Tel Malḥata: A Central City in the Biblical Negev 9781575063881

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TEL MALHATA A CENTRAL CITY IN THE BIBLICAL NEGEV

VOLUME I

TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY SONIA AND MARCO NADLER INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

MONOGRAPH SERIES NUMBER 32

Executive Editor Editorial Board Managing Editor

Israel Finkelstein Avi Gopher Raphael Greenberg Oded Lipschits Guy D. Stiebel Myrna Pollak

TEL MALḤATA

A Central City in the Biblical Negev VOLUME I ITZHAQ BEIT-ARIEH and LIORA FREUD

Contributions by Gregory Bearman, Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, Yuval Goren, Shira Faigenbaum, Liora Freud, Ruth E. Jackson-Tal, Gilad B. Jaffe, Arieh Kindler, Raz Kletter, Ido Koch, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Nir Lalkin, Nili Liphschitz, Henk K. Mienis, Murray Moinester, Yoram Nir-El, Eli Piasetzky, Nadin Reshef, Moshe Sade, Leah Di Segni, Barak Sober, Oren Tal, Ada Yardeni and Irit Ziffer

EMERY AND CLAIRE YASS PUBLICATIONS IN ARCHAEOLOGY TEL AVIV 2015

WINONA LAKE, INDIANA EISENBRAUNS 2015

Monograph Series under the auspices of the Friends of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University

www.eisenbrauns.com Printed in the U.S.A. © Copyright 2015 by the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University All rights reserved. Published for the Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology (Bequeathed by the Yass Estate, Sydney, Australia)

of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University by Eisenbrauns Winona Lake, Indiana, U.S.A.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beit-Arieh, Itzhaq. Tel Malhata : a central city in the Biblical Negev / Itzhaq Beit-Arieh and Liora Freud ; contributions by Gregory Bearman, Itzhaq Beit-Arieh, Yuval Goren, Shira Faigenbaum, Liora Freud, Ruth E. Jackson-Tal, Gilad B. Jaffe, Arieh Kindler, Raz Kletter, Ido Koch, Liora Kolska Horwitz, Nir Lalkin, Nili Liphschitz, Henk K. Mienis, Murray Moinester, Yoram Nir-el, Eli Piasetzky, Nadin Reshef, Moshe Sade, Leah Di Segni, Barak Sober, Oren Tal, Ada Yardeni and Irit Ziffer.    volumes cm. — (Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology monograph series ; no. 32) “Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Tel Aviv.” Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-385-0 (volume 1 : hardback : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-1-57506-386-7 (volume 2 : hardback : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-1-57506-293-8 (set : hardback : alkaline paper) 1 Malhatah, Tel (Israel). 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Israel—Negev. 3. Negev (Israel)— Antiquities. 4. Iron age—Israel—Negev. 5. Bronze age—Israel—Negev. 6. Israel—Antiquities.  I. Freud, Liora. II. Bearman, Gregory H. III. Title. DS110.M276B458 2015 933′.49—dc23



2015012566

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. ♾™

IN MEMORIAM ITZHAQ BEIT-ARIEH 1930–2012

Prof. Itzhaq (Itzik) Beit-Arieh passed away on July 12, 2012, following a prolonged illness. He had just FRPSOHWHGKLV¿QDOH[FDYDWLRQUHSRUWRQ7HO0DOúDWD7KLVZDVD¿WWLQJFRGDWRDSUROL¿FFDUHHUVSDQQLQJ ¿YHGHFDGHVPRVWRIZKLFKZDVGHYRWHGWRWKHVWXG\RIWKH1HJHYDQG6LQDLGHVHUWVLQWKH%URQ]HDQG Iron Ages. Itzhaq, or Itzik as he was known to most of us, was born in Kovno, Lithuania on September 7, 1930, to parents who had immigrated to Palestine with the Third Aliyah in 1923, but had returned to Europe for WKHELUWKRIWKHLU¿UVWFKLOG7KH\ZHUHVRRQEDFNLQ3DOHVWLQHKRZHYHUDQG,W]LNJUHZXSQHDU7HO$YLY attending the Gymnasia Herzliya and participating, at age 18, in Israel’s War of Independence. In the early V%HLW$ULHKEHFDPHWKH¿UVW²DQGIRUDWLPHWKHRQO\²VWXGHQWLQWKHQHZO\IRUPHG'HSDUWPHQW vii

of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University. When Yohanan Aharoni established the Institute of Archaeology in 1968, Beit-Arieh became one of its mainstays, accompanying Aharoni on his excavations at Tel Sheva (ancient Beer-sheba), and completing a Masters thesis (1971) on Middle and Late Bronze Age temples. Indeed, he might be described as a quintessential product of Aharoni’s approach to biblical archaeology: always striving to place sites in their geographical and historical context through survey and excavation, absorbing history by walking the landscape, and never losing sight of the big picture. Like Aharoni, BeitArieh loved the desert, attracted perhaps by the paradox of a seeming wasteland masking a rich undercurrent of life and human activity. It awaited discovery, and provided rich rewards for those who would submit to its rules and persist in its study. Once one mastered the signs of human presence, the desert seemed to provide clarity of vision that was often lacking in the areas of the sown. In 1971 Beit-Arieh embarked on what was to become a 12-year study of the Early Bronze Age settlements of the southern Sinai highlands, forming the substance of his Ph.D. dissertation (1977) and culminating in the Irene Levi-Sala prize-winning publication of 2003, Archaeology of Sinai—The Ophir Expedition. Based on a series of expeditions into virtually uncharted territory, this study revealed the existence of 50 previously unknown sites of the Early Bronze Age located in the heart of the Sinai. ([FDYDWLRQVDWVL[VLWHVXQFRYHUHGDPDWHULDOFXOWXUHZLWKUHPDUNDEOHDI¿QLWLHVWR(DUO\%URQ]H$UDGDQG with evidence for contact with Egypt. Dramatically expanding the reach of the Levantine Early Bronze Age, WKHVHGLVFRYHULHVHQWDLOHGDUHYLVLRQRIRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVFRSHDQGTXDOLW\RIWKH¿UVWH[SHULPHQW in urbanism in the Levant in general, and at Arad in particular. It was during this study that the Yom Kippur War of 1973 overtook Itzik, and with it came the tragedy WKDWRYHUVKDGRZHGWKHUHVWRIKLVOLIH²WKHGHDWKRIKLVVROGLHUVRQ2SKLUDIWHUZKRPWKH6LQDLH[SHGLWLRQ was subsequently named. The peace treaty of 1979 with Egypt marked a change in the orientation of Beit-Arieh’s work from the Sinai back to the northern Negev. In a series of excavations and surveys beginning in 1979 and ending in 2000, the complex web of cultural and political relations between Judah and Edom took on tangible IRUP7KHVHH[FDYDWLRQVLQFOXGHGWKHIRUWL¿HGWRZQVDQGIRUWUHVVHVRI7HO>,UDণRUYDW>8]DণRUYDW5DGXP DQG7HO0DOতDWDDVZHOODVWKH(GRPLWHVKULQHRIণRUYDW4LWPLW²DIRUWXLWRXVDQGUHPDUNDEOHGLVFRYHU\ that cast Edomite culture and religion in an entirely new light. As in the case of the Sinai expedition, Beit-Arieh completed a full report on each of these excavations, all of which were to be published as Institute of Archaeology monographs (‫ۉ‬RUYDW4LWPLW$Q(GRPLWH6KULQHLQWKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY 1995; Tel >,UD$6WURQJKROGLQWKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY 1999; ‫ۉ‬RUYDW>8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQ WKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY 2007; and Tel Malúata). In addition, each major excavation was accompanied by pedestrian surveys, culminating in the full publication of six survey maps (/RG5RVK+D>ayin, Kfar Saba DQGWKUHHRIWKHHDVWHUQ1HJHY>7HO0DOতDWD+RUYDW>8]DDQG1DতDOণHPDU@ XQGHUWKHDHJLV of the Archaeological Survey of Israel. While highlighting the intense interest of the Judahite kingdom in the Negev as an economic resource and a political buffer zone, it is the unexpected wealth of Edomite religious and cultural expression, elucidated in extensive collaboration with Pirhiya Beck, that comprises the outstanding contribution of Beit-Arieh’s Negev projects to our understanding of the cultural entanglements and political economy of the late Iron Age. Apart from these major regional undertakings, Beit-Arieh had a hand in excavations and surveys near Serabit el-Khadem in Sinai, at the Egyptian New Kingdom cemetery at Deir el-Balah (with Trude viii

Dothan), in the Early Bronze sites at >Ain el-Qudeirat and Tel MaUvda Valley Site 917. Ever unpretentious as a scholar and easily accessible to students and colleagues as a teacher, Itzik %HLW$ULHKOHGSULPDULO\E\H[DPSOH+LVGHVHUWH[SHGLWLRQV²MRXUQH\VRIH[SORUDWLRQLQWKHWUXHVHQVH RIWKHZRUG²ZHUHDPRQJWKHODVWLQDFKDLQRIWUDQVPLVVLRQJRLQJEDFNWRWKHIRUPDWLYHGD\VRI,VUDHOL archaeology. They are remembered by many as superlative learning experiences. For his wide-ranging archaeological activities, for his unrivalled publication record (he left no outstanding archaeological debts!), and primarily for his warm, generous personality, Itzik Beit-Arieh will be remembered and missed. He is survived by a daughter, archaeologist and curator Avivit Gera, and three grandchildren. 5DSKDHO*UHHQEHUJ

ix

CONTENTS

VOLUME I IN MEMORIAM: ITZHAQ BEIT-ARIEH Raphael Greenberg

vii

PREFACE Itzhaq Beit-Arieh

1

SECTION ONE: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND Chapter 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

11

7(/0$/ণ$7$7+(6,7( Itzhaq Beit-Arieh

11

2: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE SETTLEMENTS: ARCHAEOLOGICAL-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Oren Tal

17

SECTION TWO: STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE Chapter 2

THE EXCAVATION

27

1: THE SECOND EXPEDITION: AREAS A–H Itzhaq Beit-Arieh

27

2: THE FIRST EXPEDITION: SECTIONS W AND Z Liora Freud

107

SECTION THREE: THE FINDS FROM THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE Chapter 3

THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE POTTERY Gilad B. Jaffe



SECTION FOUR: THE FINDS FROM THE IRON AGE &KDSWHU

THE POTTERY OF STRATA V–III Liora Freud

153

$33(1',;3(752*5$3+,&5(68/76 Liora Freud and Yuval Goren

237

$33(1',;,1&,6('$1',035(66('+$1'/(6 AND BODY FRAGMENTS Liora Freud and Nadin Reshef

239

$33(1',;526(77(67$03('+$1'/(6 Ido Koch



POTTERY PLATES OF STRATA V–III Liora Freud



xi

VOLUME II Chapter 5

INSCRIPTIONS



1: EPIGRAPHIC FINDS FROM THE IRON AGE Itzhaq Beit-Arieh



2: AN ARAMAIC OSTRACON Ada Yardeni

505

APPENDIX 5.1: X-RAY FLUORESCENCE (XRF) MEASUREMENTS 2)5(',1.21$7(/0$/ণ$7$2675$&21 Yoram Nir-El, Yuval Goren, Eli Piasetzky, Murray Moinester and Barak Sober

507

$33(1',;08/7,63(&75$/,0$*,1*2)7(/0$/ণ$7$ OSTRACA Shira Faigenbaum, Barak Sober, Murray Moinester, Eli Piasetzky and Gregory Bearman

510

Chapter 6

IRON AGE STAMP SEALS, A CYLINDER SEAL AND IMPRESSIONS Irit Ziffer



Chapter 7

AN EGYPTIAN AND A PHOENICIAN SCARAB Nir Lalkin



Chapter 8

SCALE WEIGHTS Raz Kletter

528

Chapter 9

IRON AGE FIGURINES Raz Kletter



APPENDIX 9.1: IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMAL SPECIES FROM FIGURINES Liora Kolska Horwitz



Chapter 10

A PHALLUS-SHAPED CLAY OBJECT Itzhaq Beit-Arieh

580

Chapter 11

REMAINS OF WOODEN FURNITURE FROM AREA H Itzhaq Beit-Arieh

581

Chapter 12

STONE ARTIFACTS FROM THE IRON AGE Liora Freud and Nadin Reshef

585

1: CUBIC INCENSE ALTARS

585

2: COSMETIC PALETTES AND BOWLS

593

3: IMPLEMENTS

598

METAL ARTIFACTS FROM THE IRON AGE Nadin Reshef

618

Chapter 13

xii

&KDSWHU

SMALL FINDS FROM THE IRON AGE Liora Freud and Nadin Reshef

627

1: LOOM WEIGHTS

627

2: UNFIRED CLAY PLUGS



3: CLAY BUTTONS, WORKED SHERDS AND STOPPERS



63,1'/(:+25/6



5: BEADS AND PENDANTS

653

6: BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS

656

SECTION FIVE: THE FINDS FROM THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE PERIODS Chapter 15

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY Oren Tal

671

Chapter 16

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS Arieh Kindler



Chapter 17

GLASS VESSELS Ruth E. Jackson-Tal

691

Chapter 18

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE SMALL FINDS

698

1: METAL OBJECTS Oren Tal

698

2: A GOLD HOOP EARRING Irit Ziffer

701

3: AN INSCRIBED MARBLE FRAGMENT Leah Di Segni

702

SECTION SIX: INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES Chapter 19

ARCHAEOBOTANICAL REMAINS Nili Liphschitz

709

Chapter 20

ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL REMAINS Moshe Sade



Chapter 21

SHELLS Henk K. Mienis



SECTION SEVEN: SUMMARY Chapter 22

6800$5,UDWKHSHUFHQWDJHLQWKHWKH,URQ$JHVWUDWDRI$UHDV$±*LV'D\DQ DQGDVLPLODU

1 .RFKDYL± ZDVWKH¿UVWWRGHVFULEHWKHWHOODVEHLQJFRPSRVHGRIWZRWHUUDFHV although he gave different relative proportions.

11

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12

)LJ*HQHUDOSODQRI7HO0DOতDWDVKRZLQJWKHH[FDYDWHGDUHDV

CHAPTER 1: 1. T EL M $/ণ$7$: T HE SITE

13

I TZHAQ BEIT-A RIEH

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frequency is seen at other excavated sites in the Negev.2 The scope of cultivation in the Judean Negev in antiquity can only be determined based on present-day data, presuming, of course, that the amount of precipitation was similar, enabling dry farming. Data obtained from the Israel Ministry of Agriculture,3 indicates that the cultivated land in the Arad–Beer-sheba Valley today reaches 70,000 dunams, and the JUDLQKDUYHVWLQD\HDURIDYHUDJHUDLQIDOOZRXOGEHNJSHUGXQDPIRUDWRWDORIFDNJRI grain. According to the accepted formula that grain consumption averages ca. 300 kg per person per year %URVKL VXFKDQDPRXQWFRXOGVXSSRUWFDSHUVRQV7KHTXHVWLRQWKHQDULVHVZKDWZDV the population of the Arad–Beer-sheba Valley in the Iron Age II? The generally accepted population-density FRHI¿FLHQWLV±SHUVRQVSHUEXLOWXSGXQDP6KLORK 7KHHVWLPDWHGEXLOWXSDUHDLQWKHDQFLHQW sites in the valley, including surveyed sites (see Govrin 1991; Beit-Arieh 2003; 2011), appears to reach FDGXQDPV7KXVEDVHGRQDGHQVLW\FRHI¿FLHQWRISHUVRQVSHUGXQDP6KLORK VRPH 3,600 persons lived in the valley. From these rough data it is evident that a surplus of grain was produced, and it can be assumed that this surplus was traded by the population. According to modern data, in drought \HDUVWKHJUDLQKDUYHVWZRXOGGHFOLQHWRFDNJSHUGXQDPVXI¿FLHQWIRURQO\DERXWSHUVRQVDQG it can be assumed that in such years grain was procured from wetter climates in the center of the country. 7KH$UDELFQDPHRIWKHWHOO7HOOHO0LOত³+LOORI6DOW´ DSSDUHQWO\LQGLFDWHVDQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH SURGXFWLRQRIVDOWIURPWKH'HDG6HDDUHDDVZDV¿UVWVXJJHVWHGE\$5HLIHQEHUJ IROORZLQJDWRXU RIWKHDUHD³,Q:DGL0LOKZHLQYHVWLJDWHGDQH[SRVXUHLQDQDWWHPSWWRORFDWHVDOWEXWWKHUHVXOWVZHUH negative. We must say that neither in the police station nor among the Bedouin is anything known of the presence of salt (as was mentioned by Musil). They always replied that salt is found near Gebel Sodom. It 2 )RUH[DPSOHDWণRUYDW>8਌D6DGH DWণRUYDW4LWPLW.ROVND+RUZLW]DQG5DSKDHO  and 86.97% at >Aroer (Motro 2011: 268). 3 6$EX6LDPLQVWUXFWRUIRU¿HOGFURSVLQWKHVRXWKHUQVHFWRU0LQLVWU\RI$JULFXOWXUHSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ



CHAPTER 1: 1. T EL M $/ণ$7$: T HE SITE

)LJ$HULDOSKRWRRI7HO0DOতDWDORRNLQJHDVWSKRWRIURPWKH¿UVWH[SHGLWLRQ 

LVSRVVLEOHWKDW7HOOHO0LOতJRWLWVQDPH+LOORI6DOW EHFDXVHWKHWRZQORFDWHGWKHUHZDVWKHPDMRUWUDGLQJ FHQWHUIRUVDOWLPSRUWHGIURP*HEHO6RGRP´ 6DOWZDVSUREDEO\EURXJKWWR7HO0DOতDWDZKLFKZDV located on the main route, and from there distributed by camel caravans to destinations such as Egypt and the port of Gaza. This was substantiated by Bedouin elders with whom I spoke. 2QWKHQRUWKHUQEDQNRI:DGL0DOতDWDQHDUWKHWHOODVPDOOHUWHOOLVORFDWHGRQDORZÀDWULGJHNQRZQ DV³6PDOO7HO0DOতDWD´ZKLFKZDVRFFXSLHGPDLQO\LQWKH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGDQGWKH(DUO\%URQ]H$JH I–II. Two short excavation seasons were conducted there in 1980 by an expedition on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (now the Israel Antiquities Authority) and the Israel Museum, headed by R. Amiran (Amiran and Ilan 1993). Large Roman and Byzantine settlements are scattered over DQH[WHQVLYHDUHDWRWKHVRXWKDQGHDVWRI7HO0DOতDWDVRPHRIZKLFKKDYHEHHQH[FDYDWHGE\0*LFKRQ (1979), D. Nahliely and P. Fabian (in 1992, personal communication) and I. Eldar and Y. Baumgarten (1993), as rescue excavations on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SITE 7KHLGHQWLW\RI7HO0DOতDWDGXULQJWKHELEOLFDOSHULRGLVDWRSLFRIGLVSXWHDPRQJVFKRODUVDQGDQXPEHU RIVXJJHVWLRQVKDYHEHHQUDLVHG(5RELQVRQ 9*XpULQ±± )0$EHO (1938: 391–392), A. Kempinsky (in a letter to me) and N. Na’aman (2003) have suggested identifying it ZLWK0RODGDKRQHRIWKHFLWLHVRIWKHWULEHRI6LPHRQ-RVK,&KURQ DQG,DOVREHOLHYH WKLVWREHWKHFRUUHFWLGHQWL¿FDWLRQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQG)&UVHPDQ -*DUVWDQJ % 0D]DU± DQG=.DOODL LGHQWL¿HGWKHWHOOZLWKণRUPDK1XP'HXW 15

I TZHAQ BEIT-A RIEH

)LJ7HO0DOতDWDORRNLQJZHVWSKRWRIURPWKHVHFRQGH[SHGLWLRQ 

&KURQ Uza. Although the DVVHPEODJHVIURPWKHGLIIHUHQW+HOOHQLVWLFORFLDUHVFDQWDQG௅HDUO\VWFHQWXU\%&(GDWHLVSUREDEOH though most types represent continuation of 3rd century BCE (and sometimes earlier) pottery types. It is thus logical to assume that the site (whether a military or a civil settlement) functioned under Seleucid rule, DVVXJJHVWHGIRUণRUYDW>Uza (Fischer and Tal 2007: 335), though Ptolemaic domination cannot be excluded. The numismatic evidence may support a Seleucid occupation as well since the earliest coins found at the site belong to Antiochus IV and VII (see Chapter 16). Still, note should be taken that the Persian-period VHWWOHPHQWDVHYLGHQFHGE\WKH$UDPDLFRVWUDFRQ>&KDSWHU3DUW,,@WKHJROGHDUULQJ>&KDSWHU@DQG DQXPEHURIVKHUGV>HJ)LJV@ PD\KDYHH[LVWHGGXULQJHDUO\+HOOHQLVWLFODWHWK௅HDUO\ 3rd centuries BCE) times, as well. $OWKRXJKWKHVLWHODFNVVSHFL¿F+DVPRQHDQ¿QGVDQGHDUO\³-HZLVK´FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDIHZSRWWHU\W\SHV DQGHVSHFLDOO\(6$(DVWHUQ6LJLOODWD$ IRUPVGDWHGWRWKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKHVWFHQWXU\%&(VXJJHVWVRPH activity under the Hasmoneans. Two coins of John Hyrcanus (Chapter 16) provide additional evidence. Still, given the fact that the recovered ESA forms apparently began to appear in the late 2nd century BCE, and early Hasmonean coins may have been used by gentiles or remained in circulation in future generations, a 17

OREN TAL

+DVPRQHDQRFFXSDWLRQLVTXHVWLRQDEOH,I+DVPRQHDQRFFXSDWLRQLVH[FOXGHGWKHVLWHRI7HO0DOতDWDPD\ have been abandoned (as we have no evidence of destruction) in the days of John Hyrcanus (or Alexander Jannaeus). This would be due to the new political reality with the Seleucids outside this region, as was SUREDEO\WKHFDVHDW7HO%HHUVKHEDDQGণRUYDW>Uza.

ROMAN-BYZANTINE MALণ$7$௅675$780,1 According to the 1RWLWLD'LJQLWDWXP2ULHQWLV;;;,,'X[3DODHVWLQDH ³&RKRUV3ULPD)ODXLD 0ROHDWKD´ZKLFKLVJHQHUDOO\GDWHGWRFD±&(5RPDQ%\]DQWLQH 0DODWKDLVVDLGWRKDYHEHHQ a fort garrisoned by Cohors I Flavia. Earlier documentation on the Cohors I Flavia in the region is dated to ODWHVWFHQWXU\&(6\ULDDQGWRWKHWLPHRIWKH%DU.RNKED5HYROWLQ3DODHVWLQDFI5XVVHO௅  *LYHQ-RVHSKXV¶UHIHUHQFHWRDWRZHULQ0DODWKDRI,GXPHDʌ઄ȡȖȠȞਥȞȂĮ>Į@Ȝ੺șȠȚȢIJોȢૅǿįȠȣȝĮȓĮȢ LQ the days before Herod Agrippa I assumed the throne (Antiquities;9,,, DPLOLWDU\SUHVHQFHDWWKH VLWHLVKLVWRULFDOO\SODXVLEOHLQWKHV&(VHHKRZHYHU$SSOHEDXPQRWHZKRVXJJHVWHG that the tower protected an agricultural estate, hence proposing a rural rather than military presence). Malatha is mentioned in both Josephus and the 1RWLWLD'LJQLWDWXP2ULHQWLV and as such it played a role in the scholarly reconstruction of the assumed Flavian limes (as reference to a defensive alignment). This )ODYLDQOLPHVZDV¿UVWVXJJHVWHGE\$OW DQGODWHUDGYRFDWHGH[WHQVLYHO\E\*LFKRQHJ >ZLWKUHIHUHQFHVWRHDUOLHUVWXGLHV@VHHDOVR$SSOHEDXP EXWODUJHO\GLVPLVVHGE\RWKHUVHJ Avi-Yonah 1966; Bowersock 1976; Shatzman 1983; Isaac 1990; 1998). Subsequent historical sources refer to the site’s later, Late Roman and Byzantine occupation, though probably implying the civil (apparently Christian) settlement that encompassed the area to the south and east of the mound (see, however, Negev 1990, who suggested that the site was a military settlement based on the idea that all sites mentioned in 31HVVDQD 39 were military settlements; for the latter see below). This area was excavated quite intensively in the context of salvage excavations on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums, but only preliminary reports are available thus far (Gichon 1979; Eldar and Baumgarten 1993). Additional excavations by D. Nahliely and P. Fabian (in 1992) are yet to be published. It should be borne in mind that the civil settlement near the fortress most probably originated as a result of the fact that the soldiers of the Cohors I Flavia were OLPLWDQHL(cf. Isaac 1998 for the meaning). Given that they must have had civil activities and families, a civil settlement near the fortress would have suited the purpose. %DVHGRQUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHVLWHLQ(XVHELXV¶ODWHUG௅HDUO\WKFHQWXU\&(2QRPDVWLFRQ  1RWOH\DQG6DIUDL[LLL௅[LYIRUKLVWRULFDOUHIHUHQFHV SURYLGH0DODWKDZLWKWKHUROHRI ³DFHQWUDOVHWWOHPHQWDQGDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFDSLWDO´SUREDEO\RILQWHUQDO'DURPD>ਧıȦǻĮȡȦȝઽ@ LQDVPXFK as neighboring Arad and Jattir are described in terms of their distance from Malatha. A more critical reading of Notley and Safrai’s references, however, raises doubts about their conjecture. In two places Eusebius LQIHUVWKDW-DWWLU,DWKLU LVQHDU0DODWKDDQG ZKLOHHOVHZKHUH KHFODLPVWKHGLVWDQFH from Arad to Malatha is four miles, and from Hebron to Malatha 20 miles. Hence one can guess whether Malatha was the capital of interior Daroma, or Hebron, or neither. Malatha is not referred to as a city in any of the historical sources and the only known capital of Daroma was Eleutheropolis. It is more probable that Eusebius used Malatha as a point of reference for Arad and Jattir, because it was on the main road that OHGWRWKHVHVLWHV3URFRSLXV*D]DHXVFD௅&( ZKREDVLFDOO\TXRWHV(XVHELXV LQUHJDUGWR 1

18

I am indebted to L. Di Segni for her valuable comments on this section.

CHAPTER 1: 2. T HE H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE SETTLEMENTS

Malatha having been a village located four miles from Arad and 20 miles from Hebron (Iudices 5: 19 [J.-P. Migne, 3DWURORJLDHFXUVXVFRPSOHWXV6HULHVJUDHFDFRO @ OHQGVXSSRUWWRRXUFRQFOXVLRQ 7KHVH¿JXUHVDUHLQGHHGFORVHWRWKHDFWXDOGLVWDQFHEXWSURYLGHQRDGGLWLRQDOUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQ Other documentation of the later Byzantine period provides us with additional information: 31HVVDQD 39 (Kraemer 1958), supposedly dated to the mid-6th century CE, relates to an account of allotments by YLOODJHVLQWKHDUHDRI1HVVDQDOLQHV DQGPHQWLRQVȂĮȜĮ઼șĮLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWD[HV" WREHSDLGLQ solidi; and among the nine settlements mentioned therein Malatha’s debt is the smallest, which may suggest that Malatha was less wealthy, or possibly had a smaller population of tax-payers than the other settlements. On the inscription on a fragment of marble (part of a chancel screen?) said to have come from Khirbet .DUNXUVXSSRVHGO\GDWHGWRWKHWKFHQWXU\&(WKHZRUGVʌȡİı@ȕȣIJİȡ ȂĮȜȐșȦȞ FDQEHUHVWRUHG 1DPHO\SULHVWRI0DODWKDFI)LJXHUDV1R ZKLFKPD\LPSO\D&KULVWLDQFRPPXQLW\DQGD church at the site. A similar conclusion may be reached from the fragmented marble inscription discovered at the site of Malatha (Chapter 18.3). The architectural remains discovered during a survey at the site before the commencement of excavations have documented a rectangular enclosure of some 70 × 50 m of the open courtyard type, encompassing the top of the Middle Bronze and Iron Age mound. The plan of the then visible remains VXJJHVWVDWOHDVWWKUHHFDVHPDWHVDORQJWKHQRUWKHUQZDOOVL[DORQJWKHZHVWHUQZDOO¿YHDORQJWKH VRXWKHUQZDOODQGWZRODWLWXGLQDOVSDFHVWKDWÀDQNHGWKHHDVWHUQZDOO([FDYDWLRQVXQHDUWKHGWKHUHPDLQV of an additional two casemates in each of following areas: Area B and Section W (in the north) and Area C (in the west). Given their state of preservation none of the casemates of the fortress can be LGHQWL¿HGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUIXQFWLRQ7KHIXQFWLRQRIWKHIHZLQVWDOODWLRQVGLVFRYHUHGZLWKLQWKHVH casemates is also unclear. The architectural remains in both Areas B and C point to the existence of two Roman (and Byzantine) phases: Stratum IB and IA. There is also evidence of an appended structure/ LQVWDOODWLRQSRVVLEO\5RPDQJLYHQLWVHOHYDWLRQDQGVFDWWHUHG¿QGLQJV RXWVLGHWKHIRUWUHVVLQ$UHD* but its function, too, is unclear. In terms of pottery, the relatively scant assemblages may point to two periods of use: Early to Middle 5RPDQVWDQGQGWRHDUO\UGFHQWXULHV&( DQG/DWH5RPDQWR(DUO\%\]DQWLQHWKDQGWKFHQWXULHV &( 7KLVGLYLVLRQLVDOVRDWWHVWHGLQWKHJODVV¿QGVUHFRYHUHGDOWKRXJKVRPHRIWKH¿QGVFDQEHGDWHGWRWKH Late Byzantine period but are known to have been used as early as the Early Byzantine period. In terms of QXPLVPDWLF¿QGVWKHQRQ+HOOHQLVWLF+DVPRQHDQFRLQVFDQEHGLYLGHGEHWZHHQFRLQVRIWKHUGFHQWXU\ &(DQGFRLQVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\+RZHYHURIWKHODWWHUJURXSDUHZRUQDQGLGHQWL¿HGEDVHGRQWKHLU ÀDQDQGIDEULF" DVDUHIRXUFRLQVDWWULEXWHGWRWKHWKFHQWXU\&(&KDSWHU 6LQFHQRGHVWUXFWLRQOHYHO was discerned in the phases of Roman occupation, we can suggest that the site was abandoned some time GXULQJWKHHDUO\UGFHQWXU\&(EDVHGRQWKHSRWWHU\JODVVDQGQXPLVPDWLF¿QGV$EDQGRQPHQWLQWKH HDUO\UGFHQWXU\&(ZDVDOVRVXJJHVWHGDWণRUYDW>Uza (Fischer and Tal 2007: 336), though in the case RIWKHPRXQGRI0DODWKDWKHVLWHZDVUHRFFXSLHGSUREDEO\LQWKHODWHUG௅HDUO\WKFHQWXU\&(DQGEDVHG on the relatively scant pottery evidence we cannot exclude continuation in the occupation of the mound IURPWKHUGWRWKHWKFHQWXU\&(DOWRJHWKHU7KHGDWHRIWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHFLYLOVHWWOHPHQWWRWKHHDVW DQGVRXWKRIWKHPRXQGPXVWDZDLW¿QDOSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHH[FDYDWLRQUHSRUWVVHHDERYH  $VWRWKHGLIIHUHQWSKDVHVRIWKH5RPDQIRUWUHVVWKHODFNRIVXI¿FLHQWGDWDEOHSRWWHU\SUHYHQWVXVIURP VSHFLI\LQJDPRUHH[DFWGDWLQJZLWKLQWKHSHULRG7KHJHQHUDOLPSUHVVLRQIURPWKH¿QGVKRZHYHULVWKDW WKHODWHU³XSSHU´ 5RPDQSKDVHLQERWK$UHDV%DQG&LVGDWDEOHWRWKHWKDQGWKFHQWXULHV&((YHQ 19

OREN TAL

though the excavation of the casemates was limited and the outer walls of the Roman fortress show no EXLOGLQJDOWHUDWLRQVWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIDODWHUÀRRUVHHPVWREHDGDSWHGWRIXQFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQUHODWHGWR an overall (new) inner plan. In places where the façade of the Roman fortress was unearthed (e.g., Area C; Chapter 2: Fig. 2.26), the building technique was based on the use of stones of various dimensions roughly hewn to a rectangular shape, and laid in leveled courses straightened by the addition of smaller (sometimes FKLSSHG ¿HOGVWRQHV7KLVWHFKQLTXHLVFRPPRQLQWKHUHJLRQDQGLVDWWHVWHGLQWKH(DUO\5RPDQRI¿FLQD at >(Q%RTHT)LVFKHU*LFKRQDQG7DOZLWKIXUWKHUUHIHUHQFHV 7KLVIDoDGHFD௅PWKLFN  ZDVSODFHGRQDZLGHIRXQGDWLRQ&KDSWHU)LJ ZKLFKLVDOVRNQRZQLQ5RPDQEXLOGLQJWHFKQLTXH The Roman fortress of Malatha was one of a chain of fortresses constructed at Bronze and especially Iron Age sites in the Beer-sheba and Arad Valleys. Its history to some extent resembles that of its counterparts WRWKHHDVWQRUWKDQGZHVWQDPHO\ণRUYDW>Uza, Arad and Tel Beer-sheba (Fischer and Tal 2007; Aharoni ௅+HU]RJ௅UHVSHFWLYHO\ WKRXJKODWHUUHPDLQVRIWKHODWWHUWZRDUHDV\HW unpublished.2 In Roman times these fortresses were all planned along the same lines: a central courtyard type building with rooms along its sides. This is a plan that was common in much earlier periods in the country. The fortress of Malatha was situated on what is assumed to have been the crossroads of two major GHVHUWURXWHV5ROO WKHRQHWUDYHOLQJORQJLWXGLQDOO\IURPQRUWKWRVRXWKDQGWKHRWKHUWUDQVYHUVLQJ IURPZHVWWRHDVWDFURVVWKH$UDG9DOOH\7KHQRUWK௅VRXWKURXWHFRQQHFWHG$LODYLD0DPSVLVDQG0DODWKDWR $HOLD+LHURVRO\PD-HUXVDOHP 7KHHDVW௅ZHVWURXWHFRQQHFWHGWKH>En Boqeq oasis (located on the western shore of the Dead Sea) via Malatha and Beer-sheba to the ports of Gaza (Maiumas/Anthedon). Gaza served as one of the main outlets for the major consumption centers of the eastern Mediterranean (Figueras 2000: ௅ 7KHURXWHVXSRQZKLFK0DODWKDZDVORFDWHGZHUHQRWRQO\XVHGIRUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHLQWHUDFWLRQEXW also for the transport of luxury goods from southern Arabia and even beyond. The fortress and its occupants SUREDEO\VHUYHGODZHQIRUFHPHQWIXQFWLRQVVXFKDV¿HOGVHFXULW\DQGDWWULWLRQLQVSHFWLRQDQGWD[DWLRQRI JRRGV7KH\PD\KDYHVRPHWLPHVHVFRUWHGWD[UHYHQXHVSDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHLUDUHDV,QGLI¿FXOWWLPHVWKLV regulatory force undoubtedly even collected taxes from local villagers, although in Roman times it was WKHPDLQ FLW\ERXOpWKDWVXSHUYLVHGWKHFROOHFWLRQRIWD[HVIURPWKHYDULRXVYLOODJHVZKLOHLQ%\]DQWLQH times taxes were collected by the civil governor rather than the dux. A Roman (and possibly earlier) route that ascended from the western shores of the Dead Sea to Malatha YLDণRUYDW>Uza), probably served for the transportation of goods produced in the Dead Sea area (see *LFKRQHVS௅ 7KH$UDELFQDPHRIWKHVLWH7HOOHO0LOত³+LOORIWKH6DOW´ PD\LQGLFDWHWKH site’s role (in the recent or ancient past) in the transportation (and possibly trade or production [i.e., drying DQGSDFNDJLQJ@ RIVDOWIURPWKH'HDG6HDDUHDFI5HLIHQEHUJ ,QDQ\FDVHWKH5RPDQIRUWUHVVHV ZHUHE\QRPHDQVUHODWHGWRD³IURQWLHU´RU³GHIHQGHGERUGHU´DOLJQPHQWEXWUDWKHUWRURXWHVWDWLRQVLQWKH route system of southern Palestine, developed in Hellenistic times under the Seleucid (and/or Ptolemaic) 2

20

The so-called Herodian fortress of >$URHU7VDIULU'L6HJQLDQG*UHHQVY>Aro>HU>S@ ORFDWHGVRPHNPWR the southwest of Malatha (somewhat off the AilaAelia/Hierosolyma desert route) should be omitted from this context. Although it exhibits a similar trend in its settlement history, Early Roman >Aroer basically was a planned civilian, rural VHWWOHPHQW ZLWK D VPDOO IRUWL¿HG FRPSOH[ WRZHU  *LYHQ WKH UHFHQW DQDO\VLV RI LWV ¿QGV FI7D[HO  ± ± RQHPD\FRQFOXGHLWZDVLQKDELWHGE\-HZVDQGDWWLPHVPD\KDYHKDGPLOLWDU\PHQPDQQLQJWKHWRZHURQ behalf of either the Jewish kings or the Roman prefects. Some reference may be given to Tel >,UDORFDWHGVRPHNPWR the northwest of Malatha (off the AilaAelia/Hierosolyma desert route). The classical period site, which also shows a similar trend in its settlement history (that is, built upon Iron Age strongholds), had, like >Aroer, some sort of a civilian (rural) activity in the Hellenistic period, which seemed to continue to a lesser extent in Early Roman times, while in Byzantine times it had a monastic complex (cf. Beit-Arieh 1999).

CHAPTER 1: 2. T HE H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE SETTLEMENTS

UXOHDQGLQWHJUDWHGLQ5RPDQWLPHVLQWKHHODERUDWH³OLPHV´URDGV\VWHPRIWKHSURYLQFHDVRFFXUUHGLQ RWKHUVDVZHOO FI,VDDFHVS௅  It is well-known that in the days of Diocletian and Constantine, administrative reforms were made in the provincial administration of Palaestina. This may have affected the road network of southern Palestine. ,WVHHPVWKDWLQWKHODWHUGDQGWKHWKFHQWXULHV&(IRUWVZHUHEXLOWDORQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQURXWHVIRU SROLFLQJSXUSRVHV,VDDF௅DQGHVS௅ ,QDOOSUREDELOLW\EDVHGRQZKDWZDVIRXQG DWWKHIRUWUHVVDW0DODWKDLWZDVUHQRYDWHGRULQXVH GXULQJWKHODWHUGDQGWKHWKFHQWXULHV&(ZKLOH GXULQJWKDWVDPHSHULRGণRUYDW>Uza ceased to exist. The logical assumption would be that the section of WKHURDGWKDWDVFHQGHGIURPWKHZHVWHUQVKRUHVRIWKH'HDG6HDWRZDUGV0DODWKDDQGRQZKLFKণRUYDW>Uza was located (or which it oversaw), was either no longer needed or alternatively was now being maintained by the forces stationed at Malatha. ,WVKRXOGEHERUQHLQPLQGWKDWWKH%HGRXLQJUDYHVWKDWRFFXSLHGWKHPRXQGDW0DOতDWDFDXVHGDJUHDW deal of damage to the stratigraphic condition of the Byzantine, Roman and Hellenistic occupation layers (Strata II and I). Most loci were disturbed. Our historical reconstruction is therefore based on a limited DPRXQWRIPDWHULDOHYLGHQFH6WLOORXULQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH¿QGLQJVSURYLGHVDVFHQDULRWKDWDFFRUGVZLWK the regional picture at the time of settlement.

