Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974) 9781575068909

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Gezer VI The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974)

GEZER VI The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974)

by

Garth Gilmour with contributions by Reuben G. Bullard, William. G. Dever, H. Darrell Lance, and Joe D. Seger Appendixes by Donald T. Ariel, Dan Barag, Izak Cornelius, Zohar Gotesman, Christian Herrmann, Othmar Keel, Steven A. Rosen, and Maud Spaer

Edited by

Joe D. Seger, William. G. Dever, and Seymour Gitin

Annual of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE/ NELSON GLUECK SCHOOL OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Volume X Jerusalem 13 King David Street

Winona Lake, Indiana E isenbrauns 2014

© 2014 by Eisenbrauns Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America www.eisenbrauns.com

Annuals of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology I.

W. G. Dever, H. D. Lance, and G. E. Wright. Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964–66 Seasons. (1970) II. W. G. Dever, et al. Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II. (1974) III. S. Gitin. Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer. 2 vols. (1990) IV. W. G. Dever. Gezer IV: The 1969–71 Seasons in Field VI, The “Acropolis.” 2 vols. (1986) V. J. D. Seger. Gezer V: The Field I Caves. (1988) VI. A. Biran, D. Ilan, and R. Greenberg. Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs. (1996) VII. A. Biran and R. Ben-Dov. Dan II: A Chronicle of the Excavations and the Late Bronze Age “Mycenaean” Tomb. (2002) VIII. Y. Thareani. Tel ʿAroer: The Iron Age II Caravan Town and the Hellenistic Early Roman Settlement. 2 vols. (2011) IX/1. R. Ben-Dov. Dan III: Avraham Biran Excavations 1966–1999, The Late Bronze Age. (2011) IX/2. J. D. Seger. Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII. (2013) X. G. Gilmour. Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974). (2014) XI. D. Ilan. Dan IV: The Avraham Biran Excavations 1966–1999, The Iron Age I. (2014) XII. A. Biran and G. Cook. Dan V: The Avraham Biran Excavations 1966–1999, The Middle Bronze Age Fortifications and Gates. (In press) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gilmour, Garth Hugh. Gezer VI : the objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974) / by Garth Gilmour, with contributions by Reuben G. Bullard, William. G. Dever, H. Darrell Lance, and Joe D. Seger.     pages  cm. — (Annual of the Hebrew Union College/Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology ;   volume 10) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Publication of Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974) continues the presentation of archaeological reports on the Hebrew Union College–Harvard Semitic Museum Excavations at Gezer between 1964 and 1974 as part of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology Annual Series. With the exception of objects previously published in Gezer V, Gezer VI provides a comprehensive database with listings of all of the objects recovered during both the Phase I (1968–1971) and Phase II (1971–1974) HUC excavations at the site. In addition, the volume offers a summary of the stratigraphic history of Tell Gezer and includes a series of plates illustrating a large sample of the finds sorted by type and strata. Provided also are a series of comparative studies of the major material and type groupings of the object repertoire”— Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-57506-312-6 (hardback : alkaline paper) 1.  Gezer Site (Israel)  2.  Excavations (Archaeology)—Israel—Gezer Site.  3.  Material culture—Israel—Gezer Site.  4.  Bronze age—Israel—Gezer Site.  5.  Iron age—Israel—Gezer Site.  6.  Israel—Antiquities.  I.  Title. DS110.G5G55 2014 933′.4—dc23 2014025088

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.♾™

Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Author’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  x Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Introduction (W. G. Dever and Joe D. Seger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 Chapter I.  The Nature and Use of This Volume (W. G. Dever, Garth Gilmour, and Joe D. Seger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3 Chapter II.  A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer (W. G. Dever and Joe D. Seger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8 Str. XXVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8 Str. XXV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8 Str. XXIV–XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 Str. XXII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 Str. XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9 Str. XX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10 Str. XIX–XVIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10 Str. XVII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12 Str. XVI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12 Str. XV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 Str. XIV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 Str. XIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14 Str. XII–XI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14 Str. X–IX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 Str. VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 Str. VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 Str. VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16 Str. V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16 Str. IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16 Str. III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17 Str. II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17 Str. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17 NIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

Chapter III.  A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) . . . . 18 1.  Bone and Ivory Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18 a.  Bone Inlay Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18 b.  Bone Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18 c.  Awls, Needles, and Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18 d.  Gaming Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  19 2.  Ceramic Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29 a. Stoppers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29 b.  Gaming Pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30

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Table of Contents c.  Cult Stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30 d.  Clay Foot of Bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31 e.  Tail of Bird Vessel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31 3.  Faience and Frit Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42 4. Figurines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45 a.  Anthropomorphic Figurines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  45 b.  Zoomorphic Figurines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46 5.  Inscriptions and Seal impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56 a.  Lamelech Seal Impressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56 b.  Incised X-motifs on Pottery Handles and Sherds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58 c.  Various Motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58 d.  An Egyptian Seal Impression of Seti II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59 e.  Sherds with Alphabetic Inscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60 6.  Loom Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69 7.  Metal Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85 a.  Bronze Weapons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85 b.  Iron Weapons and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86 d. Jewelry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88 e.  Toggle Pins, Needles and Fibulae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88 f. Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89 8.  Shell Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 9.  Stone Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 a.  Ground-Stone Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 b.  Alabaster Vessels and Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 c. Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 d. Varia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 10.  Whorls and Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 a.  Flat Disk-Shaped Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 b.  Dome-Shaped Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 c.  Conical or High-Domed Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 d.  Ring-Shaped Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 e.  Biconical Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 f.  Thick Disk-Shaped Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 g.  Other Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Appendix A.  Egyptian Amulets from Gezer (C. Herrmann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 II. Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 1.  Anthropomorphic Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 2. Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 3.  Object Amulets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 4.  Winged Scarab (?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Appendix B.  Beads and Pendants from Gezer (M. Spaer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Earliest Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Late Bronze Age to Hellenistic Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Faience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Other Siliceous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Ornamental Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Amber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Various Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Late Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

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Appendix C.  The Coins from Gezer (D. Barag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Appendix D.  The Glass Vessels from Gezer (D. Barag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Late Bronze Age II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Persian to Early Hellenistic Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Late Roman–Byzantine and Medieval Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Appendix E.  Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer (O. Keel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Appendix F.  The Plaque Figurines from Gezer (I. Cornelius) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 1. Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 2. Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 I:  Hands Raised—Holding Plants or Empty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 II:  Hands Holding the Breasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 III:  Arms Hanging Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 IV:  Lower Body and Leg Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 V:  Head Fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 3.  Function and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Appendix G.  Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer (D. T. Ariel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 A.  Rhodian Stamped Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 B.  Rhodian Stamped Handles: Names Not Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 C.  Zenon Group Stamped Handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 D.  Latin Class Stamped Handle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 A.  Names of Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 B.  Rhodian Months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 C. Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Appendix H.  The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields (S. A. Rosen and Z. Gotesman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 2.  Description of the Assemblage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 a.  Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 b. Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 c. Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 3. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Preface Publication of Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974) continues the presentation of archaeological reports on the Hebrew Union College-Harvard Semitic Museum Excavations at Gezer between 1964 and 1974 as part of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology Annual Series. Earlier volumes in the Gezer series appeared as Gezer I (1970), Gezer II (1974), Gezer IV (1986), Gezer V (1988), and Gezer III (1990). Already published is Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze Age and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII. With the exception of objects previously published in Gezer V, Gezer VI provides a comprehensive database with listings of all of the objects recovered during both the Phase I (1968–1971) and Phase II (1971–1974) HUC excavations at the site. In addition, the volume offers a summary of the stratigraphic history of Tell Gezer and includes a series of plates illustrating a large sample of the finds sorted by type and strata. Provided also are a series of comparative studies of the major material and type groupings of the object repertoire. The volume’s author is Dr. Garth Gilmour of the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, and the University of Oxford, England, who was recruited for the work while serving as a Senior Fellow at the W. F. Albright Institute in Jerusalem in 2002. Through the ensuing years he worked diligently in the Gezer archives at the Nelson Glueck School assembling the digital catalog of materials presented herein. From the outset he enjoyed close collaboration with the volume’s editors, Joe D.  Seger (Professor in the Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures and Director of the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University), William G.  Dever (Professor Emeritus, Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Arizona), and Seymour Gitin (Director of the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem). Drs. Dever and Seger were the directors, respectively, of the Phase I and Phase II HUC Gezer excavations.

Preparation of this volume was in large part due to the interest and support of the late Richard J.  Scheuer, Sr., a long time Trustee and former Chairman of the HUC-JIR Board of Governors. Dick Scheuer was instrumental in the establishment of the HUC Jerusalem campus and of the Nelson Glueck School, and he was from the start a staunch backer of the school’s excavation work at Gezer. He personally provided special grant support which enabled Dr. Gilmour to undertake the basic research involved in authoring this work, and has provided legacy support for the ongoing efforts to follow through with research and publication efforts of the project. Sadly, he passed from among us on November 7, 2008, even as final copy editing for the volume was getting underway. As is most appropriate, the author and editors of this work have dedicated it especially to his memory. Organized and mentored by George Ernest Wright and Nelson Glueck, the Gezer Project from the outset has been encouraged and assisted by the Hebrew Union College. Recognition for financial support through both phases of field work at Gezer must be given to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., for its grants of Public Law 480 funds. Special thanks are due to the late Paul Steinberg, long time Dean of the New York School of HUC-JIR, who served as institutional grants administrator and provided constant oversight to the management of the volunteer participation program for the excavations. Recognition must also be given to the HUC-JIR Board of Governors and, as already noted, to its former Board Chairman, the late Richard J. Scheuer, for the ongoing commitment in support of the project. Aaron D. Panken President, Hebrew Union College David Ellenson Chancellor, Hebrew Union College January 2014 ix

Author’s Preface Late in 2002 I was approached by Sy Gitin, Director of the W. F. Albright Institute for Archaeological Research in Jerusalem, with a proposal to investigate the possibility of researching and publishing as a separate volume all the objects from the American excavations at Gezer. Around 2400 objects were excavated during the eleven years of the Tell Gezer Field Project between 1964 and 1974, sponsored by the Hebrew Union College and the Harvard Semitic Museum. The six volumes that have already appeared (Gezer I–V and VII [HUC]) focused on the stratigraphic development of the site, its history, and its ceramic corpus. It soon became clear that the sheer number of objects along with the value of many of them to the discipline as a whole made the publication of the Gezer Object Volume desirable. A second factor in the decision to produce the volume was the state of the objects themselves. Several of the more important items had been removed for special study shortly after excavation and were not returned, while others had gone missing in the several moves that the corpus made in the years since the completion of excavations. Other items had not survived the intervening years well and were beginning to disintegrate. This made the study of the objects an urgent priority. The proposal was enthusiastically supported by Professors William G. Dever and Joe D. Seger, the directors of the Tell Gezer Field Project. So in the summer of 2003 my wife and I spent several weeks in Jerusalem reviewing all the material, dusting off object boxes in the store room at the Jerusalem campus of the Hebrew Union College and studying the archive. While there we were able to scan over 5500 record cards, photographs, notebooks, and sketches into a laptop. I am grateful to Dr. David Ilan, Director of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology at the Hebrew Union College for making these items and the facilities of the school available to me and for his support of the project. For the duration of the project, I have been a Senior “Gezer” Fellow

at the Albright Institute in Jerusalem. I am grateful to Dr. Gitin for giving me this recognition and for making the accommodation and facilities at the Albright Institute available during the summers of 2003 and 2004. Two short visits were subsequently made to the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University, in 2005 and 2007 with the help of funding from the Cobb Institute, and in 2007 from a Harris Grant awarded by the Committee on Archaeological Research and Policy (CAP) of the American Schools of Archaeological Research. My gratitude goes to both the Cobb Institute and ASOR for making these visits possible. The most significant financial support for the project came from Richard J.  Scheuer, long-time supporter of the Gezer Excavation Project, who sadly passed away in 2008. I am especially grateful for his grace, wisdom, and kindness, as well as for his financial support without which this volume could not have been produced. Throughout the project I have received strong support from Joe Seger, William Dever, and Sy Gitin, who are the editors of the volume. I am also grateful for the assistance of Cobb Institute staff assistant Michael Stewart who spent many patient hours copy editing the entire manuscript. Every excavation project of the magnitude of the Tell Gezer Field Project is dependent on a large number of people over a long period of time. Student volunteers, academic experts, backroom staff, camp managers, cooks, archivists, restorers, and so on are all critical to the success of such a venture. These people have been acknowledged in other volumes in this series and so are not named here. However, their contribution is recognized, and I am grateful to them all for finding, recording, drawing, storing, and curating the objects described in this volume. Special thanks must go to the scholars who have contributed special study chapters to the volume. They have graciously responded to my queries, x

Author’s Preface additions to their corpora, and amendments to their manuscripts. Their contributions have greatly enhanced the quality of the volume. To Maud Spaer, the late Dan Barag, Othmar Keel, Izak Cornelius, Christian Herrmann, Donald Ariel, Steven Rosen, and Zohar Gotesman go my thanks. This volume consists of three distinct parts: catalogs, text, and illustrations. The catalogs in each chapter list every single recorded object from the eleven seasons at Gezer from 1964 to 1974. For each object there is a description; a findspot given in terms of Field, Area (Square), and basket number; the local phase and general stratum of the locus; the context of the locus; the Material Culture and Israel Antiquities Authority (DA) 1 number that may have been assigned; and, finally, the plate number where the object is illustrated in this volume or, when applicable, where it has been published elsewhere. For the objects from Phase 1, directed by William Dever, the phase, stratum, pottery reading, and context of each object have been obtained from the relevant entries in Gezer I, II, or IV (HUC). The exception is objects from Field III, whose details were provided to me by John S. Holladay, who is working up this material for publication in this series. Similarly, information about the objects from Phase 2 was provided by the director of this phase, Joe Seger. The text in each chapter describes the category of objects and then presents a comparative discussion of selected objects from the category. This discussion is not intended to be comprehensive; that is the function of the catalog. While the context of the objects is for obvious reasons a critical factor in deciding their significance, some objects were described for their intrinsic value in spite of poor context. Several categories of objects are dealt with in special studies by recognized experts in their fields. The reports of these scholars follow the same basic guidelines, though each author has exercised individual discretion in the presenting of material. Most of the illustrations on plates were drawn and inked in Israel by Julia Rudman and the final renderings and plate layouts were prepared by Dylan Karges at the Cobb Institute in Mississippi. The special talents of these two individuals are very 1.  The former “Israel Department of Antiquities” (DA) is now renamed the “Israel Antiquities Authority” (IAA).

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much appreciated. Photo images are by various Gezer staff photographers or by authors and others as indicated in captions. As with the descriptive text, the selection of items to be illustrated was accordingly made by the author. As the volume progressed, it became clear that the exclusive study for publication of the objects has a value that extends beyond that of the objects’ intrinsic importance. For example, the discovery of fragments of an unusual cult stand from Field VII, Object 2119, not only has significance for Gezer but also raises intriguing questions about Israelite religion in the Late Iron Age. The identification of a stamped jar handle, Object 391, as having the name of the short-lived Egyptian pharaoh Seti II has implications far beyond Gezer. And study of six coins from the site, Objects 1553, 1542, 1541, 939, 911B, and 1664, has thrown new light on the history of the occupation and abandonment of the site in the Maccabean period, with significant implications for our understanding of the effects of the invasion of Judea by Antiochus VII Sidetes in 134 b.c.e. In addition to expressing my gratitude for their support and encouragement to Sy Gitin, Joe Seger, William Dever, and others, I need to thank my wife Vibeke for her patience and understanding, as well as for her own unseen but significant contributions to the volume.

Garth Gilmour Department of Old and New Testament University of Stellenbosch, South Africa E-mail: [email protected] Oxford, July 2010

Bibliography Note: This listing is for references in the main text through Chapter III. A bibliography for references in the Appendixes is provided at the end of each Appendix.

I. References Cited by Abbreviation AASOR  Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. AG I–IV  Ancient Gaza I–IV. BSAE 53–56, W. M. F. Petrie. London, 1931–34. AOS American Oriental Society. BA The Biblical Archaeologist. BAR  British Archaeological Reports. BASOR  Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. BSAE  Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and The British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Dan I  Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs, A. Biran, D. Ilan, and R. Greenberg. Jerusalem: NGSBA, HUC-JIR, 1996. Dan II   Dan II. A Chronicle of the Excavations and the Late Bronze Age “Mycenaean” Tomb, A. Biran and R. Ben-Dov. Jerusalem: NGSBA, HUC-JIR, 2002. Gezer I (HUC)  Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964– 66 Seasons, W.  G. Dever, H.  D. Lance, and G.  E. Wright. Annual of the HUCBASJ. Jerusalem, 1970. Gezer II (HUC)  Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II, W. G. Dever et al. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1974. Gezer III (HUC)   Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer, S. Gitin. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1990. Gezer IV (HUC)  Gezer IV: The 1969–1971 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, W. G. Dever. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1986. Gezer V (HUC)  Gezer V: the Field I Caves, J. D. Seger. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1988. Gezer VII (HUC)  Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII, J. D. Seger. Annual of the NGSBAJ.  Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013. Gezer I (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1911. Gezer II–III (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912. Hazor II  Hazor II: An Account of the Second Season of Excavations, 1956, Y. Yadin et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1960.

Hazor III–IV  Hazor III–IV: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons, 1957–1958, Text and Plates, Y. Yadin et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1961. HUC  Hebrew Union College. HUCBASJ  The Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeological School in Jerusalem (now The Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Hebrew Union College-Jerusalem Institute of Religion). HUC-JIR  Hebrew Union College-Jerusalem Institute of Religion. IAA Israel Antiquities Authority. IEJ Israel Exploration Journal. IES Israel Exploration Society. Lachish II   Lachish II: The Fosse Temple, O.  Tufnell, C.  H. Inge, and L.  Harding. London: Oxford University Press, 1940. Lachish III   Lachish III: The Iron Age, O. Tufnell, C. H. Inge, and L.  Harding. London: Oxford University Press, 1953. Lachish IV   Lachish IV: The Bronze Age, O. Tufnell. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. Megiddo I   Megiddo I: Seasons of 1925–1934, Strata I–V, R. S. Lamon and G. M. Shipton. Oriental Institute Publications 42. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939. Megiddo II   Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935–39, G.  Loud. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. NEAEHL  The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Carta for IES, 1993. NGSBAJ  Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem (formerly the Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeology School, Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion). OIP Oriental Institute Publications. PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly. QDAP  Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. RB Review Biblique. TA Tel Aviv. TBM I  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim I: The Pottery of the first three campaigns, W. F. Albright. AASOR XII. New Haven: ASOR, 1932.

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Bibliography TBM IA  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim IA: The Bronze Age Pottery of the Fourth Campaign, W. F. Albright. AASOR XXIII. New Haven: ASOR, 1933. TBM II  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim II: The Bronze Age, W.  F. Albright. AASOR XVII.  New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1938. ZDPV  Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins.

II. References Cited By Author Amiran, R. 1969 The Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Masada Press Ltd. Andrews, C. 1994 Amulets of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press. Ariel, D. T., and Shoham, Y. 2000 Locally Stamped Handles and Associated Body Fragments of the Persian and Hellenistic Periods. Pp.  137–71 in Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. VI: Inscriptions, ed. D.  T. Ariel. Qedem 41. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Barber, E. J. W. 1991 Prehistoric Textiles. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ben-Ami, D. 2005 Miscellaneous Small Objects. Pp.  377–94 in Yoqne‘am II: The Iron Age and the Persian Period. Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1977-1988), A.  Ben-Tor, A.  Zarzecki-Peleg, and S.  Cohen-Anidjar. Qedem Reports 6. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Bennett, W. J., and Blakely, J.A. 1989 Tell el-Hesi. The Persian Period (Stratum V). Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Brandl, B. 1982 The Tel Masos Scarab: A Suggestion for a new method for the interpretation of royal scarabs. Scripta Hierosolymitana XXVIII: 371–405. Chambon, A. 1984 Tell el-Far’ah I. L’Âge du Fer. Paris: Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations. Cohen-Weinberger, A. 2001 Ground Stone Objects. Pp. 225–37 in Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium BCE, Text, A. Mazar and N. Panitz-Cohen. Qedem 42. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Cross, F. M., and Stager, L. E. 2006 Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions Found In Ashkelon. IEJ 56 (2): 129–59. Decloedt, A. 1914 Note sur des poids grecs et byzantins du Musée Biblique de Sainte-Anne. RB 11: 549–55.

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Dever, W. G. 1973 The Gezer fortifications and the “High Place”: An Illustration of Stratigraphic Methods and Problems. PEQ 105: 62–72. 1985 Solomonic and Assyrian Period “Palaces” at Gezer. IEJ 3: 217–30. 1986 Late Bronze Age and Solomonic Defenses at Gezer: New Evidence. BASOR 262: 9–34. 1993a   Further Evidence on the Date of the Outer Wall at Gezer. BASOR 289: 33–54. 1993b  Gezer. Pp.  496–506 in vol. 2 of NEAEHL, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: Carta for IES. 2004 Histories and Non-Histories of Ancient Israel: The Question of the United Monarchy. Pp. 65–94 in In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel, ed. J.  Day. London: T & T Clark. Dever, W. G.; Lance, H. D.; Bullard, R. G.; Cole, D. P.; Furshpan, A. M.; Holladay, J. S.; and Wright, R. B. 1971 Further Excavations at Gezer, 1967–1971. BA 34 (4): 93–132. Dothan, M. 1971 Ashdod II–III. ‘Atiqot 9–10. Dothan, T. 1982 The Philistines and Their Material Culture. Jerusalem: IES. Eisenberg, E.; Gopher, A; and Greenberg, R. 2001 Tel Te’o. A Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age Site in the Hula Valley. IAA Reports, No. 13. Jerusalem: IAA. Eran, A. 1974 A Group of Weights from Gezer. Pp.  131–32 in Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II, W. G. Dever et al. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem. 2001 Stone Weights. Pp. 238–43 in Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium bce, Text, A. Mazar and N. Panitz-Cohen. Qedem 42. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Freestone, I. C. 1997 Vitreous Materials: Typology and Technology. Pp. 306–9 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Vol. 5. ed. E. M. Meyers. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Friend, G. 1998 Tell Taannek 1963–1968, III/2: The Loom Weights. Birzeit: Palestinian Institute of Archaeology, Birzeit University. Furumark, A. 1941 The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery. Stockholm. Gachet, J. 1987 Objets en os et en ivoire. Pp. 249–72 in Ras ShamraOugarit III: Le centre de la ville, dans M. Yon. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.

xiv Gilbert-Peretz, D. 1996 Ceramic Figurines. Pp. 29–84 in Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Volume IV: Various Reports, ed. D.T. Ariel and A. de Groot. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Gilmour, G. 1997 The Nature and Function of Astragalus Bones from Archaeological Contexts in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16.2: 167–75. 2014 A Late Iron Age Cult Stand from Gezer. Pp. 83–95 in Material Culture Matters: Essays on the Archaeology of the Southern Levant in Honor of Seymour Gitin, ed. John R. Spencer, Aaron J. Brody, and Robert A. Mullins. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Gilmour, G., and Kitchen, K. A. 2012 Pharaoh Sety II and Egyptian Political Relations with Canaan at the end of the Late Bronze Age. Israel Exploration Journal 62: 1–21. Giveon, R. 1985 Egyptian scarabs from Western Asia from the collections of the British Museum. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Giveon, R., and Kempinski, A. 1983 The Scarabs. Pp.  102–6 in Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf der Hirbet el-Mšāš (Tēl Māśoś) 1972–1975, V. Fritz and A Kempinski. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Gottlieb, Y. 2004 The Weaponry of the Assyrian Attack. Section A: The Arrowheads and Selected Aspects of the Siege Battle. Pp.  1907–69 in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994). Volume IV: The Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Pottery and Artefacts, in D. Ussishkin. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. Hardin, J. W. 2010 Lahav II: Households and the Use of Domestic Space at Iron II Tell Halif: An Archaeology of Destruction. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Holladay, J. S. 1990 Red Slip, Burnish, and the Solomonic Gateway at Gezer. BASOR 277/278: 3–70. Hovers, E. 1996 The Groundstone Industry. Pp. 171–203 in Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. IV: Various Reports, ed. D.T. Ariel and A. De Groot. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Kingsley, S. A.; and Raveh, K. 1996 The Ancient Harbour and Anchorage at Dor, Israel. Results of the underwater surveys 1976–1991.

Bibliography BAR International Series 626. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum. Kitchen, K. A. 1982 Ramesside Inscriptions, Historical and Biographical. Vol. IV. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd. Kletter, R. 2004 Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Artefacts. Section B: Clay Figurines. Pp.  2058–83 in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994). Volume IV: The Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Pottery and Artefacts, D.  Ussishkin. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. Kraybill, N. 1977 Pre-agricultural tools for the preparation of foods in the Old World. Pp. 485–521 in Origins of Agriculture, ed. C. A. Reed. The Hague: Mouton. Kushnir-Stein, A. 1997 On the Chronology of Some Inscribed Lead Weights from Palestine. ZDPV 113: 88–91. 2002 New Hellenistic Lead Weights from Palestine and Phoenicia. IEJ 52(2): 225–30. Lichtheim, M. 1976 Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings. Volume II: The New Kingdom. Berkley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Livneh, A. 2005 Loomweights. Pp.  375–76 in Yoqne‘am III: The Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1977-1988), A.  BenTor, D. Ben-Ami, and A. Livneh. Qedem Reports 7. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Macdonald, E.; Starkey, J. L.; and Harding, L. 1932 Beth-Pelet II. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt and University College and Bernard Quaritch. Mazar, A. 1980 Excavations at Tell Qasile, Part One. The Philistine Sanctuary: Architecture and Cult Objects. Qedem 12. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Mazar, A., and Panitz-Cohen, N. 2001 Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium bce. Qedem 42. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Mazar, E. 2004 The Phoenician Family Tomb N.1 at the Northern Cemetery of Achziv (10th–6th Centuries bce). Cuadernos de Arqueología Mediterránea Volume 10. Barcelona: Laboratorio de Arqueología, Universidad Pempeu Fabra de Barcelona. Moorey, P. R. S. 1994 Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Oxford: Clarendon.

Bibliography Paice, P. 2004 The Small Finds. Pp. 59–103 in Megiddo 3. Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations, ed. T. P. Harrison. OIP 127. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Peltenberg, E. 1997 Vitreous Materials: Artifacts of the Bronze and Iron Ages. Pp. 309–14 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Vol 5. ed. E. M. Meyers. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Petrie, W. M. F. 1917 Scarabs and Cylinders with Names: Illustrated by the Egyptian Collection in University College, London. London: School of Archaeology in Egypt and Constable & Co and Bernard Quaritch. Redford, D. B. 1992 Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Reich, R., and Greenhut, Z. 2002 Another “Boundary of Gezer” Inscription Found Recently. IEJ 52: 58–63. Rosen, S. A. 1996 Flint Implements. Pp. 257–67 in Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. IV: Various Reports, ed. D. T. Ariel and A. De Groot. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Rosenbaum, J., and Seger, J. D. 1986 Three Unpublished Ostraca from Gezer. BASOR 264: 51–60. Rowe, A. 1940 The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan I: The Temples and Cult Objects. Philadelphia: Published for the University Museum by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Sass, B. 2000 The Small Finds. Pp.  349–423 in Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons, ed. I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin, and B.  Halpern. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 18. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. 2004a Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Artefacts. Section A: Vessels, Tools, Personal Objects, Figurative Art and Varia. Pp. 1983–2057 in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994). Volume IV: The Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Pottery and Artefacts, D.  Ussishkin. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. 2004b Pre-Bronze and Bronze Age Artefacts. Section A: Vessels, Tools, Personal Objects, Figurative Art and Varia. Pp. 1450–1524 in The Renewed Archae-

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ological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994). Volume III: The Pre-Bronze and Bronze Age Pottery and Artefacts, D.  Ussishkin. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. Sass, B., and Ussishkin, D. 2004 The Weaponry of the Assyrian Attack. Section B: Spears, Armour Scales and Slingstones. Pp. 1970– 1982 in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994). Volume IV: The Iron Age and Post-Iron Age Pottery and Artefacts, D. Ussishkin. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. Seger, J. D. 1972 News and Notes, Tel Gezer (Summer 1972). IEJ 22: 240–42. 1973 Tel Gezer. IEJ 23: 250–51. 1976a   Reflections on the Gold Hoard from Gezer. BASOR 221: 133–40. 1976b  The Search for Maccabean Gezer. BA 39 (4): 142–44. 1983 The Gezer Jar Signs: New Evidence of the Earliest Alphabet. Pp. 477–95 in The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth, ed. C.  Meyers and M. O’Connor. ASOR Special Volume Series No.1. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Shamir, O. 1996 Loomweights and Whorls. Pp.  135–70 in Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 directed by Yigal Shiloh, Volume IV: Various Reports, ed. D. T. Ariel and A. de Groot. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: Hebrew University. Sheffer, A. 1981 The Use of Perforated Clay Balls on the WarpWeighted Loom. Tel Aviv 8, 1981: 81–83. Waldbaum, J. 1980 The First Archaeological Appearance of Iron and the Transition to the Iron Age. Pp. 69–98 in The Coming of the Age of Iron, ed. T. A. Wertime and J. D. Muhly. New Haven: Yale University Press. Weinstein, J. M. 1974 A Statuette of the Princess Sobeknefru at Tell Gezer. BASOR 213, 49–57. Yener, K. A. 1995 Swords, Armor, and Figurines. BA 58 (2): 101–7. Yurco, F. J. 1997 Was Amenmesse the Viceroy of Kush, Messuwy? Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 34: 49–56.

Introduction W. G. Dever and Joe D. Seger

T

 he Hebrew Union College—Harvard Semitic Museum excavations at Tell Gezer were carried out mainly from 1964 through 1974, with Nelson Glueck and G. Ernest Wright as Advisors. Phase I (1964–1971) was initiated by Wright and directed thereafter by William G. Dever, with H. Darrell Lance serving as Associate Director. Phase II (1972–1974) was directed by Joe D. Seger. Smaller follow-up campaigns were directed by Dever in 1984 and 1990. New work at the site was again initiated in 2006 under the direction of Steven Ortiz and Samuel Wolff and is ongoing under the sponsorship of the Tandy Institute for Archaeology at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. In 2010, the Tel Gezer Water System Project was initiated jointly by Dan Warner, representing the Center for Archaeological Research at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary and Tsvika Tsuk of the Israel National Parks Authority. Discussions of the HUC Gezer Project’s methods and objectives are provided in the introductions to the several published excavation reports (see below) and need not be repeated here. These introductions also acknowledge the contributions of staff members and other participants and contributors. Listed here are the several volumes of preliminary and final reports that have appeared to date. These are all published as Annuals of the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion in Jerusalem (now the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem).

Gezer IV: The 1969–1971 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, W. G. Dever. Jerusalem, 1986. Gezer V: the Field I Caves, J. D. Seger. Jerusalem, 1988. Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII, J. D. Seger. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013. The present volume, Gezer VI (HUC), provides a database of the objects from Phases I and II, accompanied by plates illustrating a generous selection of those deemed worthy of publication. The presentation is complete with the following exceptions: objects previously published in Gezer I–IV (HUC) are not illustrated in the plates; objects from Cave I.3A and Tomb I.10A previously published in Gezer V (HUC) are not included in the database or in the plates. Also not included are objects from work in 1984 and 1990 or from Phase III. 1 A preliminary work-up on the objects from Phase I was done by Associate Director H. Darrell Lance in Jerusalem in 1973–74 while on a Simon B. Guggenheim Memorial Foundation grant. Since 2003, Garth Gilmour has done the principal work of authoring this volume, which included relocating the objects from within the stores of the Nelson Glueck School, the Israel Antiquities Authority archives, and elsewhere; identifying and cataloging them; compiling the locus, stratum, and other information; and arranging the objects in order for publication. As editors, Dever, Gitin, and Seger approved the final selection of materials for the volume. Gitin oversaw the final drawing and inking of the objects. Under Seger’s supervision, Dylan Karges, Technical Illustrator at the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University, assembled the plates. Dever and Seger wrote the text of these several introductory

Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964–66 Seasons, W. G. Dever, H. D. Lance, and G. E. Wright. Jerusalem, 1970. Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II, W. G. Dever et al. Jerusalem, 1974. Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer, S. Gitin. Jerusalem,1990.

1.  Some of the 1984 and 1990 objects have been published. See the preliminary reports in Dever 1985; 1986; 1993b.

1

2

Introduction

chapters. Appendixes with special studies on the beads, scarabs, flints, coins and glass, Rhodian stamp handles, plaque figurines, and amulets are the work, respectively, of Maud Spaer, Othmar Keel, Steven A. Rosen and Zohar Gotesman, Dan Barag, Donald T. Ariel, Izak Cornelius, and Christian Herr­ mann, to whom we express our appreciation. All of the collaboration on Gezer VI was made possible by a generous grant from Richard J. Scheuer, who has been a principal sponsor of the Gezer project from its inception in 1964. In particular, he underwrote more than a year’s work by

author Garth Gilmour in Oxford and Jerusalem. The official sponsor and publisher of this volume, as with previous volumes, is the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem. We are indebted to the present Director, Dr. David Ilan, as well as the now deceased former long-time Director, Dr. Avraham Biran, for facilitating our work at every turn. William G. Dever and Joe D. Seger January 2014

Chapter I

The Nature and Use of This Volume W. G. Dever, Garth Gilmour, and Joe D. Seger

T

 his volume is essentially an annotated catalog of all the object finds from the main seasons at Gezer, with plates illustrating all the significant items that have not been previously published. It is designed primarily to provide a catalog of stratified or otherwise special objects, including type identifications, brief descriptions, stratum assignments with locus information, and dates with the field readings of the associated pottery. Comparative discussion of the objects is included, and references are given to those cases for which further discussion can be found in the published report volumes 1 and elsewhere. In general, the volume represents an effort to make available a complete database of all the unpublished objects retrieved at Gezer between 1964 and 1974 to serve as a resource for further comparative study by scholars and specialists and as a display of the mounds of artifact remains from the several cultural phases of its long history. Accordingly, the brief text that follows in chapter 2 provides a summary of each of the 26 strata at Gezer to which these objects have been assigned so that the date of these phases and the historical context they represent will be easily available to the volume’s reader. Table 1, which immediately follows this chapter and shows stratigraphic correla-

tions at Gezer, is the basis for the entire discussion and will serve as a convenient “road map” to the complex overall stratigraphy of Gezer. 2 In the catalog that accompanies each section of Chapter III and the Appendixes, the objects are grouped by type and then listed serially by season and Object Number. On the plates, the objects are also grouped by type but are presented by stratigraphic provenance from top (Str. I) down to Str. XXVI. In the catalog and in descriptions for each plate, the “Object Number” is the number assigned during the excavations and now appears in the Object Registries for each field season. These are to be found in the Gezer archives at the Nelson Glueck School in Jerusalem, where most of the objects themselves are also stored. The master database also provides the official registration numbers of artifacts assigned to the custody of the Israel Antiquities Authority under the heading “DA#”. 3 The MC# (Material Culture Number) refers to a master field catalog from Phase II work that was kept for all samples and material remains (for example: bone, stone, flint, metal, seeds, soils, etc., but not pottery) collected for specialized study during those excavation seasons. The Object Registries for Phase II thus represent a sub-set of Material Culture items reserved for artifacts. Objects accordingly bear both Object and MC number references. Object Number assignments for both Phases I and II follow in

1.  Fields I, II, and VI are fully published in previous volumes. In addition, the basic stratigraphy and all the significant pottery of Field VII is published in Gezer III (HUC); the final report by J. D. Seger is planned to appear as Gezer VIII (HUC). The basic plans and sections of Field III (with a few objects and much of the relevant pottery) are published in Holladay 1990. Field V, also with few objects, is published in preliminary form in Dever 1973. The Phase II excavations in Fields II (Areas 4 and 14), IV, and VIII are published by Seger as Gezer VII (2013). All of the objects from these excavations are included in the database in this volume, and many are included in its plates.

2.  This stratigraphic chart appears substantially as it was presented in the Gezer III–V volumes under the title “Gezer Stratigraphic Correlations.” However, it now also reflects the latest changes in the local phase numbers for Phase II excavations in Fields II, IV, and VIII and accordingly supercedes the chart in those earlier volumes. 3.  The former “Israel Department of Antiquities” (DA) has now been renamed the “Israel Antiquities Authority,” (IAA).

3

4

Chapter I

a continuous sequence. Information in the “Field, Area, & basket” and “Locus” columns readily leads to the published volumes, where the stratigraphic context is discussed in the text and presented in detailed Locus Lists and where a selection of the associated pottery may be consulted. The “Local Phase” designated by Arabic numbers refers to the sequence of stratified phases in each particular

excavation field (Fields I–X). The locations of all these fields are provided on top plans in Gezer II– IV (HUC) and as a frontispiece in Gezer III, V, VII (HUC), and this volume. The objects are also keyed into the appropriate General Stratum and dated with reference to field readings of associated pottery. Brief notes regarding context are also appended, along with references to earlier publications.

The Nature and Use of This Volume

Table I.1 appears on pp. 6–7.

5

6

Chapter I Table I.1 – Field Phase and City Stratum Correlations, Tell Gezer Phase I and II Excavations

General Strata

R. A. S. Macalister (1902–1909)

Alan Rowe (1934)

(Materials are mixed and assignments approximate) – – – I II III

Field I Sounding

T. 80?, 176U, 206U, 213; Cave 170, few coins T. 8U, 18, 36, 40U, 94, 99U, 124U, 128, 134, 136, 139?, 147, 155, 156, 160, 167, 185?, 193, 194, 196, 199, 206, 208, 242? Many Herodian and later tombs; T. 8L, 10, 23, 40L, 48, 76, 99L, 117, 118, 122–25, 127, 131, 154, 158, 159, 168, 176, 189, 205, 218, 224 Roman; Boundary Inscriptions “Hellenistic”; T. 103, 168; “Maccabean Castle”

IV V VI VII

“Philistine Graves” (T. 1, 4, 5), T. 153

VIII

“Maccabean Castle”; T. 84–85M, 96, 138

“Fourth Semitic”; T. 28, 31, 84–85, 142; Cave 81

IX X XI

T. 9U, 58U, 59U

XII XIII XIV XV XVI

“Third Semitic”; “Outer Wall”; Water Tunnel? T. 1U, 7, 30, 56U, 58L, 84, 85L, 143, 252; Cave 15IVU

XVII Tower

XVIII

XIX XX XXI XXII – XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI

“Second Semitic”; “Central & Inner Wall”; Caves 15IVL. 28IIU Caves 151U?, 171?; T. 1M, 2?, 3?

“Troglodyte Caves”; 21U, 3II?, 3III, 6I?, 7I?, 7II?, 11II, 14I, 15IL, 16I?, 18I/19III, 19I, 27IL, 28IIL, 30II; T. 42L, 56L “Cream Ware” Caves 2IL 30IIa

1 2 –

1 2A–B “Sub 2”

– 1 2

– – – – – –

3A–B 4 5A–B 6A 6B 6B

– 3 4 4 5 6

– – 3

7A–B 8A–C 9

4 4

10 11A–B

5A? 5B–C 6A–B “Out- 1.10A er Wall” Upper – 1.10A Lower 7A–B Glacis 8A–B Tower

Cave 15IM; T. 1L, 30III T. 27U, few sherds “First Semitic”, “Pre-Semitic”, T. 42U?, Caves 15IM, 27IU?, 28IIM

Hebrew Union College (1964–1974) Local Stratigraphic Phases Field III Field IV Field I Field II Solomonic “South Caves Sounding Gate Gate”

Cave 1001

9A–B 10 – – 11A–B 12 13 14

12 13 14 Post-15 15A–C

1 2 Bastions sub-2

3 Ashlar Towers?

4 “Outer Wall” – 5A–C Wall & Gate Glacis 6A–C “Inner Wall” Tower (7)

I.3A 8

Note: A hyphen indicates a gap in occupation; a number in parentheses indicates a ceramic phase; a bold line indicates a particularly

7

The Nature and Use of This Volume Table I.1 – Field Phase and City Stratum Correlations, Tell Gezer Phase I and II Excavations (cont.)

Field V “High Place”

Hebrew Union College (1964–1974) Local Stratigraphic Phases (cont.) Field VII Field IX Field VI Building Field VIII Terrace Acropolis Complexes Sounding Wall

Cultural Phase Field X Sounding

– – 1 1

(1) 2A–B/C 3

– 2

4 5A–B 6A 6B 7A 7B

(3)

(1)

1 (2) (3) (4)

1 1

Gap 1?

4 4 5A–B Houses 5C Houses 6A–C Granary 7 8A–B 9A–B

8 8 9A–B

2 2 3

–

–

–

2

10A

3

2

10B

4

– 3 – 4 4 5

11A 11B 12 – 13 13 (14)

10 11 12 Sub-12

Approximate Date

Mameluke

13th–14th c. ce

Late Roman/Byzantine

4th–7th c. ce

Middle and Late Roman

late 1st c. bce–3rd c. ce

Early Roman Hellenistic

late 1st c. bce early 2nd–mid 1st c. bce

Hellenistic

late 3rd/early 2nd c. bce

Persian Iron IIC Iron IIB Iron IIB Iron IIA

late 6th–4th c. bce late 8th–early 6th c. bce mid 8th c. bce 9th c. bce late 10th c. bce

Iron IIA

mid 10th c. bce

Iron IC Iron IC

early 10th c. bce late 11th c. bce

Iron IB (Philistine)

early–mid 11th c. bce

Iron IB (Philistine)

late 12th c. bce

Iron IB (Philistine)

early–mid 12th c. bce

LB IIB/Iron IA (Pre-Philistine) 13th/12th c. bce LB IIB 13th c. bce 2

5

LBIIA

14th c. bce

LB IB

late 15th c. bce

MB IIC/LB IA

16th/early 15th c. bce

MB IIC

late 17th–early 16th c. bce

MB IIB/C MB IIB MB IIA/B (EB III–MB I) EB IIB EB IIA

mid 17th c. bce 18th–early 17th c. bce early 19th c. bce (27th–20th c. bce) 29th–28th c. bce 31st–29th c. bce

EB IB

32nd–31st c. bce

Late Chalcolithic

38th–33rd c. bce

heavy destruction. Macalister’s Tombs are designated U = upper, M = middle, L = lower.

Chapter II

A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer W. G. Dever and Joe D. Seger

I

n the following, the strata exposed at Gezer are discussed in historical sequence, beginning with the earliest occupation through the latest cultural horizons at the site.

II [HUC]: pl.  39:1–7). Additional Str. XXVI objects illustrated in this volume include a polished stone celt (pl. 33:10) and a stone mortar and pestle (pl. 33:11–12).

Str. XXVI

Str. XXV

Str. XXVI, on bedrock, belongs to the Late Chalcolithic horizon, ca. 3800­­–3200 b.c.e. These basal levels on the mound were reached only in the deep sounding in Field I (local Phase 14), in Field IV Area 3 (local Phase 8) and in Field VIII (local Phase 5). The material corresponds to that from Macalister’s Caves 2I Lower and 30IIa and especially his published “Cream Ware” pottery (cf. Gezer II [HUC]: 9–14). The remains in Fields IV and VIII consisted only of cupmarks and channels in bedrock, while those in Field I also include a few straggling domestic walls and hard-packed earthen surfaces with traces of burning. The pottery (see Gezer II [HUC]: pls. 1–3) consists of standard Late Chalcolithic domestic types, as well as a few sherds of the exceptionally fine “Cream Ware,” sometimes red-slipped around the rim. The latter vessels have been shown by Ruth Amiran (1969: 23) and others to be characteristic in the south, especially of the Late Chalcolithic sites in the Beersheba basin. The common wares, however, find parallels at Teleilat Ghassul; at coastal sites like Azor; and even at northern sites like Meşer, Asawir, Megiddo, Beth Shean, Affuleh, Tell el-Farʿah, and others. Objects previously published from Field I Str. XXVI include a bone point, Obj. 332; two motherof-pearl beads, Objs. 276, 323; a fragment of an engraved basalt bowl rim, Obj. 261; a limestone mace-head, Obj. 242; a bone “earring,” Obj. 278; and a limestone spindle whorl, Obj. 346 (Gezer

Str. XXV belongs to the Early Bronze IB horizon, ca. 3200–3000 b.c.e. These levels were reached in Fields I (local Phase 13 and Cave I.3A), Field V (local Phase 5), and Field VI (local Phase 14) (see Gezer III [HUC]: 14–19; Gezer IV [HUC]: 11; Gezer V [HUC]: 11–44). In addition, one may add Macalister’s so-called “Troglodyte Caves”; the upper levels of Caves 21 Upper, 3II?, 3III, 6I?, 7I– II?, 11II, 14I, 15I Lower, 16I?, 18I/19III, 19I, 27I Lower, 28II Lower, 30II; Tombs 42 Lower and 56 Lower; and some similar materials appear mixed in with later deposits in Macalister’s “Pre-Semitic” and “First Semitic” phases. Str. XXV follows closely the Late Chalcolithic occupation on bedrock, apparently without significant interruption. In Field I, this level was encountered only in Areas 1–4, the four northern areas of the long sounding. It consisted of several well-built stone walls, both terrace and domestic, with poor earthen surfaces. Below Area 3, Cave I.3A in the bedrock produced a relatively large assemblage of EB I pottery and objects. The cave, slightly altered, had been used for domestic and storage purposes, then destroyed by a fire, and subsequently abandoned. The Field V EB I material was scant and consisted only of disturbed domestic debris deep below the “High Place” just above bedrock. In Field VI, on the highest part of the mound, local Phase 14 designates only the mixed debris found above the bedrock, while Phase 13 above it represents Str. XXIV, the earliest architectural horizon reached, which 8

A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer dates from the EB II. Str. XXV is best understood as a brief period of occupation late in EB I, during the transition from village to urban life, while the bedrock was either sparsely covered with shallow Late Chalcolithic remains or was still exposed and utilized. Clearly, Gezer has no city walls this early, although we now know that several other sites do have them. A C14 date from charred grain in Cave I.3A yields a date of 3045BC +/– 180 years, which seems rather low but which suggests placing Gezer Str. XXV relatively late in the EB I sequence (that is, EB  IB–C, Kenyon’s late “Proto-Urban”). The end of this stratum is apparently followed by a brief gap in occupation and some erosion. Only the Str. XXV objects from Cave I.3A have been published thus far (Gezer V [HUC]: 34–36; pls. 5:8–11; 6:1–19). These represent a good assemblage of domestic implements, including a bone awl along with flint blades, stone choppers, pounders, and small mortars. Of special note are three larger well-shaped basalt grinding bowls (Gezer V [HUC]: pl. 5:9–11). No other objects from Str. XXV are illustrated in this volume.

Str. XXIV–XXIII Str. XXIV–XXIII represent the first major period of settlement on the mound in EB IIA–B, ca. 3000–2700 b.c.e. The relevant materials come from Field I (local Phases 12 and 11A–B), Field V (local Phase 4), and Field VI (local Phase 13) (see Gezer II [HUC]: 19–28; Gezer IV [HUC]: 11). These levels correspond roughly to some of Macalister’s “Pre-” and “First Semitic” materials, as well as Caves 15I Middle, 27I Upper?, 28II Middle, and Tomb 42 Upper?; and in addition, the latest materials in Rowe’s 1934 Cave 1001. Gezer at this time is still no more than a small unwalled village, in contrast to many other sites that have become highly urbanized and can boast massive fortifications. Only the stratified levels in Field I have significance, the remaining deposits being mixed debris and fills. In Field I, there were two or three fairly substantial phases of house walls with earthen and plaster floors, as well as terrace walls. The pottery is typically EB  II, although the poorly stratified contexts do not allow the clear separation between phases A and B that are possible at some other sites.

9

Objects published previously from Str. XXIV– XXIII include a limestone mace-head, Obj. 200; a putative stone “weight,” Obj. 202; and four limestone or basalt rings (“net sinkers” or “dibblestick weights”), Objs. 201, 203, 210, 232 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 39:8–13). Additional Str. XXIV–XXIII objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 4:17; 8:13–14; 33:5–9; 43:18; and 52:23.

Str. XXII Str. XXII is dated late in the first phase of the Middle Bronze Age (Albright’s “MB  IIA”), ca. 2000–1800 b.c.e. This follows a long gap in occupation throughout the EB III and MB I (the latter, Dever’s EB  IV). These levels are missing in the deep Field I sounding but are represented in some debris in Field V, the “High Place” (local Phase 3), and particularly in Field VI (local Phase 12) (see Gezer IV [HUC]: 11–20). To this horizon also belong some mixed materials from Macalister’s otherwise earlier “First Semitic” phase, along with his Cave 15I Middle and Tombs 1 Lower and 30III. There were fragmentary Str. XXII remains in several squares of Field VI, including two infant jar burials. The principal architecture, however, was represented by Granary 24220, which was exceptionally well preserved. The pottery is classic MB  I, closely paralleled at many other sites, both north and south. Even though the settlement was apparently modest, and the site was unfortified at the time, Str. XXII represents the revival of urban life at Gezer late in the MB I period, after a long gap in occupation. Objects published previously from Str. XXII include a basalt ring (perhaps a “dibble-stick weight”), Obj. 1384; a bronze toggle pin, Obj. 1393; a chalk tuyère, Obj. 1394; a zoomorphic vessel fragment, Obj. 1383; a wire fragment, Obj. 1397; two silver earrings, Obj. 1381; a kernos head, Obj. 1339; and the hub of a ceramic chariot wheel, Obj. 1392 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 49:1–8). No other Str. XXII objects are illustrated in this volume.

Str. XXI Str. XXI belongs to the MB  II (Albright’s “MB IIB”), ca. 1800–1650 b.c.e. The principal remains were found in Fields I (local Phase 10) and

10

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VI (local Phase 11B) (see Gezer II [HUC]: 28–30; Gezer IV [HUC]: 20–26). To this horizon we may also date some of Macalister’s “Second Semitic,” that is, Caves 15I Upper and 17I?, and Tombs 1 Middle, 2?, and 3?. Str. XXI was poorly represented in Field I by only a few domestic walls and surfaces, and wellstratified pottery was scant. The stratigraphic situation was made difficult by the unbroken sequence from MB Str. XXII into Str. XIX, with no discernible breaks. The objects published so far from Str. XXI (local Phase 11B) in Field VI, cannot be securely distinguished from those of local Phase 11A, so they are presented below. However, two ceramic stoppers, Objs. 1082A–B, are attributed to Phase 12/11 and may therefore belong here with Str. XXI (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 49:14–15). Additional Str. XXI objects illustrated in this volume include a bone point, Obj. 220 (pl. 8:12), a sandstone loom weight, Obj. 224 (pl. 35:12), an incised sherd, Obj. 234 (pl. 49:17), and a whorl fragment, Obj. 222 (pl. 52:22).

Str. XX Str. XX belongs to the later MB  II (Albright’s late “MB IIB”), ca. 1700–1650 b.c.e., witnessed in Field I (local Phase 9), Field IV (local Phase 7), and Field VI (local Phase 11A) (see Gezer II [HUC]: 30–32; Gezer IV [HUC]: 20–26). To this period also belong some of the materials in Macalister’s Caves 15I Upper and 17I; in Tombs 1 Middle, 2, and 3; and mixed materials here and there in his “Second Semitic.” Although they exhibited two phases (local Phases 9B–A), the remains of Str. XX in Field I were ephemeral and difficult to separate out because of the continuous, and presumably peaceful, Middle Bronze Age occupation. In Field I, there were in fact but a few architectural remains, with only poorly preserved earthen and plaster surfaces. The evidence in Field IV was even more ephemeral: the massive construction trenches for the new fortifications of Str. XIX largely obliterated all earlier occupation traces there. In Field VI, there were better-preserved remains, giving some evidence of “town planning,” with terrace walls; a street of sorts; and several fragmentary house walls and courtyards with asso-

ciated ovens, fire-pits, and jar-stands. The pottery was scant but is typical of late MB II. The general picture is one of continuous occupational buildup above Str. XXI and before the more dramatic urban developments of Str. XIX. Published objects from Str. XX include a ceramic gaming piece, Obj. 268, from Field I (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 40:1); and from Field VI a small stone weight, Obj. 1379; a bone bead, Obj. 1347; a broken bronze bar, Obj. 1314; a limestone vessel rim, Obj. 1373; and a green stone amulet or celt, Obj. 1357 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 49:9–13). Additional Str. XX objects illustrated in this volume include a cornelian bead, Obj. 187 (pl. 4:16), and two incised sherds, Objs. 235 and 236 (pl. 49:15–16).

Str. XIX–XVIII Str. XIX–XVIII, taken together, belong to the fully developed Middle Bronze phase (Albright’s “MB  IIC”; the general Israeli “MB  II”; Dever’s “MB III”), ca. 1650–1550/1500 b.c.e. This horizon is widely represented by remains in Field I (local Phases 8B–A and 7B–A), Field II (local Phases 15C–A), Field IV (local Phases 6C–A and 5C–A), Field V (local Phase 2), Field VI (local Phases 10B– A), and Field VIII (local Phases 4–3) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 41–43, 45–50; Gezer II [HUC]: 33–36; Gezer IV [HUC]: 26–30; stratigraphic detail for Fields II, IV, and VIII are presented in Gezer VII [HUC]). To these remains must be added elements of Macalister’s “Second Semitic”; his “Central” and “Inner Wall” (including the “Southern Gate”); and Caves 15IV Lower and 28II Upper. The most impressive remains for these strata were found along the southwestern flank of the tell in Fields I and IV, that is, at the site of Macalister’s “Southern Gate.” The soundings in Field I during Phase I excavations exposed the massive stone foundations of Wall Tower 5017, along with its deep Foundation Trench 4168 and outlying Glacis 8012. During Phase II work in Field IV, the entire eastern end of Tower 5017 was cleared; the “Southern Gate” itself was again exposed, and the sequence of fortification walls connecting the Tower and Gate were investigated. Within the line of the connecting walls, a well-stratified sequence of domestic archi-

A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer tecture was excavated. In addition, the continuation of Glacis 8012 was cleared all across the front of these structures. These features were all part of Macalister’s “Inner Wall” system, incompletely investigated and poorly understood by him. They constitute the city’s first fortifications and are among the most massive of any Middle Bronze Age Canaanite citystate anywhere in ancient Palestine. Although two major phases of construction are clearly observable (local Phases 8B–A and 7B–A in Field I, and Phases 6 C–A and 5C–A in Field IV), they belong to a long, uninterrupted historical-cultural phase of urban buildup. While the date of these fortifications was uncertain when the excavations began, the abundant MB IIC pottery from Foundation Trench 4168 and from related Phase 6C foundation cuts in Field IV; from the sub-structure of Glacis 8012; and from the rich occupation deposits of its closing Phase 5A sealed by the destruction of the Str. XVIII connecting wall in Field IV all conclusively establish its MB IIC chronology. In Field I, domestic levels related to the use of Tower 5017 were found in Areas 1–5. Walls of house structures were preserved several courses high with accompanying plaster floors and installations such as ovens, stone work-platforms, and storage pits. Below one of these surfaces was an infant jar burial. Here, as well as in adjacent Field IV, there were two clear occupation phases (Phases 8 and 7) related to the sequence of construction phases for the city defenses. The uppermost, Phase 7, levels in Field I ended in a violent conflagration, similar to that of Phase 5A in Field IV (see below). This destruction is clearly attributable to the advances of early Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptians against remnants of the Hyksos Empire in southern Palestine and can be ascribed either to campaigns by Amenophis I at the very end of the 16th century or to those of Thutmosis III on his first Asiatic campaign in 1468 b.c.e. Previously published Str. XIX–XVIII objects from Field I include a bronze needle, Obj. 80; a carved ivory inlay, Obj. 134; and a steatite model table, Obj. 120 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl. 36:16–18); two clay loom weights, Objs. 194, 198; and a bone awl, Obj. 190 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 40:2–4). In Field IV, excavations during the last seasons revealed much new detail concerning the devel-

11

opment of the fortifications and related domestic buildup during the MB IIC period. Between Tower 5017 and the Southern Gate, a series of connecting wall structures was exposed (Walls 3097—Str. XIX, local Phase 6 and Wall 13004—Str. XVIII, local Phase 5). Probes were cut through the outlying Glacis 8012, reaching the founding levels of the connecting walls and of the West Gate Tower at several points. These demonstrated conclusively that along with the upper connecting wall, Wall 13004, both the glacis and the preserved gate tower were part of the Str. XVIII construction. Against the connecting walls inside the city, a detailed sequence of domestic occupation levels was found, representing six stratagraphic sub-phases (local Phases 6C–A and 5C–A). Materials from these occupation phases complement and add nuance to the Phase 8 and 7 stratigraphy in Field I. Especially notable is the architectural and other material remnants from the final, Phase 5A occupation of the Middle Bronze city. A large assemblage of pottery and artifacts from this phase was preserved beneath the massive cover of burnt mud brick from the superstructure of Wall 13004, which collapsed in the wake of the dramatic destruction that ended the Str. XVIII city. Important groups of objects from these deposits, including a hoard of gold and silver jewelry and a set of storage jars bearing ProtoCanaanite letters on their shoulders, have already been published. 1 In addition, a generous sample of the objects from this phase and from earlier levels in Field IV is illustrated in this volume (see plate listing below). The fuller corpus appears in Gezer VII (HUC). Other Str. XIX–XVIII domestic levels were found in Field VI on the “acropolis” (local Phases 10B–A). These remains testify to the basic continuity of occupation during MB IIC and included a complex of well-planned and constructed houses, courtyards, covered drains and cisterns, and streets. A massive stone citadel abutting a well-cobbled street was also partially cleared. There was not much direct evidence of destruction at the end of Phase 10A, although Citadel 35087/35088 and Cobble Street 35093 were covered by a thick layer of ashy mud brick debris. Previously published 1.  See Seger 1976a; 1983.

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Str. XIX–XVIII objects from Field VI include a clay loom weight, Obj. 1312; a kernos fragment, Obj. 1385; a piece of worked stone, Obj. 1375B; a bronze spatula, Obj. 1299; a piece of lead foil, Obj. 1326; and a bronze needle, Obj. 900 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 50:1–6). Related MB  IIC remains were also found elsewhere on the tell. In the lower part of Field II (Areas 4 and 14), three Str. XVIII sub-phases were identified (local Phases 15C–A). These were related to another glacis segment and, in particular, to features of a parapet structure built on its summit. The few objects that were recovered from these levels are referenced in the database in this volume, but none warranted inclusion in the plates. Local Phase 2 in Field V consists of the famous Gezer “High Place.” This local phase brackets Str. XIX–XVIII. This complex is now securely dated to the MB IIC phase on the basis of excavations along its foundations. However, since Macalister had otherwise thoroughly cleared the “High Place” structures and their surroundings, the finds, apart from some diagnostic sherds, were scant. Thus far, the Field V materials are published only in preliminary reports. Included and illustrated in this volume is a fragment of a basalt vessel, Obj. 265 (pl. 33:1). In Field VIII Area 1, north of the “High Place,” MB IIC Str. XIX and XVIII were identified as local Phases 4 and 3. Phase 4 represents the period of construction and initial use of Wall Tower 1007, another segment of the Inner Wall system. Phase 3 involves the subsequent addition of Glacis 1017 and related structures down the northern slope. Only three objects were recovered from these levels: from Phase 4, a stamped jar handle, Obj. 2255, and a serrated flint blade, Obj. 2277; from Phase 3, a flint blade, Obj. 2053. Only Obj. 2255 (pl. 49:14) is illustrated in this volume. Additional Str. XIX–XVIII objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 4:7–15; 8:1–11; 11:1–10; 12:11–12; 31:7–15; 32:1–19; 33:1–4; 35:4–11; 43:1–17; 49:12–14; 50:1, 11–17; 52:19–21.

Str. XVII Str. XVII is represented mainly by the early phase burials of the Late Bronze IB period in Cave I.l0A, and its final report is published in full in Gezer V

(HUC). An ephemeral “Post-15” phase in Field II may also represent the period.” Elsewhere, following the devastating destruction at the end of Str. XIX–XVIII, there seems to be an almost complete gap in occupation on the mound in Late Bronze IB. This situation is similar to that at many other sites in ancient Palestine, before the full-fledged Late Bronze II period begins ca. 1400 b.c.e. However, the presence of the LB IB burials in Cave I.10A suggests that Gezer was not completely abandoned and that occupation did begin to recover at least somewhat during the late 15th century. Object 1388, a bone pin fragment found in a post-XVIII context in field VI is included as a Str. XVII item (pl. 7:11) but could be of later date.

