The Survivor Volume 6 [6] 188180111X

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THE SURVIVOR By Kurt Saxon MIC RONG CEE

JUST A SUBJEC EL MOLINO

EW

OF THE IN VOL. 6 BEST RECI-

EMENT COOKBOOK BI YE COOKERY WOOD GAS GENERATOR ‘THE MICROSCOPE MEAT CURING AND ' SAUSAGE MAKING LIQUORS FROM THE ARCHIVES | RIDDING THE HOME OF INSECT PESTS CAR TUNEUP WASTE PAPER BALER TOYS, GAMES, EY CRAFTS, TRA

THERE ND HIGHERART: A) THAN THAT WHICH TENDS: ticcc fy

HOF

HUMAN egal

TESTED RECIPES

EL MOLINO KITCHENS

aaa eons

eeu

:

THE SURVIVOR

Volume 6

By Kurt Saxon

CONTENTS THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6 (INDEX PAGE MOLINO BEST RECIPES (INDEX PAGE SETTLEMENT COOKBOOK 1927. COOKERY 18810-7002. --. 05 WOOD GAS GENERATOR (INDEX PAGE THE MICROSCOPE (INDEX PAGE MEAT CURING AND SAUSAGE MAKING 1908 LIQUORS, CONTINUED FROM Vol. 5 PAGE FROM THE ARCHIVES. .. RIDDING THE HOME OF INSEt CAR TUNEUPS WINERALS FIBRE GARDOFAT FAT ak dee 712". 102 es. ib

Wheat 100 9. Sesame 78 3.

ae 15.0

41.6

3.00.8

cashew 703. Mong Beans 70 3. Ragot 1009. Kambu 603. Chlorella 259.

448

92.9

a7

TOTAL

496708

0.9156

41TH

17.5

(0.62.2

1,0

42,0.

89

88K

7.3

132.7

366

72,0328

89%

TL

3.0

BLO

11.8

6.30.6

88.3

87.2

Vitwtin AY 108

Wheat 100°. Sesame 75 90 cashew 709. Mung Beans 109. Raggi 100 9. Kambu 60'3

14d

=

6.3

0.2

262.5

TABLE 2 Bp NIAGIN By 0.45 0,12 5.0 4.0

0.73

CHOLINE 10.0 206

0.14

1.8

1,04

0,32

3.6

70

0.43

0,10

Ld

192

0,20

0.10

1.9

Chlorella 125,000 a.

0.10

0.07

4.4

80.0

125,380

2.99

41

21,8

102.8

HOR

8,000

1.3

4,717.0

BK

7398 2131 Bg FOLIC ACID

0.8

0.44

TOTAL

70

216

12,0

60.0

600

‘0,08 806

0.18

a3 1.3

0.4

ational Units (1) and the remaining WWitanin A is measured in Intern vitan ine are measured in milligrams.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

heipful tothe trydléferences , £0 point out Sout of one Mould experience in growing Bigse therein inSouththe India Unitedwe 3tftee: have ehosnous sunshine, sonetines six monthe “of continuc ous suncfiliedfran the Skies.cloudless “This weather of an algae ofLeaviewdsatsnee point advan~ Betnes handy, other the On Bogen to accessibility’ nopower vevhive. other end Slectric fechanical and technical Linfacilities are greatly "a grow genenal, an" So" {teat states Unites means would thenechantcal erdh oF to Took Stepping up production to the reguetLon for.nature Ssqponeate aun of might seasonal Shad’ devices hese thine: {nelide 60g bubbling with = SSHESLITEY inporeade. of Coase factor the most ext UNBotedeveloping: the growth of gna aie OF ainture a accel” t0 tines. 34055 nas" proven T 20 6 ehateZoronth se stirzing sdportanedevices Kiso which Gr°Soitating in sus-in cells algae the Eeep nainea thereby and. Pongion Even exposure to Light and fhezoase: the: photosynthetic Solaz evel in ete,the bank, be de-the could heating Veloped 30°45 fo extend: Jroning seasen Late of an_open or fall.strains through Basin Algae winter. carly tone colder bo water to: could Sdapled a= used Peratures, tn geasens. Indicate, fothe Japanese oxperinent cul year mintained EWetiSanas yields the. although Yong, make 2Dut snail egought ora! practice, anthe undesirable Floats was DSrmetate®on vonan average established field, inelusingmonths: tho poor Srewiig winter One pessinistic note must be added here. The fact that algae is so efficient in converting air, water, and sunLight into organic’ vegetal compounds means also that if there are pollutants, such as mercury, sulphur ortheir lead polin the water or air, Lutants will be Concentrated indangerous the algaelevels. cell atSo very. enviFonmental contaninatien aust je carefully appraised before 1s undertaken, cultivation For this reason the German government abanWest doned thelr European sito ‘and are now continuing, the algae production work in indis. Wa are not technically trained people and this article Is'meant to be moze an Introduction than instruc-

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

tion on algae growing. PUTTING TOGETHER. OUR SYSTEM Our experiment ts more on the level of a hone garden, We are now with a ba20,000operating litre ‘open cementetira wind-driven sin with ring device and three auxilTalty 4,000 Mitre tanks for settling, We begin by adding to the tank of 20,000 Litres fresh water, 40’ litres of cow urine per thousand Litres of water, or about 800 litres of urine which has been gathered fron dairy cous and stored in 75 pitre plus an equal plastic ofdruns,seawater Amount and an equal amount of algae culture. We developed our culture fron a test tube slant of pure Chlorella which we obtained fran the biology dopartnent of the University of Delhi. The algae first then it is grows put intoin'flasks, a 10 Iitre basin For 10 days, then it is dumped inte’a 200 litre tank. Sn each expansion of the culture medium the sane ratio of wutrients is iaintained, ich £240 ml. of uring and 40of ml. sea waterSeawater, per litre fzechof water. fan be approximated by mixing 2b na, of pure dehydrate Sea every one salt to With water. this i hooulation and fertilization the tank 1s allowed to grow and in'@ to 10 days the entire body of water should be bright green. At this point an addition of 35 litres of fresh cow urine per day is begun. Two to three weeks after the innoculation harvesting can begin. We gather urine fron a dairy. Two ozthe three cous produce more than enough urine to meet the requirement. As cows have a

aa ater URIS ng/10on!_ng/100nL_ 600 Na 1100 cl-

Ke cat agit 0, tw, 7O, urea Nye nti Fert

1984

600

382150 15 401 10 134 150 276 12 150 traces 2000 a traces traces

2361

tendency to urinate just before milking it is easy to catch Lt ina bucket and de~ tank without ff to the Liver Be= ground. cows the milking Le 'touching cause these are they are examined frequently and one can be assured of their health. The urine-sea mixture ie far less water costly than a chenically fod tank and in our preliminary tests algae grow two to three times more rapidly in this mixture than in any of the synthetic mixtures tested. To some the use may seem extreme. of Incow anurine Ly experiment with a smallearclosed community we gathered the human urine, sterilized itvand used this for our urea. There ts normally sufficient natural urea contained in a person's urine to give back tn the form of algae 60% of his daily protein requirement. There are other possibilities for a natural liquid nitrogen source apart fron urine, such a5 the waste fron vegetable oil extraction mils. The Prossing sesame, cottonseed of orpeanut, other oll seeds residue which Yeaves a cake high in altro is often very be soaked can cakes The gen, porOvernight, and thetheLiquid tank ine Elon applied to addition to stead of or in Urine, Also meltmightwastebe from used. beer breweries The following table shows a comparison of the mineral and nitrogen contents of sea water individually andand urine, into’ theboth "natural medium)" as compared with Those in the recenmended chemical medium for Chlorel-

{e"cultures ———Wod Free Foggng/L's Wadia constituent Paps 3

various af Cacly a/1 Ma $0, g/l Mg $04

99-08 0-26 160-240 160-240

a/} 8k, g/l urea

140-210 600

5 .ma/l Fe $0,.711,0

1.0

—NaturaT mg/l WoaTa 510 775

37 18 43 130 4 5 600 X4 traces

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

We made the mistake of excayating’and constructing our Yank. the ground using 8: centimeters of concrete which ‘then plastered with, smooth cement containing water-prooting compound. a| Because cur water level 1s beYow the ground the’ alose water wefronmust thepump 20,000 litre auxiliiary tank into setthe 3,000 litre tling tanks, The depth of the growing’ tank ts enly 10 to 15 inches to allow for sunLight penetration, The depth of the three settling tanks is one metre and we enclose ‘them with a screen lid viieh blocks out’ the sun, When the algae 1s dented sufficient St ceases to grow and settles to the bottom of the medium sn about 24 hours. Af ter this settling out we pump the upper lovel of water from the settling tank back into the large growing tank and in the bottom three inches of the settling tank there will romain a thick mixture of algae. This mixture we then into 75 litre plastic, place Grune for a second cettling process of 24 hours. operation of pumping The could have been avoided 1f we had the tank up on a Constructed raised platform and with a'tap azzangenent merely drew out of the the Algaetankwaterdirectly growing into druns. Plastic In each transfer of the algae medium fron tank to tank and from tank to drum and drun to bucket we pass the medium through screens to remove bugs and foreign matter. The drums have a closeable top so that when the algae remains in then overnight the lack of air causes rapid s« Ling, 50 that the upper level of water may be poured off to leave 6 Gnehes of frosty thick algae Then this alin themay bottom. ‘ae be washed with fresh water by simple decantation. The thick washed algae is laid out in the sun for drying on polyethelene sheots 8 t0 12 houre. le buide for wood frame drying bins 3 feet. by 6 feet by ene foot which the plastic in place holdsprevents and the dust: fram Blowing in and the dried a1fron blowing canout, be ALL gae worked these processes which resequence a ! into only one of two hours quizes Of work per day.

these inthreeplace the use ofmethod Bysimple s hand of mechanical centrifuging

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

for settling and deying con trivances for dehydration conbined use of a free organic fertilizer Chemicals, the costin ofplacepro- of duction 16 greatly reduced, making algae yrowing accessable ‘to small, non-technical levels. “After the initial instaliation cost, the running expenses are’ negligible. We nave provided algae en a regular bacis for ae many as 18 people for a limited perfod" and For'8 to 10 people regularly throughout’ the year

One interesting sidespring expert ont was done last Using alose as ofa rice fertilizer, Gnovhalé-aere paddy Vand was isrigated with twoone Inches of standing water month the planting date andpeiorwas tosprayed with 300" litres of Chigrella culture fron our tank. Also, 30sprayed litzesst ofthecowfoneurinetinewasto Provide sone After nitrogen for10 the algae. about. days rich groon Sigee’ a covered the film entire of field, This was allowed to of for theand renainder grow the month the two Inches of standing water was maintained during this ported. The algae grew thick andUnder= qreen and alive én the top. heath, noar tha coll, Lt con Unooisly decomposed, thereby giving nlerogen to were the soil. fhe rice seedlings transplanted and. the cultivation Eontinued ins normal to manner. The algae continued grow slmitaneously with the sce. AdJacont. towesthisson field anoth= using con er ij acreurea, phosphate, mexeial 9: to ash and cow dung, and next tis using @ control azea was. atplantedThe no fertilizer all, results of this experinent were very encouraging es. the Signe fertilised eld yselded'30% morefertilized tice than plot the and con moxeSally over 60%no more than the flold Using fertilization. The Yocal government agricultural department has now taken up continuing research in this Rethod of fertilization. FOOD, ENERGY, AKD CONSCIOUS NESS seefood"that for,alcan one Briefly, @ became oe, could plants, "Thisfor animals forhupans,. Beas fecails nator Upainshad: the an arpossage the has mastered. tuhen ofganfoods, green the Food of the universe, he Stuff progeny, in’ great Shall become tn knowledge, great in Great Balance, and great in glory. Those of us now using algae

2362

2s food feel that we are moving in a right direction by eliminating our dietexfoods. producedfronthrough pensive and wasteful convenElonal methods, such as daizy, meat and soft vegegaple’gieaing and, subet Leu. ing a low bulk, highly con~ centrated natural food which is rich in both nutrittonal, content and in more subtle vital energy qualities. It 4p true that neardy @ quarter of a century ‘ago the elaborate of research and developnont algae cultivaticn in the U.S. and Japan was theoreti cally successful but fall~ ed on a practical bacis due to the factor of taste, That period was the time ofin history which the Rovenent of petroleum and plastic industrialization was launching into ite peak decades of material25feticyearsaffluence, later, withBut thenow, collapse of theahead systemproand the years Bising starvation circunstances unparalled in his~ will no todoubt betory,1628 there resistance Gietary changes and modifications, Also the nat— ural focd movement in the U.S. and Burope has brought to the awareness of many youngthatpeople the @estruction the moa ern standard American or "Western dict done to the *pubiic hae health the race.! There wil] of be in thie ‘generation a willingness. to let go of these injurious food nas its and preferences, ana young people will begin ofto eat the more body for than thefor health the Sensations of the tongue and nerves. In the fermented de~ hydratea form which we have worked out #0 far, the addition of algae only moderately changes the tasteie ofin Bread, and no way soupe, unploas-ete, ant. Ite taste 1s sone= what Like some of the varieties of sea vegetables onlyJapanese without salt. Our extremely nutritious algae-nut-butter mixture, for example, 1 undentabry del tei ou Through other experiments with an electroencepholograph recording device wired fo plants, we have becane more appreciative of the “Life-energy"fields which envelop plants and fresh foods. Also we are involved with the concept that these energy

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

flelds are transnit tors ofs the vartous Life qualitie determine d.funtion by. the ofcontents theola and form contextu “in plants al andnt. Stcelt within Bonehte environme entire the with Perhaps this vibratio nalin- as be could f00d of pect. pasted to the collulaz conSclotsne es of the beiag'a person who Algae, dt, sate Backyears dating fom Seliular fon bill three probably {"tenel dered foro to ba.fromthe’ which pris mal cellular the entire 300,000 other vegin etal fos have evolved. addition , alone {e°the col ve most sensitiv e and xespensi to solartwo light and ations energy: alone qualSfic These great importan of Snterest are. ce to those ed in tie as zepects of consctou sness as in foodsplayandin incurthe Presente d could food Bole Future evolution: Auroville is a process in which we attempt to integrate material, work, and expert. ments into a total concept of ‘the meaning and goals of our existence. The research for 2 new" food ts in itself a small step, but it has its basis in an, expansive contoxt of both physical and spirit ual values, attempting to examine tho 2 correspondences between the way food ie Used for energy: on the individual level and the way fuel is Fram used this on theper~ social level, spective,body weasthe consider hunan commonthe primary environment shared by the entire world comunity, viewing vironnent theandpresent energy world. erielsénfas an extension of a mota~ bolle eriete within the body of the human race.” The poly lution, waste and destruction of the’ biosphere, the mean= ingless materialism of our time have their roots and origin in the way our present Limited conceives ego-consciousness and utilizes its orm bodily environment. More simply stated, our technology Is an exterlorization of our As consclousness," "physical ahceive exanple, we commonly’ con~ of our physical motive Ghergies as being derived fron the breakdown and burnof foods in our digestive ing tract. At the same time we deny other more subtle and perhaps more powerful means Ehrough which. the body may receive energies. We Agnare Investigation of other physichogical poseabtiities by whieh the: body's metabolle

2363

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

the dried algae 4 ground inte flours ,

Algae: in oat-itke Avera flakes, immediately after

drying. eystom developed conduct canand beutiiize the tounUintted universal energies which surround us. There= fore in our technology as in

cur phystology eur production and Uthlization of energies is doninated exclusively by the principle of Internal combustion. Entering into the laboratory of the body with a higher Gonsetousness we can begin the work of the reconceptualization of our ovm physical processes, Perhaps we may discover that the heighten ing and harmonization of the mind, the life and the deoplevels asof our gxticularly they being, relate parto

FOOTNOTES

as

theory of medi microbial Gene and disease, but nev— ertheless, many of us. inhave used. ‘the aigae daiay our let for over one year without «S11 effecta eingle case of oethenselves aiecousnienanit cuanee are easily digesein Chlorella $¢ tsreie di— Heult tretbainen Hicule for’tosthe body to aseln=

Some protection against conby protozoa, bac= tamination teria and other undesirable algae strains. keeping aeheokWe recomend ca iens contanine

a’ cellulose capsule around each cell. In cur expertments with the finely ground Chlorella the flour two types with of locally grownof millets (Raggi and Kanbu),

es cog eo this epegetic: — {4celt fom, the body toraseta ween alkalinity of the tank allows Stion factor in the tank Sy oussrving (iden to mi erogeepera saunle. taken Seon wacky ine prosence Se vasteriay peotorea, and other microbrgantema 10 eet ete enre nomid dere fa ees Pee er tha median’ oe thie. tone eishenbrtnorelaae Feet eae, Re aueee the fosters teen erraeern cos Sistantly a relatively aren erecta the een: Wien the alkalinity drops contain” the bacterial ation proportionately in-

the

The pH factor 4s very tae

See eee jortant

but medium than In an atalkaline Ecoe higher fates. Sthere7.s):(Spirulina 9.5, chlorells tt-may be'in'sone Eases necessazy te oecacionslSy'sajust thesmal snounts pit by theof addi-~ con Honvof Rectis grade cic "it isin. Poresting that most patho~ Genie bacteria Tequize a moderately acidic medium in

an alnarsanin ae

in maintaining

down into an ammonia com

algae

in various

forms

po: fur then sate ty mee

have no dou thatat ne doubt ur “Weofentvg

able

to

lsvoratory codes

add water and then ferment the mixture in an earthen pot one day in the sun, At night we boil this mixture and boil Tt again the following mozning. We take this mixture at noon, in the Byformusingof athis,thin porridge, method of preparatLon, which was Used th Buypt 5,00 years go and which Ls used by’ the Tamil people today, we aro fairly’ sure that. the cellu lose down and thecapeule algae tsfs broken then making ‘a positive contribution towards our nutrition.

M

1 K

E

HOHMAN I found Robert Lavlorts arti-

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

only practical. I would 11ke to add a few things however. In addition to nutrient properties Chiorelia previously vulgaris mentioned, has been shown to produce a substance, chlorellin, which has an apantibacterial actiprociable vity against cus, “It has Staphylocous also been shownaurthat in ‘excessively low" concentrations it stimnates Chlorelia pyrenidosa produces antibacterials by photooxldation of unsaturated ratty acids. Green algae contain chtorophylls a and b, which means they utilize ght with wave lengths in the red and violet portion of the spectrum, Store food as a true starch,They Better than half the absorbed light energyof ends locked within glucose molesup cules as potential chem\cal energy. It will be necessary to laow the measureaents of the algal cells to distinguish species,in order etc, ‘The ualt of Reasureaent is the micron, signatea 47, it 4 one oné~ dethousandth or 1/25,000 in,Of aA millineter linear seale on a'glass disc (ocular micrometer} which can be placed on the interior ohe1f (alapnran) of a microscope eye piece (ocutar) can be calibrated in microns with the aid of a Stage microneter, nicrometer can then Thebe ocular used to obtain measurements of algae. A Whipple elerometer, used in Plankton counting, can algo be used. Host algae can be distinguished with between 100 x andmagnifications 500 x but. 1000x is recommended in order to determine sone of the bluegreen which seen to be the troublenakers, If samples are not examined withing 2-3 hours they should be preserved with formalin. Add hom ‘rormalin 37 - 42x aqueoua solution of formaldehyde) per liter of san ple, I think very important, and should4 be18 emphasized, that there are many records of goute and often fatal poisoning of livestock where. the ant~ alg been drinking fron onde hadcontaining dense algal Bloons. The blue-green alge are the usual culprits and they grow very profusely. The synptons associated with blue-green poisoning are pro~ stration and convulsions folowed by death, In my 1imitea ctudies, I have found Lethal dosesm1 toin vary fron 0.005 @i-2 tro ainubes tine, Pretty strong stuffl One toxin eurvived 1 hour of autoclaving at 15 lbs and was not neutralized by

2364

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

polyvalent botulinus antitoxalgae. Costs 922.50 hardIne It'le for bound, but shouldbe in moat thie reason that anyone thinidng of using large'1ibraries, Excellent, algae ao @ fooasturt should definitery have access to a Algee_in Water Supplies. Pubs good microscope and ident Lic Health Service Pub.#657, fication key.” This identsfsby C. Mervin Palser. Available cation should be carried out fron’ Pub, Health Service, NashfonFably@ continual basia-—perfer~ ington Dé. An illustrated daily in *bloom® manual on’identifieation and condi Hong. Bignificance of algae in water ‘Taree prominently dangerous Supplies. Cost $1.75 a few blue-greens are andi Mcrooys~ Anabaena b, yeare ago, Aphanizonenon, tie. All are "fresh water. Fundamontals of eology. 3rd varieties and have several edition "71. ‘By Eugene similar spscies. Several othOdum. sxcelient backgromia ora have been found. potsonoue material, Covers energy flow, but these were mentioned most. Giogeoshemical cycles, and often. Tho following are exevolution of the ecosyeten, Selient information source Z hope this information will ination of Water and hasten be of help to soxeone, Wnatwater, 13th edttion "71, ever ones reasons for turning Avabiavl® from Am. Public to algae production, 1t must Health Assoc., 1015 18 St. iW, be remembered thatevenhothing Washington D3'20036, Over 800 cones free--not in na~ accepted the’ detailing pages ture, Best wishes, Taboratory procedures for wax tor examination and treataent, Hike Hohmann bacterial analyses, algae and Ave S. 35K Enercon pollution problems’ in general. pis, Mi 55408, The “professionals standby. Also Contains color plates of Popular Science August, 1937

A

Tester

for Steadiness

A “nerve vasten” like that illustrated will furnish much entertainment at parties, and it is an excellent science project for high-school pupils to make. ‘The aluminum panel which forms the front of the Hox has a series of holes varying uniformly in i from ¥4 to 1/82 in. ‘The individual who is undergoing the test Is given a needle set in a handle and avked to insert the point in each hole in succession nnd Withdraw it without touching the side of the hole and without using any support for his hand. If he does touch the metal, an electric bell rings, ‘The object is to soe how small fa hole he can reach before this happens. ‘The box and panel y be any convenient size. ‘The door bell and battery are placed in the box

gram. It is well to provide a binding post on the side of the box for comnecting the flexible wire ending to the needle, "The model illustrated was made as fa science project by Paul Bevan and Rus Ing Isslelb, elev nth

of Hand

year pupils In the Phineas Banning: High School, Wilmington, Calif, Tt has been used in connection ¥ uh psychology. ‘MM. H. ComPro. HOLESWe TOVas RANGE FROM DIA

ALUMINUM PANEL. cee WANDLE NEEDLEAND

needle pointthosintothe eachpanel,hole, © beginning is fo insert The with objoct Iho lorgest. H thea need bell rings

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2365

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

fired commercially, better disenss the Lype of clay to be used with the kil opcrnlor before pure phone directory shop that provides this serviee,

‘-inch-diameter elay evils: attack jo form 1 and 1s-ineh-dianeter jalders. Then build up the sides

Try your hand af working

For beginners...

clay: lamp made by pinched pottery method

pinch pottery

pottery form hy pinching logether Mokia ng Toacauai i of clay isa i nt ‘= medi, Cor IF with the Creek, aval Bichon Sas a be fimner’s project. It holds two different sized candles

Fevrvany 1967 You ean pureh Le clay in 25-pounel plastic. — bags rendy for use, Buy seulptura t l rather bag of me: 25-pound A clay. wheel divnrmeshed, red-burning elay (the type sel for about nsed to-make this kip) St. Clays vary. in their firing temperatures, so if you plan to have the tang

Form outline of base

by placing jar lids on in aith a knife. ¥ to lazy Susan

Add fumps of clay in roms. Keep wal iveh thick and as evenly enrredas ppos sible. Paddle with spoon to smooth sides In addition to the elay, you will need a few simple tools: a @-foot length of nylon fi jing leader Fine for cutting the clay 1p the ends over Uhe middle nel-or over pin to the end of «dowel with see tool on the table in the lower 16); tw frit A jae rings, one from a large-mouthed Mason jar and one from a standard ja and a shoxt length of metal tubing, Not strictly necessary, ut useful, is a sinall Iary Si nny of the kind av aloe in wy Le use allows owsewares departments, you to rotate the lamp to bring the side yan're working on nearest you. Clay shrinks about 12 per cent on desing make the lamp proportionately large. "The one shown stands about 10 inches high,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Keep the lamp growing vertically: inns even a slope as possible; don't Tet the damp clay spread, When you add each Tnap of clay, work it into the adjoining edges with your Bogertips and turn Lop edge in fittle to ke pit going right Add a couple of rows of clay before smoothing them to) ether inside, But don't attempl to make the lamp too smooth and neat the marks of your fi ettips will give it a primitive, lnndmade From time to time, take the woolen spoon and padlle the clay gently inside and out, supporting it with your other hand. The padiling helps to weld the clay: Inmps together and gives. the lamp subtlety of shape If you have to stop work on the ta before you've completed it, put wet pap lowels aver the rim th cower the Tatnp swith a plastic bg Clay will quickly elo dordinary household phimbing. so be sare Lo wash your hanesin a paiofl water and then emply the pail outside,

2366

Finish lamp with conical top. Let it dry onernight, Cut flame shapes with Knife cout circles with short metal tubing length When the shape is finished, take your homemade cutting tool and ent away any

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

irregularities around the baseof the mp, rotating, it on the lizy Susan as you work: Set the lamp aside to dey, uncovered overnight or antil it reaches the cheese= hard stage, before cutting the design. When you ent. the desig eeep bri Detiveen the elements fairly thi ke sot clay won't erack in drying. Make one Hlame shape large enongh and low enone that you can fit the candles Unvongh it into their holders, If the lamp shimps as ‘you ent the holes, paddle very gently to living it bnek into shape. Set the lamp aside to dry thoroughly. Once it is dey, you ean sand the edge before you have it fired. Later, you ean ze i if you ike. Mrs, Bichorw fired the lamp shown only: fonce and Feft it, unglazed, in ils natural warm terra cot IL makes a han sone Tannp tobe used in the garden, nol so nnnich for its Fight as for the fanciful pats terns it easts on walls and foliage.

Choosing, using a screwdriver SUNSET Mane 1965 ‘The lowly serewdeiver is probably: the most, fi jwently sed tool a home owner pos sesses, And © probably botches more jobs swith this simple tool than with any other. Here are some re First, the serewidriver is realy too handy for its own good. Its likely to be the frst thing you grab when you need to serape died paint off a conerete floor, dig out a ‘weer, or clean a mortar joint in masonry A little abuse of thiski td, annd sour serew river is Mlunted and dull, Next time it is put to its proper purpose it may very well slip on a Light. serew—bureing. the sere head and gouging the werk (oF pr silly your hon) Or a bad fit may Tea to trouble. If the diver is too stall oF too Inege for the slot F the sere, it ean easily buse the serew end or gonge the work. For thi ‘ow should try to keep at least three sizes hop, ‘This in frowned the hou volves tio big expense: a #9-cent, wool Thanadled serosvdriver is ns more fruil, the richer and sweeter the bread. "When fruit is ‘well distributed through the dough, cover and let stand on board until almost double. Punch down and form into six long er leaves, Place on cookie sheets and allow to rise again Until almest double. Bake at 350° F, in preheated oven for ahout 4D minutes, or until well browned, Place on wire rack to cool. (IE soft crust is desired, brush with eream or ‘soft margarine.) (This recipe (without the fruit and nuts) is a good basic ough for any kind of coffee cake, raised cinnamon for orange rolls, Grated lemon oF orange doughmats, peel may be added for extra Mavor FOR EASTER STOLLEN — omit fruits and nuts and add 4 Ths, anise seed,

DUTCH RYE BREAD (BRICKS) 4 © Rye Meal 2 116 (Pumpernickel) Ec Wheat Grits 314 M4 2 Ths Honey

Ths Oil sp salt © boiling water ¢ Bran

105

Mix all (oom ingredients ina mixing bowl, Cover, and lec Method: stand overniaht temperate ) The following morning, shape loot and rollin bran (or wheat germ, flaxseed meal, ete.) "A i ake in cavered panhot forwater4 hours in slow oven—200" F. another pan of in oven 19 keep oven Moist Alter drying cooling, wrap in towel and keep in retrigerator 0 Pee ‘ont oF modding,

SWEDISH LIMPE 106 (Slightly Sweet rye bread) — Mrs, H. K, Carter 4 © water 1 Thsactive dry yeast Vs © molasses 6 ¢ whole wheat Tour 154 Tos caraway seed 2 tsp salt 2 Tbs oil flour tsp chopped orange peels 4 crye approximatel ‘or L tsp anise seed

Ce

my

jp Doll together in ares ketle for three minutes: water, moasses, caraway seed, oil and chopped orange peel (or anise seed)! Add to dissolve. “Add Ge wholeCoolwheatto LUKEWA flour to RM. make a soft yeast dough. Let place for 1¥4 hours, Add salt and about 4 © rye riseflourin warm Kneading in to make a stiff dough

let riseand again for 2 hours. Knead slightly and shape into 3 place in oiled bread pans. :

loaves

Let rise in pans 44 hour and bake at 350° F. for 45 minutes, WHOLE WHEAT SOYA BREAD 107 Sponge Method 1, Ths ative dey yeast 366 Whole Wheat Flour Sponve: Soften yeast in water, add flour to make soft batter, Tet rise YS hoite until light. wc oil tsp salt % honey (or brown sugar) 24 2 ¢ tukewarm water Pour the warm water oil, add other ingredients, then ‘add to the sponge and beatoverat lov’ speed with electric mixer. 4 to 5 © Whole Wheat Flour 4 © Soya Flour Sift topether and add to above mixer until 4 the flour has been added. Work inusingthe electric rest of the flour, turn out onto floured board and knead well,

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When dough is smooth and elastic, in oiled bow, let stand in a warm place until double in place bulk Punch down, and put in pans to rise. Bake at 350° F. for about 45 minuies. When the recipe is you will get five 124 # loaves Cool on wire racks anddoubled, place 8 few loaves in wax bags and

SOYA BREAD

107A

Mrs. Horton Churchill 4¥%4 © Unbleached White 3 tsp salt Flour Ths active dry yeast 1% ¢ Soya Flour © warm water % ¢ Dry Skim Milk eees 2 tsp dark brown sugar 6 Tbs oil Sift unbleached white flour and soya flour together, resitt with skim milky sugar and silt. Dissolve yeast in 4 e warm water, When dissolved add 2 ¢ warn) water, lightly” bea ‘eggs and oil, Add to diy ingredients and mix thoroughly. ‘Turn out on floured board and knead ‘well and then Tet dough eest T5 minutes, Knead for 10 or 15 minutes, mold into two loaves tnd put in well greased pans and Tet sise until almost double ja bulk, Bake in pre-heated oven 375 degrees for 35 minates, This same recipe will make 36 rolls and { loaf of bread if desired. WHOLE WHEAT GLUTEN BREAD 108 Kitchen tested for perfect LO-Calorie bread in 2 hours HiProwein — LoStarch 2. Tbs El Molino Active, 2c gluten flour dry yeast (or2 yeast” 1. qt Waler, oF potato cakes) water #1084 ¥ choney (clover pre: 4 coll ferred) 1 Ths salt 6 Cnsifted whole wheat 1 Tihs browers yeast flour (optional) In a large mixing bowt, dissolve yeast in 1 qt lukewarm water and honey. Stir yeast until dissolved. Add 4¥% ¢ whole wheat flour and { e gluten flour. Mix well, cover with a shect of waxed paper and a towel and place in warm place 10 rise, When double in size, stir in oil, salt, (brewers yeast), Ie sluten flour and about 114 c whole wheat tlour — enough 10 make a firm dough, Knead about 10 minutes on well toured board, place in bowl, cover and let rise until double in size again Return to well-floured board, lightly work down and share into 2 large, or 3 small loaves, Bake at 350° F. for 1 hott. POTATO WATER 108A, In place of using freshly cooked mashed potatoes we suggest potato flour which is quickly made and always uniform: Use 1 part potato flour to 4 or more parts of milk Use a beater to make a smooth consistency ‘This practical and inexpensive method is used to condition doughs and improve the flavor of baked goods LO-CALORIE GLUTEN BREAD 109 By using Gluten Flour for your baked products you ean cut down your intake of starch calaries considerably. Gluten flour fs government standard (not less than -40. per cent protein nor more per cent andstarch). will find the following Feeipe than easy 44(© Prepare really You palatable, 1 ¢ Water Ye tsp Salt 204 © Gluten Flour 1 Ths active dey yeast

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Put the yeast to soak in. two additional Ths of warm water When softened add rest of water and salt. Add the flour and Koead thoroughly for 10. to 15 Mold. Let rise at room temperature until doubled minutes. in bulk. Bake in” moderate oven (330" F.) 3% to 1 hour. Makes. a pound loaf. One 30 fram slice provides: Protein 6.5 grams; Fat none; CarbobyGrates 7.5 grams; 56 Calories. OATMEAL SUNFLOWER GLUTEN BREAD 110 Ethel B. Spear 2, ¢ rolled oats Le raisins ¥ tsp salt M4 © Hulled Suntlower Seeds Ths active dry Yee sluten flour Ya © molasses 5 ‘c Unbleached White 1 Ths butter or oil Flour (about) Pour 2c boiling water over rolled oats and salt and let stand for one hour. Dissolve yeast in Ye lukewarm water and add fo scalded oats, Add reniaining ingredients and knead in enough Flour to make'a smooth, elastic dough. Let rise to double in, bufk—knead down and let rise again until double in bulk Knead down again, shape into foaves, place in oiled. bread rise until t begins to lift cloth. with cloth pans.ke inCover pre-heated oven and at 350°Jet F. for about 1 hour until done. BANANA NUT BREAD Mm Another prize winner by — Christine Jakubecy % coil 2. © Whole Wheat Flour, 1 € brown sugar for Pastry Whole Whi 3 eggs Flour 1 sp salt 1 tsp soda Hc milk 1 tsp vanilla 4° ripe: bananas 1 e chopped nuts (coarse) Cream sugar and oil, add eggs and bananas, Sift dry ingrelients together and sti into banana mixture adding alternately ‘with milk and about 3 Tbs cold water. Add vanilla. and nuts. Bake at 350° F. for f hour. POTATO BREAD AND ROLLS 112 1% € milk. (Tukewarm) 1 Ths active dry yeast Dissolve yeust in lukewarm milk Then add 1 Ths salt 1 Ths sugar 1 Ths oil Then add 4 © Unbleached White V4 © Potato Flour Flour or Whole Wheat Flor Blend together and mix into smooth Let rise about 2 hours, then fold dough over. Let rise dough. 15 minutes the second time. ‘The dough is now ready t0 be made into loaves, of tolls, Bake at 375-400" B.-about 35 minutes, BUTTER HORN ROLLS 113 Christine Jakubecy 4 ¢ it 1, Ths active dry yeast M4 brown suga 14 sp salt 414 ¢ whole wheat flour 3. egs. (well-beaten) 1% emilk (approximately) Soften yeast in lukewarm milk, add salt, ei, sugar, and ees Slowly add flour, beating thoroughly Knead until elastic and tet rise twice before making calls, ‘dough out to a cigele of 12 inches (in diameter) anid melted butter over dough. pieces nd roll up. Let rise unit double Cutin insize 16 andpie-shaped bake at 400° for 15 to 18 minutes, PARKER HOUSE ROLLS 114 La Ree McCauley 1 ¢ warm milk 6 Ths butter or il V4 © honey or brown sug 1 ene 1 Ths active dry yeast 1 Ths sale

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dissolved in LUKE: 2 whole wheat flour WARM water Add ingredients to ¢ whole wheat flour, Beat well and add enough more flour to 2 make soft dough. Knead well, Roll the dough about inch thick and cut with biscuit cutter, Over half the round 1 spread-melt ed butter and {okt over the other half, Cover and let rise in warm place until double in bulk." Bake at 400° for abou 13 t0 20 minutes. Makes 18 OLD TIME CORN BREAD 15 135 corm meal 1 tsp salt Ys © unbleached white tour? Le sweet milk 3 tsp baking powder Me oi Sife together all dry ingredients, Add beaten egg, milk and cil. Stir just enough to moisten, Pour inio greased pan, Bake at 400" F, 30 minutes, Variation: Replace sweet milk with buttermilk or sour milk using 2 tsp baking powder and 1 tsp soda. I ig not necessary 10 use flour to prevent crumbling, since EI Molino 100% Stone Ground corn meal contains all the corn, germ and corn flour. White flour may be replaced with corn meal if desired. SWELL” CORN BREAD 1158 Mother Vandercook 2¥% © El Molino Corn Meal 3 Ths oil % Isp soda 2 beaten eges 1 tp salt 2 ¢ buttermilk Combine dry ingredients. Add beaten egg and cil to buttermilk, Stir in dry ingredients and heat to a smooth batter. Bake in well-oiled pan (9x9") and bake 35 min, at 400°. CORN BREAD 116 ala Mrs, W. M. Corrigan Grow 4 Group 2 © Corn Meal De 1 EUnblesched White 1% oSuermie Flour 2° Ths brown sugar ¥ © Wheat Germ V4 ¢ oil or bacon 2” Tbs Rice Polish, epi 1 tsp salt 34 Sp soda 1 tp baking powder Mix all ingredients in group 1 in bowl with a fork. sugar and add to group L Mix until sooth and addi ‘well greased pan 8x8x3, inches at 425° F. for 30 0 5 minutes, CARROT CORN BREAD 17 Ida Mac Henderson 1 © com meal [Asp sale Te grated carrots 2 Ths ‘oil 1 Tbs brown sugar 2 exes Mix thoroughly in mixing bowl: corn meal, carrots, oil sugar and salt. Stir in 34 ¢ boiling water ‘Add 2 Ths cold water to 2 eae yolks and beat until thick and add to mixture above, Fold in stifly beaten eg whites Pour ito a warm. oiled pan and bake at 400° F, for 25 min bles oF until done, ARKANSAS CORN PONE 138 1 e sour milk 1 Ths brown su 1 ¢ Stone Ground Corn Meal I seant tsp salt eens 1 seant tsp soda 1 Ths oit Stir and beat untit thoroughly mixed. Pour into sizzling hot 15 minutes at 450" F. pan, fminutes acwel greased, 300° F Bake SOUTHERN SPOON BREAD 4 e milk Tsp sa

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1 ¢ Stone Ground Corn Meal 2 Tbs brown sugar 3 cass I Ths melted butter or oil Bring milk to boiling point, add corn meal. Let cool [0 mintutes. Beat egg yolks and add salt, sugar and melied butter. Add this to mixture, Fold in stiffly beaten egg whites, Bake in greased baking dish at 350" F. for 30 minutes You haven't eaten muffins, hot cakes or waffles until you've tried DELICIOUS QUICK MUFFINS 120 1 Ths oil 11M, ©© Buttermilk Muffin’ Mix (or mitk) 1 ees Beat egg thoroughly. Stic in ¥4 Muffin Mix and oil, Add remaining Muffin Mix and milk © alternately. Mix well. A, thick batter assures dry texture, Bake in weil-greased muttin tin at 375" F.. 30 to 40 minutes, Dates, nuts or raisins may. be added if desired. Yields 6-8° muffins HOT CAKES AND WAFFLES 121 Mix same as for Muffins using. less milk, Make thick batter and spoon on to mediumslightly hot griddle. For best results, make small hotcakes (3 to 4 inches across). WHOLE WHEAT MUFFINS 122 124 © Whole Wheat Flour egg, beaten {sp Baking Powder 1% e sweet milk Ths brown suga 4° Tos oil tsp salt Mix together the whole wheat sugar, cil, baking Toss milk and powder and salt. Beat exg unl light,flour, addbrown whole wheat flour mixture and stir quickly just enough Inthe to dampen the flour, Let stand a few minutes ail mixt thickens, then drop. by spoonfuls into muttin wns and. bake 125" F,'20 10 25 minutes, Hulled Seasame Seed. Hulled Sunflower Seed, raisinsor auts may be added 10 the mixture or sprinkled on top of muffins before placing in oven, A small speontul of jam or jelly may also be placed on each multi. WHEAT GERM MUFFINS 123 Without baking powder Ethel B. Spear © milk 14 © Whole Wheat Flour e oil 1 © Wheat Germ {sp salt 2 cass SP brown sugar Separate 1 yolks and add salt, sugar and oil. Stir germ, Fold in stiffly beaten ineag milkwhites.addingBakeMlourin and wheat hot, welloiied gem pans at 350° F. for about 40 minutes, WHEAT GERM MUFFINS 124 1 € Wheat Germ 1, © Whole Wheat Flour 4 Ths4 brown sugar M4 ep salt i re milk 4 Isp baking powder Tbs oil Mix mili and ell beaten ege in bowl. Add wheat germ. Let mixture Stand a minute or so, uslil wheat germ absorbs some moisture, Sift in flour, salty baking powder, sugar, Mix well, “Add oil, and sti. Halt-fll muffin tins, Bake in preheated oven at 400° F. for 20greased’ to 23 minutes, BRAN MUFFINS 125 1 © El Molino Whole tsp Sale Wheat Pastry Flour 3 ° ” Tbs 1 Molino Bran 3 Ths OilHoney Frakes 4 sp Baking Powder 11 Beg e Milk

Sift, them me add baking powder, salt and Bran oil and milk. Stir in dry ingrediFlakes. Beate els, string only enough to mix. Fill greased muffin tins 24 full) Bake st 425 degrees for 1S minutes. (For variation a cup fof faisins may be ‘added. )

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RICE AND WHEAT FLOUR BISCUITS 126 ¥ © Pastry Whole Wheat 1 Ths butter Flour 1 Tbs oil ¥) Brown Rice Flour 1. tsp honey 16 Isp salt s e'plus 2 Ths milk. 1 sp baking powder ihe dry ingredients together, and cut in the butter, ad ake a very soft doueh with the milk and honey and form n biscuits, Bake on a greased! cookie sheet ina very hol 478" F, for 15 to 18 minutes, SUNFLOWER BISCUITS 127 _Hulled: Sunflower 14 tp bal ng powder Seed Meal Msp salt Vs © Pastry Whole 3) Ths oil ‘Wheat Flour 14 © milk (about) Measure and sift the dry ingredients. Add oil and enow milk to make soft but firm doush, Drop from @ spoon onto a greased, floured pan and bake at 375" F. about 12 minute Hulled Sunflower Seed! Meal mixes to advantage with flour in most all bakings, A characteristic of itis 18 quick baki and in soup. it needs only just heating WHEAT AND DRY SKIN MILK BISCUITS 128 Whole Wheat Pastry 1 tsp salt Flour or Whole Wheat ¢ dey skim milk Flour © oll 4 tsp baking powder Sift all dry ingredients together twice, Combine oil and 24 ¢ water and add to dry ingredients, Mix. as little as possbl Turn out onto lightly tloured hoard, Pat out 40." inch thick ness and cut with floured cut er. Bake ar 400° F, about 1d riputes, WHEAT STICKS 129 Nellie James 1 ¢ Unbleached White 2 Flour 3 © Whole Wheat Flour 16 Graham Flour 1 top salt 1 © Wheat Germ 1 elcocoanut (optional) Mix dry ingredients with enough water to make a very stiff ough (about 1% c) Work in oil as for a pie crust. Add water to make a very stiff dough and Knead until Smooth. Roll to about ¥ inch in thickness, cut in sticks and bake ja moderate oven until brown, (turn if necessary for even color) WHOLE WHEAT STICKS 130 Mary Alexander 8 (2 lbs) W.W. Flour 1 4 ¢ salad oil 14 ¢ water 2 tsp salt V4 tos c sugar Brown Mix dry ingredients in farge bowl. oil in another bow), add water slowly, beating with roiary’Put beater is creamy. Mix dry ibgredients and oil mixture and tillkneadmixture several minutes like yeast bread, Divide roll into Jong rolls, atten yith rolling pinint and eu portions. in sticks” Bake in moderate oven ntl brown. SUMMER SWEDISH RYE BREAD 131 3 2. Ths molasses ¥4 coil 3 erye flour 4 ispThs saltgrated orange pect 2 Ths active dry yeast Isp caraway seed 1% water sed Isp anise 3° tbs dark brown sugar Dissolve yeast in warm water, stir in brown sugar, molasses and rye flour, beat until smooth. Cover tightly and let rise in warm place watil doubled in bulk, Stir in cil, orange peel and seeds, mix well. Gradually add 296 c of the unbleached whi flour, beating vigorously. Cover and let set for 10 minutes Sprinkle remaining 14 of flour on board and knead it in Leave on board, cover with towel and let rise again until

241g

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doubled. Shape into loaf, put into well greased bread pan, let rise until dough is slightly rounded above pan, Bake fo! sout 43. minutes in 375" oven, This recipe makes one large loaf or two small ones. CHEESE & ONION BREAD 132 EL Molino. ‘To a 3b. bag of STONEBREAD GROUND MIX WHOLE WHEAT UNBLEACHED WHITE BREAD MIX Tb, Cheese (erated) ¥% oz. Onion Powder 133 EL Molino STONE GROUND WHOLE WHEAT BREAD MIX UNBLEACHED WHITE BREAD MIX add YA on Caraway M4 oz Nutmeg V4 07, Sage Follow diteetions with bag. WHOLE WHEAT CRACKERS 134 2 ¢ Fl Molino Stone 2% Asp. Seasoned Vegetable Ground 100%) Whole Sale Wheat Flour 5, Ths Soy Oi M4 ¢ Water Combine, flour and salt, Add oil and mix thoroughly, Stir in water, mixing well, Roll very “thin on floured board, with forSesame Seeds, rolling se d in lightly. Bake at Sprinkle 425 Degrees 8-10 minutes Ghuten Sesame Thins (Crackers) (See Gluten Section #614) ANNE'S HEALTH BREAD 135 ‘Anne Mitchell 2 Ths Active dry yeast Honey. germ 1) M4 ©© Wheat 1 ¢ Rolled Oats WA € Flaxseed meal 2 tsp salt 2 Ths ofl (safflower 3 . © Whole Wheat Flour seed oF soy) 214 © Unbleached White Flour 1 € Raising ¥ © Chopped Almonds (optional) 1 ¢ Bran flakes Ye © Molasses Soften yeast in V4 cup warm Mix bran flakes. oats, water Cool to lukewarm, salt, oil, raisins in 234 cups boiling Slit in softened yeast, honey and molasses. Stir in wheat gern, flaxseed meal, nuts (optional), and wheat flour. ‘Add enough unbleached white flour towhole make a smooth dough. Amount varies, Knead four or five minutes, addi tunbleached white flour as needed Place in bowl and grease top of dough, Cover and fet tise in warm place until double (about one hour). Punch divide dough in half, Place in'2 greased 9¥25343" Toat down; pans, Let rise until double, about 45 minutes. Bake at 380° for 58 to 60 minut add HERB BREAD To a Mb, bag of

How to make your favorito recipes more nutritious Anne Mibaylo WHOLE WHEAT CHIFFON CAKE 200 afterWHEAT before WHOLE CHIFFON’ CAKE CHIFFON1 CAKE 4 e© flour 244, Whole {spsugar baking powder Feu Whest Pastry Sp salt © powdered brown sugarskim milk coil ve © ‘unbeaten egg yolks {sp baking powder e{spcoldvanilla water

1

(double tspssalt acting)

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rind of 2 lemons 8, arated Enews? of tartar 4 feproream ¢

1 aecoil orks @ 24 skim milk oF orange {sp vanilla brated rind of 2 lemons (ororanaes) A8, ene whites es) 14 ep cream of tartar Sift all dey andin ay.of ingredients in the standacd cake is (2)mixed Add (4). thetogether. secondbeatengroup gredients pat lat and.a large Fold in for eggTour.whitesMakes feat until smooth: (3) Fe 3350" Bake im large tube pan, cake, 200A Variations: Replace 1 ¢ Whole Wheat Pastry Flour with 1 © Carob Powder, Or, replace Ie Whole Wheat Pastry Flour with Te Et Molino Muffin Mix Replace white flour in reel © with an equal amount of Pastry Whole Wheat Floue dark brown sues for, with same Replace white sugar with slightly TessVs liquid, amount of honey using with ¢ powdered skim milk Replace about Ys ¢ sugar” replace with Carob Pow In any recipe calling for“4 chocolate, Powder. flour the of der: also, replace about flavor to cakeswithwithCarob Powder. Carob adds rind lemon ‘Grated of the following: Wheat Replace 13 to Ic flour with any Flour, Rice Flour, Germ Flour, Wheat ‘SeedGerm,Meal,SoyaEl Molitio Brown Mix, Rice Muffin Sunflower Hulled Polishing, Rice Bran, etc. spice cakes the reIn all kinds of Carob Powder cakes and Potato Flour greatly placement of 52% of the wheat flour with keeps the cuts Enproves the taste and texture of hasthe thecakessameand effect froin becoming dry. Soya Flour 201 CHAMPION FRUIT CAKE 3 times a FIRST PRIZE WINNER at Faies Christine Jakubeey ‘This recipe is as good the next day Se itis months away. Ys ¢ figs Le raisins Ths butter or margarine 1 edates 2 e brown sus: Combine with 2 ¢ boiling water and let simmer over low fire ten minutes. Cool 3 © Whole Wheat Flour 2 tsp cinnamon ‘or Pastry Whole Wheat 1 tsp eloves Flour soda 1 ispAspsale 1 Sift all dey ingredients with flour 3 times. ‘Add: 134 © mixed candied fruit 1c chopped pecans Vs ¢ candied cherries 1 € chopped walauts Place in pan Combine with cooled first mixture, Stir well. greased paper, which has. been. sell greased and lined.slices,with cherries, shelled Decorate top with candied pineapple until huts, blanched almonds, ete. Bake at 300" for 2 hoursfruitor cakes, Gong. Makes av pound fruit cake.Will Forstaysmaller a long time moist 1 hour and 20 minutes. hake about covered with a damp cloth 2018 SOYA - APPLESAUCE V4 © EI Molino Wheat Germ 1% © EI Molino Pastry Dark Brown Sugar 1 Whole Wheat Flour 34 ¢ FI Molino Soya Flour % ¢ Oil 4 ges V4 ¢ Powdered Skim Milk 4 tsp Baking Powder 34 © Applesauce ¢ Raisins 1 Salt tsp 1 2 tsp Cinnamon Sift dry ingredients except wheat germ: Cream sugar, oil and eggs. Mix dry ingredients with wheat germ and add to reamed

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mixture alternately with applesauce. Beat well. Turn into sreased 12" x'8" pan and bake at 350 F. 40-45 minutes. WHOLE WHEAT SPONGE CAKE 202 (egg leavened) Mary Alexander eggs separated 135 ¢ Pastry Whole Wheat flour temperature) (oom water 4 Ccold 1% tsp lemon flavoring ¥% coil tsp salt

1Gnat brown sugar adding the cold water in about three dashes, ena Volks atso nt light old and ati.in sited Ada flour, sifted sugar thenatentltol opeandBestwhites tavering, then thegradualy, tity Haecakein anhs united tube increase pan 250° hentF. fort0 330° 15.20 F.minutes or until risen. then to finish Baking Tver maycoolte varied by osing nuts, or fruits in it. Tt TE cake nay be baked in a tube, layer, loaf oF Bem pans.

CAROB SPONGE CAKE 202A Mrs. Jean Cross 3 large eggs (separated) 1 1% e'CAROB POWDER. tsp oil of peppermint Beat whites of eggs until stiff, Flavor to taste with oil of peppermint. Beat yolks and fold into the whites. Fold in sifted CAROB POWDER. Bake at 300" for 45 minutes. Caution: Do_not exceed recommended baking temperature. Finely chopped or sivered nuts may be added. WHOLE WHEAT SPICE CAKE 2028 214 ¢. Whole Wheat Flour» 44 ¢ powdered skim milk 3 tsp baking powder % c vegetable oil 1% top soda 1 e dark brown sugar ¥ tspsatt 4 ergs 1 sp cinnamon 1 e buttermilk Sift dry ingredients into bowl, make a wel , add oil, exgs buttereitk and stir until well mixed. Bake in long loat pan ai S30"°F, about 45 minutes or Until ake shrinks atvay from sidesof pan FLUFFY FROSTING. 202¢ 1 edark brown sugar Ys c boiling water Lega white 1 tsp vanilla (optional) Mé tsp cream of tartar Mix surar, egg white and cream of tartar together in bowl, add boiling water and beat vigorously until frosting stands in Peaks. Spread on cooled cake. SPICY BANANA SOY BARS 2020 Anne Mihaylo 3 powder 1, c chopped walnuts 1 Wheat Pastry sp nutmeg 2.” 4 large % coil eggs flour 1 1 © dark brown sugar 1 e powdered skim milk (packed) ¥% tsp salt ¥ clbuttermilk 1” Gp cinnamon 13. © mashed bananas ¥% tsp allspice Sift al dry ingredients together, add brown sugar, nuts and mix. well. Make a, well and add oil, eggs, buttermilk and foished bananas, Mix until well blended. Bake in. tong loat pan at 350° T. for 43 minutes or until cake sheinks from sides OF pan, Cut into bars while stil warm nd cool on wire rack. Ser! pan on rack as soon as it comes out of oven so bottom will rot hecome songy,

CAROB DATE NUT LOAF 203 Ethel B. Spear Ys butter oror margarine 1 Istoned b, coarselydates. chopped honey brown sugar VA © Carob Powder 1 Ib. Whole watnut oF

1 (sp vanilla ¥ tsp salt 4 eggs. separated

1

pecan meats Whole Wheat Flour

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Place dates and nuts in a bowl, cover with sifted flour and salt.” Mix well. ‘Cream honey, butter and Carob Powder and add vanilla and beaten egg yolks. Mix well, Add flour and mix well. If too dry, add-1 Ths water and mix, Fold in the Stiffly egg whites. Bake beaten in square cake pan well oiled and lined with waxed paper. Bake at 350° F. for about I hour.

‘ORANGE DATE LOAF orange 121 large sliced dates Toil 1 choney 2 agChWhole(heaten) Wheat Flour

1. 4 ipsoda tsp baking powder salt 1 tsp isp Ys Choppedvanilla en walnuts

203-1

Juice the orange into a one-cup measure. Fill eup with hot water, pour over dates and let cool. ‘Grind orange rind. Crearn oil and honey (or sugar). Blend’ in egg, then sifted dry in mixture. Stir in ground orange Bredients Find, also alternately vanilla and withnuts. datePour into greased loaf pan (about Sx9x4) and bake at 325° F. for T hour and 20 min, of until done.

ORANGE PECAN BREAD 203-2 2nd Prize 1965 Pomona Fair, Mis. C, A. Henderson 2%214 ¢‘opWhole 1c preferred) honey (clover bakingWheat powderFlour TRS juice erated orange pel 21 ipsa. ‘Ths butter or margarine 22, "%4 eorange ebroken pecan meats

eat softened butter into honey until creamy; add unbeaten ‘and orange peal and mix well, Add to dry ingredients alfernately with orange juice, mixing well after eneh addition, Stir jy nut meats and spoon into well-greased 5x9 inch loaf pan, Bake at 325° F. for 1 hour 10 minutes or until done, Hint: When baking with honey use a mod rately slow (325°) oven to prevent scorching, RAISIN LOAF 203-3 1 ¥% edark brown sugar tsp cinnamon coll tsp nutmeg (ep allspice 1 esaisins tsp salt 1 e-currants water 4 tp cloves Stir together. Cook 3 minutes. Cool Aad: 2° ¢ Pastry Whole Wheat Flour 1 tsp baking powder % ¢ coarsely chop} Dake 300° F, for T hour and 20 minutes in a papertined loat pan SUNSHINE CAKE 204 (vith Carob Powder) (Courtesy of Living Foods Study Group of Pasadena) 4 large Epes. separated Grated tind of large 1 e Brown Sugar Temon 4 ¢ Water 1% e Pastry Whole Wheat 3 tp Baking Powder Flour, mixed with 3 sp Vanilla * eCAROB. POWDER Sifted Have ingredients at room temperature. Sift baking powder with V4 ¢ flour. Beat egg yolks until light and thick. Add sugar and lemon rind and continue beating. Add flavoring pradually ‘Add. water and cup of mixed, sifted flours alternately: then the baking powder mixture; and Iastly fold in the stiffly beaten Whites of pas. Place in one greased tube pan, Bake at 325" for 40_to $0 minutes. When done, invert pan, When cool, cut ‘out, Frost with whipped eream if desired: of, with the follov ing Carob Frosting CARA-COA CAKE 204-8 YS e soft butter oF 1 tsp soda margarine 1 Tapetsp salt instant © buttermilk coffee {sp vanilla

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

¥% © chopped nuts or Powder EL Molino Hulled water Ys esifted Sunflower seeds El Mol —_Coptional) Pa-tey White Unbleached FI. of Pastry Whole Wheat FL Cream shortening and st fiyity. Blend Carob Powder with drywater. ingredients, sift tosether mixture, blending well, Combinemixture alternately with butt three times sald (0 cfeamed Tk, beating alter each ‘addition, Add vanilla and nuts.” Bake ji two $ inch oiled layer cake pans at 350" for 30-35 minutes CAROB FROSTING 205 Cream 2 Ths butter with 44 ¢ powdered milk. Add 44 ¢ CAROB POWDER, mix well, then add 4 ¢ honey, 4 Tbs cream and 1 (sp vanilla. Beat until smooth and spread’on cool cake. CARA-COA FROSTING 205A Melt ,.E © Cata-Coa Nuggets in bol over hot water. Add. /1 ¢ sifted confectioners sugar and 3 Tbs evaporated eat. . ni until smooth and glossy Frost. one 9 inch squage cake or 18 cup eakes. 205-5 CARA-COA FUDGE FROSTING Combine: 1 Ths. Cara-Coa Carob brown sugar Toe ¥4 © fich milk Powder is thoroughly dissolved, then, cook over Stir until sugar iettuim flame fo solt ball stage when tested in coldheat.water,Add or BSie Gn a candy thermometer, Remove from 3 fps utter or margarine and { tsp vanilla, “Allow 10 ecol 10 iukewarm, beat Until thick CARA.COA BUTTER CREAM ICING 205-¢ Sift together: ¥4 © Cara-Coa Carob Powder 3c conlectioner’s sugar 34 tsp instant coffee Soften: “i 12 © butter orF mixtice, margarine, heat in one ese and beating well. Spread be sn layers, top apd sides of ake’ 206 CAROB NUT BROWNIES 4 Thsp EI Molino Carob 2 © EL Molino pastey Powder mixed with: ‘whole wheat flour Sp. baking powder 1 Tosp melted. butter 1 e chopped nuts oF Ys tp. salle El Molino Sunflower margarine or butter ¢ i 2) € brown sugar or Seeds, Voc brown sugar and 3 Tbsp milk | isp "ground coriander 3 © honey se d (optional) Tsp vanilla Method: Cream butter and sugar until well blended. Add cs, salt, vanilla, coriander seed and Carob Powder contain powder with melted utter; beat vigorously. Siftnutsbaking to mixture, Sprea dues Adil flour, milk and chopped

Gert remaia Tate tn owof teinperstre eaoaniere {Uiking Howlwhileabot peshape foe centuries

ae

TROPOSPHERE Mout

1g of inert germs in stratosphere by National Geographic y expedition supgests, ae illustrated by diagram, that nies are caused by down winds bringing bacteria to earth

tion from outside sources. Aller much experimentation he devised a technique so foolproof that he has con= Ginued to use it during hundreds of other experiments. First step in securing a spec imen is to flame the sur ¢ with a blowtorch until it glows ruby d. Next it is

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

sprayed with a fifly-per-cent solution of phenol, a powerful disinfectant. ‘Then a hole is bored three or four inches into the material. The hole is also flamed and. sprayed with disinfectant. Then a small coring auger is inserted into the hole, being taken that it does not touch the

sides, With the coring auger specimens are taken from various depths. These specimens are placed in sierile test tubes by means of a sterile glass rod. All tools are sterilized before use, and carried in sterile towels, Should they touch anything that has not been sterilized, they are flamed with the blowtoreh

‘The cores of material taken from the old mission wall were placed in test tubes that. contained sterile bacterial media, which

Test tubes flted with germ-laden material supplied food and moisture for any organ that might have survived since the ism year before the American Revolution—the date when the mission wall had been built. "The next day Dr, Bartle looked at the test

tubes, Nothing had changed. ‘The follow-

ing day there was still no change. On the fourth day, a slight milkiness, a touch of

turbulence, showed in one of the tubes. Malf

wild

with

excitement,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2526

Dr.

Bartle

placed some of the eullure beneath his mi-

erosvope. Before his eye swam millions of organisms moving — living — organisms; air, moisture, which had survived without or food for almost 200 years. His hand still wasn’t steady when he wrote on the chart

“Ninety-six hours—thirly-seven colo-

nies of living bacteria.”

From then on Dr, Bartle was determined lo establish whether there was any limit (o the lime which bacteria might remaii

dormant, searching

He traveled thou ds of miles for ar nt structures which

complied with the rigid conditions he lav "Ywiee he erossed half a continent, only (o find that the structure from which he hoped to talce specimens had not been sufliviently protected from contamination. But year eure older

afler year and older

he continued to sespecimens, and in

every case bacteria grew and flourished in his test tubes. Professor Charles Lipma of the University of California became terested, verified many of his results,

in-

And then, deep in the age-old ‘Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun, in Mexico, he found exactly what he had sought, Here was a structure whose age was not meas~ ured in centuries, but in millenniums, His blowtorch roared as he flamed a wall built 5,000 years before. Aud from this material, sealed away before the time of King! he revived hundreds of colonies of bacte Next Dr. Bartle heard that a National Geographic Society expedition had taken living organisms from the stratosphere, under conditions as nearly conta proof as humanly possible. ‘These organisms, bacteria and spores, appeared to have heen floating in the rarefied air where the iemperalure was seventy degrees below zero—and they had revived when placed under favorable conditions. ‘Yo further check the theory that bacteria could remain dormant in extreme cold, Dr.

Bartle froze several lest tubes full of 0:

nisms, kept them frozen for an entive «ur, then thawed them oul, They prompt-

y came back to life. From these facts has come a new theory concerning the sudden appearance of epi~ demies of disease. If germs:can be carried high into the stratosphere, they might 1 main for centuries at that high altitude, kept dormant by the low temperature, ‘Then a strong down wind might carry then, back to the lower

atmosphere, where mois-

ture and higher temperatures would eause them to spread a

sudden epidemic.

Ls still only a theory. But it explains a

lot Dr,

And since of hitherto baflling facts. Bartle has proved that bacteria are po-~

tentially deathless, the idea isn’t so absurd.

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Big Game

2527

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Hunting

with a Microscope

YOUR glass reveals queer ereature: that tive in a drop of water taken By Irom a stognant pond—Dense forests ap pear in the green sold of stale bread ard Borpen Hau, Jungi wave their strange lacestike tendrils

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTIILY JANUARY, 1933 frst great adventure for everyof embry the poolextminaton Inieoscepists If thewe Heobwater. of stagnant from's {hin the right kind of water, thevisonMeeting vill past out wl sweep thathe tne lite mnake of @ metropolis seem dll, indeed use butspecialwe catapparaos professionals “The life, aquatic collect tono such luxuries, So we (ake a. afford wes tnouthed to it a Heavy plecebottleof orord.jar A andpintattach mayonnaise

DISSECTING MICROSCOPE Apocket’ falety fens powerfulis Iounted left a8 above showna atthe exactly eprees. fertyelive “The glass piace with tiny sie apece Einenstalesre that dissected

ITTED out with the baggage I described last_ month, we are. ready for our first joutney into that world revealed by a snicroscope strange of reasonably high power Our first sight-seeing tour Teads us through a growth of fangus—a_ weird forest that we will cultivate on a slice of whole wheat bread. To grow this forest we simply place a piece of the bread ina damp spot in the Cellar forday or so, We shall soot find nish gray fon its surface. a delicate growth, one of ure’s most delicate vegetation. By. the careful use of our lit le seapel and needles mounted with handles (P.S.M., Dec. p. 52), we separate a tiny speck of riaterial and place it onthe surface ‘2 glass slide, This we must do with patient fingers for we caunot afford to crush the delicate plants. Then, too, we must see to it that the specimen we'take is so thin light will pass through it. A piece a Tittle Targer than a pin head will be plenty After it is placed on the stage of the microscope, we adjust the light until we ‘ven field of illumination, not

fo bright dat i will cause eye not so dull that it will rob one stofealn andthe

ODD WATER CREATURES fee ineater of sumone andwater,tHe Tele several fesey the a drop Note ere bag above,” with fyelope emste feeyctopes Male near edge of circle jae Sill be suitable, Stagnant pools, of ter can always be found near the eity The bottle is dropped to the bottom of ‘the pool and dragged across. the soft muddy bottom, The experimenter should be gure to gather in, some of the bottom IL find the most inte view. Following th directions given Inst month, we then adjust the objective until ““Natarally, inthe examination of this i is about three-ciel hiths to & inch welter of life, both vegetable and animal, above the specimen a ind focus half we shall have ¢o take things as they’ com UPWAR D, Presto! we enter the Tad of mold for we are dealing with the Uny life of ‘Mold is a common, tnscientifie name the sub-world, Tt will not be long, howfor fungi and what © gaze at isa ever, before we come upon those’ lively. microscopic form of mushrooms really creatures, the water fleas, both male and or to female, although. the ter will greatly stools. 1 ants present. then outnumber the former. We proceed b) selves Hike reat bushes of fine fu: faking a small sample of water from the may find many other interesting ex: jar with a medicine dropper and pla fof fungi on old chee se, plants, an A drop or Gvo upon a glass slide, This is Dark of trves ‘On our next excurs jon, we come to the brought to focus under the objective

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

THIS IS THE FOREST PRIMEVAL will tees forest ite this, with swaying tendele

2528

leaving the tube of the microscope in a vertical position so the water will not run olf and carty the specimens away The water flea is recognized by" its jerky method of swimming. It'uses anything but the Australian eravel, We shall not need a powerful objective for this crustacean for, fall grown, i is one-sixtecnth of an inch long, Indeed, nature has provided it with some pretty decent equipment, If we watch closely we shall find that it has a head, a compound eye, feathery antennae, mandibles, and a tail, If our Tight is good, we shall be able to see the whole interior of Ue little flea, ‘The beat ing heart will be visible as well as the digestive organs, If se are watchful, we will Tind_a female with undeveloped’ eggs in the back of her body ‘Sooner or later, we shall come upon a creature named for the mythical giant, Cyclops. Here is another crustacean that amblesjerkily through the watery lanes, He is a formidable appearing ‘creature, with a single eye in the center of hig fat head, a pear-shaped body, and a spike-like tail, Like the flea, he 1S provided with antennae, but he has hive-pairs of legs. The females may be distinguished hy the bags of eggs they carry on either side of Ueir bodies. In our exploration of these lively scones, eventually we come upon & Tittle creature that is a Sort of primer 1

FIRST willLIFEshow FORK. lass amncbas, the NALS HOLD GLASS

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of life, a simplified edition of all living Ukings. This is the ameeba, It abounds in the mud and decaying vegetable matter a the bottom of pools and ponds, Tt meas tures about one-ninetieth of an inch but unfortunately we cannot describe an ameey. The best we can do is to say ‘tiny mass of protoplasm of no e shape but capable of assuming ferent forms, ‘The ameba has no organs. With its slimy little body, it can make projections that serve as Iinds or feet, When it is Iungey, it wraps its whole body about its vietini ‘and absorbs it, It digests without a stomach, walks without hands or feet, land without trace of a nervous system, it responds to stimuli, We shall indeed be forlunate if we can observe the birth of an ameba, the simple trick of a creature tearing itself in half to make to. Toleresting as the amozba is, ‘we shall have to leave it to seek other wonders. For speed and prowess, we take our hats olf to the polyzoons, the playbays of pond life. These tiny’ things, of which there are 1 number of varieties live in colonies and are usually attached to the roots of aquatic plants. The polyps have strong family ties for they are found bound together with a sort of mucilage that assumes a shape like the mouth of a wine glass while in. the water “The little imps in this strange habitation are execedingly beautiful and when actively feeding, we sce them extending ble and below te, dee tentacles into the surround tone for bulding ie ing areadelicate witha lacy, wave-like motion. In so performing, they create a tiny vortex that draws their food into their mouths. ‘Then there are the rotifers, or “wheclbearers.” We may find them swimming carelessly about or in their idle moments, altached (0 some sort of marine vegelation, We note the sucker-like foot, the trangparent_ body, and the two diss at the head. Examining these distis, we discover where the creature gets its name for we see they are edged with fine lashes called cilia, which wave with such uniformity that one

Gn gTbe ethg cit Cee bg ESP URS USED)

WHERE ARTISTS GET IDEAS are found, slants thatilletent 1yalimony designs08

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

might think they wore revolving. Hence the fame, wheel bearers, "There # purpose to this motion; by means of it theis little creature brings food to ite mouth, ‘The polszoons travel by looping their bodies like caterpillars aliord to mise the diatome— LingWe bitscannot of vegetation ustially found in the sreenish scum in the bottoms of pools, So many forme do diatoms take that men have spent their lives peering at them theoush aie eroscopes ‘ned teving to clasily them. TTPEE diatom ie eielar ani realy 9 one celled plant enclosed in 4 Mlity, hard shel Je i constructed om the principle’ ot the pill box. a'slimy’ secretion eovering the exterior of the cell wall and permitting the pant 0 slide quietly and serenely along. We shall also find. fosell forms of this. life, the live nes being colored gre n with nature's most abundant: paint, chlorophsl As We up txamineout of thethe Tittle brought pool, bitwe ofshallwatersee many, man things that have not beer men tioned i this article. We must cea that the poptlation of the sub-world is almost

2529

as cosmopolitian as it is great, After all this is an excursion, not an expedition. If the curiosity of the serious stadent. is awhetted, hie’ reverted to his local library” where he ‘will find many Looks on microseopy" sad the Tife of the invisible world AAS time goes on, We shall want to extend four operations and sooner or Jater we shal have {o have a sort of butchering table upon which to remove the various parts and viscera of beetles, flies, and spiders, For this work we shall have to make what is Known asa wiseecting microscope, “The that we shall need is a. karly powerfulthine pocket Tens, No detinite. specifica ons either in magnifeing power or physi form will be given but Twvoutd advice gets the best you ean afford. A stall mittor, such as women carry, will also. be needed, The one builder need only Follow cut the die contained iy the simple drawing on 19. ‘There is nothing exitieal about. this machine save the mounting of the. mirror and ‘care shoul be taken to. see that this sat exactly forty-five degrees.

