectfully everyone treated my father.
The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah)
Would you please make me a cup of coffee? Momkin an tohadiri lee fenjan men alqahwa?
Do you want chocolate with your coffee? Hal toreedeen shocolata maa alqahwa?
Good. You make the coffee and I will get the chocolate. Hasanan anti tohadeiri alqahwa wa ana ohdir ashocolata.
Yes, and I will have a cup with you. Naam wa sashrab maak finjan.
Yes, as you know I love chocolate! Naam, kama ta’ref ana ohib ashocolata!
Very good idea. Fikraton jameela.
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They consulted with him about personal matters and followed his suggestions, and when he spoke, everyone would stop talking and give him their full attention. The third category is the clan, or hammula in Arabic, which is a combination of joint families. Members of the clan are related through a male ancestor. The importance of clans varies from one Arab country to another. In some areas, the clan may seem to surpass the extended family unit in influence, while in other areas the clan may not have any obvious role in societal structure. Members of the clan know each other very well and know the exact descendants and relatives of other members. They relate themselves to one another systematically, referring to each other. Interestingly, there are different words to distinguish paternal uncles from maternal uncles, which reflects the importance of family structure and knowing how people are related to each other. For example, the paternal uncle is called amm Ϣϋ, while the maternal uncle is called khala ΔϟΎΧ Similarly, the paternal aunt is called amma ΔϤϋ, while the maternal aunt is called khaala ΔϟΎΧ. However, these names are not exclusively used for family members. It is very common to call older people amm Ϣϋ (for males) or khaala ΔϟΎΧ (for females) because it is not polite to call older people by their first names when they are not relatives. Another example is with the terms ibn 'amm Ϣϋ ϦΑ, meaning paternal first cousin for males, and bint 'amm Ϣϋ ΖϨΑ, for a paternal female cousin. Such identifications reflect how each clan member is connected and is part of a larger family beyond his closer biological one. The fourth and last category is the tribe, which consists of several clans. Tribes may vary in size, with some numbering a few hundred people and others ranging in the thousands. Many villages have three to four tribes. Tribes do not convey inheritance rights, as members might not be related. Each tribe has a leader called a sheikh Φϴη. When the sheikh dies, the tribal council meets and decides who is most fit to be the new leader. The sheikh is very well respected and loved by his tribe as he governs through affection and respect and acts according to his tribal interests and needs. The sheikh represents his tribe, maintains the tribe’s status in the neighborhood and strives to exceed in generosity, hospitality and strength. As explained earlier, the tribes are not popular now in most Arab countries. Reading: Fatima wrote this to introduce herself in class. A’alitee kabeerah. I have a big family.
.˲Γή˴ ϴ˶Βϛ˴ ϲ˵Θ˴Ϡ˶Ύϋ˴
Endee sab’ato a’mam wa laken laysa endee amat. I have seven uncles, but I do not have any paternal aunts.
Ϧ͉ Ϝ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ ϡΎ˳ Ϥ˴ ϋ˸ ˴ ˵Δό˴ Β˸ γ˴ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ .Ε ˳ ΎϤ͉ ϋ˴ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ β˸ ˴ ϴ˴ϟ
Wa endee sit khalat wa khalayn ithnayn. I have six maternal aunts and two maternal uncles.
͊ γ˶ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ ϭ˴ Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ϟΎΧ˴ ϭ˴ Ε ˳ ϻΎ˴ Χ˴ Ζ .Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ϨΛ˸ ˶
The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah)
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Conversation (continued) Amee ali endaho sitato abnaa thalath banat wa thalath abnaa’. My uncle Ali has six children, three boys and three girls. Khalee ahmad endaho nafs al’adad thalath banat wa thalathato abnaa. My uncle Ahmad had the same number, three boys and three girls. Khalee mohammad indaho sit banat wa walad wahid. My uncle Mohammad has six girls and one son. Ibnoho yadros fee jami’at alazhar fee mesr. His son is studying at Al-Azhar University in Egypt. Ana endee akhayn wa okhtayn. I have two sisters and two brothers. Lee okht ta’eesh fee alordon wa okht fee al-imarat wa akh fee asaoodiya wa ikh fee alkowayt. I have a sister who lives in Jordan, and a sister who lives in Emirate, a brother in Saudi Arabia and a brother in Kuwait.
˯˳ Ύ˴ϨΑ˸ ˴ ˵Δ͉Θγ˶ ˵ϩΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ ϰ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϲϤ͋ ϋ˴ ˲ ˴Ϩ˴Α Ι .Ωϻϭ ˵Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ϭ˴ ΕΎ ˳ ϼ˴ ˴Λ Ω˶ Ϊ˴ ό˴ ϟ ˵βϔ˸ ˴ϧ ˲ΓΪ˴ ˴Ϩϋ˴ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ϲ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ˵ ϼ˴ ˴Λ .˯˳ Ύ˴ϨΑ˸ ˴ ˵Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ϭ˴ Ε ˳ Ύ˴Ϩ˴Α Ι ͊ γ˶ ˲ΓΪ˴ ˴Ϩϋ˴ Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ϲ˶ϟΎΧ˴ ϭ˴ Ε ˳ Ύ˴Ϩ˴Α Ζ .Ϊ˲ Σ ˶ ϭ˴ Ϊ˳ ˴ϟϭ˴ ή˵ ˴ϫί˸ ˴Ϸ Δ˳ ό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ ϲ˶ϓ ˵α˵έΪ˸ ˴ϳ ˲Δ˴ϨΑ˸ ˶ .ή˴ ˸μϣ˶ ϲ˶ϓ .Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴ΘΧ˸ ˵ ϭ˴ Ϧϴ ˴ Χ˶ ˴ ϱΪ˴ Ϩ˸ ϋ˶ Ύ˴ϧ˴ ˲ Χ˸ ˵ ϲϟ ϭ˴ ϥ͋ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ ϲ˶ϓ ˵ζϴό˶ ˴Η Ζ ˴ ˶ έ˴ Ύϣ˴ Ϲ ˲ Χ˸ ˵ ϲ˶ϓ Υ ˶ ϲ˶ϓ Ζ ˶ ϭ˴ Ε ˴ .ΖϳϮϜϟ ϲ˶ϓ Υ ˶ ϭ˴ Δ˶ ͉ϳΩ˶ Ϯ˵όδ͉ ϟ
Comparatives: When we compare between things in English we add -er or -est at the end of the adjective as in cheaper, slower, happiest or funniest. Sometimes we add the word “more” or “most” depending on what we are expressing as in: more suitable or most agreeable. In Arabic, the adjective should rhyme with the pattern: Ϟόϓ and it does not change whether I am comparing between singular, dual, plural, masculine or feminine. It is always followed by the word Ϧϣ The same as in English, it should be followed by “than.” The superlative is the same, as it is to rhyme with the pattern Ϟόϓ however, it is not followed by Ϧϣ and it should be followed by a noun as in English. We would say: “the tallest man” ϝϮρ ϞΟέ or “the highest mountain” ϞΒΟ ϰϠϋ. However, there are few important things to notice: 1. When the second or third letter of the adjective are the same, we combine them and use shaddah for example:
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Please take some and taste it. Tafadali, kolee men hatha.
It tastes very good, thank you. Inaho latheeth-shokran laki.
I ate too much. Akallto katheeran jedan.
Thank you very much, mom. Shokran katheeran ya omee.
Take one more piece! You have to eat some more. Khothee qit’atan okhra! Yajib an taakolee akthar.
Thank you very much. Shokran lakom.
The Arab Family (Al-a’ilah al’rabiyyah) Transliteration
Changes to
Ajadd
ϒΧ Ϊ˷ Ο
Allath
άϟ
Akhaff
Transliteration
word
Meaning
ϒϴϔΧ ΪϳΪΟ άϳάϟ
Khafeef Jaded Latheeth
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Light- not heavy New Delicious
2. When the last letter is a waw ( ϭ ) or ya ( ϱ ) then we change it to alif maqsoura ϯ , as in: Meaning
Transliteration
Comparative
ϰϠΣ ϰϛΫ
Sweet- beautiful Ahla Athka
smart
Transliteration
Word
ϮϠΣ ϲϛΫ
Hilo Thaki
3. When the word has ya as the third letter, then we remove it as in: Meaning
Transliteration
Old
Aqdam
Tall
Atwal
Short
Aqsar
Fast
Asra’
Comparative
ϡΪϗ ϝϮρ ήμϗ ωήγ
Transliteration
Word
ϢϳΪϗ ϞϳϮρ ήϴμϗ ϊϳήγ
Qadeem Taweel Qaseer Saree’
4. Sometimes we add al as a prefix to mean the superlative, as in English we add “the” as in: “the highest” ϰϠϋϷ al-a’la, “the smallest” ήϐλϷ alasghar or “the best” ϞπϓϷ alafdal 5. Both superlatives and comparatives are always considered as nouns 6. The superlative should agree with gender which rhymes with the pattern ϰϠό˵ϓ as in “the youngest” ϯήϐ˵μϟ or “the biggest” ϯήΒϜ˵ ϟ. 8.1.
Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following adjectives into comparisons by filling in the blanks. The first one is done for you: Comparisons
ϡΪϗ
Adjective
ϢϳΪϗ ήϴΜϛ
Romanization
Qadeem Katheer
Comparisons
Adjective
ήϴΒϛ ΪϳΪη
Romanization
Kabeer Shaded
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Lesson 8
Comparisons
Adjective
ϡΎϫ ήϴϘϓ ϲϨϏ κϴΧέ
Romanization
Ham Faqeer Ghaniy
Comparisons
Adjective
ϲϟΎϏ ϦδΣ ϢϴΣέ
Romanization
Ghalee Hasan Raheem
Rakhees
8.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Derive the comparative or superlative from the words in parentheses in the sentences below:
ˮΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ (ήϴϐλ) ϲϫ Ύϣ .ΪϤΣ Ϧϣ (ϞϴϠϗ) ΎΒΘϛ ϲϣΎγ ϯήΘη ˮϢότϤϟ άϫ ϲϓ ϪΘϠϛ ϡΎόρ (άϳάϟ) Ϯϫ Ύϣ .ϚΗέΎϴγ Ϧϣ (ΪϳΪΟ) ϲΗέΎϴγ ˮϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ϰϨΒϣ (ϞϳϮρ) Ϯϫ Ύϣ .ϢΤϠϟ Ϧϣ (ήϴΜϛ) ΰΘϴΒϟ ΐΤΗ ϯΪϫ .ΔϨϳΪϤϟ ϲϓ ωέΎη (ϒϴψϧ) Ϯϫ ˯ήϤΤϟ ωέΎη .ΪϠΒϟ ϲϓ ΓέΎϴγ (ϊϳήγ) ϲϫ ϲΗέΎϴγ .ϒμϟ ϲϓ ΖϨΑ (ςϴθϧ) ϲϫ ϥΎϤϳ .ϲϣ ΎϬΗήΘη ϲΘϟ ϲϫ ΔϳΪϫ (ϞϴϤΟ)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
8.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the order of sentences to form a meaningful paragraph by writing order in the parentheses:
.ήϴΜϛ ΎϬΑ ΩϻϭϷ Ρήϓ .ΔΗϻϮϛϮη ΔΒϠϋ ΏϷ ϯήΘη .ΔΒϠόϟ ϡϷ ΖΤΘϓ .Δότϗ Γήθϋ ΎΘϨΛ ΔΒϠόϟ ϲϓ . ϊτϗ ϊΑέ ΪΣϭ Ϟϛ ϡϷ Ζτϋ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
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121
8.4. Practice (see Answer Key) To review your colors, please fill in the spaces using masculine or feminine forms of the colors. By the way, these are very commonly used in Arab countries:
.βϤθϟ ϞΜϣ .ήΤΒϟ ˯Ύϣ ϞΜϣ .ϞϴϠϟ ϞΜϣ .ΞϠΜϟ ϞΜϣ .νέϷ ϞΜϣ
Ύϫήόη ΎϬϧϮϴϋ Ύϫήόη ϲϫ ϪμϴϤϗ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
8.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Provide questions for the following responses:
.ΓϮΧ ϱΪϨϋ βϴϟ ϻ .ΕέΎϣϻ ϲϓ ΔϤϠόϣ ϞϤόΗ ϲΘϟΎΧ .ΕϻΎΧ βϤΧ ϭ ϡΎϤϋ ΔΛϼΛ ϱΪϨϋ .Δϳήμϣ ϲΘϟΎΧ Ϣόϧ .ΪϟΎΧ ϪϤγ ϲϤϋ ϦΑ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lesson 9
ΔόγΎΘϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Family Relations and Children
ΓήγϷ ϭ ˯ΎϨΑϷ Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah
Objectives: 1. Names of Arab Countries 2. Nationalities 3. Grammar: Sentence Structure (Nominal and Verbal Sentences)
4. Culture: Identifying People (sons) 5. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Country
Dowal
City
Modon
River
Anhar
Mountain
Jibal
Plain
Sohool
Desert
–
Ocean
Moheetat
Coast
Sawahil
Border
Hodood
Beach
Shawati
Plural
Transliteration
ϝϭ˴ Ω˵ ϥΪ˵ ϣ˵ ˸έΎϬϧ˸ ˴ ˸ϝΎΒΟ˶ ˸ϝϮϬ˵γ –
˸ ΕΎτϴΤ ϣ˵ ˸ϞΣϮγ ˶ Ω˸ ϭΪ˵Σ ΊρϮ ˶ η˴
Dawlah Madinah Nahr Jabal Sah-l Sahraa Moheet Sahel Had Shati’
Word
Δϟϭ˸ Ω˴ ΔϨϳΪϣ˴ ˸ή˸Ϭ˴ϧ ˸Ϟ˴ΒΟ˴ ˸Ϟ˸Ϭγ˴ ˯ή ˸ ˸Τλ ˴ ˸ ϣ˵ ςϴΤ ˸ϞΣΎγ ˶ Ϊ˸ Σ˴ ˸ΊρΎη ˶
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Lesson 9 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
–
Waqa’/ yaqa’
Lie
–
Location
Mawaqi’
Asia
–
–
Aasya
Africa
–
–
Afriqya
Europe
–
–
Orooba
Australia
–
–
Ostoralya
America
–
–
Amreeka
Continent
Qarrat
North
ϊ˸ ˶ϗϮϣ˴
Mawqi’
Ε˷έΎϗ
Qarrah
–
–
Shamal
South
–
–
Janoob
East
–
–
Sharq
West
–
–
Gharb
Capital
A’wasim
As for
–
–
Amma
Consists of
–
–
Yatakawwan
World
–
–
Ala’alam
Region
Aqaleem
Sea
Bihar
Valley
Wedyan
Island
Jozor
Gulf
–
ϢλϮϋ
Ϣ˸ ϴϟΎϗ˴ έΎΤΑ ϥΎϳΩϭ έΰ˵ Ο˵ –
A’simah
Iqleem Bahr Wadi Jazeera Khaleej
Word
ϊ˸ ˴Ϙ˴ϳ/ ϊ˴ ˴ϗϭ˴ ϊ˸ ˶ϗϮ˸ ϣ˴ Ύϴγ ΎϴϘ˸ ϳήϓ˸ ΎΑϭέϭ Ύϴϟή˵Θγ˵ ΎϜϳήϣ Γ˷έΎϗ ˸ϝΎϤη˴ ˸ΏϮϨΟ˴ ϕ˸ ˸ήη˴ ˸Ώ ˸ή˴Ϗ ΔϤλΎϋ ˶ Ύϣ˷ ϥϮ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ Ϣ˸ ϟΎόϟ Ϣ˸ ϴϠϗ˸ ˶· ˸ή ˸Τ˴Α ϱΩϭ ΓήϳΰΟ˴ ˸ΞϴϠ˴Χ
Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
125
Word
Prince
Omaraa’
˯ήϣ˴ ˵
Ameer
˸ήϴϣ˴
Sheikh (no equivalent in English) the closest is Head of or leader of
Shiyookh
ΥϮ˵ϴη
Shaykh
Φ˸˸ ϴη˴
King
Molook
Leader of
Ro’asaa
Kingdom
Mamaalik
Emirate
Imarat
Republic
Jomhoriyat
ϙϮϠϣ˵ ˯Ύγ΅˵έ ϚϟΎϤϣ˴ ΕέΎϣ˶· ΕΎ˷ϳέϮϬϤ˸ Ο˵
Malik Ra’ees Mamlakah Imarah Jomhooriyah
Ϛ˸ ˶Ϡϣ˴ ˸βϴέ˴ ΔϜ˴ϠϤ˸ ϣ˴ ΓέΎϣ˶· Δ˷ϳέϮϬϤ˸ Ο˵
To help you memorize your vocabulary, you may make a schedule and arrange your words into land words and water words.
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Lesson 9
Children in Arab Societies In the past, cultural and family pressure strongly motivated Arabs to have many children. This social pressure still exists in rural areas, but not in the entire Arab world. In the past, a strong motivation for marriage was to have children who can maintain family lineage and inherit family property, in addition to strengthening the family in numbers. A popular Arab saying is “Every baby comes with his own provision,” (Fowler, 1 Kirkham, Sawatzky & Elizabeth , 2012, p. 241). Similarly, a verse in the Qur’an states: “Do not abandon your children out of fear of poverty. We will provide for them and for you” (17:242). However, families are becoming smaller with fewer children born in each generation; most Arab families today have two to three children at most. Although Arabs believe that all children are a gift from God, the birth of a baby boy is celebrated more than that of a baby girl. Males represent future security for parents, as it is the responsibility of males to take care of their parents and support them when they get old and can no longer work. Arab parents devote their lives, time and love to their children and have great expectations of their children. Usually parents pay for their children’s college education and support their children until they get married. There is almost no pressure on adult children to seek independence, as is often the case in the United States. This is to say, fulfillment of a child’s economic and educational needs is the principal goal of the family. Child discipline consists of rewards and punishment. It is common for parents to use strong verbal reprimands and even scream at or raid their children. During childhood, one’s mother is the primary disciplinarian, but as children reach their teenage years, the father becomes the authority figure. Arab children are brought up to respect and obey their parents, no matter how old they get. Obedience to parents is a lifelong commitment that supersedes all other social commitments, including marital obligations. Correspondingly, it is considered shameful in Arab culture for children to place their parents in a nursing home. Usually it is the eldest son’s responsibility to provide for his parents and bring them to live with him in his own house if needed. Other male children are expected to help take care of their parents. Daughters may help with other support but are not required to contribute monetarily, usually only doing so if they can afford it. Daughters, usually help in buying clothes, cleaning their house, preparing food and all other emotional care and support. Sons provide the money as they are the ones responsible to work and they spend time with their parents in the afternoons and evenings.
1 Religion, Religious Ethics and Nursing, 2012, Edited by: Marsha D. Fowler, Sheryl Reimer Kirkham, Richard Sawatzky, Elizabeth Johnston Taylor, Springer Publishing Company, New York (p. 241).
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127
Obedience to elders extends beyond one’s parents. When an older person enters the room, for example, a child is expected to stand up and offer his seat to the older person, not raise his voice, speak politely, wait until the older person stops talking before speaking. Children must greet everyone who visits whether they know them or not. Children are taught that the family’s interest comes first, and they must live according to the family’s expectations (Hammad, 2 1989 ). This plays a role in having strong family relation. Arab Countries: Arab countries lay in Asia and Africa. There are twenty-two Arab countries, as you know, and are considered as developing countries. People refer to Arab countries using the term Middle East. However, when “Middle East” is used, the first thing comes to mind is rich countries and oil. This is not very true. Yes, Saudi Arabia is the second largest in the world in producing oil, Iraq ranks the seventh, United Arab Emirate ranks the eighth and Kuwait the eleventh in the world. The economy of these countries depends on petroleum production countries. However, not all Arab countries have oil or petroleum products. Some countries are very poor while others are extremely rich. For example, Qatar is one of the highest per capita in the world while Yemen is one of the lowest. Many of Arab countries names are the same as in English. Here is a list of the names of Arab countries: Name in English
Transliteration
Kuwait
Alkowayt
Qatar
Qatar
Sudan
Assodan
Oman
Oman
Bahrain
Albahrain
Yemen
Alyaman
Syria
Soorya
Lebanon
Lobnan
Palestine
Falasteen
Arab Country
ΖϳϮϜϟ ήτϗ ϥΩϮδϟ ϥΎϤϋ˵ ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϦϤϴϟ ΎϳέϮγ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϦϴτδϠϓ
2 Hammad, A. 1989. Effectiveness and Efficiency in the Management of Palestinian Health Services. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Manchester. Jan. 1989.
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Lesson 9
This is my youngest son. Hatha ibni, akher ala’nqood.
We named him Ahmad, after my father. Asmaynaho Ahmad ala ism abee.
Yes, he is and he said he will pay for the dinner tonight. Na’am howa sa’eed wa qal annaho sayqoom bea’mal ala’shaa allaylah.
May God protect him. He is very cute. Masha Allah, howa jameelon.
His grandpa will be very happy. Jaddoho sayakoon masroron.
That was very nice of him. Shay’on jameelon jidan.
Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah) Name in English
Transliteration
129
Arab Country
Iraq
Aliraq
Libya
Leebya
Mauritania
Moretanya
Saudi Arabia
Almamlaka alarabiyya assa’oodiya
ϕήόϟ ΎϴΒϴϟ ΎϴϧΎΘϳέϮϣ ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϜϠϤϤϟ
United Arab Emirates
Alimarat alarabiyyah almotahidah
ΓΪΤΘϤϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΕέΎϣϻ
Egypt
Jomhooriyat mesr alarabiyyah
Tunisia
Toonis
Algeria
Aljazaer
Morocco
Almaghrib
Somalia
Assoomal
Djibouti
Jaibooti
Comoros
Jozor alqamar
Jordan
Alordon
ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ βϧϮΗ ήΰΠϟ ΏήϐϤϟ ϝΎϣϮμϟ ϲΗϮΒϴΟ ήϤϘϟ έΰΟ ϥΩέϷ
Note that although there might be some differences between English and Arabic names, there are many similarities and it can be easy to identify them. Nationalities It is very easy to learn nationalities, which is an adjective in Arabic. In most cases, you just add the suffix “ya” to the name of the country and remove the “al” (if there is an “al”) from the beginning. The same rule applies to all countries and not only Arab countries. For example:
ΏήϐϤϟ almaghrib would be ϲ˷ Αήϐϣ maghribiy ΔϳΩϮόδϟ alsaoodiya would be ϱΩϮόγ sa’oodi ϥΩέϷ alordon would be ϲ˷ ϧΩέ ardoniy Many non-Arab countries have names in Arabic that are very similar to their English names: Britain ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ (Breetanya), Russia Ύϴγϭέ (Roosya), Italy ΎϴϟΎτϳ (Italya) and France Ύδϧήϓ (Faransa).
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Lesson 9
This is also true of the words for nationalities: Britain
ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ (Breetanya)
British
Russia
Ύϴγϭέ (Roosya)
Russian
Italy
ΎϴϟΎτϳ (Italya)
Italy
ϲϟΎτϳ (Eetali)
France
Ύδϧήϓ
French
ϲδϧήϓ (Faransey)
(Faransa)
ϲϧΎτϳήΑ (Breetani) ϰ˷ γϭέ (Roosiy)
This information will be reviewed in the next lesson, and more details will be provided. 9.1.
Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks: Nationality
Country
ϲϗήϋ
Nationality
ϕήόϟ ΖϳϮϜϟ ϥΎΑΎϴϟ
ϲϜϳήϣ ϱέϮγ ϱΪϨϫ
Country
ϦϴτδϠϓ ϲϧΎϨΒϟ ήΰΠϟ ΎϴΒϴϟ ϱήμϣ
Nominal sentences: Sentences starting with a noun are called nominal sentences, as in: Meaning
Transliteration
The weather is hot.
altaqs har.
The door is open.
Albab maftooh.
My house is far.
baytee ba’eed.
Example
έΎΣ βϘτϟ ΡϮΘϔϣ ΏΎΒϟ ΪϴόΑ ϲΘϴΑ
Usually the subject and the predicate have dhamma. The predicate agrees with the subject in gender, number and all other situations.
Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)
131
Note that the subject is definite while the predicate is not. You may guess the reason by reading the following sentences: Al-bayt al-kabeer ήϴΒϜϟ ΖϴΒϟ means “the big house is” which indicates the sentences is not complete while: Al-bayt kabeer ήϴΒϛ ΖϴΒϟ means “the house is big.” Verbal sentences: Unlike English, sometimes Arabic sentences start with a verb. These are called verbal sentences. In verbal sentences the verb comes before the subject and the rest of the sentence. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Ahmad left the house.
Kharaja ahmed men albayt.
My father went to the office.
Thahaba abee ila almaktab.
Mr. Ali attended the meeting.
Hadhar assayed ali alijtimaa’.
Example
ΖϴΒϟ Ϧϣ ΪϤΣ ΝήΧ . ΐΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ϲΑ ΐϫΫ ωΎϤΘΟϻ ϲϠϋ Ϊϴδϟ ήπΣ
Verbal sentences should always start with verb in the singular form even if the subject of the sentence is plural, while matching the gender. Verbs should match the subject if it comes before it but not after it. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Students went to school.
Thahab atalameeth ila almadrasa
Students wrote the homework.
Taktob attalibat alwajeb
The family sits in the kitchen.
Tajlis ala’ilah fee almatbakh.
My brothers live in this house.
Yaskon ikhwatee fe hatha albayt.
Example
ΔγέΪϤϟ ϰϟ άϴϣϼΘϟ ΐϫΫ ΐΟϮϟ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ ΐΘϜΗ ΦΒτϤϟ ϲϓ ΔϠΎόϟ βϠΠΗ ΖϴΒϟ άϫ ϲϓ ϲΗϮΧ ϦϜδϳ
Note that at the beginning of the sentence, the verbs match with gender but are always singular. It does not matter if the subject is singlar or plural.
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Lesson 9
9.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Identify whether the sentence is verbal or nominal:
.ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ ϲϓ ϲΘϴϠϛ ϊϘΗ .ΩέΎϓέΎϫ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΔγΪϨϬϟ αέΩ .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϜδΗ ϲΘΧ .ΫΎΘγϷ ΪϤΣ ϲϠϋ ϲϘϳΪλ Ϣγ .ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϚΑΎΘϛ .ΕΎϐϟ ϊΑέ ϢϠϜΗ Ύϧ .ΔϠϴϤΟ αϭέΪϟ ϩάϫ .ϚϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϲΧ ϞϤόϳ .ϥΎϨΒϟ Ϧϣ Ϟϣ ϭ ΔϴϣΎγ .Ύϧϭΰϳέ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ αέΪϳ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ΎϫϮΧ ϊϣ ΎϬϣ ϦϜδΗ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
9.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following into nominal sentences:
.ΏΩϷ ϭ ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ ΎϬϣ αέΪΗ .ΕΎϐϟ ΙϼΛ ϱΪϟϭ ϢϠϜΘϳ .˯ΎόΑέϷ ϡϮϳ ϲΘϘϳΪλ ήϓΎδΘγ .ΎϤΩ έΎΒΧϷ ϲΘϤϋ ϦΑ ΪϫΎθϳ .ϡϮϴϟ ˯Ϊϐϟ ϰϠϋ ΝΎΟΪϟ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
9.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following into verbal sentences:
.ΐϴϠΤϟ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ ΐΤΗ ΓέΎγ .ΓΪϳΪΠϟ ΕΎϤϠϜϟ ϥΎγέΪΗ Ϟϣ ϭ ϯΪϫ ϞΟήϟ άϫ ϑήόϳ ϲϠϋ
1. 2. 3.
Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)
.ϥΩέϷ ϲϓ ϦϜδΗ ΎϬΘϠΎϋ .ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ ϲϘϳΪλ
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4. 5.
Non-Human Plural Agreement: All non-human nouns regardless of their gender use singular feminine adjectives, pronouns or demonstratives. This means we say: Meaning
Transliteration
These are watches
hathihi saa’at
These are the rooms
hathihi heya alghoraf
These are my books
Hathihi kotobi
Big cars
Sayyarat kabeera
Beautiful houses
Beyoot jameela
Example
ΕΎϋΎγ ϩάϫ ϑήϐϟ ϲϫ ϩάϫ ϲΒ˵Θϛ˵ ϩάϫ ΓήϴΒϛ ΕέΎϴγ ΔϠϴϤΟ ΕϮϴΑ
This also means we say: Hathihi saa’ah ΔϋΎγ ϩάϫ for singular and hathihi saa’at for plural ΕΎϋΎγ
ϩάϫ
9.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the following paragraph about Arab countries:
Yatakawan alalam ala’rabi men ithnatan wa eshreen dawlah. The Arab world consists of twenty-two countries.
ϥΎ ˶ ˴Θ˴ϨΛ˸ ˶ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲ͊ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ Ϣ˵ ˴ϟΎό˴ ϟ ϥ˵ Ϯ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ .Δ˳ ˴ϟϭ˸ Ω˴ Ϧϳ ˴ ή˶ θ˸ ϋ˶ ϭ˴
Taqa’ thalath ashrat menha fee qarrat asya wa tes’ dowal fee afriqya. Thirteen countries lie in Asia while the other nine are in Africa.
Γ˳ έ͉ Ύ˴ϗ ϲ˶ϓ Ύ˴ϬϨ˸ ϣ˶ ˱Δ˴ϟϭ˸ Ω˴ ˲Γή˴ θ˸ ϋ˴ ΙϼΛ ϊ˵ ˴Ϙ˴Η Ύ˴ϴ˶Ϙϳή˶ ϓ˸ ˴ Γ˳ έ͉ Ύ˴ϗ ϲ˶ϓ ϝ˳ ϭ˴ Ω˵ ϊ˵ δ˸ ˶Η ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴγ ˶
Yakhtalif attaqs feeha men balad ila akhar The weather is different from one country to another.
˵ ˶Ϡ˴ΘΨ˸ ˴ϳ ή˴ Χ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ϊ˳ ˴Ϡ˴Α Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˴Ϭϴ˶ϓ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ ϒ
Wa lakin yomkin taqseemoha ila khamsat aqaleem joghrafiyya hasab mawqi’oha. But we can divide into five regional parts according to its location.
ϢϴϟΎϗ ˱Δδ˴ Ϥ˸ Χ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ΎϬϴδϘΗ Ϧ˵ Ϝ˶ Ϥ˸ ˵ϳ Ϧ͉ Ϝ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ :Ύ˴Ϭό˶ ˶ϗϮ˸ ϣ˴ ΐ ˴ δ˴ Σ˴ ˲Δ˴ϴ˶ϓή˴ ϐ˸ Ο˵
134
Lesson 9
Conversation (continued) 1. Bilad asham wa hiya: sorya, lobnan wa alordon wa falasteen. The Asham region which consists of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. 2. Dowal alkhaleej alarabi wa hiya: alkwayt, assa’oodiya, alimarat al-Arabiya almotahida wa oman wa alyaman wa albahrain. The Gulf region: Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and Bahrain. 3. Ma bayn annahrayn aliraq. Between the two rivers: Iraq.
˵ ˴ϨΒ˸ ˵ϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ ϥΎ ˶ γ :ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϭ˴ ϡ˵ Ύθ͉ ϟ Ω˲ ϼ˴ ˶Α .˺ ˵ τ˸ .Ϧϴ ˶ δ˴Ϡ˶ϓ ϭ˴ ϥ͊ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ ϭ˴ :ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϭ˴ ϲ͋ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ Ξϴ ˶ ˶ϠΨ˴ ϟ ϝ˵ ϭ˴ Ω˵ .˻ ˵ έ˴ Ύϣ˴ Ϲ Ε ˶ ϭ˴ ˵Δ͉ϳΩ˶ Ϯ˵όδ͉ ϟ ϭ˴ ΖϳϮϜϟ ˵ Ϥ˴ ϋ˵ ϭ˴ ˵ΓΪ˴ Τ˶ ͉ΘϤ˵ ϟ ˴Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ ϭ˴ Ϧ˵ Ϥ˴ ˴ϴϟ ϭ˴ ϥΎ .Ϧϳή˴ ˸Τ˴Βϟ ˵ ή˴ ό˶ ϟ :Ϧ˸˶ ϳή˴ Ϭ˸ ͉Ϩϟ Ϧ˸˴ ϴ˴Α Ύϣ˴ .˼ .ϕ
4. Wadi aneel: mesr, asoodan, asoomal wa jaybooti. The Nile Valley: Egypt, Sudan, Somalia and Djibouti.
˵ Ω˴ Ϯ͊δϟ ϭ˴ ή˵ ˸μϣ˶ :Ϟϴ ϭ˴ ϥ ˶ ͋Ϩϟ ϱΩ˶ ϭ˴ .˽ .ϲ˶ΗϮ˵ΒϴΟ˶ ϭ˴ ϝ˵ Ύϣ˴ Ϯ ͊μϟ
5. Shamal afriqya: toonis,wa aljaza’r wa leebya wa almaghrib wa moritanya. North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania.
ή˵ ˶ΰ˴ Π˴ ϟ ϭ˴ β˶ϧϮ˵Η :Ύ˴ϴ˶Ϙϳή˶ ϓ˸ ˴ ϝ˵ ΎϤ˴ η˴ .˾ .Ύ˴ϴ˶ϧΎ˴ΘϳέϮ ˶ ϣ˵ ϭ˴ ˵Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴ˶Βϴ˶ϟ ϭ˴
Yahodo alalam alarabi men asharq iran wa bahr alarab. The Arab world is bordered from the east by Iran and the Arab Sea. Wa men algharb almoheet alatlasi. From the west by Atlantic Ocean. Wa men aljanoob almoheet alhindi wa assahra alkobra. From the south: the Indian Ocean and the great Sahara.
ϕ ˶ ˸ήθ͉ ϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲ͊ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ Ϣ˵ ˴ϟΎό˴ ϟ Ϊ͊ Τ˵ ϳ ˵ ή˴ ϳ˶· ˵Ώή˴ ό˴ ϟ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Α ϭ˴ ϥ ˸ ˴Ϸ ˵ςϴΤ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ Ώ ϲ͊ δ˶ ˴Ϡρ ˶ ˸ή˴ϐϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϭ˴ ϭ˴ ͊ϱΪ˶ Ϩ˸ Ϭ˶ ϟ ˵ςϴΤ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ Ώ ˶ Ϯ˵ϨΠ˵ ϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϭ˴ ϯή˴ Β˸ Ϝ˵ ϟ ˯˵ ή˴ ˸Τ͉μϟ
Wa men ashamal torkya wa albahr alahmar. From the North: Turkey and the Red Sea.
ή˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴Ϸ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴϛ˶ ˸ή˵Η ϝΎ ˶ Ϥ˴ θ͉ ϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϭ˴
Torkya wa iran homa men dowal asharq alwasat wa lakinahoma. Turkey and Iran are part of the Middle East, but they are not Arab countries.
˵ ή˴ ϳ˶· ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴϛ˶ ˸ή˵Η ϕ ˶ ˸ήθ͉ ϟ ϝ˶ ϭ˴ Ω˵ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ΎϤ˴ ˵ϫ ϥ ˲Δ͉ϴ˶Αή˴ ϋ˴ ϝ˴ ϭ˴ Ω˵ Ύ˴Θδ˴ ϴ˸ ˴ϟ ΎϤ˴ ˵Ϭ͉ϨϜ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ ς˶ γ˴ ϭ˸ ˴Ϸ
135
Family Relations and Children (Al-abnaa’ wa al-osrah)
Now answer the following questions:
ௐˮϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ Ϣϛ ௐˮϡΎθϟ ΩϼΑ ϝϭΩ ϲϫ Ύϣ ௐˮϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϢϴϠϗ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ Ϣϛ ௐˮΎϴϘϳήϓ ϝΎϤη ϝϭΩ ϲϫ Ύϣ ௐ ˮΏϮϨΠϟ Ϧϣ ˮ ϝΎϤθϟ Ϧϣ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ΪΤϳ ΫΎϣ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
9.6. Practice (see Answer Key) To learn more about Arab countries, do some search and connect the country with its capital: Capital - ΔϤλΎόϟ
ΔϣΎϨϤϟ ϖθϣΩ ϲϧϭέϮϣ ϥΎϤ˷ ϋ ˯ΎόϨλ ΩΪϐΑ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ΕϭήϴΑ ϡϮρήΨϟ ρΎΑήϟ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
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ΔϟϭΪϟ Ϣγ
ήϤϘϟ έΰΟ ΔϴϤηΎϬϟ ΔϴϧΩέϷ ΔϜϠϤϤϟ ϥΩϮδϟ ϥΎϨΒϟ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ΔϳέϮδϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϳέϮϬϤΠϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ϦϤϴϟ ϦϳήΤΒϟ ΔϜϠϤϣ ΏήϐϤϟ ϕήόϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 10
ΓήηΎόϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Arabic Dress
ϲΑήόϟ αΎΒϠϟ Allibas ala’rabi
Objectives: 1. Arabic Clothes and Cultural Dress 2. Body Parts 3. Grammar: Nouns-Adjectives Agreement 4. Adjective of Place (Nisba)
5. Culture: Dress Code 6. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Buy
–
– Ishtara
Sell
–
– Ba’
Job
Mihan
Nationality
Jinsiyat
Once / one time
Marrat
Numbers
A’dad
Good person
Salihoon/ saliheen
Tooth
Asnan
Hand
Aydee
Leg
Arjol
Ϧ˸ ˴Ϭϣ˶ ˸ ϴδ˶ Ϩ˸ Ο˶ ΕΎ˷ ˸ ήϣ˴ Ε˷ Ω˸ Ϊϋ˸ ˴ / ϥϮΤϟΎλ ϦϴΤϟΎλ ˸ γ˴ ϥΎϨ˸ ϱΪ˸ϳ˴ ˸Ϟ˵Ο ˸έ˴
Mihnah Jinseyya
Word
ϯή˴Θη˸ · ω˴ ΎΑ ΔϨ˸Ϭϣ˶ Δ˷ϴδϨ˸ Ο˶
A’dad
Γ˷ήϣ˴ Ω˸ Ϊ˴ ϋ˴
Salih
˸˶ϟΎλ
Marrah
Sin Yad Rijl
Ϧ˸ γ˶ Ϊ˸ ˴ϳ ˸ϞΟ˶ έ˶
138
Lesson 10 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
ϩ˸ ϮΟϭ αϭ΅έ ˸ή˸όη˴
Wajh
Word
Ϫ˸ ˸Οϭ˴ α ˴ ˸ έ˴ Γή˸όη˴ Ϣ˸ ˴ϓ ϥ˸ Ϋ˵ ˵ Ϧ˸˸ ϴϋ˴ ˸ΏέΎη ˶ ˸ϴΒ˴ϗ ˸ϞϴϤΟ˴ ˸ήϴΒϛ˴ ˸ήϴϐλ ˴ ˸έϮδϜ˸ ϣ˴ Ϣ˸ ϴϠγ˴ ˸ δ˵ϓ ϥΎΘ˸ ˸κϴϤ˴ϗ ˸ ˴τϨ˸ ˴Α ϥϮϠ ˸ ΕέϮη ˸ϝϮϐθ˸ ϣ˴
Face
Wojooh
Head
Ro’oos
Hair
Sha’r
Mouth
–
Ear
Athan
Eye
Oyoon
Mustache
Shawareb
Ugly
–
– Qabeeh
Beautiful
–
– Jameel
Big
–
– Kabeer
Small
–
– Sagheer
Broken
–
– Maksoor
Intact
–
– Saleem
Dress
–
– Fostan
Shirt
–
– Qamees
Pants
–
– Bantaloun
Shorts
–
– Short
Busy
–
– Mash-ghool
Get ready
–
–
Ista’da (present tense) / yasta’ed (past tense)
Ϊ˸ ό˶ ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϊό˴Θγ
Arrive
–
–
Wasala (present tense) / yasel (past tense)
Ϟμ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ λ ˴ ϭ˴
Raas Sha’rah
– Fam
ϥΫ ˸ ϋ˵ ϥϮϴ ΏέϮη˴
Othon Ayn Sharib
Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
139
Transliteration
Word
I’tabara (present tense) / ya’taber (past tense)
˸ή˴Β˴Θό˸ ˵ϳ / ή˴ ˴Β˴Θϋ Ϋ˶· ϕ˸ Ϯδϟ
Considered
–
–
If
–
– Ithan
Shopping center
–
– Assoq
There are some words describing outfits that have no equivalence in English. For example: • Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ for women and dishdasha ΔηΪηΩ for men: both mean long loose outfit that cover the whole body • Kofiyah ΔϴϓϮϛ and shemagh ύΎϤη or ghotra ΓήΘϏ for men: men’s head cover, they wear it to protect them from the heat/cold, high temperature and dust • Hijab ΏΎΠΣ : women’s head cover that a woman wear to cover her hair Dress Code Currently, many Arabs wear Western dress, from blue jeans, t-shirts and shorts to miniskirts and three-piece suits, and they follow European and American brand names and clothing styles. The trend began with colonialism and European dominance over Arab countries during World War I, and it has continued since then, especially among younger generations. At the same time, many Arabs young and old, continue to wear traditional attire, especially in traditional gatherings and during celebrations. Traditional Arab attire includes long, loose robes that cover the whole body. It is called dishdasha ΔηΪηΩ for men and Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ for women. Dishdasha ΔηΪηΩ and Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ have slight variations in styling, colors and designs from one country to the next and even from one village to another. Usually, Arab men wear a light-colored dishdasha ΔηΪηΩ in summer or in desert environments, such as Gulf countries, Iraq or Egypt; strong breezes circulating through the dishdasha ΔηΪηΩ provide a cooling effect in the summer. Men wear a dark-colored dishdasha ΔηΪηΩ in winter. In countries with more rain and vegetation, such as Syria, Jordan and Lebanon, the dress is more colorful. As for Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ, it has assorted color according to the country. For example, in Tunisia, women wear white and green Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ; in Egypt the Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ is often solid white or blue with embroidery; in Syria and Palestine, it is often black with colorful embroidery, and in Gulf countries the Abaya ΔϳΎΒϋ is black.
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Lesson 10
Traditional dress for men also includes a head dress ghotra for protection from the sun during hot summers and from the cold in winters. The color varies among countries, with men in Gulf countries using a white ghotra and men in Jordan and Palestine using a redand-white checkered ghotra. Noun-Adjective agreement Adjectives come after the noun, not before it as in English. Adjectives agree with the noun it is describing in almost all its details including gender, definiteness and number. It also takes the same vowels and tanween as the noun. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
A good man
Rajol salih
Two good men
Rajolan salihan
Good men
Rijal salihoon
Example
ϟΎλ ϞΟέ ϥΎΤϟΎλ ϥϼΟέ ϥϮΤϟΎλ ϝΎΟέ
The only situation that the adjectives do not follow the noun is when the noun is a non-human plural, then the adjective should be singular feminine. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Big books
Kotob kabeerah
Small houses
Beyoot sagheerah
Example
ΓήϴΒϛ ΐ˵Θϛ˵ Γήϴϐλ ΕϮϴΑ
Additionally, if we are describing an identified noun, then we can use more than one adjective without writing the word and (ϭ) in between for example: Meaning
Transliteration
The new small car…
Assayarah aljadeeda assagheera…
The beautiful big house …
albayt aljameel alkabeer…
Example
....... Γήϴϐμϟ ΓΪϳΪΠϟ ΓέΎϴδϟ ........ ήϴΒϜϟ ϞϴϤΠϟ ΖϴΒϟ
Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi)
141
10.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Write a check mark beside the correct noun-adjective agreement, and an X beside the wrong ones. Then correct the wrong ones:
.ΔϴϧΎϨΒϟ ΐϟΎρ ΪϤΣ .ϲΑήϋ ΔϨϳΪϣ βϧϮΗ .ΔϴϜϳήϣ Δϳϻϭ Ύϧϭΰϳέ .ήϴμϗ ϭ ΔϠϴϤΟ ϲΘΧ .ΓήϴΒϛ ϲΘϓήϏ .ϱΰϴϠΠϧϻ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ ϢϠϜΗ .ΪϳΪΟ ΐΘϛ ΖϳήΘη .ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ ΎϧΫΎΘγ ΖϴΑ ϩάϫ .Γήϴϐμϟ ΏΎΒϟ Ϧϣ ϥϼΧΪϳ ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ .ϥΎϤϳΪϗ ϥΎΘΟέΩ ϱΪϨϋ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Adjectives of place (Nisba): Adjectives of place, or nationalities, are sometimes called nisba. Nisba means “related to,” so nisba adjectives are related adjectives because they are derived from the name of the city, region, country or family’s last name. This is very easy procedure. All you have to do is add ϱ at the end of the word. Words describing nationalities are considered adjectives. They are called adjectives of place as they are describing the place of origin of someone or something. Adjectives of place may be formed by adding ya at the end of the name of country as in: English Name Adjective of place Adjective of place Transliteration Transliteration of country (Feminine) (Masculine)
Qatar
Qatariyyah
Egypt
Mesriyyah
Lebanon
Lebnaniyyah
Δ˷ϳήτϗ Δϳήμϣ ΔϴϧΎϨΒϟ
Qatari Mesrey lobnani
ϱήτϗ ϱήμϣ ϲϧΎϨΒϟ
Notice that when referring to females we add the ta marbuta after the ya.
Name of country
ήτϗ ήμϣ ϥΎϨΒϟ
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Lesson 10
If the country name ends in a ta marbuta or alif, then remove it and add the ya as in: English Name Adjective of place Adjective of place Transliteration Transliteration of country (Feminine) (Masculine)
Syria
Sooriyyah
America
Amreekiayyah
Britain
Breetaniyyah
ΔϳέϮγ ΔϴϜϳήϣ ΔϴϧΎτϳήΑ
Sooriy Amreeki Breetani
Name of country
ϱέϮγ ΎϳέϮγ ϲϜϳήϣ ΎϜϳήϣ ϲϧΎτϳήΑ ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ
As explained earlier, if the country name starts with the definite al, then remove it and add the ya as in: English Name Adjective of place Adjective of place Transliteration Transliteration of country (Feminine) (Masculine)
Iraq
Iraqiyyah
Kuwait
Kuwaytiyyah
Sudan
Soodaniyyah
Japan
Yabaniayyah
Δϴϗήϋ ΔϴΘϳϮϛ ΔϴϧΩϮγ ΔϴϧΎΑΎϳ
Iraqi Kowaiti Soodani Yabani
Name of country
ϲϗήϋ ϕήόϟ ϲΘϳϮϛ ΖϳϮϜϟ ϲϧΩϮγ ϥΩϮδϟ ϲϧΎΑΎϳ ϥΎΑΎϴϟ
To make nationalities a plural form, we just add the Ϧϳ/ϥϭ form for masculine and Ε for feminine. Some examples are: English Name Transliteration of place
Plural-Feminine Transliteration Plural -Masculine
Egyptian
Misriyyat
ΕΎϳήμϣ
Mesriyoon/ Mesriyeen
Iraqi
Iraqiyyat
ΕΎϴϗήϋ
Iraqiyoon/ Iraqiyeen
Qatari
Qatariyyat
ΕΎϳήτϗ
Qatariyoon/ Qatariyeen
Adjective of place
/ ϥϮϳήμϣ ϱήμϣ Ϧϴϳήμϣ /ϥϮϴϗήϋ ϲϗήϋ Ϧϴϴϗήϋ / ϥϮϳήτϗ ϱήτϗ Ϧϴϳήτϗ
Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi) English Name Transliteration of place
Plural-Feminine Transliteration Plural -Masculine
Algerian
Jazairiyyat
ΕΎϳήΰΟ
Jaza’reyoon/ Jaza’riyeen
Jordanian
Ordoniyyat
ΕΎϴϧΩέ
Ardoneyoon/ Ardoniyeen
143
Adjective of place
ϥϮϳήΰΟ ϱήΰΟ ϦϴϳήΰΟ / / ϥϮϴϧΩέ ϲϧΩέ ϦϴϴϧΩέ
Of course, there are few exceptions for the rule as in: English Name Adjective of Transliteration Plural- Feminine Transliteration Plural- Masculine of place Place
English
Ingleeziyat
Arab
Arabiyat
Russian
Roosiyat
ΕΎϳΰϴϠΠϧ ΕΎϴΑήϋ ΕΎϴγϭέ
Ingleez Arab Roos
ΰϴϠΠϧ· ϱΰϴϠΠϧ Ώήϋ ϲΑήϋ αϭέ ϲγϭέ
10.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks: Adjective of place Feminine Adjective of place Masculine
Country
ϥΎΘδϛΎΑ ήτϗ ΕέΎϣϻ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϦϤϴϟ βϧϮΗ ήΰΠϟ ΎϴϟΎτϳ
144
Lesson 10
10.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks:
: ΎΑϭέϭ : Ωϼϴϣ
: : :
2. 4.
Γήγ ΪϠΑ ΔϨϬϣ
1. 3. 5.
10.4. Practice (see Answer Key) To review your understanding of verb conjugation, fill in the blanks with the conjugated verbs: Meaning
Ϣϫ
ΎϤϫ
ϲϫ
Ϯϫ
Ζ ˶ ϧ
˴Ζϧ
ϦΤϧ
Ύϧ
Verb in past tense
ΐΘϛ Ώήη ϦϜγ ήϗ ΐϫΫ ΐΣ ΦΒρ Ωέ Ϟλϭ ϞΣέ
Write Drink Live Read Go Love/like Cook Want Arrive Leave 10.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:
Ϣϛ – ΏΎΘϛ – ϰΘϣ – Ϟϫ Υ – ΏΎΑ – Ώ – ϡ – ϲΑ – ΔηΪηΩ – ϥΎΘδϓ κϴϤϗ
2. 4. 6.
Ϣϫ – Ϟϫ – Ζϧ – Ύϧ ΏΎΘϛ – ΪϤΣ – ϢϠϗ – ήΘϓΩ ϢϴϠγ – Ϟϣ – ϞϳϮρ – ήϴμϗ
1. 3. 5.
Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi)
ήτϤϣ – ΩέΎΑ – έΎΣ – ΓϮϬϗ
8.
ϱΎη – ΕΎϐϟ – ϡϮϠϋ – ΏΩ
10.
145
– ΔϴϠϛ – ϲϜϳήϣ – ϲΑήϋ ϱΰϴϠΠϧ – ήϳΎϨϳ – ΔόϤΠϟ – ˯ΎόΑέϷ ΖΒδϟ
Read the following conversation: Almalabis altaqleediya al-Arabiya motashabiha jidan. Arab traditional clothes are very similar. Wa takoon motanasiba ma’ ataqs. It also fits the weather.
ΔϬΑΎθΘϣ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϳΪϴϠϘΘϟ βΑϼϤϟ .ΪΟ .βϘτϟ ϊϣ ΔΒγΎϨΘϣ ϥϮϜΗ ϭ
Mathalan fee dowal alkhaleej wa aliraq wa alardon wa mesr takoon almalabes alwanoha fatiha mithl alabyad lita’kis ashi’at ashams fee alsayf . For example, in Gulf countries, Iraq, Jordan and Egypt people tend to wear light colors as white to reflect the sun rays.
ϭ ϕήόϟ ϭ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϝϭΩ ϲϓ ϼΜϣ βΑϼϤϟ ϥϮϜΗ ήμϣ ϭ ϥΩέϷ βϜόΘϟ ξϴΑϷ ϞΜϣ ΔΤΗΎϓ ΎϬϧϮϟ .ϒϴμϟ ϲϓ βϤθϟ Δόη
Wa wasi’a litasmah biharakat alhawa wa takoon masnoo’a men alqotn. And loose to allow air movement and it is made of cotton.
ϭ ˯ϮϬϟ ΔϛήΤΑ ϤδΘϟ Δόγϭ ϭ .ϦτϘϟ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϣ ϥϮϜΗ
La’anna attaqs yakoon har jidan. Because the weather is very hot.
.ΪΟ έΎΣ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ ϥϷ
Wa fee ashitaa yalbis alarab alalwan alghamiqa mithl alaswad wa alazraq alghamiq aw alboni. In winter they wear dark colors as black, dark blue and brown.
ϥϮϟϷ Ώήόϟ βΒϠϳ ˯ΎΘθϟ ϲϓ ϭ ϕέίϷ ϭ ΩϮγϷ ϞΜϣ ΔϘϣΎϐϟ .ϲϨΒϟ ϭ ϖϣΎϐϟ
Wa takoon almalabes masnoo’a men assof la’nna ataqs yakoon barid jidan. And made of wool because the weather is very cold.
Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϣ βΑϼϤϟ ϥϮϜΗ ϭ ΩέΎΑ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ ϥϷ ϑϮμϟ .ΪΟ
7.
9.
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Conversation (continued) Men almohim Aydan taghtiyat arras belkoofiya aw ashemagh aw ghita’ arra’s lihimayat arra’s wa alwajh men ashams alharra aw arimal aw ariyah It is important too to cover the head with Kufia, or any head cover to protect the head and face from the hot sun, sands or winds
αήϟ ΔϴτϐΗ Ύπϳ ϢϬϤϟ Ϧϣ αήϟ ˯ΎτϏ ϭ ύΎϤθϟ ϭ ΔϴϓϮϜϟΎΑ βϤθϟ Ϧϣ ΔΟϮϟ ϭ αήϟ ΔϳΎϤΤϟ . ΡΎϳήϟ ϭ ϝΎϣήϟ ϭ ΓέΎΤϟ
Yalbis alarab allibas ataqleedi ba’dh alahyan Sometimes Arabs wear their traditional clothes
ξόΑ ϱΪϴϠϘΘϟ αΎΒϠϟ Ώήόϟ βΒϠϳ ϥΎϴΣϷ
Wa lakinnahom okhra yalbisoon albintal aw ashort ma’ alqamees aw albolooza Other times they wear pants or shorts with t-shirts or blouses
ϭ ϝΎτϨΒϟ ϥϮδΒϠϳ ϯήΧ ΎϧΎϴΣ ϭ ΓίϮϠΒϟ ϭ κϴϤϘϟ ϊϣ ΕέϮθϟ
10.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions:
ˮΔϴΑήόϟ βΑϼϤϟ ϪΑΎθΘΗ Ϟϫ ˮϒϴμϟ ϲϓ ΔΤΗΎϔϟ βΑϼϤϟ Ώήόϟ βΒϠϳ ΫΎϤϟ ˮ˯ΎΘθϟ ϲϓ ϑϮμϟ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϤϟ βΑϼϤϟ ϥϮδΒϠϳ ΫΎϤϟ ˮϢϬγϭ΅έ ϥϮτϐϳ ΫΎϤϟ ˮΎϤΩ ΔηΪηΪϟ ϝΎΟήϟ βΒϠϳ Ϟϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Arabic Dress (Allibas ala’rabi)
147
10.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the following words to form meaningful sentences:
Εήϣ – ϲϓ – ϡϮϴϟ – ϥϮϠμϳ – βϤΧ – ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ ϲϓ – ϊΒγ – Ώϼρ – ΐτϟ – αέΪϳ – ΔόϣΎΠϟ – ΕϮϨγ ˮβϣ – ϱάϟ – ϪΘϳήΘη – Ύϣ – Ϣγ – ΏΎΘϜϟ .ϞϤϋ – Ϋ – Ϣϟ – ϲϣ – ΐΟϮϟ - ΐπϐΗ .ΓέΎΒϤϠϟ – βΒϠϳ – ϭΪόΘδϳ – ϖϳήϔϟ – ϲϜϟ – βΑϼϣ – ϥϮΒϋϼϟ .ϡϮϳ – ϦϴϨΛϻ – ϲΎϗΪλ – ϥΩέϷ – ϰϟ – ϮϠλϭ ˮήμϣ – ϲϓ – Εέί – Ϣϛ – ΔϨϳΪϣ .ϕϮδϟ – ϊϣ – ΎϬϣ – ΖΒϫΫ – ϰϟ – ΩΎόγ .έϮΘϛΩ – ΔόϣΎΠϟ – ϥϮϜϳ – Ϊϳήϳ – ϥ – ϲϓ – ΪϟΎΧ .ήΒΘόΗ – ΪϠΑ – ϦϳήΤΒϟ – ϲΑήϋ – ήϐλ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
10.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect the related words by writing the words’ numbers in the parentheses:
ϡ ήϴϐλ ςϴθϧ
( ) ( ) ( )
Υ ϥϵ έΎϬϧ
Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
2. 4. 6.
ϲΗΪΟ ΔϨγ άϨϣ Ϟϴϟ ΖΧ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Ώ ϱΪΟ ϥϼδϛ ήϴΒϛ
1. 3. 5. 7.
Lesson 11
Γήθϋ ΔϳΩΎΤϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Who is an Arab?
ϲΑήόϟ Ϯϫ Ϧϣ Man howa alarabi
Objectives: 1. Children’s Value in the Arab world 2. Daily Schedule and Time Expression 3. Grammar: Ordinal and Cardinal Numbers
4. Culture: “You Know You’re an Arab When…” 5. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
ΕϮϳί ήΎμϋ ˸ ˴Η ˸ή˵Α ΕϻΎϘ ˸ΡΎ˷ϔ˵Η ί˸ Ϯ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ξ˸ϴ˴Α
Oil
Ziyoot
Juice
Asa’er
Orange
Bortoqalat
Apple
Tofah
Banana
Mawz
Egg
Baydh
Butter
–
– Zobda
Jam
–
– Moraba
Bread
–
– Khobz
Cheese
Ajban
Biscuit
-
ϥΎΒΟ
Zayt A’seer Bortoqal Tofaha Mooza Baidha
Jobna
- Baskaweet
Word
˸ ϳί˴ Ζ˸ ˸ήϴμϋ˴ ˸ϝΎϘ˴Η ˸ή˵Α ΔΣΎ˷ϔ˵Η ΓίϮ˸ ϣ˴ Δπ˸ϴ˴Α ΓΪ˸Αί˵ ϰ˷Αή˴ ϣ˵ ΰ˸˸ ΒΧ˵ ΔϨ˸ΒΟ˵ ˸ Ϝ˴ δ˸ ˴Α ΖϳϮ
150
Lesson 11 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Salad
Salatat
ΕΎτϠγ
Rice
-
Meat
Lahm
Chicken
Dajaj
Fish
Samak
Fried
Mashawi
Broiled
Maqali
Falafel
–
– Falafel
Humus
–
– Hommos
Cereal
–
– Hoboob
Macaroni
–
– Ma’karoona
Cake
–
– Ka’k
Food
At’emah
Drink
Mashroobat
Prefer
–
Hour (o’clock)
Saa’at
Minute
Daqa’iq
Half
–
– Nisf
Quarter
–
– Rob’
Third
–
– Tholoth
Till /Except
–
– Illa
Schedule
Jadawel
Salatah
- Arz
Ϣ˸ ˸Τ˴ϟ ˸ΝΎΟΩ˴ Ϛ˸ Ϥ˴ γ˴ ϱϭΎθϣ ϲϟΎϘϣ
˸ ˴ ΔϤό˶ ρ ˸ ΕΎΑϭή θ˸ ϣ˴ –
˸ ΕΎϋΎγ ϖ˸ ˶ΎϗΩ˴
˸ϝϭΪ ˶ Ο˴
Lah-ma Dajajah Samakah Mashwi Maqli
Ta’am Sharab Faddala (present tense)/ yofaddel (past) Saa’h Daqiqa
Jadwal
Word
Δτ˴Ϡγ˴ ί˵˸ έ˴ ΔϤ ˸Τ˴ϟ ΔΟΎΟΩ˴ ΔϜϤ˴ γ˴ ϱϮθ˸ ϣ˴ ϲϠϘ˸ ϣ˴ ˸Ϟ˶ϓϼ˴ϓ ˸κϤ͊ Σ˵ ˸ΏϮΒ˵Σ ΔϧϭήϜ˴ ό˸ ϣ˴ ˸ όϛ˴ Ϛ˸ ϡ˸ Ύό˴ρ ˸Ώήη˴ ˸Ϟ͉π˴ϔ˵ϳ / Ϟ˴ π ͉ ˴ϓ ΔϋΎγ ΔϘϴϗΩ˴ ˸ ˸μ˶ϧ ϒ ϊ˸ Α˸ έ˵ ˸ Ϡ˸ ˵Λ Κ ϻ·˷ ˸ϝϭ˴ Ϊ˸ Ο˴
Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi ) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ ˶ϗϮϣ˴ ϒ ϖϋϼϣ˴ ϙϮ˴ η˵ ϦϴϛΎϜγ˴ ϕΎΒρ
Parking lot
Mawaqif
Spoon
Mala’eq
Fork
Showak
Knife
Sakakeen
Plate
Atbaq
Eat
–
–
Akala (present tense) / ya/kol (past tense)
Cook
–
–
Tabakha (present tense) / yatbokh (past tense)
Wash
–
–
Ghasalaa (present tense) / yaghsel (past tense)
Reserve
–
–
Hajaza (present tense) / yahjiz (past tense)
Person
Ash-khas
˸ιΎΨη˸ ˴
Mawqif Mila’qa Shawka Sikeen Tabaq
Shakhs
151
Word
˸ ˶ϗϮ˸ ϣ˴ ϒ ΔϘό˴ Ϡ˸ ϣ˶ ΔϛϮ˸ η˴ ˸ Ϝ͋ γ˶ Ϧϴ ϖ˸ ˴Β˴ρ ˸Ϟϛ˵ ˸΄˴ϳ /Ϟ˴ ϛ˴ ˴ ˸ ˴ϳ /Φ˴ ˴Β˴ρ Φ˸ ˴Βτ ˸Ϟδ˶ ϐ˸ ˴ϳ /Ϟ˴ δ˴ Ϗ˴ ΰ˸ Π˶ ˸Τ˴ϳ /ΰ˴ Π˴ Σ˴ ˸κΨ˸ η˴
You know you’re an Arab when: The following list is from an email that is exchanged, as a joke, among Arabic friends. It is similar to the “Redneck” jokes told by comedian Jeff Foxworthy. The issues mentioned are part of Arabic culture, so the list below is included to add a bit of humor to the lesson. Specific cultural explanations are included below each point. • A visa is not a credit card. Arabs mostly use cash in their daily monetary transactions. They do not use credit cards. In some Arabic countries, Jordan for example, you must pay an extra 7-10% if you want to use your credit card while shopping. So, it is cheaper to pay cash. In Arab countries, it is quite safe to carry large amounts of cash in your pocket and walk around. • You refer to your dad’s friends as Amme ϲϤϋ. As you know, Amme means “uncle,” which is a paternal uncle. It is very rude for people to address older people by their first names. They should use the word ϲϤϋ ammee before mentioning his name or calling him. Females are addressed as ϲΘϟΎΧ khaltee, maternal aunt. As a rule of thumb and irrespective of
152
Lesson 11
your age, you should always address people who are older than you in this fashion: ϲϤϋ (for males) or ϲΘϟΎΧ (for females) when communicating with them. • You have an endless supply of pistachios, dates, and pumpkin seeds. Arabs have a short workday. Most government offices finish their work at 2:00 P.M. They start at 7:00 A.M. and do not have lunch breaks, as lunch is considered part of the family ritual that all members of the family must attend. They go home to have their main meal (lunch) at this time and take a short nap. When they wake up, they have plenty of time to go and socialize by visiting their family and friends. During these visits, they offer juice, soda, or other cold drinks (non-alcoholic) at the beginning, and then hot tea with cakes and/or cookies, followed by pistachios and/or pumpkin seeds; finally, the coffee is served with some dates. Even without visitors, Arabs enjoy watching TV while cracking their pumpkin seeds and pistachios. • Your parents can tell you are becoming Americanized anytime you talk back to them! Children are not allowed to talk back or raise their voices to their parents. Children are supposed to listen and discuss politely what they want to say. They are not supposed to look at their parents directly in the eyes or in any rude manner (rolling their eyes, making faces, etc). Therefore, when children talk back to their parents, the prevailing thought is that they must have acquired it from the TV (watching American movies, MTV, the Simpsons, etc.). • After a family meal, the women (while visiting other families) fight to the death over who should wash the dishes while the men sit and discuss politics, waiting for their tea. When Arabs invite people for lunch (the main meal), they prepare many dishes. Therefore, the host is tired, and her visitors want to help her clean. The men move to a different room to get out of the way and the women start to argue who will clean the dishes, who will put the food away, and who will take care of preparing the hot tea. When women are done cleaning, either they can join the men to have tea together or they might prefer to sit in a different room and have their own chat. • Your parents want you to become a doctor or engineer. Most Arabs want their children to be doctors or engineers. Perhaps they believe that doctors and engineers have excellent pay; so, they steer their children in that direction. Usually things do not turn out to this way; but parents want their children to live comfortably, so they do their best to convince them to major in either of these two fields. • You have at least 30 cousins. Of course, if you know all your uncles and aunts from both sides, you would know all your cousins and have a strong relationship with them all. Brothers and sisters visit each other a lot. When visiting family members, the tradition is to take your children with you, so chil-
Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )
What do you think? Ma ra’yoki? Very beautiful. Jameelon jidan.