REFERENCES Abel, F.M. 1938. *HRJUDSKLHGHOD3DOHVWLQH II. Paris. Aharoni, M. 1993. The Israelite Citadels. The 1HZ(QF\FORSHGLDRI$UFKDHRORJLFDO([FDYDWLRQVLQWKH+RO\ Land9RO௅ Aharoni, Y. 1967. 7KH/DQGRIWKH%LEOH$+LVWRULFDO*HRJUDSK\. London. Alt, A. 1930. ‘Limes Palaestinae.’ Palästinajahrbuch௅ $PLUDQ5DQG,ODQ20DOতDWD7HO6PDOO 7KH1HZ(QF\FORSHGLDRI$UFKDHRORJLFDO([FDYDWLRQVLQ WKH+RO\/DQG, Vol. 3. Jerusalem: 937–939. Applebaum, S. 1962. The Initial Date of the Limes Palaestinae. Zion௅+HEUHZ(QJOLVKVXPPDU\S,  Applebaum, S. 1967. The Agrarian Question and the Revolt of Bar Kokhba. Eretz-Israel௅+HEUHZ English summary p. 77*). Avi-Yonah, M. 1966. 7KH+RO\/DQGIURPWKH3HUVLDQWRWKH$UDE&RQTXHVW%&±$' . Grand Rapids. $YL,UD $ 6WURQJKROG LQ WKH %LEOLFDO 1HJHY (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 15). Tel Aviv. Beit-Arieh, I. 2003. 0DSRI7HO0DO‫ۊ‬DWD $UFKDHRORJLFDO6XUYH\RI,VUDHO. Jerusalem. Beit-Arieh, I. 2011. 0DSVRI1D‫ۊ‬DO4LQDK DQG1D‫ۊ‬DO‫ۉ‬HPDU $UFKDHRORJLFDO6XUYH\RI,VUDHO. ,QWHUQHWHGLWLRQKWWSZZZDQWLTXLWLHVRUJLOPRGXOHVBHQJDVS"0RGXOHBLG  Bowersock, G. 1976. ‘Limes Arabicus.’ +DUYDUG6WXGLHVLQ&ODVVLFDO3KLORORJ\௅ Broshi, M. 2001. Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls (Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement 6HULHV 6KHI¿HOG &UVHPDQ)hEHUOHJXQJHQ]XU,GHQWL¿NDWLRQGHU+LUEHWHO0ãDã7HO0DVRV =HLWVFKULIWGHV'HXWVFKHQ Palästina-Vereins±(OGDU,DQG%DXPJDUWHQ,UD$6WURQJKROGLQWKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY 0RQRJUDSK6HULHVRIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\RI7HO$YLY8QLYHUVLW\ 7HO$YLY± (OGDU,DQG%DXPJDUWHQ(Q%RTHT([FDYDWLRQVLQDQ2DVLVRQWKH'HDG6HD9ROXPH,,7KH2I¿FLQD±$Q(DUO\5RPDQ %XLOGLQJRQWKH'HDG6HD6KRUH0DLQ]௅ Fischer, M. and Tal, O. 2007. Historical Overview. II. The Hellenistic and Roman Periods. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW>8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQWKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY (Monograph Series of the ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\RI7HO$YLY8QLYHUVLW\ 7HO$YLY௅ Garstang, J. 1931. -RVKXD࣓-XGJHV. London. *LFKRQ 0  7KH 0LOLWDU\ 6LJQL¿FDQFH RI &HUWDLQ$VSHFWV RI WKH /LPHV 3DODHVWLQDH 5RPDQ )URQWLHU Studies௅ Gichon, M. 1975. The Sites of the /LPHV in the Negev. Eretz-Israel௅+HEUHZ(QJOLVKVXPPDU\ SS ௅  *LFKRQ 0  0DOতDWD 7KH 5RPDQ±%\]DQWLQH 6LWH  +DGDVKRW $UNKHRORJL\RW ௅ ௅ (Hebrew). Gichon, M. 2000. Industry. In: Fischer, M., Gichon, M. and Tal, O. >(Q%RTHT([FDYDWLRQVLQDQ2DVLV RQWKH'HDG6HD9ROXPH,,7KH2I¿FLQD࣓$Q(DUO\5RPDQ%XLOGLQJRQWKH'HDG6HD6KRUH. Mainz: ௅ Govrin, Y. 1991. 0DSRI1D‫ۊ‬DO8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQWKH %LEOLFDO1HJHY (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv: 289–297. Shatzman, I. 1983. The Beginning of the Roman Defensive System in Judea. $PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI$QFLHQW +LVWRU\8: 130–160. Shiloh, Y. 1981. The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of Urban Plans, Areas and Population Density. Eretz-Israel±+HEUHZ  Taxel, I. 2011. Between Judaea and Nabataea: A Historical, Archaeological and Socio-Economic Interpretation of Hellenistic and Early Roman >Aroer. In: Thareani, Y. Tel >$URHU7KH,URQ$JH,,&DUDYDQ7RZQDQGWKH +HOOHQLVWLF(DUO\5RPDQ6HWWOHPHQW-HUXVDOHP௅ 7VDIULU,UD.OHWWHU)LJ±  16. BODY SHERD WITH UNCLEAR DESIGN OR LETTERS BORDERED BY ENGRAVED LINE 5HJ1RHDVWHUQVORSHVXUIDFH)LJ VKHUGRIDMXJ"  Parallels5DPDW5DতHO)UHXG)LJ±  17. RIM FRAGMENTS WITH INDISTINCT INCISIONS /RFXV$UHD$6WUDWXP,,,$)LJ FURVVHGOLQHVRQRXWHUULPRIERZO7\SH%LQFLVHG EHIRUH¿ULQJ /RFXV$UHD$6WUDWXP,,,$)LJV XQFOHDUGHVLJQRQWKHRXWHUULPRIERZO7\SH% 

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

18. VARIA /RFXV$UHD$6WUDWXP,,,$)LJ WKUHHOLQHVRQDGHFDQWHUVKRXOGHULQFLVHGEHIRUH¿ULQJ /RFXV$UHD+6WUDWXP,,,$)LJ WKUHHOLQHVRQWKHULPRIMDU7\SH6-LQFLVHGDIWHU¿ULQJ



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)RXUURVHWWHVWDPSHGKDQGOHVZHUHUHFRYHUHGDW7HO0DOতDWDWKUHHRIWKHPZLWKLQWKH6WUDWXP,,,$ destruction layer. Two complete jars bearing these stamp impressions were found together with a typical FHUDPLFUHSHUWRLUHRIWKHODWH,URQ$JHVHH&KDSWHU 7KHIROORZLQJGLVFXVVLRQLVEDVHGRQ&DKLOO¶V  W\SRORJLFDOFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHURVHWWHVWDPSV

TYPOLOGY CLASS I These impressions consist of rosettes with tear-shaped petals that are individually fashioned of two components: an inner core forming the body of the petals and a surrounding outer frame. The inner core has sloping sides and sharp spines; the outer frames are narrow ridges. The frames are the most characteristic feature of the Class ,LPSUHVVLRQVDQGIRXUW\SHVRIURVHWWHPRWLIVDUHGLVWLQJXLVKDEOHWZRRIZKLFKZHUHIRXQGDW7HO0DOতDWD Type IA with eight petals (Subtype IA8) and Type IC with eight petals (Subtype IC8; Cahill 1995: 231). TYPE IA Type IA is characterized by the petals’ shared outlines that meet the central dot at their pointed ends. Type IA can be further divided into four subtypes with 5, 8, 12 and 16 petals. The stamped handle from Tel 0DOতDWDLVRI6XEW\SH,$ Stamped handle No. 1 5HJ1R /RFXV6WUDWXP,,,$)LJV  'LPHQVLRQV5RVHWWHGLDPHWHUFPSHWDOOHQJWKFPSHWDOZLGWKFPGLDPHWHURIFHQWUDOGRW 0.2 cm; stamp diameter: 1.7 cm. 'HVFULSWLRQ: A clear impression, all eight petals easily discernible. Impressed on a complete storage jar. &RPSDUDQGD: Impressions of Subtype IA8 appear on thirty-three additional handles: 12 from Jerusalem 7XVKLQJKDP)LJ&DKLOO VL[IURP7HO%DWDVK&DKLOO  IRXUIURP5DPDW5DতHO.RFKIRUWKFRPLQJDE WZRHDFKIURP.KLUEHW7XEHLTD6HOOHUV )LJ $]HNDK%OLVVDQG0DFDOLVWHU3O1RV]] $UDG&DKLOO.RFKIRUWK FRPLQJF DQG0R਌D%UDQGO*UHHQKXWDQG9DLQVWXE)LJ DQGVLQJOHKDQGOHV IURP6KHSKHODK6LWH1R±'DJDQ HO-LE*LEHRQ3ULWFKDUG)LJ 7HOO HQ1DৢEHK=RUQ)LJ 7HOOHৢৡƗ¿&DKLOO 7HO>(UDQL&DKLOO DQG Azekah (2010 survey at the site; Shatil Emmanuilov, pers. comm.). An additional handle of unknown SURYHQDQFHLVVWRUHGLQWKH5RFNHIHOOHU0XVHXP1R3$0  TYPE IC Type IC is characterized by individually outlined petals; both the petals and their frames meet the central dot. Type ,&LVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHVXEW\SHVZLWKDQGSHWDOV7KHVWDPSHGKDQGOHVIURP7HO0DOতDWDDUHRI6XEW\SH,&



I DO KOCH

Stamped handle No. 2 5HJ1R/RFXVSUREDEOH6WUDWXP,,,GHEULVEHORZ5RPDQVWUXFWXUH)LJV 'LPHQVLRQV5RVHWWHGLDPHWHUFPSHWDOOHQJWKFPSHWDOZLGWKFPGLDPHWHURIFHQWUDOGRW FPVWDPSGLDPHWHUFP 'HVFULSWLRQ: A clear impression slightly eroded at the bottom. All eight petals are discernible, while the inner dot is faint. Stamped handle No. 3 5HJ1R/RFXV6WUDWXP,,,$)LJV 'LPHQVLRQV5RVHWWHGLDPHWHUFPSHWDOOHQJWKFPSHWDOZLGWKFPGLDPHWHURIFHQWUDOGRW FPVWDPSGLDPHWHUFP 'HVFULSWLRQ: A clear impression, slightly eroded at the bottom. All eight petals are discernible, while the inner dot is faint. Identical to impression No. 2. &RPSDUDQGD ,PSUHVVLRQV RI 6XEW\SH ,& DSSHDU RQ DGGLWLRQDO KDQGOHV IURP 5DPDW 5DতHO .RFK forthcoming a, b). CLASS III Class III is characterized by short petals that end before reaching the central dot. The petals are variously shaped, sloping down towards the central dot. TYPE IIIA Type IIIA is characterized by short, lozenge or tear-shaped petals separated from a small central dot by a broad furrow. It is divided into four subtypes with 8, 10, 12 and 16 petals. The stamped handle from Tel 0DOতDWDLVRI6XEW\SH,,,$ 6WDPSHGKDQGOH1R 5HJ1R/RFXV6WUDWXP,,,$)LJV  'LPHQVLRQV5RVHWWHGLDPHWHUFPSHWDOOHQJWKFPSHWDOZLGWKFPGLDPHWHURIFHQWUDOGRW 0.2 cm; stamp diameter: 1.6 cm. 'HVFULSWLRQ: A clear impression, all twelve petals are easily discernible. Impressed on a complete storage jar. &RPSDUDQGD: Impressions of Subtype IIIA12 appear on 18 additional handles: ten from Jerusalem 1DGHOPDQ3KRWR&DKLOO IRXUIURP5DPDW5DতHO (Koch forthcoming a, b), two from >(Q*HGL&DKLOO6WHUQ3O DQGDVLQJOH KDQGOHIURP$]HNDK%OLVVDQG0DFDOLVWHU3O1R] 

DISCUSSION Throughout Judah, 230 Rosette stamp impressions are known from excavations and archaeological surveys. 7KHURVHWWHLPSUHVVLRQVZHUHVWDPSHGRQUR\DOMDUKDQGOHVUHÀHFWLQJWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDQGHFRQRP\RI WKH.LQJGRPRI-XGDKLQWKHODWHWKDQGHDUO\WKFHQWXULHV%&(&DKLOO.RFK± Koch and Lipschits 2010; 2013), and they comprise a continuation of the OPONand the concentric-circle systems (Lipschits, Sergi and Koch 2010; 2011). 

CHAPTER 4: A PPENDIX 4.3: ROSETTE -STAMPED H ANDLES

7KHWUDGLWLRQDOW\SRORJLFDOFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHURVHWWHVWDPSV&DKLOO± ZDVXSGDWHGE\ the author (Koch 2008; Koch and Lipschits 2010; 2013). It reveals that the rosette-stamped handle system LVPDGHXSRIIRXUPDLQFODVVHVZKLFKDUHGLYLGHGLQWRW\SHVDQGVXEW\SHV1 (stamped by 28 different stamps according to their style, number of petals and the measurements of their elements). Two of the IRXUVWDPSHGKDQGOHVIURP7HO0DOতDWD1RVDQG EHORQJWRWKHWZRPRVWFRPPRQVXEW\SHVDERYH  Although it is impossible to divide the system chronologically, it can be suggested that since stamped handle No. 1 (of the common Subtype IA8) is identical to two stamped handles from Arad Stratum VI (above), it PD\EHWKDWWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIVXSSOLHVIURPWKH-XGDKLWHKHDUWODQGWR7HO0DOতDWDZDVFRQWHPSRUDU\ZLWK that to Arad. This stands in contrast to the corpus from nearby Tel >Ira, where the four stamped handles are of different subtypes (see Cahill 1999), possibly hinting at a different date of distribution.

1

The updated typology by Koch (2008: 27–29, 32–33; Koch and Lipschits 2013) excluded Cahill’s (1995) Types IID, IIIC and VB, which have no stratigraphic or iconographic similarity to the other types of the rosette-stamped handles. Cahill’s Type VA was also excluded as it is dated to the Persian period.



POTTERY PLATES OF STRATA V–III Liora Freud

AREA A ),*85(3277(5, testify to the local reception of the cult and its iconography in southern Palestine (Keel and Uehlinger 1992: 339–340). Our seal reveals a further local manipulation of the iconographic components, omitting the crescent emblem and the ma>at feather. 6. IMPRESSED JAR HANDLE Reg. No. 4096/1, Locus 1568 (Final Locus 1565), Area H (Fig. 6.6) 7KLVLPSUHVVLRQFRPSULVHVDVLQJOHOLQHERUGHUDURXQGDQHQWKURQHGKXPDQ¿JXUHDSSURDFKHGE\DQRWKHU KXPDQ¿JXUHZLWKRQHDUPKDQJLQJDORQJVLGHWKHERG\%HWZHHQWKHWZR¿JXUHVLVDOLQH²DVWDIIRUVFHSWHU" 7KHVWLFNOLNH¿JXUHVDUHVLPLODULQVW\OHWRWKRVHRQ-XGHDQVHDOVRI,URQ$JH,,.HHO/HX± IRUDVHDWHG¿JXUHDSSURDFKHGE\DQRWKHU¿JXUHVHH.HHO%HW6KHDQ1R  7. CLAY BULLA Reg. No. 1506/1, Locus 1024, Area F (Fig. 6.7) A clay bulla with a smooth back, no traces of the object to which it was attached, no hole for tying a string. :LWKLQDVLQJOHOLQHRYDOIUDPHDVFKHPDWLFKXPDQ¿JXUHVWDQGVLQIURQWDOYLHZZLWKKDQGVRQWKHZDLVW 7KHSRVWXUHUHFDOOVWKDWRI%HVWKRXJKWKH¿JXUHLVQRWVTXDWWLQJ:LOVRQ  8. LIMESTONE SEAL Reg. No. 2232/50, Locus 81K, Section W (Fig. 6.8) Conoid limestone seal with large suspension perforation. Apparently the seal had two stamping faces, the smaller one of which is not preserved. Schematically engraved, the design of the base consists of a crude, linear, horned quadruped, a crescent moon above and a wedge below (for the composition of crescent above quadruped, see WSS: No. 962 [Aramaic, from the antiquities market]). 9. FAIENCE SCARABOID Reg. No. 1859/50, Locus 249, Area A (Fig. 6.9: 1) Scaraboid seal of greenish-turquoise faience, very worn. The letter‫ۊ‬HW can be discerned in the otherwise unclear design, indicating that the seal was originally inscribed. 10. FAIENCE SCARABOID Reg. No. 138/50, Locus 226, Area A (Fig. 6.9: 2) Greenish-turquoise faience scaraboid-shaped seal, similar to No. 9, but plain without any inscription.

519

I RIT Z IFFER

Fig. 6.5: Faience cylinder seal.

0

5 cm

Fig. 6.6: Impressed jar handle.

Fig. 6.7: Clay bulla.

Fig. 6.9: Faience scaraboids: 1) No. 9; 2) No. 10.

520

Fig. 6.8: Limestone seal.

CHAPTER 6: I RON AGE STAMP SEALS, A C YLINDER SEAL AND I MPRESSIONS

REFERENCES Aharoni, M. 1996. Iron Age Cylinder Seal. Israel Exploration Journal 46: 52–54. Akkermans, P.M.M.G. and Schwartz, G.M. 2003. The Archaeology of Syria. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000–300 BC). Cambridge. Álvarez-Mon, J. 2008. “Give to Drink, O Cupbearer!” The Arjan Beaker in the Context of Lion Headed Drinking Vessels in the Ancient Near East. Iranica Antiqua 43: 127–152. Avigad, N., Heltzer, M. and Lemaire, A. 2000. West-Semitic Seals Eighth–Sixth Centuries (The Reuben and Edith Hecht Museum Collection B). Haifa. Balensi, J. 1986. “Cruchette à tête de femme.” In: La Voie Royale. 9000 ans d’art au royaume de Jordanie (Exhibition Catalogue of the Musée du Luxembourg). Paris: 74–75. Beck, P. 1995. Catalogue of Cult Objects and Study of the Iconography. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW4LWPLW An Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 11). Tel Aviv: 27–197. Biran, A. and Cohen, R. 1981. Aroer in the Negev. Eretz-Israel 15: 250–273 (Hebrew with English summary p. 84*). Birot, M. 1974. Lettres de Yaqim-Addu gouverneur de Sagarâtum (Archives royales de Mari 14). Paris. Bodenheimer, F.S. 1960. Animal and Man in Bible Lands. Leiden. Boehmer, R.M. 1965. Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad Zeit. Berlin. &DXEHW$  /HV RHXIV G¶DXWUXFKH DX SURFKH RULHQW DQFLHQW Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus: 193–198. &KáRGQLFNL0DQG&LDáRZLF].0*ROGHQ)LJXUHVIURP7HOOHO)DUNKDStudies in Ancient Art and Civilization 10: 1–15. &LDáRZLF].0Les palettes égyptiennes aux motifs zoomorphes et sans decoration. Études de l’art prédynastique. Cracow. &LDáRZLF].0*D]HOOHVDQG2VWULFKHVIURP7HOOHO)DUNKDStudies in Ancient Art and Civilization 12: 21–34. &LDáRZLF].0The Early Dynastic Administrative-Cultic Centre at Tell el-Farkha (The British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 13). London: 83–123. Clason, A.T. 1989–1990. The Bouqras Bird Frieze. Anatolica 16: 209–213. Collon, D. 1998. First Catch Your Ostrich. Iranica Antiqua 33: 25–42. Conwell, D. 1987. On Ostrich Eggs and Libyans. Expedition 29: 25–34. Edwards, I.E.S. 1972. Treasures of Tutankhamun: British Museum Exhibition Catalogue. London. Eggler, J. and Keel, O. 2006. Corpus der Siegel-Amulette aus Jordanien. Vom Neolithikum bis zur Perserzeit (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 25). Freiburg and Göttingen. )LQHW$  ³/¶RHXI G¶DXWUXFKH´ ,Q 4XDHJHEHXU - HG Studia Paolo Naster 2 (Orientalia Antiqua 2). Leuven: 69–77. Hansen, D. 1998. Art of the Royal Tombs of Ur. A Brief Interpretation. In: Zettler, R.L. and Horne, L., eds. Treasures from the Royal Tombs of Ur. Philadelphia. Hasson, N. 2012. Megiddo Dig Unearths Cache of Buried Canaanite Treasure. http://www.haaretz.com/news/ national/megiddo-dig-unearths-cache-of-buried-canaanite-treasure.premium-1.431797 Herles, M. 2007. Der Vogel Strauss in den Kulturen Altvorderasiens. Mitteilungen der Deutschen OrientGesellschaft 139: 173–211.

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Herles, M. 2009. Nachtrag zum Vogel Strauß unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kudurrus SB 25. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 141: 97–115. Holloway, S.W. 1995. Harran: Cultic Geography in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Its Implications for 6HQQDFKHULE¶Vµ/HWWHUWR+H]HNLDK¶LQ.LQJV,Q+ROORZD\6:DQG+DQG\/.HGVThe Pitcher Is Broken. Memorial Essays for Gösta W. Ahlström (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement 6HULHV 6KHI¿HOG Houlihan, P.F. 1996. The Animal World of the Pharaohs. London: 276–314. Kantor, H. 1948. A Predynastic Ostrich Egg with Incised Decoration. Journal of Near Eastern Studies: 46–51. Keel, O. 1978. Jahwehs Entgegnung an Ijob. Göttingen. Keel, O. 1980. Das Böckling in der Milch seiner Mutter (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 33). Freiburg and Göttingen. Keel, O. 1994. Das Mondemblem von Harran auf Stelen und Siegelamuletten. Studien zu den Stempelsiegeln aus Palästina/Israel IV (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 135). Freiburg and Göttingen: 135–198. Keel, O. 1997. Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina Israel Katalog I (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 13). Freiburg and Göttingen. Keel, O. 2004. Section C: Scarabs, Stamp Seal-Amulets and Impressions. In: Ussishkin, D. The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 22). Tel Aviv: 1537–1771. Keel, O. 2010. Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina Israel Katalog II (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 29). Freiburg and Göttingen. Keel, O. and Mazar, A. 2009. Iron Age Seals and Seal Impressions from Tel Rehov. Eretz-Israel 29: 57*–69*. Keel, O. Shuval, M. and Uehlinger, C. 1990. Studien zu den Stempelsiegeln aus Palästina/Israel III: Die Frühe Eisenzeit. Ein Workshop (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 100). Freiburg and Göttingen. Keel, O. and Uehlinger, C. 1992. Göttinnen, Götter und Gottessymbole. Freiburg, Basel, Vienna. Keel-Leu, H. 1991. Vorderasiatische Stempelsiegel. Die Sammlung des Biblischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg Schweiz (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 110). Freiburg and Göttingen. Kertesz, T. 1988. Beads and Pendants. In: Rothenberg, B. The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna. London: 203–212. Kopcke, G. 1990. Handel (Archaeologica Homerica M). Göttingen. Krebernik, M. 1995. Mondgott, A. I. Reallexikon der Assyriologie 8: 360–369. Ornan, T. 2005. The Triumph of the Symbol (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 213). Freiburg and Göttingen. Özyar, A. 2008. Untersuchungen zu den kleinen Orthostaten aus Tell Halaf. In: Wilhelm, G., ed. Hatušša%R÷D]N|\ 'DV +HWKLWHUUHLFK LP 6SDQQXQJVIHOG GHV $OWHQ 2ULHQWV 6. Internationales Colloquium der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 22–24. März 2006, Würzburg. Wiesbaden: 397–420. Phillips, J.S. 2009. Ostrich Eggshell. UCLA Encyclopaedia of Egyptology. http://escholarship.org./uc/item/ Otm87064 Potts, D.T. 2001. Ostrich Distribution and Exploitation in the Arabian Peninsula. Antiquity 75: 182–190. Pulak, C. 2001. The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence of Trade with the Aegean and Beyond. In: Bonfante, L. and Karageorghis, V., eds. Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity 1500–450 BC. Nicosia: 13–60. 3XODN&'DV6FKLIIVZUDFNYRQ8OXEXUXQ,Q(QণD਌HYDK´6KHLQWHUSUHWVWKLVKHDGDVPDOH2QHPD\DOVRPHQWLRQDKHDGIURP7RPE at Gezer, although it differs in details (Macalister 1912, Vol. I: 329, Fig. 169). %DVHGRQWKHFRPSDULVRQV0DOতDWD+HDGV1RV±EHORQJWRWKH(GRPLWHFXOWXUDOVSKHUH+RZHYHULW LVXQFHUWDLQLIWKHVHKHDGVEHORQJWRUHODWLYHO\VPDOODQWKURSRPRUSKLF¿JXULQHVUDWWOHVZLWKDQWKURSRPRUSKLF bodies (like the Glueck-collection rattle), larger, hollow cult-stands built from vessels, or even solid “peg” ¿JXULQHVFI1RV± $WণRUYDW4LWPLWWKHUHODWLYHO\LQWDFWFXOWVWDQGVDUHTXLWHODUJHFD± cm high. Similar wheel-made stands are known from the Moabite Site WT-13, south of Wadi el-Wale in Transjordan. They are smaller, roughly 30 cm high (Daviau 2001; 2006: 25, Fig. 4), but built on a similar SULQFLSOHWRWKRVHRI4LWPLWZLWKDERG\EDVHGRQDSRWWHU\YHVVHO&RPSDUHWKLVZLWKDMDU¿JXUHIURP 7HOO'DPLHK3HWLW)LJ $V%HFNQRWHGIUDJPHQWVRIVPDOOHUVWDQGVZHUHUHFRYHUHGDWণRUYDW Qitmit, but none was found complete (Beck 1995: 118–121). ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHÀXWHSOD\HUVDUHPDOHDVWKHEHDUGVLQGLFDWH ZKLOHWKHGUXPSOD\HUV EHORZ DUHIHPDOH,WFDQEHTXHVWLRQHGKRZHYHULIWKLVLVGXHWRJHQGHUDVVRFLDWLRQRIWKHVSHFL¿FPXVLFDO LQVWUXPHQWVGUXPYVÀXWH RUWRGLIIHUHQWIXQFWLRQVRIWKHREMHFWVVPDOOSODTXH¿JXULQHVYVSRVVLEOH cult stands or rattles). The same instrument could have served different purposes, some related to women, others to men (cf. Burgh 2004; Onstine 2005). FEMALE PLAQUE FIGURINES (NOS. 3–11) 7KLVLVWKHSUHGRPLQDQWJURXSDPRQJWKHDQWKURSRPRUSKLF¿JXULQHVRI7HO0DOতDWDDQGLQFOXGHVVHYHUDO YDULDWLRQVRISODTXH¿JXULQHVLQGLIIHUHQWSRVWXUHV7KHH[DFWW\SHVRIIUDJPHQWHGKHDGV1RV± DQG ERGLHV1RV± DUHGLI¿FXOWWRHVWDEOLVK7KHSODTXH¿JXULQHVIURP7HO0DOতDWDZHUHSURGXFHGLQD GHHSPROGZKLFKLVW\SLFDORI,URQ$JH,,SODTXH¿JXULQHVDQGGLIIHUVIURPWKHXVXDOO\ÀDWPROGLQJRI /DWH%URQ]H±,URQ,SODTXH¿JXULQHV&RUQHOLXV±  7KHWZRPRUHFRPSOHWHSODTXH¿JXULQHVDW7HO0DOতDWDDUHRIIHPDOHGUXPSOD\HUV1RV±  which were made in the same mold. Head No. 5 was probably also made in the same mold. In the past, VFKRODUVKDYHLGHQWL¿HGWKHREMHFWKHOGE\VXFK¿JXULQHVYDULDEO\DVDORDIRIEUHDGDVRODUGLVFRUD baetylDQGDIHZVFKRODUVDUHVWLOOLQGRXEWWRGD\0\HUV2¶%U\KLP6XJLPRWR  +RZHYHULWVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQDVDKDQGGUXPLVFHUWDLQVHHHVSHFLDOO\%HFN%UDXQ± Horowitz 2001; Paz 2003, 2007; Tadmor 2006: 325–329; 2009). The headdress of Nos. 3–5, with three ORFNVEHORZHDFKHDULVVRPHZKDWVLPLODUWRD¿JXULQHIURPWKH³6HPLWLF,,,´OHYHODW*H]HU0DFDOLVWHU 9RO,,)LJ.OHWWHU$SSHQGL[9 DQGVXFKKHDGGUHVVHVVHHPFRPPRQWR¿JXULQHV from Transjordan (Amr 1980: 103–109; 1985; Dorneman 1983: 129–131; Worschech 1995; Daviau 2002: 58–59, Fig. 2.29: 1; 2006: Fig. 5: b–c; see also a similar mold from Amman in Dorneman 1983: Fig. 88: ± 3ODTXH¿JXULQHVRIGUXPKROGLQJIHPDOHVDUHIRXQGLQWKHDUHDRIWKH.LQJGRPRI,VUDHODORQJWKH VRXWKHUQ/HYDQWLQHFRDVWDQGLQ7UDQVMRUGDQ,Q-XGDKWKHUHDUHRQO\DIHZGUXPSOD\HU¿JXULQHVVKDSHG LQWKHURXQGWKDWLVSLOODU¿JXULQHV.OHWWHUDQG6DDUHODLQHQ 7KHFXOWLFDVVHPEODJHDWণRUYDW Qitmit also shows hands with drums (Beck 1995: 162–168), although these fragments come from cult VWDQGVQRWIUHHVWDQGLQJ¿JXULQHV +HDG1RKDVDGLIIHUHQWKHDGGUHVVZKLFKLVFRPSDUDEOHEXWQRWLGHQWLFDO WRD¿JXULQHIURP7HO >,UD%HFN)LJ )UDJPHQW1RLVWRRZRUQIRULGHQWL¿FDWLRQ%RGLHV1RV±ZLWKWKHLU GHHSPROGLQJDUHSHUKDSVSDUWVRIGUXPKROGLQJ¿JXULQHVWKRXJKQRFRQQHFWLRQFDQEHPDGHZLWKDQ\ upper bodies/heads at the site.

569

R AZ K LETTER

Fragments Nos. 10–11 are especially interesting as the base is preserved (missing in Nos. 8–9). No. 10 was molded from a thick lump of clay and could stand independently, and so, perhaps, could 1RZKLFKFRXOGQRWEHH[DPLQHGDVLWLVORVW 2QHPD\GH¿QHVXFK¿JXULQHVDVRFFXS\LQJD SRVLWLRQEHWZHHQSODTXH¿JXULQHVZKLFKDUHTXLWHÀDWPROGHGIURPWKHIURQWDQGQRWIUHHVWDQGLQJ DQGSLOODU¿JXULQHVZKLFKDUHIRUPHGLQWKHURXQGDQGDUHIUHHVWDQGLQJ'LGVXFK¿JXULQHVEHORQJ WRDQLQWHUPHGLDWHSKDVHFKURQRORJLFDOO\ EHWZHHQWKHVHWZRW\SHV"7KHUHLVVWLOOLQVXI¿FLHQWGDWDWR answer this question. $QDGGLWLRQDOIHPDOH¿JXULQHZDVIRXQGRQWKHVXUIDFHDW7HO0DOতDWDLQDQGSXEOLVKHGDVD SLOODU¿JXULQH+EQHU EXWLWLVSUREDEO\DSODTXH¿JXULQH.OHWWHU1R  7KH0DOতDWDSODTXH¿JXULQHVVKRZDI¿QLWLHVWRWKRVHDW%XVHLUDKLQWKHFOD\WKHGHHSPROGLQJDQG some of the headdresses (Sedman 2002: 367–376), though with marked differences. For example, the %XVHLUDK¿JXULQHVODFNGUXPVKDYHQRHDUVDQGH[KLELWSUHJQDQF\ FEMALE PILLAR FIGURINES (NOS. 12–14) 7KHVH¿JXULQHVZHUHIRUPHGLQWKHURXQGDQGDUHIUHHVWDQGLQJ)LJXULQH1RLVDW\SLFDOKHDGRID -XGHDQSLOODU¿JXULQHVHH.OHWWHU*LOEHUW3HUHW].HHODQG8HKOLQJHU± Yezerski and Geva 2003: 65), with close parallels at Tel >Ira (Kletter 1999: 376, Fig. 7.1: 2–6). No. 13 is a ³SLOODU´ERG\ZKRVHH[DFWGHWDLOVDUHXQFOHDUDVLWKDVEHHQORVW1RLVDEDVHRIVXFKD¿JXUHEXWFRXOG DOVREHORQJWRDVROLGELUG¿JXULQHZKLFKLQ-XGDKKDYHVLPLODUSLOODUEDVHV.OHWWHU±  ,WLVQRWDKRUVHULGHU¶VEDVHDVWKHVHDUHVPDOOHULQVFDOH,QDQ\FDVHLW¿WVWKHFRURSODVWLFZRUOGRIWKH Kingdom of Judah. OTHER ANTHROPOMORPHIC AND STAND FRAGMENTS (NOS. 15–21) Fragments Nos. 15–16 were originally attached to a vessel at their back, and thus appear to be sculptured elements from cult stands. No. 17 comes from a relatively small, hollow, wheel-made vessel. Comparable parts of female bodies were found at Tel >Ira (Kletter 1999: Fig. 7.1: 7, but the workmanship is cruder). No. 18 is a small, handmade, human body(?), perhaps from the body of a rider or originally attached to a FXOWVWDQG)RUWKHVW\OHRIGHFRUDWLRQFRPSDUHDQLPDO¿JXULQHVIURP7DZLODQ%HQQHWWDQG%LHQNRZVNL 1995: Fig. 9.3: 3, 7, 16, 18–19). No. 19 is a large, hollow, cylindrical part with painted decoration, which was originally attached, perhaps, to a large cult stand. Nos. 20–21 are similar in technique and surface treatment (red burnish and painted decoration), and both may belong to handmade cult stands. Another possibility is that they form a kind of body or peg for the human heads (e.g., No. 2). KERNOS (NO. 22) .HUQRL¿UVWDSSHDULQWKH/HYDQWLQWKH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGEXWZHUHPRVWFRPPRQLQWKH/DWH%URQ]HDQG early Iron Age, especially in Cyprus and Philistia (Bignasca 2000: 250, Nos. 51–97), while fewer kernoi are found in Israel and Judah (Gal 1993; Dever 2001: 119) and at Transjordanian sites (Amr 1980: 198–200). They are not found in the Levant after the 6th century BCE (Bignasca 2000: 250). A. Mazar (1980: 134, n. 43; see also Gal 1993; Ben-Shlomo 1999: 9, 42; 2010: 145–146) separated ring vessels from kernos bowls. Ring vessels are hollow rings with attached spouts. Kernos bowls are bowls that have a hollow lip with attached spouts. At Ekron, most ring vessels and kernos bowls were made from a folded, wheel-made sheet of clay, and the joint can be seen in the section of the ring, which appears pear shaped. Later (but still SULRUWR¿ULQJ KROHVIRUVSRXWVZHUHSXQFWXUHGE\VRPHWRRO%HQ6KORPR 

570

CHAPTER 9: I RON AGE F IGURINES

Kernos bowls appear in Philistia and Judah from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, till roughly the 9th century BCE. They have one lower spout inside the bowl and another spout higher up and usually opposite WKH¿UVWRXWVLGHWKHERZO7KHVSRXWVDUHDOZD\V]RRPRUSKLF$W(NURQVXFKERZOVKDYHDGLDPHWHURI ca. 15 cm (Ben-Shlomo 1999: 41–42). Ring vessels have various forms of spouts (animal heads, pomegranates, birds, bowls, kraters, cups), usually pointing upwards, above the ring (Ben-Shlomo 1999: 40; Dever 2001: No. 3). A large group of ring vessels appears at Ashdod in the 8th–7th centuries BCE (Ben-Shlomo 1999: 82–83). They are usually small, 12–16 cm in diameter, but sometimes reach 30–32 cm in diameter. The diameter of the hollow inside the ring varies from 0.3 to 1.6 cm (Ben-Shlomo 1999: 39–40, 83). Kernos bowls and ring vessels originated in Cyprus, probably brought to the southern Levant by the Philistines (Ben-Shlomo 1999: 40, 43; Dever 2001: 123–125). They are usually interpreted as libation vessels of a cultic nature. According to Dever, kernos bowls were used for cultic libation by tilting them so liquid from the bowls passed through the inner spouts to the rings and then to the outer spouts (Dever 2001: 121, 127–129). However, such tilting would cause liquid to spill out, and Ben-Shlomo (1999: 41) QRWHVWKDWWKHRQO\SUDFWLFDOXVHZRXOGEHWRVXFNIURPWKHRXWHUVSRXW3HUKDSVWKLFNJHODWLQRXVÀXLGV like honey were used (Bignasca 2000: 252–253). Since some kernos bowls and ring vessels have very narrow inner passages or even lack a passage, it appears that these had a symbolic rather than practical use. 7KH7HO0DOতDWDNHUQRVLVXQLTXHLQWKDWLWFRPELQHVWKHWZRW\SHVPHQWLRQHGDERYH:KLOHLWLVD ring vessel, lacking a base, its spouts are low and face inward, whereas spouts of ring vessels face upward, higher than the ring (Bignasca 2000). Lacking the entire vessel, we cannot know if the opposite side had outer-facing spouts, like kernos bowls, or additional inward-facing spouts as in the surviving part. How was such a vessel used, since liquid poured into the ring would soon spill out from the inward, low-positioned spouts? Perhaps it was used with small quantities of perfumes, which would evaporate through the spouts, and if so, it was not a libation but a perfume vessel. The perfume industry existed in the Late Bronze Aegean world, e.g., at Pylos (Brun 2000). ,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWKDWWKHSRWWHUDW7HO0DOতDWDLPLWDWHGWKHIRUPZLWKRXWPDQDJLQJWRFUHDWHD functional vessel. ANIMAL FIGURINES (NOS. 23–70, 78–79) 0RVWRIWKHDQLPDO¿JXULQHVDUHYHU\IUDJPHQWDU\DQGLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRLGHQWLI\DQ\VSHFL¿FDQLPDOVVHH Appendix 9.1). Among the animal heads, some seem to depict equids, for example No. 25, representing a horse with a harnass or bridle, and No. 78, probably a horse with a noseband. Depictions of horses with EULGOHVDUHNQRZQIURPFRDVWDODQG&\SULRWVLWHVZKHUHWKH¿JXULQHVDUHRIWHQKROORZ+RZHYHUWKH FOD\DQG¿QLVKRI1RVDQGVHHPORFDO$W%XVHLUDKWKHKRUVHVDUHPRVWO\KROORZ6HGPDQ Pl. 10: 67, 73, 77), but a few are solid (ibid.: Pl. 10: 84). Other equid heads (No. 26, possibly 27) and possible equid bodies (Nos. 29–31) have close parallels at Judean sites (for comparisons to Judean horses DQGKRUVHDQGULGHU¿JXULQHVVHH.OHWWHU±0L\RXQJ 1RPD\UHSUHVHQWDERYLG rather than an equid. 0DQ\RIWKHDQLPDO¿JXULQHV1RV±± DUHPDGHRIORFDOFOD\SLQNRUOLJKW EURZQEXIIRXWVLGHVHOIVOLS ZKLFKLVFRPPRQIRUPDQ\SRWWHU\YHVVHOVDW7HO0DOতDWDVHH&KDSWHU  DQGVHHPVYHU\VLPLODUWRWKHFOD\XVHGDWণRUYDW4LWPLWDQG%XVHLUDK6HGPDQ 7KLVJURXS RI¿JXULQHVDOVRVKDUHVDQXPEHURIVW\OLVWLFIHDWXUHV)RUH[DPSOHVRPHRIWKHERG\IUDJPHQWVDUHQRW completely solid (e.g., Nos. 28, 37), but they are not hollow zoomorphic vessels, as they lack spouts. The

571

R AZ K LETTER

KROORZSDUWVZHUHQRWIXQFWLRQDOEXWUDWKHUDUHVXOWRIWKHPHWKRGRIPDQXIDFWXUHWKH¿JXULQHVZHUH handmade, folded from lumps of clay, leaving inner, usually narrow hollows. Furthermore, although the IUDJPHQWDWLRQDQGGHJUHHRIZHDUPDNHFRQFOXVLRQWHQWDWLYHLWVHHPVWKDWVRPHRIWKHVH¿JXULQHVGR not represent equids, as they are not round in section (Nos. 37, 39), and their bodies often exhibit a ridge along the back (Nos. 28, 37, 39). The body proportions also seem different, shorter than those of an equid. 1RSHUKDSVDOVR1RZDVLGHQWL¿HGE\+RUZLW]DV]HEXBos indicus); some are probably camels (Nos. 37, 39; and some leg fragments also indicate camels, see below), while one is probably an ostrich (No. 28; see Appendix 9.1). 7KHVHIUDJPHQWVDUHQRW-XGHDQLQVW\OH6LPLODUDQLPDO¿JXULQHVDUHNQRZQIURPVRXWKHUQ7UDQVMRUGDQ (Bennett and Bienkowski 1995: Figs. 9.3: 3, 5–8; 9.4: 3–4; Sedman 2002: Figs. 10: 66, 87, 90, 96?, 101). A JURXSRIVROLGDQLPDO¿JXULQHVZLWKVPDOOWULDQJXODUSURWUXVLRQVRQWKHEDFNZDVIRXQGDW7HO%HHUVKHED .OHWWHUIRUWKFRPLQJ ZKHUHWKH\IRUPDPLQRULW\DPRQJDYHU\ODUJHJURXSRIW\SLFDO-XGHDQ¿JXULQHVDW 7HO0DOতDWDDPLQRULW\RIHTXLG¿JXULQHV¿QGVFRPSDULVRQVLQ-XGDKEXWWKHPDMRULW\LVRIWKLVGLIIHUHQW local style (with inner hollows, short bodies and ridges on the back), which we suggest is Edomite. Only two very small fragments (Nos. 40–41, species of animal unknown) and one nearly complete bird body (No. 79), belong to hollow zoomorphic vessels. An almost identical parallel to the bird body in No. 79 was found at Ashdod (Dothan 1971: Fig. 72: 2, Pl. 59: 6). No. 39 is made from a closed wheel-made vessel (for a parallel from Tawilan, see Bennett and Bienkowski 1995: Fig. 9.3: 4). 7KHVFDUFLW\RIKROORZ]RRPRUSKLFYHVVHOVLVDOVRUHÀHFWHGLQWKHOHJV1RV± QRQHRIZKLFK indicate a hollow body (although many legs did not survive high enough to include the body). However, the pink or light brown clay with buff surface is different in texture and color from Judean types. This could be ascribed to a different clay source; however, the legs also differ in style from Judah. Only a few DUHURXQGHGFXUYLQJOHJVHJ1R ZLWKDVLPSOHURXQGHGERWWRPVRW\SLFDORI-XGHDQHTXLG¿JXULQHV 0RVWRIWKHOHJVDW0DOতDWDDUHPRUHHORQJDWHGDQGEHQWDWWKHNQHHZLWKDQHPSKDVL]HGNQHHMRLQWDQG ÀDWWHQHGDQGH[WHQGHGIHHW7KHVHOHJVZRXOGVHHPWRUHSUHVHQWFDPHOV1RV±"DQG the most complete example, No. 69; see Appendix 9.1). The minute or very broken leg fragments (Nos. ±± FDQQRWEHFODVVL¿HGDFFXUDWHO\DQGDIHZPLJKWHYHQEHIUDJPHQWVRIHDUVKRUQV RUQRVHVRIYDULRXVW\SHVRI¿JXULQHV MISCELLANEOUS FRAGMENTS (NOS. 71–77) 7KHVHIUDJPHQWVLQFOXGHLWHPVWKDWDUHQRW¿JXULQHVDQGWKHLUQDWXUHLVXQFOHDUDODUJHF\OLQGULFDOREMHFW perhaps from a cult stand (No. 71); a small, solid cylinder of clay (No. 72); perhaps a handle (No. 73); a EXUQLVKLQJVKHUG1R DQGDVKHUGRIDODUJHYHVVHO1R 2QO\1RPD\KDYHEHHQD¿JXULQHOHJ

CONCLUSIONS 7KH¿JXULQHVIURP7HO0DOতDWDGDWHWRWKHODWHWK±WKFHQWXULHV%&(7KHLUVLJQL¿FDQFHOLHVLQWKHLUFXOWXUDO context, which seems to exhibit a mixture of Edomite and Judean features, with the Edomite presence dominant.23XEOLVKHG¿JXULQHVIURP,URQ$JHVLWHVLQWKH1HJHYDUHNQRZQPDLQO\IURP-XGHDQVLWHVVXFK 2 ,QDQDUWLFOHRQVFDOHZHLJKWVIURP7HO0DOতDWD.OHWWHUDQG%HLW$ULHK ZHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHVLWHZDVSUHGRPLQDQWO\ -XGHDQ+RZHYHUIXUWKHUDQDO\VLVRI¿QGVLQUHFHQW\HDUVVHH&KDSWHU LQGLFDWHVDPL[HG-XGHDQ±(GRPLWHDVVHPEODJH which was not evident in the weights alone, as our knowledge of Edomite weighing systems is limited.