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PPPHE litte standard in which the pocket lens is held. will vary. ‘The matter of mounting the lent will have to be leit to the Ingenuity. of the in reader. should be mounted perfect OFfocuscourse,unlessit adjustment i provided for, Cigar box wood is used along with tiny brads and a good grade of glue, The slante ings members at each end of the machine ate Inand rests and it will be found well to in= clude then for mountfn Tn theshapingmagnifsitheng metalglas , standards the builder should fake care not to use too thin a piece wf brass Te too thin, the lens will vibrate and interfore with vision, “The glass for the table Lop is held in place with Great for carefear ie. of needed Uriving“Ungthesebrads,in place breakingJi the Cop, If the Builder wishes, he may uce fod fort of cement andl so avoid the risk. Fnveident to the use of brats, ; we must not forget cation: more one ‘Ts to’ measure the focal distance of the manic fying glass before we mount it in position,

Scum from Stagnant Pools By Yiolds Dainty Throadlike M ORTON C. WALLING Plants That Are Fun To Canee ark EXPLORED WITH Study witli the Magie Lens YOUR MICROSCOPE POPULAR SCIBNCH MONTHLY SEPTEMBER, 1958 an the chain, they continue to grow and reproduce just the same, ‘Threadlike algw are among the easfest objects to study with the microScope. All you need do is to place a few strands on a clean slide in a drop ot wo of water and add a cover glass. 80 ‘abundant is the supply of material that you seldom need to make permanent mounts. Algm can be found even in winter, in ponds and streams. ‘The flament kinds, although more dificult Uian others to cultivate, ean be kept for some time in an aquarium or in laboratory ars, Simply plnee some pond water ‘containing the algse Into a jar, and add aan Inch or so of solid material from the pond bottom, ‘Yoday you hear much about trans~ parent cellulose film being used to wrap things of many kinds—chewing. gumn, cigarettes, Christmas packages, bathing beauties, and planos. ‘This eel: hulose wrapping material has been, [A slick with o nail at the end for gathering specimens of olgse from ponds available to human beings for only a relatively few years, yet nature, the champion of inventor's, sed it ages ago, EX time you are out for ful, Besides, yout ean learn, among oth= a wall or a drive, take er things, how nature anticipated a and still employs i in great quantitie along a few small hotties modern hivention by some millions of ‘The cells of the algw threads are proof fr jars with tight-fitting: of this. ach is wrapped in a film caps, and collect some of the green of transparent cellulose, ‘This material Pond scum is made up of countless forms much of the outer membrane of setim Unit floats in the water of ponds, slender filaments or threads of alg {he cell, and probably Takes, and stagnant pools, and that among the simplest of plants. ‘Thes has a lot to do with protecting the contents against outside threads, some of which are branel clings to the rocks of ahnost any conditions. In some of the threads, you stream, You can easily tyanster sivall while others are simple strands, are will see empty cells, in whieh the cellumasses of the scum to your jars with very much like vegetable heads. "they the aid of a stick n yard or 86 long. consist of rows of cylindrical cells Jose capsule is clearly visible, ‘These ‘You may thinle this scum an wnsightly cells probably were emptied by some slung together end to end, Although mess, but under your microscope It will, connected, these eells really are rugged. water creature that lives on the plants, reveal itself to be marvelously benti- Individualists, for when separated from In fact, you can observe such tiny ani

Roadside Marine

Gardens

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mals apparently feeding on the cell contents, ‘The cell walls of such plants as Splrogyra, one of the most beautiful forms, are not simple films of cellulose, ‘There are, in addition, layers of cuticle and micilage outside tie cellulose, anda, lining of eytoplasm, or outer cell mate~ Fal inside, But you probably will not, be able to see these different. Inyers wilh your microscope. ‘The protoplasm inside the cell con= tains such things as the cet nucleus, usually in the center; vacuoles, or liq liid-filled cavities; and chromatophores. The chromatophores, or color-bearing, bodies, are often the distinguishing features of an alga plant. Por instance, Spirogyra gets its name from the green spiral bands encireling the eels on the inside, and forming a heautirel pattern In other kinds of threartike plants, the chromatophoresare arranged like s strings of beads, plates, and disks. In some of these simple plants there fare, within the green-colored material, small bodies called pyrenoids, Research has shown that these bodies are surrounded by stareh, and that ti tain albumen, ‘Their ptirpose isnot known definitely, but it is thought that they form reserve stores of food, ‘There ave so many kinds of alge some 10,000 species are known—that it ‘would be impossible even to name them all here. ‘The filament types are numer ous and abundant. Spirogyra is one of the hest known and easiest to find, ‘The filament is about Spirogyra average of a human hair, and each the diameter

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Below is a testing spore in the filament of o freshwater olga

Alam plonts: scumfrom. thaws of lake [ei ie a foment Atof tha common Spirogyra ell is about four times as Jong. ‘The entire filament averages about five eenUimeters (nearly two iehes) in length, Other hairlilee alge that you may. counter include Genieularia, whieh has spiral chromatophores resembling, those in Spirogyra but is considerably smaller; Zygnema, characterized by two star shaped chromatophores in each cell, find usually found near the surface of water; Cidogonium, which often has a membrane marked with sharp ridges ‘and grooves rimming across one end of ‘cell; and Pithophora, which forms restPREPARING ALG/E SPECIMENS FOR EXAMINATION Ab tho fight, specimens Haken from 9 jar ‘ore being placed in a shallow dish for ough examination, or at forms loft foare doter tine whether the desired pros: nh. Below, selected strands hove been placed on a slide ond ore boing stained with iodine, Lewor Fight, shoting ond blue-green fn chloroform water toolganreval presence. of chlorephyil

ing spores that are bulb-shaped, dense, and considerably larger in diameter than regular eelis, Pond scum is green because of the presence of chlorophyll in the filament-type alge of which it Is composed, However, there fave many algal forms which are brown, red, yellow, or purplish-green in color It is these plants, incidentally, whieh ive color to the rocklike deposits around somo of the hot springs in Yellowslone National Park, ‘The plants five In the waters of the springs, al-

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

may be within forty dethough they grees of the boiling point. HE alge that are red, brown, or some other color are really greei at heart. If you find some of these fla. ments, you ean perform an interesting experinient iat reveals the presence fof green chlorophyll. Put some water in a test tube or small hottle and ade several drops of chloroform, Shake tne bottle vigorously, and then let the chioroform settle. Pour off Ute water, which now contains a little ebloroform, and put the colored alg into it. The chloroform will extract the phycocyin which modified the basic color oF the cells, and leave the bright-green chlorophyll, You ean extract the green chlorophyll by. soaking the alge in aleohol ‘The chlorophyll has an important

FOR

YOUR

2531

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

to form canals joining adjacent celts, ‘The contents of the male cell pass part, in Unrough the eanal into the female cell job to perform, It takes lo form a zygote, or spore, which later pros the i way, Some mysterious develops into a new plant. "The emptied carbon transforms by which the plant male-filament cells eventually rot away. dioxide, water, and sunlight into stareh that it ean use for food study of Spirogyra and othTy making repeated observations on INer YOUR algin, you will find it interesting: algie over a period of days or weeks, to apply or some other stain to you ean learn more about their habits ving out iodine eell details. Todine, for inSpirogyra, inspections, ihan by single stanes, will make the nucleus more . y l n o discovered be may" for example, prominent, and when applied in a soli your on in the form of simple Slaments, tion slrong enough to darken the entire first exploration. However, one of the cell contents, makes the cellulose capmost interesting stages of its Iife 0% sule easier to see. curs during conjugation, when two parfilamentous alge comprise only allel filaments are connected by canals, a ‘The small percentage of all algal forms ‘This formation. producing a ladderlike Inown. ‘The group includes the diatoms Spirogyra whieh d by is Lhe tistial metho and a multitude of others of almost, one filaments, two ‘The reproduces. every conceivable form. hale and. the other female, become foined together, and send out hairiike projections called papille, whieh unite POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY JULY, 1933

uuting \Nater Life Microscope

By

Borden

Hall

MAKING A NEY TO SNARE ANIMALS A ND PLANTS FROM PONDS on ware, low TO STUDY rnem IN TINY WATER LL. well NE is never even dimly conscious forworthcreekstudy.also Butwill theyieldbest specimens place of all of the teeming life in the, world ft stagnant pool, where you ean find isa that is crushed under one’s feet larger number of curious specimens of anifor Unat sivims and swirls through the depths of a pond until one views it imal and vegetable life than in any other through the lens of a microscope capable spot accessible to those living inland. of multiplying images 300 times or less, T suggestee d wlthat wean months sago aectten FEA The beginner with the microscope is £0 A, iene mere Av appalled at the multitude and variety of uthed , the to tid bot widemo living and non-living things that may be ccdinny bol the along ragga ard sting # of Forought to the stage of his instrument that end of a pond The sutiee of Ue bottom often he ig unable to decide where to be fom thein ties ngns specimen intesst s, fin his investigation. During the winter Contains y ate that nid_po pools ‘Shecial tine we have the crystals of salt, bread, e scum. AtHough ti bots er wi green mold, lice from plants, leaves, conl, lair, Sh tolile farnee more a goodnthunting tie mikes itrane paper, bits of vegetables, and a host of tticien the Ip bther ‘common household ebjects that of tire on Ue opposite pnge. tis IdeDe fer unending sources of pleasure and iv of ein ele sa pil bole ate stauction rubberthe bysepta heavy to thethiboitom Tn the summer, nature offers a new Tacha hough nei When Panes world to explore, Hn former articles men- tear an rough tothe surtace, the fabs tion was made of the multiludinous forms of life to be. found in. pools of stagnant ‘el be washed ino the hile a by the water, The subject was barely touched tp t whoof lvethe water fon, however, and now we shall tell hove movemen seashorethathavein nearof theoners, Tice Spocimens may be gathered from then e theater availbl anil describe the new equipment we will te i pool slag the iat way may heed. s ile wondrou First, the amateur microscopist must Country. For insane, learn how to pick out the jungles and the Specks of life calle Toraminiera sil of open veldt in which to do his hunting, Aw ten‘ be fad nthe ripples of smd el bordinary mttd puddle that has heen stand- Ir the tide, These ate smal shells of ing in the warm sun for several days is assume they and animals led Sipteel likely bunting ground, espectally if i lies fee variety of forms. Many foros of in a wind-swepl spot. to which, pollen and Heat arg tach to rocks and ees ‘other life-hearing particles have been thse ‘teow in sea water Jf we take 9 ew ore, ‘The running brook of the kiey river Mts Of senwecd ome, making sure to

‘A small hind vegetation lene is usedia toSearel examine bits of spect. ‘ofieneunderwater to be viewed later in the mlcroncepe Keep them in sex water on the way, we shall find they contain a number of inter esting objects; tiny creatures, for ex ale, that trust forth little tentacles to entangle other minute forms of life, © CASUAL examination of this kind, however, i¢ adequate, for if the scene 10 be enjoyed in full, we must develop

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2 special method, ‘The seaweed must be hick in trough’ or cell filled with sea water and viewed with a low-powered objective (the Tens al the bottom of the inicroseope tube.) From the accampansing photograph, you can, see how easily this useful HLlle water eell may be made, 1. is nol only valuable for peering at the strange life thet fastens itself to seaweed but also for examining other specinens that Five on the various forms of vegeta tion iv rank ponds and pools ‘Obviously If would he too much trouble to ran down to the seashore every time

you andwish 1 washedstudy,ta dying ina specimen efoce tube teat 9 placed is aha, being cleaned ya Brisk shaking

WAY WIRE LOOP 9°DIA,

3-FOOT aMUSLIN NET RUBBER

WITH mournWIDE>

When fitted and cheaply, made easily saggesty a hung the inset drawing PondwithIfe a ta gathering as theet isillustration ie con how‘be aseds handle, shows iiitelfoot do this we arrange a fresh-water aquarium into which plant life must go to. supply the needed, life-giving oxygen. Unless the water has"a certain amount of oxygen dissolved in i, our specimens soon will tlie. Ik is easy’ to place subaqueous plants fin Some mud in the bottom of the aqunrjuum, pressing their rootsin and then pour= ing the water over them, Peering into pond water, we find tho interesting, threadlike formations of ogetable matter eafled alee, To discover them, we use -a microscope slide with a stip Co between tore easily Hit fe placed slight depression ground init to hold assent have Moen thoroughly sexed water, When we find a specinien, we Gransfer it (o a flat glass. and use a nore make powerful we wish to examine specimens thisor prob= objective, This transfer is made new collections, ‘To get around to facilitate with the more Jem, we establish a miniature sea right in powerful glass, examination It has been noted previous: four own homes. Tt ean be dane for a few ly that the higher the power of the obpennies, We simply bus a small it aquarium, the closer we get to the objective used, provide it with sand, and fil with sea ject, Mgne ‘are like beautiful. strings of bring to plants sex water, being stte Lo add being vegetable cells, beads the Beats, our thal so about aeration of the water Fastened together make up the en go that those as stich short time,of Lire plant world, Here, to however, in il. Inacommunity Specimens can five nature we can have a teeming ing at tele, affords for some strange reason, has sttung the a onventent way nang sorts of Sea animals cells out end to end. Botanists classify” this, strany WILLE. we ae considering sea Tite let Zsjeoeina and Spirogyra, ‘The lat tus not forget the stunning variclies ff the family of colors and tints that are. provided by fe lenlitial i is the more interesting, ngIt cirhon dioxide through a process called fish scales of ‘various kinds, The sospecimen the stemsof weeds in long streamers, photosynthesis, chosen must be small and thin that it from In stagnant pools, it grows by itself in ASPECIMIBN twill be translucent, These scales are easi= scummy is stained w ha weak, masses, Each cell of this plant ray of parts Ty mounted, ‘Transparent solution of iodine, In sarliee a= its bright green spiral chloroplast, fish, crabs, and other crustaceans offer has ticle, T told how certain dyes are used to form of ehloropiiy] which is the substance color specimens s0 that their less colorful beautiful siudies in animal structure. gives plants. their green color and portions will be more easily seen, When We must also provide a permanent that their ability to make sugar fron water and home for our specimens of pond life, ‘To

THE SURVIVOR

Vol. 6

tis tiny’ plant is treated with fodine, you can see in exch cell he nuiclens, the a cleofus, and the protoplasm as_ yellow No till is greater to (he microscopist than that of witnessing the mysterious process of creation. It is only through the Inieroscope Uhat this is possible, We can see it in connection with spitogyra, Hete we may see tivo filaments coming together, ‘The threads unite and the filaments Jose heir normal appearance, Watehing etose= ly, we note further that the chloroplast Toses its normal form and the cell walls are absorbed, Finally: the contents of (he cells of one of the threads pas into the cells of the other. In a short Line, the blended contents will produce spores from which new plants will develop, NOTHER amazing method of repro: duction is revealed bythe. spinning slobes of Volvox Globator. High power is thot need ed them for they meas to discover ture about one twentieth inch diameter To discover them, we use a in water cell, topping the microscope toa horizontal position and slipping the cell under the slage clips in the same manner as_that used for an ordinary slide, Some of the water is transferred to a slip glass with @ round depression AL first we may not succeed in eapturing the wily globator bul_on the second for third attempt, we shall succeed, Tete is a wonder of Wwonders—life that’ takes the form of halls within balls, Looking closely, we find that the outer ball has tsa Tashes which function like the fins on fish in bringing about locomotion, Ti we are

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patient we can see the outer, ot mother ball, grow old, peel of, and stip away to iis aquatic grave, This exposes the second aver whieh takes up the duties Formerly discharged by Ue Tayer just removed, Animal or vegetable? Thi ie stil a. moot question, Tn water from the bnttom of a stagnant pout, fin another interesting form of ie Ealled sedesis. These ate single-celled so neatly transparent that sve enn sce tteplants, pto™ ftoplasmie (ranstormationsthat are eonstattly eng within them, Heve isa whole afters hoon onoF evening of enjoyment fu isel, WE SEARCH decayed vesetable oF ani imal matter for the egesof the common house fly (Diptera ar Gwo-winged cassaff sete), Soone a Hater the, anaee 1‘eesvedfest to a sly ghse along sith abit of the matter, and place thea tinder the ype with Bose-poweeed oh jective for Tone istwaiting, for the hhouse iy, ase all Rove, (ast breeder In two day the ges have hatched and the hhnvge set about feeding on the sdeeayed tats ter, Sig day of this and they enter the pupa ate, The fully develuped insect-conses alter ‘one seven diye fn the chryealie form an the amatette meroseopist eat flo this et tite slevelopmnent Further stinly of the ordingty house fy nay be eartied on profitably, We capture a hig fellow, give him am aeohol bath, andl peo coed to dismember him swith, our “operatin fequipment, Avwing is pulled eff with: the inveevers, placed om slide, and. exatained Naluve is 4 ynasterfal altplane designer 98 We hal note. A Te fs cByped oll nt the body joint with tiny shears or a razor blade, JU ipped thehetwoen to glas es ul placed on the ae, Now we se ote Miesso easily clin the ‘wall and walk on the eciling Powerful claws yin-each foot in addition to brit with

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

which the fly grooms itself, We cut outan eye, place it on a glass and ship a high-powered objective diameters) piace. We honeys notice fine eve 4(300covered with dotsinto tevembling ‘omb constrtetion, Each dot isan eye in iteelt a housand eyes in one, T 2 same nrocess carried out with the with larvae. A large colonyinosuit, ofthese staring pests may be thestarted by merely plicing-a bucket of stale water, taken oud pase, in a sunny spat in the backfrom vata If we replace the water it evaporates, We shall notice ia short timeas Title objects mor ine about by Ripping thee tails, The small hut may be seen with the naked eye.are y Some nf them are scooped into elass and placed in 1 water cell. a lower-powered abjective i necessary to Only sluly these insects, The mosquite Fs not an aqueous anna. tas to breatheaga ‘while it fives in the water take is ‘oxygen supply from it TheHe cannot periodic tips the lnevae tothe surface are noticed, Eafach insect pokes its breathing apparatus through the water surface, sucks aie, and drops back, Now we can uderstand how the Govern: ment experts ill countless hillions of these bests every year. ‘The objective of the micro: Stupe feet ona line with the surface of the water in the water cell Sty moving may then sweep the whole line of thetheeelwaterwe tirlace, A siysle dropof heavy oil fs placed on the surface of the water with a medicine dronper. It immediately: spreads out into. a thin, fouh film, Up_come the larvae to. breathe They push againct film. tis eaetic abd swe ste give under thethe oipresece but Hloesnot Ineak. Azain and gala the insect strupsles to break thzovgh to the source of life-givi foxsten, but the film holds and the lareae ngat Inst sink to the bottom of te veseel dead Exerywheve there i work anid fun for the sunaleur microscopic. ‘The more serious sli‘ents ate strongly advised to read one or more elementary hooks on biology and botany

ROM a six-volt doorbell transformer an old flash-tight ease, and a radio-dial kump, you ean make a microscope illuminator that will prove ‘useful Ine many Kinds of subjects, ‘As shown in the illustrations, tunining the two ends of the flash-light ease © combined to form a lamp housing | which is mounted om tie t sformer ag a base, For even diffusion of light, grind both surfaces of Uke flat “ens” with moistened abrasive powder to give a ground-glass effect. ps soldered to the lamp hold color filters, ‘ORE of Taye SIDE capunbeD Bole danse FRICTION oaSIT,

BASS on ALDH ‘OUTER PLATES. pOREuLiait BATTERY CASE

Tesronven UFERUINAGS ib’ ish Arie B iOe laren PIECE METAL’ «

Adivstmontismedo by loosening the Knurled nuts hold ing. the strips of metal that form the lamp support, Left, close-up of illuminator with color fillerr on

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Hunting Little Big Game with. ey Microscope

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POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY NOVEMEER, 997 porary feet, pseudopodia. "The mocha Hterally flows into ils foot, as you will discover by watehing one with your Inicroscope, Amoeba proteus is” the best-known member of the group. It is essentially a naked single cell, look ing not umbke a drop of jelly that contains several solid partictes, When first placed ona slids, the amieba usually gathers Ilsell into a globular drop, but after a time you will see a branch grow out from the drop and perbaps another and another. ‘These are the temporary feet. WiLlt them, Ure amaba moves about, ¢ gulting bits of food, ‘The processes that go on inside an amosba are rather complicated aul ean best be studied A with the aid of a good textboule tht describes them in detail Other members ofthe amba's famiiy Lake any of a variety of appear Some of Uhem secrete a sub

XPLORING probably fascinating of sport ean enjoy it as mnich ais yin want to nif you have a microscope, tn Vading new reahns with your mi Tenses enn he just mit fascinating s any expedition to the jungle or wcean floor aun a whole tol ehexper and safer. or example, you will thud the thrill of marine exphorstion in es auniningthe strange eveatures Ural in habit the waters of slagaernt pt garden pools, nquarians, stil the tke rhe mileroseopie anbnats gromperl under the peueral-naiie of Ise gellior provide endiess entertainnent t lozoa the micrasenpish heenuse Mie are se plenti¢ul bath a form amd i nunnter ‘urthermore, the Protezon are at vet importance Lo science heen eing the simplest. of living animals ‘onsite fof but single animated ell Utes at Tord a means of sludying funlantentat ite processes, For instanen, # Dunrongly study of the erawting aia cil) toll the seientish much about the sywehatiie feells forma in Hke human body. sind MORTON CHE ty lion serh about diseases traceable bat get into the human system WALLING "There are several convenient son of protozoans, Perhaps Ube sinplest way of enlleetingg a supply is th 4 ernseape desk, auisfer, with a dipping: Tittle expedition, equipped with tho or a icine dropper, a drop oF twa pring tube or bottle amd a jar teasing 2 hE Lhe pind svater to at clean microscope Berew eap, for the pirpase of ealloeting slide, “Gel some of the solid materint, water from stagnant ponds, Tile parks, ton, Tay a elean cover glass aver the anid the like, ‘There is hardly any oper Hlrops, aud you are ready for the Leek body of water that dors mol seri STH inte nplanstn coinlyy. Ag for magn interesting microscopic life fentions, Aly or LOD diameters is sth a vf merely consists tube dipping ‘The sient Int general searching, heats Unis straight piece of glass Iubings al bol fives fess vestricted field and better of the {ube hrrv« foot long. If the ends ithnuinatinn, to say nothing of the elear= forlofinitinn in many mileroseanes, ATLor sharp erges, heat the ghuss in a pons oahel tame until the edges have ben have located ane interesting spect= ne riinided, ‘To Use Lhe tube, hiokl ene torn, and perhaps persuaded it to re fe shot seit main still by one of the methods definger and plang the ofhor end tite the water to Ue re ceria holo, you can siwitelto higher sisived depth, "then raise your finger wre fo eloker study for tc montent b» permit the trapped air Recause of the great many different Tor esenpe, “The water avill tise in Che protazoans i is impossiile to deserihe Linbe La ila normal devel, Replace your AIL of them here, However an attempt Finger, and you ean HEL the Labefil oF Will he made Lo mention, al least, some stor mil einply it ito yone enllection ‘of the more aud important Far, In such ebtieeting,OY to get 1 con= varieties Biologists ave divided the Protez loralie quantity of solid material fro Hs pont bottom. ‘Phe sting’ bayer into Unree groups, the amaboid praflagelinte Hat uenally covers Mie bottom is rele tozoans or Sarcodtina, the protozoan oF Mrstigophora, andthe inv tiving, erentures. fate. protozoans or Infusorin, J alippingy bottle is. salt ‘The first group gets its mame from. oor wit fasttoened the end at a > that it looks ike a ghass-headedt the amoba, simplest of one-celled ani‘These ereatures have one out. erogel mallel, Te is used tke 2 dipper mals. iy gcnap material tom Uke otto of standing charaeteristie: they move about by extending the protoplasm that ein oe pm imalces up the cell until it forms tem When son have returned to your nk

HUNTING PROTOZOANS Living creatures ate easily captured in slegnent ponds fr ily pools with the sim bottleby pictured ple dipping fore, I t fe made 19.2 mall vial to Thofosten:ond ole tlick by moans of rub: jor bonds, or. illosrated above, ond is used like. Slipper to seoap up samples from promising locations stance that hardens into a protective covering. Others her together Ling grains of sand nil cement them into 4 hollow shell, You will be astonished by the still displayed by these simple teroatives, for the grains look as it they had heen silted together by a aster Taso, and the shape is as tunifurm anu exael as if am architect ox enginecr had supervised the work, rypleal of these -sand-geain masons is Digtuyia ueceotuto, TL builds an Ingenioss sand shell shaped like an fokb fashioned balloon, ‘The side com partment of the shell is slightly lurger Chan (iat fnbabitant required for (he amubatike pseadopodhe a Diklagia ean yreduce forthe purpose of twill, and extend them There food. capturing about_or moving formes taken by: the fire numerous other Tike Dilugia, » You sheils o¢ creatures stich shells Srill have no trouble Gnuding pond your in If they ave present enough to water appear may be large for they eye, fsa tiny speek to the unaided of a ‘Avcelta pulgiris isan of exnnyle. Mie anil emootivshelled relative 1ooks When seen from above, the slut sont Tike a dayghint; fron the ‘Pheside, ione-cell wihial resembles @ football.out pseudopodia, Anima, whieh can pull yal Tike ali Hts otter near by relatives, strands tiny. shell tte (0 tached Areetia hag a shell anarteed Sonuclines with undulations,

THE SURV

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

In 0 drop of wat you will tind “ere Tres as stronge os Whose of any jungle

Yorticolls companvlo onchored to. Fixed objoct by ite Epringliko. stem, At the right fsa ‘reup fans, withof “protoro. ‘stroamTine’ Euglense in greatest numbers Flagellate protozeans inves on wistie. fealitye [ati ena lo recognize them, ‘They moe sl means of tlayells, oF slender thseas es fending, lke a whip, usuully. Tram one end, "Hy Taabinge these ttireaits sboat the ereatures draw or pists theniscton Unrough the water. When anty a sie agellum is present, Hnetally ie at tis Front end. By: whiyping it whol anintal draws itself slong, Mlusy of ds Organisms have several fsyrlly railing behind fn sane extend the side COMMON form of thayettate splenwe vividis, Ths 2 easel ur! Streaniling erature seith a slightly Founded forward end, From which the Magellan extends. Ve tutes bs dn the center, Usialy ayelewst ta sees heeause of the chlor ant whieh iy believed to, manufaeta ings foo jo Bometimes the renin Ing and Ue anima Gen apes along by caplutelugs wtsies fe the flagellum end yi make ot a red spot eve spot brentise He hs hetiowes sitive Votvoweto Djs dota formed sphere Is aout int ier on the slide, “This wrest ae: b 4 ‘Weolony’of Mayolltins namie sn eral hundted. ‘The fst "tine to eaptine: Volvox In ibe spain Cilate bv protnzonnie Wiltoe fren Ne ts wtlates by fines lt Cilia, “Whiet Utey msn Scares of oars Fs old Fema galley, to propel then ves Chronyty the water otto. fan Lhe wer pst thon and bring food parte Shee Parumechnn within teach, eeetatian ts perhaps the Dest "Kehawen meter of tis jerote is

ealled ecuise Shon. Icing em

algo the “stipper antinat i i shaped sumertal likeut I ie characterize hy its covered tnitoemlyd wilt sities annie sulin with

* hee fhne, lowby ‘anid

WV Lt the ars nechuns is froe-sivim= piu, anbthe ciliate, Vortieetta campannta, anchors Huet to sine. fixed object by mieans of a slender theend Cat Teean evil up Tike a corkscrew. In gene feral, i looks somewhat like a bell-shaped Tity hlostom ona lung stem, A Tineof cilia aroundthe outer end (eitiaey disk) borings food to Te "The niveleus Toots Hee creed band, When. Vorticella is frightened, as by some objet atic contacts ruuddenty Bie a hing, ye rings jerking Ue anipyat out AU {he sine Linte, Vortieet Huraeds straw into tin potyinorlons is an interesting. Thtt” ean either swiny about or

Sprooding slide to trap@ layer «crossof al

uischor ilself to a slaye or bil of vegeta tion. TL is shaped like 4 lange funnel. The lupper end of Lhe funnel How of stron effin, whieh bearshelp fn spiral motion anid food jeathering. “The body.foco-ta covered spineswith soaller eiliay abd aay have Some slso, This is one Ure arier protozanns: IL 48 found on of routs, and Teaves of water plants, Coles hints Woks Somevehiat Hike Ditsingin because It has @ hard shell (hat ude. Tes shell Is of consisting, of rows iia project the ‘The mouth be enciveled by vow ofplates, Sntorinixed with large el -_ Coleps teeth oc fears int ponds and in hay fusions Urat ave etaod a Ione time, ‘here are seoren of other eilinted prolozoans, anyone pf whieh your may find tinder Your tens.” Some loole Hike pare umeeia, white others de not look file ‘sthinge in particular. ‘Phe best method OF making Wentitleation, if you want {0 ize In serlowss study. is to obtain ble referenes huoke containing pica fires and deseviptions 1 ADDITION to eotlectingg water from svenms, and eve tie. ocean youponds, enn obtain protoroans fia natn rather ways. A ear ‘on. Simply gather a hendfut ry grass or hay, and put it to soak a water. Usually, water from pondjaror orsiveam fa better than (hat from tiie city mains or sell, “After afew ass, you ought to a bave an _abundance brSmalemieroscopie tite—along. with consid odor, whic you ean dishepard, Another way la ollain speeiniens 1s to xathee haltdeoayed watertily of other rquaie-plant eaves and put them ii jar of water fort few days Teiylena ean be preiced abundance by covering some Crushed reo vith pond water far hwo seeks. Parameeia eam be Yaised 1 a enlhure nade by biting dye

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A hay infusion, made by pul fing ried gros into oar Ira full of water ond. Iole (git stand, will provide many. inferesting specimens

Lained by dissolving gettin Ute ised for desserts will da) in, the ssater Anetwortt formed of cotton thers oF fibersof @ plece of Miter papier will 1 strict (he afea of movement of Une (hig ventory leaves for a quarter of an l, and nextt doy sai oating materia containing’ns aadparameei water jarsof waler Keep infusio Tight, but not in the bv Tite pond taining t. dixect suntighfind many protozoans You ‘will to sat d in detail, observe he 2 too lively ions wave slowing Hien of t a v are Mherw demi by “Yow ean males very ther allute givin iilentol a deop of nie eas toding the water on theA filleslide, albumen Chloreto«tite be ted Instead, wil slow Ue Of ogg) addeto dthe water Imoverents, Similar resalts ean be ot

Some

Toyou slow can upsnarethethommovements wilh cotton,of tinyor putanimale, thom Yo sloop with on encathelie, as shown below

OU may have difienlty in secinge the flagella or ellit ot protaronts delicate [iemination Davleteld wil bi hhave the necessary eqnipiaen method by to stain the eile stainingefixing sluo rgly consists of Lyra eubie ferhy, forty enbie centimeters of x satu rated solution of phenol Ceatbotie avidy in water, twenty eulle continoters of formalin, and len milligrams of gentle violet dye. Tn mixing, add a fox drops of water to the dye, ad (hen ‘adi the otter materials, Place a drop of this reagent nid a dyop of the infusion to be studted together ana slide, If staining § (an

Things You Should Know About Microscope Lenses

HIF {erm “compound microscope’ } J is used to distinguish a certain type of multilens magnitying in= strupient from simple microscopes sch as Sherlock Holmes's reading lass, A compound microscope eon sists essentially of a tube having: at ite lower end an objective lens or system of lenses and al its upper end fan eyepiece or ocular system. ‘The objective acts like a Liny, short focus simple lens it may even he ‘such a long—and magnifiesthe object fon the slide, forsning. an image near the Lupper end of the tube. ‘The eyepiece, cling Tike another simple lens, is Focused on the image formed by the objective and magnifies it still further Magnification of @ nilcrescope is commonly changed in one of three ways by using © higher or lowers powered objective, by using an eye blece of different magnifying power, or by increasing or decreasing Une Lube length In selecting @ microscope, magni

fieation should he a secondary sideration. Magnifieation alone iy worthless; the Tenses must. give 1 resolution as well, Tn other the details of Uke magnitied smage rmnist be elear, A cheap instrument may prodnice a magnification at 40) diameters, as the manutaclurer eliims, ut Uke image will be so blurred be Cause of poor resolution Ubi a whatever 48 gained by the magesien tion, Resolution depen primarily: upon the materials and worknianship Ut go into the lenses, ‘The tise of Wigh= rade optical sas , plus caretal grinds Ing to eliminate ae many of the ine herent tens Giulls as posible, i neeessiury. Such things eost money, which coounts for mick, of the seemiayely high price of @ good microscope Microscope lenses may or may’ not be markedlo indicate their power al other characteristies. Presently practice is lo mark. “professianal type" objectives to indicate their focat

1 miagnitying power, apertan an 3 metines the degree of col curreetion, Usually of greatest inter= feat La the averay e amattent is the pox erally stumped in some sue 1s "10 X,"" meaning that the lens has a Thea® magnifieation of ten, Amateur aniereseopes seldom are nuked sor objective power Eyepieces, when marked, bear some saire ns &) at 1D, or maybe & inulica ting the nuniber of times they maysniry: the wage formed by the objective. § aot Chase intended foe ge Ww jevtives highly curreeted for cole hear iurther markings. Again, anany. mater anierosenpes bear na mare ‘nthe ocala, pial miagniiication of a compound letwscope it determined aecarately, enongh Tor all practical purposes by reading the seale on the draw tube, when one is provided, or hy multiply: ing the maxnitieation of the objective by Mat of te exepiece,

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deep, use tess reagent It the water. Making permanent slides of pro zonns fs a Title more dligicwlt tHe 9 ing slides of simpler spectiiets diatom skeletons, because thet ‘be Killed and fixed sil hort tures Aistortion. First it bs necessary to trap the proto zoans. ‘This 1s done in the sane way ti with asflypaper, Bf you fome capture albumen fiesfixative follows: 1 the whiteat am eq, Tet He sauna seh, fand then skin the froth off the tap. ik ter the rematoing Iiquld thvongeh etal bo Uheongt paper with the akd pf suction

2537

and add an equal amount of glycerin To prevent. spoiting, introduce. Title thymol or salieylate oe soda, abut a halt tain Tor eneh taventy cue eentinteters, M AR the slide with this fixative, and drop on the lm a Hille water cor Gaining the specimens tho water slight evaporite til the fixative i poly iy moist Then immersetive sti inthe fis ‘agent, which will atl sand. srt A suitable fixer consist of (on ebbie centimeters of saturate SohuLion of eorrosive sablinrate i water tind one cubic centimeter af, glactal foetic ackl. Fix for neverul minutes, then

HuntingSrranck POPULAR SCIEN

MONTHLY

By SEPTEMBER, 1935 Moron Watune

(

1 tycden"Thephotographed werat projection self badto" formwhieh a Tater separate

}]

slain, debydrate, andl mount in balsam (NOTH: solutions containing, corrosive sublimate are very polsonorn, Havtle them with great eare, of the reach of ehikivenand) lee then ene ‘You ents, of co here dehydraandtingthereand moxnting hn bal fer staining, ean mount in giveceio, Simply put a you few drops flyeerin fonplacethe slide, and set-asidof e dilute in a until ihe water evaporates. dustless add Ihe caver glass, seal the welje ‘Then wilh parattin, and finally ring with Itequee

Creatures ¢, Mi CrOscCcope

Protoronns and ter mi Stainen with neta! fed, Stine icover late and taking tore blotterowheldsniderneath opposite

iimaete

find the hunter who ay Asti tiger with similar intone tins, i= mainly one-of the size of microscopic ame. andCapturing thetnanisms making them fan be every bit as exciting behave a8 the subduing of larger ania is ‘Thre much safer ood reasons most every are amateur turnstowhya rapal Sf stagnant water for his fst thls jin inerostopye-and a he topure Toneretains tine ad again as stich isa In life, adeop hobby wth his teeming fues Sword a world reople! lite bya sceningly Mange creatures enless which atevarietyalwaysof Tends to put on a shoss, These tnteresting Herformers stall ate ot iil Co fin for they abound in back-yard ily pods,

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rondside ditehes, fish aquariums, avd wherever else there is water that stands Uundisturbed for considerable lengths of inne. The ereatures fo he found in such places have heen described in earlier articles of this series, Doubtless, every: microscopist, who has been engaged in his hobby more than a few hours, alveady has made the acquaintance of many of them, He has discovered that iL is nol always an easy matier to miake them behave while he studies them. Tn fact, even to find a par ticular specimen may be suprisingly di cull; and when, at last, iL is captured, it nay’ add insult'to injury by galloping all dover the slide, making it next to impossible

eurth your

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water will rush into the tube, earry ing some of the sediment with it Rephice the finger, HfL the tube ot, anil transfer its burden’ of water and sediment toa bottle, Use the same method to Lan Jer speciniens from holt to slide Akl a quantity of dry hay to a jar of water and Tet if stand for two oe three

How to Make Permanent Slides

[Ths ep in taking is 0 5p specimens3 peomanent for animal Side Het slide to fixative ply'a coat of albumen

‘wink a iadipping tubes to the slide. ater transfered ‘These of theaidsdipole ube, explained in this article, tn co sndprowestandyinmat

‘The prgtoroanssitetapped on, theby i 3Inersing Bemensdoated are Seed it in. Worcester’ fait, Torn for which fs given else

2538

days ina cll-lighted place, but not in divect sun it, ML the end of that time, ie will contain surprising number of mi ccroscopic specimens, Water that has been stancling in 9 container for a day or bwo is etter than water taken ditectly from a Sauwet, because il is free from excess dissolved oxygen and other gases, Lettuce Teaves also can he used to make an infusion that will provide other types of Tittle animals An aquarium, especially one that con Inins Doth fish and growing plants, in which the water is not changed atten, will-yield normally invisible menagerie that w keep you busy for hours, ‘The waste matfor that collects on the battom, frequently is alive with rotifers, litle creatures whose activity and complesity of structure makes them interesting mnicrascopie subjects, With the rotifers may he found litde swormlike animals or nematodes, close relalives of vinegar eels, Hydas, many-armed animals just barely visible to the naked sometimes can be eaptured on dhe is of an acariam nearest the Tight. The usual way of preparing these org isms for observation is to transfer they Tora elean glass slide in a dap of the san water in which they are growing, and then Tower a elean cover glass over the drop to flatten it ot in a-thin layer, Tf you are not careful, the water will evaporate fore you kiow il, and your z00 will shut tup shop ina huiry. TU takes scarcely a half hour for all the water ty disappear fiom beneath a cover glass under average conditions, thowe the only surface in canlaet with the air is a thin line around the edges of the 60 Every fifteen minutes or so, add water fo tint on the slide, Simply place, wit the aid of a medicine dropper ot pipette, litle water on the slide atone edge of the cover glass, where iL will touch the

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Dut will not flow over the top. ‘The water will be drawn between slide and lass by capillary attraction, Ii you must leave the preparation for longer than a quarter hour, there is a Simloss of your specimens. way af preventing ply apply a ribbon of petroleum jelly along, the slide edges, so that it forms a seal that preventsthe alr from reaching the water Some kind of “grease gun’ will haveto be used for this. Perhaps you can obtain an empty collapsible tube of the type commonly used for applying salve to the eyes, Such tubes have long, slender nozzles, Fill the tube by removing the clip ab the end, and, if necessary, fatten (he nozzle slight ly to. make the ribbon thin and wide Snough. Another way of making a petroletum-jelly gun is to fit fine-tipped medicine-dropper tube with a Tile plunger iat can he pushed forward to expel the jelly. Tn fil ing sch a gun, do not include Any more air than is necessary To. study a lively paramecium, rotife or microscopic worm while it is. cruising bout beneath the cover glas , is a matter ‘Of juggling move Uan any thi i never-ending mary is enough space beneath the cover glass, in a single drop of water, for so much activity to take the cruising space of the creatures,

ANYviractiiceaties tiseapecinen desirabletoslow Tere down Mi areihe water several evaporate ways of doing tvs,Ihe You it un cover gas, dha tie presses side by thethespecies sla t‘ogi s toyards ofthea wate, ey notcoatforebly nove enough wih 0 teva aggy yet crash thers’ Te dstdvant age OF tis stunts thatthe tures are smashed completely, or die from lacthereof isowater orsomeoe,istrton fs ot very ea as fsa of Some te presen ‘ nieroscopists mix eatin withthe brovluce thick Hui in which the animats Hd i iicul with tirat customs anyrain speed, letVow toean nzate obtain gelatin any lla de ea form; the ore itehen varety dtended for making desserts, also is suitable, = Perhaps the easiest way of confining the actisities to snailthatareas and oss themof thedotenspecimens t o a speed permits teaed study, to place nin oftinnry absorbent cover Bass fore adding colton the dropDental of water.te Spread the cot.Bee

within the meses of this Eeept within bounds, deal theie structuge ean bye AAithoucl observed aby great studying ofprotozoan amd other ininute organisms in thelr natural condition, the application of stains will bring out otter? wise invisible charaeteristis, But the majority fof microscopic stains quickly Although it looks tke 4 plant, the strang ieate ereatunes, often causing themkill tothese. fold updelHivos" the sea. Jt was stained to show fe steetre into meaningless balls. There #y however, an

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

canner |

is a chance to try your eye at a micrascope detective work. ‘The

specimen shown in the photomierogsaph Stas found ina pool, drop ofDosediment from 4 you recognize backs iar about ils general apyou of aby it remind pearance? Does Inicroseopic animal you have seen? jotIf Souihe day have any Meas as to ts identity, anLand mato ie esos Sciewce Mow’ mn, | rato, Po 353. Foul snue, New York, N.Y

Sitiendigtomskete lant Reinty. Tiving eughit fone

format nse,right great At the diatom whieh isa was enside an during.albumen:the

Eonisoaweithvehtchtbeylive 18 nowwork of cotton fiber, place om of tiny sndmeate fe mounted ight ccaey way of applying stain to tiving protoid the ke TPPHEblainalle alse commonly ws issupply. noua hoses ro front biolosieal of the luager dru stores ‘weak ind somesolution by sliseolving one tenth uf fam it 1000 cubic eentinastersuf water, This fe 'npprosimately equivalent to. thee. gras fndupois) dissolved in 4 ayoatt of water There are tivo ways of wey. the stain, One fs to placenl adrop of iat the edce of the cover then persuade HL to flows acs by applying a blotter at the beneath the Your ean sich the staining the infusorians and color the eramutes, inside their bodies. Another way is to mis a drop of theIsingstain thewithspecimens, four or fivelet dropsHacof water eo Tor inte, nid then teansfer a drop of the preparation toa sti The making of permavent slides of proto poate firacess anethat minute’ might nuany-eeltad be claesad ag animale a shot, iafot the elements nf uucertanty and suepnise sre prominent. Becauseof thie smallvess ‘nd de Feate strcutes, and often thei ability to fol hipPietieniar inte somethings that resembles sehen asthine happens. nothing ty iterin fee ith their normal activities, these tiny nivale are tot tall easy to mount Twever, 1 good! protozoan sie i He worth al the trouble involved. i makine The Drocess involves, brief cementing the annals tothe slide, killing and fxinwe the, staining,

ANE TO HOLD TINY ANIMALS om off theeinslide waived when fofee hold hem salt “examinations ttt plseed of on cotton the steis removing water, and applying the mounting fen aul ese 8S,

ate fate we fo fas ANERS ening therm to the side eo they wl not To make during beatsubseqient igethis InetIiative of a ct wn the eshte handling, tll Combler ieila foams, then 8 feoth oFoF container.pourLeti€ie ilostad Oni Scum has collected at the top. Teanste the ‘lene liquid were scan, to another com cn lve tes prevent spoiling, adi vo rams. of trin. To at cent theyate! of soa to each 100 eubie ton mistre Filter theo the of treters bot ees, a 8 properly labeled inteChance ts breve halveSomei rig atiny drop of the albumen ith ont this Spread each, uf center {ie even film. Setare theHot finecr into in a a verydust-freethin,place, if they athe Ades fo be weed immediately each slide drop of the center theof organisms. Tey toi thse Tinceeaterin contains tle as litle sant and undesirable debe 25 Hrssbie, Inspect each slide with, the mero cope at this point to minke sive that it eon use a tains. theglues desired. m fat trace the sides om -Do_not Place Specimens. cover Si Ut tens dey until oy a sghily most Flot renting where the water deop i, Nowe

ransfer them to the fixing solution, whieh hails 'the tiny animals aud atthe same time fodiens so. that they are not “Ueit_ ‘fixes slurunken or distorted ‘There are several ‘preparations ued for ising Gseue, while may. commonly ployed on pratozanns, One, Woreester’ been Tor. {5 prepared according to: the following Mid, rou: Fornalleiyde (10 percent formlin solution), ane ounce; water, three ounees;, and as much biehloride of motcury” (corrosive Sublimate), as will be dissolved DICHLORIDE of mercury is a powerful poison, so be extremely: earful in. han i T is obtainable in tablet forin, (0 dlling for three eaveraze-size tablets eng Sulient solution for the amount of formaldehyde sold sally Keep ‘Thei of Tormaldehye sivendug above. stores s 10 percent strength. AL the solution ia a bottle plainly marked "poi. lay is a picrie-alcobol solution made 45 follows: forly fcubie centimeters: ethyl aleohol Water, ninety-five percent, forty cubie centimeters; nd pierie i 0.16 sam. state Aid Sain the skin yxy go avo hauling ie any mone than fe necessary. ix each slide for a fer's Mid, and then swashhalf in hourseveralin Worces changes of water, aver a similar period. staining materialsean be used, Eosin, Various haematoxylin, iotine, acid uehsine, mer= fufochrome, and many thee staine wil give ood resi using two sans together, ‘such a8 casi anid hematoxylin, ea he applied hy’ imineesing the sideThe in stain a sol tion of it, or by faying the sli on a level sure face and’ spreating lille of the slain ‘over the area containing dhe pot Specinaens. Ininute ot more will be requited for com A half Slaining. Ifthe color is too deep, it Us ean be reduced ith aleoko

FTER staining, the final mounting ean be accomplished by specthe -halt water @averhalt-and Solution of tlyeerin andflowing men area, Felting this stand for a ball hour, sd then seplacing it with pute glyeerin, finaly nding the cover gli. Remove excess rin with a piece of bloiter paper Til the glass is dey, and thenor liter seal the cover lass in place with jg size. Such a slide wil fast for a long time, but is not as rugged or permanent ag a Datsim mount Before balsam can be specimens nuust be dehydrated, "Thissed,is theaccompli shed by leaving the sliles for successive half-hour

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Iwtiods in baths containing ffty-, seventy Gghty-five-, and hinety-five-peecentaleahol This necessary to remove the mercury that cn. tered the ‘ecinens during fisiog will the Worcester Mid. To edo this, ad odie to the seventy-percent sleabot bath until is eo! fred fairly deeply. Usually, nnety-five-pee ent alenhiol je strong the. bnal Hath, althonety absolute const alcohol isforbetter, pat= Lcutaely in a damp cfnat ‘When all water ae: heen removed, Mood cach slide with xylol for a minite or twa, tirsin, place'n drop of balsam inthe center, ‘and‘Voutlowerwill thefind caver lass intoto place ie insteetive espevinient a Tittle with this proctss. For instance, yout may Ine able to poddare excellent slides by pati them ditectly into ninety-five-fercent lento in whieh some iodine has been dissolve, after straining and rinsing. Change to second ninely-five-percent alcohol (without iodine) for fifteen see onus or bath, $0, and then to the syol. Leaving te alcohol will remove Somepecimens staing, toa suchTong a6 in cosin, Tn teansteering slides from Water diteelly 40 ninety-ivepore

2540

cent aloloh, of ctrents from the which strong mightalcoholproveto Cle isin Ivnubiesone are avokted if th ste fe planged quickly heneath the second fluid, aus Ffsoluios, or handingspecial sltfes sidesaining bn mnen quis daes.Jus OF36 r s , with grooved sks, are avalable Mtelscinry are issmallsityerates or jasone wit insite daitete more han hehtt Soa, bac ceca Hertel them without fear of darkaging the specimens

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Hf you merely take a of water from the Faucet atid put it ona drop slide, the chances seceralIt million to one that yout will find are nothing. prohably is a fact that mero water supply in. the. world contains.every city nisms, and. frequently other interesting such as insect legs. ‘To capture the te iL i necessary to. strain the. water Ure very, fine silly Water is allowed. to fri tlio the sill for several minutes after tehich the layer of seffment is washed from it to a microscone slide, Vou ean make a holder for the silk froma ten-cent strainet, "The finding of rotifers ste like et Loves, pieces of insects, diatoms, algae, and Smile Uns fn your drinkin water does not inwlicate that sou should stop dining. Tt Such creatures visvally are dend when found, fad the insignificant amotnt of seat oF vey table matter you consume by drinking. the water, means iothing at all. Anyway, your Food i equipped with defensive fotces to han alle such organises as may enter it in food and waler, and by other routes,

TPIS mors of woatng protozoan wil vn ill Tid atthe are time serve to ti cope other interesting plant fora i annals. Although nay he desitable to have the specimens se led, there {3 no particular objection to have Hine diatoms aul ammoebs, or other annals, on the same slide, ‘They live together in nate Your adventures i a deop of stagnant was terthat nayyou Teadrink,you Hyour to avonsTerrelish goat for dhethe water wit Tell hot be dictuehed. by anaking supe Uiscoveries avout ty enn have funit make Jing a tnieroseapic: examination Organ min Vast Variety of Forms Proves a Fascinating Study— How to Mount Diatoms for Your Collection rOUND WI ri YOUR

Matchle Iss CHlowers

HMC TOSCO P Canus ATURB'S microscopic lowers excel in heauty the rarest and most exotic of out highly: cultured plants, An orchid oF an iris appears crude and unfinished by: compar ison with the intricate and fascinating pattem of a diatom as seen under a microscope. Nearly: eversone has heatd of diatoms and knows vaguely that they are tiny plants too small to be seen by the unaided ision, Few realize however, that this widely scattered and prolific family can be found in a vast number of forms, each fof which is endowed with almost unbe= Fevable beauty, Thrilling sdventures and sights undreamed of avait the owner of a Tittle microscope having a_ magnifying power of from 300 In 350 diameters, large and luxuriant is, this garden ff nature Unat scores of men have made it Tife work to study and classify their The things they found init. More: thai 10,000. different kinds of flowers have heen discovered and. classified in more than 1,200 species. The work still poes fa. In"no ether field can the microseo: pst find such variety. of form and color One diatom may resemble the steering wheel of your car; another may suggest fan intricate Inder, and a third look like 2 series of delicately forged gratings The diatom grows. wherever there is Aside from this, it moisture and Tight. has no particular habitat. Wh is found at the seashore, in Ue bottom of erceks and ponds, adhering to moist rocks and

By Haut SCIENCE MONTHLY AUGUST, 1933 Borben

roaring plants, and even in the bot tom of a mud puddle that has bee exposed to the rays of the san, Nature, jealous of the consumate beauty of the diatom, has env halmed it in a sort of majestic sarcophagus, in which itis pre= served for long petiods, of this strange fact, many: of te diatoms) wwe shall examine flower A cover glass is placed over the {iaton apecionenwith’ andCanada te 8 bateaty wightly Sealed down

anded diatoms, described to the tontsehen are here 32 they greatlyseenmagoited anpese

lions of years ago. ‘This sarcophagus 1s composed of a bard, fintlike compound“eee ‘of silicon, Ordinary Sand is such @ compound JE THE bottom of a large pada eral weeks old, is carelully seraped coine inetesting diatom specinyens may be Found, We camot, however, see them with our unaided eyes, for a compara lively large diatom measures only about fone twechundeedth of an inch in diam: sare boiled

in acid and riused before being mounted

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eter. The muxd vou have taken out of the pudile should be drained free of water and a small bit of dhe residue placed on 1 clean slide and carefully exantined ‘This search may reveal-no diatony for it may be that, in the puddle you chose rnone was growing, In that case, it will be necessary to find some stagnant pond or sluggish ereek and scrape the bottom for mud. Not all of these interesting. plants, however will he found on the bottom, for a number of the species cling to other ancl larger plant life that grows in water, Often scraping the underside of a marine plant will bring to light diatoms. f lened to the leaves by ‘Those who five neat Uh edly find specimens a Once 2 source of di the real fim begins, Each sp pears different. from the others. hecat of the extraordinary variety in this fam= ily, Objectives of both high andlow power maybe used. Indeed, many microscope enthusiasts. elainr that_hetler and more exciting views of the diatom nay he Id with the lower powers, ‘The writer how lever, would advise the use of each, When we view a diatom with the high-powered objectives, it is necessary and refacus a number of times, be such that one part cannot be brought into perfect focus without ure nother part. different. levels ried on progressively toms ate discovered. in the nel we have a plentiful supply of them, it may prove interest Io place a bit af water and some o nud inthe depression of ial microscope slides 1 aiticle last month. Mam Yelous Tittle plants hy Focomotion and we may esperinnee the rire delight of secing thent propel then selves dhrought the waiter. Some have a lively: motion ill carry them the study and examination of di toms, the thing that will strike us most Forcihly: will be the exquisite. and del ants. Ih is as is

absolutely

unending

2541

‘An ordinary medicine dropper oe Fibette atten ie used by the micro™@ (0 the slide Tor eavelulextoination

i inv the manufacture of non-con- | materials for heat and. sound This comes in the form of wall board, Hence. we have wal board

for even accous earth was Tea examthough: foul spend a fftine. fet deep. inne thatvariefe the very old, okd dias Gar at el AS iL ts a ikl ab Diatonss,

Lams that fossered millions of Years ago, have a mumber of important “industrial ties, We huff our silverware and aften Fhrush our teeth with se ol but still perfeetly intact, little plants, Also, ia the form of kieselgulir, a fine powder, they absorbents in the manuare used as the facture of nitroglycerin and the prepara= tion of dynamite. We also find that much of this diatomaceous earth or kieselghe,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

in Vir

this earth is used in ing sents The alert mieroscopist, to suffer for want of diato TC may be obtained cheapl supply houses or, in many cases, scopic it may be found in the home, Not all Coot pastes and powders contain this excellent polisher but» them do, lized dine with the tesult that th

a

aces RTL,

|

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

toms can easily be brought to the stage df the mieroscape, Silver polish alse often contains such earth as its principle ingredient and hence contain diatoms, JEACH sample of toothpaste or silver 4 polish examined inthe search for ancient diatoms, must first be dissolved ina sinall amount of water. ‘The excess water is thew filtered off through very fine clots or by means of chemical filter paper. The residue is transferred to clean’ stide and placed on the siage of the microscope. ‘Two or three drops ata times suflicient, As the slush is examined the worker moves it about with the necale that was. described in the first. installiment of this series, AS he does this, the Inicrascopist will feel very mich Fike the archaeologist who delves into old ruins king the , artifacts and records of ancient life, ‘Phe rains whieh the micro: scopic worker wanders amidst, however are far older than any tins’ that men have left for the archaeologist N CULLING through these botanical graveyards, one of the low-posserer objectives may le used) since inthis, way the area of examination is increased and the search speeded up, After inter testing specimens have been found, the objective may be changed for one of higher power, ‘This will bring oat details and reveal to us the strange fact that these million-year-old diatoms were mo different from those living today. Indeed, fone can find dintoms exactly’ like then al the bottom of any stagnant pool Let us take a good look at a. living diatom. For this purpose a drop of water

2542

must_be used. No diatom can exhibit tatural habits unless placed in water whieh is its natural environment, Examine it first with the low-power objective, amit then with the high-power, "The patient oberver will dice aver many interesting about isdiatoms Taek dndividval is eneasethingsin. ehat foe be the botanict asa Irastle, Tit is examined elovele H will soon fhe geen that the cell wall Fe inate up of tivo similar ealves nearly pare allel to eaeHt tlie, and each provided with 4 connecting bail projecting! from it at a Tight angle ANU bos an its gover sive ue ow idea af the way in which one of the valvesof diatom fits inside the other, In 1 aiatom is mie Tike an anal geow inne inside 1 pill hos—the larger the anita Ioeeames, tlhe more the pill bos expands. As the protoplasmic contents of a growing dia foun inerenses, we find the valve expanding {o take care of the geowth, No sitident can gaze upon these inteicate snl "wointinus forms without. being. seized thi Tony. a desire Once toa prepare supply ofspecimens the living.in mounted diatoms has bien iseavered, this is an eae matter The andl fram a creek: o¢ pond Wottom thal ave learn fron examination contains 2 Innnsterof Histon # placed fn the bottom oF hall ave mouthed glass ves el. A strong, Solution wf eihee hydrochloric or nits acil, tee ea ei to one pert water, fe placed over slowly un boiled whole the aud misture the evaporate Apart of the water and is acid Tie tiquid that is let carefully siphoned ff, care being taken to prevent the end of the phoning tube from resching the bolton of Ihe container, as all of the specimens wll se tle to the bottom after the boiling and your iption mage ely drain off the very finest ecimens you have collected. Over the reside, clear wateris poured and thie in turn is siphoned off after the earth,

Invisible Ch emists found

with a

MIC ROS COP E ONTHLY OCTOBER, 1933

MONG the most fascinating, and per Taps among the most useful, forms of microscopic Hife known fo man ire the myceloror, mollike onan sms ford in the deep woods. ‘Their swift life eyele presents a nrultitude of forms and a perfect iol of color. At certain. stases, these tiny creatures make snrprising balloon journeys rough the air. It is a form of life so varied, s0 alive, and so. baling thst could spendprobably, years andaddingseats anything investigating it fe without, new lo the vasi number of facts already known about it If you live in the country or on the oulskirts of city, it is likely tha you will be able to find millions of mycetozoa in your hack yard, After you hive found them, you will have (rouble deciding whether your captives are plints or animals for” the

By

Borpen

Hann

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

containing the specimens, has been given time In ettle to the hottam of the container. As thenext operation, the earth is bolted slowly incleansing earbonate of sod at alter ty hour for co the heat is tarned off snd the extth pet= Initted to settle, This solution is siphonedoff fist replaced ith clear wealer, After this fast washing with water and fat siphoni the specimens are ready to be mou tem: of the mokture a speekis transferred te ‘hunthottom to 4 clean scope slide. TCH left there until all of the moisture has evaporated, Naturally, this op eration may be speed ‘up by slow heating fl He really best to do this to be sure there ie'no water in the finished mounting for if ny retains i will oll your work, ASTER te spr tet on these has been thoroughly dried, it is covered with a thin layer of dilute Canada balsane which is, permitted {o set aller a thin cover glass has Tucen put in pee, Ins the preparation of diatom slides in this roinner, should ofnot thesloprMtat kind one lhe. Tila thesingleworker teaepoontul ‘it mud, tere will be fosinl enough isto Tediet many sles. Teed, each ell contain 9 nesnber of then.Hele spechFor that Tevson, at feast two dozen slides should ‘hen, you wil a a tin epared dont a veryat smal 1 of the large Family of anton, As ime goes on, ou collection of sides will serow til wwe have £0. many boxes of sides tira it will be advisable to make some inl ‘ola cabinet foe them. In stich a cabinet, they oie classified so they wll be. instantly available, The cabinet need not he elaborate I Fuel, cabinet mare from eigar-box wood, ff the general tspe shown at he head of {his Article, will meet the needs of most amateur tmicroseopists For years to come,

Mow Mold Forms Found in the Woods Are Studied Under a Lens... Staining Specimens ty Make Their Structare More Hasty Seon «Building Vows Oxon Small Are Lamp with which to Take Pictures

‘Above, tweezers are used to piace a ito on he sli fen roycetorom the anieroscope's lens lass At fetebee ised staining the ny specimens

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Thi _photomierogeanl

ir Mngt 129

aus tal nes, a aoerte obsble

pass through a life eyele that is Iy confusing both to the zoologist and the botanist. “Today many authoritie consider these mites as animal but admits that, in their system of propagation, they are vegetable. Asa resull, the statement that they are animals is not” universall To find the mycetezoa, ‘woodlands anel seek a low, damp spot where rank vegetation is growing about fallen and decaying Crees. Such ig the home of the Iniyeetozoa, of which there are some S00 clissilied varieties, It should be kept in rind that the tiny” animal we seek has several forms and the mictascopist must. be able Lo recoxnize the one that is most easily found, On the surface of decayed logs look for a white slimy substance kuiown as pli modium, which is amass of protoplasm formed by tiny organisms and strongly re sembling the white of a egg, We may: be fortunate enough to find it on the surface of a log, or, if nol there, we may have to lig into the’ wood beneath the bark to find it living in strange, active colonies. OF course it can. be seen with the naked eye and may be found in patches a foot his plasmodium consists of a f Yzon in ils most important stage. If the hunter has time to spre and will wateh this mass, he will sce that it has the power of locomotion. As a matter of fact, it is composed of a large particular kind of mycetozoa t acterized by the tendency to congregate in his strange manner For the purpose of capturing a number of the family, we have brought with us a clean, piece of white blotting paper, When the plasmedium is found, the paper is dampened and some of the slimy substance is placed iipon it, Arrangements must be made to proteet the paper so it will not dry out while you are taking it home. If the journey is a Tong one and the day is hot, it will be nec essary. to dampen the blotter occasionally to make sure the plasmodium does not die Once home, a slip glass is prepared and come_of the slimy mass is (ransferred to it and placed under the little 30 or 350-power “objective of your microscope, II, however, you have a higher-powered objective, i will ie well to use it for this investigation, pro vided your technique is equal to the ma hipulation of a high-powered instrumet Upon tookinat gthe mas of stime and water, we see that it is made up of myr ids of Ging. forms each having & tail with which i€ swins rapidly hither and thither These ate the zoospores that represent one of the life stages of the mgcetazon evele. ‘The zoospores, pure protoplasm, are provided with the rudimentary organs necessary to their survival in this partic. tlar environment, In some af the common species, the zoospores have, beside theic ng: Llls, vaewoles which really amount to crude’ digestive organs. What could suich @ tiny speck eat? Into a fantasti cally imperfect mouth, these minute creatures suck various sorls of bacteria, Indeed, the patient observer will note nat as long as the zoospores are in a suf-

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

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ficiently wet medium a constant st Df uid passes through their diminutive systems. I is from. this. hacteria-nden ‘ream that sustenance i= secured While in the woods, we had an oppor unity’ to pick up another foro of this curious life, In logs that have reached the exlreme point of decay, we may see 1 fine red and velvely poster, ‘Tontching

Ht with our fingers, we find itis Hight and fhuity and discover that much of it will fly into the aie before the slightest neath, Some of this should he taken bone in a Sinall_ghass bottle, placed upon a clean Sip glass, and set" upon the sage of he Inleroscope. Looked at iv Uhis miammer, we ‘wll he. surprised to sce Ging’ red mush rooms, cach silting on tap of a gossamer Som. Tt is this fungustike stage in the life cycle wonder of the whether mycetozonit is. that vegelamakes scientists ine or an animal Form, i IC is from this interesting. snushroom, cor spore, slage thal the myeetazoa Kel 4 now Tease on life. ‘The wind lifts the tiny spores and distributes then far and wide so {hint some ate fairly sure to fall pon Inoist spots where the whole iysterious life eyele breins again! Naturally. in their balloon journey, anillions of these spores fall upon diy Soil and perish, Countless ether millions, however, reach shots suitable to. Uheir existence and propagation, Tnimediately upon comin. i con thet with moist andthe partial spo | matter, diecayed drinks. water and. swells. up. ‘This process wwe. ean. observe directly by placing bit. upon ‘dnp surface and watching losely, The tiny spores come larger and Karger until finally they: burst and out pop slimy bils of protoplasm which tun” out to" be. zovspores These ‘zoospores then congre rate to form the bacteriieating masses Of plastnodiun ‘Ty keep the plasmodiam alive, are rust be taken (@ see Chat the bits we the woods age. pers brought. to backlive from mitted on a small piece of ‘the partially decayed and damp wood to Thich it originally. ching. If this is done, wwe shall see, in time, that colonies of aoospores are undertoing severe changes. ‘The mnsses, drying. oul, change for, change, color, til finally we sce Tittle begin to appear, their number rap: spores idly increasing until the whole. ma of nothing but spores Composed spore is a ough lit le bag miae for the purpose of preserving the life of the protoplasin it contains until it can again Khe brought. into. contact. with decayed vegctable matter and seater that sve have It should be remembered cycle of some of Iyeen observing the life abundant members {ie more cominon and the family of this large family. suchTedeed, a. wide variety is so large and has inexperienced the that habits ‘of

i

Ki carsons:

riper HANDLE!

meainaco i ae

Pictures showing, lightclearly how to own your of ate an Construct spect co se'thewhertiny placed which swith Tnens of mycetonna Ander ‘the lene of «microscope

many of scopist may fail to recognize incl high, Stemonitis Splendens is found Some then.The million and million of microscopic fonon the shaved margit of a small pool. are cavetully moist collected, Gtliedthe instiny, boxstems,containing earth and mushrooms that are produced from the Carried home, The true beauty of this mem= Dlasmodiun offer ae absorbing course of tree of the family ext only’ be appreciated Huds Before they age fully: matured, we che that they range in color from silver feeto pink, The mycetoroa, and resemble, under the glass, an dmportant part in the world play of lovely peals. This exquisite hot only Dasketful the decay. of vegetable stage, however, is 0f brief duration. If Inatter, but accelerate o. break down organic s l a hey abd. transform rey are maturing in the proper miei Combinations of chemicals mysterious {hem into neveseary fertilizers. che wwe shall see that, inLake someroot while slen tive creaturesthatare theproficient ‘ays they appear to toneeivable hasan 7a der, delicate: Kite stems support ther a r y n a At them, to and the ject for invest jn te, by:theythe formamateufinr e sub: Next, fnmportant changesskinoccuris destroyed, ieautiful luster of the have been taking As many realets, havewho written Pocks and Tines appear and we see whl photomicrograph, me of the Tooksfike a propee ht de— securing in had have they Trouble teeof tnination of the microscopefield, it seems a slener cetwant pontoad ball licately. wolf some accessory stall we Fhese N aturaliy evan cletionthe rable Lo deeribe 4 most valuable tour erst specimens t that We PUETOMECROGRAPHY, in itsy clemen nvst fistnate that, should Trio en,qr weof such is the same as ordinar photos , Spores aepeels the Tight, the coer glass anil seal them saphve that is, the Deller pce then tnslerbe a creed vse better the the rendered and. andeal Shunter the exposure woul Jyhey up bul mmust picture, While. a sb0-watt lamp, costingthe Wes Si we this purposeof nicely, serve’ will Exo, upon. issuethe litle are Highly a description which fole CLEAN slip elas igja placed previous be put to: described and a eele at lows, is still better and maycarbons AN tueotable, are of pda) The Sh, cents, tebe for a few (esa asain with a brush and feller and may be variety hs-inch five-sisteent Chavet to drs. is) ade the ade, Dewehe at any photographie supply. house permittedtop of the otherAlore uni‘iclesell arewalls in to brass Ue nn "The bottom of the ‘They ate held with set screws one

fieentiy heh, is built up.“with another dab of eal is. then "covered ae while the balsam is weti Canada Nalsana spores afew af the slip elas are. The gentlyraverblosm 8 from another ith asphattum or glass bateam, Sealed. in place eell has rie.mycetozoa, falter the batetmn in the family of Another commonSplenlens, offers a rare fora calle! Stemonitis DOF beautys Its stems form clusters that reach

the shape shown from aims one-eighth-ineh stock, ‘Through quarterhentby into pieces, these the media of two smallte angle members of holders ate serewerl to Whenprong they are pressed fn ordinary Tight plug. the carbons, are down into a receptacle,position for striking correct the into Tonteht Either an eleetic toaster or the heater ele in series with sent froon a bowl heater thefs useentrent. A small the ace light to control