Is this one more beautiful or the blue one? Hal hatha ajmal am al-azraq?
I love the blue color. Ana oheb allown al-azraq.
OK, I will take the blue then. Hasanan saakhoth al-azraq ithan. Congratulations. Alf mabrouk.
153
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dren get to know all their relatives. In addition to that, it is a tradition in most families to invite all married children every weekend for lunch, for the brothers and sisters to develop close relationships. This helps to cement the strong family bond. • You are standing next to the largest suitcases at the airport. When you go to visit your family, you will meet all your relatives, cousins, aunts, and uncles from both sides. All of them will come to say hello, and it will be very embarrassing if you did not give them a gift. They also will bring you a good-bye gift when you leave. Therefore, you will definitely need a big suitcase. Arabs pay attention to the way you are dressed (unless you are truly poor). Therefore, you must wear nice clean clothes at all times, and you need a variety of clothes to wear for the trip. • Your relatives alone could populate a small city. Arabs believe in big families. In the past, families always aspired for more children, especially sons, to defend their tribes and villages from invaders and thugs, so the more sons (warriors) you had, the stronger you were. Despite all the changes that affected societies and cultures, the urge to have more children stayed the same. Now, if you have sixuncles and each has five children as an average, this equals 30 cousins. When each of these 30 cousins has another five of their own, how many will you have? So, do the math. Remember, this is only from the father's side, and if you add your cousins from the mother's side, you would truly make up a small village. • You still came back home to live with your parents after you graduate. This concept was introduced in earlier lessons. It is common to send sons and daughters to a different country to study at a university. There has been a lot of development in Arabic countries over the past 20 years. Previously, not all Arab countries had universities and if they had one, it would not have all degrees. So, a father will provide for his son(s) to go to a different country to finish his/her degree. When the sons and daughters have completed their degrees, they come back to their parents’ home to reside until they find a job, establish themselves, get married, and start their own families.
Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )
155
Cardinal Number Number-Noun Agreement When talking about nouns and combining them with quantity, there are few rules to follow: 1. Numbers 1 & 2 follow the noun in gender and case. When used, they are used for emphasis. 1 & 2 come after the noun, so we would say: Meaning
Transliteration
One book
kitab wahed
One room
ghorfa wahidah
Two rooms
ghorfatan ithnatan
Example
ΪΣϭ ΏΎΘϛ ΓΪΣϭ ΔϓήϏ ϥΎΘϨΛ ϥΎΘϓήϏ
2. Numbers 3-10 come before the noun they modify, and they use the opposite word gender. For example: sit sayyarat ΕέΎϴγ Ζγ “six cars” and sab’at kotob – ΐΘϛ ΔόΒγ “seven books” 3. In all situations, the noun we are referring to should be indefinite in all situation. That is it should not have ϝ 4. The nouns coming after numbers 3-10 are always considered as idafa which means they should have kasra Here is a list of the numbers in the masculine and feminine forms of 1-10: Transliteration
Taliba wahida Talibatan ithnatan Thalath talibat Arba’ talibat Khams talibat Sit talibat Sab’ talibat Thamani talibat Tes’ talibat A’shr talibat
Feminine form
ΓΪΣϭ ΔΒϟΎρ ϥΎΘϨΛ ϥΎΘΒϟΎρ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ΙϼΛ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊΑέ ΕΎΒϟΎρ βϤΧ ΕΎΒϟΎρ Ζγ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊΒγ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϲϧΎϤΛ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊδΗ ΕΎΒϟΎρ ήθϋ
Transliteration
Talib wahid Talibatan ithnatan Thalathat tollab Arba’at tolab Khamsato tollab Sitato tollab Saba’ato tollab Thamaniyato tollab Tesa’to tollab Ashrato tollab
Masculine form
ΪΣϭ ΐϟΎρ ϥΎϨΛ ϥΎΒϟΎρ Ώϼρ ΔΛϼΛ Ώϼρ ΔόΑέ Ώϼρ ΔδϤΧ Ώϼρ ΔΘγ Ώϼρ ΔόΒγ Ώϼρ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ Ώϼρ ΔόδΗ Ώϼρ Γήθϋ
Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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Lesson 11
11.1. Practice
(see Answer Key)
: ΔΒϴϘΣ (6) : ϢϠϗ (8) : ΔϟΎΧ (7) : ΔϴϠϛ (2) : ΡΎΘϔϣ (1)
: : : : :
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
ΖϴΑ (9) ΔϟϭΎρ (4) ΫΎΘγ (3) ωέΎη (5) ΔϤϠϛ (10)
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
Ordinal Numbers: Ordinal numbers indicate things done in order. They are the same as first, second, …etc in English. The first ordinal number ϝϭ is different from the first cardinal number ΪΣϭ. However, 2-10 are formed from their cardinal numbers. There are different forms for masculine and feminine forms. Yes, it is just adding ta marbuta. Look at the table below to learn ordinal numbers: Meaning
Transliteration
The first
Oola
Second
Thaniya
Third
Thalitha
Fourth
Rabi’a
Fifth
Khamisah
Sixth
Sadisa
Seventh
Sabi’a
Eighth
Thamina
Ninth
Tasi’a
Tenth
A’shira
Feminine form
ϰϟϭ ΔϴϧΎΛ ΔΜϟΎΛ ΔόΑέ ΔδϣΎΧ ΔγΩΎγ ΔόΑΎγ ΔϨϣΎΛ ΔόγΎΗ ΓήηΎϋ
Transliteration
Awal Thani Thalith Rabi’ Khamis Sadis Sabi’ Thamin Tasi’ A’shir
Masculine Ordinal number
ϝϭ ϲϧΎΛ ΚϟΎΛ ϊΑέ βϣΎΧ αΩΎγ ϊΑΎγ ϦϣΎΛ ϊγΎΗ ήηΎϋ
Transliteration
Wahid Ithnan Thalathah Arba’ Khamsa Sitta Saba’h Thamaniyah Tes’ah Asharah
Number
ΪΣϭ ϥΎϨΛ ΔΛϼΛ ΔόΑέ ΔδϤΧ ΔΘγ ΔόΒγ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ ΔόδΗ Γήθϋ
Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )
157
Ordinal numbers 11-19 are invariable which means that they do not change the case. Unlike cardinal numbers, both words in 11-19 in ordinal numbers should agree in gender with the noun. We say: Meaning
Transliteration
The twelfth lesson
addars athani ashar
The twelfth page
assafhato athaniyato asharah
11.2. Practice
Example
ήθϋ ϲϧΎΜϟ αέΪϟ Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΔΤϔμϟ
(see Answer Key)
Arrange the following sentences to form a meaningful paragraph:
ϝΎϘΗήΑ ήϴμϋ Ϊϳήϧ ϭ ΝΎΟΪϟ άΧ΄Ϩγ .ΪΟ ΐϴρ ϭ ϲϠϘϣ ϚϤγ ΎϧΪϨϋ – Ϣόϧ ΖΤϤγ Ϯϟ Ϣγϻ Ύϣ .ΎϨϤότϣ ϲϓ ϢϜΑ ΎΒΣήϣ ˮϡϮϴϟ ϖΒρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ! ήϜη ιΎΨη ΔΛϼΜϟ ΔϟϭΎρ ΎϧΰΠΣ .ήϴΨϟ ˯Ύδϣ ˮϚϤγ ϢϛΪϨϋ Ϟϫ .ϚϤδϟ ΐΣ Ύϧ ΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϣγϻ ˮϦϳΪϳήΗ ΫΎϣ ΓΪϴγ Ύϳ Ζϧ ϭ ΎϨδΣ ΔόΒγ Ϣϗέ ΔϟϭΎρ ! ϼϬγ ϭ ϼϫ ίέ ϊϣ ϱϮθϣ ΝΎΟΩ ϡϮϴϟ ϖΒρ ίέϷ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ Ϧϣ ϦϴϘΒρ ϭ ϚϤγ ϖΒρ Ϋ
–. –. –. –. –. –. –. –. –. –. –.
11.3. Practice How do you say the following using ordinal numbers?
: : :
ΖϨΒϟ 1 ΔΒϟΎτϟ 19 ΖϴΒϟ 4
2. 4. 6.
: : :
ΔΤϔμϟ 1925 ΔϨγ ϲϓ 17 ϞΟήϟ 25
1. 3. 5.
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Lesson 11
Reading: Jadwal ali alyawmi. Ali’s daily schedule. Kol yawm yastayqith ali men annawm fee assa’a alkhamisa wa arrob’ sabahan. Everyday, Ali wakes up at 5:15 in the morning. Yath-hab ila alhammam wa yonathif asnanaho wa yastahim belmaa wa assaboon. He goes to the bathroom, brush his teeth and wash himself with water and soap. Thoma yath-hab ila almatbakh wa yohadher ta’am alfotoor. Then he goes to the kitchen and prepare breakfast. Mo’tham alayam yaakol albaydh wa alkhobz ma’ aljibn wa yashrab ashay. Most days, he eats eggs, bread and cheese and drinks tea. Howa yohib ashay katheeran. He likes tea very much.
:ϲϣϮϴϟ ϲϠϋ ϝϭΪΟ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ Ϧϣ ϲϠϋ φϘϴΘδϳ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ .ΎΣΎΒλ ϊΑήϟ ϭ ΔδϣΎΨϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϭ ϪϧΎϨγ ϒψϨϳ ϭ ϡΎϤΤϟ ϲϟ ΐϫάϳ .ϥϮΑΎμϟ ϭ ˯ΎϤϟΎΑ ϢΤΘδϳ ήπΤϳ ϭ ΦΒτϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ ϢΛ .έϮτϔϟ ϡΎόρ ΰΒΨϟ ϭ ξϴΒϟ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ϡΎϳϷ Ϣψόϣ .ϱΎθϟ Ώήθϳ ϭ ϦΒΠϟ ϊϣ .˱ήϴΜϛ ϱΎθϟ ΐΤϳ Ϯϫ
Fee assa’a assabi’a yath-hab ila amilihi fee albas la’anaho la yajod mawqifan lisayyarataho. At seven o’clock, he goes to his work by bus because he cannot find a parking for his car at his work.
ϰϟ ϲϠϋ ΐϫάϳ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ ΎϔϗϮϣ ΪΠϳ ϻ ϪϧϷ ιΎΒϟ ϲϓ ϪϠϤϋ .ϪΗέΎϴδϟ
Fee assa’a athaniyata ashara yath-hab ila mat’am qareeb wa ya’kol ta’am alghada. At twelve O’clock, he goes to a nearby restaurant to eat lunch.
ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ .˯Ϊϐϟ ϡΎόρ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ϭ ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ
Ta’amoho almofadal alahm ma’ alarz wa assalatah. His favorite food is meat with rice and salad.
ϭ ίέϷ ϊϣ ϢΤϠϟ ϞπϔϤϟ ϪϣΎόρ .ΔτϠδϟ
Who is an Arab? (Man howa alarabi )
159
Conversation (continued) Yabqa fee amalihi hata assa’a alkhamisa masaa’n. He stays at work until 5 o’clock.
ΔϋΎδϟ ϰΘΣ ϪϠϤϋ ϲϓ ϰϘΒϳ .˯Ύδϣ ΔδϣΎΨϟ
Ahyan yahdhor endaho sadiqoho hani wa yoshahidan atilfaz wa yashraban ashay. Sometimes, his friend Hani goes to him to watch TV and drink tea.
ϭ ϲϧΎϫ ϪϘϳΪλ ϩΪϨϋ ήπΤϳ ΎϧΎϴΣ .ϱΎθϟ ϥΎΑήθϳ ϭ ίΎϔϠΘϟ ϥΪϫΎθϳ
Yath-hab ali ila annowm fee assa’a al’shirati masa’an. Ali goes to bed at 10:00 at night.
ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ ϰϟ ϲϠϋ ΐϫάΑ .˯˱ Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ
11.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions:
ˮΡΎΒλ Ϟϛ Ϟόϔϳ ΫΎϣ ˮϞπϔϤϟ ϲϠϋ ϡΎόρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
2. 4.
ˮϲϠϋ φϘϴΘδϳ ϰΘϣ ˮΓϮϬϘϟ ϲϠϋ Ώήθϳ Ϟϫ ˮϲϠϋ ϡΎϨϳ ϰΘϣ
1. 3. 5.
11.5. Practice Connect the related words by writing the numbers in parentheses:
ΔϘϴϗΩ ϥΎϨγ ϥϮΠόϣ
( ) ( )
ήϳήγ ΔϋΎγ
2. 4.
Ώήη ϡΎόρ ϡΎϨϳ
( ) ( ) ( )
ΓΎηήϓ ΦΒτϣ ήϴμϋ
1. 3. 5.
11.6. Practice Connect the related words by writing the numbers in parentheses:
˯Ύθόϟ ϡΎόρ ϝϭΎϨΗϷ ΏΎΘϜϟ ήϗϷ ΕήΒϠΟ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϲΒϤΗ ωέΎη 645 ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΐόϟ Ύϧ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ ϲϓ ΖΤΠϧ ϲϨϜϟ ϭ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ ϢότϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ ˮΐόϠΗ ϥ ΪϳήΗ ΫΎϣ ΐόλ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ ϥΎϛ ˮϚϧϮϨϋ Ύϣ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Lesson 11
Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
Lesson 12
Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Relations between the Sexes
ϦϴδϨΠϟ ϦϴΑ Δϗϼόϟ Alilaqa bayna aljensayn
Objectives: 1. Professions and occupations vocabulary 2. Grammar • Negation of Nominal Sentences • Negation of Verbal Sentences
3. Culture: Modesty and Sex Separation 4. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Busy
Transliteration
–
Sleep
Plural
Transliteration
– Mash-ghool –
Nama (present tense)/ Yanam (past tense)
Refuse
–
–
Rafada (present tense) / yarfod (past tense)
Agree
–
–
Wafaqa (present tense) / yowafiq (past tense)
Go or continue doing something
–
–
Madha (present tense) / yamdhi (past tense)
Newspaper
Jara’ed
Box
Sanadeeq
Candy
–
Ϊή˴ Ο˴ ϖϳΩΎϨλ
Jareeda Sondooq
– Halwa
Word
˸ϝϮϐθ˸ ϣ˴ ϡΎϨϳ/ϡ˸ Ύϧ /ξ ˴ ˴ϓέ ˸ξ˵ϓ ˸ή˴ϳ ϖ˸ ˶ϓϮ˵ϳ/ϖ ˴ ˴ϓϭ /ϰπ ˴ ϣ˴ ϲπϤ˸ ˴ϳ ΓΪϳήΟ˴ ϕ˸ ϭΪϨ˸ λ ˴ ϯϮϠ˸ Σ˴
162
Lesson 12 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Late
–
– Mota’khir
Early
–
– Mobakir
Ready
–
– Jahiz
Holiday, vacation
O’tal
End
Nihayat
Beginning
Bedayat
About
–
Employee
Mowathafeen/ mowathafoon
Company
Sharikat
Accountant
Mohasebeen/ mohaseboon
Too
–
– Aydhan
Then
–
– Thomma
But, however
–
– Lakin
As for
–
– Amma
Wake up
–
Istayqatha – (present tense) / yastayqith (past tense)
Take a shower, bathe
–
– Istahamma/ yastahim
Ϟ˴τϋ˵ ΕΎϳΎϬϧ ΕΎϳΪΑ
Otla Nihaya Bedaya
– A’mma
/ϦϴϔυϮϣ ϥϮϔυϮϣ ΕΎϛήη˴ /ϦϴΒγΎΤϣ ϥϮΒγΎΤϣ
Mowathaf
Word
͋ ˴Θϣ˵ ˸ήΧ΄ ˸ήϜ͋ ˴Βϣ˵ ΰ˸ ϫ˶ ΎΟ ˸ ϋ˵ ΔϠτ ΔϳΎϬ˶ϧ ΔϳΪ˶Α Ϧ˸ ϋ˴ = ΎϤ˷ ϋ˴ Ύϣ ˸ ͉υϮ˴ ϣ˵ ϒ
Sharikah
Δϛή˶ η˴
Mohaseb
˸ΐγΎΤ ˶ ϣ˵ ˱ Ύπ˸ϳ˴ Ϣ͉ ˵Λ Ϧ˸ Ϝ˶ ϟ Ύϣ˷ ˴ ˸ ˶Ϙϴ˴Θγ˸ ˴ /φ φϘϴΘδϳ / Ϣ˸ Τ˶ ˴Θγ˸ ˴ ϢΤΘδϳ
163
Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Guard
Horras
α˷ήΣ˵
Director, manager
Modara’
˯έΪ˴ ϣ˵
Modeer
Businessman
Rijal a’mal
ϝΎΟέ ϝΎϤϋ
Rajol a’mal
Salary
Rawateb
Carpenter
Najjareen/ najaroon
Artist
Fannaneen/ fannanoon
Helper, assistant
Mosa’deen/ mosa’doon
Journalist
Sahafiyeen/ sahafiyoon
Shoes
Ahthiyah
Belt
Ahzima
Tie
Rabtat onoq
Pajama
Bijamat
Size
Maqasat
Tight
–
– Dhayiq
Loose
–
– Wasi’
ΐΗϭέ /ϦϳέΎΠϧ ϥϭέΎΠϧ /ϦϴϧΎ˷Ϩ˴ϓ ˸ ˷Ϩ˴ϓ ϥϮϧΎ /ϦϳΪ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδϣ˵ ϥϭΪ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδϣ˵ /ϥϮ˸ϴϔΤ˴ λ ˴ Ϧϴ˸ϴϔΤ˴ λ ˴ ΔϳάΣ ΔϣΰΣ ΕΎτΑέ ϖ˸ ˵Ϩϋ˵ ΕΎϣΎΠϴΑ ΕΎγΎϘϣ
Haris
Word
˸αέΎΣ ˶ ˸ήϳΪϣ˵ ˸ϝΎϤϋ˸ ˴ ˸Ϟ˵Οέ˴
Ratib
˸ΐ˶Ηέ
Najjar
˸έΎ˷Π˴ϧ
Fannan
˸ ˷Ϩ˴ϓ ϥΎ
Mosa’ed
Ϊ˸ ϋ˶ Ύδϣ˵
Sahafi
ϲϔ ˸ Τ˴ λ ˴
Hitha’
˯ά ˸ Σ˶ ϡ˸ ΰΣ˶
Hizam Rabtat onoq Bijama Maqas
ϖ˸ ˵Ϩϋ˵ Δτ˸Αέ˴ ΎϣΎΠϴΑ ˸αΎϘϣ˴ ϖ˸ ˷ϴο ˴ ϊ˸ γϭ ˶
164
Lesson 12
Modesty and Sex Separation Generally, interaction between sexes is limited to family members. However, there is a significant difference in gender separation from one Arab country to another. Gulf countries have more restrictions than other Arab countries, whereas Levantine and North African Arab countries are more flexible. Eye contact is not encouraged in cross-gender interactions outside the family structure. Males do not look directly at females, and females do not look directly at males when speaking together. Men and women are expected to not interact socially in public outside of their extended family. Arabs normally do not allow dating and sexual relations outside of marriage are strictly prohibited. Premarital sexual relations are considered highly shameful and divisive. An Arab girl is expected to be a virgin on her wedding night, and an unchaste bride or groom brings shame on herself or himself as well as on their family. However, the rules against sexual relations applies to females more than it does to males because a girl’s pride and dignity represent the honor of her family. As explained earlier, Arabs place immense value on the family’s name, reputation and honor and will protect that honor with their own lives. When meeting an Arab woman, there are few things that are not accepted especially in front of male family members. For example, showing any interest as in staring or trying to take pictures with them; asking about female members and starting a conversation without being introduced or not respecting the woman’s privacy. When meeting each other, one should ask about the family in general and not a wife, sister or daughter. On the other hand, women do play an important role in the workforce. Separation between males and females is maintained in the workplace in Saudi Arabia only. In all other Arab countries, there is no separation between sexes. As for professional careers, females are encouraged to be teachers, nurses, doctors and caregivers, and although there are many female lawyers and engineers, depending on the country, these careers are less preferable. Contrary to popular Western belief about Muslims, restricting women to certain jobs or professions is an Arab cultural norm rather than an Islamic tradition. There is no Islamic law that requires women to stay home or to refrain from having a job. However, when a woman chooses to work, she is entitled to equal pay, as the Qur’an states: “And in no wise covet those things in which Allah hath bestowed His gifts more freely on some of you than on others: To men is allotted what they earn, and to women what they earn: But ask Allah of His bounty. For Allah hath full knowledge of all things” (4:32) Interestingly, the Prophet’s Mohammed’s first wife, Khadija, was a business owner and she hired him to take care of her trade before she proposed to him. Negation of Nominal sentences To negate nominal sentences, we just add βϴϟ to the sentence. However, βϴϟ should be conjugated according to the thing I am negating as it should agree with gender and number.
Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn)
Here is a list of conjugations that are used according to the noun that I is negated: Meaning
Transliteration Conjugation of βϴϟ
Pronoun
˵ Ζδϟ ΎϨδϟ ˴ Ζδϟ Ζ ˶ δϟ ΎϤΘδϟ ϢΘδϟ ϦΘδϟ βϴϟ Ζδϴϟ Ύδϴϟ Ϯδϴϟ Ϧδϟ
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ ϦΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ
I am not
Lasto
We’re not
Lasna
You’re not (m.)
Lasta
You’re not (f.)
Lasti
You’re not (dual)
Lastoma
You’re not (m. plural)
Lastom
You’re not (f. Plural)
Lastonna
He’s not
Laysa
She’s not
Laysat
They’re not- dual
Laysa
They’re not (m. plural)
Laysoo
They’re not (f. plural)
Lasnna
165
166
Lesson 12
Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Example
Mohmoud is not from Syria
Mahmood laysa men Soorya
Your car is not white
sayaratoka laysat baydha
They (dual) are not home
homa laysa fii albayt
ΎϳέϮγ Ϧϣ βϴϟ ΩϮϤΤϣ ˯ΎπϴΑ Ζδϴϟ ϚΗέΎϴγ ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ Ύδϴϟ ΎϤϫ ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ Ϯδϴϟ Ϣϫ
They are not at the university hom laysoo fi aljame’a 12.1 Practice (see Answer Key) Negate the following sentences using βϴϟ:
.ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϲΑΎΘϛ ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ϲΘΧ ΏΎΘϜϟ ϭήϗ Ώϼτϟ έΪΠϟ ϰϠϋ ϢϬΗέϮλ ϲϨϏ Ύϧ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Negating Verbal Sentences: Negating a verbal sentence simply involves creating a negative verb according to your needs. For example, as you know, there are two types of present tense: the regular as in “he writes” and the continuous as in “he is writing.” To negate these verbs in the present tense, we have two options: 1. If we are talking about the continuous present tense (which indicates an ongoing action such as “writing”) we just add ϻ before the verb. ϻ has no effect on the the verb’s form. 2. To negate verbs in the present tense, we add Ϣϟ before the verb. For example: Meaning
He is writing the lesson/ He is not writing the lesson.
Would be
αέΪϟ ΐΘϜϳ ϻ la yaktob addars
ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤόΗ Ϣϟ
Do the homework/did not do the homework. lam ta’mal alwajib
Example
αέΪϟ ΐΘϜϳ yaktob addars
ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤόΗ ta’mal alwajib
Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn) Meaning
Would be
Eat breakfast/did not eat breakfast.
167
Example
έΎτϓϻ Ϟϛ΄ϳ Ϣϟ
έΎτϓϻ Ϟϛ΄ϳ
lam ya’kol aliftar
ya’kol aliftar
There is one important rule for negating present tense verbs using Ϣϟ which is: after Ϣϟ the verb should has sukoon on it, that is no vowels. The verb would be called majzoom ϡϭΰΠϣ. When a verb is ϡϭΰΠϣ and referring to the pronouns: Ϣϫ – ΎϤϫ – Ζ ˶ ϧ we remove the ϥ from the verb. Look at the table below with verbs that have sukoon and come after Ϣϟ : all of them are in negation, that is they mean “did not do.” Transliteration
Lam af ’al Lam naf ’al Lam taf ’al
Verb
Pronoun
Ϟόϓ Ϣϟ Ϟόϔϧ Ϣϟ ϞόϔΗ Ϣϟ
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ
Transliteration
Verb
Lam taf ’alee
ϲϠόϔΗ Ϣϟ ϼόϔΗ Ϣϟ ϮϠόϔΗ Ϣϟ
Lam taf ’ala Lam taf ’loo
Pronoun
Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ
To negate the sentences with verbs in the past tense we just add Ύϣ before the verb. Ύϣ does not make any changes in the sentence, the same as ϻ. Some examples are: Meaning
Would be
Did not write the lesson
Did not study for the test
Example
αέΪϟ ΖΒΘϛ Ύϣ ma katabto adars
αέΪϟ ΖΒΘϛ katabto addars
ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ Ύϣ ma darasat lilimtihan
ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ darasat lilimtihan
To negate sentences with future tense verbs, we add Ϧϟ lan before the verb and remove the letter ˰γ or ϑϮγ . For example: Meaning
I will not meet
I will not read
Would be
Example
ϞΑΎϗ Ϧϟ ϞΑΎϗ ϑϮγ lan oqabil
sawfa oqabil
ήϗ Ϧϟ lan aqra’
ήϗ΄γ sa’qra’
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Lesson 12
To summarize negation: 1. To negate verbs in the continuous present tense use ϻ and the verb should have dhamma on it 2. To negate verbs in past tense use Ύϣ 3. To negate verbs in present tense use Ϣϟ and the verb should have sukoon, that is no vowels 4. To negate verbs in future tense use Ϧϟ and the verb should have fat-ha 5. To negate nominal sentences use βϴϟ and conjugate it according to the subject 12.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Negate the following sentences:
.βϣ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ .ήϬη άϨϣ ΖϴΒϟ άϫ ϲϓ ϥϮϨϜδϳ Ϣϫ .ΪϏ ΓέΎΒϤϟ ˯ϼϋ ΪϫΎθϴγ .άϳάϟ ΎϣΎόρ ϲΘΧ ΖΨΒρ .έΎτϓϻ ϊϣ ϱΎθϟ ΏήθΗ ϥ ϲϣ ΐΤΗ .ϞϴϠϗ ΪόΑ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϨγ .ΪϏ ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ϩΫΎΘγ ϲϠϋ ϞΑΎϘϳ ϑϮγ .ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϰϟ ϲΘΧ ΖϠϘΘϧ .ϦϳήϬη ϞΒϗ ϥΎϨΒϟ Ύϧέί .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϰϬϘϤϟ ϲϓ ϥϮδϠΠϳ .Ύϧ Ϧϣ ϑήόΗ ϲϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Answer the following questions without using negation:
ௐˮϙΫΎΘγ άϫ Ϟϫ ௐˮ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ ΖγέΩ Ϟϫ ௐˮΔόϤΠϟ ϡϮϳ ϚΎϗΪλ ϊϣ ΝήΨΘγ Ϟϫ ௐˮϡϮϴϟ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ ΫΎϣ ϦϴϓήόΗ Ϟϫ ௐˮΕΎϤϠϜϟ ΔγέΩ ϲϓ ϲϧϭΪϋΎδΘγ Ϟϫ ௐˮϲϠϋ ϊϣ ωϮΒδϟ ΔϠτϋ ϢΘϴπϣ Ϟϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn)
169
12.4. Practice (see Answer Key) How would you ask or respond to the following in Arabic?
1. Where can you get a newspaper. 2. Your friend said, “I’ll visit you tonight!” 3. You want to buy a box of candy. 4. You are late to class. 5. You were busy working so you did not do your homewor.k 6. You need extra time to be ready. 12.5. Practice Read the following conversation between Ali and Othman:
Masa’ alkair. Good evening. Masa’ anoor ahlan wa sahlan. Good evening to you too. You are welcome. Ayna kont? Where were you ? Konto fee almala’ab limatha? I was at the sports field, why? Tariq kana yabhatho ank. Tariq was looking for you. Limatha? Hal yoreed shaya’n? Why? Does he need anything?
ήϴΨϟ ˯Ύδϣ :ϲϠϋ ϼϬγ ϭ ϼϫ .έϮϨϟ ˯Ύδϣ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ˮ ΖϨϛ Ϧϳ : ϲϠϋ ˮΫΎϤϟ .ΐόϠϤϟ ϲϓ ΖϨϛ :ϥΎϤΜϋ .ϚϨϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϥΎϛ ϕέΎρ : ϲϠϋ ˮΎΌϴη Ϊϳήϳ Ϟϫ ˮ ΫΎϤϟ :ϥΎϤΜϋ
Yoreed an tadros ma’aho litosa’edaho fee maddat aloloom. He wants you to study with him to help him with his science.
Δόϣ αέΪΗ ϥ ϙΪϳήϳ : ϲϠϋ ϡϮϠόϟ ΓΩΎϣ ϲϓ ΓΪϋΎδΘϟ
Hasanan ayna howa al-an? Ok, where is he now?
ˮϥϵ Ϯϫ Ϧϳ .ΎϨδΣ :ϥΎϤΜϋ
Howa fee almaktabah. He’s at the library.
ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ Ϯϫ :ϲϠϋ
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Lesson 12
Conversation (continued) Sa’ath-hab ila almaktaba, hal toreed an tadros ma’ana? OK, I will go to the library. Do you want to study with us? La, oreed an ath-hab ila almat’am ana ja’e’. I want to go to the restaurant, I am hungry.
.ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ΄γ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ˮΎϨόϣ αέΪΗ ϥ ΪϳήΗ Ϟϫ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ ϥ Ϊϳέ ϻ :ϲϠϋ ϊΎΟ Ύϧ .ϢότϤϟ
Taal ma’ee ila almatabah nadros qaleelan wa nohil alwajib thomma nath-hab ma’an ila almata’am. Come with me to the library, study for a while, do the homework then go to the restaurant.
ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ϲόϣ ϝΎόΗ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ϢΛ ΐΟϮϟ ϞΤϧ ϭ ϼϴϠϗ αέΪϧ .ϢότϤϟ ϰϟ Ύόϣ ΐϫάϧ
Ana ja’e jidan wa oreed an aakol awalan thomma adros. I am very hungry, I want to eat first then study.
Ϟϛ ϥ Ϊϳέ ϭ ΪΟ ϊΎΟ Ύϧ :ϲϠϋ αέΩ ϢΛ ϻϭ
Hasanan taal linokgber tariq thomma nath-hab ila almata’m. Ok, lets go and tell Tariq then go to the restaurant.
ϕέΎρ ήΒΨϨϟ ϝΎόΗ . ΎϨδΣ :ϥΎϤΜϋ ϢότϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϧ ϢΛ
Fikrah jayyeda, haya bina. Good idea, let’s go.
ΎϨΑ Ύϴϫ .ΓΪϴΟ ΓήϜϓ : ϲϠϋ
Now answer the following questions:
ௐˮϥΎϤΜϋ ϥΎϛ Ϧϳ ௐˮϥΎϤΜϋ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ Ϧϣ ௐˮϕέΎρ Ϊϳήϳ ΫΎϣ ௐˮϕέΎρ ϭ ϥΎϤΜϋ αέΪϴγ Ϧϳ ௐˮΐϫάϳ ϥ ϲϠϋ Ϊϳήϳ Ϧϳ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Relations between the Sexes (Alilaqa bayna aljensayn)
171
12.6. Practice Please change into plural as in the example:
ΕΎϴϔΤλ / ϦϴϴϔΤλ
ϲϔΤλ ϡΎΤϣ ϥΎϨϓ ϖΎγ ΪϋΎδϣ ϢϤμϣ
αέΪϣ αΪϨϬϣ έΎΠϧ ϢϠόϣ ήϳΪϣ
12.7. Practice Connect the related words by writing the numbers in the parentheses:
Δϛήη ϞΟέ ˯Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ίέϷ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ ϥϮϤϴϟ ήϴμϋ ϥΎΘδϓ ϊΑήϟ ϻ ΔδϣΎΨϟ ωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΔϳΎϬϧ ϖϓϮϳ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ΔϳΪΑ Ώήθϳ ΦΒτϳ ΏέΎη ϡΎϨϳ ΖΒδϟ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ κϴϤϗ ΔϋΎδϟ ξϓήϳ ϒυϮϣ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 13
Γήθϋ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ The Effect of Islam on Arabic Culture
ΔϴΑήόϟ ΕΩΎόϟ ϰϠϋ ϡϼγϻ ήΛ Athar alislam ala al’adat ala’rabiyyah
Objectives: 1. Weather and Nature 2. Grammar: Past, Present and Future Tense
3. Arabs and Religious Life 4. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Tathakar/ yatathakar
Remember
–
–
Opinion
–
– Ra’y
In your opinion –
– Fee ra’yik
Word
˸ήϛ͉ ά˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / ή˴ ϛ˷ ά˴ ˴Η ϱ˸ έ˴ Ϛ˸ ˶ϳ˸ έ˴ ϲϓ ΓέΎϤϋ˶
˸ ΕέΎϤ ϋ˶
Imara
ϖ˸ ˶ΑϮ˴ρ
Tabiq
ϖ˸ ˶ΑΎρ
Mabna
ϰϨ˸Βϣ˴ ϕ˸ Ϊ˵ Ϩ˸ ˵ϓ ΔϘϳΪΣ˴
Building
Imarat
Floor (in a building or hotel)
Tawabiq
Building
Mabani
Hotel
Fanadiq
Park
Hada’iq
Consist
–
–
Takkawana (present tense) / yatakawan (past)
Move
–
–
Intaqala/ yantaqil
ϲϧΎΒϣ˴ ϕ˸ Ω˶ ΎϨ˴ϓ ϖ˸ ˶ΪΣ˴
Fondoq Hadiqa
ϥ˸ Ϯ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / ϥ˴ Ϯ˷ Ϝ˴Η ˸Ϟ˶Ϙ˴ΘϨ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ ˴Ϙ˴Θϧ
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Lesson 13 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Transfer/Move
–
– Naqala/yanqil
Suppose/Guess
–
– Thanna/yathon
Graduate
–
– Takharraja/yatakharraj
Think
–
– Fakkara/yofakir
Always
–
– Da’man
Empty
–
– Farigh
Full
–
– Malee’
Stay
–
– Aqama/ yoqeem
Achieve
–
–
Several
–
– Idda
Wrong
–
– Khati’
Correct, true
–
– Sahih
In fact, actually
–
– Fi alhaqiqa
Information
Ma’loomat
As for…
–
– Belnisbati lee
Horse
–
– Hisan
Camel
–
– Jamal
Soda
–
– Soda
Hobby
Hiwayart
Take a picture
–
˸ ΕΎϣϮϠ˸ όϣ˴
ΕΎϳϮϫ˶ –
Haqaqa/ yohaqiq
Ma’looma
Hiwayah Sawwara/ yossawer
Word
˸Ϟ˶ϘϨ˸ ˴ϳ / Ϟ˴ ˴Ϙ˴ϧ ˷ Ϧ˸ ˵ψ˴ϳ / Ϧυ ˸Ν͉ήΨ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / Ν˴ ή˷ Ψ˷ Η ˸ήϜ͋ ˴ϔ˵ϳ / ή˴ Ϝ͉ ˴ϓ ˱ ΎϤ˶Ω ύ˸ έΎϓ ˶ ˸ΊϴϠϣ˴ ˸ ϢϴϘ˵ϳ /ϡΎϗ˴ ˸ ϖϘΤ˴ ˵ϳ /ϖ͉ϘΣ˴ ΓΪ˷ ϋ˶ ˸ΊρΎΧ ˶ ˸ϴΤλ ˴ ΔϘϴϘΤ˴ ϟ ϲϓ ΔϣϮϠ˸όϣ˴ ˰˶ϟ ΔΒ˸δ˶ϨϟΎ˶Α ˸ Σ˶ ϥΎμ ˸ϞϤ˴ Ο˴ ΩϮλ ΔϳϮϫ˶ έϮ͋ μ ˴ ˵ϳ / ˸έϮ˷ λ
The Effect of Islam on Arabic Culture (Athar alislam ala al’adat ala’rabiyyah) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Ride
–
– Rakiba/yarkab
Leisure
–
– Faragh
Authority
–
– assoltah
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Word
˸ΐϛ˴ ˸ή˴ϳ / ΐϛ ˴ έ˴ ύ˸ ή˴ϓ ΔτϠ˵˸ δϟ
Religious Life As explained earlier, regional variations exist in the Arab world. Islamic philosophies and interpretations change gradually from generation to generation and from one country to another, but there are some common beliefs shared among all. For Arabs, a religious affiliation is an essential part of life. Arabs respect other religious groups and practices but do not appreciate atheists or agnostics. Arabs tend to make their religious identity public by means of a head scarf and modest clothing for women. Additionally, almost all Arabs decorate their buildings, houses, cars and offices with ornaments and pendants inscribed with Qur’anic verses. They wear jewelry that has Qur’anic verses or with the word “Allah” engraved on it. It is common to see Arabs wearing necklaces holding miniature Qur’ans or hanging them in their cars. Businesses and residential buildings have the words “This is from Allah,” “In the name of Allah” or “Masha Allah” written in Arabic at the entrance. Even formal letters have the words “Bismillah ArRahman Ar-Rahim,” meaning “In the Name of Allah the Most Merciful, Most Compassionate” printed at the top of it, to symbolize that we start everything with the name of Allah. The same term is used at the beginning of speeches or when writing letters to friends and family. Additionally, the term is used at the beginning of a meal, starting a journey, going to bed or starting any task. Another common term used by all Arabs, both Muslims and non-Muslims, is “Inshallah,” meaning “If God wills” or “God willing.” It is used to discuss future events and to respond to requests. Instead of a clear yes, an Arab might say “Inshallah.” It is also used to indicate “Let me think about it” or to deflect additional requests. Sometimes and at home environment, parents might use “Inshallah,” to make their children stop asking for something. Arabs also respond first with alhamdulillah, meaning “thanks for Allah,” when they are asked, “How are you?” The “alhamdulillah” precedes the rest of the response that might be news or complaints. In general, Arabs believe that humans must worship Allah and follow His orders. Yet this does not mean that all Arabs are religious. Some follow Allah’s orders while others do not as the case in all religions.
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Lesson 13
Belief in Destiny One common belief is “fate,” or qadar in Arabic. Arabs believe that what happens in the world is controlled by Allah rather than by human beings or natural forces. They believe in the power of Allah and his authority over all things. They also believe everything that happens in the world is related to our behavior and is a consequence of our deeds; Arabs believe that our actions have a metaphysical effect on everything in the world. What we do is reflected on us. For example, natural disasters, earthquakes and volcanoes are not seen as meteorological or geological occurrences, but rather because of human behaviors. Some Westerners might view this as old-fashioned, superstitious, or even ignorant because they cannot relate to the Arab world view. Arabs think that these disasters happen because of our sins and straying from Allah’s orders. At the same time, when good things happen, such as rain when we need it, it is because we humans did something good and rain is a gift for us from Allah. This perception is applied to almost all events, whether related to nature or to regular daily events. If one’s car breaks down on the way to school, work or any other destination, it is because that person did something wrong. Arabs feel that Allah is watching everyone’s actions, and people will be punished or rewarded for their actions here in this life as well as in the hereafter. This is not to say, Arabs do not believe in science or environmental occurrences, they believe it happened because humans are doing something wrong and at the same time, they accept its scientific factors. Dependency on God often makes reactions to events much easier. For example, in the case of a death in the family, Arabs feel this is the will of Allah and they might not try to learn about the cause of death. Therefore, it is customary to bury the dead at the same day or the next day at the most. As part of believing in destiny, when a woman gets pregnant, it is a gift from Allah, and every child comes with his own livelihood. Abortion after forty days of pregnancy is prohibited in Islam so it is not an option. Muslims believe that after forty days in the mother’s womb the child is given a soul, so miscarriages are forbidden and are considered as killing a soul. Therefore, miscarriage is not a frequent practice in the Arab world. Hence, children are never considered a financial burden on the family. Nevertheless, some Arabs strive for good behavior in their daily lives because they fear Allah’s punishment. At the same time, others deviate completely from Islamic behavior and do whatever they please. Death Arabs view death as a family and community occasion requiring care and support from all family members and the larger community. When a person dies, Arab tradition encourages a quick burial with respect and dignity in a ritual called janaza. For Arabs, death means the person’s soul is sent to the afterlife for judgement. People present at the time
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of death encourage the dying person to testify to their faith and recite verses from the Qur’an beside him. There is no need to call a cleric to perform these tasks. After death, a certified man for dead males and a certified woman for dead females cleans the body and wraps it in one piece of white cloth covering all the body. The white cloth represents the belief that all people are equal, coming into the world with no clothes and leaving with a simple white rag. It does not matter how rich or poor a person was in his life; all that counts are his actions and deeds. Janaza also involves visitation of family and close friends, prayer and unfettered expression of feelings and emotion. The body is taken to a cemetery for burial as soon as possible rather than waiting for several days, as is often customary in the United States. In addition, Arabs usually refuse autopsies unless necessary, because they consider autopsies to be disrespectful to the dead, and, regardless, death is the will of Allah. Sometimes, if an Arab immigrant dies in a Western country, his family may prefer him to be buried in his country of origin. In this case, they would permit embalming to be done so they can fly the body overseas for burial; however, cosmetic preparations are not accepted. The janaza prayer is announced to family, friends and community members. People are encouraged to attend a prayer and go to cemetery to attend the burial. Usually, people from the community would go and visit the closest family member for three days after the burial. Close friends would provide food for the family and their visitors and spend almost all their time with the sad family trying to comfort them. After three days, people would stop their visitation, but close friends and family members keep visiting for a while. The death of parents with small children is taken very seriously. The oldest adult brother or closest family member of the deceased takes full responsibility for the children. No legal papers or documentations are required. If the father dies, family members ensure the well-being of the survivors. For example, my father was the oldest of seven brothers. After the death of my grandfather, my father and the second-oldest brother were responsible for their mother and other brothers. They supported them financially and paid for their housing, daily expenses and even for university educations in different countries including Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey and Jordan. If the mother dies, then the paternal grandmother takes care of the children or the father marries someone who will help him take care of the children. Verbs in Present Tense: In Arabic, verbs are usually sited in the past tense because it is the simplest form of verbs. Therefore, to conjugate a verb in present or future we add suffix, prefix or both to the verb in the past tense to represent the person we are talking about, as explained earlier. Present tense verbs are verbs that describe actions that are not complete yet, but in the process. Verbs in the present tense are formed by adding a prefix, suffix or both. For example, look at the conjugation of the verb (write) ΐΘϛ , I wrote the prefixed and suffixed that apply to all verbs to make it easier for you
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Lesson 13
Prefix, suffix or both
Ϧϳ ϥ ϥϭ
˰ϧ ˰Η ˰Η ˰Η ˰Η
Pronoun
Verb
Ύϧ ΐΘϛ ϦΤϧ ΐΘϜϧ ˴ Ζϧ ΐΘϜΗ Ζ ˶ ϧ ϦϴΒΘϜΗ ΎϤΘϧ ϥΎΒΘϜΗ ϢΘϧ ϥϮΒΘϜΗ
Prefix, suffix or both
ϥ ϥ ϥϭ
Pronoun
Verb
˰ϳ Ϯϫ ΐΘϜϳ ˰Η ϲϫ ΐΘϜΗ ˰ϳ ΎϤϫ (M) ϥΎΒΘϜϳ ˰Η ΎϤϫ (F) ϥΎΒΘϜΗ ˰ϳ Ϣϫ ϥϮΒΘϜϳ
Verbs in past tense: As you know, they are verbs describing actions that are completed or happened in the past. Unlike the present tense, only the end of the verb changes depending on who did the action. Look at the conjugation of this verb ήϛάΗ (remember) Suffix added
˵ Ε Ύϧ ˴ Ε Ε ˶ ΎϤΗ ϢΗ
Conjugation of the verb
Pronoun
˵ ΕήϛάΗ ΎϧήϛάΗ ˴ ΕήϛάΗ Ε ˶ ήϛάΗ ΎϤΗήϛάΗ ϢΗήϛάΗ
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζϧ ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ
Suffix added
Ε ˶ ΎΗ ϭ
Conjugation of the verb
Pronoun
ή˴ ϛάΗ Ϯϫ ΕήϛάΗ ϲϫ ήϛάΗ ΎϤϫ (M) ΎΗήϛάΗ ΎϤϫ (F) ϭήϛάΗ Ϣϫ
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13.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Here is a list of verbs you studied in the past tense. Conjugate them and keep them handy to use when needed: Future Tense
Present Tense
Transliteration
Shariba Dakhala Kharaja Tabakha Fa’ala Rasama Shahada Thahaba Akala Amila A’rafa Qara’ Darasa Sakana Takkalama Samia’ Sa’ada Ista’jara ajjara
Past tense
Ώήη ϞΧΩ ΝήΧ ΦΒρ Ϟόϓ Ϣγέ ΪϫΎη ΐϫΫ Ϟϛ ϞϤϋ ϑήϋ ήϗ αέΩ ϦϜγ ϢϠϜΗ ϊϤγ ΪϋΎγ ήΟ΄Θγ ήΟ
Meaning
Drank Entered Got out Cooked Did Drew Watched Went Ate Did Knew Read Studied Inhabited Spoke Heard Helped Rented Rented someone
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Lesson 13
13.2. Practice (see Answer Key) How would you ask the following in Arabic?
1. Where can I rent a car? 2. What is the first word you learned in Arabic? 3. Do you like your school? Why? 4. What is your favorite hobby? 5. What was the most beautiful place you visited? 6. In your opinion, which is better: to buy a house or rent an apartment? 13.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb in parentheses to fit in the sentence:
.ϲδΑϼϣ (ή˷ϴϏ) ϥ Ϊϳέ .ΪϋϮϤϟ Ϧϋ (ήΧ΄Η) Ϛϟάϟ ΓήϴΜϛ ΕΎΒΟϭ ϱΪϨϋ ϥΎϛ .ϥΪϳήϳ Ύϣ Ϟϛ (ϖϘΣ) Ϣϟ ΎϤϫ ˮ (ϞϤϋ) ΫΎϣ ˮϥΎϤϳ (ϡΎϗ) Ϧϳ ˮϥϵ ϲΑήϋ ϢϠϴϓ (ΪϫΎη) ϥ (ΐΣ) Ϟϫ Ϟϣ .ϞϳϮρ ϡϮϳ ϞϤϋ ΪόΑ ΔΣήϟΎΑ (ήόη) ΎϧΪΑ .Ύόϣ (ήϗ) ϥ ΐΠϳ ϭ ϢϬϣ ΏΎΘϛ άϫ .ΎϳέϮγ ϲϓ ΔϠϴϤΟ ϭ ΓήϴΜϛ ϢϛΎϣ (έί) Ϣϫ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϰϬϘϤϟ άϫ ϲϓ (βϠΟ) ΎϤϫ .ϞϤόϟ ϰϟ ϊΟήΗ ϥ (Ωέ) ϲϣ ˮΩϻϭ Ύϳ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΔόγΎΘϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϞΒϗ (ϡΎϧ) Ϟϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
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13.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the word that does not belong to the group:
ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ – ΪϤΣ – ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ – ϮϳΩέ ςΎΣ – Γήθϋ – ϙΎΒη – ΏΎΑ ϝΎΧ – Ϣϋ – ϥΎϤϳ – Ώ ΓέϮΘϛΩ – Ϣγ – ΔϔυϮϣ – ΔϤϠόϣ ήτϗ – ΔόϣΎΟ – ΕέΎϣϻ – ήμϣ Ϧϴϋ – ήόη – ϪΟϭ – ˯ΎόΑέϷ ΩϮγ – ϲΧ – ξϴΑ – ϕέί ΡϮϟ - ΓέΎϤϋ – ΖϴΑ – ΔϘη 13.5. Practice Reading:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
(see Answer Key)
ϙΎϨϫ ϥ ΔϘϴϘΤϟ ϲϓ .˯ήΤλ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϟϛ ϥ ϲϫ ϭ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϧϋ ΔΌρΎΧ ΔϣϮϠόϣ ϙΎϨϫ ϲϓ ϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϙΎϨϫ ϼΜϣ .ϱέΎΤμϟ ϰϟ ΔϓΎοϻΎΑ έΰΟ ϭ ϝΎΒΟ ϭ ϥΎϳΩϭϭ έΎϬϧ ϭ έΎΤΑ ΏϮϨΟ ϲϓ ΔΒϘόϟ ΞϴϠΧ ϙΎϤϫ ϭ .ΔόΒδϟ ϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϝϭΩ ϪϟϮΣ ϊϘΗ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓήϳΰΠϟ ϕήη Ϯϫ ϭ ϡΎθϟ ΩϼΑ ϲϓ ςγϮΘϤϟ ξϴΑϷ ήΤΒϟ ϭ ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ϭ ήμϣ ϦϴΑ ήϤΣϷ ήΤΒϟ ϭ ϥΩέϷ Ϫϴϓ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓήϳΰΠϟ ϪΒη ϕήη ΏϮϨΟ ϲϓ ϊϘϳ ϲΑήόϟ ήΤΒϟ ϭ .ϲδϠρϷ ςϴΤϤϟΎΑ ϞμΘϣ ξϴΑϷ ήΤΒϟ ϭ ήϤΣϷ ήΤΒϟ ϦϴΑ ςΑήΗ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ βϳϮδϟ ΓΎϨϗ .ϥΎϤϋ˵ ΞϴϠΧ ϭ ΰϣήϫ ϖϴπϣ .ςγϮΘϤϟ ΔϠΟΩ ήϬϧ ϭ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ Ϯϫ ϭ ϥΩϮδϟ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ ϞϴϨϟ ήϬϧ ϙΎϨϬϓ έΎϬϧϸϟ ΔΒδϨϟΎΑ Ύϣ .ϥΩέϷ ϲϓ ϥΩέϷ ήϬϧ ϭ ϕήόϟ ϲϓ Εήϔϟ ϭ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϥΪϋ ΞϴϠΧ ϲϓ ΓήτϘγ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϞΜϣ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ έΰΟ Ύπϳ ϙΎϨϫ .ϲΑήόϟ ήΤΒϟ ϲϓ Γήϴμϣ ϞΒΟ ϭ ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ϲϓ ΕΎϓήϋ ϞΒΟ ϭ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ Φϴθϟ ϞΒΟ ϞΜϣ ΓέϮϬθϣ ϝΎΒΟ ΓΪϋ Ύπϳ ΪΟϮϳ ϭ .ςγϮΘϤϟ ξϴΑϷ ήΤΒϟ ϭ ϲδϠρϷ ςϴΤϤϟ ϦϴΑ ϕέΎρ ϲϓ ϯήΒϜϟ ˯ήΤμϟ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ ˯ΎϨϴγ ˯ήΤλ ϞΜϣ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ϱέΎΤλ ΪΟϮΗ Ϣόϧ ϭ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ϲϓ ΫϮϔϨϟ ˯ήΤλ ϭ ΎϴϘϳήϓ ϝΎϤη
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Lesson 13
Now answer the following questions:
ˮϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϧϋ ΔΌρΎΨϟ ΔϣϮϠόϤϟ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ έΎϬϧ ΪΟϮϳ Ϟϫ ˮϊϘϳ Ϧϳ ˮϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ΔϴΑήϋ έΰΟ ΔΛϼΛ ˯ΎϤγ ΐΘϛ ˮϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϰϠϋ ϊϘΗ ΔϟϭΩ Ϣϛ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Lesson 14
Γήθϋ ΔόΑήϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Sports in the Arab World
ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔοΎϳήϟ Alriyadda fee ala’lam ala’rabi
Objectives: 1. Animals 2. Grammar • Imperative Verbs • Negation of Imperative
3. Culture: Sports in Arab Cities 4. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Play
–
–
La’iba/ yala’b
Watch
–
–
Shahada/ yoshahid
Game/match
Mobarayat
Football
–
–
Korat alqadam
Basketball
–
–
Korat assallah
Volleyball
–
–
Korat atta’rah
Hand ball
–
–
Korat alyad
Tennis
–
–
Korat attawelah
Team
–
–
Fareeq
Win
–
–
Rabiha/ yarbah
˸ έ˴ ΎΒϣ˵ ΕΎϳ
Mobarah
Word
˸ΐό˴ Ϡ˸ ˴ϳ / ΐό ˴ ˴ϟ Ϊ˸ ϫ˶ Ύθ˵ϳ / Ϊ˴ ˴ϫΎη ΓέΎΒϣ˵ ϡ˸ Ϊ˴ ˴Ϙϟ ˵Γήϛ˵ Δ˷Ϡδ˴ ϟ ˵Γήϛ˵ Γή˶Ύτϟ ˵Γήϛ˵ Ϊ˸ ˴ϴϟ ˵Γήϛ˵ ˵Γήϛ˵ ΔϟϭΎτϟ ˶ ϖ˸ ϳή˴ϓ ˸˴Α ˸ή˴ϳ / Αέ˴
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Lesson 14 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Lose
–
–
Khasira/ yakhsar
Train
–
–
Taddaraba/ yatadarrab
Trainer
–
–
Moddarib
Ball
Korat
Bat
Madharib
Dance
–
–
Raqasa/ yarqos
Dancing
–
–
Arraqs
Swim
–
–
Sabiha/ yasbah
Swimming
–
–
assibaha
Boxer
–
–
Molakim
Boxing
–
–
Molakamah
Decide
–
–
Qarrara/ yoqarrir
Spent
–
–
Qadha/ yaqdhi
Important
–
–
Mohim
Airplane
Ta’rat
Ship
Sofon
Cheap
–
–
Rakhees
Expensive
–
–
Ghali
Show
–
–
Isti’radh
Walk
–
–
Sara/ yaseer
˸ ϛ˵ Εή ˸ΏέΎπ ϣ˴ ˶
˸ ˶Ύρ Εή Ϧ˵ϔγ˵
Korah Madhrab
Ta’rah Safeenah
Word
˸ήδ˴ Ψ˸ ˴ϳ / ή˴ δΧ˴ ˸Ώ͉έΪ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ / Ώ͉έΪ˴ ˴Η ˸Ώ ͋έ˴Ϊϣ˵ Γήϛ˵ ˸Ώή˴ ˸πϣ˴ κ˵ϗήϳ / ˸κϗ˸ έ˴ ˸κϗ˸ ή˴ ϟ ˸˴Βδ˸ ˴ϳ / ˴ Βγ˴ ΔΣΎΒδϟ ˶ Ϣ˸ ϛ˶ ϼϣ˵ ΔϤϛ˴ ϼϣ˵ έή˴Ϙ˵ϳ / ˸έ͉ή˴ϗ ϲπϘ˴ϳ / ϰπ˴ϗ Ϣ˸ Ϭ˶ ϣ˵ Γή˶Ύρ ΔϨϴϔ͉γ ˸κϴΧέ˴ ϲϟΎϏ ˸νή˸ό˶Θγ˸ ˶· ˸ήϴδ˴ϳ /έ˴ Ύγ
Sports in the Arab World (Alriyadda fee ala’lam ala’rabi) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Respect
–
–
Ihtarama/ yahtarim
Close
–
–
Aghlaqa/ yoghliq
Draw
–
–
Rasama/ yarsom
Sent
–
–
Arsala/ yorsel
185
Word
ϡ˸ ή˶ ˴Θ ˸Τϳ˴ / ϡ˴ ή˴ ˴ΘΣ ϖϠϐ˵ϳ / ϖ˸ ˶ϠϏ˸ ˴ Ϣ˸ γ˵ ˸ή˴ϳ / Ϣ˸ γ˸ έ˴ ˸Ϟ˵γ ˸ή˴ϳ / ˸Ϟγ˴ ˸έ˴
Sports in the Arab World Sports in the Arab world, as in all parts of the world, are an important aspect of society as they represent a source of entertainment, encouraging teamwork and discipline while, and at the same time, providing a good source of income for the players. In almost all Arab countries, international games are watched via satellite broadcast while people wear their team’s or favorite player’s jerseys. Sports have gained a lot of attention in the Arab world. Looking back in history you will find many stories and legends regaridng sports. In the past, popular sports included hunting, falconry, camel and horse racing, archery and sailing. In one of the Prophet Mohammed’s sayings, he encouraged his followers to teach their children “swimming, archery and horse-riding.” Additionally, Islamic scholars encouraged people to exercise due to its benefits for the mind and body. One example is Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) who was a prominent Islamic theologian, jurist, and mystical thinker (Fates, 1994:26). Some examples of these traditional sports that are still practiced are: Fantasia, a combination of horse riding and shooting, still practiced in the Maghreb; Falcon hunting, traditional sailing, and camel racing, still popular in the Arabian Peninsula; Bullfighting in Oman and the UAE; traditional wrestling, known as Gourrara in Morocco, and Taabaz or Debli in Algeria; Kharbaga, kharbga (in the Maghreb), games of strategy that use a square checkerboard, known also as 1 “Seega” or “siga” in Egypt. The first Formula One World Championship racing event was held in Bahrain in 2004 and sponsored by Gulf Air. As for current sports, Egypt was the first Arab country to participate in international competitions. In 1934, Egypt participated in the FIFA World Cup, the first African country to do so. Al-Ahly and Zamalek are popular soccer teams in Egypt which are very well known throughout the Arab world. The Moroccan team won the African Cup of Nations in 1976 and also qualified four times, in 1970, 1986, 1994 and 1998, for the FIFA World Cup. 1 Festivals for the promotion of traditional games are organized in Morocco: http://www.mjs.gov.ma/fr/Page-32/ sauvegarde--des-jeux--sportifs-traditionnels
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As for other Arab countries in North Africa, such as Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, their participation in international sports started almost immediately after they gained independence from France. For example, Tunisia was liberated in 1956 and became a member of International Olympic Committee in 1957, Morocco joined in 1959 while Algeria became a member in 1964. Additionally, in 2010, the third Euro-Mediterranean Heritage Games was held in Tunisia. Although, the most popular game in Arab countries is soccer, there are other sports that are thriving as well. No one can ignore the inspiring performance of Moroccan athletes in Track and Field such as Nawel Moutawakel, who was the first Muslim women to win a gold medal at the Olympics, Saïd Aouita, Nezha Bidouane, Kalid and Brahim Boulami, Khalid Skah, Hasna Benhassi and Hicham Al-Guerrouj. In the Gulf region, many sports are held. For example, in 2006, the Asian Games competition was held in Doha, Qatar. Additionally, Qatar won the bid to host the FIFA World Cup in 2022 which is considered a historical win, not only for Qatar but the entire Gulf countries. In United Arab Emirates there are several popular sport centers as in: Dubai Sport City and Zayed Sports City in Abu Dhabi. Despite the heat and humidity in UAE, it became a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation in 2001 and they were the first to participate in the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) World Championship in Europe in 2009. As for Saudi Arabia, some members of the royal family are professional football players in Saudi Arabia team. Imperatives: As in other languages, there are four forms of Arabic verbs: past, present, future and imperative. As you know imperative is used for commanding or asking someone to do something. It is used with the second person as you should be talking to someone in front of you to ask him/her to do something. You can simply use the stem of the present tense verb, remove its prefix ( ˰ϳ or ˰Η) and add instead. There are five forms of imperatives depending on the person/ persons you are addressing. Usually imperatives start with an alif .
Sports in the Arab World (Alriyadda fee ala’lam ala’rabi)
187
Look at the conjugation of the verbs “write” and “go” below ϦΘϧ
ϢΘϧ
ϦΒΘϛ Oktobna
ϮΒΘϛ oktoboo
ϦΒϫΫ Ith-habna
ΎϤΘϧ
ΎΒΘϛ Okyoba
ϮΒϫΫ Ith-habo
˴Ζϧ
Ζϧ
ϲΒΘϛ Oktobee
ΎΒϫΫ Ith-haba
ΐΘϛ Oktob
ϲΒϫΫ Ith-habee
ΐϫΫ Ith-hab
14.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Ask the following groups of people to do the following:
1. Two people to sit down: 2. A man to write: 3. Two girls to study: 4. Mixed group of people to leave: 5. Group of girls to play: Negating Imperatives Negating imperatives is done by just using ϻ before the imperative verb, and in this situation it would mean “do not.” When using ϻ the verb should be in present tense. For example, we say: ΐϫάΗ ϻ la that-hab – βϠΠΗ ϻ la tajlis. Verbs after ϻ should have sukoon on them, that is they are not vowelled. 14.2. Practice (see Answer Key) How do you say this in Arabic?