572

CHAPTER 9: I RON AGE F IGURINES

as Tel >,UD.OHWWHU ণRUYDW>Uza (Kletter 2007: 188), Arad (Herzog 1984b; Feig forthcoming) and 7HO%HHUVKHEDZKLFKKDVIXUQLVKHGWKHODUJHVWQXPEHU RI,URQ$JH¿JXULQHVIURPWKH1HJHYVRIDU $KDURQL+HU]RJD.OHWWHUIRUWKFRPLQJ )XUWKHUWRWKHVRXWKLQWKH1HJHY+LJKODQGV¿JXULQHV were not found (or not published) from the large-scale survey and excavations of R. Cohen (Cohen and &RKHQ$PLQ $W.DGHVK%DUQHDDQRWKHUVLWHH[FDYDWHGE\&RKHQRQO\¿JXULQHVZHUHIRXQG including a few typical Judean types, such as a horse head (Gera 2007: 213, No. 8) and a rider (ibid.: 1R DQRWKHU¿JXULQHLVGLIIHUHQWDQGQRW-XGHDQibid.: No. 1). Unfortunately, Iron Age sites associated with Edomites west of the Arava Valley, to the best of my NQRZOHGJHKDYHVRIDUQRWIXUQLVKHGDVVHPEODJHVRI¿JXULQHV)RUH[DPSOHIUHHVWDQGLQJ¿JXULQHVZHUH not found in the pit at >(QণD਌HYDVHH%HQ$ULHK ,QWKHODUJHFXOWLFDVVHPEODJHDWণRUYDW4LWPLW ZKLFKLVFUXFLDOIRUGH¿QLQJ(GRPLWHFXOWXUHDQGFXOWDOOWKH¿JXUHVH[FHSWIRUDIHZIUDJPHQWVZHUH DSSOLHGWRFXOWLFYHVVHOVDQGZHUHQRWLQGHSHQGHQW¿JXULQHV%HFN 7KHUHDUHRQO\DIHZKXPDQKHDGV RIIUHHVWDQGLQJ¿JXULQHVIURP4LWPLWDOOYHU\ZRUQ%HFN±1RV± 7KHVLWXDWLRQ LQ(GRPHDVWRIWKH$UDYD9DOOH\LVRQO\VOLJKWO\EHWWHUZLWKQR¿QDOSXEOLFDWLRQRIODUJHJURXSVRI,URQ $JH¿JXULQHVH[FHSWIURP%XVHLUDK6HGPDQ  7KH7HO0DOতDWD¿JXULQHVDUHPDUNHGO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKRVHDWWKH-XGHDQVLWHVLQWKH1HJHY$W -XGHDQVLWHVSLOODU¿JXULQHV-3)V DUHSUHGRPLQDQWDPRQJWKHKXPDQ¿JXULQHVZLWKDOPRVWQRRWKHU DQWKURSRPRUSKLFW\SHVRI¿JXULQHVSUHVHQW)RUH[DPSOHRIVHYHQKXPDQ¿JXULQHVIURP7HO>,UD¿YHZHUH -3)KHDGVDQGRQHZDVD-3)ERG\IUDJPHQW6LPLODUSURSRUWLRQVDSSHDUDW7HO%HHUVKHEDDQGণRUYDW>Uza. 7KHIUHTXHQFLHVDW7HO0DOতDWDDUHWKHUHYHUVHDVRQO\WKUHHRIVRPHWZHQW\DQWKURSRPRUSKLF¿JXULQHVDUH SLOODU¿JXULQHV1RV± ZKLOHWKHSUHGRPLQDQWW\SHLVWKHIHPDOHSODTXH¿JXULQHZLWKWHQH[DPSOHV 1RV± $VLPLODUIUHTXHQF\LVUHÀHFWHGDW%XVHLUDKDVZHOOZKHUHGHHSPROGHGIHPDOHSODTXH ¿JXULQHVDUHGRPLQDQWDOWKRXJKWKH\DUHQRWLGHQWLFDOWRWKH0DOতDWD¿JXULQHV±±QRWDEO\WKH\ODFNGUXPV and ears and exhibit pregnancy (Sedman 2002: 367). However, the deep molding, color of clay and type RIKHDGGUHVVDUHTXLWHVLPLODU2QO\RQHH[DPSOHPD\EHDSLOODUKHDGEXWLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRMXGJHWKLVIURP the picture (Sedman 2002: Reg. 656, Pl. 10: 40). It should be noted that in 2002, Sedman (2002: 374–375) had only the Qitmit material for comparison. 2WKHUDQWKURSRPRUSKLFIUDJPHQWVDW7HO0DOতDWDFDQDOVREHUHODWHGWR(GRPLWHFXOWXUHIRUH[DPSOH the two male heads (Nos. 1–2) and fragment No. 18, and the style of painted decoration (Nos. 18–20, 49; VHH6HGPDQ)LJHWF $PRQJWKHDQLPDO¿JXULQHVDIHZDUHVLPLODUWR-XGHDQKRUVHV horses and riders, but most are different, demonstrating crude hand modeling, inner hollows, ridges on WKHEDFNVKRUWHUERGLHVVWUDLJKWOHJVZLWKNQHHVDQGÀDWWHUIHHW7KHVHDSSDUHQWO\UHSUHVHQW]HEXFDWWOH camels and possibly an ostrich. ,QVKRUWWKH¿JXULQHVIURPWKH-XGHDQ1HJHYVLWHVKDYHSDUDOOHOVZLWKVRPHRIWKH¿JXULQHVIURP7HO 0DOতDWDHJ1RV± EXWLQJHQHUDOWKHQDWXUHRIWKH7HO0DOতDWD¿JXULQHVLVPDUNHGO\GLIIHUHQWDQG the assemblage may be considered as predominantly Edomite, with very few Judean items. It should be QRWHGWKDWGH¿QLQJDVWURQJLQÀXHQFHRI(GRPLWHPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDW7HO0DOতDWDGRHVQRWPHDQDVLPSOH equation with Edomite ethnicity (see Kletter 2006; in press; Beck 1996: 456–457). However, it does VXJJHVWWKDW(GRPLWHVZHUHSUHVHQWLQWKH1HJHYGXULQJWKHODWH,URQ$JHDWVLWHVVXFKDVণRUYDW4LWPLW >(QণD਌HYDDQG7HO0DOতDWD

573

APPENDIX 9.1: IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMAL SPECIES FROM FIGURINES Liora Kolska Horwitz

6LQFHPRVWRIWKHDQLPDO¿JXULQHVDUHIUDJPHQWDU\DQGVFKHPDWLFRQO\DIHZFDQEHLGHQWL¿HGDVWRVSHFLHV based on zoological criteria. CATTLE: CATALOGUE No. 23 This is probably a zebu (Bos indicus), LHGRPHVWLFKXPSHGFDWWOH,WVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQLVEDVHGRQWKH following zoological characteristics: (a) The presence of a hump (in the live animal composed of fat and muscle), its anatomical location directly above the shoulders, as well as its shape and size relative to the body. This is not a yoke, since it is an LQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHDQLPDO¶VERG\ZKLOHLWLVDVVXPHGWKDWD\RNHZRXOGEHUHSUHVHQWHGDVDQDSSOLHG part (cf. No. 25 below). (b) 7KHUXPSRIWKH¿JXULQHLVHOHYDWHGDQGWKHEDFNLVVOLJKWO\VXQNHQ (c) The presence of a tail set high at the rump. (d) 7KHIDFHLVFRI¿QVKDSHGEURDGHUDWWKHWRSDQGWDSHULQJWRZDUGVWKHERWWRP VOLJKWO\FRQYH[LQSUR¿OH with a prominent, relatively elongated, triangular shape. It probably had horns and/or ears (now missing). (e) 7KHXQGHUSDUWRIWKHQHFNLVUHODWLYHO\WKLFNZKLFKPD\UHSUHVHQWWKHGHZODSDQHORQJDWHGÀDSRIVNLQ that hangs beneath the neck in zebu), which in cows is less developed than in bulls. On the right haunch are incised lines from the base of the tail to the upper leg. It is unclear if these were intentional, representing a cattle brand, or random scratches. 6WDWXHWWHVGHSLFWLQJ]HEXDQGRVWHRORJLFDOUHPDLQVLGHQWL¿HGDVGHULYLQJIURPKXPSHGFDWWOHDUH known from sites in the Middle East (see discussion in Matthews 2002). Sites in the southern Levant with RVWHRORJLFDOUHPDLQVLQFOXGHLQDGGLWLRQWR7HO0DOতDWD&KDSWHU WKH/DWH%URQ]H±HDUO\,URQ$JH levels at Deir >Alla (Clason 1978; van Es 2002), Iron I at Tel Gerisa (Sade 2001: 119), the mid-9th century BCE altar room at Tel Dan (Wapnish and Hesse 1991) and the Iron II at Jawa (Popkin 2009). No. 33 also has a slightly elevated rump, suggesting a zebu, however it is very incomplete. No. 24: its relatively small head and short face may also represent a bovid rather than an equid, but this is uncertain. EQUID: CATALOGUE No. 25 =RRORJLFDOO\WKLV¿JXULQHFRXOGEHDGRQNH\Equus asinus), a horse (Equus caballus) or a mule (Equus asinus x E. caballus 7KHHODERUDWHKDUQHVVVXJJHVWVDKRUVH7KHIDFHLVTXLWHEURDGDQGÀDWDQGWKH HDUVDUHV\PPHWULFDOO\SODFHGSRVVLEO\SRLQWHG$IHZRWKHU¿JXULQHVVHHPWREHHTXLGV1RV possibly 27). OSTRICH(?): CATALOGUE No. 28 This fragment represents the head and neck. Along the neck is a scar where an applied ceramic element is now missing (a mane?). The head is small and rounded on top but narrows towards the nose. The nasal

574

CHAPTER 9: A PPENDIX 9.1: I DENTIFICATION OF A NIMAL SPECIES FROM F IGURINES

area is quite rounded on the top and rather short (edge broken). Very small holes depict eyes, while a short curvilinear incision on either side of the head, but rather low down relative to the top of the head, represents ears. 7KHLQFRPSOHWHQDWXUHRIWKHIUDJPHQWUHQGHUVLWGLI¿FXOWWRLGHQWLI\WKHDQLPDOVSHFLHVZLWKDQ\ certainty. The relatively long and quite thick neck, the possible mane and the slightly raised area on top of the head, correspond to an equid. However, the head is very round, the ears are too low and the nasal DUHDWRRURXQGDQGH[WUHPHO\VKRUWDGPLWWHGO\EURNHQ IRUDQHTXLG*RDWV¿WVRPHRIWKHVHIHDWXUHVIRU example the relatively short nose, rounded head, and position of eyes relative to the forehead. The absence RIKRUQVPD\UHÀHFWDIHPDOHRUD\RXQJDQLPDO$JRDWFDQKRZHYHUEHGLVFRXQWHGGXHWRWKHORQJQHFN and its straight angle relative to the head, as well as the location of the ears. Furthermore, the nose appears to narrow towards its end (though this may be deceptive due to the break). As a corpus, most of the features of this piece suggest an ostrich (Struthio camelus): the long neck, rounded and small head, location of the eyes and ears as well as the shape and position of the nasal area. The “scar” along the neck (where an applied part has broken off) may have represented the lined surface that distinguishes the back of the ostrich head. A now extinct local form of the ostrich (Camelus struthio syriacus) inhabited the deserts of the Levant until historic times and was last sighted in the Negev near Beer-sheba in 1929 (Bodenheimer 1953). Osteological remains of this species are rare at archaeological sites from this region, e.g., at Late Bronze Age Tell Jemmeh (Wapnish, unpubl. data), although fragments of ostrich eggshell and ostrich eggshell beads are more widespread. Ostriches are commonly depicted in Negev rock engravings (Anati 1979), but their precise dating is unknown. Very realistic depictions of DQRVWULFKZHUHIRXQGRQDQ,URQ,,VHDOIURP7HO5HতRY.HHODQG0D]DU DQGRQDVHDOIURP7HO 0DOতDWDVHH&KDSWHU  CAMEL: CATALOGUE No. 69, possibly Nos. 37, 42–48 6HYHUDOOHJVFDQSUREDEO\EHDWWULEXWHGWRFDPHO¿JXULQHVCamelus sp.), as they demonstrate characteristic DQDWRPLFDOIHDWXUHVVXFKDVDVDOLHQWNQHHMRLQWDQGWKHODUJHZHOOGH¿QHGIRRW7KLVLVEHVWVHHQLQ No. 69, which is the most complete example, representing the right hind leg of a camel. No. 37 is also perhaps a camel. To date, only osteological remains of the one-humped dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) have been LGHQWL¿HGDW,URQ$JHVLWHVLQWKHVRXWKHUQ/HYDQW$WVLWHVLQWKH1HJHY'HVHUWFDPHOUHPDLQVDUHNQRZQ IURP7HO0DOতDWD&KDSWHU VRPH,URQ$JHIRUWUHVVHV+DNNHU2ULRQ DVZHOODV7LPQD *ULJVRQ EXWDUHDEVHQWRUUHODWLYHO\UDUHLQWKH%HHUVKHED9DOOH\VLWHVVXFKDVণRUYDW>8]DণRUYDW Radum (Sade 2007a, 2007b), Tel Beer-sheba (Wapnish 1984, Sasson 2010), Tel Masos and Tel Arad (Sade 1988). Camel remains are common at sites associated with trade, such as Tell Jemmeh (Wapnish 1984). Thus, they offer a good indication as to the function of a site. However, Horwitz and Rosen (2005) argue that their low frequencies in pre-Persian period sites in the Levant may be attributed to several factors: (1) they were valuable animals, rarely consumed; (2) their longevity (up to 40 years) relative to other mammals; (3) the low carrying capacity of the Negev, which would not have supported very large numbers of camels; (4) they represent a mobile element of animal husbandry, therefore their remains are less likely to be found at permanent sites.

575

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Kletter, R. 2006. Can a Proto Canaanite Please Stand Up? Notes on Ethnicity and Iron Age Israel and Judah. In: Maeir A.M. and de Miroschedji, P., eds. “I Will Speak the Riddles of Ancient Time.” Archaeological and Historical Studies in Honor of Amihai Mazar. Winona Lake: 573–586. Kletter, R. 2007. A Group of Clay Figurines. In: Beit-Arieh, I. Horvat ‘Uza and Horvat Radum: Two Fortresses in the Biblical Negev Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv. Kletter, R. Forthcoming. Clay Figurines. In: Herzog, Z. and Singer-Avitz, L., eds. Beer-Sheba III: Settlement and Cities in Iron IIA–B (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv. Kletter, R. In press. In the Footsteps of Bagira. Ethnicity, Archaeology and “Iron Age I Ethnic Israel.” Kletter, R. and Beit Arieh, I. 2002. A Heavy Scale Weight from Tel Malhata and the Judean Maneh (Mina). Ugarit-Forschungen 33: 245–262. .OHWWHU5DQG6DDUHODLQHQ.-XGHDQ'UXPPHUV=HLWVFKULIWGHV'HXWVFKHQ3DO۰VWLQDYHUHLQV 11-28. Macalister, R.A.S. 1912. The Excavation of Gezer 1902–1905 and 1907–1909. Vols. I–III. London. Matthews, R. 2002. Zebu: Harbingers of Doom in Bronze Age Western Asia? Antiquity 76: 438–446. Mazar, A. 1980. Excavations at Tell Qasile. I: The Philistine Sanctuary: Architecture and Cult Objects (Qedem 12). Jerusalem. Miyoung, I. 2006. Horses and Chariotry in the Land of Israel during the Iron Age II (1000–586 BCE) (Ph.D. dissertation, Bar-Ilan University). Ramat Gan. 0\HUV&2I'UXPVDQG'DPVHOV:RPHQ¶V3HUIRUPDQFHLQ$QFLHQW,VUDHOBiblical Archaeologist 54/1: 16–27. 2¶%U\KLP 6 7KH 6SKHUHEHDULQJ$QWKURSRPRUSKLF )LJXULQHV RI$PDWKRV Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 306: 39–46. Onstine, S.L. 2005. The Role of the Chantress (šm>yt) in Ancient Egypt (BAR International Series 1401). Oxford. Paz, S. 2003. Drums, Women and Godesses (M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Paz, S. 2007. Drums, Women and Goddesses. Drumming and Gender in Iron Age II Israel (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 232). Freiburg and Göttingen. Petit, L.P. 2008. Late Iron Age Levels at Tell Damieh: New Excavation Results from the Jordan Valley. In: Cordoba, J.M., et al., eds. Proceedings of the 5th ICAANE Vol. II. Madrid: 777–786. Popkin, P.R.W. 2009. The Society and Economy of Iron Age Transjordan: A Contextual Zooarchaeological Analysis (Ph.D. dissertation, University of London). London. Sade, M. 1988. Domestic Mammals in the Iron Age Economy of the Northern Negev (M.A. thesis, Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Sade, M. 2001. Social, Economic and Environment Aspects of the Transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I Age Based on Archaeozoological Findings in Eretz-Israel (Ph.D. dissertation, Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv (Hebrew). Sade, M. 2007a. Faunal Remains. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDWµ8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQ the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv: 289–297. Sade, M. 2007b. Faunal Remains. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDWµ8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQWKH Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv: 328.

578

CHAPTER 9: R EFERENCES

Sasson, A. 2010. Animal Husbandry in Ancient Israel: A Zoological Perspective on Livestock Exploitation, Herd Management and Economic Strategies. London. Sedman, L. 2002. The Small Finds. In: Bienkowski, P., ed. Busayra. Excavations by Crystal-M. Bennett 1971– 1980. Oxford: 353–428. Sugimoto, D.T. 2008. Female Figurines with a Disc from the Southern Levant and the Formation of Monotheism. Tokyo. Tadmor, M. 2006. Realism and Convention in the Depiction of Ancient Drummers. In: Amit, Y., Finkelstein, I. and Lipschits, O., eds. Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near-Eastern Context. A Tribute to Nadav Na’aman. Winona Lake: 321–337. Tadmor, M. 2009. A Figurine from Tel ‘Ira Reconsidered. Eretz-Israel 29: 383–387. YDQ (V /  7KH (FRQRPLF 6LJQL¿FDQFH RI WKH 'RPHVWLF DQG :LOG )DXQD LQ ,URQ$JH 'HLU µ$OOD ,Q Buitenhuis, H., Choyke, A.M., Mashkour, M. and Al-Shiyab, A.H., eds. Archaeozoology of the Near East V. Groningen: 261–267. Wapnish, P. 1984. The Dromedary and Bactrian Camel in the Levantine Historical Settings: The Evidence from Tell Jemmeh. In: Clutton-Brock, J. and Grigson, C., eds. Animals and Archaeology Vol. 3 (BAR International Series 202). Oxford: 71–200. Wapnish, P. and Hesse, B. 1991. Faunal Remains from Tel Dan. Perspectives on Animal Production at a Village, Urban and Ritual Center. ArchaeoZoologia IV/2: 9–86. :RUVFKHFK8)LJXULQHQDXVHO%DOX¶-RUGDQLHQ Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 112/2: 185–192. Yezerski, I. and Geva, H. 2003. Iron Age II Clay Figurines. In: Geva, H., ed. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem. Vol. II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X2. Final Report. Jerusalem: 63–84.

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CHAPTER 10

A PHALLUS-SHAPED CLAY OBJECT Itzhaq Beit-Arieh

This object (Reg. No. 4086) was recovered in the southwestern corner of 3LOODU%XLOGLQJ6WUDWXP,,,$DORQJZLWKRWKHUXQLTXH¿QGVVXFK DV¿YHLQFHQVHDOWDUV&KDSWHU UHPDLQVRIZRRGHQIXUQLWXUHDQG bone inlays (Chapter 11) and Edomite ostraca (Chapter 5). The hollow, pipe-shaped object, most likely representing a phallus, was preserved to a length of 23 cm, and narrows towards the end, which is missing, thus it cannot be determined if the phallus was circumcised (Fig. 10.1). The walls are 11 mm thick along most of its length, thickening to 21 mm at its base. It appears that the object was originally joined, in an upright position, to a base of some kind for cultic SXUSRVHVFRQQHFWHGZLWKIHUWLOLW\7KHGLVFRYHU\RI¿YHLQFHQVHDOWDUVLQ WKHVDPHORFXVFRQ¿UPVRXUK\SRWKHVLVWKDWWKLVFRUQHURIWKHEXLOGLQJ Fig. 10.1: Phallus-shaped object. had a cultic function. Although we do not know of any identical objects from the Land of Israel, nine clay items of similar VKDSHZHUHUHFHQWO\XQFRYHUHGLQ6WUDWXP$DW7HOOHৢৡƗ¿*DWKGDWHGWRWKHHQGRIWKHWK±EHJLQQLQJ of the 8th centuries BCE (“a later stage of Iron Age IIA,” Maeir 2007: 26, 33). These objects are described by the excavator as “ceramic phallus-shaped situlae,” which functioned, in his opinion, as the problematic ¦¢¥­« (opalim) mentioned in the Bible (1 Sam 5:6; 6.5; Deut 28:27; ibid.: 32). At Ashkelon, a group of six bronze bottles attributed to the stratum that was destroyed by the Babylonians in 604 BCE (Stager 1996: 68–70), have, according to the excavator, a “phallic connotation.” At Maresha, a circumcised ceramic phallus was found (Erlich and Kloner 2008: 61, Pl. 196), as well as 17 models of circumcised phalli carved of local chalk (Stern 2012: 59–63), all dated to the Hellenistic period when Maresha was part of Idumaea.

REFERENCES Erlich, A. and Kloner, A. 2008. Maresha Excavations Final Report II: Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from the 1989–1966 Seasons (IAA Reports 35), Jerusalem. Maeir, A.M. 2007. A New Interpretation of the Term Opalim (¦¢¥­«) in the Light of Recent Archaeological Finds from Philistia. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament 32/1: 23–40. Stager, L.E. 1996. Ashkelon and the Archaeology of Destruction: Kislev 604 BCE. Eretz-Israel 25: 61*–74*. Stern, I. 2012. Ethnic Identities and Circumcised Phalli at Hellenistic Maresha. Strata: Bulletin of the AngloIsrael Archaeological Society 30: 57–87.

580

CHAPTER 11

REMAINS OF WOODEN FURNITURE FROM AREA H Itzhaq Beit-Arieh1

Among the carbonized wooden objects recovered from Pillar Building 1564 (Stratum IIIA) in Area H were ten pieces of cylindrical table or chair legs measuring 3–8 cm in length (Fig. 11.1). One of the fragments (Fig. 11.1: 1) comprises the lower end of a leg of a similar piece of furniture measuring 9 cm in length, with an upper diameter of 4 cm and a lower diameter of 6 cm. This piece was carved on a lathe, forming a ring SDWWHUQDQGWKUHHVPDOOGHSUHVVLRQVDWWKHERWWRP$QRWKHUFDUERQL]HGLWHPLVÀDWLQVKDSHSUREDEO\SDUW of the table top or the stand of the same piece of furniture. It can be assumed that the woodcarvers used a lathe like the one depicted in a wall painting in the tomb of Petrosiris in Egypt, dating to the beginning of the Hellenistic period (Hodges 1971: 160; Sitry 2006: 277–278). Wood analysis conducted by N. Liphschitz (Chapter 19) revealed that all the items were made of tamarix (tamarix aphylla), a local tree that grows mainly in the south of the country in the Negev, the Arava and the Dead Sea area, and in Saharo-Arabian climatic niches of the southern Levant. It can be assumed that the furniture was carved by local craftsmen.

PARALLELS FROM SITES IN THE LAND OF ISRAEL 2QO\LVRODWHG¿QGVRIZRRGHQIXUQLWXUHKDYHEHHQUHFRYHUHGIURP,URQ$JHVLWHVLQWKH/DQGRI,VUDHO0RVW prominent among them are the few items uncovered in Stratum 10B in the City of David in Jerusalem, dated to the second half of the 7th century BCE (Shiloh 1984). One of these items, apparently a fragment of a furniture leg carved in a ring pattern (Shiloh 1984: Pl. 34: 1), resembles the item in Fig. 11.1: 1. $QLQWHUHVWLQJ¿QGIURPWKH,URQ$JHUHVHPEOLQJLQVW\OHWKHFDUYHGREMHFWIURP7HO0DOKDWDLV half of a cylindrical pottery mold discovered in the excavations of Samaria (Reisner, Fisher and Lyon 1924: 338, Pl. 64: m). Albright (1942: 22–24) suggested that this mold was used to cast a bronze stand for burning incense, whose shape imitates the Phoenician artistic style. Similar objects can be seen in many Phoenician stamp seals. Albright dated the stratum in which it was found at Samaria to the 9th or 8th century BCE (1942: 24). 7DGPRU ZKRGLVFXVVHGWKLV¿QGIURP6DPDULDDQGRWKHUREMHFWVLQWKH,VUDHO0XVHXPWKDWDOVR originated, in her opinion, at the site of Samaria, reconstructed it as the lower part of a throne resembling that on a relief found at Persepolis. She noted the wide distribution of this style in Persian art. Additional pieces of furniture from the Persian period, including a bronze cylinder decorated with six ULQJVLGHQWLFDOLQVKDSHWRWKHF\OLQGHUIURP6DPDULDZHUHDPRQJWKH¿QGVUHFRYHUHGIURPDVXQNHQVKLS located off the coast to the north of >Atlit (Raban 1992). Apparently, as Raban assumed, the pieces of furniture were part of a throne identical to that reconstructed by Tadmor in her discussion of the mold from Samaria. ,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWIXUQLWXUHLVZLGHO\GHSLFWHGGXULQJWKH,URQ$JHLQFOD\¿JXULQHVRIJRGVNLQJVDQG DULVWRFUDF\VLWWLQJRQWKURQHVRUHODERUDWHFKDLUV/DUJHQXPEHUVRIVXFK¿JXULQHVGDWLQJIURPWKHWK±WK 1

First published in Beit-Arieh 2009.

581

I TZHAQ BEIT-A RIEH

1

2

Fig. 11.1: Carved cylindrical wooden furniture legs.

centuries BCE until the Persian period, have been found at Phoenician sites (Gubel 1987), as well as at Makmish on the Sharon coastal plain, where they are dated to the Persian period (Avigad 1960: Pls. 10–11).

PARALLELS FROM OUTSIDE THE LAND OF ISRAEL The large quantity and rich variety of wooden furniture discovered in the Phrygian tumuli of Gordion, Turkey, and in the excavations of the city itself, date to the 8th–7th centuries BCE (Simpson 1996). The furniture includes tables, benches, stands and chairs, some of them decorated with bone, ivory or wood inlays.

%21(,1/$Alla in Jordan (Moawiya and van der Kooij 1997). ,QOD\VGHFRUDWHGZLWKJHRPHWULFSDWWHUQVDQGÀRZHUVPDGHRILYRU\UHVHPEOLQJWKRVHRI7HO0DOতDWDZHUH discovered at Samaria in a stratum dated to the 8th century BCE (Crowfoot and Crowfoot 1938: 40, Fig. 11, Pls. XXI: 6; XXIII: 2). Bone and ivory inlays from periods prior to the Iron Age have a wide distribution at MB IIB sites in the Land of Israel and Syria. Liebowitz (1997: 97) has even attributed the source of this artwork and its style to a local population, and if so, then it would appear that we have before us a long tradition of artistic style.

REFERENCES Albright, W.F. 1942. Two Cressets from Marisa and the Pillars of Jachin and Boaz. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 85: 18–27. Avigad, N. 1960. Excavations at Makmish,1958. Preliminary Report. Israel Exploration Journal 10: 89–96. %HLW$ULHK,5HPDLQVRI:RRGHQ)XUQLWXUHIURP7HO0DOতDWDEretz-Israel 29: 43–47 (Hebrew). Bienkowski, P. 1995. Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan. Oxford. Bienkowski, P. 2002. Busayra Excavations by Crystal M. Bennett í (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 13). Oxford. Bienkowski, P., ed. 2011. Umm Al-Biyara Excavations by Crystal M. Bennet in Petra 1960–1965 (Levant Supplementary Series Vol. 10). Oxford and Oakville. Crowfoot, J.W. and Crowfoot, G.M. 1938. Early Ivories from Samaria. London. Gubel, E. 1987. Phoenician Furniture (Studia Phoenicia VII). Leuven. Hodges, H. 1971. Technology in the Ancient World. Baltimore. Liebowitz, H.A. 1977. Bone and Ivory Inlays from Syria and Palestine. Israel Exploration Journal 27: 89–97. Moawiya, M.I. and van der Kooij, G. 1997. Excavations at Tall Dayr ‘Alla, Seasons 1987 and 1994. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 41: 95–114. Raban, A. 1992. An Assemblage of Bronze Objects from the Sea Bed of Atlit. Michmanim 6: 31–53 (Hebrew). Reisner, G.A., Fisher, C.S. and Lyon, D.G. 1924. Harvard Excavations at Samaria I–II 1908–1910. Cambridge, MA. Shiloh, Y. 1984. Excavations at the City of David I 1978–1982 (Qedem 19). Jerusalem. Simpson, E. 1996. Phrygian Furniture from Gordion. In: Herrmann, G., ed. The Furniture of Western Asia Ancient and Traditional. Mainz: 187–206. Sitry, Y. 2006. Wooden Objects from Roman Period Sites in the Land of Israel, A Typological and Technological Study (Ph.D. dissertation, Bar-Ilan University). Ramat Gan (Hebrew). Tadmor, M. 1974. Fragments of an Achaemenid Throne from Samaria. Israel Exploration Journal 24: 37–45.

584

CHAPTER 12

STONE ARTIFACTS FROM THE IRON AGE Liora Freud and Nadin Reshef

1. CUBIC INCENSE ALTARS )RXUWHHQFXELFLQFHQVHDOWDUVZHUHGLVFRYHUHGDW7HO0DOতDWD¿YHRIWKHPGXULQJWKH¿UVWH[SHGLWLRQDQGWKH remaining nine during the second expedition. All the items are dated to the 8th–7th centuries BCE (Iron IIB–C). NO. 1. REG. NO. 4131/50, LOCUS 1564, AREA H, STRATUM IIIA (Figs. 12.1.1: 1; 12.1.3: 1) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 15×12×7 cm, depression: 6×3.5 cm Shape: Complete, tall cubic-rectangular, four legs Color: Brownish-red Decoration: A schematic tree branch on three sides. On the fourth side, traces of three concentric circular impressions with lines emerging from the center. Parallel: Lachish (Tufnell 1953: Pl. 68.7) NO. 2. REG. NO. 4277/50, LOCUS 1564, AREA H, STRATUM IIIA (Figs. 12.1.1: 2; 12.1.3: 2) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 8.5×9.5 cm, depression: 5.6×2.5 cm Shape: Complete, cubic-rectangular, four legs Color: Brownish-red Decoration: On all four sides of the vessel is a schematic tree branch in the center, facing down. Parallel: Lachish: a fragment of a tree branch facing down (Tufnell 1953: Pl. 68.7) Comments: Signs of burning in the depression and on two sides of the vessel NO. 3. REG. NO. 4166/50, LOCUS 1564, AREA H, STRATUM IIIA (Figs. 12.1.1: 3; 12.1.3: 3) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 7.2×6.7×9.3 cm, depression: 5.5×1.7 cm Shape: Complete, cubic-round, deep terraced depression, four legs Color: Grayish-white and light brown Decoration: Light, irregular combing impressions on all sides and a deep line at the bottom of the altar, above the legs. Comments: This altar was recovered in a layer of ash and bears signs of burning on all sides and one leg. NO. 4. REG. NO. 2005/50K, LOCUS 62K, SECTION W, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.1.1: 4) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 11.8×8.5×7.5 cm Shape: 90% preserved, cubic, top missing Color: White

585

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

1

2

3

4

Fig. 12.1.1: Cubic incense altars, Catalogue Nos. 1–5.

586

5

CHAPTER 12: 1. C UBIC I NCENSE A LTARS

2

1

5

4

3

8

6

7

9

Fig. 12.1.2: Cubic incense altars, Catalogue Nos. 6–14.

587

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

Decoration: Wavy, hill-like carvings at the base of the altar on all four sides, bordered by two lines. On one side a schematic branch facing up. Parallel: >(QণD਌HYD%HQ$ULHK)LJG NO. 5. REG. NO. 4027/50, LOCUS 1564, AREA H, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.1.1: 5) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 5×9.5×7.8 cm Shape: Less than half preserved, probably cubic, two legs remain Color: Gray Decoration: Two parallel lines engraved above the legs of the altar.

Fig. 12.1.3: Incence altars, Catalogue Nos. 1–3.

588

CHAPTER 12: 1. C UBIC I NCENSE A LTARS

Fig. 12.1.4: Incence altars, 1) Catalogue No. 8; 2) Catalogue No. 6; 3) Catalogue No. 7; 4) Catalogue No. 12.

NO. 6. REG. NO. 2101/50, LOCUS 284, AREA A, STRATUM IIIA (Figs. 12.1.2: 1; 12.1.4: 2) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 9.5×10×9 cm, depression: 7.5×6.5×2 cm Shape: 95% preserved, cubic, three legs preserved Color: Reddish Decoration: Deep overlapping lines engraved on all four sides creating a net-like impression. In the depression are several engravings that may have been intentional. Parallel: Lachish: similar patterns on an altar (Tufnell 1953: Pl. 71.24) NO. 7. REG. NO. 349/50K, LOCUS 27K, SECTION W, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.1.2: 2; 12.1.4: 3) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 10×8×9 cm, depression: 7.5×2 cm Shape: &XELFIRXUOHJVDQG¿QHO\FXUYHGGHSUHVVLRQ Color: White Comments: IAA No. 1972-95 (courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority) NO. 8. REG. NO. 4283/50, LOCUS 1564, AREA H, STRATUM IIIA (Figs. 12.1.2: 3; 12.1.4: 1) Material: Chalk Dimension: 5×6.5×6.5 cm, depression: 4.5×4.5 cm Shape: 75% preserved, cubic, three legs (perhaps made this way)

589

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

Color: White Decoration: All sides engraved with palm trees, on two sides the trees bear fruit of various sizes. On one of these sides are bird legs(?), on another, a square object (perhaps a house). One side is faded, with two overlapping lines creating a cross shape, and the fourth side is almost completely faded. A line is engraved around the altar just above the legs. Parallels: Ashdod: a single schematic branch facing up on an altar from the Hellenistic period (Dothan )LJ *H]HUD+HOOHQLVWLFDOWDUEHDUVDSDOPWUHHDQGDÀ\LQJELUGDERYHLW0DFDOLVWHU 1912: 442, Fig. 524); >Aroer: two small, low incense altars similar in shape, from Stratum III, dating to the end of the 8th century BCE (Thareani 2011: Pls. 49: 8; 77: 3). NO. 9. REG. NO. 4120/50, AREA H, SURFACE (Fig. 12.1.2: 4) Material: Chalk Dimensions: 6x10x11.5 cm, depression: 2x6x8 cm ShapeSUHVHUYHGUHFWDQJXODUVKDSHÀDWEDVH Color: White Parallel: Tawilan (Bienkowski 1995: Fig. 9.14: 2) Comments: A 1 cm hole was drilled into the depression NO. 10. REG. NO. 825/50K, LOCUS 56K, SECTION W, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.1.2: 5) Material: Basalt Dimensions: 11x11x9 cm, depression: 5X2 cm Shape: &XELFÀDWEDVH Color: Black Parallel: A basalt incense altar from Tell es-Sa>idiyeh, dated to the late 11th or early 10th centuries BCE (Tubb 1988: 38). NO. 11. REG. NO. 327/50K, LOCUS 27K, SECTION W, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.1.2: 6) Material: Soft limestone Dimensions: 10×10×14 cm, depression: 5×5×2.5 cm Shape: 5HFWDQJXODUUHODWLYHO\KLJKÀDWEDVHWKHXSSHUSDUWLVEURNHQ Color: White Decoration: Short incised lines on the rim Parallels: City of David (Shiloh 1986: 23) NO. 12. REG. NO. 115/50, LOCUS 227, AREA A, STRATUM IIIB (Figs. 12.1.2: 7; 12.1.4: 4) Material: Limestone Dimensions: 7.7×8.5×8 cm, depression: 7.3×7×2.5 cm Shape&RPSOHWHFXELFÀDWEDVH Color: White Decoration: Light, irregular combing impressions on all sides. Two marks at the top of one side are perhaps letters. Parallel: Khirbet Tannur, dated to the 2nd century BCE (Glueck 1966: PL.192:c) Comments: Signs of burning in and around the depression, on the base and on all sides

590

CHAPTER 12: 1. C UBIC I NCENSE A LTARS

NO. 13. REG. NO. 3666/50, LOCUS 1512A, AREA H, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.1.2: 8) Material: Clay Dimensions: 3×2 cm, depression: 1.5×1×0.5 cm Shape: Complete, small cube, round depression, maybe a votive cubic incense altar Color: Light gray Parallels: Beer-sheba: a small limestone altar of similar shape, dated to the 8th century BCE (Stern 1973: 52, Pls. 30: 5; 52: 1), Kadesh Barnea: two clay incense altars dated to the late 7th–early 6th centuries BCE *HUD DQGVHHDOVRPLQLDWXUHDOWDUVDW঩LUEHWHO0XGƝ\LQH'DYLDX)LJ  NO. 14. UNREGISTERED (Fig. 12.1.2: 9) 6XUIDFH¿QGRIWKH¿UVWH[SHGLWLRQRUWKH5HJ1RZDVHUDVHGRYHUWKH\HDUVDQGZHFRXOGQRWUHFRQVWUXFWLW Material: Limestone Dimensions: 5×3.5 cm Shape: Small fragment, probably of a cubic incense altar Color: White Decoration: A palm tree and beneath it a palm leaf on one side of the tree, and incisions of fruit, or perhaps DQDWXUDOLVWLF¿JXUHRQWKHRWKHUVLGH Parallels: $W/DFKLVKDQG7HOO-HPPHK=ZLFNHO7HOOHG'XZHU7HOOöHPPH

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Cubic incense altars have been found at many Iron Age sites in the Levant and beyond (Shea 1983; Zwickel 1990). They began to appear in the 8th century BCE, and became increasingly widespread during the Persian and Hellenistic periods. The trade in spices, especially myrrh and frankincense, was extremely popular throughout the ancient Near East (Singer-Avitz 1999: 4), as incense was used for purifying and perfuming (Fowler 1985: 25–26). Although the organic material is perishable and leaves no traces in the archaeological record, examination of residues of a gray, dark-brown substance from three altars in the PRRQWHPSOHDW+XUHLGD6RXWK$UDELD³KDVYHUL¿HGWKLVDVUHVLQJLYLQJRIIDIUDJUDQWRGRURQKHDWLQJ´ (Caton-Thompson 1944: 50). In addition, on numerous altars from South Arabia, the names of plants and spices are engraved, and the word ʤʺʰʥʡʬ was engraved on an altar from Lachish (Diringer 1953: 358). 7KUHHRIWKHLQFHQVHDOWDUVIURP7HO0DOতDWD1RV± ZHUHIRXQGLQWKHVRXWKZHVWHUQFRUQHURIWKH large pillar building in Area H (L1564), together with pieces of burnt furniture and bone inlays (Chapter 11), Edomite ostraca (Chapter 5) and a clay phallus (Chapter 10). Additional altars were also recovered in this building (Nos. 5, 8). Considering the location of the building in the center of the row of structures, its large size and pillared architectural design, we can assume that a corner of the building was dedicated to ritual practices of some sort. Cubic incense altars also appear in cultic contexts in the Hellenistic strata at Ashdod (Dothan 1993: 101). At Tell es-Sa>idiyeh, in Jordan, a basalt incense altar was found in a temple in Stratum XIA, dated to the late 11th or early 10th centuries BCE (Tubb 1988: 38), and another three altars were found in a bin in the same stratum (possibly a favissa, ibid.: 46). At Makmish, a cubic incense altar ZDVXQFRYHUHGLQDEXLOGLQJGDWHGWRWKHWK±WKFHQWXULHV%&(WRJHWKHUZLWKYRWLYH¿JXULQHV7KRVH¿QGV along with the type of building and its installations, imply that this was a place of worship (Avigad 1960: 95). At the Edomite site of >(QণD਌HYDVHYHQLQFHQVHDOWDUVZHUHIRXQGLQDfavissa near a cultic building of the 7th century BCE, together with a number of other cult objects (Ben-Arieh 2011: Figs. 42–43, 45–46).

591

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

$WণRUYDW4LWPLWDQ(GRPLWHULWXDOFRPSOH[IURPWKHODWHWK±HDUO\WKFHQWXULHV%&(DVHJPHQWRIWKH upper part of a cubic incense altar was recovered (Beit-Arieh 1995: 275–276). The remaining incense altars were all discovered inside dwellings and in domestic areas. In the early 1940s, Ziegler proposed a connection between the shape and size of the altar and its purpose, and argued that the cubic incense altars were associated with domestic areas (Ziegler 1942: 239–240). In the City of David, four taller incense altars, referred to by Shiloh as cultic stands (Shiloh 1984: 19), were discovered in the “House of the Bullae,” dating to the late 7th century BCE (Shiloh 1986: 23). At Kadesh Barnea, two FXELFLQFHQVHDOWDUVPDGHRIFOD\ZHUHGDWHGWR,URQ,,&RQHIURPDQDOOH\WKHRWKHUIURPD¿OO*HUD 215). At Beer-sheba, two cubic incense altars dated to the late 8th century BCE were found in a dwelling (Stern 1973: 52; Singer-Avitz 1999: 41–44). These examples testify to their use in non-cultic contexts. Additional cubic incense altars from the 8th–7th centuries BCE in southern Israel that correspond, ERWKFKURQRORJLFDOO\DQGJHRJUDSKLFDOO\ZLWKWKHDOWDUVIURP7HO0DOতDWDLQFOXGHH[DPSOHVIURP7HO>Ira (Goldsmith, Ben-Dov and Kertesz 1999: 470), Tel Gezer (Macalister 1912: 442–444) and Tell Jemmeh (Hassell 2005), dated to the 8th–7th centuries, Tel Beer-Sheba (Stern 1973: 52–53) and from some of the Iron IIC Negev Highland sites (Cohen and Cohen-Amin 2004: 167, 172, 183). In Edomite strata, such altars have been found at >(QণD਌HYD%HQ$ULHK 7HOOHO.KHOHLIHKZKHUHRYHUWHQLQFHQVHDOWDUV ZHUHGLVFRYHUHG*OXHFN DQGLQ7UDQVMRUGDQHJDW঩LUEHWHO0XGƝ\LQH'DYLDX± Figs. 8, 9). ,QFRQFOXVLRQFXELFLQFHQVHDOWDUVIURP7HO0DOতDWDUHVHPEOHLQVKDSHWKRVHDWQXPHURXVRWKHUVLWHV in the region, and their engravings are common and widespread. Most of the cubic incense altars were PDGHRIOLPHVWRQHRUFKDON±±DFRPPRQVHGLPHQWDU\URFNLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI7HO0DOতDWD±±DVZHUHWKRVH IURP7HO0DOতDWDZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI1RVDQGPDGHRIEDVDOWDQGFOD\UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQGWKLV may suggest a local production center in the area. As can be seen from the discussion above, cubic incense altars were a common artifact at the sites RIVRXWKHUQ,VUDHOIURPWKHODWH,URQ$JHLQWRWKH3HUVLDQSHULRG6WHUQ± DQG¿UVWEHJDQ to appear at sites on the road leading from Arabia to the Coastal Plain of the Land of Israel (Singer-Avitz 1999). As these cubic incense altars are discovered in both public and domestic areas at the various sites, RIZKLFK7HO0DOতDWDLVDSHUIHFWH[DPSOHLWLVHYLGHQWWKDWWKHXVHRILQFHQVHLQULWXDOSUDFWLFHVZDVD common phenomenon at the end of the Iron Age in the local and regional administrative realms, as well as in domestic and personal contexts (Nielsen 1986).