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Vol. 6

fiber handle is screwed on one of the brass members so that the ate maybe striek al Subsequently related Tete fest to place a. Gn are when if finished “The Titeverreeapesthe

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th ya mall openings in the front, A « metal relletor placed back of Ht will 0 help. Glass will not do because it eamnot ‘withstand. the heat This Hight rich in violet rays ane i wilh

g in nt Hu e ob cr Mi SCIENCE MONTHLY SEPTEMBER, 1934 POPULAR

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

be foul possible to auch hetter photomicrorr aphe with i. The worker, , fs tvarned to shorten his espsnee tinehowever i f he Treen using: ordinary’ eketsie Mlumination. has IVITH

YOUR

MICROSCOPE How to Find Germs, Mount

‘By

Morton

Paving mounted

C. Walling

bos, ne described in the test, the slide Is placed beneath

THE microscope could make vis ible nothing except the tins. plants known variously 4s robes, or germs, it still would de tool of serve ils position as the Tending place, it was modern scence. Inv the first ated the 1 ‘and anade possible the arches that showed them to be plants rather than animals, [ty magnifying. bae teria in milk, meats, sind canned the microscope helps to prevent thesi hess Uhial restilts from poisons, Ihy reveal ing germs occurring i the blood, waste ratler, oF stomach contents of sick it enables diseases and seainsh then, ‘Thi jument visible, in coal and Hine heen used 10 make ‘other fossil remains, genus that lived mil Tions of years ago! There probably is as much variation in he sizes of bacteria as there isin plants of he garden or fel jets have reason to believe that there are vast numbers of thicrobes so sinall that they never will be seen tron the micro i Teast nt through ne chat works an present opti

cal principles, On the other hind, there ne many. varieties of forint ae, hen compared with lanee so hate ne amal micr few Iunlveenrd diametasereos,pe You cannot simply train your micro: scope upon a drop af slygnant water oF a meat and see the bacter it of decaying that ave living in it. Vou have to go abouiat this business of microbe. hunting syste matically, employing stains and spect aiethodds to reneder th iny germs visible, After you have gone throu the process once, you will be surprised al the spe d and ease wi which you thereafter ean stain and mount bs {oria for observation, Vou will find this proc tone of the most fascinaling in microscopy juipment for a microbe hunt does not have to be elaborate, A few clean slides and cover glasses; some denatured or, better still, absolu ethgt alcohol; a bottle of Locfler’s methylene bie stain sons aid petrolatum or Canada hhalsany for mount ‘ial tweerers, medicine droppers, and Fe used in most slide-making operations, out all that you need to secure slides of bacteria,

FORMS OF BACTERIA. Here are anwo ‘of{howethe comimenest forme of bacteria youThewillradsahaped he most onesHkelyare toe Esunter baci. Ivsi adspiral the spherical anes are covet, Othe fa shape: are ealted spirits You can find bacteria almost anywhere. ‘Your mouth is swarming sith them. ‘The water of the fish bowl has hundreds of them in every drop. ‘They are present in milk, buttermilk, cheese and. of course, in spoiled foods in greal numbers and are easily found and niounted, ‘our mouth isa fairly well-stocked bo: Lanical garden, as the Following procedure: will demonstrate Lay out one or more clean glass slides and cover glasses, Incidentally, a “clean”

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slide does not mean one that merely: is wiped a few times with a cloth, Vou must remove every trace of dirt and grease, pat Licularly grease. if you want the best tesults. .Vsimple method of ce lie oF cover glass is(o wash it first sith soap and walter and then scour it with a ercaseless ichold cleaning agent. Finally, pish the glass with a clean cloth sich as a wel washed Hine towel. When the face is perfectly clean and free a drop of water placed on iw fut into a (hin film, Tei pass the polished slides and vr lassee Gyo or thee Limes through an aleahal wr gas flame, just before usi traces of grease, Be careful not to hold them in the thime long enough to eause warp or cracking Touch the tip of yo low the the slide. slideface p—thal is, which you touched your tongne, upper most-—on a seatch ghiss or other suppett Let a drop of alcobol fall on the center of live slide, When it has spread ul into: a thin ‘a anatch atid toteh. the Han fof the alcohol layer. The burning aleohol fixes the hacteria that were transferred to the slide surface from your tongue, In other words, the. treat iment kills the germs and preserves them inv their natural form, Locfiler’s methylene blue is a satisfac tory stain, for coloring bacteria, You ean purchase this preparation at biologie supply how some dru stores, can make itas follows Add to thitly cubic centimeters of alcohol all the methylene blue it wil : dis solve. Mix this with 100 cubic centimeters of distilled water to which has been addled tivo drops of ten per cent potassion. hy droside solution, (To make a ten pee cent solution of potassium hydroxide. or any

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‘other salt, mix one ounce of i with enough it is, it usually is desirable to add a cover water Co make ten ounces of solution). that is held in place by a mounting Vou will find this stain useful in preparing sass medium, Por this medium you can al kinds of specimens for the microscope. Canada the result being a permaPlace one drop of the methylene. bhie nent slide. balsam, Some expert microscopists pres solution on the mraterial to be stained and fer liquid, petrolatum, an oily substance let it remain for one to Lovo minutes, You that is said to have hetter may get better resulis. by diluting. the crlies than balsam, You eanopticalobtainprop:i stain sith thive of four Gines ils volume from a druggist. Ask for the heavy grade, fof water, and Ietting it act fora longer inna dropper bottle, Place a small quantity time of the petrolatuin, just enough Lo spread Wash the stain off by letting tap water ‘out heneath the cover glass, on the run overil, and dry the slide, A quick and stainedevenlyspecim and add the cover glass easy way of removingthe water i€ lo Us ‘There should en, he enough of the petro. sheet of filter jmper as a blotter, being Tatuny Lo ooze notout around the edges, Tf you careful to press it against the specimen, and nol to wipe it across the glass. I will vant to make the mounting: permanent pay vou Lo hecome aeruainted with filter Simply apple th asl brush ol see paper, for it ean be used for many’ ings abut the edge ofthe cover inthe microscope laboratory, its. chief You proba le to see value of course being as a filter for stains anything llythe witaide note shen ya examine and other solutions. from whieh you de: i eith sour naked eves except Sire (o remove solid patti slight bluei tint; it shenyou examine Although the slide can be examined as u stile withsh your merseope,a nag ° HOW TO PREPARE, STAIN, AND MOUNT A

When the smear is dry. sail quantity of bacteria materialis smeate on aide d 2 Neo ts wursed eo 6x BACTERIA SPE, CIMEN FOR OB: RVATION UNDER YOUR MICROSCOPE e

5, Sone A tiny bit of peteatstum is placed on the Ald cover glaseand specimen ioready

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hat score in your ih. Probably most af them are harm Teentse your anathy normally is swvarming with Probably, too, some ff the germs are of the pathogenic or dlisease-producing «spe. Baldo not et hat worry you, for the averse healthy mouth contains pry hnmfai bacteria tan age by the normal resistance of your bo IF your microscope does not te ‘al the bacteria distinctly, try improving Sper formance with tes or by ang ni as described in a preced fume, “3, p10) if is licking. Perhaps accessory useful a aliferent stain, stich as_carbol fuchsin, feill work better i some instances. After you have determined what to Took you can distingtish bacterinwith a fication of only 100 diame rile is to look first for the chains of rods or spheres, You ean find bacteria almost anywhere, by following the preparation method ont Tined. Tn some lo. introduce. variations tie preparation subje of ville specimens, whieh for the amateur, make excellent nd manipulate th remove fication of 250 to 500 diameters, you fin you must that your mouth contained more aw the stai in so that the st contrast is teeth, “The large, irregnlar stained patches that tion of mill: for bacterioare visible in the microscope field are bits examination can be outlined ‘OF Cissue ot food Haat vere iy thy sain ‘ps as follows: In auldition you see 1 lot of Tittle specks. [Make & thin smear of milk or Some are round, others are twp or three pny Limes ns long as they ave wide, You move, the slide a litle, Here is something! A. 8 —Cover the specimen with a few drops of xslol for bvo and one half oven or so litle balls are strume together Tike beads ona string: and here is another minutes, and. then deain off. ‘This string, but the beads are rod-shaped i Femavesthe fal stead of spheriea A—Miler xylol hase aiid several drops of aceto ‘These isolated specks smd strings are MAKING A LIGH FOR YOUR OW N VENMLATION

—_fOBATT, F10 LAMP CONDENSING

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YOUR BACTERIA, Touching the tipthe bacteria of theOWNtongue to 9 ide deposited ia elect,of The3" dead ate eva Spot isthe seenaueleos cell remain for about Unree minutes, Instead of acetone, you eam a cohol for twa Lo five min nites, or until the smear hias fost its milky appearance aul become clear, in with Lpeler’s methylene blue for about to minutes. Rinse in ordinary water 6—Cover the smear wsith aleohol for one mine tute. “This leaches. out same of the stain, affect hat inthe bacteria Tess in in surrounding mater i lon in Tid pet rolatum of other medium, 8 Label listingsource MICROSCOPE

fe. This gives

‘onosisiis

v8

vewritanon! vases FROM 10TIntuaeCAN Ss

BALLAND! socKeT Neier) tuneaven SHER, \ LAM? STADE OLDER. ‘weavysocker bury

“The of assemte Ing bestthe wayhomemade hove The ine and heldat tetbythe the” foreground.” ‘The intron of Tena. tube

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of material, stain used, une) resulls ol ained. The presence of hac teriain milk does not-mean that it is mn= fit Tor use, Dairy companies wake no aitempt to remove all bacteria for the Sinyple reason Uat i souk he impractical if not impossible, They simply shive to Jeep the number dos fo a sale maximum Probably, too, many-of the bacteria. you observe ih milk were killed hy the Pasteur izing process. ‘You sill find it 9 fascinating, adve to Took for germs in all kinds of materials, If you happen ta cut your finger, ake 1 bload smear and slain i (0 teveal the Incteria. Perhaps vou will be lucky enough to find a ashite blood eorpuscle tat has devoured a nuniberof germs, [tis by such ieans that Uhe schite corpuscles rid your body of disease-praducing organisms, Tn examining the juices of canned Fruits, yout may encounter ting specks that resem: ule bacteria, but which are in fact ting yeast plants. A microscopic eruise throuh a drop of juice from camed peaches re vealed thoisands of tiny yeast ells but hot a single bacterium, “The peaches had heen opened several days before, ut showed no signs of spoiling. Later dhey fermented, Generally: you can distinguish yeast cells by Uneie oval shape and com pnaratively large size, and the fact that many of them carry Duds that ate of the sane general shape: Int smaller in ize. Like iter yeast celle col Jetere branched, in strings: andlhut somefrequently these. string of the tulividuat ces fshibit branching. bude of seater size. In acter strings, the invividkal plants are of slot the same size, and are not brane he Tt potent i tt vou a atc ave the siallest anv sinipest living thine Known, consisting of single cells whose prt ssi seems to be orwanied. ely at al Ii would reqnice (o$6,000extentaf some af the ball sliapedeteria one inch. This fucane that each acteritay menstires abort the same a8 navave length of green lish, so Uihal it -eam just De seen bythe microscope While five some. otters im the germs roots caute of plantsdeadlyandl fevers, manu: facture nitrnen so meceseaey to pla For every: germ thal eros fn spied Food fund manufactures a poison so. povsertul thal incre tasting. af the od mye cane sath there eva tiny onjanionn that is sworking on vate animal and euetale materi rele torn state whove it becomes 4 nsefal part ‘of the earth aytiny, ready. to start once more dna evete in which Te will sorve as part of living plant or ania ‘Some bacteria five in the air for at least part of their lives, while others cannot esiet {nthe presenceof oxygen, All yeteria foeis reproduce by across simple hssion, ‘ThalUo ifernoe tivoof ihe cells splits the midlle hese inivduas, Sometimes these cell. bang ther until Tong steings of then, suel int saw ii the saliva at your mouth, ate forme Others. produce a jellylike material {hat binds the individual germs into. masses fr colonies which when are right, hhecome large enough te seeconditions with the eye. A common way of identifying or unaided study inye baeteria in the Taboratory is to cultivate them in colonies and hen ‘observe the en

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BACTERIA FOUND 11 MILK. jkr Ney the wpperbutcernite ince areacters nem fof the colony, ag well as the shape and other ble resistance used for ditect current tgtacteristies of the individuals forming it. SSUMING that you havea six-volt source When ennuditions for geoveth are unfavorable, fr hetertim may secrete a tout shell tha ‘of eursent available, your problem is 10 ‘combine te bl sand easienser to Aeon fenelnses i thereby h e c o m i n g a spore. Some Sores are’so resistant hat they ean he boiled Wenient microscope accessory. The pholo= water for hours without catsing the death fraps illustrate a form of lamp tats ff Dowbtless the encasedyout iiivida, determined hugely" by the materials at han Trive heard the story of how ‘Tie Fn house ie Fou aod -one-alf inches fa single Iacterial cell, provided with all the sare anil severe inches hgh, TL was made by food necessary, would grow ina few days from serap mionel metal. Almost any into a Tiving tines larger than the earth, Of Atinner ‘ther kind of sheet metal would do just as fense this can never Iappen, bat yoo ean well, although a material that requires no ealcutstingin ahove hiaiting is preferable, The bottom of the might, be by produced prove that itwould Individuals . weekmanyby fs open andthe top is ecuipped with A species whose indivitvals divide every hall Trouse simple held stots in place hy two parts nickeledof Hote, assuming that none of the germs die, Holts that Tidengase in beut-over the Tid, Vent hotes are drilled near the top, N wot GENERAL, Ipacterit are shaped! like balls fa theThe sides and tll rear only like rod, They may be equipped. with tubular held in a heawy duty ‘one or miore cg ot halts The roll rs aye luiningn shell socketRe that is moter in the be Teeanse bent andMumination tysted like is corkscrews: Approsiite center of a sqanre piece wf sheet one of the most hs the edges bent over for piece This teal, important things. ta consider ih connection A'distance of one-half ach and deilled to te iwith the microscope, you may be luterested cive that ‘Thepas slots throughpermitslots upin adthe fa Taboratory-type amp. Sides offonethe bolts housing. n hisconstewiction form of illuminator fs used wdely an aaljustment, for centering the filament is valuable for photomicrogenphhy anil miero- flosen ‘Tie socket Tas a’ threaded shade holder that one vets as 4 nut for holding it in the sheet-metal buikl payit forfor about Hnrojection. tenth of whatVol yousean would a ready picee. ‘The hole inthis. piece is somewhat nace Fam oF similar elearacteristies Larger than the sockel, and washers are used The lamp consists of a 108-vate bull in tovoverlay i housing that is canlenser i a sisty. millimeter shot fited ith a sisty-millimeter splerieal cone focusThe spherical lens designed specially for midenser for concentrating the light on the mic roscoe work. Tt retnls for abot $2.90, Tt roseope slide. The lamp operates at six volts fost he aienated ia a tbe that ean he mowed fe consumes eighteen. amperes of current Fhaek and forth for focusing. ‘The tube in the That means that a transformer must be ned Ianp illustrated ie am old adjustable camera to step down alternating enteent, and a suit Jens monating that happened to be available,

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cut “The tens lange was boltedhouseover and4 Tote centered the lan one stile of with, inipprosinately respect-La the filament HIB base of the fanny is am eight ine Siding disk (oith the. sandpaper tc moved) uta type sokl for: hame-wnrkshop that tie The short pic e ofcentersteel of shagting. is isk, the fromthe up) fstends with a hallsand-socket photoseaphic quipped toipnd fea that permits te Lanap to be tilted as idesired, Lo use, the bull should be kept as

2549

‘The sites entry liye enetent to the bully are ashestos-eovered Fixture cord, doubl se of. the. heavy current: thai i, endsed. ofbeemaa two-w cont ave teisted toaethet La fori a singleinecondu ctor, til tivo such cons ave used, TE desived, iter holder sd water eell for absorbing heat ean be attac lam aShoul t the outer end of the ens hedtube. to. “Thethe filter d “be: nat ess Ua two ches square s Shweial ayiero filters in gelatin form etn. be Imurehased aud pioun ted between sheets. af

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lass, (PSM, Nov. ‘84, pH.) ‘The water tell consists of eo patalel pieces of cleat Jase separated a short titance and mounted That. water can be eld between then The bly eomployed known as the 408 eh most electrieal andealers.eat Itbe caiobsaive be ob)d With a single-coil vertical or horizontal Flsiment_or a ribbon-type filament, ‘The ver lical coil isthe cheaper, and is satisfactory foe practically all amateur otk,

Strange Partners of Fungi and Algae for Mut al Benefit POPULAR SCIENC MONTHLY By Monvon C. Waning paar 1935 water, and tear them into small particles with dissecting necilles, Add a caver glass, Now Took at the pieces through your microscope, al a magnification of at least 100 diameters, You will see a tangled mass of white ‘or colorless Unreads among which are scatered pieces of bright green mateHal. Closer examination reveals that these green bits have a definite struclure, ‘They may form threadsor masses of round or elongated cells, whose reeanules or disks of green chlorophyll ‘ill be revealed by higher magnification, Here, then, is the answerto the qu tion of how the lichen can live. ‘T green bodies are cells of an alga, while re colorless. strands are parts of a Fungus, ‘The alga may be of the same type as Uhat you have seen growing as a green mass fon the surface of a pond, or creeping over the outside of @ flower pot. “The fungus is a rela-

Plants shar Weed Each Orher FOUND

¥

WITH

YOUR

OUR microscope will reveal to you one of the wonders of the Plant Kingdom—a_ strange partnership in which two plants have pooled their resources, wsith apparent ad ntage to both, Your ate, no doubt, fami fina general way sith Helens, (hase formations that grow fon the barks af trees, the sides of rocks, and fence rails, You may have noticed how frequently they are Uhe first living things to ap= pear on rocks in a quarry, on surfaces Jeft exposed by the eulting avay of stone. ‘They

Alourish there, without soil and, to the casual observer, apparently without other means of bitaining. food. How can the Tichen thrive on bate rock, where soil is lacking? ‘The answer to this question can be revealed beautifully by your Inicroseope. Go into the woods and find a ray-green lichen that is growing on a rock for free (unk, Break it off and take it to your microseope Inhoratory. With sealpel ot razor hilade, cul svetions from the piece, Lay some bof these on a microscope slide, add a drop of

Spores produced by ass gill St platethe onhowa dank The tondstoa. {om of the print fs the pil save

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five of the mushrooms you had for dinner ‘A fungus, lacking green chlorophyll which would enable iL to manufacture Hfe-giving starch from sunlight and air and water, must bsorly its food readycmade, ‘Thal is hv molds atud toadlstools always are found xiowing on

ecaying, wood or other materials fram which (hey ean absorb ready-made food, The fungus part of the lichen has to get ils fool second

of Hand ut instead of selecting has.« masspersuaded home,aizaei to join wth i leaves for itsining caying the ehlorophilconta oersip,out kindof plantlas paltion a novelonganiza in‘ctling worked “The stea up fungus that no production schedule s0 satisfactory so long as moisture Tabor

(roubles ever arise,

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Por » better understanding of the lichen, you can make a microscopic exploration of fungi and algae.’ The fungi world thal no more than a few high spots can be conig so extensive sidered here; and the algae must, for the time being, be left foul entirely. Hosever, you will nol want far microscope matetial, for even a single mushroom or (osdstool will provide hours

of Fascinating entertainment The common mushvoon, that you have seen geoscing in fields so mmch and woods and on rotting Togs, i6 plant, but iCaifers estinordinary ine

ic 38 of jean the general itea of pants thathe tnishrooin speaking, acctvately More teqests pore is but the part to ie ith which the aserage petsun is familar, isl outcropping of 2 subterranean Tionof a plan. IL is the visble betwen, hidden inthe soil or wihin the decaying mass This ndereroind network, ealfed the mycelionr or spawn, is a system of cells whose function is (o gather food from the

Fight and air are avaiable, “The alga mont and factures starch for itself and the fungus, from air, sunlight, and. water. "The fungus, which on the alga for its meals, to depend entirely bas po: by providingmoistere its toshatethe algaof theand workby absotbing docs teation from the ait ‘The lichen, therefore, ie 9 partner ship of green algae omedied in. the ‘The taavish strands of « fungus plant, a wet lichen is caused green of ter Hrigh hy the fact that the protective layer of Fungus steanls is. move. nearly Tat than towhenabsorbdry. waterThe parent power ofwhenthe wetfungus Trott Lig aariouinipig. aie ie amaziie Tecan live in_ places too dry for aay

medium in which i¢ is growing. Tt grows osialy in Teaf-mold,of caving wood, and such places eeatse of the great amount the reaulj-mae food to be found there. Unier the andmicroscope is, made up system, mnyeeliunn looks somewhat ike arootUhrends or branches haisike OL colotless strands.of the withcommon mushroom lives entirely une ‘The miyceliain derground, just beneath the surface. Careful examination of leaves will reveal it, flmmost any particle af ich soil testor rotting or tube bottle of water and Siniply place the pavticle in a matter. The 1m Shake it vigorously, to wash away foreign with (wrezees, Perhaps Ccliuny fibers.can be separatedin amass dig 1 up with@ spoon fun easier method is ¢o find a mushroom, and then wash obtained, is it beneath soil the of t r a p that 0 The dict away from the rootlike mycetium without ruising it The mceliom is a plant in itself, but because the local Food supply nay not Inet forever, i¢ has to send out spores that will start new colonies of fungi in other localities. ‘To do this,

aa owe dead es my oh a a fons

OR ee ore inpecenes a Oe Geol Uae aeihe ne Pay Mhoe ee Cae ees See Ga vatea aeoneae ee PN eed Sane

lees forsears GaTLGEcomeein’Ie a deviate Even Retin oAELRLIGTTE t EAST ase neu Uo hceaenntcorTileely time, if placed in a shortalinosghier revived Rate te inponcict

it produces fruiting bodies. “These are the mushrooms you now, ‘They spring up overnight at various pots in the myce network. The process invalves a sort of gathering of mycelium nuds into knots which grow and merge into the stem and cap ‘ofa fruiting body that frequently is parasol-shaped. Examine a common mushroom. You will find that it has stem surmounted by an umbrella-shaped cap. Around the stem is a ring of membranous tissue. Over the cap is a layer of similar tissue, which may extend as a ragged layer at the edges. ‘The underside of the cap is lined with a system of gills, which are plates that radiate like the spokes of a wheel, The ring ‘around the stem was formed dure qj ing the growth of the mushroom by the breaking of the protective membrane hal was stretched cover the entire structure when it Durst through the ground. ‘You will find it interesting to examinethe entite structure of a huvshroom with your microscope. With a sharp knife, cut thin slices from the stemt and cap, and mount them in water. on slides. You can employ various microscopic. stains. to bring out the structures of the cells. You will, however, fall 10 find any of the Ici ptyas tetor teene ee fn the eel ther

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

found soee, wll provie 1oomtiny fntondsto prsvery the ateatectai ament| with Gt fasting fruiting iat each musheooms oror other ecen agebiliia milens pradce t s i Of then Weis to provide rest space at the gil formation has comme” Toe! develoged hy the mushroom. TP HE goes pay be produc in a wri ot ostys. Among the most common E Hain. That tive System of elubeshinped of the ail plates Hike mas the srfaces ith their side tenthing fenpins standing Wsts Ihe hasidia of the eninnion mihroon sphere ere tovo to four neatly y pronethe spores Tfee sowie front Hite tips hat club-shapest project Eaetures: fram‘The thesporestops pen,of thefal off, and are by: the wind and exitied away. Ate Eaueit Hither ‘common method of producingot astsporesin Cbuar pols, mesTeh thenie of sporTone, es grove Tike rows’of beans or peas. When the spores are ripe, the pots liffeent Fast anit iberate then. ‘These.hie given tie nethods nf syore protaction tu Haskdiomgeetes melts af heat=ie tor the naines other dy. are Several kno you can see the microscope, {ith sone Dasidin syrorecheaving, oF other o1gans, roush front iow save sll plates pieces in a drop of water into stoall {bona eae thei slide, Lay. caver plas over the ordrop,sy find examine carefully #200find diameters 9 piece of x Tiere and there you wll Fett can sce fissve that fs snared massedso that compactly on its tHhe rows of basiia sfaer, If Ghe specimen fins reached thethe mean observe, ftonntless numbers af pores that have been tiven olf, "Po collect Une spores alone, lay the

is.» formation of myer sien.heetingA thinte pent cane andde feng molded thein DNESEine patadin OI pipes cela sehich forfe temporary removed by«ot candle end. against the laos Shilke he Celia spun by holding m on rpiece of gl oF pilates became filled swith masees of theeadlike tiushroa cap fromand a plyce paper, ande a bell jar, The spore histori, Examination showed that the mis it a paltera de Tevial was a funaus plant, Ubiving on th support onthe collet il zis of ent arsangem the gelatin that dissolved ott of the film and plate by Termine teontitgs, "This fans proved to be a Beau generate uo ofa alien Liful object mnder the microscope, A TECHEN Some tila member of the Ascorsgecetes, studies cat be cartied on at sime when examine «lichen the of nti the year. Di winter, mnshroms abe s franchised from stoies, A Op into the woods Inierseapey wine eat see thethe tinyfnyetsspore-pod provide bits of decayed wood that ll raced, Incidentally, only the power! partof reof Teil Prrochice abundant eeaps of fant when placed the lichen seems. to" have fia svar moist places and Tiehens that can prndction serves dhe same bre stirred to fife ly similar treatment, fans of spore Althotelas thethe seeds porpove higher plants, ib dil TPA pron of making temporary sides fers greatly: from theng, A seed iscoutains. simply fing emits plant, while a sporeUo geet ‘of fairly thick sections can be solved by. Ho ell Uh porstseesthe powersore, for instance, fr incthod developed ia one af the government Ticrnsenpie baratories. When a mushroom “This method con ist layer of rich soilwhere Sets of spinaing. a paradhq rig ona las ave tight, develops Into Side, to make a shllove cell, Paraffin ca be ic of mein, his rows and tose ae the etn, melt 4 water He toto ome substance that oes not dissolve it OF 148 fh ne smn to.sil expand sin the gol, Raterinls requived include spinning wheel, proihice this rao fruiting bodies. ar mushrooms, sulince ection already’ has boon deseribed , ih this const When misheooms. are grownyvithcommercially series, nt slender as camille You the mycelt Swill the beds become interscaven hyve tov m sich caves Yourself, for a compressed itis dificult toke yuielase tom Hlneads, ‘THe bed materiat them,a piece of brass who, hy Into bricks and sent to ather growers new beds, obtain enti a make To brick, eam startof fant meet pine abot one-faurth-itch inside. diamete hits of the examination planting fascinating bind six f fons, our end weith apiece of the eonomon ff wwondakeors a-cork, InPlate the onecente of this rcork, an investigation ent with‘There not kinds ow the end that i in the pipe, fasten res of other are hunel snushroom, lovsely SL funst or molds, pin or small nail, and tie ta WL one end af the liens cond Unt is to serve as a wid, anywhere. A pho hich vou ean fn a The tail or pin asish be so loose thal i vel ouraplier ene experienced e ‘devshle trouble pall out af the cork when Trecntae a tank ts hie he nse fils and

2552

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

moved. With the wc the lube, fasten the falter ia sition, witht the corked end a pour melted paraffin inte it, Whew the parat= fin ie an the point of becoming solid, adjust, the wick so that it will be centered,

JIEN the thewax tose has cooled, remove thehe W corbin ens nt ot ne had 0 thnt the below ith a gas oF Blostoreh fae, gen ly sari the mold evenly over ste,i

itirops off wovler its ivi sweight. fully done, only a thin layer of Tost, Straighten the candle while aie, ata T4y" on aM surface

When eatewas will be it is. sil to eo

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

ro spin a paatin ting, place a slide om de whet lof the. spinning chi i the candle, let HU burn Tor en-oF fifteen secon, Inlows wickout tothe the Maineslide, and which inimediately has beentouchst nating, ‘The molten was of the wick will Fae ol on the ul cool instantty, form bile up to 403 pra: Ural thickness, ‘Celle thus trained fntet for venrs, formed have. te inexperienced Inge “Thedieu seith ie microscopist bubbles He frequent disen ‘slat he thinks to he anew kind of ell or finial ony to. Feat i

Kiny beautiful effects the frstlenses,thingsproduce instructors of classes One of scopy teach their students is Lo recognize am ait bubble, TL id idea for every beinner iy mieroreopy to follow this 1 study bubbles hefare teeing his ‘onis easy anything of ‘air bubbles frequeneke. Production exaspetatingly easy. Sim= piy drip ae vet glas carelessly om a dro he water plac ‘on a slide, an sou generally ‘el imprison at east one. bubble. Water From a hall filed flask that has been shaken Vixorously bay provide an abiindaee Inubbles, when drop ‘of it placed.of tiny. ime imesditely: on a slide and cover plass added, yOU CAN FIND IN YOUR GARDEN Stems of Common Plants Agora An Almost Unlimited Field foe A ian Slae pS one Ob sortase

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY NOVEMBER, 193:

Int have no phie lo go. At least any text you have f i Bat l i tions far Donk, 1 w fer ning interesting ips teale joncen on ly one small ut important part of the plant stucturel., you ‘sill Baul no end of nrateria Sup, that your de cestizate stoms-—ta look, at all kibds of sten vadLo slice your ery stent you cai hands Sonnils simple, d work ofan hy Tis, Buin teats woul take your weeks, months, even, years to leave all there is to be Rive. about stems, A picce of Timber That part of te stemof e scientist ‘wom! sn's nin jus Jn Tile ie by suport tlie Teaves, 16 als ear

q ries water and food, and in other minor sways Chusify stents a herbaveous and

svork table forthe meroscopist

Hvoody, ‘The first kind is: much like a leaf in constvuction, Tf werbaveous stem, such lover plant, eo fwise fate very’ thin sections and Hfesooine ane of then ily your ire Fscoqe, you will see that the stem has a aistiner structure ‘here is, encis clin 4 thin Tayer ealfed iyposed of Uns epideninis, This int cel s, Dite iy helow itis the it chovenchsina which, by. its color wests that it fle: ant the Feaes in the iafacture of fond for the plant, Nest n by a variely fir order, are the veins, know

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

of aliases such as fbrovasculae bundle vascular bundles, or just plain bundle Usually these are romped into ring, encircling (he center section ef the stem, Under the microscope the veins, walter pipes of the plan's, are usally very distinct, Theit joly isto eaeey water through Ue sei In the center, enclosed by the ring of veins, is the pith, a sort of Toord-storage reservuir for the plant Inv older parts of stems, there ean be seen further refinements in the stem stiue= ure, Bstending through the handles of tells making ap Ue veins, and niting them into a sheath, or ring as it appears miler The microseope, is the cami layer, the

Build “his

2553

at of growth in the stem. IU is this lay cer that, by: cell multiplication, grows and proghicesnew materil hoth inside and out ‘Then there is, directly ben rst Uransparent epider, a white band of tissue that glistens when the illumination is right. ‘This is the collenchyma, a enforcing sheath ashose function is mie the same as thet of the wire or iron-rod reéforcements jn a concrete pole, Engineers have copied this collenchyma in the buileing of airplane. frames with stecl tubing that is Tight in weight yel strongly resistant to lateral strains, “Tear almost any’ soft stem into

Handy

some eR You can dis. cover much of the invisible world that

THE SURVIVVol. OR 6

shreds and examine the particles tinder the microscope, Among the inasses of tissue you will see tong tubes Lightly coiled springs. resembling ‘These are the ducts or tracheids which ely, make typ the fibrovascular bundles. Other Taree lubes resembling cylindrical sieves may he seen, These tubelike cells run te all parts of the plant, from root tip to branch Gp, carrying water and food. The hatsam and soine other plants produce stems Lansparent enough for you the waler-carrying cells without making sections or tearing the

Microscope Work ‘Table

only the microscope ovsner knows, Hf you fen find & tivo-foo-equare space on awbiek, fo work. Hosever, Ht cannot be denied That a permanent place to pursue your ably, such ag a table oe perhaps even a sinall roam set aside for a microscope lab: foralory, is a highly desirable convenience Almost anyone can find space for a amouiest-sized table that sill house the aeCouterments of his hobby, ‘The making fof a Gable like that shown in the picture at the top of the opposite page, is not dil ficult, TC does not require elaborate: machinery, Cost is a matter of two or Uree tlollars for materials, ‘Almost any wood can be used; redwoud, pine, and eypress being among the Cheapest and easiest to work, Use one inch stock, sanded on one_or both sides, ‘The table, whose construction and diet sions can! he determined from the dia terams, is sinilar €o any ordinary table ex: feept (hat i has a comfortable footeest and two wells, one at each end, covered by hinged lids, for Une storage of reagent bot des, specimens, and equipment The lids are hinged (o swing upward and outward when they are grasped. at their outer edges with a turning motion, ‘The table shows was made of knotty while pine, and stained to harmonize with other furmitire, Hs top was painted with a chenical-esistant paint, although ordinary flor or deck print will he a sullicient cov

made to the table in the form of boxes, mounted on the top or diveetly behind the hinged lids for holding slides and he Tike. Cupboards may be installed in: side the endor drawers pieces as needed.

of underside contruction. shovingone otDetails the manken compartanent for storing bottles i

el] ferment Sonken compartment of the 1 ack is mnie of light wo d. ‘he

|

4 details of construction of the work {Shle deverited above. Cupboards aad drawers ena be added desired

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

stems apit lems of the clover, geranium, soft {ips of ice branches, and almost all other heshaccous stems shows, in cross section, 4 ringshaped arrangement of the vei However, the com plant is different. Cul Thin slices from a young corn, stale and exainine them, Vout will find that, afte Icon we so diameters, the spreeimen reminds you of a lace doily Among the thin, al inst colorless pith cells are arranged, in Amore or less evenly spaced Fashion, he Fibovascular bundles, “Woody slems ate grown-up herbacoous stems, By studying such stems with your nieroseope, you can Train why Teaves fall in the autumn. IT vou slice a twig length wise al a point where a leaf is growing, you ean see that the veins branch out frown the tig and Follow the leaf stem. In the late summer or fall, a layer of tissue gross across the base of the leaf nalually closing off the scaler and food supply. ‘The leaf, deprived of water and food, begins to wither, ‘Thr chlorophsth quits work and the leaf changes eolor Finally it falls, dead, to the ground, The absciss layer of tissue that grew across the hase of the leaf hecames eorklike seal for the scar left on the twig stem, Examine a winter tovig at low magnifica tion and you wil see that iI is covered swith tiny wartlike projections. ‘These are tie entices, When the Feaf dies and drops off, its stomata, or breathing pores, wat ally ean no longer serve, But the (ree must continue breathing Uhroweh Ihe winter. So, over the surface of the winter tix, the usual epidermis is re placed by a waterproot Jayer of corklike material, sshich is pierced with many Tenticels, ‘These lenticels serve as breathing pores in place of the stomata of the leaves, Respiration is Vilal Lo, the Fiving tissues: inside the twig Tf you cut a cross see tion from one of these transitional stems or win: fer twigs, you will see that The sebeautyby ofhe ten

2554

reidllngy: rays, fins radiating Tines formed by lavers of Gstne between the fbrovaccalar biwndles, are present, Te fs eas to icing Iyetascen the ark an Ue swoody growth i fie cambio aver fle center of the section contains the deli cate pith calls, Drop a weak solution of hese fon_aernss stetion af stich stem (inlet vig) and a ble olor wall appent iy vat fous parts, ielicatnge the prance of larch The pith, particulats, # teed as a reervoie for the storave of starth ne winter food. The Fodline test aleo sll show? sare in the bare avd medullary rays, The colored pattern Tormed hy. the lest Frequently is very Beat ful tinder the microscope AS THE stom grows -ollee, the chloe enchynn ar former grees part af the Stem Toses 18 eoorapsll agi comes 2 pet fol the bark, ‘The epidermis sued collenehs st have changed a swaterpoof sheath comeot cork, Inside the into:eambinr ithe xylem, Trini Che ducts for caresing water, while fiitside ie the pilot, with the perforated Sieve tubes AS tle stem mnatunes still fueter, the eam Digan provficrs. nese wind inside and “new. hark ottside. ‘The wood increases in quantity sehile te Irk, by weathriae nul peeling, Feniting fairly constant in thickness, The alternate rapid growths of cells in the ssynamer and the eotpiete of ciatuat cessation fo growth ia winter eauses te appearance of final ringe—hancls or sheaths of trond cell whieh center tkesad anmutat sill Twente ave the largetse.towardBye thecounting nj the se of the stem ean be determined While stray sections in Cir natural state fave beautiful ubjects for the aicroseape, Uiir

appliention of a. stabu, a iiusteated above

onde rs of th ¢- SEA "Vhrough Your Microscope How Marine Specimens Easily Obtainable, Are Prepared for Pamination — Making Your Oso Bell Lar at Slight Cost WALLING By MORTON POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY

FEBRUARY, 1934

is‘

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6.

Iyeauty cau he inereaged greatly bythe ap: Dliextion of elaine, ‘Sieh stans, boentae of their selective action, wil alea bins it the groupe” mote plainly. Todine, Inercuraclvonte, ens, methistene, blue, ad hhaematoxstin are but a few of the staining rosters von ean emplos.. Te is fi to eX periment sth varies combinations, You will diseover, before. you have steceded in. slicing muy” plant stems with tur bh feattin Curbed bythe pressure of the blade, “Often 2Tonaitudinal satisfactory serions job of canmakingbe done either with cross. theoF aid of elder pil Simply’ spbt a piece of pith in to. cut a the ‘stem, then put the so thal they will brace tHhesten ne itis bring ewt, Your ex buy dey Vow might yet i thefrom stem,elderif iLstocks, bith-or fry freezing is very soft, it a rcchanieal refrigerator of by iasmersin 1 A mixture of cracked ice and salt, Do not Freeve it too solidly [QnORNTORY of ali stom stclions call formethod. dehydrating in alcoho, ‘tearing. in sol, infesting with and embed ‘nnn pavain, and sic with 9 mierotorns, ‘Thy slices are cemented to sides, abl paratin dissolved avway, Ue specimens stained, diel, fund mounted in balsam, If you want to make'peemanent slides of some of your stem sections, stain ther, pas them successively through two or three ely cerin baths of dilferent. degrees of dilution {with water, aad finally through pare glycetin, ‘whieh is used as the mouttinge medias. Sead edges of Uhe cover glass with gold size ‘This method, while wot As permanent as the use of Canada balsam, docs away witlt the Somewhat involved system’ of debydration swith sleahol,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

N

2555,

(© MATTER where » he sronlers ‘of the sen ean by the lene of your microscope, A si te these vshore is un neerssary. Von tied only ovate ings you vell ind citer da your ose Hone 0 horhuod drags store For instaner, (he yt ill be supply you will cuttletish Hy intended For the pel éaary, There ah ony Tittle yellow Sponges inl shells. fishin 1 inte novelties Minit every hhome has, bits of ota Int yan Bernal ot b These articles are enongh with whieh(o stint your fascinate ing exploration of the wrvels of th Take tins the cultletish, bane Psamine it carefully vl yout will Find that 338 ante sy of a thin, Iain shell shaped Tike the howl of a spoon ‘The lnllawe side is filled asith fa soft, challike material Haat cantsty: Wiss Tike to pick, his material is lime Ul was depesited by Tae ent t Tels IC you are acquainted wit th venitfetish, your sill know that this hone really is a sh tin ite eaeath the skin of the animal's hk With a sharp knife cut a pee portion of de shell, and carefully: tiny Th to fon ac With your ‘unaided exe you ean see that,on one face, nraterial is niade up of nearly parallel Hines or plates resembling somewhal the end grain af wood, Trint this free of the cube so that it runs squately across these Fines, ‘Then trim a adjacent fee parallel to one of the plates, Lay the piece on a gloss slide, with (he lined surface uppermost and arrange the illumi Lor so thaCa heant of light is directed on the Lop surface, striking 1 al a fairly sharp angle Look into your microscope Did you ever see a commonplace object be surldenly mare beautiful? xe culilelish bone, at fifty diameters, is reveated as a crystalline palace coolaining, & succession of fairy caverns, It looks, indeed, like a cross section of a many-staried glass hhuilding. Yeu can see floor upon floor runnin, across. the field of vision in slightly curve lines. But jnstead of orderly. rows of indi vidual columns sippportingthe Successive floors, sou gee an apparently confused arrangene ‘of what appear to he Chin partitions, broad FINDING A Si pillars, and several icilelike projections «xTending part way up or down, metal or other material, Heht in weight After studying this surface of the cattle and at the same time mechanically strong: Done cube you still may be in doubt as to Throw the bone into water and it will extel way in which the builder of this re. float, Ganks markable structure provided for the support cells'in i, to the thousands of tiny air of the successive floors, ‘Turn the specimen microscope has proved! to you ‘ver until the nest surface, the one cut at ‘hatYourthe cuttlefish or, mare accurate vighCangles (0 the first, is in view. Tf you ly, shell, serves the hone, double purpose of stifhave trimmed the piece properly, you ean see feding the animals body and acting ay how the supporting members are areanged Nloat.” You will have ta amit that, with Tt is as if you were directly above such’ heavy material as lime, the builder building from whieh the root and part o Of dhis o a t has succeeded reninakably well the top story had been removed. Phe ‘The little yellow sponge you purchased layers of the eultlefish bone, you find is not a whole sponge at all, bul only the are separated and supported hy thin ib: skeleton of a water anitnal bons of ime, winding in and out among ologists as a member of the each other. "If the builder of that bone caning, in everyday language, a had been working with steel instead of classification of animals that have charac Jimestone, he would hive supported: the letistic pores or holes in their make-up. lunes hy means of thin sheet-aetal plates With a shorp knife or shears. clip a ent in and out, Tike irregularly cori small, thin slice fram the sponge, Yor gated iron, to give them great strength, tye he. stitprisedl at the toughness of dhe But why’ all this complicated structure, vial iy’ the slice on a glass micro: instead of a simple deposit af limestone? lide and drop oer it a clean caver Rellect_ a moment, and yout wil realize be ‘ent it ftom being Ieing hi blown away Ghat such material’ is, Tike corrugated

c, a8 andinary batts mponge, At

Use low paver al fast, aid focus om the Fragment What you see is athe ~imensional nenwotk of horny hers here are few hreaiches wilh free ends, exept at the cul edges of the piece. ‘Phe whole aa Fook Tike samiething amade by a minature hi amused himself hy. joining her rods of various lengths, without eat thyme or reason, ‘This Momy maze, the skeleton of a that ance lived in the sea, is com posed af a substance that is-chemically related 10 silk, "The scientific name of his onaterial is spongin, “Tt was secreted hy special cells in the living sponge. The network structure of Ue typical hath spange is Init one af the Farms found sino sponge skeletons, If you have, for ecumple, a tinger sponge, pul a slice of it under” your microscope. You will fn i is onile up of a horny: network Tike dhe bath sponge, but that the struc: hire is ot nearly’ $0 cleanceut. ‘There nmnerous projections or

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

MAKING YoUR OWN

hes

iutermingted shh the joined whieh you probably: sill ot tind in stures—have skeletons Famposee af necidlelike bodies of silicon, bor carbonate of lime, Under the aera: opr, they appear like simple needlesar les equipped with crass ans, ar Tike pointed jacks with which you night ply a game These separate Neo thet have serapedan avant vowee with spanges. hy esate. thie tart again te shells, this. owe ai the bivalves with 8 mother of pieat Lining. ‘The shell of the pearl oyster, the niussel, and various shells picked py along the sei shore ullord ex Cellet ntateril Selert apiece af shell feom near the fede, besend the mother-of-pearl fine Vesslty y ean find portions. Uhat will von ight permit the wee oF the stl Lie mitre veut on ane of these. Ohi Pliers. aris Bly fo. 100 diameters anaehi eptiow of sea sells veil! trate. The hast glance reveats 9 beauty Tie exictene af ashiety you never” deca i Vie ibly, will le ola want tied thoteht, wee ile logy, pet dgs oe Ua i eaigeed with calor. The sieht at greets fine reese ai espanse of tiny blocks or together, Same of Thenisms,blows pertextte ate bynes, fitted soane ave ties BOL i crtal (ins: ate friely unde iw size, “They Hiller bi iy shaped yom l awd Ct Cut them Iave siv sides, “Ofte in die tine shell yourMlk, will sandere lest wisses prisms, af blue,Someyl Tose, rowan, finots thew ie rainlunye colr elfeet that i Fnnteveibals bestia Tine shel tages that exhibits this fortaation iFooter e mug grleeup entitcke title ene prisonsforiJoinedthe to ener, wf ‘Thee fo vepective tietanes of the layers his

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Foal iy alist nw other substance, DUACY, the shell under yeue microscope vl, at shy 100 diumetees, you sil st He reican for tiniely af this’ beauty. You Ai "find Use the surface is marked with insany fine, way’ ves that run al Tel U excl attr, There scent Lo he Fidees anit Tatraws, The distinetess. with hich Sin see the fines opens on the mat ner in hil yume illaminate the shell Some yrecinnens are" thin eth tobe examined Ty Ceananitted ity but nsually yo will Ihave to engploe relented fight, TP there is fo nouels llunination, yout wilh see only pliviye iteleof white, Olten the introduction Sha ealog filter dato the light. beam. will Ting out the detail Thhete seems to he some difference in pinion as Uo the eset satire OF the: pearly structure, Some investigators suggest U the furrows an vides that nae the s fe outcroppings af layers of thin plat laminae. “Others say that the Hines are c by: folds or phils in a single membraneots aver, the folds being at an angle to the surfee.’ "The iridescenee of light rays reflected Irony the eeues af the fake and from the fur= rows betieen thei resulls apparently from the “Theactionpeaslyof luster Tight tat is reflected by the various transparent Tayers, together with Chat rellected from the surface, Aspherical pearl, the kind prized as a jewel, likewise is composed of thin layers whieh reflect light in sitar manner inner the layers, the better Ghe ster i the reason why Aref, how the bot ‘th be ett feom a one sall-water pearls, which have thinner folds, lass bottle,“Wan thethe month of ssbich 2 thenape, aseansty fre stiperiot Lo fresh-water pent iron sei co ey i he oes he Dell jae va fe sees are ‘OU will discover many other things about commnsesl fy ya care hy: making objects microscopic tionssea of Tifecommonplace suchasexamina thore ister fund ones a tte already mentioned. Tf yu live. near the feean, wr ever get the elance to male a see shore visit, vou ave prepared, with this met re introduction, ty embark on ats INTERES TENG litte spetanent i ficroscopie exploration that will rival in e&ha ine int the sole sb fitement an Interest the most unusual ex tic. Select Huet that cleats exhibit Ue prismatic periences of sueface-going explorers, Diiring seh a seashore vit, you wil be iin a dio of ute wite fo collect material with which to minke bor sulphrie permanent mietoscope slides. Th fet, one ‘of the mostJ fascinating phases of amateur are rest Inicraseapiy the ereation of a lide the buble hs cena If you find, for example, a piece of seaNbrary shell Tuell ual will nd ‘eshibiis the mosaie-Hke structure une IF ott oer place Hat Tip i neler nsuslly well, yout ought to mount it perma ently for faire examination and eshibition to frienuls, Simply eleam it wel ley it, and Thais pechaps hanged inouine it int Unalsantcfilled ell If oie follow de established method of shan pe kine Felof Sh avd press the ed like the &piececell offor shell,mounting you willthikspin specimens » shellac sill tsainel the on ihe surface of the slides then yott fo vesistant La breaking, vine teil GIL iL with baat, introduce the object ily inte a shapeless ids, naul finally apy acieular cover glass, “The Appatvatte the Tiger ot pisos, the inti vidi prisms ev yn thin chances ate that, out of a dozen shellte rises, ogists ay hoot mone. than ‘half will De perfeet-—nlese miler laser, fod on. the ou ive bkseed with considerable skill oF fone practice. i simile shel nie! vista baer ‘There is 2 method, however, of construct= Tpeneath from ear ruil in Oye water, aol abo Hapa to ing perfect ells in a minitaum of tise. The iiroctss consists of place beneath the cover fuel meh fis cole fir Fvowe the secret of the lass a wasler whose thickness. fs sitficient fo provide. space for the specimen. The ‘our miernscope washer may be made of some. transparent Doaterial such as ecllilodd, or of an apace avly layer of the shell substance tike thin paper. ‘The euside diam ith Sour uniided exe i the same as that of the Tight in pisimatie colons of flee of theglas . Washer Inv mounting specimens, simply a huster that is feover erat elie,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

seat a Fille balsnm on the slide, phice the washer oil, apply more. balsam to. he Eivity surfaceardof drop the wisher, Tronldce amlthe apper specimen, the cover snes ito place i sitow it DMASIyouNG havette washers suitable pt ho IL yout lathe, on have aecese toa“one inatal-working fan comiract short Gime, Oliver pom ean Baawe f machine shop imake nie tvies, Tor a, few cents, ‘The punch consists of a steel rod! having one ead teneel so that ten irenlar culting cages, concentric circles, ate formed, The outer cite is. of the sane inwveter as the cover glues. The inner one Shou be about one-fourth inch snaller in iganeter, producing a washer having a see tiow one-eighth inch, wide, For very sina speciwens, the ental hole can be smaler Catling edges af the pune shah be 3s sluarp as pwesible,- ‘Phere fe nn needLo harden the tool it soni 1 stand ap well autho spevial teat tent, Use dill rod or tent steel fr th atetial, “Alter the lathe work ds finished, ‘rill a sinall ole so chat iL rans st an ae from a paint lctween the Ise to a point fn the skle of the to l an inh or si fron the ety, Int this iutvovce a l swith rounded point ‘Vhis arranzement Necessary in onder Ca remove the times tt frequently Decome weslee ithe bate the cutters, "An alternate santhen! ell te cavity” between the lin resilient rublt avbieh espents. iter thy hammer blow and expels the wher OLY photewsani Hn oom gti the fms has Tray venned sok inv a hydeachtorie-seid solution Toidsuchas that sald tor avon heavy: paper, and sini water ised for the washers, Vout can ct for cutting square washers, Usitll hw deed of thean Hn ashi tines ever, the eizetlar form is preferable Me, stock af several thickt Unless you Hive in some ind of Utena, Sau specimens. Tn ent you will find that aust quickly. eullects on Sock ont bork of ht Sole microscope saul attire equipment ih ket fit, ‘and strike the Thea sith at Sanding fa the open for 2 tine, One « You will fin tht the wee at gee Imost danceruts enemies of rings will give professitnsl apprariie tothe geil and tint tht settle wn miit fees the i your work, Vou cin add i finkhine laboratenies, tice bell ‘of asphalt varnish if you svishy, or yethomercats air,juts areIw well-equipped employed for covering 4 futcoversimilar washers, slightly: hurwer a the ‘glist, from colored, ynunieljuapet Ai paste than over the cover glas eee RELA. jar, you willancy eoete discovermie if after the balsam has set thoranh va foul Lo pittchace he saser stem fa be te Cr ne Feit way fi hilh yt can the cells as. well_xe round, if sot tale at try eon

Dancing Dragons SEEN

WITH

YOUR

‘Ry

Morton CG. Walling POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY AUGUST, 1936 ‘© MATTER where you explore with your miier scope, you may’ Tind nematodes,” deagontike worms which are engaged constantly in a verithing dance, and whose numbers are believed to be greater than the insect poputation, Amazing are the variely and distribution of these important but, to the average person, almost unknown creares, Many kinds, known variously as threadworms and roundiorms, live i fresh water. Other thousands of species are found in’the soil and in the sea, ‘There seem to be few

MICROSCOPE

THE SURVIVOR Vol. .

curTLnrIsit-nons Dt ett letinh-bome tn

‘Avswe, ied abuthe specimen hay tomesa8

From Bor a dnie moststore apiatet obsain 2 ssoemja or fae that altonof sizeclear,i suicien Se made uncolored ‘nmplshr Clannp an efiicient ghee utter to blow fof steel-of wool ad adjust iL so that th ftting awheet wil towel the phase jug at a Fain the one ihe Hioiutthree-fotrths. Frface on which bothta he jug aud block ate esting, Rotate dhe jar, presine it saint Ue enter wheel so. that Tineto isweaserieaesin he phase, You will be ws uring dis and subsequent operations, ‘Alter the cut fas heen completed, intro atuce inte the

(right incl sa fron the en. “Tap ths ard ily opposite the eu, conthnning {he jar until the Fine has Broken eonoplctely Uaingh. "The bottons sillturpentine deop oll ia leany With fle wet with snc. camphor hasbeen snsulve, Yo whiceas femowewerethe made ship ofglass nes.eensPally At cllbible as tine Cutapes edgenentwitha onecork oF ito(wo thelayerspeningof adhesive Mt "Thethe tops! and. your belt fue i s comple, taped tgs, besides cing tore altvactive finan somewhat damageraged to ayThe tiero-ee 8 foot thean prevents Ii the ar accident ete

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2558

animals, from the tiniest inseet to the biggest d in which they are not found as parasites, Some quadeupe nematade even have stnalfer nematodes living inside theit bovlies! s With such abundance, it ought to be difficult for the amateur mictaseopist (0 discover notenough forms (o keep him buss for a long time. Heof eanthesetind sninute then in almost every sample of mud, sand, aquatic vegetatio or decaying plant material fram ponds, Takes, streants, nut seas jn any patt of the world. He even eam find thent in the family’ vinegar jug.

‘The vinegar worm is perhaps one of the bes-nowmn ening,cel orTC Vinegar ie visible ae sling, whitish Tine in most vinegarto the(hat mel containseye 2 as distin sediment. Put adap of vinegar this inhabited on 2 slit aud fay & cover glass over ite Examine the ecls with a he Hose, say (sventy-five 0-100 diameters. You will diseover {iat tie worms not remains. for even’ gh instant ‘They whip about doconstantl the (0 pleces of las y in the fil of liquid. between The vhiegar ex, although an easy nematode to fing, is

hot very important when compared with others of its kine, Some of these tiny: Neither is it very’ feruciots-Jooking, worms which greet the mieroscopist as he peers down his lube woud make the mythical oriental diagon spit envious fire, ‘Three horrible jaws which open and shut Tike the jus of a Lathe chuck, and whieh may he studded with tiny teeth; curved spines’ projecting out from the head ina startling manner} 2 body armored with ringed strtetures these are a few of the dragonlike characteristies found in Nematodes fiving in fresh water and inthe soil make excellent microscopic specimens because they requite

CAPTURING NEMAS ANDPREPARINGTHE A FOR THE mIcROScore

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most no preparation, ‘Their bodies are so transparent. that Ueir internal organs are seen clearly, TL is one of the marvels of nature that, in these Liny’ worms, there are a nervous system, digestive system, and most of the other ‘organs (one would expect to lind only in karger animals, Most of the color seen in fresh-water nematodes results irom food eaten or from a coloring of he intestine walls. TPO OBTAIN a collection of fresh-water nemas, place in a watch glass or other shallovy, transparent dish, a stall uitity of mud or sand from «pond er steam ‘bottom, ante it with a hand lens, with the lowest power of your microseape, or with a dissecting microscope, Watch for the, characteristic: wriggling or wavy motion of the nemas, a motion which continues while the worms remain in the sime place, With a medicine dropper or fine-tipped pipette, yout can pick up these worms and transfer them (0. a ‘other watel glass, ‘Then, with a needle oF slender camel's hair brush, and still using the dissecting microscope, you can piek up the individual nemas and phice ens in a’ drop, of clear water on a microscope slide for close examination, Another method is to place the water, containing sand and mud, ina test tube or beaker and stir or shake it thoroughly. Let it stand for a few seconds, until the heaviest Sind particles have settled 10 the bottom, Pour off the muddy waler carefully, leaving the sand lehind, Most of dhe nemas will go with the water. Now let this, water stand for Cree or four minutes in & beaker about four inches deep; then pour it off eatefully, so as to leave 8 layer of sediment on the bottom, ‘This sediment will be Found to contain nematodes in great numbers, which ean be captured and placed on a slide as alveady described.

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n atHearlow ule or moderate powers,aa ordina FeusedFOR Baiyesamvinatio Rees Ca nee Tor high-power work such ay detailed ean

2559

THE SURVIVVol. OR 6

barcatic or anesthetic. Even to. hhacco smote “bubbled the water will serve. throug7h Another way of killing nemas fs 10 heat the water contain ing glasses are preferred by nematulogsts them by holding the microscope Ty prevent the cover glas Trout crushing the delicate slide above the fame of a match, Dodies candle, or Bunsen bitrner, of the mening as. s u l t of eapiny aeuaetion, Hes necess motion ceases. ‘The specimuntil Uo black ary icup, ‘This f s done by pling beneath iU spacers consisting ‘of strands. of spin lass, ot hans can be examined immediately, ensor Phucked from’ cavel'stait brush of the ind, used. by preserved! indetinitely by: fixing tits, Thrve halts aveanged in fangulae fasion about and hardening ina suitable so2 vigerat el. ph the nema vil be satisfactory Iunion suchas Flemmning’s, bi ie" frww te noleroscape'smieror chlorid IE you dasive to sce any details of the internal organs, e of y, or four. percent formalimercur n, and then (eat you Will have to do soniedhing t» slow up ot sp the ft ing them as follows Eessant writing, “This movement, Inexlentallyy, slays After the fixing and washingof takes place maa upeamtaow n ieetign. the ove Whenes sll anIlowever, out place the nensatote between stycimens, Laster themto a five-pee there fs not enough roosn Tor it to wag ils tal vere, erin sofation Cone part sivcetin to mineteen s0 it has (© move parallel (0, dhe Prats ested water), and set-aside until the surfaces of the Therefore ater evaporates, “This process requires ust most microscopic views af nema ally ieee days butt uiay have to tie prolotwo nged or several weeks for very delicate 6 shows their sides Hetimens When . the waiter hasFinally, ecaporamount ted, ‘0 put a nematode Lo sleep oF glscerin, pute in ave thenem as Kill it, you can use water. in iu pre slyeerin or in glycerin jelly, which a small quantity of chloro: This jelly, handy montis medians for form has heen dissalved, Fill a specime ns iat completely delsirated,fe made test tube a third full of water as follows: Seale quantity of ey gettin i fold water for about thirty osimites, anti i add several drops of chloroform, Freeones soft. Drait off al he wwiter len and shake the misture, ‘Then put nothing but the sivollen gelatin. Waetn this the nema into this water, Instead inva double boiler enti ie melts. At sal df chloroform you cin tse ethe quantit y of white of ex Cem albumen) ad chloral hydrate, or any other Sir thoroughly. ‘The. heating, cnuees the al Inunmyen to eossulae inti a precipitate that ceaties surge al impurities leaving the welt tiny lege. Filter the gelatin throws ht Ma nel and ald an equal volmine of lycerin, and Recording Microscopic Subjects aout one eran af chloral hydlate for every gelatin used, Klis the insteie by" of tram With Paper and Pencil Shaking, “Het the jelly stand in a warnntsplace lent the bubblesrive and isppeae, In mount UIBSE simple set-ups will ep ing, take care to avoid including air bubbles you in making pene sketches of tander the enser alass, heeatte they will not tie Interesting things you seerighty sir with svork their way’ ou ag they’ do sslien balsam the AU Feed microscope. Sour orwith suspend Srom a stand combi glass mounted ot theof F GLYCERIN jelly refweesto ned when Evepieeea cover to superimpose the insise ‘oled, iL either contains ton nel water, theFig paper over the field of ew. In whiels can he removed by warming. over & t y helowy the microscopes ase bath, a teas heated tom tc i bein svater fs.ta}, projector wih ils thelubeimagehorizon melted. In’ mounting a specimen, wares the amiteor reflecting onto to render it Mud, and warn the side jelly theFiht-angle pape forpeinacing. substtaied Fig. 2 shows 4 sud cover sliss to prevent siden cooling for the i inased. jn Cowshy (rans: nematode A tnieror. In Fig. 3, the observer looks “skin which eneraiy" eon ne fayer_ parent diownsined dhrough 4 thw cover glass His of {iro miationsy the eutienla and st fticala. their skins ike Subject laid over the paper, so that it Alohelps not to. photograph fix details easily, in the sketching memory, sakes, so Nematodes. that the shod u n d e r laver tater heeomes fean bee easily enced, Tn si to aul develops Iabits of close observa the onier one. Each of the tivo cuticularother fyfay its value in reconing the appearance tion. A. good frev-haned avtist can several of composed Turn, in is, cers ff nematodes and other subjects (hat worl without these aids crs, tially tee Careful observation will reveal that the skin of almost every nematode fe marked by Fine lines oF striations te bol a atopy and hottam, rimming il not. eros traversing. the Lt sides One cate of ‘these crosetise niarkines gars is found in the endless whipping the worm’s Gee body in characteristic nematode offashion, and the consequent alternate stretching andl contDiesing of the ecu nutimes its possfle to separate the skin ‘ineyae Fewe drops of Solute alcohol ectto bythe audio drop of seater ow aslideabe fontainine the tiny: worm. This cases th imerual organs to Separate from the in ‘walls shrink int fine extending from end to end of slender the eiticiar eylinder,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

probably by absorbing asater from the wori’s Insides. Ifa caver plass wrapped vee Thi pecinien, and a danp ne is ter some. stain stich ie Loeiilers metbyfene blue solution i nk to the cover fase eee snl allowed. 0 ditise amuderneathy the glass, Che almost ite Visible euicutae sheath, wil be broticht_ out pints. the dye remaining outside itil hs faring the sheath honnsdares Te a nemnatorke with a thick, bose skin sanYou findcin vatel ith the process of nal ing." Davin its growth nematode sheds is fiuler covering, and the aining of its mouth, ecophnans, and rectum about fone tines. In Species laine tiny teeth ie the parsing,0 al sometimes three enngplee sets of tevthean the seen for these are shed long will the Ue nemato biting. jncladesoF The dis tat‘ive is system a month adapted of thee Eek anv the esophn infesting, ad rete tuum, there are stands fv the moni to aid Aigestion, Nemas with movable, mauseula fips toot he rippin nan sig sce in varie af forms from a simple tube toa. complicated organ Trasine 9 tbtike ssveling” useful in eventing rowenta snckinye fares, The intestine i es Lentil there i in some specimens Tothe stigesionvotof «stomach at the Trot en The nemtatore Its no feart-and-aetery’ ci coatory: as do a colocess higher animale. hod cavitysystemcontains. fluid. The that splashes about irregularly as the ody is moved, whipping bathing theactionorgie, the con:1 lant of thesePerhaps tiny worms tonotatheirthear elreulatory systemFacerwhataint,the beating feta (haf

2560

FEXCIRCLING Uiie wf the neck,the is eo rinses bundleof dyerye thers that form a sinyple brain. Bstend Fhe froin it to other parts of the body arenerves shh control the organs aud maces, Several Epecies have distinet-eyes spots, some tines equiped with Tiny. arTenseseye whieh, probe iity ae ae fie callectors rather than imageToning: devices, Remon hack frou the eyes tithe nerve tiny ate nerve bers ‘Other important organ visible to the micro scopist include the sesqal apparatus, hits oF pines sshich appuareniiy serves Lacie its fhe eetine the way past obstacles, aad severe al ems whove se remains tnysters Anon the most prominent of hese mysterdevices are he "lateral organs,” two one on5 of the head, ons situated on tle onlside of these ther side, ‘The functiona chemical sense onan thought to be that of be in the may ofsans these af parts outer ‘The cele, lis, oF merely for of 8 spiral, projection. ‘They are’ dizectly constraight nected with the central nerve ofan Nematodes cause millions of dollars worth fof damage ever year and ave responsible for Raeeat miany deaths. Hookworms, which at {ch themselves to the intestinal” walls and rain the energy of their host, fre nematodes, So are the wneme Chat are found i sheep hows aad many other domestic nana, "The dreaded trichina worm, sehich by burying it Saif in the muscles of pig causes the disease Eowt as tniciosis fy te anita, ad i t= ans sho eat improperly cooked pork. oy: tained Irom stilt sawshtered ig, 8 atmos the most dangerous of nematodes

Wonders of SEA SHELLS Shown

by You r Microscope

POPULAR SCIENC MONTHLY JUNE, 136 B THE many reasons why adven. shell, you ll have to Laing willy Che microscope eam y‘ the wey, andichsityare not ipreptatgen O Tyethe sich Fenst a ig fascinating: the fact thahobby.it Fels

apypaee ainsspected infevest to Conse new andpl, commronp m mpi, that hitce of ejects, sen shell om yee svork tah as half of the shell wasof produced outerThe covering bivaey 1 illosk te a and siiiarwithtase the oysterit closely to Wsamine fated your Uh senate 0 amisture pe0 tie even he ater fs, perhaps, grayish white ticular specimen , brownop ania Colons—black fii it ig, broken intoover, steps.ad rlyfind “Tun thesieshellglows with an ii paralleltie concave Fiat rainhos of thers hasten, Colo ent, pearly 0 pea, -of mother Play over it "This is 1 ine thing, this shel Yet, to pre dau al those colors and that ide 0 mechanism, hnust require some hidden the naked visible not fo Sour tomicroscope Afs. leastTessonnething tm to ime ries 9 ontnes al yo ofeattlle:about for tha in Tove begins bier to fin

perform mumerons apaticabe tos ofa pest any biker things of dutevestto\ dhe att Trtstis toa bewillygivenall Hines, thisexamination pata suell a general AU'nwodeale powers, ay at lly or set centy-ive diameters, Ho the shell up to theslightlyad, iraisticent, tts so thlefor the.that nibsiets part enky THare alone nr ees, are several potssel elon 8 transparent. Lay the Cem lass sides move A unl one of the tert epost beweatl the Tens,Shumise antransparent Toes caret Nosuniform1T aecelore Theshll swat ihe bo inggeeaus, yo (rovgh ies Seon at seventy-five tines He rie colored ones, fled tet with 8 pee feetjo thatyou of hile hort of uneaunye I femins tiled paverents Alo of although Mocks wllhaveanyase thethere ueare come four a theylbetsate tith mores Bt how b e t iully Hite together!

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

MUG!Government of the research work carried on by nematotoqists is directed towards combating. the emas which attack Such gseful plants as vsheat, sane beet aud strawberries. The root-kvot nem, one of the worst of this dass, is kuown ta aitack neatly a thousand different Laboratory plants The Nematoloy of the U. 8. Department of Agticltire is one of the most ‘unriual and important workshops operated by Uncle Sain’s stientists, Tere. highly. tried workers do. nothing but study nematodes, make marvelously detailed drassings of then, dlevelop better was of seeing them with mi froscopes, work out methods of ‘combating theie destructiveness, and even Tear hove to pat some of them to usetul work! ‘They have iscovered one Kind of nema Chat wil a tack and devour another ematede. whose specialty is damaging eitrous-tree roots, There fare ns news {lit Kall insect larvae, destroy the of such injurious insects 98 grasshoppers, land even transmit diseases whiel kill dertruc™ tiveTn Sheets, the envatology laboratory at Washing: ton your will not find much photomicroseaphic activity, No satisfactory method of recordin Dhotosraphically the delieate details of nema toads ase beensame developed, the nematolosists time expert so artists. ‘The mak= Complete “dravsing, may require nonths of work and thoveands of observa tions. Hfficent drawing equipment, head-tests dual reduce Uhe Fatigue of hours of observa tion, and. the best microscopes in the world are Used, Still, much of the suecess depends on downright skill and patience of the observer.