1. Ask a woman not to forget her purse: 2. Tell your female friend not to give your phone number to Ali: 3. Tell students there is no class today: 4. Tell a boy not to throw his shoes: 5. Ask your female friends not to run and slow down:
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14.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb in parentheses into the imperative form:
(ΪΑ) .ϢϠϴϔϟ ΓΪϫΎθϣ ΪόΑ ˯Ύθόϟ ήϴπΤΘΑ ( ϡΎϧ) .ήϜΒϣ Ϛϟάϟ ΪϏ ήϴΜϛ ϞϤϋ ϙΪϨϋ (ΐϫΫ) .Ϟϣ Ύϳ ϥϵ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ϻ (ϯήΘη) !ϞΤϤϟ άϫ Ϧϣ ΓΪϳΪΟ ΓέΎϴγ ϚϘϳΪλ ϭ Ζϧ (Ώήη) .Ωϻϭ Ύϳ ήϜδϟ Ϧϣ ϞϴϠϗ ϊϣ ϱΎθϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
14.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Conjugate the verb in parentheses using negation into the imperative form:
(ΐϫΫ) .ϦϴϟϮϐθϣ ϢϜϧϷ ϢότϤϟ ϰϟ (ϞϘΘϧ) .ϲϠϋ ϭ ΪϤΣ Ύϳ ήΒϛ ΔϘη ϰϟ (Ϟϛ) !ΩΎόγ Ύϳ ΔτϠδϟ (Ώήη) .ϲΎϨΑ Ύϳ ˯Ϊϐϟ ϡΎόρ ϞΒϗ ΩϮμϟ (Βγ) .ϥϵ ΪΟ ΩέΎΑ ˯ΎϤϟ ϥϷ ΕΎϨΑ Ύϳ ήϬϨϟ ϲϓ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
14.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Choose the correct word in parentheses:
ϲϓ ωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΎϤϫ ΖΒδϟ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ (ΎϣϮϳ – ϡΎϳ – ϡϮϳ) .ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ .Ϟϣ Ύϳ ϥϵ ΓϮϬϘϟ ϲΑήθΗ ϥ (ΕΩέ – ϦϳΪϳήΗ – ΪϳήΗ) Ϟϫ .ϪϴΑ ϞΜϣ (˯ήπΧ – ήπΧ) ϪϧϮϴϋ ΔϘη ϲϓ ϥΎϨϜδϳ ϥ (ϭέήϗ – ΎΗέήϗ – έήϗ) ϯΪϫ ϭ Ϟϣ .Ύόϣ ΓΪΣϭ .βϣ ϦϳήϜΒϣ ΖϴΒϟ ϰϟ (ϭΩΎϋ – ΩΎϋ – ΩΎϋ) ϢϬόϴϤΟ
1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
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14.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Negate using βϴϟ
.ΎϤϬϣ .ΓήΎτϟ Ϧϣ ωήγ .ΎϤϫΪϳήΗ ΎϬϨϜϟ ϭ ϥΎμϴΧέ .ΔόϣΎΟ Ϟπϓ ΎϬϨϜϟ ϭ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ .ΔϠϴϤΟ ΎϬϨϜϟ ϭ ΔϴϟΎϋ
ΏΎΘϜϟ άϫ ΓέΎϴδϟ ΔΒϴϘΤϟ ϭ ϥΎΘδϔϟ ΎϨΘόϣΎΟ ϝΎΒΠϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
14.7. Practice Conjugate the verbs in parentheses to fit the sentences:
.ΔϴοΎϳήϟ ΕΎϨϳήϤΘϟ (ΪΑ) ϭ ΐόϠϤϟ ϲϓ ϦϴΒϋϻ ϒϗϭ .ΕΎόϣΎΠϟ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ ΎϨΘόϣΎΟ ϖϳήϓ (Αέ) ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ϲϓ (έΎγ) Ϧϳάϟ ϦϴΒϋϻ νήόΘγΎΑ ΓέΎΒϤϟ ΕΪΑ .ΔϴοΎϳήϟ ϢϬδΑϼϤΑ .Ϫϟ ΎϣήΘΣ (ϒϗϭ) ϦϴΒϋϻ ϊϴϤΟ ΏέΪϤϟ ϞΧΩ ϥ ΪόΑ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ Ϧϣ ΝήΨΘϳ ϥ ΪόΑ ΎγέΪϣ ( Βμϳ) .ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤϋ ϲϓ (ΪϋΎγ) ϥ ΫΎΘγϷ Ϧϣ ϲϠϋ ϭ ΪϤΣ ΐϠρ .ΖϴΒϟ Ϧϣ ΖΟήΧ ϥ ΪόΑ ΏΎΒϟ (ϖϠϏ) Ϟϫ .ϱΩϻϭ Ύϳ ϲϣϼϛ ϰϟ (ϊϤΘγ) .ΔγέΪϠϟ ϝϮρ ΎΘϗϭ (Ϊϳήϳ) ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ .ΔϨϳΪϤϟ ϲϓ ΔϠϴϤΠϟ ϦϛΎϣϷ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ (ΪϫΎη) ϥΎΘϘϳΪμϟ
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
14.8. Practice Connect the related phrases by adding numbers in the parentheses:
ΔϠΌγϷ Ϧϋ ήΤΒϟ ΊρΎθϟ ΓέϮλ 70-50 ΔΤϔλ ΏΎΘϜϟ
( ) ( ) ( )
ϭήϗ ϰϟ ϊϤΘγ ΐΟ
1. 2. 3.
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Lesson 14
ΪϳήΒϟ ϲϓ ΔϟΎγέ Ϟμϔϟ ϞΧΩ ϥϮϔϠΘϟ ΫΎΘγϷΎϣϼϛ
( ) ( ) ( )
Ϣγέ Ϟγέ ϞϤόΘδΗ ϻ
4. 5. 6.
Reading: 14.9. Practice Read the following conversation between friends:
Ϧϋ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ϭΪΑ ϭ ϦΧΎδϟ ϱΎθϟ ϮΒϠρ ϭ ϱΩΎϨϟ ϲϓ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ βϠΟ .ωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΔϠϛ ΔόϤΠϟ ϡϮϳ ΖϴπϘϓ ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΓέΎΒϤϟ ΐϳέΪΗ ϱΪϨϋ ϥΎϛ :ΪϤΣ ϝΎϗ ΏέΪΘϧ ϱΩΎϨϟ ϲϓ ˯Ύθόϟ ϰϟ ΎϨΒϫΫ ϢΛ ΎϤϨϴδϟ ϲϓ ϲΗήγ ϊϣ ΎϤϠϴϓ ΕΪϫΎη Ύϧ :ΪϤΤϣ ϝΎϗ .ΪΟ άϳάϟ ϡΎότϟ ϭ ϼϴϤΟ ϢϠϴϔϟ ϥΎϛ .ϲϨϴλ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ .ΔϠΎόϟ ϊϤΘΠΗ ΚϴΣ ϱΪΟ ΖϴΑ ϰϟ ΐϫάϧ ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϲϓ :ϲϠϋ ϝΎϗ ΎϨόϣ ΙΪΣ ΎϤϋ ΙΪΤΘϧ ϭ Ϣϫ΅ΎϨΑ ϭ ϲϟϮΧ ϭ ϲϣΎϤϋ ϊϣ βϠΠϧ ϙΎϨϫ ήΗϮϴΒϤϜϟ ϰϠϋ ΐόϠϧ ϲΘϤϋ ˯ΎϨΑ ϭ Ύϧ βϠΠϧ ϢΛ ωϮΒγϷ ϝϼΧ ϰϠϋ ΎϨϘϳήϓ ίΎϓ Ϊϗ ϭ ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ϥήϴΠϟ Ωϻϭ ϊϣ ΖΒόϟ Ύϧ :ϝΎϤΟ ϝΎϗ ϭ ˯Ϊϐϟ ϡΎόρ ΎϨϠϛ ϭ ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ ϰϟ ΎϧϮϋΩ ΪϘϓ Ϛϟάϟ ήΧϵ ϖϳήϔϟ . ϯήΧ Γήϣ ΏέΪΘϧ ϭ ϲϘΘϠϧ ϥ ΎϨϘϔΗ ϭ ήΧϵ ϖϳήϔϟ Ωήϓ ϰϠϋ ΎϨϓήόΗ Answer the following:
ˮΔόϤΠϟ ϡϮϳ ΪϤΣ ϰπϗ Ϧϳ
2.
ˮ˯ΎϗΪλϷ βϠΟ Ϧϳ
1.
ˮϝΎϤΟ Ϟόϓ ΫΎϣ
4.
ˮ˯Ύθόϟ ϡΎόρ ΪϤΤϣ Ϟϛ Ϧϳ
3.
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14.10. Practice The teacher entered the class and gave the following instructions to students. Translate these instructions into Arabic using the imperative form:
1. Come to class on time. 2. Put your phone in your bag. 3. Don’t talk to students beside you. 4. Work on your assignment alone. 5. Don’t forget to write the date on your paper.
Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
Lesson 15
Arab Women
Γήθϋ ΔδϣΎΨϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓήϤϟ Almar’a al’arabiyyah
Objectives: 1. Shopping in Arab World 2. Grammar: Nouns Used as Adjectives (idafa and modaf ileeh)
3. Culture: Status of Arab Woman 4. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Word
ϞΑΎϘ˵ϳ / ˸Ϟ˴ΑΎ˴ϗ ϖ˸ ˶Ύγ ϡ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϧ ΓέΎΟ / ˸έΎΟ ϝί Ύϣ ϮϳΪ˸ ϴϓ ΎϤϨϴγ ΔϠ ˸Σέ˶
Meet
–
–
Qabala/yoqabil
Driver
–
–
Sa-iq
A sleep
–
–
Nawm
Neighbor
Jeeran
Still
–
–
Ma zala
Video
–
–
Vidyoo
Cinema
–
–
Sinema
Trip
Rihlat
Leave
–
–
Ghadara/ yoghader
έΩΎϐ˵ϳ / ˸έΩ˴ ΎϏ˴
Walking
–
–
Mashitan
˱ ΎϴηΎϣ ˶
ϥήϴΟ
ΕϼΣέ
Jar/ jarrah
Rihla
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Lesson 15 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Word
ΏΎϛ˷ έ˵
Rakeb
–
Siyahi
ΐϛέ ϲΣΎϴ ˸ γ˶
˸έΎΛ
Athar
ή˴Λ˴
Passenger
Rokkab
Touristic
–
Monument / historical structures
Athar
Lose
–
–
Faqada/yafqid
Find
–
–
Wajada/yajid
Call
–
–
Itasala/yatasil
Send
–
–
Arsala/yorsel
Receive
–
–
Istalama/ yastalim
Letter
–
–
Risalah
Police
–
–
Ashortah
Center
Marakiz
Post office
Makatib albareed
Gas station
Mahataat albanzeen
Train station
Mahataat alqitar
Ticket
Tathaker
ΰϛήϣ ΐΗΎϜϣ ΪϳήΒϟ ΕΎτΤϣ ϦϳΰϨΒϟ ΕΎτΤϣ έΎτϘϟ ˸ήϛ˶ ά˴Η
Markaz Maktab albareed
ΪϘϔϳ /Ϊ˸ ˴Ϙ˴ϓ ΪΠ˴ϳ /Ϊ˸ Ο˴ ϭ˴ ϞμΘϳ / ˸Ϟμ ˴ ͉Η· /Ϟ˴ γ˴ έ˴ ˸Ϟγ˶ ˸ή˵ϳ Ϣ˸ ˶Ϡ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ /Ϣ˴ ˴Ϡ˴Θγ ΔϟΎγέ˶ Δρ ˸ήθ˵ ϟ ΰ˸ ϛ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ Ϊ˸ ϳή˴Βϟ ˵ΐ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴
Mahatat albanzeen
˸ Ϩ˸ ˶Βϟ ˵Δ˷τΤ˴ ϣ˴ Ϧϳΰ
Mahatat alqitar
˸έΎτ˶Ϙϟ ˵Δ˷τΤ˴ ϣ˴
Tathkirah
Γήϛ˴ ά˸ ˴Η
Arab Women (Almar’a al’arabiyyah) Meaning
Transliteration
Travel agency
Makateb/ safariyyat
Project
Masharee’
Continue
–
Period
–
Type
Anwa’
Pain
Aalaam
Practice
–
Fat
Dohoon
To increase
–
Plural
Transliteration
ΐΗΎϜϣ ΕΎϳήϔγ ϊϳέΎθϣ
Maktab safariyyat
195
Word
˸ ϳή˴ϔγ˴ ˸ΐ˴ΘϜ˸ ϣ˴ ΕΎ˷
Mashroo’
ω˸ ϭήθ˸ ϣ˴
–
Istamara/ yastamer
˸ήϤ˶ ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ /͉ήϤ˴ ˴Θγ˸ ˶·
–
Moddah
ω˸ Ϯϧ˸ ˴ ϡϻ –
˸ Ω˵ ϥϮϫ –
Naw’ Alam Marasa/ yomares Dihn Kath-thara/ yokther
ΓΪ͉ ϣ˵ ω˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϧ Ϣ˸ ˴ϟ˴ /α ˴ έ˴ Ύϣ ˸αέΎϤ˵ ˶ ϳ Ϧ˸ ϫ˸ Ω˶ ˸ή˶ΜϜ˸ ˵ϳ /ή˴ ͉Μϛ˴
Arab Women and Veiling Arabs use the word hijab to refer to the veil that many Muslim women wear. The exact meaning of the word hijab is a garment or curtain that separates things. The hijab is a scarf covering the hair, neck and sometimes the shoulders, leaving the face uncovered, depending on how large a scarf the woman chooses or the style she prefers. This modest apparel covers the hair, trunk and limbs, but not necessarily the face. Most Muslim scholars understand Islamic veiling as covering the entire body except for the face 1 and hands (Stowasser, 1993, p. 17 ). There is also the niqab, which is a small piece of cloth that women may use in addition to the hijab to cover their faces, leaving an opening for the eyes. Yet head coverings are not exclusive to Islamic tradition. Throughout history, women have covered their hair for several reasons, including religious beliefs, a mark of social status, cultural traditions or fashion statements. The first records of veiling go back to the thirteenth century 1 Stowasser, B., 1993, “Women’s issue in Modern Islamic Thought,” in Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers, ed. Judith E. Tucker, Indiana University Press: Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1993, p. 17
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BC in Assyria. To differentiate themselves from women of a lower social status, noblewom2 en began to cover their hair (Cross-Cultural Head Coverings, p. 1 ). Veiling was practiced in Mesopotamia, Greece, ancient Persia, and pre-Islamic Arabia (Scarce, 1975, p. 5-6). In medieval times, to wear a veil meant “to become a nun” or “to enter a convent” (Oxford English Dictionary 2, 1971, p. 3599). In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, covering women’s hair was associated with modesty and respectability. This is clear in Judaism and Christianity, in that all representations of Mary, the mother of Jesus, show her wearing a head covering and a 3 long, loose dress. Christian women used to cover their hair in public (Yohannan, 2011 ), and it is still quite common to see elderly non-Muslim women in Europe wearing headscarves, especially in Russia. Today, head or hair coverings for religious reasons are most frequently associated with Muslim women, Catholic nuns, and Amish and Mennonite women. In addition, some Jewish sects require married women to wear scarves as a sign of modesty. These scarves are known as 4 tichels or snoods (Elisabet, 1997 ). Currently, married women in some Near East countries wear a veil as an announcement that their beauty and magnetism are only for their husbands and they will not expose themselves to other men, which is precisely why Muslim women wear veils. In the Qur’an, Allah told the Prophet: “O Prophet, tell your wives, your daughters, and the womenfolk of the believers to draw their hijab close about them. That is most appropriate so that they be recognized and not be molested. God is forgiving and merciful” (33:59). Some might say that this order is for the Prophet’s wives only, but that is not the case. For Muslims, all orders and practices of the Prophet apply to all Muslims to imitate and follow. In another chapter of the Qur’an, Allah says: “Tell the female believers that they should lower their gaze, guard their chastity, to reveal of their adornments only that which is apparent, and to cast their veils over their bosoms” (24:31). This is a clear admonishment for Muslim women to practice modesty. Muslim or not, however, because of the Islamic influence in Arab countries, many but not all Arab women wear modest clothing, whether European or traditional, when going out in public. Of course, not all Arab women cover their hair, but veiling is widespread in all Arab countries. The difference lies in the degree of how much of her body a woman should cover. In all Arab countries, one can see women wearing the abaya with their heads and faces covered, walking side-by-side with women wearing tight, colored dresses or pants. Some restrictions exist in Saudi Arabia and in rural areas, but there is a vast array of veils with assorted colors and styles in use by women. 2 Cross-Cultural Head Coverings, Created by the Center for South Asian & Middle Eastern Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Retrieved from: http://www.csames.illinois.edu/documents/outreach/Cross-Culture_Head_Coverings.pdf 3 Yohannan, K., 2011, Head Coverings, What the Bible Teaches about Head Coverings for Women, Believers Church Publications 4 Elisabet, 1997, On Account of the Angels: Why I Cover My Head, Orthodox Christian Information Center, From the Spring 1997 issue of The Handmaiden, Conciliar Press, retrieved from: http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/headcoverings.aspx
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Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, the process of forsaking the veil in the Arab world started first with Christian and Jewish Arab women due to a strong European influence. In Beirut in 1890, Christian women had abandoned the veil 5 (Baer, 1964, p. 42 ); however, the abandonment of the hijab by Muslim women started much later. The earliest occurrences of Muslim women abandoning the hijab took place in Turkey, which is not an Arab country. In the nineteenth century, upper-class women started to wear European-inspired clothing as a sign of modernization. Initially they wore European styles indoors while keeping the face covering when outdoors. Later, they started to wear thin, transparent face veils exposing 6 their features (Micklewright, 1986, p. 217 ). The second step in abandoning the hijab took place in the early twentieth century, with some Turkish women wearing “European-style face veils 7 that were attached to large European-style women’s hats” (Norton, 1997, p. 155 ). Following that, Egyptian women were the first Arab women to forsake the hijab. In the middle of the twentieth century, many Muslim women stopped wearing the hijab, which invited Oxford historian Albert Hourani to publish an article in the UNESCO Courier titled “The Vanishing Veil a Challenge to the Old Order” in 1956. In his article, he described the disappearing hijab 8 in many Arab countries (Hourani, 1956, p. 35-37 ). However, there is another phenomenon taking place, which is the return of hijab or veiling in its different forms. As an interesting side note, most of the time Western media describe the hijab using words niqab or burqa. Both niqab and burqa refer to an extra piece of cloth worn to cover the nose and mouth but keep the eyes uncovered. However, burqa is an Afghani word for a cloth that covers the whole body. Although it is a Muslim country, Afghanistan is not an Arab country, and the Afghani burqa is not an accurate term to describe the head covering used by Arab women. Nouns Used as Adjectives—Idafa-modaf ileeh: Idafa is a fundamental structure in Arabic. Idafa is the same as “annexation” in English. It is the ownership or possession. Simple idafa is when two nouns following each other while the second noun is identifying the first or explaining what it is. Usually the second noun is definite or proper noun. The first noun is called ϑΎπϣ meaning “added” and the second is called Ϫϴϟ ϑΎπϣ meaning “added to it.”
5 Baer, G., 1964, Population and Society in the Arab East (Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1964), p. 42. 6 Micklewright, N., “Women’s Dress in Nineteenth-Century Istanbul: Mirror of a Changing Society” (Ph. D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1986), p. 217. 7 Norton, J., 1997, “Faith and Fashion in Turkey,” in Languages of Dress in the Middle East, ed. Nancy Lindisfarne-Tapper and Bruce Ingham, London, Curzon Press, 1997, pp. 155-157 8 Hourani, A., 1956, “The Vanishing Veil a Challenge to the Old Order.” UUNISCO Courier, January 1956, 35-37.
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Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
The niece
Bint al-akh
My niece
Bint akhee
Students of the class
Tollab assaf
Students of my class
Tollab saffee
The book of my teacher
Kitab mo’alimee
Example
ΥϷ ΖϨΑ ϲΧ ΖϨΑ ϒμϟ Ώϼρ ϲϔλ Ώϼρ ϲϤϠόϣ ΏΎΘϛ
When the idafa is dual or plural then it loses the na in it as in: ϦϴϤϠόϤϟ ΎΘϓήϏ or ϦϴΒϟΎτϟ ΎΗέΎϴγ You may realize that the construction of Idafa exists in English language too. Some examples are: cat food, post office, mail man, school bus or fire truck. Simple idafa is when we have two nouns connected while complex idafa is when we have more than two nouns as in: ϱΪϟϭ Ϣϋ ϦΑ ....... ibn a’m walidee Please note that the ta marbuta Γ – Δ˰˰ should be pronounced all the time when it appears in all the nouns in idafa except on the final noun of idafa as in: ϖθϣΩ ΔϨϳΪϣ Madinat Dimashq – Ύϧϭΰϳέ Δϳϻϭ ΔόϣΎΟ jame’at Wilayat arizona 15.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Translate the following using idafa. Please note that idafa defines the first noun:
1. The classroom windows are big. 2. The college of Science is close to my house. 3. He lost his car keys. 4. Ahmad’s bicycle is in the parking lot. 5. The newspaper is on the teacher’s desk.
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15.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Put a check mark beside the correct sentences and correct the wrong ones. Keep in mind the idafa and noun-adjectives agreement:
.ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϢϳΪϘϟ ΏϮγΎΤϟ .ΐΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ΔϴΑήϋ ΓΫΎΘγϷ .ϊγϭ ΪϳΪΠϟ ΐΘϜϣ .ΔϤϳΪϘϟ ΓέΎϴγ ϲΧ ΪϨϋ .ΔϤϳΪϗ ΓέϮλ έΪΠϟ ϰϠϋ ΔΒϴϘΤϟ ϲϓ Γήϴϐλ ϴΗΎϔϤϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
15.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Write whether the following is idafa or noun and adjective:
: ϲΑήόϟ ΏΩϷ : ΔϴϟΎϋ ΓέήΣ : ΓήϴΒϛ ΔϠΎϋ : ΏΩϵ ϭ ϡϮϠόϟ ΔϴϠϛ : ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ ΓΪΤΘϤϟ ΕΎϳϻϮϟ : ΔΒϳήϗ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ : ϢϳΪϗ ωέΎθϟ : ϝϭϷ ϡϮϴϟ : ΔόϣΎΠϟ ΔΒΘϜϣ : ΙϼΜϟ ΕϮΧϷ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
15.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Write whether the following is idafa or noun and adjective:
.ωέΎθϟ ϲϓ (ήϤΣ – Γήϴμϗ – ΓήϴΜϛ) ΕέΎϴγ ϙΎϨϫ .ήϴΜϛ ΔΗϻϮϛϮθϟ (ΐΣ – ΐΤϳ – ϥϮΒΤϳ) Ϣϫ .ϒΤΘϤϟ ΪΟ Ϧϳ (ϥϮϓήόΗ – ϦϴϓήόΗ – ϑήόΗ) ϻ ϲϫ
1. 2. 3.
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.˯Ύδϣ Ϟϛ ϕέϮϟ ΐόϠϧ (ϦΤϧ – Ζϧ – Ύϧ) .ήϬψϟ ΪόΑ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ (˯ΎΘθϟ – ΓέΎΒϤϟ – αέΪϟ) ϲϬΘϨϴγ .ΎόΑέ (ϻ – ϞΒϗ – ΪόΑ) ΔδϣΎΨϟ ΔϋΎδϟ Ύόϣ ΙΪΤΘϨγ .(ήΘϓΪϟ – ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ – ΔοΎϳήϟ) ϰϟ ωΎϤΘγϻ ΐΤϳ ϻ ϲϠϋ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΎϬΗέΎΟ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ (ΖΑήη – ϦϴΑήθΗ – ΏήθΗ) ϲϣ .Δϓήϐϟ Ϧϣ ΖΟήΧ ϭ ΎϬΘΒϴϘΣ ΔΒϟΎτϟ (ϦϳΎϤΤΗ – ϞϤΣ – ΖϠϤΣ) .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ΏΎΘϜϟ (ϥϭήϘϳ – ϥήϘϳ – ήϘϳ ) Ϣϫ 15.5. Practice
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
(see Answer Key)
Here are some places in the Arab world. Identify the idafa ones and circle them:
Φϴθϟ ϞΒΟ ϞϴϨϟ ϱΩϭ ϲδϠρϷ ςϴΤϤϟ ΔΒϘόϟ ΞϴϠΧ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
ήϤΣϷ ήΤΒϟ ΔϠΟΩ ήϬϧ ϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ΎϴϘϳήϓ ΓέΎϗ ϯήΒϜϟ ˯ήΤμϟ
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
15.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Using the new vocabulary in this lesson fill in the blanks:
– ΕΎϳήϔδϟ ΐΘϜϣ - ΰϛήϣ Δρήθϟ – ϦϳΰϨΒϟ ΔτΤϣ - ΪϳήΒϟ ΐΘϜϣ ΪϳήΒϟ ΐΘϜϣ -ϕϮδϟ Ϧϣ ήϔδϟ ήϛάΗ ϱήΘθϧ 1. Ϧϣ ϦϳΰϨΒϟΎΑ ΓέΎϴδϟ ϼϤϧ 2. Ϧϣ βΑϼϤϟ ϱήΘθϧ 3. ϲϓ ϞΎγήϟ Ϟγήϧ 4. ϲϓ ΖϠμΗ ϭ ϲΗέΎϴγ ΕΪϘϓ 5.
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15.7. Practice Reading:
Ϧϣ ϊγϭ ΖϴΑ ϲϓ ϪΘΟϭί ϭ Ϯϫ ϦϜδϳ .ΔϨγ 65 ϩήϤϋ ΪϤΣ ϲϤϋ ΔϓήϏ ϭ αϮϠΠϟ ΔϓήϏ Γ ΓΪΣϭ ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ ΪΠϳ ϝϭϷ ϖΑΎτϟ ϲϓ .ϦϴϘΑΎρ ϡϮϧ ϑήϏ ΙϼΛ ΪΟϮϳ ϲϧΎΜϟ ϖΑΎτϟ ϲϓ ϭ .ϡΎϤΣ ϭ ήϴΒϛ ΦΒτϣ ϭ Γήϔδϟ ϮΟϭΰΗ ϭ ΔόϣΎΠϟ Ϧϣ ϪΗΎϨΑ ϭ ϩΩϻϭ ΝήΨΗ .ΐΘϜϣ ΔϓήϏ ϭ ϦϴϣΎϤΣ ϭ .ΖϴΒϟ Ϧϣ ϮΟήΧ Ϛϟάϟ ΖϴΑ ϰϟ ϞϘΘϨΗ ϥ ΪϳήΗ ϭ ύέΎϓ ϭ ήϴΒϛ ΖϴΒϟ ϥ ϲϤϋ ΔΟϭί ϝϮϘΗ ϰϟ ϦϴΘϓήϏ ϭ ΔϓήϏ ήΟΆϨγ ϝϮϘϳ ϭ ϞϘΘϨϳ ϥ Ϊϳήϳ ϻ ϲϤϋ ϦϜϟ .ήϐλ .ωϮοϮϤϟ άϫ ϲϓ ϥϭήϜϔϳ Ϯϟί Ύϣ Ϣϫ .ΔόϣΎΠϟ ΔΒϠρ ϭ ϥϮδϠΠϳ ϭ Ύόϣ ˯Ύθόϟ ϡΎόρ ϮΨΒτϳ ϥ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϪΘΟϭί ϭ ϲϤϋ Ϟϛ ήϳϮμΗ ϭ ήϔδϟ ϥϮΒΤϳ Ύπϳ Ϣϫ .ΎϤΩ ϢϬΎϨΑ Ϧϋ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ΎϬϴϓ ϲΘϟ ΕϮϳΪϴϔϟΎΑ ΔΌϴϠϣ ΔΒΘϜϣ ϢϫΪϨϋ .ΎϬϧϭέϭΰϳ ϲΘϟ ΔϠϴϤΠϟ ϖρΎϨϤϟ .ϢϬΗϼΣέ Answer the following:
ˮϪΘϴΑ ϲϓ ϖΑΎρ Ϣϛ ˮΖϴΒϟ Ϧϣ ΓΩϻϭ ΝήΧ ΫΎϤϟ 15.8. Practice
ˮΪϤΣ ϲϤϋ ήϤϋ Ϣϛ 4. ˮϲϧΎΜϟ ϖΑΎτϟ ϲϓ ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ ˮϪΘΟϭί ϭ ϲϤϋ Ϟόϔϳ ϥ ΐΤϳ ΫΎϣ 2.
1. 3. 5.
(see Answer Key)
Rearrange the following words to form meaningful sentences:
- ΪΒϴγ – ΔϨγ – ωϭήθϤϟ ΓΪϤϟ – ήϤΘγ – ϦϴΘϋΎγ – ϢϠϴϔϟ ϲϓ – ϥΎϨΒϟ – ϥϮπϘϴγ – ϡΎϳ – Γήθϋ ˯˱ Ύϣ – ˱ήϴΜϛ – ϲΑήη ϭ – ϲϠϤόΘγ – άϫ – ˯ϭΪϟ ϲϓ – ϱΪϨϋ - ϲγέ - Ϣϟ 2020
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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ΎϬϋϮϧ – ϥϮΒΤϳ – ϊϴϤΠΑ – Ϣϫ – ΔοΎϳήϟ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟ – ϞϤόϳ – Δϛήη – Ϯϫ – ήϳΪϣ Ϧϣ – ϱήΜϜΗ – ϥϮϫΪϟ – ϻ ϭ – ϲϠϛ – ϪϛϮϔϟ ϭ – έΎπΨϟ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
6. 7. 8.
Lesson 16
ήθϋ ΔγΩΎδϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Marriage in the Arab World
Ώήόϟ ΪϨϋ Νϭΰϟ Azzawaj enda al’arab
Objectives: 1. Health Symptoms and General Medical Conditions 2. Grammar: kana wa akhawatoha 3. Culture: Marriage in the Arab World
4. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
People
–
–
Nas
Yesterday
–
–
Ams
Tomorrow
–
–
Ghadan
Day
Ayam
Coming
ϡΎϳ
Yawm
–
–
Qadim
Past
–
–
Madhi
Present
–
–
Hadher
Future
–
–
Mostaqbal
Airport
Matarat
Sit
–
–
Jalasa/ yajlis
Arrive
–
–
Wasala/ yasil
˸ ΕέΎτ ϣ˴
Matar
Word
˸αΎϧ ˸βϣ˸ ˴ ˱ΪϏ˴ ϡ˸ Ϯ˸ ˴ϳ ϡ˸ Ω˶ Ύϗ ϲοΎϣ ήοΎΣ ϞΒϘΘδϣ ˸έΎτϣ˴ ˸β˶Ϡ ˸Π˴ϳ /β ˴ ˴ϠΟ˴ ˸Ϟμ ˴ ϭ˴ ˶ ˴ϳ /Ϟ˴ λ
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Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Accident
Hawadith
Cup
Akwab
ΙΩϮΣ ΏϮϛ
Pharmacy
–
–
Saydaliyah
Medicine
–
–
Dawa’
Sunstroke
–
–
Dharbat shams
Cold
–
–
Bard
Flu
–
–
Inflowanza
Fever
–
–
Homma
Blood pressure
–
–
Dhaght addam
Diabetic
–
–
Sokkari
Allergy
–
–
Hasasiyyah
Headache
–
–
Soda’
Sick
Mardha
Disease
Amradh
Smoking
–
–
Tad-kheen
Weight
–
–
Wazn
Pill
–
–
Habbat dawa’
Decrease
–
–
Inkhifad
Suffering
–
–
Mosab
Necessary
–
–
Men allazim
Probably
–
–
Men almohtamal
ϰοήϣ˴ νήϣ˴
Hadith Koob
Mareedh Maradh
Word
˸ Ω˶ ΎΣ Ι ˸ΏϮϛ Δ˷ϴϟΪ˴ ϴλ ˴ ˯ϭ ˸ Ω˴ ˸βϤ˸ η˴ ˵ΔΑ ˸ήο ˴ Ω˸ ˸ή˴Α ΰϧ˸ Ϯ˴ Ϡ˸ ˶ϔϧ˸ · ϰϤ˵Σ ˸ ϐ˸ ο ϡ˸ Ϊϟ ς ˴ ˸ϱήϜ͉ γ˵ Δ˷ϴγΎδΣ˴ ω˸ Ϊ˵λ ˸ξϳήϣ˴ ˸νή˴ ϣ˴ ˸ Ϊ˸ ˴Η ϦϴΧ ϥ˸ ί˸ ϭ˴ ˯ϭ ˸ Ω˴ ˵Δ˷ΒΣ˴ ˸νΎϔΨ˶ ϧ˸ ˶· ˸ΏΎμϣ˵ ϡ˸ ίϼϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˶ ϞϤΘΤϤϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶
Marriage in the Arab World (Azzawaj enda al’arab) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
205
Word
Stomach
–
–
Batn
Foot
–
–
Qadam
˸ ˴Α Ϧ˸ τ ϡ˸ Ϊ˴ ˴ϗ
Fracture
–
–
Kasr
˸ή˸δϛ˴
Transport
–
–
Naql
˸Ϟ˶Ϙ˴ϧ
Marriage One of the primary foundations of Arab society is marriage. From an early age, whenever a child does something good, it is customary to praise him with a wish for a happy married life and wish that parents live long enough to see their children’s weddings and enjoy their grandchildren. The age of marriage differs from one region to another. In the past, girls and boys married in their teenage years. However, now most parents encourage their children to finish their studies with a university degree and have well-established careers before getting married. According to a United Nations World Fertility Report in 2003, in the 1970s about forty percent of women in Kuwait and Libya were married by the age of fifteen to nineteen. However, by 1990 this percentage had dropped to five percent. Women now tend to marry in their late twenties or early thirties. Although less common overall today, early marriages are still prevalent in Yemen, Oman, rural areas in Egypt and Palestine in Gaza (Rashad, H., Osman, M. & Roudi-Fahimi, F., 2005). Additionally, women now tend to have jobs, which has changed the role of women and marriage trends. One common Western perception is that first-cousin marriages are the norm in the Arab world. Looking through history reveals that marriage between close biological relatives is not an Arab tradition, and the practice predates Islam. First cousin marriage goes back to the Greeks and Romans. Even in more recent history, members of royal families in Europe often married cousins because traditionally they were not allowed to marry non-royals, because they are from a lower status. Recently, members of royal families have permission to marry 1 for love and not just for status (Sennels, 2010 ), thereby allowing them to marry non-royals and reducing first-cousin marriages. First-cousin marriages are still popular in some areas of the Middle East, Africa, the United 1 Sennels, N., 2010, Muslim Inbreeding: Impacts On Intelligence, Sanity, Health and Society. Islam under Scrutiny, Australian Islamist Monitor. Retrieved from: http://islammonitor.org/index.php?option=com_con-
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Kingdom and Australia. However, parts of Europe, China, and the United States prohibit 2 these marriages (Bittles, 1994 ). Permission and prohibitions also vary from one religion to the next. First-cousin marriage is permitted in Islam and Buddhism but forbidden by “Christian Orthodox churches and require special permission for members of the Roman Catholic Church” (Shareen Joshi, Sriya Iyer & Quy Toan Do, p. 1). Marriage rates between close relatives range “from 30-50% in Middle Eastern countries, 20-40% in North Africa, and 10-20% in South Asia” (Kapadia, 1958: 117-137; Naderi, 1979; Maian and Mushtaq, 1994; Bittles, 1998; Bittles, 2001; Bittles, 2008). First-cousin marriage was encouraged in the past because daughters get a percent of the inheritance, so and to keep the property in the family it was the norm. Researchers explain that marriage between cousins was encouraged to mainly preserve cultural values, secure a family’s wealth, strengthen family relationships and develop closer bonds between a wife and her 3 in-laws (Conniff, 2003 ). Bittles and Hussain confirm these reasons and add that first-cousin marriages would reduce the possibilities for conflict and sometimes reduce dowry payments (Bittles, 1994; Hussain, 1999). The larger the family or clan, the more control they would have over land and wealth, and consequently the more powerful they would be, especially in rural societies as almost all Arab countries were in the past. The percentage of first-cousin marriage reaches ninety percent among Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, compared with forty 4 percent in all other Arab countries (Teebi, 1997 ) and ten percent worldwide (Kershaw, Sarah, 5 2009 ). Marriage between relatives of the same family, not only first cousin, is high in Saudi Arabia, Libya and Sudan. Marriage of a relative does not mean arranged marriages, it might be because the couple see each other a lot in family occasion and fell in love. Islam neither encourages nor prohibits first-cousin marriages. Although the Prophet Mohammed did not forbid Muslims from practicing it, he advised against it, as children of first-cousin marriages might have genetic disorders. Scientists have shown that children of first-cousin marriages do indeed have double the risk (six percent) of genetic diseases, as opposed to three 6 percent for children whose parents are genetically not related (Paul DB, Spencer HG, 2008 ). First-cousin marriage was a cultural norm but with decreased tribal influence in modern Arab culture, this practice is disappearing. Young people today usually refuse first-cousin marriages because they consider their cousins to be like sisters or brothers rather than future spouses. In Islam, marriage is the only accepted way to produce children and replenish the earth, as family is considered the basic unit of society. The Prophet Mohammed said, “Marriage is
2 3 4 5 6
tent&view=article&id=3910:muslim-inbreeding-impacts-on-intelligence-sanity-health-and-society&catid=294:social-practices-interactions&Itemid=61 Bittles, AH (1994), “The Role and Significance of Consanguinity as a Demographic Variable,” Population and Development Review, 561‐584. Conniff, R. (2003), Go Ahead Kiss Your Cousin, Heck, marry her if you want to, August issue, Discover science for the curious from: http://discovermagazine.com/2003/aug/featkiss Teebi, A.S., Farag, T.I., eds. 1997, Genetic Disorders Among Arab Populations, New York: Oxford University Press. Kershaw, S., 2009, “Shaking Off the Shame.” The New York Times, Nov. 26, P. D1 Paul DB, Spencer HG (2008) “It's Ok, We’re Not Cousins by Blood”: The Cousin Marriage Controversy in Historical Perspective. PLoS Biol 6(12): e320. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060320
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my Sunnah (divinely guided way of life). Whoever is displeased with my Sunnah is not from among us” (Al-Bukhari, Vol. 7, pp. 1-2, # 1). This is to say that marriage is designed to protect people against immortality, and it is highly appreciated and encouraged in Islam. In many hadith, he asked men to be gentle and kind to their wives. One such hadith is: “The most perfect believer in faith is the best of them in character and the best of you in character is he who is best to his family” (At-Tirmithi, Vol. 1, pp. 340, # 928). Another hadith is: “Fear Allah in dealing with your women because you have taken them in your trust by Allah’s permission...” (Muslim, Vol. 2, pp. 615-6, # 2083). Two verses from the Qur’an are: “And women have right corresponding to the obligations on them, according to what is equitable…” (2:228) and “… Live with them (women) in equity….” (4:19). Traditionally, the groom, with the support of his family, is responsible for marriage expenses as: ceremonies, bridal gifts, housing and paying a dowry for the bride. The festive culture surrounding the marriage, makes it costly and in some cases as an economic burden on the groom. One popular culture in wedding is to invite all relatives, neighbors and friends to the wedding. The attendees would be in hundreds of numbers and dinner should be served for all. To conclude this section, in the Arab world, marriage is the norm as pre-marital relations are not allowed and considered shameful.
Grammar: Kana wa akhawatoha ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥΎϛ The verb ϥΎϛ in Arabic is almost the same as the verb “to be” in English. It is used to state actions in the past. ϥΎϛ is conjugated like other verbs, according to the subject it is describing. It means was and it is used to mean that the whole sentence happened in the past. If we want to describe things in the future we may use ϥϮϜϴγ . It is conjugated as all other verbs as it has its forms in present, past and future tense. An example is: Future
ϲΒΘϜϣ ϲϓ ϥϮϛ΄γ Sa’koono fee maktabi
Past
ϲΒΘϜϣ ϲϓ ΖϨϛ Konto fee maktabi
Present
ϲΒΘϜϣ ϲϓ ϥϮϛ Akoon fee maktabi
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Here is the conjugation of the verb ϥΎϛ : Transliteration
Sa’koon Sanakoon Satakoon Satakooneen Satakoonan Satakoonoon Sayakoon Satakoon Sayakoonan Sayakoonoon
Future
ϥϮϛ΄γ ϥϮϜϨγ ϥϮϜΘγ ϦϴϧϮϜΘγ ϥΎϧϮϜΘγ ϥϮϧϮϜΘγ ϥϮϜϴγ ϥϮϜΘγ ϥΎϧϮϜϴγ ϥϮϧϮϜϴγ
Transliteration
Akoon Nakoon Takoon Takooneen Takoonan Takoonoon Yakoon Takoon Yakoonan Yakoonoon
Present
ϥϮϛ ϥϮϜϧ ϥϮϜΗ ϦϴϧϮϜΗ ϥΎϧϮϜΗ ϥϮϧϮϜΗ ϥϮϜϳ ϥϮϜΗ ϥΎϧϮϜϳ ϥϮϧϮϜϳ
Transliteration
Konto Konna Konta Konti Kontoma Kontom Kana Kanat Kana Kanoo
Past
Pronoun
ΖϨϛ ΎϨϛ ˴ ΖϨϛ Ζ ˶ Ϩϛ ΎϤΘϨϛ ϢΘϨϛ ϥΎϛ ΖϧΎϛ ΎϧΎϛ ϮϧΎϛ
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ
Note the conjugation is almost the same as other verbs. An example (the room is big)
˲ΓήϴΒϛ ˵Δϓήϐϟ alghorfato kabeeraton would be kanat alghorfato kabeeratan ˱ΓήϴΒϛ ˵Δϓήϐϟ ΖϧΎϛ ϥΎϛ has sisters. They are called sisters because they have the same effect on the nominal sentence when they precede it. The subject of the nominal sentences is called ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴ Ϣ˵ γ˸ and it keeps ˸ ˵ ˲ Ϯϓ ˸ήϣ˴ while the predicate or ή˵ ˴ΒΨ˴ ϟ in Arabic takes the accusative its nominative case, that is ω ˴ case and it is called ϥΎ ϛ ή Β Χ ˵ ˴ ˴ ˴ khabar kana.
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The sisters of ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴ are: Example
Meaning
ΎϤΎϏ ˵βϘτϟ ϥΎϛ Kana attaqso gha’man. The weather was cloudy.
˱Ϊϴόγ ˵ΐϟΎτϟ ϝίΎϣ Ma zala attalibo sa’eedan. The student is still happy.
ΓΪΣϭ ˱Δϳήϗ Ϣ˵ ϟΎόϟ Βλ
Asbaha ala’lam qaryatan wahida. The world becomes one village.
˱ΔΣϮΘϔϣ ˵ΔγέΪϤϟ Ζ˷Ϡυ Thallat alghorfato maftohatan. The school is still open.
˱ΔϏέΎϓ ˵Δϓήϐϟ ΕέΎλ Sarat alghorfato farigha. The room became empty.
˱ϼϴϤΟ ˵βϘτϟ ϰδϣ Amsa attaqso jameelan. The weather became beautiful in the evening.
Transliteration
ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴
Was
Kana
Still is
Ma zala
ϝίΎϣ
Became, something happened in the morning
Asbaha
Βλ
Continue
Thalla
Became, something changed
Sara
έΎλ
Became, something happened in the evening
Amsa
ϰδϣ
Ϟ˷ υ
In short, there are several features of ϥΎϛ and its sisters, when added to nominal sentences: a) It provides a time frame b) It affects the predicate of the nominal sentence. It should be accusative (have fat-ha) all the times c) The subject of the nominal sentence will keep its dhamma all the time d) The same rules of ϥΎ ˴ ϛ˴ conjugation are applied to all the sisters. 16.1. Practice
(see Answer Key)
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of ϥΎϛ:
.βϣ ΔγέΪϤϟ ϲϓ
.˱ΪϏ ϲΑΩ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ ΎϬΘΧ ϭ Ϟϣ ϲΘϘϳΪλ
1. 2.
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ˮϦϴϣϮϳ ϞΒϗ ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ Ϟϫ .βϣ ΫΎΘγϷ ΐΘϜϣ ϲϓ ΔϣΎγ ϭ ΪϤΣ .ϲοΎϤϟ ΪΣϷ ϡϮϳ ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ .ϡΩΎϘϟ ϦϴϨΛϻ ϡϮϳ ϲΘϠΎϋ ϭ Ύϧ ϢϛΪϨϋ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ϲϓ αέΪϳ ϲϘϳΪλ 16.1. Practice
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
(see Answer Key)
ˮΪΣϷ ϡϮϳ ˮϚόϣ ΏΩϷ ϥϮγέΪϳ .ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ ϰϟ ϊϤΘδϧ .ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόΗ ϲϣ .ΔϴοΎϤϟ ΔϨδϟ ϲϓ ΎϨϫ ϦϜγ ˮβϣ ΓέΎϴδϟ ϲϓ Ϟϛ΄Η ˮϲοΎϤϟ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϓ ˮϚόϣ αέΪΗ .ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓϮϬϘϟ Ώήθϧ .ϡΎϳ ΔόΑέ ϕΪϨϔϟ ϲϓ
(ϢΘϧ + ϥΎϛ) Ϧϳ (Ϣϫ+ Βλ) Ϟϫ (ϦΤϧ+ ϰδϣ) (ϲϫ+ Ϟ˷ υ) (Ύϧ+ έΎλ) ˴ + ϥΎϛ) Ϟϫ (Ζϧ (Ζϧ + ϥΎϛ) Ϧϳ (ϲϫ+ ϝί Ύϣ) Ϟϫ (ϦΤϧ + Βλ) (Ϣϫ + Ϟ˷ υ)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
16.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:
.άϫ – ήϬθϟ – ϪϧϷ – ξϳήϣ – ϖϳήϔϟ – ϊϣ – ΐόϠϳ – ΪϤΤϣ – ϻ
1.
.Ϊϴλ - ΔϠϳϮρ – ϲπϘϳ – ϥΎϛ – ϲϓ – ௌΪΒϋ – ΕΎϋΎγ – έϮϴτϟ
2.
.ϞπϔΗ – ϲόϴΒτϟ – Νϼόϟ – ϲΗΪΟ
3.
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.ΪόΑ -ϰϔθΘδϤϟ – Ϫϟ – ϲϓ – ΖϳήΟ˵ – ΔϴϠϤϋ – ΔΤΟΎϧ -ΙΩΎΤϟ
4.
.ΎϜϳήϣ - ϲϓ – ϲϫ – αέΪΗ – ΐτϟ
5.
16.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with words from the list:
– ϦϴΒϫάΘγ – ϥϮγέΪϳ – ΕάΧ - ϲΘϟ – ϱάϟ – ΖδϠΟ – Ϊϳέ ΖϳήΘη .ΏΎΒϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϲγήϜϟ ϰϠϋ Ϟϣ .ϲϠϋ Ϧϣ ΏΎΘϜϟ .ϦΧΎδϟ ϱΎθϟ Ϧϣ ΎΑϮϛ Ύϧ .ϦϴϋϮΒγ ϞΒϗ ˯ΩϮγ ΓΪϳΪΟ ΓέΎϴγ .ΔϤϳΪϘϟ ΓέΎϤόϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϡϮϠόϟ ΔϴϠϛ ϲϓ Ϣϫ .ΓέΎγ Ύϳ ΔγέΪϤϟ ϰϟ ϰΘϣ .ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϥΎϛ ϡΎότϟ Ϧϣ ϑϮϴπϟ Ϟϛ .ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ αέΪΗ ΓΫΎΘγϷ ϰϟ ΎϨόϤΘγ 16.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the following using the correct form of ϥΎϛ :
1. You used to love scientific films. 2. They were reading the novel. 3. We were watching the horror movie. 4. They (2 people) have left before we came. 5. I used to enjoy reading poetry. 6. Tea was cold so I did not drink it.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
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7. I was afraid. 8. Our room was very big and cold. 9. The winds were very strong. 10. She had a flu, so she went to the doctor. 16.6. Practice To review your comparatives, conjugate the adjectives between brackets:
(ΔϠϴϤΟ) ˮϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔϨϳΪϣ (ΓήϴΒϛ) ˮϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΪϠΑ (ϞϳϮρ) ˮΎϜϳήϣ ϲϓ ήϬϧ (Γήϴϐλ) .ϦϴΘϨδΑ ΎϬΟϭί Ϧϣ (ϞϬγ) ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ Ϧϣ (ήϴΜϛ) .ΓΪΣϭ Δϐϟ Ϧϣ (ϢϳΪϗ) .ϖθϣΩ ΔϨϳΪϣ έΎΛ Ϧϣ (ϦδΣ) ˮΎϨϫ Ϣότϣ
Ϣγ Ύϣ Ϣγ Ύϣ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ϲϫ ΔϳΰϴϠΠϧϻ ΔϐϠϟ ϢϠϜΘΗ ϯΪϫ ΓήϫΎϘϟ έΎΛ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
16.7. Practice Change the following into singular:
: ˯ΎϤγ : ΩΪϋ : ϊϴΑΎγ : ϦϴΟΎϨϓ : ˯ήϣ 16.8. Practice Reading:
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
: ϡΎϳ :ΕϮΧ : ϕέϭ : ΔϠΌγ : ˯ΎϨΑ
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
(see Answer Key)
ϰΘΣ ϭ ΪΣϷ ϡϮϳ ΪΒΗ ΔϴϤγήϟ ϞϤόϟ ϡΎϳ ϥϮϜΗ ΔϴΑήόϟ ϝϭΪϟ Ϣψόϣ ϲϓ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΎϣϮϳ ΎϤϫ ΖΒδϟ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ ϲϣϮϳ ϥΎϓ ϚϟάΑ ϭ .βϴϤΨϟ ϡϮϳ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ Ϧϣ ΕΎϛήθϟ ϲϓ ϡϭΪϟ ΪΒϳ ΓΩΎϋ .ωϮΒγϷ
Marriage in the Arab World (Azzawaj enda al’arab)
213
ϭ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ Ϧϣ ϢΛ ϭ ήϬυ Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϰΘΣ ΎΣΎΒλ ϞϤόϟ ϡΎϳ ϝϮρ ˯Ύδϣ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔγΩΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϰΘΣ ήμϋ ϒμϨϟ ΕΎϋΎγ ϥϮϜΘϓ αέΪϤϟ ϭ ΔϴϣϮϜΤϟ ΕΎδγΆϤϠϟ ΔΒδϨϟΎΑ Ύϣ .ΔϴϋϮΒγϷ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϰΘΣ ΎΣΎΒλ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ Ϧϣ ΎϬϴϓ ϞϤόϟ .ήϬυ Now answer the following questions from what you read:
ˮΔϴΑήόϟ ϝϭΪϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ ϡΎϳ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ϡΎϳ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮΕΎϛήθϟ ϲϓ ϡϭΪϟ ΪΒϳ ϰΘϣ ˮΔϴϣϮϜΤϟ ΕΎδγΆϤϟ ϲϓ ϡϭΪϟ ϲϬΘϨϳ ϰΘϣ ϝϭΪϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϭ ϙΪϠΑ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϥέΎϗ !ΔϴΑήόϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
16.9. Practice Underline the suitable word in parentheses:
.ΖϳϮϜϟ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΓήϠΠΘϟ (αέΪϳ – αέΪΗ – αέΩ) Ύϧ .ΓήϴΜϛ ΐΘϛ ϭ ΕϼΠϣ ϲΒΘϜϣ (ϲϓ – Ϧϣ – ϰϠϋ) – ωέΎθϟ – ϒΤΘϤϟ) ϲϓ ϲΎϗΪλ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ Ώήη ϥ ΐΣ .(ϰϬϘϤϟ ϡϮϨϟ Ϧϣ ϮΤλ ( ήϬθϟ – ωϮΒγϷ – ϡϮϴϟ) ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ϲϓ .ήΧ΄Θϣ .ϡϮϴϟ ϢότϤϟ ϰϟ (ΎΒϫΫ – ϮΒϫΫ – ΐϫάΗ) ΎϬΘϠΎϋ ϭ Ϟϣ ϭ ΐόϠϟ ϲϓ ϢϬΘϗϭ (ϲπϘϳ – ϥϮπϘϳ – ϥΎϴπϘϳ) ΪϤΤϣ ϭ ΪϤΣ .ίΎϔϠΘϟ ΓΪϫΎθϣ .ΪϟΎΧ Ύϳ ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤόΗ ϥ (ϥϮδϨΗ – ϲ˴ δϧ – ϰδϨΗ) ϻ
1. 2. 3.
4.
5. 6.
7.
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ˮωϮΒγ Ϟϛ ΔϠΎόϟ ϊϣ ϞόϔΗ (ϰΘϣ – Ϧϣ – ΫΎϣ) .ΪϳήΒϟ ΔτΤϣ ϲϓ ϥϼϤόϳ (Ϣϫ – ΎϤϫ – ϲϫ) .ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϲϫ ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ (ήϐλ - Γήϴϐλ – ήϴϐλ) Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
8. 9. 10.
Lesson 17
ήθϋ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Arabic Proverbs
ΔϴΑήϋ ϝΎΜϣ Amthal Arrabiyyah
Objectives: 1. Grammar: ina w a akhawatuha 2. Culture: Most Popular Idioms
3. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸νήϏ˸ ˴
Belongings
Aghradh
Father
–
– Walid
Mother
–
– Walida
Magazine
Majjalat
Story
Qissas
Stay
–
Author
Mo’lifoon/ mo’lifeen
Producer
Mokhrijoon/ mokhrijeen
Actor
Momathiloon/ momathileen
˸ ϼ˷ Π˴ ϣ˴ Ε ˸κμ ˴ ˶ϗ
Gharad
Majjallah Qissa
– Baqiya/yabqa
˸ ͋ϟΆ˴ ϣ˵ ˸ ͋ϟΆ˴ ϣ˵ /ϥϮϔ Ϧϴϔ ˸ ή˶ Ψ˸ ϣ˵ /ϥϮΟ ˸ ή˶ Ψ˸ ϣ˵ ϦϴΟ ˸ ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ ϦϴϠ˸ ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ /ϥϮϠ
Word
˸νή˴ Ϗ˴ Ϊ˸ ˶ϟϭ ΓΪ˶ϟϭ Δ͉ϠΠ˴ ϣ˴ Δ˷μ˶ϗ ϰϘ˸Β˴Η /ϰϘΑ
Mo’alif
˸ ͋ϟΆ˴ ϣ˵ ϒ
Mokhrij
˸Νή˶ Ψ˸ ϣ˵
Momathil
˸Ϟ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵
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Lesson 17 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ Εϼ ˸ ϴΣή˴ δ˸ ϣ˴ ΕΎ˷ ϡ˸ ϼϓ˸ ˴ ˸κμ ˴ ˶ϗ ˸ ΕΎϳϭ έ˶
Actress
Momathilat
A play
Masrahiyyat
Film
Aflam
Story
Qissas
Novel
Riwayat
Horror
–
– Ro’b
Romantic
–
– A’tifi
Science
-
- Elmi
Imagination
Khayalat
Science fiction
–
Poem
Asha’ar
Poet
Sho’ra’
Song
Aghani
Effect
–
– Ta’theer
Affecting
–
– Mo’ather
Criticism
–
– Naqada
Absence
–
– Ghiyab
Unanimous
Maj-hooleen
Written by
–
Cupboard
Khaza’en
Mirror
Maraya
ΕϻΎϴΧ
Momathilah Masrahiyyah Film Qissa Riwaya
Khayal
– Khayal elmi
˸έΎόη˸ ˴ ˯ή ˸ ό˴ η˵ ϲϧΎϏ˴
˸ ˸Πϣ˴ ϦϴϟϮϬ
Sh’er Sha’ar Oghniyyah
Majhool
– Men ta’leef
ϦΰΧ Ύϳήϣ
Khezana Mera’ah
Word
Δ˸ Ϡ͋ΜϤ˴ ϣ˵ Δ˷ϴΣή˴ δ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ Ϣ˸ Ϡϴϓ Δ˷μ˶ϗ Δϳϭέ˶ ˸ΐϋ˸ έ˵ ϲϔ ˸ ρΎϋ ˶ ϲϤ ˸ Ϡ˸ ϋ˶ ˸ϝΎϴ˴Χ ϲϤ ˸ Ϡ˸ ϋ˶ ˸ϝΎϴ˴Χ ˸ή˸όη˶ ˸ήϋ˶ Ύη ΔϴϨϏ˸ ˵ ˸ήϴΛ˸΄˴Η ˸ή͋ΛΆ˴ ϣ˵ Ϊ˸ Ϙ˸ ˴ϧ ˸ΏΎϴϏ ˸ϝϮϬ ˸Πϣ˴ ˸ ˸΄Η Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϒϴϟ ΔϧΰΧ˴ Γ ˸ήϣ˶
Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
ΕϻΎδϏ ϥήϓ ΕΎΟϼΛ ϯή˴ ˵ϗ
Washer
Ghassalat
Stove
Afran
Refrigerator
Thallajat
Village
Qora
Morning
–
– Sabah
Evening
–
– Massa’
Fruit
Fawakih
ϪϛϮϓ
Ghassalah Forn Thallaja Qaryah
Fakihah
217
Word
ΔϟΎ˷δϏ˴ ϥ˸ ˸ή˶ϓ ΔΟϼ˷ ˴Λ Δϳ ˸ή˴ϗ ˸ΡΎΒλ ˴ ˯Ύδ ˸ ϣ˴ ΔϬϛ˶ Ύϓ
Most popular idioms and Proverbs As in all world languages, Arabic has its own idiomatic expressions ϝΎΜϣ amthal / Εή ˴ ϴ˸ ˶Βό˸ ˴Η Δ͉ϴΣϼ ˶ τ˶ ˸λ˶ or ta’beerat istilahiyah. Idiomatic expressions ϝΎΜϣ refer to idioms that cannot be understood literally but they have a story behind them and are used in certain situations. These expressions might be difficult to comprehend for non-native speakers. Here are few examples of idioms: “Returned back with pair of Hunain’s shoes” (Ϧϴ˴ϨΣ ˵
ϲ˷ϔΨΑ ϊΟέ raja’ bekhofay honain).
The meaning of this idiom is “to come back empty-handed.” The origin of the idiom goes back to the following story: A man came by Hunanin, a shoemaker, to buy pair of shoes. He kept on bargaining with Hunanin hoping he’d sell him the shoes for lowest price. Not reaching a figure he’d be satisfied with, he decided to leave Hunain without buying the shoes. Hunain became dismayed that the buyer wasted his time haggling with him and not appreciating the quality of his craftsmanship. He then decided to teach him a lesson. Predicting travel route the man would take, Hunain took the pair of shoes he wanted and threw the shoes on the road at a distant from each other’s and hid at the side of the road where he could watch the buyer’s route and could not be seen. The man eventually came riding on his camel and saw the first piece of the pair in the middle of road and said to himself: This looks like the shoes I wanted to buy from Hunain but kept on riding. After few yards, he saw the other piece of the pair. This time he descended from his camel and walked back to where he saw the first pair to pick it up. Hunain immediately came out of his hiding place, stole the camel with its all goods and ran away. When the man came back there was nothings. He looked and looked but could not find his belongings, so he went back
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to his town on foot. People in the town asked him about his trip and the goods he brought back with him, he answered with disappointment: “I returned with Humanin’s shoes.” Later on, when anyone goes to do something and cannot achieve what he wants, people would use the expression “Returned back with pair of Hunain’s shoes” meaning: ϦϴϨΣ ϲ˷ϔΨΑ ϊΟέ The second example is: jawe’ kalbak yatba’ak « ϚόΒΘϳ so it follows you.”
ϚΒϠϛ ωϮΟ ˶ meaning: “Starve your dog
The proverb is attributed to one of Himyarite’s tyrant kings. It is common fact throughout history that dictators and tyrants use all kinds of cruelties and inhumane practices, including starving the people to subjugate and force them to surrender to their demands. Witnessing the dire situation of the starving citizens and fearing grave consequences, the king’s advisors as well as his wife expressed their deep concerns of the continuous worsening conditions and recommended to the king to ease their distress. With utter contempt and disregard to their advice he replied: “starve your dog and it will follow you.” The idiom is continued to be used when someone wants to be in control and make his people follow his orders without discussion, so he will control their benefits. Other few idioms that have English equivalents are: •
ϦϴΗήϣ ήΤΟ Ϧϣ ϦϣΆϤϟ ύΪϠ˵ϳ ϻ la yoldagh almo/men men johr maratayn: the exact meaning is that a believer will not be bitten twice from the same hole. It is the same as “Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me.”
•
έΎϤΤϟ Ϣ˷Ϡόϳ έήϜΘϟ attikrar yo’alim alhimar means repetition teaches the donkey. It is the same as “Practice makes perfect.”
•
ϊϘΗ ΎϬϟΎϜη ϰϠϋ έϮϴτϟ attoyyor ala ashkaliha taqa’ is the same as “Birds of feather flock together.”
•
ΪγϷ ϙΫ Ϧϣ ϞΒθϟ ϙΎϫ hatha ashiblo men hathat alasad means this cub is from that lion. It is the same as “Like mother, like daughter.”
˷ : ina w a akhawatuha ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥ ˷ ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥ are used to identify or highlight the topic of the sentence. As in the case of ϥΎϛ ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ they highlight the noun following it as the topic of the sentence. Both introduce the nominal sentences.
˷ : is that ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥΎϛ are verbs while The difference between ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥΎϛ and ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥ ˷ are particles. Additionally: ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥ ˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ and the predicate is called ϥ ˷ ή˵ ˴ΒΧ˴ 1. The subject of the sentences is called ϥ ˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ takes the accusative case, that is ΏϮμϨϣ while the predicate or ή˵ ˴ΒΧ˴ 2. The subject or ϥ ˷ϥ keeps its nominative case, that is ω ˲ Ϯ˵ϓ ˸ήϣ˴
Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah)
The sisters of
219
˷ are: ϥ
Meaning / Transliteration
Meaning / Transliteration
Example
The test is close. Inna alimtihan qareeb.
˷ . ˲ΐϳήϗ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ ϥ ˴
It gives confirmation Inna
˷ ϥ
Βλ ΎϬΘϴΑ ϥ΄ϛ .ϥϵ ΰϫΎΟ
Used for comparison, as if Ka’anna
ϥ΄ϛ
But or however Lakinna
ϦϜϟ
Gives the impression of expectation La’alla
Ϟ˷ όϟ
Because Lia’nna
ϥϷ
It looks like her house is ready. Ka’anna baytaha asbaha jahizan alaan. He wants to come but he is busy. Howa yoreed an yahdor lakinnaho mash-ghool.
ήπΤϳ ϥ Ϊϳήϳ Ϯϫ .ϝϮϐθϣ ϪϨϜϟ
He might be sleeping. La’llaho na’im.
.ϢΎϧ ΔϠόϟ
He knows how to swim because he learned at the club. Howa ya’rif assibaha linnaho ta’lama fii annadi.