592

CHAPTER 12

2. COSMETIC PALETTES AND BOWLS &RVPHWLFSDOHWWHVDQGERZOVDUHDFRPPRQ¿QGWKURXJKRXWWKH/DQGRI,VUDHODQGLQWKH(DVWHUQ-RUGDQ Valley, and are considered as belonging to the world of Phoenician art during the Iron II (Barag 1985; %LHQNRZVNL± )RXUFRVPHWLFSDOHWWHVDQGVHYHQFRVPHWLFERZOVZHUHUHFRYHUHGDW7HO0DOতDWD from Strata IIIB–IIIA and mixed Strata IV–III of the late Iron II (late 8th–7th centuries BCE). Cosmetic utensils of this type are usually assumed to have held cosmetic pastes of different colors, although this has never been proven. Another possibility is that they were used to grind medicines (Thompson 1971:  0RVWRIWKHPDUHPDGHRIOLPHVWRQHFDOFLWH DVDUHWKHPDMRULW\IURP7HO0DOতDWDDOWKRXJKRWKHU materials include sandstone, marble and alabaster.

PALETTES 3DOHWWHVDUHUHFWDQJXODULQVKDSHÀDWWHQHGDQGVPRRWKHGRQDOOVLGHVZLWKD³KHDG´DWWKHQDUURZHQG While in some cases palettes are adorned with facial characteristics such as eyes, mouth, nose, etc., those IURP7HO0DOতDWDODFNDQ\FOHDUIDFLDOIHDWXUHVDQGRQO\LQFLVHGOLQHVRQWKHWRSRIWKH³KHDG´RUDWWKH “neck” are discernable. In two cases (Nos. 1, 4), the bodies of the palettes are decorated with a dotted line HQFLUFOLQJWKHRXWHUSHULPHWHU$OOWKHSDOHWWHVIURP7HO0DOতDWDDUHLQFRPSOHWHDQGLQPRVWFDVHVWKH lower part of the body is missing (from No. 4 only a body fragment is preserved). NO. 1. REG. NO. 76/50, LOCUS 220, AREA A, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.2.1: 1) Material: Polished calcite Dimensions: Preserved length: 5 cm, preserved width: 6.1 cm, thickness: 1.4–1.8 cm, weight: 111 gr. Description: Only half is preserved. Incised double band across the head. Pierced through the head. Circle and dot motifs around the outer perimeter. Parallels: Tawilan (Bienkowski 1995: 85, Figs. 9.15: 1; 9.60); Ghrareh: with facial features on head (Hart 1988: Fig. 8: a–b); Umm al-Biyara: also with facial features (Bennet 1967: Pls. 22–23; Bienkowski 2011: Fig. 7.2: 16); Kerak in Moab (Barag 1985: 219); the Amman Citadel: a dotted outline is visible on the back of the palette (Philip 1991: 91, Photo 107); Tel Jezreel: Grave 1260, dated to the late Iron II (Ussishkin and Woodhead 1997: Fig. 27). NO. 2. REG. NO. 2086, LOCUS 283, AREA A, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.2.1: 2) Material: Polished calcite Dimensions: Preserved length: 4.3 cm, preserved width: 4 cm, thickness: 0.9 cm, weight: 35 gr. Description: Three vertical incised lines on the head and an incised line across the neck. Pierced through the head (probably for a wire). NO. 3. REG. NO. 1867/50, LOCUS 245, AREA A, STRATUM IIIA (Fig. 12.2.1: 3) Material: Polished calcite Dimensions: Preserved length: 4 cm, thickness: 2 cm, weight: 83 gr Description: Only the head of the artifact is preserved, without decoration

593

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

2

1

3

4

Fig. 12.2.1: Palettes Nos. 1–4.

NO. 4. REG. NO. 3523/50, LOCUS 1504, AREA H, STRATUM III (Fig. 12.2.1: 4) Material: Polished calcite Dimensions: Preserved length: 4.3 cm, preserved width: 4 cm, thickness: 1.2 cm, weight: 35 gr Description: Incised circles and dots around the outer perimeter on both sides, resembling No. 1

BOWLS &RVPHWLFERZOVDUHXVXDOO\PRUHQXPHURXVWKDQSDOHWWHV%DUDJ DVLVWKHFDVHDW7HO0DOতDWD 7KH\UDQJHIURPWRFPLQGLDPHWHUDQGDUHXVXDOO\PDGHRIOLPHVWRQH7KH\KDYHDZLGHÀDWULP that is often decorated. As with the palettes, it is assumed that cosmetic paste was mixed in the bowls, and traces of black material can be seen in one of the bowls (No. 5). NO. 5. REG. NO. 477/50, LOCUS 623, AREA C, STRATUM III (Fig. 12.2.2: 1) Material: Polished limestone Dimensions: Outer diameter: 7.3 cm, inner diameter: 3.4 cm, height: 2.3 cm, weight: 142 gr Description,QFLVHGURSHOLNHEDQGDURXQGWKHEURNHQ RXWHUSHULPHWHUEDQGRIVTXDUHV¿OOHGZLWKQHW pattern in the middle perimeter and another rope-like band around the inner perimeter. Traces of black paste (kohl?) inside the depression. Disc base with one ridge above it, another ridge around the upper body. Parallels: Hazor (Yadin et al. 1961: Pl. 233: 4); Megiddo: several objects have similar motifs and shape DVWKRVHIURP0DOতDWD/DPRQDQG6KLSWRQ3OHVSHFLDOO\1R3OHVSHFLDOO\1R although this one has two elongated handles on both sides; Pl. 111: 29 No. 14); Tell Abu al-Kharaz (Fischer

594

CHAPTER 12: 2. COSMETIC PALETTES AND BOWLS

1

2

3

4

5

6

Fig. 12.2.2: Cosmetic bowls Nos. 5–10.

595

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

Fig. 12.2.3: Small cosmetic bowl No. 11.

1997: 131, Fig. 2); Gezer (Macalister 1912: Pl. 213: 6); Tell en-Nasbeh: similar rim decorations (McCown 1947: Pl. 106: 1–2, 4–5); Tawilan (Thompson 1971: Fig. 4); Samaria: similar bowl though inner band has triangular pattern (Kenyon 1957: Pl. 26: 3), Tel Jezreel (Ussishkin and Woodhead 1997: Fig. 56). NO. 6. REG. NO. 1705, LOCUS 1130, AREA F, MIXED STRATA IV–III (Fig. 12.2.2: 2) Material: Polished limestone Dimensions: Height: 2.5 cm, weight: 142 gr Description/HVVWKDQKDOILVSUHVHUYHG,QFLVHGURSHOLNHEDQGDQGQHW¿OOHGVTXDUHVLQWKHRXWHUSHULPHWHU concentric lines in the inner perimeter. Disc base. Parallels: Very similar to No. 5 above; Megiddo: see No. 5 above; Tell Deir >Alla (Ibrahim and van der Kooij 1986: Pl. 15.3; 1997: Fig. 4: 2); Tell Beit Mirsim (Albright 1943: Pl. 27: 5); Hazor (Yadin et al. 1960: Pl. 78: 7). NO. 7. REG. NO. 2172/50K, LOCUS 12K, SECTION W, STRATUM IIIB (Fig. 12.2.2: 3) Material: Polished limestone Dimensions: Outer diameter: 10 cm, inner diameter: 8 cm, height: 3 cm Description: Band of incised integrated circles made with a compass on the rim, bordered by two lines above and below. Ridge above disc base and another under the rim on upper body. Band of incised dotted circles on lower body. Parallel: Kadesh Barnea: a very similar design (Gera 2007: Fig. 13.4: 1, Stratum 3c) NO. 8. REG. NO. 1679, LOCUS 1129, AREA F, MIXED STRATA IV–III (Fig. 12.2.2: 4) Material: Polished limestone. Dimensions: Outer diameter: 5.5 cm, inner diameter: 2.7 cm, height: 1.7 cm, weight: 76 gr Description: Three quarters preserved. Faded incised lines on top. Disc base with one ridge above it and one ridge below the rim.

596

CHAPTER 12: 2. COSMETIC PALETTES AND BOWLS

NO. 9. REG. NO. 4406/50, LOCUS 1604, AREA H, STRATUM IIIB (Fig. 12.2.2: 5) Material: Polished limestone Dimensions: Outer diameter: 7.8 cm, inner diameter: 3.7 cm, height: 2.4 cm, weight: 219 gr Description: No decorations on rim. One ridge around the upper part of the body. Disc base. Parallels: Megiddo tombs (Guy 1938: Pl. 163: 6); Hazor: large bowl (Yadin et al. 1961: Pl. 256: 9); Tell Beit Mirsim: large plain bowl (Albright 1943: Pl. 30: 2); Tell en-Nasbeh (McCown 1947: Pl. 106: 8). NO. 10. REG. NO. 4119, LOCUS 1569, AREA H, STRATUM IIIB (Fig. 12.2.2: 6) Material: Polished reddish sandstone Dimensions: Outer diameter: 11.5 cm, inner diameter: 6 cm, height: 2.3 cm, weight: 500 gr Description: Two external incised bands around the body. No decorations on rim. Disc base with one ridge above it. Parallels: Tell Beit Mirsim: similar bowl with no rim decoration and two external incised bands on body (Albright 1943: Pl. 27B: 4); Tawilan (Thompson 1971: Fig. 1). NO. 11. REG. NO. 1000/50K, LOCUS 140K, AREA Z, SURFACE (Fig. 12.2.3) Material: Polished limestone Dimensions: Outer diameter: 4.5cm, inner diameter: 2.7 cm, height: 2.5 cm Description: Small cosmetic bowl. Faded incised lines on top, incised herringbone pattern around the outer body and on the base.

597

CHAPTER 12

3. IMPLEMENTS The stone implements have been arranged according to seven basic categories: large grinding stones (Table 12.3.1), smaller grinding stones, pestles and hammer stones, which cannot always be differentiated (Table 12.3.2), mortars and stone bowls (Table 12.3.3), scrapers and door sockets (Table 12.3.4), sling-stones, of which two representative examples were weighed (Table 12.3.5), and varia (Table 12.3.6). Table 12.3.7 lists small, unworked but exceptional stones such as minerals and crystals, which are not found in the LPPHGLDWHYLFLQLW\RI7HO0DOতDWDQRWLOOXVWUDWHG 7KHLOOXVWUDWHGH[DPSOHVDUHOLVWHG¿UVWLQWKHWDEOHV the others are listed according to the area in which they were found. TABLE 12.3.1: GRINDING STONES (FIGS. 12.3.1–12.3.4) No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

Measurements Fig. (cm)

Comments

1

Grinding stone 242

2164/50 6.46-7.40 A

IIIA

2

Grinding stone 242

2165/50 6.46-7.40 A

IIIA

3

Grinding stone 1132

1767/50 6.66

F

Mixed IV-III

4

Grinding stone 1132

1765/50 6.66

F

Mixed IV-III

Limestone 34u14u6

12.3.2: 1

5

Grinding stone 1132

1768/50 6.66

F

Mixed IV-III

Hard limestone

30u17u7

12.3.2: 2 Rectangular shape

6

Grinding stone 1512b 3699/50 4.24

H

IIIB

Flint

27u17u10

12.3.2: 3

7

Grinding stone 1541

3861/50 3.62

H

IIIA

Flint

24u16u9

12.3.2: 4 Partly with cortex

8

Grinding stone 1583

4293/50 3.62

H

IIIA

Basalt

22u15u7

12.3.3: 1

9

Grinding stone 1512b 3700/50 4.24

H

IIIB

Flint

18u15u12

12.3.3: 2

10

Grinding stone 1512b 3794/50 4.32

H

IIIB

Basalt

24u12u5

12.3.3: 3

11

Grinding stone 1512b 3764/50 4.36

H

IIIB

Basalt

23u10u12

12.3.3: 4

12

Grinding stone 1132

1766/50 6.66

F

Mixed IV-III

Flint

18u16u6

12.3.4: 1

13

Grinding stone 283

2140/50 6.83

A

IIIA

Basalt

20u16u5

12.3.4: 2

14

Grinding stone 1132

1769/50 6.66

F

Mixed IV-III

Hard limestone

18u13u6

12.3.4: 3

15

Grinding stone 283

2156/50 6.72-8.00 A

IIIA

Flint

20u13u5

12.3.4: 4

16

Grinding stone 239

1843/50 7.45

A

IIIA

Basalt

24u10u8

12.3.4: 5

17

Grinding stone 239

1852/50 7.35

A

IIIA

Limestone 25u14u7

12.3.4: 6

18

Grinding stone 242

1850/50 6.80

A

IIIA

Basalt

18u10u6

12.3.4: 7

19

Grinding stone 1598

4377/50 4.42

H

IIIB

Basalt

13u10u4

12.3.4: 8 Rounded on one side, smoothed on other side

598

Basalt

40u25u5

12.3.1: 1

Basalt

37u23u5

12.3.1: 2

Flint

27u15u5

12.3.1: 3 Partly with cortex

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

Measurements Fig. (cm)

20

Grinding stone 283

2148/50 7.60

A

IIIA

Basalt

20.5u15u4

21

Grinding stone 284

2152/50 7.30-7.60 A

IIIA

Hard limestone

8u7.5u5

22

Grinding stone 1512b 3765/50 4.36

H

IIIB

Flint

D. 15

23

Grinding stone 1552

4006/52 4.55

H

IIIA

Flint

26u15u6

24

Grinding stone/ axe?

1552

4006/50 4.55

H

IIIA

Worked pebble

11.8u8.1u2.8

25

Grinding stone 1552

4015/50 4.55

H

IIIA

26

Grinding stone 1559

4191/50 3.08

H

IIIA

27

Grinding stone 1560

4087/50 3.99

H

IIIA

28

Grinding stone 1592

4313/50 4.61

H

IIIB

29

Grinding stone 1592

4459/50 4.34

H

IIIB

30

Grinding stone 1600

4414/50 4.84

H

IIIB

31

Grinding stone 1602

4486/50 5.19

H

IV

Hard 9.5u6u5 sandstone

Hard L. 12, W. 3.5 sandstone

32

Grinding stone 1604

4436/50 4.74

H

IIIB

Flint

13u9u2.5

33

Grinding stone 1K

2019/50 400.70

W

IIIA

Basalt

9u15

34

Grinding stone 5K

2038/50 460.57

W

IIIA

Basalt

16u24

35

Grinding stone 57K

877/2

401.33

W

III

36

Grinding stone 57K

877/2

401.33

W

III

37

Grinding stone 58K

881/1

398.87

W

IIIA

Flint

38

Grinding stone 103K

505/1

397.98

Z

Mixed IV-III

Flint

39

Grinding stone 132K

1042/50 399.05

Z

IVB

Comments

Depression in middle Triangular shape

Broken

599

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

1

2

3

Fig. 12.3.1: Grinding stones: Table 12.3.1: Nos. 1–3.

600

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

1

2

4

3

Fig. 12.3.2: Grinding stones: Table 12.3.1: Nos. 4–7.

601

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

1

2

3

4

Fig. 12.3.3: Grinding stones: Table 12.3.1: Nos. 8–11.

602

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

1

2

3

4

5

7

6

8

Fig. 12.3.4: Grinding stones: Table 12.3.1: Nos. 12–19.

603

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

TABLE 12.3.2: SMALL GRINDING STONES, PESTLES AND HAMMER STONES (FIG. 12.3.5) No.

Type

Locus No.

Reg. No. Elevation Area Stratum Material

1 2

1570 283

4192/52 2161/50

3.88 7.72

H A

IIIB IIIA

Sandstone 7.1u13u3.5 Stone 16u8u5

1604

4421/50

4.73

H

IIIB

Flint

12.5u8.7u4.6. 12.3.5: 3

Large

4

Grinding stone Grinding/ hammer stone Grinding/ hammer stone Grinding stone?

1512b 3765/50

4.36

H

IIIB

Flint

15u10u6

12.3.5: 4

5

Hammer stone

1583

4306/50

3.63

H

IIIA

Flint

11u9

12.3.5: 5

Depression in middle Smoothed on one side

6

1600

4448/50

5.22

H

IIIB

Sandstone 10u7u6

12.3.5: 6

7 8 9 10 11

Grinding/ hammer stone Hammer stone Hammer stone Hammer stone Hammer stone Worked stone

1512a 284 1512b 1512b 1512b

3798/50 2123/50 3802/50 3801/50 4068/50

4.32 7.20 4.32 4.32 4.94

H A H H H

IIIB IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIB

Flint Flint Flint Flint Limestone

12 13

Worked stone Worked stone

445 1567

370/50 4080/50

3.60 3.13

B H

III? IIIA

Sandstone 11u7u3.5 Stone 9u5.8u2.3

14

Worked stone

1570

4192/50

3.88

H

IIIB

Limestone 9.2u4.5u3

15 16

Hammer stone Worked pebble

1801 1803

4619/50 4238/50

5.30 5.61

H H

IIIB IIIB

Basalt Pebble

8u3.5u4.5 9u7.6u2.8

17

Worked pebble

1570

4192/51

3.88

H

IIIB

Pebble

D. 9

18 19

Worked stone Hammer stone

1600 252

4458/50 1920/50

5.22 7.60

H A

IIIB IIIA

Stone 8u7u4 Sandstone D. 6.5

20

Hammer stone

1512b 3824/50

4.47

H

IIIB

Flint

7u4

21 22 23

241 283 1552

1803/50 2126/50 4006/50

7.22 7.35 4.55

A A H

IIIB IIIA IIIA

Basalt Basalt Pebble

D. 4.5, L. 6 D. 4.5, L. 11 11.8u8.1u2.8

24 25 26

Pestle Pestle Hammer stone/ axe? Hammer stone Hammer stone Hammer stone?

12.3.5: 7 Conical shape 12.3.5: 8 12.3.5: 9 12.3.5: 10 12.3.5: 11 Rectangular shape, smoothed 12.3.5: 12 12.3.5: 13 Rectangular shape, black, smoothed 12.3.5: 14 Smoothed on both sides 12.3.5: 15 Rectangular 12.3.5: 16 Smoothed on one side 12.3.5: 17 Smoothed on both sides 12.3.5: 18 12.3.5: 19 Rounded with two ÀDWWHQHGVLGHVUHG 12.3.5: 20 Smoothed on one side 12.3.5: 21 12.3.5: 22 12.3.5: 23 Triangular shape

283 284 1115

2161/50 2127/50 1613/50

7.72 7.53 7.10

A A F

Stone Basalt Stone

16u8u5 D. 4.5

27

Hammer stone

1803

4729/50

6.23

H

IIIA IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIB

28

Hammer stone

5K

2111/50

398.80

W

IIIA

3

604

Flint/ dolomite Stone

Measurements Fig. (cm)

11.5 11u10 D. 10 8u5.5 8.6u6.5u4.3

12.3.5: 1 12.3.5: 2

Comments

Rectangular

Rectangular

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

3

2

1

5

9

14

19

6

10

4

7

11

8

13

12

15

16

20

21

17

22

18

23

Fig. 12.3.5: Small grinding stones, pestles and hammer stones: Table 12.3.2: Nos. 1–23.

605

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

TABLE 12.3.3: MORTARS AND STONE BOWLS (FIGS. 12.3.6; 12.3.7: 1–8) No.

Type

1 2

Reg. No. Elevation Area

Stratum

Material

Measurements (cm)*

Fig.

Bowl fragment 256 Mortar 1512b

1924/50 3691/50

7.40 4.24

A H

IIIA IIIB

Basalt Limestone

H. 7, D. 25 OD. 25, ID. 21, H. 21

12.3.6: 1 12.3.6: 2

3 4

Mortar Mortar

283 283

2159/50 2160/50

7.61 7.61

A A

IIIA IIIA

Limestone Limestone

21u15 OD. 20u14, ID. 14u11

12.3.6: 3 12.3.6: 4

5 6

Mortar Mortar/ bowl

269 1809

2009/50 4673/50

7.68 6.40

A H

IIIA IVA

Chalk 12.3.6: 5 Limestone/ 11.3u8.7u5.3 12.3.6: 6 chalk

7

Rectangular bowl fragment Rectangular bowl fragment

1507

3902/50

H

IIIA

Stone

18u17

12.3.6: 7

1535

3862/50

3.513.97 3.91

H

IIIA

Hard sandstone

13u12

12.3.6: 8

9

Bowl fragment 1549

4122/50

3.23

H

Basalt

D. 26

12.3.7: 1

10 11 12

Bowl 1554 Bowl fragment 1808 Stone vessel 204

4033/50 4686/50 7/50

2.62 2.18 7.16

H H A

Chalk Basalt Limestone

D. 18 4.5u3.5 7.1u6.5

12.3.7: 2 12.3.7: 3 12.3.7: 4

13

Bowl

1028

1504/50

6.77-8.51 F

Limestone

Bowl

606

427/50

1.95-2.30 C

8u6.5u4.5, ID. 4.5 Base D. 6, H. 4.5

12.3.7: 5

14

Mixed IV-III IIIA III Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III Mixed (I?)

15

Bowl/drill stone

854

1138/50

10.0311.44

D

Mixed IV-III

Limestone

D. 5.5

12.3.7: 7

16

254

1922/50

7.18

A

IIIA

Limestone

4u3.5

12.3.7: 8

17 18 19

Miniature bowl/drill stone Mortar/ bowl Bowl Mortar

1811 34K 84K

4724/50 122/1 135/1

6.23 391.85 402.50

H W W

Stone Limestone Limestone

20

Mortar

148K

1052/50

399.19

Z

IV Mixed Mixed IV, VI IVA

8

Locus No.

*OD=Outer diameter; ID=Inner diameter

606

Basalt

14u33

12.3.7: 6

Comments

Uneven surface, high on outer perimeter

Unworked yellowish stone with a depression Rectangular Rectangular, Engraved? an altar? Ledge handle Pierced Rectangular shape?

Engraved ridge above the base Depressions on both sides

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

1

3

2

6

5

4

7

8

Fig. 12.3.6: Mortars and stone bowls: Table 12.3.3: Nos. 1–8.

607

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

TABLE 12.3.4: SCRAPERS AND DOOR SOCKETS (FIG. 12.3.7: 9–18) No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation

Area

Stratum

Material

MeasureFig. ments (cm)*

Comments

1

Scraper

1103

1542/50

6.85-7.19

F

12.3.7: 9

Gray

Scraper

1110

1612/50

10.07

F

7u5

12.3.7: 10

3

Lid-shaped scraper

1544

4025/50

2.87

H

Porous basalt Porous basalt Porous basalt

8u 4.5u5

2

Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III IIIA

D. 8, H. 4.3

12.3.7: 11

4 5

Scraper Door socket

1801 826

4707/50 1074/50

H D

Door socket

249

1848/50

A

IIIB Mixed IV-III IIIA

Sandstone 7u6 Limestone D. 9.5

6

6.30 9.9011.05 7.10

7

Door socket

1557

4252/50

3.30

H

IIIA

8

Door socket

1523

3820/50

4.34

H

IIIB

9

Door socket? 283

2128/50

7.45

A

IIIA

10

Door socket? 1512b

3690/50

4.24

H

IIIB

*OD=Outer diameter; ID=Inner diameter

608

Limestone OD. 10, ID. 3.3 Basalt 11u13.5u5

Black-brown, pierced from side to side 12.3.7: 12 Trapezoidal 12.3.7: 13 Broken, hole in middle 12.3.7: 14 12.3.7: 15 Pierced through 12.3.7: 16

Limestone OD. 10, ID. 5 Limestone OD. 16, 12.3.7: 17 ID. 3 Limestone OD.20, ID.5 12.3.7: 18

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

2

1

4

5

9

6

14

13

17

8

7

11

10

12

16

3

15

18

Fig. 12.3.7: 1–8) Mortars and stone bowls: Table 12.3.3: Nos. 9–16; 9–18) Scrapers and door sockets: Table 12.3.4: Nos. 1–10.

609

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

TABLE 12.3.5: SLING-STONES (FIG. 12.3.8) No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No. Elevation

Area

Stratum Material

Measurements (cm)

Fig.

Comments

1

Sling-stone

1535

3860/50

3.91

H

IIIA

12.3.8: 1

Large, gray

2

283

2162/50

7.72

A

IIIA

12.3.8: 2

Thick cortex

283

2163/50

7.72

A

IIIA

D. 11

12.3.8: 3

4 5 6 7 8

Sling-stone / worked pebble Sling-stone / worked pebble Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone

D. 20, base 18 D. 16

1512b 1508 1583 1801 284

3800/50 3668/50 4317/51 4642/50 2149/50

4.32 3.97 3.59 5.90 7.30-7.60

H H H H A

IIIB IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIA

D. 10 D. 8 D. 6.1 D. 7 D. 7

12.3.8: 4 12.3.8: 5 12.3.8: 6 12.3.8: 7 12.3.8: 8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stones

284 1512b 1508 284 1508 1583 1529 1591 283 1538 284 1523 1803 1507 1507 1512b

2151/50 3763/50 3784/50 2150/50 3799/50 4317/50 3844/50 4311/50 2157/50 3830/50 2130/50 3843/50 4641/50 3588/50 3573/50 3795/50

7.30-7.60 4.36 2.94 7.30-7.60 4.32 3.59 3.63 4.15 7.72 3.46 7.65 4.47 5.50 3.54 2.51 4.32

A H H A H H H H A H A H H H H H H

IIIA IIIB IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IV IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIA IIIA IIIB

D. 7 D. 7 D. 7.5

12.3.8: 9 12.3.8: 10 12.3.8: 11 12.3.8: 12 12.3.8: 13 12.3.8: 14 12.3.8: 15 12.3.8: 16 12.3.8: 17 12.3.8: 18 12.3.8: 19 12.3.8: 20 12.3.8: 21 12.3.8: 22 12.3.8: 23 12.3.8: 24

26 27

Sling-stones Sling-stone

207

27/1

7.69

H A

28

Sling-stone

207

27/2

7.69

A

29

Sling-stone

207

27/3

7.69

A

30

Sling-stone/ mallet Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone

207

27/4

7.69

A

215 284 1803 1507 1512a

52/50 2125/50 4037/50 3902/51 3587/50

7.14 7.61 5.13 3.90 3.87

A A H H H

3

31 32 33 34 35

610

Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIA IIIA

Hard limestone Hard limestone Hard limestone Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint

D. 7 D. 6.5 D. 7 D. 5.8 D. 5.5

Flint Flint

D. 6 D. 6 D. 6.5 D. 6 D. 6 Medium sized Large D. 6.5

Flint

D. 6

Flint

D. 7

Flint

D. 6

Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint

D. 6.2 10u10 D. 5.8 D. 5.8 D. 6.5

Elliptical shape

30 pieces 11 pieces

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

3

2

1

5

4

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Fig. 12.3.8: Sling-stones: Table 12.3.5: Nos. 1–24.

611

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No. Elevation

Area

Stratum Material

Measurements (cm)

36 37 38

Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone

1512b 1548 1549

4035/50 4621/50 3975/50

4.89 4.75 2.54

H H H

IIIB IIIA IIIA

Flint Flint Flint

D. 5.2 D. 6 D. 6.5

39 40 41 42

Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone

1549 1552 1552 1555

4122/50 4006/51 4066 3971/50

3.23 4.55 4.70 2.96

H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

Flint Flint Flint Flint

D. 5.9 D. 6.6 D. 5.7 D. 8.2

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61

Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone Sling-stone

1558 1562 1565 1569 1570 1583 1591 1600 1603 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1803 1803 2K 132K

4041/50 4045/50 4040/50 4356/50 4197/50 4293/51 4326/50 4443/50 4431/50 4632/1 4632/2 4668/50 4685/1 4691/1 4697/50 4613/50 4613/51 2045/50 1046/50

3.80 2.99 3.04 4.22 3.66 3.62 4.31 5.22 4.84 5.93 5.93 5.23 6.23 6.23 6.30 4.75 4.75 399.45 397.45

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H W Z

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIA IV IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IVA IIIB IIIB IIIA III

Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint Flint

D. 6.2 D. 7.8 D. 5

Fig.

Comments

Weight 373.05 g

Weight 568.25 g Large

D. 5.6 D. 6 D. 6.5

D. 5.6 D. 8 D. 6.5

D. 6.8 D. 6.5 D. 6 D. 6

TABLE 12.3.6: STONE VARIA (FIG. 12.3.9) No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation

Area Stratum Material

Measurements (cm)

Fig.

1

Worked stone

1557

4021/50

2.36

H

IIIA

Alabaster

7u4.2, H. 1.1

12.3.9: 1

2

Worked stone/ hammer?

283

2166/50

8.00

A

IIIA

Limestone

7u5

12.3.9: 2

3

Pallet?

1002

1410/50

Mixed IV-III

Shale / slate

3.2u2.5u0.5 12.3.9: 3

Pierced

4

Pallet fragment

1128

1729/50

7.18

F

IV

Black stone/ slate?

8u4u1.3

12.3.9: 4

Triangular shape

5

Unknown tool

1512b

3739/50

4.36

H

IIIB

Basalt

5.4u4.3

12.3.9: 5

Incised decoration, pierced

612

Comments

Smoothed with small incisions on one side

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation

Area Stratum Material

Measurements (cm)

Fig.

6

Vessel

826

1070/50

10.70

D

III

Alabaster

D. 2.3, H. 2.1

12.3.9: 6

7

Worked mineral

226

119/50

7.47

A

IIIA

Gypsum

3u2

12.3.9: 7

8

Rectangular stone

283

2118/50

7.40

A

IIIA

Limestone

3u1.7u1

12.3.9: 8

Small, smoothed

9

Worked stone?

1566

4076/51

3.09

H

IIIA

Polished sandstone

12.3.9: 9

Rectangular shape

10

Drilled stone

1592

4305/50

4.50

H

IIIB

Limestone

12.3.9: 10

Two holes pierced through, six holes not pierced through

11

Blade

1516

3751/50

12.79

H

III

Flint

L. 3

12.3.9: 11

12

Stopper

1580

4222/50

H

IIIA

Limestone

D. 4

12.3.9: 12

13

Worked pebble

283

2089/50

A

IIIA

Limestone

D. 3

12.3.9: 13

14

Stopper

1548

4130/50

H

IIIA

Limestone

D. 2.5

12.3.9: 14

Polished

15

Vessel fragment

Surface 2119/50

-

Serpentine

12.3.9: 15

Ridges on outer side

16

Bowl/ incense burner?

1564

4078/51

2.64

H

IIIA

Limestone

L. 9

12.3.9: 16

Leg

17

Pyxis

1105

1574/50

6.13

F

Mixed IV-III

Onyx/ alabaster

H. 5

12.3.9: 17

Disc base

18

Alabastron

1512b

3698/50

4.24

H

IIIB

Alabaster

H. 11.5

12.3.9: 18

Half a base and body of a tall, round vessel

19

Worked stone

221

99/50

7.10

A

IIIB

20

Worked stone/ door socket?

225

158/50

7.65

A

IIIA

21

Polished stone

239

198/50

7.10

A

IIIA

Limestone

22

Worked pebble

283

2162/50

2.77

A

IIIA

Hard limestone

23

Large weight?

1010

1442/50

F

IVA

24

Weight

1115

1649/50

6.17

F

Mixed IV-III

25

Worked stone

1512b

3837/50

4.53

H

IIIB

26

Scraper

1512b

4068/51

4.94

H

IIIB

Porous basalt

27

Worked stone

1516

3750/50

12.79

H

III

Eilat stone

28

Worked stone

1520

4612/50

4.31

H

IIIA

29

Worked stone

1524

3792/50

3.89

H

IIIA

30

Worked stone

1544

H

IIIA

31

Spherical weight?

1564

4151/50

2.90

H

IIIA

32

Worked stone

1566

4058/50

3.09

H

IIIA

7.20

Comments

Small, elliptical, orange Brown-gray

Rectangular Eilat stone

Greenish L. 6.6

Black

Red

613

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Type

Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation

Area Stratum Material

Measurements (cm) L. 4.3

33

Worked stone

1566

4076/50

3.09

H

IIIA

34

Weight

1580

4223/50

2.95

H

IIIA

35

Fossil

1584

4373/50

4.72

H

IIIA

36

Polished stone

1604

4405/50

4.61

H

IIIB

37

Round stone

1801

4718/50

6.60

H

IIIB

Limestone

38

Worked stone

1813

4723/50

6.23

H

IVB

Dolomite/ limestone

39

Worked stone

5K

2129/50

398.45

W

IIIA

40

Blade

29K

109/4

398.0

W

41

Worked stone

55K

891/1

401.19

W

IIIA

42

Worked stone

132K

1042/5

399.05

Z

IVB

Fig.

Comments Black

Rectangular, smoothed on all sides, light gray 7.5u11u4

Flint Basalt 17u6

TABLE 12.3.7: MINERALS AND CRYSTALS No.

Type

Locus No. Reg. No.

Elevation

Area

Stratum

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Asphalt Gypsum Sandstone Asphalt Asphalt Ceramic slag Asphalt Asphalt Gypsum Copper mineral

239 226 874 1019 1024 1019 1604 1608 1512b 1516

7.3 7.22 12.77 6.4 7.51 6.40 4.84 5.95 4.94 12.79

A A D F F F H H H H

IIIA IIIA Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III IIIB IV IIIB Mixed IV-III

614

1808 110 1194 1462 1692 1460 4462 4487 4079 3750

Measurements (cm)

Comments 2 pieces

L. 7

L. 7.8

CHAPTER 12: 3. I MPLEMENTS

3

2

1

5

4

7

8

12

13

9

14

6

10

11

15

17 16

18

Fig. 12.3.9: Stone varia: Table 12.3.6: Nos. 1–18.

615

REFERENCES Albright, W.F. 1943. The Excavation of Tell Beit-Mirsim III. The Iron Age (Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 21–22). New Haven. Avigad, N. 1960. Excavations at Makmish, 1958. Preliminary Report. Israel Exploration Journal 10: 90–96. Barag, D. 1985. Phoenician Stone Vessels from the Eighth–Seventh Centuries BCE. Eretz-Israel 18: 215–232 (Hebrew). Beit-Arieh, I. 1995. Miscellaneous Small Finds. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW4LWPLW$Q(GRPLWH6KULQHLQWKH Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 11). Tel Aviv: 269–279. Ben-Arieh, S. 2011. Temple Furniture from a Favissa at >(QণD਌HYD>Atiqot 68: 107–176. Bennet, C.M. 1967. A Cosmetic Palette from Umm al-Biyara. Antiquity 41: 197–201. Bienkowski, P. 1995. The Small Finds. In: Bennett, C.M. and Bienkowski, P. Excavation at Tawilan in Southern Jordan. Oxford. Bienkowski, P., ed. 2011. Umm al-Biyara Excavations by Crystal M. Bennet in Petra 1960–1965 (Levant Supplementary Series Vol. 10). Oxford and Oakville. Caton-Thompson, G. 1944. The Tombs and Moon Temple of Hureida (Hydramaut). Oxford. Cohen, R. and Cohen-Amin, R. 2004. Ancient Settlement of the Negev Highlands II (IAA Reports 20). Jerusalem (Hebrew). 'DYLDX036WRQH$OWDUV/DUJHDQG6PDOO7KH,URQ$JH$OWDUVIURP঩LUEHWHO0XGƝ\LQH-RUGDQ ,Q Bickel, S., Schoer, S., Schurte, R. and Uehlinger, C., eds. Bilder als Quellen Images as Sources. Studies on Ancient Near Eastern Artefacts and the Bible Inspired by the Work of Othmar Keel (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Special Volume). Freiburg and Göttingen: 125–150. Diringer, D. 1953. Early Hebrew Inscriptions. In: Tufnell, O. Lachish III (Tell ed-Duweir): The Iron Age. London: 331–359. Dothan, M. 1971. Ashdod II–III. The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963, 1965, Soundings at 1967 (>Atiqot 9–10). Jerusalem. Dothan, M. 1993. Ashdod. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, Vol. I. Jerusalem: 93–102. Fischer, P.M. 1997. Tell Abu al-Kharaz. The Swedish Jordan Expedition 1995–1996. Sixth and Seventh Season Preliminary Excavation Report. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 41: 129–142. Fowler, M.D. 1985. Excavated Incense Burners: A Case for Identifying a Site as Sacred. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 117: 25–29. Gera, A. 2007. The Small Finds. In: Cohen, R. and Bernick-Greenberg, H., eds. Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976–1982 (IAA Reports 34/1). Jerusalem: 211–235. Glueck, N. 1966. Deities and Dolphins. New York. Glueck, N. 1971. Incense Altars. Eretz-Israel 10: 120–125 (Hebrew). Goldsmith, D., Ben-Dov, R. and Kertest, T. 1999. Miscellaneous Finds. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. Tel ‘Ira, A Stronghold in the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 15). Tel Aviv: 445–475. Guy, P.L.O. 1938. Megiddo Tombs. Chicago. Hart, S. 1988. Excavations at Ghrareh, 1986: Preliminary Report. Levant 20: 89–99. +DVVHOO-$5HH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKH&XERLG,QFHQVH%XUQLQJ$OWDUVIURP)OLQGHUV3HWULH¶V3DOHVWLQLDQ Excavations at Tell Jemmeh. Levant 37: 133–162.

616

CHAPTER 12: R EFERENCES

Ibrahim, M.M. and van der Kooij, G. 1986. Excavations at Deir Alla, Season 1984. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 30: 131–143. Ibrahim, M.M. and van der Kooij, G. 1997. Excavations at Tall Dayr Alla; Seasons 1987 and 1994. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 41: 95–114. Kenyon, M.K. 1957. Miscellaneous Objects in Metal, Bone and Stone. In: Crowfoot, J.W., Crowfoot, G.M. and Kenyon, K.M. The Objects from Samaria. London: 439-468. Lamon, R.S. and Shipton, G.M. 1939. Megiddo I (1925–1934) Strata I–V. Chicago. Macalister, R.A.S. 1912. Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909. Vols. I–III. London. McCown, C.C. 1947. Tell en-Nasbeh I. Archeological and Historical Results. Berkeley and New Haven. Nielsen, R.1986. Incense in Ancient Israel (Vetus Testamentum Supplement No. 38). Leiden. Philip, G. 1991. Art and Technology. In: Bienkowski, P., ed. Treasures from an Ancient Land: The Art of Jordan. Gloucestershire: 86–108. Shea, M.O.D. 1983. The Small Cuboid Incense-Burner of the Ancient Near East. Levant 15: 76–109. Shiloh, Y. 1984. Excavations at the City of David I (Qedem 19). Jerusalem. Shiloh, Y. 1986. A Group of Hebrew Bullae. Israel Exploration Journal 36: 16–38. Singer-Avitz, L. 1999. Beersheba – A Gateway Community in Southern Arabian Long-Distance Trade in the Eighth Century B.C.E. Tel Aviv 26: 3–74. Stern, E. 1973. Limestone Incense Altars. In: Aharoni, Y., ed. Beer-Sheba I, Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba, 1969–1971 Seasons (Publications of the Institute of Archaeology 2). Tel Aviv: 52–53. Stern, E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period, 538–332 BCE. Jerusalem. Thareani, Y. 2011. Tel ‘Aroer. The Iron Age II Caravan Town and the Hellenistic-Early Roman Settlement. The Avraham Biran (1975–1982) and Rudolph Cohen (1975–1976) Excavations (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion No. VIII). Jerusalem. Thompson, H.O. 1971. Iron Age Cosmetic Palettes. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 16: 61–70. Tubb, J.N. 1988. Tell es-Saidiyeh: Preliminary Report on the First Three Seasons of Renewed Excavations. Levant 20: 23–88. Tufnell, O. 1953. Lachish III (Tell ed-Duweir): The Iron Age. London. Ussishkin, D. and Woodhead, J. 1997. Excavations at Tel Jezreel 1994–1996: Third Preliminary Report. Tel Aviv 24: 6–72. Weiner, H.M. 1927. The Altars of the Old Testament. Leipzig. Yadin, Y. et al. 1960. Hazor II. An Account of the Second Season of Excavations, 1956. Jerusalem. Yadin, Y. et al. 1961. Hazor III–IV. An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons of Excavations, 1957–1958. Plates. Jerusalem. Ziegler, L. 1942. Tonkasten aus Uruk, Babylon und Assur. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie 47: 224–240. Zwickel, W. 1990. Räucherkult und Räuchergeräte. Exegetische und Archäologische Studien zum Räucheropfer im Alten Testament (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 97). Freiburg and Göttingen.

617

CHAPTER 13

METAL ARTIFACTS FROM THE IRON AGE Nadin Reshef

TABLE 13.1: IRON AGE ARTIFACTS (FIGS. 13.1–13.3) No. Type

Locus Reg. No. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

MeasureWeight ments (cm)* (g)

Fig.