“er ®

vals How Nature

Fashions Beautiful Coveringsfor Common Mollasks By

Morton

: micaosedre

C, WALLING

PSF

cate

ZouoonnP

Studying Human Hairs With Collodion Casts

baie sca heeasilysueface sontladmarkings by eanof human, a cllodion

Fermege Beat lace them on a elt ale

pe aa Holle ‘eetanae Re Ineo" ‘lig thihosSwellst thefy“coliodion. ect the taeltpoured. Fon lionbed. ‘Themanne! cast formierorcoplework, is then mounted in thachuionuiry

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Now turn the shell over so that its pearly side is uppermost, Again focus near the dee, over one of the nearly Lransparent spots where the pealy luster seems (9 he Talking, Again you se that wonderful m= stic, only, perhaps, stuoolher aml more perfect; for you noticed thal, on Une outer ie, sonve of the lithe “Stones” had a

2561

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Reon cella ‘aly appearance, “These onthe pearly sa mer semeral of tneby tue after Side, however, are perfectly simooth ovata Na igofahe iy the sideways, until slide the move Now of center the toward moves pint of focus The stl, "The appearance of the sti face as you refocus your lens, cha

motels ihe surface of 2piece of wool swith prominent grain, “Chere are scoresof Tine Fines, curving and eireling about, each ssanaging somehow to be almost parte @ Tittle trick that can be used ng. bidkden details in a great Go to the drug Axil collin, This

ign (which must be incite d), not transmitte you discover that th ferncefully sweeping lines kinked and wavy. ‘Thus you find that mother-of-pearl—for that is what you are exanining—ig- marked by characteristic ‘wavy lines which, “somehow, have ‘much to-do with the iridescent ap: pearance of the material y studying the surfaces of the easy to dolershell, it is not ly, whe

So, in handling the bott precautions you would with so much gaso Tine or pure ether, Keep flame away from it, Instead of coliodion, a solution of cel-

acetone can be used. or theee With a toothpick,on theplaceinner,two pearly survalladion «dopsof face of the shel aul spread it out in thin layer that extends to one of the thin best ele dry enough to permit peeing film wil‘nebe edge with @ needle ot sharp hfe blade, and grasp it with treeasts Pull gently and evenly, and the Gn wil luloid in

ns oly lbs

a Ooi ae ONEmetal ee AL eai SYit Lee

gis oe Shelled Wey ate

ares uleing way oferndlnesaul

iste shows. adrtncet the mosaigthe svepaticrnhelow,of thethe sey iter desig of the inner ining

PREPARATION OF A COLLODION cast Inner odion view, & ate”few dons beng Minface of the seit! Tet, from “the abel! “surtace

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

ome off in singe piece, or at east in a Tange enovgh piece Sire Utt"you pect off orsomeobservation, near the shellBe edge. "Traafer the uppermost fin to theleassieicstat Scope slid, laytg savin contacta calladion withthe shell way, make cast ofIn the3 sai Cuter surface of the shel, eters reveals tht Considerable beautyyas iy havethosecaptaved sinpl pieces ‘There Ie the, of wsale”pyvoxstin,pave near His, one‘The eulge-of fda thehsttt Took at that fromthe outer suvface, the blocksand you“aie find“not. tatsa stool, but are roughened in'spo, sheve the shell hasstonesencountered. andthe like. sharp ‘Tk fast of the pearly stuface Sfresolves was self Tines itavery. a seis mich Hike those you Si ot rect inspection, Youll sts by tipping the fil to Hook ey s. igThistiousavihileangles withexparinnen yourwhile naked seems (0 indicate that the trdescence of mother-af peal i Tagely a sat ot sace ees“ thelr breakuptolorsthe Tight raysfineness, into prismatic This wnikive. (6i callodion casts Hering, is aVoustuntcan orth use itremem: often in aiiroscopy, for eveabog de tail

2562

Ue collodion has Necome itis peeled in fa sheet from the glass} tnd firm,the haits the, Hull away’ from Ht, leaving perfect aetmpressiots of their surface’ markings, ‘The eolletion fast iS mounted ona slide and inspected by {romstitted Tit ‘QU can nyake similar casts of varions other things. A east of a portion of the surface of acoin will eveil the lool marks die maker, ve the pits formed by oxidationof theof the metal’ The surface of metal that bs. been

HOW TO MAKE THIN SECTIONS OF SHELL Ton view, the micron Shell. Firs, the ction is . Then, with round fhe groundena and honepltsed side wilt) prevent ovengrinding offadeobjects that forcannot lighted oe otherwise suitable directbe observation, Finan Fries, for example prove dificult subjects to the fnieroseopist who attempts to see Ue surface markings incidentally, are distinctly ‘somewh mother-of-pearl, Ini do Heseence, With the aid of collation, tion of fair surfaces 2s carried out in crime Taboratories, is easy are frst washed 1 a removes grease, stich as aylol, Then ty are fgid on a glass plate and their ens fastened down withshatloy adhesive Gebuailtor ages paper. theA bikes Tittle Hoste, well f twill te tape, Into this depnessin 3 ponaed Suicfent «jtantity of colletion ta fil S-Whe

highly: polished and then etched ith nitvic id or Sone other easel i the miner st ally employed for preparing metal for mcr Scopieal examination with a vertical ining for, will leave an imprint of the crystalline Stricture of the metal on a eollodion ‘hl Usitilyy the. Gln are. seen Best when es amined dty, "That is, you simply place th fo a elean glass slide, marked ih Inost, and lay aver then a cleat The glass can he fastened oven at the eke will gummed pa er, shellac,or other shatettal, Torfim,permanent, you wll preparation’ be surprised Inst exaunining the varity theof fleets that ean be provduced by changin the inirtor ans, tasking off one sie of the lish Team fromthe avirror, sod sinilar sta

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With a tied experimenting, HL usually fs pose sie ce thee photomicrographs rey 25 hh Some af the accompanying ‘of film casts, " But 0 far, you haven't found out a great deat the sett Onesteuctare the shalese tunder about consideration, path of offuter oration SFbrocess shell leadsTha To the making of thin sections that prodives 8 very orthinapprostately slice, either AUrightel angles to the surface toi offThe parallel seriot ees to e . Dreak apiece of alof a aboutleu penal a5 bi In'area as the c r o s t secon This tases, pee Obtain sell be a tworsunaced slightly saucers ih anost razr hone fe two Tones, one fine snd tho other conse Wet the eaarse hone ly the pieceof sl en iyour t with finger the dishedin'side uppermost adforth wth rub the piece back and ie hone wot itis gtotnd Mat, Tn teaser {to fine hone,The afinerbring to as high a pol ith'as thepoles pertet this polishing wil bethe hone, the more PLACE drop ofinierascope Canada balsam in the cener of aa clean anit warn it gently over as flame or slide, a Stowe like that seceribed iat a recentlit e electtie article (PSL, Feb. °36, p44), Heat the balsam UUnUl midst of the Salvent fas evaporated. Duy not overdo it. While the balsam i went an ek lay the piece of shell, previously washed and‘own,deiedPressto firemove dirt, polishedandl sidesc rmly aginst otthe it, glass, thevtide aside to coo, ‘When the balsam has hardened, grind the other side of the shell down, aad polish in the for the first surface, Because overdo the grinding, examine. it theis possible specimento Frequently through the microseape.as the liom becomes thin, When the polishing i fi ished, wash the specinien swell, pt drop of water over it, Tay a clean glass on, and you ave ieady (0 study theeover interior steacture of the You see the same mosaie-pavement forma tion, except that the blocks ate now al of Ue sume level, and perfectly smooth. Mave the Sli sideways, and yout siden fel oud ary. where the block pavement ens to give sway to-an ently diferent formation. “This re seetion seems to be made uy of intanner~ able wavy Tines, while rum in every diection, bhat seem to have a general systematic a” rangement in ene diretion, Took very toute Tike the grain of yellow pie or a si Har wood, ‘This is the mother-of-pea ial in Onin seetion, YOU make a section perpendiculae to the urface of the shell in the area that shows mosaic effect in a section parallel to the sur= fice, You vill find thal there age a seeat many more or les parallel fins, looking somevsh likea fandéutof matches viewed frown the side And tins you have diseovered the witure of the mosaic laser, TL 38 composed of numerous Hocks of some hard! material, each Block bee ing, inmost cases, hexagonal in shape. When Tock ae in sition, extend feomn outer to inner surface of the they layer, their lensth de= cmning the layer thickness ‘Fhe when yu polished the first piece of shell to make a thin Stetion, you were cutting a great many blocks | frosswice. ‘The mother-of-pearl, in cross see= tion,“Theshows a-wavy, laminated formation, hexagonal blocks are crystals of lime, oF caleinma carbonate, a material common” Tones, teeth, arid ail mouse shell. Lhe fs in very convenient material for all animal Form

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to employ. It can he used in so many seas, One of the most bradtful pure-time form tions is seen by: looking ata fille block of futtetich one” with a micrascone Tito get hack othe shell in urstion, Wf cks arer of lime, why wouldn't the the blodisappea i immersed i weak hydia= shell acid? Why nol tis iL? Make niteie oF thlorie A solition of abot one part concentrated hy tlochlorie (or nitrc oF sulphuric) ail in ten water, Unditited vinegar can be used, i parts bin other acl is available, Diop inte the acid Solution a piece of the shell Also, shite son are at it, immerse the slide beating the iin ection of shell—the one, made parel Co the Shell surface—romoving of router, the cover Sel the cht containing, the specimens lass. over hight aside NTE morning, you vill nd dist the Sell has not disappeared, bt sat, for Ul vost party it Tooks very ral ge tlie ef althouel fe now that is limpthereand arefsbhs. rosenpe reveals the ‘Thesame 101 fale blocks, and the saime wavy. fines on the inner surface. With a pair of iss tieye ee idles, (ear apart some of the mother-of-peatt Inaterial,ony ‘Thisof is exsy, for the shell now eam Suis animal Cssie, without the slrengll-siving time “The mother-of-peael resolves itselfnto lay crs of thin membranes, whieh the miceoseope shows toThesebe memheanes, folled” in when ihntimerabe. properly Tineie

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luminated exhibit beautiful coloring, Steetch ‘ne of the, membrane s out, the creases disappear, and the iridescentso that colors vanish, Mother-of-pear), therefore, is 9 likewise forma iow of property folded’ membranes arransed in layers whore edgs are vikihle on the sre face of the piece; and these membranes moe nally ate reinforced with supporting infilaations of time amine the slide hearing shell section, an you find that the mosaiethe pavement Decome a netssork of honeycomb cell has the substage mireor fist one way thea Tilt other, so tat the light eam strikes the epeethe iimen ‘at iffereat angles, aad you may be able tn catch. a thied-dim gliapee.of theof thea= shioven inane sides of these eels, a8 ension companyings photomiernerapls. The piece af Aecaeiied shell that_was nol gromut reveal svlien examined, that eae of the eel that ised (9 house a Hiestone yuista is eapped on eel end sith the same antinal menstrtne TP HUS 4 ble sll of molt se as ‘He mussel and oyster is made ty of Uheee reeneral Inside folded. isthe membranes tother-of-pear layer of layers. laminated, avd limestone. Next is the mosaic Inver of col Hike Hinestone crystals thin layer of tort me inraney which extends is be Tiewed to protect the fimestonei fromache the action of the acts encountered in the water ie sehieh the a imal hearing the shell ves,

MOSS~ Fivo Plants iz One

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sll the, moth ‘of-peatl lining stops short of ‘You the sell ede,find this exact formation inal will ot slellg, In oneinstsortof orthemanoiler, you willThe ndbest varia tions of shes forlowed,youtthefstmuse,resarches are a8 aleendy met> oyster, and sini bivalves “ae far ackowedae George 1470 oF Rasney thereabouts, cronenpst desreeembl snethod of making artical shell innatural many shells ways the"Thiespristiatc loversextof hod!certain Rainey’ of 4 soluble com solutionscarbonate ‘Makeaf separate pound Tine (ealiam or ordinary Eaiced sie), aid potassium or son ionate. Ordinary washing soda is snditm ear= Tonate, Nix with suchas ech solution some viscid nial substance allen (the ‘tan epg) The qunntity of thse animal while stbStaace in cach soliton should be such thst, ‘elen the feo solutions are mised the debs Sofat theof restang soltion willHime besoliton the sameton 38 the cashonateof Set the resulting mised solution wher i wil emain_unwlistrbed for about three weeks ‘The erystaline layer,inthecomposed of limestone crystals imberkled animal smaeral, ‘eke that in natal shells forte over erythe Ses and further bottom crystalline af the vessel, Rainey found tat a geoweth takes place alter abort sie weeks.

Tlome-grown moss viewer under ++. Strange facts shown theSwenmicroscope tisan plane reverts by your fold" ual eo personait fey. Te MICROSCOPE ferent plant” ieforms ait reproduces 0 THE amateur micraseopist, nothing fel by" two entve: iy aistinee methods revealed by. his. instrument is more bog mosses, found wherever there’ sseinating than the unsuspected quali ground, ‘These mosse ties possessed by objects. formerly doig marshy nol contain much green color thought commenplace, Look at any minute plant ing matter, and therefore for organism with the naked eye and il seems what dead in appearance.are same‘They. simple enough, Bul under the microscope, what form dense mats which gradually a different story is revealed! Look, for example, sink to the bottom of the bogs andl ‘at ordinary moss, and then go to the microscope eventually may he converted inte lo learn for yourself Uhe story of this. peculiar peat. Another close relative of nnd widely spread member of the plant kingdom, Moss fas awhat psychologists would call “dual personality.” What most people rexaed a an ordinary plant is actually rico plants, each ‘completely distinct from the other, ‘That part which se commonly eall the nioss. plant isin actuality a separate plant, with sometimes a second plant perched on it head! Under the all-reveatingeye of the microscope, we see the evidence of one of the ingenious ways ins devised 10 assure propagation of plant c, and in the process we come upon one of the most Fascinating biographies in the plant worl. "The common moss you see ia fields, on rocks, and even along city curbstones, is of world-wide distribution, Tis particularly abundant in tome erate and arctic regions, where it grows. in paces Chat will support no other Tife, unless it be the lichen, Tn addition to the common moss, with which you are familiar in a general way, there is Spotes emerging photomicrograph shows, at the right,fomthea capsule thy tipof ofmossthe sporophyte, ease which Thereseibles a dunce above cap tn clearly shape a large group of sphagnums or By MORTON ©. WALLING POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY SEPTEMBER, 1936

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the true moss is the liverwort, founel on old Togs and tree (ranks, Tat the kind of moss we are going to ex: amine with the microscope is the commun, everyday variety, You can collect some of it inv almost any field or garden, A pocketknife and a jar or dish ate all the’ equipment. you need, After yout have found a patel, cut a Tew sections out of it, making sure that’you go an inch or so beneath the apparent surface of the feround, Be sue to oblain some plants: that have Tong, slender stalks extending upward for ppetliaps a’ half inch, and ening in small, oval pods—the specimens which will interest us ‘When yout have returned (0 your microscope, Tay out a number of clean slides and cov es, get a umbler of clean water, and have in reach the usual medicine droppers, nee des, and fine-pointed twee Clip off one of the slender stems bearing a dark-brosen, pollike body’ at its tip, and lay it ‘on a clean glass slide, preferably under the lens of a dissecting microscope. If the cal Joose, hoodlike cover is still over the bud, it off, With needles or a sharp-pointed knife, remove the Lip of the pod, You will find that Uhis comes off like a little cap, Tn fact, it looks very much Tike a cone-shaped dunce ‘eap. At 100 diameters or so, the cells making up this

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are visible, Note that the edge is ly scalloped, The podlike arrangement which bore tke cap is a spore case or capsule, Look, carefully at the open end you have just ‘uncovered, and you will ind that the edge of the cast is equipped with a row of slen= der spikes or hairs. ‘These are used for regulating the distribution of spores from. the case, Sometimes they ate folded down, overlapping in such a way Uhat they seal the opening completely. Press the side of the spore case with x dissecting needle, and the hairs wil straighten out, releasing ‘quantity of spores, ‘These spores are seen best at 3001 or more diameters, They appear as little, balldike cells, not unlike the pollen of some of (he higher flowering plants, When the spores are liberated from Uheir tiny case while the moss plant is flourishing in the field, Uney ave carried by the wind to various places. Some of them find suitable damp areas where they ean germinate, You can see how this germination goes fon by planting some spores ina pan or pot of damp earth, Select thase from a ripe, almost black, spore case. Watch the germination of the spores carefully with a hand lens and by looking at small samples with the microscope, You will find that they do not grow at once into the green, leady moss plants you probably expected Instead, they pradiuce patches of branch: ing filaments, which look very much like some of the green algae you have seen in ponds and lakes, ‘The spores with which you are dealing now are of the asexual iype—that is, they were not produced by sexual organs of the moss. ‘The algalike growth, or protonema, spreads over the earth ina thin, green layer. Oedinarily, this mass of stender, almost-invisible threads goes umoticed by anyone except the biologist or exploring microscopist. Under the microscope the protonema strands ate decidedly green colar, Mixed with them you may find lark, brownish filaments, ‘These are the rhizoids, rootlike structures sent out by the leafy plants

om srtfeh it seems the ip of the bala

teense Yate off

Removing spores mcrozcope from a mossaidspocophyte withthe aid Irom ‘When themossspornphyte, pores havetheybeenare taken then aihoy a aisnccring neces s0 that they he sown faa salpot where they will reproduce flitken into some sietitged esrth

Water,flowerpot poured intobsorbed a saucer bywaderthe the dirt, providing plenty of moisture

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strands up from thehas protonema which ‘Aer grow the protonens stated to spread, litle swellings appese here avd there. “Thwse into developTees stichseheventally buds from intostalks row sal row {iprght anil very cen, “These branches sent dined nee the inns by, themost hiding UpHants” peopleprotoncma know “The leaves make interesting objects for atuly. you auieroscopie They wilate Bind,of relitively Sipe construction, Bide isto 8 mass of chicroply tiled cells td ke the y Dicks of pave Site i hy she meh H vents” Along the center ike f a thickener cl for a cnt Snare aidveinsthe fon member proaiy of isathe stifening of system elaborate finer of plants tm he sete of ho higher in'tenves {ancl te tn the oss FH1E tips of the leafy branches, oF the tips ‘of sialler branches extending from them, structures. in whieh ito rosettlike. develop ave concealed the sexial ergns. of the moss Hilint, ‘The male and female oryans may be Found in separate stems, or on the sime stem, depending cnn the Kind oF toss The mate stents, whieh bear the antheriia, for male ngans, usually are souler tha the Femite, ‘The groupaf autlerid in ia the center fl te slem is sureonmided by a rosette of tiny, . Sometimes816 fureen leaves, ‘These roset es Eclled moss lowers, allhongh they are not lowersat all, becuse the antheridia are yel or low or orange-cologed, Ana tinyanthesidim, club. "There sex ofgat, resembies tnale Sia short stalk, on the tip of whieh is an oval

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‘or neaely eval bulb, ‘This bulbous object is the spcem ease, which splits epen at Uhe end fvthen the sperm cells Inside ‘are tobe leased, stems,of leaves beariysa theUeir archeronia, ais“Thehvefemale a cluster tp, ele fist be separated with dissecting. needles tide to reveal the female organs, Exch organ, bo archegeniues, resembles tiny, slobulay Hottle with s long neck, Like the male orga, Us made up of numerous cells. Inthe older frcheyonia, the necks age open, aad Where ace ‘ells awhenthe thebulbous ‘Now, sperm bases, cells in the male or sean are fully developed, they wait-Untit the is mae wel by a shower or by Toss plant lew. “The atersoaked sperm ease bursts fopen and the Gny sperm cells, eaeh equipped wilh (vo cilia oF “Lails)” sisi out into. the ‘world, These. twotailed. spermate cells, which, Sivity about like ny animals, distinguish ing features of the bryophytes, a stomp of ilauts of which moss fs the best-known ex imple WVBEEN g sing spr at cachesthe niece of an arclogoniuinyit makesils Way tows o he butbous base, ie Tt joins the tose cell; this produces an odspore or sexta Spee, which starts £0 vy inne ty. The Inver part of this odspore develops into a Iiase of foot, which becomes rly anchored inthe tip of the lealy branch. In fact, the Tyan grows up about it, holding icseeurely ‘Then from the vpper pare of the abspore there develoys& lon, slender filament, on Ue top of which is the podlike case or capsule

Enlarger Aids in Photographing

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which asexual spores are developed, You can trace the geovth af this spore-beating plant, forIiranelcs sporophiyte, by dissecting lealy hiring varfous stages oflipsils ofdevelop ment Notice that a hoodlike covering, called the calypira, forms over the geossing sporophytes and the Rlament growscurries upward, breaksthat,this as ealyptra loose and iC p=it ward, where it temains perched on the spore case like a monk's hood until it phintfalls consists, off, While shote-bearing a6 youtthehavetypicaldietveted,uf a footy slender stem, and 4 spore fsse oe capa, & given specimen may. Taek ome stent cannot is not prevent,of theand parts, at otherSometimes times thethe foot bye ould. ‘The sore ease, however, 1 alvays, there, ag it is the impnetant part of this phase pradced of the moss life eyee to form pores in thisplant’sease germinate the protontua, and the life eyele is repeated. TTPO SHE clots howe the mos eal 2 dae Ine life, look again al its life eyele. The asexual spores grow into. a network of ila ments resembling algae plants. ear From sex theseor> there vise Teafy branches ‘which organs join in reproducing an seans. fispore,TheseThssex one chapterin the moss plants Inistoey is complete grows into a leafless, eap“Then the eospore se-vearing. plant which, without the aid of Eesual equipmnent, produces anew collection fof spores, Here the other personality. of the those plant seen, These asesuat spores, when

Large Microscope Subjects

BY USING a photographie cnkuger, a of the enlarger, Focus the image of dhe spe clear, enlarged picture maybe obtained men on the cascl and phice either a sheet of Marge objects such as a complete, leafy ‘of bromide enlarging paper or a sensitized moss plant with its sporophyte. Mount Film on the easel and make the exposnte, ‘The the specimen in water under a cover glass ‘outline on the paper negative ean he traced and place the slide in the negative carrier with watexproof India ink and the photo graphic image bleached! out with 2 solu tion made of tineture of iodine in from two (0 ten parts of water, after which Exatee the paper is immersed in the hypo fixing ath, Positive prints may be made by ‘cap nase) 7) using either bromide ot chloride paper. Simply pat the sheet in a printing frame ayainst another piece of sensitized pe per, with the coated surfaces touching, catcent find pring iC in the ustal way.

routine SPondrivre -exiaepoeo aay ee BaooucED. IWTiPop teary AND RHIZOIDS: 1ADiytesketchmadeof bya mors branch andthe sporophotographing plant fn'bromide paper. The Innage wae outs lined with Weterpeoof fey ay at et, and en the pela eas bleachedthe

‘for A photogeaphic enlargerograph in useof 4 photomicr ima bin A aporedbearing moss plants gThe sided onte which tate the neg placed thein spectonen Eemonnte fegative.Seusitized bromide Dane, fi, er plate ean be used

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they germinate, produce a generation of Featy panNotste that the leafless growth that develops from lythe odspore arsis a dibestinet, sentpainranatetionwantof ithovi 1 appe to a eo

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diameters, and the esof the individua ‘els, inching tele,steuctae chlorophyll bodies, laul Ue Thelike, usallyean be seen at 400 dmneters tips of the branctes, showin the rateand: female leafy angie al the developing Spote-bearing plant, are examined meer te powers, ‘The sestial organs ace.at: revealed hy: merely removing the teaves surrounding Ue. "The developing aspore ean be dravsin foul seith nedles nd examined separately ‘Among. the most interestin spore beating plant are the gspores.pants andof thethe apsale in whieh they sere formed. Try to pote cave that stil is cov cred by the hondlike alyptra, ‘Take the ca Isptra off, and-vou ‘will find lat the spore fake hos tits Gp eaplike structere: of fd tive “dunce eap" already: mentioned. This called the opercufim, Tt ean be “temaved tasily with @ needle, "You can spel an i= teresting tem aniiatesstndyin it Along with the cap of the spore eave yest find ia ringlike, object mide frequentl y can of cells steuhig together lke the fof t series breads of @ necklace. ‘This ustally drape oft swlten the eap is remosed, and” sometimes ‘erithes around fike @ Gny "worn, expecta it-eames it contact with water. The when pening of the spare ease, covered by the overlapping teeth, can he studied best if is feat any from th vemainder of the cace with mounted so that the teeth show ft enzor, aud Sometimes iti dificult to make good preps ratione of these Leet From fresh spore eaves Try soaking an ol, blackened ease in water of Ie water until It hecomes foftened. or a solution Split it open from ene to ent, dud ‘mount in water, 1S fun to prow your oxen moss under lab tartar canuitions, Make a field esptition and collect a considerable quantity” of moss,

1 entirely separate even these farleafyae stenee is actives are concerned, ad Usesand Heafy’ stalk only as an anchorage Pant Hives on its host” Wont att serve the fea" in which the sporophyte is held by the of branches Ieaty branch byrazorslicingblade ntonber you are hick swith a sharp one in eantl sartly the tht pee Trough to theeat cell arrangement {o-reveal ive moss plant is t_nod example of the are alternated inthe plant sway One. generation is. produced iy the tworkd, generations tent the spore pro sexual spore cesta spore s from the by produced. t other. The the Teafy sexed plant from Tn this complication of slauetures and ae Scope material, Most of tea be examined Tn obtain specimens of the agalike a growth ent a sivall cube fron hed of n the oingTekh ery iis, enon Un nce 9 cows eacth. hice the piece i a of amount nie fet tube,t All the tube Bf full of water, ant Sake i sigoroudy. Pour out he. analy ‘water, refil the tube, andl shake iL agai, Cone washed has be n. nite this until all the earth fen green the of bit & p l a c e Then ava ina drop of clean water, mass and examine at Fity (6 450 diameters, entire moss steneture— PPO EXAMINE, the plats—-vou only a the iyo complete nie need ote, ale seven ua Tens maine are placed in tlnmeters, ‘The saven leaves # added. fol water ama coverem glass at 200 seen be Cellar arrangement POPULAR SCIENCE

MONTHLY

Strange

ay

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hicing sure to get some that is beating spores ‘This i not at all diffeutt, Obtain one or more hallow loweepots o¢ simitae containers, and Fill them with exeth, ‘To Bill foneons material that might be present, and would give trouble later, place the’ pot in'an aven andl bake efor tivo oF three nous, ata fairly high tempera tute; or else sterilize it by steaming ina done ble hoiler or similar arrangement for a simiJar length of time, Set the pot in a saucer of seater, and. sow the spores, which you previourly have pressed out-of theie eases on “lean slide, Jar ot blow the shores from the on theaboxe exe,the OFpot,holdand& isis fhanelt soof thatripe theysporefall exces jaffr glass the spores a Sheet over theInosetopwitha of the needle, pot Lay The earth will get enough moisture from he Sauter, to which ‘your must add. water from time to time, Hefore long, you wil soe the surface tum sgeen from the gtossth of alzalike hlaments, In about twenty days, per= haps sooner, leafy: mase plants will appent ‘Tiuse, after & Ging, will develop sexual ora Yt ean conteol the production af oBspores bby the way you water your moss garden, AS Tong a5 the plants themselves aze mot wetted slyecly, but yeceive moisture only from the Ssugcer i whieh the pot is resting, the es cells ‘vill nol be sisted by the sperma cells, because the sperms have to have water in which to switn, When you sant to Taise the second rencration af mioss plans, set the pot In water, for otherwise Mood it, for two hours. ‘Then eturn it toils sxucer, and wail for the spare ipearing plants to develop. In this way on an control the production of new generations fof yess and Teave on hand materialof shossing, at the same tine, diferent degrees develop bien of the sparophyte.

JANUARY, 1935 °

by

AQUIPMENE

sows.

SEEN LN YOUR MICROSCOPE“ gues THe lane ate the reeton polar me extre in and mountains find ants dn the as, lok deserts.

ou eanstenting teopies. I yout are Hike othe Tove foof have Title becau ns, yott noice host perso se r yo of curiothem them. ed ‘Rathefelin fear ge vert watchsity thenaud going mingl a8 , n i e s “They.jt thelr sy ways, to be guided by a and. gto s powersort thatof ifeli2 gence eriou Inyst tenin Uhrea Dit passes al comfort {o'soiiour pereon byert waythe scopein anoth ent micro to. tallyout yourself, “sul a ferely,vall_” appea you ponders few seve n will insect nyghttageLo have Tenses creaturesre an, tide thatTut ane of these atioin aa Too y atiioneatlersven or,To sagi 30st aid trharetwent St some of these’ wonders. “An

:

ae

i g

Lefty magnified lew Se tng the hooksfone ound sie Son Sting? hese “hooks ed Fe the fiorear edgegroov of the Tock wings together view at TeEnlarged Gt droplets etthe, fat.boy found i of a fe trate Trai antYo d Thess due saying period

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fitea bolle cha AC npn

mspnified

easy way. lo capture ant specimens is to hold the bow! of a teaspoon where one of tiem scill craw] into it, moving the spoot bout until the insect, which at first will Attempt to runaround it, decides to. try A short-cut. Lift the ant and deposit it iin 1 wide mouth bottle by tapping the spoort ‘on the bottle edge. Tn the bottle can be denatured alcohol or a strong solution of catholic acid. ‘The latter, which must be kept off skin and clothing, is preferred by sume microscopists for killing insects by cenuse it renders them somewhat more transparent, Before dissecting or moun ing a specimen killed in the avid, wash it well in clear water, You will find that black ants donot make as good microscope specimens. as those of lighter color, sue as. red, be cause they are opaque to light, Swit red ants that” you can capture in any garden ite sufficiently (ranslucent to make beau {iful objects when pluced whole on the slide, either dry or in water, liquid yeteo: Tatum, of other medium. Antsare outstanding social insects, ‘The colonies are composed of different typt of individuals, Hike colonies of hes. an Certain wasps, ‘These form Ue highly specialized easies including workers, queens, avid males, Only the quce tales possess wings al certain periods of their development, ‘The female workers never are winged, and Frequently are comparatively small in size, In some pecies, the queen is several thousand times larger than the workers of her colony Pethaps you have seen, on a still, sul-

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fey afternoon, winged ants swarming in the air. ‘These are males and females on their honeymoon fights. As if by a prearranged signal, all winged inhabitants of hundreds of thousands of colonies take to the air ab the same time, Later most les pick out new home sites, he a hole in the earth or a tunnel beneath a stone, shed their wings, and settle down to raise a family, From ihis time until the Grst brood is hatched, the typical queen does not eat or engage in other activity, Her massive wing mu cles, 0 longer requited for locomotion Decits the wings have been discarded, ite absorbed and converted into egg mn Cerial, Individual ants inthe first. bro ane small, because of the limited fox supply’, They assist their mother by brin ing new food into the nest, so that the second and subsequent, broads are made Lup of normal-sized individeals, A queen ant may lay eqs and aise families for many years, This life cycle is not fol lowed by every ant species, but is typical of many of them, Bxamine a winged ant under the a eroscope, You can se without much rouble that the wings, of generous pro. portions, require powerful muscles, so that the’ way in which the queen ant! eat tsist without fond sshile her first bateb of tugs ate developing becomes evident When you To k sta worker ant, al moderate magnification, you will be struck, by the well-polished appearance of her body. ‘The armor plate fairly glistens, wit & finish rivaling (hat of a shiny motoe car. AlUhough your specimen spent nucle of its time in or on the ground, Tail sce particles of dir on ils ly. Why

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Forcleg of comb ant lots the ite hoag.adeOne: tele

enlarged aboutthe 200insectdiameters with which Clem part-of the corn folds ngaines the leg when not inikeisea

JFOR the answer, switch to a somewhat higher power and examine carefully ‘one of the fore legs of the ant. There, near the outer end of one of the sections (ihe tibia) isa delicately formed comb, with perfect rows of tiny teeth, Te folds down, like a pocketknife blade, against Ue adjacent leg section or metatarsus, ‘shih likewise is toothed. Nove you know how the ant keeps herself clean, She combs her body with her fore legs, dravi= ing her other legs and antennae throug tie notch formed by the comb and metatarsus. ‘Then she cleans the combs. by the teeth through her mouth, She huasing ‘dors nol eat the dirt thus obtained, but sidetracks it toa little pocket lying’ just inside the mouth opening, In this pocket she al stores, temporarily, any’ solid foo That she may have eaten It remains there until all the juices it have “been persed out Then the pellet, formnedby ‘compressing the Fool aad Girt particles in the pocket, is discarded, ‘The ant, therefore, actually does not eal solid food, but only liquids, Sometimes it finds these liquids ready to drink, A colher times it has to estitet them from. solid materialfa the pocket, or by squcez ing a bit of roid food hetween its poser ful mandibles, By carefully dissectingthe

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

ion beneath fortrop observat ant specimen i iai aiaected ina ot water'00 halt ‘sige nas shown in the ilastration 2below

Grad water and falling upon'the spectonen creases ft visibility head of a Jarge ant, you may be able to find the Jittle pellet in the pocket just inside the mouth, “The head and month parts af ants vary accordingto species, Generally there is a prominent pir of mandibles, usually loothed. ‘These operate. somewhat like the jaws of clav-type pincers. ‘The ant

tees then a Hs principal ls, seh as yin Use Your hands. With then cap Tires andeeskill owtother for insects and presses Unie fost through earth of wood; I ses Chem 03 sicpus H ting? employs thet all sorts of objects,

3

the anaes,wll therevealmouthf= partsIn mkition thal your to microscope Elude the upper li, or ltbrum,ailowe.he oxahiny, dae and imasfe reed ith pits of Jointly yi, which ake sensory beans probably

‘the spike in the center ant,of thisTe fspicture i @ magnified Tie om the body of am wrth insects body ou seth In mileroscope responnting mostly to odor and towel stinnal Ants have existed in their preseat forms for ant's head, or “kell 1 the specimen tad ivilione ‘of years, One proot that, scientist ireen purity died in oF by"wot deivdeatin ft embalmed i sleaho, sein the hendair will Trave of thi fe the specimens have erasied millions of ets old (foslized toxin} Ainber Your microscope will reveal, in at fee tno These elelieate sletcttes, T 228 at theetre, erses te skeleton on ingen ments, just why* the ant, aust survie insects the enldde, ssheee it_will do the: most where appar to able n e b have tral, to providing file. more highly” develope auinnls Tease zood, ifness,In theashlit on skeleton nets as suitthe ofnecessary armor pevised No wonder the insects are dificult enemies to the s t a p two inte split scalpel shary a With i a have you f i Side when they deride to he mfriendlly easy This , t n a a of head seclingieroscupe-anagnifying seven to Let Another advantage of te outcide-skeleton a halves with thelr Mat sides fringement is that the attachment of nieces times, Atvance ty tiesiinc en theas alice, atl esate then fin ollier ori i simplified. Crnnprared with at moderate. mawnifieations. TE the specinie, the ant voit are prog constrvcter. The east Dump may! daniage et destroy ane of fine heen prepared property, you sil he able Fite I iuide- mses sour delicate oggans since 1 is not protected to see how while-a bios: of sillarma nother internal oreans ate attached to the dyvarmorplate, nner surface af the bard styelf that form the nite, considering dhe difference in 3H

won senteely be noticed by: dhe ant. Of nate in the Tarval state are not proCotise, tected’ hy. stearded by anwathotterful skeletons. adults who bratwear they”naturalate Shits of armor From the ants mouth seule Yeads through the various divisions of the body to the large Swollen abuiominal section atthe rear, where He joins. ceog, sshiely is sae with’ elastic walls, Nest there isa stomach, separated Irony 'the evo hye valves and then the wsuat intestines anal other digestive equipment. Li {quis swalloaced by the ant-enter the érop, total amount find anal!’ portion of thethe valve through stays in theinto crop.the taken in passes tenninder The tomach, The ant sable fa Force quamlities forof thethe pare crop contents out throng its mouth, prove of feodinye other ants of the colony. sith a natural "Thus the ant 8 equipped bin or tanks for fool, Observers: restorage port that certain ants are given the jab of obtaining food for entive colony’ “These ants sally. forth on the their errands, Gil their crops with liquid food, return to the nest, and distribute it among the inhabitants’ by the process, of rezureifother ation, Vou ean watele the cr

BREEEN STEN BURH

showingcoloredboweaterthe fewooden Dlustration arsembled.bolderA of fash forthe to a tilewish wiped it nes fe possible Hist the las ag any Belgie or nate requteed

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

hy feeding a pale-colured worker sone svi dyed ith one of your tieroscopie. stale, When some of the fool is given to other workers, thet insides become colored ton, 1d other organs "PO,EXAMINE the with yin piieraseopey remove the bull like “rear portion of the body, place it in water on 2 hollow-ground slide, andl tear it Apaet with dissecting needles. You may” have U0 dismember several ants before vow act suit table specimens. Vou will note, among other things, the spirab-walled air tubes with schieh the ant breathes, about 400 diameters, youAt aveilmagnification find many” of interesting Chines 10 ludy in ad on the ant. Vou will discover, for one thing, that its shiny armor pte hot A smioothstefaeed as it apenred when viewed "with lower powers, The surface of fine of dhe abdominal segments, for instance, ie'scen to he youdelicately ike. fine Teather, Then will findpebbled, ntimerous.haies, for spines, protruding from the surface. Some Df these itis are mach fave that the others, ane presenta pecharly notched of jointed snpearance, To obtain m specimen of the ant’s omtsid skeleton, stable foran estmination at. high ower tear-apart abdosninal section Algected, nid then separate oie of the se Tents. "With “dissecting neeles, carefully Scrape avwayside allngtinel unwanted fconeave a slide, aidmateriat, press adios the fter andl lay over ita clean ‘cover lass, Tension of the sator between the Bliss sur faces will press the specimen Nat Thy all means capture one of the singed antsy for they contain wonders not to be found in the common workers. Tf you cannot find one of them craving alin the seound fom warm day, dig into an ursdergronad wes There ate, you will fd, ew pairsof wings, thy forscard pair being the Taree, With sharps Hinted tweeters, remave the wines atl mostnt them in water heneath a cover alass, The wing surfaces, your anicroseape will reveal, are covered! with innumerable ting spines, oF hisns, Examine caretilly the front tue: of fone of the two smaller wings, those that ere Iounted on the aut’ ody to the rear of the Targer pai I orderly along the ede you will ee a seriesof tiny hooks, all inthe same direction, like i row of cntved hooks on

2569

Jhich the butcher anes meat in. his shop, ‘These hooks Tonk as if to cenaue something. Shift theythe wereslide tesizned until yo have the rear edie of the front wits ithe microsenpe field, Carefully move the foci fig sereqe so that you can examine fist tl upper plane of the specimen and then pan AU Suectssively lower Tevels, Wont fil that the twin edge is curved over (o form kr00¥e or chanel, into which the hooks on the other twig section fit, F YOU have studied the honey bee mcr scopically, yout will remember that it wns Hued with A Smilge hooking arsancenent ‘The of thisdintingenious ‘enablepurpote the insect possessesmechani it to hook is iteto front present and& singlerear winus surface 'logether to the air,so that and thes thie Provide peeater elfcienes, When the. ws tee folded, the hioks aitonnatieatte shy ext Sil the grooves. This mechsinsts is one at the tautstinnding coefonnale Remove thewonders rear halfaf theof a ie e!wine ant’s (Cn body ant White a deo of water on a hollow. slide. With ssecting moedtes.-cush Erowid {he pivee ane tear Gt apart, ‘The water wil take! on a gzayish, cloudy appearance. With fost placing a cover plass over the water dry tantfer the slide to the microseape stage aud ccamine ea HLS ot more diameters, Vent will see tiny, oily droplets Meating about over The snefice of the waters the specimen losk inne for all the seorh like grenty water yout Ihave Sects faa kitchen, ‘These droplets of fat fm serve 48 Ton! during the nesting, period, sada for the mctoscope table ZX.A, USPRUL cans be mace {youn plas bottle oe lask anil afew pieces of woodh The Mask i filled With colored water aud vse a8 Hight file i Tront of the tniernscape anigror. The spherical shape vf the fase caters the Fil ta acl a A condensing Tens, concentratiny the Fight fate 1 Small area, Laboratory workers shia have to Shed Tong hours atm microsenpe relieve eve train by" filling flask of the type ilhtrated ‘xith a solution of capper sulphate ia water, aunt placing 1 int front ofan, cleettic a The eopper-sulphate solution, being of a ue fei color, gives to the Tight reaching the mic ernseope a daylight quality that Je not Ting om the eyes a8 antltered aetificial light ro make the filtering device, the following nsteriats tre reseed

“Turnthe Microscope on : AE Your ChristPOPUL mas Tree AR SCUENCE MONTHLY JANUARY,

HE holiday season brings into the spoitight the Christ mas tree; the Christinastree suggests “others af the se called evergreens, and ait Brings us lw a fascinating subject for our mi ereseopes, For in the plant family that goes by the name of xymnosperm, andl which includesthe spritces, firs, and other ees so popular al yuletide, there is an endless array af inaterial for the microscope hobbyist material which, inmost localities, is readily available at anytime af the. year The gymnosperm family of trees

can claim distinction for being one of the most ancient. ‘The coal you burn cantains abundant evidence that pines and ‘thet members of the family flourished in prchistori¢ times when the éoal beds were ein formed from dying vegetation, "Th sword “eymnospirn” means "naked seeds. hat is, the seeds of Crees i his family. ave nat formed in pod oF other prote {ive structure, ‘Phe naked-seed family con tains the spruce, hemlock, pine, cedar, fir, sedicood, eypress, yew, Laniarack, juniper arhor vite, and ather ees abd pints conmonlygtonped together and called tevergieens; and a number of plants whiel

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Wood parts AS One Yby A-hy=t in, piece for base B, Brive pieces 36 by 96 by 7 ine for Fixed uprights, C—One S6-by Moby Lin, piece for con necting tops of uprights, D—-One s4-by Ls-by Ss4-in, Piece for postBoingnehaste$4 by Zby 25/-in, piece for sup. One 3gby Lig-b n, spacer block, In addition to the y Wood1Y-i , the following are required One. c¢ round. oF flat-bottomed ask, obtainab250at laboratory supply houses. of Sie storeles. ‘One metal jar Hd 274 in. in diameter to serve ae a socket for the flask base , ‘Strip of salt lealher or rubber 94 34 in, One Yf-0F 3/1 stove bolt 114 in. Tong, wo washers, equipped with wing’6. nul aud About tivo Woven ails 1 in, bon, ‘The support for the flask = composed of tivo parts. One, Consisting of the square base and two uprights spaced so that there is lot between then for receiving the stove Dot, serees as a stand for the movable Mack Iholder. ‘The flask vests fn the jar Tid which in thn is nailed to the projec shelf at the Lottom end of the siding uprit:ght. ‘The spacer Mock tas is oute end to ft the neck fof the Mask, and irs equippedcut ith and op Teather strip ta hold thethe Maskrabberi Mace, Fasten ome end of the bard firmly with tine small nails, and ent a sit near the ote fd so that ie will ship over the projecting, sel of another nail oF brass exeutche yi Drill a hole, to receive the stove Toll, on abot si inch from the top of the sliding. dpright Thus yout tease, when are assem= bled este mountingsthe thatparts perm ack! to be moved up or down ‘and.itsswung forward or back, se Melt conditions and the Position of the microscope mirror requie, Tn addition to the eopper-su solids ution, there are nometous other cololplrediaeliqu you can use to control the quality of the light, By: keeping on Trand several bottles or Hasks, filed and corked Lightly, you ean have wide selection of inex pensive Titers, Varions Aniline dyes and. staining pressed inte service, Leave solusifftionicies.nt canait beat the tops of corked bottles to take up expat on causedt by heting the liquid i thet Holiday Evergrecns Will Introduce You To the Inportant Family of Plants Called Gynmosperms, and Furnish the Materials

For Countless Hours of Fascinating Study 1937 by Morton C. Walling

are nol very commonly: known, such as the Uropical, fernlike eyeads. ‘The common pine tree is probably the best-known member of the gymmosper family, and il usually: is: employed ‘as a speeiment for studying the general char= acteristics of the group. You ought have ho trouble obtaining adequate supplies of pinestree or related material for miero= scopic examination, Even in your own parlor, al Christmas time, you ean proewe a few leaves (neeles), some. sinall hanches, and perhaps a few cones: and Imost anywhere you can pick up blocks fof pine wood which can he converted into

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

specimens revealing gieater beauty than you ever imagined ould exist ina Lari, piece. of wood, Briefly, the life history of a pine Lace i as follows: ‘Theplant youknov asa hee #8 9 sho tophyte, whose job isspores;to produce and: these te

a ore s of age) kommThe spool special are pine the commun geo into collected leaves ineiknow as cones, They appear hn lat rine, “there ane two Kinds of they, 8 Erefully. The staminate, or stanen-procalli ‘Each piss ave the.two sina, cba in rxtcing spore-p Tea contains pellet, a spores, develop ese tn pinesuoores“ine tht,like golden abce St down tain may ve plant, depends pine, being a primiti Knveely upon vast numbers of spores to

in: “The megasporophylls group together most Ghat to larger cones; and it is Uhese people recognize as pine cones, ‘They are Somtelimes ealled carpellate cones. On the Teatlike upper surface of each of the: es. megsspor two are Inerasporophylls the of interior Communicating with the megaspo isa res structure containing the Slender passage, the micropyte. When lsthe orophyl golden spores from the microsp of Cem some lls, orophy megtsp Ful on the fertiliz where passage, center the slender tion takes place Under the microscope, « itselfgrain asof apollen tiny root the pine tree reveals structure with two wings. ‘The wings really are tiny air sacs (hat enable the pollen on the wind, grain to travel long distances Tf you wish to make a permanent slide of soine pollen grains, let them remain in a cardboard box, or in a boltle with a cloth suretched over its mouth, until dry. Then put the pollen into a small amount of turpentine in a test tube or vial. Sev tral days may be required for the tupen tine to replace the air in the grains. When gas, this has been done, clean. abalsamcover cen! its in of amount! sinall a pitt after t i to pollen te transfer and ter, excess turpentine has been drained off. The pollen should be atranged ina thio hardened on layers After the balsam has balsam in the, little a drop the cover glass, andl slide three-inch center of a one by of trace a H necessary, warm if or add xylol to thin it; hen’ carefully lower the cover glass carcying the pollen, balsam side down, on the slide. By gentle pre sure, force out any air bubbles that you may’ have trapped, You can mount pi seeds ina similar manner

om

A young cone ineeshan witha being acne.slicedA Niece of soft wood makes a

‘The staminate and carpellate cones of the pine or other gymnosperms can he exantined by splitting dem down the cen Ter sith a Knife and examining at magnif cations up to fifty diameters. Presence of uch resin sometimes makes it difficult to ido the splitting, but-a bit of xylol will keop the blade lubricated, Remove a sin ile scale or leaf from one of the it. smaller Staminate cones, and examineits lower Note surthe elongated pollen sacs on when the pol: face. By opening these sacs Ten is about ripe, you can obtain sup plies of grains, ‘On the scales of the Targer carpellate cones, you can observe the two ovules. Leaves of gymnosper s resemble nee ales or scales, A go {example of the heedle-type leaf is provided by the pine, and of the overlapping-scale type, by the arbor vite used so widely as a decorative evergrven shrub, Leaves of gymnosperins fare constructed to withstand dry’ soils and weather, “That is Jnrgely the reason why pines are able to grow on hilltops, mountain sides, and other places wher ne little moisture, howExamislenthere is relatively needle Note s. 1 cluster of pine are, hov close they ed -bodi thick and der they usually they are together, andthe how sun will not strike point upward where are precautions these them squarely. AIL moist against too rapid losswholeof pine ureneedle at Tn examining a ou diameletsor ofso—yglassJow power—twenly t carrie s rows will observe that i its edges, with. thefr along Tike ‘spines Yeu can tip. the d towar points tured leat be the . pulling y b spines Teel these

,hing Voupores,ean inseetentalsohsethe fingers your tween {Mima er breat needle tbe ng foldi by and canbe eat freel blade ofsharpthe Haid the& perfec Spnle,oFnd eariot. tly it must be se pine need yuwateraeroonthethe upper t towara ite iPlace thaw si the

, Satisfactory

sections of @ pine

tend of aleobol

ic between ts Scctioned. with Tarors A Hil fater is p l a c e d of theof theupper blade surfae Hat the sections) face of the blade, so that the sect os, when cut, wil Moat a straighthandlerazor or a safely-1 invladeit inUse suitable you can note Tin a cross section of the leaf thiek skin, or epi the following features: The moisture Toss} dis terms, cesipned (0 retard or rigid rectly. beneath it, thehand sclerenchyma, of green cells with In= ‘Hess nest a wide folded, walls, and with resin ducts amu at the them ‘These ducts are large, and apen leat iswoa rezion center ofetlthe usally the empty, Tnmostly center, bro Or cells half each of center the nea Shsculae bundles contain yr Df the region, Some. of ofthe theleafcellsresembles foplasin. This partof the pine stem, and yorsone can the wood medalluy rays. TE you are {shat fee elementary Ineky enoush to-slice oneean ofsee thethe aitbreathing pores inthe mile,you andthe tivo clan geen fisne, the green the Fer“in the Nanking epidermis, below cells wed pein because ofyou themaysemennot beor AMTROUGH, s, stance circum ‘ollier le specimens of cones ant ale to obtain stitabcerain eam procure a wiand Spores, you most nearesly:t Cliis fro afthepine send from tmasan oldtree,pack fr tivopieces Some

2571

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

saci i

oO

BBY ao 4

Pe |

PU

ae

ing case or the serap pile of a shop. Many mniceostopiste find the, wood the

most Kaeiatingpattofmmosperns

ee

oe eee ane

PINE LEAF, TWIG, AND WooD [AS SEEW RY THE MICROSCO!

es

oi 8s see wpver ett is maid Fes ing is vovions pats, Above, ft eom 83 A]

eee

crn

to

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

sheet of cardboard. Guide the razor with the forefinger of the hand with which you grasp the twin, and ett the sections ss thin sible, For ordinary examination, the i water. Ay water-slycerit fain be placed will preserve fection fo lor pureTong glyeerin, tine under a coverri sl Por pens vats, the sections srl sally tl ented Tle, pounted in Stems can be wood with so as {o produce ci thin as possible An ortinary hock plane smoothing plane suchas carpenters aseor small will serve as a Inicrotome for making sections of pine wood, First, sharpen the blade onan olstone ‘ul hone it ona razor hone vntil it has a tozor ipur eee, Adjust it slit“of itpinebarely Pt block wood cutsina a wie oF hold i fy your land, 4nd plane i ts tit you have aHite pileof thin shavings from whic to seleet specimens suitable for mount ing. The wood can be stained and mounted in the snanner deseribed fo mis, Be cave minate sir from th é this is to soak th Hoos in turpentine before teansterving them to the biksamn NA small stem cut in eress section, you ean, tbserve at twenty diamtcters ot sa the outer ees, made of Tange cells; of Bh est cells beneath the. bark and then the huey layer of living tise whose cel grovth progresses, Next ate the tings nf wood cel fund in the center i. sovall region of pith cel s Inthe sad nd fonter hark yout can observe the large, oben resin the center’ hike Spukesof duets.whee,Radiating are thefrommedullary rays that BEL Tike cross tity. Thewater connecting Fines. wond Finesof pine trees is min eo trunot ales entirely of lon, slender tubes, Erouped Logetber to give strength and to fatilitite the fife processes of the Gee, These {bes called Uracheidells reel to eonditions of ite growth oa the rainfall the cells re not ale nel, i ai , and therefore are stal in size, When Wwarm ane there i plenty of a ML af pine wood something the his tory of the tree rom which it came. Vou

pe that there of ctlare Largeabrupteels baie ith thin cll begin to ve smaller and thei eswallthe ik finaly the themwale barely are veryvibethik aid tetween Te ¥y told by these cells of diferent fracheide), 20 The spring(iherans provide the water, al into. thit ancesto into summer and. apprecches. att Tvater supply becomes lees, growth cells. with, thicker ioneand Horodived, smaller Finally, 35 fall pro

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

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THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Finding wid se WondersNew in (reat shavings tot in sisestan to,ve eaGe tinier Shavings

(\tress'tn the cover pins a8

into winter, ‘ceases growth becomes stil accordinaly slower, a eventually a n i l the eetls San aed ihcker walle: Uewll fesumed abruptly. im the spring, ‘Thus areos Soa ofigabetees sinister fo hinge af. veg closelyNethe ats ne foweet erie sete a anake rSthation aedrawl ner their ne tothe wandyears,experts and hig presence free mito. iown fas the groups of eels roush= ‘Henig throuel lySrcake at right to. theells whoce : sles are af longsanglessneer

lege ts fy the tracheid lap thewillbordered shove, in piloeitidinal section,ccthe ON “the ec microscope ypon some cheats factnew o¢ Bltcondition, Frequentlybistoriea ‘This ic i=t= pottant trated heamtifly by examining a. ottanJaye tal section of yewFare).woodVou(Canadian Utta nee ofye,the of long, slender eelswill has observe toch ince these cole SPIE springtike thread. Sometimes examining the edge of the sprcimen, where ce he the ate These wool af Visible in crows sections aud there amoms the, ‘vas known to the nce archers it wood Noss Here r a y s . Inedllary is miore spi ny tht most y e w thal b o r latze openinse Igy shodes an therefore Tracleids sant will observe it wae used to nk differewt dered by a fou cellsof slightly wr shoot ‘arrows, ‘This springy qual ‘These are the resin ducts that are typical af ily, so important Ihe arross-shooting hunter pins for wartion, results fy eas in

When you plane apine Board parallel the eelleof the yew. These st rs prevent the the gtsin, yom wenerally ane cuttin taneent collapse when thes n af thin fare het, il breakage of the cells nto ectints ofthe cts, Examinatio thelr of pine Former position Modern man Tes taken a Tes havin will reveal more wandets. eset hot are fund. The tiarkeids, whieh fron o-vese, al employs toil outspe atten s in son ea Crackees tant Tike the cells whic tenable hi to bend lead pies wt not endlese ate seen tobe taper owen feviduns trees, chnge ing. them, (0.8 Aesible hes land to. consteuct “noneollapsiite, ends fishes, Ink ell Font points nd whic are filed Cogettce in WS af sectioning taining, mountine A ingens feshion, otherwiee Thali bo professionalre Everyon disewssing rot emia in nunber, rca‘rd of of one tracked om theae eneteof thethe almost ce from aWine ist scop nd nto yet own his hae yero sljacent ome an sf tome of wutine bred a valves, whieh Towever, teats Honorepits, or antomatie cell help of one from maybe sap dne paul ilated the low af the the'things thatationeat ofbe speci heat when the wood twas alive. siIP thethe endaleof thethose i eemvanent keepin young stems, 190s, Te cul the pellepitsbamay he seen as cir=Thefarefoe sectioning leaves, the s l e the Fea might be erushed ty other parts, whiehnecessa sesembling fing washers id dineand knife file hy formations toryfix or Tarde itis s e u l b si side inmens in inet thespk Teaving Simply one cutof them, pine stemthe iseestor Ik radial section of a throu fo ateobol percent parallel to atine paccing Change medullary fatsfactory. fine stems parallelto the radiating or four days. Absofate al three frst The for more reveal will stem cection roe te

ca SEE cohol ean be weed for very small objets A poplar general agent mixing seven ounces Fixing of he-percent.i made chromichy Avid, twenty-four drops of glacial acetic ace, su three otmers of stiled water, Fis the specimen twelvedehyhours, hen wash it well seth forwateraboutbefore After ising, pieces of roots leaves, and so fon can be preserved in eighty-five percent al ool, or in a misture of equal parts of water, and alcohol, If the glvcerin solution flyeerin, fs-used, the specimens must be deliydrated before embedding in paratin, “The number of stains that con he used for slarkeniny ell sells and foe bringing ont cor= tain details is almost Timilese (PST, Ape 5, p. A). Staining sections afler they’ have Ibeen cut aie! mounted on the slide is preferred hy manys hotanists to inymersing. the bull, specimen inthe stain. D EENPRATION ‘ny passing the. usually specimen.is accomplished secrsiveend. throu alcohols of increasing streneth Hing Somme mieroseogists have hat with success bsolte, with ethylene glycol mono-ethyl ther as a dehydrating agent instead of alcohol, “This Hig, which Inoks like water, i Sold commercially as a cleansing solvent. for ‘about $1.30 a gallon, It will dissolve xylol, al Cohol, ateany turpentine, ‘and water. OF wavy of using iL inv making: permanent sides fof plat toateril is as follows: Stain the shee iiyen in any’ manner desired. Remove it from the stain, put it inthe cleaning. liquid for thirty second, and hen transfer to. Canada hrlenns foe menting, ‘To dehydrate fresh misterial ennypletely, place iin the solvent for A minute or so, stain in an alenholie solution, transfer {o elove oil for hearing, and. then tl nese of this mount in havebalsam.ot ‘The | solvent thoron tehly_explored, heen possibilities find Tuber uses. for it mayb

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Your Microscope

2573

THE

Reveals Secrets of

HUMAN HAIR

tiie baie carve these mar nats hairs

you will find)

Examine nd numerous irregit-

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estesSCIENCE© Wauane POPULAR. MONTHLY TUNE

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no 6

‘onda ofeetieappane, eheendii nie

the whole story about te hair, Phice a, baie in faiely stropg sulphuric acid and heat ic carefully, I is not nevessuryto let the aeid boil, After the hair bas heen in tie hot hath a few minutes, transfer it toa drop of elean water 0 a mnietoscope slide, antl apply the cover glass,” Hf you now lank at the bait, and if the eid has acted properly, you MOUNTING SPECIMENS will see that the surface is ON HOMEMADE SLIDES. by devegular patehes cavered Making apeciat sides out of fof thin material which seoms ta he peeling of , like the skin uctace inder irom snake thats shedding, partsof aide This thin layer was the one hat contained the character Jar pieces of hair. Some of these wil have istic wavy markings, None, stl a pencil or other instrwment Iieen sliced more or less crosswise, s0 that gently press the cover glas against. the you can see the Tair structure, Most of slide, ‘The will cause the acid: the particles will he of odd shapes, as a softened hairpressure to break own and separate by result of being cut at diferent angles ‘AC last you seethe true natureof the hai the razor of long, slender Pxamination of one of these cross see Tis made up of hunadle cells to he Found thinnest the perhaps c e l s , of up made is hair the that reveals tions fan outward Turk. oF shell,—the wavy lay- anywhere in the body. They are angular because of the pressure ont first sive—enclosing a great many inwithcrosswhichsection, they were compacted, Care pieces arranged like. sticks ina bundle Tul examination of base Near the center is an ater that looks, fof baie reveals thatthe thesoft, Cells bulhous there are yk, as if HL were filled with pigment. Tt Wider than in t h e m a i n portion of the hair however, not pigmented, but contains air which, tnder certain conditions of it As the hair grows out of its follicle in the Inmination, Hooks solid. ‘This is the pith, skin, the cells shrink in size, and. group for medullary rogion, Win dark-Beld il together to form a compact bundle. IVs structure as swould resull imination, the openness of this. center intich the eofsame rubber Inns were forced area is shown better through a small apening, and ne do {all you Tat these examinations

wrapped with a few layers of a tough, Cransjmvent skin, as they emerged, Examine the hairs of mice, eats, dags, and sheep. You wil see, for instance, that Sheep, woo his conse surface markings Ulsat iL actually: is romelesurfaced, like file. ‘This roughness is valuable peaper ty of wool, because it makes possible the felting action wherehy each strand be comes firnnly interlocked with those surFounding 1 So that wool 8 much stronger Ulsan most cloth produced from smoother Fibers, One good source af hog bristles or of similar hues i an old brush. By shaving thin ayers from the wooden back of brash, at-apoint where a bindle of bristles is embeded, you can produce excellent ‘ross sections F the hairs, You sill find That a hog bristle is nol eovered with a separate Dark, as was the human hie Instead, it seems to he nothing but a bun dle of small Gers, with an open space in the center, surroudesd by airtilled cells, The microscopic examination of hairs is more Using mere pastime in certain ranches of biology atid allied sciences, An expert microscopist faniiliag with hairs, very often can identify definitely a piece ‘of animal skin. Properly preserved rent nants of prehistoric animals can be recog ized by examination of the hair structure overnment food experts are skilled at identifying hairs of mice and of other sinall animals in butter, abel in other food products. A feather, strange as i€ may seem, is essentially. a bied hair, ‘That is, it does much the same

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side gre similarly equipped, but many of the Liathierls are bent hack into distinct linoks Tin these hooks is the secret of Ue bied's rower of fight, Exch tine hook, by eatching of the om one helpsof theminkeharbnes prajcction barby ADelehboring the. row of aris function. Hike asinsle sheet of reveals material,” Consequently, the mferoseape of 3 mavle up tonal 1 bird contr feaiherfeathersto be ited by aller vany t FN resire A hoks. into one. Tight-weisht, ficient, I erodvnamie.steaetire, You will not tind ivese sane hooks on the down feathers, whieh ees the hit Hl not beat the ait na smooth sieface to the air “The highly colored feathers of the peacock, and other bright-Inied hinds make beam fal objects Tor Toxs-poscer etamina~ Inirtoseape tion. Batt yont sil fined all body Feathers he in general the stine, Thatby is,to theyrows willof Rave ceentral-steme flanked t0 Be barbs. Baek Tel will ne fund proalel Featipped with, ebules of andwhiehthese,end inin turn, tiny ‘sity bnabicels, many which give the Jowks. Most doen’ feathers, af Ind heat-insifating layerimitate,that akebuilders sven to, Jynses are beginningto ‘They are made he very loosely ofconsteeted, barbs. provided with: bar= fnportant for ight up esseulially close together, ‘The Ihntes ashich ate not very ribbentike for the bird that hair and woot do for tahing animal. where they sometinves are Iharbufes However, because a bird i am jin the barb, Farther out hey mimveat jointed, Serial traveler, the feather tmust be equiped AC Ue stems, plant jointed like. mc Atev foe the more specialized svorke of sin. "There oveue may projections pointed sinall Joints, are, on biti, three general types of feathers: hhamels, Hopuntes, down feathers, and con subject of Iairs N ALI, yout Ml find the ‘They tone feathers, OF these, the contowe fears aze pot df= engrossing, feithers ‘and are most complicated, ficult toy miountot to. observe. Permanent are eacily: mae by cling off its of slides PPLE tarzer cml of the central stem of Feather hori oe hairs niet mountings themrins=i feather isthe cqill or calms, This part by il, all temoce Fist, hala, Cangala quill is hollow and partly transqanent, ciel Theontseard, ine the specimens in ethers and then saturate fs you proceed from the bredy them with sslene to makersure that they sell (at the sista cud) Irecomesthe shaft or rachisis thie The completely covered by the baleam. Make that will, fo the feather vane, TL to. the. vanemicroscopist afewa slide, dey coating mountsOveDy bottom spinning of @ theshellse rine be of greatest interest clip off some of Che fin cell dissecting shears, Formed sith barbsWith extending. outseard ia. parallel Hines with xy ‘very thin layer of talsam.vingthinned from the shaft. Pull these bars ‘apart ereasefre the carefully then a n d Tai, steat comparatively note that. it requires examine one of them ss thatthe balsam Epecimen in pusition to-do so—aivd force Tact the balsam underside. Uinetcs only Uheith your mierasenpe, Note hos the central glass, N thin cover the applying before SH, Parl of the barb, made up of 2 geeat many to the tins freshly, applicd shellac. of layer uti freal eels at ifs larzer-endythan yavow's-out Te is a place, in glass cover the hold fill single of Tine a more it beeames fttle by toueh afinishing varnish, vine food jen to apni with cells, pincet end ene substoge condenser, gold asphalt pes cover te Fine Ty stoppine down the end of this central euamel four-hour ordinary even or Sie that the biby: transparent shel, yout can fsseestrounyded wooden miseroscope Bid yo ever hear ofcommon jprtion in Es for “They, aay wereand inare sti usefulase today. slides? a ine of fine long one side of whichUheeeis strands years ind Strands, Farther slong, apyeats on thebecome polished fopaggte specimens. Samples of metal Tavger, and similar ine tre the barbusop of bits and wood, the geain stricture, Tishow sina nite side, ‘These strands parts fsect shells, viewer against a other Feathers, on each side Waning carefufly the barintes dark be can tint Hibjecrs structure Note that towatd theiebarbntesends.alongthe one above from ation iikumin with ound Dacker side the notcled, ne provid cha f hfany-of sides. and Such ed on wneden Cane preserv Sf the har seem to be‘Thoce -¢ath ales, thas rable more: Stee ant along tae other Silk tiny barbieels, Lo steele ROM fury caterps illars equipped Imosguitoes, jnsect are every. imagiWith hair of almost decor PROVIDE INTERESTING ated with nable form. Hairs other with hairs , SPECIMENS FOR YOUR Knobs and spinesthem, hairs that Tooke hairs Hike inving from rvelously be iful form and colors withal can ald the found on common insect By MORTON C. WALLING y of your microscope. Theh variet of form of POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY and ot scales (whic that area they provide OCTOBER, 1937 hair), is 50 great

Insect

Hairs

MICROSCOPE

fects ate

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hie tied into compict bundles for storing oF carrying MAHOGANY, want thin plywood and Siniilar mvsieriak can be wed. Tor the fldes.” The awood should e-well seasoned, Various tieknesees will he desired, heeause the slide shone be but slighily thicker thay the specimen. After the wove fas brew sanded inoue on both surfaces, cal it kato one= by. tHreeineh steipe, for the standard slide size Mark the exact) center of each pieee and wilh sharp soo -horing bit, or & jewelers Save, eta reular opening all the way Uleoaets the wed With sandparer, remove splinters, ‘To one one~ by thresh side of the slide glue a has be n blsckened piece of cardboard which ithe center with, India ink, ‘The ink can Tre applied after. the eardhoard ig. glued in places Sometimes it_may he desirable not to biseken the cndhoard, Vout now have fone by threesinch woodland -eartbonrd slide tvith «hollow depression ne eell jn ashich to Tout the specimen. Abit of balsam spread fonSpecimen the bottom the eavity will applied hold the fe plsee, of When you have Habel your slide will be complete. His. not necessary Lo cover the eell with a caver Blass, Ithowsh you ean do. so, if you wish, The Fas ean he cemented int place with balsans, fr‘opening held byin a itspiececenterof gummed the size paper, of the with cell. an From ardinary stip elothespins, it ea rmike various sista devices for handle lites and with performing other operations connection your fascinating. micrascopein fesplorations, For estmple, a suitably altered lathespi which dacs not have-a very stron pring will serve nicely a6 a clamp for hold i rove glass pit we the ba Tie esi comsts or, the most part inv shit fing the (wo wonden jawts so that they come together exactly parallel Cut the wood avvay depth from about the surface jaws Cova two-thirdsof onethe ofthick.the ness of the slides to be used, If the presse is too great, take the cotlespin apart and the sping so that il is a bit ese sti Der ‘Too mitch preesate may erack the cover glass “This transformation at commonplace sta) clothespin into neefal laboratory tools ean be festonded. {oan atayost- unlimited degree. A umber of coverstie clamps, and thtee oF Tour clamps for holding, watm’ slides will be Found tefl, Te is possible ta makean effiient lestctuhe cothespins, by roundinghniderot from the jawsone so.of hatthe they wll singly aronnd the lis, and by redhieing, the Strength. of “the spting if necessary. The Clothespins canbe waterproofed by. oiling thie wdfn paraffin, or applying int or ‘aickedeying Haequer." equer 1s best. ‘ample material for sludy with every possible Tens power, from the low mage hifieations of inexpensive instruments to the highest-power laboratory obJectives, ‘Some insects have few, if any, hairs or scales, while others are completely covered with Utem. ‘These growths vary in shape from flat, paddle-tike and seales to cylindrical hairs. Moths scale outstanding the hutterflies are hearing insects, ‘Their seales are real works of art, with both brilliant hues

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The tongueThe of elaborate @ honeybeehoiwithintheis harlow. cooling: or cele were tolen frome Bealls grob

The beouly and verity of insect hoits will amaze and pastel colors, Most of the scates are found fon the transparent, ment= branous wings, ‘where they are attached to both surfaces: by means: fof short stems. ‘They lie in overlappingrows much Tike the shingles ona, roof. Scates of different colors are grouped to form the distinctive markings, The color of scales seems to come from two sources. Some seales cane tain a pigment between the lwo membranous Ing fers of which they are formed, while others apparently are constricted so Uiat their color optical effect resulling from the break: ing up of light by fine corrugations on their surface, or by the thinness of the Ue thin fin iembrane, whieh acts lke fof a soap bubble. Hntterflies and moths have seales containing color pigment while membersof the beetle family have the iridescent, metallie seales whose color is produced optically Seales of ifferent shapes may be found on the same insect For example, onthe wing. age of a mosquila wing, vou fan observe Tong, soniewhat Slender seales having pointed lips intermixed with. blunt ach seale is stubby ones, provided with a stem, by which it is attached to a tiny socket. in the surface of the Insect’s wing. leg, or body Thus the scale resembles a leaf. ‘The comparison goes

you es you study thom under your microscope ‘even further, for, like the Tea, the typical insect seale’ is composed of two membranes lying close together. A though it Is essentially a hair, its struc ture suggests that it is an empty cell schose sides have been pressed together. In faet, some insects have scales that re expanded, like a paper bag blown full of air, "The things that make insect sea of particular interest to the microscop fst'are the surface markings, be called seen viations, which ean marke nibs the Generally them, of most fon parallel to ings consist of ribs running are con= there Sometimes cach olher, seales Some necting erass ribs. surface, and have ribs parallel ribs on one on point that diverge from a common the other surface. markings are so When these sneface enuse interference arranged that they microscopist . may Of hight waves, the ly do not exist Se things that actual what seem to be e observ may he ‘Thus where actually knobs, tiny of rows A wing scale all, at knobs there are no can be used ito from the gnat or mosqu consi stsof fas an example. ‘The scale es of double menthrane, on the stiffsurfac ribs. At which are parallel rowsof the heyond praject ribs these ends, their bristles form and membrane edge of the or spines. On each side of the sale are angles to the fine markings, at right he seen, with ean n ribs ribs, Betwtheee of heads rows 1 good lens, parallela time consid ered Microseopists for of the seate strnc~ these beads as part ture. ‘Then some one noticed that they beyond the seem to extend into aspace by varying, that d n seale, the of filges Of illumination, the mumber fof rows of beads between any two ribs

‘on a single scale could be made to vary wo, Lines, four, or more being. pro= Aneed at will, This Jed! to the conclusion that the heads are not beads at all, but patterns formed hy light interferencebe tween the ribs and transverse tines, Insect seales also form valtable test objects for microseope lenses, The ‘learness with whieh they can he seen through a given Tens depends on the maximin lens aperture that canheused without letting spheri eal and chromatic aberration interfere too muh. ‘Thus, by looking at a podura sale, taken from an insect called a springtall, which is Found around decay” ing wood and in wine cellars, or at the seale Irom a butterfly or other insect, you can judge the performance of your lenses by the degree of clearness with, whieh the image Is rendered. Sentes are considered as being modified hairs, but in between the conven tional hair of eylindrieaL form and the typical scale ave a great many other forms. ‘There are haits or spines that resemble flat hayonet blades. Others:

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have fancy appenslages and tips sat take them Took like medieval spears. The larva of an inset (Dermestes) that is found in muses, where It eatises (rouble by tating dried slene and furs, has a pae Gietlarly hate. Itof is epines, decorated along its elaborate shaft hy whorls and hear the tip Js a cluster of considerably larger spines, surmounted bya. set of ahout six hinged ribs which somewhat Yesemble parly-foldedthe skeleton unbretia. of Onan theuncovered, Tess of spiders, honeybees, and great: many other erentiares, yout ents find hire thal are hranehed-—hairs on other hn White hairs probably providethes: are general de ody protection, frequently veloped into highly useful implements, for example, Ih the honeybee. Ts head is covered Inrgely with branched hans, but along its lege the baits ave the facets spines, Projecting among OfSUIE the compound eyes are. numeraus hairs. Lileewice, the bee's antennie are hatrcovered, Ibis probable (hat these antennie halts are connected with nerves, fan that they help the her to get around. Suich hairs are ealled tactile hairs. BECAUSE the bee's antenne hairs bee come clogged with pollen as iL works, thus dulling Its sense of touch, it has on first logs a set of antenna cleaners, save combs willv spinelike teeth The

2577 logs have pollen brushes composed of aiff hairs, whieh are teed to handle Collected is a paltpollenof ese. brushes,pollen.Med Alsofoc therecleaning from the hairs sinrounding and covering. the ecamponnd eyes, Structures of speck constuction, composed largely or spines, are found on other Tes,of Es foot is provided with a battery of tae{ile hatre sensitive to ouch: {requentinsects besides the bee Other iyspecial ave equipped with hairs modified Tor uses. "The spider on the halts of Hs legs anddepends feet 10largely keep 1 from slipping off The strands of 1s web. Doubsters, inseets seh as ants, which burrow through the earth, depend fon sensitive hairs to guide them about IA ang rate, the hale in some form oF ‘other isa highly important plece of i= Sect equipment, and one that merits closeHatt attention. the fun of exploring the insect world with of permanentthe niicroseope is the maleinge mounts of interesting You will, therefore, treasure specimens. a set of slides confaining seh objects as moth-whn Eeales, mosquito wings and legs showin Seales, spider skins, ant skeletons, and bits of kin from inset larvae that have aire of unusual form, If the Insect is smail, you can mount it whole, ‘Then you enn study its other features as well a8 it8 Reales or halr. Tne

Making Thin Sections of Microscope Specimens RE. is an easy way to ent thin see: ions of wood and other specimens hout special equipment, All you need is a piece of sheet brass or other nonrusting metal about one-sixteenth or one= eighth inch tick; a very sharp safelyrazor lade; sonte coltedion, airphanewing dope, or celluloid solution; ant a jeweler’s saw fitted with a blade that makes a ent of the same width as the specimen to be sectioned, Make a saw cnt in one edge of the metal Loa depth of about three quarters of an inch, and hone both surfaces of the brase with a razor stone to remove and smooth the Thin sections can be propored buns area around the ent by wedging epecimon in totted Then clean out slicing with noel with a thread.the plate, ond obove, ‘mounting. in sel

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sects that are small’ and soft, or thelr Tarvin, can he mounted directly in pure Iyeotin, sealed under a cover glass ‘ith fold size or other sealing material. TE You Reales,are youInterested need nol anyworryin the muchhalaaboutof possible distortion handling: of the orbody.too shape through improper raphe Femoval of water. 2 common way oF mounting insets etch ai Hiee and fens I to drop them into strong eatholie acid, which removes water and clears them at the same Lime. ‘Then transfer them directly to. drop of balsam on the slide. Some workers prefer to clear the spec: imens further by placing them in xytol Tor'a time before transferring to balsam the simplest method of prepar: verhaps ing small Insect specimens is to drop, them into turpentine for. atleast an lout, and then mount rent in balsa ‘his method ean he used with mosquitoes and similar specimens, ‘Clisters of halt from the bodies of woolly enterpiliars and other larvis, bits of butterfly and noth wings, and similar hjects should be tested to. determ whether they ought to be mounted dry. or in balsam, Sometimes a. balsam, hount will suppress too much detail, ab other (amos it Improves the de” ‘while Eu. simple Lest for determining whieh is hotter fs to examine the specimen sist

Photomieragraph of @ thin wood section Weige the piece of wood in the slot so that one end projects above the top of the plate for a short dis lance, place a drop of collodion on this projecting end, and spread iL ont in a thin layer. When the colladion film dries, slice tk off, along with the projecting bit of woo, by sling Ue Huzor across the metal. Discard this first section, Now move the wood so that the squaved end projects above the metal to the thickness of the section yout want-with a little practice, Unis is easy to judge, Again, apply the col: lodion, let it dry, and slice off the end. ‘Transfer Uis section to a little pool of xylol on a clean glass slide, add a drop or lwo of balsam, and lower a cover glass into place.