Str. XVI Str. XVI belongs to the LB IIA horizon, ca. 1400– 1300 b.c.e. It is represented in Field I (local Phases 6B–A, including “Outer Wall” 9011 and the upper level burials in Cave I.10A), Field II (local Phase 14), Field IV (local Phase 4), Field V (local Phase 1?), Field VI (local Phases 9B–A), and Field VIII (local Phase 2) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 20–22, 43–44; Gezer II [HUC]: 35–39, 47–48; Gezer IV [HUC]: 36–46; Gezer V [HUC]: 48–54). To these materials one must add elements of Macalister’s “Third Semitic”; his “Outer Wall”; Cave 15IV Upper; and Tombs 1 Upper, 7, 30, 56 Upper, 58 Lower, 84, 85 Lower, 143, and 252. Str. XVI represents the recovery of the site and a period of renewed urban development after the MB  IIC/LB  I Egyptian destruction and a hiatus throughout much of the LB I. The “Inner Wall” and Southern Gate were by then out of use. By the excavators’ reckoning, these were replaced by Macalister’s “Outer Wall” and by an associated gate that probably lies below the Iron Age city gate in Field III. Segments of the “Outer Wall” were exposed and reinvestigated in Field I Area 9, Field II Areas 4 and 14, Field IV Areas 15 and 16, and in Field VIII Area 1. In each instance, the wall’s stone foundations had been cut into and battered against the talus of the Str. XVIII glacis. In addition, Str. XVI domestic levels are preserved in Fields I, II, and VI in an impressive way, akin to those of the earlier Middle Bronze Age city-

A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer

13

state. This is true even though Canaan at the time was generally economically depressed under Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian domination. In Field VI, “Palace 14120,” although badly ruined and robbed out, gave evidence of considerable wealth and sophistication, complete with luxury imports. It may well have been the palace of the local governor under Egyptian administration; we actually know the names of three from the “Amarna Letters” found in Egypt. Macalister’s “Canaanite Castle,” in Dever’s Field XIV excavations in 1993, may also have been an Egyptian-style “residency.” 2 The upper burials in Cave I.10A also belong to this horizon. The repertory of its grave goods also provides indication of contacts with Egypt, as well as other centers of international trade. These give further evidence of the increasing population and renewed prosperity of the mature Late Bronze Age settlement at the site. In addition to the complete assemblage of objects from Cave I.10A provided in Gezer V (HUC), previously published objects from Str. XVI include a faience bead, Obj. 44 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl.  36:13); a stamped ceramic impression, Obj. 1230; a bronze projectile point, Obj. 1260; a steatite tuyère, Obj. 1257; glass beads, Objs. 1263, 1268, and 1348; frit beads, Objs. 1182, 1220, and 1259; a ceramic crucible, Obj. 1371; a bronze uraeus serpent, Obj. 1229; two faience bowl rims, Objs. 1217 and 1254; three bone inlay strips, Objs. 1190, 1218, and 1226; a zoomorphic figurine fragment, Obj. 1211; a silver ring, Obj. 1308; a frit gaming piece, Obj. 1320; and a limestone dagger pommel, Obj. 1228 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pls. 50:7–9, 11–16; 51:1–13). Additional Str. XVI objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 4:5–6; 7:10; 10:11–13; 31:5–6; 42:21; 49:11; 52:17–18.

distributed precisely between Str. XVI and XV. The date is Late Bronze IIB, ca. 13th century b.c.e. Str. XV exhibits strong continuity with Str. XVI and belongs to the same historical-cultural horizon, although then in decline. In Field I, there were substantial house walls and surfaces, sometimes with the distinctive “lamp-and-bowl” deposits that characterize southern sites in the 13th–12th centuries b.c.e. In Field II, there are similar structures, however, there destroyed by a violent fire. In Field VI, the relevant levels were badly destroyed by extensive, deep post-XV trenching operations, with only a few courtyard and house surfaces surviving. The trenching may mark the beginning of a period of disturbance and partial abandonment in the late 13th century b.c.e. This is possibly connected with the incursions of Merneptah, who claims in the famous “Israel Stele” to have destroyed Gezer. If the “Outer Wall” was indeed reused at this time, it then was abandoned until its repair in the early Iron  II period (see below). Str. XV objects previously published include two pendants, Objs. 15 and 24 (one faience, one frit), and three beads—one glass (Obj. 63) and two faience (Objs. 60 and 65) (Gezer I [HUC]: pl. 36:6, 9–12); a black scaraboid, Obj. 438; a faience cylinder seal, Obj. 436; four beads, Objs. 465A and 448A–C (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 40:5–10); a ceramic stopper, Obj. 1216; a steatite scaraboid, Obj. 1099; a chalk cylinder, Obj. 995; several bronze pin or pike fragments, Objs. 1088, 1142, 1276; a bronze chisel, Obj. 1123; a bronze arrowhead, Obj. 1102; a ceramic bead, Obj. 1164; and a miniature ceramic vessel, Obj. 1361 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl.  52:1–10). Additional Str. XXV objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 4:1–4; 10:9–10; 42:20; 52:16.

Str. XV

Str. XIV

Str. XV is represented in Field I (local Phases 5B–C), Field II (local Phase 13), and Field VI (local Phases 8B–A) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 22–24; Gezer II [HUC]: 48–50; Gezer IV [HUC]: 46–51). To these materials must be added ephemeral materials from phase sub-12 in Field VII and some of Macalister’s materials listed above for Str. XVI, which cannot be 2.  Dever 1993a.

Str. XIV represents the transitional Late Bronze II/early Iron I horizon, a period marked by the extensive trenching operations described above. It marks the end of the long Canaanite city-state culture but precedes the first appearance of Philistine Bichrome pottery. It is represented in Field I (local Phase 5A?), Field II (local Phase 12), and Field VI (local Phase 7 and the “post-pitting” horizon) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 23–24; Gezer II [HUC]: 50–53;

14

Chapter II

Gezer IV [HUC]: 50–60). In addition, materials from Phase 12 in Field VII, some of Macalister’s “Third Semitic” materials, and some of his cave and tomb deposits (see above) belong here. Assignment of Macalister’s “Water Tunnel” to this stratum is possible but still uncertain. In Field I, the scant architecture that survives shows continuity with Str. XV. In Fields II and VI, however, substantial new house walls and associated features are extant. This stratum ends with no apparent destruction, but the following Str. XIII shows some major changes. Str. XIV objects previously published include too many to be listed individually, and since in Field VI the deep Phase 7 trenches churned up and redistributed earlier debris, some of these objects may be earlier in date (see Gezer I [HUC]: pl.  36:6, 9; Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 40:11–14, Gezer IV [HUC]: pls. 52:13–19; 53:1–20; 54:1, 3–9). Additional Str. XIV objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 3:16– 23; 7:9; 10:6–8; 18:10–11; 30:12; 31:1–4; 42:12– 19; 49:10; 52:13–15.

Str. XIII Str. XIII represents the first phase of the Iron  I period in the early 12th century b.c.e. It is marked by a new culture that would persist for several centuries. Philistine Bichrome wares appeared for the first time, although initially Gezer remained more of a “Canaanite” than a “Philistine” site. The pertinent levels are in Field I (local Phase 4), Field II (local Phases 11B–A), and Field VI (local Phases 6C–A) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 25–26; Gezer II [HUC]: 53–55; Gezer IV [HUC]: 60–87). To these must be added evidence from local phase 11 in Field VII; some of the later materials in Macalister’s “Third Semitic;” and deposits in Tombs 9 Upper, 58 Upper, and 59 Upper. In Field I, there were substantial house walls and cobbled floors, as well as a large well-preserved wine vat. In Field II, there are two clear phases of domestic architecture. In Field VI, the principal structure is the local Phase 6 Granary 24000, a large, multi-roomed complex extending over several squares, accompanied by an extensive buildup of regularly burned-off threshing floors. Here three phases are in evidence (Phases 6C–A), with a heavy

destruction separating the latter two. It is clear that the characteristic Philistine Bichrome ware begins only in Phase 6B, continuing then into Phase 6A. Only two Str. XIII objects are previously published from Field I, a zoomorphic figurine head, Obj. 57, and a pumice stone, Obj. 41 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl. 36:4–5). None have been published from Field II. However, those from local Str. 6C–A in Field VI are numerous (see Gezer IV [HUC]: 247–57; pls. 55:1–16; 56:1–18; 57:1–21; 58:1–16; 59:1–6). These more notably include several ceramic figurine plaque fragments, Objs. 1359 and 907 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pls. 55:4; 58:8); a cylinder seal, Obj. 925 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 59:3); and a scarab, Obj. 936 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl.  56:6). We should in all probability also add the numerous objects from loci that belong to local Phase 7/6C in Field VI, for which the 6C horizon would provide a terminus ante quem. Although many of these objects— mostly from mixed backfill in the extensive trenching across Field VI (above)—may be earlier than Str. XIII, some may be contemporary. Additional Str. XIII objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 3:7–15; 7:6–8; 12:10; 18:9; 19:6–7; 29:6–11; 30:1–11; 35:3; 42:3–11; 52:6–12.

Str. XII–XI Str. XII–XI, taken together, represent the second occupational phase of the “Philistine” horizon, dating mainly to the late 12th–mid 11th century b.c.e. These strata are found in Field I (local Phases late4–3), Field II (local Phases 10–9), Field VI (local Phases 5C–A), Field VII (local Phases 10 and 9B– A), and Field X (local Phase 3) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 25–26; Gezer II [HUC]: 55–58; Gezer IV [HUC]: 87–117). 3 To these materials we must add late elements of Macalister’s “Third Semitic,” plus Tombs 9 Upper, 58 Upper, and 59 Upper. Str. XII–XI is rather poorly represented in Fields I and II, and only in limited probe areas at the east end of Field VII. In Field X, local Phase 3 remains included only a wine-vat installation. But in Field VI there were two large, impressive, and well-preserved houses, both with substantial quantities of restorable pottery (including Philistine Bi3.  For notes on the lower phase stratigraphy in Fields VII and X, see Seger 1973.

A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer chrome ware) and many objects. A C14 date of 980 BC +/– 110 years, from a charred beam, provides a MASCA-corrected date of ca. 1100 b.c.e., more in keeping with our date, if the timber is older than the building, as seems likely. Only two Str. XII–XI objects from Field I and II were previously published: a fragment of a ceramic “Ashdoda-like” chair figurine, Obj. 10 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl.  36:3), and a ceramic plaque figurine, Obj. 341 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl.  40:15). Also published is a faience pendant fragment, Obj. 16 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl. 36:7) from Str. XV–XII deposits. However, there are numerous published objects from the Field VI houses and associated deposits (Gezer IV [HUC]: pls. 60:1–13; 61:1–16; 62:1–8). Additional Str. XII–XI objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 2:25–27; 3:1–6; 10:4–5; 12:5–7; 18:4–8; 19:5; 28:1–9; 29:1–5; 42:1–2; 49:9; 52:1–5.

Str. X–IX Str. X–IX is a “post-Philistine/pre-Israelite” horizon of the late 11th–early 10th century b.c.e. The relevant materials come from Field II (local Phases 8C–A and 7B–A), Field VI (local Phase 4), Field VII (local Phase 8), and Field X (local Phase 2) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 58–61; Gezer IV [HUC]: 117– 24). 4 There were no Str. X–IX remains preserved in Field I or Field IV, and comparable levels were not reached in other fields. A few materials from Macalister’s “Third Semitic” may also belong here. The remains in Fields VII and X were limited, and the domestic installations in Fields II and VI were quite ordinary. Furthermore, in Field II, they were especially disturbed by the destruction that ended Phase 7A. This destruction can probably be attributed to the Egyptian Pharaoh Siamun, whose raid may be hinted at in 1 Kgs 9:15–17 (see further below on Str. VIII). Previously published Str. X–IX objects are scant (see Gezer IV [HUC]: pls. 61:12, 15; 62:1–9). Only Obj. 440, a faience amulet of an Isis figure, is exceptional (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl.  62:2). Additional Str. X–IX objects illustrated in this volume include pls.  2:22–24; 7:5; 10:1–3; 27:6–12; 49:7–8; 51:18–20. 4. Ibid.

15

Str. VIII Str. VIII represents the first recognizably “Israelite” occupation, dating to the mid-to-late 10th century b.c.e. It includes remains from Field II (local Phase 6B), Field III (local Phases 6–5), Field IV (putative Phase 3), Field VI (local Phase 3), Field VII (local Phases 7B–A), and Field X (local Phase 1) (see Gezer II [HUC]: 59–63; Gezer III [HUC]: 13; Gezer IV [HUC]: 124–26). Macalister’s “Maccabean Castle” also belongs here, together with some mixed materials in his otherwise earlier “Third” and later “Fourth Semitic” periods and materials from Tombs 84–85 Middle, 96, and 138. In Fields VI, VII, and elsewhere, there are only domestic remains, none very impressive. In Field III, however, the monumental four-entryway city gate and casemate wall (Macalister’s “Maccabean Castle”) belong to this horizon. It is founded above a destruction layer and within deep fills. We attribute its construction to Solomon’s building activities (see 1 Kgs 9:15–17). The casemate wall associated with the Field III gate was also brought to light in Field II, where a pre-construction destruction level is similarly attested (see above, on Str. X–IX). The gate itself is a monumental structure, very similar in plan and construction to those of Hazor X and Megiddo VA/IVB. The lower city wall is probably a rebuild of Macalister’s “Outer Wall,” with the addition of numerous ashlar towers as well as a lower gatehouse. 5 Previously published Str. VIII objects include only a few items, a zoomorphic figurine head, Obj. 504, and an ivory bead or gaming piece, Obj. 456 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 62:11–12). Additional objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 2:13–21; 7:4; 9:10; 12:8–9; 18:1–3; 27:2–5; 35:1–2; 41:5–19; 49:2–6; 50:10; 51:14–17.

Str. VII Str. VII represents the continuation of the Israelite settlement into the 9th century b.c.e., with the reuse of the city gate, walls, and domestic installations. It includes remains in Field II (local Phase 5.  For the most recent defense of our date and understanding of Str. VIII, with references to alternate views, see Dever 2004.

16

Chapter II

6A), Field III (local Phase 4), Field IV (the continuation of local Phase 3 occupation), and Field VII (local Phase 6B) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 1, 32, 61–63; Gezer IV [HUC]: 126–28; Gezer III [HUC]: 13–15). 6 Also included are some elements of Macalister’s “Fourth Semitic”; Cave 81; and Tombs 21, 31, 84–85, and 142. Most of the Str. VII remains are of a domestic character, except of course the city defenses in Field III. In Field VII, Phase 6B marks the initial use of a large, well-constructed building complex that included parts of at least six house structures. On the whole, however, Gezer appears to have been somewhat in decline after the impressive building activities of Str. VIII in the 10th century b.c.e. Previously published objects include only a putative stone weight, Obj. 963B (Gezer II [HUC]: pl.  41:3). Additional Str. VII objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 2:10–12; 7:2–3; 27:1; 41:1–4; 49:1.

Str. VI Str. VI is represented in Field II (local Phases 5B– A), Field III (local Phase 4-late), Field VI (materials in the earliest part of local Phase 2), and Field VII (local Phase 6A) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 32–33, 63, 69; Gezer II [HUC]: 69–73; Gezer III [HUC]: 13–15; Gezer IV [HUC]: 126–27). Some of the same elements of Macalister’s materials cited above for Str. VII may belong here. Str. VI marks a continuation of the Iron II occupation of Str. VII into the 8th century b.c.e. This includes continued use of the Field III city gate, now reduced to a three-entryway structure. The end of Str. VI is marked everywhere by a major destruction, probably due to the invasions of the Assyrians under Tiglath-pileser III in 734/3 b.c.e. (Gezer III [HUC]: 17). Previously published objects from Str. VI may include some cited above for Str. VII since Str. VII– VI really constitutes a single, long occupational horizon. Additional Str. VI objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 2:2–9; 6:7–11; 7:1; 9:8–9; 12:3; 17:3–6; 19:9–10; 25:9–11; 26:1–9; 34:12–15; 40:4–18; 48:9–15; 50:9; 51:10–13. 6.  Seger 1973.

Str. V Str. V represents the post-Assyrian destruction horizon in the late 8th–early 6th century b.c.e., up to the period of the Babylonian destruction. It includes remains in Field II (local Phase 4), Field III (local Phase 3), Field VI (local Phase 2), and Field VII (local Phase 5B–A) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 33–34, 63–64; Gezer III [HUC]: 15–18; Gezer IV [HUC]: 126–27). To this horizon we should also assign materials from ceramic Phase (4) in Field IX, elements of Macalister’s “Fourth Semitic,” and possibly some of the material from the caves and tombs cited above for Str. VI. In Field III, the city gate and wall (local Phase 3) were probably in minimal use. In Field VII, local Phase 5 is marked in Areas 33 and 34 by the development of a new architectural plan, while all areas to the south and southeast were mostly abandoned. Elsewhere, Str. V architecture exhibits continuity with the earlier Iron Age strata, but was in marked decline. The end was undoubtedly brought about by the Babylonian destructions in 586 b.c.e. Previously published Str. V objects include a bone gaming piece, Obj. 573; a basalt hammer, Obj. 626I; and a bronze fibula, Obj. 489 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 41:4–6). Additional Str. V objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 2:1; 12:4; 17:1–2; 25:6–8; 40:3; 48:8; 50:8.

Str. IV Str. IV is represented in Field II (local Phase 3B–A) and in Field VII (local Phase 4), as well as by Macalister’s “Philistine Graves,” Tomb 153, and a few other mixed materials (see Gezer I [HUC]: 64–65; Gezer II [HUC]: 83–85; Gezer III [HUC]: 18). It dates broadly to the Persian period in the late 6th–4th century b.c.e., but it is represented only by ephemeral remains. Only two objects were previously published: an agate bead, Obj. 137 (pl. 1:23) (Gezer I [HUC]: pl.  37:5), and a fragmentary ostracon, Obj. 770 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 62:13). Additional Str. IV objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 1:23–25; 6:6; 16:4–5; 25:1–5; 34:11; 40:1–2; 48:3–7.

A Brief Summary of the Stratigraphy and Cultural History of Gezer

Str. III Str. III is represented in Field II (local Phase “Sub-2”), Field III (local Phase 2), Field IV (local Phase “sub-2”), Field VI (local Phase 1), and Field VII (local Phase 3) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 34–35; Gezer II [HUC]: 85; Gezer III [HUC]: 19; Gezer IV [HUC]: 128). Str. III is the first of two Hellenistic strata, dating to the 3rd–early 2nd century b.c.e. No Str. III objects have previously been published. Str. III objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 1:22; 6:5; 9:7; 16:1–3; 19:8; 24:1–9; 34:6–10; 39:6–13; 47:8–11; 48:1–2.

Str. II Str. II is represented in Field I (local Phase 2), Field II (local Phases 2B–A), Field III (local Phase 1), Field IV (local Phase 2), Field VI (local Phase 1), Field VII (local Phases 2C–A), Field VIII (local Phase 1), and Field IX (local Phase 1) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 28–29, 34, 65–67; Gezer II [HUC]: 41– 43, 86; Gezer III [HUC]: 19–23; Gezer IV [HUC]: 128). 7 It dates to the early 2nd–mid 1st century b.c.e. and constitutes the final phase of the Hellenistic occupation. To this Str. III–II era we must also date the last phase of Macalister’s “Maccabean Castle” and much of his “Hellenistic” materials, as well as Tombs 103, 168. Domestic architecture is poor in Fields I, II, and VI. But a very substantial Hellenistic courtyard complex, with several architectural phases, is well preserved in Field VII. Its occupation is dated by coin evidence to the 2nd century b.c.e. In Field III, the city gate (Macalister’s “Maccabean Castle”) is rebuilt for a final time, and inside of it upslope are several Hellenistic domestic installations brought to light by Macalister. Evidence from Fields IV and II confirm that Macalister’s “Outer Wall” is reused now for a final time, with the addition of several sloping, semi-circular stone bastions around the outer face of its towers (see Gezer VII [HUC]: 102, 113–18). Previously published Str. II objects include a stamped jar handle, Obj. 129; and a ceramic loom 7.  For notes on Field IX, see Seger 1973: 248.

17

weight, Obj. 49 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl.  37:3–4). Additional Str. II objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 1:12–21; 6:1–4; 9:4–6; 12:1–2; 14:5–6; 15:1–8; 19:2–4; 21:11–12; 22:1–11; 23:1–10; 34:2–5; 37:3–15; 38:1–14; 39:1–5; 44:7; 45:7, 9–10; 46:1–11; 47:1–7; 50:6–7; 51:4–9.

Str. I Str. I is represented principally in Fields I, II, IV, and VII (all as local Phases 1) (see Gezer I [HUC]: 29–30, 34–35, 67–68; Gezer II [HUC]: 86–87; Gezer IV [HUC]: 128). To these levels we must add surface traces elsewhere across the tell, many of Macalister’s tombs, and both his and the more recently discovered “Boundary Inscriptions.” 8 This material is all roughly Herodian, ca. late 1st century b.c.e.–early 1st century c.e. Only a single object from Str. I has been previously published, although it is almost certainly from an earlier stratum. This is a kohl tube with a partial Egyptian cartouche, Obj. 288 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl.  41:12). Additional Str. I objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 1:10– 11; 5:4–12; 9:3; 14:4; 21:5–10; 36:10–16; 37:1–2; 45:8, 11; 50:5; 51:2–3.

NIL NIL is used in this volume to reference “Not from Integral Loci,” that is, artifacts from surface or otherwise unstratified locations that were saved and entered into the Object Registry because of their intrinsic importance. Dates for these materials must be established from type comparisons or by other inferential data. NIL objects illustrated in this volume include pls. 1:1–9; 5:1–3; 9:1–2; 13:1–9; 14:1–3; 19:1; 20:1–8; 21:1–4; 34:1; 36:1–9; 44:1– 6, 8–10; 45:1–6; 50:2–4; 51:1.

8.  For the most recent summary notes on the boundary inscriptions around Tell Gezer, including a map locating all known inscriptions via GPS, see R. Reich and Z. Greenhut 2002. Note, however, that the “Inscription Found Recently” featured as #12 in the article was actually first identified by HUC Phase II excavators in 1973; see Seger 1973: 251; also Gezer VII [HUC]: Chapter II.C.

Chapter III

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

A

1.  Bone and Ivory Objects

common suggestions include kohl sticks or spindles. An almost complete example with a similar design was excavated in the “Mycenaean tomb” at Dan next to an elaborate duck-shaped cosmetic box (Dan II: 141, 151 [Rod 229]; figs. 2.98, 2.119), leading the authors to identify it as a kohl stick. On the other hand, another complete specimen with an almost identical design to Obj. 980 was found in a 13th century b.c.e. level at Ras Shamra with a spindle whorl still attached (Gachet 1987: 250, 262–63 [no. 39]; pl. 4:39), strongly supporting its identification as a spindle. This is a utilitarian design that could have served a number of purposes in antiquity.

wide variety of bone and ivory objects came from the Gezer excavations. In addition to beads, pendants, and whorls (which are dealt with separately), the bone and ivory objects include inlays, gaming pieces, points, jewelry, spatulas, spindles, tools, and chariot fittings.

a.  Bone Inlay Fragments Eleven bone inlay fragments were found at Gezer, seven of which had incised decoration. They were all pieces of thin, rectangular, carved bone panels with the familiar ring-and-dot circles and angled parallel lines (herringbone pattern) along the edges. Object 1190 shows some variation; it is a small fragment of a single panel that has an X carved from corner to corner. In each of the four areas of the X is a single incised ring-and-dot circle, and the center of the X is drilled through with a small circular hole. This type of inlay design is well documented in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, for example, at Megiddo (Megiddo II: pls. 192–95), supporting the largely Late Bronze contexts of the incised pieces from Gezer.

c.  Awls, Needles, and Points A number of varied bone objects with deliberately created points were found, two types of which are discussed here. Object 220 is a simply carved, pointed long bone fragment from early thirdmillennium b.c.e. levels in Field I. Object 1999 from Str. XVIIIA (16th century b.c.e.) in Field IV is a basic, utilitarian type of bone point. This type continues into later periods as well. For example, Object 1998 is from a Persian period context in Field IV. A second type of bone point consists of a smaller bone that has been cut and pointed some way down the shaft, with the distal or proximal end of the bone forming the top of the tool. This type dates from the Neolithic period onward—for example, at Tel Teʾo (Eisenberg, Gopher, and Greenberg 2001: 141; fig. 9.6.1–3) and Tel Dan (Dan I: 75; fig. 2.8:3–4). Several examples of this type were found at Gezer, ranging from Str. XIX (MB  IIC) in Field I (Obj. 190) and Field VI NE (Obj. 1105), to Str. XIII of the 12th century on the threshing floors (Obj. 949) and in the destruction debris of the granary in Field VI NE (Obj. 798).

b.  Bone Rods In addition to several nondescript bone rod fragments, one decoratively carved fragment was found, Object 980. Broken at both ends, Obj. 980 is 2.9 cm long and 0.7 cm in diameter. For 2 cm of its length, it has an elaborate checkerboard pattern, which is topped at one end by a smooth surface offset by two parallel bands just before the break. It was found on a 10th century, early Str. VIIIB surface in the gate in Field III. This is a well-known Late Bronze Age type that could have served several purposes; the most 18

19

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

d.  Gaming Pieces A rounded piece of a long bone, Object 573, may have been used as a gaming piece. It came from an Iron II layer in Field II. A cache of five sheep astragali, Object 1807, was found in a Hellenistic pit in Field VII. Two of them had been smoothed and had cut marks on them. Astragali were used as gaming pieces in many cultures, and there is strong evidence

that this was also the case in ancient Israel. The perceived close association between luck, the fall of the dice, and good fortune from the gods, as well as the well-attested ritual identity of these bones in many ancient cultures, including in the eastern Mediterranean, may explain their use as gaming pieces and dice (Gilmour 1997).

Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1965 9

bone inlay fragment; (L) 4.6 cm, (W) 1.75 cm bone spatula fragment; (L) 11.1 cm, (W) 4.1 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm carved bone object; square profile tapering to blunt circular point, (L) 7.1 cm, (W) at base 1.6 cm bone awl fragment; (L) 2.4 cm

I.6.3

L. 6000

mixed

Macalister dump

I.1.68

L. 1020.1

3C

XIC

Iron I

8/7

XIX– XVIII

some early, LB I

makeup of uneven beaten earth Surface 1020, N of Wall 1009 makeup of Phase 7B–7A Surface 5006

I.5.43

L. 5006.1

II.1.185

L. 1093.P

8B

X

11th–10th

bone disc; broken, (Dia) 2.9 cm, (H) 0.45cm

I.4.57

L. 4011

7A

XVIII

MB, but mostly LB I, possibly a few LB II

91

polished bone fragment

II.1.122

L. 1052

12?

XIV?

133

horn; sawn off at proximal end, (L) 9.2 cm, (Dia, at proximal end) 2.45 cm

I.1.213

L. 1049

8B/A

XIX

predom. LB II, some Iron I–II, few Hell from surface few earlier, but mostly MB IIA–C

134

bone inlay fragment; I.3 (L) 6.9 cm, (W) 1.4 cm painted bone; blue, (L) I.9.25 3.3 cm

L. 3030

7B/A

XVIII

bone inlay fragment; (L) 2.8 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

L. 2051

2

II

23 36

58 71

74-32

occupational debris and pottery on Phase 8B Surface 1093 rocky debris between Phase 7B/7A Walls 4009 and 5005, below Phase 7A debris, L. 4010 and above Phase 7B/7A Surface 4012

pl. 8:1

pl. 7:5

1966

135 138

II.2.154

L. 9010

stone scree or spill S of Phase 12–10 Wall 1042B, just below surface of mound destruction (?) debris with 74-24 much ash, over Surfaces 1052/1052A of Phase 8B, probably top served as surface in Phase 8A MB IIC beaten earth surface, baked hard by fiery destruction EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of 7? Wall 9011 some Iron II, few layer of tamped clay and Pers, Late Hell small stones immediately (2nd b.c.e.) below Phase 2B Wall 2000D–E, probably foundation for latter and equivalent to Phase 2B Foundation Trench 1010

pl. 8:10

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:17

20

Chapter III Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Local Phase

L. 2044A

9A/8B

General Stratum XX/XIX

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

140

worked bone fragment; polished, (L) 6.8 cm

144

solid bone cylinder; I.9.25 roughly carved and polished, (L) 5.5 cm, (Dia) 1.05 cm bone cylinder; charred, I.9.25–27 polished, (L) 4.9 cm, (Outside dia) 1.5/1.0 cm

L. 9010

190

bone awl; (L) 7.0 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Wt) 11 g

I.2.226

L. 2048

8B

XIX

204

worked bone fragment; (L) 5.4 cm

I.2.253

L. 2075

12

XXIV

220

bone point; (L) 6.3 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (Th) 0.35 cm

I.2.252

L. 2074.1

11/10

XXIII– XXI

bone point; (L) 4.9 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm worked sliver of bone; (L) 5.1 cm, (W) 1.6 cm

I.2.313

L. 2087.1

14

XXVI

late Chalco

II.2.251

L. 2074

5B/A

VI

10th/9th, few intrusive Hell

bone earring; long, thin, and carved in a spiral, (L) 5.8 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm bone cylinder; (L) 3.3 cm, (Outside dia) 1.7 cm, (Inside dia) 0.6/1.1 cm bone pendant/needle; (L) 6.3 cm (point broken off), (W) 1.0 cm, (Th) 0.45 cm lid fragment; carved from bone strips glued together

I.2.320

L. 2087.1

14

XXVI

late Chalco

V.7.164

L. 7060

4

XXIV– XXIII

EB I–II

I.3.369

L. 3100

sub-14

sub-XXVI late Chalco

material in and below Phase 14–13 Surface 3100

I.3.363

L. 3100.1A sub-14

sub-XXVI late Chalco

layer below sub-Phase 14 Layer 3100.1, down to bedrock

bone awl/pin fragment; (L) 8.5 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm

VI NE.4.53A

L. 4017

XIII

mud brick occupational and destruction debris inside corner of Phase 6B–A Walls 6022 and 6023 in Room 1 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 4035 down to Phase 6B Surface 4041; stratigraphically equivalent to Phase 6B/A Fill 4038

150

I.2.153

Locus

L. 9010

DA # Plate No. Published

MB II A–C

fill below Phase 8B Surface 2047 and makeup 2047.1, and above Phase 9A/8B Fill 2052 EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of 7? Wall 9011

pl. 8:11

EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of 7? Wall 9011

1967 MB IIA–C

trapezoidal stone-lined pit in S end of area, below 8B/8A Surface 2041B EB I–II, thick layer of loose, scattering of rubbly fill of small stones; intrusive later stratigraphically equal sherds, poss. in to Phase 12/11B Layer upper levels 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 mostly EB I–II, surface makeup and hard but few clear MB brown fill below Phase II ud sherds in 11A Surface 2074 upper baskets

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:4 pl. 8:13

pl. 8:12

1968 255 275

278

298

332

333

material in and below 74-7 Phase 14 surface 2087 and down to bedrock thick destruction debris over Phase 6A Surface 2075; cut by sub-Phase 2 Trench 2062; either 6 or 5 destruction debris material in and below 74-17 Phase14 surface 2087 and down to bedrock below Wall 7039

Gezer II (HUC): 13–14, pl. 39:6 pl. 8:14

74-9

Gezer II (HUC): 13, pl. 39:1

1969 407

1560

6B

LB II ud, mostly 13th/12th plus some Phil bichrome

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:10

21

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

451

bone point; broken at proximal end, (L) 5.1 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm

VI NE.24.28

L. 24018

post-5

post-XI

468

pierced bone fragment; VI (L) 5.0 cm, (W) 2.9 NE.17.83 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm

L. 17032

3

VIII

500

bone awl fragment; II.1.612 dark brown patina, (L) 4.0 cm, (W) 0.3 cm

L. 1193.P

13

XV

LB IIB, esp. late 13th

505

10 vertebrae of a medium-sized fish; secondarily worked, average dimensions: (Dia) 1.05 cm, (H) 0.7 cm

VI NE.17.141

L. 17050

3

VIII

12th–11th, midlate 10th

512

vertebra of a mediumsized fish; secondarily worked, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (H) 0.7 cm

VI NE.25.? L. 25013

5A

XI

LB II, 12th, 11th

516

bone disk; hole III.4.154 partially drilled through near the edge, (Dia) 2.5–2.8 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm bone awl; (L) 4.6 cm, VI (W) 1.5 cm NE.17.118

L. 4046.1

4

VII

10/9, early 9th

L. 17035

3

VIII

LB, 12th–11th, late 10th

528

bone awl; (L) 4.0 cm, (W) 1.2 cm

VI NE.17.133

L. 17046

4B/A

X/IX

539

bone awl; (L) 5.6 cm, (W) 0.75 cm

II.3.519

L. 3103

3A

IV

573

worked bone fragment II.2.504 (gaming piece ?); top edge beveled and rounded, (Dia) 2.3/1.9 cm, (H) 1.4 cm

L. 2173.1

5A/4

VI/V

577

fish vertebra; VI secondarily rounded, NE.17.207 (Dia) 3 cm, (H) 1.7 cm bone awl; (Dia) 0.6 II.2.525 cm, (L) 7.8 cm

L. 17054.1

5

XII–XI

L. 2182

sub-2

III

ivory toggle pin; end VI broken off, hole drilled NE.13.151 through thicker end, (L) 5.7 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm

L. 13038.P 6A

527

580 587

XIII

LB, 12th, 11th

Context occupational debris layer above Phase 5 levels, including above Phase 5C–A Surface 24030, below Topsoil 24000 pit in NW of area, below Topsoil 17000, cut down into Phase 4B/A Layers 17041 and 17046 pottery and debris 5 cm thick on Phase 13 Surface 1193, below Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 shallow level of burned dung ash mixed with layers of unburned dung, in Phase 3 Vat 17020; below Phase 3 Rockfall 17052 (also in Vat 17020) and down to the bottom soil and charcoal lenses below Topsoil 25000 down to Phase 5A Surface 25021; perhaps Phase 5A destruction debris removal of Floor 4046

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 7:3

pit at E balk, cut from below Late Burials to below Phase 4 levels, cut into Phase 4A Pit 17035A LB II, Iron I ud occupational debris layer above Phase 4B Surface 17047; below Phase 4B/A Layer 17041; cut by Phase 3 Foundation Trench 17049 some Iron II, but trench for Silo 3058, cut latest is Pers from Phase 3A Surface 3060; destroyed in S by sub-Phase 2 Trench 3044 Iron II ud, ca. makeup below Phase 4 10th–9th, but few Layer 2173.P down to clear 8th–7th Phase 5A Surface 2184; compact material with inclusions of stones, charcoal, unburned dung, decaying vegetation LB II, Iron I ud material below Phase 5A–4B Tabun 17054 early Hell, ca. 3rd bell-shaped pit filled b.c.e. with loose soil, lumps of unfired clay, pottery frags some LB IIB; peeling off Phase 6A restorable early Surface 13038 12th, including Phil bichrome

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 41:4

pl. 6:5 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:17

22

Chapter III Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

597

horn core; almost complete (tip broken off), hole drilled through proximal end, (L) 11.35 cm, (Dia) at piercing 2.5/2.1 cm

II.3.632

L. 3172.P

626H

animal horn fragment; square hole drilled through center (for wooden handle)

VI NE.24.135

632

burned animal tooth

633 725

Local Phase 6A

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

VII

late 10th, early 9th probable

material immediately above stones of Phase 6A Cobbles 3172, within destruction collapse on surface; several loom weights and stone querns and pounders on surface pottery and lithics, including grindstones, on Phase 6B–A Surface 24049

L. 24049.P 6A

XIII

12th

IV.3.113

L. 3012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

burned bone fragment

IV.3.113

L. 3012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

bone awl; surface patina, (L) 7.4 cm, (W) 1.1 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm bone fragment; shaved and polished, fireblackened, (L) 6.6 cm, (W) 1.0 cm shark(?) tooth; (L) 1.4 cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm

VI NW.16.83

L. 16015

1

II

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

Hellenistic pit, full of marl brick; below 1 Layer 16011

VI NE.26.81

L. 26025.1

5/4

XII–IX

Iron I ud

removal of Phase 4 Surface 26025 and its makeup

VI NW.15-VI NW.5 balk

L. 15005A

5B/A

XI

12th/11th

754

bone fragment; carved and polished, (L) 3.3 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (Th) 0.65 cm

VI NW.25.22

L. 25003

1

II

none

791A

small bone point used as an awl; (L) 3.3 cm

VI NE.3.61 L. 3054

post-6B late XIII–XII

LB II, 12th

791B

goat horn; saw marks VI NE.3.61 L. 3054 on the cut surface and secondary polishing on the tip suggesting use as an awl, (L) 6.3 cm, (Max dia) 1.5 cm bone awl; point broken II.3.727 L. 3188 off, (L) 6.6 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

post-6B late XIII–XII

LB II, 12th

undisturbed occupational debris N of Phase 5C–A Wall 15012, with much Philistine pottery; below post-Phase 5A debris, L. 15005, above Phase 5B/A Surface 15024 Hellenistic pit in balk between Areas 15 and 25, contains loose soil, tabun frags, bones, charcoal, and ash; below Topsoil 25000; equals Phase 1 Pit 15022 pit dug apparently from above Phase 6B in area of 4/3 balk pit dug apparently from above Phase 6B in area of 4/3 balk

6B/A

XIII

late 10th, early 9th possible

bone awl; (L) 7.7 cm

6B/A

XIII

LB II ud, 12th

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 7:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:6

1970

730

750

795

798

VI NE.3.77 L. 3020

disaggregated debris below Phase 6B/A Fill 3161 down to Phase 6B Surface 3225, equivalent to Phase 6B/A Layer 3187 in the W occupational debris in S of area, probably contains more than one phase; below Phase 6A Surface 3004, above Phase 6B Surface 3029

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:26a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:26b pl. 6:3

pl. 7:6

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:1

23

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

810

bone awl; thin, triangular, (L) 3.2 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

II.3.754

L. 3044

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

820

bone awl; (L) 4.8 cm, (W) 2.8 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

VI NW.5.119

L. 5077

5C

XII

12th

870

gazelle horn; base has II.3.807 been knife dressed, (L) 18.4 cm bone awl fragment; VI burned, (L) 3.2 cm NE.25.104

L. 3077.1

5B

VI

10th, 9th/8th

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

bone utensil fragment; highly patinated, (L) 5.9 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm small angular bone chip bone blade fragment; (L) 6.7 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm

I.N1

L. N1059

thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and assoc. Walls 25084 (6B), 25093, and 25096 (both 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035 unstratified probe

I.N1

L. N1059

unstratified probe

II.3.543

L. 3222

5B

VI

late 10th, few later intrusive

949

bone awl; (L) 6.3 cm

VI NE.4.119

L. 4057

6C

XIII

MB II, LB I, LB II, mostly 13th–12th

953 980

bone awl; (L) 15.5 cm bone rod fragment; decorated, (L) 2.9 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm

I.N1 III.2.509

L. N1054 L. 2249

6

VIIIB

EB, MB, LB, 10th

1008

bone point fragment; I.N1 decorated with scribed threaded spiral, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm bone awl; (L) 6.2 cm VI NE.34.158

L. N1042

L. 34058

7/6C

XIV/XIII

some MB II, LB I–II, much 13th/12th

bone awl tip; (L) 3.2 cm

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

889

890A

890B 923

1016

1018

VI NE.25.111

deep trench across W half of area, cutting down through Phase 5 levels; sealed in part by subPhase 2 Surface 3050 mud brick destruction debris in Room 5, on Phase 5C Surface 5060; below Phase 5C/5B-4 Surfaces 5042.1 and 5062 foundation trench below Phase 5B–4 Wall 3077

continuation of Phase 5B Surface 2163 N into Area 3, until broken by subPhase 2 Trench 3044 and sub-Phase 2 Trench 3067 buildup of layers divided horizontally by ash bands; probably threshing floors prior to Granary 24000 of Phase 6B unstratified probe surface of packed chalk chunks sloping down W to E, where it is cut by Drain 1080 unstratified probe

occupational debris fill, below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7 Surface 34072 thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and assoc. Walls 25084 (6B), 25093, and 25096 (both 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:15 pl. 7:1

pl. 6:7

pl. 7:7

pl. 7:4

24

Chapter III Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1971 1081

ivory chariot fitting; (L) 6.0 cm, (Dia) 2.5/2.4 cm, (Inside dia) 1.4 cm

VI NE.5.79 L. 5027

5B/A

XI

1083

worked bone epiphysis; (Dia) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm

VI NE.36.47

L. 36011.1

5B

XI

1087

fallow deer (?) antler; (L) 10.7 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 1.7 cm fish bone awl; (L) 3.9 cm

VI NE.25.153

L. 25070

VI NE.23.170

L. 23075

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

fish bone awl; (L) 1.9 cm fish bone awl; (L) 4.6 cm

VI NE.14.202 VI NE.14.239

L. 14059

7

XIV

L. 14085

7

XIV

1132

burnt bone fragment; (L) 6.5 cm

IV.4.51

L. 4107

5A1

XVIIIA1

1134

fish vertebra; (Dia) 0.9 VI cm, (H) 0.4 cm NE.25.171

L. 25076

6A/5C

XIII/XII

1145B

small bone object fragment; grooves scribed into its circumference, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm

Layer 3

1105

1126 1127

IIE

LB II, 12th, 11th

12th MB IIC/LB I, few LB I

retrenching of Phase 74-74 5C–B Wall 5033 along its E face, dug before laying of Phase 5A Surface 5030, which seals it flint cache in a shallow pit in balk between Areas 26 and 36, in disaggregated destruction debris with pockets of charcoal; locus may be contiguous with L. 36012, which is a flint cache in the same balk, within Phase 5B Fill 36011.1 balk trim on NW balk stub occupational and destruction debris, below Phase 9B–A Surfaces 23058 and 23066, above Phase 10/9 Layer 23092 and Phase 10B–A Surface 23084 and Phase 10A surface 23088; mostly Phase 10 debris used to prepare Phase 9 surfaces

MB IIC/LB I, LB deep pit in NE corner of II, few 13th/12th area, possibly two pits, with the upper one, L. 14059, a fire pit built into Depression 14085. Pit 14085 bottomed out on top of Phase 10 Wall 14110, and robbed some of its stones Chalco–MB IIC/ lower brick destruction LB I debris LB II, some 13th/12th

deep trench along N and E balks, below Phase 6A/5C Fill 25066.1, cutting down to Phase 6B/A Threshing Floor 25083 and Phase 6C–B structures at NW of area, and into Phase 7 Trench 25097; backfilled with occupational debris; surfaced over by Phase 5C Surface 25066 unstratified probe

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 61:1; 118D

pl. 5:3 pl. 7:10

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 16:21

25

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1146

bone object, possibly awl; (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 1.0 cm

VI NE.26.220

L. 26077

6A

XIII

LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

1150

worked bone point; (L) 11.2 cm

VI NE.26.223

L. 26077

6A

XIII

LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

1161

bone fragment; (L) 3.3 IIE cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm worked antler; (L) VI 11.0 cm NE.6.185

Layer 7 L. 6096

6C–B

XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 12th

1190

carved bone inlay fragment; (L) 2.2 cm, (W) 1.3 cm

VI NE.24.293

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1201

bone awl; (L) 4.6 cm, (W) 0.6 cm

VI NE.15.170

L. 15061

6C–B

XIII

LB IIB, 12th

1210

broken piece of worked bone; (L) 13.0 cm, (W) 2.3 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm

VI NE.34.240

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1218

bone inlay; 2 pieces, VI incised with concentric NE.24.323 circle pattern, combined (L) 7.4 cm, (W) 1.6 cm

L. 24129

11–9

XXI–XVI

MB II predom., few MB IIC/ LB I, some clear LB II

1172

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

hardpacked series of exterior earthen surfaces over top of Phase 7/6C Trench Fill 26075 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26085; represents end of threshing floors and start of constructional phase of Northeast House; equals Courtyard Surface 16076 in adjacent area hardpacked series of exterior earthen surfaces over top of Phase 7/6C Trench Fill 26075 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26085; represents end of threshing floors and start of constructional phase of Northeast House; equals courtyard Surface 16076 in adjacent area unstratified probe threshing floor accumulations over entire area up to 80 cm thick; below Phase 6A Surface 6092, above Phase 6C Trench 6102 and Phase 7/6C Trench 6093; equivalent to other areas 5068/ 15061/16082/25063/ 26083/ 35037 destruction debris above 74-79 Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels thick accumulation of threshing floor deposits, also in adjacent areas large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; equals 24147 in adjacent area mud brick detritus and silt levels below Phase 9 Surface 24145 down to Phase 11 Surface 24152; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; mostly Phase 11–10 debris redistributed as Phase 9 fill

pl. 7:8

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:10

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:4

pl. 7.9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:10

26

Chapter III Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1225

fish bone awl

VI NE.15.206

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I–II, few 13th–12th

1226

incised bone inlay fragment; (L) 1.8 cm, (W) 1.0 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm

VI NE.24.323

L. 24129

11–9

XXI–XVI

MB II predom., few MB IIC/ LB I, some clear LB II

1235

2 fish vertebrae; worked

VI NE.15.213

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I–II, few 13th–12th

1244

fish vertebra; worked

VI NE.15.191

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I–II, few 13th–12th

1281

bone inlay; incised, 2 fragments, combined (L) 7.6 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VI NE.25.253

L. 25097

7

XIV

few EB, much MB IIA–C, considerable LB I–II, few 13th/12th in upper levels

1298

bone inlay fragment; (L) 3.5 cm, (W) 1.1 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

VI NE.16.247

L. 16096

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 12th possible

1303

bone fragment, possibly used as awl; (L) 5.1 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm

VI NE.23.281

L. 23102

11

XXI/XX

MB IIA

Context massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; equals 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086, and 35069 in adjacent areas mud brick detritus and silt levels below Phase 9 Surface 24145 down to Phase 11 Surface 24152; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; mostly Phase 11–10 debris redistributed as Phase 9 fill massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; same as 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086, and 35069 in adjacent areas massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; same as 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086, and 35069 in adjacent areas deep trench, below Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; above Phase 8/7 Trench 25112 (possibly lower levels of same trench); cuts down into Phase 10 levels, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches in adjacent areas, including 15141, 26086, 35069 large deep trench in S of area, cut from postPhase7 levels, through Phase 7/6C Surface 16129 into Phase 7 Trench 16133; backfilled quickly with tell debris and burnt refuse; sealed by Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 16082 jar stand near corner of Phase 11–10 Walls 23087 and 23093, below Phase 10B–A Surface 23095, associated with Phase 11 Surface 23111

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:16

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

27

Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1304

bone fragment, possibly used as awl; (L) 6.3 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm

VI NE.15.227

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I–II, few 13th–12th

1309

bone fragment; polished, (L) 9.0 cm, (W) 1.4 cm bone fragment; polished

VI NE.25.263

L. 25063

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.25.282

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I-II in upper levels

1313

bone fragment; polished, (L) 4.0 cm, (W) 2.1 cm

VI NE.25.273

L. 25112

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB IIC, LB I, LB II

1317

bone fragment; polished, (L) 5.2 cm, (W) 3.0 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm

VI NE.25.261

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1328

bone harpoon (?); broken point, (L) 7.6 cm

VI NE.5.240

L. 5093

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

1353

bone inlay fragment; sawn on 3 sides

VI NE.5.251

L. 5090

7

XIV

MB IIC, LB I, nothing clearly later

1372

bone inlay fragment; incised concentric circle decoration, (L) 3.8 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VI NE.25.212

L. 25084

6B

XIII

LB II ud, ns

1311

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; equals 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086 and 35069 in adjacent areas series of threshing floors below Phase 6A Surface 25044 deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels bell-shaped pit cut from lowest level of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063; same as Pit 35071 in adjacent area deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels large trench cut and 74-82 backfilled from sub-5069 (Phase 7/6C) levels; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 5068 and Phase 7/6C laminated Surface 5069 packed plaster layer in lower levels of Phase 7 Trench 5093; possibly related to Phase 9 Surface 4123, or more likely just temporary level in Trench 5093; material mostly churned up Phase 10 level debris from bottom of trench short N-S wall at N balk, cornering with short E-W wall; below Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076 and partially robbed by it; above Phase 6C Walls 25093 and 25096, and Phase 6C Surface 25064; associated with Phase 6B Surface 25091 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:18

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:16

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:3

28

Chapter III Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects

Obj # MC # 1388

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

bone, possibly used as pin; (L) 4.9 cm, (W) 0.4 cm

VI NE.5.263

bone point; broken, (L) 3.9 cm, (W) 1.1 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm worked bone artifact; (L) 9.2 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm carved bone rod; broken, (L) 8.8 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm worked bone artifact; (L) 13.4 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 1.6 cm worked tooth fragment (?); (L) 1.5 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm bone spatula fragment; (L) 3.5 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm antler haft; (L) 7.2 cm, (Dia) 2.6 cm 5 sheep astragali; 2 with smoothed sides and cutmarks

Locus L. 5113

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

post10A

post-XVIII MB II, MB IIC/ LB I

mud brick fill above Phase 10A Surface 5118; cut by post-Phase 6B Pit 5077

pl. 7:11

VII.38.192 L. 38041

1

I

Iron I, Iron II, early Hell

in pit

pl. 5:4

VII.38.257 L. 38068.1

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

debris with pit contamination

74-864 pl. 6:8

VII.26.54

L. 26016

1

I

Iron II, Hell, Rom soil with rock

74-865 pl. 5:5

VII.26.55

L. 26016

1

I

Iron II, Hell, Rom soil with rock

pl. 5:7

VII.38.251 L. 38066

1

I

Iron II–Hell

in pit

pl. 5:6

VII.38.270 L. 38073

6A

VI

debris

pl. 6:9

VII.33.9

2A–C

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell porous sediment

pl. 6:4

1

I

Iron II, Hell

in pit

pl. 5:8–12

1972 1656

1010

1758

1633

1759

1634

1762

1525

1766

1493

1768

1690

1806

326

1807

636

L. 33004

VII.28.127 L. 28027

1973 1873

73

bone awl; (L) 6.2 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm

IV.10.8

L. 10001

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

74-713 pl. 5:1

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:1

1898

110

IX.A1.23

L. A1008

LB–Hell/Rom

slope debris

1901

117

ivory rod fragment; broken both ends, (L) 6.9 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm horn fragment; (L) 7.5 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 8:2

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 8:3

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

74-715 pl. 8:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:4 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:3 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:6

1904

122

horn fragment; (L) 4.8 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

1951

371

IV.5.218

L. 5024

5A

1982

489

IX.2.95

L. 2001

1998

501

1999

503

bone spatula fragment; (L) 4.4 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm hollow bone cylinder; 3 parallel lines incised close to one end, (L) 4.4 cm, (Dia) 2.2 cm bone awl; carefully tooled, (L) 5.6 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm bone awl; (L) 8.0 cm, (W) 2.2 cm

1

II

Iron II–Hell

dump fill debris

74-729 pl. 6:1

VII.35.152 L. 35053

4

IV

Pers (contam?)

mud brick debris

IV.5.233

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

2000

524

horn fragment; awl?, (L) 5.9 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm

IV.5.235

L. 5024

5A

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

pl. 6:6

74-720 pl. 8:4 pl. 8:6

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:1 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:15

29

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Bone and Ivory Objects Obj # MC # 2021

558

2029

587

2038

607

2060

695

2079

730

2088

702

2095

759

2143

864

2206

1004

2241

1049

2275

1109

Description ivory handle fragment; (L) 3.3 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm bone spatula; polished, slightly burnt, (L) 3.8 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm ivory amulet; (L) 2.5 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm animal horn; planed surface, (L) 10 cm, (W) 4.0/2.5 cm rib bone used as a bone polishing tool; highly polished, (L) 5.5 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm bone shuttle fragment; polished by use; 7.5YR N2.5/ black ivory cosmetic stick, (L) 12.2 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm bone spatula; carved and decorated, handle and tip broken, (L) 6.5 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm, (W of handle) 0.8 cm horn; smoothed and polished cut marks, (L) 8.2 cm, (Dia) 2.1 cm bone fragment; finger patinated, worked, burnt, (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 2.2 cm bone shuttle fragment; (L) 3.1 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.34.222 L. 34059

4/3

IV/III

Iron I, Iron II

porous fill

74-777 pl. 19:8

VII.47.151 L. 47031

6A

VI

Iron II

ash debris

pl. 6:10

VII.35.171 L. 35054

6B–A

VII–VI

Late Iron II

ash/brick destruction debris

74-750 pl. 19:9

VII.36

L. 36067

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

74-739

IV.6.75

L. 6010.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

IX.2.174

L. 2015

1

II

Hell

water washed fill sediments

VII.44.172 L. 44062

6

VII–VI

Late Iron II

destruction debris

74-750 pl. 19:10

IX.3.88

L. 3013

1

II

Hell

fill down slope

74-760 pl. 6:2

IV.5.338

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

pl. 8:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:4

IV.5.360

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

pl. 8:9

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:14

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II, Pers, Hell

sub-surface with pit

pl. 6:11

VII.47.244 L. 47037.1

pl. 8:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:8

2.  Ceramic Objects The corpus of ceramic objects not included in other categories such as loom weights and figurines is dominated numerically by stoppers and gaming pieces. Other types of objects occur in ones and twos. One object of particular significance is the cult stand from Field VII, Object 2119.

a. Stoppers Twenty-eight stoppers were found at Gezer in Phases I and II. They fall into three categories: reworked vessel bases, reworked body sherds, and unbaked molded clay stoppers.

30

Chapter III

i.  Reworked Vessel Bases The stoppers made from reworked vessel bases come from bowls (Obj. 2271), juglets (Obj. 458), and jars (Obj. 1676). They are similar to the stoppers manufactured from reworked body sherds, but at Gezer their range is longer, coming from Str. X/IX (Obj. 458), Str. VI (Obj. 2271), and Str.  II (Obj. 1676). It seems likely that the makers of these objects simply used appropriately sized vessel bases when they were available. Otherwise, they used body sherds. ii.  Reworked Body Sherds The stoppers made from body sherds range in diameter from 2.7  cm (Objs. 130 and 1300) to 4.5 cm (Obj. 1124). Only the reworked bowl-base stopPers, Object 2271, is larger, at 6.2 cm diameter. Often, these stoppers have tapered edges enabling them to be wedged into the jugs and juglets they were designed to close. Sass (2000: 363–65) labels these stoppers “lids,” differentiating them from the molded, unbaked type described below. This type of stopper or lid at Gezer ranges in date from MB IIC (Str. XIX/XVIII, Obj. 1300) to the tenth century (Str. VIIIB, Obj. 478), though elsewhere it continues into Iron Age IIB and IIC (for example, at Lachish, Sass 2004b: 1985, table 28.6, fig. 28.2:18–19). iii.  Unbaked Molded Clay Stoppers This third category differs from the others in technique, size, and function. These stoppers were used to cover the tops of storage jars completely, sealing the contents, with the damp clay being molded by hand over the top of the jar (Paice 2004: 62, pl. 22:7). Fingerprints left by the person who molded such a stopper are clearly visible on Object 2253. These stoppers are generally much larger than those cut from sherds, because the openings of the storage jars were wider than those of the jugs and juglets sealed by the reworked sherds. The molded stoppers are as wide as 10.6 cm in diameter (Obj. 536) and often have a rough T-shape, where the base has been formed by the shape of the neck of the jar it sealed. At Gezer, this type is restricted to the Middle and Late Bronze Age levels, though at other sites, such as Lachish, they are also found in the Iron Age (Sass 2004a: 1450, table 23.1, fig. 23.1; Sass 2004b: 1983, table 28.1,

fig. 28.1). A variation on this type of stopper is found in Object 461. This is the top portion of a molded clay stopper for a bottle or narrow-necked jug. It was found in 13th century destruction debris in Field II.

b.  Gaming Pieces Five objects from Phases I and II were identified by the excavators as gaming pieces. They are each of a different type: • Object 53 is a cylindrical clay piece from a 14th century b.c.e. pit in Field I. • Object 268 is a circular, black-slipped ceramic disc with an incised star pattern from an MB II fill, also in Field I. • Object 950 is a cone-shaped ceramic piece with a combed surface pattern. It was found in an 11th– 10th century fill in Field VI NE. • Object 1543 is a very small disk manufactured from a thin body sherd. It is 1.1 cm in diameter, and came from a Hellenistic pit in Field VII. • Object 1773 is a ceramic disk 3.2 cm in diameter that was individually manufactured. It was found in Field IV in a MB II brick-debris layer in Str. XVIIIA.

c.  Cult Stand Object 2119 is a cylindrical, red-slipped cult stand that was found in several pieces in mixed fill, L. 36038A in Field VII. The object is incomplete, and part of the profile is missing above the shoulder ridge, below the rim. The measurements of the stand are as follows: Height: 39.7 cm, possibly more Diameter of base: 18.7 cm Diameter below windows: 16.1 cm Diameter above windows: 14.7 cm Diameter of shoulder ridge: 14.8 cm Diameter above shoulder ridge: 12.6 cm Diameter of rim: 14.4 cm

The stand was wheelmade as a cylinder. The ends are open, and at the top is an everted, rounded rim. A row of four rectangular windows was cut into the stand when the clay was leather hard. The windows are approximately 6.4  cm high and 5.3  cm wide, and some of the corners are roughly rounded. The base is 5.7  cm high, after which the walls gradually taper inward. At 6.4  cm above the windows,

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) a pronounced ridge separates the top of the stand from the body below. This ridge is 14.8 cm in diameter, and the top of the stand flares from a diameter of 12.6 cm immediately above the ridge to 15.2 cm just below the rim. The Gezer stand falls generally into the corpus of cylindrical stands that appear in the Levant from the Middle Bronze Age to the 10th century b.c.e. (Mazar 1980: 93–96), though its shape is unusual, even taking into account the variety of this corpus. The high base and tapered profile are echoed in several stands (for example, Tell Qasile Str. X [Mazar 1980: 87–89, fig. 23] and Beth Shean Str. V [Rowe 1940: pls. XIV:3; XVI:2]), but the wide, flared rim above a shoulder ridge is rare, perhaps unparalleled. The red-slip decoration suggests a date in the eleventh or tenth century b.c.e. However, the presence of two similar cylindrical fenestrated stands from eighth century levels at Tell Halif in the northern Negev, which are also covered with an unburnished red slip, raises the possibility that a new category of stands from the late Iron Age is indicated here (Gilmour 2014; Hardin 2010: 209, pl. 4:7).

31

d.  Clay Foot of Bowl Object 206 is the clay foot of a tripod bowl that was broken off at the point where it joined the rest of the vessel. The foot is itself divided into three attached parallel legs ending in rounded toes. It is covered with a red slip. The rest of the vessel was not found. The object had no context but came from a cache of objects left behind by Macalister in the western casemate of the Field III gate. The object fragment is 10.75 cm high and 5.25 cm wide.

e.  Tail of Bird Vessel Object 433 is the tail fragment of a bird-shaped vessel or figurine, with eight cutmarks in the base to indicate the feathers. The line of the break in the tail piece runs through a small hole in the upper part that appears to have punctured the middle of the bird’s body. The function of the hole is not discernible. The object was found in a mixed rubbly locus in the Str. II Hellenistic gate in Field III.

Gezer Ceramic Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1964 4

ceramic plaque (?); (Dia) 10.0 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

I.1.19

L. 1002.1B 3/2

33

filed off juglet base; vertical burnish, (Dia) 6.3 cm, (H) 3.3 cm; ware 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white, surface 2.5 YR 6/6 light red

I.4.40

L. 4004C

40

ceramic horn-shaped object; (L) 6.0 cm, (Dia) 2.5/1.8 cm; 5YR 7/3 pink

I.1.94

L. 1024.1

5/4

52

fragment of red burnished ware; imported, 2.5YR 3/4 dark reddish-brown

I.4.65

L. 4011

7A

XI/II

LB, Iron I–II, some Hell

layer of bricky, hardpacked material

some MB, mostly LB I

erosion debris below L. 4004A and above Phase 7A debris

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

makeup of hardpacked earth Surface 1027 covering whole area

XVIII

MB, but mostly LB I, possibly a few LB II

rocky debris between Phase 7B/7A Walls 4009 and 5005, below Phase 7A Debris 4010 and above Phase 7B/7A Surface 4012

1965

74-38

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:2

32

Chapter III Gezer Ceramic Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket I.1.128

Locus L. 1029B

Local Phase 6B

General Stratum XVI

Date/Period (pottery reading) LB II

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

53

clay cylindrical gaming piece; notched on top, (L) 2.3 cm, (base Dia) 1.2 cm, (top Dia) 1.0 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink

74

small clay bowl with hole in center (MB I “Leban cup”); (Dia) 3.5 cm, (H) 1.2 cm

78

ceramic spout from feeding bottle; vertical hand burnish, (L) 4.7 cm, (Dia) 2.6 cm; 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white

I.1.61

L. 1014.1A 3C

XI

Iron I, Phil

makeup of Surface 1014 between Walls 1009 and 1015

pl. 10:4

81

ceramic object; cylindrical, tapered, stopper (?), (L) 4.2 cm, (base Dia) 4.8 cm, (top Dia) 3.9 cm, (Dia of hole) 1.2 cm; 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white

I.1.112

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

makeup below Surface1028 and above Surface 1029

pl. 10:6

115

ceramic stopper; (Dia) 5.0 cm, (H) 0.8 cm; ware 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown, surface 10YR 8/2 white

I.3.82

L. 3023

7A

XVIII

MB IIB, C, LB I, one Bichrome

destruction debris of large stones and decayed mud brick

pl. 11:1

130

ceramic stopper; (Dia) 2.7 cm, (H) 0.9 cm; ware 5YR 7/4 pink, surface 5YR 6/1 gray

I.1.212

L. 1049

8B/A

XIX

few early, mostly MB IIA–C

debris with much ash, over Surfaces 1052/1052A of Phase 8B, probably top served as surface in Phase 8A

pl. 11:8

131

ceramic stopper; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow

I.1.211

L. 1049

8B/A

XIX

few early, mostly MB IIA–C

debris with much ash, over Surfaces 1052/1052A of Phase 8B, probably top served as surface in Phase 8A

pl. 11:9

141

Mycenaean sherd

I.9.27

L. 9010

EB, MB, LB, Iron I–II, Hell, Rom

south 2 m of area along outer edge of Phase 7? Wall 9011

145

broken pottery object; (L) 5.9 cm, (W) 4.5 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown

I.4.163

L. 4052

9B/A

XX/XIX

few EB, MB IIA–C

fill below Phase 9A/8B Fill 4032.1 and above Phase 9B Surface 4055, possibly contaminated by Phase 9A Foundation Trench 4168

pl. 11:10

ceramic bowl; small, hand made, hardfired, (Dia) 3.15 cm, (Wt) 16 g

I.10.53

L. 10011

2?