˷ ΎϬΗϮΧ ϭ ϥ
ΔΣΎΒδϟ ϑήόϳ Ϯϫ .ϱΩΎϨϟ ϲϓ ϢϠόΗ ϪϧϷ
˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ism inna is a pronoun, then it should be attached to ϥ ˷ When ϥ for a detailed conjugation:
Ϣ˵ γ˸ . Look at the table
Transliteration ˷ / ϥϷ
Transliteration / Ϟ˷ όϟ
Transliteration / ϦϜϟ
Transliteration / ϥ΄ϛ
Transliteration ˷ / ϥ
Lia’nnani
La’allani
Lakinnani
Ka’annani
Innani
ϲϨϧϷ Lia’nnana
ΎϨϧϷ Lia’nnaka
˴ ϚϧϷ
ϲϨϠόϟ La’allana
ΎϨϠόϟ La’allaka
Ϛ ˴ Ϡόϟ
ϲϨϨϜϟ Lakinnana
ΎϨϨϜϟ Lakinnaka
ϚϨϜϟ
ϲϨϧ΄ϛ Ka’annana
Ka’annaka
Ϛ ˴ ϧ΄ϛ
ϲϨϧ
Ύϧ
ΎϨϧ
ϦΤϧ
Ϛ ˴ ϧ
˴ Ζϧ
Innana
ΎϨϧ΄ϛ
Pronoun
Innaka
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Lesson 17
Transliteration ˷ / ϥϷ
Transliteration / Ϟ˷ όϟ
Transliteration / ϦϜϟ
Transliteration / ϥ΄ϛ
Transliteration ˷ / ϥ
Lia’nnaki
La’allaki
Lakinnaki
Ka’annaki
Innaki
ϚϧϷ ˶ Lia’nnakoma
ϚϠόϟ ˶ La’allakoma
ΎϤϜϧϷ Lia’nnakom
ΎϤϜϠόϟ La’allakom
ϢϜϧϷ Lia’nnaho
La’allaho
Lia’nnaha
Ϫ˷Ϡόϟ
La’allaha
ΎϬ˷Ϡόϟ
˴ ΎϬϧϷ Lia’nnahoma
La’allahoma
ΎϤϬ˷Ϡόϟ
˴ ΎϤϬϧϷ Lia’nnahom
La’allahom
˴ ϢϬϧϷ
Ϛϧ΄ϛ ˶
Lakinnakoma
Ka’annakoma
ΎϤϜϨϜϟ
ΎϤϜϧ΄ϛ
Lakinnakom
ϢϜϠόϟ
ϪϧϷ
ϚϨϜϟ ˶
ϢϬ˷Ϡόϟ
Ka’annakom
ϢϜϨϜϟ Lakinnaho
Ka’annaho
ΎϤϜϧ Innakom
Ϫϧ
Ϯϫ
ΎϬϧ
ϲϫ
Innaha
ΎϬϧ΄ϛ
Lakinnahoma
Ka’annahoma
ΎϤϬϨϜϟ
ΎϤϬϧ΄ϛ Ka’annahom
ϢϬϨϜϟ
ϢϬϧ΄ϛ
ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ
Ϫϧ΄ϛ Ka’annaho
Ζ ˶ ϧ
ϢϜϧ Innaho
ΎϬ˷ϨϜϟ
Lakinnahom
Innakoma
ϢϜϧ΄ϛ
Ϫ˷ϨϜϟ Lakinnaha
Ϛϧ ˶
Pronoun
Innahoma
ΎϤϬϧ Innahom
ϢϬϧ
ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ
Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Sentence
She prefers walking more than riding a car.
Innaha tofaedl almashi akthar men rokoob assayarah
ήΜϛ ϲθϤϟ ϞπϔΗ ΎϬϧ ΓέΎϴδϟ ΏϮϛέ Ϧϣ
It looks like its going to rain today.
La’la attaqs momter alyawm
ήτϤϣ βϘτϟ Ϟ˷ όϟ ϡϮϴϟ
I know her but I am not sure of her name.
Ana a’refoha lakinnani ghair mota’kida men ismoha
ήϴϏ ϲϨϜϟ ϭ ΎϬϓήϋ Ύϧ ΎϬϤγ Ϧϣ ΓΪϛ΄Θϣ
Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah) Meaning
She’s late because she slept late yesterday.
Transliteration
Hiya ta’kharat li’naha namat mota’khira ams.
221
Sentence
ΎϬϧϷ ΕήΧ΄Η ϲϫ .βϣ ΓήΧ΄Θϣ ΖϣΎϧ
17.1. Practice (see Answer Key) ˷ Ϣ˵ γ˸ ism inna) and circle ϥ ˷ ή˵ ˴ΒΧ˴ (khabar inna) and add the case endings on them Underline ( ϥ in the following sentences:
ΪϳΪΟ ΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΒΘϜϳ ΎϤϬϧ .ϡϮϴϟ ϥΎΒόΗ Ϫϧ΄ϛ ϭέάΘϋ ϢϬϨϜϟ ϭήπΤϳ ϥ ϢϬϟ ΖϠϗ Δπϳήϣ ΎϬϧϷ ϞϔΤϟ ϰϟ ήπΤΗ Ϣϟ ΓΪϳΪΟ ϢϫέΎϜϓ Ϟόϟ ϢϬϟ΄γ ΪΟ ΟΎϧ ϞΟέ ϢϫϮΑ ϥ .ήΧ ϥΎϜϣ ϰϟ ϮΒϫΫ ϢϬϠόϟ ΎϨϫ ΪΣ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ 17.2. Practice Reading:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
(see Answer Key)
ϩΪϋΎδϴϟ ήϬψϟ Γϼλ ΪόΑ ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ϪϴΑ ϊϣ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΓήϴΒϛ ΔΒϴϘΣ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ άΧ΄ϳ .ΖϴΒϠϟ νήϏ Ϧϣ ϪϧϮΟΎΘΤϳ Ύϣ ˯ήη ϲϓ ϩΪϟϭ ΪϋΎδϴϟ ϯήΧ ΔΒϴϘΣ ˯ϼϋ ϞϤΤϳ ϭ νήϏϷ ΎϬϴϓ ϊπϴϟ Δόϣ ΔϠΠϣ ˯ήθϟ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΎΒϫάϳ ΔϳΪΒϟ ϲϓ .ϪϧϭήΘθϳ Ύϣ ξόΑ ϞϤΣ ϲϓ ϞΒϗ ΎϬϴϓ ήϘϴϟ Δμϗ ˯ϼϋ ϱήΘθϳ ΎϧΎϴΣ .ήϴΜϛ ΎϬϧΎΒΤϳ ΎϤϬϧϷ "ϲΑήόϟ" .ϡΎϨϳ ϥ ϝϼΧ ϢϬϴϔϜϴϟ ΝΎΟΪϟ ϭ ϢΤϠϟ ΎϳήΘθϳ ϭ ϢΤϠϟ ϕϮγ ϰϟ ΎΒϫάϳ ϚϟΫ ΪόΑ ϝΎϘΗήΒϟ ϭ ΡΎϔΘϟ ϭ ίϮϤϟ ϥΎϳήΘθϳ ϭ ΔϬϛΎϔϟ ϞΤϣ ϰϟ ΎΒϫάϳ ϢΛ .ωϮΒγϷ ΐΤΗ ˯ϼϋ ϡ ϭ ϝΎϘΗήΒϟ ϭ ίϮϤϟ ΐΤϳ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ .ήπΧϷ ΐϨόϟ ϭ .ΡΎϔΘϟ ΐΤϴϓ ˯ϼϋ Ύϣ ήπΧϷ ΐϨόϟ
222
Lesson 17
ΖϴΒϟ ϰϟ ΩϮόϳ ϥ ϞΒϗ ϦϜϟ ϭ ΓέΎϴδϟ ϲϓ νήϏϷ ϪϴΑ ϭ ˯ϼϋ ϊοϭ ϢϬΘϴΑ ΐϧΎΠΑ ΓϮϬϘϟ ϞΤϣ ϰϟ ΎΒϫάϓ ΓϮϬϘϟ ϥϮΟΎΘΤϳ ϢϬϧ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ ήϛάΗ Ϧϣ ϩϭήΘη Ύϣ Ϟϛ ϥϮϠϤΤϳ Ϣϫ ϭ ΖϴΒϟ ϰϟ ϭΩΎϋ ϢΛ .ΓϮϬϘϟ ΎϳήΘη ϭ .ϕϮδϟ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ϭ ϥϮϠϛ΄ϳ ΎόϴϤΟ ϮδϠΠϓ ˯Ϊϐϟ ϡΎόρ ΕΪϋ Ϊϗ ˯ϼϋ ϡ ΖϧΎϛ .ϡΩΎϘϟ ωϮΒγϷ ϝϼΧ ϥϮϠόϔϴγ ΎϤϋ ϭ ϢϬόϣ ΙΪΣ ΎϤϋ Now answer the following questions:
ˮϪϴΑ ϊϣ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ Ϧϳ ˮϪϴΑ ϊϣ ΐϫάϳ ϰΘϣ ˮΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ϩϮΑ ϭ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΫΎϤϟ ˮΔϬϛΎϔϟ Ϧϣ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ ΐΤϳ ΫΎϣ ˮΖϴΒϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ ϥ ϞΒϗ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ ήϛάΗ ΫΎϣ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
17.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the most suitable word between brackets:
.ΎΣΎΒλ ΔγΩΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϮϏΎϜϴη ϰϟ (ϰϨϣ – ΪϤΣ) Ϟμϳ ˮϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϰϘϴΘγ (ϰΘϣ – ΎϣϮϳ – ϙΪϨϋ) Ϣϛ ˮϥΎϤϳ Ύϳ (ϦϴγέΪΗ - αέΩ – αέΪΗ ) Ϧϳ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ϰϟ ΪϏ ϪΘϠΎϋ ϊϣ (ήϓΎδΘγ – ήϓΎδϴγ – ϥϭήϓΎδϳ) ΪϟΎΧ .ϲΎϗΪλ Ύϳ ϰϬϘϤϟ ϰϟ ΏΎϫάϟ (ϥϭΪϳήΗ – ϥΪϳήΗ – ΪϳήΗ) Ϟϫ .ΪΟ (Γήϴμϗ – ΔϠϳϮρ – ϞϳϮρ) ϞΟήϟ άϫ .(ϥΎΒόΗ – ϥΎθτϋ – ήϴϐλ) ΎϨΘϴΑ .ϲΎϗΪλ (ϕϮϓ – ϲϓ – ϊϣ) ΓέΎΒϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ΄γ ˮϰϨϣ ϚΘϟΎΧ (˯ϻΆϫ - άϫ – ϩάϫ) Ϟϫ .ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ϞϛϷ (ϦϴΒΤΗ – ϥϮΒΤϳ – ΐΤϳ) ϻ Ϣϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Arabic Proverbs (Amthal Arrabiyyah)
17.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Change into plural:
.ϳήϣ ϲγήϜϟ .ΔϠϳϮρ ΖϨΒϟ .ΔϏέΎϓ ϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϡϮϨϟ ΔϓήϏ .ΔϠϴϤΟ ΔϘϳΪΣ ΪΟϮϳ .ΓήϴΒϛ ΓέΎϤϋ ϲϓ Γήϴϐλ ΔϘη ϩάϫ
223
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
17.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list:
έΎΒΧϷ – ΓΪϳήΠϟ – ΔϟΎγέ – ϲϧΎϏϷ – ΓήΛΆϣ .ΡΎΒλ Ϟϛ ήϗ ϥ ΐΣ .ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϪϴΑϷ ˯ϼϋ ΐΘϜϳ ˮ ϰϟ ϊϤΘδΗ ϥ ΐΤΗ Ϟϫ .ΪΟ ϪΒΘϛ ϭ έϮϬθϣ ϒϟΆϣ Ϯϫ .ΖϧήΘϧϻ ϰϠϋ ϥϭήϘϳ ϲΎϗΪλ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
17.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:
.ϯήΘη - ΔϴϜϳήϣ – ΓέΎϴγ – ΪϤΣ
1.
.ϒϴμϟ - ϰϟ – ϲϓ – ΐϫάϳ – αΎϨϟ – ήΤΒϟ
2.
.ΐΘϜϣ – ΫΎΘγϷ – άϫ – ΡΎΘϔϣ
3.
.ΎϜϳήϣ – ΓήΎτϟΎΑ – ϰϟ – Ϧϣ – ΎϴϛήΗ – ΕήϓΎγ
4.
.ήϬη – ΖϠλϭ – ϥΩέϷ – ήΒϤϓϮϧ – ϲϓ – ϰϟ
5.
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Lesson 17
17.7. Practice (see Answer Key) To review question words, form questions from the following statements:
.ΪϤΣ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϩάϫ .ήϤΣϷ Ϯϫ ϞπϔϤϟ ϲϧϮϟ .ΩΎόγ Ϯϫ ϲΘϘϳΪλ Ϣγ
ήϗϷ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ .ΓάϓΎϧ Ϧϳήθϋ ϲϟΰϨϣ ϲϓ .ΪΣϭ ΐϠϛ ϭ ςτϗ ϊΑέ ϱΪϨϋ
2. 4. 6.
1. 3. 5.
17.8. Practice To review your attached pronouns, attach the suitable pronoun for the following nouns:
= = = = =
Ϣϫ + ϖΎγ ϲϫ + Δμϗ Ύϧ + ΓέΎψϧ Ζϧ + ΔϋΎγ ˴ + ΡΎΘϔϣ Ζϧ
Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
= ϲϫ + ΓήΎρ = ΎϤϫ + ΓΪϟϭ = ϦΤϧ + ΔγέΪϣ = ΎϤϫ + ΔΟέΩ = ϦΤϧ + ΰΒΨϣ
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
Lesson 18
ήθϋ ΔϨϣΎΜϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ The Term “Middle East”
ςγϭϷ ϕήθϟ Asharq alawsat
Objectives: 1. Vocabulary: The Environment 2. Grammar: Relative Nouns: Ϧϳάϟ
3. Culture: The Term “Middle East” 4. Reading
– ϲΘϟ – ϱάϟ
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ Α ϙϮϨ˵
Bank
Bonook
Win
–
– Faza/ yafooz
Believe
–
– Saddaqa/ yossadiq
Lie
–
– Kathaba/ yokkathib
Game
Ala’ab
Electronics
–
– Ilktrooni/ ilktrooniya
Screen
–
– Shasha
Subject
Mawad
All
–
– Kol
Almost
–
– Mo’tham
Media
–
– I’lam
˸ΏΎόϟ˴
Ω˸ Ϯϣ˴
Bank
Lo’ba
Maddah
Word
Ϛ˸ Ϩ˸ ˴Α ˸ ίϮϔϳ /ίΎϓ ϕ˸ Ϊ͋ μ ˴ ˵ϳ /ϕΪ˷ λ ˷ ˸Ώά͋ Ϝ˴ ˵ϳ /Ώάϛ ΔΒ˸ό˵ϟ /ϲϧϭήΘ Ϝ˸ ϟ ˸ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟ ΔηΎη ΓΩ˷ Ύϣ ˸Ϟϛ˵ ˴ ό˸ ϣ˵ Ϣ˸ ψ ϡ˸ ϼϋ˸ ·
226
Lesson 18 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
˸ ˴Λ ΕέϮ ˸ ΕΎϧϮ˸ ϴΣ˴
Revolution
Thawrat
Animal
Haywanat
Dig
–
– Hafara/ yahfor
Possibly
–
– Men almomkin
Stone
Ahjar
Print
–
– Taba’a/ ytba’
Printing or publishing
–
– Tiba’a
Storage
–
– Takhzeen
Show
Oroodh
Move
–
Society
Mojtama’at
Technology
–
– Teknolojia
Climate, weather
–
– Manakh
Raise, height
–
– Irtifa’
Reduction, drop
–
– Inkhifad
Temperature
Darajat alhararah
Rule
Qawaneen
Storm
Awasef
Traffic
–
˸έΎΠ ˸Σ˴
νϭήϋ
Thawra Hayawan
Hajar
Ard
– Naqala/ yanqol
ΕΎόϤΘΠϣ
˵ έ˴ Ω˴ ΕΎΟ ΓέήΤ˴ ϟ ˸ ˴ϗ ϦϴϧϮ ˸ λϮ ϒ ˶ ϋ˴
Mojtama’
Darajat alhararah Qanoon A’sifa
– Moroor
Word
ΓέϮ˸ ˴Λ ˸ ϴΣ˴ ϥϮ˸ ˸ή˵ϔ ˸Τ˴ϳ /ή˴ ˴ϔΣ˴ Ϧ˸ Ϝ˶ Ϥ˸ Ϥ˵ ϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ˸ήΠ˴ Σ˴ ϊΒτϳ /˸ϊ˴Β˴ρ ΔϋΎΒρ˶ ˸ Ψ˸ ˴Η Ϧϳΰ ˸ν ˸ήϋ˴ ϞϘϨϳ / ˸ϞϘ˸ ˴ϧ ϊ˸ Ϥ˴ ˴Θ ˸Πϣ˵ Ύϴ ˸ΟϮϟϮϨϜ˸ ˶Η ˸ ϣ˴ ΥΎϨ ω˸ Ύϔ˶Η ˸έ˶· ˸νΎϔΨ˶ ϧ˸ ˶· ΓέήΤ˴ ϟ ˵ΔΟέ˴ Ω˴ ˸ ϥϮϧΎϗ ΔϔλΎϋ ˶ ˸έϭήϣ˵
The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat) Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Local
–
– Mahalli
National
–
– Dowali
Immigration
Hijrat
Directly
–
– Mobasher
Industrial
–
– Sina’I
ΕήΠϫ
Hijrah
227
Word
ϲ˷ϠΤ˴ ϣ˴ ϲϟϭ˴ Ω˵ Γή ˸Πϫ˶ ˸ήηΎΒ ˶ ϣ˵ ϲϋΎϨ ˸ λ ˶
The Term “Middle East” Throughout history, the Middle East has been home for different peoples with different languages and religions, although Arabs represent the main group living there today. Several terms are used to refer to these Arab countries, including the Middle East, the Near East, the Fertile Crescent, and the Levant. The term Middle East is undoubtedly the most popular, but it was not a term people living in the area used for themselves. Rather, it was created by the Europeans stemming from the colonial description of the area between Europe and distant parts of Asia. Dividing the world into east and west goes back to the time of the Roman Empire. The word east refers to east of Britain. Sometimes, use of Middle East is a problematic as it does not describe the precise geographical area for people in Africa, Canada, or Europe. Different opinions exist on the most accurate geographical area that in reality represents the Arab world. However, the term is the most popular, and it refers to all Arab countries. The term Middle East, as it is used now, refers to all Arab countries in Asia as well as Africa. Some scholars wrote that the term was originated in the 1850s in Britain (Beaumont, Blake, 1 and Wagstaff, 1988, pp. 16 ), but its use was limited until the American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to refer to the area between India and Arabia (Koppes, 2 1976, pp. 95–98 ). Mahan realized the strategic significance of the region, especially with the Persian Gulf at its center. He explained, “After the Suez Canal, it was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British 3 India” (Laciner, 2006, para. 2 ). Mahan first used the term in one of his articles, titled “The Persian Gulf and International Relations,” which was published in the British journal The National Review in September 1902 (Adelson, 1995, pp. 22). Before World War II, the areas centered on the Mediterranean and its eastern shores were 1 Beaumont, P., Blake, G. H., & Wagstaff, J. M. (1988). The Middle East: A geographical study. Oxford, UK: David Fulton. 2 Koppes, C. R. (1976). Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term “Middle East.” Middle East Studies 12, 95–98. 3 Laciner, S. (2006). Is there a place called “the Middle East”? The Journal of Turkish Weekly. Retrieved from http:// www.turkishweekly.net/2006/06/02/comment/is-there-a-place-called-the-middle-east
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Lesson 18
referred to as the Near East, while the Far East referred to China. In the1930s, however, the British established a center for their military forces based in Cairo called the Middle East Command Center. Later, the term Middle East became more common in Europe and the United States, especially after the foundation of the Middle East Institute in Washington, DC, in 4 1946 (Held, 2000, p. 7 ). The colonial application of the term Middle East became so common that the Arabs themselves use the term to refer to their region. The southern section of the Middle East includes Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, an area well known in history as the Fertile Crescent. The western area of the Middle East includes Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Somalia, and the Comoros Islands. The Arab countries in northern Africa are Algeria, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia; the Gulf States are Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, Yemen, and Iraq. In all, there are 22 Arab countries, so called because Arabic is their official language. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns are used to modify the noun phrase. It agrees with the noun in gender and number. They are the same as who or which in English and there is no difference in use with human or non-human words. Look at the table Meaning
Transliteration
Who/which – masculine
Allatheena
Who/which – Feminine
allawati
Plural
Transliteration
Ϧϳάϟ ϲΗϮϠϟ
dual
Transliteration
singular
Allatahn
ϥάϠϟ
Allathi
ϱάϟ
Allatan
ϥΎΘϠϟ
allati
ϲΘϟ
With non-human plural, the same rule applies of using the singular feminine. For example, we say: Meaning
Transliteration
The books that I read are in the library.
Alkotob allati qara’toha fee almaktaba
The friends who I know are not here
Alasdiqa allatheen a’rifohom layso hona
Plural
ϲϓ ΎϬΗήϗ ϲΘϟ ΐ˵ΘϜ˵ ϟ . ΔΒΘϜϤϟ Ϧϳάϟ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ ΎϨϫ Ϯδϴϟ ϢϬϓήϋ
4 Held, C. C. (2000). Middle East patterns: Places, peoples, and politics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat) Meaning
229
Transliteration
Plural
These are the streets that I know
Hathihi hiya ashawari’ allati a’rifoha
ϲΘϟ ωέϮθϟ ϲϫ ϩάϫ .ΎϬϓήϋ
Who/which - Feminine
Attalibat allawati fee almaktaba fee saffi
The countries which I visited are few
Albilad allati zortoha qalilah
ϲϓ ϲΗϮϠϟ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ ϲϔλ ϲϓ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ΔϠϴϠϗ ΎϬΗέί ϲΘϟ ΩϼΒϟ
18.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Use the suitable relative pronoun ϲΘϟ ,ϱάϟ or Ϧϳάϟ and its conjugations to fill in the blanks:
.ϲΘϴΑ ϲϓ ϥϮϨϜδϳ Ώϼτϟ ήϓΎγ .ϲϨΗΪϋΎγ ΔΒϟΎτϟ ϲϫ ϩάϫ .ϒμϟ ϮϛήΗ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ϥΎγέΪϳ ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ .ΏΎΘϜϟ άϫ ϦΒΘϛ ΖϠϤϠόϤϟ Ϧϫ Ϧϣ ˮΎϬΘϳήΘη βΑϼϤϟ ΪΟ Ϧϳ .ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ϥϼϤόΗ ϯΪϫ ϭ ϥΎϤϳ .ϪϨϋ Ύϧήϗ ήϴϣϷ Δμϗ ΔΒϟΎτϟ ΖΒΘϛ .ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ΖϧΎϛ ΐΘϜϟ ξόΑ ϲϣ ΪϳήΗ .ΎϬϟ ϪΘϣΪϗ ϱΎθϟ Ϟϣ ΕάΧ .ΔϘΑΎδϤϟ ϲϓ ϭίΎϓ Ϣϫ 18.2. Practice What is it:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
(see Answer Key)
ˮϮϫ Ύϣ .ΓϮϬϘϟ ϊϣ ϪΑήθϧ 1. .ήΘϓΪϟ ϰϠϋ ϪΑ ΐΘϜϧ 2. .Ϫϴϓ αΎϨϟ ϲϠμϳ ϥΎϜϣ 3.
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.Γ˯ήϘϟ ΪϨϋ Ϧδϟ έΎΒϛ ΎϬδΒϠϳ .ϡϼϗϷ ϭ ΐΘϜϟ ΎϬϴϓ ϊπϧ .˯ΎϤϟ ϭ ήϴμόϟ Ϫϴϓ Ώήθϧ .βΑϼϤϟ ϪϨϣ ϱήΘθϧ .ϝϮϣϷ Ϫϴϓ ϊπϧ .ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ .ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ ήϐλ
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
18.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form a meaningful sentence:
:ϡΎόρ – ˯Ϊϐϟ – ήπΤΗ – ϡϷ :ϙΎϨϫ – έϮμϟ – ϰϠϋ – ςΎΤϟ :ϊπΗ – Ϟϣ – ϲϓ – ΔΒϴϘΤϟ – βΑϼϤϟ : ΪϤΣ – ϞϤόϳ – ΓϮϬϘϟ – ϲϓ – ΦΒτϤϟ : ϲϓ – βτδϏ – ήϬη – ΔϴϠϜϟ – ϊΟέ – ϰϟ - Ώϼτϟ : ϊΑήϟ – ϲϓ – ΓέΎϤόϟ – ϲϓ – ϩάϫ – ϲΘϴΑ – ϖΑΎτϟ 18.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks with the suitable word from the list:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
ΓήΠϬϟ – ϱήϬη – έϭήϤϟ– ΓέήΤϟ ΔΟέΩ – ΩέΎΑ – ξϔΨϨΗ -ϝΪΘόϣ ϭ ˯ΎΘθϟ ϲϓ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ ΥΎϨϤϟ 1. .ϒϴμϟ ϲϓ .ϒϴμϟ ϲϓ ΪΟ ΔϴϟΎϋ ˯ήΤμϟ ϲϓ 2. .ϞϴϠϟ ϲϓ ΓέήΤϟ ΔΟέΩ ϱΪϠΑ ϲϓ 3. .ήϬη Ϟϛ Ϧϣ ˯ΎΛϼΛ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ ϲϓ ˯ΎϘϟ ΎϨϟ ϥϮϜϴγ 4. .ϡΩΎϘϟ ωϮΒγϷ ϥϮϧΎϗ ΔϟϭΪϟ ϊΟήΘγ 5. .ΓέΎϴδϟ ΓΩΎϴϗ ϢϠόΘΗ ϥ ϞΒϗ ϥϮϧΎϗ αέΩ 6.
The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat)
231
18.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Reearrange the following sentences to form a meaningful paragraph:
έΎτϤϟ ϰϟ ΎϨΘϴΑ Ϧϣ ΓήΟϷ ΓέΎϴγ ΎϨΒϛέ ΕΎϳήϔδϟ ΐΘϜϣ Ϧϣ ήϛάΗ ΎϨϳήΘη ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΐϫάϧ ϥ ϲΎϗΪλ ϭ Ύϧ Ύϧέήϗ ΕΎϋΎγ Ζγ ΓΪϤϟ ΓέΎϴτϟ ϲϓ ΎϨΒϛέ ήϴΜϛ ΔϠΣήϟΎΑ ΎϨόΘϤΘγ ΎϨΗϼΎόϟ ΎϳΪϬϟ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ ΎϨόϣ ϭ ΎϨόΟέ έΎΛϵ ϭ ΔϴΣΎϴδϟ ϦϛΎϣϷ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ Ύϧέί ϭ ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΎϨΒϫΫ ήϔδϠϟ ΎϨΒΎϘΣ ΎϧΩΪϋ 18.6. Practice
– – – – – – – –
(see Answer Key)
Translate the following to plan a conversation with an Arabic friend: 1. Do you have some time to meet on Friday? 2. Shall we play football, or do you prefer video games? 3. Can you help me with my Arabic homework? 4. Today it will be much colder than yesterday. 5. I just finished printing my first book. 6. Do you know immigration law? 7. This is the storm that I was talking about. 8. Where is the community center that you told me about? 9. What is your favorite animal? Do you have one at home? 10. What is the temperature outside? Do I have to wear a jacket? 18.7. Practice
(see Answer Key)
Reading:
.Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ௌΪ˸Βϋ˴ ,ϼ˱ ϫ˸ ˴ !ϡ˵ ϼ͉˴ δϟ Ϣ˸ Ϝ˵ ϴ˸ ˴Ϡϋ˴ ϭ˴ :ϦδΣ ˱ ϐ˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ ϭΪ˵ Β˸ ˴Η ?˵ήϜ͋ ˴ϔ˵Η Ϋ˴ ΎϤ˴ ˶Α :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ .ϻϮ .˯˳ ά˴ Σ˶ ϭ˴ Ζ ˳ ϴϛ˶ ΎΟ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ν˴ Ύ˴Θ ˸Σ˶ ϭ˴ Ω˱ έΎ ˶ ˴Α ˴ ˴Β ˸λ˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ :ϦδΣ
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Lesson 18
͉ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ˮϕϮ͊ ˴ ˴ϫάϟ ˶ δϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ΏΎ .˵ϞϤ˴ ό˸ ˴Η ϻ˴ ϲ˸ ˴Ηέ˴ Ύ͉ϴγ˴ Ϧ͉ Ϝ˶ ˴ϟ ϭ˴ Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :ϦδΣ .ϕϮ͊ ˴ ά˵ Χ˵ γ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ˶ δϟ ϰ˴ϟ˶· ϙ ˴ ϧ˸ ˴ ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :ϦδΣ ˮΪ˲ ϛ͋ ˴ ΄˴Θϣ˵ Ζ .Ύ˱όϣ˴ ˸ΐ˴ϫά˸ ˴Ϩ˶ϟ ϭ˴ Ϊ͉ ό˶ ˴Θγ˸ ˴ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ .ΰ˲ ϫ˶ ΎΟ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴ :ϦδΣ .Ύ˴Ϩ˶Α Ύ͉ϴ˴ϫ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ ˮϕϮ͊ ˶ δϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˱Όϴ˸ η˴ Ϊ˵ ϳή˶ ˵Η ˸Ϟ˴ϫ :ϦδΣ .Ϊ˱ ϳΪ˶ Ο˴ ϻΎ˱ ˴τϨ˸ ˴Α ϱ ˴ ή˶ ˴Θη˸ ˴ ϥ˸ ˴ Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ :ௌ Ϊ˸Βϋ˴ Ύ˴Ϩ˶Α Ύ͉ϴ˴ϫ .Ύ˱Ϩδ˴ Σ˴ :ϦδΣ Now answer the following questions:
ˮϦδΣ ήϜϔϳ ΫΎϤΑ ˮϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ ϥ ϊϴτΘδϳ ϻ ΫΎϤϟ ˮϦδΣ ΪϨϋ έΎΣ βϘρ Ϟϫ ˮϕϮδϟ Ϧϣ ΔϠϟΪΒϋ Ϊϳήϳ ΫΎϣ
1. 2. 3. 4.
18.8. Practice Specify the people or places by using Ϧϳάϟ – ϲΘϟ – ϱάϟ then use in a sentence:
: ϢϳΪϘϟ ΖϴΒϟ : ϯϮϠΤϟ : ˯ήΤμϟ : ΔϨϳΪϤϟ : ΓϮΧϷ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The Term “Middle East” (Asharq alawsat)
: ϢϟΎόϟ : ΔϋΎδϟ : ΔϨϳΪϤϟ : ΔοΎϳήϟ
233
6. 7. 8. 9.
18.9. Practice Underline all words that belong to or found in a given place:
ϙΎΒη – ΓέΎϤϋ – ΖϴΑ – ΓέΎϴγ – ΏϮγΎΣ : ωέΎη ΓΩΎϣ – ΔϴϠϛ – ΔγέΪϣ – ΔΒΘϜϣ – ΐΘϜϣ : ΔόϣΎΟ βϘρ – ΕέϮη – ϝΎτϨΑ – ΞϠΛ – ϥΎΘδϓ : βΑϼϣ Γήϛ – ΐϴϠΣ – ϖΒρ – ΏϮϛ – ΐόϠϣ : ΦΒτϣ ΪϳήΑ ΐΘϜϣ – Γήϔγ ΔϓήϏ – ϡΎϤΣ – ΰΒΨϣ – ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ : ΔϘη Δϛήη – ϲϟΪϴλ – ˯ϭΩ – έϮΘϛΩ – ΓϮϬϗ : ΔϴϟΪϴλ ΔϟΎΧ – ΡΎΒλ – Ϣϋ ϦΑ – Ώ – ΔΟϭί : ΔϠΎϋ ΎΑϭέϭ – ςϴΤϣ – ˯ήΤλ – ϞΒΟ – ήϬϧ : ΔϟϭΩ ϚϤγ – ΔϋΎγ – ΡΎϔΗ – ϢΤϟ – ΝΎΟΩ : ϡΎόρ ϕϭΪϨλ – ΐόϠϣ – ϕΪϨϓ – ϡΪϗ Γήϛ – ΔΣΎΒγ : ΔοΎϳέ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 19
ήθϋ ΔόγΎΘϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Holidays and Celebrations
ΕϻΎϔΘΣ ϭ ΩΎϴϋ A’yad wa ihtifalat
Objectives: 1. Holidays 2. Grammar: Active and Passive verbs 3. Culture: Celebrations and Islamic Holidays
4. Reading 5. Holidays (from Islam as Identity ch)
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Now
–
– Al-aan
All
–
– Kol
Party, celebration
Haflat
Receive
–
Prize
Jawa’iz
Company
Sharikat
Pass by
–
– Marra/ Yamor
Considered
–
– Ya’tabir
Historical
–
– Tareekhi
Too
–
– Aydhan
Pharoah
Fara’ina
˸ ϔ˸ Σ˴ Εϼ
Half
– Yatassalam
ΰ˸ ˶ϮΟ˴ ˸ ή˶ η˴ ΕΎϛ
ΔϨϋ˶ ή˴ϓ
Ja’zah Sharikah
Fer’awn
Word
˸ ϥϵ ˸Ϟϛ˵ ˸Ϟ˶ϔΣ˴ Ϣ˸ ͉Ϡδ˴ ˴Η˴ /Ϣ˷Ϡ˷δΘϳ Γΰ˶ΎΟ Δϛή˶ η˴ ˸ήϤ˵ ˴ϳ /˷ήϣ ˸ή˴Β˴Θό˸ ˵ϳ ϲΨϳέΎΗ ˸ ˱ Ύπ˸ϳ˴ ϥ˸ Ϯ˸ ϋ˴ ˸ή˶ϓ
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Lesson 19 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Come
–
– Atta/ Ya’tee
Funny
–
– Mod-hik
Sad
–
– Hazeen
Wise
–
– Hakeem
Stupid
–
– Ghabi
Popular
–
– Mahboob
Famous
–
– Mash-hoor
Bedouin
Bado
Citizen (from the city)
–
– Madani
Simple
–
– Baseet
Quiet
–
– Hadi’
Prohibited
–
– Mamnoo’
Traditional
–
– Taqleedi
Use
–
–
Meeting
Ijtima’at
Center
Marakiz
Festival
A’yad
Eid Al-Fitr
–
– Eid alfitr
Eif Al-Adha
–
– Eid alad-ha
ϭΪΑ
ΕΎϋΎϤΘΟ ΰ˸ ϛ˶ ήϣ˴ ΩΎϴϋ
Badawi
Istakhdama/ yastakhdim Ijtimaa’ Markaz Eid
Word
ϰΗ΄ϳ /ϲΗ˸ Ϛ˸ Τ˶ ˸πϣ˵ ˸ Σ˴ Ϧϳΰ Ϣ˸ ϴϜΣ˴ ϲΒ ˸ Ϗ˴ ˸ΏϮΒ ˸Τϣ˴ ˸έϮϬθ˸ ϣ˴ ˸ϱϭΪ˴ ˴Α ϲϧ ˸ Ϊ˴ ϣ˴ ˸ ˴Α ςϴδ ˸ΉΩ˶ Ύϫ ω˸ Ϯ˵ϨϤ˸ ϣ˴ ϱΪϴϠϘ˸ ˴Η /ϡΪΨΘγ ϡ˸ Ϊ˶ Ψ˸ ˴Θδ˸ ˴ϳ ω˸ ΎϤ˶Θ ˸Ο˶· ΰ˸ ϛ˴ ˸ήϣ˴ Ϊϴϋ ήτϔϟ Ϊϴϋ ϰΤοϷ Ϊϴϋ
Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )
237
Islamic Holidays All Arab and Islamic countries use a lunar calendar to determine religious dates such as fasting during the month of Ramadan, performing the Hajj, taking the pilgrimage to Mecca, and celebrating Islamic holidays. Lunar calendars, like the Gregorian calendar, have twelve months. Each month has twenty-nine to thirty days depending on the lunar cycle. The Islamic calendar is also called the Hijri calendar. Umar ibn Al-Khattab, companion of the Prophet Mohammad, introduced it after the Prophet’s death to resolve dating conflictions. He consulted his advisors at that time, and all agreed to use the Hijra, migration of the Prophet, as the beginning of the Hijri dating system. Some may refer to the Islamic calendar as a lunar calendar as it follows the orbit of the moon. It was started in 622 AD and the current Islamic year is 1437. The first month of the Islamic calendar is called Muharram and therefore, the first day of Muharram is equivalent to January 1 or New Year’s Day. This day is celebrated by closing schools, stores, government agencies. There are no fireworks or counting down to the beginning of the New Year. Arabs celebrate the day by visiting each other and having a fun day with family and friends. Some Arab and Islamic countries celebrate the Prophet Muhammad's birthday, Mawlid al Nabi, which is on the twelfth day in the third month of the Islamic calendar. Others believe Muslims should not celebrate birthdays since the Prophet did not celebrate his own, or any other, birthday. Therefore, in general, Arabs and Muslims do not pay much attention to birthdays. There are two major holidays in all Arab and Islamic countries, Eid al-Fitr and Eid alAdha. The word Eid means celebration. Eid al-Fitr refers to the conclusion of Ramadan, the month of fasting, and celebrates the first day of breaking the fast. Muslims celebrate three days for Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha is celebrated at the conclusion of the Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam. All Muslims celebrate it whether they are performing Hajj or not. The story behind Eid al-Adha goes back to
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Lesson 19
the time of the Prophet Ibrahim. Unlike in the Jewish and Christian traditions which believe Ibrahim (Abraham) was commanded by God to sacrifice his son Isaac, most Muslims believe that the Prophet Ibrahim was told in a dream to slaughter his son Ismail. Prophets’ dreams are believed to be orders from Allah and are to be fulfilled. Therefore, the Prophet Ibrahim, told his son about the dream, and Ismael’s response was acceptance of Allah’s order. When the Prophet Ibrahim held the knife and put it close to his son’s throat, Allah sent down a lamb from Heaven to be sacrificed in his place. This is the reason that Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha by slaughtering a lamb, cow or camel depending on availability and affordability. Sacrificing an animal is not an obligation but it is recommended. When sacrificing an animal, Muslims must divide their sacrifice into three parts: one third is to be given to friends and family, the second for the needy and they keep the third part for themselves. Muslims celebrate Eid Al-Adha for four days. For Muslims, Friday is a holy day, the same as Saturday for Jews and Sunday for Christians. Males have to attend a lecture or ceremony introduced by the imam, a religious scholar, followed by the noon prayer. Women can attend the Friday ceremony if they wish, but it is not mandatory. I think this is because mothers need to tend to their babies and take care of them when the father is not available, so it was meant to make it easier for family. Active and Passive verbs: ϝϮϬΠϤϠϟ ϲϨΒϤϟ Arabic verbs, as in English, may be transitive or passive. To change a transitive verb into passive, there are few changes you are going to make to the verb: 1. Verbs in the past tense, you just put dhamma on the first letter and kasra on the second letter as in: ΐΘϛ would be ΐ ˴ ˶Θϛ˵ and ˴ ˴Θ˴ϓ would be ˴ ˶Θ˵ϓ In weak verbs, that is verbs with alif , waw ϭ or ya ϱ in the middle of the verb, we just change the long vowel into ya as in: ϝΎϗ would be Ϟϴϗ and ˯ΎΟ would be ΊϴΟ When the last letter is a long vowel, we change it into ya as in: ϰϤ˷ γ would be ϰ ˴ Ϥ˶ γ˵ and ϰθϣ would be ϲ ˴ θ˶ ϣ˵ 2. Verbs in Present tense: we put dhamma on the present tense prefix (˰ϧ ,˰ϳ , ˰Η , ), and fat-ha on the middle consonant of the verb for example: ήϘϳ would be ήϘ˵ϳ and Θϔϳ would be ˴Θϔ˵ϳ As for weak verbs in the Present tense, we put dhamma on the first letter that is the prefix and replace the weak letter with alif as in: ϝϮϘϳ would be ϝΎϘ˵ϳ and ϝϮμϳ would be ϝΎμ˵ϳ When the last letter is a long vowel, then we change it into alif maqsoura as in: ϲϤδ˵ϳ would be ϰϤδ˵ϳ and ϲθϤϳ would be ϰθϤ˵ϳ
Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )
239
19.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following sentences into the passive tense and remember to remove the doer of the action:
.ϞϴϤΟ ΪϠΑ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϥ ϲϠϋ ϝΎϗ .έΎτϓϻ ΪόΑ ΓϮϬϘϟ ϲϣ ΏήθΗ .ϥΎπϣέ ΪόΑ ήτϔϟ ΪϴόΑ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ ϞϔΘΤϳ .ΓήϴΜϛ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ϲΑ ϯήΘη .ϡϮϴϟ ϲϓ Εήϣ βϤΧ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ ϰϠμϳ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
19.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Indicate whether the sentence has a passive or active tense:
.βϣ ϦϴϔυϮϤϟ ϊϣ ήϳΪϤϟ ϊϤΘΟ .˯ϭΪϟ Ώή ˴ η˵ .ΕέϻϭΩ ΔΛϼΜΑ ίήϟ ωΎΒ˵ϳ .ϻΎϣ ήϴϘϔϟ ϲ˴ τϋ˵ .ΔϟΎϘ˵ΗήΒϟ ΖϠϛ˵ ˵ .ϼϴϤΟ ΎϧΎΘδϓ ΖδΒϟ .ϪΘϓήϏ ϲϓ Ϟϔτϟ ϡΎϧ .ΔϴϛΫ ϙέΎϜϓ ϥ Ϟϴϗ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
19.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Rearrange the words to form meaningful sentences:
ˮϲϓ – ΔόϣΎΠϟ – ΫΎϣ – αέΪϳ – ϙϮΧ .ϲΑΩ – ϦϜδΗ – ϲϓ – ΔϨϳΪϣ – ϲΗΪϟϭ ϲϓ – ϦτϨηϭ – ϞϤόΗ – ϱΪϨϋ – ϥϵ – ΖΧ .ΡΎΒμϟ – Ϣψόϣ – Ϟϛ΄ϳ – ϲϓ – ΰΒΨϟ ϭ – ϦΒΠϟ – Ώήόϟ – ϝϮλϭ – ϥΎϛ – ΓήΎτϟ – ˯Ύδϣ – ΔγΩΎδϟ – ϲϓ – ΪϋϮϣ .ϒμϨϟ ϭ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
240
Lesson 19
.ΔϟϭΎτϟ – ΎόϴϤΟ – ϝϮΣ – ΕήπΣ – ϮδϠΟ ϭ – ϡϷ – ˯Ύθόϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ – ϊϴϤΟ – ΩϼΒϟ – Ϊϳέ – ϥ – έϭί .˯ΎδϤϟ – ϰϟ – Ϧϣ – Ϣϫ – ΡΎΒμϟ – ϥϮϠϤόϳ .Ύϧέί – βϣ – ϥάϟ – ϥάϫ – ϥΎϔϴπϟ .ΎΣΎΒλ – ϒμϨϟ ϭ – ΔϋΎδϟ - ˯ΎόΑέϷ – ΔϨϣΎΜϟ – ϙέ΄γ – ϡϮϳ
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
19.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Translate the following sentences into Arabic:
1. There is a café on the second street 2. January is the first month of the year 3. It is 8:30 now, I have to leave at 9:00 o’clock 4. Bilal is 75 years old, he is my maternal uncle 5. This is my Syrian friend Elham 6. I am Jordanian and he is a Kuwaiti 7. My paternal aunt is at home with her husband and daughter 8. I am hungry. I want to eat falafel and humus 9. What is the name of the closest hotel to the airport? 10. What day comes after Sunday? 19.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following sentences into plural form:
.ϪΗΰΎΟ ϢϠδΘϴϟ ΔϠϔΤϟ ϰϟ ΐϟΎτϟ Ϟλϭ .ΓήΎτϟ ΐϛήϴϟ έΎτϤϟ ϰϟ Ϟλϭ ήϓΎδϤϟ .Βδϴϟ ϱΩΎϨϟ ϰϟ ΐϋϻ ˯ΎΟ .ΎΣΎΒλ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ Δϛήθϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ αΪϨϬϤϟ .ΡϮϠϟ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ ΖΒΘϛ ΔγέΪϤϟ .ϰϬϘϤϟ ϲϓ ϱΎθϟ ΏήθΗ ϥ ΐΤΗ ϲΘϘϳΪλ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )
.ϪΘΧ ϊϣ κϤΤϟ ϭ Ϟϓϼϔϟ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ΪϟϮϟ ˮϲΧ Ύϳ ΐΟϮϟ ΖϠϤϋ Ϟϫ ˮϚΘϋΎγ ΖϳήΘη Ϧϳ Ϧϣ .ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΓέΎΒϣ ΪϫΎηϻ ΓήϛάΗ ΖϳήΘη 19.6. Practice
241
7. 8. 9. 10.
(see Answer Key)
Underline the most suitable word in parentheses:
.(˯Ύϗέί – ήϤΣ – ˯ήϤΣ) ήΎρ ϱΪϨϋ .(ΔϴϨΑ – ˯ήϤΣ – ήϤΣ) ϥΎΘδϓ άϫ .ϥϼϳϮρ ϥϼΟήϟ (˯ϻΆϫ - ϥάϫ – άϫ) .ϡϮϴϟ Ϊϴόγ (Ϯδϴϟ – Ύδϴϟ – Ζδϟ) Ζϧ ˮϯΪϫ ϚΘϟΎΧ ϩάϫ (Ϣϛ – ϰΘϣ Ϟϫ) (Γήθϋ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ – Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ – Γήθϋ ΔδϣΎΨϟ) ϥϵ ΔϋΎδϟ .˯Ύδϣ .ήϳΎϨϳ ήϬη Ϧϣ (ΔΜϟΎΜϟ – ΚϟΎΛ – ΚϟΎΜϟ) Ϯϫ ϡϮϴϟ .˯ΎόΑέϷ ϡϮϳ (Ϧϣ – ϞΒϗ – ΪόΑ) ϲΗ΄ϳ βϴϤΨϟ ϡϮϳ .(ΔϤϳΪϗ – ϢϳΪϗ – ϞϳϮρ) ϲϫ ΓΪϳΪΟ Ζδϴϟ ϲΗέΎϴγ .ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤϋ ϲϓ (ϭΪϋΎδϳ – ϥΪϋΎδϳ – ΪϋΎδϳ) ϥ ϥϭΪϳήϳ Ϣϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10.
19.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Connect the related words by writing the number in parentheses:
ϦϳΰΣ ϡϮϳ ΐϟΎρ ˯ΎΘη ϰϬϘϣ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ϞΧΩ ξϴΑ Ϊϴόγ ΓϮϬϗ ϝΆγ
2. 4. 6. 8. 10.
ΡΎΒλ ϰδϨϳ ΩϮγ ΝήΧ ΏϮΟ
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ήϛάΘϳ ˯Ύδϣ βϴϤΨϟ αέΪϣ ΞϠΛ
1. 3. 5. 7. 9.
242
Lesson 19
19.8. Practice Reading:
(see Answer Key)
ϲϫ ϭ .ΎϬϧΎϜγ ΩΪϋ ϲϓ ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ήΒΘόΗ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ Ϯϫ ϭ ϞϴϨϟ ήϬϧ ΎϬϴϓ ήϤϳ .ΎϴϘϳήϓ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ Ύπϳ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ϕήη ϝΎϤη ϲϓ ϊϘΗ ϲϫ ϭ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϫ ήμϣ ΔϤλΎϋ .ϢϟΎόϟ ΔϤΣΩΰϣ ϲϫ ϭ ΔϤδϧ ϥϮϴϠϣ 17 ΎΒϳήϘΗ ϥϵ ΎϬϧΎϜγ ΩΪϋ .ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ϭ ΓέΎϴγ ϒϟ ΔΎϤδϤΧ ϭ Ϧϴϳϼϣ ϊΑέ ΪΟϮϳ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϓ ϥ ϝΎϘ˵ϳ .ΪΟ ΎϴϣϮϳ ϞϘϨΗ ϭ ΎϬϴϓ έΎτϘϠϟ ΔτΤϣ ϙΎϨϫ .ΎϬϴϓ ΪΟ ΔϤΣΩΰϣ ωέϮθϟ ΎϤΩ .ΎϴϣϮϳ ΐϛέ Ϧϴϳϼϣ ΔόΑέ ϲϟϮΣ ϢΛ ΔϨϋήϔϟ ΎϬϤϜΤϳ ϥΎϛ ϭ ΩϼϴϤϟ ϞΒϗ 969 ΔϨγ ϲϓ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ΔϨϳΪϣ ˯ΎϨΑ ϢΗ .ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ ϢΛ Ύδϧήϓ ϭ ϙήΗϷ ϭ ΔϴϧΎϣϭήϟ ΔϟϭΪϟ ϮΑ ϝΎΜϤΗ ϭ ΕΎϣήϫϷ ϲϫ ήμϣ ϲϓ ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ ϦϛΎϣϷ ήϬη Ϧϣ ΩϼϴϤϟ ϞΒϗ 2500 ΔϨγ ϲϓ ΔϨϋήϔϟ ΎϫΎϨΑ ϲΘϟ ϭ ΓΰϴΠϟ ΔϘτϨϣ ϲϓ ϝϮϬϟ τγ ϕϮϓ ήΘϣ 140 ϊϔΗήΗ ϭ ϊΑήϣ ήΘϣ ϮϠϴϛ ϒϟ 53 ΔϓΎδϤϟ ΪΘϤΗ ϲϫ ϭ .νέϷ Ϧϣ ήΜϛ ϰϠϋ ϱϮΘΤϳ ϱάϟ ϭ ϱήμϤϟ ϒΤΘϤϟ ΪΟϮϳ Ύπϳ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϓ .ΎϬϴϓ νϭήόϣ ϒϟ 130 ΖϧΎϛ Ϊϗ ϭ ήϫίϷ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϫ ϭ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ Ύπϳ ϙΎϨϫ ϭ ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ ΔϳέΎϤόϤϟ ΔγΪϨϬϟ ΐΒδΑ ΔϧάΌϣ ϒϟϷ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϰϤδΗ ϭ ΪΠδϣ .ΎϬϴϓ ϭ.ΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϓ ϕϮγϷ ήΒϛ Ϧϣ ΪΣϭ Ϯϫ ϭ ϲϠϴϠΨϟ ϥΎΧ Ύπϳ ϙΎϨϫ ϊϴΒΗ ΔϔϠΘΨϣ ϡΎδϗ ϰϟ· ϢδϘϨϳϭ .ήθϋ ϊΑήϟ ϥήϘϟ ϰϟ· ϪΨϳέΎΗ ΩϮόϳ ϯήΧϷ ήλΎϨόϟ Ϧϣ ΪϳΪόϟϭ ΔϴϧΪόϤϟ ϝΎϐηϷϭ ϞΑϮΘϟϭ ΩΎΠδϟ ϊϣΎΟ ϭ ΐϨϳί ΓΪϴδϟ ϊϣΎΟ ϞΜϣ ΎϬϴϓ ΓέϮϬθϣ ΓήϴΜϛ ΪΟΎδϣ Ύπϳ ϙΎϨϫ ΔϨγ Ϟϛ ϥϮΒϫάϳ αΎϨϟ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ .ϦϴδΤϟ ΪΠδϣ ϭ ιΎόϟ ϦΑ ϭήϤϋ
Holidays and Celebrations (A’yad wa ihtifalat )
243
ΓΩϮΟϮϤϟ ΔϠϴϤΠϟ ΔϴΨϳέΎΘϟ έΎΛϵ ΓέΎϳΰϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ϰϟ ΎϬϴϓ
Now answer the following questions:
ˮΓήϫΎϘϟ ΖϴϨ˵Α ϰΘϣ ˮϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ ϲϫ Ύϣ
ˮΎϴϘϳήϓ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ ϲϫ Ύϣ 4. ˮΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϓ ϦϛΎϣϷ ήϬη ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮΎϬϴϓ ΪΟΎδϤϟ ήϬη ϲϫ Ύϣ 2.
1. 3. 5.
19.9. Practice Connect each two sentences using the relative pronouns (Ϧϳάϟ – ϲΘϟ – ϱάϟ):
.βϣ ϝΎτϨΒϟ ΖϠδϏ ˮϲϨΒϟ ϝΎτϨΒϟ Ϧϳ .ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ϮϧΎϛ ΩϻϭϷ ˮΩϻϭϷ Ϟϛ Ϟϫ .ΔϧΰΨϟ ϲϓ ϥΎϛ ϥΎΘδϔϟ .ϥΎΘδϓ ϯΪϫ ΕήΘη .ΎϋΎϤΘΟ ϮΒϠρ ϥϮϔυϮϤϟ .ϦϴϔυϮϤϟ ϊϣ ήϳΪϤϟ ϊϤΘΟ .ήμϣ ϲϓ ΕΎϣήϫϷ .ΕΎϣήϫϷ Εέί
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
19.10. Practice (see Answer Key) Change the following words into plurals then use them to fill in the blanks:
- ΔϳΪϬϟ – ΰϛήϣ – ϡΎϤΣ – ΔτΤϣ – ϦΑ – ΏϮϛ – αΪϨϬϣ – ϥΎϜϣ Ωϻϭ ΔόΑέ ϭ ΕΎϨΑ ΙϼΛ : ΔόΒγ ϱΪϨϋ ΔΛϼΛ ϭ ϡϮϧ ϑήϏ ϊΑέ Ϫϴϓ ήϴΒϛ ΎΘϴΑ ΎϧήΟ΄Θγ .˯ΪϐϠϟ ίήϟ Ϧϣ ΔόΑέ ϲϣ ΦΒτΗ ΎϨΘϠΣέ ϲϓ ΓήϴΜϛ ϦϳΰϨΑ ΎϨϳέ .ΔϣϮϜΤϟ ϲϓ ϥϮϠϤόϳ ϲΎϗΪλ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ ϰϟ ΎϨΒϫΫ ωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ϲϓ .ΔϨϳΪϤϟ ϲϓ ϕϮδΘϟ .ΔϴΣΎϴδϟ ΓέΎϳΰΑ ΎϨόΘϤΘγ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
244
Lesson 19
.ϲΘϠΎόϟ
Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ ΎϨϳήΘη
8.
19.11. Practice Write questions that correspond to the given answers:
.ΓΪΣϭ ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ ϲΘϴΑ ϲϓ .ϝΆγ ϱΪϨϋ Ϣόϧ .ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ϲϔΗΎϫ Ζϴδϧ .ΎϜϳήϣ ϲϓ ϲΘΧ ϊϣ ϦϜγ Ύϧ ϻ .ϡΎϳ ΔΛϼΛ ϕΪϨϔϟ ϲϓ ΎϨϤϗ .ϲϨρϮϟ ϚϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϞϤϋ Ύϧ .ΕήΒϠΟ ΔϴϠϛ ϲϓ ΕΎϴοΎϳήϟ αέΩ .˯Ύδϣ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ ϰϬϘϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϨγ .ΪΣϭ ϝΎΧ ϱΪϨϋ ϻ .ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ϲϫ . ϞϤόΗ ϻ ϲϣ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Lesson 20
ϥϭήθόϟ ΓΪΣϮϟ Review
ΔόΟήϣ Moraja’a
Objectives: 1. Describing things in the Past, Present and Future 2. Grammar: ΎϤϛ – ϥ΄ϛ – ϞΜϣ -ϙ 3. Culture: Body Language
4. Review 5. Reading
Vocabulary Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
ϝΎϔρ
Child
Atfal
Behave
–
–
Luxurious
–
– Fakhma
Winner
–
– Fa’iz/Fa’iza
Grade
Darajat
Contest
Mosabaqat
Test/Exam
Imtihanat
Final
–
Veiled
Mohajabbat
Imagine
–
˸ έ˴ Ω˴ ΕΎΟ ˸ ˴ΑΎδϣ˵ ΕΎϘ ˸ ΕΎϧΎΤ ˶Θϣ˸ ˶·
Tifl Tasarrafa/ yatasaraaf
Darajah Mosabaqa imtihan
– Niha’ee
ΕΎΒ͉ΠΤ˴ ϣ˵
mohajabbah
–
Takhayyala/ yatakhayyal
Word
˸Ϟϔ˸ ρ˶ ˸ ήμ ˷ Η ϑ͉ ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ /ϑ˷ήμ ΔϤΨ˸ ˴ϓ Γΰ˶Ύϓ /ΰ˸ ˶Ύϓ ΔΟέ˴ Ω˴ ΔϘ˴ΑΎδϣ˵ ˸ ˶Θϣ˸ ˶· ϥΎΤ ϲΎϬ ˸ ˴ϧ ΔΒ͉ΠΤ˴ ϣ˵ Ϟ˷ϴΨΘϳ / ˸Ϟ͉ϴΨ˴ ˴Η
246
Lesson 20 Meaning
Transliteration
Plural
Transliteration
Clean
–
– Natheed
Dirty
–
– Qathir
Suddenly
–
– Faj’a
Laugh
–
–
Cry
–
– Baka/ yabki
Taxi
Sayyarat Ojra
Bus
Basat
First
–
– Awalan
Last
–
– Akheeran
Dawn
–
– Alfajr
Noon
–
– Adhohr
Afternoon
–
– Ala’sr
Sunset
–
– Almaghrib
Evening
–
– Alisha
After that
–
– Ba’da thalik
Clear/pure
–
– Saffi
Cloudy
–
– Gha’m
Crowded
–
– Mozdahim
Empty
–
– Farigh
Invent
–
–
ΕέΎϴγ ΓήΟ˵ ΕΎλΎΑ
Dhahika/ yadh-hak
Sayyarat Ojra Bas
Ightara’/ yakhtari’
Word
˸ ˴ϧ ϒϴψ ˸έά˶ ˴ϗ Γ΄ ˸Π˴ϓ Ϛ˸ Τ˴ ˸π˴ϳ /Ϛ ˴ Το ˴ ϲϜ˸Β˴ϳ /ϰϜ˴Α Γή ˸Ο˵ ΓέΎ˷ϴγ ˸ιΎΑ ˱ϻϭ˷ ˴ ˱ήϴΧ˴ ˸ή ˸Π˴ϔϟ ˸ή˸Ϭ˵ψϟ ˸ή ˸μό˴ ϟ ˸Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ˯Ύθ ˸ ό˶ ϟ Ϛ˸ ˶ϟΫ Ϊ˴ ό˸ ˴Α ϲϓΎλ Ϣ˸ ˶ΎϏ Ϣ˸ Σ˶ Ω˴ ΰ˸ ϣ˵ ύ˸ έΎϓ ˶ ω˸ ή˶ ˴ΘΨ˸ ˴ϳ /ωήΘΧ
Review (Moraja’a) Meaning
Transliteration
Information
Ma’loomat
Procedure
Ijra’at
Expect
–
Plural
Transliteration
˸ ΕΎϣϮϠ˸ όϣ˴ Ε˯ή ˸ ˸Ο –
Ma’looma Ijra’ Tawaqa’/ yatawaqa’
247
Word
ΔϣϮϠ˸όϣ˴ ˯ή ˸ ˸Ο˶· ϊϗϮΘϳ /ϊϗϮΗ
Gestures and Body Language We will conclude this book culture part with examples of some common Arab gestures and displays of body language which may have different meanings in the West. Below are some examples. • Usually, when using the hand for eating, drinking or shaking hands, the right hand is used. • Nodding the head down is a sign of agreement and it means yes. • Raising the eyebrows, moving the head from right to left, moving an open palm from right to left, using the tongue to make a clicking sound or tilting the head up are all different ways of saying “no.” • To open the left-hand palm and hit it with the right fist means condescension or offensiveness. • Making a circle using the thumb and index fingers indicates a threat or “I am coming to get you.” • Holding the fingers together while pointing the tips up and moving the hand up and down is a sign to slow down, be careful or wait. • Touching the forehead with the fingertips and bowing the head shows respect and appreciation. • A man stroking his mustache reflects seriousness and honesty. • To point at someone with the index finger and move it up and down indicates condescension toward that person or threatening him to stop what he is doing. • To open the right-hand palm and move it right to left means no, in contrast to its meaning as “hello” for Westerners. • To put the right-hand forefinger in the mouth and pretend to bite it means “I am angry with you” or “I am coming to get you.” • To touch the tip of the nose or the lower eyelid with the right hand or its forefinger means a promise to do something or an obligation. • To grasp the chin with the right-hand thumb indicates wisdom or “I am thinking.”
248
Lesson 20
As the cradle of Judaism, Christianity and Islam and a crossroads of international commerce, the Arab world shows elements of a unified culture as well as a great deal of cultural variation. Despite differences in clothing, music, food and dialects from one Arab country to another, common fundamental values of Arab culture and customs merit exploration and explanation to foster greater understanding. Grammar
ΎϤϛ – ϥ΄ϛ – ϞΜϣ _ϙ , are used to show similarities. They mean “the same as.” However, they are used differently. ϞΜϣ: mithla means “like” and is treated as the first noun in idafa. It can be suffixed according to the subject. For example here is the conjugation of ϞΜϣ mithla: Transliteration
Mithlee Mithlona Mithloka Mithloki Mithlokoma Mithlokom Mithloho Mithloha Mithlohoma Mithlohom Mithlohonna
It would be:
ϲϠΜϣ ΎϨϠΜϣ ϚϠΜϣ ϚϠΜϣ ˶ ΎϤϜϠΜϣ ϢϜϠΜϣ ϪϠΜϣ ΎϬϠΜϣ ΎϤϬϠΜϣ ϢϬϠΜϣ ˷ ϦϬϠΜϣ
Pronoun
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ ϢΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ
ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ ϞΜϣ
Review (Moraja’a)
249
Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
Example
He is as short as I am.
Howa qaseer mithlee.
She is as smart as you.
Hiya thakiyyah mithlokom.
ϲϠΜϣ ήϴμϗ Ϯϫ ϢϜϠΜϣ ΔϴϛΫ ϲϫ
˰ϛ: means “like” comes at the beginning of the nouns only and is connected to it. It does not come by itself and it does not make any changes. Some examples: Meaning
Transliteration
My house is as small and beautiful as his house.
Bayti kabaytoho sagheer wa jameel.
I want a car like yours.
Oreed sayyarah kasayyaratok.
Example
ϞϴϤΟ ϭ ήϴϐλ ϪΘϴΒϛ ϲΘϴΑ ϚΗέΎϴδϛ ΓέΎϴγ Ϊϳέ
ϥ΄ϛ : means “as if.” It should be followed by a nominal sentence. It gives the idea that whatever it is describing might not be true. Some examples: Meaning
Transliteration
The year passed as if it’s a month.
Marrat assanah ka’naha shahr.
He behaves like a child.
Yatasarraf ka’nnaho tifl sagheer.