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MOUNTING WHOLE INSECTS Soll insects con be prepared fer movnting 1g simplysimply. by by de drop ping thomin turpentine, they are held in special celltype sides mode “trom plywood and card board, of of below, being cemented to right the cells. bottom

This picture of « mosquitos win shows the complex scale sirocture

in air, and then place it in turpentine tinder a cover glass. If the dry. mount Jooks Welter, you ean vemove the tut pontine merely hy blotting, or by washIng with xylol and drying If, on the olier hand, the specimen shows up bel terbalsamin themount turpentine, iL means Becat that a is preferable, balsam and turpentine mts perfeetty you can complete the mount merely by adding balsam, When mounting scales or hates in balsam, make sure dry. tarmp Gen= tle heathig over athatflametheyar ateelectric will accomplish this. Pat the specimen na drop of xylol_or turpentine, in. the center slide, and then add a drop oF two of ofbalsan

OR ary mounts, you ean use simple slides made hy eutinge a elrenlar oF Tightly smaller than a cover ‘sheet of thin cardboard oe ply trod mensuting one hy three inches, sad pasting the strip toa solid pioce beof inthe enrdd board. The eireular cell shoul t n exact center, If desirable, pai the bol tom of the ell with bineke Inulin inte Tiven cement the specimen in position with balsam, and over it place‘ elentt cover lass, its edges cemented in place swith balsa ‘Thore are several variations to this method, Some specimens, such as bit terily-wing. sentom, can be placed loosely in the cll without cementing. Very del feate specimens ean be fastened by coat ing the bottom

fofsam,the andcoll then with making a very thinthe fmfl oftacky bale wilh a drop of xslol just before intro Guicings the peeimen, In ease yom want to have the top of the eell eo that fl enn Ihe uncovered for close examination, yor can omit the cover glass and folda strip of cellulose. wrappings material aren the slide when it is stored away, to keep. out dust Tf you desive to mount an entire insect skeleton or part of Ht (stich ns a honey hee leg), ant find that the secinien 1s too opadiue, try the followings mrocedure: a for of7 week of “0 ina ten percent solution. “potaasiven liydroxide (len een eubie ninety ta hydroxide of grams timetersof water). A similar solution of ordinary: lye ean be sed. ‘This dissolves the sofier Lissues, leaving the ebltinous skeleton and external details, If the horny. chitin snot. yet transparent enough, you ean bleachit further, atter washing thoroughly to remove tie. al in hydrogen peroxide. Dehydrate ali, ny placing. for a short Gime in aioxan, oF hy manning it theongh a series of aleohol baths, aid then mount in balsam, ‘Thi method {s used for spectmens lo faonined hye Keane Tite LLEN'Tformalspecimens of hairs and appendages ccan he prepared from the shedfrequently skins of Ineets and similar animals, Some larva shed their skins several times. Phe spi fer, whieh js not an insect nat an aracts hid! sheds its outgrown skein and leaves iin its web, Be sure that the shed skin in dry, then moisten It with xylol oF tue

in this viaw Two types of scales ore seen the project Some wing, moli’s ofa like hairs, others overlap lite fromshingles tdge pentine and mount balsam, all air in buble thre to exclude and the seates are not the hairs to photograph Tnseet things throngh castes of being Inieroscope, ‘They have a habit do not Tie In fin seh a pgsition thal thetheyobjective. ‘The of the planeremedy:of focus bniyt is to searen the slide until Rutabty positioned ones are found. IE Colored. seates are being photograpied, generally show better if a color they filter that renders them with consider ble contrast is placed between the Fight ‘ource and the microscope. Most insect eolor, ‘They are hairs recorded are ofwitha yellowish greatest detail In yellow br orange Heht and wilh greatest conor iim trast in blue Hight. Your plate nnnist, € eoteae, be sensitive to the colors Of Tigh sed.

THE SURVIVOR

Vol. 6

Trailing Rare Cry tals WITH

A

MICROSCOPE

2579 Myriad Forms of Startling

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

pear

TRAE

Beauty, Originating in the.

Laboratory

of Natare,Are

Revealed with Your Lens By Borven Hat POPULAR SCIEN E MONTHLY RCH,

EAUTY of form and color Supreme in the strange world of crystals, Into this exciting lab: oral nature, where m matical es: blended with a a powerful appx tind the esthetic. And the key to this world of crystals is the Jens oof your micr need nol be The insteument.i‘ ‘One that mult ipli

bers of the amor us category. The com= erystalline, so beaut lly represented by: mon table salt js distinguished by the fact that its m jecules, when. they are norinally associ i, take certain definite positions that in the formation of Inany txpes of -¢ stals, some of them cubes, ethers oblo hexagonal, or octag is really made onal. ‘Crystalline ma ‘up of countless millions of naller crys all in perfect geametical 1 other let us prepare able sal tthe cannot take in another bit ‘ope slideis wiped clean and a Of the supersaturated solution ane phiced upon it. T

powered micro

When we return to it we shall find that

A CRSIAL

OES

/S (HbeacoMac BLONGAtE

Sea)

ee

Hidei, isunder placedthe ontwothe Tittlestage Clips,of the$0

millions of tiny, sparkling gems, has divided most solid) masier into. two principal forms—the crystalline and the tale are mem-

‘willbe directly stage, The Tight is tured on and the mirror under the sta Hjusted until a soft glow is. produced, Now the objective is brought close to the

forme taken by crystals of ilferent sub

ines, each of which clings te he own type nd the instru box-like lost theie forin because a certain Amodunt ofcles distortionh chis caused by e the soli arti wit whi they wer in contact while forming ‘All crystalline substan: rical forms assuine mr of an octahedron, ‘Those not ae~ referred fed wth an octahedron on arethis pate. fe A in the dransing’

fia noe Ratap ifeet s Simos cube, slightly Strlace

microscopic examination of crys tal forms, se shall find that some erystals may bu ire much tolargerknowthan thatothers. crystal We maybe Surprised grown. [rom seeds to very fa need) no la rad Today them. examine io

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2580,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

GLASS "ALLO e TO Be WTum

“The amazing nest ofat ny needles seen the ref was sodaformed ‘when baking sens Uiseorved. i a . ware water and then ¢ few Urops evaporated: The as git ine tees them ted Ncclored "Jewels

in the laboratory fated solution of ordinary

c le-like form. We have 1 ob:

oof Tiquid sulphur on th must be 4 It formed a ‘ed 10. demonstrate properties in the metal that cannot be ob: served under other conditions, Such er tals have been built up to a Weight of several sium per "1

oscape, its it a most make (© the manner in whichnature bas anged the tiny bricks in quartz. it Will pas ultra-violet light, which is kept

ource to the gar

hot be too powerful nor Loo. hear the

ave eure te

eas

ure

ieone of the great sronders of the world shapes

a

Theis

piwe i we are going to extn

archit

flakes will melt get them theunder the Tens for se camOtherwise

instrument.

dies 10 be wed must be -in, long, 14-in, high, ease, as. shown, e nin loop, outside ditvensions. 1 targer "The drawers are made to fit the openin thick venrey pimeting is used. make

jngs in the deaver ease, ‘The fronts, howihe end pve Fein, by: bhi vd Cul ever, area litle larger than those’ apenibhets 8) thin, decp "by “in, wide jngs’ because they overhang the edges of prom all four” edues. of ear on the the drawer case, None of the drawer inside surfaves, "The top am «1 bottom will fronts, however, projects atthe top in OVsin, by 17 in. and should be rab- the plan given, Some of the drawers have inside partirete anys but ‘of the longer edges, on upper TefL-band drawer. for the inside surfaces. he back and front — tions, three st ps running from has tubes test are 135¢-in, by 17!éin, so.as to fil in the Fabhets. The’ edges of the front hoard front to back, ‘The specimen boxes used shatld be dressed so that it will ship in in another drawer are empty safety-match easily. Dub snugly the. back, however, boxes. AL the rear are twa compartments, should fit reas onal Light Fasten Uie for miscellaneous abjects, The lower feads, Lop, bottom, and back Logether with drawer for instruments has three partic variously. spaced, ranting across flue and brads oe slender round-headed ons, from side to side, In’ constructing. the inthe idepieces Pour brass box corners are mounted on sTide drawer, the stots circular saw or ia a on made'easily be can the Fower four cornersof the ease, ‘Those

Pine anoint af eau en nt fone The hit contains special drawer in whieh the sides are placed

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2640

a miter box having some kind of spacine arrangement. ‘The grooves are spaced at

pier

i

S/ Joins centers. The

Meee

Butiticns Takei

Lokal nal stile deeers Fe

exact design of al clamps will depend on the ecupment sel

ravers, will be banly balding notes ‘The fraut ward. ns. forbecomes a. con The illuminator jilustrated consists af — venient drawing oat

right-hand

4 hellringing transformer equipped with

ner Heh tin) ten adit,

& Qashlight

cin he suhstiticd edhe

aa

Mar

fastened

to

the

side

of

the

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comida an microscope, ear a tow of hikes. Tis tof woodthe having holes fo constrict this holder so thal dinethe them to and battoms, closed have SAN Gone ott water ouchens fel cThe!

reflector aul a No, 0 y-vol€

set

surfacesleft iy thee tur state,

Lansformer,

and use a lowvaltage

‘The cost af the it illustrated, include

abate

scursitns:

of furnitiwe slides on the batton of the

drpeel Later? for Ei (ne an iapoveme

thish-light

instead

bulh

of

an ‘Vow sll fb that a spring clamp, simile tartar those cemplayed on clip bards, uimunted en the iuside ef the front piece men the tap son scelly in,frmoL oF Ox

and clamp, al ihn aha fospecimen aryhaxes, sie bottles, for the mple built can, be panel the Rit veneer ig. while‘Vhs wasaneans that

ing

for as amcl or as little as you wish,

INDEX r

MLE aaye to Nake +2506 Canora, 632 Camera, Hook To.rsss 12625 chrlstans Tree 12563 Goat eercrstccev cece g 0884 Color Colored filer Classesdoider!../../../il2e1a Pore .c/cc0200:2615 Colored hight stan. 2009 Creating Ney worlds Hith?s20 Crystals, Tealting tare..-..-.2579 foneing. Dragons Detective, te A 2596 Detective, Microscopes. .-....--2605 Detective Microscope, Wake’ A2the meat that rater to the fact owing’ properly J5Cogether being of instead the and right into the meat as it-showld be, gots be. sorbed separates ’meat offact meat,that and particles the.‘This sinall tireen doesof the the to is owing inside.hold together properly snd the water, instend rot be, i should as and dnto the ment absorbedthe right being betwoen separates meat of partictes smallovr BulleMest-Brand Sausage Bing: ats use will Ifyou hem. in ovryoubookswillSecrets set forth mnethoas the and. frlandMeat follow never Making,” Sausage Stave any Caring. trouble from your Bologna breaking up oF getting erumbly or watery as you call it CAUSE

OF LARD FOAMING WHEN LARD PURIFIER,

USING

Query.—W. & Son write: “WHE ouryou lardkindly foaming tell us what, ‘after for accounts your i opinion, inHeating with your B. Heller & Co.'s Lard Purifier when placed in thefeature, fruig although pan? Ourthe eustomers are and complaining Bvout this lard ta nice satisfen thom in query other respect.” ‘She—The complaint which your customers make coacerning the foaming and splittering of the lard is in all probability due to the fact that all the water was not separated from the lard after treating the lard. Whenever lard is treated with our Lard Purifier, it must be heated hot enough and allowed to stand long onough s0 that all tho water separates and settles out to the bottom. If this is always done, the lard will not splatter when used in the frying pan.

HOW TO CONSTRUCT A MODERN SMOKE HOUSE, “Would. you Kindly tett Co. Query—the 8.gladly P. pay asks: top and we will you for the information, how fo" construct @ modern, up-to-date smokehouse?” Ans.—We will be very glad indeed to tell you all about this subject without charging you any fee. We are always glad to tell eustomers or prospective customers how they ean profitably conduct their busi ness and make money. As you are located in California, where the weather is always warm, the building of a smoke house becomes simple, because the smoke house will not sweat like it does’ in a climate where the weather gets cold in winter. Tere in the Middle West, or farther Bast, it is more difficult to get a good color on meats smoked in a smoke house in winter. One

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of the principal points to be considered im Inyingg out your plans is to get the proper height, and the higher You build your house and the less floor space it oceupies, the Detter will Le your results. An 8x10 or an 8x14 foot house gives the best results. In this you could put an arch about nine or ten feet from ‘the ground, and under the arch smoke your fresh sausago Wd ahove it smoke the meat. In this way the heat nd smoke used for the sausage would also he utilized for smoking the bacon and liams and none would bo wasted. If you build the way we have indicated bo sure and put ventilators right above the arch so that cold air ean be lot into the smoke house during the reat hot weather. If your fire gots too hot, you can ferd cold air to the interior ebamber, and if your smoko house is tall you ean create a good draught and yill coon get up a circulation whieh will cool the air so that tho meat will not shrink too much. A smoke house built for simply two tiers of meat, that is, two row better than one built wider, ‘The’ walls of your smoke house can bo built either of briek or wood, whichever you profer, brick being the safer of the two. If you @o not intend to smoke fresh sausage but only bacon and hams, it is unnecessary 10 put in an arch, In that caso simply construct some iron bars about eight fect above the fire and.on top of these put a heavy iron serven, so in case any hams should fall that they do not fall into the fire, Of course, you know that inany smoke houses enfeh on fire and’ burn wp, due to not Kaving an irom sereen above the fire and by meat fall: ing directly into the fire.

PREVENTING PORK SAUSAGE FROM SOURING IN WARM WEATHER QUESTION.—W. G. F. writes: your Tull-Meat-Brand Sausare Blader and your Sausage Seatoning. My eaueage iF good when it io feesh-made, but it soon becomes sour in warm weather, What ean I do to prevent this trouble? Angswer.—The hest and easiest way to overcome the difficulty you report about your fresh pork sausage souring in warm weathel ig to use our “A” Condi mentine, In making your sausage, for cach 100 pounds of meat add % to 1 pound of Helle A Condimentine, ‘This will prevent fresh pork sausage from turning gray and souring for from éight to ten, days, according to the temperature in whieh the sausage is kept. “A" Condimentine will keep pork sausage in con dition, so that it may be shipped, if necessary, for a considerable distance and still retain ils own natural color, Your sausage maker will find this method of keeping fresh pork sausage from souring for a rea sonable length of lime in warm weather of great advantage and save you from severe losses, Con. dimentine is legal to be used under the National and all State Pure ‘ood Laws, The saus ie does not have to be labeled to show the pr sence of "A" on.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

aimentin We will be pleased to have you try out our recommendation for retarding fresh pork sausage from souring and report to us your success at an early date, ADVANTAGES OF STEAMJACKET KETTLE IN RENDERING LARD. Query. —C, W. F. asks: Ts there any advantage in rene dering tard in a stoam-jacket kettle Ans—There is, Both a ealdron and a steam-jacket Kettle work well, ‘The best lard is made in one or the other. A steam tank in which the fat is put, and tho steain turned right into it, will not produce as good Ined as either the ealdron or the steam-jaeket kettle, ‘The steam mixes right with the lard and the latter therefore contains a large amount of moisture and the lard does not keep well, Another disadvantage is that water used in the boiler is not always pure. If tho Boiler is not eleaned once a week the water will have fa bad smell, Steam made from this water and turned into lard ean not be expected to improve its flavor, even though it should uot actually harm it, ‘Those who Kill large numbers of hogs usually have a steam tank for making steam rendered lard and a steamjacket kettle for making their finer brands of kettle rendered lard. SEASONING

FOR SAUSAGES.

Query. Us Will you please send me @ copy of your book, “Secrets of Meat Curing and Sausage Making.” 1 have always used the following seasonings in my sausage: Pepper, summer savory and sage, and would like to know if you can recommend axything to me which will give the sausage a better flavor than these spices will. Any tne Formation you can give me in the seasoning of sausage will be very muck appreciated. Ans.—The Seasonings which you have been using are being used by a good many Sausage Makers, but fa real fine favored Sausage cannot be made with them. If you wish to inerease your Sausage trade right along, and want to make Sausage that your trade will relish &nd enjoy, you must use the very’ finest Seasonings ob: Jo, as the Seasoning really is the life of the Sausage. We are manufacturing the Zanzibar Brand Sau: Seasonings, which we make for all kinds of sage secret forSausage. ‘These Seasonings are made foraftera good many family our in been have which mulas urs, ‘The flavor that these Seasonings impart to the ‘age is something very fine; it must be tasted to be appreciated, as we cannot deseribe in a letter what the flavor really is, Tt is a peculiar combination which everyone likes and it is something that will soon in: crease your Sausage trade, Zanzibar Brand Sausage Seasonings are manufactured from only high grade Spices and we guarantee them to be absolutely free from any adulteration. We are sending you our circular and price list and would be pleased to receive your order for any quantity that you may desire, and we will say in advance that when you oneo use them you will never again want to make Sausage without these Seasonings.

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2698

QUICKEST WAY TO CURE MEATS. & B. sorite: monte is Query. “limited forthe ‘want of Our‘room.capa: Can forow curing give "ted Formica or! a seeipe thet will “oive a pod eure i Shoricet possiote time? We would ike Something that thois Ans.—Our Book, ‘Secrets of Ment Curing and So sage Making,’? will give you all the information in reference to curing meats whieh you may desire. The nig period can be greatly shoxiened by pumping the It will also give you a better article. Our book, which is mailed to anyone requesting it, free of charge, will give you full directions for pumping, and also tho formula for making the pumping brine. By following the instructions whieh Uhis book eoatains, you svill be able to turn out the finest kind of mild cured and sweet pickled meats, which will have a delicious flavor and afine color. It will be nec however, for you to fally catty out our directions in reference to chilling meats and overhauling them, also the temperature to be tnaintained during the curing period DIFFICULTIES WITH CURING BRINE AND HOW TO OVERCOME THEM. 80 situated that we have Query —W. $ & Courthat Wewe are use i our brine. After Doilto boil alt the water ing it we run tf into @ cooling tank and Tet it cool, have made some experiments with your Freeze-Bm Pickle Gud like it to cure very well, and have decided to adopt its use in the curing of all of our meats. Now, what 10 want to know is, can we dissolve the Freese-Em Pickle in the boiling hot swater and then cool it and run it through coils the same as we do now with the water? Would the heat affect the Freese-Hm Pickle? Our vate faen full hold 6200 Toe. of mevium sized hams. According to the size of the kettle and the amount of water to boit at one time, if would require 58 pounds of Freese-Em Pickle, What we want to do is this: we do not want to weigh the Freese-Em Pickle for each vat, but simply want to make a large quantity of brine and then run the prepared Drine on to our hams, We have been using saitpetre and molasses for our brine and we are having trouble with it petting rony and stringy. Will syrup answer the same as molasses or sugar, and is New Orleans molasses the best, or should granulated sugar be used entirely? Kindly tet lus know what you consider the best for hams. Ans—Pirst of all, we advise that after the water is boiled, that it is allowed to settle and precipitate so al the solids will settle to the bottom of the that sottling tank, Tt should settle at least 24 hours before the solids will have separated and gone to the bot tom. Then the water should be drawn off, but not from the bottom of the tank, but at least a foot from the bottom. The water that will eome off from above Will be nice and clear. This water should then be ron into another tank, called the mixing tank, in which tho sugar, salt and Frooze-Em-Pickle should 'be dissolved; this will make the stock brine which can be run down into the cellar over cooling pipes, so as to chill it properly before it ig put on the meat, ‘The reason the brine that you are making becomes ropy is that you are using the wrong sugar. If you will use absolutely pure granulated svgar or absolutely pure syrup made from granulated sugar you will have no trouble from ropy brine, We strongly advisethe use of nothing but absolutely, pure granulated sugar. We find that it gives the best re~ sults, It costs a Title more than the unrefined product but

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6.

you get less vegetable substance in your brine, and the brine will therefore keep much longer. The brine in which hams have been cured can be used a second time for cur ing breakfast bacon, and the breakfast bacon will be even better than if put into fresh brine. As your vats are large, the meat will pack very tight on the botiom, and we wish to caution you to be sure and overhaul your meat promptIy five days after it is packed and continue overhauling as per directions in our book on curing meats and making sausage. If you follow these directions you will not have any ropy brine or any spoiled meat, but all your meat will come out uniform and will have the proper flavor. TOUGH AND SALTY CORNED BEEF. Querv—B, G. writes: T serve 1 have had complaints from several large W.institutions beef fa tough ead too salty. 1 would likethatto mynowcorned about proportions of sult and sattpetre to wee. Tt is only whatte Gently Mat T'have had these complaints, in fact, 1 have Been in the retail business for about ton, years and have Deon very sucecss/ul with my corned beef,

Ans—If yon will use the following in curing plates, rumps, briskets, ete., for comed beef, you will have no trouble. Use for 100 Ibs. of meat: Five pounds of common salt, 1 1b, of FreezeEmPickle, 2 tbs. of best granulated sugar, 5 gallons of cold water. Cure the meat in this brine Gfteon to thirly days, according to weight and thickness of the pieces. If you are taking pieces out of the brine from day to Gay und adding others, you should keep up the strength of the picklo to sixty degrees by adding a small quantity of Froeze-Em-Picklo and salt from time to timo 5 you withdraw and replace the meat. One of the first essontinls to producing first-class corned beef is to be careful about the temperaturo during the curing period. An ovon temperaturo of 38 degrees Fahrenheit, is always the best for coolers and for euring meat, If maintained at this degree, there will be no from talcing on too much ealt, provided, of course,trouble the meat has been properly ehilled through’ before placing it in the brine for curing. In order to produee ‘a good cure, all the animal heat must be extracted from the meat before it is packed, otherwise. it will become soft and spongy in the brine, and pickle-soaked. EEEPING

HAMS AND MONTHS.

BACON

SIx

Query—A. J. AM, writes: I would like to know how to keep ame and bacon in first clase shape for the next siz months without their getting mouldy and with the Teast possible shrinkage. Ans.—There ia no practieal method for keeping hams and bacon for so long a time after they are smoked without their getting mouldy. ‘There is ‘a method for Keeping them in sweet pickle for any length of time, provided you have cold storage facilities, All kinds of pickled meat if stored in a eooler in whieh tho temperature is kept down to 28 degrees can be kept in this cooler for a year or even longer, and when removed will come out like fresh cured meat. Hams and other meats are often purehased when the market is low and stored in a freezer and kept here until such a time that they are in greatest demand and will sell at the high est price, At a temperature of 28 degrees the meat

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2699

will not freeze after it is cured, and the brine, of course, does not froeze at that temperature. When meat is taken out of such cold storage to be smoked, it should be first soaked from three to five hours in fresh ‘water, and then washed and smoked the same as regu lar fresh cured meat. Farmers often bury their smoked meats in their oat bins, and are enabled to keep them in good condition for some time, but this is a method whieh, perhaps, does not suit your purpose, It is best. to keep the meat in sweet pieklo until you are ready to smoke it, as this will USES FOR DRIED BEEF ENDS. “Can you inform me the best B. C. writes: andQuery—C. most profitabie way for disposhig ofbusiness my Dried have and Beet 2teef Gudst 1 ain the siteed DriedThanking you in advance.” po way of using up my ends. for disposing of beef Ans—There are three ways may be ground up They profit. and ends to advantage Chopper and sol to hotels and res in an Enterprise taurants for use as Minced Dried Beef to be prepared Iso be sold to eon: and served in eream. ‘They cerns engaged in the baked bean business, where the ends can be ext up and baked with pork in the beans ean also use dried beet ends to excellent Resta advantage by putting them in soup. ‘They will give a delicious flavor to all kinds of soups, if boiled at the samo time with other soup meat HOW TO PREVENT HAMS FROM SOURING IN THE HOCK. @ tot of hams Query—C. F. 6. Co. write: to “Wecure have about siz or seven salt dry in down put we tnat weeks igo, and we haps discovered that they heve become fainted in the hook, white the vatance of the picee of meat to rehandle oF Gall right. Can’ you tell us any Theway front or butt ond Mem? save (0 hams these overhaul Of the ham is sound and all right and sweet; Ue bad part fe in and around the hock end or leg end. Cowld this taint and odor be removed and the meat made sivect by putting these hans down now in @ strong salt brine ant of the pivecs so that the in the hacksto end punchingcontdholes fainted part? ‘Would salt e h t got quickly Brine Brine save them now? We wilt thank yow for any aidvice or plan of action that 2 help to save rom Toss.” Ans.—Tt is more difficult to eure hams by the dry salt process than it is hy the brine process. If these hams had been pumped before packing them in the salt; there would not have been so much danger of shank sour. Hams being very thiek, it takes a long time for the salt to draw through them; therefore, if te; first pumped and paeked in dry salt, you ean ri see that the salt draws through quieker and thus g them a chanee to eure from the inside as quickly as they would cure from the outside. Only ander one con dition ean you pump these hams, make them sweet and ave them, Vor instance, if the hams a arehamtakentrier from they ‘the salt and upon trying them with aro they when sour turn but sweet be to found are them. save can you then house, smoke the in placed Such a condition would show that the hams are not fully cured around the bone and around the shank joints. Iu that event, they can be pumped with pickle will nob and fully cured around the bone so that they necessary is Tt house. smoke the in sour when placed to explain that meat is frequently perfeetly sweet when it comes out of cure, but it is not fully cured. In such a condition when it is placed in a warm smoke house, it will sour in the smoke house. ‘This, of course, ean

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

bo avoided by fully euring the hams, If, on the other hand, the hams are already sour and tainted when they come out of the eure, whether it be dry galt or sweet pickle, then nothing ean be done with them to make them Sweet. Meat once spoiled, remains spoiled. If the hams are sour when they eome out of the eure, but sour only in the shank, then the proper thing to do is to cut of the shank; in other words, eut off all the sour or tainted meat and use the butt ends for boiled hams, You can boil and sliee them and sell them in your store. You must be careful to eut off all the fainted parts because any of the tainted meat which is left will taint all the rest of the meat when the butt is boiled, You, of course, understand that during the process of boiling, the good meat will absorb the taint from the bad meat. We regret that you did not write us for adviee before you began curing the hams, as we would have advised you to cure in brine. We will send you by mail, free of ebarge, our book, entitled ‘Seerets of Meat Curing and Sausige Making,’? which covers 'y point that its title indieates. ‘The advice given is book as to the handling of meats, you will find very valuable and eovers the whole ground, from the condition of the animal before killing to the handling of the meat through the ebill room and through the vg process. We eall your special attention to the various articles for curing meats, which will give you the temperature for curing, how to overhaul the meat, how to pump the meat and how to make the brine for pumping. Pull directions for euring the hams you will find carefully indexed: By following the adYieo given in these pages, you will have no loss from the souring of meats, but on the contrary, will be enabled to turn out meat of the highest quality possible.

BUILDING A COOLER. I have about completed a W, G.the Hf. foorwrites: Query-— coster except and am undecided whether to makee «of plank or cement, I thought you could give ne advice, One room is 16 fect square inside; P fectth todesired Joist with 7 foet of solid ice above, or about 50 fons capacity. ‘The walle are 2 fect thick; § tuches saodust, | inches dead air space, 8 mohes sawdust, with four thicknesses of one-inch boards, thus making the 2 fect. The building hag these walls on all sides and partitions. I expect to use the drip from the above to cool another room, 8 fect by 16 fect inside, and will have the water ran around this room in gutters’ (sheet iron) fastened to the wail. I want this as dry and as free’ from mould ane dampness as possible and, therefore, am not sure as to tohother a cement floor will be what ig needed, though tt fous. ie s 2foot stone tealt mysnderintention the coolerfo usesehichcement. sets on‘There cand—thi sand hav ing been washed up at times past by the lake. There ore now fifty tons of ce over the cooler and back of this fs an fee house, 10 [oct square, inside flled with toe 14 foot high. This makes the buildingventilati £9 fecton wide dy 18 a four-inch For studing. fect 20 by tong, feet Equare ue will run from the vottom in one corner and from onpostte corner of tle cooler to the top of tethe toproof,in andthe above it, acting as chimneys. T want fo use these coolers for [resh meats, packing hams and acon, storing eggs and most anvything that there is any money in, which requires to be kept in good condition, Your advice will be appreciated. Ans—You are building your cooler on very good plins. However, we would advise the use of cement for the floors. ‘It will be found much better than wood, much purer and cleaner, and withal much drier. You ‘speak about putting two ventilators in your cooler, which is all right, but you should be sure to prow ie these ventilators with slides, so you ean shut

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2700

them off and regulate the ventilation according to your wishes. OF course, you understand that it is not well to have the ventilators open al the time, as it would result in quite a loss of ice. ‘The ventilators should be open only when the room needs ventilation, whieh will be at well-defined periods, or varving according to the amount of material in storage. Your plan of using the Grip water of the ice and running it in pans will work all right. We have seen this method applied, and it was always satisfactory. Be sure to use galvanized iron gutters for the pans, not sheet iron, as it will rust easily,

“TAKES WATER” IN COOKING. Query —t, Be writes: “Sometimes I have Bother with prevent this trouble?” Ti Re Shee Godlee by the ‘Ans—Th difficulty you mention is caused round oF Ordinary sausage not being properly boiled, to 170 long Bologna should be boiled in water of 160 minutes, forty to thirty about for it Fahrenhe dogrees of and thick, large Bologna should be boiled in water one to rters 155 to 160 degrees for from three-qua hour, according to the size, If the sausageser areto very one large, it will take from one and one-quart sau: After properly. them and one-half hours to cook bo sage of any Kind have been cooked, they should to handled as follows: Pour boiling water over them tho to adheres that grease surplus the all off wash casings, and then pour cold water over them toveryshrink imand close the pores of the casings. ‘This is packers portant and should be closely observed by all and sausage makers who wish to have their sausage shrink. Took niee and keep their fresh appearance. ‘The considerdepends age and quality of cooked Bologna been ably upon the temperature in whieh they have cooks who man every for y boiled. It is very necessar sausage to use a thermometer. WHY

BOLOGNA

WHY

BOLOGNA SHRIVELS.

reason Itdologna youfromtell theme hotthe water? Bar is Can uery—T. tooks “taken sehen annveld cod pots Aue ntl your bologn: # ‘Ans.—There are several reasons why water. boiling the of out taken might shrivel when right meat your First, it might be that you do not eure before the bologna is made, and second, you probably do not use the right kind of a binder, and third, you probably boil the bologna in too hot water. If when’the meat fs eured properly and you do use thetakenright outkindof of a binder, the bologna shirivels when it at the boiling water, it ia-beeanse you are boiling you bologna making too high a temperature, Before meat the should. sprinkle Freeze-Em-Pickle over instructionands leave it for a few days. We refer to our for preparing bologna trimmings, whieh will be found in our book, ‘Seerets of Meat Curing and Sausage Making’? ADVICE ON CURING HAMS AND BACON. uery—B. Co. write: of eat, hain A.and 8. shoulders, which 1 I hat cured token tw my a feebarret bos

hee outwas structions. and by Jwith to say that bori holds ie as fee My gnyone. produeed ever es fie fools“standing atTor from 98ure to 30 in degrecs, but imadefe small and any Aasro0m one f t . have gra heute to try of packing in noth the sides house aadthie bywinter. I ventila: have proper om ‘brik’ made” Ploset Hon'in"cold weather so'ae to heey «from 38 ta deurecs,

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think T ferees gam sue forhams altpurpose. 0. 1. i ttopcen, 1 nave vou fen oak the (Iefeet thatwithall a right?) T have'an old ice bor in the rear Sed good roof, onTeaxtfe, piltoallethisttted swith Saivdust, “1 awould Wee to know af with hams and shoulders the weather gets cold and just dry salt them. ‘Can 1 when save them by T just Reiting then stay tere ail sointor wntil next spring? can Putin another i @ Lever of hams and cover them twith salt, then, putfit fayer and cover swith salt, and so on neil HT would“I keptlike sideHourmeatopinion “and last‘advice as justto. leave (hese Methods. thie way winter fig 4 dn att Ans.—If you keep tle temperature of the small room which’ you ‘mention at from 35 to 40 degrees it will answer’ the purpose for curing. ‘The oak tierees for curing are all right provided they are new. We advise wash them out with sealding hot water, so as that you to get rid of the oak taste. If the tierces are not new, then you must make doubly sure that they are sealded out thoroughly and at the sumo time you should use our Ozo for cleansing them. ‘The old iee-box whieh you mention can be used for ary salting hams and shoitlders when the weather gots cold, provided you do not let the meat freeze. You must not let the temperature get below 35 degrees, because at a lower temperature, meat will not take on salt. Hams ean be dry salt cured just the same as side meats, but when hams are very thick, we would advise that you pump them. Our book, ‘Seerets of Meat Curing and Sausage Making,” will give you full informa tion as to the pumping process and a formula for King the pumping brine, Hams are very seldom dry they are nearly always sweet-piekle cured, ekle or sugar enved ham has a much finer flavor than the dry salt cured ham,

If you pack side meat properly and overhaul it regularly until it is fully eured, and if yon keep the temperature of the curing room at about 38 degrees, you will have no trouble in Keeping dry salt meat mn salt all winter, Of course if you keep it in salt

too long, it will get very salty. Our book on curing meats will give you full dircetions for dry salt curing. Hams, after they are fully cured in brine, can be rubbed with salt and kept in a cooler for several months, and if desired, all winter, but the shrinkage vwill be great and they ‘will take of salt and might become too salty for your trade. WHY

OIL SEPARATES

FROM

LARD.

Quory—B. €Separates Was Wefromare thehaving trouble thewith swarm our lari: the oi? land during weather 90° thatpart condition. of ‘the lard ‘Ourés really oft, i andtoo we small cannotf tse tt 'po "businens Justily man to taike charge of ur tardus im“iveomploing Woke you for practical your adutes, Ans—'o keep the ‘oil from. separating from the lard, you should carry out the following’ directions: First, you should provide yourself with a lard cooler with an agitator attached, as the lard after it is rendered and when it begins to cool should be agitated thick like cream, before it is ran If lard is not agitated, when it is cooled the stearia crystallizes and the oil separates from tho steariv , but by chilling the lard and by agi tating it while it cools, the stearin does not get a chance to erystallize and the oil will not separate and the lard will keep better in this condition. Lard that is put_up in winter for summer use is mueh improved by adding about ton per cent of tallow, but when this ard is sold, it should be sold as lard with ten per cent of tallow added, If you wish to treat the Itrd that you have on hand, we advise you to treat it as fol-

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lows: For every 100 Ibs, of lard, put 100 Ibs, of water in your lard kettle; add to it four ounces of our Lard Purifier, and throw 100 Ibs. of ard into this water. Start the fire and gradually heat it until the Jara io melted and is as hot as it will stand without boiling over, Keep om stirring the lard until it begins to melt, c0 a8 to thoroughly wash it, After the lard ia thoroughly wanbed, you will find a certain amount of seu will eome to the top, skim this off and then allow the lard to settle for about two hours, so that all tho water will soparate from the lard and ecttle down at the bottom, Skim the lard off the top of the water and then let it cool, but keep on agitating it or stircing it while it is cooling, until it is thick like crea COATING BOLOGNA SAUSAGE NOT NECESSARY TO PREVENT MOULD. you if you to’ask making? Hike after 1 would with D. to.writes: cout orbalsona anything RakeQuery—K. Lustre} have: seen it xsed, but Teint Setg cufted Gloss have woe bs ‘atte to find ont where to got t

Varnish, Tho ‘Ang—What you refer n to hasis Bologua be n practically.lavas discon use of auchit adoespreparatio 10 is conform to bepurepul fondon dhe outside tinued as that a notvamish should hot proper of foot of ay Kind, Bologes Varnish i made from itis motyea tho see thatformer Varnish, so youtp usecan on readily bn Hologna. Draper thing general, but.thing it ofwas th Baoof variish. wasis nowquite practically a inued, and

If you want to prevent your Bologna from get mouldy, you shoul make them ax follows: First, in eure our meat with Freeze-Bm-Prekle as directed the «*Seerets Making,’ Sausage and Curing Meat of book, to the m and add Bull-Meat-Brand Sausage Binder made by the Bologna moisture, the as th mold not will and fine keeps Free for a reasonable length of time. MAKING SOAP FROM TALLOW. dusiress We have @ tittleof ment Query. B, havewrites:on had Now tallow. lus surp a and quite often a o t n i s i h t t u p d l u o c e w ly probab ng ce have been thinki much (0 ‘soap, someth 9 cheap that would not giveco: usus anytoo info r ket. Can you Kindly put on the m matter, and if the idea 4 @ practical one for tion te the ours Tike ‘a. small shop undertake to make a ‘Ans.—It would not pay you it towould be necessary for hard soap in a small way, 25 and you you to compete with other soaps on atthe a miarket, very low prico Sre-aware that laundry soap sells sivall margin very a upon and is put upon the market to make task a quite You would also Gnd it red would hardly justify

mand for such an article in your vieinity. you could work up a trade among private families Boll it to them for scrubbing purposes, also to hotels, stores and restaurants, but as your town is small, you might have dificulty in disposing of a sufficient quantity to make it pay you. On the other hand, it would not cost you much fo make the experiment,’ You aro

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

surrounded by a good hog-fee@ing country, and it is possible that vou could dispose of quite a: quanti y soft soap to the farmers, a8 it is a vei hogs, and the truth of the matter is, their hogs would de mich better off if they would feed it frequently. You might be benefited more by this suggestion than by sales from other sources, ‘The following is a recipe for making soft sonp with potash: "To 20 pounds of clear grease or tallow take 17 pounds of pure white potash. “Buy the potash in as fine Iumps as it can be procured, and place it in the Dotto of the soap barrel, which must bo water-tight ind strongly hooped. Boil the grease and pour it boiling hot upon the potash; then add two large pailfuls of boiling hot water; dissolve 1 pound of borax in 2 quarts of boiling hot water and stir all together thoroughly. Next morning add 2 pails of okt water and sUir for half an hours continue this process until a bar: rol containing thirty-six gallons is filled up. In a week or even less, it will be ready for use. ‘The borax can be turned into grease while boiling, and also 1 pound of rosin. Soap made in this manner always comes, and is a first-rate article, and wil last twieo as long as that bought at a soap factory. ‘The grease must be tried out, Sree from seraps, ham rinds, bones, or any other debris; then the soap will be as thiek ag jolly, and almost as clear, ‘To make soft soap bard put into a ketile four pailfuls of soft soap, and stir in it by degrees about one quart of common salt. Boil unbi all the water is separated from the eurd, remove the fire from the kettle and draw off the water with 2 siphon (a yard or so of rubber hose will answér); then pour the soap into « wooden form in which mustin has been placed. For this purpose a wooden box, suflciently large ana tight, may be employed. When tho soap is firm turn out to dry, cut into bars with a brass wire and jet it burden. A’ little powdered rosin will assist the soap to harden and givo it a yellow color, IE the soft soap is very thin, more salt should be added. PLANS FOR SAUSAGE FACTORY. Query—0. CG. L. writes: Tam now in business again Meat on my own hook, so please send me your Doknear ox future, the in will, I Making. Curing and Sausage I equip my market with an up-to-date sausage factory. e gasotin have the following machinery: 1 siz-horte power ou engine, silent cutter, Enterprise machine, 1 bone ete e, sausag cooking lard, ng renderi Steum boiler for room T iitend to place this machinery in isand plans in ions, toould like fo hear some of your suggest ate plucing the machinery; would appreci this very much. Has the freezing of pork sausage any detrimental effect Accept my well wishes. on the flavor of the sausage? will give you a Ans.—The maehiner you emimerate We tbink, how: eomplete, quite sage pkint that is which to in small bit ever, that your room is a little boiler the put place so much machinery, If you could from the nnd rendering kettle in another room, Youawaywould probbetter. be would it factory, Sausage answer would s a addition ably be able lo make such an sinall cost. This arrangement your purpose at se the boiler Would niakeit much more convenient becaufactory mid the rendering tank in your sausagedisposal of will the make it very hol. ‘The arrangement or e in x room differenc material make machinery will not e it most 2 of the size mentioned. You ean way to best suit your convenienee, he freezing of pork sausage

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2702

detrimental effect on the flavor. Free ng meat always tends, to some extent, to spoil the flav of the meat When the albumen of the meat is frozen, und is after wards thawed ont, the albumen leaves the eells of he feat aud in that way the favor is Jost and the m at becomes insipid, PURIFYING TALLOW. Quern—T. We C. writes: 1 am tanking mutton ane beef allowsthe ingriher at toio use nour ponds pressire, andpuriteraoutt Tike fo'know best way tallow 907 ten tallow with “oottonsedd ail to, make @ kart ‘oomcan

Bohl Ans.—It would not be practicable to use our Lard and Tallow Purifier in the tank. Ik ean be used. to greatest open jacket em Treat the advantage tallow in inthe an jacket Kettle kettle. after it You38 ren dered and comes from tie steam tank HOW

PACKERS

BRAND

THEIR HAMS

naQitstion-—W. 2, writes: How do packers brand their ‘Answer.—Packers brand their hams with Ink made

from the following formula: Glucose . Be Lampblack . Water ...... stare teveseees 36 pint Grain Alcohol Place the Glucose and ‘a dish’ and heat on stove until it becomes thin. Now take the LampDiack, put it in a separate dish and add enough of the water and Glucose so as to make a thick paste; work this paste up until all of the lumps are dissolved. Then take the Lampblack paste and gradually mix it into the water and Glucose until the desired shade of color is secured, After mixing thoroughly remove from fire and set aside to cool. When cool add the 1% pint of Grain Alcohol, mixing thoroughly. Keep in a corked bottle or can, Spread a small quantity of the Ink thus mado over a pad which is easily made by taking 10 thicknegses of cheese cloth and tacking them on top of a flat board. The branding Itself Is done with an fron brand containing such letters or other marking as you wish to appear on the hams. ‘The branding should be done before, the hams are put into the smoke house. STARTING

A BUTCHER

BUSINESS

me please to forward Willbool,you “How E. sourA. writes: Query. austher copy of desirable Cure Meat Gna Make fike'to Sausage?have you“andadvise if 1 how 49 nottt tstoo bestmushto start trouble, Tooutd outaiso footo ftmuch up expense aud aud a cansage tohen and have everything that a man needs to Ihave run had tho Business successfully. f m a y a9 well state that Iota of that experience, butIcon after reading yourexperienced book and men the aidvice 1 ginés sure that even ean‘Ans-—With fearnva lot bysuchreading. a limited amount of capital, it would be advisable to buy) second-handed fixtures These ean always be obtained much cheaper than new ones, and you ean get good fixtures whieh will answer the purpose, but they must be neat, clean and in good repair. If you intend to do your own butchering, our advice is that you make Arrangements with somo butcher who has a slaughter house, and where you ean do your butchering, and pay him a certain amount for each animal slaughtered. A very important point that we advise you to follow is to sol everything for cash only, as your eapital is not sufficient to give eredit to

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

anyone. Were you to give credit and make a lot of book aceounts, you would soon run out of money and would not be able to buy large stock and supplies for your market. We also advise that you induee your eustomers to take their meat home with them, and thus relieve yourself of the necessity of keeping a horse and wagon for delivery purposes. ‘This would save quite an outlay in capital, and a great deal of expense and time. You ean then ennounce with a small advertisement in the daily paper that you sell for eash only, and that you can afford to be more liberal with your customers than you could if you carried accounts, and because you do not incur the expense of delivery. Such an advertisement with placards in your store, no doubt, would result favorably. You must remember at all times tat your capital is limited and that you must “trim your sails’? accordingly. It, is the over-reaching the limits of the possibilities of eapital that make the most failures among tradesmen. We would not advise you to advertise’ meat at a cut price because you sell for casi; people do not want stuff that is cheap, for if you sell’ stuff at a low price, they imagine there is Something wrong with it. Charge the ‘same price that all the other butchers do, and in that way, keep their Lf 2 woman gets something that’ she doesn’t id brings it bak, tell her that you are very glad she brought it back, if it did not euit her, because you never want any of your eustomers, to keep anything that does not please them.

A need that into

sausage room ean be rigged up very cheap; all you to start with is a small Enterprise grinder, 60 you ean grind up your trimmings and work them Sausage, and by working the meat trimmings up different formulas tliat we give in our book, erets of Meat Curing and Sausage Making,’? you will not have any loss, as all of your trimmings ean he worked up to good advantage, You also should make a great display of your own cured corned beet nd turn out fine corned beef, so that when your customers buy it, Uey are well pleased. ‘The main thing in the success of running a rotail market ia that the butcher understands how to buy his live stock so that hho gots the right quality of beof and gots it at the right price. If you have good meats to sell you will havo no trouble in selling them, but if you have poor goods to sell, you may sell them to a eustomer onco or twieo, but the third timo the customer will not come near you. The same thing holds good with you; if you were buying some of your supplies from the jobber and the jobber did not gond you good goods, you may try him once moro and if he again sends you poor goods, the third time you certainly will not’ buy from him, but you will go to some other jobber who will give you tho best goods for your money. Your customers ‘are just as emart and as sensitive as you are, and want the tame kind of trpatment that you like, so if you will Mways treat your customers a9 you would like to bo treatod yourself if you were buying meat at a market, you are bound to incot with success, CUTTING

UP

MEATS—NECESSARY EXPERIENCE,

FOR

Query.—J. J. writes: I have decided to go into tho meat Dusineas and would like to know if-you can advieo ‘me of some booklet or pamphlet on cutting up meat; also Jet me know the price of your book, and if you know of

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2703

4 good firm handling butcher supplies and refrigerators. Ane—We judge from your inguiry that you are inoxperienced in the meat business, and if Such is the ease, we would advise that you go to work for some good butcher for a while before going into the business for yourself. You could there learn the practieal side of the business, and provided yon do not now understand how to cut up meat to the greatest profit, you could acquire knowledge upon these points which Would be of more value to you than volumes that could be written upon the subject. We most emphatically advise you to learn the business thoroughly before em barking into it on your own account. We take great pleasure in sending you our booklet, ‘Secrets of Meat Curing and’ Sausage Making,’? which you will find of great valuo to you in teaching you tp cure ment and make sausage. SOURING OF HAM IN SMOKE HOUSE. Query. —It. P. I, writes: “I am having trouble with ‘mg hams souris nthe smolkehouse, They seom to 92t too ‘meh smoke. ‘What cin you suggest that ‘elt help me

to avoid this trouble and to Keep my hae sect?” that, your mistaken in supposing ‘Ans—You fromare getting that is) not hams sour Hams. -will toonot.muchsour smoke; sueh ftom the touble,. is owing entirely to the fact thateausethe Your troublenot properly and fully ened before. going, hams are smoke hams aids to preserve Into the not. causehouse.them Smoke because sour ‘They sour. to And will that has not been thoroughly eured, which the portion close to the bone, hae not been reached is generally souring eomes from imthe by the brine. In of manymeat eases it into the puttingoverhauled before perfect thenchilling have not may again you Brine; the proper time ud with the frequeney whieh heat at ood curing requires, In the tgs place, the hog should Hot be killed when overheated. or excited, Second, After they have bo n scalded and seraped, they must be dressed as quickly as possible, washed out thor: oughly with clean water, then split’ and. alloyed to hang in a well ventilated’ room until partly cooled off ‘They should then be run into a eaoler or chillinge oot as quickly "as possible, where the. temperatur should be Feduced to 32 to 34degrees Fahrenheit. They Should be allowed to thus ehill for 24 hours for medi Hogs... When hogs are properly ehilled, the tem. perature of the inside of the bam or shoulder will hot be more than one to one and one-half degrees higher than the cooler, ‘Those without fee machinery for curing, ‘who are using commen lee houses, ean ext ploy the crushed ee method for chilling the meat, Dy This is meant to put the meat on the floor and. throw cracked iee over ity and thus allow it to remain over hight. After being’ thoroughly chilled, the hams must tinlergo the various processes which you will find. sot forth in our book, «

(or neon, hamt or sausige) British Patent 554.0 Sodium Chloride Sodium Nitrite Sovlinm Sulfate jum Carbonate 1 1 ium Chloride

Place above ingredicnts in a 5 gallon container (preferably lass), fill with water and dissolve Use I quart of solution for each, 100 pounds of me: ‘This cure is referred to in all

Cateiuin Carbonato

tions, Any other good eure may be

Calcium Sulfate Caleium Nitrate

URES

Cure for Sausage Me Sodium Nitrate 3 Ib,

I

formulasgiven in this booklet and nie ts all Federal and state regula

used without impairing the quality

of the finished produet. = pu

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Meat Curing Salt Magnesium Chloride Water Sugar Sodium Chloride ‘To make 100 Pork-Sausage Seasoning Ground Sage BYy Savory w Ground White Pepper 10! GroBlack Pepper 1! und Ground African Ginger 5 Ground Nutmeg 3 Ground Cayenne Pepper 1

Preserving Lard \ sample of lard treated with 2 per cont Siam benzoin was in good condition after 18 mouths’ ¢ tir at normal femperatares, cated lard was rancid after three months. Dried Salied Meat British Patent 550,121 Minged lean meat is heated with 50 whet of dilute hydrochlorie acid (of sueh concentration that the plL falls to £5) so that it reaches 80°C. in 45 minutes, and is then neutralized to pH 6 with sodium hydroxide. ‘The produet is roller-dried to give a dried meat containing about 7% of sodium chloride. Coating for Sausages 35g. Parafin V ws2 & Rosin ‘Whiting

Mente vse Glave for Smoked sometimes ‘A gelatin dipmeatsviene mod andin smoked is male ofto theavoid.following onShrinkage igredients

25 Ib. ‘Commercial Gelatin 85 Ih, Gincose 40 0h Water Place gelatin and glucose in a double e of and mix, having temperatur boiler about, luke water in bottom of boiler cent water 10 Warm, "Then add 40 mixyer well and raise ncose, and gelatin to. not Tess, than

Gmperature {gradually Cook for ana“not over 150°, F Noa G0" ved me care Ti tee each piece of smokedsey meatsalt 86 ‘Wipeo e t o m e r ‘f it

2713

ovsl so that ang drip may be recovered, Min glaae ie to transpar ent, resilient and sonny toh eat damage In ene able handling,” ‘usual manner may be wrapped and. shipped in Meats "Thereandtre sausage also glaresand forZor covering. me Ioages baked ns tad plenon. Stovilization of Meat Wrappings Heating hessian wrappings at 65° for 1 hour gives practically complete control of low-temperature mold spores, E posure for longer periods to. somenti emperatures (50°) is also effee ‘Tongue Piekling Solution Salt Solution (70°) 1H gal, Soyer 30 Th, Sodium Nitrate wah Meat Pickling Brine, Acid Sodium Nitrite 1, Sodium Nitrate wb Salt my Citric Acid, Anhydrous Mm

Arresting Formation of Nitnte in Pickling Brine Biological changes iner se nitrite eon. tont and alkalinity of brines on, ageing. This eat be pickling controlled. by. the addition of 144% magnesium easbonate with or without 1% magnesium chloride, Mam Brine for Injection

sate Stat Potnscim Nitrate Water Use the above amount

Baoa0 & a0 150 each lor

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Coloring and Flavoring for Meats British Patent. 425,507 amoglobin, Defbrinated 100 of, Sodium 5135, onon Sodinan Nitrite Nitrate Water 100” oz Stir well for a few hours. Spray dry for vacuum dey. 1% of this product is tised on meats Preserving Color of Meat U.S, Patent 2,000,587 By coating freshly eut meat surfaces with glycerin gelatin-wnter solution ontaining a small amount of essential oil, the natural fresh eoloe and appear ance of the meat is maintained,

Spiey Flavors Spice Meat Extract ‘Mace Pxiract Clove Extract ‘Thyme Extract Basil Extract Shallott Extract, Celery Extract

Spice Sausage Extract Savory Extract 1 Pimenta Extract 2 Pepper Extract 5 Onion Extract 6 Bay Laurel Extract,

for gram of meat. Cover with galt mixture ‘in customary way and smoke at 38-3", Meat Curing Salt Preneh Patent 818,913 Sodium Formate 1000 Sodium Citrate 30g. Sodium Nitrite 2B Meat Preserving Salt Austrian Patent 145,089

Savory Extract Cardamom Extract Basil Extract Pepper Extraet Garlic Extraet

2 4 8

Sodium Dihydrogen ‘Phosphate Removing of Boas or Sex Odor from log Meat This odor is largely removed by using 1-500 suilium nitrate in 107% elt solu tion when pickling.

‘Meat Curing Brine Sodium Chloride 3 Gramulated Su 40 Sodium Nitrate 2 Sorin Nitrite M4 Enough for 100 pounds of

Wb. on on 2. meat.

91g. 2 hog i‘

soning and Condiment t Finelysithgranulated itetable sa heated G0 om. of Corsi eontinualetnsingy wnt the,all eitho Sat has heen tivetted™” by” ‘Tho masscontinued ip cooledIntoslowly,the mixtire the steringave Tneng Stered powdered paprika 3. orysugarwhite6 pepper Bory and ramalated ber the prod ix nom hygrseors

Spice Smoked Meat Extract 1

Ye

T'S Padenecite2081 seida 2 one ip Pinciygranulated heated witcontinuaons stirring, of table antl ale toall 100"the Costh Salt asamass beenie cooled wetted’! byt ach She stole) the air icing" continued yapyika Hoty the2.3mectere ete irveaposedered ory white Drove awdis granulited om hygroseoeSugar

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2714

qf Pisearcalice British Patent 408, re conted with following Soft Yellow Paratin Tallow Horie Acid Meat Caving Salt U.S. Patent 1,076,831 Mix togeti er in an aluminum vessel Sodinm Nitrite 1 Ih, im Nitvate as Melt while stirring, Pow on metal phiteto solidify. Pack in airtieht tine Pur tenting 100 the at beef se. ty Of above grown into 2 The of al Mold on Stored Meats, of the cooler 90The10 927¢humidity nnd the temperature 2 Ozone is intendived ntl iL is present 22 to 27 yarte per million. This is foutinned for 2 hors. and ngain for & im after t Tapse of 12 hans. After fan intersal of 8, Warkiuen ea,

Parafin Was Rosin Whiting Anplied at shout 90° € Pork Sausage Flavors each 100 Ib. of meat user Formula No. 1

lt Refined Corn Sug Jama Ieuhbe White ale Refined Corw Sugar lack’ Pepper Jamaien Ginger White Pepper Salt Befined Comm Mid Chils PeppetSagar

2 a

ot Ws

“4 2h 63 07.on G

2 & 2 oe pits OF About. % oz. savory and i eardimon may be added to No, Land

2 formulas with good results. Some only white processorsin porkprefersausage to useveeause hepper of the grkenine which results from the tse ‘of black pepper vating for Sausages Poroftin Wax Row 628 Whiting 22g Glaze for Smokeil Meats

A gelatin dip which sometimes used fon smoked meats to is avoid mold and shrinkage is'made of the following. in igredients Commoreial Gelatin 25 1h, locos 35 Ih. Water 40 Ib.

Pago aidgelatinmis, andarg’ poueasetomporetac in double boter e akeof tater in bolton of boler Sabot arm, ad"When lose, ad 40 ateper well cet. and wale aC9ise felatin Enperature Grady to150%not Cooklesa thenor TNE" E sna not over 1 ‘wipetod earhones floes of smoked meat care fully oyig vemofe surplus grease, wal eteTe thot into iva moment eves, yHestslt teh Sng behangtiedbree Appia con times ich ees glo go thatts anyUangpbee drip nantneaent be fostersed ‘This snitytou ghto rose A010 handling” Meats dang maybe in‘wrenreasped ‘Thereui die eaaloo glares for con nt toaven je and for baked ic hamems Sterilization of Moat Wrappinge eating hessian wrappings at 65° for 1 hour gives practically complete control of ratura mold spores. |B posureTow-Lempe for longer periods to somemhat lower temperatures (50°) is also effee: tive, ‘Tongue Piekling Solution Salt Solution (70°) 100 Shgat 30 Mb, Sodium Nitrate Ib, Meat Pickling Brine, A Sodio Rodin Nitrite Nitrate Balt GitsieAc Anhydrous

Arresting Formation of N Pickling Trine Biological ehanges incre tent and alkalinity of pickling brines oa ageing. ‘This eat be tontrolied by the ildition of 143% magnes e with or without 19% magnesinmium carbonat eboride, Tam Brine for Injection Salt 240g. Sugar 3 Potassium Nitrate Water Uso the hose mount. for ench, gram of ment. Cover with In eustomary way and sok Meat Curing Salt Froneh Patent 818,043, vtium Formate "1000 Sida Citrat 30 Sodium Nitrite fe Meat Prosorving Salt Austrian Patent 145,689 Salt 8g. Potassium Nitrate [7s Sugar Be Sodium Dikydrogen

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Phosphate Leg. Romovings of Roar oF Sex Odor from his od e ‘This odor teis Lo largel ed by using 1-010 soulium nitratey inremov 10% galt sole tion when pickling,

MOKED POULTRY Binds for prodnetion of smoked poultry should he killed by piereing the brain and bleeding, followedby uiy methud of picking whiel will case a minimum af injury to the ny surface of the hird. In drawing, ait care shonld he taken to avoid rupturing the intestines and subsequent contamination of the body cavity with the intestinal contents ‘The deposition of large numbers of inieroorganisms in the body cavity. which may Inter cause aff-flavors and difficulty in the pickling process, is thus prevented, Following eviseeration, it is well to wipe out the body cavity with a paper towel. This tends to absorb miy leakage or ex es moisture which may remain. A better eure in the pickle as well as a more thorough smoke is obtained if the bird is split down the back before in mersing itin the pickle. From a sales standpoint the halved bird is an aulded advantage, sinee if it seems desirable to sell either a whole or a half bird, the quantity in each part can be controlled. Poultry Pickling Water Salt Sugar Celery Oi Black Pepper Oil Parsley Leaves Oil Saue Oil ‘Thyme Oil rjoram Oil 6 ce 6 ce, 5 ce,

‘These oils ure dissolved together ins 200 cc, af ethyl aleohal, To prepare 3 gal. of pickle, 4 Ib, of salt and 30 07. of sugar ave used. Twenty= tivo cubic centimeters of the alea holie solution of essential oils is added to a small amount of the

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

sugar, together with about one gram of gum tragaeanth, and the whole tho sd with a mortar and ‘The remainder of the sngar ult is dissolved in 5 gal, of water to which the essential oilsnar-tragacanth material is added Jowly with constant stirring. Properly prepared, the piekle should have a cloudy appearance LEATHER, SKINS, FURS

Hide Deyitatories a. depilatory say” to make simplest ‘The Te slatedsod:um lime, hydrated tolmix ip yaint enough with sieved) Cearefiiy. to make (30° Ts.) olution paste, SSiniide shoulda skins The working Smbott be aid out om washa Fonghbrushtableso that an aapainted even Sitka shite flesh the to given Se ofnusdepilatory oat the wool totheprevent he taken Eire and depiatory with emodged fete the skins painted, When damaged. half then hack feetand high, thethees up dovn heed daubjiug to two in piles, Hacking ‘he piles to 24 hours. For 12 high i ieaving heat otherwise a8 too be not Rhona skins anddamaged. and theZulding Sri be generated stacks painting, of work The and care of deal good ‘ a . Jequives Ing amen intelligent to entrosied: ‘be shuld supervision of the foreman. Tt the to arrange the work that Siler alsable place. the‘be rubbing ean‘The take oF moraings palling amast weol Following, quantity suficient a when and c l e a n fept well shouldbe it eollested been Jab, hySrovestracted for afew suit Mashed, Thy-the off completely. Grted then and ‘es of some remove may Uroestracting the running Saluable Jose, undue time prevent toandsuiphide, youulated be wooljrense JustTstend oF3t realgar sod of snd teed, maybe supine of nrsenie glocinggradeslambs,of suitableand forcertain Mefartteolarly glace, fonskine forelated wee of restssent that theTimes, Sai, iy also arsenie epilatorieg, finer be made as A ouleraarsenic paint follows: Quick Lime Bed Arsenic Boiling Water

100 Ih. 20 Ib 50 gal.

a large sizewater tufor andit intosufficient ‘Tip the Jime just it oer conWhenaddthisthe hasarsenie Ippourskike Torvigorous. hon an bait nged ofbonsthe andboilingthen water. With yeniminder several for well iit st dag. use the solution allefor Tinting: if topthenthieadn add fewcomepoundswater,of Terie Time, It is advisable to rum the flaked tup'thiny

{sin paste Crouse w coarse sieve $0 28 fo remove any unslaked Iomps of lime likely to born holes in the skins, When handling,

‘tsenie componmils itis very necessary Exercise grent eavebs provided to. preventwithacsilents ie mon shovld gauntlet gloves, andthe preparationrublierof fhe ‘arseniesine epilatory eartied ont nthe open air, Depilatory always quicker henner 18 tt action con bevis carried. but by andia

2715

mession ina. strong sulphide, solution, Ijut this method 4g not practicable 3 tnd hale or wool Je of any valve, A deplla tory Time may contasa from eryatalt one to and two Yor cont diam stihide Tiree to-fiveweight per cent lime on‘The thebesthydro Ntracted of stock. plan eto sake the Hine in a pit hy: just eo ring it with sufficient, water to enable {eto work sigoroualy over ofa perio of fscelvehunrs. “At the end. hat. tina the desired ofwellwaterplunged showldup beor ‘dded and thevolume Jiquor some meehanieal means. Agi se tyr by means tation compressed. means air is of4 Inost eficient ‘and@f economical agitation, ‘To to ensure the thebesthimeresultsliquorIt SeGSthoradvisable stir yp by sulphide hand plunging or(20°otherSv.)meraand fd the solution then agitate. of thetime.liquor‘This again. Jor ikethe ame length may seem double. andit proves ‘wmevessary. work,while,but, ‘Thein practice well worth Eking Girown under Into thethe surface fiquor fone by should. ane andbe‘pole.prshed Some. tanuers alow for six hours foe to remain goods others the sings only two hours, but all ‘inner of vaniation® are rapabie of good result Unhaiing of Hides and Skins 1 U.S. Formula Patent No,2,016,260 Sing are immersed in aqueous sodium sulphide ‘the pH of which thas been a justed to 1LS8--12,2 hy addition of 2m Sd salt, washed, and subsequently Sie mersed in mullcot lime, No, 2 jorman Patent 622,882. Sodium Sulphide Quick Lime 21 keke Salt Water 30” hy ke.kee Mistures Potassium Tiydroxide G0°BE) 1 kg.t 10-25 ke Atcohol 2 Ke VegetableOi1 4 eg. Pickling and Depickling Skins For pickling sheop, goat and deer skins tase for 100 kilograms of skine: water 125 litres, salt 9 kilograms, sulphuric acid I kilogram, put the skins into theDissolve paddie, the ‘andsalt, while furaing add the acid at intervals over an hour. Por vegetable tanning skins should he depiekied, Por 100 kilograms of skins tisez Water 125-150 litres, salt’ 10 ilo trains, eodituon aeetate 6 kilograms, Dis Fave the salt, add the sodine acetate and adie tho shine for one-half hour and fest the solution with bromaresol_ green. If the sking are suficiently depickled the solution will reimuin green. IE the faction is insufficient the ‘eolor will be yellow, Pickling Lamb aud Sheep Skine An inoxponsive pickle for: sheep and lamb sking can be made hy “dissolving U0 Ibs, of galt jn 100 gallons of water ‘and adding 12 Ths, of sulphuric acid to the solution, Use 12.to 15 gallons of this tolution for exch 100 Tha. of rkina treated. Drum the skins for 30 minutes and then

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

horse up to drain, When firm skin are use 20 gallons of water, 20 Ths, desired salt and sulphuric seid for each 100 The of 2skineTos, Vor skins which come of eountry ary pelts dissolve 85 Ibe, offof salt 100 alons of water and ada'3 Tha, ofin eu: phurie aeid.” Apply the solution by brosh fo flesh side of cleanly skins ‘Then place in pilea and allowfleshed.to remain from 12 to 48 hours depending on thick ness of skins. When the hair of the pelts nl Immersion without damage, the pelts can be drummed from f to 24 hours in the solution instead of brushed. Bleaching Leather Por chrome tanning: stock into dram andPutaddpuck5 Ih. of saltpickled in 5 gal, water at 70° F. yer 1000 th. pickled Rin drum for fite minutes‘weightand ofthenstock. 1b. of potassium permanganate and.add3 Ib, of salt'in 3 pal of water at 10° B, per Tb, piekled weight. Run. drum brenty100" minotes and add 1% 1b, sodiunn Disulphite and 1M), salt jad gal. water

ab 70°F. per minutes 100 1b, andpickled weight, ‘ton aru ive Ib.water ul Plus aeid and 1. sat add-1 i n T ga, AU70* F.minutes” per 100 Remove Ib, plekledthe weight and Fin 15 stockTiquot and epic t o . equilibrium with same aa'eae used in the original pickling, For vegelable tanning, the followin formula is suggested é ut, pace of Dated into drame and{nd aivosthids d Ub, of potassiumstock permanganat ofpera 100ib, of1b. eulphurte ac {n'to ga. water ated weight Hun drum for tyenty minvtes, ‘Then 214 Wb. of sodium bisulphite in 2 gal. of ‘water ie adiled, followed acid by. te-thiras ofa pound of suiphurie in 1 gah, ‘eater! Drom 15 minutes, The Bisuiphite quantities of permanganate and sodium ured varied in bleaching eanre sult to somewbat be Ofcourse Por fairly elean stork smaller Suiremente, uantitien will prove sufieients butmay forbe tory dirty skins larger quantities necessary. Stock’ Gleadhed. with sina {quantities may behamrebleached in the same Inanmer without if found not to be perfectiy clean. The grading use of andpermanganate makes for Detter increased gelling value ofSiallythe inleather ata very small cose spe o€ whites and lige flor it thewouldmaking seem to" wiltbe uprove a necessity,the 3 claimed seis nithongh ‘ality of any leathers Delimingg Skine

Degreasing Bristles and Horse-Hair

Caatile Soap 8g Soda ash 12 & Tetrailn ost Ammonia (20° Be.) 3sae & Water The above is nsed per 300 g, of Hair and is tsed at 23° C2 &

2716

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Continued

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

82

from page

2326

TECHNO-CHEMICAL RECEIPT BOOK 1896

BITTERS, CORDIALS, ELIXIRS, LIQUEURS, RATAFIAS AND ESSENCES; EXTRACTS, TINCTURES AND WATERS USED IN THELR MANUFACTURE, AND THE MANNER OF COLORING THEM.