II?

LB, Iron I, Hell

rocky spill above Phase 2? Surface 10009, below post-Phase 2 debris 10006–10007; includes Phase 3 ashlar blocks

pl. 9:4

locus not assigned

stone-filled pit dug from Surface 1029

pl. 10:11

surface find

1966

74-18

1967 189

33

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Ceramic Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

206

foot of pottery tripod bowl; red slip, (L) 10.75 cm, (W) 5.25 cm, (Th) 4.25 cm; ware 5YR 8/3 pink, surface 2.5YR 5/6 red

III.3.42

L. 3003

Iron I, Rom, ud ns

Macalister backfill in western casemate

pl. 9:1

227

bichrome sherd

III.6.80

L. 6028

mixed

Macalister backfill in eastern casemate

229

pierced triangular sherd used as pendant

III.3.67

L. 3023

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

surface beneath Rockfall 3013 in E end of western casemate

268

ceramic gaming piece; incised, flat, broken, (restored Dia) 2.4 cm, (H) 1.0 cm; 7.5YR N3 very dark gray

I.4.258

L. 4102

9A

XX

MB IIA–B/C

fill in Phase 9A Foundation Trench 4168; below Phase 9A Layer 4074 and above Phase 9A Fill 4113

271A

sherd

III.5.5

L. 5001

EB?–Rom

Macalister backfill

271B

bichrome sherd

III.5.5

L. 5001

EB?–Rom

Macalister backfill

281

sherd; painted fish decoration

IV.1.23

L. 1002

1

I

EB–Hell

disturbed destruction debris

334

corner of ceramic block; black slip and burnish, (L) 3.2 cm, (W) 2.8 cm; 5YR 2/1 black to 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown

II.2.387

L. 2134

2A/1

II/I

Iron II–Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

foundation trench for Phase 1 Wall 2008, cut at end of Phase 2 and beginning of Phase 1; equals Foundation Trench 3083 to the north

74-64

387

ceramic “Ibrik” jug; orange paint on body, spout and handle, (H) 8.0 cm (Ottoman)

VI NE.2

L. 2003

surface find

74103

424

Samaria ware rim sherd

III.5.75

L. 5034

9th–2nd ns

Macalister debris, very loose rubble fill with much pottery under Floor4033 S of Wall 5017, E of Wall 5010, and W of Wall 5019

429

lug handle; incised decoration, white slip, (L) 3.7 cm, (W) 1.1 cm; ware 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, surface 2.5YR 8/2 white

III.5.65

L. 5034

Iron II–Hell/ Rom

Macalister debris, very loose rubble fill with much pottery under Floor4033 S of Wall 5017, E of Wall 5010, and W of Wall 5019

430

holemouth rim sherd with impressed decoration

III.4.31

L. 4003

Iron I to Hell/2nd, ns

Macalister debris

tail fragment of birdshaped vessel; hole incised on tip of tail, red slip, (L) 4.4 cm, (H) 2.8 cm; ware 5YR 7/4 pink, surface 2.5YR 5/6 red

III.5.100

L. 5043

LB, Iron II–7th, Hell

very rubbly locus under Surface 5018, many small rocks, gray-black soil, many sherds, bone

1968 74-22

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:1

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 4:2 pl. 9:3

1969

433

1569

1

IIC

pl. 14:5

34

Chapter III Gezer Ceramic Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

452

clay jar stopper; unbaked, molded, T-shape, (Dia) 8.6 cm, (Th) 4.4 cm; 5YR 6/2 pinkish-gray

VI NE.15.29

L. 15018

4B/A

X/IX

LB II, 12th, 11th, few 10th

large trench cut from above Phase 4B levels, backfilled with mud brick detritus and ash; sealed by Phase 4A surfaces; below Topsoil 15000, above Phase 5A Surface 15029; equals 5021, 6026, and 16030 in adjacent areas

pl. 10:1

458

ceramic stopper; reworked base of a piriform juglet, (Dia) 3.5/3.$ cm, (H) 1.9 cm; 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray

VI NE.15.31

L. 15018

4B/A

X/IX

LB II, 12th, 11th, few 10th

large trench cut from above Phase 4B levels, backfilled with mud brick detritus and ash; sealed by Phase 4A surfaces; below Topsoil 15000, above Phase 5A Surface 15029; equals 5021, 6026, and 16030 in adjacent areas

pl. 10:2

459

ceramic phallus; (L) 5.3 cm, (Dia) 2.1/2.6 cm; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown

VI NW.5.87

L. 5041.1

5B-4/ B-3

XI

12th

material below Phase 5B-3 Surface 5041 down 10 cm; above Phase 5B-4 Surface 5042

461

portion of ceramic jar stopper; (Dia) 2.5 cm, (H) 2.1 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

II.1.524

L. 1183

13

XV

some LB IIB, mostly mid-late 13th

destruction debris overlying Phase 13 Surface 1193, covering entire area from W to E balks and S of Phase 13–12 Wall 1185; last 5 cm on Surface 1193 itself is 1193.P

pl. 10:10

471

base sherd; inscribed, red slip; 7.9 × 5.1 × 1.1 cm

III.4.80

L. 4013

2/1

IIC

10th/9th, 8th/ (7th)?, Iron II, Hell 2nd b.c.e.

Seleucid trench robbing building stones of the S pier of the gate on the E side.

pl. 46:2

478

ceramic stopper; reworked body sherd, (max Dia) 3.9 cm, (Th) 1.15 cm; 5YR 7/3 pink

III.2.353

L. 2197

6

VIIIB

10th–9th

mud brick detritus in gate bay 2, very loose with smashed pot lying under this locus

pl. 9:10

488

decorated base sherd

VI NW.16.20

L. 16000

LB, Iron I, Hell

topsoil, including late burials

496

sherd with green glaze

II.2.409

L. 2008.1

1

I

some Iron II, Hell, but latest is early Rom

in foundation trench below Phase 1 Wall 2008; cut from Phase 1

536

ceramic jar stopper fragment; molded, T-shape, (Dia) 10.6 cm, (H) 5.6 cm; 5YR 6/3 light reddish-brown

VI NE.26.36

L. 26015

4?

X/IX

LB II, Iron I to 10th

hardpacked brown fill over whole area, below Topsoil 26010 down to Phase 4 Surface 26025

543

base of a ceramic gôr steamer/strainer

VI NE.16.91

L. 16000

LB I–II, Iron I– II, Hell

disturbed topsoil with late burials

74106

74-93

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 60:11; 118C

35

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Ceramic Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

545

ceramic stopper; reworked sherd, black paint, (Dia) 2.2 cm, (H) 0.4 cm; ware 2.5YR 5/4 reddishbrown, surface 10YR 2/1 black

III.5.135

L. 5059

556

sherd; clear interior glaze and bluegreen metallic sheen external glaze

II.3.557

L. 3088

sub-2

562

jar handle; thumb impression; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown

III.4.189

L. 4051.1

563

jar handle; thumb impression; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow

III.4.178

564

jar handle with thumb impression; gray slip; ware 2.5YR 6/8 light red, surface 10YR 7/2 light gray

598

626J

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

Iron II, Hell

deep Macalister probe

III

Iron II, Pers, early Hell

lowest portion of subPhase 2 Trench 3044, below sub-Phase 2 Layer 3086

6

VIIIB

10th–9th

part of the grading fill used to recontour the gateway’s surroundings to combat flooding

pl. 49:2

L. 4051.1

6

VIIIB

10th–9th

part of the grading fill used to recontour the gateway’s surroundings to combat flooding

pl. 49:3

III.4.178

L. 4051.1

6

VIIIB

10th–9th

part of the grading fill used to recontour the gateway’s surroundings to combat flooding

pl. 49:4

ceramic fragment; molded grooves, (L) 4.8 cm, (W) 5.1 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

II.2.524

L. 2170

5B–A

VI

10th/9th, 9th

band of metalled surfaces ca. 30 cm thick below Phase 4? Surface 2088 and running below Phase 4 Wall 2103; cut by Phase 2A/1 Trench 3094; equals Phase 5B Surface 2163 and 5A Surface 2184 to E

ceramic mass with finger cavity; reduction-fired

II.2.525

L. 2182

sub-2

III

early Hell, 3rd

bell-shaped pit in NE corner, filled with loose soil, lumps of unfired clay, pottery fragments

731

ceramic spout from feeding bottle; cream wash, (L) 3.0 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm; ware 7.5YR 7/4 pink, surface 10YR 8/2 white

VI NE.3

L. 3004.1

6A

XIII

13th/12th

material in and 10 cm below Phase 6A Surfaces 3004 and 3004A

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:14

735

fragment of stand; red paint, (L) 8.2 cm, (W) 1.6 cm; ware 5YR 7/3 pink, surface 10YR 7/4 very pale brown, paint 10YR 5/6 red

VI NE.25.45

L. 25024

5A-4

XI–IX

12th–11th

balk removal between Areas 25 and 26; mixed layers down to ca. Phase 5A Surface 25021; mostly Phase 5A debris

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:15

736

tabun fragment; interior surface burnished; 7.5YR 5/2 brown

VI L. 16019 NW.16.117

1970

disturbed area in SE corner of area, below 1 Layer 16007

36

Chapter III Gezer Ceramic Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

783

ceramic stopper made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 4.3 cm, (H) 1.0 cm; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow

VI NW.6.93

L. 6049

5B/5A

XI

12th/11th

thick 40 cm layer of earthen surfaces above Phase 5B Surface 6036 and below Phase 5A-4/A-3 Surface 6035; covers most of area N of Phase 5B/5A Pit 6051; goes below Phase 5A-4 to 5A-1 Wall 6018; runs up against Phase 5C–5B/A Boulders 6061, which protrudes to this level; below Phase 5A-4/A-3 Fill 6025.1 and Phase 5B/5A 6035.1, and above Phase 5B Surface 6036 and Phase 5C–5B/A Boulders 6061; cut by Phase 5B/5A Pit 6051

784

clay object; fragmentary, spherical, low-fired, (Dia) ca. 20 cm

VI NE.34.70

L. 34012

3?

VIII?

LB II, 12th, 11th, 10th

pit in NE corner of area; cut from Phase 3 levels

822

ceramic pedestal; pinched waist and concave depressions at both ends, (L) 1.7 cm, (Dia) 0.9/1.5 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray

II.3.773

L. 3044

2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd

deep trench across W half of area, cutting down through Phase 5 levels; sealed in part by sub-Phase 2 Surface 3050

850

ceramic gaming piece or stopper; handmade, (Dia) 2.2 cm, (H) 1.1 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown

VI NE.34.94

L. 34032

6B/A

XIII

12th

occupational debris in Rooms 8, 9, and 12 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surfaces 34020, 34025, and 34025A, down to Phase 6B Surfaces 34022, 34043, and 34050

887

ceramic fragment; high kaolin content, painted

VI NE.34

locus not assigned

910

ceramic protrusion; possibly from a crude zoomorphic figurine, spout hole does not extend through, (L) 4.2 cm, (Dia) 2.5 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray

II.3.883

L. 3234

7

IX

10th

layer of dung, burned in place, along entire W balk below Phase 7 Layer 3231, 10–15 cm thick

950

ceramic cone; gaming piece (?), small, surface-combed, (H) 1.6 cm, (base Dia) 1.6 cm; 10YR 8/1 white

VI NE.6.71

L. 6015

4B/A

X/IX

12th, 11th, few 10th

compact fill layer below Phase 4B/A Fill 6011.1 and above Phase 4B/A Trench 6067; probably late Phase 4B/A fill and makeup

952

ceramic zoomorphic vessel fragment; handmade, (L) 6.5 cm, (W) 8.4 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink

VI NE.6.104

L. 6026

4B/A

X/IX

LB II, 12th, 11th

portion of large trench, continuing into other areas as 5021/6026/15018/16030; cut from above Phase 4B levels down into Phase 5A levels; sealed by Phase 4B/A Layer 6015 and Phase 4A Surface 6011; equals Trench 6067 to N

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:12

found in sieve

pl. 10:3

37

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Ceramic Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1971 1082A

ceramic stopper made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 3.1 cm, (H) 0.9 cm; 2.5YR 6/7 light red

VI NE.33.158

L. 33067

12/11

XXII/ XXI

MB IIA, later MB II?

fill of compact occupational debris, below Phase 11 Surface 33065, down to Phase 12 Surface 33068

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:14

1082B

ceramic stopper made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 2.6 cm, (H) 0.7 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

VI NE.33.158

L. 33067

12/11

XXII/ XXI

MB IIA, later MB II?

fill of compact occupational debris, below Phase 11 Surface 33065, down to Phase 12 Surface 33068

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:15

1094

ceramic stopper made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 5.2 cm, (H) 0.8 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow

VI NE.34.216

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:1

1100

ceramic sherd with clay coil affixed; burnished, (L) of sherd 3.6 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (Dia) of coil 3.2/2.9 cm; 10YR 8/2 white

VI NE.23.172

L. 23056

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, much LB II

hardpacked layer, below Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 7/6 Fill 23043 and Phase 8 Pit 23049 down to Phase 9 Surfaces 23058, 23066, and 23072

1101

ceramic ring fragment, (L) 3.0 cm; 7.5YR 5/2 brown

VI NE.23.175

L. 23060

8

XV

MB II, MB IIC/ LB I, LB II ud

retrenching of Cistern Shaft 23054 in Phase 8; cuts Phase 9B–A Surface 23058, 10/9 Layer 23075, Phase 10A Surface 23088, and Phase 11 Surfaces 23117 and 23120

1110A

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; (Dia) 3.5 cm, (H) 0.7 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray

VI NE.34.223

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

1110B

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; (Dia) 5.0 cm, (H) 0.9 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

VI NE.34.223

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

1124

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; (Dia) 4.5 cm, (H) 0.7 cm; 5YR 6/2 pinkish-gray

VI NE.36.43

L. 36011.1

5B

XI

flint cache in balk between Areas 26 and 36, in disaggregated destruction debris with pockets of charcoal; locus may be contiguous with L. 36012, which is a flint cache in the same balk, within Phase 5B Fill 36011.1; these flints were in a shallow pit 7 cm deep set into Phase 5C/B Surface 26050.1 in the courtyard W of Phase 5C–B Wall 36009 (see Gezer IV [HUC]: Appendix C)

pl. 10:9

pl. 10:5

38

Chapter III Gezer Ceramic Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

1160

burned ceramic object; tubular, tapering, tuyère (?), (L) 8.0 cm, (Dia) 2.9 cm; 5YR 6/4 reddish-yellow

VI NE.23.201

L. 23054

10–6

XIX–XIII

MB II, LB II, 13th/12th, 12th

stone shaft leading to Cistern 23089; modified and reused in each phase

1216

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; painted inside, incised complex decoration outside; (Dia) 5.5 cm, (H) 0.8 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown

VI NE.14.301

L. 14114

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II ud, ns

destruction debris found along W balk in area not cut by Phase 7 trenching; probably backfill of Phase 9 demolition debris to prepare for Phase 8 Surface 14089; below Phase 9/8 Layer 14089.1, above Phase 9B–A Surface 14115

1221

ceramic appliqué fragment

VI NE.3.154

L. 3048

7

XIV

MB II, LB I, LB II to 13th

backfilled Phase 7 trench in N of area; probably equivalent to Phase 7 Trench 3055; below Phase 7/6B Fill 3029.1

1222

wheelmade sherd with chalky consistency

VI NE.13.283

L. 13060

8B

XV

MB IIC, LB I

pit along E balk, cut from Phase 8B Surface 13055 to receive Phase 8B–7 Vat 13043; mixture of levels possible; pit dug through Phase 9 levels below level of Phase 9B–A Surface 13063 and partly disrupting Phase 9B Drain 13085

1230

stamped impression on ceramic sherd; (L) 2 cm, (W) 1.2 cm

VI NE 23.226

L. 23075

10/9

XIX–XVI

LB I

1234

sherd; coiled and bossed, skeuomorph of metal vessel, showing rivets, (Dia) 2.6/2.9 cm, (W) 3.5 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

VI NE.23.229

L. 23075

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

1243

rectangular ceramic object; possibly small incense burner, gutter on top, evidence of charring, (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 4.4 cm, (H) 4.8 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

VI NE.14.289

L. 14083

7

1262

rectangular plaque made from reworked sherd; pierced near top, (L) 9.0 cm, (W) 5.9 cm, (Th) 1.4 cm; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown

VI NE.34.288

L. 34086

7

DA # Plate No. Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:5

74-73

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 52.1; 116C

debris below Surfaces 24058, 23088

74-75

Gezer IV (HUC) pl. 50:7

MB IIC/LB I, few LB I

occupational and destruction debris, below Phase 9B–A Surfaces 23058 and 23066, above Phase 10/9 Layer 23092 and Phase 10B–A Surface 23084 and Phase 10A Surface 23088; mostly Phase 10 debris used to prepare Phase 9 surfaces

74102

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equivalent to L. 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:4

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:4

pl. 10:12

39

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Ceramic Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1287

ceramic miniature chariot wheel fragment; red burnished, (Dia– broken) 4.5 cm, (H) 2.2 cm; ware 5YR 7/3 pink, surface 5YR 5/7 light reddish-yellow-brown

VI NE.35.336

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc.

1288

ceramic fragment; handmade, vertical burnish, (L) 6.8 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (H) 2.5 cm; 5YR 6/3 light reddish-brown

VI NE.35.329

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc.

1290

ceramic stub; possibly a modified handle attachment or ceramic pillar base, with almost square cross section; the base has been ground flat, (H) 4.0 cm, base (W) 4.8 cm corner to corner, top (W) 3.0 cm corner to corner; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

VI NE.25.214

L. 25097

7

XIV

few EB, much MB IIA–C, considerable LB I–II, few 13th/12th in upper levels

deep trench, below Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; above Phase 8/7 Trench 25112 (possibly lower levels of same trench); cuts down into Phase 10 levels, destroying all Phase 9-8 architecture; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches in adjacent areas, including 15141, 26086, 35069

pl. 10:7

1300

ceramic stopper; reworked body sherd, (Dia) 2.7 cm, (H) 0.5 cm; 2.5YR 6/8 light red

VI NE.13.300

L. 13089

10B–A

XIX– XVIII

MB IIA/MB IIC, LB I

occupational debris layer, probably Phase 10B build-up; below Phase 10A/9B Surface 13087, above Phase 10B Surface 13095 and Phase 10B–A Surface 13104

pl. 11:7

1322

ceramic object; tapered and pierced, (L) 2.8 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink

VI NE.24.339

L. 24159

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

MB II, LB I, LB IIA

fill below Phase 9 Surface 24150, down to Phase 11–10 Surface 24160; some Phase 10 disaggregated debris, mostly Phase 9 fill

pl. 10:13

1361

miniature handmade ceramic bowl; (Dia) 4.8 cm, (H) 3.9 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

VI NE.24.330

L. 24132

8

XV

MB II ud, LB I, LB II

robber trench below Phase 8/7 Trench 24141 and Phase 7 Pit 24135, down to Phase 9 Wall 24130 and robbing out the top three courses of this wall; partly sealed by Phase 8 Surface 24125

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:9

40

Chapter III Gezer Ceramic Objects

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1365

ceramic object; broken in antiquity, (L) 5.9 cm, (W) 5.3 cm, (H) 4.5 cm; 10YR 8/2 white

VI NE.26.323

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075, and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and Makeup 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching

pl. 10:8

1371

handmade crucible; traces of copper slag adhering to inside, (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 4.3 cm, (H) 2.4 cm; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 51:1; 115D; 116A

1385

kernos ring fragment; ceramic tube, (L) 3 cm, (Dia) 1.5 × 1.1 cm

VI.14.365

L. 14142

11/10B

XXI–XIX

MB IIC

laminated surfaces built up over Surface 14150

Gezer IV (HUC): pl.50:2

1390

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; (Dia) 3.2 cm, (H) 0.55 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink

VI NE.35

locus not assigned

1392

ceramic T-shaped stopPers, or possibly miniature chariot wheel; (Dia) 6.8 cm, (H) 3.5 cm; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow

VI NE.24.420

L. 24187

12

XXII

EB, MB IIA, possibly MB IIA/B

rockfall above Granary 24200; below Phase 12 Walls 24168 and 24197; equals 24248, 24179, 24171, and 23086

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 49:8; 115B

fill

1972 1538

273

ceramic pestle fragment; (L) 5.7 cm, (Dia) 4.9 cm; 10YR 7/1 light gray

VII.27.79

L. 27022

2C

II

Pers?, Hell

1543

156

ceramic disc; small, worked, possibly gaming piece, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (H) 0.1 cm; 2.5YR 5/4 red

VII.28.80

L. 28009

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell pit fill

pl. 9:5

1602

732

ceramic jar stopper; Hellenistic, rim partly broken, top side handle or decoration broken off; (Dia) 4.3 cm, (total H) 1.8 cm, (rim only H) 1.0 cm; 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown

VII.37.102 L. 37000

Iron II–Hell/ Rom

cultivation soil

pl. 9:2

1635

923

glazed ceramic sherd; turquoise design

VII.38.187 L. 38040.1

3

III

Iron II

sub-surface

1676

1073

Hellenistic stopper; worked ceramic jar base, (Dia) 4.0 cm, (H) 0.7 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray

VII.25.53

L. 25020

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

fill

1730

1424

glazed ceramic sherd

VII.37.181 L. 37035

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

in pit

pl. 9:6

41

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Ceramic Objects Obj # MC # 1773

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

1688

ceramic gaming piece; (Dia) 3.2 cm, (H) 1.2 cm

IV.6.43

1954

446

ceramic vessel base fragment

2083

711

2119

Locus L. 6004

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

mid-layer brick debris

pl. 11:2

VII.36.130 L. 36067

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; roughly circular with tapered edge, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (H) 0.8 cm; 5YR 5/6 yellowish red

VII.36.157 L. 36067

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

74747

pl. 9:8

773

fenestrated cult stand; cylindrical, incomplete, red slip, (base Dia) 18.7 cm, (rim Dia) 14.4 cm; surface 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow

VII.36.183 L. 36038A

3

III

Chalco, Late Iron II

fill

74898

pl. 9:7

2159

890

clay jar stopper; molded, T-shape, (Dia) 9.6 cm, (H) 4.6 cm; 5YR 3/4 dark reddish-brown

IV.5

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

2191

949

ceramic stopper made from reworked body sherd; (Dia) 3.2 cm, (H) 0.8 cm; 7.5YR 6.4 light brown

IV.6.107

L. 6006

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

2253

1051

storage jar stopper; molded, T-shape, (Dia) 7.5 cm, (H) 3.0 cm; 10YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown

IV.5.356

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

2271

1092

ceramic jar stopper made from reworked bowl base; (Dia) 6.2 cm, (H) 1.9 cm; 2.5YR 4/8 red

VII.36.227 L. 36067

6

VI

EB, Iron II, Hell

brick collapse

pl. 9:9

2353

1233

clay stopper; molded, T-shape, containing burnt nari angular fragments, and with fingerprints preserved on surface; (Dia) 7.7 cm, (H) 3.1 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

IV.6.92

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

pl. 11:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 42:1

1973

L. 6006

pl. 11:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:13

74757

pl. 11:3

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:4

74797

pl. 11:6

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:12

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:5

42

Chapter III

3.  Faience and Frit Objects Faience is a composite vitreous material manufactured largely from crushed and molded quartz, covered with a glaze. Frit is similar but lacks the glaze, either from manufacture or due to weathering. Often it is not possible to identify whether an unglazed object ever was glazed, resulting in the convention that where glaze is visible, faience is the term used, and where it is not—even if it may once have been present—frit is used (Freestone 1997: 307; Peltenberg 1997: 309–11; Moorey 1994: 167; Spaer, this volume). The faience and frit objects at Gezer are primarily categorized by type rather than by material, with the result that most objects are listed and described in Appendixes A–B (which cover amulets, beads, and pendants). Of those that remain, most are small sherds from the Late Bronze and Iron Age levels in Field VI NE that have the distinctive external pale

blue glaze and a dark, usually black, linear design on a pale cream background on the interior of the vessel such as Object 809. Three gaming pieces— Objects 260, 325, and 1320—and an unusual object whose function is unknown, Object 946, came from Late Bronze Age and Iron  II contexts in different areas of excavation. Perhaps the most significant faience objects are a large piece of a beautifully decorated faience bowl, Object 1593, found in a Str. II fill in Field VII, and a flask, Object 2126, from Str. XVIIIA in Field IV. The bowl is decorated with a molded wreath design around its wide, flat rim and with rosette-patterned black-painted decoration in the base. The flask (which though badly shattered was partly restorable) was found on the MB  IIC surface in Room 6010 of Field IV. Similar faience flasks came from Str. E at Tell Beit Mirsim, dating to MB IIC (TBM IA: 83; pl. 11:1–2), and from the Level III Fosse Temple at Lachish, dating to LB II (Lachish II: pl. XXII:56).

Gezer Faience and Frit Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1965 15

faience pendant; (L) 2.3 cm, (W) 2.45 cm, (Dp) 0.25 cm

I.3.46

L. 3008.1

5/4

XV–XII

16

faience pendant; diamond-shaped cross hatching on front, broken, (L) 1.45 cm, (W) 1.05 cm, (Dp) 0.2 cm very small faience fragment

I.2.56A

L. 2007.1

5/4

XV–XII

I.4.86

L. 4020

8A/7B

faience gaming piece; pointed shaft tapering to a large circular base, (L) 1.4 cm, (Dia of shaft) 0.6 cm, (Dia of base) 2.0 cm faience gaming piece; rough pyramidoid shape, poorly glazed, (base W) 1.8 cm, (H) 1.6 cm

III.1.154

L. 1118

IV.16.64

L. 16006

72

LB II (one Mycenaean, one Base Ring, one White Slip), mostly Iron I two LB Cypriote, mostly Iron I

bricky destruction debris 74-34 below Phase 4 Surfaces 3008 & 3008B, above 5A Surface 3009

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:6

below Surface 2007 of Phase 4 and above Surface 2009 of Phase 5A

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:7

XIX– XVIII

MB IIA/early IIB, much MB IIC/LB I

mixed probe below Phase 7B/7A Surface 4012 and above 8B/8A Fill 4031

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

surface in destruction debris

pl. 12:8

5B

XVIIIC

Chalco-Hell

Macalister backfill

pl. 12:11

1968 260

325

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 58:10

43

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Faience and Frit Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1969 443

483 589

faience bowl fragment; inlaid linear design on interior; external surface has very light blue glaze small frit and chert cylinder; (H) 2.9 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm faience bowl fragment; inlaid linear design on interior, external surface has light blue glaze

VI NW.5.80

L. 5041.1

5B-4/ B-3

III.4.98

L. 4004.1

VI NE.24.140

L. 24049.P 6A

faience jar fragment; interior decoration, glazed blue and black pattern on external surface faience bowl rim fragment; interior decoration, external surface has light blue glaze faience object; (L) 3.7 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Dp) 0.65 cm

VI NE.15.96

L. 15048.1

VI NE.23.94

VI NE.34.

XI

12th

material below Phase 5B-3 Surface 5041 down ca. 10 cm; above Phase 5B-4 Surface 5042

Iron II to Hell/ Rom, ns

Macalister backfill

XIII

12th

pottery and lithics on 6B–A Surface 24049

5C/B

XII/XI

LB, 12th, few 12th/11th

material below 5B Surface 15048, down to 5C Surface 15050

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

L. 34022.1

6B

XIII

12th

occupational fill below 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041 makeup below 6B Surface 34022, above 6B Surface 34044

faience bowl fragment; VI interior decoration, NE.5.125 external surface has light blue glaze ( joins Obj. 1199) faience bowl fragment VI NE.6.177

L. 5072

6A/5C

XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

L. 6084

5B/A

XI

13th, 12th

faience bowl rim VI NE.24 fragment; interior decoration, external surface has pale blue glaze faience bowl fragment; VI eroded interior NE.26.236 decoration, external surface has light blue glaze

locus not assigned

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:10

74-99

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:7

1970 809

909A

946

pl. 12:5

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:14 pl. 12:10

1971 1106

1136

1151

1198

L. 26083

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 13th/12th, 12th

large robber trench which 74-98 destroys much of Phase 6B; cut from above 6A Surface 5059, backfilled with loose rubble and ash large, shallow chafflined pit in NE of area; cut from post-Phase 5B levels, apparently stood open and slowly backfilled by domestic rubble; sealed above by Phase 5A Surface 6033; partially robs Phase 5C–B Wall 6040 found in sieve

alternating ash and soil layers over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 26077, above Phase 7 Trench 26086 and Phase 6C Trench 26075; up to a meter of earthen resurfacings; contemporary with Phase 6C–B Granary 24000 to the south

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:11

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:9

44

Chapter III Gezer Faience and Frit Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1199

faience bowl fragment; VI interior decoration, NE.5.141 external surface has light blue glaze ( joins Obj. 1106)

L. 5052

6A/5C

XIII/XII

1217

faience bowl fragment; VI very weathered, NE.24.324 interior and exterior decoration

L. 24150

9

XVI

LB I, LB IIA

1254

faience bowl fragment; VI interior decoration, NE.24.301 external surface has pale blue glaze

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA

1291

faience vessel base fragment; exterior decoration

VI NE.25.247

L. 25097

7

XIV

few EB, much MB IIA–C, considerable LB I–II, few 13th/12th in upper levels

1319

faience bowl fragment; VI very weathered NE.26.295

L. 26075

7/6C

XIV/XIII

LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

1320

conical frit gaming piece; (H) 2.5 cm, (base Dia) 1.5 cm

VI NE.24.328

L. 24150

9

XVI

LB I, LB IIA

1323A

small faience bowl fragment

VI NE.35.402

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

disaggregated mud brick 74-98 material, derivative of the Phase 6A destruction; below Phase 5C Surface 5048, above Phase 6A Surface 5059 and Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072; partially used as Phase 5C fill thick striated band of surfaces E of 9 Wall 24130, S of Phase 10–9 Wall 24105; below Phase 9A debris, L. 24145, above Phase 10/9 Fill 24159; upper levels cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; equals Surfaces 24145 and 24145A debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris deep trench, below Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; above Phase 8/7 Trench 25112 (possibly lower levels of same trench); cuts down into Phase 10 levels, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches in adjacent areas, including 15141, 26086, 35069 backfilled trench below Phase 6A surface and below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 26083; contains occupational debris including worked flints, grinders, loom weight, bead, etc. thick striated band of surfaces E of Phase 9 Wall 24130, S of Phase 10–9 Wall 24105; below Phase 9A debris, L. 24145, above Phase 10/9 Fill 24159; upper levels cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; equals Surfaces 24145 and 24145A large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches in adjacent areas, including 25097 and 34086

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:11

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:19

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:6

45

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Faience and Frit Objects Obj #

MC #

1343

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

small faience fragment VI NE.34.332

Locus L. 34095

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

10–9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

LB IIA

drain into Cistern Shaft 34046, associated with Phase 9B–A Surface 34098 and Phase 10 Surfaces 34103 and 34114; below Phase 7 Trench 34086, above Phase 11/10 Layer 34122; probably built with Phase 10 Surface 34103 and repaired with later surfaces

DA # Plate No. Published

1972 1593

728

faience bowl fragment; VII.27.178 L. 27022 molded wreath decoration around rim, painted decoration on inside base, (Dia) 7.0 cm, (H) 2.5 cm, (wall Th) 0.9 cm

2C

II

Pers–Hell

fill

74-828 pl. 12:2

1948

403

1

II

Hell

topsoil

74-708

2126

841

faience bowl fragment; IX.2.53 L. 2000 interior decoration faience flask; several IV.6.88 L. 6010.P fragments, (L) 8.95 cm, (W) 7.0 cm, (Dp) 2.4 cm faience strap handle VII.38.416 L. 38116.1 fragment; (W) 0.6 cm

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 12:12

10

XII

LB, Iron I–12th

sub-surface sediments

pl. 12:7

1973

2320

4. Figurines One hundred and two clay figurines, complete or fragmentary, were excavated at Gezer, 71 from Phase I and 31 from Phase II. Of the Phase I figurines, 31 were published in earlier volumes of the Gezer series. The Gezer figurines are divided into anthropomorphic and zoomorphic types.

a.  Anthropomorphic Figurines Two special groups of figurines are highlighted in this category. The first, Ashdoda-type figurines, occur in sufficient numbers for them to be treated as a special group. The second, Plaque figurines, are dealt with in Appendix F by I. Cornelius. i.  Ashdoda and Other Female-type Figurines Two of the Gezer specimens, Object 10 from Field I and Object 533 from Field VI NW, were

illustrated in Gezer I and Gezer IV, respectively. Object 10 was found in Str. XI, dating to the 11th century, and Object 533 came from a topsoil layer. These are both fragments of Ashdoda-type figurines. Following the discovery of the original Ashdoda figurine at Ashdod in 1965 (Dothan 1971: 161, fig. 91:1, pl. LXXXII), many fragments of four-legged, chair-type objects as well as the pinched heads and chest pieces have been assigned to this group. However, the original Ashdoda remains the only complete specimen found to date. Though they occur elsewhere in Israel, the Ashdoda-type figurines are indigenous to Philistia in the early Iron Age and probably reflect the residual memory of female figurines from the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Dothan 1982: 234). Object 2280 is another couch-shaped fragment of an Ashdoda figurine from Iron I levels in Field VII. Object 1853 may be the head of one of these objects. It has the typical pinched face with

46

Chapter III

plastic eyes, though it is unusual in that it is heavily decorated with pinpricks creating lines around and on the top of the head. Object 1966, found in backfill from Macalister’s excavations in Field IV, is a fragment of an imported Mycenaean Ψ-figurine, so named by Furumark in 1941 because of their resemblance to this Greek letter (1941: 86–89). Object 390, the torso of a female figurine with the breasts and arms broken off, was found in topsoil in Field VI NW. It is reminiscent of mourningtype figurines found at other sites in the southern coastal plain, including Azor and Tell Jemmeh, that take their inspiration from Mycenaean antecedents (Dothan 1982: 246, fig. 12.1–2) ii.  Other Anthropomorphic Figurines Object 565 is the domed head of a figurine possibly representing the god Bel. It has a plastic appliqué nose and eyebrows and was covered in red slip. It was found in Str. VIII, dating to the 10th century, in Field III. Another figurine head, Object 1801, comes from Str. II in Field VII, dating to the Hellenistic period. It has a small, pinched face with minimal features and what appears to be a helmet-type headdress covering the head. It is similar to Persian and Hellenistic figurines such as Object 1748, which are well known from sites in the southern Shephelah. However, its closest parallels appear to be from late Iron  II, when similar pinched-face figurines have been found at Lachish (Kletter 2004: 2059, Reg. No. 557/1; fig. 28.36:5) and Jerusalem (Gilbert-Peretz 1996: figs. 10:5–9, 15–19). The Gezer figurine head would be classified as Gilbert-Peretz’s Type A, that is, “pinched head . . . with hat,” which she dates from the 8th century until the Babylonian destruction in the early 6th century b.c.e. (1996: 30, 38).

b.  Zoomorphic Figurines A variety of zoomorphic figurines was found at Gezer, several of which are illustrated in earlier vol-

umes in this series. Among those illustrated here, particular attention should be drawn to a few types. i.  Kernos Fragments In addition to fragments of kernos rings (Obj. 1633; Obj. 801), several spouted animal heads, probably from kernoi, were found across the mound. They include Objects 241, 428, 503, and 2098. They are familiar items from Iron Age contexts in the south, with parallels from many sites (for example, Ashdod; Dothan 1971: figs. 66–70). The small bird figurines, Objects 989 from Field II and 2045 from Field VII, are also probably from kernos rings. ii.  Spouted Figurines Other spouted figurine pieces were also found. Of interest is Object 503, an animal head spout from a zoomorphic vessel. Although the animal itself is not identifiable, the piece is distinguished by an elaborate applied decoration representing the mane. It comes from the Iron Age gate area in Field III. Object 1720 was found in Hellenistic levels in Field VII. It is a stylistically formed zoomorphic jar spout, and although broken, it appears that the spout emerges not through the mouth but beneath it, via the neck. iii.  Other Zoomorphic Objects Object 1207 is a hollow zoomorphic vessel from a 12th century context in Field VI NE. Although only the bottom part is preserved, it is clearly one of an increasing corpus of such vessels from the early Iron Age. Object 123 is a similar such item. Object 239 is the ceramic foot of a zoomorphic vessel or figurine or possibly a piece of furniture. It was found in the gate area in Field III, in a pit dated to Str. VIIIB of the late 10th century. The object appears to represent the foot of an animal, stylistically reproduced, with finger impressions serving as the toes. It is covered with a red slip.

47

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Figurines Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1965 10

20 28

57

terra-cotta cultic couch (Ashdoda fragment?); broken, (L) 4.6 cm, (W) 7.3 cm; 2.5YR 5/4 reddish-brown clay sheep’s head figurine fragment; 5YR 7/3 pink ceramic animal figurine fragment; red slip; ware 5YR 7/3 pink, slip 2.5YR 5/6 red ceramic goat’s head; decorated with traces of red paint; ware 7.5YR 7/4 pink, paint 10R 5/4 weak red

I.1.53

Fill 1014.1 3C

I.7.25

zoomorphic ceramic vessel; two holes on top, both broken, (L) 9.0 cm, (W) 6.1cm, (H) 8.0 cm; 5YR 8/2 pinkish white

XI

Iron I, Phil

makeup of Surface 1014 between Walls 1009 and 1015

74-13

L. 7001A

mixed

Macalister dump

67-417

I.5.38

L. 5003B

MB, LB

light brown layer below Layers 5002A and 5003A, below Macalister dump

I.1.156

L. 1028.1 (1027.1?)

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

makeup of hardpacked earthen Surface 1027 covering whole area

67-418

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:4

II.1.197

L. 1098.P

8B

X

11th/10th

occupational debris and pottery on 8B Surface 1098

74-57

Gezer I (HUC): pls. 37:9; 25D

ceramic feline foot; III.3.101 thumbnail impressions for toenails, red slip with white highlights, (H) 5.8 cm, (W) 4.7 cm, (Th) 3.7 cm; ware 5YR 7/3 pink, slip 10R 5/6 red hollow pottery animal II.1.247 figurine head (kernos fragment?); (H) 4.7 cm, (W) 3.1 cm; 7.5YR 5/0 gray

L. 3036.1

6

VIIIB

LB II, 10th/9th

debris in W casemate, contains big pieces of jars, sherds of burned cooking pots, many bones of small animals, 2 caprid jawbones, charcoal

L. 1107

9

XI

12th/11th, midto-late 11th

74-61

cylindrical pottery V.6.55 fragment, figurine leg (?); (L) 3.4 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink ceramic figurine I.4.393 fragment, animal head (?); (L) 6.0 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink ceramic pinched II.3.229 face figurine head; nose broken off, (H) 4.0 cm, (W) 2.7 cm, (Th) 2.6 cm; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow

L. 6022

series of layers of debris, composed of burned lime with ash and clay, irregularly lensing in and out, over whole area N of Phase 10–9 Wall 1031 Macalister dump

74-8

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:3

1966 123

1968 239

241

277

339

344

pl. 18:1

pl. 18:4

pl. 13:8

L. 4161.1

14/13

XXVI/ XXV

late Chalco, EB I

material below Phase 13 Surface 4161, down to bedrock

L. 3044

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

deep trench across W 74-52 half of area, cutting down through Phase 5 levels, sealed by sub-Phase 2 Surface 3050; Trench 3044 is bricky detritus, but material varies lower in the trench

pl. 16:1

48

Chapter III Gezer Figurines

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1969 390

400

417

418

426

427

428

1568

442

1573

455

1574

female figurine; torso only, applied breasts broken off, red slip, (H) 50 cm, (W) 5.5 cm, (Th) 3.3 cm; ware paste 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, slip 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown hollow pottery object, possibly kernos or figurine fragment; red slip, (H) 4.5 cm, (W) 3.4 cm, (Th) 4.2 cm; ware 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white, surface 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown head and neck of swan (?) figurine; (L) 7.6cm, (Dia) of neck 2.9 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray ceramic animal figurine torso fragment; orange fabric, buff slip, dark gray core; (L) 5.1 cm, (H) 2.2 cm Cypriote Base Ring bull horn; (L) 1.6 cm, (Dia) 0.65 cm; ware 2.5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown, slip 2.5YR 3/2 dusky red

VI NW.6.17

L. 6000

LB, Iron I, few Iron II, Hell, ns

VI

locus not assigned

VI NW.5.41

L. 5018

III.4.17

L. 4003

II.1.485

L. 1167

12

XIV

LB IIB, plus 13th/12th

ceramic figurine leg fragment; (L) 2.2 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow kernos spout; zoomorphic figurine head, burnished, (H) 5.1 cm, (L of head) 4.1 cm, (W of head) 2.9 cm; 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown animal (swan?) figurine head; painted decoration along handle, (L) 5.8 cm; surface 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, paint 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown ceramic horse head from figurine; (H) 2.8 cm, (L of head) 3.7 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink

III.4.27

L. 4009

6

VIIIB

Iron II to Hell, Rom

II.3.360

L. 3112

4?

V?

VI NE.13.53

L. 13000

VI NE.24.55

L. 24022

5A

XI

few 13th, mostly 12th, some 12th/11th

topsoil with Late Burials

pl. 13:9

found on surface

74-107

hard fill over entire area below Phase 5A-2? Fill 5008, down to Phase 5A surfaces

74-119

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 61:10; 119A

9th, 7th/6th, Pers, cleaning at start of Hell, Rom season, including Macalister debris

6A

XIII

laminated earth surfacing below Phase 12/11B Layer 1164; includes charred wood fragments, mud brick, occupational debris; associated with Phase 12 Wall 1162 surface above drain

pl. 18:10

8th, 7th

pit in NE corner, probably 74-48 dug in Phase 4, cut by sub-Phase 2/2B Trench 3047

pl. 17:1

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

disturbed topsoil, including Late Burials

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 62:16; 119D

LB, 13th/12th

occupational debris in Room 8 of Granary 24000; below Topsoil 24000 down to Phase 6A Surface 24056A; Phase 6A destruction debris plus Phase 5C fill; equals Layers 34024, 24050, 24042, and 24039 in adjacent areas

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:3

49

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Figurines Obj # MC # 464

485

486

503

504

511

533

535

537

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

kernos ring fragment; painted, (L) 8.8 cm, (Dia) 2.8/3.4 cm, (Th) 0.5/1.6 cm; surface 10YR 8/3 very pale brown, paint 5YR 4/1 dark gray horn fragment of zoomorphic figurine; red slip, (L) 3.8 cm, (Dia) 2.6/0.5 cm; ware 2.5YR 6/6 light red, slip 5YR 3/2 dark reddish-brown figurine fragment; possibly leg or horn, orange-buff fabric; (L) 4.1 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm; 7.5YR 8/4 pink spouted animal head with applied ceramic decoration; (H) 6.05 cm, (L of head) 4.3 cm, (W) 2.8 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink ceramic horse figurine head; incised decoration across forehead, deepl. hollowed eyes, end of muzzle broken; (H) 3.9 cm, (W) 1.9 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink

VI NE.14.67

L. 14015

6A

XIII

nil

destruction debris on Phase 6A Surface 14032 in Room 3 of Granary 24000; below Phase 5 Surface 14025; equals Phase 6A Rockfall 14027

III.5.173

L. 5048

1

II

Iron I–II, Hell

water-laid sand and loess

II.3.430

L. 3097.1

5/4

VI/V

9th, 8th, few probably 7th

below Phase 4 Wall 3097, down 30 cm

III.2.375

L. 2217.1

4

II

10th/9th, Hell, ud compacted debris, possibly contaminated by pit

VI NE.17.145

L. 17049

3

VIII

LB, 12th–11th, 10th

fragment of zoomorphic figurine; possibly horn, (L) 3.6 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink ashdoda figurine fragment; applied breasts (one broken), (H) 7.2 cm, (W) 8.0 cm, (Th) 1.2 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown fragment of zoomorphic figurine; possibly a leg, (L) 4.3 cm, (Dia) 2.1 cm ceramic bull’s head spout; probably from kernos, red painted decoration, (L) 5.4 cm, (L of head) 4.9 cm, (W of head) 5.2 cm, (Dia of neck) 3.1 cm, (inside Dia) 1.4 cm; surface 10YR 7/2 light gray, paint 10YR 5/6 red

II.3.476

L. 3114.P

5B

VI

early to mid 9th, possible 8th

VI NW.15.95

L. 15000

III.4.149

L. 4046.1

4

VI NE.35.20

L. 35010

5A?

DA # Plate No. Published 74-118

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:18

pl. 15:1

deep foundation trench 74-115 for Phase 3 stone Vat 17020; cut from near modern surface down to Phase 4B-A levels; backfilled after construction of vat; cuts Phase 4B/A layers 17025, 17041, and 17046, and Phase 4B Surfaces 17047, 17061; sealed by Phase 3 Layer 17023 removal of 5 cm of occupational debris on Phase 5B Surface 3114

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:11

LB II, Iron I, few Pers Hell

topsoil with Late Burials

74-120

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 62:18; 120C

VII

10th/9th, early 9th

removal of Floor 4046; includes pottery, pebbles, some lime or plaster

XI

LB II, Iron I to early 10th

compact soils over whole area, disturbed by Late Burials, down to top of Phase 5A Pit 35013 and level of Phase 5A surfaces; equivalent to Phase 5A debris with mixture of Phase 4 material

74-110

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 60:12; 118B

50

Chapter III Gezer Figurines

Obj # MC # 553

555

565

576

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

ceramic figurine fragment; red slip, (L) 6.3 cm, (W) 3.1 cm; surface 7.5YR 8/4 pink, slip 7.5YR 4/6 red horn fragment of zoomorphic figurine/ vessel; (L) 3.9 cm, (Dia) 2.5 cm; 5YR 7/3 pink conical head of Bel deity figurine; circular left eye and mouth applied to face, right eye has only a depression, traces of red slip, (H) 3.8 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (Th) 3.7 cm, ware 5YR 7/3 pink, slip 10YR 4/4 weak red zoomorphic figurine; head and legs broken off, (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (H) 2.9 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

VI NE.36.24, 25

L. 36000

III.5.286

L. 5108

1

III.4.190

L. 4051.1

VI NE.34.35

L. 34007

horn fragment of zoomorphic figurine, red slip, (L) 2.1 cm; 10R 5/6 red ceramic figurine fragment; (L) 1.8 cm

IV.14.2

L. 14000

IV.3.197

L. 3012

5A

zoomorphic figurine head fragment; probably from kernos, red slip, (L) 4.0 cm, (Dia of hole) 0.4 cm; ware 5YR 7/3 pink, slip 2.5YR 5/6 red zoomorphic figurine torso fragment; (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 3.4 cm, (H) 1.8 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink kernos ring fragment; slipped and painted, (L) 10.1 cm, (Dia) 2.8/2.1 cm, (wall Th) 0.9/0.6 cm; ware 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, exterior 10YR 8/1 white, and 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown and 5YR 4/2 dark reddish gray

III.5.334

L. 5161.1

VI NE.25.

VI NE.35.68

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

LB, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil with Late Burials

II

10th, 9th, Hell

the lowest rubble in the huge Hellenistic robberpit below Macalister’s Building H

pl. 14:6

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

part of the grading fill used to recontour the gateway’s surroundings

pl. 18:3

6A

XIII

some LB II, mostly 12th

bricky debris below Topsoil 34000 down to Phase 6A surfaces; same as 24050 in adjacent area

Chalco-Rom

Macalister backfill

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

removal of cobbling, materials from beneath the cobbling

L. 25024

5A-4

XI–IX

12th–11th

L. 35028

5C/B

XII/XI

LB II, 12th

balk removal between Areas 25 and 26; mixed layers down to Phase 5A Surface 25021; mostly Phase 5A debris balk removal between NE 35 and NE 25; pottery probably equals 5C/B Fill 35014.1

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:16

1970 636

644 738

764

801

pl. 13:6

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10e Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:23

pl. 18:2

pl. 18:5

51

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Figurines Obj # MC # 829

859 921

935

985

989

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

hollow zoomorphic figurine head and long neck fragment; muzzle is broken, molded mane design on back of neck, (L of neck) 6.9 cm, (W) 2.3 cm, (L of head; broken) 2.3 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink faience figurine head; (H) 1.2 cm, (W) 1.1 cm sculptured hollow zoomorphic figurine fragment; burnished, (L) 5.8 cm, (H) 3.1 cm, (wall Th) 0.6 cm; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown zoomorphic (bovine?) spouted figurine fragment; burnished, (L) 5.6 cm, (H) 5.4 cm; ware 5YR 7/4 pink, surface 10R 3/6 dark red Cypriote Base Ring II horn and head fragment from bull vessel; (L of horn) 2.7 cm, (Dia of horn) 1.2 cm; surface 5YR 4/1 dark gray, painted lines 5YR 8/1 white bird figurine appended to larger vessel; possibly kernos (but not hollow), wings, tail and head broken, red painted decoration, (L) 7.1 cm, (W) 4.8 cm, (H) 5.5 cm; surface 5YR 7/4 pink, painted lines 10R 4/6 red

I.N1

L. N1017

unstratified probe

VI NW7. VI14.365

L. 7020

5? 4?

X/IX

12th

ash around Tabun 7024

VI NE.3.113

L. 3038

6B

XIII

LB II, 12th

pit or sump filled with stones and loose fill, set into Phase 6B Surface 3029 near S balk

I.N1

L. N1059

VI NE.23.103

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

occupational fill below Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041

pl. 18:9

II.3.695

L. 3188

6B/A

VIII–VI

late 10th, early 9th possible

disaggregated debris below Phase 6B/A Fill 3161 down to Phase 6B Surface 3225, equivalent to Phase 6B/A Layer 3187 in the W

pl. 17:3

chalk figurine; crudely carved, (H) 7.1 cm, (W) 4.1 cm, (Th) 1.9 cm zoomorphic figurine; red slip, (L) 6.8 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (H) 6.2 cm; ware 7.5YR 7/2 pinkishgray, slip 5YR 6/8 reddish-yellow zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 5.6 cm; 10YR 8/2 white

VI NE.6.159

L. 6041.1

5C/B

XII/XI

LB II, 12th, 11th

material below Phase 5B Surface 6041, down to Phase 5C debris, L. 6050

VI NE.3.140

L. 3048

7

XIV

MB II, LB I, LB II to 13th

backfilled Phase 7 trench in N of area; probably equivalent to Phase 7 Trench 3055; below Phase 7/6B Fill 3029.1

VI NE.6.188

L. 6102

6C

XIII

MB, LB, 12th

massive trench dug at end of Phase 7, beginning Phase 6C; filled by Phase 6C–B threshing floor deposits, L. 6096; cuts into Phase 7 Trench 6093 below

Gezer IV (HUC): pl.62:9 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:8

unstratified probe

1971 1062

1108

1192

74-88

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 60:5; 117D Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 52:13; 117A

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:2

52

Chapter III Gezer Figurines

Obj # MC # 1207

1211

1212

1241

1295

1339

Description zoomorphic vessel fragment; (L) 14.3 cm, (W) 11.6 cm, (H) 6.85; 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 4.2 cm, (W) 3.5 cm, (H) 4.8 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow zoomorphic figurine fragment, head and neck; (L) 4.9 cm, (L of head) 3.2 cm, (Dia of neck) 2.6/1.6 cm; 2.5YR 6/7 light red kernos fragment; haphazardly burnished, (L) 6.3 cm, (W) 4.1 cm, (H) 3.4 cm; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown fire blackened ceramic kernos foot (?); vertical burnish, (L) 5.0 cm, (W) 2.0–2.5 cm zoomorphic spouted head fragment from kernos; (H) 5.8 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (Th) 2.4 cm; 5YR 6/5 light reddish-yellow-brown

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

VI NE.25.156

L. 25070

VI NE.34.280

L. 34088

9A

VI NE.5.153

L. 5057.1

VI NE.16.212

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

DA # Plate No. Published

balk trim on NW balk stub

XVI

some MB II, mostly LB IIA

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:5

6B

XIII

MB II, LB I, 13th/12th

wall fall from Phase 10–9A Wall 34099; below Phase 7 Trench 34086, above Phase 9B–A Surface 34098 removal of 6B Drain 5057

L. 16082

6C–B

XIII

LB II, early 12th

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:12

VI NE.24.308

L. 24135

7

XIV

LB I–II

VI NE.24.384

L. 24183.P 12

XXII

MB IIA

accumulation of threshing floors below Phase 6A Surface 16072, similar to Layers 5068, 15061, 25063, 26083, and 35037 in adjacent areas deep pit cut from Phase 7 levels down into Phase 8 Trench 24132, sealed by Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087 above good plaster surface at W entrance to Granary 24200, above Phase 12 Step 24211; associated with Phase 12 Jar Stand 24198, Phase 12 Surface 24186, Phase 12 Silo 24174, and other Granary installations; below Phase 12/11 Layer 24171 and Phase 12 debris, L. 24179 deep trench across whole pl. 18:11 area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels pit in SE corner of area; 74-101 probably cut from Phase 6A surfaces or just above them

1340

head fragment of VI zoomorphic figurine NE.25.284 or vessel; (H) 2.35 cm, (W) 4.6 cm, (Th) 3.65 cm; ware 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, surface 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I, few LB I–II in upper levels

1356

crude VI NE.13 anthropomorphic chalk figurine; headless, (H) 5.2 cm, (W) 4.4 cm, (Th) 1.8 cm ceramic object; VI possible zoomorphic NE.15.188 head, (L) 6.7 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

Pit 13040

6?

XIII?

LB II, some 12th

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I–II, few 13th–12th

1358

Context

12th

massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; same as 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086, and 35069 in adjacent areas

pl. 14:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:15 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:4

53

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Figurines Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1364

zoomorphic figurine head fragment, (L) 4.8 cm, (W) 2.9 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray

VI NE.26.315

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1383

zoomorphic vessel fragment showing eye; eye has chalk filled holes in Yahudiyeh-ware style, surrounding area is smooth and burnished, (L) 5.4 cm, (W) 3.1 cm; 10YR 6/6 brownish yellow kernos ring fragment; (L) 5.9 cm, (Dia) 3.0/2.1 cm; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown

VI NE.24.431

L. 24148

12

XXII

MB IIA plus MB IIB ud

VI NE.14.356

L. 14142

11/10B

XX/XIX

MB IIB ud

series of laminated surfaces built up over Phase 11B–A Surface 14150; cut by Phase 10A Drain 14131

ceramic figurine leg; (L) 4.9 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm; 2.5YR 4/6 red ceramic horse head; incised bridle decoration, ears broken off, (L) 4.3 cm, (L of head) 3.6 cm, (W) 2.4 cm; 10R 4.8 red horn from zoomorphic figurine; (L) 2.9 cm; 2.5YR 5/8 red kernos ring fragment with bowl; painted decoration, (L) 11.2 cm, (ring Dia) 2.8 cm, (bowl Dia) 7.8 cm, (H) 5.6 cm; surface 7.5YR 7/4 pink ceramic zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 3.7 cm; 10YR 4/3 brown ceramic figurine leg; (L) 4.6 cm, (Dia) 2.7 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow ceramic figurine leg; (L) 4.4 cm, (Dia) 2.5 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow ceramic figurine fragment; (L) 9.9 cm, (W) 5.8 cm, (Th) 3.5 cm; 2.5YR 5/6 red

VII.37.30

L. 37010

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

fill

74-822 pl. 15:5

VII.24.37

L. 24008

1

I

Iron II, Hell

fine silt fill

74-830 pl. 14:4

VII.28.113 L. 28027

1

I

LB, Iron II, Hell

in pit

1385

deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 26083, 6C Trench 26075, and 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and Makeup 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching deep mud brick collapse above Granary 24200 in E of area; below Phase 11–10 Surface 24160, down to Phase 12 Surface 24218; same as 23085

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:2

1972 1537

221

1558

647

1568

549

1633

905

1671

1138

1704

1249

1707

1345

1709

1356

IV

locus not assigned

VII.35.41

L. 35026

Macalister backfill

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

in pit

VII.44.44A L. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron II, Pers

loose debris

VII.44.58

L. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron II, Pers, Hell loose debris

IV.11.47

L. 11000

1

I

Chalco–Rom

disturbed surface soil

74-859 pl. 13:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:10a

pl. 15:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:5

54

Chapter III Gezer Figurines

Obj # MC # 1720

1506

1748

1621

1775

1708

1783

1742

1799

1803

1801

1831

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

spouted zoomorphic jar fragment with animal head; ears broken off, (L) 4.6 cm, (H) 6.2 cm female figurine head; (H) 4.25 cm, (W) 2.9 cm, (Th) 3.0 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 5.6 cm, (W) 3.4 cm, (Th) 3.7 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 7.6 cm, (H) 7.2 cm, (W) 6.4 cm; 5YR 5/6 yellowish red zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 5.4 cm, (W) 4.8 cm, (H) 3.7 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown ceramic pinched face figurine head; (H) 3.6 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 2.7 cm; 2.5YR 4/4 reddish-brown

VII.16.57

L. 16030

2B

II

Hell

sediment layer

74-861 pl. 15:8

VII.35.82

L. 35062

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

in pit

74-847 pl. 15:4

VII.35.57

L. 35062

2B

II

Hell

in pit

pl. 15:3

VII.25

balk

bird tail figurine; (L) 3.1 cm, (W) 3.2 cm; 10R 5/6 red pinched face anthropomorphic figurine head; pin prick decoration, (H) 2.4 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 2.6 cm; 5YR 6/4 ceramic zoomorphic figurine head; 4.2 cm x 3.4 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown Mycenaean psifigurine fragment; (H) 4.4 cm, (W) 5.0 cm, (Th) 1.1 cm; 10YR 8/4 very pale brown zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L0 5.2 cm, (W) 3.0 cm; 2.5YR 6/8 light red bird vessel; holes in center of back and on top of head, painted decoration on wings and tail, (L) 12.2 cm, (W) 5.1 cm, (H) 6.6 cm; 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray

IV.9.21 IV.9.6

balk trim

74-846 pl. 14:1

VII.34.147 L. 34060

3

III

Iron II, Hell

in pit

74-852 pl. 16:2

VII.24.154 L. 24046

2A

II

early Hell

in wall matrix

74-842 pl. 15:2

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

1973 1852

3

1853

4

1931

295

1966

419

2034

609

2045

610

VII.37.173 L. 34070

IV.6.7

4

IV

LB II, Iron I, Iron fill of brick/ash debris II late

L. 6000

Macalister backfill

VII.35.160 L. 35054

6A

VI

Iron II

ash/brick destruction debris

VII.44.153 L. 44057

4

IV

Iron II

brick detritus

74-709 pl. 13:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:10 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:11

74-706 pl. 16:4

74-721 pl. 13:3

pl. 17:4

74-771 pl. 16:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:3

55

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Figurines Obj # MC # 2085

706, 707

2098

771

2110

737

2151

868

2220

1016

2280

1095

2345

1232

2346

1231

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading) Iron II, Pers?