Comments

1

Knife

1600

4428/60

5.09

H

IIIB

Iron

L. 28.3

166

13.1: 1

2

Spearhead

221

100/60

7.10

H

IIIA

Iron

L. 11.5, W. 4.6, Th. 1.5

90

13.1: 2

3

Point

1543

3880/60

1.30-3.75 H

IIIA

Iron

40

13.1: 3

4

Arrowhead 1555

4083/60

3.88

H

IIIA

Iron

12

13.1: 4

5

Arrowhead 278

2036/60

7.3

A

IIIA

Bronze

6

13.1: 5

6 7

Spearhead Spearhead

245 1128

1897/60 1702/60

7.6 7.18

A F

IIIA IV

Iron Bronze

L. 12.3, W. 1.5 L. 8.9, W. 1.8 L. 4.3, W. 1 L. 5.3

Complete with iron handle. 4 iron rivets through the handle (3 complete) Tang preserved, one wing missing Broken in two, restored Slightly curved ScythoIranian

15

13.1: 6 13.1: 7

8

227

116/60

7.40

A

IIIA

Iron

9

Tool fragment Blade

1027

1715/60

F

Mixed IV-III

Iron

10

Blade

204

21/60

7.49

A

Iron

11

Sickle

1567

4127/60

3.50

H

Mixed IV-III IIIA

12

Blade?

284

2074/60

A

IIIA

Iron

618

Iron

L. 11.1, W. 3 L. 11.2, W. 2.5, Th. 1 L. 11

72

13.2: 1

56

13.2: 2

26

13.2: 3

a) L. 6.7, W. 2.5 b) L. 7, W. 3.3 L. 11.3, W. 3.3

50 together

13.2: 4

38

13.2: 5

Attached to a limestone vessel

Restored

2 nonadjoining pieces, curved

CHAPTER 13: M ETAL A RTIFACTS FROM THE I RON AGE

No. Type

Locus Reg. No. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

MeasureWeight ments (cm)* (g)

Fig.

Comments

13

Tool fragment

284

2122/60

7.40

A

IIIA

Iron

L. 5, W. 2.8

20

13.2: 6

14

Point

1516

3703/60

11.64

H

Iron

L. 4.4

3

13.2: 7

15 16

Tool Point

1535 250

3791/60 1885/60

2.99 7.55

H A

Mixed IV-III IIIA IIIA

2 pointed tips on the upper end Corroded

Iron Iron

L. 8.4 L. 9.3, W. 1.2

61 15

13.2: 8 13.2: 9

17

Point

1515

3693/60

4.15

H

IIIB

Iron

9

13.2: 10

18

Point

1508

3608/61

3.95

H

IIIA

19

Point

1508

3608/60

3.95

H

IIIA

20

Tweezers

811

1041/60

9.25

D

21

1130

1688/61

5.75

F

22 23 24

Folded plate Ring Ring Ring

257 1025 1019

1962/60 1502/60 1482/60

7.45 8.72 7.09

A F F

25

Ring

1006

1428/60

6.6

F

Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III IIIA IVA Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III

26

Decorated fragment

1130

1688/62

5.75

F

Mixed IV-III

Bronze

27

Bracelet

239

1807/60

7.3

A

IIIA

Copper

L. 9.6, W. 1 Iron a) L. 17, W. 1.3 b) L. 6.1, W. 8 Iron a) L. 12.1, W. 1 b) L. 5.6, W. 1 c) L. 4.2, W. 1 Bronze or L. 2 copper Bronze L. 4.2, W. 2.2 Bronze D. 2.3 Copper D. 1.8 Bronze D. 1.9 Iron

The lower tip curves inward

56 13.2: 11 2 nontogether adjoining pieces 20 13.2: 12 3 pieces together

1

13.3: 1

5

13.3: 2

4 2 2

13.3: 3 13.3: 4 13.3: 5

ID. 2.1, OD. 3.1, W. 1.5 L. 5.5, W. 1.4

18

13.3: 6

Overlapping ends

10

13.3: 7

a) D. 5.8 b) L. 3.2

a) 20 b) 4

13.3: 8

One end ¿QLVKHG other broken. 7 incised dot-in-circles on body One end ¿QLVKHG other broken. The tip curls inward, two ridges on body

619

NADIN R ESHEF

No. Type

Locus Reg. No. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

28

Fibula

249

1860/60

7.4

A

IIIA

Copper

5

29

Fibula

1585

4251/60

3.98

H

IV

Bronze

7

30

Tongue of a bell

226

160/60

7.49

A

IIIA

Bronze

31 32 33

Slag Fragment Lump

207 213 217

22/2/60 38/60 62/60

7.44 8.16 7.55

A A A

IIIA IIIB IIIB

Iron Bronze Iron

34 35 36 37

Point Fragment Spheroid Fragment

220 220 223 225

76/60 84/60 2041/60 144/60

6.65 6.87 8.00 7.64

A A A A

IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB

Iron Bronze Iron Iron

38 39

Fragments Plate

226 226

136/60 134/60

7.44 7.44

A A

IIIA IIIA

40

227

116/62

7.4

A

IIIA

227

115/60

7.4

A

IIIA

Iron

42

Tool fragments Tool fragments Point

Bronze Copper or bronze Iron

245

1898/60

7.60

A

IIIB

Iron

43

Fragment

247

1837/60

6.70

A

IIIA

44 45

Point 270 Arrowhead 274

1987/60 2015/60

7.51 7.76

A A

IIIA IIIB

Bronze/ copper Iron Iron

46

Fragment

281

2045/60

6.65

A

IIIA

Iron

47 48

Bracelet Fragments

422 611

293/60 462/60

3.44 5.58

B C

III III

Iron Iron

41

620

MeasureWeight ments (cm)* (g)

L. 2.7, W. 1.3

7

6.3u5.3u2.2 L. 7.5 L. 2.4 D. 2.8 L. 2.1, W. 1.5

81 5 2 34 3

119 together 34 together 23

L. 3

3

L. 4.3 L. 6.1, W. 1.1 L. 3, W. 2

6 7

Fig.

Comments

13.3: 9

One end curls inward, below it are 4 ridges. On other end, 3 ridges are preserved 13.3: 10 Tip curls inward. 2 thickened bulges on body 13.3: 11 Triangular tongue (1.5x1 cm) attached to 2 links of a chain

Fragment of iron with a nail jammed into it

9 pieces 8 pieces 3 fragments. Maybe part of a sickle

9

14 together

3 pieces

CHAPTER 13: M ETAL A RTIFACTS FROM THE I RON AGE

No. Type

Locus Reg. No. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

MeasureWeight ments (cm)* (g)

49

Fragment

611

434/60

4.63-5.11 C

III

Iron

50

Fragment

611

443/60

5.15.43

C

III

Iron

D. 3.4, Th. 0.3 L. 6.5, W. 0.8

51 52

Fragment 611 Hemisphere 812

428/60 1042/60

4.74 8.73

C D

III III

53

Fragment

821

1068/60

8.65

D

III

54 55

Fragment Slag

901 909

1205/60 1223/60

Surface 11.29

E E

III III

Iron Copper or bronze Copper or bronze Metal Copper

56

Pin

912

1233/60

E

III

Copper

57

Bracelet

1000

1404/60

10.7411.38 6.08

F

III

Bronze

D. 4.2, H. 1

58

Fragment of a silver ingot Fragment Tool fragment Rounded piece Nail

1025

1501/60

8.72

F

IV

Silver

L.1.3, W. 0.3

1107 1112

1583/60 1597/60

6.35 6.19

F F

III III

Bronze Iron

1128

1695/60

6.90

F

IV

Copper

2.2u1.4 L. 5, W. 0.8 D. 0.9

1128

1671/60

6.47

F

IV

Iron

1128 1500

1689/60 3512/60

6.98 6.00

F H

III IIIA

Iron Iron

1508? 3608/3/62

3.95

H

IIIA

Iron

66 67

Blade Unknown tool Tool fragment Lump Nail

1508 3662/60 1512b 3787/60

3.97 4.36

H H

IIIA III

Copper Iron

68 69

Point Point

1517 1520

3738/60 3736/60

4.61 4.09

H H

IIIB IIIA

70 71

Fragment Blade

1525 1531

3717/60 3816/60

4.51 5.06

H H

IIIB IIIB

Iron Bronze/ copper Bronze Iron

59 60 61 62

63 64 65

Fig.

Comments

11 9

Curved

Attached to a fragment of a ceramic vessel

7

2 7

Decorated with overlapping lines and dots Broken

Curved

L. 5.4, 9 head D. 1.5, W. 1 L. 7, W. 2.3 L. 4.1 12u0.6 L. 6.6, W. 0.7 L. 22 L. 1.5 L. 1.0-1.6 L. 6, W. 2.3

65 4

Maybe part RID¿EXOD

10 6 82 2

Restored

5 pieces 10

621

NADIN R ESHEF

No. Type

Locus Reg. No. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

72

Tool fragments

1532

3740/60

6.45

73

1534

3916/60

74 75

Rounded piece Fragments Fragments

1544 1552

76

Lump

77

H

III

Iron

4.08-4.48 H

IIIB

Copper

3900/60 4169/60

1.8 5.12

H H

IIIA IIIA

Copper Copper

1554

1045/60

6.84

H

IIIA

Iron

1559

4188/60

3.08

H

IIIB

78

Unknown object Nail

1564

4279/60

3.06

H

79

Fragments

1565

4032/60

3.04

80

Fragment

1569

4364/60

3.97

81 82

Point Plate fragments

1572 1574

83

Plowshare

84 85

MeasureWeight ments (cm)* (g) 187

Fig.

Comments More than 20 pieces of a tool. Not restored.

L. 0.6 12 pieces 3 pieces, restored, 2 holes in one of them 92

Iron

L. 7.3, W. 2.5 L. 8.4

4

Curved

IIIA

Bronze

L. 3

2

H

IIIA

Iron

One end curls inward 3 pieces. Corroded. Maybe part RID¿EXOD

H

IIIB

Iron

2

4159/60 4225/60

3.44 H 8.46-8.99 H

IIIB III

Iron Iron

1580

4224/51/60

3.04

H

IIIA

Iron

Plowshare

1580

4224/60

2.95

H

IIIA

Iron

1588

4359/60

4.56

H

III

Iron

86

Unknown object Lump

L. 3, W. 0.8 L. 9.3 L. 7, W. 3.4, Th. 0.1 L. 11.2, W. 4.9 L. 13, W. 0.6 L. 2.3

1595

4336/60

4.42

H

IIIB

Iron

87 88

Fragments Blade

1595 1598

4353/60 4391/60

4.6 4.42

H H

IV IV

Bronze Iron

89 90 91 92

Blade Point Point Fragment

1600 1601 1602 1602

4434/60 4402/60 4479/60 4478/60

5.09 5.63 5.19 5.19

H H H H

IVA IIIA IIIC IIIC

Iron Iron Iron Iron

93

Tool 1604 fragments Arrowhead 27K

4496/60

4.98

H

IIIB

Iron

332/1/60

400.63

W

94

622

Iron

L. 4.8, W. 1.5

4 9

2 pieces

206

Restored

361

Restored

1 10

L. 8, W. 2

27

L. 5.5 L. 3.1 L. 3.5, W. 1.4

10 1 4 28

3 pieces Curved

Maybe a point 4 pieces together

CHAPTER 13: M ETAL A RTIFACTS FROM THE I RON AGE

No. Type

Locus Reg. No. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

MeasureWeight ments (cm)* (g) L. 7.8, W. 1.5, Th. 0.5

95

Arrowhead 27K

344/1/60

400.57

W

Iron

96 97 98

Fragment 27K Arrowhead 27K Nail 40K

371/1/60 341/2/60 139/1/60

400.37 400.57 402.60

W W W

Copper Iron Iron

99

Knife

40K

140/1/60

402.70

W

Iron

100 101 102 103 104

Nail Nail Blade Vessel Nail

40K 41K 56K 57K 65K

144/1/60 171/1/60 833/1/60 890/1/60 935/2/60

402.45 402.10 403.70 401.20 401.0

W W W W W

Iron Iron Iron Copper Iron

a) L. 3 b) L. 5.1 L. 8.7, W. 2.5, Th. 0.5

Fig.

Comments

2 pieces. Broken One iron rivet preserved Broken Broken

L. 5.4 Broken

*OD=Outer diameter; ID=Inner diameter

623

NADIN R ESHEF

2

4

1

7

Fig. 13.1: Iron Age objects: Table 13.1: Nos. 1–7.

624

3

5

6

CHAPTER 13: M ETAL A RTIFACTS FROM THE I RON AGE

1

6

2

7

8

3

4

9

10

5

11

12

Fig. 13.2: Iron Age objects: Table 13.1: Nos. 8–19.

625

NADIN R ESHEF

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Fig. 13.3: Iron Age objects: Table 13.1: Nos. 20–30.

626

10

11

CHAPTER 14

SMALL FINDS FROM THE IRON AGE Liora Freud and Nadin Reshef

1. LOOM WEIGHTS 2YHUORRPZHLJKWVZHUHUHFRYHUHGDW7HO0DOতDWDFDRIWKHPLQWKH¿UVWH[SHGLWLRQWKHUHVWLQWKH VHFRQGH[SHGLWLRQ7KHVHXQ¿UHGSHUIRUDWHGFOD\EDOOVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGDVORRPZHLJKWVRIYDULRXVVL]HV$ IHZVWRQHREMHFWVDUHDOVRGH¿QHGDVORRPZHLJKWV7KHPDMRULW\DUHÀDWGRQXWVKDSHGREMHFWVZLWKDKROH in the middle; however, some have a conical shape with a perforation in one end. Most range in weight from 260 to 400 g, though some are massive, reaching up to 747.8 g, while several are light, weighing less than 260 g. The weights have an average diameter of 6–8.5 cm, though some are 4–5 cm in diameter, others over 9 cm (Fig. 14.1.1). In some examples, the hole was pierced from the side of the weight (Fig. 14.1.2), and in a few cases, several rope grooves are visible (Table 14.1.1: Nos. 42, 44). Examples of such grooves can also be seen at Tel >Ira (Ben-Dov 1999: 445) and Kadesh Barnea (Shamir 2007: 265). For a description of the uses of loom weights, see Browning (2001: 249–253). The majority of the loom weights were discovered in Area H (a total of 372), in clusters or scattered on WKHÀRRUVRIVHYHUDOURRPV/DUJHQXPEHUVZHUHDOVRH[FDYDWHGLQ$UHD$ DQG6HFWLRQ:FD DQG several in Areas F, B and D, and Section Z. Most of them should be attributed to the late Iron Age stratum at the site (Stratum IIIA). The concentrations from Area H originated in Locus 1556, a small room where over ORRPZHLJKWVZHUHIRXQGVFDWWHUHGRYHUWKHÀRRULQGLFDWLQJVRPHVRUWRIODUJHVFDOHWH[WLOHSURGXFWLRQLQ this building (Figs. 2.77–2.78), in Locus 1512a where 29 loom weights were recovered (Fig. 2.55), in Locus 1534a with 23 loom weights, and in Locus 1507 with a cluster of 20 loom weights (Fig. 2.63). In Section W, most were recovered in a concentration in Locus 51K. In Section Z, of a total of 11, 9 were found in a cluster.1 The large concentrations of loom weights in a number of the small rooms in Area H, compared to the relatively smaller numbers from the domestic areas of the same stratum (Areas A and F), is evidence of an industrial or commercial purpose for these rooms. The location of Area H adjoining the city wall, the interior division of the rooms into two smaller units, and the public nature of Pillar Building 1564, further support this conclusion. Other indications of this industrial/commercial character of the rooms in Area +DUHWKHQRQGRPHVWLF¿QGVVXFKDVDUDUHXQPDUNHGVKHNHOZHLJKWIURP/RFXV&KDSWHU1R 18), weighing ca. 1450 g, which is equivalent to 128 Judean shekels, another unmarked shekel weight in Locus 1803 (Stratum IV) with an estimated value of 40 shekels, a 30-shekel weight from Locus 1517, and several marked shekel weights of smaller denominations (between 1–8 shekels) in Loci 1552, 1556, 1566 and 1600. In addition, two Egyptian scarabs were recovered in Loci 1511 and 1557 (Chapter 7). All of WKHVH¿QGVDQGWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFRPSOH[OHQGWKHLPSUHVVLRQRIDQLQGXVWULDODQGRUFRPPHUFLDO]RQH Table 14.1.1 presents most of the loom weights from both expeditions, according to area. Only a selection of the exceptional-shaped or larger loom weights were drawn (Figs. 14.1.1–14.1.2), and these are noted in Table 14.1.1. 1 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH¿UVWH[SHGLWLRQORRPZHLJKWVFRPHVPRVWO\IURPWKHH[FDYDWLRQUHFRUGVDVRQO\DIHZORRP weights were retained.

627

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

TABLE 14.1.1: LOOM WEIGHTS ACCORDING TO AREA (FIGS. 14.1.1–14.1.2) No. Locus No.

Reg. No. 71/1 104/1 114/1 121/1 130/1 137/1 182/1 189/2 183/1

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 7.49 A IIIA D. 6.2 7.19 A IIIA 7.20 A IIIA 7.36 A IIIA 7.46 A IIIA 7.50 A IIIA 7.8 A IIIB 7.56 A IIIA D. 6 7.7 A IIIA D. 6.5

Weight (g) 205.3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

218 221 225 225 225 225 234 238 238

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

238 239 239 241 244 244 245 245 245 249 249 249 249 249 249 249

189/1 199/1 1812/1 1804/1 1818/2 1818/1 1833/3 1833/2 1833/1 1875/23 1875/22 1875/21 1875/20 1875/19 1875/18 1875/17

7.56 7.15 7.3 7.22 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60

A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

128 121.45 141.95 179.35 120.30 312.20

D. 5.5 D. 6 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 9 D. 9 D. 9.5 D. 9 D. 9

26

249

1875/16

7.50-7.60 A

IIIA

D. 9

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249

1875/15 1875/14 1875/13 1875/12 1875/11 1875/10 1875/9 1875/8 1875/7 1875/6 1875/5

7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60 7.50-7.60

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 7.5 D. 7 D. 6.5 D. 8 D. 6.5 D. 8 D. 8 D. 9.5 D. 9.5 D. 8 D. 10

628

A A A A A A A A A A A

D. 8 D. 6 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 6.4 D. 8.3

Fig.

Comments

Broken 207 Not pierced through Broken

Broken 224.1

Broken

Not pierced through Not pierced through

Broken Broken

Broken Not pierced through

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

Weight (g)

1875/4 1875/3 1875/2 1875/1

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 7.50-7.60 A IIIA D. 9.5 7.50-7.60 A IIIA D. 10 7.50-7.60 A IIIA D. 8.5 7.50-7.60 A IIIA D. 8.5

38 39 40 41

249 249 249 249

42

250

1884/2

7.55

A

IIIA

D. 4.5

129.1

43 44

250 250

1866/1 1884/1

7.36 7.55

A A

IIIA IIIA

D. 4.5

144.1 144.1

45 46

269 284

1995/1 2072/1

7.93 7.10

A A

IIIA IIIA

D. 6 D. 6.8

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

284 284 447 805 1019 1113 1113 1113 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507 1507

2085/1 2102/1 381/1 1012/1 1463/1 1670/3 1670/2 1670/1 3631/15 3631/14 3631/13 3631/12 3631/11 3631/10 3631/9 3631/8 3631/7 3631/6 3631/5 3631/4 3631/3

7.2 7.3 4.49 8.91 6.40 6.71 6.71 6.71 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83 3.83

A A B D F F F F H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA III IV-III IV-III IV-III IV-III IV-III IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 5 D. 5.5

68 69 70 71 72

1507 1507 1507 1507 1507

3631/2 3914/2 3530/1 3539/1 3631/1

3.83 4.42 3.29 3.38 3.83

H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

204.7 161.10; restored: 214.8 208.55 230.3

Fig.

Comments

Not pierced through, smoothed bottom Grooved by rope on side, ÀDWWHQHGERWWRP Grooved by rope on side Broken

Stone D. 5.5 D. 7.9 D. 7.5 D. 8 D. 6 D. 9 D. 9 D. 9.5 D. 9.5 D. 10, H. 7 D. 9.5 D. 9.5 D. 9, H. 7.5 D. 9.5 D. 10 D. 9.5, H. 7.5 D. 11, H. 7 D. 7.6 D. 8.2 D. 10, H. 8

89.75 433.05 482.2 643.05

Broken tip Broken tip

608

531

495 708 485.4 630.8 580

629

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83

1507 1508 1508 1508 1508 1508 1508 1508 1508 1508 1511

3914/1 3646/4 3940/4 3646/3 3940/3 3646/2 3940/2 3646/1 3940/1 3940/1 4002/1

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512a 1512b

3761/15 3761/14 3761/13 3587/12 3761/12 3587/11 3761/11 3587/10 3761/10 3587/9 3761/9 3587/8 3761/8 3587/7 3761/7 3587/6 3761/6 3587/5 3761/5 3587/4 3761/4 3587/3 3761/3 3587/2 3761/2 3587/1 3761/1 4068/1-3

630

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 4.42 H IIIA 3.95 H IIIA D. 6.5 2.12-3.01 H IIIA D. 6.2 3.95 H IIIA D. 6.3 2.12-3.01 H IIIA D. 7 3.95 H IIIA D. 7 2.12-3.01 H IIIA D. 7.4 3.95 H IIIA D. 7 2.12-3.01 H IIIA D. 7 2.12-3.01 H IIIA D. 7 H IIIA D. 9.5

4.36 4.36 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36 3.87 4.36

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB

D. 8 D. 6 D. 8 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 7.5 D. 7 D. 8 D. 7.5 D. 8 D. 7 D. 8 D. 6.5 D. 8 D. 7 D. 8 D. 8 D. 8 D. 11, H. 6.5 D. 8.5 D. 11, H. 6.5 D. 5

Weight (g) 197.40 157.3 215 220 137 202.90 259 227.65 241.45 327.25

Fig.

Comments

Broken

14.1.1: 8

Flattened, a second hole is discerned

Small hole

Broken

Broken

Fragments of three additional weights

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

112 1512b

4109/1

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 4.95 H IIIB D. 8

113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129

1513 1513 1513 1513 1513 1513 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517

3749/1 3551/5 3551/4 3551/3 3551/2 3551/1 3679/17 3679/16 3679/15 3679/14 3679/13 3679/12 3679/11 3679/10 3679/9 3679/8 3679/7

3.67 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 4.5 D. 4.3 D. 4.5 D. 5 D. 4.7 D. 10 D. 10 D. 10, H. 7 D. 10 D. 10 D. 9 D. 9 D. 10 D. 9.5, H. 8 D. 6.5 D. 6

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151

1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1517 1519 1531 1531 1531 1531 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a

3679/6 3679/5 3679/4 3679/3 3679/2 3679/1 3665/1 3745/4 3745/3 3745/2 3745/1 3841/21 3841/20 3841/19 3841/18 3841/17 3841/16 3841/15 3841/14 3841/13 3841/12 3841/11

4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 4.13 3.59 4.86 4.86 4.86 4.86 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 7 D. 10 D. 9.5 D. 10 D. 10, H. 7 D. 9.5, H. 7 D. 7 D. 9 D. 9 D. 6.4 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 7 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 7 D. 6 D. 7 D. 6 D. 6.5 D. 6.5

Weight (g) 215.5

Fig.

Comments

14.1.2: 6

Pierced from side Broken

120.05 99.45 110 119.6 144

Grooved 14.1.1: 2 14.1.1: 3 14.1.1: 4 14.1.1: 5 14.1.1: 6

Pierced from side

544.50 448.40 110.1 136.2

Broken

Broken

631

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193

3841/10 3841/9 3841/8 3841/7 3841/6 3841/5 3841/4 3841/3 3841/2 3841/1 3829/11 3829/10 3829/9 3829/8 3829/7 3829/6 3829/5 3829/4 3829/3 3829/2 3829/1 3783/4 3783/3 3783/2 3783/1 3965/3 4037/3 3965/2 4037/2 3920/1 3965/1 4037/1 4123/1 3990/1 4604/1 3941/1 4016/1 4051/11 4051/10 4051/9 4051/8 4051/7

632

1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1534a 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1535 1537 1537 1537 1537 1548 1548 1548 1548 1548 1548 1548 1548 1552 1552 1554 1554 1555 1555 1555 1555 1555

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 4.02 H IIIA D. 7 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.02 H IIIA D. 6 3.63 H IIIA D. 6.5 3.63 H IIIA D. 6.5 3.63 H IIIA D. 6 3.63 H IIIA D. 7.5 3.63 H IIIA D. 7 3.63 H IIIA D. 7 3.63 H IIIA D. 6.5 3.63 H IIIA D. 6.5 3.63 H IIIA D. 7 3.63 H IIIA D. 10, H. 6.5 3.63 H IIIA D. 11, H. 6.5 2.94 H IIIA D. 6.5 2.94 H IIIA D. 6.7 2.94 H IIIA D. 6.5 2.94 H IIIA D. 9 4.11 H IIIA D. 7.3 5.13 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.11 H IIIA D. 10.5 5.13 H IIIA D. 6.5 3.75 H IIIA 4.11 H IIIA D. 11 5.13 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.04 H IIIA 2.51 H IIIA 5.30 H IIIA 2.12-3.01 H IIIA 2.76 H IIIA D. 12, H. 18 3.68 H IIIA 3.68 H IIIA 3.68 H IIIA 3.68 H IIIA 3.68 H IIIA

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

185 184 188

210 651 677 130.55 136.15 168.25 550 236.4 680

14.1.1: 1 Broken

747.8

Broken in two Broken 14.1.2: 9 14.1.2: 8

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

194 1555 195 1555

4051/6 4051/5

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 3.68 H IIIA 3.68 H IIIA D. 9

196 1555 197 1555 198 1555

4051/4 4051/3 4051/2

3.68 3.68 3.68

H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 9.3

646.85

199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233

4051/1 4141/148 4141/147 4141/146 4141/145 4141/144 4141/143 4141/142 4141/141 4141/140 4141/139 4141/138 4141/137 4141/136 4141/135 4141/134 4141/133 4141/132 4141/131 4141/130 4141/129 4141/128 4141/127 4141/126 4141/125 4141/124 4141/123 4141/122 4141/121 4141/120 4141/119 4141/118 4141/117 4141/116 4141/115

3.68 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 11.5 D. 6 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 8 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 6 D. 6.5 D. 8 D. 6 D. 8 D. 6.5 D. 7.5 D. 7 D. 7 D. 6.5 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 7 D. 6 D. 6 D. 6 D. 8 D. 8.5 D. 6.5 D. 6 D. 7 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 6.5

561

1555 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

Pierced from side

14.1.1.7

Pierced from side Flattened

Broken Broken

633

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243

1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556

4141/114 4141/113 4141/112 4141/111 4141/110 4141/109 4141/108 4141/107 4141/106 4141/105

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 6

244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274

1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556

4141/104 4141/103 4141/102 4141/101 4141/100 4141/99 4141/98 4141/97 4141/96 4141/95 4141/94 4141/93 4141/92 4141/91 4141/90 4141/89 4141/88 4141/87 4141/86 4141/85 4141/84 4141/83 4141/82 4141/81 4141/80 4141/79 4141/78 4141/77 4141/76 4141/75 4141/74

4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05

634

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 6 D. 7 D. 6 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 6 D. 7.5. D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 6.5 D. 8.5 D. 6.5 D. 8.5 D. 7.5 D. 8.5 D. 6.5 D. 8.5 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 7.5 D. 6.5 D. 6 D. 6 D. 6.5 D. 7 D. 7 D. 6.5

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

Broken Pierced from side

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313

1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556

4141/73 4141/72 4141/71 4141/70 4141/69 4141/68 4141/67 4141/66 4141/65 4141/64 4141/63 4141/62 4141/61 4141/60 4141/59 4141/58 4141/57 4141/56 4141/55 4141/54 4141/53 4141/52 4141/51 4141/50 4141/49 4141/48 4141/47 4141/46 4141/45 4141/44 4141/43 4141/42 4141/41 4141/40 4141/39 4141/38 4141/37 4141/36 4141/35

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.3 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7

314 1556 315 1556

4141/34 4141/33

4.05 4.05

H H

IIIA IIIA

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

122

220

Pierced from side

D. 7 D. 6.5

635

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353

4141/32 4141/31 4141/30 4141/29 4141/28 4141/27 4141/26 4141/25 4141/24 4141/23 4141/22 4141/21 4141/20 4141/19 4141/18 4141/17 4141/16 4141/15 4141/14 4141/13 4141/12 4141/11 4141/10 4141/9 4141/8 4141/7 4141/6 4141/5 4141/4 4141/3 4061/2 4095/2 4141/2 4095/1 4141/1 4177/1 4029/1 4158/1

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 4.05 H IIIA D. 6 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 7 4.05 H IIIA D. 8 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8 4.05 H IIIA D. 8 4.05 H IIIA D. 8 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.3 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 6.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 7.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 3.66 H IIIA D. 9.2 3.99 H IIIA 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 3.99 H IIIA 4.05 H IIIA D. 8.5 4.05 H IIIA 2.76 H IIIA 2.93 H IIIA D. 8

4253/1 4377/1 4173/1

3.16 3.55 2.9

1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1556 1559 1559

354 1559 355 1559 356 1564

636

H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

319

132

185

223 603

Broken Broken 14.1.2: 1

Pierced from side

D. 6 Broken

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

357 1566

4107/33

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 3.2 H IIIA D. 6.8

358 1566 359 1566

4107/2 4089/1

3.2 3.09

H H

IIIA IIIA

D. 8 D. 8.2

14.1.2: 7 14.1.2: 2

360 1566

4107/1

3.2

H

IIIA

D. 9

14.1.2: 4

361 362 363 364

1566 1569 1570 1576

4138/1 4310/1 4139/1 4217/1

3.49 3.66 3.5 4.16

H H H H

IIIA IIIB IIIB IV

365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395

1583 1584 1587 1588 1588 1588 1591 1593 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1602 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604 1604

4322/1 4269/1 4318/1 4380/2 4321/1 4380/1 4334/1 4453/1 4433/3 4433/2 4449/2 4456/2 4410/1 4433/1 4449/1 4456/1 4507/1 4501/11 4501/10 4501/9 4501/8 4501/7 4501/6 4501/5 4501/4 4501/3 4455/2 4501/2 4422/1 4455/1 4501/1

3.59 4.00 4.30

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IV IV IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB

4.26 4.8 4.31 4.65

5.22 4.98 5.12 5.22 5.68

4.83 4.73 4.83 4.98

Weight (g) 301.85

Fig.

Comments

14.1.2: 5

Pierced from side, burnt Pierced from side Pierced from side Burnt

D. 6.5 D. 8

300.9

14.1.2: 3

Pierced from side

D. 6.5

D. 7 D. 6 D. 7.5 D. 7 Broken D. 6.5 D. 9.5 D. 7.5

Broken Broken

D. 9 D. 10 D. 8 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 5.5 D. 7 D. 8 D. 7 D. 7 D. 8 D. 7 D. 7.5 D. 7.5

Broken

D. 7

637

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437

4503/14 4503/13 4503/12 4503/11 4503/10 4503/9 4503/8 4503/7 4503/6 4503/5 4503/4 4503/3 4503/2 4503/1 4637/4 4637/3 4644/2 4628/1 4634/1 4639/1 4644/1 4655/1 4663/1 4702/1 4705/1 4656/3 4637/2 4656/2 4637/1 4643/1 4656/1 4678/1 4728/1 2011/9 2011/8 2011/7 2011/6 2011/5 2011/4 2011/3 2056/3 2011/2

638

1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1608 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1813 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV 6.09 H IV D. 10 6.09 H IV D. 10 H IIIB H IIIB D. 10 H IIIB D. 6.5 H IIIB D. 7.5 5.93 H IIIB 5.92 H IIIB 5.90 H IIIB D. 6 6.01 H IIIB D. 6 6.13 H IIIB D. 6.5 6.30 H IIIB D. 5.5 H IIIB D. 6.5 H IIIB D. 6 H IIIB D. 5.5 H IIIB D. 9 H IIIB D. 7 H IIIB D. 5 H IIIB D. 6.5 6.40 H IIIB 6.73 H IVB D. 7 400.70 W IIIA 400.70 W IIIA D. 7 400.70 W IIIA D. 8 400.70 W IIIA D. 7 400.70 W IIIA D. 7.5 400.70 W IIIA D. 7 400.70 W IIIA D. 7.5 399.40 W IIIA D. 9 400.70 W IIIA D. 7

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

Broken

Broken

Broken

208 201 189 228 278 170 283 477 141

Broken Broken

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466

2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 2K 4K 5K 5K 5K 5K 14K 16K 16K 16K 18K 27K 27K 27K 27K 27K 27K 27K 27K 27K 29K

2021/2 2048/2 2056/2 2011/1 2021/1 2033/1 2048/1 2056/1 2072/1 2050/1 2119/3 2119/4 2119/1 2119/2 2209/1 2186/3 2186/2 2186/1 2272/1 809/3 313/1 346/1 398/1 400/1 809/2 801/1 809/1 819/1 119/1

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 400.70 W IIIA D. 6 399.45 W IIIA D. 7.5 399.40 W IIIA D. 9 400.70 W IIIA D. 7 400.70 W IIIA D. 6.5 400.100 W IIIA D. 10, H. 14 399.45 W IIIA D. 5 399.40 W IIIA D. 7.8 399.0 W IIIA D. 6 399.90 W IIIA D. 7 398.45 W IIIA 398.45 W IIIA D. 8 398.45 W IIIA D. 8 398.45 W IIIA D. 9 397.00 W IIIB D. 6.5 398.70 W IIIB 398.70 W IIIB 398.70 W IIIB D. 6 391.20 W IIIB D. 7 399.97 W IIIA 400.83 W IIIA D. 8 400.57 W IIIA 400.37 W IIIA 400.17 W IIIA 399.97 W IIIA D. 7 400.17 W IIIA 399.97 W IIIA D. 7 399.77 W IIIA 398.0 W Mixed D. 5

467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478

51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K

321/6 321/5 301/4 321/4 301/3 321/3 331/3 355/3 301/2 313/2 321/2 331/2

400.58 400.58 400.58 400.58 400.58 400.58 400.58 400.88 400.58 400.68 400.58 400.58

W W W W W W W W W W W W

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

D. 7.5 D. 7 D. 6 D. 7 D. 6 D. 8 D. 7.5 D. 7.5 D. 6. D. 8.5 D. 7.5 D. 9.5

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

439 166 14.1.2: 10 Broken 243 139 Broken Broken 342 360 174

Broken Broken Broken Broken

164 159 Broken Broken Basalt Broken Broken Not pierced through

Broken

639

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496

331/3 355/2 387/2 301/1 301/1 313/1 321/1 331/1 331/1 355/1 387/1 838/1 2023/2 2026/2 2023/1 2026/1 614/1 1158/1

51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 51K 55K 60K 60K 60K 60K 118K 176K

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 400.58 W IIIA D. 7 400.88 W IIIA D. 7 399.08 W IIIA D. 6 400.58 W IIIA D. 6.5 400.58 W IIIA 400.68 W IIIA D. 7.5 400.58 W IIIA D. 7.5 400.58 W IIIA D. 7.5 400.58 W IIIA D. 7 400.88 W IIIA D. 6 399.08 W IIIA D. 7 401.41 W IIIA 400.65 W IIIA D. 7 400.57 W IIIA D. 6 400.65 W IIIA D. 7 400.57 W IIIA D. 6.5 397.85 Z IV 394.80 Z V D. 7

Weight (g)

Fig.

Comments

Broken

Broken Broken

Broken

243

Broken Two holes, one from side

Fig. 14.1.1: Rounded and donut-shaped loom weights, Table 14.1.1, Nos. 179; 119; 120; 121; 122; 123; 199; 83, respectively.

640

CHAPTER 14: 1. LOOM W EIGHTS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

8

10

Fig. 14.1.2: Conical loom weights, Table 14.1.1, Nos. 353; 359; 364; 360; 357; 112; 358; 189; 188; 443, respectively.

641

CHAPTER 14

2. UNFIRED CLAY PLUGS

TABLE 14.2.1: UNFIRED CLAY PLUGS (FIG. 14.2.1) No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation Area Stratum

Measurements (cm)

Weight (g)

Fig.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

269 1541 269 1535 1512b 1535 1566 1559 1567 1567 1566 1556 1566 1567 1559 1600 1566 1556 1547 1600 1563

1981 3833 1978/1 3856/1 3718 3856/2 4114/1 4113/2 4106/2 4106/1 4075/1 4157 4114/2 4106/3 4113/1 4444/1 4075/2 4061/1 4214 4419/1 4050

7.31 3.80 7.61 3.91 4.32 3.91 3.20 2.82 3.27 3.27 3.09 4.32 3.20 3.27 2.82 5.22 3.09 3.66 2.63 4.95 2.95

A H A H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIA

D. 11.3 D. 11.5 D. 11 D. 8.8 D. 10 D. 8 D. 8 D. 10 D. 7 D. 11 D. 8.5 D. 11 D. 12 D. 6 D. 11 D. 12 D. 11 D. 11 D. 9 D. 10 D. 4.5

475 432.30

14.2.1: 1 14.2.1: 2 14.2.1: 3 14.2.1: 4 14.2.1: 5 14.2.1: 6 14.2.1: 7 14.2.1: 8 14.2.1: 9 14.2.1: 10 14.2.1: 11 14.2.1: 12 14.2.1: 13 14.2.1: 14 14.2.1: 15 14.2.1: 16 14.2.1: 17 14.2.1: 18 14.2.1: 19 14.2.1: 20 14.2.1: 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

27K 27K 269 1587 1556 231 227

351/1 351/2 1978/2 4331/1 4135/1 1916 129/1

400.37 400.37 7.61 4.37 4.05 7.50 7.82

W W A H H A A

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB

D. 4.5 D. 5 D. 4.5 D. 3 D. 5 D. 4.3 D. 6

29

203

26

7.75

A

D. 3.5

30

204

21

7.49

A

Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III

642

D. 2.5

370.35 524.20 428.85

571

Comments

Dark brown clay White clay Brown clay Light brown clay Pink clay, 1 hole on the side

14.2.1: 22 14.2.1: 23 14.2.1: 24 14.2.1: 25 14.2.1: 26 Orange clay 14.2.1: 27 Dark brown clay 14.2.1: 28 Ball shape, incised on one side Smooth edges, pink clay Pink-gray clay

CHAPTER

No. Locus No.

Reg. No.

Elevation Area Stratum

Measurements (cm)

31

207

18

7.43

D. 5

32 33

225 1001

109 1413/2

7.22 A 6.25-6.38 F

34

1110

1599/1

9.77

F

35

1803

4132

4.04

H

Mixed IV-III IIIA Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III IIIB

36 37

1531 1552

3745/6 4164

4.86 5.12

H H

IIIA IIIA

D. 8 D. 3

38 39 40 41 42

1556 1559 1566 1570 1572

4149 4113/3 4084 4197 4147

4.32 2.82 3.09 3.66 3.44

H H H H H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB

43 44 45 46 47

1580 1600 1801 27K 118K

4222 4445 4635 2240 614/1

2.95 5.22 5.92

H H H W Z

IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIA IV

397.85

A

D. 5

D. 5 D. 2.5

D. 10 D. 3 D. 4.5 D. 4

D. 3, W. 1.3

Weight (g)

Fig.

14: 2. U NFIRED CLAY PLUGS

Comments Smooth edges, white clay Red clay Brown-orange clay Smooth edges, pinkgray clay Smooth edges, pink clay Smooth edges, orange-brown clay

Pink clay Smooth edges, brown clay Dark brown clay Broken Gray clay Light brown clay

643

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

1

3

2

4

6

7

12

13

14

18

19

20

25

8

26

)LJ8Q¿UHGFOD\SOXJV7DEOH±

644

5

9

10

15

11

16

21

27

22

17

23

28

24

CHAPTER 14

3. CLAY BUTTONS, WORKED SHERDS AND STOPPERS

Pottery sherds were reused in many ways and we cannot always know what function they actually VHUYHG:HKDYHGH¿QHGSHUIRUDWHGVKHUGVDVEXWWRQVZKLOHWKRVHZKLFKZHUHQRWSLHUFHGDOOWKHZD\ through are simply termed worked sherds. Oval sherds with well-smoothed edges are also worked VKHUGVDQGURXQGHGVKHUGVDUHWHUPHGVWRSSHUV7KHWHUPVZHKDYHFKRVHQGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÀHFW their original purpose.

TABLE 14.3.1: CLAY BUTTONS AND WORKED SHERDS (FIG. 14.3.1: 1–18) No. Object 1 2

Locus No. 1039 118K

Reg. No.

Elevation

Area

Stratum

Fig.

Comments

IVA IV

Measurements (cm) D. 8.7 D. 5

1557/1 614/1

7.54 399.0

F Z

14.3.1: 1 14.3.1: 2

8.00

H F A A A

IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIA IIIA Mixed IV-III

D. 3.7 D. 5 D. 4.7 D. 4 D. 4.3

14.3.1: 3 14.3.1: 4 14.3.1: 5 14.3.1: 6 14.3.1: 7

Broken 1 hole, not all the way through 1 hole 1 hole Broken 1 hole 1 hole, not all the way through 1 hole 1 hole 2 holes 2 holes, not all the way through 2 holes 2 holes, denticulate edge 2 holes 2 holes 2 holes 3 holes 4 holes 1 hole, not all the way through Broken 1 hole 2 holes 2 holes

1511 1124 223 286 203

3753/1 1673/1 126/1 2087/1 30/1

4.34

1803 266 1506 242

4246/1 1959/1 3538/1 1877/1

5.61 7.25 10.26 7.2

H A H A

IIIB IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIA

D. 2.5 D. 1.7 D. 4.3 D. 4.5

14.3.1: 8 14.3.1: 9 14.3.1: 10 14.3.1: 11

12 13

Button Worked sherd Button Button Button Button Worked sherd Button Button Button Worked sherd Button Button

1040 1016

1565/1 1457/1

7.65 6.35

F F

IVA Mixed IV-III

D. 4 D. 3.7

14.3.1: 12 14.3.1: 13

14 15 16 17 18 19

Button Button Button Button Button Button

283 1562 62K 14K 15K 1570

2117/1 4071/1 929/1 2182/1 2285/1 4197/1

7.35 2.68 401.10 397.5 398,7 3.66

A H W W W H

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIB

D. 4 D. 3.4 D. 3 D. 3.5 D. 5.5 D. 10

14.3.1: 14 14.3.1: 15 14.3.1: 16 14.3.1: 17 14.3.1: 18

20 21 22 23

Button Button Button Button

1810 92K 142K 142K

4674/11 2272/1 1014/1 1014/2

6.16 397.6

H W W W

IV IV Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III

D. 4 D. 3.3 D. 3.5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

7.59

645

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

3

2

1

5

4

6

8

7

9 12

11

10

13

15

14

16

19 18

17

Fig. 14.3.1: Clay buttons and worked sherds, Table 14.3.1: 1–18; Fig. 14.3.1:19, stopper, Table 14.3.2: 27.