Most ofthe bitters, cordinls, Liqueurs, ete, are produced ‘in the cold way, either by mixing a solution of oil in alcohol with a warm solution of sugar in water, or by adding to this solution tinétures or essences, and diluting the mixture with quantity of water required. cordial or liqu appears turbid after mixing it, nition becomes necessary. or ordinay qualities a solutionof one-halfounce of alum in a pint of water for every 20 gallons of cordial can be recommended, and if this has not the desired ef solution of one ounce of soda in a pint of water may be added to the same ntily of cordial. But for the finer it is better to use a solution of of isinglass to a pint of water, Coloring Cordials, Liqueurs, ele. Cordials and liqueurs should be colored

after they

A large number

have

been

filtered.

of cordials are not

colored, especially anisette, bergarnot, calamus, cardamon, caraway, fennel and maraschino. Coffee, chocolate, curagoa, nut, and most bitlers are colored bro Barbadoes and orange _ blossoms cordials, dark yellow or orange. lemon, orange and peach, yellow. Cherry, gold water, raspberry, strawberry, rose and nutmeg, red. We have added the color required to most of our rec I, CoLoRING sunsraNces, Blue, Dissolve 4 ounce of finely powdered indigo in 2 ounces of sulphuric and add 6 ounces of water to the solu: tion. Green. 1. Boil 2 parts of liquid wash blue, 1 of powdered turmeric;

2ni7 83

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

add some alum to the mixture and filter it. II. To obtain a fine green, mix the tinctures of yellow and blue’ as given under their respective headings. Purple. Boil archil in water, and add some alum. Red. I. Crush 3 ounce of cochin and 15 grains of alum; pour over the powder § ounces of boiling waler and filter the fluid. ‘The color is made darker or lighter according to. the quantity of cochineal used. Il. Macerate 1 Ib. of bilberries in 2 quarts of alcohol for 2 days, pres the mass through the fluid.

a linen

eloth

and

filter

Macerate 3. ounces of finely cochineal in 3 pintsof alcohol then add } ounce.of powdered alum, and filter the fluid. Macerate 1 ounce of genuints of alcohol, and er the fluid. ‘ake a quantity of marigolds according to the shade of color to be produced, ste in aleohol, and filter th has assumed 1.

the des

Exrracrs, ‘TIN AND WATERS, Absinthe Tine

Dissolve 2 fiuid drachms of oil of wormwood, 14 fluid drachms of oil

of badian seed, 14 fluid

drachy

of oil of anise seed, oil of fennel and oi of coriander seed ; ¥ fluid drachm each.

oil of Crete marjoram (0 Jand of oil of angelica, and 20 drops of oil of eardamon, 2 gallons of rectified spi of 90 per cent. Tr. ; dilute the

with 2) quarts of water, and color it green. Ambergris Essence. Pour 12 fluid ounces of spirit of wine of 90 per cent. Tr. over 1 ounceof coarsely powdered ambergris, and let it stand for days. ‘Then draw off the liquid, extra the residue with spirit of wine, and

add

it

portion. Angelica Essen Mix 4} fluid ounce of pure a

to

filte

the other

by shaking clica oil

with

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

1 quart of aleohol of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Anise-seed Eesgence.

Distil

1 pound

of crushed anise seed, 14 gallons of strong rectified spirit,’and 4 pint of

water. Add to this £ fluid ounce of

anise

seed oil and

4 gallon of rectified.

spirit, and clarify the mixture with 1 ounce of alum. Anise-seed

Extract.

Dissolve

by

shaking 40 drops of anise seed oil, 4 drops of fennel oil, and 2 drops of coriander seed oil in 3 pints of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. 2 Dissolve Tincture. Anise-seed fluid drachms of anise seed oil and 14 fluid drachms of badian seed oil in 2

gallons of rectified spirit of90 per cent. ‘Tr.; dilute the solution with 4 gallon of water, and color it green, as above. 6 Comminute Tincture. Aromatic ounces of zedvary, 4 ounces each of janga and angelica r of bay leaves, 2 ounces l, each of cloves, cinnamon blossoms and sof Roman ped orange peel, ! camomile, 4 ounce of ginger, and} Pour 1} gallons of piritof 90 per cent. ‘Tr. over the ingredients, and let them macerate and add 40 drops for 8 ah 8 , then. filter, tof peppermint and 24 quarts of er Mix 25 drops Barbadoes of oil of lemon, 5 of oil of bergamot, 6 h of oil of namon, oil of cloves 1g, with 1 gallon of reecent. Tr,, shake spirit of 90 per ixtre thoi uighly, and filter it. ¢ solve 4 fluid ounce of oil of bergamot in 4 gallon of tof wine of 90 per cent. Tr. Essence. Crush 9 of bitter almonds, p! ee them into a still with 24 gallons of water, let them m ute for 12 hours; then add 2% gallons of spirit of wine of 90 per

cent. Tr., and distil off a distillate 75 per cent, strong. , Pour 3k quarts of strong rye key over 1 pound of erushed apri cot. kernels, 4 ounces of cherry kernels, 1 fluid drachm of cloves, and } fluid

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2718

at

drachm of mace, and distil off 3 quarts of essence of bitter almonds, or kernel extract. Or, Dissolve 1 fluid drachm of oil of bitter almonds in 3 quarts of rectified pi tof 90 per cent, Tr., and store the fluid for some time before using it Bitter essence (Single). Macerate 4 ounce of dried orange peel, | ounce of calamus root cut in small pieces in Lf quarts of spirit of wineof 90 per cent, ‘Tr. Let the mass stand for 2 days and then filter it. Bitter Essence (Double). Comminute 24 ounces of leaves of common buck bean, Tf ounces each of germander water, dried orange peel, and leaves of wormivood, and 4 ounee eaeh of einnamon and gentian rool. Pour 12 gallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. over the ingredients and let them digest for 2 days, when the fluid is drawn off and filtered, Bitter Katract for Griinewald Bitter Comminute 2 ounces of orange peel, ounce each of gentian root, Teaves of common buck bean, and yalanga, 4 ounce of leaves of blessed thistle, and 1 drachm of leaves of wormwood. the ingredients in a suitable flask, pour 4} gallons of spirit of wine 90 per cent. strong over them, place them ina warm place and let them digest. ‘Then draw off the fluid, press out. the residue, add the extract lo the first fluid, and fill it through porous paper. Calamus Tincture. Dissolve 1 fluid ounce of oil of calamus in 2 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. Or, Comminute 15 ounces of calamu root and Lounce of angelica root. Pour 5 yallonsof whiskey, 45 per cent. strong, over the roots, let tem macerate for 2 days, and then distil off 3 gallons of essence 75 per cent. strong. Caraway Bxsence (Cumin Essence) Pour 5 gailons of spirits of wine, 50 per cent, strong, over Crushed careway seed Crushed anise seed. Crushed f : Bc Oreis A Powdered

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

vi

= 21bs, Lox 1 oz. 13g 0, Be Oke

Let the mass digest for 24 hours, and then distil off a distillate 85 per cent.

strong.

Cardamon Extra ct. Peel and e minute 4} ounces of cardamons, pour 25 pints of rectified spirit of 90 per cent, ‘Tr. over them, add and imix thoroughly. with it 14 fluid drachms of oil of cardamon, and let the entire mass digest for 2 days, when the fluid is drawn off and filtered. Mix 14 fluid drachms_of oil of arda with 1} quarts of rectified spiritof 90 per cent. Tr. and filler the fii through porous paper Cherry Extract, Press out the flesir of ripe cherries, let the mas stand quietly in a moderately warm room until the pure juice has Separated from the pulp. ‘Then place the mass in a bays, press the juice out, letit stand for a few hours longer, and add an equal quantity of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. Cherry Water. Distil_ 54 pounds of crushed cherry stones with 7} gallons of water, ad 44 to 5 gallons of cherries, and distil off 3 to 44 gallons of cherry water. Chocolate Essence, Pour 24 quarts of spirit of wine over 12% ounces of roasted snd ground cocoa beans, } ounce of powdercd cinnamon, and 4 ounce of powdered cloves; let ‘the ingredients digest and filter the fluid. Cinnamon Essence. Dissolve } fluid ounce of oil of cinnamon in 1} quarts of rectified spirt of 85 per cent. ‘Tr., and filter the solution, Clove Essence. Comminute 9 ounces of eloves, pour 1} quarts of rectified spirit of $0 por cunt Tr. over then, let them digest for a few days, and then or the fluid, fice Essence. Pour 14 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. over 5 ounces of finely-roasted and ground coffee, let it digest for some time, draw off the fluid and filte Cognac Essence. Dissolve 35 fluid ounces of sulphurie ether in § gallon of alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘Tr.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2719

85

Buglish Bitters Essence. Comminute of wormwood, leaves of e a ounce # ch leaves of centaury, and leave of blessed. s thistle; 4 ounce each of gentian root, china root, and orange peel ; 4 ounce of orris root, and L ounce of grains of F Pour 1} quarts’ of adise. Fennel

Essence.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Dissolve

1

fluid

drachm of oil of fennel, | drachm each anise seed oil and oil of lemon, and 10 drops of cumin oil in 14 quarts of reetified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Gold Water Essence. Dissolye 4 fluid drachms of oil of lemon, 2 fluid drachms of oil of orange, 1 fluid drachm each of rose oil, oil of nutmeg, and oil of cinnamon, ¥ fluid drachm’ cach of oil of calamus, oil of lavender, and oil of juniper, and } fluid drachm of oil of cloves in 4 gallon of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. T'r., and filter the solution: Hoe Cordial Essence. Comminute # ounce each of orange pe l and lemon peel, } ounce of calamus root, | oun each of juniper berries, ginger, orris root, angelica root, and coriander se and’I ounce each of galanga, leaves marjoram, and leaves mary. Pour 1 gallon of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr, over these ingredients, let them digest for some time, then press out the fluid and filter it. Juniper Berry Essence. Dissolve 1 to 14 fluid ounces of oil of juniper in 1} quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Pr. and filter the solution. istil 14 pounds of erushed ju 14 ounces of bruised ani: seed, and 3 ounces of powdered ei mon, with whiskey suflicient to give a distillate of 3 gallons 75 per cent. strong. Lavender Essence. Dissolve } fl ounce of oil of lavender in 34 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. 'Tr., and filter the solution, Lemon Essence, Dissolve 2 fluid drachms of oi] of lemon in 14 quarts of rectified spirit of 85 per cent. ‘Tr., and

shake the

solution thoroughly.

Mace Extract. Pour 34 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. over 2 ounces of mace, let it digest for a few

days, and then filter the Marjoram

of oil of

Essence,

uid.

Dissolve 4 ounce

marjoram in 34 quarts of recti-

fied spirit of 90 per cent. 'Tr., and filter the solution. Musk Exsence. Pour 14 pints of ree tified spirit of 00 per cent. Tr. over 1 drachm of powdered musk and } drach. of pulverized gray ambergris. Let the ingredienis macerate for a few days and then draw off the clear fluid. Extract the residue with spirit of wine, filter the extract and add it to the ‘rst pore tion, Nut Essence. Crush 50 large green walnuts, pour 1} gallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent, Tr. over them, let them digest fer a few days and press out the fluid. Distil the residue with sufficient whiskey to give a distillate 80 per cent. strong, and add this to the first essence. Nutmeg Essence,

Comminute

83

ounces of nutmegs, pour 6 gallons of reetified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. over them, Tet them digest for a few days and then filter the f Orange Blossom Extract. Pour 1 pints of boiling milk over 10} ounces of fresh orange blossoms; place the

same on the fire and let it boil

up; then

add and thoroughly mix with’ it 3 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. and add 1} quarts of champagne

to the filtrate,

Orange Blossom Water. Distil 11 pounds of preserved orange blossoms 1.6 gallons of water, so that the distillate Will amount to 3 to 34 gallons of aromatic water. Orange blossoms are preserved in the following manner: Put a handful of alton the bottom of an earthen jar, place upon this a layer of orange phos? soms, and repeat this alternately until the jar is filled. By keeping the jar in a cool place the orange blossoms will reniain fresh for a long time. Kose

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2720 86

leaves are preserved in the same manner. Orange Juice. Mix the juice of 12 or mor s with 12 fluid ounces of ree it of 90 per cent. When the nt has all the bottom, draw the fluid off and filter it. Orange Peet race. Crush in a stone mortar the nds of 12 oranges with some ugar, and let the mass digest ays by placing it in 4 gallon spirit of 90 per cent.‘Ti decant the clear fluid and fi Parfuit D'Amour Essence. Dissolve 3 fluid ounce of oil of cinnamon, 6 fluid drachms each of oil of cazdamon, and anise seed oil, and oil of rosemary, 20 minims each of oil of lemon, oil of orange, oil of cloves, oil of camomile, and oil of lavender in 14 quarts of re tified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. Shake the solution thoroughly and filter it. 1 fluid Dissolve Essence. Peach drachm of oil of bitter almondsin 34 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr, allow the solution to slahd for 3 few days, and then filter it. Or, Crush 82 ounces bitter almonds, put them in a still, pour 24 gallons of

water over them, and let them digest

for 12 hours. ‘Then add 23 gallons of spirit of wine, and distil off a disti se cent. strong. Peppermint Essence. Dissolve 2 to 1 ounce of oil of peppermint in 24

quarts. of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr.

Peppermint Essence may also be prepared by atecping 1 part of the leaves

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

of ripe raspberries, press them out and add 2 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Or, Take freshly picked raspberries, place them in an then dish, crush them to a pulp with a wooden’ spoon, and let this stand quietly in a mode ately warm room until the pure juice has separated. ‘Then place the pulp in a bag, press it out, let the juice stand for afew hours longer, and add the same quantity of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Raspberry Water. This is prepared from the residue left in preparing the extract by stirring it into a mash with water and distilling. Rose Essence. "Dissolve. 2 flu drachms of rose oil in 1 quarts of re tified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr., and filler the solution. Rose Water. , Preserved rose leaves are distilled in’ the same manner as given under Orange Blossom Water. Rosemary Essence, Mix 6 fluid drachias of oil of rosemary with 1} quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. thee; let. the mixture stand fer a, few days and then filter it. Sage Hssence. Dissolve } fluid ounce of oil of garden sagein 12 pints of reetified spirit of 85 per cent. 1 Spanish Bitters Essence. Comminate G parts of calamus root, 34 each of eentaury and polypody root, 3 of orris root, 2 each of galanga, leaves of blessed thistle, elecampane root, and gentian root, and 1 each of leaves of wormwood, angelica root, and mas terwort

root.

Pour

400

parts

of

re

of the plant in 3 of spirit of wine 90 per

tified spirit, 90 por een strong, over

After remaining in the cent. strong. spirit for 5 or 6 days, th r fluid is

the

poured off, the residue pressed, and the

extract fillered and added to the clear fluid. Quince Essence. Grate the quinces, prear the juice ouf, add equal parts by weight of rectified spirit of 85 per cent. Tr.; Jet the mass stand until it settles and then filter. Raspberry Extract. Crush 2 pounds

ingredients,

let them

digest

for

48

hours, then press the fluid out and filter it, Strawberry Extract. Bruise 45 pounds of wild strawberries; pour 3 quarts of spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. over the mass; Tet it stand for come time and filter. The product will be about 1 gallon of strawberry essence. Strengthening Tincture. Comminute 44 ounces cach of gentian root, calamus

87

root, and oak bark, 2 ounces each of orange peel and angelica root, 1 ounce of cinnamon, and 4 ounce ‘each of. cloves and ginger. Pour 14 gallons of rectified spiritof 90 per cent, Tr. and 12 quarts of water over the ingredients, and Ict them digest for eight days. Then filter the mass, add 40 minims of ity oil of wormwood, and a like of oil of peppermint and oil of balm to the filtrate, Vanilla Essence. Cut 24 ounces of vanilla beans, pour 14 quarts of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. over them ; Tet them digest for some time, and filter the fluid. This essence should be kept in hermetically closed flasks. Vanilla water may be made by pouring 1 gallon of water over the extracted due. vanilla Tincture, Macerate 4 ounce of vanilla beans for 8 days in 2 fluid ounces of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr., and filter the fluid. Wormwood Essence. Comminnte # ounce each of leaves of wormwood, leaves of centaury, and leaves of blessed thistle, 4 ounce each of gentian root, china root, and orange peel, 4 ounce of ortis root, and 1 ounce of grains of Paradise.’ Pour 24 pints of rectified of 90 per cent. Tr. over the inspirit gredients, let them digest for some time, and filter the fluid off. III,

Evixirs.

Abbé

Elixir,

Com-

minuie 34 pounds of lemon peel, 64 ounces of nutmeg, and a like quantity

of cloves.

wickered

Place

demijohn,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2721

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

the ingredients

and

in a

pour 20 gal-

Ions of 33 per cent. al rohol over them, and let them digest for 3 to 4 weeks, placing the demijohn in a warm place. The mass is then strained through a cloth, the residue pressed out, the fluid filtered, and the filtrate compounded witha suflicient quantity of white sugar syrup. Angel Elixir, Comminute and mix 4} ounces of cinnamon, 2 ounces of yalanga, 14 ounces of cloves, | ounce each of nutmeg, orange peel, and lemon

peel, # ounce of ginger, 4 ounce each of orris root, zedvary, cubebs, and cardamons, over the

Pour 3 ingredients,

for 8 days. gallons

‘Then

pints of and let them

filter and add: 25

of double distilled

and 13 pounds of sugar s Elixir

de

cohol digest

St. Aw

rose

water,

1

ange peel cach of lavender bl and rose leaves, 54 ounces of lemon peel, L ounce each of cinnamon, cloves and nutmegs, with 5 gallons of alcohol and 4 gallons of water. Add 2} quarts cach of rose water, ‘orange blossom water, balm water, and cinnamon water, and 30 pounds of sugar

syrup to the

distillate, and color it, rose-red. Elixir-Colombat. Dissolve 120drops of oil of juniper, 40 cach of oil of angelica, oil of wormwood, and oil lemon, and 20 of oil of cinnamon in 1} gallons of alcohol ; add 2% pounds of sugar dissolved in'1} gailons of water to the solution, and color it pale red. Elixir of Life. Dissolve 2 fluid ounces of oil of wormwood and 1 fluid ounce cach of oil of cardamon, oil of calamus, oil. of nutmeg, and oil of orange peel, in 34 galions of alcohol 90 per

of

cent. strong, and add { of a gallon

water

to

the

solution.

Color

the

fluid brown with burned sugar. Elivir Monpow. Dissolve 120 drops of oil of peppermint, 40 cach of oil of balm, oillof orange peel, rose essence, and orange blossom essence; 32 cach of oil of mace and oil of cloves, and 60 of vanilla tineture, in 14 gallons of rectified spirit of 90 por cent. Tr. sweeten the solution with a syrup made of 7 pounds of sugar and 1} gallons of water. Color it rose-red. Elixir des Troubadours, Macerate 2 pounds of musk roses, 14 pounds of jasmine blossoms, 9 ounces of orange blossoms, 2) drachms of mace in 34 gallons of whiskey, 22 per cent. strong. Let the mass stand for 14 days; distil on the water bath, and add a syrup made of 11 pounds of sugar and 3 quarts of water. Color rose-red. Elixir Vital. Dissolve 120 drops of

THE SURVIVOR

Vol. 6

2722

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

88

bitter almonds, and 24 fluid ounces of cognae essence (see Essences) in 14 gallong of alcohol of 90 per cent. Tr. Mix this solution With one of 54 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water, and filter. ‘Holland Anisette. Dissolve 1 fluid chm of anise oil, 4 fluid drachm of cognac essenee, } fluid drachm each of badian seed oil, oilof bitter almonds,

oil of bergamot, 32 each of oil of mace, oilof coriander seed, and oilof cloves; 24 each of cumin oil and oil of cinna: mon, and 60 of vanilla tincture in 14 gallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr.; sweeten the solution with a syrup made of 64 pounds of sugar and 14 gallons of water. Color green. Juniper Klixir, Crush 4} ounces of juniper berries, pour 1 gallon of spirit

and vanilla

them

gallons of alcohol of 90 per cent. Tr. Mix the solution with one of 6 pounds

22 per

cent.

digest ford

strong over them, and let

weeks.

‘Thenst

n the

fluid off, and add a syrup made of 9 pounds of sugar and 1} quarts of water. Tubourey Ilia Comminute 4

ounce of aloes, 2 ownces each of cinnamon and walnuts, 41 ounces each of orange pecl and ‘lemon peel, and 1 ounce of cloves. Pour 2¥ gallons of } of wine 33 per cent. strong over the ingredients, and let them digest for some time; then distil in a water bath, and add a syrup made of 13 pounds of pulverized sugar, and 12 quarts each of orange blossom water and rose wator. ‘This elixir is colored rose-red. LY, Brrrers, Convrats, Liqueurs AND RATAFIAS, Anise-seed Cordial. Dissolve 2 fluid drachms of anise-seed oil and 20 drops of badian seed oil in 14 gallons of alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Compound this solution with 63 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water, and filter. Another Recipe. Dissolve 2 fluid drachnis of anise seed oil, 40 drops of fennel oil, 32 drops of eummin oil, and 30 drops of oil of lemon, in 2# gallons of spirit of wine. Mix with this a solution of 8% pounds of sugar in 24 gallons of water, and store it away for 3 tod weeks, ‘Then draw off the clear fluid, filter the sediment and color yellow. Anisette Cordial. Dissolve 2 fluid drachms of anise’ seed oil and 18 drops of oil of bitter almonds in 14 gallons of aleohol of 90 per cent. Tr.; add asolution of 54 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water, and filter. French Anisette, Dissolve 2 fluid drachms of anise oil, 20 drops of oil of

ences),

of sugar in 14 gallons of water, and filter. Angelica Cordial. Macerate the following ingredients in 4 gallons of aleohol of 90 per cent. 'T'r., and expose them to a moderate heat for 4 days: Lesion peel... 2... Orange pee! 2 2 1 ll) Bicore es Sie ra Nutmeg. 8 es thoe cS. Cassin. Eee Glover LE Orvis xoot a3 S Rovemary feaves | Le Lavender flowers Marjoram . Grange flowers > Vanilla oe Crushed juniper berries

844 ounces.

oe

Filter the mixture and compound the filtrate with a solution of 26 pounds of sugar in 22 gallons of water, Aqua Bianca. Dissolve 30 drops of oil of lemon, 27 drops of cedar oil,33 drops of oil of bali, 30 drops of oil of peppermint, 4 fluid ‘drachm of vanilla essence, and 4 fluid drachm of ambergris essence (see Essences), in 1} gallons of alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Compound the fluid with a solution of 64 pounds of sugar in 1} gallons of water, and filler. Aqua Reale, Dissolve 1 fluid drachm ‘foil oflomon Fail drach otoll of orange peel, 27 drops of oil of cinnamen, 30 drops of oil of cloves, 30 drops of oil of mace, 2 fluid drachms of vanilla essence, and ¥ fluid drachm of ambergris essence. Add to this sole one of 6) pounds of sugar in 1 gallon ter, and filler.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2723

Aqua-Turco Liqueur. Pour2} quarts of boiling water over 4} ounces of imperial tea, 4 ounce of green tea, 1 ounce of black ‘gunpowder lea, 13 ounces of strong infusion of lime blossoms, and 4 ounce of angelica seed. Close the vessel tightly to prevent the vapors from escaping, until the infusion has become cold. Then draw off the clear fluid and pour 24 quarts of boiling water over the residue. Filter this infusion when cold and add it to the first in-

fusion,

‘Then add 284 pounds of sugar

and 2} gallons of rectified spirit of wine. Clarify the fluid with the whites of 3

eggs and 1 pints of sweet cream, and perfume it with some musk and spirit of ambergris. Finally, add 84 fluid s of vanilla essence and Jet the 1 rest quietly for 24 hours, ‘Then filter the Nquor through a bag filled with animal or wood chareoal in order

to obtain it entirely colorless. Aromatic Cordial. Mix 30 drops of oil of lemon, 24 of oil of rosemary, 27 of oil of lavender, 30 of oil of peppermint, 27 of oil of angelica, 27 of oil of marjoram, and 33 of oil of cardamon with 1} gallons of aleohol of 90 per and then cent. Tr, Shake thoroughly compound the solution with one of 54 pounds of sugar in 1} gallons of water, and filter. Ambergris Water. Macerate 2 drachms of powdered gray ambergris, ns of powdered musk, 80 gr in 1} pints of spiritof wine 40 id 4 ounce of refined Let the mixture stand for 14

ys and then filter, Berlin Bitters. Dissolve 80 drops ot oil of juniper, 80 of oil of coriander, 40 cach of oi of angelica and badian seed oil, and 44 dropsof oil of ginger in 14 gallons of alcohol of 80 per cent. ‘Tr. ‘To this solution add 14 gallons of water and 1 pound of sugar. Filter and color brown. Bitter-Rossoli.. Comminute8} ounces of oranges and 4} ounces of sandal wood. Add 2F pounds of orange peel and 12 gallonsof good rye whiskey, Let the

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

89

mass digest for 14 days, then press, filter,

find sweeten ib with 'a solution’ of 34 pounds of sugar in 1 pint of water.

Breslau Bitter Oordia Comin...

.

Mint leaves 2 21

Caraway e d

pounds

12

2] Ba

2 5 eee ter Se aie Se ete Cubebs | Ln eee Rosemary leaves | ieee Cardamons. Lt % o Suniper berries 21 1) 7 Bw Lavender blomoms . 1 1. 154 ounces Nutinege Elda es i Roman ei Lemo Gontiat

sore re ee

Alcohol of 90 or cent. "Tr,

8 gallons,

Is sweetencd with a solution of 58 pounds of brown sugar in 10 gallons of water and allowed to digest for 8 to 10 days, when itis filtered, ‘Phis cordial is colored either dark yellow or dark red, Calamus Liqueur, Macerate 9 pounds cach of calamus root and of angelica root in 4} gallons of alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘Ir., and let it stand for 6 days. ‘Then filter the fluid, sweeten it with solution of22 pounds of sugar in 1 gallons of water, and color it red. Cardinal

Water,

Distil:

Fresh lemon peel Balm Anise seed ander seed Cinnamon Maco. : Nutmeg Alcohol of 9 per cent. ‘Tr, Wate

3.3 pounds.

44 gallons. eee

Dissolve 26 pounds of syrup in 5} gallons of water; add the Solution to the distillate. Color sky blue

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2724

90

Cardinal de Rome, Dissolve 2 fluid drachms of oil of lemon, 1 fluid drachm of oil of cloves, 40 drops of oil of nutmeg, 20 drops of oil of cinnamon, and 4 grains of gray ambergris in 3 gallons of spirit of wine, sweeten the fluid with asolution of 11 pounds of sugar in 24 gallons of water and filler. Carminative Cordial. Distil: Dried green orange poet 63 ounces, Dried greon loon peel Caraway seod . Suniper berries ‘Anise good , Camomile: Mint Nutmeg

ee

: :

i se u

:

Add 274 pounds of lone of water to the distillate. Capuchin Cordial, Dissolve 1} fluid drach f oilof parsley, 1 fluid drachm of oilof orange blossoms, 24 drops of oil

imamon, Lf fluid drachms of cumin vil, and 20 drops each of anise seed oil, oil’ of mace, and fennel sced oil in 3 gallons of aleohol of 90 per cent. Tr. ; sweeten the solution with a syrup made OF 5} pounds of sugar and 1 gallons of water. Color bros Chartreuse, Three varieties of this liqueur, differently colored, are found in commerce. ‘The following receipts can be highly recommended for manufaeturing this liqueur,

Moun ain wormwood . Aoi Angelica seed | Angelica root Arnica blossoms Buds of poplars |

Calamus root. Ciussin 4 Cardamons Coriander seeds ‘Tonka beans. Clo Hyssop in bloom Nntiney, ne Bal

Peppermint

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

a

. Yellow, White, Ous, Ons, 3 3

Thyme.

.

r.

.

Spirit of wine of 85 per y cent. Tre 2% gl. 134 gl. 246 eh. Suga +.

LEID

TPIbS

35 gains ave ye ie he Ge

Ib.

Macerate the herbs in the alcohol for about 36 to 48 hours, add a quantity of alcohol equal to that of the distillate, fy the resulting product with and the addition of an equal quantity of water. Then mix the distillate with the cold solution of the sugar, and add a suflicient quantity of water, so that the entire product will amount to 44 gallons; then color the liqueur green or yellow. Cherry Liqueur. Mix 12 gallons of cherry juice and 2} gallons of pure aleohol, and dissolve in the mixture } ounce of Indian balsam, 1 drachm each of oil of cinnamon and’oil of bitter almonds, and 35 drops of oil of cloves. Sweeten the solution with 13} pounds of syrup and 43 pounds of white sugar dissolved in 44 gallons of water, and after shaking the fluid thoroughly store it away unti it becomes clear. Cherry Cordial, To a mixture of 44 pounds of cherry juice and 3 quarts of alcohol of 80 per cent, add 16 drops of oil of cloves, 1 pound of sugar, and 34. quarts of water, and filter the cordial. Chocolate Liqueur. Cocon beans moderately roasted derushed.

2... :

Cardamons 1) SANOAL ie es ce innamon flowers Alcohol of 90 per ¢ Water White sugar

pounds, ounces. i

abe

* 281% pounds,

Color dark red with cochineal.

:

164%

Christofle. Dissolve 80. drops of oil of orange peel, 60 of oil of lemon, 40 of oil of cinnamon, 40 of oil of balm, 32 of oil of cloves, and 24 of oil of mace in 13 pounds of alcohol of 90 per cent. 'Tr., add a solution of 54 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water and filter. Citronelle. Comminute 84 ounces of

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2725

v1

lemon peel, 3} ouncesof orange peel, + ounce of nutme; 4 ounce of cloves. Pour 14 gallons rectified spiritof 90 per gredien(s and cent. ‘Tr. over thy allow them to digest for 8 days, when they are pressed out and the fluid is filtered and compounded with a solution of 64 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of vater and the liqueur colored yellow. Crambambuli, Mix 1 fluid: draehm each of oil of cloves and oil of mace, § fluid drachm of oil of cinnamon, and 20 amon with 1} drops of oil of gallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Sweelen thesolution with a syrup made of 5} pounds of sugar and 1} galons of water, and filler. Danzig Crambambuli, Comminute 4} ounces of cinnamon, 1 ounce of cloyes, | ounce of ginger, 1 ounce of mace, and# ounce of anise seed. Pour 24 gallons of rectified spiritof 90. per cent. Tr. over these ingredients, let them digest for 14 days, then press them out, filter the fluid, and sweeten it with solution of 8%’ pounds of sugar in 2} gallons of water. Cumin Cordial (Kiimmel). 1, Di solve 2 fluid drachms of cumin oil and 4 fluid

drachms

gallons of

of anise sced oi] in 1}

rectified spirit of 90 per

‘fr. and sweeten the solution wi syrup made of 64 pounds of sugar and 14 gallons of water. IL.

1} fluid drac

8

cumin oi}, 24

drops of oil of coriander seed, 24 drops of oil of orange peel, 24 drops of cognac essence,

‘Treatand sweeten in the same

manner as No. I. 111.” Dissolve 1) fluid. drachins of cumin

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

oil, 24 drops of fennel

oil

drops of oilof cinnamon, in 1} ‘ealoue

of rectified spirit of 90’ per cent. ‘Tr. Sweeten the solution with a syrup made of 14 pounds of sugar and 1} gallons of water, and filter. Cumin Liqueur. Macerate for 6 days 1 pound of caraway seed, 1 ounce of anise seed, 4 ounce of orris root, 4 ounce of cinnamon, } ounce of angeliea root, } ounce of cloves, in 24 gallons of

alcohol of90 per cent. ‘Tr.

Sweeten the

solution with asyrup made of H pounds of sugar and 2 gallons of water, and filter. Curagoa.

Comminute

1

pound

of

fresh orange peel, } ounce of nutmegs, 2ounces of cinnamon. Pour 2 gallons of rectified

spi

of

90

per

cent. Tr.

over them, allow them to digest for 8 10 days, and compound the filtered fluid with a solution of 64 pounds of sugar in {} gallons of water. French Curagow. Dissolve 14 fluid drachms of oil of orange peel, 20 drops of oil of cinnamon, 12 drops of oil of mace, 30 drops of ‘vanilla essence, drops of raspberry essence, and 44 fluid ounces of Jamaica rum in 17 gallons of rectified spiritof 90 per cent. Tr., and add a solution of 64 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water. Holland Curagoa. Dissolve 14 fluid Arachns of ol of orange peel, 20 drops of cognac essence, 8 drops of oil of lemon, 10 drops of oil of mace, and 1 fluid drachm ence in 1f gallons of ree it of 90 per cont. ‘Tr., and compound the fluid with a solution of 64 pounds of sugar in 15 gallons of water. Color the liquor light brown.

Den Ttae y toma Se tawendct Mowmnia ¢ 22) agg wits Mahe we orsporeon te) © 1 plone Eau Americaine.

Add to the distilled fiuid 3 gallons of

water and 26 pounds of syrup, and color the distillate green. Kau

D Amour.

Distil:

Bitter almonds. 2... Freah lemon peel Cinnamon. Maco. . Cloves * Lavender blooms. |. Alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. pW iter ene feta

1% gallons.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2726

2

‘Then add 13 gallons of Muscatel wine, 37 drops of ambergris es ence, 22 pounds of syrup, and 1} gallons of water, and color the fluid rose-red Kaw D' Argent.

Fresh lemon peel Cloves Angelica si Badian seed orris root Florentine Cinnamon...

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Distil:

‘i

Alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘tr!

1 pound. 244 ounces, wet wee we BA at

Add to the distillate 12 quarts of balm water, 26} pounds of sugar syrup, and Color the fluid 23 gallons of water. red, and mix some silver leaf macerated with honey with it. Eau D'Ardelle. Distil 44 ounces each of mace and of cloves, 42 gallc of alcohol of 90 per cent. “Tr, and 4 allons of water. Mix with the distilsyrup and 22 gallons ite 34 gallons of of valor and oolor violet, Haw D' Absynth Citronn I. Distil ds leaves, ounce of wormwood 4} poun of lemon peel, 44 gallons of alcohol of 90 per cent.’‘Pr., and 4 gallons of water. Add to the distillate 14 fluid 264 drachms of oil of pepper pounds of syrup, and 34 gallons of waler. II. Dissolve 1} fluid drachms of oil of lemon, # fluid drachm of oil of worm: wood, 24 drops of oil of peppermint, drops of anise seed oil, 14 fluid drac of oil of cardamon in 1¥ gallons of r tified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr.; sweet with asolution of 5} pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water, and color green. The sane quantity’ of oil of orange blossoms may be used instead of cardamon oil. Kau De Cypre. Dissolve 1 fluidoil of drachis of oil of lemon, 30 drops of bergamot, 20 drops each of oil of einnamon, oil of orange blossoms and of vanilla essence, and 24 drops of oil of cardamon in 1 gallons of. rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr., and sweeten with a solution of 6} pounds of sugar in 15 gallons of water. ‘The liquor is

len. either colorless or colored pale yel:

ow.

of

iu de Dauphin. Dissolve 5 drops oil of juniper, 20 drops each of a

gelica oil; coriander oil, and oil of ginger, 10 drops of oil of eardamon, and a

like quantity of badian seed oil in 1#

gallons of rectified spi

of 90 per cent.

‘Tr.; sweeten by adding a solution of 34

pounds of sugar in 1} gallons of water, and filter. Eau de Napoléon. Distil:

inemine

blossoms.

64g ounces, Peon

ava 5

gallons,

Then add to the distillate: 2 fluid sence, 34 quarts drachms of yani of double distilled rose water, 3} quarts of orange flower water, 12 quarts of peppermint water, 3 pounds of sugar syrup, 34 quarts of water, and color blue. Dia D’ Orient, Distil : Dates. -* Lemon peel Orangepo Pine apples é of Paradise Calamus. Allapice ae Alcohol of 90 per cent. ‘Tr. Water Snes

4% gallons. rear

Add to the distillate 24 gallons of sugar syrup and 54 gallons of water, and color blue. Eau D'Or (Gold water), Dissolve 2 fluid drachm of oil of lemon, 24 dropa of oil of cinnamon, 24 drops of oil of coriander, 20 drops’ of oil of mace, 15 drops of oil of orange blossoms in’ 12 vallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ., and sweeten by adding a solution 7 pounds of sugar in 1} gallons of water. Color the fluid pale yellow, filler, and add a small quantity of finely macerated gold leaf.

2727

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

98

Ean de Paradise (Paradise Water).

Distil :

Fresh Ie 1on peol 244 pounds, Angelic ‘oot Orris root: Calamus Anise seed | Rosewood bos Cardamons : cee Alcohol of 90 per cent. Tr. 434 gallons. Add

the

to

distiVate

264

pounds

of

sugar syrup and 3 gallons of wal Color green and add some silver leaf rubbed fine. Hau des Princesses,

Dissolve 80 drops

of oil of lemon, 80 of oil of bergamot,

40 of oil of cloves, 40 of oil of balm, 20 h of oil of cinnamon, oil of bitter

almonds, and oil of peppermint, 60 of vanilla essence, and 40 each of rose essence in essence and orange blossom 2 gallons of reetified spirit of 90 per solution of 7} cent. Tr., sweeten with a pounds of sugar in 1} gallons of water, and filter. Hau

Precieuse.

Comminute 4} ounces

of rosewood and a like quantity of bitter almonds, and let the mass diges 6 to 10 days in 3 gallons of spirit. ‘Then press out, filter, and add to the filtrate 20 drops of oil of cloves, 12 of oil of lemon, and 12 of oil of nut= meg, and also a solution of 8 pounds of su; in 2} gallons of water. This liquor is colored green, and a. small quantity of silver leaf macerated in alcohol is added. Kan Royale, Distil: Zemon pool... 2... WT Orange pool

Ginnamon | 21 Cloves) Nutmeg

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

LS

Eau de Santé.

of oil of lemon, # fluid drachm ea oil of rosemary, oilof lavender, oil of peppermint, oil of angelica, ofl of marjoram, and oil. of cubebs, and pounds of sugar in 3 gallons of recti spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. Color the solution green and filter. Kau de Sept Graines (Water of Seven ee Comminute 4 ounce each of anise seed, fennel sced, caraway seed, and coriander seed, and’6 grains each

of dill seed and of wild thyme seed. Macerate the seeds for about 14 days in

34 quarts of and

434 14gallons.

stillate 20 drops of ambergris essence, 2 fluid ounces of vanilla essence, a like quantity of orange flower water, 34 gallons of water, 264 pounds of sugar syrup, and color the fluid red.

French brandy, then filter,

sweeten

with

a

solution

of

2%

pounds of sugar in 3 of a pint of water. Linglish Bitters. 1. Compound 44 sh Bitters essence (see Essences) and # fluid drachm of cognac

enc;

tion of 44

sweeten the liquid with a solu-

pounds of sugar in 14 gallons

of water, filler, and color brown. II, Compound 80 drops of oil of orange peel, 60 of oil of angelica, 40 of oil of wormwood, 24 of oil of marjoram, and 16 of oi] of cardamon with 13 gal: Ions reetified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. sweeten the solution with 54 pounds of sugar in 14 gallons of water, filler, and

color brow!

Greck Bitters. Dissolve 80 drops of oil of lemon, 48 of oil of wormwood, 40 each of oi! of angelica and oil of calamus, 24 each of oil of mace, oil of eloves, oil of bitter almonds, and 12 of cardamon oil, in 14 gallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr.; sweeten this solution with a syrup of 6 pounds of sugar and 1} gallonsof water, filter, and color red

a age Ie

Mix 4 fluid drael

h brown.

Hamburg Bitters. Dissolve 120 drops

of oil of cinnamon

blossoms, 40 each of

oil of cloves, oil of calamus, and oil of

wormwood, 24 of oil of mace, and 20 of oil of catdamon, in 19 gallons of rec tified spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. and add asolution of 54 pounds of sugar in 1} gallons of water; filter the fluid and color it brown, Juniper Liqueur. 1, Compound 2 fluid drachms of oil of juniper and 24

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2728

dropsof oil of eardamon with Lf gallons of spirit of 90 per cent. Tr. ; eoten the mixtu with a solution of 5} pounds water, and filIL. Dissolve 2 fluid drachms of oil of

juniper, 24 drops of oil of ginger, 24 Urops of oil of coriander, and 1} fluid drachms of cognac essence in 2 gallons of rectified spirit of 90 per cent. ‘Tr.,

and swe ten the solution with 64 pounds of sugar dissolved in 14 gallons of water. Koch's Herb Iextract.

Macerate:

Lemon peel . 44% ounces, Cilamuge 2 28 2 ee ae ae we White ginger.

Peruvian bark

.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

4

=

by Gay of wine regi Tat of spivt holometer. Let the spices steep Inrssae's atico r hours, then add 3 gills ot sirup Tor twenty-fou Fouistoring: 20° on the Saccharometce and Her theswhole three (ines through a felt titering Inez add 2sheets OF gold lent to. the Hqueurt ier it toslivide the gold aud bottleit. Baw de Viede Dantziek (dip Essences). Bs CesTon cinmanon, Mens China ein mon, Pa gen, essence oF coriander, 02) gen sssenie fof leaon (listilled), O80 40 ne; alcohol,

cninin seeds 3 rn. Suir, 25 ko) General mettiod without rectifl= tation. Produc! Cordials (xn). "Pak an Waning cug withfor ouch 5 gale of the cordial, beat up Sriuiatleohon wud adi gradually.ench to1 thegal. cordial. of the Vining witle Polish.” Por carbonate dig cordial add Loz, of potassium solved i Lptof water, udd gradually Gin, T. Clean corn spirit, at proot, 80 gab: newly reetiled ol of turpentine, 1 pty mbe well by’ violent agitation, nda culmary salt, 7 ‘or 81b,, dissolved in water,30 or 40 gals nga distil over 100ual., or until the wellagitatennd Tents begin to rise, Product 100 ial., 2241. p 1 Lod Desides 2 gal. contamed in the offeluts. proof apirit, & gal. Hil, 17 U, pabe required, other strength, should Gr iis equivalent atany be 2. euployedt Prot spirit, ne above, 8 gu oil of turpen. Eto He oz'salt, Hb. daseol ved in water, 3 tine, Ord al: drauw 10 gall, as before UL p. hurpenti al: 011 oI ( s, loan corn spirit, Of 4) juniper, ¥ tol pts pure oll gal. draw ants 7 Ih. water,5 4 7RS the instandd on of curawa 16 07., 011 of sweet fennel, Yj oz, distill ns betore Vo No. tiuld esse tind ofl of bonds, Labvim., or less: essence of I mi} or demi distill a Betore. G.'Fo No. Ladd creosote, 1to2 drm., before distillation Fo. Nos Saukd creosote, 1 to 2dem., before: distillation 36 N Droot apivit,80 gul.; oil of Girpentine, drniy 2 creosote, doz: poy ail ot juniper, each 9 int Granges ind lemons, sliced, of distill 100 gut end hitmber, macerate Fora week, . 1D l turpe (iu:e for this purpose should e oi of Th usualy be: ndated the be t ality, and not that resin and r in contains ve fo pa ae Which

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126 fixed oil

the uromut " steds, mia)futierBe used instead i nitent oc the. eacerll la} oils; but the ate ost conver. iene Buen ne el gi tne tcrenante hmpurtsa cortatin dere of creme smokes Heneserand aan tehimessearonmaticn (Gin of maythe also. ieee tn fived. bs" shupte sohition. Havering. espa nls GPdouse ett te st Seeetenedws gingasie mat From unsweetened n"elealr wiley “Trestuces jae Maix)10) Welly thee derwh ‘as aboves gah m Wt Pha ell asthe Mts Ie aleowilhse Aer 80, u. pr, whieh Soest Ihilied thetoieeven yin atbus ator beets turtdier Joweved i. be anggelien Brewer and Distiller. ‘uukdVaiss, Contiat eau toot,2 ontsliced. 1 igi corkunder seeds, enh OF ectrootsngofea claves citssityHeoriee Sreusiind Dassatispinit, i gs nnd aicrd dalybie waters 1 gle Mina HTH ake wend het Stizat Wa dissolved in rose water and clea

cart water ot cach 1 qt: kastly, color the liquid by steepinic in it 1g oz. of Ihiy sutton. “This coven] Wea once hell ine much esteem for its Supposed virties, Che formuta Tebeing mentioned medicint) t old de Villencuve. de. hives {18 name from a small quantity: of gold Tent being formerly added tot, which was Sup posed toad greatly to its remedial value. Uh Hleomparativels recent years, old was eredic powe tod with extraordinary remedial senna, coriande Candia, Gouf.—-Khubarb,cockineal, of each aud seed, sweot fen el seed, 02.4 licorice root and Satteon, of cach Loz:rai 2Rals digest Sins, Zig Ibe; retuned 0s mieahol, aud rheugout in Used days, fourteen for mutisin. Hollands. Geneva, Sehiedun, Hollands in Gin, the Gin. 1.’ The tunterials cmployed Dutch of preparntion the In distilleries of Sebiedam, 2 parts un. best the ot re spirit, this excellent big, reduced: jnulted rye and1 part of malted About by grinding.

of couse mealwow temperature oF to ihestiteOw jah) t water, bnnrel aAron fo Ts ead aah et atrterfag whiehthe the malt Of ted, and ,stirred, 1gewt forevery thegivenrye tois snd aygitadion islastly, isintroduced next rm, Poyvertul Iildeds when unifo quite becomes till 1 {he magn Canis canvas, witht over covered fie mush thisetate for two hours, Agitation andis lettin the tenospae= se0, andmashing had ofrecour Tien gain wash tswilltadrepreeediiye a ubapent ws water coll much as by ure of the whole to Rout & eds foljowedPompernt wort xt yoftus. thepoint best the r Tavity-o quantit A B81), equal to Lb. for every ‘i to yeast, vreased ot janders t in tsthene Catirred inaterials mashed thewhole Joount stun fermented is And the thee tneTor'about sation at the oruntil days, Dung Poo) to Lia er. of skimmed is occationally. yeasttap.wort. neTeothe di. th with. wthecwashy Tmentiige andof con to the ia thenlow transferred jung, this Ral. 10) every etl, ‘Toberries wines. into Korted flve to (three Jumper Ib. of salt, ure added, Side of about laquid, oid), I and years and still, one the lowgentlewine heat, into put fs whole iho fra bya olf dretivn spit fine the Wer only being employe, "Phe product

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17

Top quarter varies from 18 to 21 gal. of spirit? O30. p. Hollands Hollands rectified to the 2 Tesi. strengitt of 2 Hat We (9p. RF, ON, or Aout B O-Dd. the following formu. "Thompsongit,gives Fein forDe preparing Geneva or Hollands. He states {te itone tised hy the Duteh manutaetir. trae One 226i. handed ok barley quale and oF nyekod meal“velvet. are, maiod with $60 geal. of watery at tO? M a h , “Arter infusing en Gold water is tudded until the1 grav ie into reduced to fermenting 45 Ib. pertele biar-ne elf'Fah. 3g aul.Wortsot n ndided, the ‘tempern= dé towk, undyeastthe is fermentatios ° per bar o the pu thetse intwre

SDht oh made.—From sa ; berries i(ut ie English juniper Jeast-a'yenr old and crushed in the hands), 810. rectified spirit, 136 rit, 2a digest, with ayitn tac express the liquid; after twenty-four hours repose, deciunt the c l e a r portion, tad It to Com spitity ut 2 or 3¢ over, proof, 90 OFgood100 wi then berries, and mix feis sv From juniper 28 Ib. sweet, fen seedHaas 8 comm on: caraway seeds: Sig oz; proof spirit, spirit Hor 1b eu én As the Inst, with the addition of Strasburg aud entinoor Distiller Canadian bulsitmy 1 Tb direwer Muile Anis, See Créme a’Ants Tuite d Annanas.—Five 02. ras reapple iedtlays,in at 15theon. endWie ofalcohol for ittcen whieh time the Tiquid is decanted and filtered, Ye-is then well, shiken up with 15 oz. by weight, of clear sirup. Huile From eat degotier rose, Liqueurense.1, 1 part; simple De sirup,la Rose, parts; mixed toFrom orange flower 2, ‘Des Fleurssirup,d’Orange, waverand ag Noe 1 ale eonLpt sssence of vanilla, 1 atinae simplesinup, ‘The above are kept in smait decanters, and used (o flavor watery grog,Nao iqueuts,Herhime ete. mister girHreath..” Siar oF canines the Other thavored siraps, f o purpose, are prepared in a siinilae m Hutte deof Vanilte.—Flavored with easonco or tincture vunilia, liqueurs, Tis kept and sed to flavor grog, in ete.a decanter, Tue24de Ox Vénus.- tad From sues thePIDsflowersot the wild carrot, to tho gale Nels genenilly colored by fftising u httle powdered Gochinestt in it Liqueur“Aeool Hygienigue. de Dessert (formula, Ros pe: patty ut 0,0 Le nngelien rooted Palainus, 020 1; myrth, O28 gra cinnamon 6 toes, 030 gr7O50cloves, kr, Camphor, gr white0°10 gees nuvuiexs,vanilla,0435O10 arg suk from 0005 gr.several ‘Tike days whole inthe mnixture Is allowed to Ojgest for sun ith @ well corked bottle, Targonelte.— Syn.fargonelle Jargonelle Cordial, Flavored with dssenee of pear (acetate of amy). Pineapple cordia{ and liqueurs trom someother

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fruits are also prepared from theartifleial fruit essences, Kirschwaner.— A spirituous liquid distilled in Germany and Awitzerland from britised ¢ ries. From the rude miner in wehtch it tained, and from the ‘dis stones’ Gvineh contain Hquid,10 uste, and ia frequently poiso en properly made and aweetened it rese bles noyeNU. “Huile ie Kirschonwvasser.— Essence of toyaux, 4 gr5 essence of noroll (Paris), 0-10 Leinon Conia, rad dried lemon

peel of cach 207, ant fresh Ton proot spirit, Tigh, for'n weeks strai witve Pression, wdil of eldar sort water 1 Lo duce it to the strength oftndlitte himp orange sugary Bib. to the gal, desired The addition ‘or rose water iinproves Teasamine andDiquenr Jessamine biostoms, put thewPick i 4a Wh,jr ofwile? qt of focalcoholy registering {> by Gay Lassies Tet the blossoms steep for two days; prepare 1g pt, of clarified sirup registering doom the saecharometer. Strain the Jes awning mix paper. Twitthrough Uie cold w tleerings sirup and filter ty ‘spirit, with’ some bux. “Continue pouring the Hqueur through and through until itis quite clear, and bottleit Tor use. Temon dried Cordial 2 02. of each of fre: ani Iomon pectDigest tnd Tor. Tresh-orunge peel F galsof proof shivit tor water a week;to reduce striin With Inexpresaion: nail elearsort iUto proportion thedesiredof streouth, aud31h, lump sings in the 248 Ib. to to the aude Phe galion of wiilthe Ghani flower" or rose water improves it

2 of Lemon. ‘The rinds of 80 fresh Jemong; alcohol nt +121. Process the same: eedent. Essence of Lemon, Concentrated, Rinds fresh lemons; alcolfol, suine as abow aumac as cedrat, Liquenrs.—Dilute alcohol, aromutized and. eweelened, ‘The French liqueurists verbial for the superior quality, ere

Smoothness and delicate flavor o€ their cor alts Ligodilta, — Playored with oranges and lemon with sugar 2ig Th. perof each, al sliced, 3 in number; ‘Limate Cordial.—From the fresh roots of love, 1.07, to the gal. A fourth of this quan-

tity of the fresh roots of celery snd sweet fen nel are also commonly added,» Tisome partsi licge: fresh valerian root and oilof suvine are added before distillation, “This cordial is much, Valued the lower lasses in some of the chic and emmenugogue delicate growl liqueny aupechiiag A cherry in aut afterward sweetened Wit angar, "Phe best is trom Zara, and is Obtain from the marasea chery only.” fy the middle of the Jast. century: the profits wrising from the alo of this compoundwere so considerable tnt the Senate of Venies, where It was principally manufactured, mondpolized the trade in it, An inferior quality ig distilled from a mixture Of cherries and the juice of licorice root Maraschino (Zara), Imitation, — Essence of

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noywnx, 35 gr essence of nevoliy O50 yrs extrict of jus lie, gens extractof vantitn, 10

“iarawuin de neroliy Zara. Oyen Essence extinct of noyaux, 5 gr emwetoe of “Of ns fhiney ete, Togreeextrnet of waitin, 13 rs nls Cobol, same ns Forehnrtrenss Créate ofde Milleleurs.— of ofneroliy 6 erg essence rasta, AP rg Basonce extinct jasmine, wrt extract. of jonmuil, extract Braz 2 i 4 alot of 3tuberase, not ar 2 Teed Coho . wuine (Creme as for chart rete. Put 2 07, Mint eteLagueur de Menthe). pint euisterinig into jie, 40!pourby over 1 qt. af Gay" Luwac's Meoholomeler, aivd letrexasterinne TE steep for Mid Bay of sity Fo Charometer, mix i¢ywith some fn a iliteringitehould bau. be per the pour Yqueurthe iswhole thus into strained. limpid; hottle itand keep the foetly clear fhontlog indyand pee 4 0 peppermint. oil ofspinite Mint Conta sinumete p i a tectitied 5 pes alcohol, te Colo tight even The tabled drink of the mythologii Nectar. given to “thewithunehoneysus 3 formerly caharttiea, occasion nose fers tuteifed Gin er= bev ing pleasant to other sweetund Til applied the follow chameter, dtlestimulating ude ih. Ton Choppeat-rasins, caljed wittery iiguuenr tHisso oti Bua, 2 youlg mh 2 sai star fronentieantil cold, then adi? lemons, sliced, Proptepiit,vessel bmutdy-or rum, ply mieerate: ty RGiverod tor six oe seven days, oeete Sionaliy shaking; next strain with peessuey pnee cold fe stand liquid strained the iet iu Clear the meena tnstiy, c l e a t s ta were i c Tor portion aml bottie de Noxon his isa pleasant, ‘Kinpta creae fabee pro:1 the ‘contains, liguuaeyactDu rnittyetasted rtion of prise Inout be partaken ot very moderately spleit. 3 2 pt at bruised, iny30m waters almonds, Titer pai qtes augiuee | Hbsatissolved Iieenuie tor. id dass, frequently shakingth to nepose for a rew shtys, tllow th portion then tinecleat Vessel, indWASdecanethe hasty but substituting apricot or peach kernels with the bruised shells for the Havgnts thd of1 coriander above,braised, of oltheeuchy Ffoeither dm. tance seinger, il cotil tind cinntnionofeach te 86 Martinique. dean ste bowt Noyaw (Cremede: prot OF nil dissolves sl; s t g water ding satvont Shit 5 hee beuisedy orange1 flower waked ‘of f perHemons, Bitter Mimonde Thay essence deanIni nf Cedrat, See Créme de Cortrat indigl Fron Lake (isi Momungees peck 6 1 ornaige cordial fresh lemon exh tothe sd Pert, Kawner af. Golden, Brest yele ‘inoue 4ept spirit, tin te. gf vtofaneeslaeest donfor rectified low hfter presi mwoek Water Iintaddor sherry Lata peasant liqueur 1. Rlavored hove. Borfeet Anum Parfait ten find. femons 4 of crind. gellow the. vith Unnontul oe-esseneeof vanilla to the xale with cochineal, qs to:

Shar, 3 Ib.,and powdered color 536 Th., disBe Swear, 844 Ths 90 esalcohol, ence of cloves, 144 on solved in lb, waters essence of mnee, 3 drm; cs nee of Temon, t

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Rs drm.; colored rose.

Deitch2 IbeCondit Pour 31g gal.Digest alcohol, over from 4,8 to ‘Tr.10: sliced pences, Gays, “Pilier and ada siePeppermint dt mints Cordini; ix perbapsin greater demand Knowwncompound ineverssordins nr otput. te. all the together don1 cinyom, pepper fund gin OF phtin Spirit,22 Us Pes OF

having ¥ Of upward of 100 al.,and 8 proot whitethe andWholefayoriess perfectlyin, and kal. of is poured Spitit well agitated Tor ten nin tes; solution Of the Hest double reftned ‘lu al,

quarter of Dunged down, and allowed to repose for a fort= night before Jt 1s broached for sale, 3, Pure proof spirits, é46 guls.: essontin] oil of peppermint, Lig drm, cut first in IM gt. strong cohol; pure sott water, 74 x ple sirup, 26 yal.” Aqitate, and if note) 24g dew alum dissolved in Ib¢ pt. Let tt stand 10-days, Peppermint Water Pepperment flowers, 1 ky water, (1; sult, 250 grammes; macerate, aud draw off 2 liters nto Cordial, Pimento Pimento. Syn. Dram. Rather strongly flavored with allspice great repute in or pinento. Te has obtained bowel and a, j choler the West Indies in din mmpluints general Pincappte Cordial, -Pinenpple extract, 3 oZ5 lemo extract of, 234 sa n,$4 025 sirup, 1bg gals’ reeti= Hed spirits sitce and let the pineapple thus Tor two days, Strain (he sirup throug! hair sieve, mix with Lat of Ge alcohol rep 5° hy Gay: bussie’s aleoholoneter, and whole through a felt filtering big Hqueur, sind keep ina dry place. Quince Liquews,— Grate a sufficient quantity otquinces over a basin to obtain 2 1b, oF Pups Addl qt. of sirup resistering 30” on Mie aucehu Fometery cover, Ube basin and Jet it remain thus for one day. Pour ihe contents of the basin into a Mtering bag, add 1 pt. of 0 aleohol, registering 5" by Gay Lussue’s wleoholoo the strained sirup; mixyand pourth meter, Wwhole'agnin through a Altering, bays and bot ne Tiquente raspberry brandy Cordial—From Teaspberry sirup, and ‘water, equal parts. A similar cle is prepared By tavor

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with tho artificial raspberry essen Retafa.—Orjginwlly w liqueuror drunk at, Tttheis ratiflention of an agreement treaty. How, the componnded. common generic niahe sugar. th Praha ant a gtienrs o f spirit odoriterous wad flnvorinyof principles of vexett. dies, more particularly hose Containing te Juices of r e v n t . fruits, or the kernels of apr cots, “cherries, orts peachesebramonly dns) eFerring no thie naiie to cherry blist randy includes.orpenchthose.brandyraiatins ‘The ‘following whieh are commonly prepared byt Tquerists: nL OZ.5 est FOV 19 dis, l, andugh in itl 346arIbsportmixionwelth a ght decaSugnt iirthe, cle ro « piei ni of clean flannel Ratasia d'Anis. See Aniseed Cordial, Ratafa de Baume de ‘Tolu.—Krom balsam of toluy, 1 oz; rectified spirit, i qt; dissolve, nd water, 3 pt filter, and further add of white sugar, 13610. Hatafie de Brow de No young walmuts with soft. shells pricked. 0 ‘cod, andint number ; brandy, 2 gt; mace, cinnamon, Cloves, of each Th gr: digest for8 weeks; press, filter, add of white sugar,L1b., and keep It for some months before decanting it for use. Ratafa de ‘Cacao.—Ratatha de Chocolat. From Caracea excao nuts, Lib; West Indian eacno nuta, 34 T., both roasted and. bruised ; H days, filter, and proof ofspirit, Add, white 1 galsugar, digest 246 Ib.fortineture of yanilla, $path (or a shred of vanilla may bo infused wi the nuts in the spirit instead) ; lastly, decant in a month, and bottlo it, Ratafid de Café.—1. From coffee, ground and roasted, 1 Ib. brandy or proof spirit, 1 gal sugar, 2 1b. dissolved In water,1 gt: as last, 2, Coffe andy, 644 Ib; macerate the coffee in the brandy for seven’ or eight days, and then distill over a water bath, and to the distillate add a very clear sirup, made by dis solving 246 Ib, of the beat sugar In4 Ib, of water, ‘This Liqueur fis all the aroma and none of the bitterness of the coffee. Ratifa de Cassis. From black eunrant ju amon, 1dr, clovesand peach kernels randy, T gil; white sugar, Ths ‘digest tor a fortnight, And strain Chrous flannel. Ratajia de. Cerise. From cherriesoF, 8 Jb; brandy with ‘their kerr bruised, Morello proof spirit, 1 kal ‘white sugar, 2 1b.; as hist. Rataha de Cho at. Ratan de enao ante). Raimade Coings.- rom quince juice,3 qt

ingot,a desis innit

and oves,orlund 15 gt.

‘uised ; rectified sp fuvoriess, for a week,Miter, and add of white4 ig Ib. het de: Coings (Quinces).— Fxpressed Juice of ripe quinces, 0% 14; spiritof cloves, 0:05 14 cohol, at 0°85, 2°51; sugnr, 125 kj water, 6 ly color yellow with caramel, Ratna ie Orbe cMron ordine de noon and sherry,of each'4 pint; sirup, 46 pts fresh cream, | pty, beaten together Ratafade'Curagoa, See Curagoa.

Ratatat Brann taspberry atayvery Cordial Cordcherry— ‘ro tig i . o f rnspheery juice wd 44 1b: of fri oilanduslethDab. or ane! adfortes yt oe prindyy ie macernte for x titertaf de Pramhoises (Raspberries) Infusion raspberries: sh Sugary mifustonheyof watery wikl 10 cherries, t Pyof hatane aleohol, AS LLg | de with Uenidores forks trons34 Ibejuniper: berites, each priced caraway and coriander seed, of cach, 409ge Meat malespinie, seis galswith white stig, 2 Ib. digest a Week, ‘und'stiain expression’ Talafechornyde. Grenobtetvom the beats, small 2 witdTbs incl Gnith, the kernels proof splits 1 gals; inswhite. sigur, 3 ib. citrod before peels,Raataie te yrafny Crennhie,the, testonesy Peyedre.1 qtyPromrectiie tiisedawith. Wiig. mie, digest for. forty-eight howe rnexpress the Hid, aud heat Hto boiling, Inn clogs veseel; when’ cold, dd of Sugnt OF sirup, intia, 8,aide together with soiue moyen, to fit.of sirup of the bay laurel, and ‘ingly inde Carer tone audNor bottle it, “Hata Noyeate—® apricot keDenny: 2 qu; whiteE sigur, 1 Vhsproofdigestspirit.for or week, pres diilets.nid filter.From clove pinks, without ‘Ratan ie white buds,proof1 ib,spirit, cinnamon wud cloves, of each, 15 gr.; | gal; macerate for ten duys(express theIb tinetutey flee ‘and add OF Ratafta white sue, 26 dBeoree «’Orange.—Crdme aOrange. Rataftad' Fleurs d Orange.-Frou fresh orange tah Sab. nao Stilt gat white Suge Soin as list Instend of orange howersy tars if of heroll may be used. Rutafua a ta orProvencate From striped pinks, Libs brandy proot it, Tata white Agar2 34 1b. Juice of strawberries, 34 pt; salfron,

gry as befor Thatafia des Quatre Prait.Prom cherries,30 1b, gooseberries, 15 Ib.; raspberries, 8 1b.; black

7 1b; express the Jules, and to exch pint‘trants, add, of 6 r.5 Gloves and mace,white of sugar,nell,6.07.5 3 er. citinamon, Rataria Rowje. «rom the Juiceandof raspberries, black cherries, Sat; Juices ot stray berries each, Lats gry cinnamon, I dr; macebrandy, and clover, ofwhite exeh,!l5. proof epirit'or sugar, Thy.; macerate, ete.,as before.2 wal; tho juicd etrawberries of gooseborries,Ratafta 8 pt Sec,—Take juices ofof cherries, and raspberries, of betors, each, 1 pl.; proof spirit,6 ‘Qt;Ratafia sugar, @ T1b.; as la Violette From orris powder, 3 -on; litmus, 02; rectiiied spirit, 2 gal sugar digest12 Toi ton dag, strain, and add of white 1b, iehubard dissolved Cordial. in soft water, Lal, “HinesIn gently 40 1b, vest quality of rhubarb atalka 18 -Orthe20 pulp gal. with tub. ‘Add 4 gal, water, stir and squeeze ike hands g0-ashours, to separate tho press Juice, Let it reat for e a cloth. fow strain, and. through ‘Ths ‘residue may have |30 ual, f water prewed through I t . Add 1b, owe sugar, and tfter itagolution, water to make Kup to tole gal Putin n tub) covered with Dink anAferment Boro bonrdnhie nt ie tore Re wth de brains to ul into decreases a aay portion “at a time, as lis working. until ali isin,

Let the scum

as it works run

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out of the bung hole. When nearly throwgh fermenting drive the bung, put In uspie, whiteh, isis ante to be from removburst ed e} dhys until the sige barrel enone or less succording to the sévength and sweetness tesired. Tove Cordial. Rxt sirup, spix {Hisoti— 1 seetitie d Htose Heaves, 8, 07.3 orange flower water, £ pts Ceston cinnamonthe einnam tare cloves L a u d roseten the mncerat oz; on, ves, e the ptesplrit, inl dissolve dist{lt ndind9 thept Gistiilneloteves innda 1786 18 oF. o f sugar water flowerTurin Orange Romoiio de Rssence of anise, 250 se.: esseniceof fen el, 0 3 r.; essence of bitter al monds, 3 gr ce of Foses,witit4°0 yr essence of ambergris, O40 ge, Color eochincal. Sighs of Love.—1. Krom proof spirit (flavored with otto of roses) and in equal parts pv sugar, Ob. pure sirup eect water, qs. to produce gut sirup: Which add, eau de rose, Ipt; proof spirit, 7 pt, Tt is ofcolored. a pale’ pink by powdered cochineal, A" very. pleasant cordial. two, not more, essence of uiubergrisA-dropor or vanillin haproves it of Strawberry Cordial. Proot spirit, 64, stl. atruwberries, 10 ats 1, digest days. and Graw olf adil sort water, 334 forgil; tensimple sirup, Hal. ‘Agitate, and color it desired Tuiice of fresh strawberries, 11g pl; 3 at “rectified spirit, Jat. Color with’ imp, liquid earmine, qs. Tearsof the Widow ef .—As valm of Molucea, but employing Matabar cloves bruised, 107. mntce shredded. 1dr, tnd a tenspoontul ores: sence of vanilla tor favoring ; 4 pt. of orange flower water is sometimes aided Tee slightly colored with burnt sugar Brappietine.~ Large absinthe, n mint, 60 gr; cardamom, 4049 grgr angelic balin, Var; calumus, 20 gra ciunanion,30 4s 4 Rr mance, 2 ers atleohol at. 85". 4513 white Bugnry 5750 Ke od given for chartreuse. After two days ofmethinacdistill and rectify. “Add sirup and color green or yellow Unquehaugh. Syn. idseubae. Literally, mad water, the Tigh

which whisky. Ist corruption, “Tt i nane-of applied cordial spirit, much drank in Ireland,ton andstrong made ta the Breatest perfeetion at Droghedn, 1 Brandy or proof apitite 3 xi dates withit Kernels and rising, trased:ani per berries, Drulséd,of ton.ich, ince cloves: of euch, 07; coriander and aniseed, oF each. 36 07.1 agitation,cin amoforn, fourteen 34 024 macerate, froaene days, thenwithMie ter and add of simple sirup, 1 2. "Pimento and bara o2 07,brieaniseed, Bo cori: mance, cloves und nutimegs, of each finders and encli 807. stonod and iabyelier bruise. root, 14Ib. of proof spirit,rising 9 gal Aigest.ag bofore, then prese, iter or elnrify-an add of siinple sirup, q. 8. Shouldit turn silky, add a ittlethrough strong mngheein. spirit orclarity ft with oli or filter Usquebauyh is orther colored yellow with wi 44 07, per gal.) or ren (about satron fap kreen (about. 14-02, per gal; either being

added to the other ingredients before maceragn in the spirit. Vanilla Liqueu of brandy or proot up the vanillin into the spirit, con infuse a fortnight. Boil sugar in a quart of water to clear airup, thenthe pour in the spirit nd. yanitin and 8 jo minutes. Filter and

bottle, gordial.— Put 184 0 inrateVanilla Sits, alcohol and then Lggabions water,to this Siace-Ii fora few days, distill. of Add ibscoghinen! of sugar, Arter it is dissolved, color with and tilter ‘Thuile det85*, Peat. Infusion of vanilla, 0°80 L3 alcohol 2.401, white sugar, 43616] wate 0) Vermoutiitho ectobrated Vi ermouth do, ‘rurin cannot Asbe made Fanlaae, the revelpt of

50 Br. ; elder flowers, j eulumus, 150. 4r.t 15 gi Noly thistle (Genta Denedticton, Ps gry, el i rs Bojer cassis, 30 dy, 1001. "Digest for tiveo va, draw off the Hquor, sta with fish glue, ant hilow to stand fitteon days, Large absinthe, 125 gr.5 oly tate, 1 gry burg rosemary grey Tal ehichouns Wars ontia 125 root s mon, 3 conti: powdered, 250 be Hiters; contmon Madeira wine, @ Leraisin Digest for three days, riw off the it 40",5, Size1 with sounds; after eight daysof r ty rock and fish size again before bottling’ Vespetty iy Basences.— Esse Kenton, distitte water, 600L; sujgar, 250, Whisk, Aoww'hon. Imitation of. of proof "spirit, Lil. Hourbon ‘high Lgt. malt whisky, gill white ¥ sirup and 10 to 20) inims of conevesdil J solved in alcohol, Color with the aid of cara>

y ‘dissblvied Mc hishBorty_ ish ivhisky Lib. double

1M 07, Bourin 1 pt. alcoholykey; 8841p. white gal, rectified whisky; 4 to 6 oll, dissolved lyein’rine, I ptr alcohol, retined

4. Monongaheta.—Forty gal. rectified whisky; 1!4'07, Monongahela oil, dissolved in] pt, aleo= nol, #3 pt. white sugar, 5. Rye.—Forty wal, rectified whisky; 1M. 0: rye oily dissolved fal pt alcohol 88¢; pt, whl sugar sirup. 6, Seateh, Forty gal. rectifled whisky; 4 to 6 ‘cotch whisiry ol , dissolved in | pt. tleohol 8875 TLD. double rethied glye 7. Wheat. Forty gal. rectified whisky; 154 07. whet whisky oll, dissolved in 1 pt: aleohol, nltoil; L1b, double refined ‘glyce

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PUNCH Pumett.—Punch isn peveryes madopteof varthe ont ati nora cr wi Wal Sabicea i probably ennabs ings bupartlyhiasheathed otan i ‘ingtute Bellare‘tho tntspirit, by the artagts Bagntses he wilt Juice crack oss lappedtteh Lote taste sbierentnsht ehdea Welt vas edinece teat Shaong Uae nell Stes Gisnpboutpence!ale toms Oe styone Seursagoy has. Almost’ ticlle tag “Vidng ‘apeeSoled opt ore nro nnn diferent arietes of pie iekesometiunes ope cold in bores nines ejhies of foe Lemons: ello pee of to 2 lemons; limp, sugar,34 Tb, boiling water, 36 pt.