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

zoomorphic vessel fragment; (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 6.2 cm, (H) 6.8 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow spouted zoomorphic figurine head; ears broken off, red slip with painted decoration around the eyes, ears, and forehead, (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 6.1 cm, (Th) 4.1 cm; 10YR 4/6 red ceramic zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 3.6 cm, (W) 2 cm; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown zoomorphic figurine fragment; (L) 5.4 cm, (W) 6.6 cm, (H) 5.1 cm; 2.5YR 4/6 red horn from zoomorphic figurine; undecorated, local, (L) 4.7 cm, (Dia) 2.5 cm; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown ashdoda-type chair fragment; legs and back broken, (L) 5.6 cm, (W) 5.7 cm, (H) 4.0 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink zoomorphic figurine leg fragment; (L) 3.0 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown zoomorphic figurine leg fragment; (L) 3.2 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown

VII.35.176, L. 35048 178

3

III

porous fill layer

74-776 pl. 16:3

VII.38.350 L. 38090.1

6A

VI

sub-surface

74-745 pl. 17:6

VII.38.345 L. 38097

7B

VIII

LB, Iron I, 10th

debris

VII.34.236 L. 34025

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

compacted fill

pl. 15:6

VII.46.172 L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

pl. 17:5

VII.38.391 L. 38112

9B

XI

Iron I, 10th

fill

VII.46.207 L. 46041.1

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th sub-surface makeup

VII.47.265 L. 47036

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th in wall

Cypriote Base Ring horn from bull vessel/ figurine; burnished, (L) 4.2 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm; 5YR 3/1 very dark gray

IV.4.314A

1

I

EB–Hell

74-802 pl. 18:6

1974 2402

7

L. 4132

disturbed upper soil

741852

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:15a

56

Chapter III

5.  Inscriptions and Seal impressions a.  Lamelech Seal Impressions

Figure 3.5.A.  Object 1668 Seal Impression.

Eight lamelech and lamelech-type seal impressions were uncovered during Phases I and II of the Gezer excavations. Six of these are of the twowinged type, and two are of the four-winged type. All were discovered out of context in later strata or in Macalister’s dump. The two handles from Phase I of the excavation, found in Fields II and III, are of the four-winged type, while the six from Phase II, all from Field VII, are of the two-winged type. Only two of the four names associated with these impressions, Hebron (once) and Memshet (twice), are represented. Ziph and Socoh do not appear on the Gezer handles. Two of the impressions are worthy of particular attention. Object 1791 does not have the word lmlk but instead the word mmšt appears above the image, with nothing below. Object 2141 is double stamped. Object 342 was published in Gezer II (HUC): pls. 41:8; 75C. The other seven are described here. Object 236A (pl. 44:4)

Figure 3.5.B.  Object 1674 Seal Impression.

Context: Field III Area 6, L. 6028 (Macalister dump). Description: Four-winged type. Although it has one of two standard images associated with lamelech-handles, no letters are visible above or below the four-winged image, as would be expected with lamelech impressions. However, the handle is rough and has been subject to much weathering, so the lettering may have eroded. Object 1668 (pl. 47:2) Context: Field VII Area 34, L. 34025; Str. II (Hellenistic); compacted fill layer. Description: Two-winged type with border around the bottom edge of the seal. An angled line, possibly of a lamed, appears above the left wing. There are no other letters. Object 1674 (pl. 47:3)

Figure 3.5.C.  Object 1738 Seal Impression.

Context: Field VII Area 34, L. 34015.1; Str. II (Hellenistic); sub-surface sediments. Description: Two-winged type, with parts of the inscription lmlk hbrn. The mem, lamed, and kap of lmlk are visible above the wings, with the tail of an

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) extra kap at the end of the line, above the left wing. Part of the reš and nun of hbrn are visible below the left wing. Object 1738 (pl. 47:4) Context: Field VII Area 34, L. 34025; Str. II (Hellenistic); compacted fill layer. Description: Two-winged type, with the inscription lmlk mmšt. The first lamed and mem of lmlk are separated from the second lamed by some distance, as the glyptic artist sought to avoid running the letters into the image. The kap is not visible. Below the right wing, only the tops of the two mems of mmšt are visible. Object 1791 (pl. 47:7)

Figure 3.5.D.  Object 1791 Seal Impression.

Context: Field VII Area 14, L. 14021A; Str. II (Hellenistic); fill layer. Description: Two-winged type, with an inscription above the wings that may be a variant of mmšt, and nothing below. The seal was poorly stamped, apparently more than once, and the letters are difficult to read. The first two, which disappear off the top of the impression, may both be mems with long tails, and the third letter, which also disappears off the top, may be a šin. To their left are two further letters: the first is like a šin but with a line angling downward at the left, turning it into a taw ; to its left is another taw. Object 1936 (pl. 47:6) Context: Field VII Area 35, L. 35062; Str. II (Hellenistic); pit. Description: Two-winged type, with an inscription above the wings that may be part of lmlk, and nothing below. The winged creature is messy, as if the clay was wetter than it should have been at the time of stamping. The two letters to the left are both kaps, the one to the far left more faded than the other. The letters to the right are illegible and appear to disappear off the top of the impression. There is the suggestion of a long-tailed mem to the right, similar to those in Object 1791, but it is less clear here.

Figure 3.5.E.  Object 1936 Seal Impression.

Object 2141 (pl. 47:5) Context: Field VII Area 34, L. 34095; Str. II (Hellenistic); pit fill.

Figure 3.5.F.  Object 2141 Seal Impression.

57

58

Chapter III

Description: Two-winged type, double stamped, possible partial inscription. The first stamp, to the left and closest to the body of the vessel, was not clear. There is a possible kap above the left wing, but no other letters are visible. The second stamp, to the right, was stamped over the first and facing the opposite way, covering and destroying part of the first stamp. There are very faint lines in the clay below the second stamp that may be letters, but they are not clear enough to identify.

b.  Incised X-motifs on Pottery Handles and Sherds (See pls. 45:2; 46:11; 47:8; 48:1–2, 4–5, 7–10, 12; 49:13.) Pottery vessels were incised with the X-motif both before and after firing, indicating that the incisions served different purposes. These marks may relate to purpose, content, ownership, or any of a number of other functions. Though it is possible that the incisions made in the handles prior to firing were made by the potter (and therefore may represent potters’ marks), this is unlikely for those made after firing. The identification of the X-motif with the letter taw is also possible, though the simplicity of the “X,” one of the most basic of symbols, renders any attempt to identify these incisions with the taw sign dubious. Another interpretation of these signs that should be considered is that they are Cypro–Minoan inscriptions. Recent excavations in the Late Bronze and Iron Age I levels at Ashkelon have produced fresh evidence of the presence of Cypro– Minoan inscriptions in Philistia, some of which include incised X-motifs, horizontal lines, grid patterns, and other designs similar to several of those from Gezer (Cross and Stager 2006). Though the context of the Gezer inscriptions mitigates against this possibility, further study is warranted. Eleven X-motifs on handles are illustrated, all from Phase II of the Gezer excavations, and two additional X-motifs are found on body sherds (Objs. 1535 and 1970). Other examples, from both phases of the excavation, are not illustrated. All except one came from Iron  II or later levels or from topsoil. The exception, Object 2351, came from Str. XVIIIA (MB IIC). In most cases, it was not possible to discern whether the incisions were made before or after firing.

c.  Various Motifs Three incisions on body sherds, Objects 1398, 235, and 236, resemble one another in style. All were incised before firing, and all consist of one or more vertical lines underscored by a horizontal line. Object 235 has one vertical line, Object 1398 has three lines, and Object 236 has four lines. Object 236 also has marks made in error by the combing tool, cutting across the direction of the lines on the vessel surface. Objects 235 and 236 came from the same locus, the makeup below an MB IIB/C surface in Str. XXI/XX in Field I, and Object 1398 came from a trench in Field VI NE containing mixed Late Bronze and Early Iron Age material. These symbols may have had to do with numbers or quantities relating to the contents of the jars. Three handles from Field VII, Objects 1763, 2025, and 1506, all have incised grid patterns. Object 1763, from a mixed Str. II context, is a jar handle incised with three roughly parallel horizontal lines cut by four vertical lines, creating six unequal squares. It is not possible to discern whether the design was incised before or after firing. Object 2025, also from a mixed fill layer, is the handle of an Iron II storage jar that was incised after firing with a pattern similar to that of Object 1763, except that the three horizontal lines are cut by three vertical lines, creating only four unequal squares. Finally, Object 1506, the handle of an unidentified vessel found in a Str. I wall stub, differs slightly from the other two. It has three horizontal lines cut by one vertical line and another that reaches only between the upper two horizontal lines. From later levels came two body sherds with incised pentagrams, Objects 1678 and 1680, both from mixed Str. II layers, while a third, Object 471, was incised on the base of a red slip bowl found in the Hellenistic gate area in Field III, also in a mixed layer. Only two of the five triangles of the pentagram survive on the broken base of Object 471, and it is accompanied by another partially preserved, unidentified incised motif. Another possible pentagram, mostly broken off, was on Object 1872 found in topsoil in Field VII. Also from the Hellenistic period is a large sigma inscribed before firing on a sherd from a highly fired imported vessel, Object 2194, from Str. I in Field IX.

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Object 345 (fig. 3.5.G) is a triangular rim sherd of a holemouth vessel from a Macalister dump locus in the Field V High Place. It contains part of a motif carved into the clay before firing. It shows two figures facing each other in raised relief. The image is part of a larger scene, which was not upright on the original vessel but at a 90-degree angle—that is, perpendicular to the rim. The right-hand figure’s head is shown in profile, with exaggerated nose, chin, and eye. There is no hair, and the ears are not shown. The image has an exaggerated long neck. The left arm is raised vertically from the elbow, disappearing off the sherd at the wrist. The right arm is bent, with the elbow showing behind the back and the hand splayed in front of the chest. The figure’s legs are below the break. The second figure, on the left of the image, has only the head and neck and part of the left shoulder preserved. As with the first figure, this image’s head is also seen in profile, though at more of an angle, because the right ear is exaggerated, and part of the left ear is just visible behind the head. The eye and chin are also pronounced. As with the first figure, this one also has an exaggerated long neck. Between the two figures is a vertical line, which the right-hand figure is touching with its right hand. Object 560 is a yhd-t-stamped handle found in Field III in a Macalister backfill locus. The inscription is in paleo-Hebrew, and from its distribution, this type appears to have been restricted to the region of Hellenistic Judea in the 3rd to 2nd century b.c.e. The vast majority of such handles come from Jerusalem and the surrounding region (Ariel and Shoham 2000: 159–61).

d.  An Egyptian Seal Impression of Seti II Object 391 is a broken jar handle from disturbed topsoil (L. 4000) in Field VI NE. It has a roughly rectangular stamped hieroglyphic impression of the Pharaonic prenomen of Seti II in the form (sign-bysign) weser-kheperu-re-mery-amun. 1 The object itself is lost, but a photograph and a rough drawing were found in the archives of the excavation. Although neither the photograph nor the original 1.  I am grateful to Professor J. Malek for his assistance in reading this seal impression.

59

Figure 3.5.G.  Object 345, Rim Sherd with Figures in Relief.

drawing has a clear image of the seal impression, the main elements of the prenomen can be discerned and identified with some certainty (see fig. 3.5.H below). 2 The re symbol is the only one that is not visible; it may be absent or may be situated immediately above the ḫpr symbol. There is a gap in the lower part of the seal impression due to the angle applied to the stamping of the clay, but the expected annotation for Amun is readable, if faint. Seti II used two sets of royal names, one of which included “Usikheprure Meri-amun,” as in the seal impression from Gezer, and the other “Usikheprure Setepenre” (Gilmour and Kitchen 2012; Yurco 1997: 50). Both forms of the prenomen occur in several places in Upper and Lower Egypt and in the Sinai (for example, Kitchen 1982: 242, no.2b; 243, no. 3; 245, no. 6i; 250 no. 11b; 272, no. 25c; 275, no. 31). Indeed, two small pottery plaques recorded by Petrie are almost identical to the image on the Gezer handle (1917: pl. XLV:25–26). There are a few occurrences of Seti II’s prenomen in Palestine. The “Usikheprure Setepenre” form was 2.  The photograph was digitally enhanced at the Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford, and the drawing based on the photograph was made by Dylan Karges of the Cobb Institute of Archaeology, Mississippi State University.

60

Chapter III

Figure 3.5.H.  Object 391, Jar handle with Seti II Seal Impression; L–R:  Original Photograph, Enhanced Close-up, and Drawing of Impression.

found on a broken vessel at Tell el-Farʿah (South) (Macdonald, Starkey, and Harding 1932: 28–30, pls. LXI:3; LXIV:74; Kitchen 1982: 242, no.1), while an unpublished Seti II scarab is reported from Tell Taanach, and another of unknown provenance is in the Dayan Collection (Giveon 1985: 28; Giveon and Kempinski 1983: 104). Scarabs with scenes showing pharaoh smiting that have been attributed to Seti II have been found at Tell Beit Mirsim (TBM I: 51, fig. 9; Brandl 1982: 382–83, pl. 4:23) and Tell Masos (Giveon and Kempinski 1983: 102–5, pls. 107:C; 170:2; Brandl 1982), though the attributions are disputed. The variant of Seti’s prenomen found at Gezer, “Usikheprure Meri-amun,” appears to be unknown in Palestine until now.

e.  Sherds with Alphabetic Inscriptions Object 502 (fig. 3.5.I.) is a Samaria Ware “B” bowl with red slip on the interior and over the rim. Incised after firing on the inside wall are three large Hebrew letters: part of a bet, a ḥet, and a he. It was found in Field III, in a mixed locus that contained Macalister discards, so its original context is uncertain. It was first published in Dever et al. (1971: 117–18, fig. 9b), where the authors dated it to the 9th century b.c.e.

Object 234 is a body sherd with an inscription incised before firing. The inscription resembles an early form of the Hebrew letter ʾalep, though the extremities of the letter are cut off by the break in the sherd at both ends. The context of the find, however, casts doubt on the identification of the incision as alphabetical. The sherd was found in Field I, sealed below the beaten earth Surface 1063 in the surface build-up L. 1063.1. This surface was the last of local Phase 11A (Str. XXIII), dated to EB II, and remained exposed to the elements during a long gap in occupation until the start of MB II, from ca. 2650 b.c.e. until ca. 1800 b.c.e. The surface was then reused in the MB II local Phase 10 (Str. XXI) (Gezer II [HUC]: 26, 28–29; pl. 56A). The pottery reading from the L. 1063.1 was “some EB, few MB II ud” (Gezer II [HUC]: 90). The disturbance of the surface over this long period of time does not explain how a later sherd, if indeed Object 234 is later, came to be in the surface build up below Surface 1063. Furthermore, Surface 1063 was covered by a brown rubble fill and then sealed by Surface 1060 of local Phase 9B (Str. XX). The reading from L. 1060.1 is similar to that of its earlier counterpart: “Few late Chalco, EB I–II, Mostly MB II ud” (Gezer II [HUC]: 89), suggesting that the earlier surface was sealed below the later one. If so, then this sherd represents a very

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

61

Figure 3.5.I.  Object 502, Inscribed Samaria Ware Rim Sherd.

early example of the Proto-Canaanite alphabetic script, in the 18th century b.c.e. If not, another interpretation needs to be sought for the inscription. Object 1523 is the rim sherd of an MB IIC bowl with a circular incision on the outside, just below the rim. The incision is almost complete, with a small portion of the circle removed by the break. The inscription resembles the early form of the Hebrew letter ʾayin. The context is a Str. XVIIIA brick debris layer in Field IV, dating to the 16th century b.c.e. The pottery reading for the locus includes MB II and early LB I pottery. However, unlike Object 234 which is an isolated find, the context of this inscribed piece is related to a large collection of in situ Str. XVIIIA storage jars and bowls from Field IV bearing Proto-Canaanite letter-signs, all clearly dating to the terminal MB II occupation of the late 16th century b.c.e. (see Seger 1983; Gezer VII [HUC]: Chapter V.K.2.). The presence also of another jar with an additional letter-sign from earlier MB IIC Str. XVIIIC in Field IV (Gezer VII: pl. 57:1) increases the probability that both Objects 234 and 1523 may indeed represent Proto-Canaanite letters. Two Aramaic ostraca from Field IX, Objects 2226 and 2227 (figs. 3.5.J–K), both came from chalkand pebble-laden layers close to the mound surface that contained a wide range of pottery, the latest of which is Hellenistic. The ostraca, which date to Iron II, reflect the residue in these deposits, and are

Figure 3.5.J.  Object 2226, Aramaic Ostracon.

Figure 3.5.K.  Object 2227, Aramaic Ostracon.

reminiscent of two other ostraca, Objects 1945 and 2213 from similar contexts in Field IX, which were published by Rosenbaum and Seger (1986).

62

Chapter III Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1965 30

stamped jar handle; I.3.57 7.5YR 6/4 light brown

L. 3013.1

34

stamped jar handle; 5YR 7/4 pink

I.4.41

L. 4004C

35

jar handle with incised I.4.41 sign in form of the number ‘4’; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow cuneiform envelope I.3.71 fragment

L. 4004C

L. 3013.2

7/6

XVIII, XVI

few MB II, LB II

fill layer below Phase 6/5 67-433 Fill 3013.1, which in turn is material below Phase 5C–B Surface 3013 and Phase 5B Wall 3011, and above Phase 7/6 Fill 3026

krater rim and II.1.168 handle with mark (fabric impression?); 7.5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown jar handle with incised II.2.164 design; 5YR 7/3 pink

L. 1085

7B/A

IX

11th–10th

debris and fill overlying Phase 7B Surface 1082; equals Phase 7B/A Fill 1076.1

74-50

pl. 49:7

Surface 2047

3

IV

some Iron II, latest clear Pers

pl. 48:3

small almost II.4.36 cylindrical clay object; one side flattened with rectangular image (?), possible bulla, (H) 2.0 cm, (Dia) 2.2 cm, (image L) 1.1 cm, (W) 0.8 cm; 5YR 4/1 dark gray

L. 4022

14

XVI

some MB II, predominately LB II

surface N of Phase 1 Wall 74-49 2008, cut by Hellenistic pitting of Phase 2 pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellowbrown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects

body sherd; III.2.16 wheelmade, with fragmentary painted design, (L) 3.9 cm, (W) 3.1 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm; sherd surface 5YR 7/4 pink, paint 2.5YR 3/6 dark red body sherd; inscription I.1.252 incised before firing, (L) 4.3 cm, (W) 2.7cm, (Th) 0.6 cm; 7.5YR 8/4 pink body sherd; red slip I.3.190 and inscription incised before firing, (L) 6.6 cm, (W) 4.75 cm, (Th) 0.65 cm; surface 2.5YR 6/2 pale red, slip 2.5YR 6/6 light red

L. 2012

4

VII–VIB

9th–Hell, ns

9th–8th b.c.e. surface, disturbed by Macalister (?)

L. 1063.1

11A/10 XXIII– XXI

some EB, few MB II ud

makeup below Phase 74-27 11A/10 Surface 1063 and above Phase 11A Surface 1067B

pl. 49:17

L. 3048.1

10/9B

predominately MB IIA, few IIB/C

makeup 10 cm below Phase 9B Surface 3048, above Phase 10/9 Fill 3055, much ash, bone, and pottery

pl. 49:15

47

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II

material below Phase 5C–B Surface 3013 and Phase 5B Wall 3011, and above Phase 7/6 Fill 3013.2 some MB, mostly erosion debris below L. LB I 4004A and above Phase 7A debris some MB, mostly erosion debris below L. LB I 4004A and above Phase 7A debris

74-37

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:15

74-11 74-21

Gezer I (HUC): Appendix B (pp. 111–13)

1966 122

152 153

pl. 49:11

1967 192

234

235

XXI/XX

74-25

63

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions Obj # MC # 236

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

XXI/XX

Date/Period (pottery reading)

body sherd; red slip I.3.190 and inscription incised before firing, (L) 9.3 cm, (W) 6.7 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm; surface 2.5YR 6/2 pale red, slip 2.5YR 6/6 light red lamelech-type stamped III.6 jar handle; winged scarab impression; 7.5YR 5/4 brown

L. 3048.1

264

incised body sherd

III.1.44

L. 1116.1

6

VIIIB

Iron IIA

288

Egyptian kohl tube fragment with partial cartouche of Queen Teye

II.2.304

L. 2102

2A/1

II/I

Iron II, latest is early Hell, 3rd b.c.e.

331

chalk stone incised with two adjacent crosses; possible seal, (L) 3.8 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (H) 2.8 cm stamped jar handle with the inscription lmlk hbrn; 5YR 6/2 pinkish-gray

III.1.219

L. 1162

6

VIIIB

Iron IIA

II.3.197

L. 3044

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

rim sherd of holemouth ceramic vessel; slipped, two opposing figures in relief; slip 10YR 7/3 very pale brown

V.4.11

L. 4003

stamped jar handle with seal of Seti II; 5YR 6/1 gray stamped jar handle; 2.5Y 8/2 white stamped jar handle; 5YR 7/4 pink slipped stamped jar handle; 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray base sherd; inscribed with pentagram and another sign, red slip, 7.9 × 5.1 × 1.1 cm Samaria ware rim sherd; inscribed, red slipped, 2.5 YR 6/8 light red; reads ‫בחה‬ stamped jar handle with yhd-t inscription, slipped; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray

VI NE.4.26 L. 4000

236A

10/9B

General Stratum

predominately MB IIA, few IIB/C

L. 6028

Context makeup 10 cm below Phase 9B Surface 3048, above Phase 10/9 Fill 3055, much ash, bone, and pottery

DA # Plate No. Published 74-26

Macalister dump

pl. 49:16

pl. 44:4

1968

342

345

destruction material adjacent to the W side of Wall 1031 layer below 2A/1 74-51 Foundation Trench 2043; probably Phase 4 destruction debris plus later material in backfilled Hellenistic trench cutting down to Phase 5 levels dirt and pottery in and around Rock Terrace 1017 deep trench across W 74-56 half of area, cutting down through Phase 5 levels; sealed in part by subPhase 2 Surface 3050 Macalister dump

Gezer II (HUC): 135, pls. 41:12; 75D pl. 49:5

Gezer II (HUC): 86, pls. 41:8; 75C pl. 45:5

1969 391 431A 431B 431C 471

502

560

III.5.62

L. 5033.1

III.5.62

L. 5033.1

III.5.60

L. 5033.1

III.4.80

L. 4013

III.4.118

L. 4042.1

III.5.289

L. 5016

LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed topsoil above Hell Phase 5C–B Layer 5018, including late burials late Iron II–2nd Macalister dump b.c.e., ns late Iron II–2nd Macalister dump b.c.e., ns late Iron II–2nd Macalister dump b.c.e., ns 1

II

74-111

10th/9th, Iron II, Hell 2nd, ud

trench robbing building stones of the S pier of the gate on the E side

pl. 46:2

Iron I, II, 2nd

Macalister dump

pl. 45:1

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.?

Macalister backfill below topsoil

pl. 44:6

b.c.e.

Dever et al. 1971: 117-18, fig. 9b

64

Chapter III Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions

Obj # MC # 562

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

jar handle with thumb (?) impression; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown jar handle with thumb (?) impression; 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow jar handle with thumb (?) impression; 10YR 7/2 light gray chalk boulder; incised with the Greek letter rho, (boulder L) 46 cm, (W) 18 cm, (H) 28 cm, (inscription H) 21.5 cm, (W) 8.1 cm

III.4.189

L. 4051.1

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

fill

pl. 49:2

III.4.178

L. 4051.1

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

fill

pl. 49:3

III.4.178

L. 4051.1

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

fill

pl. 49:4

VI NW.16.46

L. 16000

LB, Iron I, Hell

surface cleaning, including late burials

770

ostracon reading ‫ ;בת‬surface 5YR 7/6 reddish-yellow, paint 2.5YR 3/4 dark reddish-brown

VI NW.7.8

L. 7003

2?

V?

Iron I ud, one questionable

836

jar handle with incised III.2.430 mark; 5YR 7/4 pink

L. 2230E

1

II

Iron IIA, IIB, Hell.

933

inscribed alabaster sherd

VI NE.34.106

L. 34022.1

6B

XIII

12th

992

chalk altar; carved figurines and other lines on the sides, (H) 9.1 cm, (W) 4.8/4.3 cm

II.3.658

L. 3192

6B/A

VIII–VI

10th, 10th/9th

1029B

parchment fragment, 2.9 cm × 2.4 cm

VI NE.23.88A

L. 23012

6A

XIII

13th/12th, 12th

1059A

stamp seal impression; VI 10YR 3/1 very dark NE.23.102 gray

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

hard layer between Phase 2? Walls 7005 and 7008 and to W of Wall 7005; below Topsoil 7001, above Phase 2? Layer 2004 and Phase 4?/3? Layer 7015 probe through drain 1080, from NE corner of Pier 2145 to middle of Pier 5011 makeup below Phase 6B Surface 34022, above Phase 6B Surface 34044 occupational debris down 74-47 to Phase 6B Surface 3225; stratigraphically equal to Phase 6B/A Layers 3161.1, 3187, and 3188 debris below Topsoil 23000 down to Phase 6A Surface 23015 occupational fill below 74-96 Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041

1214

jar handle incised with VI arrow-shaped symbol NE.25.226

L. 25115

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB IIC, LB I, LB II

1230

sherd with stamp impression; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow

L. 23075

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

MB IIC/LB I, few LB I

563 564 595

1970 Gezer IV (HUC): 127, pl. 62:13

pl. 46:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:16 Gezer II (HUC): 67–68, pls. 41:2; 75A–B

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:15

1971

VI NE.23.226

bell-shaped pit cut from lowest level of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 25063; equals Pit 35071 in adjacent area occupational and 74-75 destruction debris, below Phase 9B–A Surfaces 23058 and 23066, above Phase 10/9 Layer 23092 and Phase 10B–A Surface 23084 and 10A Surface 23088; mostly phase 10 debris used to prepare phase 9 surfaces

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:7

65

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

incised base of bowl

VI NE.35.342

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1286

body sherd; incised

VI NE.5.158

L. 5064.1

6C/B

XIII

MB IIC, LB I, LB II

1293

Egyptian statue base; made of granite gneiss, with feet and partial inscription reading “the King’s Daughter of his body, Sobeknefru, may she live” body sherd; inscription incised before firing, (L) 5.3 cm, (W) 4.1 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm; 2.5YR 6/6 light red

VI NE.5.155

L. 5062.1

6C/B

XIII

LB II ud

VI NE.15.259

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I–II, few 13th–12th

massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; same as 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086, and 35069 in adjacent areas

body sherd with possible inscription, unclear due to surface encrustation; 5YR 7/4 pink jar handle; incised grid pattern, slipped; ware 5YR 8/4 pink, slip 7.5YR 8/4 pinkish white body sherd; incised with large “X”; 5Y 7/3 pale yellow body sherd; short fragmentary incised line; 10YR 7/1 light gray jar handle; incised with X; 2.5YR 5/6 red body sherd; possible inscription; 2.5Y N3 very dark gray

VII.27.9

L. 27000

Hell

cultivation soil

VII.38.51

L. 38020

Iron II, Hell

in wall stub

VII.38

locus not assigned

ns

Macalister backfill in balk 74-818

IV.5.17

L. 5000

ud

disturbed surface soil

VII.25.3

L. 25000

VII.27.44

L. 27008

1398

large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. material just below Phase 6B Surface 5064, down to levels of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 5068; possibly cut by Phase 6B/A Pit 5066, 6B Pit 5067, and by 6A/5C Trench 5072 material below 6B Surface 5062

DA # Plate No. Published

1264

74-121

Weinstein 1974

pl. 49:10

1972 1500

1

1506

14

1514

46

1517

59

1521

75

1522

76

1

I

74-809 pl. 45:8

74-821

cultivation soil 2B

II

ud

in pit

74-811

66

Chapter III Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions

Obj # MC # 1523

86

1527

162

1528

166

1534

161

1535

249

1549

268

1551

346

1575

414

1576

700

1586

721

1587

720

1596

723

1618

276

1631

901

1668

1059

1674

1058

1678

1135

1679

1175

Description rim sherd of bowl; circular incision; 7.5YR 7/4 pink incised jar handle; 7.5YR 7/4 pink incised painted sherd; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown jar handle; incised with “X”; 10YR 7/2 light gray body sherd; incised with “X”; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown jar handle fragment; incised with “X” in a circle; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown jar handle; incised with “X”; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown body sherd; possible inscription; 7.5YR 7/4 pink sherd; painted and inscribed, possibly modern; 10YR 8/2 white body sherd with possible inscription; 10YR 8/4 very pale brown body sherd; possible inscription; 10YR 8/4 very pale brown jar handle; incised roughly with “X”; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown body sherd; possible inscription; 10YR 7/2 light gray incised body sherd; 10YR 6/4 light yellowish-brown lamelech-type stamped jar handle; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown lmlk hbrn stamped jar handle; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown sherd; incised design of pentagram, incomplete; 2.5Y 8/2 white jar handle; incised, finger impression; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

IV.5.24

L. 5002

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MBIIC/ LB I

upper brick debris

74-812 pl. 49:12

VII.37.39

L. 37008

2B–A

II

Hell

in wall

74-816

VII.33.1

L. 33000

MB IIC?, Late Hell, ud

cultivation soil

74-817

IV.12.6

L. 12000

EB–Hell/Rom

disturbed terrace debris

74-825

VII.35.5

L. 35000

Hell–Early Rom

cultivation soil

74-819 pl. 45:2

IV.12.8

L. 12000

1

I

EB–Hell/Rom

disturbed surface soil

74-815

VII.28.95

L. 28016

5A

V

LB, Iron II

occupation fill

74-827 pl. 48:8

IV.16.151

L. 16036

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

IV.16.163

L. 16036

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

74-835

VII.23.27

L. 23007

2A

II

Hell

fill of loose sediment

74-838

VII.23.27

L. 23007

2A

II

Hell

fill of loose sediment

74-840

VII.27.174

L. 27022

2C

II

Iron II, Pers/Hell

fill

74-831

VII.23.13

L. 23002

Iron II, Pers/Hell

cultivation soil

74-862

VII.26.42

L. 26001

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

74-857 pl. 45:3

VII.34.54

L. 34025

2C

II

Iron II, Pers?, Hell

compacted fill

pl. 47:2

VII.34.49

L. 34015.1

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell sub-surface sediments

74-905 pl. 47:3

VII.14.57

L. 14021A

2A

II

Pers?, Hell

fill

74-844 pl. 46:5

VII.37.157

L. 37029

1

I

Iron II

in pit

74-869 pl. 45:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:1c

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10b

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10c

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:12b Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:12c

67

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions Obj # MC # 1680

1081

1691

1274

1692

1371

1711

1366

1736

1443

1738

1516

1763

1624

1779

1790

1780

1789

1791

1792

1798

1804

1805

1837

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

sherd; incised design of pentagram, incomplete; 4.8 × 4.4 × 0.9 cm; 2.5Y 8/2 white jar handle incised with concentric circle motif; 2.5YR 5/4 reddish-brown body sherd; incised with a rough circle with an “X” inside; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown chalkstone altar fragment; Greek inscription, reused in the threshold of a Late Hellenistic house, inscription reads “Antiochus Kairie”; (L) 30.4 cm, (H) 25.5 cm, (W) 10.0 cm; 10YR 8/1 white jar handle; incised with “X”; 2.5YR 6/6 light red lmlk mmšt stamped jar handle; 2.5YR 5/4 reddish-brown jar handle; incised grid pattern; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown stamped jar handle; 5YR 5/6 yellowish-red

VII.15.37

L. 15011

2C

II

Iron II, Hell–2nd

soil and rock layer

VII.14.78

L. 14021A

2A

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell fill

VII.38

locus not assigned

VII.35

L. 35011

2B–A

II

VII.44.54

L. 44029

2C

II

VII.34.73

L. 34025

2C

VII.24.119

L. 24032

IV.5.135

jar handle; incised with “X”; 10YR 4/6 red lamelech-type stamped jar handle; inscription above the wings that may be a variant of mmšt; 5YR 6/2–5/2 pinkish-gray to reddish gray jar handle; incised with “X”; 10YR 4/4 weak red incised large storage jar body sherd; 5YR N7/6 reddish-yellow sherd; incised pentagram, 5.1 cm × 3.3 cm; 10YR 8/2 white jar handle; incised with six-pointed star; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow

DA # Plate No. Published 74-834 pl. 46:8

pl. 46:10

balk trim

74-854 pl. 45:4

object equals locus

74-899

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

coarse compact fill

74-867 pl. 46:11

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

compacted fill

74-906 pl. 47:4

2C

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell fill of coarse sediment

74-845 pl. 46:7

L. 5021.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

74-850

VII.34.125

L. 34060

3

III

Iron II, later

in pit

74-849 pl. 48:1

VII.14.103

L. 14021A

2A

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell fill

74-907 pl. 47:7

VII.34.127

L. 34060

3

III

Iron II, later

in pit

74-851 pl. 48:2

IV.5.161

L. 5021.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

VII.47.18

L. 47000

VII.36.105

L. 36036

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 32:9a

1973 1872

72

1927

207

3

III

MB, Iron II, Hell, cultivation soil Rom

74-712

Iron II, Hell?

74-705 pl. 47:9

compact soil layer

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 32:9

68

Chapter III Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions

Obj # MC # 1936

263

1937

341

1945

369

1970

412

1975

493

2007

497

2011

585

2018

554

2019

557

2025

582

2026

583

2035

632

2036

612

2039

633

2049

676

2064

673

2093

728

2109

768

2128

845

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

lamelech-type stamped jar handle; 5YR 6/5 light reddish-brown Aramaic ostracon; 6.5 cm × 3.4 cm; 10YR 8/4 very pale brown Aramaic ostracon; 21.0 cm × 9.0 cm; 7.5YR 8/4 pink body sherd; incised with “X”; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown jar handle; incised with “X”; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown stamped jar handle; 10YR 7/2 light gray

VII.35.107

L. 35062

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

in pit

74-904 pl. 47:6

VII.45.89

L. 45042

3

III

Iron II, Hell

rubble fill/pit

74-875

Rosenbaum and Seger 1986

IX.1.61

L. 1004

1

II

Hell

dump fill debris

74-872

Rosenbaum and Seger 1986

VII.36.141

L. 36067

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

74-723 pl. 48:12

VII.36.141

L. 36067

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

74-725 pl. 48:10

VIII.1.49

L. 1011

1

II

EB–Hell

upper fill

74-781

jar handle with finger impression; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown jar handle; incised with “X”; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown jar handle; incised with “X”; 2.5YR 4/6 red jar handle; incised grid pattern; 7.5YR 8/4 pink jar handle; incised with “X”; 7.5YR 5/4 brown jar handle; finger impression; 2.5YR 5/4 reddish-brown sherd; incised design, possibly paleo-letters; 4.7 cm × 3.4 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown jar handle; finger impression; 2.5YR 4/4 reddish-brown jar handle; seal impression; 5YR 5/8 yellowish red body sherd; incised with star-like motif; 2.5YR 5/8 red jar handle; finger impression; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown jar handle; incised with “X”; 10YR 5/3 brown jar handle; finger impression; 10YR 7/1 light gray

VII.37.236

L. 37047

6B

VII

Iron I

a debris

74-780 pl. 49:1

VII.45.119

L. 45043

3

III

Iron II, Hell

sediment layer

74-788 pl. 47:8

VII.35.143

L. 35053

4

IV

Iron II, Pers

mud brick debris

74-772 pl. 48:4

VII.34.220

L. 34059

4/3

IV/III

LB, Iron I, Iron II porous fill

74-741 pl. 47:11

VII.44.149

L. 44057

4

IV

Iron I, Iron II

brick detritus

74-779 pl. 48:5

VII.35.169

L. 35054

6B–A

VII/VI

Iron II

ash/brick destruction debris

74-782 pl. 48:15

II.4.70

L. 4051

VII.35.162

L. 35054

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

ash/brick destruction debris

74-773 pl. 48:14

VII.36.162

L. 36067A

3

III

Iron II, Pers

fill in pit

74-774 pl. 47:10

VII.36.157

L. 36067

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

74-783 pl. 48:13

VII.44.156

L. 44057

4

IV

Iron II, late

brick detritus

74-793 pl. 48:6

VII.46.151

L. 46017

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

collapsed mud brick

74-746 pl. 48:9

VII.34.233

L. 34095

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell in pit fill

Description

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 73:23c

mixed contaminated wash 74-784 layer on surface exposed between 1966 and 1973

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 71:21a

pl. 46:6

69

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Inscriptions and Seal Impressions Obj # MC # 2133

843

2141

817

2194

969

2213

1010

2226

764

2227

1090

2255

1033

2272A 2278

1096

2304

1149

2351

1230

2355

836

Description ceramic base sherd; inscribed; 7.5YR 5/4 brown lamelech-type stamped jar handle; possible inscription; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown body sherd; highly fired, incised with sigma; 10YR 4/1 dark gray Aramaic ostracon; 8.2 cm × 8.4 cm; 10YR 8/2 white Aramaic ostracon; 4.6 cm × 5 cm; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Aramaic ostracon; 4 cm × 2 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown stamped jar handle; stamp is blank; 5YR 5/6 light gray jar handle; incised with “X” jar handle; finger impression; 10YR 6/3 pale brown jar handle; finger impression; 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown jar handle; incised after firing with “X”; 5YR 4/6 yellowish red chalk pendant; incised with rough checkerboard pattern; 10YR 8/2 white

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

L. 1013

2

X

LB, Iron I–12th cent

VII.34.233

L. 34095

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell in pit fill

74-908 pl. 47:5

IX.3.108

L. 3011

1

II

Hell

rubble against wall

74-796 pl. 45:10

IX.2.273

L. 2022

1

II

Iron II, Hell

occupational fill debris

74-873

IX.3.65

L. 3007

1

II

Iron II, Hell

in plaster on slope

74-874

IX.3.81

L. 3012

1

II

MB II, Iron II, Hell

fill between walls

74-876

VIII.1.83

L. 1024

3

XVIII

EB, MB IIA–C

lower glacis lens fill

74-800 pl. 49:14

VII.44.212A L. 44057

4

IV

Iron II

brick detritus

pl. 48:7

VII.38.393

L. 38108A

9A

XI

LB, Iron I–12th

sub-surface

pl. 49:9

VII.33.79

L. 33042.1

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

sub-surface sediments

pl. 48:11

IV.5.373

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-803 pl. 49:13

VII.38.355

L. 38100

7B

VIII

Iron I–10th

debris

74-801 pl. 48:6

6.  Loom Weights Phases I and II at Gezer produced 184 loom weights, found in all levels from the Middle Bronze Age onward. Only one, Object 224, came from an earlier context. It is a roughly circular perforated sandstone ring, which was found with mostly EB I–II pottery under Surface 2074 of Str. XXIII in Field I. The Gezer loom weights are readily classified according to Friend’s categories (1998: 71–75),

pit fill

DA # Plate No. Published

X.1.28

74-792 pl. 49:8

Rosenbaum and Seger 1986

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 75:23a

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:3

with the exception of several stone loom weights that have been shaped into a rough doughnut shape, thereby becoming stone equivalents of Friend’s type b. She did not include this type in her classification, and in this chapter they are referred to as “type z.” Some of these, like Object 794, may have been used as net sinkers or possibly weights, as well as loom weights. 3 A breakdown by stratum shows that the Iron Age strata are dominated by doughnut 3.  See chapter on lithic objects.

70

Chapter III

and especially spherical types (Friend’s types b and a; pls. 34:12, 14), while the Middle Bronze Age strata are dominated by conical clay loom weights (Friend’s type c; pls. 35:5–7, 9) and naturally shaped or worked stones used as loom weights (Friend’s type u and “type z”; pls. 35:8, 10–12). Though the MB loom weights conform to the usual pattern from other sites, Iron Age strata elsewhere generally produce a majority of doughnut-shaped loom weights (Sheffer 1981; Friend 1998: 8; Shamir 1996:135– 49; Ben-Ami 2005: 383–85; Livneh 2005). The reason for the overwhelming predominance of clay spherical loom weights, many with visible grass or straw temPers, at Iron Age Gezer is not clear, though 29 from one context in Field VII (see list below) contributed significantly to the numbers. Otherwise, this may be no more than a reflection of a local preference. It is perhaps interesting to note that Mac­alister’s description of loom weights (“weavers’ weights”) found during his excavations at Gezer includes spherical weights but no doughnut-shaped examples (Gezer II [PEF]: 73–75, fig. 268, esp. fig. 268d). For the most part, the objects themselves were not available for study, and only the descriptions made at the time of their excavation could be used. These were not adequate for an analysis of the ratio of fired to unfired clay loom weights. One large assemblage of 39 loom weights came from the surface of room 6010 in Field IV, Str. XVIIIA, dating to the MB IIC. Three others came from the brick debris (L. 6006) that overlay the surface. All 42 loom weights in the assemblage were conically shaped. Also found with the group on the surface of Room 6010 was a smaller domed object of biotite pyroxenite, Object 2096, which may have been a spindle whorl or possibly a mace-head but was unlikely to have served as a loom weight. Another assemblage of 34 loom weights, all except 5 of which were spherical, came from the collapsed mud brick debris of a 9th/8th century b.c.e. pillared building, probably a domestic structure, that extended across Areas 36, 46, and 47 in Field VII. The loom weights from this assemblage were as follows (spherical unless otherwise noted): • Locus 46017: 8 (Objects 1960, 1974 [conical], 2050, 2055, 2067, 2068, 2069, 2071)

• Locus 47018: 9 (Objects 1971, 2041 [fragmentary, shape not discerned], 2051, 2052, 2057, 2058 [doughnut-shaped], 2074 [fragmentary, shape not discerned], 2344, 2347) • Locus 47039: 2 (Objects 2078, 2084) • Locus 46027: 6 (Objects 2033, 2124 [domeshaped], 2136, 2139, 2140, 2150) • Locus 47037.P: 2 (Objects 2211, 2212) • Locus 46031: 4 (Objects 2218, 2219, 2251, 2262) • Locus 36067: 2 (Objects 1997A, 1997B) • Locus 36070: 1 (Object 2306 [irregular shaped stone])

The debris in which these loom weights were found covered surfaces and walls throughout the western part of this structure, suggesting that many of the artifacts, including the loom weights, fell from the second floor. From this assemblage, attention should be drawn to Object 1974, a conical clay loom weight measuring 12.5  × 12.7 cm and weighing 1415 g. Its size and weight render it inappropriate for use as a loom weight, and it differs from the others in the assemblage in its shape, which is conical rather than spherical. Furthermore, no string marks or other indications of its use as a loom weight were observed. All of this suggests that it is not a functional item but instead served some other, possibly symbolic purpose. The breakdown of types by period is as follows: Str. XXIII–XIX EB–MB II, 29th–17th century b.c.e. Type j o u z

Quantity 1 1 3 1

Str. XVIII MB IIC, 16th–early 15th century b.c.e. Type c j u

Quantity 47* 1 6

*including one assemblage of 38 in Field IV, L. 6010.P, all given object number 2223

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Str. XV–XIV LB IIB, 13th century b.c.e. Type a f h p

Quantity 1 1 1 2

Str. XIII–IX Iron I, 12th–10th century b.c.e. Type b l p u z undiagnostic

Quantity 1 1 2 2 1 1

Str. VIII Iron IIA, mid-to-late 10th century b.c.e. Type z

Quantity 1

Str. VII–V Iron IIB–C, 9th–6th century b.c.e. Type a b c f u undiagnostic

Quantity 36* 1 1 1 3 2

*including one assemblage of 28 in Field VII

Str. IV Persian, 5th–4th century b.c.e. Type a b u

Quantity 5 1 1

Str. III–II Hellenistic, late 3rd–mid-1st century b.c.e. Type a c f h i l u z undiagnostic

Quantity 21 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 1

Str. I Roman, late 1st century b.c.e. Type h i r

Quantity 1 1 1

Topsoil / no context Type a b c h i u z undiagnostic

Quantity 5 4 1 2 1 3 3 1

71

72

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1965 11

49

84

85

88

loom weight made from pierced vessel base; (Dia) 6.9 cm, (Hole) 0.4 cm, (H) 1.6 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type p ceramic loom weight; pyramidal, (H) 3.95 cm, (base L) 3.6 cm, (base W) 3.5 cm, (Wt) 47 g; 5YR 6/4 light reddishbrown, Friend type i limestone loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 9.5/8.0 cm, (H) 4.25 cm, (Hole) 0.45 cm, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; cylindrical, (Dia) 6.0 cm, (H) 8.7 cm, (Hole) 0.3 cm; 5YR 7/3 pink, Friend type j basalt loom weight; roughly worked, centrally biconically bored, flat base, (Dia) 16.8/14.1 cm, (H) 4.65 cm, hole 2.95 cm, type z

I.2.37

L. 2005B

3/2

XI/II

LB, Iron I & II, few Hell and Rom

hardpacked layer below L. 2005 and above destruction debris, L. 2006; contaminated by undetected pit or winter wash

II.1.30

L. 1004

2B/A

II

late Hell

rubble above Phase 2B Surface 1006, E of Wall 1003; equals L. 1005 W of Wall 1003

I.4(sic).76

L. 5005

7B–7A

XVIII

Chalco, LB I

wall running E-W across N of area

I.2.133

L. 1031

7A

XVIII

LB I, few LB II

destruction debris below destruction debris, L. 1030 and above Surface 1032

I.6.59

L. 6016.P

8B

XIX

MB IIA, early IIB pottery on Phase 8B plaster Surface 6016

ceramic loom weight; spherical, poorly preserved, (Dia) 7.7/8.2 cm, (H) 6.75, hole 2.1 cm; 7.5 YR 6/4 light brown, Friend type a hard chalk loom weight fragment; doughnut shaped, biconically bored, (estimated Dia.) 3.65/3.75 cm, (H) 2.4 cm, (Wt) 14.1 g, Friend type o ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 8.2 cm, (H) 5.1 cm, (Hole) 1.6/1.1 cm, Friend type b sandstone loom weight; doughnut shaped, biconically bored, (Dia) 13.5 cm, (H) 5.3 cm, (Hole) 2.9 cm, (Wt) 1596 g, type z

II.4

Surface 4002

I.4.176

L. 4062

I.9.25

L. 9010

I.2.155

L. 2038.1

67-419

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:4

pl. 35:4

pl. 35:10

1966 92

132

151

159

10/9B

XXI/XX

Iron I, early Rom

topsoil

MB IIB, IIC ud

fill below Phase 10/9B Fill 4055.1, possibly contaminated by Phase 9A Foundation Trench 4168

EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of Phase 7? Wall 9011

8B/A

XIX

MB IIB, IIC, LB I

10 cm below Phase 8A flagstone pavement, L. 2038, above Probe 2044

pl. 35:11

73

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Loom Weights Obj # 160

186

MC #

Description pink limestone loom weight; rough oblate spheroid, excentrically bored, (Dia) 13.3/13.8 cm, (H) 10.4 cm, (Hole) 3.2 cm, (Wt) 2355 g, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 8.55 cm, (H) 7.3 cm, (Hole) 1.85 cm, (Wt) 375 g; 10YR 5/4 yellowish-brown, Friend type a

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

II.2.142

Wall 2000D–E

2B

II

few Iron II, predominately late Hell

N-S wall in SE of area, forming corner with Phase 2 Wall 2015

II.2.163

Surface 2053

4

V

7th/6th

rough “cobble” surface in SE of area, E of Wall 2054

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:7

ceramic loom weight; I.8.121 conical, (H) 6.3 cm, (Dia) 4.55 cm, (Hole) 0.6 cm, (Wt) 125 g; 2.5YR 6/6 light red, Friend type c ceramic loom weight; I.2.228 cylindrical, (L) 8.3 cm, (Dia) 4.2 cm, (Hole) 1.1 cm, (Wt) 160 g; 5YR 7/4 pink, Friend type j soft carbonaceous I.2.260 sandstone loom weight; biconically bored, (Dia) 13.9/11.65 cm, (H) 4.3 cm, (Hole) 2.25 cm, (Wt) 878 g, Friend type u

L. 8024

7

XVIII

EB, MB IIA–C

lens of brown tell debris poured in as fill above Phase 7 chalk Layer 8023 and up against face of Tower 5017

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:2

L. 2048

8B

XIX

MB IIA–C

trapezoidal stone-lined pit in S end of area, below Phase 8B/A Surface 2041B

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:3

L. 2076

11/10

XXIII– XXI

mostly EB I–II, but a few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets

surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074

hard chalkstone loom weight; flat based disk, slightly domed, centrally holed by a straight-walled bore from one side, damaged, (Dia) 4.5 cm, (H) 2.3 cm, (Hole) 1.1 cm, (Wt) 54.7 g, type z ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.1 cm, (H) 4.9 cm, (Hole) 1.6 cm; 2.5YR 6/8 light red, Friend type a

II.2

locus not assigned

II.3.229

L. 3044

1967 194

198

224

pl. 35:12

1968 330

343

N balk trim

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

deep trench across W half of area, cutting down through Phase 5 levels; sealed in part by subPhase 2 Surface 3050

LB, Iron I, Hell

topsoil, including Late burials

1969 454

ceramic loom weight; VI truncated, pyramidoid, NW.16.4 (H) 5.5 cm, (W) 3.7 cm, (Hole) 0.3 cm; 2.5YR 6/6 light red, Friend type h

L. 16000

pl. 34:6

74

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj # 457

470

530

548

571

MC #

Description loom weight fragment; made from reworked base, (Dia) 5.9 cm, (H) 1.15 cm; 5YR 7/3 pink, Friend type p white chalk loom weight (or spindle whorl) fragment; holed ellipsoidal disk, biconically bored, (Dia) 5.4 cm, (H) 2.4 cm, (Hole) 0.6 cm, (Wt) 39.2 g, (restored Wt) ca. 80 g, type z basalt loom weight fragment; circular, (Dia) 3.7 cm, (Ht) 1.4 cm, (Hole) 1.1 cm, (Wt) 17.1 g, type z ceramic loom weight; truncated, pyramidoid, (H) 6.7 cm, (W) 5.8 cm; 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type i clay loom weight; poorly fired, (Ht) 7.8 cm, (Dia) 6.1/5.4 cm, (Hole) 0.8 cm; 10YR 7/1 light gray, Friend type f

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

II.1.539

L. 1157

VI NE.24.57

Local Phase 12?

General Stratum

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

LB II ud, ns

pit along E balk, filled with cobble-sized stones and wind-winnowed soil

L. 24000

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil with Late burials

III.5.227A

L. 5081

Iron II–Hell 2nd

Macalister debris

VI NE.36.25

L. 36000

LB, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil with Late burials

74-109

II.2.515

L. 2182

early Hell, ca 3rd b.c.e.

bell-shaped pit in NE corner, filled with loose soil, lumps of unfired clay, pottery fragments

74-58

ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 4.7 cm, (Dia) 5.0 cm, (Hole) 0.9 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink, Friend type c dense basalt ring; possible loom weight, biconically bored, (Dia) 4.2 cm, (H) 2.65 cm, (Hole) 1.4 cm, (Wt) 67.6 g, (restored Wt) ca. 68 g, type z

VI NW.25.8

L. 25001

Iron I, Hell, ns

topsoil, including Late burials

II.3.762

L. 3191

6A/5B

VIII–VI

10th/9th, 9th, few later intrusive from pits and trenches in area

chalk object; holed, irregularly shaped, possible loom weight, (W) 7.0 cm, (Ht) 1.3 cm, (Hole) 0.7 cm, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 3.35 cm, (H) 1.5 cm, (Hole) 1.1 cm, (Wt) 12.0 g, Friend type b stone object; holed, irregularly shaped, probable loom weight, Friend type u

IV.3.262

L. 3062

6C

XIXC

Chalco–MBII C

domestic and destruction (?) debris overlying Phase 6A Surface 3223 in S; primarily Phase 6A debris, disaggregated and mixed with Phase 5B fills; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 6A/5B Layers 3150 and 3171 foundation trench backfill

VI NW.6.136

L. 6058.1

5C/B

XII/XI

12th, ud, ns

loose fill with ash, below Phase 5B Surface 6058, above Phase 5C Surface 6059

II.2.342

L. 2163.P

5B

VI

10th/9th, early 9th

a rubbly material and sherds in and below Phase 5B Surface 2163, down 10–15 cm

sub-2

XIV?

Date/Period (pottery reading)

III

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 41:9

1970 721

794

802

824

915

pl. 35:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 64:30

75

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Loom Weights Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1971 1121

1130

1152

1208

1219

ceramic loom weight or spindle whorl made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 6.7 cm, (H) 1.0 cm, (Hole) 0.7 cm; 7.5YR 8/4 pink, Friend type p ceramic loom weight fragments; spherical, (Dia) ca. 4.5 cm; 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type a

VI NE.26.200

L. 26061.1

6A/5C

XIII/XII

LB II, 13th/12th, 12th

soil layer below Phase 5C Surface 26061 in Room 3 of Northeast House; above Phase 6A Surface 26075; Phase 6A debris with Phase 5C fill

VI NE.35.276

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

pebble with two openings opposite each other enabling stringing for suspension; roughly ovoid, possibly used as loom weight, (Ht) 14.2 cm, (Dia) 7.7/6.9 cm, (Wt) 885.6 g, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; pyramidoid, (H) 7.7 cm, (base W) 5.5 cm, (Hole) 0.7 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink, Friend type h ceramic loom weight fragment, 5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type l

VI NE.15.178

L. 15068

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. exterior surface NW of Phase 6A Walls 15053/15062, with accumulated courtyard debris; below Phase 6A/5C Fill 15051, above Phase 6B Surface 15137 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 15061

VI NE.26.201

L. 26075

7/6C

XIV/XIII

LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

VI NE.16.235

L. 16088

6B/A

XIII

6B/A

XIII

1239

ceramic loom weight fragment; Friend type undiagnostic

VI NE.4.79 L. 4038

1312

ceramic loom weight; VI conical, (H) 8.0 cm, NE.14.324 (Dia) 5.2 cm; 5YR 7/4 pink, Friend type c

L. 14122

10A

XVIII

1338

loom weight or spindle VI whorl made with NE.25.283 reworked base; (Dia) 8.25 cm, (Ht) 1.7 cm, (Hole) 0.7 cm; 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish-white, Friend type p

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

backfilled trench below Phase 6A surface and below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 26083; contains occupational debris MB II, LB II, trench cut from post 12th Phase 6B levels into Phase 6B Surfaces 16095 and 16117; below Phase 6A Trench 16106, sealed by 6A Surface 16072 LB II, LB II/Iron fill/debris below Phase I ud 6A Surface 4035 down to Phase 6B Surface 4025; stratigraphically equivalent to Phase 6B destruction debris, L. 4017 in Room 1 of Granary 24000 MB IIA, IIC, MB laminated living surfaces IIC/LB I in center of area; in use with Phase 10A Wall 14110A (last phase of wall); below Phase 10A/9 Layer 14121.1, above Phase 10B debris, L. 14124 few EB, mostly deep trench across whole MB IIC and MB area, cuts into Phase IIC/LB I; few 10 levels; below Phase LB I–II in upper 7 Trench 24097 and levels perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:12

pl. 35:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:5

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:1

pl. 52:15

76

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

1369

ceramic loom weight; VI dome-shaped, (H) NE.35.385 8.3 cm, (Dia) 5.0 cm; 5YR 6/5 light reddishyellow-brown, Friend type f

1382

chalk loom weight fragment; (Dia) 10.0 cm, (H) 4.2 cm, (Hole) 1.2 cm, Friend type u basalt fragment; spheroid, possible loom weight, biconically bored, (H) 4.3 cm, (Hole) 1.3 cm, (Wt) 66.3 g, type z limestone loom weight or spindle whorl; irregular shape with flat top and base, biconically bored, (Dia) 5.4 cm, (H) 1.5 cm, (Hole) 0.65 cm, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, broken in half, (Dia) 3.5/2.7 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, (Dia) 2.8 cm, (H) 2.0 cm; 5Y 2/1 black, Friend type a stone loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 3.5 cm, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, (Dia) 7.8/9.0 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 4.8/5.5 cm; 2.5YR 4/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight fragment; (Dia) 6.2 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink, Friend type undiagnostic ceramic loom weight fragment; spherical, (Dia) 7.1 cm, Friend type a

1384

1386

Locus L. 35069

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

VI NE.3.79 L. 3019

6B

XIII

LB II ud, 12th

VI NE.13.356

L. 13116.1

12/11

VI NE.23.