Example
ήϬη ΎϬϧ΄ϛ ΔϨδϟ Ε˷ήϣ ήϴϐλ Ϟϔρ Ϫϧ΄ϛ ϑήμΘϳ
ϥ΄ϛ can be used by itself or attached to a pronoun, when it is attached it would be like this: Transliteration
Ka’nanee Ka’nana Ka’naka Ka’naki Ka’nakoma
It would be:
ϲϨϧ΄ϛ ΎϨϧ΄ϛ Ϛϧ΄ϛ Ϛϧ΄ϛ ˶ ΎϤϜϧ΄ϛ
Pronoun
Ύϧ ϦΤϧ ˴ Ζϧ Ζ ˶ ϧ ΎϤΘϧ
ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ
250
Lesson 20 Transliteration
Ka’nakom Ka’naho Ka’naha Ka’nahoma Ka’nahom Ka’nahonna
It would be:
ϢϜϧ΄ϛ Ϫϧ΄ϛ ΎϬϧ΄ϛ ΎϤϬϧ΄ϛ ϢϬϧ΄ϛ ϦϬϧ΄ϛ
Pronoun
ϢΘϧ Ϯϫ ϲϫ ΎϤϫ Ϣϫ Ϧϫ
ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ ϥ΄ϛ
Kama ΎϤϛ: means “as” and must be followed by a verb. It does not make any changes to the verb. Some examples are: Meaning
Transliteration
As you know
Kama ta’lam
As I want
Kama oreed
Example
ϢϠόΗ ΎϤϛ Ϊϳέ ΎϤϛ
20.1. Practice (see Answer Key) Fill in the blanks using one of the following: ΎϤϛ – ϥ΄ϛ – ϞΜϣ _ϙ
.ΪϳήΗ ϑήμΘΗ ϭ ΊϴθΑ ϢΘϬΗ ϻ ϲϫ .ϚϧΎΘδϓ ϼϴϤΟ ΎϧΎΘδϓ ϱήΘη ϥ Ϊϳέ .ϩΪΣϮϟ ϢϠϜΘϳ ϥΎϛ ΫΎΘγϷ αέΪϟ Ϧϣ ΎΌϴη ϮϤϬϔϳ Ϣϟ .Ϟϣ ΎϬΘϘϳΪλ ϥϮϜΗ ϥ ΪϳήΗ ϻ ϲϫ .ΓήΧ΄Θϣ ϡϮϨϟ ΐΣ ϻ Ύϧ ϥϮϓήόΗ .ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ ΓϮϬϘϟ Ζδϴϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓϮϬϘϟ .ϥϮϜΗ Ζϧ Ϊϳήϳ ΪΟ ΓΪϴΟ ϩΪϟϮΑ ΔΘϗϼϋ ˮϚϣ Ζϧ Ϟϫ .Ϊϳήϳ Ύϣ Ϟϛ΄ϳ Ϯϫ .ΔϤΨϓ ΓέΎϤϋ ϭΪΒϳ Ώϼτϟ ΖϴΑ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Review (Moraja’a)
251
20.2. Practice (see Answer Key) Read. Then pretend you are the student and answer the questions to review your information on the Arab World:
ΰΎϔϟ ϭ .ΔϘΑΎδϣ ϢϬϟ ϞϤόϴγ Ϫϧ ϪΑϼτϟ ϝΎϗ ϭ ϒμϟ ΫΎΘγϷ ϞΧΩ ΔΟέΩ ϰϟ ΎϬϔϴπϴγ ΕΎΟέΩ ΔδϤΧ ϰϠϋ ϞμΤϴγ ΔϘΑΎδϤϟ ϩάϫ ϲϓ ϞΣ ϲϓ ϭΪΒϴϟ ϢϠϘϟ ϭ ΔϗέϮϟ ϭΪϋ ϭ Ώϼτϟ Ρήϓ .ϲΎϬϨϟ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ :ΡϮϠϟ ϰϠϋ ΫΎΘγϷ ΐΘϛ .ΔϠΌγϷ ˮϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήϐλ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήΒϛ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ Ϣγ Ύϣ ˮΪΟϮΗ Ϧϳ ˮ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ ϲϫ Ύϣ ˮϥΎπϣέ ήϬη ϲϓ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ Ϟόϔϳ ΫΎϣ ˮΔϨδϟ ϲϓ ϊΑΎδϟ ήϬθϟ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮΔϳήΠϬϟ ΔϨδϟ ϭ ΔϳΩϼϴϤϟ ΔϨδϟ ϦϴΑ ϕήϔϟ Ύϣ ˮΫΎϤϟ ˮ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϧϣ έϭΰΗ ϥ ΐΤΗ ΪϠΑ ϱ ˮϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ˮΕΎΒΠΤϣ ΕΎϴΑήόϟ ˯ΎδϨϟ ϊϴϤΟ Ϟϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
ΔϠΌγϷ ϩάϫ ϰϠϋ ΔΑΎΟϻ ϝϭΎΣ ϭ ϒμϟ άϫ ϲϓ Ϛϧ ϞϴΨΗ 20.3. Practice (see Answer Key) Write the opposite of the following sentences:
.κϴΧέ ΎϫέΎΠϳ ϭ Δόγϭ ϪΘϘη .ήϴϐλ ϙΎΒη Ϫϴϓ ϭ ϖϴο ΦΒτϤϟ .ϢϳΪϗ ήϳήδϟ ϭ Γήϴϐλ ϡϮϨϟ ΔϓήϏ .ΓΪϳΪΟ ϲγήϜϟ ϭ ΔϟϭΎτϟ .ϒϴψϧ ϡΎϤΤϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
252
Lesson 20
.ΐΘϛ ΎϬϴϓ βϴϟ ϭ ΔϏέΎϓ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ .ΦΒτϤϟ Ϧϋ ΓΪϴόΑ αϮϠΠϟ ΔϓήϏ .ΔϴϓΎλ ˯ΎϤδϟ ϭ έΎΣ βϘτϟ .ΎϜϳήϣ ϰϟ ΪϤΣ ˯ΎΟ .ΎΗϮϳϮΗ ΓέΎϴγ Ϟϣ ΪϨϋ
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
20.4. Practice (see Answer Key) Replace the numbers with words:
.ΕΎϋΎγ .ΩϮϣ
ϲϓ ϲΒΟϭ ϞϤϋ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ 7 αέΩ ΖϨϛ ϲΘγέΪϣ ϲϓ .έϻϭΩ 56 ϥΎΘδϔϟ ήόγ .ήϬη 12 ΔϨδϟ ϲϓ .ΓίΎΟ ωϮΒγ 2 ϱΪϨϋ ϥϮϜϳ ΔϨγ Ϟϛ .ϥΩϮδϟ ϲϓ ϊϴΑΎγ 10 ΎϨϴπϗ .ΎΣΎΒλ 6 ΔϋΎδϟ έΎτϤϟ ϰϟ ΎϨϠλϭ 2019/8/15 βϴϤΨϟ Ϯϫ ϡϮϴϟ .ΔϴοΎϤϟ ΔϨδϟ ϲϓ ΎΑΎΘϛ 25 Εήϗ .ήϬθϟ ϲϓ έϻϭΩ 1260 ΝΎΘΣ 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
20.5. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:
ΫΎΘγ – ήπΧ – Γήϫί – ΓήΠη ωϮΒγ – ϝΪΘόϣ – έΎΣ – ΩέΎΑ ήΤΑ – ΔΟέΩ – ήϬϧ – ΊρΎη ˯ΎΘη – ϒϳήΧ – ΔόϣΎΟ – ϊϴΑέ ϰϬϘϤϟ – ϡϮϠόϟ – ΕΎϴοΎϳήϟ – ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Review (Moraja’a)
ΓϮϬϗ – ΓέΎϴγ – ˯Ύϣ – ϱΎη ΔϟΎμϟ – ϡϷ – αϮϠΠϟ ΔϓήϏ - ΦΒτϤϟ ΦΒτϳ – Ϟϛ΄ϳ – Ώήθϳ – ΡΎϔΗ ϡϮϳ – ΔϋΎγ – ΔϘϳΪΣ – ΔϘϴϗΩ ˯Ύθόϟ – ˯Ϊϐϟ – ήϴϣϷ – έΎτϓϻ
253
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
20.6. Practice (see Answer Key) Circle the word that does not belong:
: ϱΎη : ΏΎΘϛ : ΓήΎρ : ΔϘη : ϲγήϛ : ίΎϔϠΘϟ
2. 4. 6. 8. 10. 12..
: ϡΎότϟ : ϕϮδϟ : ϢϠϗ :βΑϼϣ : ΓέΎϴγ : ϮϳΩέ
1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 11.
20.7. Practice (see Answer Key) Underline the most suitable word in parentheses:
ˮΔϠϴϠϟ ϞόϔΘγ (ϒϴϛ – Ϟϫ – ΫΎϣ) ˮϡϮϴϟ βϘτϟ (ϒϴϛ – Ϧϳ – ΫΎϣ) ˮϯΪϫ Ύϳ ϦϴϠϤόΗ (Ϧϳ Ϧϣ – ΫΎϣ – Ϣϛ) ˮήϔδϠϟ ΪόΘδϣ (ϻ – – ϒϴϛ) .ϲγέΪϤϟ ϱΰϟ (ϥΎΒΤϳ – ϥϮΒΤϳ – ΐΤϳ ) ϻ Ώϼτϟ .ϲΒΟϭ ϲϬϧ ϥ ΪόΑ ϡΎότϟ (ϥϻϭΎϨΘϳ – ϝϭΎϨΗ – ϝϭΎϨΗ΄γ) .(ϢΣΩΰϣ – ύέΎϓ – ήϴμϗ) ωέΎθϟ ϦϜϟ ωήγ ϥ Ϊϳέ .ΎϤΩ ΔϴϟΎϐϟ βΑϼϤϟ (ϱήΘθϳ – ϱήΘθΗ – ϦϳήΘθΗ) ϲϫ
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
254
Lesson 20
Ϟϛ ΓέΎϳί ϥϭήϓΎδϤϟ (ϥΎόϴτΘδϳ – ϥϮόϴτΘδϳ – ϊϴτΘδϳ) ϻ .ΪΣϭ ϡϮϳ ϲϓ ϦϛΎϣϷ .ΪΣϭ ήϬη Ϊόϳ ϒϴμϟ ΔϠτϋ (ΪΒϳ – ΪΒΘγ – ΕΪΑ)
9.
10.
20.8. Practice (see Answer Key) Read the sentence then form into questions:
.ΓήϫΎϘϟ ΔϨϳΪϣ Ϧϣ Ύϧ .ήϴΜϛ Ϟϓϼϔϟ ΐΣ Ϣόϧ .ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ Ϯϫ .ϙέϮϳϮϴϧ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΓέΎΠΘϟ ϥϮγέΪϳ Ϣϫ .ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ ϦϜγ ϲϓ ϯΪϫ ΎϬΘϘϳΪλ ϊϣ ϦϜδΗ Ϟϣ .ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ αέΩϷ ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΖΒϫΫ .ΔϳΩϮόδϟ ΔϤλΎϋ ϲϫ νΎϳήϟ .ϒϳήΨϟ Ϟμϓ ϲϓ ήΠθϟ ϕέϭ ςϘδΗ .ΪϨϬϟ ϲϓ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ήΒϛ ϲϫ ϱΎΒϣϮΑ .ϥϵ ϰΘΣ ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤϋ Ϣϟ ϻ 20.9. Practice Reading:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
(see Answer Key)
ΔϴϠϤϋ ˯ήΟΎΑ ΓΪϋΎδϤϟ ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ Ϧϣ έϮΘϛΩ ϥΎϜϣΎΑ ϥ ΎϣϮϳ ΕήϜϓ Ϟϫ ˮϥΩέϷ ϲϓ ξϳήϤϟ ΔϴΣήΟ ΕϼΤϤϟ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ϕϮδΘϟ ϢϬϧΎϜϣΎΑ ΕΎϨΒϟ ϭ ΩϻϭϷ ϥ ϕΪμϳ Ϧϣ ϥϭΩ ϢϬΗϮϴΑ ϲϓ Ϣϫ ϭ ϥϭΪϳήϳ Ύϣ Ϟϛ ϥϭήΘθϳ ϭ ΓέΎϴγ ϥϭΪΑ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϻ ˮϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΏΎϫάϟ ϭ ΕϼΠϤϟ ϭ ΐΘϜϟ Ϧϣ ϩΪϳήΗ Ύϣ Ϟϛ έΎϴΘΧ ϚϧΎϜϣΎΑ ϥ ϕΪμΗ Ϟϫ ΐόϠΗ ϥ Ύπϳ ϚϧΎϜϣΎΑ ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ Ζϧ ϭ ϚΎϗΪλ ϊϣ ϚγϭέΩ ήϛάΗ
Review (Moraja’a)
255
ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϷ ΔηΎθϟ ήΒϋ ϚΎϗΪλ ϊϣ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϷ ΏΎόϟϷ Ϧϣ ˯ΎθΗ Ύϣ ΪϳήΗ Ύϣ Ϟϛ αέΪΗ ϥ ϦϜϤϤϟ Ϧϣ ήϴΧ ϭ .ϢϬΗϮϴΑ ϰϟ ΐϫάΗ ϥ ϥϭΩ ΔγέΪϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάΗ ϥ ϥϭΩ ΓΩΎϬη ϰϠϋ ϞμΤΗ ϭ ΔϴγέΪϟ ΩϮϤϟ Ϧϣ ϥΎϜϣ ϱ ϲϓ ϭ ήΤΒϟ ΊρΎη ϰϠϋ βϟΎΟ Ζϧ ϭ αέΪΗ ϥ ϭ ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϭ Δϴϣϼϋϻ ΓέϮΜϟ ϲϫ ϩάϫ .ΪϳήΗ ϰϠϋ ϥϮΒΘϜϳ ϮϧΎϛ ϭ ΔΑΎΘϜϟ ϮϋήΘΧ ϦϴϨδϟ ϑϻ ϞΒϗ ϭ ΔϳΪΒϟ ϲϓ ϢΛ .ήΠΤϟ ϰϠϋ ϥϭήϔΤϳ ΎϧΎϴΣ ϭ ήΠθϟ ϕέϭ ϭ ΕΎϧϮϴΤϟ ΩϮϠΟ ϥϵ ϭ ϥΎϜϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ΐΘϜϟ ΕήθΘϧ ΖϗϮϟ ϡΪϘΗ ϊϣ ϭ ΔϋΎΒτϟ ϮϋήΘΧ ϭ ΕΎϣϮϠόϣ Ϧϣ ΪϳήΗ Ύϣ Ϟϛ ϦϳΰΨΗ Ϧϣ ϚϨϜϤΗ ΕΎϣϮϠόϤϟ ΎϴΟϮϟϮϨϜΗ .ιΎΨϟ ϚϧϮϔϠΗ ϰϠϋ ΔϘϴϗΩ Ϧϣ Ϟϗ ϲϓ ήΧϻ ϥΎϜϣ Ϧϣ ΎϬϠϘϧ ϭ ΎϬοήϋ ˮΔϨγ ϦϴδϤΧ ΪόΑ ϢϟΎόϟ ϥϮϜϴγ ϒϴϛ ˮ ϚϟΫ ΪόΑ ϥϮϋήΘΨϴγ ΫΎϣ :ϯήΗ Answer the following questions from the reading:
ˮΔΜϳΪΤϟ ΎϴΟϮϟϮϨϜΘϟ ϲϓ Ϛϳέ Ύϣ ˮϚΒΘϛ ϱήΘθΗ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ ˮϚδΑϼϣ ϱήΘθΘϟ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάΗ Ϟϫ ˮΔόϣΎΠϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάΗ ϥ ϥϭΩ ήΗϮϴΒϤϜϟ ϰϠϋ ΖγέΩ ΓΩΎϣ Ϣϛ ˮΔϨγ ϦϴδϤΧ ΪόΑ ϢϟΎόϟ Βμϳ ϥ ϊϗϮΘΗ ϒϴϛ Reflection 1. In this Lesson I learned: 2. I have some trouble with: 3. I need to learn more about:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Answer Key Lesson 1 1.2. Practice
ήτϗ
11.
ΝίΎρ
9.
ϥΎτϴη
7.
βϠΑήρ
6.
ήΎρ
4.
1.9. Practice:
ΪΠδϣ
5.
ήϳάΒΗ
4.
ϥΎϛήΑ
3.
ϝϼΟ
2.
έϮΒλ
1.
Ώϼϛ
10.
ήϳΪμΗ
9.
ΏϭήΣ
8.
ΔΒϟΎρ
7.
ϥϮϤϠδϣ
6.
ϚΤο Ωϭέϭ
4.
ΝΎΟΩ ήϴΛ΄Η
3.
ήϜη ΩέΎΑ
2.
ϒθϛ ΚΤΒϳ
1.
Lesson 2 2.5. Practice
ϥϮϜγ ΕΎΒΛ
5. 10.
9.
8.
7.
6.
2.7. Practice:
ήϴΛ΄Η = ήϳ___΄Η
3.
ΩέΎΑ = Ω ___ΎΑ
2.
έϭΪΑ = έϭ ___ ˰Α
1.
ΪϳΪΣ = ΪϳΩ___
6.
Νϭί = Νϭί___
5.
ίέ = ίέ___
4.
ήϳίϭ = έϳ___ϭ
9.
ϙΎΒη = ___ΎΑη
8.
ΪΣϭ = ΪΣ___ϭ
7.
ΕϮΧ = Ε___Υ
10.
2.8. Practice:
ΔϨϳΪϤϟ
˱ΔϟϭΎρ
5.
4.
ωέΎθϟ
ΎϤϠϗ
3.
2.
ΫΎΘγϷ
2.9. Practice
˯ΎϘϠϟ ϰϟ
(5)
ήϴΨΑ Ύϧ ͿΪϤΤϟ
(2)
ϡϼδϟ ϢϜϴϠϋ ϭ
(3)
ϼϫ
(1)
ΪϤΣ ϲϤγ . ΎϨϓήθΗ
(4)
Lesson 3 3.1. Practice:
˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ ί˵ ˲Δ͉ϠΠ˴ ϣ˴ .˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴ - ˲Δ͉ϴ͋Ϡϛ˵
.˲ΓΪ˴ ϳή˶ Ο˴ - ˲ΔΟ˴ ΎΟ˴ Ω˴ ˲ΓΪ˴ ϴό˶ γ˴ ˲Δ˴Β˶ΗΎϛ˴
3. 6. 9.
2. 5. 8.
˵ Ϩ˸ ˶Α – ˲ΔϤ˴ ϴ˸ Χ˴ Ζ ˲ΔΟ˴ ˸ϭί˴ – ˲Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ˴ρ ˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ - ˲Δ͉τ˴Α ˲Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΟ˴
3.2. Practice: 15 (6)
13 (5)
17 (2)
10 (1)
9 (3)
10 (4)
1. 4. 7. 10.
1.
ϢρΎϤρ
2.
Answer Key 3.3. Practice:
˿̀
5.
̀˾
4.
́
3.
̀˺
2.
˾˼
1.
̂˿
10.
˺˺
9.
˹˻
8.
˾˺
7.
˽˻
6.
3.4. Practice:
ΎϤϠϗ ήθϋ ΔόΑέ
2.
ΎΑΎΘϛ ήθϋ ΪΣ
1.
ΎΘϨΑ ϦϴόΒγ ϭ Ζγ
4.
Ύϴγήϛ ϦϴΘγ ϭ ΔδϤΧ
3.
ΔϟϭΎρ ϦϴδϤΧ
6.
ΎΘϴΑ ϦϴϧΎϤΛ ϭ ΔόδΗ ϭ ϥΎΘΌϣ
5.
ΔϳΎΤϣ ϦϴϧΎϤΛ ϭ ϊΑέ ϭ ΔΎϣ ΙϼΛ
8.
ΎΣΎΘϔϣ Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ϥΎϨΛ
7.
Δϗέϭ ϦϴΘγ ϭ ΙϼΛ ϭ ΔΎϣ βϤΧ
10.
ϑήϏ ϊΑέ ϭ ΔΎϣ
9.
3.5. Practice:
Ώήο = Ώ έ ν
3.
ΐδϛ = Ώ α ϙ
2.
Ϛδϧ = ϙ α ϥ
1.
ϝΪϋ = ϝ Ω ω
6.
ϒθϛ = ϑ ε ϙ
5.
Υήλ = Υ έ ι
4.
ϞϤϋ = ϝ ϡ ω
9.
ϢϠϋ = ϡ ϝ ω
8.
ΐΘϛ = Ώ Ε ϙ
7.
ϕήϏ = ϕ έ ύ
12.
ήϗ = έ ϕ
11.
ϖδϏ = ϕ α ύ
10.
ήϤϗ = έ ϡ ϕ
13.
3.6. Practice: Read and respond to the following:
ήϴΨΑ Ύϧ ͿΪϤΤϟ : ϯΪϫ
! ΎΒΣήϣ : Ϟϣ
ˮΖϧ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ : Ϟϣ
ϼϫ : ϯΪϫ
ˮΖϧ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ ____ϱέϮγ Ϧϣ Ύϧ : ϯΪϫ
ˮ ϚϤγ Ύϣ : Ϟϣ
ΖϳϮϜϟ Ϧϣ Ύϧ : ϯΪϫ
ϯΪϫ ϲϤγ : ϯΪϫ
˯ΎϘϠϟ ϰϟ : Ϟϣ
ˮϚϤγ Ύϣ ˮΖϧ ϭ : ϯΪϫ
Δϣϼδϟ ϊϣ : ϯΪϫ
Ϟϣ ϲϤγ : Ϟϣ ˮϚϟΎΣ ϒϴϛ :Ϟϣ
3.8. Practice:
ΔϜϴΒγ – ϦϜγ – ΐΘϜϣ : ϙ
2.
ϱΪϬϳ - ϯΪϫ – ΓΩέϭ : ˰ϫ
1.
ϝΎϨϣ – ΐόϠϧ –: ϥ
4.
ήϤγ – ϝΎΜϣ – ϲϤγ –: ϡ
3.
ϢϴϠόΗ –: Ε .˿
6.
ΚΤΒϳ – βϳέΩ – ΪϳΪΟ – ΔϴδϨΟ : ϱ
5.
ϙήθϣ – ϙέΎη ε
8.
ΏϮϨΟ : Ν
7.
ίΎϓ – ϑΎϓί : ϑ
10.
ΏϭήϏ ύ
9.
257
258
Answer Key
Lesson 4 4.1. Practice:
4.2. Practice:
4.3. Practice:
ΔϳΎϬϨϟ
˱ ΎδϤη
ΪϟϮϟ
.˲Δ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵
2.
ϒμϟ
ΔϋΎδϟ
. ˲ΏΎ˴Α
4.
ωέΎθϟ
ΪΠδϣ
Ώ ˳ ΎΘϛ ˱ ΔΒΘϜϣ
.Ϊ˲ Σ ˶ ϭ˴
1.
Δ˴ϨϳΪ˶ ϣ˴ Ύ˴ϧ˴
3. 5.
4.4. Practice:
˵ θ˸ ϣ˴ Ω˶ ˴Ϧϳ˸ ˴ ˮϖ ΎϳέϮγ ϲϓ ϖθϣΩ ˮΔ˶ ˴ϓ ˸ήϐ˵ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˵ΓΩ˴ Ϯ˵Ο ˸ϮϤ˴ ϟ ˯˵ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴Ϸ ϲ˴ ϫ˶ Ύϣ˴ ˴ . ϙΎ˷Βη ˵ ϭ˴ ϲ͇ γ ˶ ή˸ ϛ˵ ϭ˴ ˲Δ˴ϟϭ˶ Ύρ
ˮΪ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ ˴Ϧϳ˸ ˴ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲΒϤΗ Ϧϣ ΪϤΣ ˮϡ˴ ˸Ϯ˴ϴϟ Ϊ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴ Ϣ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η Ϋ˴ Ύϣ˴ Δ˶ ˴ϓή˸ ϐ˵ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ˴ΓΩ˴ ϮΟ˵ Ϯ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ˯˴ Ύ˴ϴη ˸ ˴Ϸ ˯˵ ΎϤ˴ γ ˸ ˴ Ϣ˴ ͉Ϡό˴ ˴Η Ϛ ˴ ˶Θ˴ϓ ˸ήϏ˵ ϲ˶ϓ Γ˳ Ω˴ Ϯ˵Ο ˸Ϯϣ˴ ˯˳ Ύ˴ϴη˸ ˴ ˴Δ˴Λϼ˴ ˴Λ ˵ΐ˵Θϛ˸ ˴ ΏΎΑ - ϢϠϗ – ΐΘϜϣ
2.
4.
1.
3.
5.
4.5. Practice:
Ϊ˵ ϳέ˶ ˵
6.
˴Ϧϳ˸ ˴
5.
͊ή˶ϓ˴΄γ˴
4.
ΐ ˶ ˶ϧΎΠ˴ ˶Α
3.
˵Δ˴ϟϭΎ ˶ ͉τϟ
2.
˵Δ˴Βϴ˶ϘΤ˴ ϟ
1.
4.7. Practice:
ωΎϔΗέ
5.
ΐΘϜϳ
4.
ϝΎϣ
3.
ΪϴόΑ
2.
ΓέΎψϧ
1.
ϕΩΎϨϓ
10.
ϲΗΪϳήΟ
9.
ΔϨϴϔγ
8.
ΕΎπϬϧ
7.
ΔϧΎμΣ
6.
Lesson 5 5.1. Practice:
ϊ˵ ϴ˶ΑΎγ˴ ˴ ˲ΓΩ͉ Ύϣ˴
4. 8.
ϡ˲ Ύ͉ϳ˴ ˲ έ˴ Ύ͉ψ˴Ϩϋ Ε
Ϟ˴ Β˸ ˴ϗ ˵Δό˴ ϣ˶ ΎΠ˴ ϟ
3. 7.
Ϊ˵ ό˸ ˴Α Ϧ˸˶ ϴ˴Θϐ˴ ˵ϟ
2. 6.
1. 5.
5.2. Practice:
.Ϟμϔϟ ϲϓ ΫΎΘγϷ ϡΎϣ Ώϼτϟ βϠΠϳ
1.
.ΝέΪϟ ϰϠϋ ϢϠϗ ϭ ήΘϓΩ Ϫόϣ ϭ ϲγήϜϟ ϰϠϋ βϠΠϳ ΐϟΎρ Ϟϛ
2.
.ϒμϟ άϫ ϲϓ ϦϳΫΎΘγ ϙΎϨϫ
3.
.ϒμϟ ϲϓ ΎΒϟΎρ Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ΔΛϼΛ ϡΎϣ ΫΎΘγϷ ϒϘϳ
4.
ˮαέΪΗ ΓΩΎϣ Ϣϛ
5.
5.3. Practice:
ΕΎϐϟ αέΩ
ΔϴϠϜϟ ϰϟ Ώϼτϟ ΐϫΫ
2.
Γήϴϐλ ϑήϏ ϲϓ ΕΎΒϟΎτϟ ϦϜδΗ
1.
ΡϮϟϷ ϰϠϋ Ώϼτϟ ΐΘϛ
5.
ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ϥϮϤϠόϣ ϙΎϨϫ
4.
3.
5.4. Practice:
ϥϮϴΘϳϮϛ
5.
ϦϴϳέϮγ
4.
ΕΎϐϟ
3.
ΕΎϤϠϛ
2.
ϕέϭ
1.
259
Answer Key 5.5. Practice:
ϝϮμϓ ΔόΑέ ΔϨδϟ ϲϔϛ
3.
ήϬη ήθϋ ΎϨΛ ΔϨδϟ ϲϓ
2.
ϡΎϳ ΔόΒγ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϓ
1.
ΔϨγ ....... ϱήϤϋ
6.
ΓϮΧ ....... ϱΪϨϋ
5.
ˮΎΒϟΎρ Ϧϳήθϋ ϲϔλ ϲϓ
4.
˯ΎΛϼΜϟ ϡϮϳ ΪόΑ ˯ΎόΑέϷ
9.
ΔϋΎγ Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ϊΑέ ϡϮϴϟ ϲϓ
8.
......... ήϬη ϲϓ ϱΩϼϴϣ Ϊϴϋ ήΒϤδϳΩ Ϯϫ Δ˶ ˴Ϩδ͉ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ ή˸˳ Ϭη˴ ή˵ Χ ˶
10.
7.
5.6. Practice:
.ΏΎΘϜϟ ϝΩΎϋ ήϗ
(6)
.ΦϳέΎΘϟ ΓΩΎϣ ΏΎΘϛ άΧ
(5)
.ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ΏΎΘϜϟ ϝΩΎϋ ΪΠϳ Ϣϟ
(3)
.ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ
(4)
.ΡϮϠϟ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ ΦϳέΎΘϟ ϢϠόϣ ΐΘϛ
(2)
.ΔϠΌγϷ Ϟϛ ϰϠϋ ΏΎΟ
(7)
. ΦϳέΎΘϟ Ϟμϓ ϰϟ ϝΩΎϋ ΐϫΫ ΡΎΒμϟ ϲϓ
(1)
5.7. Practice
Δ˶ ˴Β˴ΘϜ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϲ˶ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ ˮ ΩΆϓ Ϧϳ ϊ˵ γΎ ˶ ͉Θϟ ͋ϒ͉μϟ ϲ˶ϓ ϦϤϳ ˮ ϦϤϳ ϒλ ϱ ϲϓ
˵ ϳΪ˶ λ Ω˴Ά˵ϓ ϖ ˴ Ϊ˲ Ϥ͉ Τ˴ ϣ˵ ˮ ΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϧϣ ΔϨγ Γήθϋ ΙϼΛ ϦϤϳή˶ Ϥ˸ ϋ˵ ˮϦϤϳ ήϤϋ Ϣϛ
2. 4.
ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΪϤΤϣ ΐϫάϴγ ˮ ΪϤΤϣ ΐϫάϴγ Ϧϳ
1. 3. 5.
5.8. Practice:
ΓΪϴγ
5.
ΖϨΑ
4.
Γήϴϣ
3.
ΔΒϟΎρ
2.
ΔϤϠόϣ
1.
ΕήπΣ
10.
Δτϗ
9.
ΓήϴΜϛ
8.
ϲϫ
7.
ΔϧΎΒόΗ
6.
ΐόϠϳ
4.
ΏΎΘϛ
3.
ΔΒΘϜϣ
2.
Ύϧ
1.
5.9. Practice:
ΓέΎϴγ
5.
Lesson 6 6.1. Practice:
Ϣϫ
ΎϤϫ
ΎϤϫ
ϦΤϧ
ϲϫ
Ϯϫ
Ζ ˶ ϧ
˴Ζϧ
Ύϧ
ϥϭΩΪΤϳ
ϥΩΪΤΗ
ϥΩΪΤϳ
ΩΪΤϧ
ΩΪΤΗ
ΩΪΤϳ
ϦϳΩΪΤΗ
ΩΪΤΗ
ΩΪΣ
Ω˷ ΪΣ
Assign
ϥϮψϔΤϳ
ϥΎψϔΤΗ
ϥΎψϔΤϳ
φϔΤϧ
φϔΤΗ
φϔΤϳ ϦϴψϔΤΗ
φϔΤΗ
φϔΣ
φϔΣ
Keep
ϥϮγέΪϳ
ϥΎγέΪΗ
ϥΎγέΪϳ
αέΪϧ
αέΪΗ
αέΪϳ
αέΪΗ αέΩ
αέΩ
Study
ϥϮϤγήϳ
ϥΎϤγήΗ
ϥΎϤγήϳ
Ϣγήϧ
ϢγήΗ
Ϣγήϳ ϦϴϤγήΗ
ϢγήΗ
Ϣγέ
Ϣγέ
Draw
ϥϭΪϫΎθϳ
ϥΪϫΎθΗ
ϥΪϫΎθϳ
ΪϫΎθϧ
ΪϫΎθΗ
ΪϫΎθϳ ϦϳΪϫΎθΗ
ΪϫΎθΗ ΪϫΎη
ΪϫΎη
Watch
ϥϮϠϛ΄ϳ
ϥϼϛ΄Η
ϥϼϛ΄ϳ
Ϟϛ΄ϧ
Ϟϛ΄Η
Ϟϛ΄ϳ
ϦϴϠϛ΄Η
Ϟϛ΄Η
Ϟϛ
Ϟϛ
Eat
ϥϮόϤδϳ
ϥΎόϤδΗ
ϥΎόϤδϳ
ϊϤδϧ
ϊϤδΗ
ϊϤδϳ
ϦϴόϤδΗ
ϊϤδΗ
ϊϤγ
ϊϤγ
Hear
ϥϮΟήΨϳ
ϥΎΟήΨΗ
ϥΎΟήΨϳ
ΝήΨϧ
ΝήΨΗ
ΝήΨϳ ϦϴΟήΨΗ
ΝήΨΗ ΝήΧ
ΝήΧ
Go out
ϥϮΤΘϔϳ
ϥΎΤΘϔΗ
ϥΎΤΘϔϳ
Θϔϧ
ΘϔΗ
Θϓ
Open
Θϔϳ
ϦϴγέΪΗ
ϦϴΤΘϔΗ
ΘϔΗ
Θϓ
Verb
Meaning
260
Answer Key
6.2. Practice:
ϢϠϜΘϳ
4.
ϥΎΒϫάϳ
3.
ϥϮϨϜδϳ
2.
ϦϴϤγήΗ
1.
ϥϮϤϠϜΘϳ
8.
ΐΘϜΗ
7.
ϥΪϫΎθϳ
6.
αέΩ
5.
ϊϤδϧ
10.
ΐΣ
9.
6.3. Practice:
. ωϮΒγϷ ϡΎϳ ϝϭ Ϯϫ ϦϴϨΛϻ
2.
ΏΩϷ ϭ ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ αέΩ Ύϧ
1.
ˮ ϚΘΒϴϘΣ Ϧϳ
4.
ˮ ήϴΨΑ Ζϧ Ϟϫ ΎΒόΘϣ ϭΪΒΗ
3.
ϡϮϠόϟ Γήϛ ϦϜϟ ϭ Ϧϔϟ ΐΣ Ύϧ
5.
6.4. Practice:
ϑήόΗ
ϥϮϓήόϳ
5.
ϦϴϓήόΗ
4.
3.
ϑήόϧ
2.
ϑήϋ
1.
Ϟϫ
2.
6.5. Practice:
ΔϴϜϳήϣ ΎϬΘΧ
3.
ΫΎΘγ Ϯϫ
2.
ΔΒϟΎρ ϲϫ
1.
ϥΎΘϠϳϮρ ΎϤϫ
6.
ϥΎϳΰϴϠΠϧ ΎϤϫ
5.
αΪϨϬϣ ϩϮΑ
4.
6.6. Practice:
ΫΎϣ
Ϧϳ
6.
ϰΘϣ
5.
4.
Ϣϛ
3.
Ϧϳ
6.7. Practice Form questions to ask your friend in Arabic:
ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ
2.
ˮΔΒΘϜϤϟ Ϧϳ
1.
ˮΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ ΫΎΘγ Ϣγ Ύϣ
4.
ˮϚϧϮϔϠΗ Ϣϗέ Ύϣ
3.
ˮΓέΎϴδϟΎΑ ϡ ιΎΒϟΎΑ ΔϴϠϜϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάΗ Ϟϫ
6.
ˮΓέΎϴγ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ
5.
ˮΖϴΗ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ
8.
ˮϲΑήόϟΎΑ ..... ΔϤϠϛ ϰϨόϣ Ύϣ
7.
ˮΔγέΪϤϟ ϰϟ ΖϴΗ ϒϴϛ
10.
ˮϙΪϨϋ ΖΧ ϭ Υ Ϣϛ
9.
6.8. Practice:
ϢϬϧϷ
ΎϬϧϷ
5.
ΎϬϧϷ
4.
3.
ϪϧϷ
2.
ΎϨϧϷ
1.
6.9. Practice:
ˮ ΪϤΣ αέΪϳ ΫΎϣ
2.
ˮ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϨγ ϰΘϣ
1.
ˮ ϙΪϨϋ Υ Ϣϛ
4.
ˮ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
3.
ˮ ΓήϴΒϛ ϚΘϠΎϋ Ϟϫ
5.
6.10. Practice:
ϊϴ ˶ μ˵ϔϟ Ϟ˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Ο˴ ˶ ˶Αή͉ ϟ Ϟ˵ ˸μ˴ϓ Ϯ˴ ˵ϫ ϝϮ˵ ˵ Ϝ˵ ˴ϳ ϒϴμϟ ϲϓ ͇έΎΣ˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ ϥϮ
2. 4.
.ϝϮμϓ ΔόΑέ ΔϨδϟ ϲϓ ˯ΎΘθϟ Ϟμϓ ϲϓ ΞϠΜϟϭήτϤϟ ϝ˵ ΰ˴͋ Ϩ˵ϳ ....... Ϟμϓ ΐΣ
1. 3. 5.
1.
261
Answer Key 6.11. Practice:
ήπΧ
(1)
έΎϫί
(5)
έΎΣ
(4)
ΡΎϳέ
(2)
ΞϠΛ ϭ ήτϣ
(3)
Lesson 7 7.1. Practice:
.ήϤΣϷ ϥϮϠϟ ΐΣ Ύϧ
.ΔϴϨΑ ϲΗέΎϴγ
2.
.˯Ύϗέί ˯ΎϤδϟ
1.
.ΩϮγ ΏΎΒϟ ϥϮϟ
5.
.ϊϴΑήϟ Ϟμϓ ϲϓ ˯ήπΧ ϥϮϜΗ έΎΠηϷ
4.
3.
7.2. Practice:
ΎϤϬΗέΎϴγ
5.
Ζϧ
4.
Ζϧ
3.
Ϯϫ
2.
ΎϤϫ
1.
ΎϤϫ
4.
Ϯϫ
3.
ϦΤϧ -ϢΘϧ
2.
Ζϧ
1.
7.3. Practice:
ϢΘϧ
5.
7.4. Practice:
ϦΘϧ
ϢΘϧ
ϦΤϧ
ΎϤΘϧ
Ζϧ
Ζϧ
ΔϤϠϜϟ
ϦϛήΘϓΩ
ϢϛήΘϓΩ
ΎϧήΘϓΩ
ΎϤϛήΘϓΩ
ϙήΘϓΩ
ϱήΘϓΩ
ήΘϓΩ
ϦϜϧΎΘδϓ
ϢϜϧΎΘδϓ
ΎϨϧΎΘδϓ
ΎϤϜϧΎΘδϓ
ϚϧΎΘδϓ
ϲϧΎΘδϓ
ϥΎΘδϓ
ϦϜΒΘϜϣ
ϢϜΒΘϜϣ
ΎϨΒΘϜϣ
ΎϤϜΒΘϜϣ
ϚΒΘϜϣ
ϲΒΘϜϣ
ΐΘϜϣ
ϦϜΘόϣΎΟ
ϢϜΘόϣΎΟ
ΎϨΘόϣΎΟ
ΎϤϜΘόϣΎΟ
ϚΘόϣΎΟ
ϲΘόϣΎΟ
ΔόϣΎΟ
ϦϜϤγ
ϢϜϤγ
ΎϨϤγ
ΎϤϜϤγ
ϚϤγ
ϲϤγ
Ϣγ
ϦϜϣ
ϢϜϣ
ΎϨϣ
ΎϤϜϣ
Ϛϣ
ϲϣ
ϡ
ϦϛΪϟϭ
ϢϛΪϟϭ
ΎϧΪϟϭ
ΎϤϛΪϟϭ
ϙΪϟϭ
ϱΪϟϭ
Ϊϟϭ
ϦϜΘΧ
ϢϜΘΧ
ΎϨΘΧ
ΎϤϜΘΧ
ϚΘΧ
ϲΘΧ
ΖΧ
ϦϜΘϴΑ
ϢϜΘϴΑ
ΎϨΘϴΑ
ΎϤϜΘϴΑ
ϚΘϴΑ
ϲΘϴΑ
ΖϴΑ
ϦϜΗέΎϴγ
ϢϜΗέΎϴγ
ΎϨΗέΎϴγ
ΎϤϜΗέΎϴγ
ϚΗέΎϴγ
ϲΗέΎϴγ
ΓέΎϴγ
ϦϜΘϓήϏ
ϢϜΘϓήϏ
ΎϨΘϓήϏ
ΎϤϜΘϓήϏ
ϚΘϓήϏ
ϲΘϓήϏ
ΔϓήϏ
7.5. Practice: Preposition would be
preposition
pronoun
Preposition would be
preposition
pronoun
ΎϬϳϠϋ Ύϧϗϭϓ ϙΗΣΗ ϙϧϳϣϳ ΎϧέΎγϳ
ϰϠϋ ϕϭϓ ΕΣΗ ϥϳϣϳ έΎγϳ
ϲϫ ϥΣϧ ˴ Εϧ Ε ˶ ϧ ϡΗϧ
ϪϳϠϋ ΎϬϣΎϣ ΎϣϬΑϧΎΟΑ ϡϬϧϳΑ
ϰϠϋ ϡΎϣ ΏϧΎΟΑ ϥϳΑ
ϭϫ ϲϫ Ύϣϫ ϡϫ
262
Answer Key
7.6. Practice:
ϢϜϧϮϨϋ
4.
ΎϨΘϴΑ
3.
ΎϬΗΪϟϭ
2.
ϲϤγ
1.
ΎϬϤϋ
8.
ΎϬϤϋ
7.
ϢϬΘόϣΎΟ
6.
.ϲΘϴΑ -ϪΘϟΎΧ
5.
άϫ
4.
ϩάϫ
3.
7.7. Practice
ϩάϫ
5.
ϩάϫ
2.
άϫ
1.
7.8. Practice
.ΎϬΗΪΟ ϩάϫ
3.
.ϲΎϗΪλ ˯ϻΆϫ
2.
ϪΒΘϜϣ άϫ
1.
.ΏΩϵ ΔϴϠϛ ϩάϫ
6.
.ϪΒϠϛ άϫ
5.
.Ϛϟ ϥήΘϓΪϟ ϥάϫ
4.
. ΓΪϳΪΟ ΕϮϴΑ ϩάϫ
9.
.ϲΑήϋ Ϣγ άϫ
8.
.ϲϔλ ϲϓ ΕΎϨΒϟ ˯ϻΆϫ
7.
.ϲΗΎϘϳΪλ ϥΎΘϨΒϟ ϥΎΗΎϫ
10.
7.9. Practice:
ΎϬΘϴϠϛ
5.
ΎϬϧϮϟ
ϩάϫ
4.
3.
ΕΎϤϠϜϟ
ϲϫ
2.
1.
7.10. Practice:
.ϊΑήϟ ϖΑΎτϟ ϲϓ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ
2.
.ΕΎΒϟΎρ ϊΒγ ϒμϟ ϲϓ ΪΟϮϳ
1.
ˮΰΒΨϤϟ ϰϟ ϲόϣ ΐϫάΗ Ϟϫ
4.
.ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ˯Ϊϐϟ ϡΎόρ Ϟϛ
3.
.ϕϮδϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόϳ ϝΩΎϋ ϮΧ
6.
.ΐόϠϤϟ ϲϓ ΔϠδϟ Γήϛ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ ΐόϠϳ
5.
.ΕΎϣΎϤΣ ΔΛϼΛ ϭ ϑήϏ ϊΑέ ϲΘϴΑ ϲϓ
7.
7.11. Practice:
ΦΒτϤϟ ϲϓ Ϟϣ ˮ Ϟϣ Ϧϳ
1.
ΓϮ˴ Ϭ˸ ˴Ϙϟ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ Ύ˱ϧΎΠ˴ Ϩ˸ ˶ϓ Ϊϳήϳ ΪϤΣ ˮ ΪϤΣ Ϊϳήϳ ΫΎϣ
2.
ήϜγ ϊϣ ϪΗϮϬϗ Ώήθϳ ΪϤΣ ˮ ϪΗϮϬϗ ΪϤΣ Ώήθϳ ϒϴϛ ˴ ϛ˵ Ϯθ͊ ϟ Ϟϛ΄Θγ Ϟϣ ˮ ΎϬΗϮϬϗ ϊϣ Ϟϣ Ϟϛ΄Θγ ΫΎϣ Δ˶ ˴ΗϻϮ
3. 4.
Lesson 8 8.1. Practice: Comparisons
Adjective
Romanization
Comparisons
Adjective
Romanization
ϡΪϗ
ϢϳΪϗ
Qadeem
ϰϨϏ
ϲϨϏ
ήΜϛ
ήϴΜϛ
Katheer
κΧέ
κϴΧέ
ήΒϛ Ϊ˷ η
ήϴΒϛ
Kabeer
ϰϠϏ
ϲϟΎϏ
Ghalee
ΪϳΪη
Shaded
ϦδΣ
ϦδΣ
Hasan
Ϣϫ
ϡΎϫ
Ham
ϢΣέ
ϢϴΣέ
Raheem
ήϘϓ
ήϴϘϓ
Faqeer
Ghaniy Rakhees
Answer Key
263
8.2. Practice:
ϝϮρ
5.
ΩΪΟ
4.
˷ άϟ
3.
κΧέ
2.
ήϐλ
1.
ϞϤΟ
10.
ςθϧ
9.
ωήγ
8.
ϒψϧ
7.
ήΜϛ
6.
8.3. Practice:
ΔΒϠόϟ ϡϷ ΖΤΘϓ
(2)
ΔΗϻϮϛϮη ΔΒϠϋ ΏϷ ϯήΘη
(1)
ήϴΜϛ ΎϬΑ ΩϻϭϷ Ρήϓ
(5)
ϊτϗ ϊΑέ ΪΣϭ Ϟϛ ϡϷ Ζτϋ
(3)
Δότϗ Γήθϋ ΎΘϨΛ ΔΒϠόϟ ϲϓ
(4)
8.4. Practice:
ϱΩΎϣέ
˯ΎπϴΑ
5.
ΩϮγ
4.
˯Ύϗέί
3.
2.
ϲΒϫΫ /ήϔλ
1.
8.5. Practice:
ˮϙΪϨϋ ΔϟΎΧ ϭ Ϣϋ Ϣϛ
3.
ˮϚΘϟΎΧ ϞϤόΗ ΫΎϣ
2.
ˮΓϮΧ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ
1.
ˮϚϤϋ ϦΑ Ϣγ Ύϣ
5.
ˮΔϳήμϣ ϚΘϟΎΧ Ϟϫ
4.
Lesson 9 9.1. Practice: Fill in the spaces:
ΔϴδϨΠϟ ϲϗέϋ ϲΗϳϭϛ ϲϧΎΑΎϳ ϲϛϳέϣ ϱέϭγ ϱΩϧϫ
Nationality
ΪϠΒϟ ϕέόϟ Εϳϭϛϟ ϥΎΑΎϳϟ Ύϛϳέϣ Ύϳέϭγ ΩϧϬϟ
ΔϴδϨΠϟ ϲϧϳργϠϓ ϲϧΎϧΑϟ ϱέίΟ ϲΑϳϟ ϱέλϣ
Country
Nationality
ΪϠΒϟ ϥϳργϠϓ ϥΎϧΑϟ έίΟϟ ΎϳΑϳϟ έλϣ
Country
9.2. Practice:
.ΔϠϴϤΟ αϭέΪϟ ϩάϫ
7. nominal
.ϚϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϲΧ ϞϤόϳ
8. verbal
.ϥΎϨΒϟ Ϧϣ Ϟϣ ϭ ΔϴϣΎγ
9. nominal
.ΎϴϧΎτϳήΑ ϲϓ ϲΘϴϠϛ ϊϘΗ
1. verbal
.ΩέΎϓέΎϫ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΔγΪϨϬϟ αέΩ
2. verbal
.ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ϦϜδΗ ϲΘΧ
3. nominal
.Ύϧϭΰϳέ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ αέΪϳ
10. verbal
.ΪϤΣ ϲϠϋ ϲϘϳΪλ Ϣγ
4. nominal
.ΔόϣΎΠϟ ΐϧΎΠΑ ΎϫϮΧ ϊϣ ΎϬϣ ϦϜδΗ
11. verbal
.ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϚΑΎΘϛ
5. nominal
.ΕΎϐϟ ϊΑέ ϢϠϜΗ Ύϧ
6. nominal
9.3. Practice:
.ΎϤΩ έΎΒΧϷ ΪϫΎθϳ ϲΘϤϋ ϦΑ
4.
.ΏΩϷ ϭ ˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ αέΪΗ ΎϬϣ
1.
.ϡϮϴϟ ˯Ϊϐϟ ϰϠϋ ΝΎΟΪϟ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ ϦΤϧ
5.
.ΕΎϐϟ ΙϼΛ ϢϠϜΘϳ ϱΪϟϭ
2.
.˯ΎόΑέϷ ϡϮϳ ήϓΎδΘγ ϲΘϘϳΪλ
3.
264
Answer Key
9.4. Practice:
.ΓΪϳΪΠϟ ΕΎϤϠϜϟ Ϟϣ ϭ ϯΪϫ αέΪΗ
2.
.ΐϴϠΤϟ ϊϣ ΓϮϬϘϟ ΓέΎγ ΐΤΗ
1.
.ϥΩέϷ ϲϓ ΎϬΘϠΎϋ ϦϜδΗ
4.
ϞΟήϟ άϫ ϲϠϋ ϑήόϳ
3.
.ΐϳήϗ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ ϲϘϳΪλ ϞϤόϳ
5.
9.5. Practice:
.Δ˳ ˴ϟ ˸ϭ˴Ω ˴Ϧϳή˶ θ˸ ϋ˶ ϭ˴ ϥΎ˴ ˶ Θ˴ϨΛ˸ ˶ Ϧ˸ ϣ˶ ϲ͊ ˶Αή˴ ό˴ ϟ Ϣ˵ ˴ϟΎό˴ ϟ ϥ˵ Ϯ͉ Ϝ˴ ˴Θ˴ϳ ˵ τ˸ ˵ ϨΒ˸ ˵ϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϳέϮ˵ .Ϧϴ ˶ δ˴Ϡ˶ϓ ϭ˴ ϥ͊ Ω˵ ˸έ˵Ϸ ϭ˴ ϥΎ˴ ˶ γ :ϲ˴ ϫ˶ ϭ˴ ϡ˵ Ύθ͉ ϟ Ω˲ ϼ˴ ˶Α ϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϲϓ ϝϭΩ ϊΒγ ϙΎϨϫ .Ύ˴ϴ˶ϧΎ˴ΘϳέϮ ˶ ϣ˵ ϭ˴ ˵Ώή˶ ϐ˸ Ϥ˴ ϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴ˶Βϴ˶ϟ ϭ˴ ή˵ ˶˴ΰΠ˴ ϟ ϭ˴ β˶ϧϮ˵Η ϲϫ ΎϴϘϳήϓ ϝΎϤη ϝϭΩ ϯή˴ Β˸ Ϝ˵ ϟ ˯˵ ή˴ ˸Τ͉μϟ ϭ˴ ͊ϱΪ˶ Ϩ˸ Ϭ˶ ϟ ˵ςϴΤ˶ Ϥ˵ ϟ ΏϮϨΠϟ Ϧϣ ή˵ Ϥ˴ ˸Σ˴Ϸ ή˵ ˸Τ˴Βϟ ϭ˴ Ύ˴ϴϛ˶ ˸ή˵Η ϝΎϤθϟ Ϧϣ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ΪΤϳ 9.11. Practice: Capital -
ΔϤλΎόϟ
#
ΔϟϭΪϟ Ϣγ
ΔϣΎϨϤϟ
8
ήϤϘϟ έΰΟ
1.
ϖθϣΩ
5
ΔϴϤηΎϬϟ ΔϴϧΩέϷ ΔϜϠϤϤϟ
2.
ϲϧϭέϮϣ
1
ϥΩϮδϟ
3.
ϥΎϤ˷ ϋ
2
ϥΎϨΒϟ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ
4.
˯ΎόϨλ
7
ΔϳέϮδϟ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϳέϮϬϤΠϟ
5.
ΩΪϐΑ
10
ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ
6.
ΓήϫΎϘϟ
6
ϦϤϴϟ
7.
ΕϭήϴΑ
4
ϦϳήΤΒϟ ΔϜϠϤϣ
8.
ϡϮρήΨϟ
3
ΏήϐϤϟ
9.
ρΎΑήϟ
9
ϕήόϟ
10.
Lesson 10 10.1. Practice:
.ΔϴΑήϋ ΔϨϳΪϣ βϧϮΗ
2. X
.ϲϧΎϨΒϟ ΐϟΎρ ΪϤΣ
.Γήϴμϗ ϭ ΔϠϴϤΟ ϲΘΧ
4. X
.ΔϴϜϳήϣ Δϳϻϭ Ύϧϭΰϳέ
.ΔϳΰϴϠΠϧϻ ϭ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ ϢϠϜΗ
6. X
.ΓήϴΒϛ ϲΘϓήϏ
5.
X
.ΔϴϜϳήϣϷ ΎϧΫΎΘγ ΖϴΑ άϫ
8. X
.ΓΪϳΪΟ ΐΘϛ ΖϳήΘη
7.
X
.ϥΎΘϤϳΪϗ ϥΎΘΟέΩ ϱΪϨϋ
10. X
.ήϴϐμϟ ΏΎΒϟ Ϧϣ ϥϼΧΪϳ ϥΎΒϟΎτϟ
9.
X
1.
X
3. correct
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
265
Answer Key 10.2. Practice: Adjective of place F
Adjective of place M
Country
ΔϴϧΎΘδϛΎΑ
ϲϧΎΘδϛΎΑ
ϥΎΘδϛΎΑ
Δϳήτϗ
ϱήτϗ
ήτϗ
ΔϴΗέΎϣ
ϲΗέΎϣ
ΕέΎϣϻ
ΔϴϧΎϨΒϟ
ϲϧΎϨΒϟ
ϥΎϨΒϟ
Lebnan
ΔϴϨϤϳ
ϲϨϤϳ
ϦϤϴϟ
Alyaman
ΔϴδϧϮΗ
ϲδϧϮΗ
βϧϮΗ
Toonis
ΔϳήΰΟ
ϱήΰΟ
ήΰΠϟ
ΔϴϟΎτϳ
ϲϟΎτϳ
ΎϴϟΎτϳ
Bakistan Qata Alimarat
Aljaza’er Italya
10.3. Practice:
ϲϨϬϣ
ϱΩϼϴϣ
5.
ϱΪϠΑ
4.
ϲΑϭέϭ
3.
ϱήγ˵
2.
1.
10.4. Practice:
Ϣϫ
Meaning
ΎϤϫ
Verb in past tense
ϲϫ
Ϯϫ
Ζ ˶ ϧ
˴Ζϧ
ϦΤϧ
Ύϧ
ΐΘϜΗ
ΐΘϜϧ
ΐΘϛ
ΐΘϛ
Write
ϥϮΒΘϜϳ
ΎΒΘϛ
ΐΘϜΗ
ΐΘϜϳ
ϦϴΒΘϜΗ
Drink
ϥϮΑήθϳ
ϥΎΒΘϜϳ
ΏήθΗ
Ώήθϳ
ϦϴΑήθΗ
ΏήθΗ Ώήθϧ Ώήη
Ώήη
Live
ϥϮϨϜδϳ
ϥΎΑήθϳ
ϦϜδΗ
ϦϜδϳ
ϦϴϨϜδΗ
ϦϜδΗ
ϦϜδϧ
ϦϜγ
ϦϜγ
Read
ϥϭήϘϳ
ϥΎϨϜδϳ
ήϘΗ
ήϘϳ
ϦϳήϘΗ
ήϘΗ
ήϘϧ
ήϗ
ήϗ
Go
ϥϮΒϫάϳ
ϥήϘϳ
ΐϫάΗ
ΐϫάϳ
ϦϴΒϫάΗ
ΐϫάΗ
ΐϫάϧ
ΐϫΫ
ΐϫΫ
ϥϮΒΤϳ
ϥΎΒϫάϳ
ΐΤΗ
ΐΤϳ
ϦϴΒΤΗ
ΐΤΗ
ΐΤϧ
ΐΣ
ΐΣ
Cook
ϥϮΨΒτϳ
ϥΎΒΤϳ
ΦΒτΗ
ΦΒτϳ
ϦϴΨΒτΗ
ΦΒτΗ
ΦΒτϧ
ΦΒρ
ΦΒρ
Want
ϥϭΪϳήϳ
ϥΎΨΒτϳ
ΪϳήΗ
Ϊϳήϳ
ϦϳΪϳήΗ
ΪϳήΗ
Ϊϳήϧ
Ϊϳέ
Ωέ
Arrive
ϥϮϠμϳ
ϥΪϳήϳ
ϞμΗ
Ϟμϳ
ϦϴϠμΗ
ϞμΗ
Ϟμϧ
Ϟλ
Ϟλϭ
Leave
ϥϮϠΣήϳ
ϥϼμϳ
ϞΣήΗ
ϞΣήϳ
ϦϴϠΣήΗ
ϞΣήΗ
ϞΣήϧ
ϞΣέ
ϞΣέ
Love/like
10.5. Practice:
Ϟϣ
5.
ΏΎΑ
4.
ΪϤΣ
3.
ΏΎΘϛ
2.
Ϟϫ
1.
ϱΎη
10.
ήϳΎϨϳ
9.
ΓϮϬϗ
8.
ΔϴϠϛ
7.
ϲΑ
6.
10.6. Practice:
.ΪΟ έΎΣ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ ϥϷ ϝΎϣήϟ ϭ ΓέΎΤϟ βϤθϟ Ϧϣ ΔΟϮϟ ϭ αήϟ ΔϳΎϤΤϟ .ΡΎϳήϟ ϭ
2. 4.
ΪΟ ΔϬΑΎθΘϣ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϳΪϴϠϘΘϟ βΑϼϤϟ ϲϓ ϑϮμϟ Ϧϣ ΔϋϮϨμϤϟ βΑϼϤϟ ϥϮδΒϠϳ .ΪΟ ΩέΎΑ ϥϮϜϳ βϘτϟ ϥϷ ˯ΎΘθϟ .ϥΎϴΣϷ ξόΑ ΔηΪηΪϟ Ώήόϟ βΒϠϳ
1. 3.
5.
266
Answer Key
10.7. Practice:
ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ΕϮϨγ ϊΒγ ΐτϟ Ώϼρ αέΪϳ
2.
ϡϮϴϟ ϲϓ Εήϣ βϤΧ ϥϮϠμϳ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ
1.
.ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤϋ Ϣϟ Ϋ ϲϣ ΐπϐΗ
4.
ˮβϣ ϪΘϳήΘη ϱάϟ ΏΎΘϜϟ Ϣγ Ύϣ
3.
.ϦϴϨΛϻ ϡϮϳ ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ϮϠλϭ ϲΎϗΪλ
6.
.ΓέΎΒϤϠϟ ϭΪόΘδϳ ϲϜϟ ϖϳήϔϟ βΑϼϣ ϥϮΒϋϼϟ βΒϠϳ
5.
.ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΎϬϣ ϊϣ ΩΎόγ ΖΒϫΫ
8.
ˮήμϣ ϲϓ Εέί ΔϨϳΪϣ Ϣϛ
7.
.ϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήϐλ ϦϳήΤΒϟ ήΒΘόΗ
10.
ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ έϮΘϛΩ ϥϮϜϳ ϥ ΪϟΎΧ Ϊϳήϳ
9.
10.8. Practice:
ΔϨγ άϨϣ
(4)
ϡ
(1)
ϲΗΪΟ
(3)
ςϴθϧ
(5)
Ϟϴϟ
(6)
ήϴϐλ
(7)
ΖΧ
(2)
Lesson 11 11.1. Practice:
ΓάΗΎγ ΔΛϼΛ
5.
ϡϼϗ ΔϴϧΎϤΛ
4.
ΕϻϭΎρ ϊΑέ
3.
ΐΎϘΣ Ζγ
2.
ΕϮϴΑ ΔόδΗ
1.
ΪΣϭ ΡΎΘϔϣ
10.
ΕΎϤϠϛ ήθϋ
9.
ϥΎΘϴϠϛ
8.
ωέϮη ΔδϤΧ
7.
ΕϻΎΧ ϊΒγ
6.
11.2. Practice:
ΪϤΤϣ Ϯϫ Ϣγϻ
3
ϝΎϘΗήΑ ήϴμϋ Ϊϳήϧ ϭ ΝΎΟΪϟ άΧ΄Ϩγ
10
ˮϦϳΪϳήΗ ΫΎϣ ΓΪϴγ Ύϳ Ζϧ ϭ ΎϨδΣ
9
.ΪΟ ΐϴρ ϭ ϲϠϘϣ ϚϤγ ΎϧΪϨϋ – Ϣόϧ
8
ΔόΒγ Ϣϗέ ΔϟϭΎρ ! ϼϬγ ϭ ϼϫ
4
ΖΤϤγ Ϯϟ Ϣγϻ Ύϣ . ΎϨϤότϣ ϲϓ ϢϜΑ ΎΒΣήϣ
2
ίέ ϊϣ ϱϮθϣ ΝΎΟΩ ϡϮϴϟ ϖΒρ
6
ˮϡϮϴϟ ϖΒρ Ϯϫ Ύϣ ! ήϜη
5
ίέϷ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ Ϧϣ ϦϴϘΒρ ϭ ϚϤγ ϖΒρ Ϋ
11
ιΎΨη ΔΛϼΜϟ ΔϟϭΎρ ΎϧΰΠΣ . ήϴΨϟ ˯Ύδϣ
1
ˮϚϤγ ϢϛΪϨϋ Ϟϫ . ϚϤδϟ ΐΣ Ύϧ
7
11.3. Practice:
Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ βϤΧ ϭ ΔΎϤόδΗ ϭ ϒϟ
3.
ΔόΑήϟ
2.
Ϧϳήθόϟ ϭ ΔδϣΎΨϟ
1.
ήθϋ ϊγΎΘϟ
6.
ήθϋ ϊΑΎδϟ
5.
ϰϟϭϷ
4.
11.4. Practice:
ΎΣΎΒλ ϊΑήϟ ϭ ΔδϣΎΨϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ Ϧϣ ϲϠϋ φϘϴΘδϳ
1.
ϥϮΑΎμϟ ϭ ˯ΎϤϟΎΑ ϢΤΘδϳ ϭ ϪϧΎϨγ ϒψϨϳ ϭ ϡΎϤΤϟ ϲϟ ΐϫάϳ
2.
ϱΎθϟ ΐΤϳ Ϯϫ ϻ
3.
ΔτϠδϟ ϭ ίέϷ ϊϣ ϢΤϠϟ ϞπϔϤϟ ϪϣΎόρ
4.
.˯˱ Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ ϡϮϨϟ ϰϟ ϲϠϋ ΐϫάΑ
5.
Answer Key
267
11.5. Practice:
ϡΎόρ
ΔϋΎγ
(3)
3.
ΔϘϴϗΩ
(4)
ήϳήγ
2.
Ώήη
(5)
ΓΎηήϓ
1.
ϡΎϨϳ
(2)
ήϴμϋ
5.
ϥΎϨγ ϥϮΠόϣ
(1)
ΔϋΎγ
4.
11.6. Practice:
˯Ύθόϟ ϡΎόρ ϝϭΎϨΗϷ
(2)
ΏΎΘϜϟ ήϗϷ
(1)
ΕήΒϠΟ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϲΒϤΗ ωέΎη
645 (5)
ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΐόϟ Ύϧ
(3)
ϥΎΤΘϣϻ ϲϓ ΖΤΠϧ ϲϨϜϟ ϭ
(4)
Lesson 12 12.1. Practice:
ΏΎΘϜϟ ϭήϗ Ϣϟ Ώϼτϟ
3.
ϢότϤϟ ϲϓ Ζδϴϟ ϲΘΧ
2.
.ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ βϴϟ ϲΑΎΘϛ
1.
ϲϨϏ Ζδϟ Ύϧ
5.
έΪΠϟ ϰϠϋ Ζδϴϟ ϢϬΗέϮλ
4.
12.2. Practice:
.ήϬη άϨϣ ΖϴΒϟ άϫ ϲϓ ϥϮϨϜδϳ ϻ Ϣϫ
2.
.βϣ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ϥΎΤΘϣϼϟ ΖγέΩ Ύϣ
1.
.άϳάϟ ΎϣΎόρ ϲΘΧ ΖΨΒρ Ύϣ
4.
.ΪϏ ΓέΎΒϤϟ ˯ϼϋ ΪϫΎθϳ Ϧϟ
3.
.ϞϴϠϗ ΪόΑ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϧ Ϧϟ
6.
.έΎτϓϻ ϊϣ ϱΎθϟ ΏήθΗ ϥ ϲϣ ΐΤΗ ϻ
5.
.ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϰϟ ϲΘΧ ΖϠϘΘϧ Ύϣ
8.
.ΪϏ ΔόϣΎΠϟ ϲϓ ϩΫΎΘγ ϲϠϋ ϞΑΎϘϳ Ϧϟ
7.
.ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϰϬϘϤϟ ϲϓ ϮδϠΠϳ Ϣϟ
10.
.ϦϳήϬη ϞΒϗ ϥΎϨΒϟ Ύϧέί Ύϣ
9.
.Ύϧ Ϧϣ ϑήόΗ ϻ ϲϫ
11.
12.3. Practice:
˯ΎϴϤϴϜϟ ϥΎΤΘϣϻ αέΩ Ϣϟ ϻ
2.
ϱΫΎΗγ αϳϟ Ϋϫ ϻ
1.