646

CHAPTER

14: 3. CLAY BUTTONS, WORKED SHERDS AND STOPPERS

TABLE 14.3.2: STOPPERS AND WORKED SHERDS (FIGS. 14.3.1: 19; 14.3.2) No.

Object

1

Worked sherd Stopper Stopper Worked sherd Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Worked sherd Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper Stopper

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Locus No. 1566

Reg. No.

Elevation

Area

Stratum

Fig.

Comments

IIIA

Measures ments (cm) D. 7.3

4088/2

3.09

H

14.3.2: 1

Smooth edges

1515 812 1566

3632/1 1033/1 4088/3

3.52 8.22

H D H

IIIB Mixed IIIA

D. 6 D. 6 D. 5.5

14.3.2: 2 14.3.2: 3 14.3.2: 4

Smooth edges Oval shape

283 1118 218 1030 283

2129/1 1652/1 63/2 1517/1 2093/1

7.25 6.34 7.10 7.31

A F A F A

IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIA

D. 4.5 D. 5.5 D. 5 D. 5

14.3.2: 5 14.3.2: 6 14.3.2: 7 14.3.2: 8 14.3.2: 9

1020 1020 1035 286 1517 910 1801 1807 1531 1589 1510 1566 1001 1801 266 1128 245 1562

1461/1 1461/2 1526/1 2087/1 3796/1 1224/1 4718/1 4675/1 3817/1 4338/1 3618/1 4088/1 1418/3 4704/1 1967/1 1697/1 1902/1 4072/1

6.30-7.15 6.30-7.15 7.20-7.73 7.20 4.61 11.65-11.7 6.60 2.10 5.06 4.76

F F F A H E H H H H H H F H A F A H

Mixed IV-III Mixed IV-III IVB IIIA IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIB IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA Mixed IV-III IIIB Mixed IV-III IV IIIA IIIA

D. 5.3 D. 5 D. 4.5 D. 4 D. 4.5 D. 3.7 D. 3.5 D. 3.3 D. 3.4 D. 2.1 D. 3.3 D. 5.5 D. 2.7 D. 2.4 D. 2.3 D. 2.5 D. 2.5 D. 11.5

14.3.2: 10 14.3.2: 11 14.3.2: 12 14.3.2: 13 14.3.2: 14 14.3.2: 15 14.3.2: 16 14.3.2: 17 14.3.2: 18 14.3.2: 19 14.3.2: 20 14.3.2: 21 14.3.2: 22 14.3.2: 23 14.3.2: 24 14.3.2: 25 14.3.2: 26 14.3.1: 19

3.09 6.50 6.30 7.70 6.90 7.65 2.68

Smooth edges

Smooth edges Smooth edges Smooth edges

Reused base of cooking-pot

647

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

2

1

5

6

9

10

14

15

20

8

7

16

22

13

12

11

21

17

23

Fig. 14.3.2: Stoppers and worked sherds, Table 14.3.2: 1–26.

648

4

3

19

18

24

25

26

CHAPTER 14

4. SPINDLE-WHORLS

Twenty-six spindle-whorls were recovered, most of them of cylindrical or disc-shaped types. Many are decorated with incisions and all but one (Table 14.4.2: 6) are pierced from top to bottom. CYLINDRICAL AND DISC-SHAPED, DECORATED SPINDLE-WHORLS Seventeen spindle-whorls of this type were found (Table 14.4.1; Fig. 14.4.1), 13 decorated with incised lattice or zigzag designs between parallel lines below and above. In Nos. 4, 10 and 12 the incised lines are doubled, and in Nos. 5 and 9 the lines are tripled. All are made of stone, except one that is made of clay (No. 14). Parallels: >Aroer (Thareani 2011: 215–216); City of David, Jerusalem (Shamir 1996: 150); Busayra (Bienkowski 2002: 408–412, with further references and discussion of function); Umm Al-Biyara (Bienkowski 2011: Fig. 7.4: 1–16); Tawilan (Bennett and Bienkowski 1995: 89, Fig. 9.29). MISCELLANEOUS WHORLS Other types of whorls (Table 14.4.2; Fig. 14.4.2) include donut-shaped, made of black stone (Table 14.4.2: 1–3), conical (Table 14.4.2: 4–5), made of black or white stone, cylindrical (Table 14.4.2: 6), made of OLPHVWRQHDQGELFRQLFDO7DEOH± PDGHRI¿UHGFOD\1R7DEOH LVSUREDEO\D reshaped sherd of an unknown vessel reused as a spindle-whorl, its edges and surface very eroded from use. Similar objects named “terracotta models or wheel” were found at Lachish Level III (Sass 2004: Fig. 28.21: 4–5). TABLE 14.4.1: CYLINDRICAL AND DISC-SHAPED SPINDLE-WHORLS (FIGS. 14.4.1–14.4.2) No. Locus Reg. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

MeasureWeight Fig. ments (cm) (g) Light yellow D. 2.9, H. 2.2 31 14.4.1: 1 stone

Comments

1

1507

3599/50

3.54

H

IIIA

2

256

1942/52

7.51

A

IIIA

Light orange D. 2.9, H. 2.2 28 stone

14.4.1: 2

3

1554

4110/50

5.20

H

IIIA

White stone

D. 2.5, H. 2.1 23

14.4.1: 3

4

1801

4633/50

5.92

H

IIIB

Light yellow D. 2.4, H. 2.2 17 stone

14.4.1: 4

5

206

51/50

6.40-6.45 A

IIIA

White stone

14.4.1: 5

Incised decoration; smoothed Incised lattice pattern between two lines Incised decoration; smoothed Incised decoration; smoothed Incised decoration

D. 3.7, H. 2.3 31

649

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Locus Reg. No.

Elevation Area Stratum Material

Comments

6

1566

4120/50

3.42

H

IIIA

7

283

2052/50

6.90

A

IIIA

BrownishD. 2.8, H. 1.6 19 orange stone

14.4.1: 7

8

1517

3692/52

4.36

H

IIIA

Grayishpink stone

D. 2.8, H. 1.2 14

14.4.1: 8

9

1028

1711/50

7.18

F

IV-III

Gray stone

D. 3.1, H. 2

14.4.1: 9

10

1576

4212/50

4.16

H

IV

Dark pink stone

D. 3.1, H. 1.5 25

14.4.1: 10

11

1512b 3715/52

4.32

H

IIIA

Pink stone

D. 2.1, H. 1.9 9

14.4.1: 11

12

249

1863/50

7.40

A

IIIA

Brown stone D. 2.6, H. 2.7 21

14.4.1: 12

13

1801

4670/50

3.26

H

IIIB

Brownishpink stone

D. 23, H. 1.3

14.4.1: 13

Incised decoration; smoothed Incised lattice pattern between two lines; smoothed Incised lattice pattern between two lines; smoothed Incised decoration; smoothed Incised decoration; smoothed; eroded Incised decoration; eroded Incised decoration; smoothed Incised lattice pattern over two parallel lines

14 15

248 1130

1839/52 1732/52

7.00-7.65 A 6.70 F

IIIB IV-III

D. 3.7, H. 1.8 16 D. 3, H. 2.1 12

14.4.1: 14 14.4.1: 15 Eroded

16 17

1508 1131

3537/52 1742/50

3.51 7.37

IIIA IVB

Fired clay Light pink stone Pink stone Whiteyellowish stone

D. 2.5, H. 2.3 18 D. 2.9, H. 1.2 12

14.4.1: 16 14.4.1: 17

650

H F

MeasureWeight Fig. ments (cm) (g) Brown stone D. 3.2, H. 1.8 31 14.4.1: 6

31

4

CHAPTER

1

3

2

6

4

8

7

14: 4. SPINDLE -W HORLS

5

9

10

11

12

14

15

16

13

17

Fig. 14.4.1: Cylindrical and disc-shaped spindle-whorls, Table 14.4.1: 1–17.

651

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

TABLE 14.4.2: MISCELLANEOUS SPINDLE-WHORLS No. Locus Reg. No. Elevation Area

Stratum Material

1

1570

4134/50

3.50

H

IIIB

2 3 4

805 1115 1801

1012/50 1602/50 4696/50

8.91 6.79 6.30

D F H

IV-III IV-III IIIB

5

1564

4265/50

2.95

H

IIIA

6

1515

3652/50

3.56

H

7

1556

4174/50

4.32

H

8 9

1128 1118

1666/50 1648/50

6.47 F 6.17-6.30 F

6

7

Dark gray stone Basalt D. 4.2, 38 Basalt D. 3.8, H. 1.8 42 Black stone D. 3.1, H. 1.6 22

14.4.2: 2 14.4.2: 3 14.4.2: 4

IIIB

IIIA

Clay

D. 4.5, H. 2.3 48

14.4.2: 7

IV IV-III

Clay Clay

D. 4.0 D. 4.0

14.4.2: 8 14.4.2: 9

14.4.2: 6

3

8

4

9

Comments

14.4.2: 1

14.4.2: 5

Fig. 14.4.2: Miscellaneous spindle-whorls, Table 14.4.2: 1–9.

652

Fig.

GrayishD. 3.3, H. 1.9 20 white stone Limestone D. 4.8, H. 2.5 33

2

1

MeasureWeight ments in cm (g) D. 4.5, H. 1.6 39

Conical; rotation marks Conical Pierced diagonally in the upper end Sherd in secondary use? Biconical Biconical; incised line near hole

5

CHAPTER 14

5. BEADS AND PENDANTS

%HDGV1RV±±7DEOH DUHELFRQLFDORURYDOLQVKDSHDQGPDGHRI¿UHGFOD\,WLVZRUWK noting that similar beads were found in Stratum II at Tel >Aroer (Thareani 2011: 217–218, Fig. 3.111) and in Stratum VI at Tel >Ira (Kertesz 1999: Fig. 14.32: 11–13). TABLE 14.5.1: BEADS (FIG. 14.5.1) No. 1

Locus No. 1512a

Reg. No. Area Stratum Elevation Material 3859/80

H

IIIA

4.57

Clay

Measurements Fig. (cm) L. 2.0 14.5.1: 1

Comments

2 3

1559 1548

4133/80 4123/80

H H

IIIA IIIA

2.85 4.04

Clay Clay

L. 2.0 L. 2.3

14.5.1: 2 14.5.1: 3

4 5 6

283 1599 1507

2067/80 4386/80 3583/80

A H H

IIIA IIIB IIIA

6.85 4.88 3.54

Clay Clay Alabaster

L. 2.2 L. 2.2 D. 1.7

14.5.1: 4 14.5.1: 5 14.5.1: 6

7 8

1588 274

4370/80 2030/80

H A

IIIA IIIB

4.72 7.85

Flint

D. 1.5 D. 1.5

14.5.1: 7 14.5.1: 8

9

273

2019/80

A

Mixed IV-III

8.1

Faience

D. 1.6

14.5.1: 9

10

1137

1756/80

F

7.32

Calcite

D. 1.2

14.5.1: 10

11

1544

3879/80

H

Mixed IV-III IIIA

Surface

Stone

D. 1.3, L. 3.3

14.5.1: 11

12

257

1972/80

A

IIIA

7.65

Calcite

D. 0.6

14.5.1: 12

13

283

2068/80

A

IIIA

6.85

Limestone L. 1.2

14.5.1: 13

14

273

2016/80

A

8.1

Carnelian

L. 1.8

14.5.1: 14

15

1508

3540/80

H

Mixed IV-III IIIA

3.51

Agate

L. 2.5, D. 0.8

16

1508

3540/81

H

IIIA

3.51

Agate

L. 2.2, D. 0.8

17

1508

3540/82

H

IIIA

3.51

Agate

L. 2, D. 0.6

14.5.1: 15 Brown-light brown, pierced longitudinally 14.5.1: 16 Brown-light brown, pierced longitudinally 14.5.1: 17 Brown-light brown, pierced longitudinally

Gray, pierced from top to side Pierced from top to side Brown, pierced from top to side Pierced from top to side Pierced from top to side White, smoothed, pierced from top to bottom Gray Black, pierced from top to bottom Black, biconical, pierced from top to bottom White, pierced from top to bottom Large, gray-green, elongated pendant, pierced longitudinally Red, pierced longitudinally Black, pierced longitudinally Pierced longitudinally

653

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. 18

Locus No. 1508

19

239

20

Reg. No. Area Stratum Elevation Material H

IIIA

3.51

Agate

IIIA

7.3

Clay

1801

1806/80- A 82 4661/80 H

IIIB

6.13

Hematite

21

257

1971/80

A

IIIA

VB

Motherof-pearl

22

1508

3917/80

H

IIIA

3.95

Shell

23

227

135/80

A

IIIB

7.77

Limestone

24

1002

1410/80

F

Mixed IV-III

6.59-6.75 Schist

25

239

1810/80

A

IIIA

7.3

Limestone

26

246

1827/80

A

IIIA

7.6

Limestone

27

274

2021/80

A

IIIA

7.76

Limestone

28 29 30

1534 604 1511

3818/80 405/80 4052/80

H C H

IIIB I IIIA

4.02 3.51 4.41

Faience Faience Clay

31

1566

4054/80

H

IIIA

3.09

Clay

L. 2.3

32

1566

4116/80

H

IIIA

3.2

Clay

L. 2.2

33

1564

4216/80

H

IIIA

2.95

Clay

L. 1.7

34

1801

4636/80

H

IIIB

5.92

Jasper

L. 1.3

35

1505

4690/1

H

6.16

Clay

L. 2.2, W. 1.0

36

1812

4730/80

H

Mixed IV-III III

2.57

Hard sandstone

L. 4.3, W. 3.3, H. 0.4

654

3540/83

Measurements Fig. Comments (cm) L. 1.2, D. 0.6 14.5.1: 18 Brown-light brown, pierced longitudinally L. 1.0, D. 0.5 14.5.1: 19 3 pink beads, pierced longitudinally L. 2.7 14.5.1: 20 Black, elongated pendant, smoothed, pierced through upper end L. 3.5, W. 1.6 14.5.1: 21 Elongated pendant, pierced through upper end L.3.9 14.5.1: 22 Elongated pendant, pierced through upper end L.2 Pierced holes from both sides 3.2x2.7 Greenish-black, rectangular, pierced on the side D. 0.5 Gray, pierced from top to bottom D. 0.5 White, pierced from top to bottom L. 1.2 2 pieces, black and white, pierced from top to bottom L. 1.5 Broken L. 3

Similar to Fig. 14.5.1: 1-4 Similar to Fig. 14.5.1: 1-4 Similar to Fig. 14.5.1: 1-4

Pierced from bottom to side Pierced from bottom

Pierced from bottom to side Gray, conical, pierced from bottom to side Red, cubic, pierced from 2 sides, not all the way through, broken. Drop-shaped, not pierced Drop-shaped, pierced through upper end

CHAPTER

1

14: 5. BEADS AND PENDANTS

3

2

4

5

6

7

11

10

13

19

12

14

16

9

8

15

17

20

21

18

22

Fig. 14.5.1: Beads and pendants.

655

CHAPTER 14

6. BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS 1 Many bone and a few shell objects (over half of them spatulae), were recovered in Iron Age Strata V–IIIA DW7HO0DOতDWDDQGRQO\1RVDQGRULJLQDWHGLQ6WUDWXP,,RIWKH5RPDQSHULRG7DEOH 1RV 5, 6, 8 and possibly 12 are made of ivory, No. 13 is made of an ostrich egg shell, and No. 14 is made of shell. The bone and shell objects can be divided into six groups: 1. LARGE BONE OBJECTS (NOS. 1–4, FIG. 14.6.1) Probably made of shoulder bones of cattle No. 1 (Fig. 14.6.1: 1): a fan-shaped spoon, pierced in handle No. 2 (Fig. 14.6.1: 2): a rectangular palette pierced diagonally. Similar, oval-shaped objects decorated with circles-and-dots were found in the City of David, Jerusalem (Ariel 1990: 135–137) and in Beer-sheba Stratum II (Singer-Avitz forthcoming) 2. DECORATED PINS (NOS. 5–6) No. 5 (Fig. 14.6.2: 1): a decorated pin with engraved circles-and-dots, bordered by incised lines, with short incised lines also on the pin head. Parallels are found in the City of David (Ariel 1990: 140–141) No. 6 (Fig. 14.6.2: 2): a pin with two pairs of carved lines and a unique pomegranate head. Parallels are found at Lachish (Tufnell et al. 1940: 62, Pl. XX: 25–26), dated to the 13th century BCE (see also Beck 1995: 160, on the symbolism of the pomegranate; Avigad 2000: 128–137, with further references) 3. BUTTON AND PENDANT (SPINDLE-WHORL?) Nos. 8–9 (Fig. 14.6.2: 4–5): parallels for these are found in the City of David (Ariel 1990: 140: B145–146) 4. SMALL INLAYS (NOS. 7, 10–14, 20, 109, 112–119) 1R)LJ DF\OLQGULFDOERQHÀDWWHQHGVOLJKWO\RQRQHVLGHZLWKDGULOOHGKROHLQLWVFHQWHUDQG four rows of circles-and-dots along its length Nos.10–12 (Fig. 14.6.2: 6–8): small discs that were probably used as inlays. Parallels are found in the City of David (Ariel 1990: 126–127, Figs. 12: 50; 13) No. 14 (Fig. 14.6.2: 10): a decorated Lambis truncata sebaeVKHOOZLWKDQHQJUDYHGORWXVÀRZHUIRUWKH VKHOOVSHFLHVVHH&KDSWHU /RWXVÀRZHUHQJUDYLQJVRQVKHOOVDQGERQHVDUHZHOONQRZQPRWLIV3DUDOOHOV are found at Busayra (Sedman 2002: 362, Pl. 10.18) and at Tawilan, where it was published as Tridacna, but was probably made of the same type of shell (Reese 1995: 95). For further parallels and discussion, see Brandl (1984: 18; 2001). Nos. 112–119: small inlays for wooden furniture found in Building 1564 (see Chapter 11: Fig. 11.2) 1

This catalogue also includes individual items that were not found in Iron Age strata.

656

CHAPTER

14: 6. BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS

5. WORKED BONES (NOS. 15–19, 21–22, 95–108, 110–111, 120–121 1RV±)LJ SLHUFHGORQJERQHVSHUKDSVXVHGDVZKLVWOHVRUVRPHNLQGRIÀXWH3DUDOOHOV are found in the City of David (Ariel 1990: 142–143). Nos. 17–19: astragali, one of which is pierced (No. 19, Fig. 14.6.2: 13). A parallel is found in the City of David (Ariel 1990: 144). Nos. 120–121: two horns that were apparently worked (Fig. 14.6.5). 6. SPATULAE (NOS. 23–94) 7KHVHDUHWKHPRVWFRPPRQERQHREMHFWVDW7HO0DOতDWDFDLWHPV ZKLFKDUHXVXDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK weaving activities (for discussions and parallels, see Ariel 1990: 127–134; Bienkowski 1995: 83). TABLE 14.6.1: BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS No. Type

Locus No. 5K

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 2153/40K 398.70 W IIIA D. 15×11

Fig.

Comments

14.6.1: 1

87K

2258/40K 395.90

W

V

14.6.1: 2

1593

4348/40

4.5

H

IV

1564

4180/4

2.95

H

IIIA

H. 9, W. 9

14.6.1: 4

5

Worked bone Worked bone Ivory pin

Pierced in handle; smoothed on both sides; partly restored Square shape; pierced on upper end (top to side); smoothed on one side and part of the other Part of worked bone similar to No. 2 Pierced through

1022

1480/40

7.30

F

Mixed IV-III

L. 7.5, D. 1

14.6.2: 1

6

Ivory pin

12K

2128/40

397.90

W

IIIB

L. 4, D. 0.8

14.6.2: 2

7

Inlay

807

1024/40

9.80

D

Mixed

L. 1.9

14.6.2: 3

8

Ivory Pendant Bone button

281

2047/40

6.72

A

IIIA

D. 2.1

14.6.2: 4

1564

4276/40

3.06

H

IIIA

Disc Disc Disc Ostrich egg shell Decorated shell Worked bone

1517 1531 1507 1108

3714/40 3835/40 3569/40 1584/40

4.46 5.06 3.51 6.48

H H H F

IIIA IIIA IIIA IV-III

D. 2.1, H. 0.5 D. 2.1, H. 0.5 D. 1.5 L. 4, W. 2.5

245

1832

7.50

A

IIIA

L. 2.2, W. 2.5 14.6.2: 10

,QFLVHGORWXVÀRZHU

1556

4136

4.05

H

IIIA

L. 14

Two pierced holes on base; polished (sheep/ goat metacarpus)

1

2

3 4

9

10 11 12 13 14 15

Fanshaped spoon Palette

Reg. No.

D. 7.5×7.5×1.7

14.6.1: 3

14.6.2: 5

14.6.2: 6 14.6.2: 7 14.6.2: 8 14.6.2: 9

14.6.2: 11

Engraved circlesand-dots, bordered by carved lines, incised also on pin head Pomegranate-shaped, incised circles on body Cylinder decorated with concentric circles Circular Polished, burnt, ovalshaped, pierced on the side Black, burnt Black, burnt Ivory?

657

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Type

Locus No. 1601

Reg. No. 4424

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 5.87 H IV L. 13.5, D. 2–2.5

Fig.

Comments

14.6.2: 12

Two pierced holes along the bone and on base (sheep/goat metacarpus) Polished, burnt, cut marks Polished, burnt, cut marks Polished, pierced twice: horizontally and vertically Only square preserved, broken on both sides; thicker on one side than the other Fish vertebra

16

Worked bone

17

Astragal bone Astragal bone Astragal bone

1564

4215/40

2.95

H

IIIA

L. 3.2, W. 2

1570

4146/40

3.66

H

IIIB

L. 3, W. 1.7

79K

436/1

391.72

W

L. 3, W. 2

14.6.2: 13

20

Inlay

1535

3797/40

3.37

H

Mixed, mainly VI IIIA

D. 2.4×2.5

14.6.2: 14

21

142K

1016/40

399.69

Z

IVB

D. 1.8

1103

1563

6.85-7.19 F

IIIA

D. 1.6

14.6.2: 15

'HFRUDWHG¿VKYHUWHEUD

23 24 25 26

Worked bone Worked bone Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula

1801 226 453 1801

4719/40 159/40 806/40 4710/40

6.60 7.65

IIIB IIIA IIB IIIB

L. 15, W. 4

14.6.3: 1 14.6.3: 2 14.6.3: 3 14.6.3: 4

Wide end broken Broken into 7 pieces Wide end broken

6.53

H A B H

27 28

Spatula Spatula

283 1128

2069 1655

6.47

A F

IIIA IV

14.6.3: 5 L. 6.7, W. 4.4 14.6.3: 6

29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula

1801 1515 1025 Surface 86K 15K Surface

4662 3645 1497 3589 2285/40 2198/40 3877

H H F H W W W

IIIB IIIB IVA

14.6.3: 7 14.6.3: 8 14.6.3: 9 14.6.3: 10 14.6.3: 11 14.6.3: 12 14.6.4: 1

36 37

Spatula Spatula

27K 5K

325/1 2135/41

400.73 398.45

W W

IIIA IIIA

L. 8, W. 3.5 L. 7, W. 3 L.9.7,W.2.5 L. 9, W. 3 L. 12, W. 2.2 L. 15, W. 2.6 L. 10.8, W. 3.6 L. 8.6, W. 3 L. 8.4, W. 2.8

38 39 40

Spatula Spatula Spatula

1512b 256 250

4048 2020 1872

4.89 7.79 7.48

H A A

IIIB IIIA IIIA

L. 8, W. 2.8 L. 9, W. 3 L. 8, W. 3

14.6.4: 4 14.6.4: 5 14.6.4: 6

41 42 43 44 45

Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula

218 1559 1512a 269 1136

69/40 4163 3635 1983 1757

7.38 2.93 3.93 7.61 5.90

A H H A F

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IV-III

L. 6.7, W. 2.9 L. 7, W. 3 L. 8.7, W. 3.5 L. 8.3, W. 3.5 L. 6.5, W. 3

14.6.4: 7 14.6.4: 8 14.6.4: 9 14.6.4: 10 14.6.4: 11

18 19

22

658

6.13 8.72 Surface 396.40 398.60

V IIIB

L. 9.2, W. 3 L. 11.5, W. 2.8

14.6.4: 2 14.6.4: 3

2 pieces preserved Both ends broken, cut marks Wide end broken Wide end broken Wide end broken Wide end broken Complete Complete Complete Burnt, broken into 8 pieces Complete Complete Complete, markings on both sides Point missing Gray, burnt Complete Complete Complete

CHAPTER

No. Type 46 47 48 49 50

Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula? Spatula

Locus No. 1519 1512a 225 253 283

Reg. No. 3649 3720 163 1911 2167

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 3.64 H IIIB L. 6, W. 3.1 4.32 H IIIA L. 6.2,W. 3.3 7.65 A IIIB 7.70 A IIIA 7.62 A IIIA

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula

284 622 1001 1507 1512a 1517 1534 1535 1559

2107 473/40 1422/40 3634 3747 3683 3943 3828 4250

7.62 4.07-4.52 6.60 3.83 4.36 4.36 4.48 3.63 3.20

A C F H H H H H H

IIIA IIB IV-III IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIA

60

Spatula

1564

4171

2.90

H

IIIA

61 62 63 64 65 66

Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula

1583 1604 1604 1801 1801 1801

4300 4463 4413 4710/41 4691/40 4708

3.6 4.84 4.61 6.53 6.23 6.30

H H H H H H

IIIA IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79

Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula? Spatula? Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula Spatula

1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1803 1803 1812 4K 5K 5K 12K

4671/1 4695/1 4695/2 4695/3 4695/4 4711 4672 4692 4732 2061/40 2135/40 2154/40 2176/40

6.23 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.30 6.53 6.00 4.75 2.80 399.70 398.45 398.40 398.0

H H H H H H H H H W W W W

IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IIIB IVB III IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB

80 81

Spatula Spatula

14K 16K

2208/40 2190/40

397.0 397.80

W W

IIIB IIIB

L. 5, W. 3.7 L. 7.3, W. 1.3

82

Spatula

18K

2210/40

397.50

W

IIIB

L. 2.5, W. 1.5

L. 6.7, W. 2

L. 5.5, W. 2.6 L. 6.1, W. 3.1

14: 6. BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS

Fig.

Comments

14.6.4: 12 14.6.4: 13

Part of point missing Complete 2 pieces preserved Only part of wide end preserved 2 pieces preserved Broken on both ends Only point preserved Broken into 7 pieces Broken into 18 pieces Broken into 7 pieces Wide end broken Broken into 4 pieces Broken into 2 pieces; polished 2 pieces preserved, polished

L. 6.8, W. 3

Wide end broken

L. 8.3, W. 3.3 L. 4.3, W. 2.5

Wide end broken Only upper tip preserved Broken on both sides Wide end broken

L. 6.8, W. 3 L. 6.7, W. 1.7 L. 6.7, W. 2

L. 5.5, W. 2.3

L. 5, W. 2.3 L. 6, W. 1.5

Broken on both ends Broken on both ends One piece preserved Broken, polished Broken into 5 pieces Only wide end preserved

Wide part preserved Half of wide end preserved Pointed part preserved Pointed side and part of body preserved Pointed part preserved

659

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

No. Type

Locus No. 18K

Reg. No. 2225/40

Elevation Area Stratum Measurements (cm) 397.10 W IIIB L. 11, W. 2.4

Fig.

Comments

83

Spatula

84

27K

345/1

400.57

W

IIIA

27K

383/1

400.37

W

IIIA

L. 3.5, W. 3

86

Spatula (tooth) Spatula (tooth) Spatula

55K

880/1

401.18

W

IIIA

L. 4, W. 1.5

87

Spatula

55K

861

401.28

W

IIIA

L. 6.3, W. 3

88

Spatula

55K

835/1

401.41

W

IIIA

L. 8.5, W. 2.3

89 90

58K 62K

897/1 935/1

398.40 401.00

W W

IIIB IIIA

L. 3, W. 3

118K

544/1

398.88

Z

III

L. 4.5, W. 2

Wide part preserved

92

Spatula Spatula (tooth) Spatula (tooth) Spatula

Burnt, rounded middle part Broken, pointed end preserved Almost complete, side missing Almost complete, pointed end and body preserved Only wide end preserved

118K

601/1

398.04

Z

III

L. 5, W. 2

93

Spatula

118K

616/1

397.80

Z

III

L. 5.8, W.2. 5

94

Spatula

128K

617/1

398.84

Z

IVA

L. 2.5, W. 2

95

Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Worked bone Incised bone

812

1052

8.60

D

Mixed

L. 5, W. 1

Broken, wide part preserved Broken, pointed part preserved Broken, wide part preserved Polished rib

910

1227

12.19

E

IV-III

L. 5.5, W. 0.7

Polished rib

1002

1411/1

6.75

F

IV-III

L. 9, W. 1.5

Polished rib

1002

1411/2

6.75

F

IV-III

L. 5.5, W. 1.3

Polished

1003

1416

6.82

F

IV-III

L. 4, H. 6.5, W. 0.4

Pointed

1037

1534

8.41

F

V

1000

1402

6.20

F

IV-III

1318

3041

11.58

G

III

L. 0.8

Cylinder

1529

3742

2.01

H

IIIA

1534

4112

3.20

H

IIIB

1544

3988/40

2.77

H

IIIA

L. 3.2, W. 0.8, H. 0.3

Elliptical piercing on side Rectangular frame with geometric pattern

85

91

96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

660

Almost complete, rounded end missing 3 small pieces

CHAPTER

No. Type

Comments

4303

Elevation Area Stratum MeasureFig. ments (cm) 3.20 H IIIA L. 1.5, W. 1.5

1585

4249/1

3.98

H

IV

Polished

1585

4249/2

3.98

H

IV

Polished

1801

4692

6.30

H

IIIB

24K

802/1

400.17

W

II

2 bones

27K

824/41

399.57

W

IIIA

2 bones

1564

4172/5

2.90

H

IIIA

113 Inlays

1564

4172/4

2.90

H

IIIA

Fig. 11.2: 2 large square inlays 1, 2 with geometric patterns Fig. 11.2: 3 3 small square inlays

114 Inlay

1564

4172/3

2.90

H

IIIA

Fig. 11.2: 4 Large rosette inlay

115 Inlays

1564

4172/6

2.90

H

IIIA

116 117 118 119 120 121

1564 1564 1564 1569 250 284

4172/1 4172/2 4181 4310 1876 2121/40

2.90 2.90 2.95 3.6 7.5 7.64

H H H H A A

IIIA IIIA IIIA IIIB IIIA IIIA

Fig. 11.2: 5 14 rectangular frames with geometric patterns Fig. 11.2: 6 8 small rosette inlays Fig. 11.2: 7 18 small leaf inlays Several engraved inlays

106 Worked bone 107 Worked bone 108 Worked bone 109 Piece of inlay? 110 Worked bones 111 Worked bones 112 Inlays

Inlays Inlays Inlays Inlay Horn Horn

Locus No. 1564

Reg. No.

14: 6. BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS

L. 3.4, W. 0.6

L. 35

Rectangular

Fig. 14.6.5

Sheep/goat horn Goat

661

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

1

2

3 4

Fig. 14.6.1: Large bone objects, Table 14.6.1, Catalogue Nos. 1–4 respectively.

662

CHAPTER

3

14: 6. BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS

5

4

2

1

6

7

9

8

13

11

0

10

14

1cm

15

12

Fig. 14.6.2: Bone and shell objects, Table 14.6.1, Catalogue Nos. 5–22.

663

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

3

2

5

4

1

6

9

7

8

10 11

Fig. 14.6.3: Spatulae, Table 14.6.1, Catalogue Nos. 23–34.

664

12

CHAPTER

2

3

14: 6. BONE AND SHELL OBJECTS

5

4

1

7

6

10

11

9

8

12

13

Fig. 14.6.4: Spatulae (continued), Table 14.6.1, Catalogue Nos. 35–47.

665

LIORA F REUD AND NADIN R ESHEF

Fig. 14.6.5: Horn (see Table 14.6.1: 121)

REFERENCES Ariel, D.T. 1990. City of David Excavations Final Report II (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Avigad, N. 2000. The Inscribed Pomegranate from the “House of the Lord.” In: Geva, H., ed. Ancient Jerusalem Revealed. Jerusalem: 128–137. Beck, P. 1995. Catalogue of Cult Objects and the Study of the Iconography. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW Qitmit. An Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 11). Tel Aviv: 27–197. Ben-Dov, R. 1999. Loom Weights. In: Beth-Arieh, I., ed. Tel ‘Ira: A Stronghold in the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 15). Tel Aviv: 445–448. Bennett, C.M. and Bienkowski, P. 1995. Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 8). Oxford. Bienkowski, P. 1995. The Small Finds. In: Bennet, C.M. and Bienkowski, P. Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan. (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 8). Oxford: 79–92. Bienkowski, P. 2002. Busayra Excavations by Crystal-M. Bennett 1971–1980 (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 13). Oxford. Bienkowski, P. 2011. ed. Umm Al-Biyara Excavations by Crystal-M. Bennet in Petra 1960–1965 (Levant Supplementary Series Vol. 10). Oxford–Oakville. Brandl, B. 1984. The Engraved Tridacna-Shell Discs. Anatolian Studies 34: 15–41. Brandl, B. 2001. Two Engraved Tridacna Shells from Tel Mikne-Ekron. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 323: 49–62. Browning, Jr., D.C. 2001. Various Small Finds. A. Loomweights. In: Mazar, A. and Panitz-Cohen, N. Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium BCE (Qedem 42). Jerusalem: 248–258. Kertesz, T. 1999. Beads. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. Tel >Ira: A Stronghold in the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 15). Tel Aviv: 473–474.

666

CHAPTER

14: R EFERENCES

Reese, D.S. 1995. Marine Invertebrates and Fossils. In: Bennet, C.M. and Bienkowski, P. Excavations at Tawilan in Southern Jordan (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 8). Oxford: 93–100. Sass, B. 2004. Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Artefacts. Section A: Vessels, Tools, Personal Objects, Figurative Art and Varia. In: Ussishkin, D. The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), IV (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 22). Tel Aviv: 1983–2057. Sedman, L. 2002. The Small Finds. In: Bienkowski, P. Busayra Excavations by Crystal-M. Bennett 1971–1980 (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 13). Oxford: 353–428. Shamir, O. 1996. Loomweights and Whorls. In: Ariel, D.T. and de Groot, A., eds. Excavations in the City of David 1978–1985 Vol. IV (Qedem 35). Jerusalem: 135–170. Shamir, O. 2007. Textiles, Loom Weights and Spindle Whorls. In: Cohen, R. and Bernick-Greenberg, H., eds. Excavations at Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976–1982 (IAA Reports 34/1). Jerusalem: 255–267. Singer-Avitz, L. Forthcoming. Worked Bones and Ivory Objects. In: Herzog, Z. and Singer-Avitz, L., eds. Beer-Sheba III: Settlement and Cities in Iron IIA-B (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv. Thareani, Y. 2011. Tel >Aroer. The Iron Age II Caravan Town and the Hellenistic-Early Roman Settlement. The Avraham Biran (1975–1982) and Rudolph Cohen (1975–1976) Excavations (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion No. VIII). Jerusalem. Tufnell, O., Inge, C.H. and Harding, L. 1940. Lachish II, The Fosse Temple. Oxford.

667

CHAPTER 15

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY Oren Tal

([FDYDWLRQVRIWKH+HOOHQLVWLFDQG5RPDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOUHPDLQVRI7HO0DOতDWD&ODVVLFDOSHULRG0DODWKD  yielded a variety of vessels types: table vessels, cooking-pots, storage vessels and lamp. Imported (i.e., not locally [Palestinian cultural zone] manufactured) vessels, mainly bowls, are also included. Stratigraphic DI¿OLDWLRQRIWKHYHVVHOVZDVGHWHUPLQHGDFFRUGLQJWRÀRRUVDQGVHFWLRQVVHH&KDSWHU GXJLQVLGHDQG in some cases outside) the Roman fortress. Dates are based on comparative material (and especially on WKDWRIDSUHYLRXVSRWWHU\VWXG\IURPQHDUE\ণRUYDW>Uza) [cf. Fischer and Tal 2007], which provides further references to comparanda) and to a lesser extent the coins found in the excavations (Chapter 16). 7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHSRWWHU\W\SHVZHUHGH¿QHGDFFRUGLQJWRULPPRUSKRORJ\ZKLFKEHFDPHWKHEDVLVIRU PRVWRIWKHFODVVL¿FDWLRQVRIWKHYHVVHOV0RVWRIWKHULPVZHUHGUDZQDQGVWXGLHGEXWEDVHVDQGGHFRUDWHG sherds were studied selectively only for their chronological contribution. The varied quality of the ceramic ZDUHFRDUVHVDQG\VHPL¿QH¿QHHWF LVQRUPDOO\QRWHGLQWKHWH[WDQGRXUGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHSRWWHU\DV ¿QHRUFRPPRQZDUHGHSHQGVRQWKLV,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWPRVWRIRXUVSHFLPHQVDUH-XGHDQZDUHZLWK WKDWZDUH¶VSDUWLFXODUFKDUDFWHULVWLFV Figure 15.1 displays the so-called Hellenistic occupation layer of Area B (Stratum II), but exhibits pottery from both the Hellenistic (1–4) and Roman (5–8) periods. As noted in the stratigraphic analysis &KDSWHU %HGRXLQJUDYHVGXJLQWKHPRXQGLQWKLVFDVHRYHU$UHD% GLVWXUEHGWKHVLWHVWUDWL¿FDWLRQ and probably caused the insertion of Roman pottery in the Hellenistic occupation layer. The Hellenistic SRWWHU\LVFRQ¿QHGWRUG±QGFHQWXU\%&(FRPPRQW\SHVRIUHGWREURZQVOLSSHGVHPL¿QHDQG coarse ware plates and/or bowls with a drooping, thickened lip (Fig. 15.1: 1–4) (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 212, Types HPE1, HBL2). The Roman pottery includes a grooved rim and upturned neck, ribbed sandy ware cooking-pot (Fig. 15.1: 5) of a 1st–2nd century CE date (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 225–226, Type RCP2); the rim of a juglet (Fig. 15.1: 6) (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 229, Type RJT5); the rim of a VW±QG" FHQWXU\VHPL¿QHZDUHLPSRUWHGDPSKRUD)LJSUREDEO\RI&DPSDQLDQRULJLQFI Peacock and Williams 1986: Class 7 [Dressel 21–22], 96–97; see also Bar-Nathan 2006: 332, No. 34 [Pl. 67: 34]); and a fragment of what appears to be a Nabatean mold-made lamp with a radial pattern on its discus and a volute on its nozzle (Fig. 15.1: 8) (cf. Negev 1986: 134–135, Subtype Ia) that can be similarly dated. )LJXUHH[KLELWV$UHD%¶V5RPDQSHULRGSRWWHU\WKDWFDPHIURPWKH³ORZHU´5RPDQRFFXSDWLRQ (Stratum IB). The rim fragment (15.2: 1) is probably a late 2nd century CE form of Eastern Sigillata A (ESA) (cf. Hayes 1985: 42, “Forma tarda f,” Pl. 8: 14). The rims, bodies and base fragments (2–6) belong to African Red Slip (ARS) Form 50A, which according to Hayes dates to ca. 230/40–325 CE (1972: 69–73; 1980: 495). The two sandy ware cooking-pots (7–8; one complete and one uppper body IUDJPHQW EHORQJWR)LVFKHUDQG7DO¶V± 7\SH5&3WKH1DEDWHDQ&UHDP:DUHGLSSHU"  MXJOHW EHORQJVWR)LVFKHUDQG7DO¶V 7\SH5-7ZKLOHWKHULGJHGQHFNULPIUDJPHQWRID 671

OREN TAL

FRDUVHZDUHVWRUDJHMDU EHORQJVWR)LVFKHUDQG7DO¶V 7\SH56-DDOOFDQEHGDWHGWRD 1st–2nd century CE horizon. )LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHV$UHD%¶V5RPDQSHULRGSRWWHU\WKDWFDPHIURPWKH³XSSHU´5RPDQRFFXSDWLRQ (Stratum IA). The ribbed, deep sandy ware casserole and the lid which probably covered it (1–2) are common Late Roman and Early Byzantine types (cf. Magness 1993: 211–212, 215, Form 1). The holemouth rim fragment of a coarse ware storage jar (3) belong to a Gazan amphora probably of similar date (Majcherek 1995: Types 4 or 5). The ridged neck coarse ware rim fragment (4) belongs to a Palestinian bag-shaped jar which can be of a similar or later date (Kingsley 1994–95: Fig. 1). Figure 15.4 shows pottery from the Hellenistic occupation layer of Area C (Stratum II). Three specimens belong to ESA (1–3). No. 1 corresponds to Form 4A, which can be dated from the late 2nd century BCE to the early 1st century CE (cf. Hayes 1985: 15–16, Pl. 1: 9); No. 2 probably corresponds to Form 22A, which can be dated from the late 2nd century BCE to the early 1st century CE (cf. Hayes 1985: 23–24, Pl. 3: 10–11); whereas No. 3 probably corresponds to Form 23, which can be dated to WKH¿UVWKDOIRIWKHVWFHQWXU\%&(FI+D\HV3O 1RV±DUHFRPPRQ+HOOHQLVWLF

FIGURE 15.1: POTTERY FROM STRATUM II, AREA B No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