L. 23129

VII.28.80

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. occupational debris layer in N of area, below 6A Phase Fill 3004.1

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:9

XXII/XXI MB IIA/B

material in and under Phase 11 Surface 13116, above Phase 12/11 Layer 13122

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:1

12/11

XXII/XXI EB, MB IIA

Phases 12 and 11 fill below Phase 11 Surface 23111

L. 28009

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell pit fill

VII.37.39

L. 37008

2B–A

II

Hell

VII.37

L. 37017

IV.8

L. 8000

1972 1533

154

1544

187

1580

646

1606

698

1621

823

1646

801

1660

1003

VII.28.140 L. 28009

VII.15.17

L. 15001

VII.45.21

L. 45016

in wall

Macalister backfill

2B

2C

II

II

Chalco–Hell

Macalister backfill

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

pit fill

Hell

cultivation soil

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

fill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:5

77

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Loom Weights Obj #

MC #

Description

1683

1127

1688

1159

1697

1347

1734

1440

1747

1591

1800

1799

ceramic loom weight; cylindrical, (Ht) 5.9 cm, (Dia) 3.0 cm; 10YR 6/2 light brownish gray, Friend type l ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 5.2 cm, (Dia) 4.8 cm; 10YR 8/2 white, Friend type c ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 4.0/3.6 cm; 10YR 5/4-5/3 brown to yellowish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; dome-shaped, (H) 5.6 cm, (Dia) 4.5 cm; 7.5YR 5/2 brown, Friend type f ceramic loom weight fragment; spherical, (Dia) 3.2, (H) 2.8 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddishbrown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 9.7 cm, (Dia) 6.9 cm; 10YR 5/2 grayish brown, Friend type c

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

VII.24.69

L. 24031

2B

II

VII.34

L. 34037

2B–A

II

VII.53.4

L. 53000

VII.34.91

L. 34048

IV.16.236

L. 16039

IV.5.156

L. 5021.P

VII.46.14

Date/Period (pottery reading) Iron I, Iron II, Hell

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

foundation trench for Wall 24038

pl. 34:3

beaten earth threshold

pl. 34:4

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

Iron II, Pers?, Hell

in pit

EB–Hell/Rom

contaminated by Macalister backfill

MB IIC

on surface

L. 46002

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

IV.9.31

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:13

IV.9.31

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:14

IV.10.17

L. 10000

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:2

IX.1.10

L. 1002

2B

5A

II

XVIIIA

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:13a 74-868 pl. 35:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 32:8

1973 1865

49

1869

69

1870

70

1899

112

1907

130

1929

297

dense chalk loom weight fragment; (Dia) 11 cm, (H) 7.9 cm, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 7.6 cm, (H) 5.2 cm; 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown, Friend type b ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 6.5 cm, (H) 4.6 cm, Friend type b ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 9.0 cm, (H) 6.8 cm; 5YR 5/3 reddish-brown, Friend type b ceramic loom weight; pyramidoid, (H) 6.5 cm, (W) 3.6 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, Friend type h ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 5.2/5.9 cm; 5YR 5/6 red, Friend type a

VII.44.114 L. 44057

1

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell debris on slope

4

IV

Iron II

brick detritus

pl. 34:2

78

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj #

MC #

1932

300

1941A

333

1941B

333

1952

380

1953

374

1957

433

1960

444

1961

415

1962

443

1971

404

1974

375

Description ceramic loom weight fragment; spherical, (Dia [incomplete]) 3.3 cm; 10YR 3/1 very dark gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, granule size nari aggregate and chaff binder, (Dia) 5.6/4.5 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, granule size nari aggregate and chaff binder, (Dia) 5.3/4.7 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 5.3/4.5 cm; 2.5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight fragment; straw tempered, (Dia) 8.0, (H [incomplete]) 4.5 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow, Friend type undiagnostic ceramic loom weight; spherical, half fragment, (Dia) 4.7/4.6 cm; 5YR 5/3 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, (Dia) 5.2 cm, (H) 4.6 cm; 10YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; pyramidoid, (H) 5.9 cm, (W) 3.9 cm; 2.5Y N3/ very dark gray, Friend type h ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 5.5/4.5 cm; 10YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, straw tempered, (Dia) 8.8, (H) 6.5 cm; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 12.5 cm, (Dia) 12.7 cm, (Wt) 1415 g; 5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow, Friend type c

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.45.93

L. 45042

3

III

Iron II

rubble fill/pit

VII.45.99

L. 45045

3

III

Iron II, possibly later

in Bin 45047

VII.45.99

L. 45045

3

III

Iron II, possibly later

in Bin 45047

VII.47.108 L. 47018/22

3

III

Iron II, Hell

debris contaminated by pit

VII.47.108 L. 47018

3

III

Iron II, Hell

debris contaminated by pit

VII.44.128 L. 44062

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

destruction debris

VII.46.112 L. 46017

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

surface

VII.45.109 L. 45043

3

III

Iron II, Hell

sediment layer

74-787 pl. 34:8

VII.46.110 L. 46017

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

collapsed mud brick

74-786

VII.47.118 L. 47018

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.46.105 L. 46017

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

surface

pl. 34:7

pl. 34:12

pl. 34:13

79

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Loom Weights Obj #

MC #

1980

464

1981

463

1997A

521

1997B

521

2006

611

2015A

545

2015B

545

2027

584

2030

589

2031

575

2032

576

2033

613

Description ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.0 cm; 5YR 8/3 pink, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, poorly preserved, (Dia) 7.2 cm; 10YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 5.1 cm; 5YR 6/3 light reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.5 cm; 5YR 6/3 light reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.0 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight fragment; spherical, (Dia) 6.5 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.5/7.0 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, (Dia) 6.5 cm, (H) 5.5 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 9.6 cm, (Dia) 7.25 cm; 7.5YR 8/2 pinkish white, Friend type c limestone loom weight; drilled hole, shaped by pounding, (Dia) 11.0 cm, (Ht) 9.0 cm; 10YR 8/1 white, Friend type u limestone loom weight; irregular natural shape, partially drilled hole; (W) 10.25 cm, (H) 9.5 cm, (Th) 3.9 cm; 2.5Y N5/ gray, Friend type u ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.0/6.5 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray, Friend type a

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.47.126 L. 47018

3

III

debris contaminated by pit

VII.46.113 L. 46017

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

collapsed mud brick

VII.36.153 L. 36067

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.36.153 L. 36067

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.45.137 L. 45065

3

III

Iron II, Hell

robber trench

VII.45

L. 45045

3

III

balk trim in Bin 45047

VII.45

L. 45045

3

III

balk trim in Bin 45047

VII.33.36

L. 33004

2C–A

II

Iron II

fill of porous sediment

pl. 34:5

IV.6.60

L. 6006

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

pl. 35:6

VII.45.134 L. 45042

3

III

Iron II–Hell

rubble pit/fill

VII.45.130 L. 45059

4

IV

Iron I–Iron II late mud brick collapse

VII.46.126 L. 46027

6A

VII–VI

ud

brick collapse

pl. 34:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:2

80

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj #

MC #

2040

614

2041

605

2048

606

2050

647

2051

644

2052

674

2055

654

2056

642

2057

640

2058

639

2059

671

Description chalk loom weight fragment; roughly doughnut shaped, (Dia) 6.0 cm, (H) 3.0 cm; 10YR 6/1 gray, Friend type u ceramic loom weight fragment; (W) 6.5 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddishbrown, Friend type undiagnostic chalk loom weight; doughnut shaped, well-worked, biconically bored, (Dia) 9.9/8.9 cm, (H) 4.5 cm, (Hole) 1.95 cm, (Wt) 615 g; 5YR 7/1 light gray, type z ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.5 cm; 5YR 3/1 very dark gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.0 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, incomplete, (Dia) 6.0 cm, (H) 5.0 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 9 cm; 5YR 3/1 very dark gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight fragment; spherical, (Dia) 5.0 cm; 5YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.5 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, fragmentary, (Dia) 8 cm, (H) 4.6 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown, Friend type b ceramic loom weight; (H) 7.1 cm, (W) 5.5 cm; 7.5 YR 8/2 pinkish white, Friend type h

Fld, Area, & Basket IX.3.56

Locus L. 3008

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

1

II

Iron I–II

debris on slope

VII.47.173 L. 47018

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

debris

VII.44.154 L. 44022

3

III

VII.46.139 L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

collapsed mud brick

VII.47.174 L. 47018

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.47.180 L. 47018

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.46.139 L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

surface

VII.47.176 L. 47022

3

III

Iron II, few Hell

in pit

VII.47.174 L. 47018

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.47.174 L. 47018

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.47.182 L. 47000

loose fill

topsoil

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 34:10

pl. 34:1

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

81

Gezer Loom Weights Obj #

MC #

2061

638

2066

650

2067

655

2068

652

2069

646

2070

651

2071

649

2072

653

2073

637

2074

645

2078

700

2084

701

2086

729

Description ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.5 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 8.1 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.2 cm; 5YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, broken, (Dia0 7.9 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 5.8 cm; 7.5YR 6/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.3 cm; 7.5YR 7/2 pinkish-gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.2 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 8.4 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; pyramidoid, (H) 5.5 cm, width 5.2 cm, Friend type i ceramic loom weight fragment; (Dia) 5.5 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type undiagnostic ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.2 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.2 cm; 5YR 3/1 very dark gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 9.5 cm, (W) 7.2 cm; 10YR 6/3 pale brown, Friend type c

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

VII.47.166 L. 47018/22

3

III

Iron II, Hell

debris contaminated by pit

VII.45.140 L. 45059

4

IV

MB IIC, Iron I, Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.46.139 L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

surface

VII.46.139 L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

surface

VII.46.139 L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

surface

VII.45.141 L. 45043

3

III

Later Iron II, Hell sediment layer

VII.46.139 L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

surface

VII.45.141 L. 45043

3

III

Late Iron II, Hell

sediment

IX.2.164

1

II

Hell

water washed fill sediments

VII.47.174 L. 47018

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.47.191 L. 47039

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.47.188 L. 47039

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

IV.6.71

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

L. 2015

L. 6006

DA # Plate No. Published 74-740

74-790

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:1

82

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj #

MC #

2111

731

2113

795

2114

770

2115

769

2116

799

2117

794

2118

774

2124

837

2132

833

2136

839

2139

826

2140

834

Description ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 9.0 cm, (W) 7.5 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, Friend type c ceramic loom weight; spherical, badly worn, (Dia) 7.2 cm; 2.5YR N2.5/ black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight fragment, roughly spherical, (Dia) 7.3 cm, (H) 6.2 cm; 2.5YR 3/6 dark red, Friend type a loom weight made from triangular storage jar sherd; scratch marks on outer face, (H) 11.6 cm, (W) 9.5 cm; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown, Friend type r loom weight, roughly spherical, badly worn, (Dia) 9.6 cm; 10YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 9.5 cm, (W) 7.5 cm; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown, Friend type c ceramic loom weight; doughnut shaped, (Dia) 7.1 cm, (H) 4.7 cm; 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown, Friend type b ceramic loom weight; (H) 9.5 cm, (W) 6.9 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown, Friend type f ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.5 cm; 5YR 4/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, badly worn, (Dia) 5.9 cm; 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.9 cm; 5Y 6/1 gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, poorly preserved, (Dia) 6.6 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown, Friend type a

Fld, Area, & Basket IV.6.142

Locus L. 6006

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

VII.47.214 L. 47040

3

III

Iron II

debris

VII.45.153 L. 45059

4

IV

Iron II

mud brick collapse

IX.2.201

1

II

Iron II, Hell

water washed fill sediments

VII.47.214 L. 47040

3

III

Iron II

debris

IV.6.87

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

VII.45.152 L. 45059

4

IV

Iron I–Iron II late mud brick collapse

VII.46

6A

VII–VI

VII.36.193 L. 36038A

3

III

Iron II–late

fill

VII.46

L. 46027

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse in E balk

VII.46

L. 46027

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse in E balk

VII.46

L. 46027

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse in E balk

L. 2015

L. 6010.P

L. 46027

mud brick collapse in E balk

DA # Plate No. Published Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:3

pl. 35:7

74-791

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:1

83

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Loom Weights Obj #

MC #

2149

832

2150

835

2161

916

2176

818

2180

950

2193

946

2198

988

2199

984

2202

982

2211

981

2212

980

2218

1020

Description worked limestone loom weight fragment; biconically bored, (Dia) 14.9 cm, (H) 4.5 cm, (Hole) 2.5 cm, (Wt) 548.4 g; 10YR 7/1 light gray, type z ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.8 cm; 7.5YR 4/4 dark brown, Friend type a limestone loom weight; roughly doughnut shaped, solution channel enlarged by chiseling, (Dia) 9.7 cm; 10YR 6/1 gray, Friend type u limestone loom weight; irregularly shaped, solution channel secondarily enlarged, (H) 15.1 cm, (W) 12.4 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray, Friend type u loom weight fragment; roughly spherical, (Dia) 9.8 cm; 10YR 5/1 gray, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.2 cm; 10YR 6/3 pale brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 8.4 cm; 7.5YR 5/4 brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 8.2 cm; 5YR 5/4 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 8.2 cm; 2.5YR 5/6 red, Friend type a ceramic loom weight fragment; roughly spherical, (Dia) 7.5 cm; 7.5YR 5/2 brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, (Dia) 7.8 cm; 7.5YR 5/2 brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.9 cm; 10YR 3/1 very dark gray, Friend type a

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

VII.46.185 L. 46020

7A

VIII

Iron II

in wall matrix

VII.46

L. 46027

6A

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse in E balk

IV.5.300

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

3

III

Iron II

robber trench

VII.46.159 L. 46040

Iron II, Hell, ns

in pit

VII.46.158 L. 46040

Iron II, Hell, n.s.

in pit

VII.45.163 L. 45065

VII.33.63

L. 33041

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

brick/ash destruction debris

VII.33.63

L. 33041

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

brick/ash destruction debris

VII.33.62

L. 33041

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

brick/ash destruction debris

VII.47.230 L. 47037

6A

VI

on surface

VII.47.230 L. 47037

6A

VI

on surface

VII.46.173 L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

brick debris

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 35:1

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:15

pl. 34:9

pl. 34:14

84

Chapter III Gezer Loom Weights

Obj # 2219

MC # 1019

Description

ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, (Dia) 6.9 cm; 7.5YR 3/2 dark brown, Friend type a 2223A– 1088, 38 ceramic loom LL 1089 weights; conical, Friend type c 2251 1053 ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.4 cm; 10YR 2.5/1 black, Friend type a 2262 1054 ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.4 cm; 5Y 2.5/1 black, Friend type a 2306 1150 limestone loom weight; irregularly shaped, (L) 15.0 cm, (W) 13.5 cm, Friend type u 2317 1198 ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.6 cm; 10YR 3/3 dark brown, Friend type a 2333A 1172 ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, 10.5 cm x 7.5 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddishbrown, Friend type a 2333B 1172 ceramic loom weight; roughly spherical, 10 cm x 7.5 cm; 5YR 6/4 light reddishbrown, Friend type a 2336A 1184 limestone loom weight; irregularly shaped, hole primarily artificial, chipped to shape, (L) 10.0 cm, (W) 7.5 cm, Friend type u 2336B 1184 limestone loom weight; irregularly shaped, (L) 10.5 cm, (W) 7.5 cm, Friend type u 2338 1188 irregularly shaped loom weight or possible dibble weight used as pounder, of burnt styloitic biomicritic dense limestone; a roughly central hole appears to be straight-drilled for half the thickness when it runs into a natural cavity, possible traces of smoothing where the rope turned up from the hole in hanging; (L) 11.4 cm, (W) 9.0 cm, (H) 7.2/6.8 cm; 5YR 5/6 yellowish red, Friend type u

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

VII.46.173 L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

brick debris

IV.6.122

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris and on surface

VII.46.179 L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

brick debris

VII.46.178 L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

brick debris

VII.36.256 L. 36070

6

VII–VI

Iron II–8th

in wall

VII.34.367 L. 34079A

5

V

Iron II

fill of compact sediment

VII.45

L. 45059

4

IV

mud brick collapse, found in balk

VII.45

L. 45059

4

IV

mud brick collapse, found in balk

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

6

VII–VI

L. 6010.P

VII.45.200 L. 45091

fill below olive press

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 48

pl. 35:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:5 pl. 34:15

85

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Loom Weights Obj #

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

MC #

Description

2344

1228

VII.47.269 L. 47018

6A

VI

debris

2347

1229

ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 7.5 cm; 5YR 5/3 reddish-brown, Friend type a ceramic loom weight; spherical, (Dia) 6.2 cm; 5YR 4/6 yellowish red, Friend type a

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.47.269 L. 47018

6A

VI

debris

ceramic loom weight; conical, (H) 7.5 cm, (Dia) 5.5 cm; 2.5YR 6/4 light reddishbrown, Friend type c limestone loom weight; roughly doughnut shaped, heavily chipped, (Dia) 10.2 cm, (H) 4.0 cm, Friend type u limestone loom weight; irregularly shaped, (L) 10.8 cm, (W) 9.4 cm, (Th) 6.4 cm, Friend type u

IV.6.151

L. 6015

5C

XVIIIC

EB–MB IIC

IV.4.336

L. 4140

5B2

XVIIIB2

EB–MB IIC/LB I soil with ash layer

741864

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 53:2

IV.4.336

L. 4140

5B2

XVIIIB2

EB–MB IIC/LB I soil with ash layer

741865

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 53:3

1974 2407

2414

36

2415

37

7.  Metal Objects a.  Bronze Weapons The bronze implements from Gezer consist mostly of arrowheads and spearheads. Many of these came from Field VI and were published in Gezer IV (HUC). The corpus ranges in date from the Middle Bronze Age/Late Bronze Age transition, represented at the site by Str. XVIII, to the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Although Waldbaum (1980: 85) has shown that bronze is almost completely superseded by iron by the 8th century b.c.e., with only a few bronze items occurring in the late Iron Age and beyond, at Lachish there was a revival in bronze in the 6th century b.c.e. (Lachish III: 386). Arrowhead 1213 was found in a secure Str. XVIII context in Field IV, on a courtyard surface dating to the final occupation of the MB city before it was destroyed in the late 16th or early 15th century b.c.e. Similar arrowheads with a square tang and a pronounced midrib occur in later contexts in the Late

fill layer

741857

pl. 35:9

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 57:27

Bronze and early Iron Ages, but the context places this example securely in the 16th century. A similar arrowhead comes from the Str. VIII surface in Temple 2048 at Megiddo (Megiddo II: pl. 175:27). Also from a MB surface in Field IV came a solid bronze chisel with a square cross-section, Object 2168. The arrowheads from LB and early Iron Age contexts include Objects 929, 1389, 916, 1177, 1256, and 1296, all from Field VI, and Object 283 from Field II. These are similar to Arrowheads 874 and 906 from the 10th century levels in the Field III gate area, and this style continues down into Iron II with Arrowheads 848 and 335 from Field II. Arrowhead 25, found with Late Bronze and Iron I pottery just below Macalister fill in Field I, may also be of this type. Arrowhead 520, from Str. VIII in Field III, is a laurel-leaf type arrowhead from the destruction at the end of Str. VIIIB in the late 10th century b.c.e. Also dating to the early Iron Age is Object 882, a bronze blade, probably from a knife, which came from Str. XIII surface debris in Field VI NE.

86

Chapter III

Arrowhead 1673 from Str. II in Field VII is a wellpreserved example, with extended wings and a long tang, and is almost identical to Arrowhead 106 from Field II, which dates to Iron II. These are similar to an iron specimen from the 7th century b.c.e. at Tel Batash Str. II (Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001: 213, photo 144; pl. 40:7).

b.  Iron Weapons and Tools i.  Knife Blades a.  Field II Object 357 is a heavily corroded iron blade from L. 2075.P, a 9th century living surface. The object is 13.1 cm long and consists of two parts, a rectangular blade 7.0 cm long × 2.3 cm wide and a tang 6.1 cm long × 0.9 cm wide. It is too corroded to determine whether the blade, which is abruptly squared off at the end, once extended to a point. A possible parallel comes from Lachish (Lachish III: pl. 59:16). Object 876A is a curved knife or sickle blade found in L. 3191, dating to the 9th and 8th centuries b.c.e. The blade is excellently preserved, and measurement around the arc is 18.5  cm  ×  3.2  cm × 0.9 cm. Parts of a highly corroded wooden handle with two rivets were still attached to the blade. Two more small fragments of the handle and rivets were found nearby in L. 2103A. This object is typical of late Iron II sickle blades, with parallels from a number of sites, including Megiddo (Megiddo I: pl. 82) and Lachish (Lachish III: pl. 59:3–5). ii. Arrowheads a.  Field II Object 303 is an iron point 6.9 cm long × 1.6 cm wide at the head. It came from a 9th century destruction debris layer in Str. VI and is similar to Object 299 found in the 10th century destruction levels in Field III. b.  Field III Object 299 is 4.6 cm long × 1.1 cm wide at the head and came from the late 10th century destruction of the six-chambered gate. Both this object and Obj. 303 from Field II resemble arrowheads in size and shape, but in each case the tang is missing. They are sufficiently corroded to assume that the tangs have corroded away or were broken off in antiquity.

Object 308 is an iron arrowhead found beneath the threshold of the Str. VIIIB Solomonic-period gate, also dated to the late 10th century destruction. A small part of the tang is preserved with the arrowhead itself. The tang is 0.6 cm long, and the head is 5.9 cm long × 1.4 cm wide at its widest point. Object 517 is a different type of arrowhead that came from Str. VII, dating to the 9th century. It measures 7.55  cm  ×  1.8  cm  ×  0.6  cm and is an early example of the more slender type that continues into the 8th century, for example, at Lachish (Gottlieb’s sub-type 1–2; [2004: 1920]; Lachish III: pl. 60:18). c.  Field VII Of the several arrowheads from Field VII, most were found in Hellenistic and Roman contexts. The exception was Object 2324, a fragment of an iron arrowhead from Str. VII–VI, dated to the 10th century, which was found in a fill layer. It measures 5.35 cm × 1.5 cm. iii.  Agricultural Tools A hoard of well-preserved iron agricultural tools was found in a shallow storage pit just off the courtyard in a Hellenistic house in Field VII. Assigned to Str. II, the hoard consisted of two plowshares (Objs. 1784, 1785), an adze (Obj. 1787), two picks (Objs. 1786, 1789A), a hoe (Obj. 1790), and a large iron ring (Obj. 1789B) that was fused with corrosion onto Iron Pick 1789A. The identification of Obj. 1789B is enigmatic; it may have served as a ring to bind the parts of a plough together or as a hasp or possibly as part of a bridle for a draft animal. Macalister found “a few” of these items, which he dated to his Fourth Semitic and Hellenistic periods, and he suggested that they served as “fastenings of a plough” (Gezer II [PEF]: 30, fig. 223). In the same pit were a piece of a bronze fibula (Obj. 1788) and two small bronze rings or jewelry links (Obj. 1792). iv.  Other Iron Weapons and Tools a.  Field II Object 304 is an iron chisel measuring 9.25 cm long × 0.75 cm wide at the blade, with a square section near the handle. It was found in a Hellenistic trench with mixed remains mostly from the 3rd and 2nd centuries b.c.e.

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) b.  Field VII Object 1622 is an iron pike with a round section near the haft and square section near the point. It is 9.6 cm long and was found on a 2nd century b.c.e. surface. v.  Armor Scales Six or seven armor scales were found at Gezer (Obj. 2234 was so corroded that its identification is dubious). Of these, three were bronze and four, including Object 2234, were iron. Two of the bronze scales, Objects 498 and 807, were published in Gezer IV (HUC) (115; pls. 61:11; 60:3). They were found in Fields VI NE and VI NW, respectively, in Str. XI and XII levels, dating to Iron I. The third bronze armor scale, Object 2286, was found on a Str. VI surface in Field VII, dating to the 8th century b.c.e. (However, the pottery reading for the locus was Late Bronze and 10th century). The scale is rectangular, 3.35  cm long × 1.9  cm wide, and the bottom is broken off. It has the characteristic mid-rib on the upper face, and two small rivet holes are above it, one halfway between the top of the scale and the top of the mid-rib and the other adjacent to it to the right. The holes are 0.1–0.2 cm in diameter. Two of the iron armor scales also came from Str. VI in Field VII. Object 1770 was found in a wall and is quite corroded but complete, measuring 6.4 cm × 2.6 cm. It has a mid-rib that is slightly offcenter and not quite vertical, with two small holes immediately below it, 0.2–0.3 cm in diameter. The top of the scale is rectangular, and the bottom is shaped in an arc. Heavily corroded putative Armor Scale 2234 also came from a Str. VI sub-surface layer in Field VII. It measures 6.9  cm  ×  3.6 cm. There is no evidence of a mid-rib or of small holes, and other than its roughly rectangular shape there is little to support its identification as an armor scale. It is also a bit larger than the other examples. The remaining two iron armor scales, Objects 246 and 306, came from Field III in loci associated with the 10th century destruction of the gate complex at the end of Str. VIIIB. They share the rectangular shape with the curved base and measure 3.7 cm × 1.7 cm and 3.1 cm × 1.6 cm, respectively. Both have the characteristic mid-rib and holes. In Obj. 246, the mid-rib is off-center to the right, and

87

in Obj. 306, it is off-center to the left. The former has three small holes, two in a line beneath the midrib and a third off to the left, and the latter has two holes, immediately above and below the mid-rib. The holes are about 0.2 cm in diameter. Bronze armor scales have been found in Late Bronze Age contexts, for example, in Area F of the renewed excavations at Megiddo (Sass 2000: 385; fig. 12.23:8–10), where they are of a different shape than those from Gezer (angled at the bottom, rather than curved) and from Str. VIII–VI in Area CC of the University of Chicago expedition (Megiddo II: pl. 177:6–8; see also Paice 2004: 91–92, pl. 35:12), where the later specimens resemble the iron Armor Scale 1770 from Gezer. At Lachish, 45 bronze armor scales were found, all of them from the Iron Age levels, most of them with the late 8th century destruction of the site by the Assyrians (Sass and Ussishkin 2004: 1970–74). Thus, it seems that the appearance of bronze armor plates in Iron Age levels in Israel should not be considered intrusive. Indeed, Sass and Ussishkin note that at Nimrud bronze and iron armor plates were found together (2004: 1974), and at Megiddo, both types were found in Str. V of the Chicago expedition (Megiddo I: pl. 85:2, 6), which is contemporary with Str. VIIIB at Gezer. Though the presence of iron armor scales in the Str. VIIIB 10th century destruction of the Field III gate may be unusual and early for this type, but not unprecedented in Israel, the identity of the users of iron armor remains unresolved. Did the armor come from the attackers, or the defenders? Sass and Ussishkin readily point out that, in the Lachish reliefs, it is the Assyrian soldiers who are pictured wearing coats of mail, and not the Judean defenders (2004: 1973). However, this is an argument from silence, because it is only the Assyrian soldiers who are illustrated in any detail; the defenders are rendered more schematically. Interestingly, the Akkadian word for armor or armor scale, saryam, is a Hurrian loanword, suggesting that early on this form of battle clothing had become widespread and that the Assyrians borrowed the name and probably the idea from elsewhere. Indeed, late Bronze Age armor scales have been found at several sites in Syria and Anatolia, including Boğazköy and Tayinat (Yener 1995: 105). Although the Egyptians seldom wore armor in their homeland, preferring simple tunics

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Chapter III

or leather straps, probably because of the heat, their familiarity with scale armor is illustrated by a line in the battle inscriptions of Ramses II, which states of the king: “He seized his weapons of war; he girded his coat of mail; he was like Baal in his hour” (Lichtheim 1976: 64; see also Redford 1992: 215). There are few pictorial representations of Israelite soldiers from the period of the monarchy, but several biblical references testify to a general familiarity with body armor (1 Sam 17:5, 38; 1 Kgs 22:34; 2 Chr 26:14; Jer 46:4, 51:3). Thus, the armor scales from Field III at Gezer could have come from either attacker or defender, Egyptian or Israelite.

d. Jewelry Several rings and bracelets of bronze and iron were found throughout the site and in all periods. Object 310 is a bronze ring or possibly an earring from Str. VII/VI in Field II. It is ovoid, with diameters of 2.7 cm and 1.7 cm. It was broken at one point, and on either side of the break were embellishments to the bronze in the form of wires wrapped around the ring three times. Object 469 is a gold-plated earring with a silver core. The width of the arc is 1  cm and the maximum length is 1.45 cm. Similar silver earrings, without the gold leaf, were found at Lachish in Str. IV in the area of the Judean Palace in Area S (Sass 2004b: 2024–25, table 28.33:1, fig. 28.17:1; 2052, fig. 28.32:1) and in Phase 1 of a Phoenician tomb at Achziv, dating to the 10th–9th century b.c.e. (Mazar 2004: fig. 24:19, photo 108). Object 1399A is a small gold brooch 2.2  cm long, which was found on the surface in Field VI NE. It may have served as part of the frame of an Egyptian-style Eye of Horus (Udjat) amulet. The design is roughly in the shape of a ‘T’, where the leg of the T is 0.5 cm wide and ends in a rounded base, and the cross of the T is smaller and in the form of a curved piece of gold wire attached to the top of the leg. This cross-piece may have been used to fasten the brooch to the clothing. The body or leg of the brooch is hollow, with two raised dividers, indicating that it once contained three inlays, probably of precious stones. For examples of Udjat amulets, see Andrews 1994 (fig. 46, especially item “e”). A hoard of gold jewelry and other objects was found in a Str. XVIIIA storage room in Field IV, just

inside the city’s south gate. Found just below Surface 5013 in a corner of the room, it included nine pieces of jewelry, including four penannular rings, two gold foil figurines in fine repoussé technique, a fragmentary silver figurine of similar type, a gold bezel for a scarab, and an amethyst scarab (Objs. 1581, 2292–99). Also found in the sub-surface sediments were three beads of faience, frit, and ceramic (Objs. 2322, 2325A–B). On Surface 5013 were found a bronze pin (Obj. 1886); another faience bead (Obj. 1889); 13 small flint and haematite stones, some of which may have served as weights (Objs. 1733A–B, 1880–82, 1885, 1887A–C, 1890A–B, 1891A–B), one chalk and three flint blades (Objs. 1888A–B, 1893, 1905); and two horn fragments (Objs. 1901,1904). The jewelry hoard and its context are discussed in detail in Seger 1976a (see also Gezer VII [HUC]: Chapter V.B.).

e.  Toggle Pins, Needles and Fibulae Toggle pins were found in Fields VI NE and IV. Object 891 from Field VI NE and Object 1594 from Field IV are fine examples of the shank of a toggle pin. No complete examples were found, though Object 1107 from Field VI NE is a portion of the fastening pin of the toggle. Object 872 is also identified as a toggle pin fragment. It has a fastening hole at the end of the shank, and like Object 944 from Cave I.10A (Gezer V [HUC]: pl. 30:17) may be part of a large needle. Object 1926 from Str. III in Field VII is a later example of a large needle. Better preserved examples of such needles come from several areas at Hazor (Hazor III–IV: pl. CCCXLIII:4–6). Object 1944 from Field IV is another type of needle, with the threading hole in the length rather than at the end of the pin. Object 1261 is a clasp with coil at one end for a spring. Several fibulae were excavated in Fields II and VII. Although most were late, coming from Str. III and II, a few were found in earlier levels. Object 489, published in Gezer II: (HUC) (pl. 41:6), came from Str. V in Field II, dated to the late 7th and early 6th centuries (Gezer II [HUC]: 83). It is similar to Object 2010 from Field VII, from the 9th–8th century Str. VII–VI. A small pin found in Macalister’s dump in Field IV, Object 1769, may be from a toggle pin or a fibula.

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

89

f. Miscellaneous i.  Field II Object 83 is a broken, thin bronze plate with a curved edge 5.2 cm wide and 6.6 cm from the curved edge to the break. It is only 0.15  cm thick. It was found in a series of surfaces dated to the Iron Age II, but its function is not known. Another bronze plate fragment, Object 846, was found in a 10thcentury context in Field VI NE (Gezer IV [HUC]: 123, pl. 62:8). ii.  Field III Object 561 is a small bronze juglet that came from an early resurfacing of the 10th century Solomonic gate in Str. VIIIB in Field III. This vessel is 8.8 cm high. The maximum diameter of the body is 6.2 cm and that of the neck is 3.4 cm. The handle extends from the rim opposite the spout to the waist, which is a raised band around the vessel. The lip of the handle extends slightly below the waistband, where it meets two lugs symmetrically placed on either side of the handle base. The base is round. The object is a skeuomorph of the red-burnished juglets that appear in the late 10th and 9th centuries (Dever et al. 1971: 117). iii.  Field VI Object 918 is a loosely folded platelet of lead, coated with white lead oxide and carbonate. The object is bent almost in half along its long axis, creating a U-shaped section. It measures 3.3 cm long and is about 1.6 cm wide from the bend to the long edge. The metal is about 0.2  cm thick. The function of this artifact type has not been determined, but similar lead artifacts from the sea near Dor have been identified as fishing-net weights (Kingsley and Raveh 1996: pl. 20). The Gezer folded lead object was found in Field VI NE, in Str. XIII, dating to the 12th century b.c.e. In an adjacent square, Object 1180, almost identical but this time of iron, was found in a Str. XIV level. It is one of the earliest occurrences of iron at the site. Its function also was not determined, but due to rust it is unlikely to have been used for fishing. iv.  Field VII Object 1583 (fig. 3.7) is a roughly square shaped lead plaque with rounded corners and raised edges

Figure 3.7.  Object 1583, Agoranomos Plaque.

measuring 10.1 cm × 11.7 cm × 0.9 cm and weighing 565.6 g. At the bottom left corner was a leader, apparently to correct the mass. The object was found in L. 34006.P (on Surface 34006 in Bin 34010). The lead plaque as well as Lead Weight 1637, Iron Nail 1639, and Iron Pruning Hook Knife 1570 were all found on the same surface in the bin and came from the last phase of its use (local Phase 3/2, Str. IIA) just before it was covered by Fill 34003 in the mid 1st century b.c.e. The panel of this Gezer plaque is divided by a depressed horizontal line about a third of the way from the top. Above this line, on the right-hand side of the upper sub-panel, is an inscription in which four Greek letters can be discerned, two on one line (ΡΑ) and the other two below (ΟΥ), the first set being letters of the words “Agoranomos” and the second set perhaps the name of the agoranomos. Below

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Chapter III

the line are two further signs, one resembling a tree with five layers of branches in the bottom left of the lower sub-panel, and a symbol, perhaps resembling a stand, in the bottom right of the lower sub-panel. The tree in the bottom left corner is partially covered by a leader to correct the mass. The reverse is covered with a network pattern of diagonal hatching, adding to the corpus of similar objects with diagonal hatching on the reverse that are securely dated to the Late Hellenistic period (Kushnir-Stein 1997). This object is a Hellenistic agoranomos lead weight of a type familiar in the late 2nd century b.c.e. Another weight of this type was found in

Mac­alister’s excavations (Gezer II [PEF]: 286–87, fig. 436). A similar plaque dated to 107 b.c.e. from Tripoli in Syria (though purchased in Jerusalem) was published almost a century ago (Decloedt 1914: 549–51; pl. I:1). More recently, another such plaque was published, dated to 117/6 b.c.e. and thought to come from Beth Shean (Kushnir-Stein 1997: 89; 2002: 225–26). Object 1672 is a wedge-shaped, nearly square lead plaque measuring 3.2  cm  ×  2.9  cm  ×  1.1  cm and weighing 73.6 g. This object, perhaps a weight, was found beneath a Str. II courtyard surface. It has a small blob on the back, perhaps residue from a casting funnel.

Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1964 1 2

bronze arrowhead; tanged, 6.3 mm × 1.6 mm iron nail; square to rectangular section and circular head, (L) 8.0 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm × 0.3 cm, (Dia of head) 2.1 cm

I.1.6

Surface 1000

I.2.12

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 5.6 cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (Th) 0.25 cm copper nail; no head, (L) 9.1 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm copper pin; rectangular cross-section, (L) 7.5 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm × 0.25 cm copper nail and toggle pin bronze needle; (L) 14 cm, (Dia) 0.4/0.15 cm bronze plate; thin, curved at one end, broken at the other, with straight sides, (L) 6.6 cm (broken), (W) 5.2 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm small copper fragment

1

I

Surface 12–15 cm below original tell surface

L. 2000

some early, mostly Hell, one Rom mixed

I.5.33

L. 5003

MB, LB, Iron I

bricky hardpack below hardpack, L. 5002A (below Macalister dump)

I.1.123

L. 1030

7A/6B

XVIII, XVI

LB I–II

I.1

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

bricky destruction debris below Surface 1029A and L. 1029A.1 makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029

I.5.77

L. 5022

I.2.115

L. 2028.P

7B

II.1.78

L. 1030

II.1.45

L. 1007L

74-28

topsoil

1965 25

69 70

79 80 83

89

LB

balk removal

XVIII

MB, LB I

on hardpacked Surface 2028

5

VI

Iron I down to 9th below Phase 4 Surface 1020 and above Phase 5 Surfaces 1033 and 1034

2B/A

II

some Iron II, mostly Late Hell

bricky hardpack E of Phase 2B–A Wall 1003, probably makeup for Phase 2B Surface 1006

pl. 36:1

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:16 pl. 40:5

91

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj # 90

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

fragment of silicate

I.4.68

L. 4008

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 12.2 cm, (L of tang) 6.0 cm, (W) 2.75 cm, (Th) 1.4 cm (max) bronze pin; flattened head, (L) 13.5 cm

II.1.138

110A

copper nail fragment; (L) 6.8 cm, (Dia) 0.45 cm

Local Phase 7A

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

XVIII

Chalco to MB, mostly LB I

debris below erosion debris, L. 4004A and above level of Phase 7A Wall 4014/4014A

L. 1035.1N 7/6

IX–VIII

some LB, Iron I down to 10th

make up for Phase 6 Surface 1035

II.2.91

Fill 2036.1 2B

II

loose brown brick residue below Phase 2B–A Surface 2036

I.1.202

L. 1048

8A/7B

XIX– XVIII

some Iron II and Pers, but latest is clear mid-to-late Hell (2nd b.c.e.) with few terra sigillata Chalco–EB, MB IIA–C

110B

arrowhead; (L) 3.0 cm, I.1.202 (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm

L. 1048

8A/7B

XIX– XVIII

Chalco–EB, MB IIA–C

111

bronze spear point; (Th) 0.55 cm

L. 4014A

1

I

LB, Rom

121

iron nail; square cross- I.9.11 section, (L) 6.95 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm iron pin; (L) 8.7 cm II.2.66

L. 9005 Fill 2035

2/1

II/I

164

metal pin; (L) 6.4 cm, (Dia) 0.45 cm

II.2.?

Surface 2047

3

IV

166

iron arrowhead fragment; (L) 3.6 cm

I.10.40

L. 10010B

167

bronze ring; I.2.120 disintegrated in cleaning iron nail fragment; (L) II.2.134 4.3 cm

L. 2031

iron arrowhead fragment; (L) 7.3 cm iron nail; square to rectangular section and circular head, (L) 5.7 cm, (Th) 0.55 cm × 0.40 cm, (Dia of head) 1.7, (Wt) 9 g

II.3.67

Fill 3022.1 2B/A

II

II.3.68

L. 3022.P

II

DA # Plate No. Published

1966 106

107

163

168

169 170

II.4.42

Fill 2032

mixed some Iron II and Hell, predominately early Rom some Iron II, latest clear Pers Chalco, EB, MB, LB, Iron I–II, early Hell ns 3

2A

IV

makeup of early Phase 7B Surface 1046, above debris, L. 1049, small stones, much pottery, bone makeup of early Phase 7B Surface 1046, above debris, L. 1049, small stones, much pottery, bone E buttress wall against S face of Wall 4001, top course of large stones Macalister dump and surface cultivation

67-423

Gezer I (HUC): pls. 37:8; 25C Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:1

67-420 pl. 43:1

67-420 pl. 43:2

fill for Phase 1 Surface 2027 surface N of Phase 1 Wall 2008, cut by Hell pitting of Phase 2 below Fill 10009.1 in NW of area, above Probe 10012 clean up at start of 1966 season

considerable Iron loose rubble and ashy fill II, several Pers below Phase 3 Surface few Hell intrusive 2013, probably Persian fill Pers, late Hell makeup for Phase 2A Surface 3022 some Iron II ud, occupational debris and mostly Late Hell, pottery on Phase 2A including one Surface 3022; not sealed terra sigillata, one from above Megarian bowl rim

pl. 40:1

pl. 37:7

92

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

171

iron spearhead/plough point; (L) 5.6 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Wt) 32 g

172

Fld, Area, & Basket

Local Phase

General Stratum

L. 3022.P

2A

II

iron nail; (L) 6.8 cm, II.2.105 (Dia) 0.9 cm, (Dia of head) 1.5 cm, (Wt) 33 g iron nail fragment; (L) II.3.90 5.3 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (Wt) 5 g

wall 2008

1

I

fill 3036

3/2B

IV–II

174

iron knife blade; (L) 7.15 cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (Th) 0.2/0.4 cm, (Wt) 10 g

II.3.56

L. 3027

2A/1

II

175

iron spear head; (L) 10.5 cm, (Wt) 22 g

II.3.74

L. 3034.P

2B

II

176

iron ring; (Dia) 3.8/4.1 cm, (Wt) 11 g

II.3.93

fill 3036

3/2B

IV–II

178

iron rod fragment; (L) 4.7 cm, (Wt) 16 g

I.9.25

L. 9010

180

bronze lump; (L) 2.5 cm, (Wt) 12 g

I.3.73A

L. 3023

7A

XVIII

181

curved bronze pin; (L) I.10.14 5.5 cm, (Wt) 3 g small metal object; II.3.66 possibly pin fragment, (L) 3.5 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (Wt) 7 g bronze point; (L) II.2.154 3.9 cm, (Wt) 10 g

L. 10006

iron rod; curved, (L) 21 cm, (Wt) 59 g

173

182

183

185

II.3.68

Locus

II.2.106

Date/Period (pottery reading) some Iron II ud, mostly Late Hell, including one terra sigillata, one Megarian bowl rim some Iron II, but latest always clear Rom

Context occupational debris and pottery on Phase 2A Surface 3022; not sealed from above

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 37:8

EW wall, probably a terrace wall

some Iron II and Pers, but predominately late Hell

loose brown fill below Phase 2B Surfaces 3033 and 3034, with much broken domestic pottery; equivalent to Phase 3/2B Fill 3035 late Hell, early fill and debris below Rom Phase 2/1 fill 3007.1 down to Surface 3028 and Surface 3028.P; equals Phase 2/1 Fill 2014 in the S late Hell (1 Terra occupational debris and Sigillata) pottery on Phase 2B Surface 3034 some Iron II loose brown fill below and Pers, but Phase 2B Surfaces 3033 predominately and 3034, with much late Hell broken domestic pottery; equivalent to Phase 3/2B Fill 3035 EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of Phase 7? Wall 9011 MB IIB–C, LB I, destruction debris of large one Bichrome stones and decayed mud brick LB, Iron I, Hell, soil below surface Rom material late Hell makeup for Phase 2B Surface 3033

Fill 3033.1 3/2B

IV–II

L. 2051

2

II

some Iron II, few Pers, Late Hell (2nd b.c.e.)

Wall 2008

1

I

some Iron II, but latest always clear Rom

L. 10012

2?

II?

few MB, LB ud, predominately 11th/10th and mid-10th, possibly a few Hell ud

layer of tamped clay and small stones immediately below Phase 2B Wall 2000D–E, probably foundation for latter and equivalent phase to Phase 2B Foundation Trench 1010 in Area 1. E-W wall, probably a terrace wall

pl. 37:3

pl. 37:9

pl. 36:10

1967 188

iron arrowhead; I.10.54 (L including tang) 8.0 cm, (L of tang) 1.34 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm, (Wt) 10 g

deep trench down outer face of Phase 6 Wall 9011 (Macalister’s Outer Wall), cutting through 10th b.c.e. Trench 10016 and Phase 6? Glacis 10014

pl. 37:4

93

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

193

iron arrowhead; broken, (L) 4.3 cm, (Wt) 3 g

I.10.64

L. 10012

2?

II?

197

iron nail; (L) 5.8 cm, (Wt) 3 g

I.10.64

L. 10012

2?

II?

199

metal ring; (Dia) 8 cm, III.2.40 (Wt) 100 g

L. 2016

205

bronze fragment; (L) 2.7 cm, (Wt) 4 g

I.2.230

L. 2066

10/9B

XXI/XX

iron blade fragment; (L) 8.1 cm, (W) 2.1 cm, (Th) 0.55 cm iron bracelet; partly corroded, (outside Dia) 5.2 cm, (Th) 0.4/0.5 cm worked copper kohl stick; squared head with quadripartite crown, other end blunt and rounded, (L) 13.2 cm, (Dia) 0.25 cm

II.2.174

L. 2062

sub-2

III

II.3.145

L. 3045

sub-2, 2B

III, II

II.3.150

L. 3047

sub2/2B

III/II

246

iron armor scale; (L) 3.7 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.30 cm

III.1.117

L. 1102

6

VIIIB

283

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 5.9 cm, (L of tang) 2.6 cm, (W) 1.05 cm (broken), (Th) 0.2 cm

II.1.344

L. 1130

11A

XIII

299

broken iron point; (L) 4.6 cm, (W) 1.1 cm (max), (Th) 0.3 cm iron fragment; (L) 5.75 cm

III.1.158

L. 1126

6

VIIIB

II.3.239

L. 3067

sub-2

III

303

iron point; broken, (L) 6.9 cm, (W) 1.6 cm (max), (Th) 0.7 cm

II.2.298

L. 2074

5B/A

VI

304

iron chisel; heavily II.3.138 corroded, (L) 9.25 cm, (W at blade end) 0.75 cm, (Th) 0.25 cm, (Th at other end) 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm

L. 3045

sub-2, 2B

III, II

Date/Period (pottery reading) few MB, LB ud, predominantly 11th/10th and mid-10th, possibly a few Hell ud few MB, LB ud, predominately 11th/10th and mid-10th, possibly a few Hell ud. Iron II–Hell, ns MB IIA–B, some possible IIC

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

deep trench down outer face of Phase 6 Wall 9011 (Macalister’s Outer Wall), cutting through 10th b.c.e. Trench 10016 and Phase 6? Glacis 10014 deep trench down outer face of Phase 6 Wall 9011 (Macalister’s Outer Wall), cutting through 10th b.c.e. Trench 10016 and Phase 6? Glacis 10014 Macalister backfill in the region of his “guard-room” rubbly fill below Phase 10/9B Fill 2064.1

pl. 37:5

considerable Iron II, latest is clear Hellenistic

pl. 39:6

pl. 37:6

1968 237 240

245

300

Iron II, mostly Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

trench cutting sub-Phase 74-60 2 Surface 3050 across area, down to Phase 3A Silo 3059 mostly 7th/6th, trench N of Phase 3A 74-46 few Pers and Hell Wall 3053, cutting Phase 3A Surface 3060 and Phase 3B Surface 3073; probably Phase 4 destruction debris in backfilled Hellenistic trench pottery on plaster Surface 1094 and closely associated with L. 1094 & 1002 13th, 12th thick wood ash over 74-44 Phase 11A Surface 1134, around Phase 11B–A Tabun 1129, sloping up to Phase 11B–A/10? Wall 1042 10th/9th under “threshold stones” between Walls 1030 and 1087 7th to Hell, 3rd pit in SE corner, cutting b.c.e. Phase 3A Surface 3071 and lower surfaces, down to ca. 218.75; extremely fine sedimentary material with stones and pottery 10th/9th, few thick destruction debris intrusive Hell over Phase 6A Surface 2075; cut by sub-Phase 2 Trench 2062; either Phase 6 or 5 destruction debris Iron II, mostly trench cutting sub-Phase Hell, 3rd/2nd 2 Surface 3050 across b.c.e. area, down to Phase 3A Silo 3059

pl. 37:10

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 41:7

pl. 41:7

pl. 42:3

pl. 41:11

pl. 40:6

pl. 37:11

94

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj # 305

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

iron object; broken, with diamondshaped cross-section, (L) 3.5 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm × 0.4 cm iron armor scale; (L) 3.1 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm bronze fragment; flat, (L) 4 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

III.1.167

L. 1125.1

6

VIIIB

10th (1 mid-late 9th cooking pot rim, possibly intrusive)

10 cm below Surface 1125

pl. 41:13

III.1.113

L. 1034.P

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

pottery on plaster Surface 1094

pl. 41:8

II.2.356

L. 2118

5B/A

VI

10th/9th

pl. 40:7

iron arrowhead with remains of tang, (L including tang) 6.5 cm, (L of tang) 0.6 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm bronze bracelet; broken, (outside Dia) 3.6 cm, (Th) 0.35 cm bronze ring; ovoid, broken, with wire wrapped around the ring either side of the break, (Dia) 2.7 cm × 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm iron fragment; flat, (L) 9.0 cm, (W) 2.6 cm (max), (Th) 0.55 cm iron finger (?) ring; (Dia) 2.0 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

III.1.158

L. 1126

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

layer of smothered ash (disaggregated destruction debris?) below Phase 5B/A Fill 2117.1, down to Phase 5B Surface 2121 under “threshold stones” between Walls 1030 and 1087

III.6.182

L. 6051

6

VIIIB

10th

under fill of stones at the W end of the E casemate

pl. 41:14

II.2.358

L. 2121.1

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th

fill below Phase 5B Surface 2121, 10–15 cm thick

pl. 40:10

II.2

L. 2121.1

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th

III.1.227

L. 1144.1

6

VIIIB

bronze pin; thickens slightly at one end, (L) 7.4 cm, (Dia) 0.3/0.5 cm bronze pin; bent, (L) 3.8 cm

II.2.185

L. 2015

2–1

II–I

II.2.388

L. 2137.1

6A

317

iron disk

II.2.298

L. 2074

319

bronze fragment, (L) 4.5 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm

II.2.397

320

copper pin fragment; (L) 2.6 cm

V.7.198

306 307

308

309 310

311 314

315

316

pl. 41:16

fill below Phase 5B Surface 2121, 10–15 cm thick 10th through secondarily raked-out destruction debris down to 40 cm thick cobble layer some Iron II, E-W wall forming corner latest is clear Hell with Wall 2000

pl. 40:8

VII

10th/9th

pl. 41:4

5B/A

VI

10th/9th, few intrusive Hell

L. 2170

5B–A

VI

10th/9th, 9th

L. 7014

4

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

makeup for Phase 6A Surface 2137, down to Phase 6B Surface 2147 thick destruction debris over Phase 6A Surface 2075; cut by sub-Phase 2 Trench 2062; either Phase 6 or 5 destruction debris band of metalled surfaces ca. 30 cm thick below Phase 4? Surfaces 2088 and running below Phase 4 Wall 2103; cut by Phase 2A/1 Trench3094; equals Phase 5B Surface 2163 and Phase 5A Surface 2184 to E probe below Basin 7004, down to Surface 7042

pl. 41:5

pl. 36:15

pl. 40:11

pl. 43:18

95

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

335

bronze arrowhead; (L II.2.396 including tang) 7.8 cm cm (L of tang) 2.2 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm

L. 2170

5B–A

VI

10th/9th, 9th

336

iron point; heavily corroded, (L) 6.3 cm, (W) 1.95, (Th) 1.0 cm

L. 2047.1

sub-2

III

Iron II, few Pers, latest is Hell, down to 2nd b.c.e.

337

bronze pin; (L) 7.3 cm, II.2.392 (Dia) 4.0 cm (max)

L. 2088

4?

V?

10th/9th, early 9th, few 8th

357

iron blade or chisel; (L) 13.1 cm, (W) 2.3 cm, (Th of blade) 0.7 cm, (Dia of handle) 0.9 cm

L. 2075.P

6A

VII

10th

II.2.224

II.2.309

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

band of metalled surfaces ca. 30 cm thick below Phase 4? Surfaces 2088 and running below Phase 4 Wall 2103; cut by Phase 2A/1 Trench3094; equals Phase 5B Surface 2163 and 5A Surface 2184 to E below sub-Phase 2 Surface 2047 down to Phase 4(?) Fill 2077; fill with lots of pottery worn and in small pieces band of rubbly surfaces below Phase 4 Layer 2080, extending from Phase 1 Wall 2008 to Phase 4 Wall 2103, and from W balk to Phase 4 Surfaces 2122 and 2173; includes several paving stones; probably basal Phase 4 surface removal of Phase 6A Surface 2075 in probe of 5 cm

pl. 40:12

pl. 39:7

pl. 40:3

pl. 41:3

1969 361 364 365 367 377 389

439

462

metal disk; hole drilled VI NE.2.1 through the side iron ring/bracelet; VI NE.4.1 looped at one end

L. 2000

ns

L. 4000

iron ring/bracelet; looped at both ends corroded iron bracelet

VI NE.2

L. 2001

LB I–II, Iron I–II, surface disturbance above Hell Phase 5C–B Layer 5018, including Late Burials ns topsoil 74-104

VI NE.4.3

L. 4000

red and tan cloth VI NE.2.5 L. 2003 fragments with a brass chain bronze leaf arrowhead; VI NE.5.56 L. 5008 (L including tang) 6.9 cm, (L of tang) 1.2 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.45 cm iron nail; flat circular III.4.35 L. 4004 head and square shank, (L) 4.9 cm, (W of shank) 0.65 cm, (Dia of head) 2.5 cm bronze arrowhead; VI NE.4.86 L. 4025.P (L including tang) 5.5 cm, (W of point) 0.6 cm (max), (Th) 0.1 cm

topsoil

74-114

LB I–II, Iron I–II, surface disturbance above Hell Phase 5C–B Layer 5018, including Late Burials ns topsoil, including Late Burials 4B

X

LB II, 12th, 11th/10th

Hell/Rom, ns

6B

XIII

LB II, 13th/12th

soil with brick detritus, ash and charcoal over whole area; below Topsoil 5000 down to Phase 4B Surface 4011; undisturbed Phase 4B debris Macalister backfill

pottery on Phase 6B Surface 4025, NW of Phase 6B–A Wall 4022/4023, outside Granary 24000 in courtyard; below Phase 6B/A Surface 4035 and Phase 6A Bin 4036; same as Surfaces 3035 and 14035 in adjacent areas

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:11

96

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj # 469

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

gold plated earring with silver core; (L) 1.45 cm (max), (W of arc) 1.0 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 2.2 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm

III.5.168

L. 5053

2–1

III–II

LB, Iron I, Iron II, Hell

wind blown soil layer over destroyed gate structure

pl. 37:13

II.1.569

L. 1198

13

XV

LB IIB, late 13th

pl. 42:20

iron point; corroded, (L) 5.0 cm, (W) 1.7 cm iron point; corroded, (L) 5.2 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm

VI NE.24.41

L. 24000

probe into destruction debris S of Phase 13 Wall 1186, down to Phase 13 Surface 1202; contains destruction debris with inclusions of charred wood, similar to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 topsoil, including Late Burials

III.5.129

L. 5031

post 1

I

Rom, end 1st century C.E.

475

iron projectile point; corroded, (L) 7.3 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 1.2 cm

III.2.349

L. 2197

6

VIIIB

10th

476

iron spear point; II.3.449 corroded, (L) 8.0 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm iron nail; corroded, (L) III.4.98 4.0 cm, (Dia of head) 2.2 cm, (Dia of shank) 1.2 cm bronze earring; (Dia) II.3.454 2.4/2.0 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

L. 3088

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, early Hell

L. 3110

5A

VI

mid-9th

489

bronze fibula

L. 3113

4/3B?

V/IV?

9th–8th, mostly 7th/6th, few Pers

497

iron ring fragment; (L) III.2.267 6.5 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm

L. 2155

6?

VIIIB?

10th, 9th, 7th

498

bronze armor scale; (L) 6.5 cm, (W) 3.4 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VI NE.25.20

L. 25013

5A

XI

LB II, 12th, 11th

501

bronze spike; bent, square cross-section, (L) 7 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm

III.4.117

L. 4042.1

4–3

VII–V

Iron II, 10th to 7th/6th, Hell

472

473 474

477

481

II.3.432

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

L. 4004.1

Iron 2 to Hell/ Rom N/S

an orange-colored fine sandy soil in a massive Hellenistic fill found at east end of west probe, next to base of Wall 5010, next to 5030 very loose light to medium brown mud brick detritus (?) in bay 2, with smashed pot lying under this locus lowest portion of subPhase 2 Trench 3044, below sub-Phase 2 Layer 3086 Macalister backfill

cobble surface in corner of Phase 5B–4 Wall 3098 and Phase 5A Wall 3136; below Phase 5A destruction debris, L. 3089; cut to S by trench for Phase 3A Silo 3059 Trench below sub-Phase 74-54 2 Trench 3044 and cut by it; probably precedes Phase 3A Trench 3103 for Phase 3A Silo 3059; probably Phase 4 debris redistributed as Phase 3 fill mud brick collapse in doorway area of W casemate soil and charcoal lenses below Topsoil 25000 down to Phase 5A Surface 25021; perhaps Phase 5A destruction debris dark brown soil, probably Macalister backfill

pl. 41:17

pl. 40:4

Gezer II (HUC): 83, pl. 41:6

pl. 41:12 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:11

97

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj # 517

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

iron arrowhead; (L with tang) 7.55 cm, (L of tang) 1.5 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm iron point; corroded, (L) 6.6 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm (max) iron blade; (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm bronze arrowhead; (L) 6.9 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm copper/bronze bangle with hook and eye closure; (Dia) 9.5 cm

III.4.154

L. 4046.1

4

VII

II.2.422

L. 2160.P

6B

VI NE.27

L. 27000

III.5.250

L. 5114

VI NE 24.89

L. 24042

2 corroded iron fragments - a nail (L, 4.2 cm with head) and a blade (L, 3.2 cm) iron hook; corroded, (L) 3.1 cm, (Th) 1.1/1.3 cm

III.4.99

L. 4004.1

II.3.527

L. 3103

3A

IV

some Iron II, but latest is Pers

551

bronze spear point; broken, (L) 4.7 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.14.54

L. 14015

6A

XIII

nil

561

bronze juglet; small, globular body, pinched mouth, two rivets below handle, (H) 8.8 cm, (body Dia) 6.2 cm (max), (neck Dia) 3.4 cm (max) bronze point; broken, (L) 7.5 cm, (W) 1.05 cm copper/bronze blade fragment, (L) 4.65 cm, (W) 4.0 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

III.5.284

L. 5124

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

VI NE.13.41

L. 13000

VI NE.24.121

L. 24059

6B/A

570

bronze fibula; corroded

II.3.550

L. 3122

572

iron pike; (Dia) 2.45 cm, (L) 8.2 cm

II.2.515

578

bronze pin; square section, (L) 9 cm, (W) 0.8 cm × 0.6 cm

VI NE.34.39

518 519 520 522

549

550

567 568

Context

10th/9th, early 9th

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 41:2

VIII

removal of Floor 4046, includes much pottery, pebbles and some lime or plaster 10th/9th removing Phase 6B Surface 2160, lowest 5–10 cm LB I–II, Iron I–II, topsoil with Late Burials Hell, Rom

6B

VIIIB

11th, 10th, 9th

pl. 41:18

6A

XIII

13th/12th. 12th

Iron II to Hell/ Rom, ns

a skin of soil between rocks and plaster of L. 5088 rubble, occupational debris in Room 4 of Granary 24000; below post-Phase 5 debris, L. 24018 down to Phase 6B–A surface 24064; equals 24059, 24039, 24022, and 24050 Macalister backfill

trench for Silo 3058, cut from Phase 3A Surface 3060; destroyed in S by sub-Phase 2 Trench 3044 destruction debris on Phase 6A Surface 14032 in Room 3 of Granary 24000; below Phase 5 Surface 14025; equals Phase 6A Rockfall 14027 a layer of chocolatebrown soil with numerous chalk chips and flecks

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil, including Late Burials

XIII

LB II, 12th

sub-2

III

7th/6th, Pers, Hell

L. 2182

sub-2

III

early Hell, 3rd b.c.e.