ϡϮϴϟ Ϟϛ΄Ϩγ ΫΎϣ ϑήϋ ϻ
4.
ΔόϤΠϟ ϡϮϳ ϲΎϗΪλ ϊϣ ΝήΨΗ Ϧϟ ϻ
3.
ϲϠϋ ϊϣ ωϮΒγϷ ΔϠτϋ ξϤϧ Ϣϟ ϻ
6.
ΕΎϤϠϜϟ ΔγέΩ ϲϓ ϙΪϋΎδϧ Ϧϟ ϻ
5.
ˮΔϠϴϠϟ ϲϧέϭΰΘγ ΔϋΎγ ϱ / ϰΘϣ
2.
ˮΓΪϳήΠϟ ϱήΘη Ϧϳ Ϧϣ
1.
ˮήΧ΄Θϣ Ζϧ ΫΎϤϟ
4.
ˮϯϮϠΣ ϕϭΪϨλ ϱήΘη Ϧϳ Ϧϣ
3.
ΪόΘγϷ ΖϗϮϟ ξόΑ ΝΎΘΣ
6.
ΐΟϮϟ ϞϤϋ Ϣϟ Ϛϟάϟ ϭ ϞϤόϟΎΑ ϻϮϐθϣ ΖϨϛ
5.
ϥΎϤΜϋ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϥΎϛ ϕέΎρ
2.
ΐόϠϤϟ ϲϓ ϥΎϛ ϥΎϤΜϋ
1.
ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ϥΎγέΪϴγ ϕέΎρ ϭ ϥΎϤΜϋ
4.
ϲϠϋ ϊϣ αέΪϳ ϥ Ϊϳήϳ ϕέΎρ
3.
ϢότϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ ϥ Ϊϳήϳ ϲϠϋ
5.
12.4. Practice:
12.5. Practice:
268
Answer Key
12.6. Practice: Plural
ϊϤΠϟ
Δϔϴυϭ ϲϔΣλ ssahafi
Profession
ΕΎϴϔΤλ / ϦϴϴϔΤλ ΕΎϴϣΎΤϣ / ϦϴϴϣΎΤϣ ΕΎϧΎϨϓ / ϦϴϧΎϨϓ ΕΎϘΎγ / ϦϴϘΎγ ΕΪϋΎδϣ / ϦϳΪϋΎδϣ ΕΎϤϤμϣ / ϦϴϤϤμϣ
Plural
ϊϤΠϟ
Profession
ΕΎγέΪϣ / ϦϴγέΪϣ ΕΎγΪϨϬϣ / ϦϴγΪϨϬϣ
ϡΎΤϣ mohami ϥΎϨϓ fannan ϖΎγ sa’iq ΪϋΎδϣ mosa’ed ϢϤμϣ mosamem
ΕέΎΠϧ / ϦϳέΎΠϧ ΕΎϤϠόϣ / ϦϴϤϠόϣ ΕήϳΪϣ / ϦϳήϳΪϣ
Δϔϴυϭ
αέΪϣ moddares αΪϨϬϣ mohandis έΎΠϧ najjar ϢϠόϣ moa’lim ήϳΪϣ modeer
12.7. Practice:
ϥΎΘδϓ
(7)
Δϛήη
(10)
ϊΑήϟ ϻ ΔδϣΎΨϟ
(8)
ϞΟέ
(4)
ωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ
(6)
˯Ύδϣ ΓήηΎόϟ ΔϋΎδϟ
(5)
ΔϳΎϬϧ
(1)
ίέϷ ϊϣ ΝΎΟΪϟ
(3)
ϖϓϮϳ
(9)
ϥϮϤϴϟ ήϴμϋ
(2)
Lesson 13 13.1. Practice: Future Tense
Present Tense
Transliteration
Past tense
Meaning
Ώήθϴγ
Ώήθϳ
Shariba
Ώήη
ϞΧΪϴγ
ϞΧΪϳ
Dakhala
ϞΧΩ
Entered
ΝήΨϴγ
ΝήΨϳ
Kharaja
ΝήΧ
Got out
ΦΒτϴγ
ΦΒτϳ
Tabakha
ΦΒρ
Cooked
Ϟόϔϴγ
Ϟόϔϳ
Fa’ala
Ϟόϓ
Did
Ϣγήϴγ
Ϣγήϳ
Rasama
Ϣγέ
Drew
ΪϫΎθϴγ
ΪϫΎθϳ
Shahada
ΪϫΎη
Watched
ΐϫάϴγ
ΐϫάϳ
Thahaba
ΐϫΫ
Went
Ϟϛ΄ϴγ
Ϟϛ΄ϳ
Akala
Ϟϛ
Ate
ϞϤόϴγ
ϞϤόϳ
Amila
ϞϤϋ
Did
ϑήόϴγ
ϑήόϳ
A’rafa
ϑήϋ
ήϘϴγ
ήϘϳ
Qara’
ήϗ
αέΪϴγ
αέΪϳ
Darasa
αέΩ
Studied
ϦϜδϴγ
ϦϜδϳ
Sakana
ϦϜγ
Inhabited
ϢϠϜΘϴγ
ϢϠϜΘϳ
Takkalama
ϢϠϜΗ
Drank
Knew Read
Spoke
269
Answer Key Future Tense
Present Tense
Transliteration
Past tense
Meaning
ϊϤδϴγ
ϊϤδϳ
Samia’
ϊϤγ
Heard
ΪϋΎδϴγ
ΪϋΎδϳ
Sa’ada
ΪϋΎγ
Helped
ήΟ΄Θδϴγ
ήΟ΄Θδϳ
Ista’jara
ήΟ΄Θγ
Rented
ήΟΆϴγ
ήΟΆϳ
ήΟ
ajjara
Rented someone
13.2. Practice:
ˮΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ Ϧϣ ΎϬΘϤϠόΗ ΔϤϠϛ ϝϭ ϲϫ Ύϣ
2.
ˮΓέΎϴγ ήΟ΄Θγ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ
1.
ˮΔϠπϔϤϟ ϚΘϳϮϫ ϲϫ Ύϣ
4.
ˮΫΎϤϟ ˮ ϚΘγέΪϣ ΐΤΗ Ϟϫ
3.
ˮΔϘη ήΟ΄Θγ ϡ ΖϴΑ ϱήΘη : Ϛϳέ ϲϓ ϞπϓϷ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
6.
ˮϪΗέί ϥΎϜϣ ϞϤΟ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
5.
13.3. Practice:
ϦϴϠϤόΗ - ϦϴϤϴϘΗ
4.
.ΎϘϘΤϳ
3.
.ΕήΧ΄Η
2.
ήϴϏ
1.
ϭέί
8.
ϩήϘϧ
7.
ήόθϧ
6.
ϱΪϫΎθΗ - ϦϴΒΤΗ
5.
ϥϮϣΎϨΗ
11.
ΪϳήΗ
10.
ΎδϠΟ
9.
13.4. Practice:
Ϣγ
4.
ϥΎϤϳ
3.
Γήθϋ
2.
ΪϤΣ
1.
ΡϮϟ
8.
ϲΧ
7.
˯ΎόΑέϷ
6.
ΔόϣΎΟ
5.
13.5. Practice:
˯ήΤλ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϟϛ ϥ ϲϫ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϧϋ ΔΌρΎΨϟ ΔϣϮϠόϤϟ
1.
ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ έΎϬϧ ΪΟϮϳ Ϣόϧ
2.
ϥΩϮδϟ ϭ ήμϣ ϲϓ ϊϘϳ ϭ ϞϴϨϟ ήϬϧ Ϯϫ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ
3.
. ϲΑήόϟ ήΤΒϟ ϲϓ Γήϴμϣ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϥΪϋ ΞϴϠΧ ϲϓ ΓήτϘγ ΓήϳΰΟ ϭ ϦϳήΤΒϟ ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ έΰΟ
4.
ϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϰϠϋ ϊϘΗ ϲΑήόϟ ΞϴϠΨϟ ϝϭΩ
5.
Lesson 14 14.1. Practice:
ϦΒόϟ
5.
ϮϛήΗ / ϭέΩΎϏ
4.
ΎγέΩ
ΐΘϛ
3.
2.
ϮδϠΟ
1.
14.2. Practice:
ϡϮϴϟ Ϟμϓ ΎϧΪϨϋ βϴϟ
3.
ϲϠϋ ϰϟ ϲϧϮϔϠΗ Ϣϗέ ϲτόΗ ϻ
2.
ϚΘΒϴϘΣ ϲδϨΗ ϻ
1.
ΔϋήδΑ ϲπϛήΗ ϻ
5.
ϙ΅άΣ ϲϣήΗ ϻ
4.
Ϣϧ
14.3. Practice:
ϮΑήη
5.
ΎϤΘϳήΘη
4.
ϲΒϫάΗ
3.
ϮΑήθΗ ϻ
4.
ϲϠϛ΄Η ϻ
3.
ΪΑ
2.
1.
14.4. Practice:
ϦΤΒδΗ ϻ
5.
ϼϘΘϨΗ ϻ
2.
ϮΒϫάΗ ϻ
1.
270
Answer Key
14.5. Practice:
ϭΩΎϋ
5.
ΎΗέήϗ
4.
˯ήπΧ
3.
ϦϳΪϳήΗ
2.
ΎϣϮϳ
1.
Ζδϴϟ
4.
Ύδϴϟ
3.
Ζδϴϟ
2.
αϳϟ
1.
14.6. Practice:
Ζδϴϟ
5.
14.7. Practice:
Βμϴγ
5.
Ϯϔϗϭ
4.
ϭέΎγ
3.
Αέ
2.
ϭΪΑ
1.
ΎΗΪϫΎη
10.
ϥΪϳήϳ
9.
ϮόϤΘγ
8.
ΖϘϠϏ
7.
ΎϤϫΪϋΎδϳ
6.
14.8. Practice:
ήΤΒϟ ΊρΎθϟ ΓέϮλ
(4)
ΔϠΌγϷ Ϧϋ
(3)
ΪϳήΒϟ ϲϓ ΔϟΎγέ
(5)
ΔΤϔλ ΏΎΘϜϟ
(1)
ΫΎΘγϷ ϡϼϛ
(2)
Ϟμϔϟ ϞΧΩ ϥϮϔϠΘϟ
(6)
14.9. Practice:
ΏέΪΘϳ ϱΩΎϨϟ ϲϓ ΔϠϛ ΔόϤΠϟ ϡϮϳ ΪϤΣ ϰπϗ
2.
ϱΩΎϨϟ ϲϓ ˯ΎϗΪλϷ βϠΟ
1.
ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ϥήϴΠϟ Ωϻϭ ϊϣ ΐόϟ ϝΎϤΟ
4.
ϲϨϴλ Ϣότϣ ϲϓ ˯Ύθόϟ ϡΎόρ ΪϤΤϣ Ϟϛ
3.
14.10. Practice:
ϢϜΒΎϘΣ ϲϓ ϢϜΗΎϧϮϔϠΗ Ϯόο
2.
ΖϗϮϟ ϰϠϋ Ϟμϔϟ ϰϟ ϮϟΎόΗ
1.
ϢϛΪΣϮϟ ϦϳέΎϤΘϟ ϮϠΣ
4.
ϢϜΒϧΎΠΑ Ώϼτϟ ϊϣ ϮϤϠϜΘΗ ϻ
3.
ϢϜϗέϭ ϰϠϋ ΦϳέΎΘϟ ϮΒΘϜΗ ϥ ϮδϨΗ ϻ
5.
Lesson 15 15.1. Practice:
ϲΘϴΑ Ϧϣ ΔΒϳήϗ ϡϮϠόϟ ΔϴϠϛ
2.
ΓήϴΒϛ ϲϔλ ϲϓ ϲΘϟ άϓϮϨϟ
1.
ϒϗϮϤϟ ϲϓ ΪϤΣ ΔΟέΩ
4.
ΔΗέΎϴγ ϴΗΎϔϣ ΪϘϓ
3.
ΫΎΘγϷ ΐΘϜϣ ϰϠϋ ΓΪϳήΠϟ
5.
15.2. Practice:
1.
ΔϟϭΎτϟ ϰϠϋ ϢϳΪϘϟ ΏϮγΎΤϟ
3. it should be: 5.
correct
ϊγϭ ΪϳΪΠϟ ΐΘϜϤϟ
.ΔϤϳΪϗ ΓέϮλ έΪΠϟ ϰϠϋ
correct
2. it should be:
ΐΘϜϤϟ ϲϓ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΓΫΎΘγϷ
4. it should be:
ΔϤϳΪϗ ΓέΎϴγ ϲΧ ΪϨϋ
6. it should be:
ΔΒϴϘΤϟ ϲϓ Γήϴϐμϟ ϴΗΎϔϤϟ
15.3. Practice: Write whether the following is idafa or noun and adjective:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Idafa noun and adjective noun and adjective idafa
5. 6. 7. 8.
idafa noun and adjective noun and adjective idafa
9. Idafa 10. idafa
271
Answer Key 15.4. Practice:
αέΪϟ
5.
ϦΤϧ
4.
ϑήόΗ
3.
ϥϮΒΤϳ
2.
ΓέϲΛϛ
1.
ϥϭέϘϳ
10.
ΖϠϤΣ
9.
ΏήθΗ
8.
ϰϘϴγϮϤϟ
7.
ϻ
6.
15.5. Practice:
ΔΒϘόϟ ΞϴϠΧ
8.
ΎϴϘϳήϓ ΓέΎϗ
7.
ϞϴϨϟ ϱΩϭ
ΔϠΟΩ ήϬϧ
4.
3.
Φϴθϟ ϞΒΟ
2.
15.6. Practice:
ϕϮδϟ
3.
ϦϳΰϨΒϟ ΔτΤϣ
2.
ΕΎϳήϔδϟ ΐΘϜϣ
1.
Δρήθϟ ΰϛήϣ
5.
ΪϳήΒϟ ΐΘϜϣ
4.
15.7. Practice:
ΔϨγ ˾˿ ϩήϤϋ ΪϤΣ ϲϤϋ
1.
ϦϴϘΑΎρ ϪΘϴΑ ϲϓ
2.
ΐΘϜϣ ΔϓήϏ ϭ ϦϴϣΎϤΣ ϭ ϡϮϧ ϑήϏ ΙϼΛ ΪΟϮϳ ϲϧΎΜϟ ϖΑΎτϟ ϲϓ
3.
ϮΟϭΰΗ ϭ ΔόϣΎΠϟ Ϧϣ ϪΗΎϨΑ ϭ ϩΩϻϭ ΝήΨΗ
4.
ΎϤΩ ϢϬΎϨΑ Ϧϋ ϥϮΛΪΤΘϳ ϭ ϥϮδϠΠϳ ϭ Ύόϣ ˯Ύθόϟ ϡΎόρ ϮΨΒτϳ ϥ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϪΘΟϭί ϭ ϲϤϋ
5.
15.8. Practice:
ϲγέ ϲϓ Ϣϟ ϱΪϨϋ
5.
2020 ΔϨγ ωϭήθϤϟ ΪΒϴγ
1.
ΎϬϋϮϧ ϊϴϤΠΑ ΔοΎϳήϟ ϥϮΒΤϳ Ϣϫ
6.
ϒμϧ ϭ ϦϴΘϋΎγ ΓΪϤϟ ϢϠϴϔϟ ήϤΘγ
2.
ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟ Δϛήη ήϳΪϣ ϞϤόϳ Ϯϫ
7.
ϡΎϳ Γήθϋ ϥΎϨΒϟ ϲϓ ϥϮπϘϴγ
3.
ϥϮϫΪϟ Ϧϣ ϱήΜϜΗ ϻ ϭ ϪϛϮϔϟ ϭ έΎπΨϟ ϲϠϛ
8.
˱ήϴΜϛ ˯˱ Ύϣ ϲΑήη ϭ ˯ϭΪϟ άϫ ϲϠϤόΘγ
4.
Lesson 16 16.1. Practice:
ΎϧΎϛ
4.
ΖϨϛ
3.
ΎΘϧΎϛ
2.
ϥΎϛ
1.
ϥΎϛ
7.
ΎϨϛ
6.
˷ Ϧϛ
5.
16.2. Practice:
Εήλ
5.
ΖϠυ
4.
ΎϨϴδϣ
3.
ϮΤΒλ
2.
ϢΘϨϛ
1.
ϮϠυ
10.
ΎϨΤΒλ
9.
Ζϟί Ύϣ
8.
ΖϨϛ
7.
ΖϨϛ
6.
16.3. Practice:
ξϳήϣ ϪϧϷ ϖϳήϔϟ ϊϣ ΪϤΤϣ ΐόϠϳ ϻ ήϬθϟ άϫ
1.
έϮϴτϟ Ϊϴλ ϲϓ ΔϠϳϮρ ΕΎϋΎγ ϲπϘϳ ϥΎϛ ௌΪΒϋ
2.
ϲόϴΒτϟ Νϼόϟ ϲΗΪΟ ϞπϔΗ
3.
ϰϔθΘδϤϟ ϲϓ ΔΤΟΎϧ ΔϴϠϤϋ Ϫϟ ΖϳήΟ ΙΩΎΤϟ ΪόΑ
4.
ΎϜϳήϣ ϲϓ ΐτϟ αέΪΗ ϲϫ
5.
272
Answer Key
16.4. Practice:
ΖϳήΘη
4.
Ϊϳέ
3.
ΕάΧ
2.
ΖδϠΟ
1.
ϲΘϟ
8.
ϱάϟ
7.
ϦϴΒϫάΘγ
6.
ϥϮγέΪϳ
5.
16.5. Practice:
Δϳϭήϟ ϥϭήϘϳ ϮϧΎϛ
2.
ΔϴϤϠόϟ ϡϼϓϷ ΐΤΗ ΖϨϛ
1.
ήπΤϧ ϥ ϞΒϗ έΩΎϏ
4.
ΐϋέ ϢϠϴϓ ΪϫΎθϧ ΎϨϛ
3.
ϪΑήη Ϣϟ Ϛϟάϟ ΩέΎΑ ϱΎθϟ ϥΎϛ
6.
ήόθϟ Γ˯ήϗ ΐΣ ΖϨϛ
5.
ΓΩέΎΑ ϭ ΪΟ ΓήϴΒϛ ΎϨΘϓήϏ ΖϧΎϛ
8.
ΎϔΎΧ ΖϨϛ
7.
ΐϴΒτϟ ϰϟ ΖΒϫΫ Ϛϟάϟ ϭ ΩήΑ ΎϫΪϨϋ ϥΎϛ
10.
ΪΟ ΔϳϮϗ ΡΎϳήϟ ΖϧΎϛ
9.
16.6. Practice:
ήϐλ
4.
ϝϮρ
3.
ήΒϛ
2.
ϞϤΟ
1.
ϦδΣ
8.
ϡΪϗ
7.
ήΜϛ
6.
ϞϬγ
5.
16.7. Practice:
Δϗέϭ
5.
ΩΪϋ
4.
ΖΧ
3.
Ϣγ
2.
ϡϮϳ
1.
ήϴϣ
10.
ϦΑ
9.
ϥΎΠϨϓ
8.
ϝΆγ
7.
ωϮΒγ
6.
16.8. Practice:
βϴϤΨϟ ϡϮϳ ϰΘΣ ϭ ΪΣϷ ϡϮϳ ΪΒΗ ΔϴϤγήϟ ϞϤόϟ ϡΎϳ
1.
ωϮΒγϷ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ΎϣϮϳ ΎϤϫ ΖΒδϟ ϭ ΔόϤΠϟ
2.
Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϰΘΣ ΎΣΎΒλ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ Ϧϣ ΕΎϛήθϟ ϲϓ ϡϭΪϟ ΪΒϳ ήμϋ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔΜϟΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ Ϧϣ ϢΛ ϭ ήϬυ .ήϬυ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ΔϴϣϮϜΤϟ ΕΎδγΆϤϟ ϲϓ ϡϭΪϟ ϲϬΘϨϳ ˯Ύδϣ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔγΩΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϰΘΣ
3.
!ΔϴΑήόϟ ϝϭΪϟ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϭ ϙΪϠΑ ϲϓ ϞϤόϟ ΕΎϋΎγ ϦϴΑ ϥέΎϗ 16.10. Practice:
ϮΒϫΫ
5.
ωϮΒγϷ
4.
ϰϬϘϤϟ
3.
ϰϠϋ
2.
αέΩ
1.
ήϐλ
10.
ΎϤϫ
9.
ΫΎϣ
8.
ϰδϨΗ
7.
ϥΎϴπϘϳ
6.
Lesson 17 17.1. Practice:
ΓΪϳΪΟ ϢϫέΎϜϓ Ϟόϟ ϢϬϟ΄γ
5.
ΪϳΪΟ ΎΑΎΘϛ ϥΎΒΘϜϳ ΎϤϬϧ
1.
ΪΟ ΟΎϧ ϞΟέ ϢϫϮΑ ϥ
6.
. ϡϮϴϟ ϥΎΒόΗ Ϫϧ΄ϛ
2.
ϭέάΘϋ ϢϬϨϜϟ ϭήπΤϳ ϥ ϢϬϟ ΖϠϗ
3.
Δπϳήϣ ΎϬϧϷ ϞϔΤϟ ϰϟ ήπΤΗ Ϣϟ
4.
.ήΧ ϥΎϜϣ ϰϟ ϮΒϫΫ ϢϬϠόϟ ΎϨϫ ΪΣ ΪΟϮϳ ϻ
4. 5.
273
Answer Key 17.2. Practice:
ήϬψϟ Γϼλ ΪόΑ ΔόϤΟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ ϝΎϘΗήΒϟ ϭ ίϮϤϟ ΐΤϳ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ
2. 4.
ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ϪϴΑ ϊϣ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ΎϤϬϧϷ "ϲΑήόϟ" ΔϠΠϣ ˯ήθϟ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ϩϮΑ ϭ ˯ϼϋ ΐϫάϳ ήϴΜϛ ΎϬϧΎΒΤϳ
1.
ΓϮϬϘϟ ϥϮΟΎΘΤϳ ϢϬϧ ˯ϼϋ ϮΑ ήϛάΗ
5.
17.3. Practice:
ϥϭΪϳήΗ
5.
ήϓΎδϴγ
4.
ϦϴγέΪΗ
3.
ΎϣϮϳ
2.
ΪϤΣ
1.
ϥϮΒΤϳ
10.
ϩάϫ
9.
ϊϣ
8.
ήϴϐλ
7.
ϞϳϮρ
6.
17.4. Practice:
.ΕϼϳϮρ ΕΎϨΒϟ
2.
.ΔΤϳήϣ ϲγήϜϟ
1.
.ΔϠϴϤΟ ϖΪΣ ΪΟϮϳ
4.
.ΔϏέΎϓ ϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϡϮϨϟ ϑήϏ
3.
. ΓήϴΒϛ ΓέΎϤϋ ϲϓ Γήϴϐλ ϖϘη ϩάϫ
5.
17.5. Practice:
έΎΒΧϷ
ΓήΛΆϣ
5.
ϲϧΎϏϷ
4.
ΔϟΎγέ
3.
ΓΪϳήΠϟ
2.
1.
17.6. Practice:
. ϒϴμϟ ϲϓ ήΤΒϟ ϰϟ αΎϨϟ ΐϫάϳ
2.
.- ΔϴϜϳήϣ ΓέΎϴγ ΪϤΣ ϯήΘη
1.
. ΓήΎτϟΎΑ ΎϜϳήϣ ϰϟ ΎϴϛήΗ Ϧϣ ΕήϓΎγ
4.
ΫΎΘγϷ ΐΘϜϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ άϫ
3.
ήΒϤϓϮϧ ήϬη ϲϓ ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΖϠλϭ
5.
17.7. Practice:
ˮϚϟΰϨϣ ϲϓ ΓάϓΎϧ Ϣϛ
3.
ˮΔΒϴϘΤϟ ϩάϫ ϦϤϟ
2.
ˮΔΒΘϜϤϟ ϰϟ ΖΒϫΫ ΫΎϤϟ
1.
ˮϚΘϘϳΪλ Ϣγ Ύϣ
6.
ˮ ϙΪϨϋ ΐϠϛ ϭ Δτϗ Ϣϛ
5.
ˮ ϞπϔϤϟ ϚϧϮϟ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
4.
17.8. Practice: To review your attached pronouns, attach the suitable pronoun for the following nouns:
ΎϨΘγέΪϣ
5.
ΎϬΘμϗ
4.
ΎϤϬΗΪϟϭ
3.
ϢϬϘΎγ
2.
ΎϬΗήΎρ
1.
ϚΣΎΘϔϣ
10.
ΎϧΰΒΨϣ
9.
ϚΘϋΎγ
8.
ΎϤϬΘΟέΩ
7.
ϲΗέΎψϧ
6.
Lesson 18 18.1. Practice:
ϲΘϟ
5.
ϲΗϼϟ
4.
ϥάϠϟ
3.
ϲΘϟ
2.
Ϧϳάϟ
1.
Ϧϳάϟ
10.
ϱάϟ
9.
ϲΘϟ
8.
ϱάϟ
7.
ϥΎΘϠϟ
6.
18.2. Practice:
ΔΒϴϘΣ
5.
ΓέΎψϧ
4.
ΪΠδϣ
3.
ϢϠϗ
2.
ΐϴϠΣ
1.
ϦϳήΤΒϟ
10.
ήΰΠϟ
9.
ϚϨΒϟ
8.
ϕϮδϟ
7.
α΄ϛ
6.
3.
274
Answer Key
18.3. Practice:
ςΎΤϟ ϰϠϋ ϙΎϨϫ έϮμϟ
2.
˯Ϊϐϟ ϡΎόρ ϡϷ ήπΤΗ
1.
ΦΒτϤϟ ϲϓ ΓϮϬϘϟ ΪϤΣ ϞϤόϳ
4.
ΔΒϴϘΤϟ ϲϓ βΑϼϤϟ Ϟϣ ϊπΗ
3.
: ϊΑήϟ ϖΑΎτϟ ϲϓ ΓέΎϤόϟ ϩάϫ ϲϓ ϲΘϴΑ
6.
βτδϏ ήϬη ϲϓ ΔϴϠϜϟ ϰϟ Ώϼτϟ ϊΟέ
5.
18.4. Practice:
ξϔΨϨΗ
3.
ΓέήΤϟ ΔΟέΩ
2.
ϝΪΘόϣ - ΩέΎΑ
1.
έϭήϤϟ
6.
ΓήΠϬϟ
5.
ϱήϬη
4.
18.5. Practice:
ΕΎϳήϔδϟ ΐΘϜϣ Ϧϣ ήϛάΗ ΎϨϳήΘη - ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΐϫάϧ ϥ ϲΎϗΪλ ϭ Ύϧ Ύϧέήϗ έΎτϤϟ ϰϟ ΎϨΘϴΑ Ϧϣ ΓήΟϷ ΓέΎϴγ ΎϨΒϛέ -
ήϔδϠϟ ΎϨΒΎϘΣ ΎϧΩΪϋ -
έΎΛϵ ϭ ΔϴΣΎϴδϟ ϦϛΎϣϷ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ Ύϧέί ϭ ϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΎϨΒϫΫ -
ΕΎϋΎγ Ζγ ΓΪϤϟ ΓέΎϴτϟ ϲϓ ΎϨΒϛέ -
ήϴΜϛ ΔϠΣήϟΎΑ ΎϨόΘϤΘγ -
ΎϨΗϼΎόϟ ΎϳΪϬϟ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϜϟ ΎϨόϣ ϭ ΎϨόΟέ -
18.6. Practice:
ˮ ΔόϤΠϟ ϡϮϳ ϞΑΎϘΘϨϟ Ζϗϭ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ
1.
ˮ ΔϴϧϭήΘϜϟϻ ΏΎόϟϷ ϞπϔΗ ϡ ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΐόϠΗ ϥ ΪϳήΗ Ϟϫ
2.
ˮ ΔϴΑήόϟ ΔϐϠϟ ΐΟϭ ϲϓ ϲϧΪϋΎδΗ ϥ ϦϜϤϣ
3.
βϣ Ϧϣ ήϴΜϛ ΩήΑ ϡϮϴϟ βϘτϟ ϥϮϜϴγ
4.
ϝϭϷ ϲΑΎΘϛ ΔϋΎΒρ Ϧϣ ΖϴϬΘϧ
5.
ˮ ΓήΠϬϟ ϥϮϧΎϗ ϑήόΗ Ϟϫ
6.
ΎϬϨϋ ΙΪΤΗ ΖϨϛ ϲΘϟ ΔϔλΎόϟ ϲϫ ϩάϫ
7.
ˮ ϪϨϋ ΙΪΤΘΗ ΖϨϛ ϱάϟ ϲϋΎϤΘΟϻ ΰϛήϤϟ Ϧϳ
8.
ˮ ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ΪΣϭ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ ˮ ϞπϔϤϟ ϚϧϮϴΣ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
9.
ˮ ΖϴϛΎΠϟ βΒϟ ϥ ΐΠϳ Ϟϫ ˮ ϡϮϴϟ ΓέήΤϟ ΔΟέΩ ϲϫ Ύϣ
10.
18.7. Practice:
˯˳ ά˴ Σ˶ ϭ˴ Ζ ˳ ϴϛ˶ ΎΟ˴ ϰ˴ϟ˶· Ν˴ Ύ˴Θ ˸Τϳ ϭ˴ ˱ΩέΎ ˶ ˴Α ˴ ˴Β ˸λ˴ ˵βϘ˸ ͉τϟ ϥ ήϜϔϳ ϥΎϛ ϦδΣ ϞϤόΗ ϻ ΔΗέΎϴγ ϥϻ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϳ ϥ ϊϴτΘδϳ ϻ ϦδΣ ΪϨϋ ΩέΎΑ βϘτϟ ϻ ˴ Ϩ˸ ˴Α ϱ .˱ΪϳΪ˶ Ο˴ ϻΎ˱ τ ˴ ή˴˶ Θθ˸ ϳ ϥ˸ ˴ Ϊ˵ ϳήϳ ˶ .Ϣ˸ ό˴ ˴ϧ
1. 2. 3. 4.
18.8. Practice:
Ϧϳάϟ
5.
ϲΘϟ
4.
ϲΘϟ
3.
ϲΘϟ
2.
ϱάϟ
1.
ϲΘϟ
9.
ϲΘϟ
8.
ϲΘϟ
7.
ϱάϟ
6.
275
Answer Key 18.9. Practice:
ΔϴϠϛ – ΔΒΘϜϣ – ΐΘϜϣ : ΔόϣΎΟ
2.
ΓέΎϤϋ – ΖϴΑ – ΓέΎϴγ ωέΎη
1.
ΐϴϠΣ – ϖΒρ – ΏϮϛ : ΦΒτϣ
4.
ΕέϮη – ϝΎτϨΑ – ϥΎΘδϓ : βΑϼϣ
3.
ϲϟΪϴλ – ˯ϭΩ : ΔϴϟΪϴλ
6.
Γήϔγ ΔϓήϏ – ϡΎϤΣ – ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ : ΔϘη
5.
˯ήΤλ – ϞΒΟ – ήϬϧ : ΔϟϭΩ
8.
ΔϟΎΧ – Ϣϋ ϦΑ – Ώ – ΔΟϭί : ΔϠΎϋ
7.
ΐόϠϣ – ϡΪϗ Γήϛ – ΔΣΎΒγ : ΔοΎϳέ
10.
ϚϤγ – ΡΎϔΗ – ϢΤϟ – ΝΎΟΩ : ϡΎόρ
9.
Lesson 19 19.1. Practice:
.έΎτϓϻ ΪόΑ ΓϮϬϘϟ Ώή˴ θ˵Η
2.
.ϝϳϣΟ ΩϠΑ ϥΎϧΑϟ ϥ ϝϳϗ
1.
.ΓήϴΜϛ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ΖϳήΘη
4.
.ϥΎπϣέ ΪόΑ ήτϔϟ ΪϴόΑ Ϟ˴ϔ˴ΘΤ˵ϳ
3.
.ϡϮϴϟ ϲϓ Εήϣ βϤΧ ϰϠμ ˴ ˵ϳ
5.
19.2. Practice:
1. active tense 5. active tense.
2. passive tense 6. active tense
3. passive tense 7. active tense
4. passive tense 8. passive tense
19.3. Practice:
ˮΔόϣΎΟϟ ϲϓ ϙϭΧ αέΩϳ ΫΎϣ
1.
.ϲΑΩ ΔϧϳΩϣ ϲϓ ϲΗΩϟϭ ϥϛγΗ
2.
ϥϵ ϥρϧηϭ ϲϓ ϝϣόΗ ΕΧ ϱΩϧϋ
3.
.ΡΎΑλϟ ϲϓ ίΑΧϟ ϭ ϥΑΟϟ Ώέόϟ ϡυόϣ ϝϛ΄ϳ
4.
.˯Ύδϣ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔγΩΎδϟ ϲϓ ΓήΎτϟ ϝϮλϭ ΪϋϮϣ ϥΎϛ
5.
.ΔϟϭΎτϟ – ΎόϴϤΟ – ϝϮΣ – ΕήπΣ – ϮδϠΟ ϭ – ϡϷ – ˯Ύθόϟ
6.
ΔϴΑήόϟ ΩϼΒϟ ϊϴϤΟ έϭί ϥ Ϊϳέ
7.
. ˯ΎδϤϟ ϰϟ ΡΎΒμϟ Ϧϣ ϥϮϠϤόϳ Ϣϫ
8.
βϣ Ύϧέί ϥάϟ ϥΎϔϴπϟ ϥάϫ
9.
.ΎΣΎΒλ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔϨϣΎΜϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ˯ΎόΑέϷ ϡϮϳ ϙέ΄γ
10.
19.4. Practice:
ΔϨδϟ ϲϓ ήϬη ϝϭ Ϯϫ ήϳΎϨϳ
2.
ϲϧΎΜϟ ωέΎθϟ ϰϠϋ ϰϬϘϣ ϙΎϨϫ
1.
ΔϨγ ϦϴόΒγ ϭ βϤΧ ϩήϤϋ ϭ ϲϟΎΧ Ϯϫ ϝϼΑ
4.
ΔόγΎΘϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϲϓ ΐϫΫ ϥ ΐΠϳ ϒμϨϟ ϭ ΔϨϣΎΜϟ ΎϬϧ
3.
ϲΘϳϮϛ Ϯϫ ϭ ΔϴϧΩέ Ύϧ
6.
ΔϳέϮδϟ ϲΘϘϳΪλ ϡΎϬϟ ϲϫ ϩάϫ
5.
κϤΣ ϭ Ϟϓϼϓ Ϊϳέ ΔόΎΟ Ύϧ
8.
ΎϬΘϨΑ ϭ ΎϬϨΑ ϊϣ ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ϲΘϤϋ
7.
ˮΩΣϷ ϡϭϳ ΩόΑ ϲΗ΄ϳ ΫΎϣ
10.
ˮέΎτϤϟ ϰϟ ϕΪϨϓ Ώήϗ Ϣγ Ύϣ
9.
276
Answer Key
19.5. Practice:
.ϡϫίϭΟ ϭϣϠγΗϳϟ ΔϠϔΣϟ ϰϟ Ώϼρϟ ϝλϭ
1.
.ΓήΎτϟ ϮΒϛήϴϟ έΎτϤϟ ϰϟ ϮϠλϭ ϥϭήϓΎδϤϟ
2.
.ϮΤΒδϴϟ ϱΩΎϨϟ ϰϟ ϥϮΒϋϻ ˯ΎΟ
3.
.ΎΣΎΒλ ΔόΑΎδϟ ΔϋΎδϟ ϡϮϳ Ϟϛ Δϛήθϟ ϰϟ ϥϮΒϫάϳ ϥϮγΪϨϬϤϟ
4.
.ΡϮϠϟ ϰϠϋ ΔϠΌγϷ ϦΒΘϛ ΕΎγέΪϤϟ
5.
.ϰϬϘϤϟ ϲϓ ϱΎθϟ ϮΑήθϳ ϥ ϥϮΒΤϳ ϲΗΎϘϳΪλ
6.
.ϢϬΗϮΧ ϊϣ κϤΤϟ ϭ Ϟϓϼϔϟ ϥϮϠϛ΄ϳ ΩϻϭϷ
7.
ˮϲΗϮΧ Ύϳ ΐΟϮϟ ϢΘϠϤϋ Ϟϫ
8.
ˮ ϢϜΗΎϋΎγ ϢΘϳήΘη Ϧϳ Ϧϣ
9.
.ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΓέΎΒϣ ΪϫΎθϨϟ ήϛάΗ ΎϨϳήΘη
10.
19.6. Practice:
Ϟϫ
5.
Ζδϟ
4.
ϥάϫ
3.
ήϤΣ
2.
ήϤΣ
1.
ϭΩϋΎγϳ
10.
ΔϤϳΪϗ
9.
ΪόΑ
8.
ΚϟΎΜϟ
7.
Γήθϋ ΔϴϧΎΜϟ
6.
19.7. Practice:
ϦϳΰΣ
(6)
ΡΎΒλ
(3)
ϡϮϳ
(5)
ϰδϨϳ
(1)
Ϊϴόγ
(7)
ΩϮγ
(4)
˯ΎΘη
(9)
ΝήΧ
(2)
ϰϬϘϣ
(8)
ΏϮΟ
(10)
19.8. Practice:
ΎϴϘϳήϓ ϲϓ ΔϟϭΩ ήΒϛ ΔϴΑήόϟ ήμϣ ΔϳέϮϬϤΟ ήΒΘόΗ
1.
ΩϼϴϤϟ ϞΒϗ ̂˿̂ ΔϨγ ϲϓ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ΔϨϳΪϣ ˯ΎϨΑ ϢΗ
2.
ϲϠϴϠΨϟ ϥΎΧ ϕϮγ ϭ ήϫίϷ ΔόϣΎΟ ϭ ϱήμϤϟ ϒΤΘϤϟ ΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϓ ϦϛΎϣϷ ήϬη
3.
ήϫίϷ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϫ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ
4.
ϦϴδΤϟ ΪΠδϣ ϭ ιΎόϟ ϦΑ ϭήϤϋ ϊϣΎΟ ϭ ΐϨϳί ΓΪϴδϟ ϊϣΎΟ ΎϬϴϓ ΪΟΎδϤϟ ήϬη
5.
19.9. Practice:
ϕΪϨϓ ΎϬϴϓ βϴϟ ϲΘϟ ΔϳήϘϟ ϰϟ ΎϨΒϫΫ = ϕΪϨϓ ΎϬϴϓ βϴϟ ΔϳήϘϟ . Δϳήϗ ϰϟ ΎϨΒϫΫ ˮβϣ ϪΘϠδϏ ϱάϟ ϲϨΒϟ ϝΎτϨΒϟ Ϧϳ
1.
ˮϢότϤϟ ϲϓ ϮϧΎϛ Ϧϳάϟ ΩϻϭϷ Ϟϛ Ϟϫ
2.
.ΔϧΰΨϟ ϲϓ ϥΎϛ ϱάϟ ϥΎΘδϔϟ ϯΪϫ ΕήΘη
3.
.ΎϋΎϤΘΟ ϮΒϠρ Ϧϳάϟ ϦϴϔυϮϤϟ ϊϣ ήϳΪϤϟ ϊϤΘΟ
4.
.ήμϣ ϲϓ ϲΘϟ ΕΎϣήϫϷ Εέί .˾
5.
Answer Key
277
19.10. Practice:
ΕΎτΤϣ
4.
ΏϮϛ
3.
ΕΎϣΎϤΣ
2.
˯ΎϨΑ
1.
ΎϳΪϬϟ
8.
ϦϛΎϣϷ
7.
ΰϛήϣ
6.
ϦϴγΪϨϬϣ
5.
19.11. Practice:
ˮϚϔΗΎϫ Ζϴδϧ Ϧϳ
3.
ˮϝΆγ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ
2.
ˮϚΘϴΑ ϲϓ ϡϮϧ ΔϓήϏ Ϣϛ
1.
ˮϞϤόΗ Ϧϳ
6.
ˮϕΪϨϔϟ ϲϓ ΖϤϗ ΎϣϮϳ Ϣϛ
5.
ˮΎϜϳήϣ ϲϓ ϚΘΧ ϊϣ ϦϜδΗ Ϟϫ
4.
ˮϦϴϟΎΧ ϙΪϨϋ Ϟϫ
9.
ˮϰϬϘϤϟ ϰϟ ΐϫάϨγ ϰΘϣ
8.
ˮΕΎϴοΎϳήϟ αέΪΗ Ϧϳ
7.
ˮϚϣ ϞϤόΗ ΫΎϣ
10.
Lesson 20 20.1. Practice:
ΎϤϛ
5.
ϞΜϣ
4.
ϥ΄ϛ
3.
ϚϧΎΘδϔϛ
2.
.ΎϤϛ
1.
Ϫϧ΄ϛ
10.
ΎϤϛ
9.
ϞΜϣ
8.
ΎϤϛ
7.
ΓϮϬϘϟΎϛ
6.
20.2. Practice:
ϦϳήΤΒϟ Ϯϫ ϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήϐλ
1.
ήΰΠϟ Ϯϫ ϲΑήϋ ΪϠΑ ήΒϛ
2.
ϞϴϨϟ ήϬϧ Ϯϫ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ήϬϧ ϝϮρ
3.
ΓήϫΎϘϟ ϲϓ ήϫίϷ ΔόϣΎΟ ϲϫ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ΔόϣΎΟ ϡΪϗ
4.
ϥΎπϣέ ήϬη ϲϓ ϥϮϤϠδϤϟ ϡϮμϳ
5.
ˮΔϨδϟ ϲϓ ϊΑΎδϟ ήϬθϟ Ϯϫ Ύϣ
6.
ΔϳήΠϬϟ ΔϨδϟ ϭ ΔϳΩϼϴϤϟ ΔϨδϟ ϦϴΑ ϕήϓ ϡΎϳ Γήθϋ ϙΎϨϫ
7.
ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ Ϧϣ ..... έϭί ϥ ΐΣ
8.
ϲΑήόϟ ϢϟΎόϟ ϲϓ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϓ ϡϮϳ ϝϭ Ϯϫ ΪΣϷ ϡϮϳ
9.
ΕΎΒΠΤϣ ΕΎϴΑήόϟ ˯ΎδϨϟ ϊϴϤΟ Ζδϴϟ ϻ
10.
20.3. Practice:
.ήϴΒϛ ϙΎΒη Ϫϴϓ ϭ ϊγϭ ΦΒτϤϟ
2.
.ϲϟΎϏ ΎϫέΎΠϳ ϭ ΔϘϴο ϪΘϘη
1.
.ϦϴϤϳΪϗ ϲγήϜϟ ϭ ΔϟϭΎτϟ
4.
.ΪϳΪΟ ήϳήδϟ ϭ ΓήϴΒϛ ϡϮϨϟ ΔϓήϏ
3.
ΐΘϜϟΎΑ ΔΌϴϠϣ ΔΒΘϜϤϟ
6.
.Φγϭ ϡΎϤΤϟ
5.
.ΔϤΎϏ ˯ΎϤδϟ ϭ ΩέΎΑ βϘτϟ
8.
.ΦΒτϤϟ Ϧϋ ΔΒϳήϗ αϮϠΠϟ ΔϓήϏ
7.
.ΎΗϮϳϮΗ ΓέΎϴγ Ϟϣ ΪϨϋ βϴϟ
10.
.ΎϜϳήϣ ΪϤΣ έΩΎϏ
9.
278
Answer Key
20.4. Practice:
ϊΒγ
2.
ΙϼΛ
1.
ήϬη ήθϋ ΎϨΛ
4.
ϦϴδϤΧ ϭ ΔΘγ
3.
Γήθϋ
6.
ϦϴϋϮΒγ
5.
ήθϋ ϊδΗ ϭ Ϧϴϔϟ ΔϨγ βτδϏ Ϧϣ ήθϋ βϣΎΨϟ
8.
ΔγΩΎδϟ
7.
ϦϴΘγ ϭ ϦϴΘΎϣ ϭ ϒϟ
10.
Ϧϳήθϋ ϭ ΔδϤΧ
9.
20.5. Practice:
ϰϬϘϤϟ
5.
ΔόϣΎΟ
4.
ΔΟέΩ
3.
ωϮΒγ
2.
ΫΎΘγ
1.
ήϴϣϷ
10.
ΔϘϳΪΣ
9.
ΡΎϔΗ
8.
ϡϷ
7.
ΓέΎϴγ
6.
20.6. Practice:
ήϘϳ
4.
ϱήΘθϳ
3.
Ώήθϳ
2.
Ϟϛ΄ϳ
1.
ϦϜδϳ
8.
βΒϠϳ
7.
ήϴτϳ / ήϓΎδϳ
6.
ΐΘϜϳ
5.
ΪϫΎθϳ
12.
ϊϤδϳ
11.
βϠΠϳ
10.
ϕϮδϳ
9.
20.7. Practice:
ϥϮΒΤϳ
5.
4.
ΫΎϣ
3.
ϒϴϛ
2.
ΫΎϣ
1.
ΪΒΘγ
10.
ϊϴτΘδϳ
9.
ϱήΘθΗ
8.
ϢΣΩΰϣ
7.
ϝϭΎϨΗ΄γ
6.
20.8. Practice:
ˮϞϓϼϔϟ ΐΤΗ Ϟϫ
2.
ˮΖϧ Ϧϳ Ϧϣ
1.
ˮϥϮγέΪϳ ΔόϣΎΟ ϱ ϲϓ /ˮ ΓέΎΠΘϟ ϥϮγέΪϳ Ϧϳ
4.
ˮϞϤόϳ Ϧϳ
3.
ˮϥΩέϷ ϰϟ ΖΒϫΫ ΫΎϤϟ
6.
ˮϞϣ ϦϜδΗ Ϧϳ
5.
ˮήΠθϟ ϕέϭ ςϘδΗ ϰΘϣ
8.
ˮΔϳΩϮόδϟ ΔϤλΎϋ ϲϫ Ύϣ
7.
ˮΐΟϮϟ ΖϠϤϋ Ϟϫ
10.
ˮΪϨϬϟ ϲϓ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ήΒϛ Ϯϫ
9.
20.9. Practice:
Γήϴϐλ Δϳήϗ ϢϟΎόϟ ΖϠόΟ ΔΜϳΪΤϟ ΎϴΟϮϟϮϨϜΘϟ
1.
ΖϧήΘϧϻ Ϧϣ ϲΒΘϛ ϱήΘη
2.
ΖϧήΘϧϻ Ϧϣ ϰδΑϼϣ ϱήΘη / ϲδΑϼϣ ϱήΘηϻ ϕϮδϟ ϰϟ ΐϫΫ Ϣόϧ
3.
ΩϮϣ ..... ήΗϮϴΒϤϜϟ ϰϠϋ ΖγέΩ
4.
ˮΔϧγ ϥϳγϣΧ ΩόΑ ϡϟΎόϟ Αλϳ ϥ ϊϗϭΗΗ ϑϳϛ
5.
English-Arabic Dictionary Notes: If a letter has a (‘) it means it is pronounced as ω. When a letter is doubled, then there is shaddah on it and it should be stressed. gh stands for ύ dh stands for ν th-th stands for υ˰ q stands for ϕ kh stands for Υ tt stands for ρ “ii” means long ee hh stands for Ρ ss stands for ι
A about
ΎΒϳήϘΗ/ϲϟϮΣ
above abroad accident adaptor add address admission adult advice airplane after aftershave again against age AIDS air conditioning airmail airplane airport alarm alarm clock alcohol Allah all day allergy alone altogether always ambulance America American (m.) American (f.)
ϕϮϓ ΩϼΒϟ ΝέΎΧ ϲϓ ΙΩΎΣ ΔϠλϭ ϒϴπϳ ϥϮϨϋ ϝϮΧΩ ώϟΎΑ ΔΤϴμϧ ΓήΎρ ΪόΑ ΎϴϧϮϟϮϛ ϯήΧ Γήϣ Ϊο ήϤϋ ίΪϳ ϒϴϜϣ ϱϮΟ ΪϳήΑ ΓήΎρ έΎτϣ έάϧ· ϪΒϨϣ ήϤΧ/ϝϮΤϛ ௌ ϡϮϴϟ ϝϮρ ΔϴγΎδΣ ΪϴΣϭ ΎόϴϤΟ ΎϤΩ ϑΎόγ· ΓέΎϴγ ΎϜϳήϣ ϲϜϳήϣ ΔϴϜϳήϣ
hawaaly / taqreeban fawq fee al-kharij haadith wasla yodheef onwaan dukhool baaligh nasiiha taa’ira ba’d kuloonya marra ukhraa dhid ‘ umr aydiz mokayyef bariid jawwii taa’ira mataar inthaar monabbeh khamr /kuhuul Allah ttiwal al-yawm hassasiyya waheed jamee’an daa’iman sayyaarat is’aaf amariikaa amareeki amareekiyyah
architecture
ΔϴϤϛ ήϳΪΨΗ ΐοΎϏ ϥϮϴΣ ΐόϛ Ωέ /ΏϮΟ ϪϠϤϧ ϢϳΪϗ ϪϘη έάΘϋ ΔΣΎϔΗ ΪϋϮϣ ϞϳήΑ ΔϳέΎϤόϣ ΔγΪϨϫ
area area code arm arrange arrive arrow art article ashtray ask (question) ask for aspirin assault assorted at home at night at the back at the front at least August Australia
ΔϘτϨϣ/ΔΣΎδϣ ϱΪϳήΒϟ Ϣϗήϟ ωέΫ ΐΗήϳ Ϟμϳ ϢϬγ Ϧϓ ϝΎϘϣ ήΎΠγ ΔπϔϨϣ ϝΎδϳ ΐϠτϳ ϦϳήΒγ ˯ΪΘϋ ϒϨμϣ ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ϞϴϠϟ ϲϓ ϒϠΨϟ ϲϓ ϡΎϣϻ ϲϓ Ϟϗϻ ϰϠϋ β˰τ˰δϏ ΎϴϟήΘγ
amount anesthetic angry animal ankle answer ant antique apartment apologies apple appointment April
kemmiyya takhdeer ghadheb hayawan ka’ib jawab/ rad namla qadeem shaqqa i’tithaar tuffaaha maw’id ibreel handasa mi’maariya masaaha/mintaqa arraqam albareedi thiraa’ yuratib yasil sahm fan maqaal minfadat sajaa’ir yas’al yattlub asbireen i’tidaa musannaf fi al-bayt fi al-layl fi al-khalf fi al-amaam ‘ alaa al-qal oghostos ustiraaliyaa
280
English-Arabic Dictionary
ϲϟ/ϲϜϴΗΎϣϮΗϭ ϒϳήΨϟ φϘϴΘδϣ Ϟ˰ψϟ
utumaateeki/aali al-khareef mustayqith ath-th-ill
tifl hadhina khalf haqibah faasid khabbaz shurfa kura mawz dhimaad masraf/bank dhiffa shiwaa’ korat as-salla hammaam battaariya shatii’ fassoliya jameel le’nna firash
bedding
Ϟϔρ ΔϨοΎΣ ϒϠΧ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΪγΎϓ ίΎΒΧ Δϓήη Γήϛ ίϮϣ ΩΎϤο ϚϨΑ/ϑήμϣ Δϔο ˯Ϯη ΔϠδϟ Γήϛ ϡΎϤΣ ΔϳέΎτΑ Ί˰ρΎη ΎϴϟϮλΎϓ ϞϴϤΟ ϥ˸ Ϸ˶ εήϓ ήϳήδϟ ΕΎηϭήϔϣ
bee beef beer begin behind belt berth better bicycle bill billiards birthday biscuit bite
ΔϠΤϧ ήϘΑ ϢΤϟ ΓήϴΑ ΪϴΑ ϒϠΧ ϡΰΣ ˯ΎϨϴϤϟ ϒϴλέ ϦδΣ ΔΟέΩ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ΩέΎϴϠΑ Ωϼϴϣ Ϊϴϋ ΖϳϮϜδΑ ϪϏΪϟ
automatic autumn awake awning
B baby babysitter back backpack bad (rotten) baker balcony ball banana bandage bank bank (river) barbecue basketball bathroom battery beach beans beautiful because bed
mafruushaat as-sariir nahhla lahhm baqar beera yabda’ khalf hizaam raseef almeenaa’ ahsan darraja fatoora bilyaard eed meelad baskaweet ladgha
bitter black blanket bleach bleed blind (can’t see) blind (on window) blond (m. & f.) blood blouse blue board boat body boiled bone book booked (reserved) border boring born borrow both bottle box boy boyfriend bracelet brake bread break breakfast bridge briefs bring brochure broken broth brother brown bruise brush
ήϣ ΩϮγ ΔϴϧΎτΑ ξϴΒϣ ϑΰϨϳ ϰϤϋ ΓέΎΘγ ˯ή˰Ϙη/ήϘη ϡΩ ΓίϮϠΑ ϕέί β˶ϠΠϣ˴ ΏέΎϗ ϢδΟ ϲϠϐϣ Ϣψϋ ΏΎΘϛ ίϮΠΤϣ
morr aswad battaaniyya mubbayyidh yanzif a’maa sitaara ashqar/shaqraa dam blooza azraq majlis qarib jism maghli ‘athm kitaab
ΩϭΪΣ ϞϤϣ ΩϮϟϮϣ ήϴόΘδϳ ΎϤϫϼϛ ΔϨϴϨϗ ϕϭΪϨλ Ϊϟϭ ϖϳΪλ έϮγ Ϟϣήϓ ΰΒΧ ΔΣήΘγ έϮτϓ ήδΟ κΨϠϣ ΐϠΠϳ έϮθϨϣ έϮδϜϣ ˯ΎδΣ Υ ϲϨΑ νϮοέ ΓΎηήϓ
hudood mumil mawlood yasta’eer kilahuma qinneena ssondooq walad ssadiiq siwaar faramil khubz istiraha fotoor jisr mulakhas yajlib manshoor maksoor hisaa’ akh bunni rodhoodh furshaah
mahjooz
English-Arabic Dictionary bucket buffet building burglary burn (v.) burnt bus bus station business card business trip busy (schedule) busy (traffic) butcher butter button by (with) by phone
Ϟτγ ΔϧΰΧ ΔϳΎϨΑ Δϗήγ/Ϯτγ ϕήΘΤϳ/ϕήΤϳ ϕϭήΤϣ ΔϠϓΎΣ/ιΎΑ ιΎΒϟ ΔτΤϣ ΔϗΎτΑ ϞϤϋ ΔϠΣέ ϝϮϐθϣ ϡΎΣΩί ΏΎμϗ/έΰΟ ΓΪΑί έί ˰˰Α ϥϮϔϴϠΘϟΎΑ
ssatl khazana binaayah sattw/sariqa yuhriq/yahtariq mahrooq hafila/bass mahattat al-bass bittaqqa rihlat ’amal mashghool izdiham qassab/jazar zobda zerr bi bit-tilifoon
ΥϮϛ ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ϞμΘϳ ήϴϣΎϛ ϢϴΨϣ ϲϐϠϳ ΔόϤη ϯϮϠΣ ΓέΎϴγ έάΣ ΓΩΎΠγ ΔΑήϋ έΰΟ ϱΪϘϧ/αϮϠϓ ΔϗΎτΑ ϮϨϳίΎϛ ΔόϠϗ Δτϗ ΝϮϟΎΘϛ ΐΒγ ϒϬϛ ϞϔΘΤϳ ϝϮϤΤϣ/ϝϮΟ ΓήΒϘϣ
kookh mokalamah yattassil kamira mukhayyam yolghi sham’a halwaa sayyaara hathir sijjaada ‘ araba jazar naqdi/fuloos bittaqah kazeenu qal’a qitta katalug sabab kahf yahtafil mahmoul/jawwal maqbara
C cabin call (n.) call (v.) camera camping cancel candle candy car careful carpet carriage carrot cash card casino castle cat catalog cause cave celebrate cell phone cemetery
chilled
ΰϛήϣ ήΘϴϤϴΘϨγ ϱΰϛήϣ ΔϘϴΛϭ/ΓΩΎϬη ϲγήϛ ϒϴψϨΗ ΔϠϣΎϋ ΎϴϧΎΒϤη ήϴϐΗ ήϴϐϳ ϦΣΎη ΔηΩέΩ Ϛϴη κΤϓ ϝΰϨϳ έΩΎϐϳ ϦϴΘΤλ ϦΒΟ Ξϧήτη ΔΟΎΟΩ Ϟϔρ ΪϤΠϣ/ΞϠΜϣ
China chocolate choose chopsticks church cigar cigarette circle circus citizen city clean (adj.) clean (v.) clearance (sale) clock closed clothes coat (jacket) cockroach cocoa coffee
Ϧϴμϟ ΔΗϼϛϮη έΎΘΨϳ ΩϮϋ ΔδϴϨϛ έΎΠϴγ ΓέΎΠϴγ ΓήΩ ϙήϴγ ϦρϮϣ ΔϨϳΪϣ ϒϴψϧ ϒψϨϳ ΔϴϔμΗ ΔϋΎγ ϖϠϐϣ βΑϼϣ ϒτόϣ/ΖϴϛΎΟ έϮλήλ ϭΎϛΎϛ ϩϮϬϗ
center (middle) centimeter central certificate chair chambermaid champagne change (n.) change (v.) charger chat check (n.) check (v.) check in check out cheers! cheese chess chicken child
281
markaz sentimeeter markazi shahada/watheeqa kursi a’amelat funduq shimbaniya taghyeer yughayyir shahin dardasha shek fahs yanzil yoghader saheen jobn shataranj dajaja ttifl muthallaj/ mujammad asseen shokolatta yakhtar a’waad kaneesa siigaar sigaara daa’ira serk muwattin madeena nath-theef yunath-thif tasfiya saa’ah mughlaq malaabis jakiet/mi’taf sarsoor kakaw qahwa
282
English-Arabic Dictionary
cold (not hot) cold (flu) collar colleague collision cologne color colored comb come come back committee company compartment complaint completely compliment (v.) computer
ΩέΎΑ ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΔϗΎΑ Ϟϴϣί ϡΩΎμΗ ήτϋ ϥϮϟ ϥϮϠϣ ςθϣ ϝΎόΗ ϊΟέ ΔϨΠ˴ϟ Δϛ ή˶ η˴ ΓέϮμϘϣ /ΡΎϨΟ ϯϮϜη ΎϣΎϤΗ ΡΪϤϳ ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ/ΏϮγΎΣ
congratulations
ΔϴϘϴγϮϣ ΔϠϔΣ αέΎΣ ΝΎΠΗέ ϒΜϜϣ !ΎϨϴϧΎϬΗ/ϙϭήΒϣ
connection consulate consultation contagious cook (person) cook (v. ) cookie copper copy corkscrew corner cornflower correct correspond corridor cosmetics costume cotton
ΔϠλϭ ΔϴϠμϨϗ ΓέΎθΘγ· ϱΪόϣ ΥΎΒρ ΦΒτϳ ΖϳϮϜδΑ αΎΤϧ ΔΨδϧ ΡΎΘϔϣ Ϧϛέ Γέάϟ ϖϴϗΩ ϴΤλ Ϟγήϳ ήϤϣ ϞϴϤΠΗ ϱί Ϧτϗ
concert concierge concussion condensed
barid influwanza baqa zameel tassadum ‘ itr lawn mulawwan musht ta’aal irja’ lajna shareka maasoora/janaah shakwaa tamaman yamdahh kombyooter/ haasoob hafla muusiqiyya haris irtijaj mukkath-thaf tahaaneena/ mabrook waslah qunsiliyya istishaara mu’dii tabbakh yatbukh baskawiit nuhaas nuskha miftaah rukn daqiiq ath-thura saheeh yurasil mammar tajmeel zay qutn
cough (n.) cough (v.) counter country (nation) course cousin crab cracker cream credit card crime crockery
ΔΤϛ/ϝΎόγ Ϝϳ/Ϟόδϳ Ϊο/βϜϋ ΪϠΑ ΓέϭΩ Ϣϋ ΖϨΑ/Ϣϋ ϦΑ ήΤΒϟ ϥΎρήγ ΓέΎδϛ Δτθϗ ΩΎϤΘϋ ΔϗΎτΑ ΔϤϳήΟ ΔϳέΎΨϓ ΕϭΩ
su’aal/kahha yas’ul/yakuhh ‘ aks/dhidh balad dawrah ibn ‘am/bint ‘am sarataan al-bahr kassaara qishta bitaaqat i’timaad jareema adawaat fakhariyya yaqta’ taqaatu’ turuq ‘ ukkaaz bukaa’ muka’ab khiyaar al-kumm kuub muja’ad hadeeth sataa’ir wisaada ‘ aada jamaarik jurh yaqta’
cutlery
ϊτϘϳ ϕήρ ϊρΎϘΗ ίΎϜϋ ˯ΎϜΑ ΐόϜϣ έΎϴΧ ϢϜϟ ΏϮϛ ΪόΠϣ ΚϳΪΣ ήΎΘγ ΓΩΎγϭ ΓΩΎϋ ϙέΎϤΟ ΡήΟ ϊτϘϳ ΓΪΎϤϟ ϡίϮϟ
cycling
ΕΎΟέΪϟ ϕΎΒγ
sibaaq addarraajaat
ΏήΧ /έήο κϗήϳ κϗέ Γήθϗ ήτΧ ήϴτΧ ϡϼυ ΦϳέΎΗ ΩϼϴϤϟ ΦϳέΎΗ
dharar kharaab yarqus raqs qishra khatar khatiir zthklaam taariikh taariikh almiilaad
cross (v.) crossroad crutch cry cubic cucumber cuff cup curly current curtains cushion custom customs cut (n.) cut (v.)