Description/Notes

1

Bowl/plate

397/1

452

3.74-3.93

Dark red slip

2

Bowl/plate

397/2

452

3.74-3.93

Brownish slip

3

Bowl

399/1

440

3.20-3.98

4

Bowl

399/2

440

3.20-3.98

Brownish-red slip

5

Cooking-pot

345/1

440

3.20-3.98

Roman

6

Juglet

353/1

440

3.20-3.98

Roman

7

Amphora

266/1

424

3.16-3.41

5RPDQ¿OOEHORZÀRRU &DPSDQLD"

8

Lamp

318/1

431

2.75-3.22

Roman; mold-made

672

CHAPTER 15: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY

UG±QGFHQWXULHV%&( W\SHVRIVHPL¿QHDQGFRDUVHZDUHVOLSSHGSODWHVDQGRUERZOVZLWKDGURRSLQJ thickened lip (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 212, Types HPE1, HBL2). No. 10 is yet another common, semi¿QHZDUHVN\SKRVRIWKHSLQFKHGKDQGOHW\SHFI)LVFKHUDQG7DO7\SH+%/E ZKLOH1R LVDQDGGLWLRQDOIUDJPHQWRIDFRPPRQVHPL¿QHZDUHVOLSSHGERZOZLWKLQFXUYHGULPFI)LVFKHU and Tal 2007: 212, Type HBL1). The sandy ware cooking-pot (12) belongs to a well-known Hellenistic type with a relatively high out-turned neck, a plain rounded rim and relatively thin-sectioned (strip-like) handles (cf. Lapp 1961: 185, Type 71.1; Guz-Zilberstein 1995: 298, Type CP1). The coarse ware jug (13), too, belongs to a common Hellenistic type (cf. Lapp 1961: 157, Type 21.1; Guz-Zilberstein 1995: 308–309, Type JG 11). The coarse ware upper body parts of the juglets (14–15) are morphologically Hellenistic (cf. e.g., Lapp 1961: 162, Type 31), but given the narrow (less than 1 cm wide) opening between their necks and bodies they seem to belong to less common Hellenistic subtypes. The coarse ware storage jar (16) is yet another common Hellenistic type (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 215, Type +6- 7KHVHPL¿QHZDUHODPSEDVH LVPROGPDGHDQGSUREDEO\EHORQJVWRDZHOONQRZQQG and early 1st century BCE type (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 215, Type HLP1). The coarse ware lip of a Persian-period open wheel-made lamp (18) was also discovered in Stratum II of Area C. As the only ZHOOVWUDWL¿HG+HOOHQLVWLFDVVHPEODJHUHFRYHUHGIURPWKHVLWHH[FDYDWLRQVPRVWYHVVHOVLQ6WUDWXP,, of Area C belong to a 3rd–2nd century BCE horizon (with the exception of the Persian-period lamp). However, if one takes the ESA bowls and the mold-made lamp base as evidence of the date of the entire assemblage, a 2nd and early 1st century BCE date may be assumed. In any case, the assemblage is too scant to provide secure dating. Figure 15.5 depicts pottery from the Roman occupation layer of Area C (Stratum I). Three specimens are still Hellenistic in date and seem to be intrusive. No. 1 corresponds to ESA, Form 17B, which can be dated to the mid-2nd century BCE and possibly later (cf. Hayes 1985: 21–22, Pl. 3: 4), whereas No. 2 corresponds to ESA, Form 4A, which can be dated from the late 2nd century BCE to the early 1st century CE (cf. Hayes 1985: 15–16, Pl. 1: 9). No. 3 is a fragment of a coarse ware plain bowl type with incurved rim (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 212, Type HBL1). The remainder are Roman and Byzantine pottery types: No. 4 corresponds to “Late Roman C” Ware, Form 3 (Hayes 1972: 329–338), later to be termed Phocaean Red Slip (PRS) (Hayes 1980: 525–527), which can be dated to the 450s–550s CE. No. 5 is either a shallow or a deep sandy ware casserole of common Late Roman and Early Byzantine types (cf. Magness 1993: 211–212, Form 1). No. 6 is a grooved rim and upturned neck, ribbed sandy ware cooking-pot of a 1st–2nd century CE date (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 225–226, Type RCP2). The holemouth coarse ware storage jar rim fragments (7–8) belong to Gazan amphorae of a Late Roman and Early Byzantine date (Majcherek 1995: Types 4 or 5). The wedge-stamped design coarse ware sherd seems to belong to a Persian-period krater and it may be assumed that it is intrusive (as the above Hellenistic fragments). Figure 15.6 presents Hellenistic pottery (with a few later pottery type intrusions) that came from Area H. Two specimens belong to ESA (1–2). No. 1 probably corresponds to Form 18 which can be dated to the late 2nd and early 1st centuries BCE (cf. Hayes 1985: 22, Pl. 3: 5), while No. 2 probably corresponds to Form 22A which can be dated from the late 2nd century BCE to the early 1st century CE (cf. Hayes 1985: ±3O 1RV±DUHFRPPRQ+HOOHQLVWLFUG±QGFHQWXULHV%&( W\SHVRIVHPL¿QHDQGFRDUVH ware plain and slipped plates and/or bowls with a drooping, thickened lip (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 212, 7\SHV+3(+%/ 1RLV\HWDQRWKHUFRPPRQVHPL¿QHZDUHVN\SKRVRIWKHSLQFKHGKDQGOHW\SHFI 673

OREN TAL

FIGURE 15.2: POTTERY FROM LOWER FLOORS, STRATUM IB, AREA B No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

Description/Notes

1

Bowl

344/1

430

2.65-3.15

ESA

2

Bowl

306/1

430

2.65-3.15

ARS

3

Bowl

309/1

433

3.15-3.41

ARS

4

Bowl

281/1

429

2.72-2.99

ARS

5

Bowl (base)

351/1

441

2.86-3.06

ARS

6

Bowl

361/1

444

3.24-3.66

ARS

7

Cooking-pot

355/1

419

2.68-3.05

8

Cooking-pot

351/2

441

2.86-3.06

9

Juglet

281/3

429

2.72-2.99

10

Storage jar

281/2

429

2.72-2.99

674

CHAPTER 15: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY

)LVFKHUDQG7DO7\SH+%/E ZKLOH1RV±DUHDGGLWLRQDOIUDJPHQWVRIDFRPPRQVHPL¿QH ware slipped bowl with incurved rim and a ring base (as appears in No. 10) (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 212, Type HBL1). No. 11 is an out-curved rim coarse ware small deep krater of a relatively common Hellenistic type (cf. Guz-Zilberstein 1995: 296, Type KR 10). Nos. 12–13 are red to brownish-red slipped, splayed rim VHPL¿QHZDUHMXJVZLWKFRQFDYHHORQJDWHGQHFNVWKDWDOVRIRUPDFRPPRQ+HOOHQLVWLFW\SHFI)LVFKHU and Tal 2007: 215, Type HJG2). The remainder seems intrusive; No. 14 is a cream ware Nabatean jug (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 221, Type NAB/CRWJG); while No. 15 is a “Late Roman C” Ware fragment RI+D\HV¶)RUP± ODWHUWREHWHUPHG356+D\HV± ZKLFKFDQEHGDWHG to the 450s–550s CE. )LJXUHVKRZVWKHSRWWHU\WKDWFDPHIURP6HFWLRQ:RIWKH¿UVWH[SHGLWLRQZKLFKZDVDGMDFHQW to Area B of the second expedition). The pottery can be attributed to both the Hellenistic and Late Roman/Early Byzantine periods. The Hellenistic pottery is represented by a plain version of a coarse ware incurved rim bowl (1) (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 212, Type HBL1); a sandy ware cooking-pot of a well-known Hellenistic type with a relatively high upturned neck, plain rim and relatively thinsectioned (strip-like) handles (2) (cf. Lapp 1961: 185, Type 71.1; Guz-Zilberstein 1995: 298, Type CP1); DQGDPROGPDGHVHPL¿QHZDUHODPSZLWKUDGLDOLQWHUVHFWHG³SDOPWUHH´OLNH VKRXOGHUGHFRUDWLRQ and S-coil (3) (cf. Fischer and Tal 2007: 215, Type HLP1). The Late Roman/Early Byzantine period pottery is represented by fragments of two sandy ware ribbed deep casseroles (4–5) (cf. Magness 1993: 211–212, Form 1).

FIGURE 15.3: POTTERY FROM UPPER FLOORS, STRATUM IA, AREA B No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

Description/Notes

1

Lid

219/1

402

2.34-2.43

Diameter is identical to that of Casserole No.2

2

Casserole

224/1

403

2.25-2.71

3

Amphora

249/1

417

2.91-3.16

4

Storage jar

329/1

431

2.75-3.22

“Gazan”

675

OREN TAL

FIGURE 15.4: POTTERY FROM STRATUM II, AREA C No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

Description/Notes

1

Bowl

473/2

622

4.07-4.52

ESA

2

Bowl

472/1

625

3.66

ESA

3

Bowl

473/1

622

4.07-4.52

ESA

4

Bowl/plate

488/2

627

4.46-4.65

Dull red slip

5

Bowl/plate

430/2

613

4.20-4.57

Dark red slip

6

Bowl/plate

413/1

605

3.82-4.18

Reddish-brown slip

7

Bowl/plate

422/2

609

4.42

Dark red slip

8

Bowl/plate

430/1

613

4.20-4.57

Brownish slip

9

Bowl

419/1

607

4.13-4.18

Blackish-brown slip

10

Bowl

435/2

613

4.20-4.57

Reddish-brown slip

11

Bowl

426/1

608

3.96-4.20

Reddish-brown slip

12

Cooking-pot

413/2

605

3.82-4.18

13

Jug

451/1

620

2.85-3.56

14

Juglet

487/1

625

4.44-4.59

15

Juglet

426/3

608

3.96-4.20

16

Storage jar

466/1

622

3.63-3.90

17

Lamp (base)

426/2

608

3.96-4.20

Mold-made

18

Lamp

422/1

609

4.42

Persian period

676

CHAPTER 15: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY

Fig. 15.4: Pottery from Stratum II, Area C.

677

OREN TAL

FIGURE 15.5: POTTERY FROM STRATUM I, AREA C No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

Description/Notes

1

Bowl

452/1

620

2.63-2.97

ESA

2

Bowl

452/2

620

2.63-2.97

ESA

3

Bowl

488/1

627

4.66-4.65

4

Bowl

412/2

604

2.89-3.96

5

Casserole

461/1

621

2.97-3.31

6

Cooking-pot

425/1

611

4.58-4.74

7

Amphora

412/1

604

2.89-3.96

“Gazan”

8

Amphora

449/1

619

2.63-2.93

“Gazan”

9

Krater

421/1

608

3.40-3.96

Persian period; body sherd with handle, incised wedge decoration

678

“C Ware” (= PRS)

CHAPTER 15: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY

9

Fig. 15.5: Pottery from Stratum I, Area C.

679

OREN TAL

FIGURE 15.6: POTTERY FROM AREA H No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

Description/Notes

1

Bowl

3975/2

1549

1.43-3.23

ESA

2

Bowl (base)

3899/1

1549

1.43-3.23

ESA

3

Bowl/plate

3890/5

1544

1.76

Dark red slip

4

Bowl/plate

3871/1

1543

1.38-3.75

5

Bowl/plate

4254/2

1564

2.87-3.20

Blackish-brown slip

6

Bowl/plate

4254/3

1564

2.87-3.20

Blackish-brown slip

7

Bowl

1558/1

1558

2.63-3.05

Brownish slip

8

Bowl

3871/2

1543

1.38-3.75

Dark red slip

9

Bowl

4254/4

1564

2.87-3.20

Brownish, reddish-brown slip

10

Bowl (base)

3975/1

1549

1.43-3.23

Blackish-brown slip

11

Krater

3890/6

1544

1.76

12

Jug

4254/1

1564

2.87-3.20

13

Jug

4236/1

1564

2.84

Dark red slip and spots of blackishbrown and slip (mostly on exterior)

14

Jug

3871/4

1543

1.38-3.75

1DEDWHDQVXUIDFH¿QG

15

Bowl

3871/3

1543

1.38-3.75

“C Ware” (= PRS)

680

CHAPTER 15: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY

1

2

4

3

5

6

7

9

8

10

12

11

13

15

14

Fig. 15.6: Pottery from Area H.

681

OREN TAL

1

3

2

4

5

FIGURE 15.7: POTTERY FROM STRATA II–I SECTION W No.

Vessel

Reg. No.

Locus

Elevation

1

Bowl

168/1

39

402.7-402.2

2

Cooking-pot

104/2

24

402.8-402.57

3

Lamp

154/1

40

402.6-402.25

4

Casserole

104/1

24

402.8-402.57

5

Casserole

112/1

25

403.10

682

Description/Notes

Mold-made

CHAPTER 15: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE POTTERY

REFERENCES Bar-Nathan, R. 2006. Masada VII: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965 Final Reports. The Pottery of Masada. Jerusalem. Fischer, M. and Tal, O. 2007. Hellenistic and Roman Period Pottery. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW>Uza and ‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQWKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY(Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv: 211–255. Guz-Zilberstein, B. 1995. The Typology of the Hellenistic Coarse Ware and Selected Loci of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. In: Stern, E., et al. Excavations at Dor, Final Report. Volume I B. Areas A and C: The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem: 289–433. Hayes, J.W. 1972. Late Roman Pottery. London. Hayes, J.W. 1980. Supplement to Late Roman Pottery. London. Hayes, J.W. 1985. Encyclopedia dell’arte antica classica e orientale: Atlante delle forme ceramiche II. &HUDPLFD¿QHURPDQDQHOEDFFLQRPHGLWHUUDQHRWDUGRHOOHQLVPRHSULPRLPSHUR . Rome: 1–96. Kingsley, S.A. 1994–95. Bag-Shaped Amphorae and Byzantine Trade: Expanding Horizons. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 14: 39–56. Lapp, P.W. 1961. Palestinian Ceramic Chronology 200 B.C. – A.D. 70. New Haven. Magness, J. 1993. Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology circa 200–800 CE (Journal of the Study of the Old 7HVWDPHQW$PHULFDQ6FKRROVRI2ULHQWDO5HVHDUFK0RQRJUDSK6HULHV 6KHI¿HOG 0DMFKHUHN *  *D]DQ $PSKRUDH 7\SRORJ\ 5HFRQVLGHUHG ,Q 0H\]D + DQG 0á\QDUF]\N - HGV +HOOHQLVWLFDQG5RPDQ3RWWHU\LQWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ±$GYDQFHVLQ6FLHQWL¿F6WXGLHV$FWVRIWKH,, Nieborów Pottery Workshop (Nieborów, 18–20 December 1993). Warsaw: 163–178. Negev, A. 1986. The Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery of Nabatean Oboda (Qedem 22). Jerusalem. Peacock, D.P.S. and Williams, D.F. 1986. Amphorae and the Roman Economy: An Introductory Guide. London and New York.

683

CHAPTER 16

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS Arieh Kindler1

$WRWDORIEURQ]HFRLQVZHUHUHFRYHUHGDW7HO0DOতDWD7DEOH 2 dating from the Seleucid period (2nd century BCE), to the Byzantine period (5th century CE). Four coins were retrieved in the Roman stratum in Area B, six in the dumps and surface of this area and three coins in the dump of Area C. All the others were found on the surface. Most of the coins are very poorly preserved and only a few could EHDWWULEXWHGWRDVSHFL¿FUXOHU %DVHGRQWKHQXPLVPDWLF¿QGVWKH+DVPRQHDQVHWWOHPHQWZDVSUREDEO\DEDQGRQHGEHIRUHWKHGD\V of Alexander Jannaeus (103–76 BCE). The coins of Jannaeus are very common at Hasmonean sites and none was found in the excavations. 7KHQXPLVPDWLF¿QGVVXJJHVWDJDSLQWKHVHWWOHPHQWGXULQJWKHVWFHQWXU\%&(²HDUO\UGFHQWXU\&( The Roman period is represented by a group of extremely eroded Roman city coins. Only one of WKHPZDVLGHQWL¿HGZLWKFHUWDLQW\²DFRLQRI&DHVDUHDPLQWHGDURXQG&(XQGHU7UDMDQXV'HFLXVRU 7UHERQLDQXV*DOOXV)URPWKLVGDWHIRUZDUGWKHUHLVPRUHFRQWLQXLW\LQWKHQXPLVPDWLF¿QGVUHSUHVHQWHG by coins of Gallienus, Claudius Gothicus, Probus, Carinus and Diocletian, all of whom ruled in the second half of the 3rd century CE. The sequence continues into the 4th and 5th centuries CE with the coins of Constantine the Great, &RQVWDQV&RQVWDQWLXV,,&RQVWDQWLXV*DOOXVDQG7KHRGRVLXV,DVZHOODVDQXPEHURIXQLGHQWL¿HGVPDOO coins of the 5th century CE.

TABLE 16.1: THE COINS IN CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE Reg. No. Seleucid Coins 268/60 490/60 Hasmonean Coins 493/60 496/60 Roman City Coins 302/60 367/60, 247/60 490/61-62, 493/69 1 2

Area

,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ

B C Surface

Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BCE) 1 Antiochus VII (138-129 BCE) 1

16.1: 1 16.1: 2

Surface

John Hyrcanus I (129-104 BCE) (?)

2

16.1: 3, 4

B Surface B Surface C Surface

Caesarea Maritima (ca. 250 CE) 8QLGHQWL¿HGSUREDEO\UGFHQWXU\&(

1 5

No. of Coins Figs.

The authors of the Report are grateful to Yoav Farhi for his translation of the catalogue to English and revision of the text. An additional 60 coins (dated from the Seleucid to the Mamluk periods) which were collected from the area surrounding the tell are not discussed.

684

CHAPTER 16: H ELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

Reg. No. Roman Imperial Coins 496/61 405/60 350/60 496/62 496/63 493/61 Late Roman Coins 496/64 491/60 405/61 491/61 496/65 493/62 492/60-66, 493/63-67, 496/66-75 260/60, 304/60, 405/62, 493/68 L 1301, L 1311

Area

,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ

No. of Coins Figs.

Surface B Dump B Surface

Gallienus (253-268 CE) Claudius Gothicus (268-270 CE) Probus (276-282 CE)

1 1 2

16.1: 5 16.1: 6 16.1: 7, 8

Surface Surface

Carinus (283-285 CE) Diocletian (284-305 CE)

1 1

16.1: 9 16.1: 10

Surface

Constantine I, the Great (308-337 CE)

2

16.1: 11, 12

B Dump Surface Surface Surface Surface

Constans (333-350 CE) Constantius II (337-361 CE) Constantius Gallus (351-354 CE) Theodosius I (379-395 CE) 8QLGHQWL¿HGWKFHQWXU\&(

1 1 1 1 22

16.1: 13 16.1: 14 16.1: 15 16.1: 16

B Dump and Surface

8QLGHQWL¿HGWKFHQWXU\&(

4

G

8QLGHQWL¿HG

2 Total 50

DESCRIPTION OF THE COINS3 NO. 1 (FIG. 16.1: 1) Reg. No. 268/60 Locus 417, Area B Antiochus IV Epiphanes Date: 173–168 BCE Mint: Ake-Ptolemais(?) Diameter: 13–14 mm Weight: 1.98 gr Obverse: Head of Antiochus IV right, diademed and radiate Reverse: Veiled and draped goddess standing enface, holding long scepter or torch; obliterated legend NO. 2 (FIG. 16.1: 2) Reg. No. 490/60 Area C (dump) Antiochus VII Date: 138–129 BCE Mint: Antioch Diameter: 18.0–18.5 mm Weight: 6.11 gr Obverse: Bust of Eros right Reverse:,VLVKHDGGUHVVDFURVV¿HOG %$Ȉ,ȁ(ȍȈ$17,2;2Atiqot 41/1: 167–168 (Hebrew, English summary in part 2, p. 127). Jackson-Tal, R.E. 2007a. Glass Finds. In: Beit-Arieh, I. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW>8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQ the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv: 279–285. Jackson-Tal, R.E. 2007b. Glass Vessels from En-Gedi. In: Hirschfeld, Y. En Gedi Excavations II, Final Report (1996–2002). Jerusalem: 474–506. Jackson-Tal, R.E. 2009. Early Roman Glass Vessels from Dated Contexts in Palestine: From Pompey to Hadrian (63 B.C.E. – 137 C.E.) (Ph.D. dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem). Jerusalem (Hebrew). Jackson-Tal, R.E. 2011. Glass Objects. In: Thareani, Y. Tel >Aroer. The Iron Age II Caravan Town and the Hellenistic-Early Roman Settlement. The Avraham Biran (1975–1982) and Rudolph Cohen (1975–1976) Excavations (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion No. VIII). Jerusalem: 369–378. Katsnelson, N. 1999. Glass Vessels from the Painted Tomb at Migdal Ashqelon. >Atiqot 37: 67*–82*. Katsnelson, N. 2004. Glass Objects. In: Figueras, P. Horvat Karkur >Illit: A Byzantine Cemetery Church in the Northern Negev Final Report of the Excavations 1989-1995. (Beer-Sheva Archaeological Monographs I). Beer-Sheva: p. 265–291. .DWVQHOVRQ1(DUO\5RPDQ*ODVV9HVVHOVIURP-XGHD²/RFDOO\3URGXFHG*ODVV"3UHOLPLQDU\5HSRUW In: Patrich, J. and Amit, D., eds. New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region. Jerusalem: 5*–11*. Loffreda, S. 1996. La ceramica di Macheronte e dell’Herodion (90 a. c.–135 d. c.). Jerusalem. Patrich, J. 1988. The Glass Vessels. In: Tsafrir, Y., Patrich, J., Rosenthal-Heginbottom, R., Hershkovitz, I. and Nevo, Y.D. Excavations at Rehovot-in-the-Negev, Volume I: The Northern Church (Qedem 25). Jerusalem: 134–141. Stern, E.J. and Gorin-Rosen, Y. 1997. Burial Caves Near Kabri. >Atiqot 33: 103–135 (Hebrew, English summary pp. 7*–8*). Weinberg, G.D. and Goldstein, S.M. 1988. The Glass Vessels. In: Weinberg, G.D., ed. Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine. Columbia, MI: 38–102. Winter, T. 1996. The Glass Vessels. In: Avni, G. and Greenhut, Z. The Akeldama Tombs, Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley (IAA Reports 1). Jerusalem: 95–103. :LQWHU77KH*ODVV9HVVHOVIURPণRUEDWণHUPHVKLW± >Atiqotí+HEUHZ(QJOLVK summary p. 10*). :LQWHU77KH%\]DQWLQH3HULRG*ODVV9HVVHOVIURPণRUEDW5R਌H਌>Atiqot 62: 145–155.

697

CHAPTER 18

HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE SMALL FINDS 1. METAL OBJECTS Oren Tal

0HWDOREMHFWVUHWULHYHGIURP+HOOHQLVWLF5RPDQDQG%\]DQWLQHFRQWH[WVDW7HO0DOতDWDDUHUHODWLYHO\VFDQW Most of them come from Roman-Byzantine occupation layers (Areas B, C and W; Stratum I). The objects PD\EHFDWHJRUL]HGLQWRVWUXFWXUDO¿WWLQJVSHUVRQDODFFHVVRULHVDQGZHDSRQU\ 0RVWVWUXFWXUDO¿WWLQJVDUHURXQGHGKHDGZKHQSUHVHUYHG LURQWDFNVRIYDULHGVL]HVHJ)LJ 2–3). There are also many fragments of large nails (over 5 cm long; e.g., Fig. 18.1.1: 4–5) and small nails of either iron or bronze. Not much can be said about the fragmented iron metal sheet in Fig. 18.1.1: 6 except that it may have had many uses or that it may have formed part of an agricultural tool (e.g., a hoe or a shovel). Personal accessories are normally made of bronze or brass and can be categorized as cosmetic spoons HJ)LJ SLQVHJ)LJ IUDJPHQWVRIURXQGHGERZ¿EXODH)LJ± DQG bowls,which more likely functioned as libation vessels (patera) (Fig. 18.1.1: 11). While cosmetic spoons, SLQVDQG¿EXODHDUHFRPPRQPHWDO¿QGVRIFODVVLFDOSHULRG3DOHVWLQHSDWHUDHDUHTXLWHXQLTXHLQORFDO classical contexts (cf. e.g., Waldbaum 1983: 90, No. 504, Pl. 32 for an equivalent from Sardis). A few rings, bracelets, a bead, a hook and the tongue of a bell (mostly poorly preserved) should also be mentioned (cf. Table 18.1.1 below). The weaponry (Fig. 18.1.1: 1) is restricted to an iron-made, leaf-shaped spearhead, which may be dated earlier (Iron II), yet given its context it is assigned to the Hellenistic period. ,WVKRXOGEHHPSKDVL]HGWKDWPRVWRIWKHPHWDO¿QGVUHWULHYHGDUHVWUXFWXUDO¿WWLQJVPRVWSUREDEO\ UHODWHGWREXLOGLQJDFWLYLWLHVDSSDUHQWO\FRQQHFWHGWRZRRGHQURR¿QJDVDWWHVWHGE\WKHQDLOVWKDWDUH FRPPRQO\NQRZQIURPWKHUHJLRQLQ5RPDQWLPHV7KHSHUVRQDODFFHVVRULHVPD\EHFODVVL¿HGLQWKH PDLQ DVSHUVRQDOXWLOLW\YHVVHOVXVHGE\WKHVLWH¶VLQKDELWDQWV

698

CHAPTER 18: 1. M ETAL OBJECTS

TABLE 18.1.1: HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE METAL OBJECTS No. Type

Reg. No. Elevation Area Stratum Material Measurements (cm) 815/60 3.98 B II Iron L. 6

2

Spearhead (fragment) Nail

Locus no. 453 437

356/61

3.53

B

II

Iron

3

Nail

627

489/60

4.51

C

II

Iron

4

Bracelet 603 (fragment) Nail (fragment) 419

408/60

2.69

C

Mixed

Iron

305/60

2.93

B

IB

Iron

Sheet (hoe/ shovel?) Cosmetic spoon Pin Fibula (fragment) Fibula (fragment)

356/60

3.53

B

II

Iron

31K 137/1/60 402.80 Surface 495/60 402 220/60 2.4

W C B

II I? IA

Bronze Bronze Bronze

614

C

II

Bronze

I?

Bronze

1

5 6 7 8 9 10

11

437

439/60

2.5

12 13

Bowl/libation Surface 492/60 vessel (patera) Nail (fragment) 401 206/60 Nail (fragment) 403 225/60

2.42 2.31

B B

I IA

Bronze Iron

14

Bead

403

213/60

2.25

B

I

Bronze

15

Nail (fragment) 419

305/61

2.93

B

I

Iron

16

Nail

429

379/60

3.05

B

IB

Iron

17 18 19 20 21

Bracelet Nail (fragment) Ring Nail (fragment) Nail (fragment)

429 433 452 601 604

282/60 310/60 398/60 407/60 418/60

2.72 3.41 4.02 3.68 3.09-3.99

B B B C C

IB IB II I I

Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze Iron

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

Bracelet Hook Nail (fragment) Ring Ring Bracelet Nail (fragment)

604 622 622 Surface Surface Surface Surface

416/60 474/60 464/60 495/61 495/62 495/63 495/64

3.69-3.99 C 4.2 C 4.05 C C C C C

I II II I? I? I? I?

Bronze Iron Iron Bronze Bronze Bronze Bronze

Comments Weight Fig. (g) 13 18.1.1: 1 Tang is missing L. 4.9, head 14 18.1.1: 2 D. 2.2 L. 6.3, head 20 18.1.1: 3 Two parts of D. 1.8; the same nail L. 2.4 L. 6.5 11 18.1.1: 4 Pointed end is intact L. 5 9 18.1.1: 5 Curved, head is missing L. 11, W. 7, 86 18.1.1: 6 T. 0.4 18.1.1: 7 L. 9.2 18.1.1: 8 L. 3.1 1 18.1.1: 9 Flattened edge 18.1.1: Flattened edge D. 3.3 2 10 KDVDÀDWWHQHG metal piece attached L. 6.5, 37 18.1.1: 11 D. 4, H. 15 L. 3 L. 2.4, 2 W. 1.2 L. 1.5, 3 W. 0.7 L. 5.5 10 Head is missing L. 2, head 2 D. 1.1 D. 5 L. 1.5 D. 0.5 Large number specimens D. 5 L. 10.5 D. 3 D. 2 D. 4 L. 3.5

15 7

Curved at tip

699

OREN TAL

No. Type 29 30 31 32 33

Tongue (of a bell) Cosmetic spoon (fragment) Nails (fragments) Nail Nail

Locus Reg. No. Elevation Area Stratum Material Measureno. ments (cm) Surface 495/65 C I? Bronze L. 1.1 Surface 495/66

C

I?

Bronze

Surface 492/60

C

I?

Iron

C W

I? II

Iron Iron

Surface 491/60 24k 126/60

402.8402.57

3

2

4

Weight Fig. (g)

D. 1 Large number specimens L. 10 L. 4, head D. 2, W. 0.8

5

1 6

9

8

7

10

11

Fig. 18.1.1: Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine metal objects, Table 18.1.1, Catalogue Nos. 1–11.

700

Comments

CHAPTER 18

2. A GOLD HOOP EARRING Irit Ziffer

The earring (Reg. No. 475/60, Locus 622, Stratum II, Area C; Fig. 18.2.1) is in the shape of a goat head. The head is hollow, made of two sheets of gold worked in repoussé, folded together and tucked into the collar. The horns were made separately of twisted wire, emanating from the forehead and curving backward, and VROGHUHGRQWRWKHHGJHRIWKHFROODU7ZRFKDLQZLUHVGH¿QHWKHGHFRUDWLYH]RQHVRIWKHQHFNRQHSODLQ the other decorated with simple wires arranged in elongated triangles. The hoop, made of soldered loopin-loop chains running about two thirds of the hoop, is tucked into the neck and tapers into a plain pin for SDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHHDUWREHIDVWHQHGLQDULQJFODVSWKDWSURWUXGHVIURPWKHJRDW¶VFKLQ7KHOHQJWKRI the pin indicates that the earring would have been worn with the head upside down. This earring is almost identical to a gold earring that was found in the Area K public building at Ashdod, dating from the early 4th century BCE (Dothan 1971: 65, Pl. 21: 1; Dayagi-Mendels 1986: Cat. No. 98), where the same decorative pattern was applied to the collar, however with granulation rather WKDQZLUHV7KHDEVHQFHRIFRORUHGLQOD\VUHYHDOVDQGHPSKDVL]HVWKHJROGVPLWK¶VYLUWXRVLW\LQPRGHOLQJ the surface. +RRSHDUULQJVDQGEUDFHOHWVZLWKDQLPDOKHDG¿QLDOV ¿UVWDSSHDUHGLQWKHWKFHQWXU\%&(DQGZHUH a standard feature of Achaemenid design, popular in the lands of the Persian empire. The type reached its acme in the Hellenistic period (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 214; Hackens and Winkes 1983: 79–80).

Fig. 18.2.1: Gold earring.

701

CHAPTER 18

3. AN INSCRIBED MARBLE FRAGMENT Leah Di Segni

The slab (Reg. No. 43/1, locus 614, Stratum II debris, Area C; Fig. 18.3.1) is roughly triangular in shape, broken on two sides. The third side shows a molded edge with the remains of a Greek inscription, of which only three letters survive. The fragment measures approximately 12.5 × 7.5 (max.) cm and is ca. 6 cm thick. Its upper surface is smoothly worked, and so apparently is its underside. The fragment is pierced through by two drilled holes. 7KHSUHVHQFHRID5RPDQIRUWDW7HO0DOতDWDPLJKWZDUUDQWFRQVLGHULQJWKHVFULSWRQWKHIUDJPHQW Latin; however, this is unlikely. The third and last letter might be read as a Latin G, but it looks much more like half of an open omega, that is, an omega whose curving halves are not joined but separated by a small JDS²DVKDSHRIWKHOHWWHUPRVWFRPPRQO\VHHQLQLQVFULSWLRQVRIWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWKRURIWKHWK century CE (see for instance the table of the oval alphabet in Welles 1938: 367). Furthermore, inscriptions RIWKH5RPDQSHULRGHYHQIURPDPLOLWDU\EDFNJURXQGXQOHVVWKH\ZHUHRIDQRI¿FLDOQDWXUHZHUHDOPRVW without exception in Greek. Considering the material of the fragment and its shape, a not unlikely origin might be the liturgical furnishing of a church. The holes may suggest the lid of a reliquary, but the high molded edge and the location of the inscription contradict this suggestion. The position of the inscription indicates that the slab was some kind of platform, or more likely a table.1 For similar fragments of altar tables inscribed on the edge, see for instance Vincent and Abel 1926: 798, Fig. 342, Pl. LXXIX = CIIP I/2: 125–126, No. 815, IURP6W6WHSKHQ¶VLQ-HUXVDOHP'L6HJQL1R)LJDQG+DEDV±3OIURP Khirbet ed-Deir; Piccirillo 1994: 265, No. 23, from Umm er-Rasas in Jordan. However, the drills and the absence of a raised border militate against its interpretation as a mensa of altar. The fragment might have belonged to a secondary table, some examples of which have been discovered in churches of southern Transjordan (Piccirillo 2009: 220*). These tables, whose function is not clear, were located in the presbytery and were supported by two columns on the eastern side and by the chancel screen on the western side. ,WVHHPVUHDVRQDEOHWRDVVXPHWKDWWKH\ZHUHDI¿[HGWRWKHXSSHUUDLORIWKHFKDQFHOVFUHHQE\PHDQVRI metal spikes or nails, which could explain the holes drilled in the fragment. Possibly some object was also ¿[HGWRWKHWRSRIWKHWDEOHHJDUHOLTXDU\RUDVWRQHER[IRUWKHFROOHFWLRQRIDOPVZKLFKDJDLQZRXOG explain the drills in its surface. A table such as this would expose its outer (western) edge to the faithful assembled in the nave of the church, and thus would be an apt place for an inscription. Inscribed objects standing in a church often bear dedicatory inscriptions for the salvation or the repose of the donor or his family members. In this light, the surviving letters may belong to a sentence of the type: [Ὑπὲρ σωτηρίαϛ τοῦ δεῖνοϛ καὶ ἀναπαύσεωϛ τῶν αὐτοῦ γο]νέω[ν], [“For the salvation of so-and-so and for the repose of his pa]rent[s].” Another possible 1

For instance, the platform that formed the base of an ambo was sometimes inscribed along the edges. However, the fragment discussed here is too thin for that, and its material is uncharacteristic of ambos.

702

CHAPTER 18: 3. A N I NSCRIBED M ARBLE F RAGMENT

Fig. 18.3.1: The inscribed marble.

VROXWLRQ²WKRXJKOHVVFRPPRQRQREMHFWV²PLJKWEHDVHQWHQFHFRQWDLQLQJDSHUVRQDOQDPHHQGLQJLQ -ναιοϛ (spelled -νεοϛ by iotacism), in the dative, as for instance: [Κύριε βοήθει τῷ δούλῳ σοῦ Ἀθη]νέῳ or [Εỉρη]νέῳ; [“Lord, help Thy servant Athenaeus,” or “Ireneus.” If, on the other hand, the inscription related QRWWRWKHRIIHULQJRIWKHVXSSRVHGWDEOHEXWWRVRPHZRUNGRQHLQWKHFKXUFKRUPRUHVSHFL¿FDOO\LQWKH presbytery, the verb ἀνανεόω offers a range of possibilities, e.g., [ἀνε]νεώ[θη ἡ κόγχη σὺν τῷ καγκέλλῳ, [“the apse with the balustrade was re]new[ed.”] or in the active: “So-and-so (singular or plural) renewed (ἀνενέωσε or ἀνενέωσαν) the apse and the balustrade,” as in an inscription from a synagogue in Gaza (SEG VIII, No. 277). $VIDUDV,NQRZQRFKXUFKKDVEHHQLGHQWL¿HGWRWKLVGD\LQWKHFLYLOVHWWOHPHQWEHVLGHWKHIRUWDW7HO 0DOতDWD+RZHYHUWKHVLWHLVPHQWLRQHGLQODWHDQWLTXHVRXUFHVNotitia Dignitatum Orientis XXXII (Dux Palaestinae), 45; PNessana 39 [Kraemer 1958]), and must therefore have possessed a church. Indeed, we have indirect proof of the existence of a church there, a fragment of an inscribed stone found at Mishmar HaNegev that mentions a priest of Malatha (cf. Figueras 1985: 42, No. 34).

703

REFERENCES CIIP. Corpus inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae. Dayagi-Mendels, M. 1986. Earring. In: Treasures of the Holy Land. Ancient Art from the Israel Museum. New York: 190. Di Segni, L. 1999. The Inscriptions. In: Hirschfeld, Y. The Early Byzantine Monastery at Khirbet Ed-Deir in the Judean Desert: The Excavations in 1981–1987 (Qedem 38). Jerusalem: 97–106. Dothan, M. 1971. Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963, 1965; Soundings in 1967 (>Atiqot 9–10). Jerusalem. Figueras, P. 1985. Byzantine Inscriptions from Beer-sheva and the Negev (Negev Museum Publications 2). Beer-sheva. Habas, L. 1999. The Marble Furniture. In: Hirschfeld, Y. The Early Byzantine Monastery at Khirbet Ed-Deir in the Judean Desert: The Excavations in 1981–1987 (Qedem 38). Jerusalem: 119–132. Hackens, T. and Winkes, R. 1983. Gold Jewelry. Craft, Style and Meaning from Mycenae to Constantinopolis. Louvaine-La-Neuve. Kraemer, K.J., Jr. 1958. Excavations at Nessana 3: Non-Literary Papyri. Princeton. Maxwell-Hyslop, K.R. 1971. Western Asiatic Jewellery c. 3000–612. London. Piccirillo, M. 1994. Le iscrizioni di Kastron Mefaa. In: Piccirillo, M. and Alliata, E., eds. Umm al-Rasas– Mayfa‘ah I: Gli scavi del complesso di Santo Stefano (SBF Collectio Maior 28). Jerusalem: 241–269. Piccirillo, M. 2009. Liturgical Problems Related to the Church Plans and the Liturgical Furnishings of Churches in the Territory of the Province of Arabia (Fourth–Eighth Centuries CE). In: Di Segni, L., Hirschfeld, Y., Patrich, J. and Talgam, R., eds. Man Near a Roman Arch: Studies Presented to Prof. Yoram Tsafrir. Jerusalem: 205*–223*. SEG. Supplemetum Epigraphicum Graecum. Vincent, L.-H. and Abel, F.-M. 1926. Jérusalem nouvelle, Fasc. IV. Paris. Waldbaum, J.C. 1983. Metalwork from Sardis: The Finds Through 1974. Cambridge. Welles, C.B. 1938. The Inscriptions. In: Kraeling, C. H. Gerasa: City of the Decapolis. New Haven: 355–615.