L. 34007

6A

XIII

some LB II, mostly 12th

rubbly fill in Room 6 and outer courtyard of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 24054 down to Phase 6B Surface 24068; equals 24057 ash pit, cut by sub-Phase 2 Trench 3044, contains much pottery, some of it burnt, and occupational debris. bell-shaped pit in NE corner, filled with loose soil, lumps of unfired clay, pottery fragments bricky debris below Topsoil 34000 down to Phase 6A surfaces; same as 24050 in adjacent area

pl. 41:15

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:19

pl. 41:6

Dever et al. 1971: 117, fig. 9a

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:10

pl. 39:11

pl. 39:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:15

98

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

581

copper blade fragment; VI one edge serrated, (L) NE.24.122 3.85 cm, (W) 3.35 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm

L. 24059

6B/A

XIII

LB II, 12th

582

bronze bangle II.3.612 fragments; (Th) 0.3 cm

L. 3178

4

V

LB, early Iron II, mostly 7th/6th

583

iron spear point; corroded, broken, (L) 7.0 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm

II.2.520

L. 2169

5/4

VI/V

10th/9th, plus a few later Iron II

584

iron object, length 4.9 cm, width 2.2 cm, thickness 1.0 cm

II.2.520

L. 2169

5/4

VI/V

10th/9th, plus a few later Iron II

629

bronze fragment

IV.15.55

L. 15000

EB–Rom

Macalister backfill

630

bronze pin

IV.16.71

L. 16000

Chalco–Hell

Macalister backfill

732

iron fragment; broken, II.3. flat, (W) 8.4 cm, (Th) 0.85 cm bronze pin; (L) IV.3.20 11.3 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm

Chalco–Hell

Macalister backfill occupational debris in S of area, probably contains more than one phase; below Phase 6A Surface 3004, above Phase 6B Surface 3029 trench along S balk filled with loose gray soil; below Phase 5A Layer 35010 trench along S balk filled with loose gray soil; below Phase 5A Layer 35010

DA # Plate No. Published

rubbly fill in Room 6 and outer courtyard of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 24054 down to Phase 6B Surface 24068; equals 24057 pit in SE of area, ca. 1.25 m in diameter, cut by subPhase 2 Pit 3067 removal of S balk, near W balk, down to ca. 219.50; mostly equivalent to 5B/A? destruction debris 2074, but mixed with some of locus 1030 removal of S balk, near W balk, down to 219.50; mostly equivalent to Phase 5B/A? destruction debris, L. 2074, but mixed with some of L. 1030

1970

755

locus not assigned L. 3001

773

bronze point; 2 fragments

VI NE.3.59 L. 3020

6B/A

XIII

LB II ud, 12th

804

bronze pin fragment; (L) 3.7 cm

VI NE.35.84

L. 35022

5B/A

XI

12th, ud

805

copper/bronze VI arrowhead or NE.35.87 spearhead; (L) 9.1 cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm bronze armor scale VI NW.5 fragment; (L) 2.8 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm

L. 35022

5B/A

XI

12th, ud

L. 5063

5C/5B-4 XII/XI

807

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10f Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:12

12th

hardpacked fill (possibly Phase 5C mud brick destruction debris) full of pottery; above western part of Room 5 of Northwestern House; below Phase 5B-4 Surface 5039 and equivalent to Fill 5039.1; above Phase 5C Surface 5064

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:5a

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:8 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:3

99

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj # 834

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

bronze rod fragment; circular in the middle, flat at one end, (L) 6.1 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (Th) at end 0.15 cm bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 9.6 cm, (L of tang) 2.7 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

III.5.368

L. 5129

6

VIIIB

LB, 10th

VI NE.33.82

L. 33041

6B

XIII

13th/12th ud, ns

844

iron object; heavily corroded, (L) 3.4 cm

II.3.780

L. 3077

5B-4

VI–V

845

bronze ring; broken VI and compressed, (Dia) NE.18.61 1.6 cm

L. 18030.1

4B/A

X/IX

846

copper platelet fragment; (L) 6.7 cm, (W) 5.3 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 5.9 cm, (L of tang) 0.95 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm bronze arrowhead, (L including tang) 6.5 cm, (L of tang) 2.5 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.18.53

L. 18038.1

4B/A

X/IX

VI NE.35.81

L. 35022

5B/A

XI

II.3.729

L. 3191

6A/5B

VIII–VI

859

iron arrowhead; bent, (L) 6.2 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 1.7 cm

II.3.703

L. 3044

sub-2

III

863

bronze bracelet fragment

II.2.342

L. 2163.P

5B

VI

865

fragment of bronze VI NE.13 nail; rectangular crosssection, (L) 8.9 cm, (W) 0.95 cm, (Th) 0.65 cm 2 bronze fragments of III.2.450 a fibula pin and spring clip

840

847

848

866

L. 13044

L. 2236

Context gate II

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 41:19

cobbled E portion of Phase 6B Surface 33040, associated with Phase 6B Tabun 33037; below Phase 6B/A debris, L. 33035, above Phase 6C/B occupational debris, L. 33042 10th/9th, 9th/8th, N-S stone wall, six few 8th in upper courses high, two rows courses wide; corners with Phase 5B-4 Wall 3157; cut in N by sub-Phase 2 Trench 3044 11th/10th material below Phase 4A Surface 18030, down to Phase 5A–4B Vat 18049 and Phase 5B Surface 18084 LB II, 12th-11th, material below Phase early 10th 4A Surface 18038, down to Phase 4B/A Surface 18067 12th, ud trench along S balk filled with loose gray soil; below Phase 5A Layer 35010 10th/9th, 9th, few later intrusive from pits and trenches in area

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:18

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:6 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:8 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:7

domestic and destruction (?) debris overlying Phase 6A Surface 3223 in S; primarily Phase 6A debris, disaggregated and mixed with Phase 5B fills; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 6A/5B Layers 3150 and 3171 Iron II, Pers, deep trench across W latest is Hell, half of area, cutting down 3rd/2nd b.c.e. through Phase 5 levels; sealed in part by subPhase 2 Surface 3050 10th/9th, early a rubbly material and 9th sherds in and below Phase 5B Surface 2163, down 10–15 cm 13th/12th, mostly balk removal between NE 12th 13 and NE 23

pl. 41:1

LB, Iron II, some Hell

pl. 36:3

extension of Probe 2230E westward, including Macalister debris

pl. 39:10

pl. 40:13

100

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj # 869

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

DA # Plate No. Published

III.5.374

L. 5038

VI NE.35

locus not assigned

III.2.479

L. 2252

6

VIIIB

II.3.761

L. 3191

6A/5B

rivets and weathered wood fragments from 876A bronze toggle pin; (L) 4.7 cm bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 11.1 cm, (L of tang) 3.6 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm bronze blade; slightly tapered, (L) 9.8 cm, (W) 2.0/1.4 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm bronze spearhead; (L) 14.1 cm, (W) 2.7 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm

II.3.779

L. 2103A

4

I N1

L. N1037

VI NE.35.109

L. 35025

5C

XII

12th

layers of earthen surfacings, above Phase 6A Surface 35035

VI NE.34.124

L. 34052.1

6C/B

XIII

12th ud

pl. 42:4

VI NE.18.126

L. 18086.1

5A/4B

XI/X

LB II, 12th-11th

bronze needle with eyelet at one end; pointed at the other end, (L) 16.3 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm bronze toggle pin; (L) 9.4 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm

VI NE.23.

locus not assigned

material below Phase 6B Cobbles 34052, and above Phase 6C Surface 34053 material below Phase 5A/4B possible Surface 18086, down to Phase 5A Surface 18095 east balk

VI NE.16.165

L. 16053

5C

XII

later 12th

pl. 42:1

895

broken bronze pin; (L) 4.2 cm, (Dia) 0.6/0.35 cm

VI NE.3.107

L. 3042

post-6

post-XIII

900

bent bronze needle fragment; (L) 4.8 cm

VI NE.33.133

L. 33057.1

11/10

XXI– XVIII

destruction debris in courtyard of Northeast House, W of Phase 5C–B Wall 16060; below Phase 5B Surface 16052, above Phase 5C Surface 16065 LB II, 13th/12th pit along E balk, discovered late so stratification is uncertain, pottery suggests not much later than Phase 6; bottomed out on Phase 8B Surface 3041 EB II, MB II; few material below Phase 10B intrusive LB Surface 33057, above Phase 11/10 debris, L. 33059

874

876A

876B 877 878

882

883

885

891

Iron II, late Hell/ Rom

Context

2 pieces of copper wire; A: (L) 4.4 cm, (Dia) 0.1 cm; B: (L) 12.8 cm, (Dia) 0.35 cm bronze toggle pin wire with eyelet; (L) 6.2 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm bronze arrowhead; broken tang, (L of head) 4.4 cm, (W) 1.65 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm iron crescent blade with hafted wooden handle and two rivets, (L) 18.5 cm, (W) 3.2 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm

872

1

Date/Period (pottery reading) surface

pl. 36:12

in south balk

pl. 36:5

10th

surface running N from S balk, between 2245 and 2251

pl. 41:10

VII/VI

10th/9th, 9th, few later intrusive from pits and trenches in area

pl. 40:9

V

7th/6th

domestic and destruction (?) debris overlying Phase 6A Surface 3223 in S; primarily Phase 6A debris, disaggregated and mixed with Phase 5B fills; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 6A/5B Layers 3150 and 3171 E-W wall cornering with Phase 4 Wall 2103 unstratified probe

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:6

101

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj # 902

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

bronze pin; broken, (L) 3.4 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 7.8 cm, (L of tang) 3.3 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm bronze pendant; omega-shaped, hole in the inner curvature, 5.0 cm × 5.2 cm bronze arrowhead; broken, tip missing, (L including tang) 5.7 cm, (L of tang) 0.8 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm

VI NE.34

locus not assigned

III.5.416

L. 5047.1

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

below thick plaster, L. 5047, between stones and thin above stones of L. 5176

III.5.390

L. 5155D

1

II or I

Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

VI NE.24.185

L. 24087

6C(-B)

XIII

LB II ud, latest is 13th/12th

918

lead platelet; loosely folded, probably net weight, (L) 3.3 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th of plate) 0.2 cm

VI NE.25.92

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

924

bronze nail; diamondshaped head, (L) 3.4 cm

VI NE.35.117

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

926

bronze bar; rectangular VI cross-section, (L) NE.23.101 6.6 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (H) 1.0 cm

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

928

copper ring fragment; (outside Dia) 1.8 cm

VI NE.23.79

L. 23027

6B/A

XIII

12th

929

bronze arrowhead; corroded, (L) 4.8 cm, (W) 1.0 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

VI NE.33.100

L. 33052

7

XIV

LB II, much 13th

931

bronze ring; parted and expanded, (Dia) 3.5 cm (original)

VI NE.26.144

L. 26059

drain or wash – small gully – through 5155 from N to S, also goes through 5157.1 backfill in Phase 7 Trench 24098 which cuts down to Phase 9 levels; sealed by Phase 6B Surfaces 24049, 24068, and 24092; above earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (Phase 6B), 25093, and 25096 (both Phase 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035 earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 occupational fill below Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041 hardpacked bricky occupational debris below Phase 6A Surface 23014, down to Phase 6B Surface 23030 in Room 5 of Granary 24000 large trench in S of area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels down to Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7/6C Fill 33047, and sealed above by Phase 6C Surface 33043; same as 34080 in adjacent area balk removal between Areas 26 and 36, from surface down to level of Phase 5B Surface 26050; mixed debris, included several flint sickle blades and stone grinders

906

911A

916

DA # Plate No. Published

sieve

LB II, 12th

pl. 41:9

pl. 42:5

pl. 42:6

pl. 42:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:16 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:6

pl. 42:12

pl. 36:6

102

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

934

bronze bracelet VI fragment; (Dia) 6.2 cm NE.34.82 (outside)

L. 34007

6A

XIII

some LB II, mostly 12th

940

copper-bronze fragment; convexoconcave, (Dia) 3.3 cm (max), (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.33.69

L. 33035

6B/A

XIII

12th

948

copper/bronze javelin; VI (L including tang) NE.25.92 9.5 cm, (L of tang) 6.2 cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (Th) 0.25 cm

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

951

copper/bronze handle from cauldron; 13.4 cm × 8.0 cm

5C/B

XII/XI

12th

954

bronze chisel or VI NW.5.? spearbutt; (L) 16.8 cm, (Dia) 2.8 cm (at hafted end), (W) 1.8 cm (at chisel edge) bronze blade; (L) VI NW.5 13.4 cm, (W) 1.7 cm (found in cleaning, not with pottery basket)

L. 5042.1

5C/5B-4 XII/XI

12th

L. 5063

5C/5B-4 XII/XI

12th

957

narrow bronze strip; (L) 11.3 cm, (W) 0.5 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VI NE.25.105

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

959

copper/bronze pin; (L) VI 6.8 cm, (Dia) 0.55 cm NE.34.158

L. 34058

7/6C

XIV/XIII

some MB II, LB I–II, much 13th/12th

972

thick copper/bronze wire; (L) 17.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm copper/bronze hammered-edge chisel; (L) 10.0 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm

VI NE.23.65

L. 23022

6A

XIII

13th/12th

VI NE.14.195

L. 14063.1

6C–B

XIII

LB I–II, 13th

955

976

VI L. 15039.1 NW.15.134

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

bricky debris below Topsoil 34000 down to Phase 6A surfaces; same as 24050 in adjacent area small area of undisturbed debris in NE of area, below Phase 6B Surface 33041 down to Phase 6C/B Layer 33042 thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (Phase 6B), 25093 and 25096 (both Phase 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035 material in and under 74-123 Phase 5B Surface 15039, down to Phase 5C Surface 15057; bounded by 5B-4–B-1 Wall 15025, Phase 5C–B Wall 15058 and Phase 1 Pit 15022 5–10 cm below Phase 74-124 5B-4 Surface 5042; above Phase 5C/5B-4 Fill 5062 and Phase 5C destruction debris, L. 5077 hardpacked fill (possibly Phase 5C mud brick destruction debris) full of pottery; above western part of Room 5 of Northwestern House; below Phase 5B-4 Surface 5039 and equivalent to Fill 5039.1; above Phase 5C Surface 5064 thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (Phase 6B), 25093 and 25096 (both Phase 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035 occupational debris fill, below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7 Surface 34072 bin in Room 5 of Granary pl. 42:11 24000, equals bin 23021 rock and dirt fill below Phase 6B Wall 14063

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 60:8; 118A

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 60:1; 117C Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:10

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:15

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:11

103

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj # 977

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

L. 24054.1

VI NE.24 III.5.430

no locus assigned L. 5158

1

II

Hell 3rd/2nd, ud

loess layer under L. 5157

II.3.815

L. 3222.1

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th

VI NE.34

locus not assigned L. 5155D

a 10 cm band of Phase 5B Surface 3222 sieve

1

II or I

Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

1002

bronze rod; (L) 3.8 cm, (Dia) 0.9/0.7 cm

VI NE.16.151

L. 16052.1

5C/B

XII/XI

13th, 12th

1005

bronze pin; (L) 3.7 cm, VI (Dia) 0.3 cm NE.35.92

L. 35025

5C

XII

12th

1007

2 copper/bronze fragments; corroded, small

VI NE.33.130

L. 33058

10B

XIX

nil

1010

bronze ring; (Dia) 1.1 cm (outside) bronze bracelet fragment; (L) 4.8 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm

I N1

L. N1038

drain or wash (small gully) through 5155 from N to S, also goes through 5157.1 material below Phase 5B Surface 16052, down to Phase 5C debris, L. 16053 layers of earthen surfacings, above Phase 6A Surface 35035 small stone circle or bin constructed of three stone courses, associated with Phase 10B Surface 33057; filled with soft water-laid sediment unstratified probe

VI NW.7.27A

L. 7015

4?–3?

X/ 13th/12th, 12th, IX?–VIII? possibly Iron II

7/6C

XIV/XIII

997 998 999

1012

III.5.390

13th, 12th ud

Context

VI NE.24.104

996

XIII

Date/Period (pottery reading)

heavy copper/bronze nail; (L) 8.3 cm, (Dia of head) 1.0 cm, (Dia of shank) 0.75 cm bronze ring fragment; corroded iron arrowhead; corroded, tip missing, (L including tang) 8.2 cm, (reconstructed L) 8.7 cm, (L of tang) 2.6 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm copper/bronze wire fragment copper/bronze fragments 3 highly corroded iron fragments; small

984

6B/A

General Stratum

bronze pin; (L) 3.0 cm, VI (Dia) 0.3 cm NE.33.98

L. 33047

1019

bronze pin; (L) 7.0 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 2.8 cm

VI NE.16.146 VI NE.33.139

L. 16054 L. 33057.P 10

XIX/ XVIII

MB IIA, C

fragments of small copper bowl; folded rim, heavy gauge copper sheeting

VI NE.33.84

L. 33042

XIII

13th–12th

1021

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:8

balk trim

1013

1020

DA # Plate No. Published

material below Phase 6A Surface 24054

mostly 13th, few 13th/12th

LB II - 10th

6C/B

layer of rock screen below Phase 2(?) Layers 7004 and 7003 and above Phase 5(?)–4(?) Layer 7018 thick rubbly fill in N of area, below Phase 6C Surface 33043, above Phase 7 Trench 33052; probably fill in upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 33052 balk removal of E balk material on Phase 10B Surface 33057, an exterior earthen surface below and partly cut by Phase 7 Trench 33052 compact occupational debris in NE corner of area, below Phase 6B Cobbles 33041 down to Phase 6C Surface 33043; equals 33044 in W

pl. 37:12

pl. 42:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:1 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:5

104

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1022

copper/bronze strip; corroded, (L) 2.6 cm

VI NE.35.117

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

1025

copper/bronze fragment; corroded

VI NE.35.136

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

1026

iron strip; possibly a handle, (L) 7.2 cm, (W) 2.3 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm bronze ring fragment; (Th) 0.35 cm

VI NE.16.146

L. 16054

VI NE.35.124

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

1028

2 copper bronze rod fragments; corroded, (L) 2.2 and 2.1 cm, (W) 0.5 cm

VI NE.35.188

L. 35037

6C–B

XIII

LB II, much 13th/12th, some clear 12th

1031

iron nail; broken, (L) III.5.374 2.6 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (Dia of head) 1.0 cm copper/bronze platelet; VI subrectangular, small NE.35.115

L. 5738

1

II

Iron II, late Hell/ Rom

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

1035

copper/bronze pin fragment; (L) 2.9 cm

VI NE.35.199

L. 35037

6C–B

XIII

LB II, much 13th/12th, some clear 12th

1036

bronze pin fragments

VI NE.34

1046

copper/bronze metal plate fragments

II.3.848

locus not assigned L. 3224

6B/A

VII/VI

10th/9th

1027

1034

LB II - 10th

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floor, contemporary with Granary 24000 earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 balk removal of E balk

earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 threshing floors associated with Granary 24000; alternating layers of ash and soil; similar loci in adjacent Areas 5, 6, 15, 16, 25, 26; below Phase 6A Surface 35035 level or surface that equals Surface 5038 earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 threshing floors associated with Granary 24000; alternating layers of ash and soil; similar loci in adjacent Areas 5, 6, 15, 16, 25, 26; below Phase 6A Surface 35035 sieve compact chalky debris and pebbles above Phase 6B Cobbles 3240; probably Phase 6B debris and 6A makeup, but 6A surface cut by sub-Phase 2 Trench 3044/3088

pl. 42:8

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

105

Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Local Phase

General Stratum

L. 4056

Date/Period (pottery reading) 12th

Context

1047

3 copper/bronze sheet fragments; corroded

1049

several pieces of III.5.390 bronze and iron; small, corroded

L. 5155D

1

II or I

Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

1050

iron object

III.5.390

L. 5155.1

1

II or I

Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

1055

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 11.1 cm, (L of tang) 4.2 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm bronze fragments of pendant?

VI NE.26.7 L. 26050

5B

XI

13th, 12th

VI NE.35

L. 35037

6C–B

XIII

LB II, much 13th/12th, some clear 12th

1065

2 bronze slag fragments, one adhering to sherd

VI NE.33

L. 33052

7

XIV

LB II, much 13th

1066

copper/bronze ring with overlapping ends; corroded, (Dia) 2.4 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm metal bracelet; slightly patinated with design/ inscription on outer face, (Dia) 4.5 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm metal bracelet; heavily corroded, (Dia) 5.4 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm small metal fragment; (L) 1.2 cm

III.B2.4

L. B2002

1

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell   

VI NE.25.142

L. 25070

12th

VI NE.25.142

L. 25070

12th

balk trim on NW balk stub

VI NE.24.233

L. 24103

7

XIV

MB I, LB I–II ud

bronze spike; (L) 11.4 cm, (Dia) 0.35 cm

VI NE.23.168

L. 23056

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, much LB II

rubble & ash fill in upper levels of Phase 7 deep Trench 24107, cut from Phase 7 levels and down in places to Phase 9 levels; trenched into from above by Phase 7/6C Trench 24098 and overlain by Phase 6C(-B) Fill 24087 hardpacked layer, below Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 7/6 Fill 23043 and Phase 8 Pit 23049 down to Phase 9 Surfaces 23058, 23066, and 23072

1056

VI NE.4

Locus

below balk removal 4055, above Phase 6A Surface 4036 drain or wash (small gully) through 5155 from N to S, also goes through 5157.1 surface and contents immediately inside threshold between ashlars beaten earth surface in Room 3 of Northeast House; below Phase 5B/A Surfaces 26048, above Phase 5C Surface 26061 threshing floors associated with Granary 24000; alternating layers of ash and soil; similar loci in adjacent Areas 5, 6, 15, 16, 25, 26; below Phase 6A Surface 35035

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:9

1971

1069A

1069B 1077

1088

large trench in S of area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels down to Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7/6C Fill 33047, and sealed above by Phase 6C Surface 33043; same as 34080 in adjacent area rocky debris (fill) touching L. B2003, possible contamination from Macalister dump balk trim on NW balk stub

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:4

106

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1091

copper/bronze fragment; (L) 4.4 cm

VI NE.24.244

L. 24107

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

1092

fragment of twisted wire; (L) 2.0 cm

VI NE.23.156

L. 23075

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

MB IIC/LB I, few LB I

1097

copper/bronze bracelet VI made from a rod bent NE.24.255 into an imperfect circle; (Dia) 5.2 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

L. 24087

6C(-B)

XIII

LB II ud, latest is 13th/12th

1102

copper/bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 10.5 cm, (L of tang) 2.2 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.23.176

L. 23049

8

XV

MB II, LB II

1103

wire arc; corroded, (L) VI 9 cm NE.13.236

L. 13058

8/7

XV/XIV

MB II, LB I ud

1104

copper/bronze pin; (L) VI 11.0 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm NE.36.42

L. 36011.1

5B

XI

1107

copper/bronze toggle pin fragment; (L) 12.5 cm

L. 4069

7

XIV

VI NE.4.230

MB II, LB I–II, mostly 13th/12th

Context deep trench cut from Phase 7 levels below Phase 6C(-B) Fill 24087; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; above Phase 9 Wall 24128 and Phase 12 Silo 24167; backfilled with ash debris of Phase 7 Fill 24103 occupational and destruction debris, below Phase 9B–A Surfaces 23058 and 23066, above Phase 10/9 Layer 23092 and Phase 10B–A Surface 23084 and Phase 10A Surface 23088; mostly Phase 10 debris used to prepare Phase 9 surfaces backfill in Phase 7 Trench 24098 which cuts down to Phase 9 levels; sealed by Phase 6B Surfaces 24049, 24068, and 24092; above earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 pit full of rendzinate clay in top levels, cuts Phase 9 Surface 23058 and 23072, sealed by Phase 6C Surface 23038, thus Phase 8, associated with Phase 8 Surface 23052 large pit in NW corner of area; cut from Phase 8B Surface 13055 and refilled over Surface 13055; bottom not reached; equals Pit 14083 flint cache in balk between Areas 26 and 36, in disaggregated destruction debris with pockets of charcoal; locus may be contiguous with L. 36012, which is a flint cache in the same balk, within Phase 5B Fill 36011.1; these flints were in a shallow pit 7 cm deep set into Phase 5C/B Surfaces 26050.1 in the courtyard W of Phase 5C–B Wall 36009 (see Gezer IV [HUC]: Appendix C) backfill in Phase 7 trench cut from Phase 8B Surface 4116; leveled out for Phase 7 Surface 4073; bottom not reached

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:8

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:14

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

107

Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1116

copper/bronze tool VI blank; (L) 8.3 cm, (W) NE.24.257 3.9 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1117

wire fragment stuck to animal bone; (L) 7.5 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm

VI NE.35.297

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1123

bronze chisel with VI hollow haft; (L) NE.23.189 10.5 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm (at hafted edge), (W) 1.0 cm (at chisel edge)

L. 23056

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, much LB II

1131

metal fragment; (L) 2.5 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm several iron fragments; (L) 15.0 cm (total) copper/bronze pin; bent in excavation, (L) 9.5 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm

IIE pit 1

layer 4

large trench cut from 74-84 Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(-B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terrace, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. hardpacked layer, below Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 7/6 Fill 23043 and Phase 8 Pit 23049 down to Phase 9 Surfaces 23058, 23066, and 23072 unstratified probe

IIE

layer 5

unstratified probe

VI NE.35.305

L. 35047

6C

XIII

LB II, 12th ud

1139

copper/bronze wire fragment; (L) 5.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm

VI NE.34

L. 34081

7

XIV

LB II

1140

copper/bronze needle with threading hole; (L) 10.7 cm

VI NE.14.255

L. 14083

7

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

1141

broken copper/bronze fibula pin; (L) 6.4 cm copper/bronze pike; (L) 9.3 cm

IIE

layer 7

VI NE.14.253

L. 14100.P 8

XV

EB, MB II, LB ud, ns

copper/bronze blade; (L) 3.7 cm, (W) 0.6 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm copper/bronze fragments; (L) 5.7 cm (total)

IIE

layer 7

VI NE.14.253

L. 14100.P 8

1133 1138

1142 1143 1144

stone-lined and covered drain, running from below Phase 5C/B Wall 35016 SE across area, within lower levels of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 pit in E balk, cut from level of Phase 7 Surface 34072 down into Phase 7 Trench 34086 huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equivalent to L 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1 unstratified probe pottery and objects on Phase 8 Surface 14100 unstratified probe

XV

EB, MB II, LB ud, ns

pottery and objects on Phase 8 Surface 14100

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:9

pl. 42:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 52:5; 116D

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:7

74-69

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 53.1; 117B

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:7

108

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj # 1145A

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

iron ring fragment; (L) 5.4 cm, (Th) 1.0 cm iron nail; (L) 20.5 cm, (Dia of shaft) 0.9/1.5 cm, (Dia of head) 2.8 cm copper/bronze wire fragment

IIE

layer 3

unstratified probe

IIE

layer 4

unstratified probe

VI NE.25.203

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1174

crumpled gold leaf fragment; (L) 1.0 cm

VI NE.14.272

L. 14083

7

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

1175

crumpled gold leaf fragment; (L) 1.8 cm

VI NE.14.272

L. 14083

7

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

1176

crumpled gold leaf fragment; (L) 7.0 cm

VI NE.14.272

L. 14083

7

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

1177

bronze arrowhead; VI NE.35. corroded, (L including tang) 8.7 cm, (L of tang) 1.2 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm

L. 35060

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 13th/12th

1178

copper/bronze object; corroded, (L) 2.8 cm, (W) 0.6 cm, (Th) 0.25 cm bronze rod fragment; corroded, (L) 4.9 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm wide

VI NE.34

locus not assigned

VI NE.35.334

L. 35060

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 13th/12th

iron plate; loosely folded, rusted, (L) 3.9 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Th of plate) 0.25 cm

VI NE.34.260

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1149

1155

1179

1180

DA # Plate No. Published

deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equivalent to L. 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1 huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equivalent to L. 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1 huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equivalent to L. 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1 stone-filled pit at N balk; cut from upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 35069, or lowest levels of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 sieve

stone-filled pit at N balk; cut from upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 35069, or lowest levels of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:14

pl. 42:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:6

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

109

Gezer Metal Objects Obj # 1181

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

bronze rod; (L) 5.9 cm, (Dia) 0.65 cm copper/bronze fragment; corroded, (L) 2.3 cm

IIE

layer 10

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

iron piece; (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 2.0 cm, (Th) 1.4 cm copper/bronze eye of needle; (L) 1.2 cm

VI NE.5

L. 5059.1

6B/A

XIII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.26.248

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1187

bronze rod fragment; square cross-section, (L) 6.1 cm, (W) 0.3 cm

VI NE.24.300

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1189

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 9.2 cm, (L of tang) 2.0 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.26

L. 26077

6A

XIII

LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

1193

bent bronze VI arrowhead, length NE.26.242 including tang 8.5 (length of tang 1.8 cm), width 1.2 cm, thickness 0.2 cm

L. 26077

6A

XIII

LB I-II, 13th/12th, 12th

1195

copper/bronze wire fragment; (L) 4.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm copper/bronze spatula (?); (L) 5.5 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (Th) 0.2/0.3 cm

VI NE.23

locus not assigned

VI NE.35.329

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1184

1185 1186

1202

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

unstratified probe debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris material below Phase 6A Surface 5059, down to Phase 6C–B Layer 5068 deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and Makeup 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(-B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces hardpacked series of exterior earthen surfaces over top of Phase 7/6C trench Fill 26075 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26085; represents end of threshing floors and start of constructional phase of Northeast House; equals courtyard Surface 16076 in adjacent area hardpacked series of exterior earthen surfaces over top of 7/6C trench fill 26075 and 6C-B threshing floors 26085; represents end of threshing floors and start of constructional phase of Northeast House; equals courtyard surface 16076 in adjacent area sieve large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terrace, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc.

pl. 42:10

pl. 42:14

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58.11

110

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj # 1209

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

copper/bronze fragment, (L) 3.3 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm copper/bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 8.7 cm, (L of tang) 2.2 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm bronze lance point; (L) 6.3 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm (max), (Th) 0.15 cm bronze serpent; (L from neck to tail) 20.5 cm, (L of head) 4.0 cm, (W) 3.2 cm (max)

VI NE.15/25

locus not assigned

7/6

XIV/XIII

IV.4.270

L. 4020.P

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC/LB I

on Surface 4020

VI NE.23.251

L. 23054

10-6

MB II, LB II, 13th/12th, 12th

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XIX/ XVIII– XIII XVI

1245

copper/bronze wire fragment

VI NE.35.385

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1246

copper/bronze needle with threading hole; (L) 11.0 cm, (Dia) 0.15 cm

VI NE.14.293

L. 14083

7

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

1256

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 9.2 cm, (L of tang) 2.0 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.5.169

L. 5068

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

1260

copper/bronze VI spearhead; (L NE.24.10 including haft) 7.0 cm, (L of haft) 2.2 cm, (W) 1.4 cm

L. 24134

9

XVI

MB IIC, LB I, clear LB IIA

stone shaft leading to Cistern 23089; modified and reused in each phase debris above Phase 9 74-67 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terrace, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equals L. 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1 deep buildup of threshing floor deposits over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 5059 and above Phase 7/6C Surface 5069; equivalent to other similar deposits across the terrace, i.e., 6096, 15061, 16082, 25063, 26083, 35037 rocks and rubble at S balk, below and cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098, above Phase 9 Surface 24145A; Phase 9 destruction debris, equals 24144

1213

1215 1229

balk trim between Areas 15 and 25

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

pl. 43:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 17:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:6 Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 51.2; 116B; p. 45, n. 76

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:8

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:8

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

111

Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

1261

copper/bronze fibula fragment; coil at one end, (L) 9.0 cm

1273

Fld, Area, & Basket VI NE.35.342

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

copper/bronze spatula; VI (L) 6.0 cm, (W) NE.5.190 1.4 cm (max)

L. 5093

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

1276

2 copper/bronze needle fragments

VI NE.24.330

L. 24132

8

XV

MB II ud, LB I, LB II

1277

copper/bronze pin fragment; (L) 3.75 cm

VI NE.34.308

L. 34095

10–9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

LB IIA

1278

copper/bronze fragment

VI NE.24.332

L. 24150

9

XVI

LB I, LB IIA

1283

copper/bronze rod fragment; (L) 5.4 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm

VI NE.34.287

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

Context large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terrace, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. large trench cut and backfilled from sub 5069 (Phase 7/6C) levels; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 5068 and Phase 7/6C laminated Surfaces 5069 robber trench below Phase 8/7 Trench 24141 and Phase 7 Pit 24135, down to Phase 9 Wall 24130 and robbing out the top 3 courses of this wall; partly sealed by Phase 8 Surface 24125 drain into Cistern Shaft 34046, associated with Phase 9B–A Surface 34098 and Phase 10 Surfaces 34103 and 34114; below Phase 7 Trench 34086, above Phase 11/10 Layer 34122; probably built with Phase 10 Surface 34103 and repaired with later surfaces thick striated band of surfaces E of Phase 9 Wall 24130, S of Phase 10–9 Wall 24105; below Phase 9A debris, L. 24145, above Phase 10/9 Fill 24159; upper levels cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; equals Surfaces 24145 and 24145A large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 42:17

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:19

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:10

pl. 42:21

pl. 42:15

112

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1296

bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 11.1 cm, (L of tang) 5.4 cm, (W) 2.3 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VI NE.16.288

L. 16110

6C/B

XIII

MB II, LB I–II, clear 13th/12th

1299

copper/bronze spatula; VI broken, (L) 3.7 cm, NE.24.341 (W) 1.6 cm (max)

L. 24160

11–10

XXI/ XX-XIX/ XVIII

MB II ud, MB IIC/LB I

1302

copper/bronze wire fragment

VI NE.25.276

L. 25112

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB IIC, LB I, LB II

1305

copper/bronze fragment

VI NE.24.356

L. 24159

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

MB II, LB I, LB IIA

1307

corroded bronze arrowhead (?) silver ring fragment; (L) 2.1 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

VI NE.15

locus not assigned L. 24129

11–9

XXI/ XX–XVI

MB II predominately, few MB IIC/ LB I, some clear LB II

1310

copper/bronze wire fragment

VI NE.24.356

L. 24159

10/9

XIX/ XVIII– XVI

MB II, LB I, LB IIA

1314

bronze bar fragments

VI NE.23.290

L. 23102

11

XXI/XX

MB IIA

1315

bronze needle fragment; (L) 2.7 cm

VI NE.25.270

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1308

VI NE.24.342

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

hardpack occupational accumulation below Phase 6B Walls 16084A–B, above Phase 7/6C Layer 16129 and Phase 7 Trench 16133, below Phase 6B Surface 16112; cut into by Phase 6B Foundation Trench 16108; represents Phase 6C/B build-up before Phase 6B architecture; slopes to the W where it is cut by Phase 6B/A Trench 16088 band of compact surfaces below Phase 9 Surface 24150 and Phase 10/9 Fill 24159, above Phase 12 bricky debris, L. 24148; represents poor Phase 11–10 surface accumulation bell-shaped pit cut from lowest level of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063; same as Pit 35071 in adjacent area fill below Phase 9 Surface 24150, down to Phase 11–10 Surface 24160; some Phase 10 disaggregated debris, mostly Phase 9 fill found in balk

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:13

mud brick detritus and silt levels below Phase 9 Surface 24145 down to Phase 11 Surface 24152; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; mostly Phase 11–10 debris redistributed as Phase 9 fill fill below Phase 9 Surface 24150, down to Phase 11–10 Surface 24160; some Phase 10 disaggregated debris, mostly Phase 9 fill jar stand near corner of Phase 11–10 Walls 23087 and 23093, below Phase 10B–A Surface 23095, associated with Phase 11 Surface 23111 deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:11

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:11

pl. 42:16

113

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1316

encrusted copper/ bronze wire fragment

VI NE.14

L. 14110

10B–A

XIX– XVIII

MB II

1323B

copper/bronze fragment

VI NE.35.402

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1324

copper/bronze fragments

VI NE.25.294

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1326

lead foil fragments

VI NE.34.343

L. 34103.1

11/10

XXI/ XX–XIX/ XVIII

MB II, MB II/ LB I

1327

copper/bronze strip bent to form a ring

VI NE.24.311

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1329

silver ring; 2 fragments

VI L. 24127 NE.24.321?

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

1333

copper/bronze fragment

VI NE.34.335

L. 34103.1

11/10

XXI/ XX–XIX/ XVIII

MB II, MB II/ LB I

1334

copper/bronze fragment copper/bronze fragment copper/bronze chisel; (L) 6.3 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VI NE.23.295 VI NE.23.294 IV.4.99

L. 23111.1

12/11

L. 23111.1

12/11

L. 4020.1

5A1

XXII/XXI MB IIA, MB IIA/B XXII/XXI MB IIA, MB IIA/B XVIIIA1 MB IIA–LB I

1335 1336

Context wall running S-N across area, used with Phase 9B–A Surface 14120, Phase 10B Surface 14124, Phase 10A Surface 14129, and Phase 10B Surface 14140; partly robbed out by Phase 7 Pit 14085; below Phase 9A Wall 14120A, above Phase 11A Walls 14135 and 14111 large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches on upper terrace, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels material below Phase 10 Surface 34103, above Phase 11/10 debris, L. 34119 large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(-B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150 material below Phase 10 Surface 34103, above Phase 11/10 debris, L. 34119 material just below Phase 11 Surface 23111 material just below Phase 11 Surface 23111 sub-surface sediments

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:5 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:14

pl. 43:3

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 18:25

114

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1349

copper/bronze fragment

VI NE.16.317

L. 16131

6B

XIII

MB IIC, LB I–II

1351

copper fragments

VI NE.14.351

L. 14141

12

XXII

MB IIA

1354

bronze pin fragment

VI NE.15.258

L. 15158

7

XIV

LB II, LB I-II, few 13th-12th

1360

copper/bronze needle with threading hole; (L) 8.95 cm

VI NE.25.309

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1363

copper/bronze object VI NE.23 encrusted with impressions of chaff or possibly grass

sieve, probably from L. 23112

12/11

XXII/XXI MB IIA

1370

iron slag stuck to sherd VI NE.16.173

L. 16065.1

6A/5C

XIII/XII

1376

silver earring; (Dia) 1.5/1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm silver earring pieces

VI NE.24

locus not assigned

VI NE.24.386

L. 24181

12

XXII

MB II ud

copper/bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 9.3 cm, (L of tang) 5.5 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

VI NE.14

balk

7

XIV

ud

1381

1389

13th, 12th

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

poor surface in NW of area, associated with Phase 6B Firepit 16143, below Phase 6B Surface 16117; probably associated with Phase 6B Wall 16114; precedes most Phase 6B architecture; above Phase 6B Cobbles 16118 and Phase 7 Trench 16133 pit in NW of area; probably cut from Phase 12 cobbled Surface 14138; definitely prePhase 11 massive trench over entire area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels, down into Phase 10; upper levels filled with Phase 7/6C Fill 15096; same as 4069, 5093, 14083, 16124, 25097, 26086, and 35069 in adjacent areas deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels charcoal and ash accumulation below Phase 11 Surface 23111, above Phase 12/11 Layer 23113; probably Phase 11 fill material below Phase 5C Surface 16065, down to Phase 6A Surface 16072, contains lots of pottery and charred grain sieve 74-70 deep stone silo incorporated into Phase 12 Wall 24197 of Granary 24200; set into FT 24117, cutting through Phase 12 Surface 24218; below Phase 12 debris, L. 24148 and Phase 11–10 Surface 24160, down to bedrock Area VI NE.25 north balk removal

pl. 42:18

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:8 Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 49:6; 115C

pl. 42:19

115

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1393

copper/bronze toggle pin; (L) 9.1 cm

VI NE.14.370

L. 14146

12?

XXII?

EB, MB IIA,B

1396

copper wire loop fragments

VI NE.23.357

L. 23085

12

XXII

MB II ud

1397

forked copper wire fragment

VI NE.24.452

L. 24148

12

XXII

MB IIA plus MB IIB ud

1399A

gold brooch; main VI NE section with a thin length of wire attached across the top, (L) 2.2 cm (total), (W) 0.5 cm, (L of wire) 1.7 cm

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

probe into pre-Phase 10 material along N and E balks; phase not clear; below Phase 8 Wall 14100 and Phase 10A Drain 14131 mud brick collapse above Granary 24220, below Phase 9 Surfaces 23058/23072 deep mud brick collapse above Granary 24200 in E of area; below Phase 11–10 Surface 24160, down to Phase 12 Surface 24218; same as 23085 surface find

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:5

pl. 36:7

1972 1501

2

1503

5

1505

11

1512

210

1515

50

1516

54

1536

228

1539

263

1540

258

1548

395

1555

620

1556

621

1557

462

iron rod; corroded, square cross-section, (L) 5.5 cm, (W) 1.0 cm bronze fibula fragment: (span) 8.2 cm corroded bronze fibula, span 8.0 cm bronze pin; bent, (L) 13.4 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm bronze pin; (L) 5.2 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm bronze pin; (L) 4.9 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm bronze cosmetic stick; (L) 15.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm large iron nail; (L) 17.6 cm, (Dia of head) 3.3 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm iron pin fragment; (L) 8.8 cm, (Dia) 0.8/0.3 cm iron fibula (?) fragment; (span) 7.2 cm bronze ring; (Dia) 1.5 cm (outside), (Th) 0.3 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 10.3 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm bronze earring fragment; (Dia) 1.2 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm

VII.28.59

L. 28009

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

VII.28.49

L. 28009

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

VII.28

L. 28012

VII.33.10

L. 33004

2C–A

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell fill of porous sediment

VII.38.62

L. 38031

2C–A

II

VII.37.25

L. 37010

2B

II

Iron I, Iron II, debris Hell Iron II, Pers, Hell fill

VII.27

locus not assigned

VII.34.14

L. 34004

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell fill of loose sand/silt

VII.24.13

L. 24008

1

I

Iron II, Hell

fine silt fill

VII.24.11

L. 24008

1

I

Iron II, Hell

fine silt fill

VII.34.26

L. 34001

ud

cultivation soil

VII.25.36

L. 25001

Iron II, Hell

cultivation soil

VII.35. sweep

L. 35013

74-807 pl. 37:14

balk trim

balk trim

2B–A

II

on/in surface

74-820 74-826 pl. 36:9

pl. 38:4

116

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

1563A 551 1563B 551 1564

415

1565

459

1569

421

1570

418

1572

563

1577

420

1581

736

1583

419

1584

817

1589

652

1591

789

1594

738

1598 1599

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

iron nail; (L) 18.0 cm, (Dia of head) 3.1 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm iron nail; (L) 20.5 cm, (Dia of head) 2.8 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm bronze fibula; (span) 6.8 cm bronze knife blade; (L) 10.7 cm, (W) 1.7 cm (max), (Th) 0.2 cm iron spearhead; heavily corroded, (L including tang) 14.4 cm, (L of tang) 7.8 cm, (W of blade) 2.2 cm (broken), (Th) 0.6 cm iron pruning hook knife; (L) 13.6 cm, (Th) 0.4–2.4 cm bronze fibula fragment; (span) 5.0 cm iron nail; large head, (L) 3.5 cm, (Dia of head) 2.5 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm gold penannular ring with grape cluster; (Dia) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm, (Cluster) 0.4 cm

VII.24.28

L. 24007.P 2A

II

Iron II, Hell contamination

on surface

VII.24.28

L. 24007.P 2A

II

Iron II, Hell contamination

on surface occupational debris

VII.27.105 L. 27022

2C

II

VII.27.111 L. 27008

2B

II

MB IIB/C, Iron II, Hell Pers/Hell

VII.34.23

L. 34003

1

I

Pers?, Hell

loose fill

VII.34.39

L 34006.P

2A

II

Late Hell

on surface, bottom of bin 34010

2C

II

Hell, ud

fill

VII.27.123 L. 27022 VII.35.18

L. 35000

IV.5.90

L. 5013.P

lead “agoranomos” plaque; square, (L) 10.1 cm, (W) 11.7 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm, (Wt) 565.6 g lead ceremonial sling shot; (L) 4.7 cm, (H) 2.5 cm, (W) 2.0 cm bronze fragment; (L) 3.7 cm iron nail fragment; (L) 4.5 cm, (Th) 1.1 cm bronze toggle pin; (L) 9.9 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm

VII.34.39

VII.24.24

709

bronze ring fragments

702

iron pruning hook knife; (L) 13.0 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

in pit

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 38:12 74-829 pl. 36:11

74-833 pl. 38:1 pl. 37:15

Iron II, Hell/Rom cultivation soil

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

74-887 pl. 43:11

L. 34006.P 2A

II

Late Hell

on surface, bottom of bin 34010

74-832

L. 24008

1

I

Late Hell

fine silt fill

74-839 pl. 37:1

VII.27.136 L. 27022

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

fill

VII.34.35

L. 34003

1

I

Late Hell

loose fill

IV.5.86

L. 5012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick debris in silo

VII.38.141 L. 38041

1

I

VII.34.30

1

I

Iron I, Iron II, cultivation soil Hell Iron II, Pers, Hell loose fill

L. 34003

5A

pl. 43:6

74-860 pl. 37:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24.5; referred to without illustration in Seger 1976a: 133–40

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 28.12

117

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

1616

822

1620

820

1622

825

1624

864

1636

914

1637

917

1638

913

1639

920

1640

906

1641

916

1642

922

1643

911

1650

982

1651

994

1652

980

1659

981

1665

1065

1666

1136

1669

1067

1670

1064

1672

1129

1673

1130

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

iron arrowhead; corroded, (L including tang) 5.85 cm, (L of tang) 1.5 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm, (Dia of tang) 0.8/10 cm bronze hairpin (?); bent, (L) 3.0 cm, (Dia) 0.1 cm iron pike; (L) 9.6 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm (max) bronze fibula fragment; (L) 4.0 cm iron nail; corroded, (L) 15.5 cm, (Th) 2.0 cm (max) lead weight; (L) 6.2 cm, (W) 2.0 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm bronze fibula pin fragment; (L) 6.1 cm iron nail fragments; corroded, (L) 7.5 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm (max) iron nail fragment; (L) 6.8 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm iron fragment; (L) 7.2 cm iron fragment; (L) 5.8 cm iron fragment; (L) 8.0 cm iron goad fragment; (L) 4.3 cm iron ring; (Dia) 3.3 cm, (Th)1.3 cm bronze ring; (Dia) 1.3 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm bronze fibula fragment; (L) 7.3 cm iron ring, (Dia) 3.0 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm bronze fragment; (L) 5.2 cm

VII.37

locus not assigned

balk trim

VII.15.24

L. 15006

2A

II

Late Hell

with surface

VII.15.24

L. 15006

2A

II

Late Hell

with surface

VII.38.164 L. 38045

2A

II

Iron II, Hell

debris

EB–Hell/Rom

contaminated by Macalister backfill

bronze fibula fragment; (L) 5.0 cm lead fragment; (L) 3.1 cm lead weight; (L) 3.2/3.0 cm, (W) 2.9 cm, (Th) 0.9/1.1 cm, (Wt) 73.6 g bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 6.0 cm, (L of tang) 2.2 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 36:8

pl. 38:2

IV.16.206

L. 16037

VII.34.39

L. 34006.P 2A

II

Late Hell

on surface, bottom of bin 34010

VII.36.42

L. 36023

II

Iron II, Hell

porous fill

VII.34.39

L. 34006.P 2A

II

Late Hell

on surface, bottom of bin 34010

VII.25.46

L. 25020

2B

II

Hell

fill

VII.15.26

L. 15006.1

2A

II

Hell

sub-surface

VII.34.40

L. 34006.1

2A

II

Hell

sub-surface sediments

VII.16.22

L. 16001

Iron II–Hell

cultivation soil

VII.34.44

L. 34006.1

2A

II

Iron II, ud, ns

sub-surface sediments

VII.16.23

L. 16012

1

I

Hell–1st b.c.e.

sediment layer

VII.36.44

L. 36023

1

I

Iron II, Pers, Hell porous fill

VII.16.26

L. 16012

1

I

Iron II, Hell

VII.73.5

L. 73004

1

I

Iron II, Hell, Rom upper fill

IV.11.42

L. 11000

1

I

Chalco–Rom

disturbed surface soil

VII.25.52

L. 25020

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

fill

VII.36.50

L. 36017

2C–A

II

Hell

in wall

VII.26.43

L. 26021.1

2B

II

Iron II–Late Hell

sub-surface

pl. 38:3

VII.26.43

L. 26021.1

2B

II

Iron II–Late Hell

sub-surface

74-866 pl. 38:7

1

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:12a pl. 38:6

sediment layer

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:7

118

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

1685

1239

1686

1238

1693

1242

1696

1246

1700

1241

1716A 1513

1716B 1513

1721

1497

1723

1432

1724

1430

1731

1421

1732

1428

1740

1494

1741

1492

1743

1505

1755

1626

1760

1627

Description bronze earring; (Dia) 1.8/1.6 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm bronze ring fragment; (Dia) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm bronze bracelet fragment; (Dia) 5.0 cm, (Th) 0.7 cm nail; bent, (L) 5.3 cm, (Dia of head) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm lead fragment; (L) 3.7 cm iron arrowhead; heavily corroded, (L including tang) 4.6 cm, (L of tang) 1.8 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (W of tang) 0.4 cm iron arrowhead; heavily corroded, (L) 4.3 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (Th) 1.0 cm bronze ring; corroded, (Dia) 2.6/1.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm iron arrowhead; broken (L) 5.9 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm bronze wire fragment; (L) 3.0 cm bronze fibula fragment; (L) 6.8 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm iron arrowhead; (L including tang) 5.7 cm, (L of tang) 2.0 cm, (W) 0.5 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm bronze ring; (Dia) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm thick iron arrowhead; (L including tang) 5.3 cm, (L of tang) 1.5 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm iron arrowhead; corroded and broken, (L including tang) 7.2 cm, (L of tang) 2.1 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 4.0 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm bronze pin; (L) 6.9 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.34.70

L. 34042

3

III

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

in pit

VII.34.69

L. 34042

3

III

Iron I, Iron II, Pers, Hell

in pit

VII.44.48

L. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

loose debris

VII.34

L. 34027

2B

II

no pottery

surface

VII.44.44A L. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron II/Pers

loose debris

VII.15.48

L. 15012

2C

II

Iron I, Iron II, Pers?, Hell

in pit

pl. 38:8

VII.15.48

L. 15012

2C

II

Iron I, Iron II, Pers?, Hell

in pit

pl. 38:9

VII.38.248 L. 38066

1

I

Iron II–Hell

in pit

pl. 36:16

VII.35.57

L. 35062

2B

II

Hell

in pit

pl. 38:10

VII.16.59

L. 16013

2A

II

Hell ud

in wall

VII.45.58

L. 45016

2C

II

Iron II–Hell

fill

VII.38.243 L. 38066

1

I

Iron II–Hell

in pit

VII.44.68

2C

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell coarse compact fill

VII.38.248 L. 38066

1

I

Iron II–Hell

in pit

VII.36.67

L. 36067

6

VII–VI

late Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.44.88

L. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

loose debris

VII.44.78

L. 44029

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

coarse compact fill

L. 44029

pl. 39:12

74-855

pl. 36:14

pl. 36:13

119

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Obj #

MC #

1761

1628

Description

bronze pin; (L) 4.8 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm 1765 1735 bronze cosmetic stick; (L) 14.3 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm 1769 1706 bronze fibula fragment; (L) 7.3 cm, (Dia) 0.15 cm 1770 1736 iron armor scale; (L) 6.4 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm 1771 1507A iron rod fragment; (L) 9.9 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm 1772 1507B bronze jar handle fragment; (L) 3.6 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm 1778 1732 bronze fibula fragment; (span) 5.4 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm 1784 1618 iron plow point; (L) 40.4 cm, (Dia) 7.3 cm (max), (Th) 2.5 cm 1785 1618 iron plowshare; (L) 35.2 cm, (Dia) 7.4 cm, (Th) 2.4 cm 1786 1619 iron pick; (L) 25.5 cm, (W of blade) 5.0 cm, (Th) 2.0 cm 1787 1619 iron adze with link; (L) 21.0 cm, (W of blade) 4.75 cm, (Th) 3.0 cm 1788 1792 bronze fibula fragment; (span) 8.6 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm 1789A 1620 iron pick; (L) 23.0 cm, (W of blade) 4.6 cm, (Th) 2.5 cm 1789B 1620B iron ring; (Dia) 18.5/10.0 cm, (W) 1.40/2.10 cm, (Th) 0.60/1.10 cm 1790 1620 iron hoe; (L) 19.5 cm, (W) 18.5 cm, (Th of blade) 0.6 cm 1792 1684 2 bronze jewelry links; (Dia) 1.2 cm each, (Th) 0.1 cm 1796 829 bronze fragment; (L) 4.8 cm 1797 824 iron blade fragment; (L) 5.4 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm 1802 1834 bronze furniture leg; probably modern

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.34.114 L. 34048

2B

II

Iron II, some later in pit

VII.53.24

L. 53004

1

II

Iron II, Hell

fill

pl. 38:11

IV.16.249

L. 16040

Chalco–MB IIC

contaminated by Macalister backfill

pl. 36:4 pl. 40:14

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:11

VII.38.274 L. 38050

6A

VI

Iron I

in wall

VII.24.115 L. 24032

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

porous fill

VII.24.115 L. 24032

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

porous fill

VII.44.73

L. 44034

3–2

III–II

Iron II, Hell

loose debris

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-900

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-901

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-895 pl. 39:1

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-894 pl. 39:2

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.60

L. 15022

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-893 pl. 39:4

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-893 pl. 39:5

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-891 pl. 39:3

Seger 1972: 242

VII.15.50

L. 15017

2A

II

Hell ud

in storage pit

74-853 pl. 38:5

VII.36

L. 36023

1

I

Pers?, Hell

porous fill

2A

II

MB, Iron I, Iron II, Hell

debris

Chalco–MB IIC

contaminated by Macalister backfill

VII.38.161 L. 38034 IV.16

L. 16040

pl. 38:14

pl. 38:13

74-892

Seger 1972: 242

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:11a

120

Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Obj #

MC #

Locus

1804

1836

bronze toggle pin; (L) 8.6 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm

IV.6

L. 6001

1851

2

VII.46.9

1854

5

1861

45

1862

46

1864

48

1886

97

iron nail; (L) 5.3 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm corroded iron spike; (L) 8.0 cm, (Th) 1.3 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 4.0 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm iron point; (L) 8.8 cm, (Dia) 1.7 cm triangular bronze pendant fragment; (L) 1.45 cm, (W at base) 1.55 cm bronze pin; L 2.8 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm

1897

109

1900

114

1910

136

1925

202

1926

199

1928

205

1933

302

1943

329

1944

328

1946

372

1949

344

2009

488

2010

373

2013

590

Local Phase 1

General Stratum I

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

Chalco–Hell

disturbed upper brick debris

L. 46002

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

VII.47.5

L. 47000

Hell

cultivation soil

IX.1.12

L. 1003

Iron II–Hell

top soil

VII.47.6

L. 47000

Iron II, Hell–Rom cultivation soil

IV.4.105

L. 4029

MB IIC–LB I

Macalister backfill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:12

IV.5.185

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

bronze fragment; corroded, 2.5 cm × 0.5 cm bronze arrowhead; (L including tang) 6.3 cm, (L of tang) 1.4 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm fibula pin; (L) 6.8 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm bronze earring; (Dia) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm bronze needle; broken at hole, (L) 11.3 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm bronze fibula; (span) 3.4 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm bronze pin; (L) 5.2 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 4.2 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm bronze needle; (L) 10.6 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm

IV.5.183

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB i lower brick debris

IV.9.9

L. 9000

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:10 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 22:9 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:12

IX.1.22

L. 1002

1

VII.45.79

L. 45043

bronze fibula fragment; (L)1.5 cm bronze monkey; (L) 5.7 cm, (Dia) 2.4 cm bronze fibula fragment; heavily corroded, (L) 5.3 cm, (Dia) 1.9 cm, bronze fibula fragment; (span) 5.8 cm bronze rod; (L) 13 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 8:28

1973

1

II

74-710

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

II

Iron II, Hell

debris on slope

3

III

Iron I, Iron II–late sediment layer

pl. 39:8

VII.35.104 L. 35048

3

III

Iron II, Hell

pl. 39:13

VII.34.173 L. 34070

4

IV

VII.38.314 L. 38043

2A

II

LB II, Iron I, Late fill of brick/ash debris Iron II Iron II, ud debris

VII.36.130 L. 36067

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

IV.5.205

5A

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

VII.38.312 L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II, Hell

debris

VII.34.197 L. 34059

4/3

IV/III

Iron IIC and later

porous fill

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

IV.4.108

L. 5024

L. 4031

porous soil layer

VII.36.144 L. 36067

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.33.35

2C–A

II

Iron I?, Iron II – probably late

fill of porous sediment

L. 33004

74-719 pl. 40:2

74-738 pl. 43:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:18

74-714 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:14 74-724 pl. 40:15

121

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Metal Objects Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Obj #

MC #

Locus

2017

556

bronze needle; (L) 8.4 cm, (Dia) 0.2 cm

IV.5.239

L. 5029.P

2075

669

X.1.14

L. 1001

2076

670

2080

699

2104

777

2123

735

2127

838

2148

842

2168

907

needle; (L) 5.7 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm iron hook; heavily corroded, (L) 7.7 cm bronze rod; (L) 9 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm iron arrowhead; broken, (L including tang) 4.7 cm, (L of tang) 1.9 cm, (W) 1.2 cm copper earring; (L) 2.6 cm, (W) 1.4 cm iron rod; heavily corroded, (L) 17.4 cm, (Dia) 2.2 cm bronze fragment; (L) 4.0 cm bronze chisel; (L) 4.2 cm, (W) 1.2 cm

2169

911

2214

1012

2231

1073

2233

1072

2234

1062

2274

1115

2282

1131

2286

1123

2292

1201

2293

1200

Local Phase 5A

General Stratum XVIIIA

Date/Period (pottery reading) MB IIC/LB I

Context

topsoil

pl. 43:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:7

74-755 pl. 43:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:3 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 18:24

74-751

VII.47.178 L. 47018

6

VII–VI

VII.34.228 L. 34082

6B–5

VII–V

II.4.82

2A–B

II

MB–Hell

surface debris

VII.38.342 L. 38098

6B

VII–VI

LB I, LB II, Iron

in pit

VII.34.231 L. 34057

2C

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell in pit

VII.38.354 L. 38100

7B

VIII

Iron I–10th

debris

IV.6.105

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

bronze needle; (L) 6.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm

IV.4.218

L. 4020.1

5A2

XVIIIA2

MB IIA–LB I

sub-surface makeup

iron hook; heavily corroded, (L) 8.6 cm bronze fragment; corroded, (L) 4.1 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm iron fragment; corroded, (L) 4.7 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm iron armor scale; heavily corroded, (L) 6.9 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm iron fragment, (L) 2.3 cm lead object; folded, (L) 6.1 cm, (W) 2.4 cm bronze armor scale; broken, (L) 3.35 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.1 cm gold foil figurine; (L) 10.9 cm, (W) 2.0 cm, (Th) < 0.1 cm

VII.46.165 L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

brick debris

IV.6.132

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

VII.47.237 L. 47037

6A

VI

VII.47.236 L. 47037

6A

VI

Iron

sub-surface

VII.36.244 L. 36078.1

6

VII–VI

Iron II–8th

sub-surface

VII.38.409 L. 38118

11

XIII

late LB II

probe beneath surface

VII.47.252 L. 47053A

6A

VI

Iron I, 10th

with surface

74-769 pl. 40:16

IV.5.371

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-878 pl. 43:15

gold foil figurine; (L) 15.8 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (Th) < 0.1 cm

IV.5.371

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-877 pl. 43:16

L. 4046

L. 6010.P

Iron II

DA # Plate No. Published

on surface

mud brick collapse in wall matrix

74-742

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:4a

on surface pl. 40:17

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:14; Seger 1976a: 133–40 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:13; Seger 1976a: 133–40

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Chapter III Gezer Metal Objects

Obj #

MC #

2294

1209

2295

1206

2296

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

silver foil figurine; IV.5.371 four fragments, A: (L) 1.4 cm, (W) 0.4 cm; B: (L).4 cm, (W) 1.2 cm; C: (L) 2.6 cm, (W) 1.5 cm; D: (L) 1.7 cm, (W) 0.4 cm; (Th) < 0.1 cm penannular gold ring IV.5.371 with “grape cluster”; (Dia) 1.9 cm, (Cluster) 0.5 cm

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-886 pl. 43:17

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:15; Seger 1976a: 133–40

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-885 pl. 43:12

1207

penannular gold ring IV.5.371 with “grape cluster”; (Dia) 1.9 cm, (Cluster) 0.4 cm

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-884 pl. 43:13

2297

1208

penannular gold ring IV.5.371 with “grape cluster”; (Dia) 2.4 cm, (Cluster) 0.4 cm

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-881 pl. 43:14

2298

1205

gold bezel for scarab; (L) 2.1 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74-888 pl. 43:10

2321

1173

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

2324

1210

copper/bronze toggle IV.6.147 L. 6010.P pin fragment; (L) 6.5 cm iron arrowhead VII.45.197 L. 45085 fragment; (L) 5.35 cm, (W) 1.5 cm, (Th) 0.65 cm

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:18; Seger 1976a: 133–40 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:16; Referred to without illustration in Seger 1976a: 133–40 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:17; Referred to without illustration in Seger 1976a: 133–40 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:19; Seger 1976a: 133–40 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:4

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–8th fill

IV.5.371

pl. 40:18

1974 2400

1

2404

14

2409

23

2417

44

2419

46

gold spiral earring; (L) 1.3 cm, (W) 0.9 cm bronze toggle pin fragment; (L) 4.3 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm bronze pin fragment; (L) 3.2 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm bronze pin fragment; corroded, (L) 6.7 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm bronze toggle pin; (L) 8.3 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm

II

surface find fill layer

pl. 36:2

IV.6.151

L. 6015

5C

XVIIIC

EB–MB IIC

741854

IV.4.336

L. 4140

5B2

XVIIIB2

EB–MB IIC/LB I soil with ash layer

741859

IV.4.362

L. 4156

6A

XIXA

MB IIB

in pit

741867

IV.10.64

L. 10011

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

741869

pl. 43:9

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 57:30 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 53:1 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 62:3 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 51:8

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

8.  Shell Objects All except two of the shell objects are listed and described in the chapter on beads. The exceptions are a small burned fragment of ostrich eggshell, Ob-

123

ject 1289B, that came from the Phase 6A (Str. XIII) destruction debris in Field VI NE, and a small unidentified shell fragment, Object 2410, from Phase 5C (Str. XVIIIC) in Field IV.

Gezer Shell Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1971 1289B

2410

25

ostrich egg shell fragment; burned

VI NE.5.148

L. 5052

6A/5C

XIII/XII

Iron IB

shell fragment; 2.8 cm × 1.6 cm ×  0.4 cm

IV.6.171

L. 6015

5C

XVIIIC

EB–MB IIC

9.  Stone Objects a.  Ground-Stone Objects The studies of Hovers (1996) and Cohen-Weinberger (2001) have formalized the presentation of ground-stone artifacts, distinguishing them typologically by shape and function rather than by chronology, workmanship, or raw material. Nine major groups of objects were defined in the Gezer corpus: Mortars, Pestles, Lower Grindstones, Upper Grindstones, Footed Bowls, Bowls, Basins, Hemispherical Pounding Stones (Hammerstones), and Varia. Many of these objects were analyzed in the field by the late Reuben Bullard, Geological Consultant for the Gezer excavations. His observations were recorded on the object registry cards for each artifact and are incorporated into this text. i. Mortars Mortars serve as the lower stone in pounding grain and other foodstuffs, the upper stone being the pestle. The Gezer corpus is made up of 23 objects identified as mortars. They are made of basalt, various types of limestone, nari, and chalk. The dif-

disaggregated mud brick material, derivative of the Phase 6A destruction; below Phase 5C Surface 5048, above Phase 6A Surface 5059 and Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072; partially used as Phase 5C fill fill layer

74-890

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 57:28

ference between mortars and bowls is not always clear, and though the difference has been defined in terms of the diameter-to-depth ratio of the hollowed portion of the object, this is often simply an intuitive differentiation (Hovers 1996: 176; CohenWeinberger 2001: 226). Three of the Gezer mortars were associated with pestles. Mortar 348A came from the earliest levels at the site, just above bedrock, below Str. XXVI of the Chalcolithic period in Field I. Nearby was a round, stone pestle, Object 348B, which was possibly associated with the mortar. More directly associated were a mortar and pestle from Iron Age II levels in Field VII, which share the same object number, 1615. The pestle is relatively small in this case, sitting comfortably inside the hollow of the mortar. It differs from another pair that also share the same object number, 2196, for which the pestle is massive compared to the associated limestone bowl. These were found together in a Hellenistic pit in Str. II in Field VII. Mortar 1054 is composed of chalk and has a diameter of about 8.5 cm, with a sculpted depression 1.8  cm deep on one side. However, another

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depression chiseled on the opposite surface suggested to Bullard that the object might not be a mortar but a partially manufactured loom weight, an observation supported by the relatively poor durability of the chalk as a material for a mortar. ii. Pestles Ten pestles were identified from among the stone finds, but the distinction between pestles and pounders is not always clear. They vary considerably in their material: three being of ordinary basalt, two of greenstone basalt pebbles used as pestles, two of limestone, one of Nubian sandstone, and two of undetermined stone. The earliest is the Chalcolithic Pestle 348B found just above bedrock in Field I, close to Mortar 348A. This is a somewhat crude, round stone with little modification, while the Bronze and Iron Age examples tend to be of the more traditional conical or even piriform shape. The two greenstone pebbles were found in adjacent areas in Field IV, both dating to the 16th/15th century. Pestle 2184 was examined by Bullard, who wrote that the “mantle face was nicely straight worked, ground and polished, but later used for pecking, crushing, etc.,” while the second greenstone object, Pestle 2247, is larger and had abrasions on both edges. Another conical limestone pestle, Object 2200, was also found in the same part of Field IV in the same Str. XVIII layer. Pestle 2290 is a cylindrical pestle or pounder from Iron II levels in Field VII. It is carved from Nubian sandstone. iii.  Lower Grindstones Also called querns, the lower grindstone is one of a pair of stones used to grind grain by hand. The upper grindstone, also called a roller or rubbing-stone, is rubbed on the lower grindstone, thereby grinding the grain between them into a coarse powder to make flour. The constant friction between the two stones causes the surface of the quern to become slightly concave. The function of the object requires that the material used be durable and reasonably hard, so basalt and hard limestone are most common, although kurkar was also used. It is often difficult to distinguish between a small lower grindstone and a large upper grindstone, although a rough outer surface may indicate a lower grindstone (such a surface would make it more difficult to hold when applying pressure for grinding) (Hovers 1996: 178).