D damage dance (v. ) dance (n.) dandruff danger dangerous dark date date of birth
lawaazim al-maa’ida
English-Arabic Dictionary daughter day dead deaf December declare deep degree delay delicious dentist dentures deodorant department depart departure deposit (n.) deposit (v.) desert dessert destination detergent develop (photo) diabetic dial diamond diarrhea dictionary diesel oil diet difficulty dinner direction direct directly dirty disabled disco discount dish distance disturb disturbance
ΖϨΑ ϡϮϳ Ζϴϣ εήρ ήΒϤδϳΩ Ρήμϳ ϖϴϤϋ ΔΟέΩ ήϴΧ΄Η άϳάϟ ϥΎϨγ ΐϴΒρ ϥΎϨγ ϢϘρ ήτόϣ Ϣδϗ έΩΎϐϳ ΓέΩΎϐϣ ΔόϳΩϭ/ΔϧΎϣ ωΩϮϳ ˯ήΤλ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ήϴμϣ/ΪμϘϣ ΓήϬτϣ ΓΩΎϣ ξϴϤΤΗ ϱήϜγ ϞμΘϳ αΎϤϟ ϝΎϬγ αϮϣΎϗ ϝΰϳΪϟ Ζϳί ΔϴϤΣ ΔΑϮόλ ˯Ύθϋ ϩΎΠΗ· ήηΎΒϣ ΓήηΎΒϣ Φγϭ ϕΎόϣ ϮϜδϳΩ ξϴϔΨΗ ϖΒρ/ϦΤλ ΔϓΎδϣ Ξϋΰϳ ΝΎϋί
bint yawm mayyit attrash desember yussarrih ‘ amiiq darajah ta’khiir latheeth ttabiib asnaan ttaqm asnaan mu’attir qism yoghader mughaadara amaana/wadii’a yuwdi’ sahraa’ halawiyyaat maqsad /maeeir maadda mutahhira tahmeedh sukkari yatassel almaas iss-haal qaamoos zayt ad-deezil hhimyyah ssu’ooba ‘ ashaa’ ittijaah mubashir mubasharah wasikh mu’aaq diskoo takhfeedh sahin/tabaq masaafa yuz’ij iz’aaj
dive diving divorced dizzy do doctor dog doll domestic done (cooked) door double down download drapes draught dream (v.) dream (n.) dress (v.) dress (n.) drink (n.) drink (v.) drive driver driver’s license drunk dry (n. ) dry (v.) dry clean duck during duty (responsibility) duty (tax) duty-free
ιϮϐϳ βτϏ ϖϠτϣ ΔΧϭΩ /έϭΩ ϞϤόϳ έϮΘϛΩ ΐϠϛ ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ ϲϠΤϣ ΥϮΒτϣ ΏΎΑ ϒόο Ϟϔγ ϞϴϤΤΗ ήΎΘγ ϑΎϔΟ ϢϠΤϳ ϢϠΣ βΒϠϳ ϥΎΘδϓ Ώήη Ώήθϳ ϕϮδϳ ϖΎγ ΔϗΎϴγ ΔμΧέ ϥήϜγ ϑΎΟ ϒϔΠϳ/ϒΠϳ Ϟϴδϐϟ ΔϐΒμϣ ΔτΑ ϝϼΧ ΐΟϭ
yaghoos ghatts muttallaq duwar/dowkha ya’mal doctoor kalb dumiya/ loo’bah mahallii mattbuukh baab di’f asfal tahmeel sataa’ir jafaf yahlam helm yalbas fostaan sharaab yashrab yasooq saa’iq rukhsat siyaaqa sakraan jaaf yujaffif/yajuf masbaghat ghaseel batta khilaal wajib
ϲϛήϤΟ Ϣγέ rasm jumrukii ϢγήϠϟ ΔόοΎΧ ήϴϏ ghayr khaadi’a ϲϛήϤΠϟ lir-rasm aljumrukii
E ear earache ear drops early earrings
283
ϥΫ ϥΫϷ ϲϓ Ϣϟ ϥΫϸϟ Γήτϗ ήϜΒϣ ϞΧΩ
uthun alam fii al-udhun qatra lil–uthon mubakkir dakhl
284
English-Arabic Dictionary
earth east easy eat economy eczema eel egg eggplant electric electricity electronic elephant elevator email embassy embroidery emergency emperor empty engaged (to be married) England English enjoy enquire (v.) enquiry envelope escealate escalator escort essential evening event everything everywhere examine excellent exchange excursion exhibition exit
νέ ϕήη ϞϬγ Ϟϛ΄ϳ ΩΎμΘϗ Ύϣΰϛ βϴϠϘϧϷ ΔϜϤγ
ardh sharq sahl ya’kul iqtissad akzima samakat alanqaliis baydh baathinjaan kahrabaa’i kahrabaa’ ilekiooni feel miss’ad kahrabaa’ii bariid iliktoronii safara tattreez ttawaari’ imbirattour farigh
ξϴΑ ϥΎΠϧΫΎΑ ϲΎΑήϬϛ ˯ΎΑήϬϛ ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ Ϟϴϓ ϲΎΑήϬϛ Ϊόμϣ ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ· ΪϳήΑ ΓέΎϔγ ΰϳήτΗ ˯ϱέϮρ έϮρήΒϣ ύέΎϓ ΏϮτΨϣ/ΔΑϮτΨϣ makhttooba/ ήΘϠΠϧ ϱΰϴϠΠϧ ϊΘϤΘϳ ήδϔΘδϳ έΎδϔΘγ ϑήυ ϊϓήϳ ϙήΤΘϣ ΝέΩ ϖϓήϳ ϲγΎγ ˯Ύδϣ ΙΪΣ/ΔΒγΎϨϣ Ίϴη Ϟϛ ϥΎϜϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ κΤϔϳ ίΎΘϤϣ ϝΪΒϳ/ϑήμϳ ΔϠΣέ νήόϣ ΝήΨϣ
makhttoob ingiltra ingleezi yatamata’ yastafsir istifsaar th-tharf yarfaa’ daraj motaharrek yurafiq asaasi masaa’ munasaba/hadath kol shay’ fii kol makan yafhas mumtaz yubaddil /yusarrif rihla ma’rad makhraj
expenses
ΕΎϘϔϧ/ϒϳέΎμϣ
expensive explain express external eye eye-drops
ϝΎϏ Ρήθϳ ήΒόϳ ϲΟέΎΧ Ϧϴϋ ϦϴόϠϟ Γήτϗ
nafaqaat/ masaariif ghaali yashrah ya’bur khaariji ayn qatra lil-ayn
εΎϤϗ ϪΟϭ ϙϮΑ βϴϓ ϊϨμϣ ϒϳήΧ ςϘδϳ ΔϠΎϋ έϮϬθϣ ΔΣϭήϣ ΪϴόΑ Δϋέΰϣ Ρϼϓ ϱί ϊϳήγ Ώ ϮϤΤϟ ΎτΧ βϛΎϓ ήϳήΒϓ ήόθϳ ΩϮϳ έϮγ ΓέΎΒϋ/ΔϨϴϔγ ΓέήΣ/ϲϤΣ ΐϴτΧ ΔΒϴτΧ ϸϤϳ ΓϮθΣ ϸϤϳ ϢϠϓ έϮμϳ ήΘϠϓ /ΓΎϔμϣ ϦδΣ /ΪϴΟ
qimaash wajh feasbook massna’ khareef yasqut ‘ aa’ila mash-hoor marwaha ba’eed mazra’a fallah zay saree’ ab al-hamow khata’ faks febraayer yash’ur yawwad soor safiina/’abbaara hummaa/haraara khateeb khateeba yamla’ hashwa yamla’ film yossawer misfaa/filtar jayyid /hasan
F fabric face Facebook factory fall (season) fall (v.) family famous fan far farm farmer fashion fast father father-in-law fault fax February feel feel like fence ferry fever fiancé fiancée fill filling fill out (form) film (movie) film (v.) filter fine (good)
English-Arabic Dictionary
first aid
ΔϣήϏ ϊΒλ· Ϣ͊ ˶Θ˴ϳ ϖϳήΣ/έΎϧ ϖϳήΣ ϪΒϨϣ ϝϭ Δϴϟϭ ΕΎϓΎόγ
first class fish fish (v.) fit fitness fitting room fix flag flashlight flavor flea flea market flight flood floor flour flu fly (insect) fly (v.) fog folklore follow food foot forbidden forehead foreign forget fork form founder fountain frame free (no charge) free time
ϰϟϭ ΔΟέΩ ϚϤγ ϚϤδϟ ΩΎτμϳ ΐγΎϨϳ ΐϳέΪΗ/ ΔϗΎϴϟ αΎϴϘϟ ΔϓήϏ Ϡμϳ ϢϠϋ ϱϭΪϳ ΡΎΒμϣ ΔϬϜϧ ΙϮϏήΑ ϲΒόη ϕϮγ ϥήϴρ ΔϠΣέ ϥΎπϴϓ ϖΑΎρ ϦϴΤρ ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΔΑΎΑΫ ήϴτϳ ΏΎΒο έϮϠϜϠϓ ϊΒΘϳ ˯άϏ /ϡΎόρ ϡΪϗ ϡήΤϳ/ϊϨϤϳ ϦϴΒΟ ϲΒϨΟ/ΐϳήϏ ϰδϨϳ ΔϛϮη ΓέΎϤΘγ β͋γ Ά˴ ϣ˵ ΓέϮϓΎϧ έΎρ ϲϧΎΠϣ ύήϓ Ζϗϭ
fine (money) finger finish (v.) fire fire alarm first
gharaama issbi’ yottem naar/hreeq munabbih hariiq awwal is’aafaat awwaliyya daraja owla samak yassttaad as-samak yonaseb liyaaqa/tadriib ghurfat alqiyyas yuslih ‘ alam mosbah yadawee nak-ha barghooth sooq sha’abi rihlat tayaran fayadhan tabiq tahiin influwanza dhubaaba yatteer dhabab fuliklor yatba’ ta’aam /ghitha qadam yamna’/yuharrim jabeen ghareeb/ajnabi yansaa shawka istimara mo’sess nafoora ittar majjani waqt faragh
freeze fresh Friday fried friend friendly frightened frozen fruit full fun funeral
285
ΪϤΠΗ ΝίΎρ ΔόϤΠϟ ϲϠϘϣ ϖϳΪλ ϱΩϭ έϮϋάϣ ΪϤΠϣ ϪϛϮϓ ˯ϮϠϤϣ/ϥΎόΒη Ρήϣ/ϮϬϟ ΓίΎϨΟ
tajjamud taazij al-jumu’a maqli sadeeq woddi math’oor mujammad fawakih shab’aan/mamluu’ marah/lahw janaza
ϮϬΑ/ ΔϟΎλ ΔΒόϟ Δϗϼϋ Νήϛ ΔϟΎΑί ϡϮΛ ΔϘϳΪΣ ΏϮΛ ίΎϏ ϦϳΰϨΑ ΩϮϗϭ ΔτΤϣ ΔΑϮΑ αϭήΘϟ ΓήϫϮΟ βϨΠϟ ΝήΨϳ/ϝΰϨϳ Ϊόμϳ ΔϳΪϫ ϞϴΒΠϧί ΖϨΑ ΔϘϳΪλ ΝΎΟί ΕέΎψϧ ϊϣϻ ΕίΎϔϗ ώϤλ ΔοϮόΑ ΐϫΫ ϑ˴Ϊ˴ϫ
bahw/saala lu’ba allaqa karaj zibala thoom hadeeqa thawb ghaz banzeen mahattat waqood bawwaba at-turoos jawhara al-jins yakhruj/yanzil yass’ad hadiyya zanjabeel bint sadeeqa zujaj nathh-thharaat laami’ quffazat samgh ba’ooda ith-hab hadaf
G gallery game hanger garage garbage garlic garden garment gas gasoline gas station gate gear (car) gem gender get off get on gift ginger girl girlfriend glass (material) glasses glossy gloves glue gnat go goal
286
English-Arabic Dictionary
ϊΟέ ΝήΧ ΐϫΫ ϒϟϮϏ ΪϴΟ Δϣϼδϟ ϊϣ Γίϭ ϡήϏ ΏϮΒΣ ΪϴϔΣ ΓΪϴϔΣ ΪΟ ΓΪΟ ΐϨϋ ΓήΒϘϣ ϱΩΎϣέ ϲϨϫΩ ήπΧ ΔϴΤΗ ϱϮθϣ ϝΎϘΑ ΔϟΎϘΑ Groceries (food) ΔϴάϏ ΩϮϣ
go back go out gold golf good goodbye goose gram grain grandchild granddaughter grandfather grandmother grapes grave gray greasy green greeting grilled grocer groceries
irji’ ukhroj thahab gholf jayyed ma’a as-salaama wazza ghram huboob hafiid hafeeda jad jadda ‘ inab maqbara ramaadi dohnee akh-dhar tahiyya mashwi baqqaal biqala
group guide (v.) guide (book) guide (person) guilt gulf gym
ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ϪΟϮϳ ϞϴϟΩ ϪΟϮϣ/Ϊηήϣ ϢΛ·/ΐϧΫ ΞϴϠ˴Χ ΔοΎϳέ ΔϟΎλ
mawaad ghithaa’iyya majmoo’a yowwajeh daleel muwajjih/murshid thanb/ithm khaleej salat riyyadha
ήόη ςθϣ ήόη Δμϗ ϕϼΣ ήόη ϒϔΠϣ ήόη εΎηέ ήόη ΔΤϳήδΗ ϒμϧ Δϗήτϣ Ϊϳ
sha’r moshit qassat sha’r hallaaq mujaffif sha’r rashash sha’r tasreehat sha’r nissf mitraqa yad
H hair hairbrush haircut hairdresser hairdryer hairspray hairstyle half hammer hand
handbag handkerchief handmade happy harbor hard (difficult) hard (firm) hat head headache healthy hear heart heart attack heat heater heavy heel hello help helping hem herbs here high highway hiking hip hire hobby holiday homesick honest honey hopefully horrible horse hospital hospitality hot
Ϊϳ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϞϳΪϨϣ ϱϭΪϳ ϊϨλ Ϊϴόγ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΐόλ ϲγΎϗ/ΐϠλ ΔόΒϗ αέ ωΪλ ϲΤλ ϊϤδϳ ΐϠϗ ΔϴΒϠϗ Δϣί ΓέήΣ Γ΄ϓΪϣ ϞϴϘΛ ΐόϛ ϼϫ ΓΪΠϨϟ/ΓΪϋΎδϣ ΓΪϋΎδϣ ΔϓΎΣ ΏΎθϋ ΎϨϫ ϝΎϋ ϊϳήγ ϖϳήρ ϡΪϗϻ ϰϠϋ ήϴγ ϙέϭ ήΟ΄Θδϳ ΔϳϮϫ ΓίΎΟ· ΔϠτϋ ϰϟ· ϦϴϨΤϟ ϦρϮϟ Ϧϴϣ Ϟδϋ ˸ ௌ ˯Ύη ϥ· Ϫϳήϛ ϥΎμΣ ϰϔθΘδϣ ΔϓΎϴο έΎΣ
haqeebat yad mindeel sun’ yadawi sa’eed minaa’ ssa’b ssalb/qaasi qubba’a ra’s sudaa’ sihhi yasma’ qalb azma qalbiyya harara midfa’a thaqeel ka’b ahlan musaa’ada/ an-najda musaa’ada hhaafat ‘ ashaab hona ‘ aali tariiq sarii’ sayr ’alaa al-aqdaam werk yasta’jir hiwaaya ‘ utla /ijaaza haniinila al watan amiin ‘ asal in shaa’ Allah kareeh hissan mustashfaa dhiyaafa hhaar
English-Arabic Dictionary hotel hour house how? hundred hungry hurry husband hut
ϕΪϨϓ ΔϋΎγ ΖϴΑ ˮϒϴϛ ΔΎϣ ϥΎϋϮΟ /ϊΎΟ ΔϋήδΑ/ωήγ Νϭί ΥϮϛ
fondoq saa’a bayt kayf mi’ah jaa’i’ /jow’aan asri’/bisur’a zawj kookh
ΞϠΛ ΔυϮΑ ΞϠΜϣ ΓήϜϓ ΔϴμΨη ΔϗΎτΑ
thalj boothha muthallaj fikra
I ice ice cream iced idea identification card identify ill illness imagine immediately important impossible improve in indigestion in-laws included indicate inexpensive infection infectious information injection injured innocent insect inside install instructions insurance internal
ϑήόΘϳ ξϳήϣ νήϣ ϞϴΨΘϳ ϻΎΣ ϢϬϣ ϞϴΤΘδϣ έϮτϳ/ϦδΤϳ ϲϓ Ϣπϫ ˯Ϯγ ΏΎδϧϷ ϝϮϤθϣ οϮϳ κϴΧέ ΏΎϬΘϟ· ϱΪόϣ ΕΎϣϮϠόϣ ΔϨϘΣ ΡϭήΠϣ ˯ϱήΑ ΓήθΣ ϞΧΩ ΖϴΒΘΛ ΕΎϤϴϠόΗ ϥΎϤο/Ϧϴϣ΄Η ϲϠΧΩ
bittaaqa shakhsiyya yuta’arraf mareedh maradh yatakhayyal haalan muhim mustaheel yuhasin /yuttawir fi suu’ hadhm al-ansaab mashmool yuwadhih rakhees iltihaab mu’di ma’luumaat huqna majrooh barii’ hashara dakhil tathbeet ta’leemat ta’meen /dhaman dakhili
international Internet interpreter intersection introduce invite invoice iodine Ireland iron (metal) iron (for clothes) iron (v.) Islamic island itch
287
ϲϟϭΩ ΖϧήΘϧ· ϢΟήΘϣ ϊρΎϘΗ ϡΪϘϳ /ϑήόϳ ϮϋΪϳ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ΩϮϴϟ ΪϨϟήϳ ΪϳΪΣ ΓϮϜϣ ϱϮϜϳ ϲ˷ ϣϼγ· ΓήϳΰΟ ΔϜΣ
duwali Internet motarjim taqaatu’ yuqaddim/yu’arrif yad’u fatoora al-youd erlanda hadiid mikwaah yakwii islaamee jaziira hakka
Δόϓέ ϰΑήϣ ήϳΎϨϳ Ϛϓ ΰϨϴΟ ήΤΒϟ ϞϳΪϨϗ ώΎλ ΕήϫϮΠϣ Ϟϐη/Δϔϴυϭ ξϛήϳ ΔΘϜϧ ΔϠΣέ ήϴμϋ ϮϴϟϮϳ ϮϴϧϮϳ ήϴϏ ΪϳήΒϟ Ϫϴϓ ΏϮϏήϤϟ
raafi’a murabba yanayer fak jeanz qandeel al-bahr sayigh mujawharat shughl/watheefa yarkudh nukta rihla ‘ aseer yolyo yunyo
Ϧϴγϭήϴϛ ΡΎΘϔϣ ϰϠϜϟ ϡήϏϮϠϴϛ ϚϠϣ ΔϜ˴ϠϤϣ˴ ΔϠΒϗ ϞΒϘϳ
kirooseen miftah al-kila kiloghram malik mamlakah qubla yuqabbil
J jack (for car) jam January jaw jeans jellyfish jeweler jewelry job jog joke journey juice July June junk mail
al-bareed ghair marghoub feeh
K kerosene key kidney kilogram king kingdom kiss kiss (v.)
288
English-Arabic Dictionary
kitchen knee knife knit know
ΦΒτϣ ΔΒϛέ ϦϴϜγ ϙϮΤϳ ϑήόϳ
mattbakh rukba sikeen yahook ya’rif
ϢϠγ ΓήϴΤΑ ϞϤΣ /ϑϭήΧ ΡΎΒμϣ νέ ϝΰϨϳ /ςΤϳ έΎδϣ Δϐϟ /ϝϮϤΤϣ ΏϮγΎΣ ΏϮΗ Ώϻ ϊγϭ /ήϴΒϛ ήΧ ΔϴοΎϤϟ ΔϠϴϠϟ
sollam buhhayra kharoof/haml missbaah ard yahut /yanzil masar lugha
L ladder lake lamb lamp land (ground) land (v.) lane (of traffic) language laptop large last (final) last night
laxative
ήΧ΄Θϣ ΪόΑ ΎϤϴϓ ϚΤπϳ ϥϮϧΎϗ ϲϣΎΤϣ ϞϬδϣ /ϦϴϠϣ
leak leather leave left leg leggings leisure lemon lend less lesson letter lettuce library license
ΏήδΗ ΪϠΟ έΩΎϐϳ έΎδϳ ϕΎγ ϦϴϗΎδϟ ˯ΎτϏ ύήϓ Ζϗϭ ϥϮϤϴϟ νήϘϳ Ϟϗ αέΩ ϑήΣ/ΔϟΎγέ βΧ ΔΒΘϜϣ ΓέΎΟ·/ΔμΧέ
late later laugh law lawyer
hasoub mahmoul/ labtob kabeer /waasi’ akhir al-layla almadhiya muta’akhir feemaa ba’d yadhak qaanoon muhamii musahil/ mulayyin tasarob jild yughadir yasar saaq ghitaa as-saaqayn waqt faragh laymoon yuqridh aqal dars risala/harf khas maktaba rukhsa/ijaaza
lumps (sugar)
ΏάϜϳ ϲϘϠΘδϳ Ϊόμϣ ΔϠϴλϮΗ ˯ϲπϣ ϒϴϔΧ ΔΣΪϗ ϕήΑ ΐϏήϳ /ΐΤϳ ςΧ ϥΎΘϛ ΔϧΎτΑ ϲϐμϳ /ϊϤΘδϳ ήΘϟ ΏΩ ϞϴϠϗ ήϴϐλ ζϴόϳ ϦϜδϳ ΪΒϜϟ ήΤΒϟ ΩήΟ ϲϠΤϣ Ϟϔϗ/ϞϔϘϳ ϞϳϮρ ΓΪϴόΑ ΔϓΎδϣ ϰϟ ήψϨϳ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϊϠτΘδϳ ΪϘϔϳ ΓέΎδΧ/ ϥΪϘϓ ϊΎο Ϣϳήϛ ϝΎϋ ΐΣ ΐΤϳ ξϔΨϨϣ φΧ ΐΎϘΣ/ΔόΘϣ ήϜδϟ ΕΎΒόϜϣ
lunch lungs
˯ΪϏ ϥΎΘήϟ
lie (be lying) lie down lift (elevator) lift (in car) light (not dark) light (not heavy) lighter lightning like (v.) line linen lining listen liter literature little (amount) little (small) live (alive) live (v.) liver lobster local lock long long-distance look at look for look up lose loss lost (missing) lotion loud love love (v.) low luck luggage
yakthib yastalqii mis’ad tawsseela mudhi’ khafiif qaddaha barq yuhib / yarghab khatt kittaan bitaana yusghii / yastami’ letr adab qaleel sagheer ya’iish yaskun al-kabid jarad al-bahr mahhalli qufl/yaqfil taweel masafa ba’iida yanthhur ilaa yabhath ’an yastattle’ yafqid khasaara /fiqdaan dhaa’i’ kreem ‘ aali hob yohib munkhafid khatt amti’a/haqaa’ib moka’bat assukkar ghidhaa’ ar-ri’ataan
English-Arabic Dictionary
M ΓΪϴγ /ϡΪϣ ΔϠΠϣ ΪϳήΑ ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ ϲδϴέ ϊϨμϳ ΝΎϴϜϣ ϞΟέ ήϳΪϣ ΎΠϧΎϣ ήϓΎυ ώΒλ ήϴΜϛ ΔρέΎΧ ήϣήϣ αέΎϣ ΓΪΑί ϰγήϣ ϕϮγ ΝϭΰΘϣ ΔϠΘϛ ΓΩΎΠγ ΐγΎϨϳ/ ϖϓϮϳ
madam /sayyida majalla bareed yursil bilbareed ra’isi yasna’ mikyaaj rajul mudeer manga ath-thafir katheer kharita marmar maris zubda marsa suuq mutazawwij kutla sijjadda
ΖϳήΒϛ
kabreet mayoo rubbamaa maayuuneez mohaafiz
meal
ϮϳΎϣ ΎϤΑέ ΰϴϧϮϳΎϣ φϓΎΤϣ ΔϴάϏ ΔΒΟϭ
mean (v.) mean (not nice) mean (average) measure meat medication medicine meet melon member mend
ϲϨόϳ ϢϴΌϟ ϝΪόϣ βϴϘϳ ϢΤϟ Νϼϋ ˯ϭΩ ϲϘΘϠϳ ϡΎϤη Ϯπϋ ϴϠμΗ/Ϡμϳ
madam magazine mail (letters) mail (v.) main make makeup man manager mango manicure many map marble March margarine marina market married mass mat match matches (fire starter) May maybe mayonnaise mayor
yuwaafiq/ yunaasib
wajba ghidhaa’iyya ya’nee laieem mo’addaal yaqees lahm ‘ ilaaj dawaa’ yaltaqi shimmaam ‘udw yuslih/tasleeh
menu
ΕϻϮϛ΄Ϥϟ ΔϤΎϗ
message metal meter meter (in taxi) migraine mild (taste) milk millimeter minister minute mirror miss (loved one) missing mist misty mistake mistaken misunderstanding mixed moment Monday money monkey month moon mosquito motel mother mother-in-law motorbike mountain mouse mouth much mud muscle museum mushrooms music
ΔϟΎγέ ϥΪόϣ ήΘϣ ΩΪϋ ΔϘϴϘθϟ ωΪλ ϒϴτϟ ΐϴϠΣ ήΘϤϴϠϣ ήϳίϭ˴ ΔϘϴϗΩ Γήϣ ϕΎΘθϳ ΩϮϘϔϣ ΏΎΒο ξϣΎϏ ΔτϠϏ /ΎτΧ ˯ϲτΨϣ ϢϬϓ ˯Ϯγ ΝϭΰϤϣ ΔψΤϟ ϦϴϨΛϻ αϮϠϓ /ΩϮϘϧ Ωήϗ ήϬη ήϤϗ ΔοϮόΑ ήϴϐλ ϕΪϨϓ ϡ ΓΎϤΤϟ ΔϳέΎϧ ΔΟέΩ ϞΒΟ έ΄ϓ Ϣϓ ήϴΜϛ Ϧϴρ ΔϠπϋ ϒΤΘϣ ήτϔϟ ϰϘϴγϮϣ
289
qaa’imat al-ma’kuulaat risaala ma’dan metr addad sudaa’ ashshaqeeqa lateef haleeb millimitr wazeer daqeeqa mir’aah yashtaaq mafqood dhabaab ghamidh khata’ /ghaltta mukhti’ soo’ fahm mamzooj lahh-tha al-ithnayn nuqood/fuloos qird shahr qamar ba’oodha fundiq sagheer um al-hamaa darraaja naariyya jabal fa’r fam katheer tteen ‘ adala mat-haf al-fetr moseeqaa
290
English-Arabic Dictionary
N nail (finger) nail (metal) naked nation national nationality natural nature near nearby necessary neck necklace necktie needle neighbor nephew never new news newspaper next nice (person) nice (pleasant) niece night no noise nonstop noodles normal north nose notebook nothing November nowhere
ήϔυ έΎϤδϣ ϱέΎϋ Δϣ˷ ˵ ϲ˷ Ϩ˴ρ ϭ˴ ΔϴδϨΟ ϲόϴΒρ ΔόϴΒρ Ώήϗ ΐϳήϗ ϱέϭήο ΔΒϗέ ΪϘϋ/ΓΩϼϗ ϖϨϋ ΔτΑέ ΓήΑ· έΎΟ /ΖΧϻ ϦΑ Υϻ ϦΑ ˱ΪΑ ΪϳΪΟ έΎΒΧ ΓΪϳήΟ/ΔϔϴΤλ ϖΣϼϟ/ϡΩΎϘϟ ΐϴρ ϊΘϤϣ ΖϨΑ/ΖΧϻ ΖϨΑ Υϻ Ϟϴϟ ϻ/ϼϛ ˯ΎοϮο ϒϗϮΗ ϥϭΩ ΔϧϭήϜόϣ ϲόϴΒρ ϝΎϤη ϒϧ ΕΎψΣϼϣ ήΘϓΩ
thhifr mismaar ‘ aaree ommah wattane jinsiyya tabee’ee tabii’a qurb qareeb dhaooree raqaba qilaada/e’qd rabtat ’unuq ibra jaar ibn al-akh/ ibn al-ukht abadan jadiid akhbaar jariida/saheefa al-laahiq/alqaadim tayyib mumti’ bint al-ukht /bint al- akh layl laa/kallaa dhawdhaa’ doon tawaqquf ma’karuuna tabii’ii shamaal anf daftar mulaahaththat laa shay’ november
˯ϲη ϻ ήΒϤϓϮϧ ϥΎϜϣ ϱ ϲϓ βϴϟ laysa fee ay makan
nurse nuts
ΔοήϤϣ ΕήδϜϣ
mumarridha mokasarat
Δϔϴυϭ/Ϟϐη ήΑϮΘϛ ˯ϲϔτϳ /ϖϠϐϳ νήϋ ΐΘϜϣ Ζϳί Ϣϫήϣ ΎϨδΣ ϞμΑ ΡϮΘϔϣ Θϔϳ ς˴Ϙ˴ϓ ϞΑΎϘϣ/βϜϋ ϲϟΎϘΗήΑ ϝΎϘΗήΑ ήϣ/ΐϠρ ήϣ΄ϳ ήΧ ΝέΎΧ ΝέΎΨϟ ϲϓ έΎΤϣ
wathheefa /shughl octoober yughliq /yutfi’ ardh maktab zayt marham hhasanan basal maftuuh yaftah faqatt ‘ aks/muqaabul burtuqali butuqaal ttalab/amr ya’mur aakhar kharij fii al-khaarij mahhaar
ΔΤϔλ Ϣϟ Ϣϟ ϦϜδϣ ώΒλ/ϥΎϫΩ ώΒμϳ ΔϣΎΠϴΑ ϥΎϜϣ ΓϼϘϣ ϥϮϠτϨΑ Δϗέϭ Ωήρ/Δϣίέ Ϯϔϋ ϥΪϟϭ ΔϘϳΪΣ ϒϗϮϳ ΐ˸όθ͉ ϟ β˶ϠΠϣ˴
safha alam musakkin alam sabgh/dihaan yasbogh bijaama makaan miqlah bantaloon waraqah ruzma/tard ‘ afwan waalidaan hadiiqa yuqif majlis ash-sha’ab
O occupation October off (turned off ) offer office oil ointment okay onion open open (v.) only opposite orange (color) orange (fruit) order order (v.) other outside overseas oyster
P page pain painkiller paint painting pajamas palace pan pants paper parcel pardon parents park park (v.) parliament
English-Arabic Dictionary part partner party passenger passport password patient patient (sick) pay peach peanut pear pearl peas pen pencil people performance perfume perhaps permit person personal pet petrol pharmacy phone phone (v.) phone call photo photocopier photocopy photocopy (v.) phrasebook pick up picnic contraceptive (pill) pills (tablets) pillow pin pineapple
˯ΰΟ Ϛϳήη ΔϔϠΣ ήϓΎδϣ ήϔγ ίϮΟ ήδϟ ΔϤϠϛ ήΑΎλ ξϳήϣ ϊϓΪϳ ϕέΩ/ΥϮΧ ϖΘδϓ ιΎΟ· ΆϟΆϟ ˯ϻίΎΑ ϢϠϗ ιΎλέ ϢϠϗ αΎϧ ˯Ω ήτϋ ΎϤΑέ ΔμΧέ κΨη ϲμΨη ϒϴϟ ϥϮϴΣ ΩϮϗϭ ϲϟΪϴλ ϒΗΎϫ/ϥϮϔϠΗ ϞμΘϳ ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ΓέϮλ ΦδϨϟ Δϟ ΔΨδϧ έϮμϳ ΕέΎΒϋ ΏΎΘϛ άΧΎϳ/ϢϠδΘϳ
juz’ shareek hafla musaafir jawaaz safar kalimat al-ser ssabir mareedh yadfa’ khawkh/durraaq fustuq ajass lu’lu’ bazilla qalam qalam rassaas naas adaa’ ‘ itr robama rokhsa shakhs shakhsi hayawaan aleef waqood saydaliyya tilifun/haatif yatassil mukalama ssoura aalat an-nasikh nuskha yussawwir kitaab ’ibaaraat yatasallam / ya’khudh rihla
ΔϠΣέ ϞϤΤϟ ϊϨϣ ΏϮΒΣ huboob man’ ΏϮΒΣ ΓΪΨϣ αϮΑΩ αΎϧΎϧ
al-hamal huboob mikhadda dabboos ananas
population
ΏϮΒϧ ϥϮϴϠϏ ΔϘϔη ςϴδΑ/ϳήλ ΔϬϜϧ ϥϭΪΑ ΞϣΎϧήΑ/ΔτΧ ΓήΎρ ΕΎΒϧ ϚΘγϼΑ ΔμϨϣ ΔϴΣήδϣ ΐόϠϳ ΐόϟ ΔϘτϨϣ Ϟϔρϸϟ ϚϠπϓ Ϧϣ ΔόΘϣ ΐϴΟ ϡΎγ Δρήη ΔγΎϴγ˶ ΔϛήΑ ήϴϐλ ϥΎμΣ ΔϴϧΎϜδϟ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ
pork port porter (concierge) possible post (v.) postage postbox postcode post office postpone potato poultry precious prefer preference pregnant prescription present (gift) present (here)
ήϳΰϨΧ ϢΤϟ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΏϮΑ ϦϜϤϣ ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ ΪϳήΒϟ ΓήΟ ΪϳήΑ ϕϭΪϨλ ϱΪϳήΑ ΰϣέ ΪϳήΑ ΐΘϜϣ ϞΟΆϳ βρΎτΑ ϦΟϭΩ ϦϴϤΛ Ϟπϔϳ Ϟπϔϣ ϞϣΎΣ Δϔλϭ ΔϳΪϫ ΩϮΟϮϣ
pipe (plumbing) pipe (smoking) pity plain (simple) plain (unflavored) plan (intention) plane plant plastic platform play (drama) play (v.) playground please pleasure pocket poisonous police politics pond pony
291
unbuub ghalyoon shafaqa baseet/ sariih bidoon nakha khetta /barnamej taa’ira nabat blastik manassa masrahiyya yal’ab mintaqat la’ib lil-atfaal min fadlik mut’a jayb saam shurta siyasa birka hisaan saghiir al-kathaafa assukkkaaniyya lahm khinziir miinaa’ bawwab momkin yursil bilbarid ujrat al-barid sundooq barid ramz baridi maktab bareed yu’ajjl batatis dawajin thameen yufadhil mufaddal hhaamil wasfa hadiyya mawjood
292
English-Arabic Dictionary
press (v.) pressure pray price print (v.) printer probably problem profession profit program project pronounce prophet pull pulse pure purple purse (handbag) push puzzle pyramids pyjamas
ςϐπϳ ςϐο ϲ˷Ϡμ ˴ ˵ϳ ήόγ ϊΒτϳ ΔόΑΎρ ϞϤΘΤϣ ΔϠϜθϣ ΔϓήΣ /ΔϨϬϣ ΔΤϠμϣ /ΓΪΎϓ ΞϣΎϧήΑ ωϭήθϣ˴ φϔϠΘϳ ϝϮγέ ΐΤδϳ ξΒϧ ϲϘϧ ϲΠδϔϨΑ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϊϓΪϳ ΰϐϟ ϡήϫ ΔϣΎΠϴΑ
yadghat daght yossali si’r yattba’ ttabi’a muhtamal moshkila mihna /herfa faa’ida /maslaha barnamej mashroo’ yatalaffath rasool yas-hab nabdh naqi banafsaji haqeeba yadfa’ lughz ahraam bijaama
ϊΑέ ΔϜϠϣ ϝΆγ ϊϳήγ ˯ϱΩΎϫ
rub’ malika so’aal sarii’ haadi’
ϮϳΩέ /ωΎϳάϣ έΎτϘϟ ΔϜγ ήτϣ ήτϤΗ ΏΎμΘϏ ϊϳήγ έϮϬΘϣ ΫήΟ ϡΎΧ ήϘϳ ΰϫΎΟ
mithyaa’/radyo sikkat al-qitaar matar tomtter ightisaab sarii’ mutahawwir jurth kham yaqra’ jahiz
Q quarter queen question quick quiet
R radio railroad, railway rain (n.) rain (v.) rape rapid rash rat raw read ready
really reason receipt reception recipe recommend rectangle red reduction refrigerator refund regards registered relatives reliable religion rent repair repairs repeat repeatedly reserve responsible rest restaurant restroom result retired reverse rheumatism ribbon rice ridiculous riding right (correct) right (side) rinse ripe risk river road roasted rock (stone)
ΎϘΣ ΐΒγ Ϟλϭ ϝΎΒϘΘγ Δϔλϭ μϨϳ ϞϴτΘδϣ ήϤΣ νΎϔΨϧ· ΔΟϼΛ ϝΎϣ ΓΩΎϋ· ΕΎϴΤΗ ϞΠδϣ ΏέΎϗ ϕϮΛϮϣ ϦϳΩ ήΟ΄Θδϳ Ϡμϳ ϢϴϣήΗ Ϊϴόϳ ˱έήϣ˶ ήΠΤϳ ϝϭΆδϣ ΡΎΗήϳ Ϣότϣ ϡΎϤΣ ΔΠϴΘϧ ΪϋΎϘΘϣ ϊΟήϳ ϞλΎϔϤϟ Ϣϟ ςϳήη ίέ ϒϴΨγ ΐϛέ ϴΤλ ϦϴϤϳ ϒτθϳ ΞοΎϧ ήτΧ ήϬϧ ϖϳήρ κϤΤϣ ΓήΨλ
haqqan sabab wasl istiqbal wasfa yunssah mustatteel ahmar inkhifadh thallaja i’aadat al-maal tahiyat musajjal aqaarib mawthooq deen yasta’jir yuslih tarmeem yu’iid mirrarran yahjiz mas’ool yartah mat’am hammaam natiija mutaqaa’id yurji’ alam al-mafaasil shareett aruz sakheef rakib saheeh yamiin yashtuf naadij khatar nahr tariiq muhammas sakhra
English-Arabic Dictionary roof room rope route rubber rude ruins run
ϒϘγ ΔϓήϏ ϞΒΣ ϖϳήρ ρΎτϣ ΏάϬϣ ήϴϏ ΏήΧ ξϛήϳ
saqf ghurfa habl tareeq mattat ghayr muhathab kharaab yarkud
ϦϳΰΣ Ϧϣ ΔτϠγ ϊϴΑ Ϡϣ βϔϧ/ϪΑΎθϣ ϝΪϨλ νέ ΖΒδϟ ϕήϣ ΓϼϘϣ ϝϮϘϳ ϥΰϴϣ ϞϳΪϨϣ ΔγέΪϣ κϘϣ ΪϨϠΘϜγ ϲϏήΑ ΖΤϨϟ Ϧϓ ήΤΑ ΚΤΑ ΪόϘϣ ϲϧΎΛ ΔϴϧΎΛ ϞϤόΘδϣ ϦϜδϣ ϯήϳ Ϟγήϳ ΔϠϤΟ ϞμϔϨϣ/Ϟμϔϳ ήΒϤΘΒγ ήϴτΧ ΔϣΪΧ
hazeen aamin salata bay’ milh mushaabih/nafs sandal radi as-sabt maraq miqlaah yaqool meezaan mandeel madrasa miqas iskutlanda burghi fann an-naht bahr bahth maq’ad thaani thaaniya musta’mal musakkin yara yursil jumla yafsil/munfasil sebtember khateer khidma
S sad safe salad sale salt same sandals satisfied Saturday sauce saucepan say scales scarf school scissors Scotland screw sculpture sea search seat second (in line) second (instant) second-hand sedative see send sentence separate September serious service
set sew shade shallow shame shampoo shark sheet shirt shoe shop (store) shop (v.) short shoulder show shower shrimp sightseeing sign (road) sign (v.) signature silence silk silver simple similar single (only one) single (unmarried) sir sister sit size skiing skin skirt sleep sleeve slip slippers slow small smartphone
293
Δϣίέ/ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ςϴΨϳ Ϟυ ϞΤο έΎϋ ϮΒϣΎη εήϗ ϒηήη κϴϤϗ ˯άΣ ήΠΘϣ/ϥΰΨϣ ϕϮδΘϳ ήϴμϗ ϒΘϛ νήόϳ εΩ ϥΎϴΑέ ϩΰϨΘϟ ΓέΎη ϊϗϮϳ ϊϴϗϮΗ ΖϤλ ήϳήΣ Δπϓ ϞϬγ/ςϴδΑ ϞΜ˸ ϣ˶ ΓΪΣϭ/ΪΣϭ Ώΰϋ
majmuua’/ruzma yakheet thhil dhahl ‘ aar shamboo qirsh sharshaf qamees hithaa’ makhzan/ matjar yatasawwaq qaseer katif ya’redh dush robyan at-tanazzuh esharah yuwwaqqi’ tawqii’ ssamt hareer fidda baseett/sahl mithla waahid /waahida
Ϊϴγ ΖΧ βϠΠϳ ϢΠΣ ΞϟΰΗ ΪϠΟ ΓέϮϨΗ ϡΎϨϳ Ϣϛ ϖϟΰϨϳ ϒϴϔΧ ϝΎόϧ ˯ϲτΑ ήϴϐλ ϲϛΫ ϒΗΎϫ
sayyid ukht yajlis hajm tazalluj jild tannoora yanaam kum yanzaliq nu’aal khafiif batii’ sagheer hatif dhakii
a’zab
294
English-Arabic Dictionary
snorkel
ΔΤέ ϦϴΧΪΗ/ϥΎΧΩ ϦΧΪϣ ΔϴΣ ϲΎϣ βϔϨΗ ΏϮΒϧ
snow snow (v.) soap soccer socks someone sometimes somewhere son soon sore sorry soup sour south souvenir spare speak special specialist spell spices spicy spoon sport spring (season) square (shape) stadium stain stairs stamp stand up star start station statue stay (remain)
ΞϠΛ ΞϠΜΗ ϥϮΑΎλ ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΏέϮΟ κΨη ΎϧΎϴΣ Ύϣ ϥΎϜϣ ϲϓ ϦΑ· ΎΒϳήϗ ΐϬΘϠϣ ϒγ ˯ΎδΣ/ΔΑέϮη ξϣΎΣ ΏϮϨΟ έΎϛάΗ ϲρΎϴΘΣ/ϲϓΎο ϢϠϜΘϳ ιΎΧ ϲΎμΧ φϔϠΘϳ ϞΑϮΗ έΎΣ ΔϘόϠϣ ΔοΎϳέ ϊϴΑέ ϊΑήϣ ΐόϠϣ ΔόϘΑ ΝέΩ/ϢϠγ ϊΑΎρ Ϣϗ ΔϤΠϧ ΪΒϳ ΔτΤϣ ϝΎΜϤΗ ϰϘΒϳ
smell smoke smoked (adj.) snake
raa’iha dukhan/tadkhiin mudakhan hayya unboob tanaffus maa’ii thalj tuthlij saabuun kurat al-qadam jawaarib shakhs ahyaanan fee makaanin ma ibn qareeban moltaheb aasif shuurba/hisaa’ haamidh janoob tithkaar ihtiyatii/idhafi yatkallam khass akhissaa’i yatalaffath tawaabil haar mil’aqa riyaadha rabii’ murabba’ mal’ab buq’a sullam/daraj ttabe’ qom najma yabda’ mahatta timthal yabqa
steal steam steel stepfather stepmother steps sterilize stitches stomach (abdomen) stop (cease) store (shop) storey storm straight strange straw street strike (work stoppage) string strong study stuffing subway succeed sugar suit suitcase summer success sun sunbathe Sunday sunglasses
ϕήδϳ έΎΨΑ ΫϻϮϓ ϡϻ Νϭί Ώϻ ΔΟϭί ΕΎΟέΩ/ΕϮτΧ ϢϘόϳ ίήϏ ϦτΑ
yasriq bukhar foolath zawj al-um zawjat al-ab khutuwat /darajat yu’aqqim ghuraz
ϒϗϮΘϳ ϥΰΨϣ ϖΑΎρ ΔϔλΎϋ ϢϴϘΘδϣ ΐϳή˴Ϗ ΔλΎμϣ ωέΎη Ώήο·
yatawaqqaf makhzan ttabeq ‘ aasifa mustaqiim ghareeb massaasah shaari’
ϞΒΣ/ςϴΧ ϱϮϗ αέΪϳ/ΔγέΩ ϮθΤϟ ϕΎϔϧϷ έΎτϗ ΠϨϳ ήϜγ ΔϟΪΑ ΔΒϴϘΣ ϒϴμϟ ΡΎΠ˴ϧ βϤη ϲδϤη ϡΎϤΣ ΪΣϻ ΔϴδϤη ΕέΎψϧ
khayt/habl qawi diraasa/yadrus al-hashuu qitar al-anfaaq yanjah sukkar badla haqiiba as-sayf najahh shams hammaam shamsii al-ahad
surf
βϤθϟ ϕϭήη βϤθϟ ΏϭήϏ βϤη ΔΑήο ϱΰϛήϣ ϕϮγ ΓήδϜΘϣ ΝϮϣ
surname
ΐϘϟ
sunrise sunset sunstroke supermarket
batn
idhraab
nathhaaraat shamsiyya shuruuq ashshams ghuroob dharbat shams sooq markazi amwaaj mutakassira laqab
English-Arabic Dictionary surprise swallow (v.) swamp sweat sweet swim swindle switch synagogue syrup
ôϾϔϣ ϊϠΒϳ ϊϘϨΘδϣ ϕήϋ ϮϠΣ Βδϳ ωΪΨϳ/ωΪΧ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΪΒόϣ Ώήη ˯ϭΩ
mufaaja’a yabla’ mustanqa’ ‘ araq hhelo yasbahh khedaa’/yakhda’ miftah ma’bad dawaa’ shorb
ΔϟϭΎρ / ΓΪπϨϣ ΔϘόϠϣ ΏϮΒΣ ΓΪΎϤϟ ΕϭΩ
mindada/ ttawelah milaqa’a hubuub
T table tablespoon tablets tableware take (pick up) take (photo)
άΧ΄ϳ ΓέϮλ ςϘΘϠϳ ΙΪΤΘϳ/ΚϳΪΣ
adawaat almaa’ida ya’khudh yaltaqit ssoorah
yatahhadath/ hadeeth ϞϳϮρ taweel tall tap ΔϴϔϨΣ hhanafiyya Ϣόρ tta’am taste (n.) taste (v.) ϕϭάϳ yathooq tax ΔΒϳήο dhareeba taxi ΓήΟ ΓέΎϴγ/ϲδϛΎΗ taksi/sayyarat ojra tea ϱΎη shay ϖϳή˴ϓ fareeq team ϱΎη ϖϳήΑ ibriiq shaay teapot ϱΎη ΔϘόϠϣ mil’aqat shaay teaspoon television ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ telefizyoon temple ΪΒόϣ ma’bad tennis βϨΗ tenis ten Γήθϋ a’shara tent ΔϤϴΧ kkayma terrace τγ satt-h terribly ΔϋΎψϔΑ bifathha’aa ήϜθϳ yashkur thank (v.) thank you, thanks ήϜη shokran ϥΎΑϭΫ thawaban thaw theater Ρήδϣ masrahh Δϗήγ sariqa theft talk
there thermometer thick thief thigh thin (not fat) think third thirsty this thread throat thunderstorm Thursday ticket (admission ) ticket (travel) tidy
ϙΎϨϫ ΓέήΤϟ ϥΰϴϣ ϚϴϤγ κϟ άΨϓ ϒϴΤϧ Ϧψϳ ΚϠΛ ϥΎθτϋ άϫ ςϴΧ ΓήΠϨΣ ΔϳΪϋέ ΔϔλΎϋ βϴϤΨϟ ϝϮΧΩ ΔϗΎτΑ ήϔγ ΓήϛάΗ ϢψϨϳ/ΐΗήϳ
295
honak mezan al-harara sameek liss fakhidh nahheef yathhun tholuth ‘ atshaan hatha khayt honjara assifa ’ra’diyya al-khamees bitaaqat dukhuul tathkirat safar yuratib / yunathhim yarbit waqt jadwal ulba
tip
ςΑήϳ Ζϗϭ ϝϭΪΟ ΔΒϠϋ Δϴϣήϛ·/ζϴθϘΑ
tire tissues to tobacco toddler toe together
έΎρ· ϡέΎΤϣ ϰϟ· ώΒΗ Ϟϔρ ϡΪϘϟ ϊΒλ· ξόΑ ϊϣ
toilet tomorrow tongue tonight tool tooth toothache toothbrush toothpaste top topic
al-mirhadh/ ΖϴϟϮΘϟ/νΎΣήϤϟ at-tuwaleet ΪϏ ghadan ϥΎδϟ lisan ΔϠϴϠϟ ϩάϫ haathihi al-layla ΓΩ adah Ϧγ sin ϥΎϨγ Ϣϟ alam asnan ϥΎϨγ ΓΎηήϓ forshat asnan ϥΎϨγ ϥϮΠόϣ ma’joon asnan ΔϤϗ qimma ωϮο ˸Ϯϣ˴ mawdhoo’
tie (v.) time timetable tin (can)
ikraamiyya/ baqsheesh itaar mahaarim ila tibgh ttifl isbi’ al-qadam maa’ ba’dh
296
English-Arabic Dictionary
total tough tour tow towards towel tower town toy traffic train translate travel traveler treatment triangle trim trip truck trustworthy Tuesday tunnel TV twitter typhoon
ωϮϤΠϣ ϦθΧ ΔϴΣΎϴγ ΔϠΣέ ήΠϳ /ΐΤδϳ Ϯ˴ Τ˴ϧ ΔϔθϨϣ ΝήΑ ΓΪϠΑ ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ έϭήϤϟ ΔϛήΣ έΎτϗ ϢΟήΘϳ ήϔγ ήϓΎδϣ ΔϠϣΎόϣ ΚϠΜϣ κϘϳ ΔϠΣέ ΔϨΣΎη ϕϮΛϮϣ ˯ΎΛϼΜϟ ϖϔϧ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ ήΘϳϮΗ έΎμϋ·
majmoo’ khashin rihla siyahiyya yashab /yajor nahhwa minshafa burj balda lu’ba /dumya harakat al-muroor qitar yutarjim safar musafir mu’aamala muth-thallath yaqus rihla shaahina mawthuuq ath-thulaathaa’ nafaq tilifizyoon twitter i’saar
ϴΒϗ ΔΣήϗ ΔϠψϣ ΖΤΗ ϢϬϔϳ ϊϠΨϳ/ϊϠΧ ϞϤόϟ Ϧϋ ϞρΎϋ ΝήόΘϣ ΪΤ˶ ͉Θϣ˵ ΔόϣΎΟ ιΎλέ ϥϭΪΑ ϕϮϓ /ϰϠϋ ΐμΘϨϣ ϞΟΎϋ /Ϡϣ ϝϮΑ ΓΩΎϋ
qabeeh qurha mithhalla tahta yafham ikhla’/yakhla’ ‘atil ’an al-’amal mut’arrij mattahed jaami’a bidoon rasas a’la /fawq muntasib mullih /’aajel bawl ‘ aadatan
U ugly ulcer umbrella under understand undress unemployed uneven united university unleaded up upright urgent urine usually
V ϙήΘϳ ΓίΎΟ· /ΔϠτϋ ϲϧϮϧΎϗ ϱΩϭ ϦϴϤΛ Γήϴϐλ ΔϨΣΎη Δϳήϫΰϣ ΕϭήπΧ ϲΗΎΒϧ Ϊϳέϭ ϞϤΨϣ ϡΎγ ϱΩϮϤϋ ήψϨϣ Δϳήϗ Ε ˸Ϯλ ˴ αϭήϴϓ Γήϴη΄Η/ΰϴϓ έϭΰϳ ΓέΎϳί ΕΎϨϴϣΎΘϴϓ ϥΎϛήΑ ΓήΎτϟ Γήϛ
yatruk ‘ utla /ijaza qanooni waadi thameen shahina sagheerah mazhariyyah khudrawaat nabaati wareed mokhmal saam ‘ amoodi manthar qarya ssawt fayroos ta’sheera (visa) yazoor ziyaaa vitameenat burkaan kurat at-taa’ira
wait
ήψΘϨϳ/ήψΘϧ·
waiter waitress wake up walk (n.) walk (v.) wall wallet
ϝΩΎϧ ΔϟΩΎϧ ξϬϨϳ ϲθϣ ϲθϤϳ έΪΟ /ςΎΣ ΩϮϘϧ ΔψϔΤϣ
intathhir/ yantathhir nadil nadilah yanhadh mashy yamshi haa’it /jidar
warm warn warning wash watch (v.) watch water
˯ϲϓΩ έάΤϳ ήϳάΤΗ Ϟδϐϳ ΪϫΎθϳ ΔϋΎγ ˯Ύϣ
vacate vacation valid valley valuable van vase vegetable vegetarian vein velvet venomous vertical view village voice virus visa visit (v.) visit (n.) vitamins volcano volleyball
W
mihfathat nuqood daafi yuhathir tah-theer yaghsil yushahid sa’aa maa’
English-Arabic Dictionary
wheelchair
ΦϴτΑ ˯ΎϤϟ Ϊο ϖϳήρ ϦΤϧ ϒϴόο βΒϠϳ βϘτϟ ήϴϣΎϛ ϑΎϓί ϞϔΣ ˯ΎόΑέϻ ωϮΒγ ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ωϮΒγϷ ϥΰϳ ϼϬγϭ ϼϫ ΪϴΟ ΏήϏ ΐρέ/ ϞϠΒϣ ΫΎϣ ϞΠϋ ϙήΤΘϣ ϲγήϛ
when where which white who why widow widower wife wind window winter wire with without witness woman
ϰΘϣ Ϧϳ ϱ ξϴΑ Ϧϣ ΫΎϤϟ ΔϠϣέ Ϟϣέ ΔΟϭί ϳέ ( p: ΡΎϳέ) ϙΎΒη ˯ΎΘη ϚϠγ ϊϣ ˴ϥϭΪ˶Α/ ˴ϥϭ˴Ω Ϧϣ˶ ΪϫΎη Γήϣ
watermelon waterproof way (direction) we weak wear weather webcam wedding Wednesday week weekend weigh welcome well (good) west wet what wheel
batteekh dhidh al-maa’ tariiq nahnu da’iif yalbas at-taqs kamira hafl zafaf al-arbi’aa’ usboo’ ‘utlat nihaayat al-usboo’ yazin ahlan wa sahlan jayyid gharb rattib/muballal matha ‘ajal kursii mattaharrik mata ayna ayy abyadh man limatha armala armal zawja riih/riyaah shubbak shitaa’ silk maa’ bedoon/men doon shahid imra’a
wonderful wood wool word world work worn worried wound wrap wrist write wrong
297
ϞϴϤΟ/ ϊέ ΐθΧ ϑϮλ ΔϤϠϛ Ϣ˴ϟ Ύϋ ϞϤϋ/ Ϟϐη ϲϟΎΑ/ ϕΰϤϣ ϖϠϗ ΡήΟ ϒϠϳ/ ϒϠϐϳ ώγέ ΐΘϜϳ ΄τΧ/ ςϠϏ
jameel/raa’i’ khashab soaf kalima alam ‘ amal/shughl baali/mumazzaq qaliq jurh yaluf /yughallif risgh yaktub khata’ /ghalt
ςϴΧ Ώ˯ΎΜΘϳ ΔϨγ ήϔλ Ϣόϧ βϣ Ζϧ ΓΎΘ˴ϓ / ˷ΐ˴η ή˴ϐλ ˶
khayt yatatha’ab sana asfar na’am ams anta (M)/anti (F) shabb / fatah ssighar
ΓΎϛί˴
zakah
ήϔλ ΰϣέ Νή˵Α ΔϘ˴τϨϣ˶ ϲ˷ ϧϮϴ˸Ϭλ ˴ ΕΎϧϮϴΤϟ ΔϘϳΪΣ
sifr ramz borj minttaqa sahyyooni
ΔγϮϛ
koosa
Y yarn yawn year yellow yes yesterday you young youth
Z zakat (alms giving in Islam) zero zip zodiac zone zionist zoo zucchini (courgette)
hadeeqat alhaywanat
Arabic-English Dictionary A
a’zab
ϰϤϋ ΔϠΎϋ ΓΩΎϋ ΓΩΎϋ ϝΎϋ έΎϋ ϱέΎϋ ΔϔλΎϋ ΔϠπϋ Ϯϔϋ ϞΠϋ Ϊο/βϜϋ ϞΑΎϘϣ/βϜϋ Ϟϗϻ ϰϠϋ ϢϠϋ ϞϤϋ/ Ϟϐη ϖϴϤϋ ϱΩϮϤϋ ΔΑήϋ ϕήϋ Ϟδϋ ήϴμϋ ˯Ύθϋ ΏΎθϋ Ϣψϋ ϥΎθτϋ ϒϴψϨΗ ΔϠϣΎϋ Γήθϋ ϕϮϓ /ϰϠϋ ΩϮϋ Ώΰϋ
aakhar aalat an-nasikh aali aamin aasif ab abadan
ήΧ ΦδϨϟ Δϟ ϝΎϋ Ϧϣ ϒγ Ώ ˱ΪΑ
a’maa ‘aa’ila ‘aada ‘aadatan ‘aali ‘aar ‘aaree ‘aasifa ‘adala ‘afwan ‘ajal ‘aks/dhidh ‘aks/muqaabul ‘alaa al-qal ‘alam ‘amal/shughl ‘amiiq ‘amoodi ‘araba ‘araq ‘asal ‘aseer ‘ashaa’ ‘ashaab ‘athm ‘atshaan a’amelat funduq a’shara a’la /fawq a’waad
blind (can’t see) family custom usually high shame naked storm muscle pardon wheel counter opposite at least flag work deep vertical carriage sweat honey juice dinner herbs bone thirsty chambermaid ten up chopsticks single (unmarried) other photocopier loud safe sorry father never
abyadh adaa’ adab adah adawaat al-maa’ida adawaat fakhariyya addad ahlan ahlan wa sahlan ahmar ahraam ahsan ahyaanan ajass akh akh-dhar akhbaar akhir akhissaa’i akzima al-ahad al-ansaab al-arbi’aa’ al-bareed ghair marghoub feeh al-fetr al-hamaa al-hamow al-hashuu al-ithnayn al-jins al-jumu’a al-kabid al-kathaafa assukkkaaniyya al-khamees al-khareef al-kila al-kumm
ξϴΑ ˯Ω ΏΩ ΓΩ ΓΪΎϤϟ ΕϭΩ
white performance literature tool
ΔϳέΎΨϓ ΕϭΩ
crockery
ΩΪϋ ϼϫ ϼϬγϭ ϼϫ ήϤΣ ϡήϫ ϦδΣ ΎϧΎϴΣ ιΎΟ· Υ ήπΧ έΎΒΧ ήΧ ϲΎμΧ Ύϣΰϛ ΪΣϻ ΏΎδϧϷ ˯ΎόΑέϻ ήϴϏ ΪϳήΒϟ Ϫϴϓ ΏϮϏήϤϟ ήτϔϟ ΓΎϤΤϟ ϮϤΤϟ ϮθΤϟ ϦϴϨΛϻ βϨΠϟ ΔόϤΠϟ ΪΒϜϟ ΔϴϧΎϜδϟ ΔϓΎΜϜϟ
meter (in taxi) hello welcome red pyramids better sometimes pear brother green news last (final) specialist eczema Sunday in-laws Wednesday
βϴϤΨϟ ϒϳήΨϟ ϰϠϜϟ ϢϜϟ
Thursday autumn kidney cuff
tableware
junk mail mushrooms mother-in-law father-in-law stuffing Monday gender Friday liver population
Arabic-English Dictionary al-laahiq/ al-qaadim
ϖΣϼϟ/ϡΩΎϘϟ
al-layla al-madhiya
ΔϴοΎϤϟ ΔϠϴϠϟ /νΎΣήϤϟ al-mirhadh/ ΖϴϟϮΘϟ at-tuwaleet al-youd ΩϮϴϟ alam Ϣϟ Ϣ˴ϟ Ύϋ alam alam al-mafaasil ϞλΎϔϤϟ Ϣϟ alam asnan ϥΎϨγ Ϣϟ alam fii al-udhun ϥΫϷ ϲϓ Ϣϟ ௌ Allah allaqa Δϗϼϋ almaas αΎϤϟ amaana/wadii’a ΔόϳΩϭ/ΔϧΎϣ amareeki ϲϜϳήϣ amareekiyyah ΔϴϜϳήϣ ΎϜϳήϣ amariikaa amiin Ϧϴϣ ams βϣ amti’a/haqaa’ib ΐΎϘΣ/ΔόΘϣ amwaaj ΓήδϜΘϣ ΝϮϣ mutakassira ananas anf anta (M)/anti (F) aqaarib aqal ar-ri’ataan ard ardh ardh armal armala arraqam albareedi aruz as-sabt as-sayf asaasi asbireen asfal asfar
αΎϧΎϧ ϒϧ Ζϧ ΏέΎϗ Ϟϗ ϥΎΘήϟ νέ νέ νήϋ Ϟϣέ ΔϠϣέ ϱΪϳήΒϟ Ϣϗήϟ ίέ ΖΒδϟ ϒϴμϟ ϲγΎγ ϦϳήΒγ Ϟϔγ ήϔλ
next
last night toilet iodine pain world rheumatism toothache earache Allah hanger diamond deposit (n.) American (m.) American (f.) America honest yesterday luggage surf pineapple nose you relatives less lungs land (ground) earth offer widower widow area code rice Saturday summer essential aspirin down yellow
ashqar / shaqraa asri’/bisur’a asseen assifa ’ra’diyya aswad at-tanazzuh at-taqs at-turoos ath-th-ill ath-thafir ath-thulaathaa’ atil ’an al-’amal attrash awwal aydiz ayn ayna ayy azma qalbiyya azraq
299
˯ή˰Ϙη / ήϘη ΔϋήδΑ/ωήγ Ϧϴμϟ ΔϳΪϋέ ΔϔλΎϋ ΩϮγ ϩΰϨΘϟ βϘτϟ αϭήΘϟ Ϟ˰ψϟ ήϓΎυ ώΒλ ˯ΎΛϼΜϟ ϞϤόϟ Ϧϋ ϞρΎϋ εήρ ϝϭ ίΪϳ Ϧϴϋ Ϧϳ ϱ ΔϴΒϠϗ Δϣί ϕέί
blond (m. & f.) hurry China thunderstorm black sightseeing weather gear (car) awning manicure Tuesday unemployed deaf first AIDS eye where which heart attack blue
ΪϴόΑ ΪόΑ ΔοϮόΑ ΔοϮόΑ ΏΎΑ ϲϟΎΑ/ ϕΰϤϣ ώϟΎΑ ϥΎΠϧΫΎΑ ΔϟΪΑ ήΤΑ ΚΤΑ ϮϬΑ/ ΔϟΎλ ΪϠΑ ΓΪϠΑ ϲΠδϔϨΑ ϥϮϠτϨΑ ϦϳΰϨΑ ΔϗΎΑ ϝΎϘΑ ΪϳήΑ ΙϮϏήΑ
far after gnat mosquito door worn adult eggplant suit sea search gallery country (nation) town purple pants gasoline collar grocer mail (letters) flea
B ba’eed ba’d ba’ooda ba’oodha baab baali /mumazzaq baaligh baathinjaan badla bahr bahth bahw/saala balad balda banafsaji bantaloon banzeen baqa baqqaal bareed barghooth
300
Arabic-English Dictionary