Infuse}¢ hour, strain, 'add porter 34

"pt;

to Lpt. (or either: ‘alone Istobrandy,of pe) abd eachdd 34 more warm water 2 Tytake ot Pune tiereient36 rum, }¢ pt. brandy,4 Ib. sugar, Tlargel mon, b¢ teaspoonful of nutmeg, | pt. of boiling wate Teel he GAsmagaselon over the’ prtkemon unlnln ENS ab: SEARST ofthe then pa ee ectlfee stm into a “plland puneibovttis aathese tie i tion Sintec tovotee together Pott overiid ten th foie ater awe the Pana int nutmeg thorcugts tn Penh i end oper, His ery that at the to tn neeRakioywopdttonch Portant Silane toofolgy \acororabel, re caeOe oat SEL ayniatfortOS donthattanted t o s ation wudof Be takenpectin ends attiile tortofovmatthon Serato the auyuciiee “or overage are general se tind condor Forteedisto tary B r Gold Funch-rAsencle port wine, water, o¢ Wo agar Leni o f Jule pts eachLora Plaeh, imation tw oe three ne: eciteatatnntinisdiaolged ine, bowl lossy of aay SEAS panel wih eapasd to fea vor feoonbilig ‘randy. rack Toi pt.Cognas brandy, pt of Wwhite sugar, | gill of ch ea wd vate ti fll Cogeiir, an ad dee Seatsiveguceethin'T cupineapple, tons addin, these teto thee

rumand

Tid let_stund torpor and Blend for 1 ‘ebolore using "Tol wenspoontal of ragpberey. sirupBritny, aad | tabtesfoontul white sear wineknas Hrekehno ammnciey piece tesmoss Soniees orange,stirved1of plwater ece teeyahake of namall pineapples, Fildeste and well, wil Tumbler thetop with berries in Sexson; sip. Uhvougin straw. chipGe offthe. thewhiteyellow De Niketaking3. doz.cafe lemons, urthe mone, tint. rinas, Deriying pith iswhereas. taken, wade woutd male. portion sidof thethe’ yellow punch fnerindsbitter, ig thatcellsiawhieh favor fealdes are placed containing the es Inoviich the

ential oil. Put dhia yellow rind into a puneh bowl add’ to it 2 1b, of Jump siya ind peel together with a woode epoon¢ sugat spatula for nearly. 4 hour, the by extrncting feareater quantity of the esse Now add boiling water, and stir until completely dissolved. from the lemons. ani add it to Juice 1 o5 st together and taste it; add more SUXRT, AS required: and tule Ie too watery. Iti ruitand plenty Of sweetne: Now "3 1, and (0 addi Ineasiire the pt. of Cogn brandy and 1 pt. of old Jamaica Fun, thoapiae rit being well stir as) poured in

‘Phils panch maybe bofound bottled and kept!withinaae: cool eellayy IU will to improve Clarets. "To a hunge panel bow! halt hiled with broken entice crosswise ndd 2 Ib. of intopulverized sugars6 Goranges thin slices, hottlerofwellclaret, mix together ahd.and | Tetbottle.standof for champagne: one hour Deforo using. 2. 'TakeIomon, | tablespoonful of orange. sugar, aFillsmallthe sligeof 2 or Salices of tumbler with’ shaved fee, and then pour in the claret, shake well, and ornament with berries the glass. in straw a Pince Insoagon.. 8. Take 136 tablespoons sugar,the Teitn Pil sltece pourorange. or A fees 2shaved in th ci Gin Pusch, "to halt a pintof old Holland ind 1 antgill thoof yellow maraschino, of 2 femona, rind ofthe 1 Juice previously. Infused in the gin, sugar, 2 gills ofand eimple sirup or 4 on.Swater.of pulverized Lge, of seltzer TAix well and freveo Lo a ser t-soli. 2 . Yellow. Julce 1 of pij wator, Wgpeelpt. andsherry, glass.{lemon win, 3% iced.—Champagne Whenishpeels wine, 1 abs arrack, 1 pt; flice andor yellow of }lomons: sugar. il. soda water, 1 or 2 bottle itewhitene erent’ ‘Mik Prnch1. Take 1 tablespoonful augars2 tablespoonfuls water, 1 wineglass brandy; wineghs. Santa Cruz rum; 44 tumbler shaved a ice. Pill with milk and shake well; grate Tittle nutmeg on top, 2. Yellow rinils of 2 brady, dozen lemons: atoop for toro dy in rumor 2 ati then ald in! re; hob4 water, 3nitinews qtst lemon wanton Jute, at Tone" Tine a toidtige mite24{tint a throws Jelly bi peels Nonfat.” Pench brandy, 20 mfiase 4 yellow oofhours? a omnes nil emote; for tarelve tid 3) qt of old. water, 11h. lump sugar, ahd the Jule of the a hair orangessieve,and add-new lemons, imix well, struin through

tnilic, 2 Tit, and in six weeks bottle.” Keops Oranye.—As No. 1, using oranges, and adding alittle Orange wine, A little eurayon, noyeau, or maraschino improves It. Princes’.Put into @ freezing can a bottle of sparkling champagne, a gill of maraschino, 36

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pt. ofyellow strawberry the o:Juico gar. of 6 oranges, the rind of sirup, 1 rubbed Riaspher y.—A8 Norfolk, but using raspberry Jnico or vinegar for oranges or lemons, ReyontCoranges1, Pare yellow rinda from and € offleonthe thinexpres the jules From the samme fruit and stent ‘dd to it the yellow rinds, with 2 sticks of innamon broken ra dessertspoonful of tips ig doz, cloy ingredients very. Vivitiin forsugges alrup, slowly hait an hour 16thesTat. oFof simple lemon from doz, Juice the Tixpress ithen make w strong aid it to ofthethedecootion, Infusion tinest which ren ton and adi it to ndd equal portions the after A Cognae brandy, swecordoFing oldtoanixtuve;, Fue a a n Gog thestrength required Mix all well toether, strat through a hait sieve, put it into

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n freezer and make very cold, 2. Strong hot. green. ten, lemon juice, and capillnive, of eneh Tig pts brandy, arrack, mid c acon, of excl pea champagne, L bottle; mix, snd Bhi en pine pple into it, ‘Tea. Hot tea, Tata arrack, 36 bottl sugar, 07 Juléeo lemons; yellow A leméns, Wine-Sugar, 1b. yellow peel of 8 temons ; Juice or sherry 1 wine of(hob, lemons; 1 gal; serkek, innamon,1 pty1 port 0z.; nutmeg, of whisky ndd 2 hy. To.of 1 hotwinegiass luuses water, and then sugar to well with 1 wine Dissolve the sugar pour in the whisky, water, then water the of glnes ; sweeten to And add the balance of thy taste, nnd put in a ginal piece of lemon rind or fa thin slice of lemon.

fom these experiments, he recommends the eu2752 tivation of flowers in 'maeshy districts andi plnces infected with nimal emanations, since cop oF brass polished wpon of this applicationbeutiful tho ozone thus produced text destroy reson sustace the teris extremelyKeeping is lustre fora long time them. For the same ressonwill flowers of agree and Fiver, able odor rhoni be eultivated about residences it to greatof fand in gardens, ns this may be considered a diThe author of the proces hus ale pirpese forthe labtatorye his n i tulvantnge ect sanitary preenation of much insportance, there copper nd sec, fron, aiilesof onting fyine.protecting onty & DRVELOPMENT OF OZONE BY THE BATTERY. the fetOnethatdiealty Tomy Fist. resultsaguinst proves them it Professor Boetiger informs us the if m soli Should applied, be often loyer thin tery contig hick Iecomo ptt to tm tion of nitento of Uismuth be decompored by the galvanic an uncommonly Inrge anoint metalic ntances Sf oron0 iscarrent, nickelizing, nyon yerimente develope d at the pole connected with ina similar manner are in course of progress by the platinum element, the platinusn icelt Ah anh, algo thas far wont Faster} hhecomes conted with’ xwhile layer of a superoxi detreat-of fesult Fismuch at the samo time. By sinilar CLPANSING FLUID. ment of a silver or lead alt there isn like de: A convenient preparation for taking out oil posit of superoxide of these metal, but without pots, anid for cleansing atielos of brass, silyet- ‘any special development of ozone. placed ware, and gold, is made by mixing, tokeller equal parts of caustic aamonia and spvits OLNICOSE IN FERMENTING LIQUIDS. fr sonp; and this may be applied to a great ve A paper was recently presented before the iets of purposes in household economy’ Chemical Society of Loalon upon fermentation, in which it was stated, a0 an important deduce OZ0SE PRODUCED BY FLOWERS AND ton from experiments that the aaiion of gl TESOENCES to fermenting liquids, especially to the jniee According to Professor Montegezen,certnia cose ff tho grape, helps ¢© exhaust the fermeniat egetaleentences exerene an important inte Clement, and thus imparts to the fermented liquid tence in the production of atmospheric ozot, ‘ a gieater ad alsa, that each forihe being. moet marked inthe ease of tint iment hes iteKeepingfavoritepower, euil. courae ofwome cloren, lavender, lemon, thyme, iutieg, ele remarks upon the paper it Tnwatthe stated that the wit in contac with atriapitive expen ia {east organism, though generally called Tight ‘cause the development of «large quantiy fs rather"an animal in ite functions, w winlant, of ozone, eqn if not superior, fn announe fo products it secretes are fess complicated ce. thanthe ‘hat by electricity ofor potash, by the decompo. tote it takes in, and ft absorbe no heat bike tition produced of tho pertoangaiate Acconding to the nuthor the oxidation of thee essences plants, nor docs it require light for it vital proc Continued

from page

inne ofthe peoducing frome snc, mont even convenient when in erymentsminute ofque fthao t greatemer eect isrequire accomplished, "In mostte direct ented forthe pusposo the eit es tetany osm Ina tremely alight. I certa fntances the continue action, tommenced in solar light, was found to indaskmess In some experiments vesel wil petowae tien etc fstlvah Toland perfetly dried}, atl develope m propor tionate nny of oxime, provided fe conte falght odor of the esenter Tn ado to theCo spirits of tmpeatine, mentioned, futstances Togne-water, and other nnd aromthe tinctures, af also capableperfumes of necomplishing owersy atthe naicissat result: Cert same yacith, ful also develop ozone in closed es ele As at inference dase hy the profesor

DANGER FROM UsING TUE W, STE OAS OF Attention Ine jnst heen called by De, Petey, fay eminent metalargst, to the danger of using Sacto gas fic the blast farnace. A principal Jingreaient of this gens a8 8 wel known, consists cf caslionie oxide, the inhalation of whieh in ery sunall- quantities, whether pure er mised with air i sufficient to destoy Hie. ‘Phe em. ‘smvent of the toile,waste gas faunncesdaily,foe yg Steam ee.,of Dlnst ie extending find Dr, Perey fones thine deaths from its inhale tion may bee frequent, unless those who wse ection, it ave fully. avinre of its physiologieal "Numorons enees of poisoning, ofthis kind are al realy om reeotd

HULLING GRAIN Various methods for removing the husk fom fain, hy mens of some harnes chemical aps lication, have recently been suggested, so thst Iie grain maybe nflerwned pounded pi Inortar aniof senting convertedi to. intom bread without the hovesrity mill to be grou. Msides thothat recommendation of simplicity, in itisthe laine mgrent g a i n in accomplished faving of m large peteonthge of te gluten and tether muertiogs elements, whieh, ander ordinary Sreannntncen,woukl be’ entirely leet. patented Among frovesres fr this purpose, one recently Ur German inventor eonsats fn deslving two acts teleof ett parts ofHimewatery Irth theof enlcned addition sean of one in pat and tice water. and a ofhalf to two ‘This hours is andto bethenboiledtwehtyfrom tesone iesignarteweightofthewf quid wenter thus mied.prepared Sevenill darace ballfor 220 ponds Dui watering sto be poured tner the grainof grain. hy means The ofa fot, oF titers an the whole stiered abot for een oeSF cents ninates, diving which andtimemaybe the llre the rain becomes tached, nosed ly the ordinary metho Tis noserte thatof this Iye doeso ant not penetrate Snaytheeubstac the grain affect Se ennpositon, bit nts solely po the hsk. Nothe Tovmentation is produced by i even when, been nomvistenel Je vinbas ot emiter, oijeetion forto along grimiingtine,th“Theregrain tive prepared in whit, the ondinary was,claimedChoto fase Inay Hot be very bit His Les nutetve lites ofthe highest value, pose rynorworoorariy. Among the numerous applications ofonephotog rayhy toe arts may be mentioned calledfede opltograyiy: arin other wands, te Tiina ransiacentplotogenyie actorsA mistore on glass incmenna of n isle eleious color, Cline, gueenme,fponneda upon gummyglaspat,frnnsubstancele Sve eaten ing thin, sticky sentra Thi dre a8 cate heat, Becomes hard, but porsessesthe pro ryihere of andslowlyagain nlsorbing water ffomIf the8 quant ales: becoming sticky. Ettivebichromate atid totheare modi mi. before Inyngof potsel 1 on, iebe properties Hind eo that, portions when exposed a nogutive, and bethe lone thelrnersickiness Humteated ‘ome permanent horny in textorey wie the Slated portionsin proportion il ina fevrto theminute, icky agun, depth become of the Continued

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WINES AND Wine Making. ~The wrupes are not removedAS the maturation not only of different yarieticss Hut or theno suited same kind, dependent Season, periodis chi be fixedpowTor Uethe Commencement of the when vintage.the white ‘Phe yrapestre realy to be authored comes oa brownish yellow color, andthelitd breed orBhoars, bluc, pruntnye “very dare purple or nearlyare used binck knives, Or scissors, for the removal of the fruit from the vine, ‘in making the finer wines, previous to being are ciuefully-exiniiied bunches the unripe pressed, fnd any or damaged grapes are picked Off and used to make Inferior wine, or {nthe feacherina re efton the pranchto theripen.une‘Nhe apecicus blue nnd dark. varieuies, when Intended for the best wines, are, fev exceptions, ‘removed. from. the ‘stalkswithbefore Being with teprested; statics the white grapes are pressed Exceptthat with those tobecome grapes viscous whieh produce wines are Iiely OF YOpy", the stalks are not left for any length of Ome In contact with the grape Juice or must. ‘there fro. various modesOneof method. separating.consists the grapes from the stalks, Employment of a wooden forke or trident,fn.46 the ya. or‘wooden more inpaillengthy by tarning this round hii filled with the fruit, the graves Decome detached the and stalks,removewhieh are thusIn anotiier brought teontrivance o thefrom surface the soparation is effected by nelosing the bunches of paralicl wires. Inside the cageIn cages there made Isa Suirrer; when this is turned bysanexternal Imndie, the grapes alone drop” through. the the stalks in the cage,by means Some‘tleaving he separation is ecomplished eich areso. mantowinted that the (hrotgh the meshes hing pressed, the rapes.of have Mo undergo ihe, prellminary, procera Druising or crushing. by helt being trodden ‘Ahis under it thekontethmes naked rectdoneof hien, on wlarge wooden stage or platform, at other times the men wear heavy boots, while in some enees the Kenpes ave placed. iti Ww vAe ahd. brufsedtheywithare crushed kind ‘of between wooden wooder pestle Sometimes krooved rollers, Of clennty, all these possesses processes, thendafrst, fithougl the least the tage ob note rus ete pips or stalls, and i the isi ‘of imparting an tun to from the vine until they are quite ripe.

© Is considerable divergence in the statesof different w te is tothe yield of, rapes, Payen says tt tmountsto from to MOF the Colul weight of the grape. Dupré and Thudichum obtained from threvsimples of grapes respectively 78 Tox, WE, and Wagner averages It from, about 60 or 104, When a whito wine is required, the bruised: grape, whether of the white or red variety, 18. At once pressed, excent when, as happens with

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WINE MAKING some kinds of fruit, it is kept to allow of the: development of the bouquet, ‘The mode or procedure ig.dilferent when iwred wine Is to he pre~ ured. “Phe crushed grapes must then be Rep Tow tab or vat, loosely covered over, until itn, ximinition of aw small quantityof the juice howsIL has acquired the necessury color, For Ht to do thissometitues takes from threeor four day's to a tno th Davin alcohol has been formed in the With the tacuirie weld of the fruit, has dissolved out the eoloring prine ple of thé grape. Great cure is necessaryMU Unis, stugeto prevent the too long exposure of the: wed anu fermenting truit to the air, Wine presses are of various patterns, In many wine making esttblishments, iron br have supphinted wooden’ ones,” over Which they possess the advantages of greater Jiness And non absorption of “the must. Who wine pross in wenerul use inthe Gironds pusists ofa till round basket, made of perpen= dicular luths, ‘The fruit is placed in this busket, and upon the fruit wooden block, to which Screw is attuched; NUL works upon the serew From above downward.sund presses the srooden, Vlock upon the fruit, the liquid from whi forced out through the kus and collected, In the manufacture of champagne and some red wines, very powerful presse’ loyeds but these posses the objection of pressing the fixed oi from the pips and an unpleasantly tasting juice from te stalks, and eherebiy Tn sone establish have been used, but withthececting considerable tn a gainbetter in wine, time’ and ust, eived into proper recep g tacles, nextunbein d ‘oes the vinuios Fermentittiol Tn the case of white wines the must is kepe eeparute from that subsequentiy procurtad by submitting the husks,pips, and Stalks to additional pressure, und is’ Hold ws the frst or perior wine, But with red wines the husks «and in some ceases the mare) ure thrown into the fermentiny Vat, by whieh means tho wine sequiresan ads ditional umount of coloring matter. Tn thi tease, when the completed wine it dawn off, Who busits are agnin pressed, and the wine 80" ob. tained added (o (he first instalment. as the fauinie acid is derived from the skinssind seeds. of the grape, wines. prepared inthis manner usuully contin a considerable amount of Chis substince, ‘Whe fermentation fs condueted in different countries at different temperatures, and, of eourse, with diteren its. When must is fermented at 15° to 2 fon nt 5° U0 15° Cont. 58° Pub.) be thecarried produet will bea wine riel Bouquet, but poor alcohol, ‘The wines of Spain, the southof Franee, Aus.

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trian and Hungary,are produced wt th hissher temperatures nnd these ol Germany, forthe most part aton the lowerane. iSeartied in kine. wooden "Thevats.tesmentition, Tn some Places vats of suudstoneor bniele are used Lor This purpose, ‘The fermentationob white wines, such as thos of the Hhine and Gironde, is et: fected in new and. perfectly clean encks or bogsheuls, the bungholesot which ave let Lope Conllow tie escape at the earbonie seid, Opin= fons differ sto whether nir shoul be ndaitted or not during fermentation, ‘The process is, undoubtedly quiekencd if the must henerated ‘The aeration ts sometimes performed by a be ted with w rose nozzle, During he jon of blowing In, the must is Lo he kept w temperature, Lo prevent the volwill= the bouquet, When. the opposite hod is followed, various devices a1 for excluding. the air, or tb any. Tate HC OFit. Th some cases “the vit, being provided Witla suitable Tid, has a hole,or is arranged With a tube, for the escape of the earhonie Acid, Koles and: Hamiberger ‘accomplish the sane end, without. | tube othe externalat fut, by means of a glass bent twice Fight “angles; one limb. of ‘the. tube. passes through The bunghole into. the wine and the ‘other or outer limb. Into n vesselof water, tn

fhother Tid of onlythe. outward, vatis fittedale opening: valve, which, the writh contrivance Tows of wines the exitine of fermented the earbonte in nei Teed) fareinsitesuvwith most ensesy o p e n vats, fitted inthe perforated which, being below rising. the sur0 SOL‘op, theaiidsitelves. Liquid,setting.prevené the husks up of acetous Lermentation,of Atter the completion. the termentation Buneunityfor wines, in enter some the placesvat, itsantis theby hithy Custom men to thelr Vigorous movements tomix thecontents. this partienFits eatistactory to.pract lear eIChat. getting some= Inrly objectionable whit tito asus forwiththe Uecompl ot time necessary tion‘The tenth of the fermentation varies loci: aiSin apartment, the. of temperature the fig) With the qunlity ‘ol the Swine required. win itPrunce, qeueiallyforthetakesordinary trom descriptions thee Hays. tonof week Higthe Germany: tromof wine one. it-wecupies to" two. weeks} Sith finer kitids tours dee or s i x weeks, ‘the progress of the. fe Inentution mus: be estimated trom the specitic fnwvity, of sndthe theLiquid,sigansinceis undergoing as the fermentation Provectsy conve dion into alcohol, the w i n e , of courses becomes nore atteraited ‘und entetaterl its specitic. haatecavity Wie Ininishess. eh been hilt in theasm wineesexpes nleghol present of fthe Gene Shantige e r m e n tition, we well consider thei quantity of carbonie ners CAN apparatine Hee ident for pisecollecting these by pronwets. by ursine thera to into water means of tydnnatie bine. is is over,such Uheag wine fermentation the ‘Wihen or lees sediment, ung canker i n t o runsty belayg Hott fetalfn this Lermentine ve ser te easke clean. thineabsolutely tastieapontiunt its purpose Befor this" mould, be cua issulphured. nsed «second time it should beBerorenthoroughly amountin theof "Those swiacs which contain a tolargereuntin alcool are Sometimes ullowedhave elewred: but fermenting val UntiL they.

1s

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veenle wines are smmediately drawn olf into Thctisktoprevent theaetting inof themeetons Fernentitian, “tae easksbr-ininor nite. fermentition Alted to the Trumgotes, " A . second takes pied tarturor i the wineblartrate sehen ta ot thepotash cask fedt de Ing witich Hosited on the “this sidessecond of the fermentation. cnale. and yeast nb titeIyealtowead bottoms. shoul ttood zo on hand at a low atatennperataine, 8 Int0 We. tie slow ruth. somechsie sixmonths, $i mite to extend to thee oF When ite thefiledsecond. fermentation over, the ceuakes to. the bung loser, oF bethestorwine is fencis Lo Samed lurtar is deposited, wtte which itl iced off into bot Dy ine: phon ly. inserted in theis performed. bum bole, orb fubly fixed in the cask Th the racke Uy elenr. it finca by the nda nuliss, previously sol vy soning Int sinall quantity of wine. A ter(he, fuldition of the iginylass, the cask is then illed to the bunghole, closed, sad remains undis turbed forabout'six weeks, and if, at the end of that timo, it is not perfectly bright, it is made to undergo a second racking. In wine loo and solution of glue whi rely Guinn, MMIK reed fs also wines. occasionally Caupioyed for ti sauic purpose. Phe racking: Should he pertorny Hin Cool weather, and. pre= ferubly in the early spring. ‘The manufacture of chunpagne differs in its detuils from that of the so-called still wine, ‘The best wine is made Troma bltek grape of very fine quality, known as the Piicau, and growh in the champagne di None but, the best selc unripe,or inany 1. ‘The’ grapes i tained: thei ‘To prevent the juice heing colored by the s of the gripe, the fruit is submitted to pres As quickly as possible after’ being. gathered Very powerful machines are employed for thi

Imurpose, since ‘the chumpagne rape, uote brie iret Sot pmckoushy crue, ¢ttn toe to'apply t h e pressurceventy Cperition with al expedee Gon, forit this execeds two hours (he must Will

Ye colored. ‘The sgrapesare sometimes: pressed Four times, Tn xood seasons the must obtained Crom the different. pressings is tired Coget he Tin middling ones, the trst yield is Kept, for paling the best wines, nor ig the fourth with the other two. The Hight eoforest must is frst conveyed into a large vat, where Ik r= Inains Tor six, twelve, or eighteen hours, Cording to the temperature ‘AL the hatcd would of this_tine certain tuste vegetable mittens damage the of the en= Suing wine, as well ag render Tt liable tom Second Fermentation, become. deposited. Diz rectly the must hus cleared it ig run into small Durrels of 2.000 liters capacity,in which it un Termentation, . Sometimes the cleariny juice ig accomplished by filtration; ab others, When the weather is warm and fermentation sots in go rapidly us not to allow the fin

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puritics to subside, it is run into casks filled with the fumes trom In ning sulphur this mans the excessive Fer rentative netion, rested, nid siflicient time is given for thedregs having been made clear b: v Thos, is draws int Dna vein the vellaes ung, the frou olvis ormed dur ne the fermentation tow= wine matkiny WE ing out at the bungholes. In someGightly Bunce a establishments,the barrels are ‘the cou tiyn. there beings previously added.are toopened a Mt Ix of brandy, ‘The easks tents the end of Deconbe tnd the wine tined by being con Theans of isinglise; Uhis. operation at the lowest possibile temperature, I t dueted AL the end of iw fortnight,it has not becom Tight, it is left for another fortnight, sand then, if not clear, it undergoes a second fining

‘caution he used. undwithfrequent process ittus. ‘the whet fining overdone diminishes, ferment of thethesubsequent Stops Ton. theTo activity obvinte this, wine should be Gkju airy tail niin ntebefore Elously exposed added(0 the it to each hogshead yeast of tity is bottled. When the wine has cleared, befor the qu ft, Since in thew in is aided tonatareal’suger sugar cane ted, undecomposed Miiyor requisite toamoun to nt the.furnish theingredient is ot eutficie white carbonic oweseid fisgas,effervescent OfChampagne properti a veryche. consid 1 constitute bottles Champairne wil of expenses trade the in m e t I erable rwi mamutaecierc pays. thfore yhise Ife Mhaker. some and them Tundred a Tranes. yi prders for as many ws frou 30,000 rmtters {o2smoKewt nt Lime.

they arrive are examined 1 ny ‘The bottlesus7 person, and those which con Lportectly new snr are rejected. “Phe a The bottles are requir oT about 10s possible of uniform weigh Mt to be ns nearly as and thickness. The inside of each. baitbottte1 rush of x revolving scrubbedby meansAfter the bot drained, ind clean water. with Wsbeingaleohol closed snd tles aire rinsed th are ‘They cork. clean but old an with fill for. required, when rendy, of money maker also expends a largewhichamount be of the purchase of corks, tiption, mustTt has’ inthe bee! best ahd soundest des inferic use to cconomy fixlse very be to found wine being drawn into bottlesCo ds, The ght of 2 or 3 inehes from the top of beck, the bottles have next to be co by a siull bres in the bottle bork being arenredt operation Uhese ATL aqrufe. an called Band, Inve to be performed de ly and rapidly by ex perienced workmen. With what speed they: ar from the. fe Accomplished may be imagined , divide ni welicr of tive. workmenwho that. the labor, will bottle and cork from twelve & pass fifteen Itindeed hotties daily, Lwo bottles Phe cork ing throwehall hands in one minute. finished,the bottles are next. phuces ing, ete., on theie'sint ‘nd stacked in cellars or eaves eneb stele beings supported by (ann laths, the wine bexin ns Ag the summer a whieh Tnerease enition, to show When the fermentation (0 0c. Tne py the previously Unfiiied space in the neck

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ofth Inst. the hotties angeto number ot ih bottles bein as wellag Tete atid sain: ees des feCruises, inuch ‘hoesas S94 of he aie fs lost Fron ech of whichwyen requires to Tin "pramptiy: cwinnaesy aeptesicre tothe. wise tinker remove under thethesewine eirenmstinees,, Eitheron unehe ast ton cooler cellar, Conic tive hort les, Sometimes; fhe Groner t s formes h a y not exceest Sefehithcethie of timefurtherAnggusteislos , euch, le tate aud lets the wine ree

maith, for with the bul 'in temperature, whieh tisttlis necting in Septomiber and. October, the chergetic netinn of the wine ceases, and the browleanee also, ‘The leaky nd broken bottles are then re moved from the sound ones, whieh are reSiacked and letl until a yeasty substance bas. pntinued depositing upon their loweruntilsides, re: Dottlesare kept iW this condition in are they however, quired for sue, Before, yeasty matter for the purchaser, the a fit state (0 be liqueured, and the wine haste be removed, bottles The yeast is got rid of us follows:on ‘The perforated tive placed heeks downward, Shelves arrange in rows. A’ workinan then it i the inverted Seizes.a bottle, nnd holdingmovement discharges position, byw dexterous beings it doven upon the yeast from the side anit

overto “PhisInstoperntion the ieclea, weeks, osimem,e Corie. bottles are. st thenve king and tyingseonoved hetrom mathe dow the eellirs to the ¢ y rooms, when they com intopetthe Bands of a disgorger,

Worknian culled a disco neck’ downward, prot bottle the stillcork, by slipping olf the erate parts out he and when the cork is three figraye, quickly inverts the bottle. ‘The cork is then forcibly ejected with w loud report by the froth, whieh carries with it the grenter part of the yeast and other solid matters, what remains, the workinan w fof these being got tid of by neck of the bottle, his finger round the ing whereby they: ave detached, and forced owt by the ‘still rising froth, ‘Phe workman. then plies his thumb over the mouth of the botfos which is afterward temporarily closed with aunold cork. is of ‘he liqueur, whieh is next to be eveadded, almost ry chat asion, composit varted very pare maker hus his favorite and speck preparation of some choice ‘The best liqueurs are made cane sugar. "The purest the with mixed yrine, SOL ae inferior terial. A alcohol, etiquent is Certain’ measured quantit wobtleis then hudded to each bottieat win corked, wire, Ui J down nd washed, and Tt the cork covered with Lin foil and: labeled, le and export, Tt then urter the previous wont happen ations has b en gone through, the champ Decomes tiarbiil, and 4 ‘ond ferme tiom sets in, Tn’ this aLrepetition of the proce Te ik a desideratum with cy is opene the e taker that when the bottle oF removitl the bedrunk, to Contents a with full,of deep, Should be accompanied this, th instead Inet report. When, And resembles a pop= yt is shoet and shitrp,

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ping noise, Us is owving to the spnee between the'tiqu id' and the cork, titel with: the gens bee lige tui small, When the. wus creases ett hisciny noeeti is hoeanise the eork He the heels Of the bottle unequ ilyeor ins med been atten inmuneinn ertectty etree directio ns the ood seriou sty.able deanto iComnpor ed werenf anyhe toinakerser swith ott ebanap nene in Unis maar ie therefore, SRIIUS t NO itself ee penee I ete himselt with they best f aud soundes t corks, t The best wean to prevent the estape

ea. French wines eon O f alcohol." y, Bordenux, th, iy and Burgund Pe Othe: niin to Tox; the winesof the rom: Hunjar ian wines, 1s, gontalis (0 Tax; Xeres, 19 t0 Ma:

n ‘to ethylic alcohol and wal which, additio us shown in s table, vary in the proporttheionspreviou in which a in different kinds of wine, most.theywites contain the following. substan c, ic, caprylic and exproiealcohols;acPropyli eticun ceminthic ether; grape sugar(dextrose anil levd ulose); glycerin; "gum and fat y substances; protein bodies: carbonie uctd, nig acide? ‘etic nei; luctic acid;'suceinic aeid; organic and inorgaui e salts, ‘ Of these, the propylic and butylic, i euprylic, and caproig alcotiols, the! glycerin,1s the carbonic, acetic, the inctic,ethers, and suc AF produced during formentntion, the rene ing grape ‘substanc es whi beng also original eRe Juice, contains.constitue eh

was from the hottie is always to keep theof the bottles Iyite on Uheirsites, All elteecescine wines are manufacturedin a, sinitir mnie to champ alcohol in the wine is derived from {heSincesterChe eonGuin iedin the wiast, would seem Chat the swertest and ripest should yield the strongest pealuet. “Whenserajes the t Con of the suit has “been completedecompos , this be the resulty but it Crequently happens Uat, ovinLoean insullicie nes: in the must of the prote in comp ound s which mouris nthe. yenst bells Une turia. cereviviah, B y the agence which the fermentation 18. Wecompheied> the whole of the! Site is not conferted

into Moho}, in whieh case nsweet wine will be SRT oe Ee aoe neaa eet eine wl be pro-proz cohol formed stopp

bitartrate Of otakheis thrown but’ this being insoluble.ns the in wei down or deposited Version of sugar into alcohol proceeds, Ineonits

ing the fermentation be CCR HR eon Reang Ouch nts asl oa decanti ierape Tales ie rfehin‘uibuning mater, but Pier ee NCH us era ig termed nary one. France and the Whi

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cr teany sores me go) Ga = eeepc falda, comity Rel” Agr reaultLN of ita formation tn the empe Score Oo C a e from the fruit. ‘This is why wine made from,

Such are the

krapes is so much superior, and keeps €0 much

: Name is ” Ror

~FWeakest, cc se : Meun of Tsamples. 2...! Strongest : White. Weakest Monn of 18’ witie, Kept in, cask Shorry.......4 Strongest. Mean of 9 wines long kept ‘in'6i Bast Indies Deore de Madredn Xeres 10! Maderin,... | Honke pt in casic ia

‘GTeonsriifae (doneee in casket Cuicutiad nee isbn iris: ‘Amonditiads, 12002" ot ati : Glare cv Hest geoweis Chintont-tantour (fist ofroth of is) ne Honan (cond grit 1) Grainy Ciaede in Sratiniee)

z

ee 2S CELE

Alcohol of y O78 perof ooh 197 16:20 iv 1.97 13°98 od 16.17

Proof spirit nove spit by volume, 3131

in ; ; ia re Fol i 189 40 O49 eo Dr. Christison.

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better than that manufactured from fruits that nbound instead. in ci¢rie and muic acids, ‘These of large a quan: titles oflatter augur require eo disguisethe addition their acidity, pro ooading which frequently givesrise in them 0 f second fermentation, ani often to the consequent formation. of heetic acid, The wcetic ether in wine ig produced by the mutual ren tion of acetic acid und ethylic alcohol, Neu bauer, thedissenting nthicfromether Dupréfs theandconstituent. Thudietuun,16 says Which wines owe their bouquet. He regards, this ether as # combination of” various subshinces of ‘which ‘caprytic and caproie eid forma. ethers are the most important, ‘Their tion is believed fo take place partly during and, partly after fermentation, Phe rest of the hon-volatile constituents, such as. the Suga the gam, the protein. boilies, coloring matt Inorganie sults, ete. which remain behind when a wine is evapornied to. dryness, constitute, with st certain quantity of stibstance. the co position of which has not. been defined, the Extractive matter. The amount of exter tive matter in wines varies ns greutly as from 12 to Mz. ‘This diff onee occurs even in wines ot w shnilir chi eter, and from the sume district. Thus in, Thine wines it ranges from 10G¢ to “£24,in tho: Palatinate wines, from 107% to. 1," Bos heminn wines, the menn is 2 6, In the winesof Anstrin, 2646 md in those of Hungary, 2026 Te is highest’ in sweet wines, In many’ adul= toned Sines, ws the extractive matter i either smitll of sometimes altogether absent, it huis heen proposed to employ the estimation ‘ot its amount. n'a wine asi test of HS KenuiNe: ness or the reverse Tight wines owe their color, varying from pale yellow to brown, possibly €0-oxldizedcxEmactive matter, or t0 the ¢ the color of red wine isdue to the action of its free tartay held on-n blue substance residing In the skin of the grape. ‘This body, whieh is known to wine makers is wine blue, and whieh ews a great resemblance to litmus, in tring. red by acids, wae pamed wenveyin orIngoluble @nocyanin, by Mulder or heMaumené. in wit er, sles r, olive oil, Tis und Oil of Lurpenting, but is dissolved Dy alcohol containing small quantities of tartaric. or nectie acid, Glycerin was found tobe a norinal constituent of wine by Pasteur in 1850. As the wine mutures, the glycerin disappenrs In Austrian wines, Pohl found 20¢ of glycerin In some wines it reaches ‘ig, but inmost i wel: dom exernds 14) (Tn ald wines te ata only in yamall quantity. ‘Faure stutes that anothes ul constituent of wine isa gum, to which, ingiven the name @nantiin, Ihe ush of wine, as might be expectod, con‘tains the grape thejuice,same andfl in bothstituents the potashas thit and ofphosPhoric largely predomini ‘Aa theacidexeeiienoe and eluracter of a wine depend, ih addition to its peculiar houquel, of alcohol. tee {upon the relitive proportions are appro xiiately these as und seater; RUlidytad Constant inal wines of good quality, it ts should wot only essential that the grape Juiee contain such an amount of sugar as when fer tented will yield. the requisite quantity of alcohol (but. sinee the goodness of the wine fs that ty ely ag tts content of free weld)init. Phe a certain fall frequently #8 however, tasteof twine,

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clous test. ns to the quantity of free a Of two wines, one containine more Hun the othe®, the latter amy be fess tour’ to late, provided it containga lurger proporti Of sigur, glycerin or aleohol than’ the ‘Apart from the consideration, whether th geld of the genpe eventually becomes. tran formed into’ sugar or not, the fuet remains that in suntess and wet yes, when the fruit has not. sulliciently ripened, there isa _deflanid an access of acid, Frese

proportions nt yer Grapes grown ina v e r y inferior as 1 parti otbetter ncld tol? mrts of stent. Grapes grown vent nsgrown T part ofin’ weld toyeur18 parts. of Sugars, Grapes eood hs | part oftncid o3t parts of surs According to the proportion tench te unsuited i mrt-oF eidfor making 010 pets a Bugar t h e graye wine, bin get over the difficulty of dealing with a must*tine contains. too oflow nekdya proportion ot nye and too high tone tive mettions ave adopted by" the by:wineChaptah maker,4 an“theesatytest,on Sehich ws proposed published so long, the cultivation of thein een icons 100, consists ling raw shear to he mustaih qtinntity sufficient to yield the wine OfSrisedefteient.” alcohol in yeh. swine Would be-othe Chaptalthepurtotalcohol. calendar It give! Drengnrwouid Hove the grape Jated Rho b e : fu il moot, catheinstend. of product a wine th“amor ey Seof of ts normal 10)ot for 16 every fermentation. ofof litwine after. mis, parts to be annmutuctitred, parts Biumar When funount would of freeive.eid, tobejnssi the:added.mastade execedsthae 6 irre in,sf powered proportion 0, partsof‘Thismarblemethodfor every: 00 Juurts of neil in-excess,. is inn bilenbie ithemethod, weld exisis as theueetic.Tece acid in the hy Gall’s when mmiist excoedis rb. the Juice is ease dilated the with ator to tae strength. Tre this 1 Contage: at Susi sell also inte been realuced, Gul "heiievedcomposition? “anormal must shout hive the followings Sugur 240 Free acid... Oe Water cd One nndred parts by weight of such a must soul therefore conttit 21 partsoF susie,0 mart of free acid, and 75-4 parts of water. Th by examination’ x sample of rape. Juice should be found to eoutula, say, 1672 of sugue and O8¢ of free aeld, to bring it up to Gail's standard, It would bo hecessry to add to every Loin Ib. OF such Juice Ish 1b, sugar and 1801 of water. Grape ‘sugar made from starch and dilute auiphtirie acidwich18 usually employed for. thisoF Tirpase, tant wnjgue bet Eee objection Eombaiainge burgge quantities: ob dex trliyy te the keeping Hower Of whieh injures OFpresence tho resulting: wine. ine srine produced by. Gait’ plan testa to be very pleadnt. and not devold of natural bouquet, Sometimes'the wine imakor adi thivoring materiil to It “the pro. cos poets best adapted for those musts which are poor Insugae, but containan excess of free acid.” The removal o€ this may wso be satis factorily accomplished by the vse Of neutral

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tartrate of potash. Among other methods practiced for i ereaaing the ‘alcoholic content Of wine, is that ‘oO 8ubh itting it ton tempera ture ut Or lelow. freezing, whereby & consider” able quantity of its water becomes congenlod, nd any being Sepia ed along with some tartar and i and album! us _ matters, whtelt fire precipitates by the cold. win 6 the re. Mount of these Last rom the wine, ft fe not to linble to undergo a second fer) eutation, while the abstraction of partof its water, of Course, makes it reher Gypsum is also freq fed to wines for tw purpose of withdrawing80 ne of their wa: te and therefore of inereasiny thelr strength This it does, but only to a trifling extent. AC the sam ime, it should be remembered that lignddition to w 1e give potash, rise toa the bitterformation and ac of soluble sulphate of tive purgative, and. wl holly Or partly removes the tartaric ncld and the phosphates, Dupré and Thudichum have. show by ox ‘iment that this practice of a con” algo reduces the yield ‘oF tho ng,ligte Ttd,sIs called, 1 meehnically comsiderable part of the Dines with the gy psi and is lost. ‘Another reprehensible pra jee is, tho addltion to the wi of brandy'or of al hol. General Formula jor the Preparation tation Wines, 1. Brom ripe sa sort Take of the fruit, 4 t0 01 of tartar (anol a. sugairy 3 to 5 Ib.ser Ic; flavor Boiling water), 144 o7, Vranas to 4 ing'as required. “If the full proportions of fruit and sugar are used, the product will be good withont the brandy, but better wi hit. eb. Ismay be substituted for excl pound of sugar, followin Tithe above manner ar maderrnntthe wine (red wines: Goosebe: white, orblack), mixed fruit wine (currants and ooseber es, oF blwck, | and white currants; Fipe bincic heart che ex and rnspberri es equal parts), # good family wine; cher wingj , cole prese’s wine (from sipples and mulberries; equal parts), clder wine, strawberry wine, raspberry: verry or bilberry hnulberry Wlackberry wi Munson wine, movee , a):te apricot wine, apple ralsin SchpoTig ns Ibirino 2. Prom dry saceharin i cleat "hg(artarto. (lssoived), Afake of the dried fru 1 Of cream Igals water, sort: brandy, 1g to 4%, ‘Should th do frait, ployed De até all defleient in sack harine mnt to 31b. of i may. be om ted, and halt sugnr or two. Uhiedsof raising th quantity heof above added. Intvin, raisin vine,manner etc wre made dato

138

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barb), cel ry wine, ete. 5. From saccharine roots and stems of plants. ‘Take of. the bruised, raped, or sliced Vegetable, ¢ to press 6 Ths outboiling’ the liquid, water, 1and gals fuse until cod, to eachingal, wld of sugne tof Tht crenm of tartar, 1 62. brandy, 210.5%, For some roots and steins the water must not be very hot, us they are thus rendered troublesome to press. In thepursnip above wine, manner are made beet-root wine, U b. Brom towers, ves, wromlaties, ete.— "hese are prepared by infusing a saflicient quamuity of the br ingredient. for a daysin ‘nny: eimp honey, raisins,

Fv all events, w few weeks betore acting th inthe (trou above Howerg, mannerareL gts madeto theclarygal):wine oval nu ented) Sine row(lowers flowers,of white qtto verti the wablecller flow, Ervine chien 9 yt, fund lemon Juice thon to the fale gine tine igo einiger totheper aly orange wine T(ulecot i doauneficed orunges cai tora Hand rinds ofof ete lemons of tothe gipt se, mri ae Mae juniper orbSwineacer(berries! 34. pt per rake sb Feach Winged n i thestonce Lethe feailmodree. tru apricotquinceside wine (as peneln whe, bud with (to the: ial Tose. ‘clove uillylldsrer, cartmabion, taventers (tis! ‘seinen iower other and prliueose. Nolet, Uleat water from the flowers, ng pt or lowers fipesto thecider galyeamized fruit wines pine appie wine: arg; ekler wine: birek wine (fromof thesip, tt the end of Februnty or beginning Nivel “ayenmmore. wine” feo thewinessay , funy Male Mo trot stronge wort) fund the Of a.iheFoon cetsnrine juivesmatter Of Fp Talks swcchnsme 3 to 41b., cream of tartar, }6 02.) water, 1 gal; honey, Tbsrape brandy to) t percents A hand: fal ot of got matt

tor thenkshihof are ripe fru ation he dedielont poked oftritetartar 3g caring r a g 38g t 0 544 t h e s erent tome) ; brandy, 2 to 6x. Me"4 07. e (dissolved), we made gooseberry In the abe w bullace wine, Ne din footstulies, leay ings, ete. —

own, 1 HL the when. prec the wines are intended pale, nnd good Muscoyvado. Hor iin: caso, Some of the preceding wi improved by substituting good eide pile ale or mall wort, for the whole fion ot the water. Good porter may Advantageously used in this way for so deep colored red wines. When expense is no Object, and very strong winesare wanted, (he expressed julees of the ripe fruits, with the of 3or 41), of sugur per gal, may bi Addition Substituted for the fruit in substaned, and th water remarks Management of Wine. — are‘The more partic the under this headinguse of the ranged dealers the ‘for intended jurly. those Individasual; ithe private precede it ure for. the wine makers

be substituted ingsTh the above mann 1 are made grape wine Bpglish (from the pressed cake of grapes), rhugarden grape wine, Thubarb wine (from

eines nre spirklito.ngthirty “Agenfrom Jthe eighteen inMiotuge, —growt interior of wines, “Abin fitteeti oF twelve’ within dranie be Should’ celle Cool very. in'a d preserve be d n u thonths, “wines stil bodied full d, fermente well Sound.

neiduions, astringent, or scarce

in,ht the proportion infusing thethem ingalewater, by oWlbeto ont. oft @ Hiquid finvor, or to form Awood suechia ‘of sugar to each gal, of adi He t 216 tod Ib. s ifqior. ‘One anda batt Yb, of raisins brain for each 1b. of sugar.

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139

are improved bybe well age, with reasonable . themits, provided they preserved trom rir nd stored inn cool place haying a pretty. unt Torn temperature. Toutling ‘The sceret of bottling wine with anecess consists “in the should. exercise be ofsound, eure clean and sleaniines s, “The bottles and dry, tar, and the free ceria from thehouleast.hc mustiness. 0 at atthe Site Quality, and immediately before being place tucans should orbeof compresse Tithe d.the bynumerous oncot sqneeze weorkHotties ofmachines r, superior this thepurpose,corksare“Forsometinie made forwines, very deliento orroped s rem tne hy plneing keep, "boil Covering “pouring. aver. ‘tothera ‘then with ‘weights down, and them olution in perinch ite Tmi holding ret iiquid they rsarewhen'nilowed this they toweeremain for i twenty-fo idvdrained and. relmmersed aboutin for a second twenty-f our honrssin hot water, after whieh they-are well wash anded sagewart1 wit elenn of portions ral Nyater, draimedy dried out of contact. with -pucinto paper Manybags,wineand merchants tang siy, hows ink. uses for pile ty ever, disapprove of this course, and merely dip the corks in bottles, clean coldThewater.wine betore Inserting inem inthe be eletin fund briliunt, and TE it be noe shoul so, it must the process of fining before'being bot ted. ergo Mhe hotties, corks und preferabl wine, being realy forwethe clear day shouldbe. chosen y Bottling, and the Uthost cleabliness and cure “Great the process. during exercised beshould should sti: tvotd to observed" be also Caution hg the exske, so nshot to disturb the bottoms, The remaining Uaethron cannotgh bedriaen of clear should heportion passed the wine bag And, when ottled should be s e b apart ws init feri to or the rest; Or the Tecs are collected. cask kept for the purpose, nud the slear wine from thelr gutbaidence is used tor Mi Fecu ting Tig up cuske about. tobe fined. placeThe coopers, to prevent breakij and. ee Toss, each oe? te, hefore corking it, 1: 2 smaillime ket-oF having « bottom male of sort cork. or lent oot tie hott the of knee the on trappent ie hich The Hottiers seldom breaknde a bottle, though theyoe flog i thor cocks very buck pont is now very largely supphibted by. lieraneappa conkingsthe maehing, Viise’s vatus which wid pressure, great. to cork submits. Inst Gien “immediat ely it firmlyto which, owing bottle, in veives Into the neck of theafterward clo Ht fits very Hs eubsequen t- expansion s process bottling ot: the When perfectiv. And iscompl of beWine nreto nena stored li ool cellarete,dietheybottles ses, they care Sometimes fnpincedupright i dampposition, straw, o r im sweet, dry su dustor sand. Aleoholizings.

Alcohol is

frequently added to.

neetous fe ‘A little wleohol before it leaves Spain. ‘The addition of alcohol to wine injures ite proper flavor, and hence Itis chielly nade to port, sherry, and other wines, whose Mivor is go stvonz as not to be ensily injured. Even

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lcoholtheyi ndded to towineshe kept of tefor tutte riplion, require son time (o recover their natal avon. be dey at shout iaritig.id=Acithe bottom, Witt wood had oF Boe paved with tings, “Hts sfratines fos shoud open tovrard below te north aid ihe sun shfiefentiy the surface fivinsire aneaimberemoveel ennjeniure , "ieange shot iiso be builiclentiy: from (hronghfare go ts 'not_ to suffer vibrationabletrom the pus 16 ot“imintala currinwges:a rewulae Should temperatur Weel be esin Hosition tapiie be nateventihion etuuiecnw nsshoull proper aed) awinter heat j rn "here “orperachie thet, ! ahhh {odie Bargundi the es former tempera. for,terpeports, shrries i tho morewines,suitable; tire strong hitter the find Decanting. tinginh winesthecarecrust kennoving motIt tha when about-or drawing’ t h e cork, part Tiny of port Wine. | Never docunt wine without tivine sinner, with some cleanbitsof fine cork eambrie wor and e t prevent Tn'it.to r h u e s t Ing into ve decanter, In decantiug port wine, domnot main of ie a toowinegiagstu close; asl there ure generally dre thick of third two Gach bottle, which ‘ought to. bedeposits resected.bat te ‘white wine ‘there fs ‘not much should s be poured. off very slowly, theDeturtarta bottlenevertheles being ralsed gradually ationLthen ieh wines. even of besthe coudiCon, Mnest the in and growth dest Of quuneity a eeruain contain their tartar, Bldce whieh of presence the on aul, tartaric free nuny-of thelr distinctfs gradiaily ve properties depen di deposited tartar of excess ‘Tho ing tive iret yeure-of Che vatuinye the sides of and more becoming vessels the owing to thcauses, thetal liquill often iwinebut,and. other wltn ew acidthe as de(0 ofof tree tartarie such thean excess Buing ving. faculty. fequire ag tuts tartar whieh peated. certain'peri taste ‘ After T h e od, wrethethusi ¢ the who "unkees reid whotesonncircumstance the best corre tess these blyUnder s of potas, “When tarumate neutral pure ls tive added theoo is with: solution in the concentrited this combines. nel. free acidsitswine, AbReutral liquid fromthe. iit,form sandof chescparutes. it soluble simcity tbe Under wifey wine purtgota 100 t If potash of thute o contatusl purtetturtiate free tartaric acid rewe willsepe ald. 1g potastythe u neutral t partsot crys: of. ‘eontain Tredwi punts at 70"thetows! repose and. on tartary Ete then wine tallied only Sg pure2 o€ ptartar dissolved, in treewiih:neid, there08 orlginil. te of a arvonly'O r t withe having been free ‘Thdekd purtotthetrom orblual pctics fs method wine. the Sin i s Uy wines musttree.and uoetic to sceent applicable. arly nelly ung, i WUtiey contain whieh t when this lust is present, so much acetate of potash liquid. he occasionally to: vitiato. the ste of Istheformed

Fining.~ Wine ig elarif a similar man ner to boor, White wine alin usuully fined by quantity of isingiags varies with Weondition of the wine, and is nee of the cellarman, emaunount than tin

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2772 140

oucs. Byen with stout ones it ought not toexceed S607. to the hogshend, ‘Phe Kthenish wines do not require more than ¥o7., the hocks still les . Pho choicest Russinh and isinglags should be employed. [eshould be dissolvedonly.in cold water, and with wine. are genorully fined thinned with the whites |of Redc wines 1 the proportion of 15 {0 to the pipe. comes times, Dut tarely, hartshorn shavings, or palo sweet luc, is sub’stitutedfor isingelass, Fiuttiess” "This is by the addition of alittle now brisic wineremoved of the kinds or byOF rousingin 2 or3 Mh, of honey; sume or by RddingS 6b. of bruised sultan raishis nnd 3 or 4-qt, of good brandy, per howshend. Hy this treatment the wine will usually be recovered iy nbout. fortnlht, except in very cold. weather. The proses may’ be expedited, if @ tablespoonful oF wo of yeust beaded, atid the casie removed ton wariner situation: Tusipidity. Soo Pintness.

Maturution.—ot wine‘The1ndnatural maturation or ripening beerof theby "axe depends Upon the stow conversi on suyear which excnped decomposit l ion In. the gete tur. or ter= onting veseel Into Meonok.this vonversi onC Proc eeds most perectly in vessels Which Uirefexettda thoa ie.ft presen in tke taenso theof write tn bottle amien Yennpete ature neetifien sullciention. tty highs It. tieas is easeaccompani ed inet Slow “bi wlth ensks, gradual the porostiy” of onthe. of wood allowingie the tho orgSuperior perieati the ity hansof matured bolded over: dau Good. wine, hat whieh fu wood. or wellwhenfermente d bicer,“preserve lt vastiy” Improve d by {uco. "properly but. inferior d; Muon, inor improper Bren stipetion Liquor,situation when.s, prbe: setved vessels or . ‘omnes Into aciatlou s fromTirtness the conversi on of 13 80 tl cohol vinegar, or ackdity reaonly vorg generally wrongly =Ta , ‘asthou rurded U the fxnorant y ale of age flavor, Liquors "The peculiar Incnted become change mnttire OFby. ripewhicttby fehee ia termed fermenta the msenaibie fermentation. Teste Alcoholic impeded by the presenes tion Of thealready formed spirit-tn-Uhe liquor, and by ‘Mould the lowncas of theis very tempern tre. y produced or fungus frequentl by:Faventk keepingnotthe tiled wine to.imtoo swarm hole, a eellary ot the Dury oF ela inont.oneAs fromit forms whieh mostly the bung. has. been on weak wines, Ita

presence may be referred ton deficiency of hlcohol The Hest method for ite removal is either burning sulphue ina filled incask,which,oF drawing offth sh cask, sulphur has been previously burnt.” Tis il winesgo trented should be deur Agvisable 300n. that Rg possible, Wine sometimes bus aw unplensant, musty taste, which it has atequired from belug pt into adirty cask, or Into one that has be used for some time. ‘This bad fayor, whiel Known as euskiness; may generally be removest hy vigorously agitating the wine for some time with a litte ewweet, olive, or almond oll, ‘The cause of the ni. taste is the presence of an essential oil, whieh the flxed oil combines. with off or the wine lying under it may: befreshly drawn’bun oth," A little coarsely powdered nud nt charcoal, or ome slices of bread

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

tonsted until they become or a little Dbenised mustard seed, sometimes Dinek, eltéet the sre oval of the objectionable tas Ripening.—To pre note the ation or ripening of wine, va ous plans matur are adop the growers and denlers, Ono of tho. tedsatesbyt of hastening r'18 months upon whether ide or racked, keeping thethem lees; At or,a tempernture ranging between 55° and 65° Fina cellar free from draughts and not too heavy she or ports, when bottledFullandor treated in this manner, ripen very quickly ina temperate situati Racking. should performed in cool wenther, nd» preferably.be early in the ‘an siphon, well managed, anawers purpose than a cock of tnucete or thick portions may be strained, auwine bag, and added to some other inferioi wine,

Ropiness, Viscidity; Graisse.—'This arises from the wine containing too little tanni astringent matter to precipitate the gluten, albumen, or other azotized substance, occasioning the malady. Such wine cannot be clarified in the ordinary way, bee incapable of eansing the congulation or precipitation of the finings, Pho reinedy Js to supply the principle in which it is deficient. M, Mrangois, of Na preseribes for this purpose the bruised berries of te mountain ash th the proportion of | Ib. to the barrel, A ttle catechu, kino, or, be stor still, rhatany, or the bruised footstalks of tho gripe, may iso be conveniently and advanta. geously used in the same way.” For pate wines, which are tho ones chiefly attacked by the malady, nothing equals a little pure tannin, or tannic xcid dissolved in proof spirit. entation; La-pouse, —Tnordin= ate fermentation, either pr or secondary,

Inwine or any other fermented quid, may 06 Feutily chocko by aulphurntion, oF by the ade Gition of

sulphur, mustard seed, or sulphite of Time. ‘The latter must, however, be used with diseretion. Sparkling, Creamlag, Briskness.—Theao properties are conveyed and to wino by racking It (0 closed vessels before the fermentation 18 ‘n plete, und while thoro still remains & consid. erable portion of undecomposed sugar. Wing which hus lost {ta briskneas may be restored by adding to each bottle n few grains of white hunp sugar or sugar candy, ‘The bottles are afterward inverted. by whieh means any. sedi ment that forms falls Into the nocks, When the ‘corks are partially withdravn,and the sedmont, Is linmedinvely expelled by tho elastic force of the com pressed etrbonic neld. If the wine 1 Mains muddy, a little solution of sugar and finings are added, and the bottles aro again

placed in'n vertien! position, and, never two or hire months, the sediment Is discharged as berore. Ayes of Different Wines when at J heir Prime. fico also the Management, of Wine abov —The ‘aie named below for each wine will ‘be found to be thut at whieh it possesses ite Cullest flavor and when it will be best to drink it, Port... iss 21-20 years, Madeira s.1 07 Sy years: Sherry..10 Yeurs Teed Madeita’! © years,

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‘Madeira-malmeey. . 5 years. Callavellar.csscssscscssescsveass year Malnua : Musentél 0) yenrs. Red hermits White hermita; Roussition . Rivesnltes Banyuls Collioure Sulces La Pat Sean 7

Ghana Sontpetli Frontign

Acid Taste of Wines, to Remove.-Neutralize Bhi excess of tield by powdered chalk. ‘Alcoholizing Wine. See Management of Wine.

Apple $4 Wine—L, Finest cider, 40 on.gal Mixbrownthe suixat, owt, bitter almonds, feider atl andsugar,put andInto. ferment; then’ rack. the Inixture, the cusic the tlmonds with WcedsWhen cloves, andbottleSor it- dad pieceskeep of bruised Ginger." fing, iepiecein oftk Gool piace. “the addition of w small Inmp'sugar toench bottle will butmakedonot he cork fythis "out, ns from champagne: al uniess you have n very cold cellur to keep Sein, 2 orty Ib. andsugar,innde15 only: gal. cider. ‘Tho pe ett mist be pure frou really ound (this is Important). Lr the. wine fsndto puthe npples quite sweet, add nnother 10 itb-otstandsuitstil all into the’ eider, tetting Gissdived,” iquorof into maskPut butthe leave Seuntitied to Put thetheextent 2 gue ens ‘withethisthe'bung out for torstee boing f e np, but Somewhere in the bane fationisover. Then Dung up securely, and the wine will be reulye for consumption in inthemunutucture twelve montis. “Phere ts hoWine. mucking hequired of tts in theor February. enake twelve months. Muko this‘Toren fa'dantnry “Apricot Wine.twelve Ib. ripe"Wineapricots, 07. oat'sugnr to each q t s liquor, the priz cota, ent themAt er tn pieces antlet fet.them boil i til kal. wator, boiling, thei simmer fis Hquoe i strongly:Attainhnpregmated withthe fiavor of thetfrult. thrown hair sieve and put don, lamp Sugar to every” qt hq akin appeurs, very enretully, nnd a asToittogatm, no more senm p u t intone 0 next day fatoHf Iteuch is Hort pan.” Bottleof teu prsedanp be fina thiswin {n inAugust six months. ‘Pwo ho Make or September, Bain of hours, waier skimmin put 2 Ib, ofthoroughly’ molat Wine.-t, sugary. thenbolttntopour tor8 gal.two Into "a tub. tow barrel cools place 26 16.‘of balmy tops, bruised, Into Yetta ifetiéthenewbalm;yeast?auir vehen liquor is cota Dour iton it wellthe together, nnd Jotquently” It stand twenty-fourit uphours, stirring it fre: tightly at frst, ind ‘utter"is stood. fermengintion, bus. bottle quite two months off, puiting a lump of sugar Into exch bottles

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ut

cork down well and keep in bottle at lenst a year, 2. Pub a peck of balm into an open, tub; pour on them 4 gal.leaves of bolling water; cover up the tub and let them infuse for 1 strain the Hquor at th iuhair sieve, and to 2 ood Moise sugar, sUIeEI NEev ry well fo twenty minutes; take (he whit exgus, whisk them over the: flre i remove it from the fre ns the se skim the Jutter off; then add t to. th boil the whole for three uartors of an Tihoquuror,; letting it work three or four days betarc tun iG bung down, and when fino, bottle it oft, in sixor eight months it will be é to drink Bilberry Wine.—'The fruit should be pieked on w very dry day, when it Is quite ripe. ‘The leaves nnd stalks os cl from the berries 1 ‘To 4 gal. of fruit allow eith water or elge 3 gal, of water und 8gal, of eid and 101. of good moist sugary let all these gredients ferment. In.an open tub until wor ing Ig over; add 1 gal. of brandy, « handful of wer ail “rosemary leaves vdered win

mont fore

Blackberry adiWing--1 ashed blnckberrles aqiuert of boil 5 deb it 'stand for twenty-tour hours, r nearly us long, then strain through w Conese bag. or

3th of males browa theJulesathdwixtierc, mils well the f is ot Wpxivandnt a cool Ht (entirely TPStopped entivedy: tightdng i let wtiel burst thutortc ett loosely sta nitation censes, which wil h e amt Lhis mines exeelientalfections. wine nid fling Hottie, medicinatdeink Toe shimmer "The forfollowing 1 sakt to ofbeshperior an excellent receipt the muniifyetuve wine From/tinekbervies: Measure your biuekberties fun! bruise waters theme-ta every gultonatand.adil went Let of Hontinae let t h e muiedure four aliteing oecusionnilye ten Stade GitShy thiorhots. quior intra eusk t o every gallon tl sihues cork tight anil Tet Stand bout Sone! Sear, ayanid Soutut her avistrand Iaye wine He for Pais sey Wwithdut or bolliag eines very highly recommended for house: towel alding Bat, oF wal ssuge’ to each vatlion of r ‘ot ‘ater and

Bottling of Wine. See Management of Wine,

Catawba Champagne. —Twenty ga ba, Lat Cognac Brandy, and 2 gal. syrup. Cellaring Wine. See Manage nent of Wines, Also Laying Down ines, below.