However, one should not seek to make too firm a distinction; these were utilitarian objects, no doubt used for a variety of purposes, as their owners saw fit. A lower grindstone today could quite easily be used as an upper grindstone tomorrow with, for example, a larger lower stone. These stones can reach a considerable size. Three fragments were found of Grindstone 908, and together they measured 47 cm × 40 cm. Grindstone 1710, also incomplete, was 39.5 cm wide × 48 cm long and may have been twice that length. These grindstones are the most common type of stone artifacts found at most sites in the Near East, including Gezer, and they range across the strata from bedrock to the surface. iv.  Upper Grindstones Like their counterparts described above, the upper grindstones were manufactured of durable but light material, usually basalt but also quartzolite and even limestone and beachrock. They are generally long and narrow (“loaf-shaped”) and tapered at both ends, with a base worn flat from use and a rounded or triangular section. The use of these implements is clearly illustrated in Egyptian wall paintings and models, and the upper grindstone had to be of a size and shape that it could be gripped with both hands to rub the grain on the lower stone. v.  Footed Bowls Footed bowls made of basalt or occasionally of other stone materials are common finds at Gezer as elsewhere. Bowl 155 is a fragmentary specimen with only one of its three legs preserved. It comes from the Str. XVIII destruction debris in Field I. At the other end of the chronology spectrum is Object 575, the leg of a massive basalt tripod basin from Str. III in Field II. Four examples of one particularly striking type of footed bowl were found in Field IV, Str. XVIIIA, dating to the end of the Middle Bronze Age. Three of them, Bowls 1972, 2221, and 2225 were found on related room surfaces, the latter two being complete and perfectly preserved. The fourth bowl, Object 2155, came from a debris layer. They are expertly manufactured from smooth basalt, and the bowl is shallow. These bowls range from 22 cm to 31.3 cm in diameter and measure up to 14 cm high. Two joining fragments of a similar tripod bowl, Object 1614, were found in topsoil in Field VII. Its di-

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) ameter was 33 cm. These tripod bowls are generally classified as mortars, suggesting that they were used for grinding flour and other raw foodstuffs. This type of footed bowl is typical of MB sites. One from Str. XIIIA in Area BB at Megiddo is earlier than ours, and the bowl is considerably deeper (Megiddo II: pl. 262:9). Several basalt tripod bowls were found by Petrie at Tell el-ʿAjjul in both domestic and tomb contexts dating to MB II (AG III: 10; pl. XXVII:93–94; AG IV: 12; pl. XL:88–94). At Tell Beit Mirsim, three examples from Str. E, dating to MB  IIB, are also slightly earlier but closer in appearance and style to the Gezer tripod bowls (TBM II: pl.  38:39–40). They range in diameter from 21.7 cm to 33.4 cm and in height from 13.5 cm to 14.7 cm (TBM II: 56, 92). vi. Bowls The vast majority of the bowls and bowl fragments at Gezer are made of basalt. Many of these would have been used for grinding and preparing food. Bowl 356 is a deep basalt bowl from the late Chalcolithic/EB I levels in Field V. It is 4.9 cm high and has a diameter of 7.4 cm. From Field V came a basalt handle and rim fragment, Object 265, from Str. XIX, dating to MB  IIB–C. Ring-based stone bowls are common in the later phases at Gezer. Bowl 538 is a fragment of steep-sided, deep bowl with ring base, from Field II. It came from a mixed debris layer that may be Iron II destruction debris reused as backfill in the Hellenistic period. Also dated to the Hellenistic period in Field VI NW is Bowl 771, a fragment of a calcite bowl with a ring base. All of these types are carved carefully and accurately and are well finished. An entirely different type of manufacture is seen in Bowl 1803, a large (34  cm  ×  29.8 cm) limestone bowl that has been carved straight from a boulder. It is not symmetrical, nor is it well finished. This example is from a Str. II plaster surface in Field VII. Another example of this type of bowl is Bowl 226, also carved from a small limestone boulder, found in Macalister fill in Field III. Egyptian influence in the stone objects at Gezer can be seen in a diorite bowl fragment, Object 558 from the Late Bronze Age in Field VI NE, and in a piece of an Egyptian slate dish, Object 270 from a Hellenistic robber trench in Field III. Field IX pro-

125

duced two smooth rim fragments, one from a biomicritic limestone bowl (Obj. 2217) from Str. I, and one from a polished limestone bowl (Obj. 1878) from an unrecorded context. vii. Basins Basins are rectangular or square-shaped stone containers, as distinguished from the rounder shape of bowls and mortars. Three fragments were found at Gezer, two of basalt and one of beach-rock. Basin 832 from Iron I levels in Field VI NE is well carved and, according to Bullard, may be a local imitation of an Egyptian slate cosmetic palette. It was found in the large robber trench (L. 5035) in Room 5 of the Northeast House in Str. XII/XI (local Phases 5C– A), which was tentatively identified by Dever as a sleeping chamber or sitting room (Gezer IV [HUC]: 90; fig. 15; pl. 17). Basin 2258 is a small fragment of a large, probably rectangular basalt basin from Str. XI, dating to the 11th century b.c.e., in Field VII. The third example, Basin 2163, is carved from beach-rock and also dates to the 11th century (Str. X), this time from the sounding in Field X. viii. Small Round Stones (“Hammerstones”) This category of small stones is called “hemispherical pounding stones (hammerstones)” by Cohen-Weinberger, who comments that “characteristic traces of battering are generally seen on these implements” (2001: 229). Hovers widens the definition to include round stones that show signs of pecking resulting either from their original shaping as hammerstones or from their reshaping after damage to their battered surfaces (1996: 179). They are also called pounders (Rosen 1996: 260). Though flint is the material of choice for these tools, and 15 flint hammerstones were recorded from Gezer, they are also shaped from other types of stone. Twentynine further stone tools not made from flint were recorded in this category. Six were of quartzolite, seven of limestone, three of basalt, and two of sandstone. The stone type of 11 objects was not recorded. Damage from pounding was noted on only five of these non-flint stones (two limestone, one basalt, one quartzolite, and one whose stone type was not recorded). Of those remaining, most had signs of pecking, and some had very little or no damage at all. It is possible that a different function should

126

Chapter III

be sought for some of these, perhaps as projectile weapons (Rosen 1996: 260) or in some cases as weights, to which they bear some resemblance. It seems possible, even likely, that similar misidentifications by others studying these objects have taken place, with small round stones similar to these being identified as hammerstones or pounders, with little evidence to support such a designation. 4 ix. Varia Several other objects connected with grinding merit mention. Objects 165 and 964 are vesicular basalt scrapers. Obj. 165 was found in a Str. IV Persian fill in Field II, but certainly dates earlier, and Obj. 964 was found in Str. XI in Field VI NE. This type of scraPers, perhaps used for rubbing the body, consists of a wide, flattish base with a narrower upper part that served as the handle. They are found in Iron Age contexts at a number of sites in Israel, including Hazor Str. VA (Hazor II: pl. CV:13–17) and Str. VI (Hazor III–IV: pl. CLXXXVIII: 8–9) and Tel Batash Str. III–II (Cohen-Weinberger 2001: 229; pl.  92:16). The examples from both of these sites are pierced through the handle, unlike the Gezer specimens, which are not. Objects 291, 626G, and 757 are cylindrical stone objects with small cavities. Each of these three cylindrical stone objects has a small cavity tapped into its end (on Obj. 291, there is a cavity at each end). They share few other characteristics; the material ranges from chalk to limestone to basalt, and the weight ranges from 31.1  g to 215.9  g to 245.2  g. The levels from which they came range from Str. I to XIII. Object 757, which is of basalt, shows signs of rubbing on the flatter side where the cavity has been carved and so may have served as a pounder or grinder before it was altered; Bullard suggested that the cavity may indicate that it was later used as a socket. The cavities of Objs. 626G and 757 are nicely shaped arcs, but in Obj. 291 the apex of both arcs is extended for a couple of millimeters, suggesting that the object was clamped between two sticks or metal rods to create a roller. 4. At Timnah, one such stone was described both as a hemispherical pounding stone (hammer-stone) and as a weight (Object reg. no. F6177; see Cohen-Weinberger 2001: 229; Eran 2001: 240, no. 22; and Mazar and PanitzCohen 2001: fig. 75:9).

b.  Alabaster Vessels and Objects Many alabaster objects from Field VI NE were listed by Dever in Gezer IV (HUC) and need not be repeated here. They were largely dated to the Early Iron Age, contemporary with the Philistine levels at the site. Among several other items from the same area and period not listed there are a ring fragment (Obj. 1188); a fragment of a cup handle (Obj. 487); and three other vessel fragments, including a base and a rim, (Objs. 903, 917 [rim?], 1086, 1157 [base?], and 1227). 5

c. Weights i.  Field I Object 6 is a smooth, gray ellipsoidal pebble 8.63 cm long, 4.7–5.27 cm wide, and 3.85 cm high. It weighs 266.7 g. Object 7 is a spheroid-shaped, yellow limestone pebble with a thin encrustation on half the surface. It weighs 106.9 g. Object 12 is a smooth, dark gray ellipsoidal pebble 3.23 cm long, 2.56 cm wide, and 1.81 cm high. It weighs 20.9 g. Object 46 is an ovoid pebble 4.87  cm long, 3.77 cm wide, and 3.4 cm high. It weighs 81.9 g. ii.  Field VI Object 808 is a half-deben weight of white siliceous limestone with a cone shape, well ground and polished. It weighs 44.6 g. Object 975 is a subfusiform, subangular pebble with artificial faceting whose surface shows artificial dressing, 1.9 cm long, 1.1 cm wide, and 1.0 cm high. The object was not weighed. Object 1191 is a hard, gray cone-shaped stone with a blown mantleface, 3.77 cm high with a base diameter of 2.6 cm. It weighs 47.8 g. Object 1337 is a dome-shaped goethite nodule with a flat base that may have been used as a weight. It was found in a 12th century b.c.e. pit. It is 1.7 cm high and has a base diameter of 1.6 cm. It weighs 15.2 g.

5. Initially, Object 917 was identified as a base fragment, and Object 1157 as a rim fragment. These identifications were later queried, and it is unclear whether they were bases or rims.

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Object 1379 is a small goethite nodule reworked as a weight, fashioned (not by rotative process) into a dome shape 1.26 cm high and with a flat base measuring 1.30/1.35 cm in diameter. It weighs 6 g. iii.  Field IV Object 1562A is a broken rectangular black stone (possibly haematite) weight measuring 2.6 cm tall, 2.8 cm wide, and 1.4 cm thick. It weighs 23.2645 g. It was nicely ground and polished, and may have originally been twice as long. Object 1562B is a roughly shaped brown haematite weight 2 cm wide × 1.5 cm long. It weighs 10.6249  g. Both of these weights were found in a 16th century brick debris layer. Objects 1880–82, 1885, 1890A–B, and 1891A–B are part of a corpus of objects found on Surface 5013 of an MB IIC storage room that also included other small stones that may likewise have been used as weights, along with two flint blades, a bronze pin, a bead, and two horn fragments. The room was situated along the face of the city wall, just inside the Southern Gate in Field IV, and the destruction debris that sealed the room covered several grainstorage jars. Beneath the same surface in the southwest corner of the room was a hoard that included the gold and silver foil figurines (Objs. 2292–94), several gold rings, a scarab, and two beads (Seger 1976a; Gezer VII [HUC]: chap. V.B). Object 2248 is a weight with a low cone shape that shows traces of heavy use as a weight around the base edge where loss from small chips is estimated at about 0.4–0.6 g. The diameter at the base is 2.4 cm; the maximum diameter is 2.9/2.75  cm; and the height is 2.4 cm. It weighs 45.1  g. It was found on destruction Surface 6010, dating to the late 16th century b.c.e. iv.  Field VII Object 1717 is a dome-shaped fragment of dark gray, nearly black stone (possibly granite) that may have served as a weight. Its surface is well ground and polished, and part of the mantleface is straight faceted. The base is rough, with protruding and receding parts, suggesting that the craftsman’s working of the stone ended when the mass of the stone was found to be correct. It is 5.4 cm wide, 5.4 cm long, and 2.8 cm high. It weighs 118.4 g.

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Object 1963 is a dome-shaped and inscribed pim weight of dense microcrystalline limestone 1.93/1.90  cm in diameter and 1.64  cm high. The base diameter is 1.5 cm. It weighs 9.5542 g. It shows traces of wear around the base edge but is otherwise perfectly preserved. Object 2332 is a finely worked, dense, oblate, spheroid, dolomite stone with a distinct flat base smoothed from use. It has a maximum diameter of 8.2 cm, a height of 6.8 cm, and a base diameter of 3.5 cm. It weighs 947.5 g. It is perfectly preserved, with no damage discernible. Object 2350 is a small stone of dense biomicritic limestone with two nearly parallel ground and polished planes forming the top and bottom of the artifact. The base plane is completely convex, the top plane slightly so with striations. The object was tentatively identified by Bullard as a weight or a burnishing stone. It is 2.0 cm long, 1.8 cm wide, and 1.1 cm thick. It weighs 5.936 g. v.  Field X Object 2167 is a dark gray haematite (not magnetic) weight with a sub-barrel shape not made by rotative process but with numerous facets. On one facet is an area of pecking, perhaps for diminishing the weight. It was 2.14 cm long, 1.6 cm wide, and 1.6 cm high. It weighs 11.2734 g.

d. Varia Other notable stone objects include the following. i.  Net Sinkers or Possible Weights Several small stone rings that may have been used as sinkers were found, such as Objects 201 and 349. They were carved from limestone and sandstone or from basalt. They ranged in outside diameter 3.45–5.50 cm and inside diameter 1.17–1.85 cm. They may have been used for a number of different purposes, including as light loom weights or as net-sinkers by fishermen or even as whorls. A. Eran identified four of them, Objects 201, 203, 210, and 232, all from the EB II Fill 2075 in Field I, as part of a group of five weights (1974: 131–32). However, their contexts give little indication of their function. Seven, including the four from Field I L. 2075, came from EB II fills, two were from Iron II loci in Field II (Obj. 56) and Field VII (Obj. 1745), and

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Chapter III

the remaining three came from unstratified layers or the Macalister dump. A clue to their use as weights may be seen in Object 269, from an EB II context in Field I. This is a fragmented basalt ring that was bored on one of the fractures after it was broken, so that the final weight is 8.6 g, some 0.2–0.4 g heavier than might be expected for a shekel weight. A second, smaller cavity drilled onto the mantle face may represent the sign for a single unit. ii.  Incised Figurine A small chalk pellet with an incised human figure, Object 254, was found in an 11th century industrial dump in debris (L. 1107) in Field II. The pellet measures approximately 5.4  cm  ×  3.2  cm and is approximately 2.4 cm thick. The stick figure carved on the face of the pellet is irregular in shape, with one leg and one arm considerably longer than the others. It is unclear whether the figure, which is approximately 3.1 cm high, is facing toward the front or the back. The shorter arm hangs at the figure’s side and the longer arm extends straight up and then bends at a right angle across the top of the head. It is possible that the extended part of this arm may be an implement being held by the figure. Both legs are slightly bent at the knee, but the longer leg, on the same side as the longer arm, extends below the shorter leg. iii.  Door Socket A large limestone door socket, Object 586, came from L. 24039, a compact occupational and bricky debris layer above Str. XIII Surface 24049 in Field VI, dating to the 12th century b.c.e. The socket is roughly carved and has a primary worked depression approximately 1.25 cm deep and a secondary socket cut into the primary one a further 2.5  cm deep. Although its original context is uncertain, it seems likely to have been used in Granary 24000, probably in Room 6, whose entrance led into the building from a courtyard. iv.  Four Whetstones These came from different fields and periods. Object 963B is a broken rectangular sandstone block measuring 3.7 cm long (the fractured side), 2.8 cm

wide, and 1.88 cm high. It came from a Str. VI metaled street surface in Field II, dating to the 10th/9th century b.c.e. Another sandstone whetstone, Object 2020, came from a mixed layer in Field VII, dating to Str. III, the Hellenistic period. Object 1744 came from Pit 24040 in Field VII, also dating to the Hellenistic period. The best specimen was Object 2012, a coarse quartz siltstone whetstone 12  cm long, 2.8 cm wide, and only 0.95 cm thick with a tapering end, which was found in a MB  IIC/LB  IA bricky debris layer in Field IV. v.  Carved Chalk Objects Object 1089 is part of a larger object of uncertain shape and purpose. The surviving piece has two legs and a dorsal trough. Within the trough are signs of primary firing, suggesting that this may be part of a small altar or incense burner. The surviving piece of the object measures 7.5 cm high, 8 cm wide at the base, and 5  cm thick. The trough is about 2.5  cm wide. It was found in Field VI NE, in a Str. XIV trench below the threshing floors of the Str. XIII granary, which contained MB IIB and LB material. Object 1856 is another chalk fragment from a larger carved object, perhaps a lintel or altar, or possibly a pilaster fragment. Measuring 10.4 cm × 12.3 cm, the fragment has a small shelf with a design incised into the façade above it. The design resembles a crude tree, with a vertical line and branches on each side. The design is incompletely preserved; three parallel lines branch off to the left and at least two to the right. The object was found in topsoil in Field VII. Another carved chalk pilaster fragment, Object 1917, was found in the same locus. A chalk fragment of a drain or gutter, Object 2122, came from an Iron II debris layer from Str. VI in Field VII. The piece measures 47  cm long × 32 cm wide and has a well-carved, clearly defined trough 13–15 cm wide. The sides of the trough are vertical, and the base is horizontal. A sculpted circular chalk table, Object 2340, was found in Field IV on Str. XVIIIA Surface 6010, dating to MB IIC. The tabletop measured 33.5 cm in diameter, but its base was not preserved.

129

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1964 3 5

6

7

8

stone spearpoint; I.3.12 polished, (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm stone disk fragment; 1.2.28 possible weight pebble; gray, ellipsoidal I.2.28 shape, possible weight; (L) 8.63 cm, (W) 4.7/5.27/4.7 cm, (H) 3.85 cm, (Wt) 266.7 g yellow limestone pebble; I.2.30 near prolate spheroid shape, possible weight, half the surface covered by a thin encrustation, (Wt) 106.9 g pebble; natural ovoid I.3.5 shape, possible weight, (Dia) 2.2/1.95 cm, (H) 1.69 cm; (Wt) 10 g

L. 3003

surface

Iron I–II, Pers, Hell, early Rom

below topsoil

L. 2003A

3

XI

LB, Iron I, one Hell

3

XI

LB, Iron I, one Hell

hardpacked destruction debris, above Surface 2004 and debris, L. 2003 hardpacked destruction debris, above Surface 2004 and debris, L. 2003

L. 2003A

L. 2005A

3/2

XI/II

Iron I, few Hell

lens in surface of destruction debris, L. 2005

L. 3002

surface

mixed

topsoil

bricky destruction debris below Phase 4 Surfaces 3008 and 3008B, above Phase 5A Surface 3009 makeup of cobble Surface 1001 below Phase 4 Surface 2007 and above Phase 5A Surface 2009 sealed material under Phase 4 Cobble Pavement 2008, and above Phase 5A Surface 2009 destruction debris below Phase 5C/B Surface 2012 and above Phase 6A Surface 2018 makeup of hardpacked earthen Surface 1027 covering whole area makeup of hardpacked earthen Surface 1027 covering whole area destruction debris below Phase 5C/B Surface 2012 and above Phase 6A Surface 2018

74-29

74-20

pl. 28:1

pl. 22:1

1965 12

ellipsoid stone; dark gray, possible weight; (Dia) 3.23/2.56 cm, (H) 1.81 cm, (Wt) 20.9 g

I.3.31

L. 3008.1

5/4

XV–XII

one Mycenaean, one Base Ring, one White Slip, mostly Iron I

13

rubbing stone

I.1.55

L. 1001B

2

II

Iron I & II, Hell

17

basalt rubbing stone fragment

I.2.55

L. 2007.1

5/4

XV–XII

two LB Cypriote, mostly Iron I

18

basalt rubbing stone fragment

I.2.59

L. 2008.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB, Iron I

31

basalt rubbing stone fragment

I.2.71

L. 2012.1

6A/5C

XVI–XV LB II, Iron I?

37

basalt rubbing stone fragment

I.1.91C

L. 1027.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

38

basalt rubbing stone

I.1.91C

L. 1027.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

39

limestone rubbing stone; low dome-shaped, (Dia) 8.7/8.3 cm (max), (base Dia) 5.9/5.5 cm, (H) 5.37 cm, (Wt) 531.5 g

I.2.78

L. 2012.1

6A/5C

XVI–XV LB II, Iron I?

pl. 29:1

pl. 29:3

pl. 29:4

130

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

41

pumice polishing stone; very porous

I.1.94

L. 1027.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

45

stone spear point

I.2.83

L. 2018.1

6B/A

XVI

LB II

46

pebble; ovoidal shape approaching prolate spheroid, possible weight; (Dia) 4.87/3.77/3.4 cm, (Wt) 81.9 g 2 rim fragments of large basalt bowl/platter

I.2.86

L. 2018.1

6B/A

XVI

LB II

I.4.64

L. 4008

7A

XVIII

Chalco to MB, mostly LB I

II.2.15

L. 2002

surface

I.1.144

L. 1031

7A

XVIII

LB I, few LB II

II.1.105

L. 1017.1

5

VI

Iron I, Iron II brown earth below down to 8th b.c.e. Phase 5–4 Wall 1017

II.1.35

L. 1074

2B/A

II

some Iron II, mostly Late Hell

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV LB II, Iron I

50

54

55

56

68

73

82

soft white chalk object; roughly rectangular, 5 deliberate circular indentations, possible gaming piece, (L) 6.75 cm, (W) 2.05/1.75 cm, (Th) 2.1/1.4 cm fossiliferous sandstone pounder; domed octahedron with two opposing large and two pairs of opposing small faces, 5.4 cm × 5.2 cm; very small damage estimated at 0.75 g; (Wt) 209.7 g, (restored Wt) 210.5 g (est.) hard limestone ring; centrally biconically bored, the middle section of the bore hole straight-walled, possibly loom weight or net sinker, (Dia) 4.65 cm, (H) 2.4 cm, (inside Dia) 1.65 cm, (Wt) 69.9 g pink limestone vase base fragment

fossiliferous sandstone I.1.103 pounder; domed cube shape; because of porous cavernous surface, no damage discernible; 4.5 cm × 4.5 cm × 4.73 cm, (Wt) 162 g fossiliferous sandstone II.1.85 rubbing stone; rectangular

L. 1037

Some LB, Iron I, II, mostly Late Hell, early Rom

LB, Iron I & II, some Hell and Rom

DA # Plate No. Published

makeup of hardpacked earthen Surface 1027 covering whole area soft reddish brown bricky fill below Phase 6A Surfaces 2018 and 2018A, above Phase 6B Surface 2022 soft reddish brown pl. 31:5 bricky fill below Phase 6A Surfaces 2018 and 2018A, above Phase 6B surface 2022 debris below erosion pl. 31:9 debris, L. 4004A and above level of Phase 7A Wall 4014/4014A dark gray cultivation 67-427 pl. 20:1 soil

destruction debris below destruction debris, L. 1030 and above Surface 1032

bricky hardpack E of Phase 2B–A Wall 1003, probably makeup for Phase 2B Surface 1006 makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029

disturbed topsoil material S of Phase 8C–A Wall 1026 and over top of Phase 9 Wall 1042

pl. 32:1

pl. 25:9

pl. 31:1

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:5

131

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

86

vesicular basalt rubbing stone; (L) 26.25 cm, (H) 4.5 cm, (W) 13.25 cm

II.1.93

L. 1039.1

5/4

VI/V

Iron II down to 8th c. b.c.e.

87

fragment of large flat olivine basalt bowl with ring base; (est. Dia) 26 cm

I.4.67

L. 4008

7A

XVIII

Chalco to MB, mostly LB I

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

below Phase 4 Surface 1039, down to Phase 6 Surface 1035 debris below erosion debris, L. 4004A and above level of Phase 7A Wall 4014/4014A

pl. 31:15

1966 93 94

L. 4015 L. 4002

LB, Rom Iron I, early Rom

95

basalt bowl rim fragment II.4.29 limestone rubbing stone; II.4.2 broken limestone quern II.4.14B

L. 4005

96 97

limestone rubbing stone limestone rubbing stone

II.4.2 II.4.18

L. 4002 L. 4010

104

alabaster bowl rim fragment; (outer Dia) 10 cm

II.2.111A

L. 2043

116

chalk stopper with carved design

I.8.20

L. 8006

119

basalt ring; porous, I.2.134 doughnut shaped, partly flat base within a little raised rim. The base and the inside of the central hole show traces of rubbing, suggesting that it served at some stage as a door socket; (Dia) 11 cm (max), (inside Dia) 2.26 cm, (H) 4.8/4.4 cm, (Wt) 811.7 g steatite table; (L) 3 cm, I.1.215 (W) 3 cm, (H) 1.2 cm

LB, Iron I ud, few bricky debris S of Hell/Rom Phase 13(?) Wall 4001 Iron I, early Rom topsoil debris LB, Iron I, Hell/ material from 1 m Rom wide E-W probe in L. 4008 considerable Iron Phase 3 debris over II, some Pers, Surface 2047, mixed predom. late Hell with Phase 2 rubbly (2nd b.c.e.) fill in deep trench Chalco to LB I chalk “plaster” surface below Macalister dump Layer 8005, over whole area down 10–15 cm; above post-Phase 8 Fill 8009 and Phase 8 Fill 8010 MB II C/LB I ud pottery on 8A Flagstone Pavement 2038

120

124

polished stone; triangular II.4.39

3/Sub 2 IV–III

L. 2038.P

8A

XIX

L. 1049

8B/A

XIX

few early, mostly MB IIA–C

L. 4022

14

XVI

some MB II, predominately LB II

cleanup topsoil debris

67-424 pl. 24:1

debris (destruction?) 67-422 with much ash, over Surfaces 1052/1052A of Phase 8B, probably top served as surface in Phase 8A pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellow-brown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects

pl. 33:3

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:18

132

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 125

128

MC #

Description yellow limestone object, cushion shape with rectangular rounded base, smoothed from use as a rubbing stone, both ends damaged from use as percussion tool, damage loss of 4–6 g, (L) 10.4 cm, (W) 6.55 cm, (H) 4.2/4.1 cm; (Wt) 468.7 g, (restored Wt) 474 g vesicular basalt rubbing stone; (L) 34.25 cm, (W) 10.75 cm, (H) 5.5 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

L. 1090.P

8C–B

X

11th/10th

occupational debris and pottery on Phase 8C–B Surface 1090

pl. 27:9

II.4.36

L. 4022

14

XVI

some MB II, predominately LB II

pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellow-brown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects Phase 3 debris over Phase 3 Surface 2047, mixed with Phase 2 rubbly fill in deep trench tabun on Phase 3 Surface 2047, near W balk

pl. 31:6

139

chalk bowl; hard, small, (Dia) 5.2 cm, (H) 2.3 cm

II.2.147

L. 2043

3/2B

IV–II

considerable Iron II, some Pers, predom. late Hell (2nd b.c.e.)

142

fossiliferous sandstone cube; irregularly shaped, 4.4 cm × 4.4 cm × 4.4 cm black limestone tool fragment

II.2.160

L. 2048

3

IV

Iron II, Pers, few intrusive (?) Hell ud

II.2.164

L. 2047

3

IV

some Iron II, latest clear Pers

sandstone rubbing II.2.116 stone fragment; large, charred on underside, (L) 17.5 cm (broken), (W) 13.5 cm, (H) 4.9 cm basalt basin fragment; I.1.161 footed, (Dia) 19 cm; red ochre traces inside

L. 2008

1

I

some Iron II, but latest always clear Rom

L. 1037

7A

XVIII

MB IIA–C, LB I

basalt basin with ring base; rim to base fragment; (Dia) 51 cm kurkar rubbing stone; stele shape, (L) 9.35 cm, (W) 6.5/6.0 cm, (H) 3.25/2.9 cm, (Wt) 286 g kurkar rubbing stone fragment; (L) 9 cm (broken) stone cleaver; ground and polished, (L) 11.65 cm, (W) 6.05 cm, (H) 2.1 cm vesicular basalt scraper; (L) 10.75 cm, (W) 6.7 cm, (H) 5.2 cm, (Wt) 160 g

II.2.115

L. 2008

1

I

II.2.164

L. 2047

3

IV

some Iron II, but latest always clear Rom some Iron II, latest clear Pers

II.2.163

L. 2053

4

V

7th/6th

II.1.198

L. 1098.P

8B

X

11th/10th

II.2.149

L. 2032

3

IV

considerable Iron loose rubble and II, several Pers, ashy fill below Phase few Hell intrusive 3 Surface 2013, probably Persian fill

143

154

155

156 157

161 162

165

DA # Plate No. Published

II.1.182

pl. 22:3

pl. 25:5

surface N of Phase 1 Wall 2008, cut by Hellenistic pitting of Phase 2 E-W wall, probably a terrace wall

destruction debris, large stones, bone, much pottery; possibly contaminated from cleanup E-W wall, probably a terrace wall

pl. 31:14

pl. 21:5

surface N of Phase pl. 25:2 1 Wall 2008, cut by Hellenistic pitting of Phase 2 rough “cobble” surface in SE of area, E of Wall 2054 occupational debris 67-425 and pottery on Phase 8B Surface 1098 pl. 25:1

133

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1967 191

flint blade; (L) 5.4 cm, (W) 2.4 cm, (H) 0.4 cm

I.1

L. 1061

11A/10

XXIII/ XXI

some EB, few MB ud

195

flint blade; (L) 7 cm, (Wt) 7 g

I.8.110

L. 8025

7

XVIII

EB, MB IIA–C

200

limestone mace head; (L) I.2.256 7.5 cm, (Wt) 345 g

L. 2075

12

XXIV

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

201

porous basalt ring, I.2.253 net sinker; (Dia) 3.8/3.65 cm, (inside Dia) 1.17/1.2 cm, (H) 1.8 cm, (Wt) 36.7 g

L. 2075

12

XXIV

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

202

white sandstone cube with well rounded edges and corners; rubbing stone or possibly a weight; (L) 5 cm, (Wt) 268.7 g

I.2.253

L. 2075

12

XXIV

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

203

white sandstone ring; net sinker or possibly loom weight, bored from both sides, the middle section very slightly narrower than the end sections and nearly straight-walled; (Dia) 5.5/4.9 cm, (inside Dia) 1.3/1.2 cm, (H) 3.0 cm, (Wt) 93.2 g flint blade; (L) 2.8 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (H) 0.6 cm, (Wt) 4 g basalt foot and part of basin of tripod bowl flint blade; (L) 6.8 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (H) 0.5 cm, (Wt) 12 g hard white calcareousquartzite sandstone ring, biconically bored, possible weight or net sinker; (Dia) 4.97 cm, (H) 2.84cm, (inside Dia) 2.5/1.36/2.25 cm, (Wt) 98.1 g flint blade; double-edged, (L) 4.7 cm, (W) 2.65 cm, (H) 0.55 cm, (Wt) 12 g

I.2.253

L. 2075

12

XXIV

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

I.1.251

L. 2066

10/9B

XXI/XX

MB IIA–B, some possible IIC

III.3.16

L. 3000

I.4.215

L. 4085.1

11A

XXIII

I.2.263

L. 2075

12

XXIV

I.2.254

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

207 208 209 210

211

cobbly patches in Phase 11A/10 Surface 1063 lens of tell debris in Phase 7 Glacis 8012, below Phase 7 Layer 8024 thick layer of loose, 74-16 rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 thick layer of loose, rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 thick layer of loose, rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 thick layer of loose, 74-15 rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1

rubbly fill below Phase 10/9B Fill 2064.1 Hell “Hippo” Jar Macalister backfill and/or dump EB ud, few material up to 10 cm intrusive MB ud below Phase 11A in upper layers Surface 4085 EB I–II, thick layer of loose, scattering of rubbly fill of small intrusive later stones; stratisherds, possibly graphically equal in upper levels to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 mostly EB I-II, surface makeup but few clear MB and hard brown fill II ud sherds in below Phase 11A upper baskets Surface 2074

Gezer II (HUC): pls. 39.8; 74B

Gezer II (HUC): 131, pl. 39:13

Gezer II (HUC): 131, pl. 39:9

Gezer II (HUC): 131, pl. 39:11

pl. 20:6

Gezer II (HUC): 131, pl. 39:10

134

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 212

213

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

flint blade; doubleI.2.254 edged, (L) 4.85 cm, (W) 1.95 cm, (H) 0.5 cm, (Wt) 6 g flint blade; double-edged, I.2.255 (L) 4.1 cm, (W) 2.45 cm, (H) 0.45 cm, (Wt) 6 gr

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

L. 2075

12

XXIV

214

flint blade; double-edged, I.2.247 (L) 4.2 cm, (W) 2.6 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (Wt) 6 g

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

215

flint blade; double-edged, I.2.247 (L) 4.3 cm, (W) 1.6 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (Wt) 4 g

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

216

flint blade; doubleI.2.247 edged, (L) 6.65 cm, (W) 1.65 cm, (H) 0.25 cm, (Wt) 5 g flint blade; double-edged, I.2.247 (L) 4.55 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (H) 0.5 cm, (Wt) 8 g

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

flint blade; doubleI.2.247 edged, (L) 3.55 cm, (W) 2.55 cm, (H) 0.35 cm, (Wt) 6 g flint blade; double-edged, I.2.247 (L) 3.95 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, (H) 1.0 cm, (Wt) 6 g

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

L. 2072

11/10

XXIII– XXI

221

fan scraper; (L) 11.5 cm, (W) 6.4 cm, (H) 1.3 cm, (Wt) 80 g

L. 2079.1

11B/A

XXIII

223

whitish limestone III.6.52 pestle; irregular, roughly worked, sugarcone shaped, not fashioned by rotative process and neither ground not polished; the rounded top appears to be reworked (diminished); (Dia near base) 5.05/5.7 cm, (Dia near top) 4.7/4.1 cm, (H) 6.6 cm, (Wt) 257.1 g basalt rubbing stone; (L) I.2.256 19 cm

L. 6027

limestone bowl; (L) 19 cm, (W) 12.5 cm, (inside depth) 5.0 cm, (outside depth) 7.5 cm

L. 3003

217

218

219

225

226

I.2.265

III.3.21

L. 2075

mostly EB I-II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets EB ud

Hell, ud

12

XXIV

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

Iron I, Rom, ud ns

Context surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 thick layer of loose, rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074 material in and below Phase 11A cobble patch, L. 2079 Macalister-disturbed materials in E casemate

thick layer of loose, rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 Macalister-disturbed materials in W casemate

DA # Plate No. Published 74-33

74-30

74-31

74-39

135

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

228

flint blade saw; doubleedged, (L) 7.9 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (H) 0.6 cm, (Wt) 6 g

I.8.144

L. 8035

pre-7?

pre-XVIII Chalco, EB, MB IIA–B

232

fragment of basalt ring; biconically bored, (outside Dia) ca. 4 cm, (extant 3.95 cm; inside Dia extant 1.24 cm), (H) 1.9 cm, (Wt) 18.8 g, (restored Wt.) ca. 40 g

I.2.271

L. 2075

12

XXIV

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, poss in upper levels

233

fragment of basalt I.1.272 ring; biconically bored, possible weight or net sinker, (Dia) ca. 3.76 cm, (inside Dia) ca 1.2 cm, (H) 1.68 cm, (Wt) 18.55 g, (restored weight not estimated)

L. 1070.1

13/12

XXV– XXIV

EB ud.

242

limestone macehead; I.1.286 (L) 5.05 cm, (max Dia) 4.9/4.6 cm, (Dia of bore) 2.0/0.8 cm

L. 1077

14/13

XXVI/ XXV

late Chalco

243

mottled stone bowl rim fragment; polished flint scraper

V.6

L. 6000

I.2.289

L. 2075

12

XXIV

248

flint blade; double-edged, I.2.295 (L) 7.3 cm, (W) 1.45 cm, (H) 0.45 cm

L. 2085

13/12

XXV/ XXIV

249

flint blade; with patina, (L) 5.15 cm, (W) 1.45 cm, (H) 0.3 cm

I.4.289

L. 4120

11B-1

XXIV– XXIII

250 251

flint blade flint blade; with patina

V.7.00 I.2.301

L. 7000 L. 2084

13/12

XXV/ XXIV

252

stone bowl fragment; (L) V.7.68 5.2 cm (broken), (rim Dia) ca 9.2 cm flint blade; double-edged, I.3.249 with patina, (L) 3.35 cm, (W) 1.45 cm, (H) 0.4 cm

L. 7000

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

dark brown virgin 74-12 soil below prePhase 7 Layer 8033 down to bedrock; some sherds and occupational debris in upper layers thick layer of loose, rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 makeup below Phase 12B Surface 1070

Gezer II (HUC): 131, pl. 39:12

1968

247

253

L. 3071.1

ns

11A

XXIII

chocolate brown soil filled with small stones below Phase 14/13 L. 1071.1 and above Phase 14 Surface 1075 in NW corner Macalister dump

74-14

thick layer of loose, rubbly fill of small stones; stratigraphically equal to Phase 12/11B Layer 1072, and Phase 12/11? Layers 3090.1 and 3093.1 late Chalco, few mixed loci in probe 74-10 EB I trench along S balk, below Phase 13/12 L. 2084 and Phase 14 Surface 2085 Chalco, EB ud, ns pit or sump of small stones in N of area, dug from Phase 11B-1 Surface 4138 ns Macalister dump late Chalco, EB material in and under I–II Phase 12B Surface 2084A Macalister dump

Gezer II (HUC): pls. 39:5; 74A

EB I–II, scattering of intrusive later sherds, possibly in upper levels

EB I–II

makeup in and below Phase 11A Surface 3071

pl. 20:5

136

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

II.1.278

L. 1107

9

256

flint blade

I.3.286

L. 3077

11A/10? XXIII– XXI

259

stone celt; polished, (L) I.2.323 4.9 cm, (W) 3.6 cm, (Th) 2.3 cm

L. 2094

14

261

edge piece of basalt platter; incised (see Obj. 1374 for similar incised pattern) basalt fragment; finely polished

I.2.309

L. 2088

14/13/12 XXVI/ XXV/ XXIV

series of layers of 74-43 debris, composed of burned lime with ash and clay, irregularly lensing in and out, over whole area N of Phase 10–9 Wall 1031 few late Chalco, series of water-laid mostly EB I–II, silt and gravelly three intrusive erosion layers in MB II sherds in lane between Walls upper levels 2077 and 3065; probably post-Phase 11 erosion Late Chalco material in and 74-19 under Phase 14 Surface 2085, down to bedrock late Chalco, EB I, material in and 74-35 EB II? under Phase 13/12 Surface 2088

I.3.282

L. 3077

11A

XXIII

EB I–II

rim and handle piece of basalt vessel rock with square hole and plaster adhering to surface basalt ring fragment; 2 cavities drilled after fracture; the larger cavity was drilled partly on one fracture, the second on the mantleface to mark the object as a unit weight; probable net sinker in original usage, shekel weight (slightly overweight by 0.2–0.4 g) after fracture and adjustment; (outside Dia) 3.6 cm, (inside Dia) 1.25 cm, (H) 1.0 cm, (Wt) 8.6 g rim piece of Egyptian slate bowl

V.7.119

L. 7032

2

XIX

MB II

II.2

locus not assigned

I.4.312

L. 4132

11B/A

XXIII

Chalco, EB I–II

mostly silt and water-laid sand below Phase 11A Surface 4132A and above Phase 11B-1 Surface 4137/4138

III.1.151

L. 1028

3-1

V–II

Iron 2–Hell. 2nd

I.2.301

L. 2084

13/12

XXV/ XXIV

late Chalco, EB I–II

large robber? pit along W balk & extending into S balk material in and under Phase 12B Surface 2084A

265 266 269

270

274

fossiliferous limestone ring fragment; flat bases, biconically bored, slightly less than half extant, possibly weight or net sinker, (outside Dia) a little more than 4.36 cm, (inside Dia) 1.25 cm, (annular W) 1.57 cm, (H) 1.3 cm, (Wt) 17.5 g

XXVI

12th/11th, midto-late 11th

DA # Plate No. Published

chalk pellet with incised irregular figure; ca. 5.4 cm × 3.2 cm × 2.4 cm

263

XI

Context

254

makeup in and below Phase 11A Surface 3071 probe immediately below Massebah 4 found in topsoil

pl. 28:6

pl. 33:10

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 39:4

pl. 33:1

pl. 33:5

pl. 33:9

137

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj # 291

292

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

chalk object; roughly II.2.274 cylindrical, axial cavities drilled at each end, (L) 5.2 cm, (W) 5.75 cm, (Wt) 31.1 g basalt vase rim piece; I.10.136 double row of raised surface decoration on outside surface

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

L. 2008

1

I

Iron II–Hell/Rom E-W wall, probably a terrace wall

pl. 21:6

L. 10010A

post-2

post-II

EB, MB, Iron I, Hell

pl. 22:2

spill of bricky debris down slope above Phase 6 (?) Glacis 10014, includes several broken ashlar blocks; probably fall from Phase 6 Wall 9011 street fill or makeup below Street 2076 and above Street 2106 pit dug from one of the layers in poor Phase 11A Layer 3071.1 in S of area bottom layer of fill in Phase 9A Foundation Trench 4168, below Phase 9A Layer 4102 and above Phase 13/12 cobbled Surface 4133 Macalister dump

293

quartz gem; (Dia) 0.85 cm, (H) 0.45 cm

III.2.178

L. 2097.1

5–4

VIIIA– VII

LB, late 10th/9th

294

flint blade; heavy use patina, (L) 3.85 cm, (W) 2.1 cm, (H) 0.35 cm

I.3.278

L. 3082

11A

XXIII

Chalco, EB I–II

295

flint blade; (L) 4.4 cm, (W) 1.85 cm, (H) 0.5 cm

I.4.280

L. 4124

9A

XX

few EB, MB IIA–B, probable C

296

flint blade; double-edged, V.6.86 (L) 8.7 cm, (W) 2.25 cm, (H) 0.25 cm flint blade; double-edged, I.3.284 (L) 7.8 cm, (W) 2.35 cm, (H) 0.45 cm

L. 6012 L. 3080.1

11A

XXIII

Chalco, EB I–II

302

goethite nodule fashioned into a dome with a base; (Wt) 6.4 g

L. 1166

6

VIIIB

Iron II, 10th/9th

318

ironstone nodule; slightly II.1.330 worked

L. 1031.1

11/10

XIII/XII

LB IIB, 12th, 12th/11th

338

small mortar of nari stone

III.1.196

L. 1153

6

VIIIB

late 10th

347

basalt pestle; (L) 5.0 cm, (max Dia) 4.6 cm stone mortar; (Dia of outer depression) ca. 13.75 cm, (Dia of inner depression) 8.75 cm; found close to Pestle 348B stone pestle; ovoid, (max Dia) 19.0 cm, (W) 9.75/7.0 cm; found close to Mortar 348A

II.2.

L. 2132

I.3.363B

L. 3100.1A sub-14

subXXVI

late Chalco

layer below subPhase 14 Layer 3100.1, down to bedrock

pl. 33:11

I.3.363B

L. 3100.1A sub-14

subXXVI

late Chalco

layer below subPhase 14 Layer 3100.1, down to bedrock

pl. 33:12

297

348A

348B

III.1.231

ashy layer below Phase 11A Layer 3080 in S of area, and above Phase 11A Surface 3081 On Terrace 1017 adjacent to NE edge of Bin 1154 in pocket surrounded by rockfall material immediately below Phase 10–9 Wall 1031 domestic fill characterized by charcoal deposits, bone fragments, and ash, N of Fill 1144.1 details lost

pl. 27:1

pl. 27:2

138

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 349

350

351

352 353

MC #

Description fine grained basalt ring fragment; possibly weight or net sinker, (Dia) 4.16 cm, (H) 1.68 cm, (inside Dia) 1.85 cm, (Wt) 19.5 g, (restored Wt) ca. 40 g rim piece of open basalt vessel stone cube with hole pierced through it; 7.8 cm × 5.9 cm × 5.9 cm, (Dia of hole) 2.2 cm rim piece of open basalt vessel flint blade

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

V.5

L. 5020

I.3.363B

Local Phase 4

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

below 5014 down to 5025

L. 3100.1A sub-14

subXXVI

late Chalco

I.3.216

L. 3062

1

I

Hell, early Rom

V.7.222

L. 7044

4

IV.1.34

L. 1012.P

5

XXIV– XXIII XVIII

Late Chalco– EB II LB I

layer below subPhase 14 Layer 3100.1, down to bedrock E-W wall S of Wall 3015, probably used as a boundary wall, probably same as Wall 2037 below L. 7032 down to L. 7058 on surface

354

flint blade; doubleedged, (L) 10.3 cm, (W) 1.45 cm, (H) 0.55 cm

I.3.357

L. 3095

13/12

XXV/ XXIV

Chalco, EB I, II?

355

flint blade; (L) 4.25cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (H) 0.6 cm

III.1.234

L. 1166

6

VIIIB

10th

356

basalt open bowl fragment–rim to base; (H) 4.9 cm, (Dia) 7.4 cm flint blade; double-edged, (L) 5.5 cm, (W) 2.2 cm, (H) 0.55 cm flint blade; double-edged, (L) 5.9, (W) 1.7 cm, (H) 0.5 cm flint blade; double-edged, (L) 3.8, (W) 1.5 cm, (H) 0.3 cm gray basalt ring; slightly elliptical, possibly weight or net sinker, excellent condition; (Dia) 4.18/4.45 cm, (H) 1.45 cm, (inside Dia) 1.37/1.47 cm, (Wt) 37.9 g crystalline limestone pebble; irregularly shaped, pierced near the edge, 15.9 cm × 9.8/9.2 cm × 5.7/4.7 cm; (Wt) 1137.8 g crystalline limestone pebble; irregularly shaped, holed near extremity, many fractured facets, 16.4 cm × 11.9 cm × 8.6 cm, (Wt) 1720 g

V.7.197

L. 7033

4

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

V.7.192, 196

L. 7033

4

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

V.7.193

L. 7059

4

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

V.7.193

L. 7059

4

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

probe near wall 7039

V.5.17

L. 5000

ns

Macalister dump

II.2.323

L. 2053

4

V

some 10th/9th, mostly 8th-7th

below Phase 4 Cobbles 2053 down to Phase 5A/4 Layer 2111

II.2

L. 2008

1

I

Iron II–Hell/Rom E-W wall, probably a terrace wall

358 359A 359B 381

382

383

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 33:8

pl. 33:6 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 4:27

rubbly brown layer with small to medium stones, below Phase 12/11? Layer 3093.1A; equals Phase 13/12 Layer 3095B destruction debris sealed beneath 1164, equals 1153 and 1144.1 probe below basin 7004, down to surface 7042 probe below basin 7004, down to surface 7042 probe near wall 7039

pl. 33:7

74-63

139

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

384

worked stone–pounder, 7.3 cm × 5.2 cm

III.3.154

L. 3059

6

VIIIB

LB, 1 probable 10th

385

crystalline limestone mortar, or possible door pivot; roughly circular, (Dia) 11.05/9.75 cm, (H) 5.1 cm, (Dia of depression) ca. 6.1 cm, (depth of depression) 2.05 cm

II.3.288

L. 3044

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

fine porous basalt weight; low sugarcone shaped, smooth base and rough top, halfway up the mantle face is a large bored cavity with diameter 0.5 cm and depth 0.4 cm, and a second bored depression opposite near top with diameter 0.3 cm; (Wt) 173.1 g basalt mortar, 7.2 cm × 4.3 cm

VI NW.6.7

L. 6000

VI NE.4.39

L. 4032

393

basalt grindstone fragment; (L) 23.50 cm (broken), (W) 13.2 cm, (H) 4.50 cm

VI NE.5.12

L. 5000

394

basalt grindstone fragment; (L) 23.50 cm (broken), (W) 9.5 cm, (Ht) 4.15 cm

VI NE.6.39

L. 6006

post-4

404

siliceous chalk blade fragment; (W) 2.2 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm flint nodule fragment

II.1.444

L. 1136.1

12/11B

II.1.443

L. 1166

12/11B

Context foundational materials from the W casemate, near its S wall; exceptionally well prepared Iron I/ “LB” wall plaster deep trench across W half of area, cutting down through Phase 5 levels; sealed in part by sub-Phase 2 Surface 3050

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 24:3

1969 388

392

405

LB, Iron I, few Iron II, Hell, ns

6A/5C

XIII/XII

topsoil with Late Burials

few MB II, LB I; mostly LB II, 13th/12th

fill above Phase 6A Surfaces 4035 and 4035A, up to Phase 5C–B Surface 4031 LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed surface, Hell including Late Burials down to Phase 4B Layer 5008 post-IX LB, 11th, 10th compact material in NE corner of area, below Topsoil 6000, down to Phase 4A Layer 6008 XIV/XIII LB II, 13th/12th, makeup and earliest few 12th use of Phase 11B Surface 1160 XIV/XIII LB IIB, mostly material below late 13th, few Phase 11B Layer 12th 1193.3 down to Phase 12 Layer 1188 on E, but cutting Phase 12 levels in W down to Phase 13 Surface 1193; probably a postPhase 12 trenching and filling operation, perhaps for Phase 11B Surfaces; loose soil with cobbleto-boulder-sized stones; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 12/11B Layer 1172

pl. 20:7

pl. 27:7

140

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

408

flint blade; (L) 4.5 cm, (W) 2.7 cm

413

flint blade; double-edged, VI NE.14.1 (L) 6.7 cm, (W) 2.4 cm basalt counter-weight III.5.34 fragment; large, (L) 20.75 cm, (W) 14.25 cm (broken), (Th) 10.75 cm

414

415

III.2.5

Locus L. 2060

Local Phase 1

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading) IIC

L. 14000

Hell, clear late Hell

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II; Hell late Arab ns

L. 5016

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

compact gray brown clay against E side of Curbing 2065 adjacent to Street 2075 topsoil with Late Burials Macalister dump – including debris dug in 1968 and Macalister – built walls and floors compact fill below Topsoil 5000, above Phase 5A Fill 5018

siliceous chalk blade fragment; doubleedged, (L) 6.45 cm, (W) 2.25 cm, (H) 0.7 cm flint blade; with bulb of percussion, main straight serrated edge shows patination along lower side, with nearly parallel flaked lateral edges; 46 cm × 5.2 cm limestone bowl rim fragment; 3.1 cm × 1.4 cm × 1.3 cm flint blade; double-edged, (L) 4.5 cm, (W) 12.6 cm

VI NW.5.30 L. 5008

5A-2?

XI–V?

12th/11th, few 10th, few Hell

VI NW.5.34 L. 5008

5A-2?

XI–V?

12th/11th, few 10th, few Hell

compact fill below Topsoil 5000, above Phase 5A Fill 5018

423

basalt tournette base; (Dia) ca. 17 cm

VI NW.5.68 L. 5029

5A-4

XI–IX

12th

425

alabaster base fragment; translucent white alabaster showing six sedimentary accretion phases; bowl cut perpendicular to the alabaster deposition, 2.1 cm × 5.2 cm × 0.65 cm tessera, indurated chalk limestone; 2 sides still retain traces of mortar setting; 2.2 cm × 1.8 cm × 1.8 cm; 10YR 10/2 white alabaster bowl base fragment; (Dia of base) 9.45 cm

VI NE.14.35

L. 14016

5

XI

LB II, 13th.12th, some 12th

disturbed topsoil, including Late Burials disturbed topsoil, including Late Burials repair of gap in S 74-66 end of Phase 5B/A-4 Wall 5024, of smaller stones than those of Wall 5024 loose pebbly material below Topsoil 14000 and above Phase 5 Surface 14021; probably exterior surface accumulation

VI NE.13.27

L. 13009

5?

XI?

Hell

II.1.554

L. 1166

12/11B

XIV/XIII LB IIB, mostly late 13th, few 12th

416

419 420

445

466

VI NE.13.32

L. 13000

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

VI NE.13.24

L. 13000

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 61.12; 119B Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:16

fill over most of area, perhaps Phase 5 occupational buildup material below 74-62 Phase 11B Layer 1193.3 down to Phase 12 Layer 1188 on E, but cutting Phase 12 levels in W down to Phase 13 Surface 1193; probably a postPhase 12 trenching and filling operation, perhaps for Phase 11B surfaces; loose soil with cobble-toboulder-sized stones; stratigraphically equals Phase 12/11B Layer 1172

Gezer II (HUC): 52, pl. 40:13

141

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

487

alabaster cup handle fragment; (L) 2.1 cm, (W) 1.1 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm

VI NE.14.84

L. 14015

6A

XIII

nil

506

leg fragment of basalt tripod bowl

VI NE.27.27

L. 27007

2

V

LB II, Iron I to early 10th

507

rim piece of shallow basalt bowl; 8.3 cm × 7.95 cm × 2.35 cm

VI NE.13.68

L. 13030

6A

XIII

some LB IIB, restorable early 12th

508

rim piece of shallow basalt bowl; 13.6 cm × 21.8 cm × 4.0/2.4 cm

VI NE.13.67

L. 13020

6B/A

XIII

13th/12th

509

ring base piece of large basalt bowl; 16.3 cm × 13.3 cm × 4.5 cm (ring base), 2.6 cm (body of bowl) limestone bowl rim fragment

III.4

locus not assigned

III.5.242

L. 5090

1

II, I

2nd Hell, Hell/ Rom

rim piece of large shallow basalt bowl; 9.4 cm × 10.6 cm × 2.9 cm half a circular alabaster jar lid/button; hole drilled through center

VI NE.23.21

L. 23012

6A

XIII

VI NE.24.80

L. 24046

4?

X–IX?