barid barii’ bariid iliktoronii bariid jawwii barnamej barq basal baseet/ sariih baseett / sahl baskaweet baskawiit batatis batii’ batn batta battaaniyya battaariya batteekh bawl bawwab bawwaba bay’ baydh bayt bazilla bedoon / men doon beera bi bidoon nakha bidoon rasas bifathha’aa bijaama bilyaard binaayah bint bint bint al-ukht / bint al- akh biqala birka bit-tilifoon
ΩέΎΑ ˯ϱήΑ ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ· ΪϳήΑ ϱϮΟ ΪϳήΑ ΞϣΎϧήΑ ϕήΑ ϞμΑ ςϴδΑ/ϳήλ ϞϬγ / ςϴδΑ ΖϳϮϜδΑ ΖϳϮϜδΑ βρΎτΑ ˯ϲτΑ ϦτΑ ΔτΑ ΔϴϧΎτΑ ΔϳέΎτΑ ΦϴτΑ ϝϮΑ ΏϮΑ ΔΑϮΑ ϊϴΑ ξϴΑ ΖϴΑ ˯ϻίΎΑ ˴ϥϭΪ˶Α/ ˴ϥϭ˴Ω Ϧϣ˶ ΓήϴΑ ˰˰Α ΔϬϜϧ ϥϭΪΑ ιΎλέ ϥϭΪΑ ΔϋΎψϔΑ ΔϣΎΠϴΑ ΩέΎϴϠΑ ΔϳΎϨΑ ΖϨΑ ΖϨΑ ΖϨΑ/ΖΧϻ ΖϨΑ Υϻ ΔϟΎϘΑ ΔϛήΑ ϥϮϔϴϠΘϟΎΑ
cold (not hot) innocent email airmail program lightning onion plain (simple) simple biscuit cookie potato slow stomach (abdomen) duck blanket battery watermelon urine porter (concierge) gate sale egg house peas without beer by (with) plain (unflavored) unleaded terribly pajamas billiards building daughter girl niece groceries pond by-phone
bitaana bitaaqat dukhuul bitaaqat i’timaad bittaaqa shakhsiyya bittaqah bittaqqa blastik blooza boothha borj buhhayra bukaa’ bukhar bunni buq’a burghi burj burkaan burtuqali butuqaal
ΔϧΎτΑ ϝϮΧΩ ΔϗΎτΑ ΩΎϤΘϋ ΔϗΎτΑ ΔϴμΨη ΔϗΎτΑ
lining ticket (admission ) credit card
ΔϗΎτΑ ΔϗΎτΑ ϚΘγϼΑ ΓίϮϠΑ ΔυϮΑ Νή˵Α ΓήϴΤΑ ˯ΎϜΑ έΎΨΑ ϲϨΑ ΔόϘΑ ϲϏήΑ ΝήΑ ϥΎϛήΑ ϲϟΎϘΗήΑ ϝΎϘΗήΑ
card business card plastic blouse ice cream zodiac lake cry steam brown stain screw tower volcano orange (color) orange (fruit)
ϒϴόο ΎϤΩ ΓήΩ ˯ϲϓΩ αϮΑΩ ΕΎψΣϼϣ ήΘϓΩ
weak always circle warm pin
ςϐο ΔΟΎΟΩ ϞΧΩ ϲϠΧΩ ϞΧΩ ϞϴϟΩ ϡΩ ΔϘϴϗΩ Γέάϟ ϖϴϗΩ ϙήΤΘϣ ΝέΩ ϰϟϭ ΔΟέΩ ΔΟέΩ ΔηΩέΩ
pressure chicken inside internal earrings guide (book) blood minute cornflower escalator first class degree chat
identification card
D da’iif daa’iman daa’ira daafi dabboos daftar mulaahath-that daght dajaja dakhil dakhili dakhl daleel dam daqeeqa daqiiq ath-thura daraj motaharrek daraja owla darajah dardasha
notebook
Arabic-English Dictionary darraaja naariyya darraja dars dawaa’ dawaa’ shorb dawajin dawrah deen desember dhaa’i’ dhabaab dhabab dhahl dhaooree dharar /kharaab dharbat shams dhareeba dhawdhaa’ dhid dhidh al-maa’ dhiffa dhimaad dhiyaafa dhubaaba di’f diraasa/yadrus diskoo doctoor dohnee doon tawaqquf dukhan/ tadkhiin dukhool dumiya/ loo’bah dush duwali duwar/dowkha
ΔϳέΎϧ ΔΟέΩ
motorbike
ΔΟέΩ αέΩ ˯ϭΩ Ώήη ˯ϭΩ ϦΟϭΩ ΓέϭΩ ϦϳΩ ήΒϤδϳΩ ϊΎο ΏΎΒο ΏΎΒο ϞΤο ϱέϭήο ΏήΧ/έήο βϤη ΔΑήο ΔΒϳήο ˯ΎοϮο Ϊο ˯ΎϤϟ Ϊο Δϔο ΩΎϤο ΔϓΎϴο ΔΑΎΑΫ ϒόο αέΪϳ/ΔγέΩ ϮϜδϳΩ έϮΘϛΩ ϲϨϫΩ ϒϗϮΗ ϥϭΩ ϦϴΧΪΗ/ϥΎΧΩ
bicycle lesson medicine syrup poultry course religion December lost (missing) mist fog shallow necessary damage sunstroke tax noise against waterproof bank (river) bandage hospitality fly (insect) double study disco doctor greasy nonstop
ϝϮΧΩ ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ εΩ ϲϟϭΩ ΔΧϭΩ /έϭΩ
admission doll shower international dizzy
Ωϼϴϣ Ϊϴϋ ΪϨϟήϳ ΓέΎη
birthday Ireland sign (road)
smoke
E eed meelad erlanda esharah
F faa’ida/maslaha faasid fahs fak fakhidh faks fallah fam fan fann an-naht faqatt fa’r faramil fareeq farigh fassoliya fatoora fatoora fawakih fawq fayadhan fayroos feasbook febraayer fee al-kharij fee makaanin ma feel feemaa ba’d fi fi al-amaam fi al-bayt fi al-khalf fi al-layl fidda fii al-khaarij fii kol makan fikra film firash fondoq foolath forshat asnan
ΔΤϠμϣ /ΓΪΎϓ ΪγΎϓ κΤϓ Ϛϓ άΨϓ βϛΎϓ Ρϼϓ Ϣϓ Ϧϓ ΖΤϨϟ Ϧϓ ς˴Ϙ˴ϓ έ΄ϓ Ϟϣήϓ ϖϳή˴ϓ ύέΎϓ ΎϴϟϮλΎϓ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ΓέϮΗΎϓ ϪϛϮϓ ϕϮϓ ϥΎπϴϓ αϭήϴϓ ϙϮΑ βϴϓ ήϳήΒϓ ΩϼΒϟ ΝέΎΧ ϲϓ Ύϣ ϥΎϜϣ ϲϓ Ϟϴϓ ΪόΑ ΎϤϴϓ ϲϓ ϡΎϣϻ ϲϓ ΖϴΒϟ ϲϓ ϒϠΨϟ ϲϓ ϞϴϠϟ ϲϓ Δπϓ ΝέΎΨϟ ϲϓ ϥΎϜϣ Ϟϛ ϲϓ ΓήϜϓ ϢϠϓ εήϓ ϕΪϨϓ ΫϻϮϓ ϥΎϨγ ΓΎηήϓ
profit bad (rotten) check (v.) jaw thigh fax farmer mouth art sculpture only mouse brake team empty beans bill invoice fruit above flood virus Facebook February abroad somewhere elephant later in at the front at home at the back at night silver overseas everywhere idea film (movie) bed hotel steel toothbrush
301
302
Arabic-English Dictionary
fostaan fotoor fuliklor fundiq sagheer furshaah fustuq
ϥΎΘδϓ έϮτϓ έϮϠϜϠϓ ήϴϐλ ϕΪϨϓ ΓΎηήϓ ϖΘδϓ
dress (n.) breakfast folklore motel brush peanut
G ghaali ghadan ghadheb ghalyoon ghamidh gharaama gharb ghareeb ghareeb/ajnabi ghatts ghayr khaadi’a lir-rasm al-jumrukii ghayr muhathab ghaz ghidhaa’ ghitaa as-saaqayn gholf ghram ghuraz ghurfa ghurfat alqiyyas ghuroob
ϝΎϏ expensive ΪϏ tomorrow ΐοΎϏ angry ϥϮϴϠϏ pipe (smoking) ξϣΎϏ misty ΔϣήϏ fine (money) ΏήϏ west ΐϳή˴Ϗ strange ϲΒϨΟ/ΐϳήϏ foreign βτϏ diving ϢγήϠϟ ΔόοΎΧ ήϴϏ duty-free ϲϛήϤΠϟ
hammaam
ΏάϬϣ ήϴϏ ίΎϏ ˯ΪϏ ϦϴϗΎδϟ ˯ΎτϏ ϒϟϮϏ ϡήϏ ίήϏ ΔϓήϏ αΎϴϘϟ ΔϓήϏ βϤθϟ ΏϭήϏ
rude gas lunch leggings golf gram stitches room fitting room sunset
έΪΟ /ςΎΣ ˯ϱΩΎϫ ΙΩΎΣ ϻΎΣ ξϣΎΣ έΎΣ ΔϠϴϠϟ ϩάϫ ϞΒΣ ϑ˴Ϊ˴ϫ ΔϘϳΪΣ
wall quiet accident immediately sour spicy tonight rope goal garden
H haa’it /jidar haadi’ haadith haalan haamidh haar haathihi al-layla habl hadaf hadeeqa
hadeeqat al-haywanat hadeeth hadhina hadiid hadiiqa hadiyya hadiyya hafeeda hafiid hafila /bass hafl zafaf hafla hafla muusiqiyya hajm hakka halawiyyaat haleeb hallaaq halwaa
hammaam shamsii handasa mi’maariya haniin-ila al watan haqeeba haqeebat yad haqibah haqiiba haqqan harakat al-muroor harara hareer haris hashara hashwa
ΕΎϧϮϴΤϟ ΔϘϳΪΣ zoo ΚϳΪΣ ΔϨοΎΣ ΪϳΪΣ ΔϘϳΪΣ ΔϳΪϫ ΔϳΪϫ ΓΪϴϔΣ ΪϴϔΣ ΔϠϓΎΣ/ ιΎΑ ϑΎϓί ϞϔΣ ΔϔϠΣ ΔϴϘϴγϮϣ ΔϠϔΣ ϢΠΣ ΔϜΣ ΕΎϳϮϠΣ ΐϴϠΣ ϕϼΣ ϯϮϠΣ ϡΎϤΣ ϲδϤη ϡΎϤΣ ΔϳέΎϤόϣ ΔγΪϨϫ
current babysitter iron (metal) park gift present (gift) granddaughter grandchild bus wedding party concert size itch dessert milk hairdresser candy bathroom/ restroom sunbathe architecture
ϦρϮϟ ϰϟ· ϦϴϨΤϟ homesick
ΔΒϴϘΣ Ϊϳ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΔΒϴϘΣ ΎϘΣ έϭήϤϟ ΔϛήΣ ΓέήΣ ήϳήΣ αέΎΣ ΓήθΣ ΓϮθΣ hasoub mahmoul/ /ϝϮϤΤϣ ΏϮγΎΣ ΏϮΗ Ώϻ labtob ΔϴγΎδΣ hassasiyya hatha άϫ hathir έάΣ
purse (handbag) handbag backpack suitcase really traffic heat silk concierge insect filling laptop allergy this careful
Arabic-English Dictionary hatif dhakii hawaaly / taqreeban hayawaan aleef hayawan hayya hazeen helm hhaafat hhaamil hhaar hhanafiyya hhasanan hhelo hhimyyah hisaa’ hisaan saghiir hissan hithaa’ hiwaaya hizaam hob hona honak honjara huboob huboob huboob man’ al-hamal hubuub hudood hummaa/ haraara huqna
ϲϛΫ ϒΗΎϫ ΎΒϳήϘΗ/ϲϟϮΣ
smartphone
ibriiq shaay
about
idhraab
ϒϴϟ ϥϮϴΣ ϥϮϴΣ ΔϴΣ ϦϳΰΣ ϢϠΣ ΔϓΎΣ ϞϣΎΣ έΎΣ ΔϴϔϨΣ ΎϨδΣ ϮϠΣ ΔϴϤΣ ˯ΎδΣ ήϴϐλ ϥΎμΣ ϥΎμΣ ˯άΣ ΔϳϮϫ ϡΰΣ ΐΣ ΎϨϫ ϙΎϨϫ ΓήΠϨΣ ΏϮΒΣ ΏϮΒΣ ϞϤΤϟ ϊϨϣ ΏϮΒΣ
pet animal snake sad dream (n.) hem pregnant hot tap okay sweet diet broth pony horse shoe hobby belt love here there throat grain pills (tablets)
ightisaab ihtiyatii/idhafi ikhla’/yakhla’
contraceptive (pill)
ΏϮΒΣ ΩϭΪΣ ΓέήΣ/ϲϤΣ
tablets border
ΔϨϘΣ
injection
is’aafaat awwaliyya i’saar isbi’ al-qadam iskutlanda islaamee iss-haal issbi’ istifsaar istimara istiqbal istiraha istishaara itaar ith-hab i’tidaa
fever
I ϝΎϣ ΓΩΎϋ· ϦΑ· ibn al-akh/ibn /ΖΧϻ ϦΑ Υϻ ϦΑ al-ukht ibn ‘am / bint ‘am Ϣϋ ΖϨΑ/Ϣϋ ϦΑ ibra ΓήΑ· ibreel ϞϳήΑ i’aadat al-maal ibn
refund son nephew cousin needle April
ikraamiyya/ baqsheesh ila ilekiooni iltihaab imbirattour imra’a in shaa’ Allah influwanza influwanza ingiltra ingleezi inkhifadh intathhir/ yantathhir Internet inthaar iqtissad irja’ irji’ irtijaj
ϱΎη ϖϳήΑ Ώήο·
teapot strike (work stoppage) rape spare undress
ΏΎμΘϏ ϲρΎϴΘΣ/ϲϓΎο ϊϠΨϳ/ϊϠΧ Δϴϣήϛ·/ζϴθϘΑ tip ϰϟ· ϲϧϭήΘϜϟ ΏΎϬΘϟ· έϮρήΒϣ Γήϣ ˸ ௌ ˯Ύη ϥ· ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ΰϧϮϠϔϧ· ήΘϠΠϧ ϱΰϴϠΠϧ νΎϔΨϧ· ήψΘϨϳ/ήψΘϧ·
to electronic infection emperor woman hopefully cold (flu) flu England English reduction
ΖϧήΘϧ· έάϧ· ΩΎμΘϗ ϊΟέ ϊΟέ ΝΎΠΗέ Δϴϟϭ ΕΎϓΎόγ
Internet alarm economy come back go back concussion
έΎμϋ· ϡΪϘϟ ϊΒλ· ΪϨϠΘϜγ ϲ˷ ϣϼγ· ϝΎϬγ ϊΒλ· έΎδϔΘγ ΓέΎϤΘγ ϝΎΒϘΘγ ΔΣήΘγ ΓέΎθΘγ· έΎρ· ΐϫΫ ˯ΪΘϋ
typhoon toe Scotland Islamic diarrhea finger enquiry form reception break consultation tire go assault
wait
first aid
303
304
Arabic-English Dictionary
i’tithaar ittar ittijaah iz’aaj izdiham
έάΘϋ έΎρ ϩΎΠΗ· ΝΎϋί ϡΎΣΩί
apologies frame direction disturbance busy (traffic)
ϥΎϋϮΟ /ϊΎΟ ϑΎΟ ΔόϣΎΟ έΎΟ ϞΒΟ ϦϴΒΟ ΪΟ ΓΪΟ ΪϳΪΟ ϝϭΪΟ ϑΎϔΟ ΰϫΎΟ ϒτόϣ/ΖϴϛΎΟ ϙέΎϤΟ ΎόϴϤΟ ϞϴϤΟ ϞϴϤΟ/ ϊέ ΓίΎϨΟ ΏϮϨΟ ήΤΒϟ ΩήΟ ΔϤϳήΟ ΓΪϳήΟ/ΔϔϴΤλ ΏέϮΟ ήϔγ ίϮΟ Ωέ /ΏϮΟ ΓήϫϮΟ ΐϴΟ ΪϴΟ ΪϴΟ ϦδΣ /ΪϴΟ έΰΟ ΓήϳΰΟ ΰϨϴΟ ΪϠΟ ΪϠΟ ΔϴδϨΟ
hungry dry (n. ) university neighbor mountain forehead grandfather grandmother new timetable draught ready coat (jacket) customs altogether beautiful wonderful funeral south lobster crime newspaper socks passport answer gem pocket good well (good) fine (good) carrot island jeans leather skin nationality
J jaa’i’ /jow’aan jaaf jaami’a jaar jabal jabeen jad jadda jadiid jadwal jafaf jahiz jakiet/mi’taf jamaarik jamee’an jameel jameel /raa’i’ janaza janoob jarad al-bahr jareema jariida/saheefa jawaarib jawaaz safar jawab/ rad jawhara jayb jayyed jayyid jayyid /hasan jazar jaziira jeanz jild jild jinsiyya
jism jisr jobn jumla jurh jurh jurth juz’
ϢδΟ ήδΟ ϦΒΟ ΔϠϤΟ ΡήΟ ΡήΟ ΫήΟ ˯ΰΟ
body bridge cheese sentence cut (n.) wound rat part
ΐόϛ ΐόϛ ϊγϭ/ήϴΒϛ ΖϳήΒϛ ϒϬϛ ˯ΎΑήϬϛ ϲΎΑήϬϛ ϭΎϛΎϛ ΐϠϛ ΔϤϠϛ ήδϟ ΔϤϠϛ ήϴϣΎϛ ήϴϣΎϛ ΔδϴϨϛ Νήϛ Ϫϳήϛ ΓέΎδϛ ΝϮϟΎΘϛ ήϴΜϛ ήϴΜϛ ϒΘϛ ˮϒϴϛ ϮϨϳίΎϛ ΔϴϤϛ ϲΟέΎΧ ίΎΒΧ ϒϴϔΧ ΞϴϠ˴Χ ϒϠΧ ϒϠΧ ϡΎΧ ήϤΧ/ϝϮΤϛ ΏήΧ
heel ankle large matches (fire starter) cave electricity electric cocoa dog word password camera webcam church garage horrible cracker catalog many much shoulder how? casino amount external baker light (not heavy) gulf back behind raw alcohol ruins
K ka’b ka’ib kabeer /waasi’ kabreet kahf kahrabaa’ kahrabaa’i kakaw kalb kalima kalimat al-ser kamira kamira kaneesa karaj kareeh kassaara katalug katheer katheer katif kayf kazeenu kemmiyya khaariji khabbaz khafiif khaleej khalf khalf kham khamr /kuhuul kharaab
Arabic-English Dictionary khareef kharij kharita kharoof/haml khas khasaara /fiqdaan khashab khashin khass khata’ khata’ /ghalt khata’ /ghaltta khatar khatar khateeb khateeba khateer khatiir khatt khatt khawkh/durraaq khayt khayt khayt/habl khazana khedaa’/yakhda’ khetta /barnamej khidma khilaal khiyaar khubz khudrawaat khutuwat /darajat kilahuma kiloghram kirooseen kitaab kitaab ’ibaaraat kittaan kkayma kol shay’ kombyooter/ haasoob
ϒϳήΧ ΝέΎΧ ΔρέΎΧ ϞϤΣ /ϑϭήΧ βΧ ΓέΎδΧ/ ϥΪϘϓ ΐθΧ ϦθΧ ιΎΧ ΎτΧ ΄τΧ/ ςϠϏ ΔτϠϏ /ΎτΧ ήτΧ ήτΧ ΐϴτΧ ΔΒϴτΧ ήϴτΧ ήϴτΧ ςΧ φΧ ϕέΩ/ΥϮΧ ςϴΧ ςϴΧ ϞΒΣ/ςϴΧ ΔϧΰΧ ωΪΨϳ/ωΪΧ ΞϣΎϧήΑ/ ΔτΧ ΔϣΪΧ ϝϼΧ έΎϴΧ ΰΒΧ ΕϭήπΧ ΕΎΟέΩ/ΕϮτΧ ΎϤϫϼϛ ϡήϏϮϠϴϛ Ϧϴγϭήϴϛ ΏΎΘϛ ΕέΎΒϋ ΏΎΘϛ ϥΎΘϛ ΔϤϴΧ Ίϴη Ϟϛ ήΗϮϴΒϤϛ/ΏϮγΎΣ
fall (season) outside map lamb lettuce loss wood tough special fault wrong mistake danger risk fiancé fiancée serious dangerous line luck peach thread yarn string buffet swindle plan (intention) service during cucumber bread vegetable steps both kilogram kerosene book phrasebook linen tent everything computer
koosa
ΥϮϛ ΥϮϛ ΔγϮϛ
korat as-salla kreem kuloonya kum kura kurat al-qadam kurat at-taa’ira kursi kursii mattaharrik kutla kuub
ΔϠδϟ Γήϛ Ϣϳήϛ ΎϴϧϮϟϮϛ Ϣϛ Γήϛ ϡΪϘϟ Γήϛ ΓήΎτϟ Γήϛ ϲγήϛ ϙήΤΘϣ ϲγήϛ ΔϠΘϛ ΏϮϛ
kookh kookh
305
cabin hut zucchini (courgette) basketball lotion aftershave sleeve ball soccer volleyball chair wheelchair mass cup
L laa/kallaa laa shay’ ladgha lahh-tha lahhm baqar lahm lahm khinziir laami’ laieem lajna laqab lateef latheeth lawaazim al-maa’ida lawn layl laymoon laysa fee ay makan le’nna letr limatha lisan liss liyaaqa/tadriib lu’ba
ϻ/ϼϛ ˯ϲη ϻ ϪϏΪϟ ΔψΤϟ ήϘΑ ϢΤϟ ϢΤϟ ήϳΰϨΧ ϢΤϟ ϊϣϻ ϢϴΌϟ ΔϨΠ˴ϟ ΐϘϟ ϒϴτϟ άϳάϟ ΓΪΎϤϟ ϡίϮϟ
no nothing bite moment beef meat pork glossy mean (not nice) committee surname mild (taste) delicious
ϥϮϟ Ϟϴϟ ϥϮϤϴϟ ϥΎϜϣ ϱ ϲϓ βϴϟ ϥ˸ Ϸ˶ ήΘϟ ΫΎϤϟ ϥΎδϟ κϟ ΐϳέΪΗ/ ΔϗΎϴϟ ΔΒόϟ
color night lemon nowhere because liter why tongue thief fitness game
cutlery
306
Arabic-English Dictionary
lu’ba /dumya lu’lu’ lugha lughz
ΔΒόϟ / ΔϴϣΩ ΆϟΆϟ Δϐϟ ΰϐϟ
toy pearl language puzzle
Δϣϼδϟ ϊϣ ΪΒόϣ ΪΒόϣ ϥΪόϣ ϥΎϨγ ϥϮΠόϣ ΔϧϭήϜόϣ ΕΎϣϮϠόϣ νήόϣ ϊϣ ˯Ύϣ ξόΑ ϊϣ ΓήϬτϣ ΓΩΎϣ
goodbye synagogue temple metal toothpaste noodles information exhibition with water together
ΓέϮμϘϣ/ΡΎϨΟ ΰϴϧϮϳΎϣ ΓΪϴγ /ϡΪϣ ΔϨϳΪϣ ΔγέΪϣ ΩϮϘϔϣ ήϳήδϟ ΕΎηϭήϔϣ
compartment mayonnaise madam city school missing
ΡϮΘϔϣ ϲϠϐϣ ϡέΎΤϣ ϲϠΤϣ ΔτΤϣ ιΎΒϟ ΔτΤϣ ΩϮϗϭ ΔτΤϣ
open boiled tissues domestic station bus-station
έΎΤϣ ϲϠΤϣ ίϮΠΤϣ ϝϮϤΤϣ/ϝϮΟ ϕϭήΤϣ ΔϠΠϣ ϲϧΎΠϣ β˶ϠΠϣ˴
oyster local booked (reserved) cell phone burnt magazine free (no charge) board
M ma’a as-salaama ma’bad ma’bad ma’dan ma’joon asnan ma’karuuna ma’luumaat ma’rad maa’ maa’ maa’ ba’dh maadda mutahhira maasoora/janaah maayuuneez madam/sayyida madeena madrasa mafqood mafruushaat as-sariir maftuuh maghli mahaarim mahallii mahatta mahattat al-bass mahattat waqood mahhaar mahhalli mahjooz mahmoul/jawwal mahrooq majalla majjani majlis
detergent
bedding
gas station
majlis ash-sha’ab majmoo’ majmoo’a majmuua’/ruzma majrooh makaan makhraj makhttooba/ makhttoob makhzan/matjar maksoor maktab maktab al-breed maktab bareed maktaba mal’ab malaabis malik malika mamlakah mammar mamzooj man manassa mandeel manga manshoor manthar maq’ad maqaal maqbara maqbara maqli maqsad/maeeir maradh marah/lahw maraq mareedh mareedh marham maris markaz markazi
ΐ˸όθ͉ ϟ β˶ϠΠϣ˴ ωϮϤΠϣ ΔϋϮϤΠϣ Δϣίέ/ΔϋϮϤΠϣ ΡϭήΠϣ ϥΎϜϣ ΝήΨϣ ΏϮτΨϣ/ΔΑϮτΨϣ ήΠΘϣ/ϥΰΨϣ έϮδϜϣ ΐΘϜϣ ΪϳήΒϟ ΐΘϜϣ ΪϳήΑ ΐΘϜϣ ΔΒΘϜϣ ΐόϠϣ βΑϼϣ ϚϠϣ ΔϜϠϣ ΔϜ˴ϠϤϣ˴ ήϤϣ ΝϭΰϤϣ Ϧϣ ΔμϨϣ ϞϳΪϨϣ ΎΠϧΎϣ έϮθϨϣ ήψϨϣ ΪόϘϣ ϝΎϘϣ ΓήΒϘϣ ΓήΒϘϣ ϲϠϘϣ ήϴμϣ/ΪμϘϣ νήϣ Ρήϣ/ϮϬϟ ϕήϣ ξϳήϣ ξϳήϣ Ϣϫήϣ αέΎϣ ΰϛήϣ ϱΰϛήϣ
parliament total group set injured palace exit engaged (to be married) shop (store) broken office post office post office library stadium clothes king queen kingdom corridor mixed who platform scarf mango brochure view seat article cemetery grave fried destination illness fun sauce ill patient (sick) ointment March center (middle) central
Arabic-English Dictionary marmar marra ukhraa marsa marwaha mas’ool masaa’ masaafa masaaha/ mintaqa masafa ba’iida masar masbaghat ghaseel mash-hoor mashghool mashmool mashroo’ mashwi mashy masraf/ bank masrahh masrahiyya massa massaasah massna’ mat-haf mat’am mata mataar matar math’oor matha mattahed mattat mattbakh mattbuukh maw’id mawaad ghithaa’iyya mawdhoo’ mawjood mawlood mawthooq
ήϣήϣ ϯήΧ Γήϣ ϰγήϣ ΔΣϭήϣ ϝϭΆδϣ ˯Ύδϣ ΔϓΎδϣ ΔϘτϨϣ/ΔΣΎδϣ
marble again marina fan responsible evening distance
ΓΪϴόΑ ΔϓΎδϣ έΎδϣ Ϟϴδϐϟ ΔϐΒμϣ
long-distance lane (of traffic)
έϮϬθϣ ϝϮϐθϣ ϝϮϤθϣ ωϭήθϣ˴ ϱϮθϣ ϲθϣ ϚϨΑ/ϑήμϣ Ρήδϣ ΔϴΣήδϣ ˯Ύδϣ ΔλΎμϣ ϊϨμϣ ϒΤΘϣ Ϣότϣ ϰΘϣ έΎτϣ ήτϣ έϮϋάϣ ΫΎϣ ΪΤ˶ ͉Θϣ˵ ρΎτϣ ΦΒτϣ ΥϮΒτϣ ΪϋϮϣ ΔϴάϏ ΩϮϣ
famous busy (schedule) included project grilled walk (n.) bank theatre play (drama) afternoon straw factory museum restaurant when airport rain (n.) frightened what united rubber kitchen done (cooked) appointment
ωϮο ˸Ϯϣ˴ ΩϮΟϮϣ ΩϮϟϮϣ ϕϮΛϮϣ
topic present (here) born reliable
area
dry clean
groceries (food)
mawthuuq mawz mayoo mayyit mazhariyyah mazra’a meezaan metr mezan al-harara mi’ah midfa’a miftaah miftah miftah mihfathat nuqood mihna /herfa miinaa’ mikhadda mikwaah mikyaaj mil’aqa mil’aqat shaay milaqa’a milh millimitr min fadlik minaa’ mindada/ ttawelah mindeel minfadat sajaa’ir minshafa mintaqat la’ib lil-atfaal minttaqa miqas miqlaah miqlah mir’aah mirrarran mis’ad misfaa/filtar mismaar
307
ϕϮΛϮϣ ίϮϣ ϮϳΎϣ Ζϴϣ Δϳήϫΰϣ Δϋέΰϣ ϥΰϴϣ ήΘϣ ΓέήΤϟ ϥΰϴϣ ΔΎϣ Γ΄ϓΪϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΡΎΘϔϣ ΩϮϘϧ ΔψϔΤϣ ΔϓήΣ/ΔϨϬϣ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΓΪΨϣ ΓϮϜϣ ΝΎϴϜϣ ΔϘόϠϣ ϱΎη ΔϘόϠϣ ΔϘόϠϣ Ϡϣ ήΘϤϴϠϣ ϚϠπϓ Ϧϣ ˯ΎϨϴϣ ΔϟϭΎρ/ΓΪπϨϣ
trustworthy banana May dead vase farm scales meter thermometer hundred heater corkscrew key switch wallet profession port pillow iron (for clothes) makeup spoon teaspoon tablespoon salt millimeter please harbor
ϞϳΪϨϣ ήΎΠγ ΔπϔϨϣ ΔϔθϨϣ ΐόϟ ΔϘτϨϣ Ϟϔρϸϟ ΔϘ˴τϨϣ˶ κϘϣ ΓϼϘϣ ΓϼϘϣ Γήϣ ˱έήϣ˶ Ϊόμϣ ήΘϠϓ/ΓΎϔμϣ έΎϤδϣ
handkerchief ashtray towel
table
playground zone scissors saucepan pan mirror repeatedly lift (elevator) filter nail (metal)
308
Arabic-English Dictionary
miss’ad kahrabaa’ii missbaah mithhalla mithla mithyaa’/radyo mitraqa mo’addaal mo’sess mohaafiz moka’bat assukkar mokalamah mokasarat mokayyef mokhmal moltaheb momkin monabbeh morr mosbah yadawee moseeqaa moshit moshkila motarjim mu’aamala mu’aaq mu’attir mu’di mu’dii mubakkir mubasharah mubashir mubbayyidh mudakhan mudeer mudhi’ mufaaja’a mufaddal mughaadara mughlaq muhamii muhammas
ϲΎΑήϬϛ Ϊόμϣ
elevator
ΡΎΒμϣ ΔϠψϣ ϞΜ˸ ϣ˶ ϮϳΩέ /ωΎϳάϣ Δϗήτϣ ϝΪόϣ β͋γ Ά˴ ϣ˵ φϓΎΤϣ ήϜδϟ ΕΎΒόϜϣ
lamp umbrella similar radio hammer mean (average) founder mayor
ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ΕήδϜϣ ϒϴϜϣ ϞϤΨϣ ΐϬΘϠϣ ϦϜϤϣ ϪΒϨϣ ήϣ ϱϭΪϳ ΡΎΒμϣ ϰϘϴγϮϣ ςθϣ ΔϠϜθϣ ϢΟήΘϣ ΔϠϣΎόϣ ϕΎόϣ ήτόϣ ϱΪόϣ ϱΪόϣ ήϜΒϣ ΓήηΎΒϣ ήηΎΒϣ ξϴΒϣ ϦΧΪϣ ήϳΪϣ ˯ϲπϣ ôϾϔϣ Ϟπϔϣ ΓέΩΎϐϣ ϖϠϐϣ ϲϣΎΤϣ κϤΤϣ
call (n.) nuts air conditioning velvet sore possible alarm clock bitter flashlight music hairbrush problem interpreter treatment disabled deodorant infectious contagious early directly direct bleach smoked (adj.) manager light (not dark) surprise preference departure closed lawyer roasted
lumps (sugar)
muhim muhtamal muja’ad mujaffif sha’r mujammad mujawharat muka’ab mukalama mukhayyam mukhti’ mukkath-thaf mulakhas mulawwan mullih/’aajel mumarridha mumil mumtaz mumti’ munabbih hariiq munasaba/ hadath munkhafid muntasib murabba murabba’ musaa’ada musaa’ada/ an-najda musaafir musafir musahil/ mulayyin musajjal musakkin musakkin alam musannaf mushaabih/nafs musht musta’mal mustaheel mustanqa’ mustaqiim mustashfaa
ϢϬϣ ϞϤΘΤϣ ΪόΠϣ ήόη ϒϔΠϣ ΪϤΠϣ ΕήϫϮΠϣ ΐόϜϣ ΔϤϟΎϜϣ ϢϴΨϣ ˯ϲτΨϣ ϒΜϜϣ κΨϠϣ ϥϮϠϣ ϞΟΎϋ /Ϡϣ ΔοήϤϣ ϞϤϣ ίΎΘϤϣ ϊΘϤϣ ϖϳήΣ ϪΒϨϣ ΙΪΣ/ΔΒγΎϨϣ
important probably curly hairdryer frozen jewelry cubic phone call camping mistaken condensed briefs colored urgent nurse boring excellent nice (pleasant) fire alarm
ξϔΨϨϣ ΐμΘϨϣ ϰΑήϣ ϊΑήϣ ΓΪϋΎδϣ ΓΪΠϨϟ/ΓΪϋΎδϣ
low upright jam square (shape) helping
ήϓΎδϣ ήϓΎδϣ ϞϬδϣ/ϦϴϠϣ
passenger traveler
ϞΠδϣ ϦϜδϣ Ϣϟ ϦϜδϣ ϒϨμϣ βϔϧ/ϪΑΎθϣ ςθϣ ϞϤόΘδϣ ϞϴΤΘδϣ ϊϘϨΘδϣ ϢϴϘΘδϣ ϰϔθΘδϣ
registered sedative painkiller assorted same comb second-hand impossible swamp straight hospital
event
help
laxative
Arabic-English Dictionary mustatteel mustayqith mut’a mut’arrij muta’akhir mutahawwir mutaqaa’id mutazawwij muth-thallath muthallaj muthallaj/ mujammad muttallaq muwajjih/ murshid muwattin
ϞϴτΘδϣ φϘϴΘδϣ ΔόΘϣ ΝήόΘϣ ήΧ΄Θϣ έϮϬΘϣ ΪϋΎϘΘϣ ΝϭΰΘϣ ΚϠΜϣ ΞϠΜϣ ΪϤΠϣ/ΞϠΜϣ
rectangle awake pleasure uneven late rash retired married triangle iced
ϖϠτϣ ϪΟϮϣ/Ϊηήϣ
divorced
ϦρϮϣ
citizen
Ϣόϧ ΞοΎϧ ϖϳήΣ/έΎϧ αΎϧ ϲΗΎΒϧ ΕΎΒϧ ξΒϧ ϝΩΎϧ ΔϟΩΎϧ ϖϔϧ ΕΎϘϔϧ/ϒϳέΎμϣ
yes ripe fire people vegetarian plant pulse waiter waitress tunnel
ΓέϮϓΎϧ ϒϴΤϧ ΔϠΤϧ Ϯ˴ Τ˴ϧ ϦΤϧ ήϬϧ ΡΎΠ˴ϧ ΔϤΠϧ ΔϬϜϧ ϪϠϤϧ ϱΪϘϧ/αϮϠϓ ϲϘϧ ΔΤϴμϧ
fountain thin (not fat) bee towards we river success star flavor ant cash pure advice
chilled
guide (person)
N na’am naadij naar/hreeq naas nabaati nabat nabdh nadil nadilah nafaq nafaqaat/ masaariif nafoora nahheef nahhla nahhwa nahnu nahr najahh najma nak-ha namla naqdi/fuloos naqi nasiiha
expenses
nath-theef nathh-thharaat nathhaaraat shamsiyya natiija nissf november nu’aal khafiif nuhaas nukta nuqood/fuloos nuskha nuskha
ϒϴψϧ ΕέΎψϧ ΔϴδϤη ΕέΎψϧ
clean (adj.) glasses
ΔΠϴΘϧ ϒμϧ ήΒϤϓϮϧ ϒϴϔΧ ϝΎόϧ αΎΤϧ ΔΘϜϧ αϮϠϓ /ΩϮϘϧ ΔΨδϧ ΔΨδϧ
result half November slippers copper joke money copy photocopy
ήΑϮΘϛ β˰τ˰δϏ Δϣ˷ ˵ ϥϮϨϋ
October August nation address
αϮϣΎϗ ϥϮϧΎϗ ϴΒϗ ϡΪϗ ΔΣΪϗ ϢϳΪϗ ϩϮϬϗ ΕϻϮϛ΄Ϥϟ ΔϤΎϗ
dictionary law ugly foot lighter antique coffee
ΔόϠϗ ϢϠϗ ιΎλέ ϢϠϗ ΐϠϗ ϞϴϠϗ ϖϠϗ ήϤϗ κϴϤϗ ήΤΒϟ ϞϳΪϨϗ ϲϧϮϧΎϗ ΐϳήϗ ΎΒϳήϗ ΏέΎϗ
castle pen pencil heart little (amount) worried moon shirt jellyfish valid nearby soon boat
sunglasses
O octoober oghostos ommah onwaan
Q qaamoos qaanoon qabeeh qadam qaddaha qadeem qahwa qaa’imat al-ma’kuulaat qal’a qalam qalam rassaas qalb qaleel qaliq qamar qamees qandeel al-bahr qanooni qareeb qareeban qarib
menu
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Arabic-English Dictionary
qarya qaseer qassab/jazar qassat sha’r qatra lil-ayn qatra lil–uthon qawi qilaada/e’qd qimaash qimma qinneena qird qirsh qishra qishta qism qitar qitar al-anfaaq qitta qom qubba’a qubla quffazat qufl/yaqfil qunsiliyya qurb qurha qutn
Δϳήϗ ήϴμϗ ΏΎμϗ/έΰΟ ήόη Δμϗ ϦϴόϠϟ Γήτϗ ϥΫϸϟ Γήτϗ ϱϮϗ ΪϘϋ/ΓΩϼϗ εΎϤϗ ΔϤϗ ΔϨϴϨϗ Ωήϗ εήϗ Γήθϗ Δτθϗ Ϣδϗ έΎτϗ ϕΎϔϧϷ έΎτϗ Δτϗ Ϣϗ ΔόΒϗ ΔϠΒϗ ΕίΎϔϗ Ϟϔϗ/ϞϔϘϳ ΔϴϠμϨϗ Ώήϗ ΔΣήϗ Ϧτϗ
village short butcher haircut eye-drops ear drops strong necklace fabric top bottle monkey shark dandruff cream department train subway cat stand up hat kiss gloves lock consulate near ulcer cotton
R ra’isi ra’s raa’iha raafi ’a rabii’ rabtat ’unuq radi rajul rakhees rakib ramaadi ramz ramz baridi
ϲδϴέ αέ ΔΤέ Δόϓέ ϊϴΑέ ϖϨϋ ΔτΑέ νέ ϞΟέ κϴΧέ ΐϛέ ϱΩΎϣέ ΰϣέ ϱΪϳήΑ ΰϣέ
main head smell jack (for car) spring (season) necktie satisfied man inexpensive riding gray zip postcode
ΔΒϗέ κϗέ ˯ΎϨϴϤϟ ϒϴλέ ήόη εΎηέ ϲϛήϤΟ Ϣγέ ϝϮγέ ΐρέ/ ϞϠΒϣ ΔϠΣέ ΔϠΣέ ΔϠΣέ ΔϠΣέ ΔϴΣΎϴγ ΔϠΣέ ϞϤϋ ΔϠΣέ ϥήϴρ ΔϠΣέ ϳέ (lp: ΡΎϳέ) ΔϟΎγέ ϑήΣ/ΔϟΎγέ ώγέ ΔοΎϳέ ΎϤΑέ ϥΎϴΑέ νϮοέ ΔμΧέ ϊΑέ ΎϤΑέ ΔΒϛέ ΓέΎΟ·/ΔμΧέ
neck dance (n.) berth hairspray duty (tax) prophet wet excursion journey picnic trip tour business trip flight wind message letter wrist sport perhaps shrimp bruise permit quarter maybe knee
ΔϗΎϴγ ΔμΧέ Ϧϛέ Ωήρ/Δϣίέ
driver’s license corner parcel
watch happy hour clock driver soap
saam
ΔϋΎγ Ϊϴόγ ΔϋΎγ ΔϋΎγ ϖΎγ ϥϮΑΎλ ϡΎγ
saaq sabab
ϕΎγ ΐΒγ
raqaba raqs raseef almeenaa’ rashash sha’r rasm jumrukii rasool rattib/muballal rihla rihla rihla rihla rihla siyahiyya rihlat ’amal rihlat tayaran riih/riyaah risaala risala/harf risgh riyaadha robama robyan rodhoodh rokhsa rub’ rubbamaa rukba rukhsa/ ijaaza rukhsat siyaaqa rukn ruzma/tard
license
S sa’aa sa’eed saa’a saa’ah saa’iq saabuun
poisonous, venemous leg cause
Arabic-English Dictionary sabab sabgh/dihaan sadeeq sadeeqa safar safara safha safiina/’abbaara sagheer sagheer saheeh saheeh saheen sahin/tabaq sahl sahm sahraa’ sahyyooni sakheef sakhra sakraan salat riyyadha salata samak samakat al-anqaliis sameek samgh sana sandal saqf sarataan al-bahr saree’ sarii’ sarii’ sariqa sarsoor sataa’ir sataa’ir satt-h sattw/sariqa saydaliyya
ΐΒγ ώΒλ/ϥΎϫΩ ϖϳΪλ ΔϘϳΪλ ήϔγ ΓέΎϔγ ΔΤϔλ ΓέΎΒϋ/ΔϨϴϔγ ήϴϐλ ήϴϐλ ϴΤλ ϴΤλ ϦϴΘΤλ ϖΒρ/ϦΤλ ϞϬγ ϢϬγ ˯ήΤλ ϲ˷ ϧϮϴ˸Ϭλ ˴ ϒϴΨγ ΓήΨλ ϥήϜγ ΔοΎϳέ ΔϟΎλ ΔτϠγ ϚϤγ βϴϠϘϧϷ ΔϜϤγ
reason paint friend girlfriend travel embassy page ferry little (small) small correct right (correct) cheers! dish easy arrow desert zionist ridiculous rock (stone) drunk gym salad fish
ϚϴϤγ ώϤλ ΔϨγ ϝΪϨλ ϒϘγ ήΤΒϟ ϥΎρήγ
thick glue year sandals roof
ϊϳήγ ϊϳήγ ϊϳήγ Δϗήγ έϮλήλ ήΎΘγ ήΎΘγ τγ Δϗήγ/Ϯτγ ϲϟΪϴλ
fast quick rapid theft cockroach curtains drapes terrace burglary pharmacy
eel
crab
sayigh sayr ’alaa al-aqdaam sayyaara sayyaarat is’aaf sayyid sebtember sentimeeter serk sha’r shaahina shaari’ shab’aan/ mamluu’ shabb/fatah shafaqa shahada/ watheeqa shahid shahin shahina sagheerah shahr shakhs shakhs shakhsi shakwaa sham’a shamaal shamboo shams shaqqa sharaab shareek shareett shareka sharq sharshaf shataranj shatii’ shawka shay shek
ώΎλ ϡΪϗϻ ϰϠϋ ήϴγ
jeweler
ΓέΎϴγ ϑΎόγ· ΓέΎϴγ Ϊϴγ ήΒϤΘΒγ ήΘϴϤϴΘϨγ ϙήϴγ ήόη ΔϨΣΎη ωέΎη ˯ϮϠϤϣ/ϥΎόΒη
car ambulance sir September centimeter circus hair truck street
ΓΎΘ˴ϓ / ˷ΐ˴η ΔϘϔη ΔϘϴΛϭ/ΓΩΎϬη
young pity
ΪϫΎη ϦΣΎη Γήϴϐλ ΔϨΣΎη
witness charger
ήϬη κΨη κΨη ϲμΨη ϯϮϜη ΔόϤη ϝΎϤη ϮΒϣΎη βϤη ϪϘη Ώήη Ϛϳήη ςϳήη Δϛή˶ η˴ ϕήη ϒηήη Ξϧήτη Ί˰ρΎη ΔϛϮη ϱΎη Ϛϴη
month person someone personal complaint candle north shampoo sun apartment drink (n.) partner ribbon company east sheet chess beach fork tea check (n.)
hiking
full
certificate
van
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shimbaniya shimmaam shitaa’ shiwaa’ shokolatta shokran shubbak shughl/watheefa shurfa shurta shuruuq ashshams shuurba/hisaa’ si’r sibaaq ad-darraajaat sifr sigaara sihhi siigaar sijjaada sijjadda sikeen sikkat al-qitaar silk sin sitaara siwaar siyasa so’aal soaf sollam soo’ fahm sooq markazi sooq sha’abi soor ssa’b ssabir ssadiiq ssalb/qaasi ssamt ssatl
ΎϴϧΎΒϤη ϡΎϤη ˯ΎΘη ˯Ϯη ΔΗϼϛϮη ήϜη ϙΎΒη Ϟϐη/Δϔϴυϭ Δϓήη Δρήη βϤθϟ ϕϭήη
champagne melon winter barbecue chocolate thank you, thanks window job balcony police sunrise
˯ΎδΣ/ΔΑέϮη ήόγ ΕΎΟέΪϟ ϕΎΒγ
soup price
ήϔλ ΓέΎΠϴγ ϲΤλ έΎΠϴγ ΓΩΎΠγ ΓΩΎΠγ ϦϴϜγ έΎτϘϟ ΔϜγ ϚϠγ Ϧγ ΓέΎΘγ έϮγ ΔγΎϴγ˶ ϝΆγ ϑϮλ ϢϠγ ϢϬϓ ˯Ϯγ ϱΰϛήϣ ϕϮγ ϲΒόη ϕϮγ έϮγ ΐόλ ήΑΎλ ϖϳΪλ ϲγΎϗ/ΐϠλ ΖϤλ Ϟτγ
zero cigarette healthy cigar carpet mat knife railroad, railway wire tooth blind (on window) bracelet politics question wool ladder misunderstanding supermarket flea market fence hard (difficult) patient boyfriend hard (firm) silence bucket
cycling
ssawt ssighar ssondooq ssoura ssu’ooba su’aal/kahha sudaa’
Ε ˸Ϯλ ˴ ή˴ϐλ ˶ ϕϭΪϨλ ΓέϮλ ΔΑϮόλ ΔΤϛ/ϝΎόγ ωΪλ
voice youth box photo difficulty cough (n.) headache
sudaa’ ashshaqeeqa sukkar sukkari sullam/daraj sun’ yadawi sundooq barid suu’ hadhm suuq
ΔϘϴϘθϟ ωΪλ ήϜγ ϱήϜγ ΝέΩ/ϢϠγ ϱϭΪϳ ϊϨλ ΪϳήΑ ϕϭΪϨλ Ϣπϫ ˯Ϯγ ϕϮγ
migraine sugar diabetic stairs handmade postbox indigestion market
ϝΎόΗ ˯άϏ /ϡΎόρ ήϴΧ΄Η ΕΎϤϴϠόΗ ϥΎϤο/Ϧϴϣ΄Η Γήϴη΄Η/ΰϴϓ ΓήΎρ ΓήΎρ ΦϳέΎΗ ΩϼϴϤϟ ΦϳέΎΗ
come food delay instructions insurance visa airplane plane date
ΝίΎρ ΥΎΒρ ϲόϴΒρ ΔόϴΒρ ϲόϴΒρ ϖΑΎρ ήϴϐΗ ήϳάΤΗ !ΎϨϴϧΎϬΗ/ϙϭήΒϣ
fresh cook (person) natural nature normal floor change (n.) warning
ϦϴΤρ ΕΎϴΤΗ ΔϴΤΗ ξϴϤΤΗ
flour regards greeting develop (photo)
T ta’aal ta’aam /ghitha ta’khiir ta’leemat ta’meen/dhaman ta’sheera (visa) taa’ira taa’ira taariikh taariikh almiilaad taazij tabbakh tabee’ee tabii’a tabii’ii tabiq taghyeer tah-theer tahaaneena/ mabrook tahiin tahiyat tahiyya tahmeedh
date of birth
congratulations
Arabic-English Dictionary tahmeel tahta tajjamud tajmeel takhdeer takhfeedh taksi/sayyarat ojra tamaman tannoora taqaatu’ taqaatu’ turuq tareeq tariiq tariiq tariiq sarii’ tarmeem tasarob tasfiya tasreehat sha’r tassadum tathbeet tathkirat safar tattreez tawaabil taweel taweel tawqii’ tawsseela tayyib tazalluj telefizyoon tenis th-tharf thaani thaaniya thahab thalj thalj thallaja thameen thameen thanb/ithm
ϞϴϤΤΗ ΖΤΗ ΪϤΠΗ ϞϴϤΠΗ ήϳΪΨΗ ξϴϔΨΗ /ϲδϛΎΗ ΓήΟ ΓέΎϴγ ΎϣΎϤΗ ΓέϮϨΗ ϊρΎϘΗ ϕήρ ϊρΎϘΗ ϖϳήρ ϖϳήρ ϖϳήρ ϊϳήγ ϖϳήρ ϢϴϣήΗ ΏήδΗ ΔϴϔμΗ ήόη ΔΤϳήδΗ ϡΩΎμΗ ΖϴΒΘΛ ήϔγ ΓήϛάΗ ΰϳήτΗ ϞΑϮΗ ϞϳϮρ ϞϳϮρ ϊϴϗϮΗ ΔϠϴλϮΗ ΐϴρ ΞϟΰΗ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ βϨΗ ϑήυ ϲϧΎΛ ΔϴϧΎΛ ΐϫΫ ΞϠΛ ΞϠΛ ΔΟϼΛ ϦϴϤΛ ϦϴϤΛ ϢΛ·/ΐϧΫ
download under freeze cosmetics anesthetic discount taxi completely skirt intersection crossroad route road way (direction) highway repairs leak clearance (sale) hairstyle collision install ticket (travel) embroidery spices long tall signature lift (in car) nice (person) skiing television tennis envelope second (in line) second (instant) gold ice snow refrigerator precious valuable guilt
thaqeel thawaban thawb thhifr thhil thiraa’ tholuth thoom tibgh tifl tilifizyoon tilifun/haatif timthal tithkaar tomtter tta’am ttabe’ ttabeq ttabi’a ttabiib asnaan ttalab/amr ttaqm asnaan ttawaari’ tteen ttifl ttifl ttiwal al-yawm tuffaaha tuthlij twitter
ϞϴϘΛ ϥΎΑϭΫ ΏϮΛ ήϔυ Ϟυ ωέΫ ΚϠΛ ϡϮΛ ώΒΗ Ϟϔρ ϥϮϳΰϔϠΗ ϒΗΎϫ /ϥϮϔϠΗ ϝΎΜϤΗ έΎϛάΗ ήτϤΗ Ϣόρ ϊΑΎρ ϖΑΎρ ΔόΑΎρ ϥΎϨγ ΐϴΒρ ήϣ /ΐϠρ ϥΎϨγ ϢϘρ ˯ϱέϮρ Ϧϴρ Ϟϔρ Ϟϔρ ϡϮϴϟ ϝϮρ ΔΣΎϔΗ ΞϠΜΗ ήΘϳϮΗ
heavy thaw garment nail (finger) shade arm third garlic tobacco baby TV phone statue souvenir rain (v.) taste (n.) stamp storey printer dentist order dentures emergency mud child toddler all day apple snow (v.) twitter
ΪϳήΒϟ ΓήΟ ΝήΧ ΖΧ ΔΒϠϋ ϡ ϲΎϣ βϔϨΗ ΏϮΒϧ
postage go out sister tin (can) mother
ΏϮΒϧ ωϮΒγ ΎϴϟήΘγ ϥΫ
pipe (plumbing) week Australia ear
U ujrat al-barid ukhroj ukht ulba um unboob tanaffus maa’ii unbuub usboo’ ustiraaliyaa uthun
snorkel
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ΔϳΎϬϧ ΔϠτϋ ωϮΒγϷ ϲϟ/ϲϜϴΗΎϣϮΗϭ
weekend
ΕΎϨϴϣΎΘϴϓ
vitamins
ϱΩϭ ΓΪΣϭ/ΪΣϭ ϥΪϟϭ ΪϴΣϭ ΔϴάϏ ΔΒΟϭ
valley single (only one) parents alone
face
wajib
ϪΟϭ ΐΟϭ
walad waqood waqt waqt faragh waqt faragh waraqah wareed wasfa wasfa wasikh wasl wasla waslah wathheefa/shughl wattane wazeer wazza werk wisaada woddi
Ϊϟϭ ΩϮϗϭ Ζϗϭ ύήϓ Ζϗϭ ύήϓ Ζϗϭ Δϗέϭ Ϊϳέϭ Δϔλϭ Δϔλϭ Φγϭ Ϟλϭ ΔϠλϭ ΔϠλϭ Δϔϴυϭ/Ϟϐη ϲ˷ Ϩ˴ρ ϭ˴ ήϳίϭ˴ Γίϭ ϙέϭ ΓΩΎγϭ ϱΩϭ
duty (responsibility) boy petrol time free time leisure paper vein prescription recipe dirty receipt adaptor connection occupation national minister goose hip cushion friendly
ήΒόϳ ζϴόϳ άΧ΄ϳ Ϟϛ΄ϳ
express live (alive) take (pick up) eat
utlat nihaayat al-usboo’ utumaateeki/ aali
automatic
V vitameenat
W waadi waahid /waahida waalidaan waheed wajba ghidhaa’iyya wajh
meal
Y ya’bur ya’iish ya’khudh ya’kul
ya’mal ya’mur ya’nee ya’redh ya’rif yabda’ yabda’ yabhath ’an yabla’ yabqa yad yad’u yadfa’ yadfa’ yadghat yadhak yafham yafhas yafqid yafsil/munfasil yaftah yaghoos yaghsil yahjiz yahlam yahook yahtafil yahut/yanzil yajlib yajlis yakheet yakhruj/yanzil yakhtar yakthib yaktub yakwii yal’ab yalbas yalbas yaltaqi yaltaqit ssoorah yaluf /yughallif yamdahh
ϞϤόϳ ήϣ΄ϳ ϲϨόϳ νήόϳ ϑήόϳ ΪϴΑ ΪΒϳ Ϧϋ ΚΤΒϳ ϊϠΒϳ ϰϘΒϳ Ϊϳ ϮϋΪϳ ϊϓΪϳ ϊϓΪϳ ςϐπϳ ϚΤπϳ ϢϬϔϳ κΤϔϳ ΪϘϔϳ ϞμϔϨϣ/Ϟμϔϳ Θϔϳ ιϮϐϳ Ϟδϐϳ ήΠΤϳ ϢϠΤϳ ϙϮΤϳ ϞϔΘΤϳ ϝΰϨϳ /ςΤϳ ΐϠΠϳ βϠΠϳ ςϴΨϳ ΝήΨϳ/ϝΰϨϳ έΎΘΨϳ ΏάϜϳ ΐΘϜϳ ϱϮϜϳ ΐόϠϳ βΒϠϳ βΒϠϳ ϲϘΘϠϳ ΓέϮλ ςϘΘϠϳ ϒϠϳ/ϒϠϐϳ ΡΪϤϳ
do order (v.) mean (v.) show know begin start look for swallow stay (remain) hand invite pay push press (v.) laugh understand examine lose separate open (v.) dive wash reserve dream (v.) knit celebrate land (v.) bring sit sew get off choose lie (be lying) write iron (v.) play (v.) dress (v.) wear meet take (photo) wrap compliment (v.)
Arabic-English Dictionary yamiin yamla’ yamla’ yamna’/ yuharrim yamshi yanaam yanayer yanhadh yanjah yansaa yanthhur ilaa yanzaliq yanzif yanzil yaqees yaqool yaqra’ yaqta’ yaqta’ yaqus yara yarbit yarfaa’ yarkud yarkudh yarqus yartah yas-hab yas’al yas’ul /yakuhh yasar yasbahh yasbogh yash’ur yashab /yajor yashkur yashrab yashrah yashtaaq yashtuf yasil yaskun
ϦϴϤϳ ϸϤϳ ϸϤϳ ϡήΤϳ/ϊϨϤϳ
right (side) fill fill out (form)
ϲθϤϳ ϡΎϨϳ ήϳΎϨϳ ξϬϨϳ ΠϨϳ ϰδϨϳ ϰϟ ήψϨϳ ϖϟΰϨϳ ϑΰϨϳ ϝΰϨϳ βϴϘϳ ϝϮϘϳ ήϘϳ ϊτϘϳ ϊτϘϳ κϘϳ ϯήϳ ςΑήϳ ϊϓήϳ ξϛήϳ ξϛήϳ κϗήϳ ΡΎΗήϳ ΐΤδϳ ϝΎδϳ Ϝϳ/Ϟόδϳ έΎδϳ Βδϳ ώΒμϳ ήόθϳ ήΠϳ/ΐΤδϳ ήϜθϳ Ώήθϳ Ρήθϳ ϕΎΘθϳ ϒτθϳ Ϟμϳ ϦϜδϳ
walk (verb) sleep January wake up succeed forget look at slip bleed check in measure say read cross (v.) cut (v.) trim see tie (v.) escelate run jog dance (v.) rest pull ask (question) cough (v.) left swim painting feel tow thank (v.) drink (v.) explain miss (loved one) rinse arrive live (v)
forbidden
yasma’ yasna’ yasooq yasqut yasriq yass’ad yassttaad as-samak yasta’eer yasta’jir yasta’jir yastafsir yastalqii yastattle’ yatahhadath/ hadeeth yatakhayyal yatalaffath yatalaffath yatamata’ yatasallam/ ya’khudh yatasawwaq yatassel yatassil yatatha’ab yatawaqqaf yatba’ yatbukh yathhun yathooq yatkallam yatruk yattassil yattba’ yatteer yattlub yawm yawwad yazin yazoor yodheef yoghader
ϊϤδϳ ϊϨμϳ ϕϮδϳ ςϘδϳ ϕήδϳ Ϊόμϳ ϚϤδϟ ΩΎτμϳ
hear make drive fall (v.) steal get on
ήϴόΘδϳ ήΟ΄Θδϳ ήΟ΄Θδϳ ήδϔΘδϳ ϲϘϠΘδϳ ϊϠτΘδϳ ΙΪΤΘϳ/ΚϳΪΣ
borrow hire rent enquire (v.) lie down look up
ϞϴΨΘϳ φϔϠΘϳ φϔϠΘϳ ϊΘϤΘϳ άΧΎϳ /ϢϠδΘϳ
imagine pronounce spell enjoy
ϕϮδΘϳ ϞμΘϳ ϞμΘϳ Ώ˯ΎΜΘϳ ϒϗϮΘϳ ϊΒΘϳ ΦΒτϳ Ϧψϳ ϕϭάϳ ϢϠϜΘϳ ϙήΘϳ ϞμΘϳ ϊΒτϳ ήϴτϳ ΐϠτϳ ϡϮϳ ΩϮϳ ϥΰϳ έϭΰϳ ϒϴπϳ έΩΎϐϳ
shop (v.) dial phone (v.) yawn stop (cease) follow cook (v.) think taste (v.) speak vacate call (v.) print (v.) fly (v.) ask for day feel like weigh visit (v.) add check out
fish (v.)
talk
pick up
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Arabic-English Dictionary
yoghader yohib yolghi yolyo yonaseb yossali yossawer yottem yowwajeh yu’ajjl yu’aqqim yu’iid yubaddil/yusarrif yufadhil yughadir yughayyir yughliq/yutfi’ yuhasin/yuttawir yuhathir yuhib/yarghab yuhriq/yahtariq yujaffif/yajuf yunath-thif yunssah yunyo yuqabbil yuqaddim/yu’arrif yuqif yuqridh yurafiq yurasil yuratib yuratib/ yunathhim yurji’ yursil yursil bilbareed
έΩΎϐϳ ΐΤϳ ϲϐϠϳ ϮϴϟϮϳ ΐγΎϨϳ ϲ˷Ϡμ ˴ ˵ϳ έϮμϳ Ϣ͊ ˶Θ˴ϳ ϪΟϮϳ ϞΟΆϳ ϢϘόϳ Ϊϴόϳ ϝΪΒϳ/ϑήμϳ Ϟπϔϳ έΩΎϐϳ ήϴϐϳ ˯ϲϔτϳ /ϖϠϐϳ έϮτϳ/ϦδΤϳ έάΤϳ ΐϏήϳ /ΐΤϳ ϕήΘΤϳ/ϕήΤϳ ϒϔΠϳ/ϒΠϳ ϒψϨϳ μϨϳ ϮϴϧϮϳ ϞΒϘϳ ϡΪϘϳ /ϑήόϳ ϒϗϮϳ νήϘϳ ϖϓήϳ Ϟγήϳ ΐΗήϳ ϢψϨϳ/ΐΗήϳ
depart love (v.) cancel July fit pray film (v.) finish (v.) guide (v.) postpone sterilize repeat exchange prefer leave change (v.) off (turned off ) improve warn like (v.) burn (v.) dry (v.) clean (v.) recommend June kiss (v.) introduce park (v.) lend escort correspond arrange
ϊΟήϳ Ϟγήϳ ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ
reverse send mail (v.)
tidy
ΪϳήΒϟΎΑ Ϟγήϳ ϲϐμϳ /ϊϤΘδϳ ΪϫΎθϳ Ϡμϳ Ϡμϳ ϴϠμΗ/Ϡμϳ Ρήμϳ έϮμϳ ϑήόΘϳ ϢΟήΘϳ ΐγΎϨϳ/ ϖϓϮϳ
post (v.) listen watch (v.) fix repair mend declare photocopy (v.) identify translate
οϮϳ ωΩϮϳ ϊϗϮϳ Ξϋΰϳ
indicate deposit (v.) sign (v.) disturb
zakah
ΓΎϛί˴
zameel zanjabeel zawj zawj al-um zawja zawjat al-ab zay zay zayt zayt ad-deezil zerr zibala ziyaaa zobda zthklaam zubda zujaj
Ϟϴϣί ϞϴΒΠϧί Νϭί ϡϻ Νϭί ΔΟϭί Ώϻ ΔΟϭί ϱί ϱί Ζϳί ϝΰϳΪϟ Ζϳί έί ΔϟΎΑί ΓέΎϳί ΓΪΑί ϡϼυ ΓΪΑί ΝΎΟί
zakat (alms giving in Islam) colleague ginger husband stepfather wife stepmother costume fashion oil diesel oil button garbage visit (N.) butter dark margarine glass (material)
yursil bilbarid yusghii / yastami’ yushahid yuslih yuslih yuslih/tasleeh yussarrih yussawwir yuta’arraf yutarjim yuwaafiq/ yunaasib yuwadhih yuwdi’ yuwwaqqi’ yuz’ij
match (sports)
Z
PHOTO CREDITS All photos used in this book are from Shutterstock—the photographers as follows: abu_zeina (p 98) Anastasiya Kotelnyk (p 27) diplomedia (p 139) dotshock (p 243) encikAn (p 165) ESB Professional (p 53) FB Studio facing title page givaga (p 5 second photo from top) H1N1 (p 11) Juan Ci (p 13) kudla (p 5 last photo) Lazar Milanovic (p 5 first photo from top) LightField Studios (p 248) Mags Ascough (p 10) mohsen nabil (p 186) Monkey Business Images (p 192) Nomad1988 (p 5 middle) nvxstudios (p 175) Odua Images (p 197) oneinchpunch (p 5 second photo from bottom, p 136, 207) Peter Hermes Furian (p 112) Rawpixel.com (p 195) Rus S (p 237 middle) Sony Herdiana (p 237 bottom) soul_studio (p 172) tabunganmasadepanArmand (p 237 top) Waleed_Hammoudeh (p 67) ZouZou (pp 71, 80, 148, 205) Zurijeta (pp 6, 176)
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