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142

Champagne, Imitation. Blmplesyrup. 2.2.) Water

piri a (0 wid prooti.. fe

Tet this stand twelve days, then flue and bot~ te if itis frothing and sparkling it not, add amore acid; and fine again, Add to bottle about 2 teaspoonstul of ‘syrup, mi ‘dis: solving 36 1b. rock candy inlpt, white wine. 2. Cider, pule, | hogshend; gpirit, 3 gal; honey orsugar, 201, Mix and allow to remain two weeks;will then with skimmed mili, 4$ gi ‘This be veryfine pale. 8. Cheap Champagne. Bordeaux ce 10 gal BodenheimeroF iiockbel gal Water 5 “10 eal Froneh spirit SL ‘gal: syrup 53 gal, Made of 18 1b, sugar and 6 qt. water, 4, Champagne, Gooseberry. — Ferment. together 5 aul, ‘white gooseberries, mashed, With 43¢ gnl, water. Add 6 Ib. sugiee, 46 Jb, honey, 1 ‘oz. finely” powdered white tartar, i 7, dry orange ind lemon peel, and 1g sil white brandy. ‘This will produce’ jal. Nerore tho brandy is wlded, the mixture must be nto Ww ensk. 5. Champagne Liquewr Fine loaf sugar. . 13h. Water ig wa. Boll toxether, While boiling, ald by degrees B.at alcohol, tte, miter, Aad t) ‘the Tolloseing compound 8. Louis Riederer. Mix the champagne liqueu with 11M pul. white wine: I8¢ hottie coxnae; Sarops sulphuric ether, dissolved in the coe nie. 7. Chanprzne, Syrup. for.—Dissolee 12h, white sugir in Teal. water, sind add the whites or Zegys. Heat untilitcandies, Strain through Mannet Cherry Wine, —Vake of coldMixsott- rig water,Buss10 a 1 ognhs ferment. aT) iy ne powder, 3 oz1 ‘ida Drandy.2 ordi “rhis will mako i8 gale cule two days uticr the cherries have bee ne vat,we should (ake aud ont aboutaqteof thee returny stones, Drenk ei the kere and then

Into the vat again. Black CherryaugurWine,—24 ofsmallhiquotblack eberto exchbut.Ib,gal,ofleave of cherries, rica,TBraise’1b, the ‘the’ stand stones2 whole, suir well, andl Jeb the mtxtnre otra mix “ten attain sieve, 24.adhours.the sugary again, sad eheonyh stand another Pour eway the clear liqnor into a cask. nnd avhen hs censed, closely.13 Tottte fermentation in tanonths’ time. Tuwillbunge keep ie from. to 18 months, Time. 'To vemain in the Make this in July or Augu: Claret — 1. Prepared cider, . Good port wine Water...

cask six months. 30 gal 0 al hg gal

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Tartar, 14 1b, Sera Be vt. clurie acid 24 rin, Tuisins. oo 571. Color if desired with red sanders or red bect: Juice, itatand 10 to 12 days, rack. 2. GoodLet cider nnd port wine, equal parts, ‘To each yalion’ last. ndd’e of tartar (genuine) 3 drm,ot the and the Juice ream of one

et h of theCh preceding ald French ito elther eT brandy, 2 07, i = B , Tasted "of port, uso red cape or Meith port, If the frstdown,throoandof notthe bottied above arefor well and fined «m0 ed vo weeks, t h e y ‘enn scarcely. be digtinguleh from good Bordeaux.” A mixture of ¢ partsof alain wineor with | partwine,eachalsoof forms'an maspberry.excelwad barberry damson Tent factitious claret, Cnea Wine—This Freneh thepreparation, Ite strenjeth Ipibout ian Lin'80, und dose a wines finsiful. ca wine is, rougbly speaking, about Sue-sixth of Cothe strength of the oficial’ liquid extract (antractum Lluidum i, "PoPa obeot Brtrachun Brylane CocPleidion. U.S), leavesare exhausted the liquid extrnct,co cn bytain pereolution (whieh diifers trom either decocHonor infusion) with proof spirit. At the termination of the process, the strength should be djusted ao that Toz.'= | of leaves. “tho Process of percolation i8na follows: "The leaves fre’ placea Th atw feavowel very ke nn, elongated nntehclosed ellis base by A porous dial tubeeast asuall wud receiver, a i n t o side oft up ita outer pnsses forming means Wt (ope Uneen Ia. sow Tenves, the“and tive.the ‘Spirit percolator closed, nto" Bho perenlute™ niters Islowly ‘through Tecervoir, the digplneed pastes upin the tube, and’so maintains an aitequilibrium both vessels. ‘The virtue of the coca Teaves lies principally in Ohe “presence ‘of the alkaloid Cocaine. "This. in the dried leaves, fa supponed to exist agin inert galt, slanilar to inany of the cinehonw alkaloids i bark, Coloring Matters User to Color itor 3 Wine, Va ous matters are Inzgely’ ploged tomrtinenty heighton the colors of win Tho d spurious coloring: ed using a solution of le the dprbye-. a n d Cipleates formed gi vhich ‘the

boiled with water, a very beautiful purple. 2. ‘The pokeberry (the dark berries, fre plant growing all over the United State ) bas Avery dark red color. 3. Whortieberry, huckleberry, elderberry, berry und mulberry, 4, Coghinenl gives flue color ofby tartar. bolling finely wronnd éochinea! with ved cream 5, Brazil wood, sanders wood and logwood. These woos are boiled in water, and the de coctions yield shies of color from) red to blue, 6. Orchil producesa benutifulp T. Red beets and carrots produ good color. 8. Indigo solution, neutralized by potash, producesa tine blue,

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9. Annatto and extract of safllower produce a beutiful yellow. 10, Red cabbage produces a beautiful bluish red, color for II, Turnerie ig {he most common all color immedi= yellow, ua the spirivextnets tely; nS wlgo quercitron bark, tract of adder) produces 12, Garuc yellow 1 Blue vitriol, or solution of indigo, produces bine Burnt sugar lor wines. Iie beat to boll 15, drown color oF lon? angie neatly to

hh Hi hoe wir tralteing staat an to ench al, stor, pe about Loz, leuk ndammonia. mor colors signe Ot 1,ita is prepared from for absinthe Groen of colorextract asoiution of indigo und turmerte, Aiggolved in spirits of extract is obtained Violet and of Ty.logwood sium. by a solution produces a Ane blue red by 18, Alianet in root macerating alcohol TIA rood Aeyatee’ dark sine red eolor inate macerated being: by. wood, "cohol, hi Breasit® produces hour, hut Seep rea.or by boilingfor

Spurious Coloring Matter, ‘The following coloring matters ive, with lead neetute, the following precipitate Pure red wine gives bluish gr Red poppy, dirty green. Elderberry leragish yreer Bilberry Privetberry * hgreen, | bluishgray to violet. in a ne Tres berries. and Dwarf elder fine green in the ter mented extraet shirk green, Mallow flower Feeble dark blue, Logwood Brazil wood wine red. ‘The following colors, whon present, give Ue following. precipiuates with alum add ammonium enrbonnte Pure red wine Rives dirty pres Red poppy lute erny Iluish giay Plderberry bright violet Bilberry. he preen, Privethiorry Dwart elderberry bright violet, Uluish violet Mallow flower Logwood dark earn Hrnzit wood Cranberries can be made into wine inthe sameway as bilberties, [i Amerien the eran #8 argely cultivated, snd forms. a-conberry siderable article of commerce, a quantity of the fruit being exported. Ta the northern partsof Rugsin itisulse very abundant, Coustip Wine.—Yo every ual. of water allow 3ibeot lump sian, the Find of 2 lemons,the Juice of one, the Find and juice ot L Seville Orange, Ligal! of cowslip pips. ‘To every Mg zal Of wine allow 1 bottle oF brandy, Boil the careSugar and water toxether for te hour, fully removing all the seum as SU rises,’ Pour

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ling rinds, and th ‘when mille wat, ndd the cowslip pipsor flow: i ed Trom the suulksand seeds; and to 9 tablespoontuls of good fresh Tet it fe thre or fou puteltogetner rmeinnta qasieewilty the days. then Dranity; and obi remain for “two month when bottle it off for Po he boiled 4 hou to ferment. three or Tour days; to remain ith the cnsic tivo tmonth Make this in April or

MuyChivant Wine. Sneeze the emsrants thro aJuice"or Gonrae Mwiaters burt faveusttaste capil purtsot waterwid wid may direct wi {ihfix SEwellontaud suyeuksto exch gis of the init hottieas. biuekberey an stone diggs or denijohin tron mune way” wine partially forked aud keep in cool pitee.” Some. keep it Trottie of the mixture to fil uy t h e vessels they eltervesce, DUT whenALES MOLtermeALWAYS. Ne Bottle in October, his mnakces'nwith beantitil tind. deli Inyproves ie. ed Carrant Wi e fice, (vith 1 Raspberries) te glcof red curennt pte of Fiice, 20 Kel “ue oe waters 18 Mb.toe vogcther tinehy st anted Jot tienSuey tte bgredicnts stand intone until che sugar is digsolvedythen pist the ligiiar hily tor ¢ air to nid in che ferme Thceuse:

then bury tightly ina ‘S time, usine sound corks and sealing. Tt will be itt excellent condition in three nonths, —Currie powder, 5 oz; white week and strain, Cupr 8565 it liters: Infusion of walnuts, L Liter: white sug Bkiloss water, liter. Mix the different foxether; add the aleohol and the Infusion of qwalnuts; dissolve the sugnr in the water, a1 hoi! tll the sulution Lecomes of a golden color; add itio themixture witha ttle of the infusion of cloves. the Juico of white to Nvbbn tacked 08d raisins and brandy, of cael 12 OZ Damsou Wire, 1. Wate Dannsons (braised) Knw suite Z ment, then add— Rod tartar (issol ved). Cloves(braised),. 1 icstand until fine, then bottle, 2. Crush 1b. ripe damson plums; boil in 3 gal. water, press out (he juices adi 6 1b, sugars put ina Barrel and let it fe then aad after Lo weeks i little good brandy: bottle 3. One gal of boiling water to every 8 Tb. of bruised fruit, 26 1b-Of suygar to each gal. of Suice. Weil bruise the fruit and pour the boiling water on it; Jet it stind forty-eight hours, Phen strain’ the mixture intoaeesk and put in the sugar. "When fermentation ceases fill upthe casic and bung closely. Tottle in ten. months’ time. with Teveillkeeping. be tt for use Dut unproves

Vol. 6

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Mt

about two yenrs, Detannation of W ines. The rec ommenas. the followings method Formutary tor removing the wine tannin or astyingent uitter from sherry arene Saas White of exe 1 Wows Meet 1s He Beat the white of eg tow froth and mix it with wine; heat to nbout 120° K., or until Ure albumen is couulated, ‘Then edol, wld the alcohol, and-atter standing a few hours, mle clear Ulrough paper his wine ig much better menstruum and preservative meditn for organic substances than sherry Hse |Deturtarizationof Wine, See Managementof

Wa Bluey Wie 246 wl ‘Aeuhol, thts Tig fend dene Elflerbervies (juice06) .0005.0002 0041834 kale Toat susie 2 Ih.al Kort witte.s-~ 56 pt

Orange flower waters...

Allow it to stand one week; draw off Mlderherry Wine. 1. Gather the berries when quite ripe, on a dey tuys pick. them off the

allow a pound of good moist sugary und skim well. “It should. boll ui I thick, then’ poite iv into a Jar. Ps raisn into @eask, snd itstand fora fortnight; then pour off the liquor i {ustholdg it, “He should stand until iv hag done hissing then, bung it down close. and stand uel of this inix liquor. half aMine, pint Teof every the gallon sirup: well,allow und when it hus fined down, rack off into another Ke; bottle off after three months 4. Chop a quantity of Malaga raisins quite Ane; allow Lqt. of water to every Ib, of raising, fand put raising and water into -an open. tub? cover over with n double cloth, and let It stan for nine days, stirring up each Gay. ‘Then draw

run, tind press twillremainder olfthe theruisiieliquor'as to getlong outns the of die mals all Cocethor ini tare. ty every duns L pt, of the juice of elder‘ul, of liquor allow the berries by mashing pereies, prepared simply off the juice with. the bands, and straining then, Stop down close, and stand for sixeveryweeks,gal. add off the fine liquor, and to draw

until quite Stand again fine, and then bottle fee Ina cael celle 1b. of Malayca raisins, add 8 gal. of em, nnd ullow to steep for twelve

44 1b, of moi

He tia iiaawlthecuckmis slain, | One OWgal.‘theof Nquors tund juice; Tae te boil Mtoetor the juices fet the liquor rest in glazed earthen copper with 2 elderberry ware pang for twelve hours Lo seltle, Allow+0 ten minutes, removing all seuni asit rises; then, every‘pine ot juice lig pt ofwater, and to add Ty. et SugRE, Bg OZ OF -allspiee, every gallon oF the mixed water and juice by, 1 oz. of cloves, snd. 20 of Jamaien ging of goo moist sugnr. Put over the fre int ali Well bruised fgain’ Tor. an” how

Inge when ofit four is rewly clarity saucepan, ibwith iheand whites gus. to LeeLoi,it Ni foram hour, aul, when nearly cold, put in nme yest to work Wy pour ie into the. eH reserving some of the liquor to Lup. the ¢ with, us itsinks with working. It you have about 10 gal. ors it should be fit o botie off in two months’ time after it has been closed down. Keep at least a year in bottle, Gather the berries When quite ripe, and tn dry wenther, Pick Chem clean; put ther into a-copyer with 46 gal of water, and keep up slow fire until the berries sink, then strain the Juice through a hair sieve, and to every gallon Of it ullow'S gul. of soft wenter, and to ‘every sallow of the mixed liquor 3 Ib. of good mols

Stuctr. bneic intothoroughly’ the copper,drivand offbollInto fora fanihe,hour,and,Putskinning when it Into about iolek potie work a tonal gpreid wiih" yeast ityand for forty-ei If necessary ; pour ght hours,or long ivordraw it of if you hav entap

in your tub, his to eld d i fermentauion Is quite Cghtlyand tap in three

Takase water tome uplabout tue,

as fae ag the berries should rene inside: be

earetul that nowter touclies eutle Ne ,hot:atthentakeitout. keep the potin Saute Into conrse cloth, intoa largo eauc pan;atrain60 evthe

them. Makes the Pourjuice, waterthe Liliber ies quart andof put Jui ie

skimining Sonte tonst ‘thoroughiy; covered with draw yenst init its ooleaveand float it to work for two or three days, then pour into & clean cask, and, when all fermentation is over, 1 aie the end of Augus rine would be ready to tap mbout Christmas, and should be bottled in January or March, 6. Allow 3 ql. of elderberries, which are quite ripe and carefully picked over, to every gal. of water; boll, skimming well, until the berries break, then'strain the liquor, and to every gal, allow 3 1b. of moist sugar, abd to every 4 gal, add 2 oz. of bruised winger, 202. of cloves, and 67, allspice; boll’ for ah hour; work with yeustshen when all nearly the down. third day, Rud workingcold;is over,cusk itbung

i allow. Kal, ——walert ateep ini tub for days, welled : ihe pulp, aad the Jul ‘gal. nad Ib. of brown

sugar, a He same ‘oportion as tp the above reetpe: Ue the boil all the ingred!onts foran hoi yeast when nearly cold; then pour into a well Gleaned eask, and en the fer jnenting operation hus quite ceasd. " Bottle of in two or three month a lump of white sugar : 5. To 1 gal. of berries add 3 qt. of water; bruise In a tub, and stand for threo days. ‘TO every qt. of Nquor allow 110. of moist sugar, 1

every}@ splooat ofshould Muarbe alowput Ineo 1 of anole gar | musiin bugs): pul

ql) together into a pertectiy glean, ves l, en fon'focone hour: thenGo ! ghouls pout intocondi ancenrthene are puns. weber ne eee ayerdyutin a tableapooutal or b r e w e r s ! letit work three days, then skim and put pene in @

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tothreholdweekthe enough e g r u f just cask small for air ont theclose until that period mount. down bung ‘Tap mot Kéep doelapsed. Tut Ins hott off. in two anonths to test ts if Aine, made from the flowers | fo wine Biden Hower s ners all1 Gather thewna flowers ona qt aryOf every. to sak, inove, of Jont Tiel, of waterwaterand for ib.w "quarter osil thethenSugarpouranditon bhourallow Sugary and flowers, the dttan strait “then days three w hair sieve, and putit work forthrough Tet carefully. Wine 07. of wind andwad, 36 Gees every 5 gal. Todissolved intowensk cider, In" jsinglass,,.Only) Heaton OfGrrhites east, and close up'the up; bottling of before months Standsiy sugarof In2 6 gal.ene, loutwhiter powdered of I8lb. Roll 2 the up t a e b ; r e t a w apring of lng pat their y thoroughly,pickedand from a andaday flowers, eller of peck tems tke off the fire, and ativand untitcoo}, sMot thenof s bspoontul yeast of ntuls Eableapoo 4 Add mixfor pps free from aindstirring TemonwithJuice,tie strained daily twice: quor6 by1), of Stulngn eaisinsy ane weil , “Stone Tourdays prt then so uponinto them. a well Stop cleanedup theout ensteeast;closely, pour cep it ma ather warm place, it madekt Suly-or August, bottle. off in. February or ont Pig Wine. juga sire Inrgely. employed n of, fees The nroduetio sin sugar. When tive fruitischenpni treated with asnitable quantity of the acid, Ter tepid water, acilifled with tartaricreauiting, in the

commences, Inentation ssl de Hiquid Of about & Viuous produretion of rapisly it that Inexpensive so and strength, ponte all competion of genuine grape Wine, fesAlgerian cannot. bd ‘Pig wing ‘or otherwise, the or taste either by genuine grapeordinary distinguishedstnuly'sis inethodsofwhen {eis from w proportion mixed. with Capectuliy Wi hy the x of doteetion ‘Pho tielatter, Ofever, is rendered comparatively easy to mannitol, Tn-order. fret’ that it contains. are wine Me c.of 100.6, mannitol, the separate todAt thostand which isallowe d forsyrup, ton evaporate hours, twenty-four pluce cool fw wil havebelnysolidified, the residue this time Kroups nd 1 ofdelined Formed crystals oF of aleouol cold washed.to with {ire orier hmpurities, remove. Jmnreoal and extracted with bolling 8 alcohol id filtered. one

yields solution vot mannitol which may be Wy its physical and el ortuin white wines from tho: as annitol, well ng raisin and some but only to the Other extentwines, of dechyrammes per lit: while tig Ty a to 8 em. perit fyit,possible faing nation from of the6 mannitol to detect an adulteration of normal Algerian wine with one half or even one fourth of fy wine. ‘To Fine Winea.—Thero are various modeo of fling wines ewes, isingluss, gelatine and gun arable ro atl used, for the! purpose, | Whleh ever of theso articles is used, the proces fe always the same. Supposing eggs (the cheapest)

‘The alcoholie

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tobe ust: Deny gal oF uf the wing and

Vol. 6

Ureiny ié with a whisky afterward, when thor.

ongiily, mixed, pour it back Into. the cask through the binghole, snd stir up the whole casi Ina rotary. direction with f clean apie atiek inserted through the bunghole. Having: it sufficiently, pour in the remainder of We draw nol, wnuil the cusie js fully then stlragatn, skinning off the bubbles Unit rise to the surface, When thoroughly: mixed by stirring, close the bunghole, ahd leave Tt to stand for threeor four days.” ‘This quantityof ehirifled wine will Nhe ld doz. of port or sherry. ‘he other cleating ingredicnts tre applied i thesame manner, the material being cut into smiull pieces, and dissolved in the qt. oC wine, und tho ens stirred in the same man To Lay Donen Whe. Having carefully, uunted the bottles, they are stored sway ih their regpective bing, w layer of sind or suwdust being placed under the drat tier and hnother over it; asecond Cer ig laid over this, protested by a! Tach, the lend of the second roing laid tothe bottom of the frst; over. this another bed of sawdust is huid, wot’ too. thick, another luthzund so ou till the bin is filled Wine 8o Inid in will be renily for use oldaccording: in the and age, Port wine, to ite quality wood, will be ready to dr but if ibis a fruity eatlled) ceases, cellar must. be Kepe ata pe ‘eotly steady temperature, neith too hot nor foo cold, DUE ALONE 58° Or WO, a alisolutely fre from deauyhts of cold air To Fine White Wine—Vo. tne 30 ygul. white wino the whites of 3 caus, will be required with evn shell Feduced Lo pow:up Reat alt togettie wing “und then “pour gradually into the wine, stirring constant ‘To Fine teed Wines.—The operation is carried on in the sume manner. "To lighten up a wine auld Oegus and a handful ofsalt, use the whites, shells. yells, Blatneseand of Wine. See Manayement of Wine, Ginger Wine—1. P an excellent stomuehie,and is very popularin Englund as a cheap substitute for a grape wine Sugn ow, Water 3g gu Ginger 07. Boil them togethe “an “hours when cooled to 75 degrees, nd ls ot Tortle tet or and some good yeust; let it Ferment fourteen days, then add 1 pinto brandy and bottle it for use, 2T 1b. of loag suse lemons, 12 0: wingers tablespoon? fulsof yeust, 21h, of raisins stoned wid choppou 1 pt. of brandy, Toil together for one hour in a copper (let it previously be well soured und beautifully lean) th sugar, Temon rinds and bruise

edfe feces ginger. and avhen Severs: particle isofsuilielently sev ns the iiquor Dolled, uit Ht inton are Cub Wheln or punyneury: as fe msecol, Rot einaingn the eopper.. fadd ‘the yeast, whiehday,mustput benilinn Chicken Yeey Frestytnd the next dry cask

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with the Sirstrmined lemon Juiceday andtornchopped Taisins, the. wine every torte hight; then nd the brandy, stop the enst dovwn Dy" degrees, ai in few wecoks [twill bo Me to potte:"“Sure ientmaking fo makethis xal-of wine, “Thein best tine ctor rine is either MareGomeberny or-Septetbe Wine, 61b,kerveschng. Togooseberties, every gatlow of water niiow of green SMThis hump sugar. wine showhd be iyinvald preparedthe from unripe ooasherrieg , In order favor sii ihe fruit would wive to the wine sehen in wane ture state, ts brisknest depends. more upon the dime of bottling tna pon the us state offromthe fruit, for efferyestingg wineaeea that ade fruit that i ripe as well s whieh when Is unripe. "thnearly should tte‘be Cull ao. e feult attained Rected it ‘fins srowth, andto ripenconsequently before it “orshowra any fendeney Ang bruised decayed bor ies dud those thal areandverystaleanal!ends.shouidshoulbe Fojectel. ‘the biosiom nudqununt the tieafruit aeaeellto nistire beulsed ence inn tb brfyhhe'removed, pn, in stich Ihetiye broken (which weithont-ehouldcrushing. tho onbecthe Bour the water be warn) Fruit,yuipsqueeze nd stir Crom it with thethe skin handa wast al ths ia removes find Gover’ the whieh wholestrain closelyit drought Tor tre Totty ter tig, and press applied, ieawith asto extract inuch fore a convenicntly the whole of the Jule und Manor the f r u i t may contains To every 40maybe orf Th.pissedof frult gat, themoreot hoe6 waler through, mare, invskt, In onder £0 andobtainbe tenia "hay "soluble. mabe hat thay remaiay pressed. “the Juice shoud bo icin a cub oe pau of suite Size all-of it and the sugnrsadded {i iSolved: e’ Tetto contain be well tiered unGl thewar sugar is di and place t pad in a h e Koepit closely covered, and let it fday-or Gwo. Te mustw Titklethenon beonedrawn offfor. into Slew casks placed side the cunt that rites tobe thrown otty atl th Kept dlied withfor thethat.remaining mstWhen th Dotreserven purpose. Uive Fermentation haa densest the1 ensksehontid be plugged upright, again Mlied, necessary the Jranagsthebe fermentation putin" loosely, an” tter a few day when inhy little mare aaa Gehieh may be known the hieeing Noles cousing), the Dungy should be dviven in tight, foi nspite™ hole muvtey to give vent it neven” fury. About November. of December,

ont, clair, fine dag, the wine should be racked from its tees into clean casks, which may be rinsed with brandy. Atiera month, it should be exAmined to ace if iL is sufficiently lear for bot Hing: if not, it must. be fined with isinglass, which inay Ve dissolved some of the wines L oz. will be sufficient for in (gil. tn March or April, or shen the gooseberry bushes begin to inssom, the wine must be bottled, Mm order to. insure its being elfervescing. Make this the. end of May “or the beginning of June, before the berries ripen Grape Wine. Mash sound, ripe. Jreapes” well Ripe with’ grapes. your” hand earthen pan, or if not” with, you with 1 perfectly tasteless stick of wood, Do not crush the seeds: strain. the Hqwor Into w cask, gently squeoze. the pulp, pourIng the remainder “of the juice into the! case

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{gurained).Lewit stand aside for 1 fort hen draw it off into anothel sap the Bunghole with i fermentation has ceused,twice Hottie iy six mouths, cork andsent, and it will be drinkabl in e twelve months? tiene, 2. Grape Wine—Ten Ib, grapes are put Into a Tage Jar or erock, fresh 3 qt. water poured over thom,and when the boiling water i s cool Gnomgh to permit oc it, sque ze the grapes withthe hand. After ‘allowing the jar to re-wel tunin 3 or €duys covered with a cloth, press ont Allow it to

‘atutionis complete strain agala ‘king Ughtly. Lay on aide in Jiritish Hock, British Red Hock,—From cream of tartar, 14407.; tartarie acid, 1 02. (both yory fine! powder); juices of the purple plum,In ripe apples, and red beet, of exch (warmed), fi lemon Juloe, pts with white sugar, 2365 Ib. per gal,

Honey Wine.— Honey... Cider. Ferment, then add— fom. Brandy... Red or white tart Bitter almonds, Cloves icne Gn cad ‘his i also called mead wine. Kola Wine.— Kola nuts in coarse powder . Sherry wine M

‘ThisHuta,vinewhichmay givealgo a better be madetasting sith prepara. ronsted ola for the wiition of none the worse tion and tbs Dieterieh Central cider in Phar, sugar, alittle propared 10 gal. ‘Fo Wiine.1. Madeira prook bfapiete Set pate Acid, wine;od, tawiarie. Madeien f'gal. ada M4 tot wrmndys Tat. 3g pte alcohols tedriaIb, olf bitter iiiniends it eub. toin stand for two weeks, ‘Allow sugar. Hoar necessary, if repeat fhheand rack,2. Hale watetnke boiling ground,of thushels: matt, Ntrnin warm, while this 442gcals 'wndInfue, candy, 1b. and cream of ugar disvolved eddshen tartar, 3 ont addyeastyenstund 2whentbe the off keopalimm ferment, ing add ofraisin fnithedwine i nenrly thewine,fermentation each sherry and. brandy wal; 249 or nine alx for down bungit fqts ram, Syal’ second infusion of the malt may months. boimnde forA beer. hon & Purified tops... Hop ‘Alcohol, : ‘wine french is burned sugar. Add % oz. tineture Mead or Honey Wine.—'Take 10 gal, of water,

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2779

of strained honey, with 2 or 3 o: ginger root, bruised, and 2 lemons Mix. all toxether and boil for halt iy ekimining all (he time. Viv ing commences ud2 07, old pUeHL into a enshe fofto work hops. off."When "tn partint work= bout th reo weeks after

ing it will be dt to bott particularlyjs a whotesont grater In fud pleasant beveriyce,mixed with water when drunk stintner pw or grated sliced1_galy Malmscy.--From. British Cold when water, boiling ibs; 4 enipa wud to each gal. adi of the liquid, press’ out tartar, 16 oz, and”nnd goodwd Muscovato mot Ib, of brit traci be subst may raisins Malaga Good Beto sugar the for tated piuration of Wine. See Management of Medicated Wines. — Dieterich, in a late issue

s numbe Mant, givesof medichted of his Pharmaccttische preparation the for ofwines.formulw regarded be Poethese can Fev,but all are peculiar for the fact thet as tipples, deta wig from which! they areof themademoreis: impor the hated. We give selection should best. articles which taut formutte for attractive form and brought npin put if able beforg customers Ina nice way. Cascara Sagrada Wino. White gelatine, In atrips.........15 10 Distilled water’ | wssesres ) 20) 236 dn, Dissolve by the aid of hent, and ada to— 28 on Bhorry wine... Bhake well, aot aside for some time, then wld ‘Tasteleee fluid extract of eascara faagrads. : oe sugar Bet aside in a cool place for eight days, and filter. from the bitter ‘A similar wine, not fro mite by macorabe f ite bark, mnaysagrada and 156.02. 0F o7, of caseata for eight days, antbe of shorry, frangula in 30A oz.fehamnus fugar wine can filtering. thade in the same way. Cinchona Wine. White golatine. Distiled Sherry wine.wate 02.02) Detannate In tho manner then add

aa Simple Tine 8 “nigh, Attor eight days, titer.

onon

May also be made with red wine, from the burk, the quantities being Gelatine, Distilled site Sherry wine. Cinchona bark, course powde 10,136 02. Sugar... A Macerute for eight days, and filter. taken to have the In this ease, care must be complete before ndd~ and wine renetion gelatine Thy the einchona; otherwise te. allealotd maybe thrown out by the tannin of the wine. Improved Quinine Wine. 15 gre Gelatin... 24g dem, Distilled water

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Dissolve, and ndd tom 22086 07, Sherry wine... clear; Unen add th , Shake wing andsolutsetion _uside to follo ratofe quinine. . 30 rs Hydrochloochl 30 drops. Dilute hydr orie weld. 4 02. Water : After a week Mlter, lllls ts double the strength given by Dies,—Cover the orifices of the To Mello Wine ng it with bladd er aini ly exsel cont toned, instead of Chev usnal materiuls,elose and fas-an aqueous extialicion will pass through the bladder, leaving sone fe crystallizations on he eurfuer of the wine, which, when skimmed oft; leaves the wine ina highly improved state of fayor. Remnants of wine s covered in this nuunner, whether in Vottleor in casks, will not turn moulasdywhen stopped in the usual way, Sut wil be improved insted of being deterio~ rated British Red Moselle.—Malmsey, colored with clurificd elderberry ‘y juice,

r weight of hum honum plums (previously's Jie with 2g Dy aig‘Silt!pfermented e co" asstanagentent champ of Cruit, Wine, W onsails pugeor615,of Mudberryenis dice of the mulberries, braised, Teal; then water,dd 15 spirit, gu; sugar Sygal. Holl aud ferment, Sas ved tartan, Tons este, 34) 029 bitler2 Aleof ihe ripe apples, equal quanti. tieiyhe julee, sitarmalherries, or homey Ly (0 tho" w a l express pub ityeust, inte w1 gt,custoand ald the auyar. crinent with every” hid; cate: chu,Mulled Mg IbeWine. red argol, 34 1b. ‘takeM4 1002, bruised. bruised cloves, cinnamon,The and grated, sgnutmes, fue then i 4 nu’4g bolling watersuger.tor anPourhour, atrnin,andadd oz, white the whole'into Tt. hoe port on sherry wine, “his inn good cordial and debility restorative in Tow stages ge‘romtover, or In the of convaleseates fevers.Muscatel—Ag British, sparkling moFriis selle, with some infusion of clary, or of tae muak plant, to flavor it.

ust-be perfectly: Wine.—The orange ripe,OrangePeel thei and cut them in halves, eros. Ywla of theo cells; siueeze into. tub. "The press must be go close Lhat theseeds cannot pias {teed fnto tho must.” Add Ib. white ‘sugar to eae gil, sour orange Juice, or 11D. to each gal. sweet Grange juice, and Lgt water to ened gal. of the nixed sugar’ and Jules, Close fermentation is necessary. ‘The resultant wine Is amber colJ, und tastes like dry hock, with the orange ‘Vinegar can be made from the refuse, hind extract from. the peels Peach, to Muke.—Take of cold soft water, 18 white 6 Ibs honey. gals tartar,reihned in finesugir, powder, 25 Ib;2 6z; perches, G0 or 80 in-number. Ferment, then add 2 gull brandy. ‘This 18 gal.is to be put into the vat, ‘he willfirst make division and the day after, before the peaehes are put in, take the stones from thei, break them and

2780

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148

the kernels, then put them and the pulp into the vat, Pepsin Wine. White gelatine, in strips, . Distilled water i“ White win Detannate as described, “Ab the same time mix together— St Pepsi Glycerine’ hens ai) Distilled water NII TN 6 ine along with @ min, of hydroAdd to th eblorie uci; aerate for eight days, shiuking ‘oceasionally} the Miter, Port felerab set one 4 Ib.gal Clear sort water EELS Sugur.... ia Tb Geen factor dissolved ia oli water ea 1 Brandy.) : Flavoring as requir ‘Phe addition of au equal quantity of fruit ‘and sugar Increaseste Strength 2 Add tol gal, prepared eller aul

port apsavin 11h piesyr Ino SG

veut bradyPot ‘it, prot spire

ita. “Allow it Co stand for tivo weeics, enek, fine. and repent, if necessn the wine eook. British Port, London Port, Southampton Port. Rea Cape. lives dsoroste® eal Dameon or elder wines Brandy, ey ‘i 200200001 16 gal! pt Powdered kino | Wg or, my old 4, Stro Blderberry: Jui Bloc Juice extract of rhal eof racking add bra Good port & ood port, 12 wal; rectified alcohol, randy, Saal; strong rough cider, 4 ensk. sulphured wal;6. ix "Portin.awell wine, 8 gu; brandy, 6 gals sloc juice, 4 gal.; strong rough cider, 45 jaal.; as the list, 7. Cider, 24 gals Juice of elderberries, 6 gals sloe Juice, 4 gals rectitied alcohol,” 3 aly brandy, 144 gal; powdered rhatany, 7 Ib. isin ass, 4 024 dissolved ina gallon ot cider: bung it down; in three monthsit will be fit to bottle, ut should not be drunk until the next year} Af @ rougher quality is required,the quantity of rhatany may be mised, oF wlth, 5 or 6 02. (dissolved in water), may be added. Juinine Wine. Brenic into smuul pieces 1 oz, put it inn glass nnd “ Alcohol; let the qui toventy-four hours: add Lat and Jet it remain thus for Gvelve Mlerthe wine through a felt bag, le for use. The above quantity of quiine inuy be dissolved, without the addition cohol in nny, of’ the following wines Medéira, Marsala, Malagn, Lunel, or Alicant, Rackiy Wire, See Management of Wine.

Kea Wine. cider

Beer)

on

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Honey a 8 (red). Partar Rove suger 3 Sliced red beet. 6 Boil, ferment, add— Cassia... Ginger : Spirit... eines 6 Riponing of Wine. Wee Mananagement of Wine Ropiness of Wine, See Management of Wine, Sona Wine. ~ Alexansenna drileaves. an Sherry wine, 27116 07." oa crate for eight days, press and, strains add 5 yrns, of welutinedissolved in2igdrm, of distilled water, sand then the Tollossitig: ‘Fincture of orang 1 07, Tinctureof ginger 446 07, Aromatic tincture: 80" min, Honey 22 0% Aganin allow to stand for’ ten days, and filter ‘his wine is an exectient, aperient for perso suiteriny trom hemorrhoids, 1¢should be taken, in tublespoontuls, aevordiny to the effect desired, Sherry Wine.—| "Yo 8 gal. prepared cider add 6 qt best sherry ‘wine; gal. native wines Grhi, olf

ext ta saltron ‘tg pt, alcohol; kal. proof bitter spirits;almonds 1b. sujart Co color Mo g 2. fhe wine staid fe et hy le or raisin slightly: a veryCapelittle bitter wine almond. -euke,Havored or yw Imoresylved ‘convenient, little of. Ue’ essentint oil inhistaudd alcohol a (essence ofquantity bitter almonds) MPO the minute rior,ea de fleurs oranges: or ¢ of sweet ih Very slight bouquet. 4," To cael gale OF strom iiust, add,alinonds, when racing, Oraticeraisin and 2 bitter oll 1 Seville Snittinge the almonds, and aildiny Gitvons Madeira to each 10) gal, this forms. Urilish Lout sugar. Waterae candy D0 peal. Boil, add pale ale wort (as for ‘Madeira, 6 gals yeast, ih.and inon another the thitd dayor addthree days tais tis, cones Jib two brandy Pact tute ond erie dy onthe. draw ito into three with 1 Fenerite,feild “slightly in. fhivored. v'hiurel sherry, ortlmobus,eitherformsalone most excel: beitish ‘or diluted withSuran equal stuaitity of Cape or rhisin wine Grapes, sherry Sherryi made Whe. infrom.-"the annix imitation. Bughand ieway’to ‘erpil quantities of nev 89 thatcider aud. Loney, ind evaporate tot density will load couled sons tobe halt i int is'then ‘tad. kept tensperatnre of trom G2 Lo days. 67 the! pe nbowt tvelve or fourteen Sinell of the fermentation is strongly estab Hished, liquidIa i8a ool pat celiac into ato barrel, Closed uy,thenandtho placed settle ithenftcr bottled unto or andfoursix days ft will be elewreds weeks ater fit for 108drink ing. We believe thatbut grape Juice nay be Used in-place of cider, Ht tod acid, sogar ‘and Wator would only make « iend of lemonade,

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Vol. 6

aud spoil the sheer taste, which Stuy does not destroy this Dut

is not acid, sulphite of lime is. the proper terial (not sulphate). Soumness in Wine, to Correct. aHofTind wild ‘Tastehorseand Sourness.— Pat in at trys the roo radish cut in bits. Let it down inthe wine and Jeave it there Geo days; Lake this outand put in smother, repeating the sume prone anainulins

149

periectly restored. “Or ils bag with wheat; [eri have the tosnieiestore.— ettect, 1. ‘Take eatcined Shur Wine, gypsum, in powder, bozz cream of tirtar, in powder? 02 Mix thet in pint or more of brandy; pour

it into the casks put in, also, few sticks. of cinnamon, aud then stir’ the Wy ine withoutdis mnie up the enske next day tubing the lees, 2. oil Lal. of wine with some be ten oysti shells and crab’s chuvs, burnt ‘ounce Of each to every 1 gal, oeof Wines wines t then strum out the liquor hrough d shen wevanu cold, put it into wine of the ss nme Sort, andap ofit will ive It pleasant, lively tas oA tnskiked Tine put into ¢ casi will also keep the wine from turning sour Strawberry Wine Take of coll, soft water tpl struwberri es) 6 geal. 4

rache peed dngie, ard totes juice. roa tartar i femonse & OF dame Towler chs wei nate 1a forsee bendy, tina PteAnothe ‘Take of cold, soft water, 10 gal; et ib,hneica Sigal: Rormane. Nts way eupass red Cantar, in fine powder3,07, bo

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snd 2 oranges, peel and juice 5 hen ada brandy, Tal. This will To Sweeten a. handful ot theWine. flowersof ‘aul. Clary’;of ti aulafuse Pb, ‘ar round, Jit ‘otand mustard sink it to seed,the bottomor the skintoa bag, Turtarie Avid in Wine, Detection of Free Professor stomsyrup and ile Puotessen Chis Clas evaporat I tre tartitrie cid ene her leaves, on evaporation, Hue eter te Huefils dtepostty » woh At dissolved in walter

potassie nectate,

duuthor pr ether, whi denied in most text books, Poll. Notizhate British ‘Tokay. 18 gal.,star add of ‘ellerberry juie 6"To good cide sb; 34 Ib crystalliz Iba red Hie intoy powder, anise” bo eit, and, e wat formentiition complete, aad ily, 1 el sand suspend in he liquid from ehungtiole a mixture of exs ia. anil yinger of exch, 1607.5 el loves and capsicuin of enh, 14 23 the whole br ‘uised and loosely inelosed int -coitrse muslin bug, [twill be ripe in 12 months,

ike WissWine. White Cider omnes eis Mix an form went, Aurtitr, 16 Iba bittce

Continued from page 2764 hate, grating of from anealegeee to another wil peerfeck preci. After the plate hie been ex rose 10 the light a stable length of tie, with the negativeof petore whose it, on removing it from ty fia there wil bo no nication what fever ofa picthrey bit if very fine black or Tromn fusible powder be dusted over the surface, ie will bring ent fresh and aevueate Fepsesente tion of the ntiginal image of extenordingry bea ty and delieney, becoming more aad moxe dis exery moment in proportion to the contin tinct nce of tie application of the poser, "he bi Chramate may now be removed by wcing ith water, andthe picture piace in an oven ail fixed directly, of afler having bad « transparent ‘coating of eitanel laid upon i coLon “ARCH. A yew article for the Inurudry han recently bon ‘introduced. into Kurope, and tas found neh favor. It consits in n starch of different shailes of color, hy means of whiel any desited int may be impaited to adress in doing. ie up for a ball of party, and thereby enabling tho

apply this in the starching of « white deess, the Tater is tohe fist washed aod « portion of the stareh treated with boiling water, sn the ore Alinsry preparation of stared, and! apple to the ‘ess inthe nsunl manne of starching, ‘The ‘tess fs then to be dried, and after drying to be moistened a File, and koned in the common

Tormenly, “The most bighly prized ofreadilythese roe how it whuch eximsony sho Starches of Tuehsing in the parts pave bypartsdissolsing the fuelising being of gierine, Wenig Btlo water with Tbsequenty up ina.ond mortar ruledbroth, fist thick the toa fhe bee oy By this.distlvedwit Sirgen. hont using any Comes Completely One Ted aihe sitefy eaten nicl up starch arethen to died. tabbedhu question, rats theof aefinely and Ito" mistare. placed pon hudles won while wsized pete Ing-paper had presionsly best spread oat. To

to destroy the invitality good ofbel thesof a Uli th only effectual modeto ree of removing torn, Tes however, necessary fron tn to tn, eee i Tonesits purifying quatity, and Leaver the water as bad aa before. “these cells re quite Uypear in ther character, throaghand theare the water tering ShoMiner remoted Sesh jmpery and. wheterer they. at fund in nits source tet “eurtenceeatertng apparent be directlyporerefered fo eoneat tration by sewnge ater

kre TINE. Geiman inauthor recommends the sof ‘of Atuepentine Bleaching white good, to be apoi ied alselsing ono part tn thaes parte of Strong leoho, and placing w table-spuontil of tho mixture for the ast rising, | Clothes faare theto Water be hiwmnerced vrrung owt and placed the open inthis, niet. dryel The blenehing. of theshenoll consists in its changing oxen action Into ozone exposed tothe Highte and in this. process the turpentine snp eat, leavig wo trace bedi ORGANIC MATTER 1 WarER, LEACHING DY O110

119 paper on organic matter in water Dr Keisch states that the addition of fow drops af ower water to eane-sugae aolution starts a kind of fermentation, and when examined wader n ‘over to appenr sn eiiont viviety of olor thierreope the tenbid Tiga is found as deesses, of mumber n eotresponding Svthone Gr svat sphere ells. Datling dou be full

100 eal, 0 Tb, ‘20 1b Add 6 gal. spirit; white almonds bruised, Loz.

TEST OF ACTUAL DEATH, ssitive method by which real death may boo distinguished readily feonn that which is ap ppurent oly has been fur a Tong tine a iesideri tom, and prizes of conside vable vale ‘ions tines been offered forthe anniounlive. eenentat oo some wnerring test to determine between the bio. -Amung others proposed fur this purpose lication of «low drops of a solution of jelladonna to the eye. It fie be present, in fow moments a wilatation of the pupil will be fbserved, very easily noted fn comparison with tho other eye, whieh Tat not heen s0 treat "This is so fidependent of the condition of the ‘eyeplete thatamaurosis itis evenoF ofobservable of eo paralysis, inand enseis apprecin Mie sven all the ciliary rn it may even be notednerves upon have an eye beenthat ewes has Freon reioved fiosn the orbit ns forge ns muse Jar contactility xemaing. | Whenever, theretore, produces no effet whatever upon ave, Wo may aeene Chat mulsewlar contract ity ins eensed, and, consequent, that life has ‘entively passed from the hoy. precaution is, however, eases wine dilatation has th fall possibility of the 5 occnts in'n ense of appar i fet’ death, pr jearly when enused by these ff belladonna, A counteraction i therefore nec~ fssaryin this instance, which is to he effectedby ‘mearis of th Calabar bean, whieh, if life be stil present, will cans the pupil to contract. CHLORIDE OF ZINC AS A FAINT. Chloride of zine, which he been axed to adrvamtnge ns @ censent, it now highly recommend ed'as'a paint. convenient appl¢ation for this pore is mado by stirring mixture of oxide tani chloride of zine in cream« of tartar, adding stareh enough to bring it to the proper eovsint= feney, and then boiling the avhote and allowing i

THE SURVIVOR

Vol. 6

to cool. If the paint ie be colored in any way, ‘pigment of the desiredto shade is to bo introduced before boiling with of thocolor starch, tho course of hl an hour the. prine becomesTn ‘dry and rrd, in coneequenee of tho forsuation ‘of oxychlorid, and tho dying would bo ll moro rapid i i were not eoinewbne retarded by: the preconeo of tho eream of tartar, ‘his pint ‘does not become darkened in the air, ard fe Without smell; aod even i in conse. ‘Aenea of its quick desing, will namie ‘and third contin the pnen of a fow a rocond hours, Te fan bo cleaned with eoap and water liko an oil pint, and its action, in consequence of contain Ing the chlorite of tine, i= as 8 presorrative of ‘wood, rendering jt almost incombutible-a pe chvean bo increased hy adding of borny. IRON SLAG CRMENT

A now form of cement, of much valve, may, ie ie aid, bo prepared by fhely polveriiog th flog iron furnnces, sid passing ‘five of sieve, Thin fowl ie then thito bothrough mise {ln a ail with eneined ggpaion, to whieh ‘ovis emoant of soluble phorpato ot Hse has Tween previonely tgredents added. x‘Thesalto best contiat propationof 100,of thopatsdiffrent of gxpsim nnd 200 of slag, to which, for athe oen air, 28 pats of enlabl phosphate Staime are to bended. This, however,sit nnyfourbe Feplnced by acoerespoiding quasitity, teen pits, of phosphor or boracie eid or any ‘ther alsanes capable with the Iron. “The euperphosphntof combination of ine may asoth he subettated fo th ect plospates For Towser, an equal quintity of rng mast be wre Onhosphity the otherof linehnalya ierensod if tho quantity of soluble tho syste may Tovetirly ont Weis slags necessary to have the different ingiodiente finely pulverized When used, a nifleent quantitysind ofwellwatermineis to bogether.added, and the whole thovoughty stied to With thera mabstances Mocks ent be Sondo'ns Bat a8 tary an capable ef ita: ing this substance very closely. Mor this pot rove neceseny mostdsfor instaneeaul re to be Ini jon pon Forousthobed—gspssn, fystentiy menne of stew oF hydrnalic pres, to presore, Tho cement, thos compressed is Fomoved fromwhichthe tes moultns fethe n fom of ns a mavery Tint boc, polish Me, and tiny he aiained oe colored prions to incolors much ofa this way tock, aa closely Thisto xesembl rtdand tm tho iflaenes of air, moisture, Trost, and is si tobe well dapted for the outs ot omnes, floor ties, ete

2782

farther, apart thon is wena, will mctaally. yield Insger eros than are now obtained, "This hg Teen shovtn to be the ease with patntors, and nore roeenthy wit wheat, Tei found that the tcheat plant inreases above the ground mp portion as its roote have room to develop without Interference with those of ite neighbory.* Tn ono experiment, wheat thus treated. furnished ears Containing over one hundred and twenty grainn Tews found, in the couse of the same exprirents, that on every fully developed eoteal plant there is one ear raperior to the rest; and that fench ear hins one grain whieh, when planted, will Tin more productive than any’ other.” Hy selecting, therefaro, the best grain of the best ea, end continuing the experiment through several gen trations, a point will be reached beyond which further improsement is impossible, inl n fixed fan permationt type retain ag tho fil ress CLEANSING FLUID, A conteniont preparation for taking ont oi ots and for clonnaing aticles of brass, silver plated ware, and gold, is made by mixing to iether eal pantsof caste ammonia and spits sayy; and this may. he npptied tom greatva Holy af poses in householl economy INFLUENCE OF COLORED LIGHT ON 188

‘Th andisewsion of orm the change produced in any inal vet by tho oece of ings conditions of temperatare, muistary light, Inenlty, ete expecially eonsceted with the Darwinian hypothesis, hasas induced a ptegveatesting vat sty of experiments fon hich sone rteTite Taclybe n derived, published, In one Woot,of oftheseeatersex. Fills of the tortoise sell tory of Eaope was Lisiled nto three room lots. Tiglted Onesthiedthrongwero orange placed inva photographie clot gla ono-thed nm coom Tighted throng tu gas,tatural andtheHight,emauter kept felina withodinaty age in All ete Froper fond, and the third Jot developed thle into Minti the wssel time, Those inthe be ight were not ety, a nag maanber dying bofore changing; those vais in tho orang Hight, Inowevery wero neatly as henlthy nv the Grethe entioned, "The perfect inaesta reared in tin’ light-diferod from the -averngo form in Belg much aval che orange tnowa cole ‘ch other, stead oflight rematuing diinet. hoesbat faieed in the yellow wero also smaller, the orange brown watofthe replaced by seensalmon-color rl the hve edges wings in the otso dinnty form were ofa dull alate, TE changes reat there can Bo ifsproduced single experimen, probablein thethat eoursoa contin=of

TREATMENT OF WINE DUTY (0 FERMENT, tnls wil develop sou striking rest, VEGHETAD A method of preparing wine, 60.9 to retain AuongtheNEW recent discovered vegtate bres its hongnet nnd alenbol daring. fermentation, nseful in the mansinctre of cot of sarod fcnsists in placing the musty with the stems, i mayMamie, be mentioned those ofspecies the Choe grass fp ves el, cloned by meane of ali, into whieh is Hie, Zul the o t h of then ich Fincorted « tubefs tenfastened inches a Tong, iu tohogsthe mppee nettle grass anil whanden tothe genus is Beckme cond oF which coagsed Mad {o‘Thethe China propredy ‘er, Afier tventy-finr hours the fermentation ant enowemfia culos and Of Fl af 8 bl ing; he earbonic neil passes into the liad ofChinnfive guns e ngl ells, come’ Alor and expands ft considerably, the alrohol and ness tho of which the “aroma remaining bebiid, Afr six or inlet of cg hs, hone being ox of tight dnye the bladder collapses again, and the ios ony four The Beanie of wil greater hetive fermentation ix over, ani the ‘sive ean Hide trig ene and je nue extentree en they be diawn off, oF Heft for a til Tonger ‘edn the frown warmerseesportions ofthe United State isepally dicributed by tho Ag RCONOMY OF SI ED PLANTING. TL niRaL LD enariet emeTNS plane Bns eee gto Experiments have recently tended to prove from time fnmenovil by the nativesof that roots and grains, by being planted much Ahn Arcijaago, aud etn the peculiarly ate

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Inoof proepe hy sen yale tee oe fue Unrat annof efibas yoraer, erop ae tho u pound s ihaly tntfe hat iste mater ia far si tten, Jonge than thatwooleet tsad Henaros N sjun, mised with either or eaten, workedof by tel, hn which ease int theindaeappenbe cnce Lyons ai

naateureoof its fire i weed largely in the Ianu fhet nets. f ‘The plant is perilsnd ns

ADULTERATION OF DEER, According to & high German authority, beer is ‘uulterted by a gront variety of drugh and other substances, prineipally vegetable rome ‘of whiel are hariless, while others are very in Susious. "These he elassifes ns, frst, the bitter Sngvedionts iatantel to Siento the of the hop second, the biter arototic, also tele to reproduce tho taste ofthe hops thid, tho aromatic, meant to make the bece more stimulating; Tourch, the sharp and ayomati iayp, to taake the’ taste the narcotic and sharply Tiquor more stapefying..” Among the substances ‘are mentioned opin, belladoniia, henbane, to: aceo, indies,nnete. Fepre-all Gof whticlignatius are morebean, orcocculus less poisonous Hheusibio. NORWEGIAN COOKING APPARATUS, It is now several sents sce the so-called “Norwegian Cooking Apparatus” feet exhibited tthe publie but i has sincevag becorae favorito in every direction, in consequence ofthe ‘ety great economy of fuel resulting fiom its use, of a square box Tints siemplest form it consists cor ches, Tined atthe bottom anid sides with fey find with a equate plug of the samo materia, ‘vl ean be Tid on nt the Tid then rhut dows. Tin or fron vessels, containing the nubutanes to bocnoked, are first exposed over a fire fora alior® time to n'cortnin amiunt of feat, and the sub stancesin tent brougheto theboiling temperntare, heyare then token off an set nid of the ele lined box, the top is put an and the Tid cloted, fn they are allowed to remain any desired length ‘of time. ‘Tho felt in 40 pwor m conductor that of the vessels will bo maintained temperature the many hours almost unchanged, and the profor cess of covking Will go-on without ‘interruption fF tho application of additional heat Jn one experiment a picee of beet wns boited with some potatoes for about texen anintes ia a {in ves, ‘which was then placed in the chest and allowed to remain for a litle longer tiene than would be required in ordinary cooking, On removing the vessel the eontenta were Found perfeetly done and smoking hot; anid thoy probatly would have retained the same temperate many Tours longer, aa after the lapse of five hore the at 40 lot thatthe had could not be held vessel Upon ie NEW INDICATION OF LONGEVITY.

Accordingof to india Sit Duncanmay Gibb, the probable,bp longesity be etersined fxamining Ue position of the epiglstin, AE this tefirfoundiit tobsbe vertien), great nge tenay thebe looked droopingor a pendent ago of seventy isnot ikelyto bo reachedor, at any rte, exceeded Wo are not informed whether any apparatus aration ht ofgot thobeenepiglotin dee may hy whe Irealthy poston ho pro- | tiuced;ahd an increased longevity thus nesuted

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

ae

SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Ewe ‘Take 2 Ibs. of rosin and 1 pt. of castor oil; heat together until it Jooks like molasses. ‘Take an ordi~ nary paint brush and smear while hot on any kind of paper. A cheap and convenient fly poison is made hy adding three teaspoorifuls of commercial formalin to a pint of milk sweetened with a little brown sugar. Partly fill a tumbler with the solution; cut a piece of white blotting paper to proper size and place in a saucer or plate. Place this over the glass and quickly invert the whole, inserting a toothpick under the edge of the glass. As the solution evaporates, the supply lis automatically renewed from the gla

Flytrap of Barrel Hoops fond Sereen with a Week's Cateh on a Farm Pan contains

t Water in Drain Stagnan ‘age Ditches and Old Wooden Troughs Assures aGood Mosquito Crop

Bees

being

an annoyance,

) nary house fly is a menace

the ordi-

to health

through its ability to spread disease germs. Its presence is always an indication of unsanitary conditions and improper disposal of the substances

in which

it breeds,

and

its extermination becomes a community

rather than an individual undertaking. Absolute cleanliness and the proper dis~ posal of garbage and animal excreta would climinate the fly in a short time. However, by the use of screens, poisons, fly paper and traps, a person can keep his own home comparatively free from thts pest. A dozen may be made for sheets of sticky fly paper fone cent by the following formula, prepared by the Kansas state board of health:

cations by Constesy of the UL 8, Depattnient of Agsluliuee

An eflicient and durable flytrap may be constructed for about 75 cents. Details are shown in one of the drawings. Two barrel hoops are bent intoa cirele18 in, in diamclor on the inside and nailed together, the ends being trimmed to give a close fit, to Two other form the bottom of the frame. hoops similarly treated form the top. The top of the trap consists of a barrel head with the bevel edge sawed off so-that it will fit tightly into the hoops. A 10-in.

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

of INSECT

square, cut in the center, forms the door. Wood strips, 1 in. wide, nailed % in. from the ‘SYRUPS opening, hold the barrel top together and form the door jamb. The door is a narrow frame covered with sereen and well fitted into the jamb, where it is held in plac by two turnbuttons. ‘The top is nailed inside the top hoops, and the sides are formed by tacking sereen on the oul~ side of the hoops. It will take 61 in. of screen 24 in, wide to cover the sides, which are supported by four laths na led to the hoops outside the wire. ‘The laths

project 4% in. below the bottom hoops to form the legs. The cone is eut from a piece

of screening

Tong by 26 in. wide.

41

in.

It is

best to make a pattern of heavy paper before cutting the wire. 'The over-

Argentine Ants Poisaned in Simple Fin-Con Trapsy Birds and Animats Can ‘not Get at Them

lapping edges are soldered

together and the apex is

cut off the cone to give an opening one inch in diam-

Right, Close-Up of Shelter Tube Constructed to Bridge Masonry So byTheyTermites Can Get at ‘Below, Types of Sheet Welds That Protect Build ings against Termites

Above, Ring of London Parple, Correctly Used, to ExterIninate Red Harvester Ants eter,

SHEET iene OF Gay. Ser INoaasone

after

which

the

cone

is

inserted

in

the frame and closely tacked to the lower hoop. ‘To bait the ap, fill a shallow pan about 14 in. in diameter with a solution consisting of one part of molasses and four parts of water. Place a sponge or a few chips in the centerof the pan so that more flies will have room to feed, and place the pan under the trap, The trap should be placed where flies naturally congregate and the pan kept well filled with bait, Empty the trap weekly after immersing it in hot water to destroy the flies.

THE SURVIVOR

THE

Riche, Typieut Barren Th Sur Sp Founotd s a Nestat of Harvester Antes Lelt, Termites Have Up through a

Damage to a Book Which Was Caused by Termr ites: Right,i

HatielGet monk Lance: ‘Have Eaten OM ait the cones: Festal of Prank w Chemicals =

|e !

j

q

but must come to the surface to breathe. Marshes, ponds, pools of rain water, holJow trees, rain barrels, roof gutters, tin cans, botiles, in fact any hollow receptacle that will hold water a few days will serve asa breeding place. ‘To eradicate this pest marshes must be drained, Lakes and ponds must be oiled or stocked with minnows. In the latter case, vegetation must be trimmed closely around the edges so that the minnows can reach every portion of the surface. Casual pools of water should be sprayed with oil, roof gutters should be examined to see that they are not clogged, holes should be punched in cans before they ©)\ : : \ are disearded, and spatiaas. fe} water should not be ‘ allowed to stand

Effective MethodTetra-of | Using Carbon chloride Keep Moths Out of toTrunks and | Closets; This Chemical, Ovtainable An Drug Store, atIs Non Inflammable and a The encieate squitoes is alsoa Poured The eradication of mosquitoes is also a Quantity Qyentiyy Is/y Poured community project, for until breeding Placed in the Prank or Which After Wien have hen heen abolished, jaces have places abolished, any efforts efforts toto Glesets florets After keep the inseets out of the home must be Seated; upon Boop, continuous during the summer, Mos- rating, the Fumes of quitoes lay eggs in still water.

When these

hatch the larvie swim about in the water,

SURVIVOR Vol. 6

fie Chemieah Being

Permeate the Clothing

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2786

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

the Presence of Moth Larvae May Be Determined

undisturbed in any receptacle for more than a day or two ata time Tightly fitted screens, 18 meshes to the

inch, will keep out most mosquitoes. Light= ly painting the screens with kerosene or

oil of citronella will prevent any from making their way through. Pyretheum 9 powder, moistened and heaped into alittle 4 pyramid, will burn slowly, and the smoke will stupefy any mosquitoes in the room if the air is fairly still. A little of the powder placed on a metal sereen above the chim-

Make Good Breeding Places for Moths; Below, Even Feathers re Not Immune

ney of a kerosene lamp is even hetter, ‘To rid a house of mosquitoes, one pound of powder must he burned for every 1,000 cubic feet of space. A solution of one part oil of cedar, two parts spirits of camphor and two parts oil of citronella, if rubbed on the face and hands, will keep mosquitoes away for several hours. A few drops of the solution placed on a bath towel hung over the head of the bed will enable a person to get some sleep in a mosquito-infested room, A little moist. toilet soap, rubbed gently on a mosquito bite, will soon relieve the irritation. House ants are attracted by food, especially meat, bread, cake, sugar and sirup. Keeping all food in ant-proof containers and ice boxes, and promptly cleaning up all crumbs after meals, will do much to abate the nuisance, Sodium fluoride powder, mixed with flour and dusted in runways, will kill all ants coming Dusting this chemical with it,

in contact is also the

most effective way of combating roaches. A wash of common laundry soap, using ¥%&

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2787

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6 gills of sirup to each can will last several months. A piece of sponge should be placed in the can, where it will float on top of the sirup.and provide room for the ants to feed in large numbers. A piece of wire 6 in. long may be bent to form a han= dle that will permit the can to be hung on, trees, fences or the walls of houses. These ants prefer to climb for their food. ‘The red harvester ant does not usually invade the home, but when it infests lawns it makes their use for recreational purposes almost impossible, for it invariably gels on people and spines alikea oF corroH BATTING

Above, Damage by Moth Loroat on Overstulfed Furniture; Right, Type of Construction iat Keeps Out Moths; Below, Slip Covers Permitted Moth Larvae to Feed Unmolestfed in Darkness

: MBE

bites and slings or

both, It also at-

tacks

live

stock

and is especially

annoying to cows, often reducing milk production. This

ant

may

be

Ib, toa gallon of water will rid a lawn of ants, It should be used aspray. Several applications usually will be necessary Argentine ants, which are small and dark

brown,

are found

in scattered

locali-

ties throughout the South. ‘These pests

intolerable in badly infested places, even going cated,

so

far as lo cause homes to be va invade bed chambers and They

have attacked babies with serious results A bite from their mandibles is extremely painful. ‘The most effective means of com= hating this ant is with poisoned sirup. A special formula, prepared by the depart ment of agriculture, consists of 9 Ibs. of granulated sugar, 6 grams of crystallized tartaric acid, and 8.4 grams of benzoate of soda boiled slowly for 30 min. in 9 pts. of water, Allow this to cool. ‘Then dissolve 5 grams of sodium arsenate (C.P.) in ¥2 pt. of hot water and let it cool, Add this Then solution to the sirup and stir well. add 1% Ibs. of honey and mix thoroughly.

The best containers for this poison are made from ¥-Ib, baking~powder tins having friction covers. Indent each can deeply on opposite sides and replace the cover. If kept in an upright position this container is weather-proof, and there is ample room

between the top of the can and the cover

to permit the entrance of the ants.

‘Two

its nest, A ring of London purple, placed in a complete circle 1% in. wide and not more than 2 in, from the entrance to the nest, is most effective. If the ring is too far from the entrance, the ants will shake off the powder before entering the nest. If it is placed directly over the hole, or the ring is too deep, the ants wil dig another entrance. Three or four applications are usually necessary to exterminate a colony. Complete insulation from the ground of all untreated woodwork is the only insurance againsl ravages of termites or white ants. Foundations should be of stone, brick, conerete, or of wood treated with coal-tar creosote. No sleepers, stringers, beams or porch supports of untreated wood

should be in contact with the ground. When termites cannot gain access to wood

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2788

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

directly they often build shelter tubes over

the face of stone, conerete or brick foun-

dations, A sheet of galvanized iron, firmly inserted in the face of the masonry, will

form a shield that will cut off the termites’ connection with the ground. ‘The metal should be allowed to project horizontally for 2 in, and should then be turned dow ward at an angle. When all wood is so in= sulated, termites in the building will die. Fumes of burning sulphur are effective for killing bedbugs, but are likely to eause damage to wallpaper and fabrics, A pound of sulphur is needed for each 1,000 cu. ft. of space, and the building should be close tightly for at least 6 hrs. The sulphui is burned in a dish which is placed in a larger one as a precaution against fires being started by overflow. Liberal applisared of Moths by Spraying. with Cher ‘eal Solution Which Is Non-Inflammable ond Tt Not Stain the Fabric: Subjecting the Furniture toa Contin uued Heat of 130° Fahr. for a Few Hours Will Kill Both Moths and Both Larvae; an Elec trie Heater Enclosed in "Tent of Comforters Will Do the Trick

of the liquid into a shallow dish, place it on top of the tumk or eloset shelf, then seal the door or lid, ‘The liquid will evaporate, and being heavier than air it, will sink and permeate all the clothing, Cedar chests

give

effective

moth

protection

if

only fabrics that have been cleaned re-

cations‘of kerosene, applied with a brush io all crevices in walls, furniture and mattress are usually adequate with slight or recent infestations. Since the bugs and eggs are destroyed at temperatures of 113° Fah, it is quite simple to rid the house of bugs in summer by turning the central heating plant to full blast on a hot day, Frequent cleaning, brushing and exposure to sunlight of fabrics will do mucl prevent damage by clothes moths, Cloth= ing to he stored should be wrapped tightly in paper containing naphthaline erystals. Carhon tetrachloride will keep moths out of closets or trunks. Merely pour a little

cently and thoroughly are placed in them, 3y maintaining a dry heat of 130° for an hour or more, so that all articles reach that temperature, all. moths, eggs and larvee in the home can be killed. ‘This superheating, in fact, is one of the simplest

and best ways of ridding a house of all pests during hot months. Upholstered furniture which has become infested with moths may be cleared of them by spraying with a solution made by dissolving paradichlorbenzene, 1 part, in ethylene dichloride, 75 parts, and carbon, tetrachloride,

25

This

solution

is

non-inflammable and will not leave a stain on the fabric, Paradichlorbenzene erystals placed in an open container on a clothescloset shelf will keep moths away.

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Vol. 6

2789

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

fs a tuneup worth $70? If done right, you bet it is, and you can do an equally good job on your car at home without hundreds

of dollars worth ef special iools—here's how to go about it 1001 How-To Inzas

2: CLEAN BATTERY POSTS and torminale with spa ial wio brush (shown), nery wire brush, oF stool wool to Increaso corrying bility.

Tuneup

3: FUEL PRESSURE TEST colle for vacuum-pressura gauge (ckout $6.50 at mail order or auto stores). Meko tost et fuol fino whero it connecs to carb,

at Home

roded, replace il with a new one. Clean wire mesh and oil bath types. ‘These simple services alone have had Wash element in solvent and reoil. Clogged black magical effects in many cases of air fillers eut gas mileage, top speed and hard starting. acceleration, (2) Torque the eylinder heads, earbureCheck fuel pump pressure with a vactor mounting and intake manifold (Fig uum-pressure gauge (Fig. 3). If itis above 1). Eliminating compression losses and or below specifications, replace the pump. air leaks, present or potential, is anather Low presstire causes fuel starvation, high way to be sure of top performance. (Note: pressure flooding. And either condition aller torquing the head on cars with me- worsens rapidly chanical valve lifters, valve clearance Note the position of the automatic choke should’ be checked, between the rocker plate with the engine cold. It should be and valve stem, with the valve fully closed. in the fully closed position, Move the plate If it does not agree with specifications, ad- to be sure the shaft is not binding, just lash. Do this job after finishing all If the accelerator linkage is connected other work.) to the choke assembly, have someone floor (8) Test compression and the gas pedal—the choke should open ever clean and gap the sparle plugs. so slightly. If it does not, adjust it or replace worn parts. (4) Fuel system: Service the air filter If it’s the paper Remember to recheck the choke when or polyeurethane type, replace don't try tlic engine is at operating temperature—it to clean it should be fully open, ‘To insure continued

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

4: INLINE FUEL FILTER keops grit out of carb and is an cary item to install or replace in fuel fine,

Give your car a $70 tuneup at home to 5: AUTOMATIC CHOKE mechanise in carburetor is kept working by spraying innards with solvent,

free operation, spray the inside of the choke assembly with solvent (Fig. 5) If the fuel system is equipped with an in-the-line pleated paper filter, replace it (Fig. 4). If it is not, run solvent thru the carburetor to clean it, using any of the special kits made for the job (ig 6). ‘Then install an in-the-line filter for long-term protection. If the fuel pump has a sediment bowl, remove and clean i With the engine cold, free up the 1 fold heat control valve (“heat riser”), using a spray solvent such as the type used for cleaning automatic chokes (Fig. 8). IE the valve is sticking only slightly, spray solvent on the shalt and turn the shaft (holding it by the counterweight) to work: the chemical in. If the shalt is stuck tight, hammer blows fon the counterweight combined with solvent spray should free it eventually. Remember, the job isn’t done until th

save $50 compared fo the prices many specialty shops charge for work you can do as well in a single Saturday

of binding. haft resists all attempts to free it, the exhaust manifold will have to be removed and the valve assembly replaced. Stuck heat risers are a common cause of poor fuel mileage and performance. (5) Ignition System: When installing points, clean any dirt from the breaker plate. Check the mechanical advance. If it is on top of the distributor, check to see that the springs are connected properly and the mechanism operates freely. If it is under the breaker plate, turn the rotor in the direction of distributor eam rotation (Fig. 9). Replace the vacuum advance, even if it seems to be functioning properly. One tuneup specialist remarked, “When the vacuum advance is more than a year old, you Know the darn thing will start sticking soon, And when it does, you can go crazy tying to trace the troubie.”

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EHH

2791

1

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

ELISE

6: CARB CLEANING KIT removes gum from Unit without removing itor tuking it all apart.

9: MANIFOLD HEAT CONTROL VALVE mu:

7: DISTRIBUTOR CAP chovld be dle fut, Scrape corroded cop inserts with screwdriver.

same way «4 com; released, it should snap back.

Clean the distributor eap with solvent, file the rotor contacts if they are pitted, and scrape the cap inserts clean with a screwdriver (Fig. 7). If the rotor has burn marks, clean it with a small file. Many tuncup specialists replace the external resistor on ears so equipped, just to be on the safe side. This job, however, is strictly an optional extra for the man who is doing the job himself. Clean and tighten the primary ignition wiring connections (the thin wires at the coil, distributor and resistor) nthe spar Replace the rubber nippl and the plug and coil secondary wires themselves, if they are cracked, oil soaked or rotted, If they are in good condition, coat with waterproofing spray. Wipe the coil tower clean, (6) Exhaust System Cheek the exhaust piping for any severe dents. A badly dented exhaust restricts gas flow and reduces power.

(7) Charging and Starting Systems: Inspect the generator drive belt. It should deflect about 14-inch at a point midway be ‘eon pulleys. If it's loose, tighten it LE it appears glazed on the inside, or voplace it cheeks of the starter, generregulator require special equipment, and therefore must be left to the mechanie. In general, however, you ean tell whether or not everything is okay by observation If the battery uses a normal amount of water, does not discharge in normal. use,’ the charging system is apparently funetioning properly. If the starter eranks vigorously with the battery at full charge, the starting system probably is okay. Quite obviously, this king-size tune-up will take the better part of a Saturday. But depending on how much and where you drive, it will give you from 6 months to a year of top performance,

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

2792

THE SURVIVOR Vol. 6

Bale your WASTE PAPER! ome

Popular Mechanics Aug. 1942 Ifyou waste paper, this ine: pensive hale: mable you to compr Tittle ste ‘om stock Iumber, are reinforeed, and o Jes and hasps so that it is eastly taken off for remov of the paper bale, e plunger should have at least a Yi in. ce all around. Holes are drilled through opposite sides of the baler for the insertion of dowels, which hold the plunger in the compressed position while tying the baling cord in place,

4" CLEARANCE UL AROUND =

ar owel FoR Thine Abin oko OvER TOP GF COMPRESSED

For Js,Spastor UnGs CORO

Exetretns Conmnesse | Pare SECTIONAL VIEW Rope or cord is laid across the bal boltom before start Tater brought up the sed pap: between cleats under the plunger