704

CHAPTER 19

ARCHAEOBOTANICAL REMAINS Nili Liphschitz

7HO0DOতDWDLVORFDWHGLQWKH,UDQR7XUDQLDQWHUULWRU\7KHPHDQDQQXDODPRXQWRISUHFLSLWDWLRQLQWKHDUHD LVPPPPPHDVXUHGDW7HO0DOতDWD0HWHRURORJLFDO1RWHV 7KUHHZRRG\VSHFLHVDUH common in the region today (Liphschitz 2007: 53): Tamarix aphylla (Tamarisk), Acacia raddiana (Acacia) and Retama raetam (White Broom). %RWDQLFDO¿QGVLQFOXGLQJFKDUUHGORJVFKDUUHGZRRGUHPQDQWVDQGFDUERQL]HGVHHGVZHUHUHWULHYHG from various strata at the site. Pieces of 0.5–1 cubic cm were taken from each sample for botanical LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ7KH\ZHUHDVSLUDWHGLQDEVROXWHHWK\ODOFRKROLPPHUVHGLQ&HOORLGLQ±&ORYHRLOVROXWLRQ ULQVHGLQDEVROXWHHWK\ODOFRKRODQGWUDQVIHUUHGWR±ƒ&SDUDI¿QLQDQRYHQ%ORFNVZHUHPDGHLQ SDUDI¿QDQGPLFURQVHFWLRQVZHUHSUHSDUHGZLWKDURWDU\PLFURWRPH7KHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQXSWRWKHVSHFLHV level, based on the three-dimensional structure of the wood, was made microscopically from these sections. &RPSDULVRQZDVPDGHZLWKUHIHUHQFHVHFWLRQVSUHSDUHGIURPV\VWHPDWLFDOO\LGHQWL¿HGUHFHQWWUHHVDQG shrubs, and with anatomical atlases. 2QO\WKUHHZRRGUHPQDQWVGDWHGWRWKH0LGGOH%URQ]H$JHVWUDWXPZHUHLGHQWL¿HGRQHRIRetama raetam and two of Olea europaea (Olive; Table 19.1). Most of the wood samples (79 of 85; 93%) were retrieved from loci dated to Iron Age II, and included 10 species of trees and shrubs. The majority of the wood remains are of Tamarix aphylla (40%), Retama raetam (31.76%) and Acacia raddiana (11.76%), which were native to the environs of the site. A few remnants are of Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm), which grew in oases in the Negev, and Pistacia atlantica (Atlantic Pistachio), which grew in the Negev Highlands. Single pieces of timber are of Mediterranean tree species: Olea europaea (Olive), Quercus calliprinos (Kermes Oak), Pistacia palaestina (Terebinth) and 6W\UD[RI¿FLQDOLV(Storax). Two logs found in Area A were of Cedrus libani (Cedar of Lebanon), which no doubt were imported from Lebanon (Table 19.1). Three wood samples originating in loci dated to the Hellenistic period included a single sample of Tamarix aphylla and two of Retama raetam. Numerous carbonized seeds were gathered during the excavations, all except two originating in Iron II strata (Table 19.2). They included grains of Triticum sp. (Wheat) and Hordeum sp. (Barley), stones of Olea europaea (Olive), seeds of Vitis vinifera (Grape wine), Vicia sp. (Vetch), Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) and Citrullus colocynthis (Watermelon). Although not all these species could be cultivated in the region RI7HO0DOতDWDIRRGZDVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPRQHSODFHWRWKHRWKHUVLQFHYHU\DQFLHQWWLPHVDQGWKHUHIRUH these remains represent the dietary habits of the inhabitants. It should be noted that barley can grow in the northern Negev during years with a mean annual precipitation of 200 mm, while wheat can grow there only in years with a mean annual rainfall of 350 mm. The three native woody species that inhabit the northern Negev today, Tamarix aphylla, Acacia raddiana and Retama raetam, characterized it also during antiquity. From the Early Bronze Age until the

709

N ILI LIPHSCHITZ

Hellenistic period, these three species together comprised between 36%–68% of the wood assemblages. This phenomenon is especially prominent in the northern Negev during the Iron Age, for which ample wood remains have been gathered from eight sites: Tel Sera>, Tel Beer-sheba, Tel Masos, Tel >,UD7HO0DOতDWD ণRUYDW>Uza. Radum and Tel Arad. In this period, these three woody species constituted 76% (906 out of 1308 samples) of the wood assemblage (Liphschitz 2007: 74–78, 92–93). 7$%/(3529(1$1&(2):22'5(0$,16)5207(/0$/ণ$7$ Area

Locus

Basket

Period

Tree species

F

1019

1479

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1525

3716

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1525

3717

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1525

3724

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1525

3803

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1544

3994

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1545

3918

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1546

3960

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1547

4221

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1554

3907

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1554

4001

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1559

4113

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

Stopper (2 parts)

H

1564

4085

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

Table (10 parts)

H

1564

4160

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1564

4220

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1564

4273

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1584

4295

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1584

4315

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1588

4333

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

H

1801

4659

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

3K

2040

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

4K

2041

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

4K

2042

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

5K

-

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

13K

2189

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

60K

2031

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

60K

2016

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

W

62K

2012

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

Z

143K

1087

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

Z

148K

1053

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

Z

156K

1063

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

710

Remarks

Log

Log

CHAPTER 19: A RCHAEOBOTANICAL R EMAINS

Area

Locus

Basket

Period

Tree species

Remarks

Z

163K

-

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

Z

179K

1153

IA II

Tamarix aphylla

C

622

-

Hellenistic

Tamarix aphylla

W

8K

-

MB

Retama raetam

A

215

52

IA II

Retama raetam

A

238

185

IA II

Retama raetam

A

250

1874

IA II

Retama raetam

A

283

2081

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

A

284

2058

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

A

284

2082

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

A

284

2110

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

F

1020

1464

IA II

Retama raetam

H

1507

3596

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

H

1511

3572

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

H

1511

3601

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

H

1512

3548

IA II

Retama raetam

H

1512

3766

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

H

1529

3737

IA II

Retama raetam

Twigs

H

1534

3985

IA II

Retama raetam

H

1544

4018

IA II

Retama raetam

H

1554

3942

IA II

Retama raetam

H

1584

4314

IA II

Retama raetam

H

1801

4658

IA II

Retama raetam

W

4K

2052

IA II

Retama raetam

W

5K

-

IA II

Retama raetam

W

6K

2098

IA II

Retama raetam

W

18K

2211

IA II

Retama raetam

W

60K

-

IA II

Retama raetam

B

453

403

Hellenistic

Retama raetam

B

449

338

Hellenistic

Retama raetam

A

206

42

IA II

Acacia raddiana

F

1119

1622

IA II

Acacia raddiana

H

1535

3827

IA II

Acacia raddiana

H

1564

4111

IA II

Acacia raddiana

H

1564

4121

IA II

Acacia raddiana

H

1584

4295

IA II

Acacia raddiana

H

1584

4331

IA II

Acacia raddiana

H

1593

4457

IA II

Acacia raddiana

(5 samples)

Log (2 samples) Log

711

N ILI LIPHSCHITZ

Area

Locus

Basket

Period

Tree species

Remarks

W

4K

2054

IA II

Acacia raddiana

Z

141K

1015

IA II

Acacia raddiana

A

269

1980

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

W

2K

-

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

W

11K

2223

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

W

8K

2134

MB

Olea europaea

W

82K

2235

MB

Olea europaea

H

1512

3548

IA II

Olea europaea

Z

149K

1031

IA II

Olea europaea

H

1548

3885

IA II

Pistacia atlantica

H

1564

4198

IA II

Quercus calliprinos

W

61K

2004

IA II

Pistacia palaestina

F

1127

1698

IA II

Pistacia sp.

Z

172K

1142

IA II

6W\UD[RI¿FLQDOLV

A

242

1849

IA II

Cedrus libani

Log

A

242

1854

IA II

Cedrus libani

Log

(2 samples)

Board

7$%/(3529(1$1&(2)6(('6)5207(/0$/ণ$7$ Area

Locus

Basket

Period

,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ

Remarks

C

624

479

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

Seed

F

1119

1630

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

Seed

H

1512

3776

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

Seed

W

89K

-

IA II

Phoenix dactylifera

Seed

F

1119

1622

IA II

Olea europaea

Stones

F

1119

1630

IA II

Olea europaea

Stones

H

1512

3721

IA II

Olea europaea

Stones

H

1512

3776

IA II

Olea europaea

Stones

H

1516

3702

IA II

Olea europaea

Stone

H

1525

3716

IA II

Olea europaea

Stone

B

403

211

Roman

Olea europaea

Stone

C

601

409

Roman

Olea europaea

Stone

W

4K

2054

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

A

225

113

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

A

269

1984

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

F

1119

1622

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

F

1119

1630

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

H

1512

3721

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

712

CHAPTER 19: A RCHAEOBOTANICAL R EMAINS

Area

Locus

Basket

Period

,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ

Remarks

H

1512

3776

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

H

1516

3702

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

H

1525

3803

IA II

Triticum sp.

Grains

F

1119

1622

IA II

Hordeum sp.

Grains

H

1512

3721

IA II

Hordeum sp.

Grains

H

1512

3776

IA II

Hordeum sp.

Grains

H

1599

4384

IA II

Hordeum sp.

Grains

W

83K

2247

IA II

Hordeum sp.

Grains

H

1512

3721

IA II

Vicia sp.

F

1119

1622

IA II

Vitis vinifera

Seeds

F

1128

1680

IA II

Vitis vinifera

Seeds

F

1119

1622

IA II

Citrullus colocynthis

Seed

REFERENCES Liphschitz, N. 2007. Timber in Ancient Israel: Dendroarchaeology and Dendrochronology (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 26). Tel Aviv. Meteorological Notes, 1967. Climatological Standard Normals of Rainfalls: 1931– 1960 (Series A, No. 21). Israel Meteorological Service. Bet Dagan.

713

CHAPTER 20

ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL REMAINS Moshe Sade

Most of the archaeozoological material originated in Iron II contexts. The MB II, Hellenistic and Roman periods were represented only by small amounts of animal bones. MIDDLE BRONZE II The MB II archaeozoological remains originated in a single locus (L94; Tables 20.1–2) and belong to two species: sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus) and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Due to the small sample (MNI=2, Table 20.3), no conclusions concerning the economy of the settlement in the MB II could be reached.

TABLE 20.1: MB II: DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL BONES Species

Sheep/Goat

Chicken

Total

Bones Mandible

4

4

Molar

4

4

Premolar

1

1

Scapula

8

8

Humerus

1

1

2

Radius

2

2

Ulna

1

1

Metacarpus

1

1

Pelvis

5

5

Femur

2

Tibiotarsus

2 1

1

Metatarsus

1

1

Metapodial

7

7

Calcaneus

1

1

Phalanx I

1

1

Vertebra atlas

1

1

Vertebra axis

1

1

Ribs

8

8

Total

49

2

51

%

96.08

3.92

100.00

714

CHAPTER 20: A RCHAEOZOOLOGICAL R EMAINS

IRON II The archaeozoological material dated to the Iron II originated in 187 loci, comprising 424 baskets. The domestic species included (Table 20.4): sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), cattle (Bos taurus), zebu (Bos indicus), horse (Equus caballus), ass (Equus asinus), camel (Camelus dromedarius), pig (Sus scrofa), dog (Canis familiaris), chicken/domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), goose (Anser anser domestica) and pigeon (Columba livia). The wild animals included (Tables 20.5–20.6): Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas), rodents (Rodentia), Eurasian Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus), eagle (Aquila sp.), raven (Corvus VS XQLGHQWL¿HGELUGVAvesVS FDW¿VK (Clarias gariepinus), groupers (Epinephelus sp.), shark (Selachii JUD\WULJJHU¿VKBalistes carolinensis), Nile perch (Lates niloticus), Gilt head sea bream (Sparus aurata DQGXQLGHQWL¿HG¿VKPisces sp.). Two species of WHUUHVWULDOPROOXVNVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGSphincterochila zonata and 13 Sphincterochila prophetarum. An example of Platygyra lamellina coral (Fig. 20.1) was also recovered in an Iron II context (Locus 1558, Basket 4041). This coral is very rare in archaeozoological assemblages and was probably brought from the Gulf of Eilat, as the international routes from the Red Sea ports passed through the Arad–Beer-sheba Valley. Seventeen bones of Palestine molerat (Spalax erhenbergi) were collected (1 fragment of a cranium, 2 IUDJPHQWVRIDPD[LOODPRODUVLQFLVRUVWLELD¿EXODPHWDWDUVXVIUDJPHQWRIYHUWHEUDWKRUDFLF and 2 costae). As moles dig underground, it is likely that these bones are recent, and therefore they are not included in the assemblage of wild species. As indicated by the archaeozoological remaine (Tables 20.7, 20.9), one of the branches of the economy DW,URQ$JH7HO0DOতDWDZDVVKHHSDQGJRDWKHUGLQJ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGLVWDOVL]HRIWKHPHWDFDUSL7DEOH 20.8), it can be determined that the ratio of sheep to goats was 5:3. Thus, the herds contained a majority of sheep, and it can be estimated that of the MNI of 98 individuals (Table 20.9), 61 were sheep and 37 goats. 7KHUHDVRQIRUWKHVPDOOQXPEHURIFDWWOHZDVSUREDEO\LQVXI¿FLHQWZDWHU&DWWOHGHPDQGDERXWOLWHUVRI ZDWHUWR.JRIGU\IRRG²PXFKPRUHZDWHUWKDQVKHHSJRDWV)RUH[DPSOHDFRZLQWKH,URQ$JHZHLJKHG ca. 250 kg and would have needed 14 liters of water a day. While sheep must drink twice a day, goats can last for four days without water and keep producing milk, although they would lose 12.5% of their body weight. 2IWKHZLOGOLIHWKHPRVWLQWHUHVWLQJDUHWKHPDQ\VSHFLHVRI¿VKDVWKH\VXJJHVWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RI commercial relationships between the populations of the northern Negev and those near the Red Sea. This LVIXUWKHUGHPRQVWUDWHGE\WKHFRUDO)LJ ,WLVYHU\UDUHWR¿QGVRPDQ\¿VKVSHFLHVWRJHWKHUZLWKD coral in an archaeological context in the Negev.

Fig. 20.1: Platygyra lamellina coral.

715

MOSHE SADE

TABLE 20.2: MB II: RIGHT, LEFT, DISTAL AND PROXIMAL METAPODIAL BONES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS Species

Sheep/Goat

Bones

Chicken

R

Humerus

D

1

Radius

P

1

D

1

P

1

Metacarpus P

1

Femur

P

1

D

1

Ulna

L

R

L

1

1

Tibiotarsus D

1

Calcaneus

1

Metatarsus P

1

TABLE 20.3: MB II: MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS Species

Sheep/Goat

Chicken

Total

N

1

1

2

%

50.00

50.00

100.00

TABLE 20.4: IRON II: DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL BONES Sheep/ Goat

Cattle Zebu Horse Ass

Bones

Species Horn core

42

2

44

Cranium

185

13

198

Maxilla

40

1

41

Orbit

35

10

Mandible

229

14

Hyoid

3

Incisor

20

Camel

326

Chicken Goose

Pigeon

Total

244 3

3 35

Premolar

234

13

Scapula

212

12

716

Dog

45 1

Canine Molar

Pig

1

1

1

24

1

1

1

364 247

1

225

CHAPTER 20: A RCHAEOZOOLOGICAL R EMAINS

Sheep/ Goat

Cattle Zebu Horse Ass

Bones

Species

Camel

Pig

Dog

Chicken Goose

Pigeon

Total

Humerus

228

10

2

2

242

Radius

105

9

2

Ulna

74

9

1

Metacarpus

73

5

78

Carpal

24

7

31

Pelvis

234

21

Femur

151

13

Patella

3

Tibia/Tibiotarsus

126

8

Fibula

3

1

Metatarsus

53

116 1

1

1

1

87

256 1

165 3

1

1

4 1

54

Tarsometatarsus

1

Os centrotarsus

6

Metapodial

454

40

Calcaneus

80

5

Astragalus

182

10

136

1 6

1

1

1

497 85 192

Sternum

1

1

Phalanx I

120

19

1

140

Phalanx II

54

16

Phalanx III

24

24

Vertebra

31

31

Vertebra atlas

69

13

82

Vertebra axis

40

2

42

Vertebra cervical

41

Vertebra thoracic

268

8

Vertebra lumbar

469

40

Vertebra coccyx

20

20

Vertebra sacrum

12

12

70

41 1

277 509

Ribs

1091

62

Total

5364

401

1

3

1

3

11

1

4

1

4

1156 5794

%

92.56

6.92

0.03

0.05

0.03

0.05

0.19

0.03

0.07

0.03

0.07

100.00

717

MOSHE SADE

TABLE 20.5: IRON II: DISTRIBUTION OF WILD FISH BONES Species

&DW¿VK

Shark *UD\WULJJHU¿VK Nile perch

Jaffa cod

Golden sparus

Pisces sp. Total

Bones Cranium or skull

1

Cleithrum

1

1

2 1

Reuperculum

1

Maxilla

1

1

1

Lower jaw

1

Operculum

1

1

2 1

Vertebra

1

3

5

Total

3

1

1

3

7

1

1

9 17

%

17.64

5.887

5.887

17.64

41.17

5.887

5.887

100.00

TABLE 20.6: IRON AGE II: DISTRIBUTION OF WILD MAMMAL AND BIRD BONES Bones

Species

Dorcas gazelle

Horn core

1

Rodentia

Vulture

Eagle

Raven

Bird sp.

Total 1

Scapula

2

2

Humerus

2

2

Ulna Metacarpus

1

1

2

1

1

Pelvis Femur

2

Tibia

2

Fibula

1

Tarsometatarsus Metatarsus

1

1

1

2

4

3

6 1

1

2

3

15

15

16

23

1

1

Metapodial Phalanx I

4

7

Vertebra

1

1

Ribs

1

Total

11

5

2

2

2

44

66

%

16.67

7.57

3.03

3.03

3.03

66.67

100.00

718

1

CHAPTER 20: A RCHAEOZOOLOGICAL R EMAINS

TABLE 20.7: IRON II: RIGHT, LEFT, DISTAL AND PROXIMAL METAPODIAL BONES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS Species

Sheep/Goat R L

Bones Humerus Radius

Cattle R L

P

33

27

D

87

82

2

3

3

3

4

2

Horse R L

Camel R L

Pig R

25

29

19

30

P

38

33

D

3

6

P

30

34

3

D

12

9

1

Femur

P

41

40

6

2

D

22

42

1

2

Tibia

P

32

33

3

3

D

40

32

P

27

19

1

1

D

9

3

1

1

Calcaneus

40

37

1

1

Astragalus

77

98

5

2

Metatarsus

L

Cock/Hen R L

Pigeon R L

1

P

Metacarpus

Dog R

1

D Ulna

L

1

1 1

1

1

1

TABLE 20.8: IRON II: MEASUREMENT OF DISTAL METACARPUS OF SHEEP/GOAT BONES Sheep (%)

Goat (%)

69.69

56.96

70.00

58.49

71.33

62.91

71.42 72.11

TABLE 20.9: IRON II: MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS Species

Sheep/ Goat

Cattle

Zebu

Horse

Ass

Camel

Pig

Dog

Cock/ Hen

Goose

Pigeon Total

N

98

6

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

113

%

86.73

5.31

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

0.88

100.00

719

MOSHE SADE

COMPARISON OF IRON II SITES IN THE BEER-SHEBA VALLEY 7KHDUFKDHRORJLFDODVVHPEODJHDWণRUYDW>Uza (Sade 2007) presents a similar picture (MNI) of domestic DQLPDOVLQWKHHFRQRP\WRWKDWRI7HO0DOতDWD7DEOH ZLWKVKHHSJRDWFRPSULVLQJRIDOO WKHGRPHVWLFDQLPDOV$W7HO0DOতDWDWKHVSHFLHVZHUHPRUHYDULHGZLWKWKHSUHVHQFHRIKRUVHFDPHO and pigeon. $QLQWHUHVWLQJDVSHFWRIWKHDVVHPEODJHDW7HO0DOতDWDLVWKHXQXVXDOO\KLJKQXPEHURIVKHHSJRDW astragali, of which 77 of the left side and 98 of the right side were retrieved. At Iron II Beer-sheba (Stratum ,,, WKHQXPEHURIDVWUDJDOLZDVVLPLODUO\KLJK²DVWUDJDOLRIWKHULJKWVLGHDQGRIWKHOHIWVLGH (Sade forthcoming). At these two sites, the astragali may have served a special purpose; perhaps they were used in games or for counting. HELLENISTIC PERIOD The archaeozoological remains originated in six loci (435, 440, 445, 451, 607, 609), comprising seven baskets. The domestic species include: sheep/goat, cattle and cock/hen (Table 20.10) the wild species comprised one left femur of a mole. The sample is too small for analysis.

TABLE 20.10: HELLENISTIC PERIOD: DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC MAMMAL BONES Species

Sheep/Goat

Cattle

Cock/Hen

Total

Bones Cranium

1

1

Maxilla

2

2

Orbit

3

3

Mandible

12

12

Hyoid

1

1

Incisor

1

1

Molar

11

11

Premolar

13

13

Scapula

4

4

Coracoid Clavicle

1

1

1

1

Humerus

3

3

Radius

4

4

Ulna

2

Metacarpus

2

2

Os carpale

1

1

Pelvis

6

Femur

2

2

Tibia

2

2

Astragalus

1

1

Metatarsus

1

1

720

1

1

3

7

CHAPTER 20: A RCHAEOZOOLOGICAL R EMAINS

Species

Sheep/Goat

Cattle

Cock/Hen

Total

Bones Os centrotarsus

1

1

Metapodial

13

13

Phalanx I

3

3

Phalanx II

2

2

Vertebra axis

1

1

Vertebra cervical

1

1

Vertebra thoracis

7

Vertebra lumbar

2

1

8 2

Vertebra sacrum

1

Vertebra coccyx

3

Ribs

39

Total

144

%

94.74

1 3

2

41

1

7

152

0.66

4.60

100.00

TABLE 20.11: HELLENISTIC PERIOD: RIGHT, LEFT, DISTAL AND PROXIMAL METAPODIAL BONES OF SHEEP/GOAT Species

Sheep/Goat R L

Humerus

D

3

Radius

P

Ulna

P

1

Metacarpus

P

1

Femur

P

1

Bones

2 1

D

1

Tibia

D

2

Metatarsus

P

1

Astragalus

1

TABLE 20.12: HELLENISTIC PERIOD: MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS Species

Sheep/Goat

Cattle

Cock/Hen

Total

N

2

1

1

4

%

50.00

25.00

25.00

100.00

721

MOSHE SADE

ROMAN PERIOD The archaeozoological remains originated in four loci (403, 405, 417, 430), comprising seven baskets. Domestic species were: sheep/goat, dog and cock/hen (Table 20.13). There was one sea shell of Murex trunculus. In this assemblage, two right astragali of sheep/goat represent two individuals, while two dog astragali, one right and one left, represent only one individual, although Table 20.13 indicates many dog bones. One cock/hen is represented. TABLE 20.13: ROMAN PERIOD: DISTRIBUTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMAL BONES Species

Sheep/Goat

Dog

Cock/Hen

Total

Bones Cranium Molar

1

Canine Scapula

3

3

8

9

6

6

2

2

Clavicula Coracoid Humerus

1

Radius Ulna M etacarpus

1

Os carpale

1

1

1

1

2

3

2

2

2

2

8

9

4

4

Pelvis

1

2

3

Femur

1

2

3

Tibia

2

2

Fibula

1

1

Metatarsus

8

8

Os centrotarsus

4

4

Calcaneus

2

2

Astragalus

2

2

4

Metapodial

3

Phalanx I

15

15

Phalanx II

6

6

Phalanx III

12

12

Vertebra axis

1

Vertebra lumbar

6

1

4

1 4

10

Vertebra coccyx

6

6

Vertebra sacrum

1

1

Ribs

4

1

1

6

Total

20

106

5

131

%

15.26

80.91

3.83

100.00

722

CHAPTER 20: A RCHAEOZOOLOGICAL R EMAINS

REFERENCES Sade, M. 2007. Faunal Remains. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW>8]DDQG‫ۉ‬RUYDW5DGXP7ZR)RUWUHVVHVLQWKH Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 25). Tel Aviv: 289–297, 328. Sade, M. Forthcoming. Animal Bones of Strata IX–III. In: Herzog, Z. and Singer-Avitz, L., eds. Beer-Sheba III: Settlement and Cities in Iron IIA–B (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University). Tel Aviv.

723

CHAPTER 21

SHELLS Henk K. Mienis

'XULQJWKHH[FDYDWLRQDW7HO0DOতDWDDQXPEHURIVKHOOVZHUHFROOHFWHGIRUVWXG\1 The assemblage consists RQO\RIPDULQHDQGÀXYLDWLOHVSHFLHVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHVKHOOVZHUHVHOHFWLYHO\FROOHFWHGLQWKH¿HOGRU during the sieving process. Only two species of local terrestrial snail, which live abundantly in the area of 7HO0DOতDWDZHUHDPRQJWKHSUHVHUYHGPDWHULDOVHH&KDSWHU  0RVWRIWKHVKHOOVZHUHHDVLO\LGHQWL¿HG,QDIHZSUREOHPDWLFFDVHVWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOPDWHULDOZDV compared with specimens of more recent origin, either from the Mediterranean Sea or the Red Sea, present in the Mollusc Collection of the National Collections of Natural History of the Tel Aviv University.

RESULTS The material consisted of 95 samples containing 108 shells or fragments, belonging to only 16 different taxa, which are enumerated below in systematic order and according to the loci in which they were recovered. MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA Family Strombidae TABLE 21.1: LAMBIS TRUNCATA SEBAE (KIENER, 1843) – FIG. 21.1 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

224

167

Small part of the body whorl (area of the knobs)

A

239

198

Large part of the body whorl towards the columella

A

245

1832

Small engraved fragment

C

623

469

Small part of the body whorl

F

1130

1734

Large part of the body whorl

Family Cypraeidae TABLE 21.2: EROSARIA NEBRITES (MELVILL, 1888) – FIG. 21.2 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

256

2043

Complete shell

B

440

345

Labial lip and adhering part of the dorsum

1

I wish to thank Itzhaq Beit-Arieh and Liora Freud of the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, for entrusting PHZLWKWKHVKHOOPDWHULDOIURP7HO0DOতDWD

724

CHAPTER 21: SHELLS

TABLE 21.3: EROSARIA TURDUS (LAMARCK, 1810) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

274

2018

Complete shell of an unusual cream color

TABLE 21.4: MONETARIA ANNULUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) – FIG. 21.3 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

239

1886

Shell with a small man-made hole in the dorsum

A

245

1901

Complete shell

A

254

1998

Complete shell

A

269

1985

Shell with the dorsum removed of an unusual cream color

A

283

2136

Shell with a man-made hole in the dorsum

A

284

2103

Complete shell

F

1016

1455

Juvenile shell

F

1025

1498

Burnt shell with the dorsum removed

F

1037

1535

Shell with the dorsum removed

F

1119

1631

Shell with the dorsum removed

F

1130

1728

Shell with the dorsum removed

H

1507

3617

Three complete, burnt shells

H

1507

3629

Complete, burnt shell

H

1507

3651

Complete shell

H

1525

3839

Shell with a small man-made hole in the dorsum

H

1564

4215

Shell with a small man-made hole in the dorsum

H

1588

4375

Shell with the dorsum removed

H

1592

4355

Shell with the dorsum removed

H

1600

4388

Complete, burnt shell

H

1600

4412

Complete shell

H

1604

4411

Complete shell

H

1604

4437

Complete shell

TABLE 21.5: MONETARIA MONETA (LINNAEUS, 1758) – FIG. 21.4 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

D

832

1093

Shell with the dorsum removed

F

1112

1624

Three shells with a man-made hole in the dorsum

F

1130

1717

Shell with the dorsum removed

725

H ENK K. M IENIS

0

1cm

0

Fig. 21.1. Lambis truncate sebae: engraved fragment of DVKHOOGLVFVKRZLQJDORWXVÀRZHU$UHD$/RFXV Reg. No. 1832/80).

1cm

Fig. 21.2. Erosaria nebrites: complete shell (Area A, Locus 256, Reg. No. 2043/80).

0

Fig. 21.3. Monetaria annulus: shell with a large man-made hole in the dorsum (Area A, Locus 283, Reg. No. 2136/80).

1cm

Fig. 21.4. Monetaria moneta: shell with a large man-made hole in the dorsum (Area D, Locus 832, Reg. No. 1093/80).

Family Muricidae TABLE 21.6: HEXAPLEX TRUNCULUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

284

2111

Shell with a small hole in the body whorl

H

1534

3831

Large shell with a damaged top and aperture

H

1534

3901

Small fragment of the aperture and adhering part of the penultimate whorl

Family Conidae TABLE 21.7: CONUS FLAVIDUS (LAMARCK, 1810) – FIG. 21.5 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

F

1022

1490

Shell with a man-made hole in the top and part of the columella removed

BIVALVIA Family Glycymerididae TABLE 21.8: GLYCYMERIS BIMACULATA (POLI, 1795) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

H

1507

3629

Damaged, burnt valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1517

3748

Damaged, burnt valve

726

CHAPTER 21: SHELLS

Fig. 21.5. &RQXVÀDYLGXV: shell with a man-made hole in the apex (Area F, Locus 1022, Reg. No. 1490/80).

TABLE 21.9: GLYCYMERIS INSUBRICA (BROCCHI, 1814) – FIG. 21.6 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

219

72

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

221

99

Umbonal fragment

A

221

103

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

225

109

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

225

151

Complete valve and a valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

225

158

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

226

119

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

239

1844

Three valves with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

245

1834

Complete valve

A

250

1891

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

251

1873

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

253

1919

Complete valve

A

290

2145

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

256

1932

Damaged valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

256

1951

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

256

2029

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

256

2043

Damaged valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

261

2066

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

269

1999

Two valves with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

273

2006

Complete valve and a valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

274

2017

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo and a fragment of another valve

A

277

2039

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

283

2049

Fragment of the ventral margin

A

283

2075

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

A

284

2057

Fragment of the ventral margin

C

621

467

Damaged valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

F

1002

1407

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

F

1111

1616

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

F

1311

3053

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1508

3542

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1507

3617

Damaged, burnt valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

727

H ENK K. M IENIS

Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

H

1510

3549

Damaged valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1512

3777

Burnt valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1517

3842

Burnt fragment

H

1534

3788

Damaged valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1555

4116

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1566

4081

Burnt valve with a man-made hole in the umbo and a damaged valve with a large part of the ventral margin missing

H

1801

4688

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

H

1808

4689

Valve with a man-made hole in the umbo

Family Pteriidae TABLE 21.10: PINCTADA MARGARITIFERA (LINNAEUS, 1758) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

F

1019

1465

Disintegrated fragment

H

1604

4407

Large damaged valve and a fragment of a different valve

Family Pectinidae TABLE 21.11: NEITHEA DUTRUGEI (COQUAND, 1862) – FIG. 21.7 Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

D

855

1153

Complete fossil specimen with a man-made hole bored through the upper part

0

Fig. 21.6. Glycymeris insubrica: valve with a man-made hole in the umbo (Area H, Locus 1510, Reg. No. 3549/80).

728

1cm

Fig. 21.7. Neithea dutrugei: complete fossil specimen with a man-made hole bored from both sides through its upper part (Area D, Locus 855, Reg. No. 1153/80).

CHAPTER 21: SHELLS

Family Mutelidae TABLE 21.12: CHAMBARDIA RUBENS ARCUATA (CAILLIAUD, 1823) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

263

1977

Umbonal fragment and a disintegrated fragment of the ventral margin belonging to two different valves

Family Cardiidae TABLE 21.13: CERASTODERMA GLAUCUM (POIRET, 1789) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

F

1001

1413

Damaged valve

TABLE 21.14: TRIDACNA MAXIMA (RÖDING, 1798) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

259

2000

Fragment of the ventral margin

A

283

2059

Small fragment of the ventral margin

F

1042

1553

Damaged valve

H

1511

3955

Complete valve and a heavily damaged ventral margin

TABLE 21.15: TRIDACNA SQUAMOSA (LAMARCK, 1819) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

B

446

383

Fragment of a valve containing the lateral teeth

H

1511

3955

Complete valve

H

1555

4116

Large fragment of the ventral margin

H

1564

4242

Valve with damage near the ventral margin

H

1801

4688

Valve with slight damage near the ventral margin

TABLE 21.16: TRIDACNA SPECIES Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

A

223

126

Small fragment of a valve containing the lateral teeth

Family Donacidae TABLE 21.17: DONAX TRUNCULUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) Area

Locus

Basket

Remarks

H

1512

3777

Complete valve

729

H ENK K. M IENIS

DISCUSSION COMPOSITION The 108 items in the shell assemblage were subdivided as in Table 21.18. The bulk of the material (97.2%) consisted of recent seashells. TABLE 21.18: COMPOSITION OF THE SHELL ASSEMBLAGE Class Gastropoda

Bivalvia

Habitat 43

65

Marine – recent

43

Lambis truncata sebae

5

Erosaria nebrites

2

Erosaria turdus

1

Monetaria annulus

24

Monetaria moneta

5

Hexaplex trunculus

3

&RQXVÀDYLGXV

1

Fluviatile – recent

2

Chambardia rubens arcuata

2

Marine – recent

62

Glycymeris bimaculatus

2

Glycymeris insubrica

46

Pinctada margaritifera

3

Cerastoderma glaucum

1

Tridacna maxima

5

Tridacna squamosa

5

Tridacna species

1

Donax trunculus

1

Neithea dutrugei

1

Marine – fossil Total

Species

108

1 108

108

GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN From a zoogeographical point of view, the material can be subdivided as in Table 21.19. Only one shell UHFRYHUHGGXULQJWKHH[FDYDWLRQRULJLQDWHGLQWKHLPPHGLDWHYLFLQLW\RI7HO0DOতDWDNeithea dutrugei, a 75 million year old Pectinid fossil. In Israel it is known only from the Lower Cenomian (Lewy and Raab 1976). All other shells arrived at the site from much farther away. Five species reached the site from the eastern Mediterranean: the Purple Snail Hexaplex trunculus and four species of bivalves, Glycymeris bimaculata, Glycymeris insubrica, Cerastoderma glaucum and Donax trunculus (Table 21.19). Today, Glycymeris insubrica is still the most common species on the Mediterranean beaches in the Levant. Red Sea and/or Indian Ocean molluscs are represented among the material in almost equal numbers as Mediterranean species, but in much greater diversity. The presence of four different Cowry species: Erosaria nebrites, Erosaria turdus, Monetaria annulus and Monetaria moneta, represented by 2, 1, 24(!)

730

CHAPTER 21: SHELLS

DQGVKHOOVUHVSHFWLYHO\LVQRWHZRUWK\\HWQRWVXUSULVLQJDVDWণRUYDW4LWPLWDQRWKHU(GRPLWHVLWHLQ the Negev, the only shells recovered consisted of 18 specimens of Monetaria annulus (Mienis 1995). The two species of the genus Erosaria originated without doubt from the Red Sea; however, that is probably not the case with two species of Monetaria. In the northern part of the Red Sea, i.e., the Gulf of Aqaba, both species are so rarely encountered that they were not even dealt with in a monograph dealing with the Cowries of East Sinai (Heiman 2002). It is more likely the Monetaria shells arrived at 7HO0DOতDWDIURPPXFKIDUWKHUDZD\HLWKHUIURPWKHVRXWKHUQ5HG6HDWKH3HUVLDQ*XOIRUHOVHZKHUH in the Indian Ocean. The freshwater mussel Chambardia rubens arcuata originating in the Nile River is represented by two fragments only. %DVHGRQWKHRULJLQRIWKHPDULQHDQGÀXYLDWLOHVKHOOV7DEOH LWLVFOHDUWKDWWKH,URQ$JH LQKDELWDQWVRI7HO0DOতDWDPDLQWDLQHGFRPPHUFLDOFRQWDFWVZLWKSHRSOHIURPWKRVHGLVWDQWUHJLRQVDQG the shells were attained through trade. TABLE 21.19: GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF THE SHELL ASSEMBLAGE Geographical region

Species

Tel Malhata and vicinity

1

Mediterranean Sea

53

Red Sea or elsewhere in the Indian Ocean

52

Nile River

2

Total

108

Neithea dutrugei

1

Hexaplex trunculus

3

Glycymeris bimaculata

2

Glycymeris insubrica

46

Cerastoderma glaucum

1

Donax trunculus

1

Lambis truncata sebae

5

Erosaria nebrites

2

Erosaria turdus

1

Monetaria annulus

24

Monetaria moneta

5

&RQXVÀDYLGXV

1

Pinctada margaritifera

3

Tridacna maxima

5

Tridacna squamosa

5

Tridacna species

1

Chambardia rubens arcuata

2 108

STRATIGRAPHIC ASSOCIATIONS 7KHH[FDYDWLRQRI7HO0DOতDWDUHYHDOHGVWUDWDIURPWKH0%,,WRWKH5RPDQSHULRGKRZHYHULQ7DEOH it is evident that some 98% of the shells originated in layers dating to the Iron Age. From Hellenistic and Roman layers, only 2 and 1 shells were recovered respective1y, and not a single example was encountered among the MB II remains.

731

H ENK K. M IENIS

EXPLOITATION OF THE SHELLS Some 48% of the shell material shows signs of manipulation, indicating that the shells were not only imported from the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and even the Nile region, but also that they were exploited for one purpose or another. AN ENGRAVED SHELL DISC One of the fragments of Lambis truncata sebae found in Area A, Locus 245, is part of an engraved disc. Although the fragment measures only 22×25 mm, parts of the lotus pattern, so often encountered on such discs, are still visible (see Chapter 14.6). It took considerable time till such engraved shell discs were correctly LGHQWL¿HGDVEHORQJLQJWRLambis, rather than Tridacna or Spondylus (Brandl 1984; Barker and Hartnell 2000). Now, shell discs engraved with either a lotus or a dot-in-a-circle pattern are correctly recognized as being made from the body whorl of Lambis truncata sebae (Mienis 1988; 1992; 2006; 2008; Reese 1995; 1996). SHELL BEADS Two types of shell beads were recovered during the excavation: those made from Cowry shells, more particularly from shells belonging to the genus Monetaria, and a single bead made of a Cone shell (Conus). $OO¿YHVKHOOVRIMonetaria moneta and 11 of the 24 shells of Monetaria annulus had been transformed into beads either by making a small hole in the dorsum or by removing the dorsum completely. Most probably the latter process began with the making of a small hole in the dorsum, followed by smoothing the rims of the hole. TABLE 21.20: STRATIGRAPHIC ASSOCIATIONS Period

Iron Age

Hellenistic

Roman

Lambis truncata sebae

5

-

-

Erosaria nebrites

1

1

Erosaria turdus

1

-

-

Monetaria annulus

24

-

-

Monetaria moneta

5

-

-

Hexaplex trunculus

3

-

-

&RQXVÀDYLGXV

1

-

-

Glycymeris bimaculata

2

-

-

Glycymeris insubrica

45

-

1

Pinctada margaritifera

3

-

-

Neithea dutrugei

1

-

-

Chambardia rubens arcuata

2

-

-

Cerastoderma glaucum

1

-

-

Tridacna maxima

5

-

-

Tridacna squamosa

4

1

-

Tridacna species

1

-

-

Donax trunculus

1

-

-

Total

105

2

1

Species

732

CHAPTER 21: SHELLS

In the single example of &RQXVÀDYLGXVthe shell had been converted into a bead by removing the apex. We lack any data on how these beads were actually used, whether strung as a necklace, or sewn LQDSDUWLFXODUSDWWHUQRQFORWK$EHDUGHG¿JXULQHIRXQGDWWKH(GRPLWHVKULQHDWণRUYDW4LWPLW%HFN 1995: Figs. 3.16–3.17; 3.19–3.20) wears a piece of cloth with Cowry shells in a string-like pattern on LWDQGWKHRQO\VKHOOVIRXQGDWণRUYDW4LWPLWZHUHEHDGVRIMonetaria annulus. Therefore, it is quite SRVVLEOHWKDWVXFK&RZU\VKHOOVZHUHXVHGIRUWKHVDPHSXUSRVHDWQHDUE\7HO0DOতDWDZKLFKZDV contemporary in date. SHELL PENDANTS So-called shell pendants made of the GlycymerisYDOYHVZHUHIRXQGDW7HO0DOতDWD7KH\ZHUHPDGH by piercing the umbo of the valve. In Glycymeris bimaculata, this is seen in one of two valves, in Glycymeris insubrica in 36 of the total 46 valves and fragments, i.e., in more than 78% of the valves. As with the shell beads, we do not know whether such valves were indeed used as pendants or were sewn onto clothing. In addition, there is a beautiful pendant made from a complete fossil bivalve of Neithea dutrugei. A hole was bored from the sides through the upper part of the shell, not in a straight line but rather from both sides meeting at an angle in the middle (Mienis 2003). MOTHER-OF-PEARL The excavation revealed the presence of two different sources of Mother-of-Pearl: Pinctada margaritifera from the Red Sea and Chambardia rubens arcuata from the Nile River. However, the few items of these two specimens do not show signs that they were exploited for any purpose. FOOD 7KHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHDVWRZKHWKHUWKHDQFLHQWLQKDELWDQWVRI7HO0DOতDWDFRQVXPHGPROOXVFV1RODQG snails were preserved, and among the marine molluscs found at the tell, only two are valves of bivalves that were intensively exploited as food throughout history: Cerastoderma glaucum and Donax trunculus. Although both valves appear to have been collected as live specimens, the evidence is too scanty for more VSHFL¿FFRQFOXVLRQV ADDITIONAL REMARKS Two Cowry shells, one each of Erosaria turdus and Monetaria annulus, display an unusual cream color, for which no explanation could be found. Another 12 shells were burnt completely black: Monetaria annulus (6), Glycymeris bimaculata (2) and Glycymeris insubrica (4), although we may rule out a process in which they were intentionally burnt.

CONCLUSIONS 7KHH[FDYDWLRQDW7HO0DOতDWDSURGXFHGPROOXVFVKHOOVRIZKLFKRQO\RQHRULJLQDWHGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI 7HO0DOতDWDDEHDXWLIXOPLOOLRQ\HDUROGIRVVLONeithea dutrugei, which had been manipulated in such a ZD\WKDWLWFRXOGEHXVHGDVDSHQGDQW0DULQHVKHOOVKDGEHHQEURXJKWWR0DOতDWDIURPWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ Sea (53 shells), the Red Sea or elsewhere in the Indian Ocean (52 shells), and two fragments of a freshwater

733

H ENK K. M IENIS

Fig. 21.8: Tridacna valves (Tables 21.14, 21.15).

mussel from the Nile River were also present. These shells provide evidence that the Iron Age inhabitants RI7HO0DOতDWDPDLQWDLQHGFRQWDFWVZLWKDWOHDVWWKUHHGLVWDQWUHJLRQV Some 30% of the recovered shells consisted of Cowries (32), of which Monetaria annulus represented VSHFLPHQV7KLVUHVHPEOHVWKHVLWXDWLRQDWWKH(GRPLWHVKULQHRIণRUYDW4LWPLWZKHUHWKHRQO\VKHOOV belonged to the same Cowry species. The inhabitants of the Iron Age site used the shells to make beads (Monetaria annulus, Monetaria moneta, &RQXVÀDYLGXV), shell pendants (Glycymeris bimaculata, Glycymeris insubrica, Neithea dutrugei) and an engraved shell disc (Lambis truncata sebae). As the shell material was apparently selectively collected during the excavation (only a few local land snails were among the material, see Chapter 20), we cannot GHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI7HO0DOতDWDDOVRH[SORLWHGPROOXVFVDVIRRG

REFERENCES Barker, D. and Hartnell, T. 2000. Notes on a Decorated Spiny Oyster from Sharm. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 11 (2): 204–206. Beck, P. 1995. Catalogue of Cult Objects and Study of the Iconography. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW4LWPLW An Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 11). Tel Aviv: 27–208. Brandl, B. 1984. The Engraved Tridacna-Shell Discs. Anatolian Studies 34: 15–41.

734

CHAPTER 21: SHELLS

Heiman, E.L. 2002. Cowries of East Sinai. Jerusalem. Lewy, Z. and Raab, M., 1976. Mid-Cretaceous Stratigraphy of the Middle East. Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Nice 4 (32): 1–20. Mienis, H.K. 1988. Een gegraveerde Lambis-schijf uit de opgravingen van de “City of David” in het oude Jeruzalem, Israël. Correspondentieblad van de Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging 242: 430–432. Mienis, H.K. 1992. Molluscs. In: de Groot, A. and Ariel, D.T., eds. Excavations at the City of David 1978– 1985, Directed by Yigal Shiloh. Vol. III: Stratigraphical, Environmental, and Other Reports (Qedem 33). Jerusalem: 122–123. Mienis, H.K. 1995. Molluscs. In: Beit-Arieh, I., ed. ‫ۉ‬RUYDW4LWPLW$Q(GRPLWH6KULQHLQWKH%LEOLFDO1HJHY (Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 11). Tel Aviv: 276–279. Mienis, H.K. 2003. An Iron Age Pendant Found at Tel Malhata Made from a 75 Million Year Old Fossil. Triton 8: 35. Mienis, H.K. 2006. Shells. In: Geva, H., ed. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982. Vol. III: Area E and Other Studies, Final Report. Jerusalem: 316–319. Mienis, H.K. 2008. Another Look at a Decorated Shell Disc from Sharm, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates: Not Spondylus but Lambis. The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 14: 5–6. Reese, D. 1995. Marine Invertebrates and Other Shells from Jerusalem (Sites A, C and L). In: Eshel, I. and Prag, K., eds. Excavations by K.M. Kenyon in Jerusalem 1961–1967. Vol. IV (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 6). Oxford: 265–278. Reese, D. 1996. Kish and Shell Game. In the Field: Bulletin of the Field Museum 67 (1): 11.

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CHAPTER 22

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