513

514

515

521

leg piece of large shallow VI NE.15. basalt bowl; has minor calcite amygdules; (leg to rim) 6.75 cm, (est. Dia of bowl) 22.25 cm piece of basalt stone III.4.147 bowl; 5.2 cm × 4.7 cm × 3.0 cm

L. 15000

L. 4038.1

4

VII

538

basalt bowl piece; complete section rim to base, (est. Dia of rim) 24.20 cm, (est. Dia of base) 16.0 cm

II.3.535

L. 3047

sub2/2B

III/II

541

base and leg fragment of a large basalt bowl; 5.5 cm × 6.1 cm × 3.0 cm × 1.7 cm

VI NE.36.21

L. 36000

526

Context destruction debris on Phase 6A Surface 14032 in Room 3 of Granary 24000; below Phase 5 Surface 14025; equals Phase 6A Rockfall 14027 fill of small stones in robbed portion of Phase 2 Wall 27005 thick layer of destruction debris in Room 1 of Granary 24000; below Phase 5 (?) Fill 13009, down to Phase 6A Surface 13038 fill in SW corner of area, below Phase 6A Surface 13038 down to Phase 6B Surface 13041 Macalister fill

orange gravel, small sherds and pebbles, loose – along Wall 5056 on E side 13th/12th, 12th debris below Topsoil 23000 down to Phase 6A Surface 23015 12th, 11th robber trench for Wall 24090A, cuts Phase 5 Surfaces 24030 and 24054 LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed surface Hell with Late Burials

in balk E-E, north of L. 4032, surface on which L. 4032 founded; very heavily filled with pottery and small pebbles; equals L. 4035.1 to south mostly 7th/6th, trench N of Phase few Pers and Hell 3A Wall 3053, cutting Phase 3A Surface 3060 and Phase 3B Surface 3073; probably Phase 4 destruction debris in backfilled Hellenistic trench LB, Iron I–II, topsoil with Late Hell Burials

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 29:6

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:14 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:15

pl. 29:7

pl. 21:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:21 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:7

10th/9th

pl. 22:4

142

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 542

546

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

base and leg fragment VI L. 36000 of a large basalt vessel/ NE.36.21 stand; 9.85 cm × 11.0 cm × 9.0 cm (leg), 3.0 cm (base) tripod basalt bowl VI.NE.24.44 L. 24018 fragment; base portion and top of legs only; (Dia of stem) 9.8 cm

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

topsoil with Late Burials

occupational debris layer above Phase 5 levels, including above Phase 5C–A Surface 24030, below Topsoil 24000 mud brick occupational and destruction debris inside corner of Phase 6B–A Walls 6022 and 6023 in Room 1 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 4035 down to Phase 6B Surface 4041; stratigraphic equivalent of Phase 6B/A Fill 4038 compact occupational debris, below Topsoil 24000 down to Phase 6A Surface 24056 in Room 9 of Granary 24000; equals 24029, 24039, 24042, and 24059; Phase 6 destruction debris in Room 9 plus Phase 5C fill; same as debris, L. 34007, in adjacent area topsoil with Late Burials

post-5

post-XI

LB, 12th, 11th

547

basalt bowl base VI NE.4.88 fragment; 7.6 cm × 7.4 cm × 3.4 cm (at base)

L. 4017

6B

XIII

LB II ud, mostly 13th/12th plus some Philistine bichrome

558

diorite bowl fragment; black with white mottling, 3.3 cm × 2.85 cm × 1.8 cm

VI NE.24.109

L. 24050

6A/5C

XIII/XII

13th, 12th

559

yellow brown limestone ring; straight-walled central bore from both sides, possibly weight or net sinker, excellent condition; (Dia) 3.45/3.55 cm, (H) 1.65/1.80 cm, (inside Dia) 1.30/0.85/1.30 cm, (Wt) 29.6 g leg of large basalt bowl

VI NE.36.24– 25

L. 36000

III.5.298

L. 5108

1

II

Iron II, Hell

goethite nodule; light brown, irregular rough dome-shaped, well prepared rounded cavity in the top; (Dia) 18.5/18.0 cm, (base Dia) 15.0/15.5 cm, (H) 15.5 cm, (Wt) 10.2 g

II.2.437

L. 2160.P

6B

VIII–VII

10th/9th

566

569

Context

LB, Iron I–II, Hell

LB, Iron I–II, Hell

the lowest rubble in the huge Hellenistic robber pit underneath Macalister’s Building H removing Phase 6B Surface 2160, lowest 5–10 cm

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:10

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:9

pl. 22:5

Gezer II (HUC): 131, pl. 41:1

143

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj # 575

MC #

Description

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

II.3.565

L. 3122

sub-2

III

7th/6th, Pers, Hell

ash pit, cut by sub-Phase 2 Trench 3044, contains much pottery, some of it burnt, and occupational debris

VI NE.24.123

L. 24039

6A

XIII

LB II, 13th/12th, clear 12th

occupational debris 74-122 pl. 29:8 layer in Room 6 of Granary 24000, below post-Phase 5 debris, L. 24018, down to Phase 6B–A Surface 24049; equals 24042, 24051, 24022, and 24050; Phase 6 destruction debris

VI NW.16.46 basalt bowl rim fragment III.5.318

L. 16000

LB, Iron I, Hell

L. 5134.1

6

VIIIB

late 10th, early 9th

626A

half of kurkar saddle quern; 24 cm × 12 cm × 5 cm

II.3.624

L. 3172.P

6A

VII

late 10th, early 9th probable

626B

kurkar saddle quern fragment; 16.8 cm × 8.8 cm × 4.6 cm

II.3.623

L. 3171

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th, 9th

626C

kurkar saddle quern fragment; 17 cm × 8.6 cm × 4.4 cm

II.3.623

L. 3171

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th, 9th

626E

indurated chalk mortar; 9 cm × 7.3 cm × 5.3 cm; (Depression) 1.3 cm silty, in part dolomitic flagstone fragment, wedge form; 7.7 cm × 3.8 cm × 2.1 cm

VI NE.18.3

L. 18000

LB, Iron I–II, Hell, Rom

topsoil, including Late Burials cobbling in N bay under 5091; between 5011 and 4054 material immediately above stones of Phase 6A Cobbles 3172, within destruction collapse on surface; several loom weights and stone querns and pounders on surface (partly recorded in Phase 6A/5B debris, L. 3171, just above 3172.P) debris below Phase 6A/5B Fill 3114.1 down to Phase 6A Cobbles 3172 debris below Phase 6A/5B Fill 3114.1 down to Phase 6A Cobbles 3172 topsoil with Late Burials

VI NE.24.41

L. 24000

MB II, LB I–II, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil with Late Burials

586

594 596

626F

leg fragment of a massive dense olivine alkaline basalt tripod basin; (distance from rim to foot) 11.25 cm, (base Dia of foot) 3.375 cm, (max Dia of foot) 5.75 cm, (Th of bowl) 2.75/2.0 cm limestone door socket; primary worked depression with secondary door pinion seating cut into original socket depression; (W) 21.8 cm (largest), (H) 7.2 cm, (Dia) 10.35 cm (primary socket), (Depth) 1.25 cm (primary socket), (Dia) 6.5 cm (secondary socket), (Depth) 2.5 cm (secondary socket) (total 3.75 cm) incised chalk boulder

Fld, Area, & Basket

pl. 24:2

144

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 626G

626I

MC #

Description micritic limestone; elongate, subcylindrical, conical cavity bored at one end, the other end rounded with traces of percussion use, (L) 10.55 cm, (Dia near bored end) 3.7/3.14 cm, (Dia near rounded end) 3.1/2.95 cm, (bore Depth) 0.9 cm, (bore Dia) 1.5 cm; (Wt) 215.9 g, (restored Wt) ca. 220 g basalt hammer head; 7.8 cm × 5.3 cm × 4.3 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VI NE.24.135

L. 24049.P 6A

XIII

12th

pottery and lithics on Phase 6B–A Surface 24049; includes fragments of at least 10 broken limestone & basalt grindstones

II.3.607

L. 3178

V

LB, early Iron II, mostly 7th/6th

pit in SE of area, ca 1.25 m in diameter, cut by sub- Phase 2 Pit 3067

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 41:5

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10d Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:25a–b Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:25c Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 8:18a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:25 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:24

4

pl. 30:1

1970 627

alabaster vessel fragment IV.13.3

L. 13000

635A, B

2 flint blades

IV.3.134

L. 3012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

637

flint blade

IV.3.138

L. 3012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

638

flint blade

IV.3.40

L. 3039

1

I

Chalco–Iron I

pit backfill

643

flint blade

IV.3.183

L. 3012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

648

white chalk ring; centrally bored from one side only, (Dia) 3.14/2.27 cm, (H) 1.23/1.1 cm, (inside Dia) 0.7/0.8 cm, (Wt) 64 g vesicular basalt saddle quern fragment ( joins with Obj. 739); central portion; the two pieces together measure 13 cm × 9.5 cm × 4.5 cm alabaster scepter-tip or possibly pommel or chariot fitting (Gezer IV [HUC]: 155), half only (broken axially); 2.0 cm × 1.9 cm × 1.2 cm, (axial hole Dia) 1.7 cm bitumen fragment

IV.3.200

L. 3012

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

brick destruction debris

Iron I, Hell, ns

topsoil disturbance, including Late Burials

723

724

726

VI NW.25.8 L. 25001

VI NE.5.79

L. 5027

5B/A

XI

LB II, 12th, 11th

retrenching of Phase 5C–B Wall 5033 along its E face, dug before laying of Phase 5A Surface 5030, which seals it

VI NE.5.80

L. 5025

5A/4B

XI/X

LB II, 12th, 11th

mud brick detritus and rubble, below Phase 4B Surface 5011 down to Phase 5A Surface 5034; redistributed Phase 5A destruction debris

pl. 32:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:2

145

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

727

flint sickle blade; moderate serration and patination, 3.9 cm × 2.7 cm × 0.4 cm

VI NW.16.108

L. 16018

5

XII–XI

728B

kurkar grindstone fragment; 8.5 cm × 8.3 cm × 2.9 cm

VI NE.3

L. 3004

6A

XIII

729

quartzolite pounding/ grindstone, 4.7 cm × 4.8 cm × 4.8 cm

VI NE.26.76

L. 26035.1

5B/A

XI

733

large basalt saddle quern; VI NE.5 end fragment

L. 5000

734

stone mortar fragment; 13 cm × 9.6 cm × 4.8 cm, (Depth) 1.8 cm

L. 25024

5A-4

XI–IX

739

vesicular basalt saddle VI NW.25.8 L. 25000 quern fragment ( joins with Obj. 723); central portion. The two pieces together measure 13 cm × 9.5 cm × 4.5 cm basalt bowl rim VI NE.5.80 L. 5025 fragment; finely dressed interior surface, 15 cm × 13 cm × 3.1 cm

5A/4B

XI–X

LB II, 12th, 11th

5B/A

XI

12th/11th

741

742

limestone mortar fragment; 14.7 cm × 12 cm × 5.8 cm, (Depth) 3.5 cm

VI NE.25.43

VI NW.15.111

L. 15005A

Context

occupational layer with bones, broken sherds and ash on surface in NE corner of area below Phase 5A Layer 16014; allotted to Phase 5 on basis of comparison with Area 6 13th/12th series of laminated surfaces outside Granary 24000; below Topsoil 3000 and Phase 6A(–5?) Layer 3003, above Phase 6A Probe 3004.P and Phase 6A Fill 3004.1 12th ud makeup for Phase 5A Surface 26035, including domestic debris of olive pits, flint reaping teeth, flint cores, grindstones, pounders; down to Phase 5B/A Surface 26048 LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed topsoil, Hell including Late Burials, down to Phase 4B Layer 5008 12th–11th balk removal between Areas 25 and 26; mixed layers down to ca. Phase 5A Surface 25021; mostly Phase 5A debris LB I–II, Iron I, topsoil disturbance, few Iron II, Hell. including Late Burials

DA # Plate No. Published

12th

mud brick detritus and rubble, below Phase 4B Surface 5011 down to Phase 5A Surface 5034; redistributed Phase 5A destruction debris undisturbed occupational debris N of Wall 5C–A Wall 15012, with much Philistine pottery; below postPhase 5A debris, L. 15005, above Phase 5B/A Surface 15024

pl. 29:9

pl. 27:6

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:1

pl. 28:2

146

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

743

vesicular basalt saddle VI quern fragment; reused NE.34.60 as a rubbing stone after fracture, with smoothed surfaces top and bottom, 13 cm × 8.5 cm × 6.6 cm

L. 34032

6B/A

XIII

751

azure tile fragment; 5.6 cm × 4.3 cm × 1.0 cm

VI NE.15.79

L. 15044

5A

XI

751A

small azure tile fragment

VI NW.6.150

L. 6067.1

5C/5B

XII/XI

752

flint sickle blade, (L) 4.7 cm (of cutting edge), (W) 3.0 cm, (H) 1.0 cm

VI NE.26.85

L. 26035.1

5B/A

XI

757

olivine basalt grinder; VI low sugarcone, slightly NE.36.36 blown base in which is a large well-shaped cavity of 2.2 cm diameter and 1.5 cm depth with traces of rubbing around the wall but not in the depth, suggesting later use as a socket; (Dia) 5.5/5.0 cm, (H) 5.8 cm, (Wt) 245.2 g alabaster vessel base VI fragment; (Th of base) NE.25.58 3.1 cm, (Th of wall) 0.6 cm

L. 36010

5A?

XI?

L. 25024

5A-4

XI–IX

12th–11th

L. 13037

6A

XIII

early 12th

759

760

flint sickle blade; (L) 7.2 cm (of cutting edge), (W) 3.7 cm, (H) 0.8 cm

VI NE13.124

Context

occupational debris in Rooms 8, 9, and 12 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surfaces 34020, 34025, and 34025A, down to Phase 6B Surfaces 34022, 34043, and 34050 LB, 12th, 11th (?) mud brick collapse on Phase 5A Surface 15029 at W balk; probably from collapsed Phase 5A terrace wall connecting with Phase 5A Wall 5031 in adjacent area and to E with Phase 5C–B Wall 15031; below Phase 4B/A Trench 15018, above Phase 5C–B Wall 15031 12th, ud material in and 10 cm below Phase 5B Surface 6067; above Phase 5C destruction debris, L. 6068 12th ud makeup for Phase 5A Surface 26035, including domestic debris of olive pits, flint reaping teeth, flint cores, grindstones, and pounders; down to Phase 5B/A Surface 26048 12th 1 × 1 m probe E of Phase 5C–B Wall 36009 along S balk

DA # Plate No. Published

12th

balk removal between Areas 25 and 26; mixed layers down to ca. Phase 5A Surface 25021; mostly Phase 5A debris semi-circular Bin C, built against E face of Phase 6B–A Wall 13032

pl. 28:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:16

147

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj # 769

MC #

Description

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

IV.3.255

L. 3057.1

6A

XIXA

Chalco–MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

VI NW.16.86

L. 16015

1

II

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

Hellenistic pit, full of marl brick; below Phase 1 Layer 16011

VI NE.14.112

L. 14032.1

6A

XIII

12th

vesicular olivine basalt rubbing stone; also used as pounder, 8.9 cm × 8.0 cm × 5.3 cm dense vesicular, in part amygdaloidal, rubbing stone; 16.4 cm × 10.2 cm × 6.7 cm

VI NE.3.47

L. 3054

post-6B XIII

LB II, 12th

II.3.709

L. 3192

6B/A

VIII/VII

10th, 10th/9th

779

flint hammerstone; sub-spherical, showing high degree of surface fracture, (max Dia) 6.7 cm

II.3.691

L. 3188

6B/A

VIII/VII

late 10th, early 9th possible

780

quartzolite rubbing stone; 9.5 cm × 6.6 cm × 6.2 cm kurkar saddle quern fragment; 15.3 cm × 9.2 cm × 3.3 cm

I.N1

L. N1015

material below Phase 6A Surface 14032, and above Phase 6B/A Surface 14061 pit dug apparently from above Phase 6B in area of 4/3 balk occupational debris down to Phase 6B Surface 3225; stratigraphically equal to Phase 6B/A Layers 3161.1, 3187, and 3188 disaggregated debris below Phase 6B/A Fill 3161 down to Phase 6B Surface 3225, equivalent to Phase 6B/A Layer 3187 in the W unstratified probe

VI NE.3.62

L. 3004.1

6A

XIII

13th/12th

782

quartzolite pounding/ rubbing/polishing stone; 5.2 cm × 5.3 cm × 4.6 cm, (Wt) 212.7 g

VI NE.34.76

L. 34016

6A

XIII

12th

785

pounder/ballista; subVI NE.5.98 spherical sub-polyhedral, (Dia) 5.0 cm (avg)

L. 5032

5B

XI

LB II, 12th

787

vesicular basalt grindstone fragment; 7.8 cm × 4.9 cm × 3.8 cm

L. 25024

5A-4

XI–IX

12th–11th

771

776

777

778

781

gray wacke siltstone; worked and drilled, possible bead fragment, 2.7 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.5 cm crystalline limestone bowl fragment; veined with calcite, ring base, (H) 5.3 cm (from base to rim) vesicular basalt grindstone fragment

Fld, Area, & Basket

VI NE.25.61

material in and 10 cm below Phase 6A Surfaces 3004 and 3004A earthen surface in Room 11 of Granary 24000, associated with Phase 6A Cobbles 34007; below Phase 6A Cobbles 34007, above Phase 6B Surface 34022, equals Phase 6A Surface 34013 disturbed destruction material, probably fill for Phase 5A Surface 5030; below Phase 5A Fill 5031.1 down to Phase 5B Surface 5037 balk removal between Areas 25 and 26; mixed layers down to ca. Phase 5A Surface 25021; mostly Phase 5A debris

DA # Plate No. Published Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 61:8 pl. 22:6

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:1

148

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

788

bimodal kurkar grinding bowl fragment; 23.5 cm × 14.5 cm × 5.2 cm

VI NW.6.88 L. 6018B–A

5A-4/A- XI 2–5A-1

ud, ns

797

drilled alabaster pommel or chariot fitting fragment

VI NE.34.63

L. 34024

6A

XIII

12th

808

white siliceous limestone object; rough sugarconeshaped, well ground and polished, possible weight, (Wt) 44.6 g dense olivine basalt bowl fragment

VI NE.18.94

L. 18085.1

5A/4B

XI/X

LB II, 12th–11th

VI NE.26.111

L. 26035.1

5B/A

XI

12th ud

alabaster bowl; deep, (Dia) 5.25 cm, (H) 2.6 cm (from base to rim), (Depth) 1.9 cm carnelian fragment; burned

VI NE.14.115

L. 14035.1

6B

XIII

12th, ud, ns

VI NE.3.80

L. 3013

1

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

825C

granule of haematitic siltstone; possibly used as pigment

VI NE.3.80

L. 3013

1

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

826

goethite-haematite concretionary nodule; 0.7 cm hole tapped in base

II.3.690

L. 3161.1

6B/A

VIII–VI

10th, early 9th

830

limestone bowl; complete, nice, 15.6 cm × 8.9 cm × 13 cm; (Depth) 6.5 cm dense microcrystalline basalt basin fragment; central depression in top side showing slight central concavity from grinding, possibly part of an Egyptian-style cosmetic palette, (L) 7.1 cm (broken), (W) 7.4 cm, (H) 2.4 cm

I N1

L. N1018

no

info

VI NE.5.104

L. 5035

5B/A

XI

811

814

825B

832

12th

Context poorly constructed E-W wall in N of area; first used with Phase 5A-4/A-3 surfaces, and extent of second phase rebuild unclear material above Phase 6A Surface 34025A in Room 8 of Granary 24000; below Topsoil 34000, equals Layer 34007 material below Phase 4B Surface 18085, down to Phase 5A Surface 18095 makeup for Phase 5A Surface 26035, including domestic debris of olive pits, flint reaping teeth, flint cores, grindstones, pounders; down to Phase 5B/A Surface 26048 material in and below Phase 6B Surface 14035

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:2

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:14

Hellenistic pit along W balk; excavation just touched the edge of the pit, causing some contamination Hellenistic pit along W balk; excavation just touched the edge of the pit, causing some contamination makeup below Phase 6A Surface 3161, down 10–15 cm to Phase 6B/A debris, L. 3188 unstratified probe

part of large robber trench robbing Phase 5C–B Walls 5042 and 5049; sealed by Phase 5A Surface 5030, later cut into by Phase 5A Robber Trenches 5028 and 5024

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:13

149

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj # 833

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

flint pounder; unworked, VI NE.3.74 stream worn, shows impact fractures from heavy use black haematite weight VI or gaming piece; domed, NE.16.122 inverted, truncated, coneshaped, (Dia) 2.0/1.5 cm, (H) 1.5 cm, (Wt) 18.9 g

L. 3019

6B

XIII

LB II ud, 12th

L. 16038.1

5B/A

XI

12th

860

basalt rubbing stone; VI high-domed truncated NE.26.131 shape, (lower Dia) 5.7/5.46 cm, (higher Dia) 5.3/4.8 cm, (H) 5.7 cm, (Wt) 272.4 g

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

871

highly vesicular basalt pedestal or bowl stand fragment

VI NW.5.162

L. 5077

5C

XII

12th

879

siliceous chalk scraper; (L) 8.2 cm, (W) 5.5 cm, (H) 1.6 cm

VI NE.6.95

L. 6012

3?

VIII?

12th, 11th, 10th to late 10th

892

large chalkstone weapon; VI mold manufactured from NE.33.124 unweathered chalk; the molds show use from the blackening of the surfaces; blanks on 3 sides for three axes/ adzes, 1 spearpoint and 1 pike

L. 33052

7

XIV

LB II, much 13th

894

alabaster leg of vessel

VI NE.4.157

L. 4057

6C

XIII

MB II, LB I, LB II, mostly 13th–12th

898B

fragment of dentalium; elongate, conical, truncated

VI NE.34.144

L. 34053.1

6C

XIII

LB II, 13th, 12th

903

alabaster vessel fragment; 6.2 cm × 3.0 cm; (Th) 1.1/0.6 cm

VI NE.23.80

L. 23027

6B/A

XIII

12th

843

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

occupational debris layer in N of area, below Phase 6A Fill 3004.1 removal of domestic accumulation of ca. 20 cm topped by Phase 5A Surface 16038, down to Phase 5B debris, L. 16047 series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B Surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, spindle whorl, etc. mud brick destruction debris in Room 5, on Phase 5C Surface 5060; below Phase 5C/5B-4 Surfaces 5042.1 and 5062 bell-shaped pit in SW corner of area; cut from top surface down to Phase 5 levels; probably Phase 3 pit; cuts Phase 4A Wall 6007 and Phase 4A Surface 6002 large trench in S 74-65 of area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels down to Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7/6C Fill 33047, and sealed above by Phase 6C Surface 33043; equals 34080 in adjacent area buildup of layers divided horizontally by ash bands; probably threshing floors prior to Phase 6B Granary 24000 material below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to 7/6C Fill 34058 hardpacked bricky occupational debris below Phase 6A Surface 23014, down to Phase 6B Surface 23030 in Room 5 of Granary 24000

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:6

pl. 28:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:16

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:20

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:1

pl. 29:10

150

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

904

alabaster chalice rim fragment; ribbed; 4.8 cm × 2.6 cm; (ribbed Th) 0.8/0.2 cm

VI NE.35.196

L. 35057

6B/A

XIII

908

dense basalt grindstone; 3 fragments; 47.0 cm × 40.7 cm × 10.0 cm dense vesicular basalt saddle quern; complete, 41.8 cm × 17.0 cm × 9.7 cm

IV.4.9

L. 4002

5A1

XVIIIA1 Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

VI NE.33.123

L. 33052

7

XIV

913

nari bowl; (L) 14.2 cm, (W) 11.8 cm, (H) 4.2 cm (from base to rim)

VI NE.4

L. 4056

post-6A post-XIII 12th

914

vesicular basalt saddle quern; 24.5 cm × 10.9 cm × 4.6 cm base/rim fragment of alabaster bowl

VI NE.16.104

L. 16024

5B?

XI?

12th

VI NE.15.109

L. 15051

6A/5C

XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

912

917

LB II, much 13th

932

dense basalt bowl VI fragment; (Dia) NE.23.79 3.2/3.0 cm, (H) 2.3 cm (from base to rim), (Depth) 1.6 cm (of bowl)

L. 23027

6B/A

XIII

12th

937

flint blade; one serrated edge, (L) 10.2 cm, (W) 3.1 cm, (H) 1.3 cm

VI NE.14.167

L. 14057

6C

XIII

MB II, LB I–II?, ns

938

alabaster scepter head fragment; (max Dia) 5.8 cm, (Dia of axially drilled central hole) 1.7 cm, (Dia of smaller orifice through the top) 4.0 cm

VI NE.6.108

L. 6026

4B/A

X/IX

LB II, 12th, 11th

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

trench in NE of area, below Phase 6A Surface 35035, above Phase 7 Trench 35069; cuts through Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037; backfilled with rocks and rubble lower brick destruction debris large trench in S of area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels down to Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7/6C Fill 33047, and sealed above by Phase 6C Surface 33043; same as 34080 in adjacent area removal of balk between Areas 4 and 3; below balk removal L. 4055, above Phase 6A Surface 4035 cleanup at start of 1969 season fill below Phase 5C Surface 15050 and Fill 15050.1; equals L. 15074 and 15077 hardpacked bricky occupational debris below Phase 6A Surface 23014, down to Phase 6B Surface 23030 in Room 5 of Granary 24000 lower phase of fill layer with striated surfaces that preceded Granary 24000; below Phase 6C/B Surface 14055, above Phase 7 Surface 14069; equals Phase 6C Surface 4057 in next square portion of large trench, continuing into other areas as 5021/6026/ 15018/16030; cut from above Phase 4B levels down into Phase 5A levels; sealed by Phase 4B/A Layer 6015 and Phase 4A Surface 6011; equals Trench 6067 to N

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:13

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 15:23a

pl. 29:11

pl. 29:5

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:5

151

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj # 945

956

958

961

963B

964

MC #

Description sandstone object; pierced, cylindrical, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (Perforation) 0.6 cm, (L) 2.1 cm mortar of wrought biomicritic limestone; oval-shaped, (L) 9.25 cm, (W) 6.0 cm, (H) 3.0 cm (base to rim), (Depth) 1.13 cm (of bowl)

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VI NE.34

locus not assigned

VI NE.33.104

L. 33047

7/6C

XIV/XIII mostly 13th, few 13th/12th

porous basalt low object; IV.4.16 sugar-cone shaped, damaged, (Dia) 4.9 cm, (H) 3.8 cm, (Wt) 116.7 g, (rest. Wt) 121 g highly vesicular basalt VI pedestal bowl, reused as NE.23.83 a rubbing stone

L. 4007

5A1

XVIIIA1 Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

L. 23027

6B/A

XIII

12th

fragment of reddish II.3.814 sandstone block/ whetstone; brick-shaped, composed of quartz grains with haematite bonding, about half extant; (W) 2.8 cm, (L) 3.7 cm (fractured side), (H) 1.88 cm, (Wt) 43.4 g, (est. rest. Wt) 89–92 g highly vesicular basalt VI scraper; (base) 9.6 cm × NE.26.124 9.9 cm, (H) 6.0 cm

L. 3222.1

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th

L. 26048

5B/A

XI

mostly 12th, some 11th

4?–3?

X/IX?– VIII?

13th/12th, 12th, possibly Iron II

VI NW.7.33 L. 7015

975

subfusiform subangular weight; 1.9 cm × 1.1 cm × 1.0 cm

983

angular chalk fragment; II.3.839 tapped hole countersunk from both sides, 5.6 cm × 3.5 cm, (Dia of hole) 1.4/0.4/1.1 cm

L. 3218

6A

XIII

10th/9th

990

dense basalt mortar; slightly convex base and concave upper surface, (Dia) 7.0 cm, (H) 5.1 cm

L. 33040.P 6B

XIII

12th

VI NE.33.79

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

found in sieve

thick rubbly fill in N of area, below Phase 6C Surface 33043, above Phase 7 Trench 33052; probably fill in upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 33052 lower brick destruction debris

pl. 30:2

pl. 32:2

hardpacked bricky occupational debris below Phase 6A Surface 23014, down to Phase 6B Surface 23030 in Room 5 of Granary 24000 a 10 cm band of Phase 5B Surface 3222

series of earthen surfaces across area, below Phase 5A surface 26035, down to Phase 5B Surfaces 26050 and 26060; includes occupational inclusions: flint blades, grindstones, loom weights layer of rock screen below Phase 2(?) Layers 7004 and 7003 and above Phase 5(?)–4(?) Layer 7018 stone-lined bin or silo, associated with Phase 6A Surface 3223, later filled with stones; cut by sub-Phase 2 Pit 3067 material on Phase 6B Surface 33040, below Phase 6A Surface 33030 and Phase 6B/A occupational debris, L. 33039; equals Surface 23028 in adjacent area

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 16:4 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:7

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 41:3

pl. 28:5

pl. 27:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:17

152

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

995

chalk cylinder; carved, 7.2 cm × 2.7 cm

VI NE.23.129

L. 23056

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, much LB II

1000A

vesicular basalt saddle quern fragment

VI NE.26.150

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

1001A

flint sickle blade; (cutting VI edge) 3.0 cm NE.26.149

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

1015

vesicular basalt saddle quern fragment

L. 24087

6C(–B)

XIII

LB II ud, latest is 13th/12th

1037

dense olivine basalt bowl VI fragment; (max Dia) NW.15.128 12.2 cm

L. 15051.1

6A?

XIII?

12th

1038

dense basalt pounder; 7.6 cm × 6.8 cm × 6.6 cm, (Wt) 559.1 g

VI NE.3.81

L. 3019

6B

XIII

LB II ud, 12th

1039

dense basalt stone bowl; base to rim fragment, 10.4 cm × 7.5 cm × 2.4 cm; (Dia) ca. 25.0 cm (original base) dense microcrystalline basalt rubbing stone; 11.8 cm × 9.6 cm × 7.7 cm

VI NE.14.152

L. 14011B

6B

XIII

12th

VI NW.5.104

L. 5051

1040

VI NE.24.198

12th, some 11th

Context hardpacked layer, below Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 7/6 Fill 23043, and Phase 8 Pit 23049 down to Phase 9 Surfaces 23058, 23066, and 23072 series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B Surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, spindle whorls, etc. series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B Surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, spindle whorls, etc. backfill in Phase 7 Trench 24098 which cuts down to Phase 9 levels; sealed by Phase 6B Surfaces 24049, 24068, and 24092; above earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 dense gray material, below Phase 6A (?) Surface 15051 in pre-Phase 5C Probe 15049 occupational debris layer in N of area, below Phase 6A Fill 3004.1 original phase of Wall 14011 in Phase 6B; in use with Phase 6B Surfaces 14065 and 14062 balk removal between NW 5 and NE 5; not correlated with loci in main part of NW 5 because of proximity of Wall NE 5004 inside E balk of NW 5

DA # Plate No. Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:3

pl. 30:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:13

153

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VI NE.16.110

L. 16030

4B/A

X/IX

1043

micritic limestone object; conically shaped, with rough depression in base surrounded by a lightly incised line; (H) 4.8 cm, (Dia of base) 3.8 cm, (Dia of depression) 0.9 cm, (Depth of depression) 0.3 cm; (Wt) 82.2 g, (rest. Wt.) ca. 84.7 g worked stone vessel; highly calcareous nari, 8.2 cm × 5.7 cm × 3.0 cm dense biomicritic limestone rubbing/ polishing stone; smooth base concave over long axis, possibly smoothed from use as rubbing stone, (L) 5.3 cm, (W) 4.7 cm, (H) 4.6 cm, (Wt) 175.9 g, (rest. Wt) ca. 179 g

VI NE.23.108

L. 23043

7/6C

XIV/XIII 13th/12th

VI NE.13.190

L. 13038.1

6B/A

XIII

13th/12th

makeup of Phase 6A Surface 13038

pl. 30:9

VI NE.25.96

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

pl. 30:8

VI NE.13.190

L. 13038.1

6B/A

XIII

13th/12th

thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (6B), 25093, and 25096 (both Phase 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035 makeup of Phase 6A Surface 13038

1051

1053

basalt saddle quern fragment

1054

local unweathered chalk VI NE.34 mortar or loom weight; 8.5 cm × 8.2 cm × 4.2 cm; (depression) 1.8 cm, (a depression of 1.0 cm has also been chiseled from the opposite surface, therefore possibly a loom weight in the making) granite monzonite VI sculptured tripod bowl NE.14.140 fragment; rim to foot, (legs) 12.0 cm

1059

locus not assigned

L. 24049.P 6A

large pit cut from post-Phase 4B levels, backfilled with alternating levels of mud brick detritus and ash bans of burnt grains and agricultural refuse; equals 5021, 6026, and 15018 in adjacent areas; sealed by Phase 5A–4A Layer 16015 and Phase 4A Surface 16008 occupational fill below Phase 6C Surfaces 23038/23041 down to top of Phase 7 Trench 23074, and even to Phase 8 Surface 23052

DA # Plate No. Published

vesicular, partially amygdaloidal basalt rubbing stone; (L) 8.7 cm, (W) 7.9 cm, (H) 5.5/3.2 cm, (Wt) 495 g

1044

12th, 11th

Context

1041

pl. 27:8

pl. 30:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:4

south balk

XIII

12th

pottery and lithics on Phase 6B–A Surface 24049; includes fragments of at least 10 broken limestone & basalt grindstones

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:4

154

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

1059C

stone cube

VI NE 26.76

L. 26035.1

5B/A

XI

12th ud

1059D

stone cube; 4.8 cm × 4.7 cm

II.3.658

L. 3192

6B/A

VIII/VII

10th, 10th/9th

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

makeup for Phase 5A Surface 26035, including domestic debris of olive pits, flint sickle blades, flint cores, grindstones, pounders; down to Phase 5B/A Surface 26048 occupational debris down to Phase 6B Surface 3225; stratigraphically equal to Phase 6B/A Layers 3161.1, 3187, and 3188

1971 1063

flint blade; double-edged, VI (L) 5.8 cm, (W) 1.9 cm, NE.13.215 (H) 0.5 cm

L. 13058

8/7

XV/XIV

MB II, LB I ud

1075

flint blade fragment; (L) VI 2.2 cm, (W) 0.85 cm, (H) NE.23.142 0.4 cm

L. 23056

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, much LB II

1076

chalk object; hollowedout conical vessel with basal point, (H) 4.3 cm, (Dia) 3.4/3.7 cm, (Depth of depression) 1.9 cm

VI NE.24.233

L. 24103

7

XIV

MB I, LB I–II ud

1085

red ochre; 2.2 cm × 1.3 cm × 1.3 cm

VI NE.35.264

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

large pit in NW corner of area; cut from Phase 8B Surface 13055 and refilled over Surface 13055; bottom not reached; equals Pit 14083 hardpacked layer, below Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 7/6 Fill 23043 and Phase 8 Pit 23049 down to Phase 9 Surfaces 23058, 23066, and 23072 rubble & ash fill in upper levels of Phase 7 deep Trench 24107, cut from Phase 7 levels and down in places to Phase 9 levels; trenched into from above by Phase 7/6C Trench 24098 and overlain by Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087 large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc.

pl. 31:2

155

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

1086

alabaster fragment; triangular, (L) 4.2 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

VI NE.24.234

L. 24107

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

1089

chalk object; carved, VI appears to have 2 legs NE.35.276 and dorsal area, on which is evidence of primary firing; possible crude altar or incense burner; (H) 7.5 cm, (W) 8.0 cm (at base), (Th) 5.0 cm

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

fragment of large dense alkaline olivine basalt dish; 13.0 cm × 10.5 cm × 5.0 cm

III.B2.18

L. B2008

1137

basalt mortar; (Dia) 5.7 cm, (H) 3.8 cm, (Depth of bowl) 2.8 cm

VI NE.14.232

L. 14090

7?

XIV?

MB II, some LB II

1157

alabaster rim/base fragment

VI NE.5.186

L. 5093

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

1168

brown hard stone; brittle, VI high sugarcone shape NE.35.321 not produced by rotative process; the half-circle of the mantleface has 6 vertical facets, their edges very nicely rounded and smoothed down; fractured near the flat base, which has a neatly bored concave depression; (Dia) 3.8/3.9 cm, (Dia at top) 2.4 cm, (H) 6.6 cm, (Dia of depression) 1.05 cm, (Depth of depression) 0.4 cm, (Wt) 114.4 g

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1090

F-18

ns

Context deep trench cut from Phase 7 levels below Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; above Phase 9 Wall 24128 and Phase 12 Silo 24167; backfilled with ash debris of Phase 7 Fill 24103 large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. spleen-shaped pit in the NW corner below 2005, cuts 2007, loose brown fill 0.54 m W-S & 0.85 m S-W; many eggshell and glass fragments, both Macalister dump indicators sub-circular pit in SW of area, dug from Phase 7 Surface 14069 large trench cut and backfilled from sub-5069 (Phase 7/6C) levels; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 5068 and Phase 7/6C laminated Surface 5069 large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc.

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:5 pl. 30:12

pl. 31:4

156

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

1169

rim fragment of alabaster VI vessel; (Dia) 5.5 cm, NE.23.198 (hole) 1.9, (Th) 2.4 cm

L. 23074

7

XIV

LB II, few possible 13th/12th

1188

alabaster ring fragment

VI NE.26.239

L. 26083

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 13th/12th, 12th

1191

hard gray stone; sugarcone shaped, with blown mantleface, possibly a weight; (base Dia) 2.6 cm, (max Dia) 2.9 cm, (H) 3.77 cm; (Wt) 47.8 g small fragment of red ochre; < 1 cm white alabaster fragment; smoothed on both sides

VI NE.5.145

L. 5072

6A/5C

XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.5

locus not assigned L. 5093

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

MB II, LB II, 12th

1203B 1224

VI NE.5.183

1227

alabaster fragment; (L) 3.75 cm

VI NE.16.249

L. 16088

6B/A

XIII

1228

limestone object; possibly dagger pommel

VI NE.24.323

L. 24129

11–9

XXI–XVI MB II predominate, few MB IIC/LB I, some clear LB II

1231

goethite nodule; (Dia) 3.0 cm

VI NE.24.305

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

Context trench dug from Phase 7 levels and filled in upper layers by Phase 7/6C Fill 23043; cuts Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 9B–A Surfaces 23058 and 23066, and Phase 9A Surface 23072 alternating ash and soil layers over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 26077, above Phase 7 Trench 26086 and Phase 6C Trench 26075; up to a meter of earthen resurfacings; contemporary with Phase 6C–B Granary 24000 to the South large robber trench which destroys much of Phase 6B; cut from above Phase 6A Surface 5059, backfilled with loose rubble and ash found in clean-up large trench cut and backfilled from sub-5069 (Phase 7/6C) levels; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 5068 and Phase 7/6C laminated Surface 5069 trench cut from post-Phase 6B levels into Phase 6B Surfaces 16095 and 16117; below Phase 6A Trench 16106, sealed by Phase 6A Surface 16072 mud brick detritus and silt levels below Phase 9 Surface 24145 down to Phase 11 Surface 24152; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; mostly Phase 11–10 debris redistributed as Phase 9 fill large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces

DA # Plate No. Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:6

pl. 30:3

pl. 29:2

pl. 30:5

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 51:13

157

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj # 1247

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

chalk fragment; slightly burned, surface has been inscribed with a sharp object, (L) 7.4 cm, (W) 3.3 cm, (Th) 2.1 cm steatite funnel or tuyère

VI NE.14.280

L. 14090

7?

XIV?

MB II, some LB II

sub-circular pit in SW of area, dug from Phase 7 Surface 14069

VI NE.24.310

L. 24134

9

XVI

MB IIC, LB I, clear LB IIA

1258

chalk gaming piece; small

VI NE.24.305

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1270

quartz object; polished on 3 sides

VI NE.14.309

L. 14151

pre-11

pre-XXI

EB I–II

1284

fragment of serpentine bowl

VI NE.34.240

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1285

flint blade

VI NE.5.167

L. 5068

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

1337

goethite nodule; half round with flat base, (max Dia) 2.14 cm, (Dia of base) 1.6 cm, (H) 1.7 cm, (Wt) 15.2 g

VI NE.5.249

L. 5077

post-6B post-XIII MB II, LB II, later?

1345

chalk dowel

IV.3.324

L. 3062

6C

rocks and rubble at S 74-95 balk, below and cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098, above Phase 9 Surface 24145A; Phase 9 destruction debris, equals 24144 large trench cut 74-85 from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces brown hardpack overlying bedrock along W balk; below Phase 7 Trench 14083 large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; equals 24147 in adjacent area deep buildup of threshing floor deposits over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 5059 and above Phase 7/6C Surface 5069; equivalent to other similar deposits across the terrace, i.e., 6096, 15061, 16082, 25063, 26083, 35037 deep pit in SW of area, with rapid backfill from NE; upper levels cut into by Phase 6B/A Pit 5059A; sealed above by Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072, bottom not reached upper foundation trench backfill

1257

XIXC

Chalco–MB IIB

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:8

pl. 30:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 64:29

158

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

1357

adze-shaped green stone; VI traces of gold on both NE.23.315 broad sides, amulet or celt

L. 23111

11

XXI/XX

1362

stone pendant; (L) 4.8 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm alabaster vessel body fragment

VI NE.26.339

L. 26099.1

7/6C

XIV/XIII LB II

VI NE.25.267

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1367

rim fragment of alabaster VI vessel NE.25.283

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1368

alabaster juglet body fragment

VI NE.35.331

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1373

limestone vessel rim fragment

VI NE.23.315

L. 23111

11

XXI/XX

few EB, mostly MB IIA/B

1366

few EB, mostly MB IIA/B

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

thick buildup of 74-72 exterior courtyard surfaces, below Phase 10B–A Surface 23095, above Phase 12/11 Layers 23112, 23113, and 23129; Phase 12 Infant Burial 23110 set into the bottom of this surface material below Phase 6C Wall 26099 deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels large trench over 74-81 area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equals other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. thick buildup of exterior courtyard surfaces, below Phase 10B–A Surface 23095, above Phase 12/11 Layers 23112, 23113, and 23129; Phase 12 Infant Burial 23110 set into the bottom of this surface

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:11 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:11

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:12 (incorrectly listed as Obj. 1364)

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:8

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:12

159

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

1374

Description basalt vessel rim fragment with incised decoration (see Obj. 261 for similar incised pattern) specular haematite fragment

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

IV.3.334

L. 3062

6C

XIXC

Chalco–MB IIB

upper foundation trench backfill

VI NE.23.331

L. 23122

10B

XIX

EB, MB IIA, MB ud

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:3

1379

goethite nodule; VI NE.14. fashioned into dome with flat base, not by rotative process, possibly used as weight, (Dia) 1.30/1.35 cm, (H) 1.26 cm, (Wt) 6 g

L. 14132

11

XXI/XX

MB IIA (later?)

1380

goethite nodule; shaped VI into a rough, straightNE.14.276 sided square pyramid, with cuts suggesting it was fastened to a string, (Base) 1.65/1.67 cm, (H) 1.76 cm, (Wt) 7 g

L. 14083

7

XIV

MB IIA–C, LB I, LB II

1394

chalk funnel or tuyère

VI NE.14.373

L. 14147

12?

XXII?

EB, MB IIA/B, ns

1395

lapis lazuli stone setting; small, cut and polished

VI NE.23.144

L. 23058

9B–A

XVI

MB II, LB ud, ns

small pit cut from lower levels of Phase 10B–A Surface 23095 buildup, down to Phase 11 Surface 23111 hardpack occupational debris above Phase 11 Surface 14132A; probably equals Phase 11A Surface 14136 and its buildup 14136.1; below Phase 11/10B Layer 14116.1, above Phase 11 “line” 14132A huge trenching operation cut from Phase 8 and backfilled to Phase 7; filled with disturbed occupational debris; equals L. 3048, 4069, and 13058 in adjacent areas; below Phase 7 Layer 14069.1 probe below level 74-76 of Phase 12 Surface 14138 along W balk; stratigraphy uncertain due to small exposure; bottom of excavation hardpacked metaled exterior surface below Phase 9/8 Layer 23056, above Phase 10/9 Layer 23075

flint blade fragment; 3.2 cm × 1.7 cm × 0.4 cm flint Canaanean blade; 5.1 cm × 2.0 cm × 0.5 cm flint blade; 6.2 cm × 2.2 cm × 0.5 cm worked flint; 4.2 cm × 2.0 cm × 0.7 cm stone die; irregular cube, approx. 2.5 cm square

IV.5.28

L. 5002

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

upper brick debris

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:1a

VII.25.1

L. 25001

Iron II, Late Hell

cultivation soil

VII.25.2

L. 25001

Hell–Rom

cultivation soil

VII.28.76

L. 28009

pit fill

VII.24.5

L. 24003

LB II, Iron I, Iron II Iron I, Iron II, Pers?, Hell, Late Hell

1375B

pl. 33:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 66:15

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 49:3; 115A

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:10

1972 1511

227

1518

62

1519

63

1524

91

1525

94

2B

II

cultivation soil

74-813 pl. 21:1

160

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

1526

138

1532

147

1545

248

1546

279

1547

280

1550

356

1559

391

1561

460

1562A

657

1562B

657

1567

422

1571

413

1574

691

1578

438

1579

272

1592

729

1600

679

1601

493

1603

737

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

II

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

worked flint; 3.2 cm × 1.1 cm × 0.5 cm worked flint; 1.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 0.4 cm worked flint; 3.1 cm × 2.8 cm × 0.5 cm worked flint; possibly axe blade, 4.0 cm × 2.9 cm × 0.9 cm worked flint; 2.7 cm × 1.6 cm × 0.5 cm

VII.28.79

L. 28009

VII.26.8

L. 26001

VII.37.57

L. 37014

3

III

Iron II–Early Hell fill

IV.16.141

L. 16024

5

XVIII

Chalco–MB IIC

lens in glacis

IV.5.32

L. 5002

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

upper brick debris

marble fragment; polished and cut, 7.7 cm × 5.6 cm × 1.4 cm worked flint; 3.4 cm × 2.2 cm × 0.6 cm

VII.27.89

L. 27022

2C

II

Pers?, Hell

fill

IV.5.39

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

VII.27

locus not assigned

IV.5.47

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

pl. 32:14

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:11

IV.5.47

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

pl. 32:15

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:12

VII.28.99

L. 28009

2B

II

pit fill

IV.12.29

L. 12000

1

I

Iron I, Iron II, Hell EB–Hell/Rom

VII.27.145

L. 27025

3

III

Iron I?, Iron II, Hell

sub-surface 27024

IV.5.44

L. 5008

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

lower brick debris

VII.38.79

L. 38015

2A

II

Iron II/Pers

in installation

VII.25.41

L. 25011

2A

II

Hell

with Doorway Jamb 15009

VII.37.99

L. 37016.1

4

IV

Iron I, Iron II

sub-surface

IV.12.39

L. 12000

1

I

EB–Hell/Rom

disturbed terrace debris

VII.35.21

L. 35000

Late Hell

cultivation soil

haematite? weight; 1.6 cm × 1.6 cm × 0.7 cm; (Wt) 8.2408 g fragment of black stone (haematite?) weight; perhaps half of original size, (L) 2.6 cm, (W) 2.8 cm, (Th) 1.4 cm × 1.5 cm, (Wt) 23.2645 g brown haematite stone; 1.9 cm × 2.0 cm × 1.5 cm, (Wt) 10.6249 g worked flint; 6.2 cm × 3.0 cm × 0.9 cm worked flint; broken, 4.5 cm × 2.3 cm × 0.9 cm worked flint; broken, 4.7 cm × 4.2 cm × 1.2 cm worked flint; broken, 4.6 cm × 2.4 cm × 0.4 cm barrel-like stone; possibly rubbing stone or ballista, both ends rubbed smooth, other surfaces pecked, (L) 6.4 cm, (Dia) 4.6/3.6 cm, (Wt) 378 g haematite weight; extremely corroded, very rough shape; (Dia) 1.6/1.7 cm, (Wt) 6.4609 g worked flint; 3.5 cm × 1.8 cm × 0.4 cm black stone pedestaled bowl base; broken, (Dia) 4.0 cm, (H) 1.9 cm (preserved) limestone bowl rim fragment; 14.1 cm × 7.0 cm × 1.8 cm

2B

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading) Iron II, Pers, Hell pit fill Hell–Rom

cultivation soil

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 59:14a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:1b 74-824

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 22:7

west balk trim

disturbed terrace debris

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10a

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 28:1

74-863 pl. 21:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10

161

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

1604A

742

1604B

742

1605

708

1607

781

1608

749

1609

701

1610

440

1611

719

1612

798

1614

264 & 800

1615

560

1617

877

1623

878

1625

899

1627A

734

Description haematite weight; worked, spherical, 2.4 cm × 2.0 cm, (Wt) 84.9 g natural irregular brown haematite nodule; not worked, 4.5 cm × 3.8 cm × 3.2 cm, (Wt) 310 g ovoid artifact from limestone concretion?; 3.0 cm × 2.6/2.78 cm; (Wt) 23.2370 g limestone hand grinder; cuboid shaped, (Base) 5.2 X 5.0 cm, (H) 4.4 cm, (Wt) 157.8 g brown limestone ballista; cuboid shaped, 5.5 cm × 4.7 cm, (Wt) 201.4 g fragment of basalt bowl base; 8.1 cm × 5.5 cm, (Th) 1.0 cm porous basalt fragment; possibly from grinding stone hammerstone; ellipsoid (nearly an oblate spheroid), smoothed all over, traces of use for pecking at ends of long axis, 10.3 cm × 10.0 cm × 8.4 cm, (Wt) 1173.5 g basalt upper grindstone fragment; 12 cm × 5.5 cm × 9 cm 2 parts of the same footed basalt grinding bowl; still incomplete, (Dia) 33 cm, (Th) 3.5 cm mortar (44 cm × 23 cm) and pestle (16.5cm × 10.4 cm) worked flint; 4.6 cm × 2.4 cm × 0.4 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

IV.5.85

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:10

IV.5.85

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:10a

VII.35.27

L. 35000

VII.38.147

L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II, Early Hell debris

VII.38.147

L. 38043

2B

II

Iron II, Early Hell debris

VII.28.125

L. 28027

2A

II

Iron II, Hell?

pit of wall robber trench

VII.26.25

L. 26010

1

I

Iron–Hell/Rom

rocky soil

VII.35.27

L. 35000

Iron II–Hell

cultivation soil

VII.15.13

L. 15001

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

Late Hell

cultivation soil

VII.24.12 & L. 24008 VII.15.16 & 15001

1 and 0

I and nil

Iron II, Pers, Hell in wall stub, and and Iron II, Pers, cultivation soil Hell/Rom

VII.28

L. 28023

5A

VI, V

no pottery

object equals locus

IV.2.17

L. 2006

5

XVIII

MB IIA–C

in wall matrix

L. 38040.1

3

III

Iron II–7th

sub-surface

L. 37028

1

I

Iron II–Hell/Rom fill

L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II–Hell

basalt fragment; 8.5 cm × VII.38.168 6.5 cm, (Th) 6.0 cm worked flint; 4.0 cm × VII.37.137 3.5 cm × 0.6 cm lithic hand grinder; 1st VII.38.145 of 5: irregular rough cube shape with rounded edges and partly straight, partly rounded faces, surface ground or rubbed all over, 6.2 cm × 6.2 cm × 5.6 cm, (Wt) 369.2 g

debris

pl. 23:2

pl. 21:2

74-902

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 10:24a

pl. 23:7

162

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 1627B

1627C

1627D

1627E

1629 1630

1634 1644 1645 1647 1648 1649 1653

MC # 734

Description

lithic hand grinder; 2nd of 5, concretion, roughly worked, irregular natural shape, possibly some very small damage (loss estimated at 3–4 g), 7.5 cm × 6.3 cm × 5.9 cm, (Wt) 430.0 g 734 lithic hand grinder; 3rd of 5: irregular shaped stone with well rounded edges and corners, and striations; very smooth surface, tiny chippings (loss estimated at 1–2 g), (L) 6.2 cm; (W of sides) 6.0, 6.7, 6.9 cm; (Wt) 432.1 g 734 lithic hand grinder; 4th of 5, irregular natural roughly cylindrical stone, 7.2 cm × 4.5 cm × 5.2 cm, (Wt) 265.8 g 734 lithic hand grinder; 5th of 5: natural irregular chunky, wedge-shaped stone, cobble material similar to Obj. 1627C; has been used for striking (a little damage from chipping), with various split hair lines, 8.8 cm × 7.8 cm × 6.9 cm, (Wt) 770 g 895 leg fragment of basalt grinding bowl; 13.5 cm × 10.0 cm, (Th) 4.0 cm 890 ballista, ovoid, found in plaster surface on top of Tower 5017, 6.2 X cm x.9/4.5 cm; we(Wt) 91.3 g 908 worked flint; 3.2 cm × 2.0 cm × 0.5 cm 926A basalt bowl fragment; grooved, 10.0 cm × 11.0 cm × 3.5 cm 926B basalt lower grindstone fragment; 9.5 cm × 6.0 cm, (Th) 3.8 cm 924 basalt grindstone fragment; 14.8 cm × 17.4 cm, (Th) 4.4 cm 925 basalt grindstone fragment; 15.0 cm × 14.0 cm × 5.0 cm 711 stone weight; irregular shape, 6.2 cm × 2.9 cm × 1.8 cm 989 flint blade fragment; 3.2 cm × 2.2 cm × 0.4 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.38.145

L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II–Hell

debris

pl. 23:6

VII.38.145

L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II–Hell

debris

pl. 23:8

VII.38.145

L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II–Hell

debris

pl. 23:9

VII.38.145

L. 38043

2A

II

Iron II–Hell

debris

pl. 23:10

VII.15.22

L. 15001

Late Hell

cultivation soil

IV.2.15

L. 2003.P

5

XVIII

MB IIC

on plaster surface

VII.38.183

L. 38040.1

3

III

Iron I, Iron II

sub-surface

IV.11.28

L. 11000

1

I

Chalco–Rom

disturbed surface soil

IV.11.28

L. 11000

1

I

Chalco–Rom

disturbed surface soil

VII.34

L. 34010

2A

II

no pottery

in bin

VII.14.40

L. 14004.1

2A

II

Iron II, Hell

sub-surface makeup

IV.5.90

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

IV.6.11

L. 6001

1

I

Chalco–Hell

Context

disturbed upper brick debris

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 10:9a

72-911 pl. 21:9

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:8a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:13 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 8:30a

163

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

1654

990

1655

1004

1657

988

1661

998

1662

1002

1663

1000

1667

1083

1675

1142

1677

1146

1681

1082

1682

1157

1687

1158

1689

1240

1690

1361

1694

1346

1695

1363

1701

1270

1705

1261

Description alabaster bowl piece; 3.8 cm × 4.8 cm, (Th) 1.0 cm flint scraper; 8.3 cm × 5.6 cm × 1.7 cm flint blade fragment; 3.6 cm × 2.0 cm × 0.5 cm hammerstone; cube shape, blown faces, all edges nicely rounded and the whole surface smooth, 5.75 X cm x.85 X cm x.45 cm, we(Wt) 01.6 g basalt bowl fragment; 10.6 cm × 5.4 cm, (Th) 2.9 cm rubbing stone; 13.5 cm × 11.5 cm × 8.2 cm worked flint; 3.5 cm × 3.0 cm × 0.8 cm worked flint; 3.1 cm × 2.3 cm × 0.5 cm basalt paving stone; ridged, 13.0 cm × 13.5 cm × 3.5 cm worked stone; (L) 4.9 cm, (Th) 2.5 cm worked flint; 5.3 cm × 2.8 cm × 0.3 cm hammerstone; cuboid, surface pecked all over, except on base which is naturally smooth, (Dia) 6.1/6.2 cm, (H) 5.6 cm; (Wt) 340 g basalt grindstone fragment; 15.0 cm × 10.5 cm, (Th) 4.0 cm worked flint piece; 5.6 cm × 3.2 cm × 1.2 cm; 2.5Y 7/4 pale yellow worked flint piece; 4.2 cm × 3.7 cm × 0.6 cm worked flint piece; 4.6 cm × 1.6 cm × 0.6 cm stone bowl rim fragment; 4.0 cm × 3.6 cm × 1.0 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

L. 63000

VII.15.33

L. 15006.1

2A

II

Iron I, Pers?, Hell sub-surface

VII.38.189

L. 38041

1

I

no pottery

in pit

VII.45.25

L. 45004.1

2C

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

sub-surface buildup

VII.15.30

L. 15006.1

2A

II

Pers/Hell–Late Hell

sub-surface

VII.45.25

L. 45004.1

2C

II

sub-surface buildup

VII.37.157

L. 37029

1

I

Iron I, Iron II, Hell Iron II

VII.45.36

L. 45016

2C

II

Hell

fill

VII.25.56

L. 25017

2A

II

Hell

in drain

VII.63.4

L. 63000

Iron II, Hell

cultivation soil

VII.25.59

L. 25020

2B

II

Iron I, Hell

fill

VII.38.210

L. 38060.1

5

V

Iron II, Pers

sub-surface

VII.34.69

L. 34042

3

III

Iron I, Iron II, Pers, Hell

in pit

VII.38.232

L. 38065

6A

VI

Iron I–10th

in wall

VII.37.174

L. 37033

5

V

Iron I, Iron II, Pers

fill

VII.24.93

L. 24032

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

fill of coarse sediment

VII.24.80

L. 24031, contaminated with L. 24030 L. 37027.1

2A

II

Iron I

foundation trench for Wall 24038

5

V

Iron I, Iron II, Hell?, Pers

sub-surface and pit, contaminated

hammerstone; irregular VII.37.169 spherical shape, pecked all over, with base rubbed smooth, 6.4 cm × 6.8 cm, (Wt) 398.4 g

Hell, Rom, ns

Context

VII.63.3

DA # Plate No. Published

cultivation soil

in pit

pl. 25:6

pl. 25:7

164

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

1706

1262

1708

1353

1710

1358

1712

1415

1713

1416

1714

1080

1715

1444

1717

1446

1718

1502

1719

1499

1722

1436

1726

1431

1727

1418

natural small cobble; irregular ovoid shape, apparently not worked, 7.4 cm × 6.8 cm × 5.8 cm; (Wt) 379.8 g basalt grindstone fragment; 13.2 cm × 9.1 cm × 3.6 cm saddle quern fragment; 48.0 cm × 39.5 cm × 10.2 cm lower grindstone fragment; 18.2 cm × 11.0 cm, (Th) 4.2 cm door socket; 34.2 cm × 29.8 cm × 13.8 cm rim fragment of basalt bowl; 6.5 cm × 6.6 cm, (Th) 1.5 cm basalt ring; (Dia) 4.8/4.85 cm, (Dia of hole) 1.4 cm, (Th) 2.6 cm, (Wt) 88.8 g fragment of a dark gray, nearly black, granite (?) weight; a nice dome shape except for the base, the surface is nicely ground and polished; one part of the mantle face is straight faceted; the base is rough with protruding and receding parts, 5.4 cm × 5.4 cm × 2.8 cm; (Wt) 118.4 g flint blade fragment; serrated, 5.8 cm × 2.7 cm × 0.4 cm flint microlith fragment; 2.0 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.5 cm stone bowl rim fragment; 4.8 cm × 3.2 cm × 1.0 cm flint blade fragment; 2.9 cm × 2.3 cm × 0.5 cm flint tool; 4.7 cm × 2.2 cm × 0.3 cm

1729

1417

1733A

1425

1733B

1425

1737

1450

flint tool; possibly scraPers, 5.0 cm × 4.7 cm × 1.3 cm black pebble; irregular ovoid shape, (Dia) 2.0/ 1.5/1.3 cm, (Wt) 6.1592 g pebble; irregular disclike shape, 2.2 cm × 1.9 cm × 0.9 cm; (Wt) 5.8889 g stone bowl rim fragment

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

VII.63.14

L. 63000

IV.5.112

L. 5016

5A

VII.38.195

L. 38051

VII.26.43

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

Hell, ud

cultivation soil

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

brick debris in silo

6A

VI

Iron II

object equals locus

L. 26021.1

2B

II

Iron II–Late Hell

sub-surface

VII.16

L. 16013

2A

II

no pottery

in wall

VII.24.56

L. 24007.1

2B

II

Hell

ash, clay, and cobble fill

pl. 22:8

IV.2.65

L. 2002

1

I

EB–Hell/Rom

disturbed surface soil

pl. 21:10

VII.34.101

L. 34025

2C

II

Iron II, Pers?, Hell

compacted fill

pl. 23:1

VII.24.116

L. 24040

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

VII.38.252

L. 38066

1

I

Pers/Hell

in pit

VII.38.243

L. 38066

1

I

Iron II–Hell

in pit

VII.16.58

L. 16030

2B

II

Iron I, Pers?, Hell sediment layer

IV.2.61

L. 2003.1

5

XVIII

MB IIC–LB I

sub-surface makeup

VII.38.246

L. 38066

1

I

Hell

in pit

IV.5.122

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:11

IV.5.122

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:12

VII.73.16

L. 73007

2A

II

Hell

fill

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 10:12a

pl. 22:7

165

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

1739

1511

1742

1498

1744

1512

1745

1575

1751

1693

1757

1675

1774

1700

1776

1707

whetstone; broken, 6.9 cm × 2.7 cm × 2.1 cm flint scraper; 5.7 cm × 4.5 cm × 1.1 cm whetstone; broken, 5.8 cm × 3.0 cm × 2.3 cm stone ring fragment; half-round, (Dia) 3.7 cm, (Th) 1.2 cm flint blade fragment; 2.4 cm × 1.5 cm × 0.3 cm flint blade fragment; 2.6 cm × 2.1 cm × 0.7 cm flint blade fragment; 4.4 cm × 1.5 cm × 0.8 cm basalt rubbing stone; 5.7 cm × 4.8 cm

1777

1684

1781

1788

1782

1750

1794

1794

1795

1793

1803

1835

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.15.48

L. 15012

2C

II

Iron I, Iron II, Pers?, Hell?

in pit

pl. 22:10

VII.38.250

L. 38074

6A

VI

Iron I - 10th

destruction ash

VII.24.115

L. 24040

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

pl. 22:9

VII.37.171

L. 37027.1

6

VI

Iron I, Iron II, Pers, Hell?

pl. 25:10

VII.37.197

L. 37040.1

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II

occupation soil, possibly contaminated sub-surface

VII.24.113

L. 24040

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

VII.38.268

L. 38073

6A

VI

LB, Iron I, Iron II, Hell

debris with pit, contaminated

IV.5.151

L. 5021.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pecking stone shaped into an angular globe with a “nose” damaged from use; the rounded part to fit into the hand, 8.0 cm × 7.0 cm × 6.0 cm, (Wt) 529.4 g flint blade; 4.9 cm × 3.2 cm × 0.7 cm flint blade; 7.1 cm × 2.3 cm × 0.5 cm

IV.5.140

L. 5021.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

VII.38.283

L. 38080

6A

VI

IV.6.27

L. 6004

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

mid-layer brick debris

flint blade; 5.5 cm × 2.6 cm × 0.8 cm flint blade; 5.3 cm × 3.0 cm × 0.8 cm limestone/chalkstone bowl; (Dia) 34.0/29.8 cm, (H) 11.2 cm

VII.38.284

L. 38074

6A

VI

Iron I – 10th

destruction ash

VII.15.58

L. 15011

2C

II

Hell

soil and rock layer

VII.24.156

L. 24026

2A

II

no pottery

plaster surface, equals 14014 and 15007 in neighboring areas

chalkstone fragment; carved image of rudimentary tree incised onto face, 10.4 cm × 12.3 cm pendant or whetstone; broken, 4.8 cm × 2.6 cm flint blade; 5.3 cm × 1.4 cm

VII.47.6

L. 47000

IX.2.1

L. 2000

IV.10.4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 32:6 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 32:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 42:2a

pl. 23:3

1973 1856

7

1859

43

1860

44

1866

55

flint blade fragment; 4.5 cm × 2.0 cm

1867

67

alabaster knob; 5.6 cm × 3.6 cm

Iron II, Hell–Rom cultivation soil

1

II

Iron–Rom

topsoil

L. 10000

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

IV.4.105

L. 4029

MB IIC–LB I

Macalister backfill

IV.9.30

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

74-736

pl. 20:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:4a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:10b Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:9

166

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj # 1868

MC # 68

1872 1874

74

1876

81

1877

82

1878

83

1879

84

1880

91

1881

92

1882

93

1885

96

1887A

98

1887B

98

1887C

98

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

basalt tournette base fragment; (Dia) 11.0 cm, (Th) 1.9 cm tabular scraper fragment; incised flint sickle blade; 3.5 cm × 2.7 cm flint scraper; fan shaped, 7.0 cm × 3.1 cm

IV.10.8

L. 10000

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

VII.47.18

L. 47000

Iron II, Hell

cultivation soil

IX.2.10

L. 2006

Hell

dump fill debris

IV.9.30

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

basalt ring fragment; possibly from tournette base, 12.0 cm × 5.5 cm, (Th) 5.0 cm bowl fragment of dense mottled micritic limestone containing minor bioclasts; 16.8 cm × 6.3 cm flint blade; 2.8 cm × 1.6 cm

IV.9.37

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

IX.1.22

L. 1008

Iron I–II, Hell

occupational fill debris

IV.5.180

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 32:16

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 31:11

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 32:17

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:14

IV.5.184

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

74-732 pl. 32:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:13

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:15

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:16

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:16a

flint weight; spherical, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (Wt) 7.381 g haematite nodule; unworked, 2.8 cm × 2.0 cm × 2.1 cm, (Wt) 20.206 g brown haematite weight; low dome shape, numerous facets, polygonal base edge, (max. Dia) 2.3/2.2 cm, (base Dia) 2.0 cm, (H) 1.73 cm, (Wt) 15.29 g reddish-black haematite burnishing stone and weight; dome shape with flat polished base, very small damage, loss ca. 0.2 g, (Dia) 2.14/2.18 cm, (H) 1.45 cm, (Wt) 12.6755 g flint pebble; stream polished, sub-rhomboid section, the rounded top shows pecking, (L) 3.65 cm, (Dia) 2.5/3.0 cm, (Wt) 57.6 g flint pebble; stream polished, sub-prolate spheroid, both ends show pecking, (L) 5.0 cm, (Dia) 3.0/3.2 cm, (Wt) 68.8 g flint pebble; stream polished, sub-oblate spheroid, 1.3 cm × 1.3 cm × 1.0 cm, (Wt) 2.3576 g

1

II

pl. 20:4

pl. 20:3

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:14a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:8

74-737 pl. 21:3

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 22:6 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:13 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:14

167

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

1888A

99

flint blade; 6.6 cm × 2.5 cm

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

1888B

99

flint blade; 5.9 cm × 2.6 cm

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

1890A

101

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 32:4

1890B

101

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 32:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:18

1891A

102

IV.5.187

L. 5013P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 32:6

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:12

1891B

102

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 32:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:11

1892

103

IV.4.108

L. 4031

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

pl. 20:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:15

1893

104

haematite weight; nonmagnetic, black grain shape with cut ends and squarish middle section, base and top flattened, has irregular tiny cavities, 2.19/1.15 cm × 1.0 cm, (Wt) 7.9825 g haematite weight; cracked, grain shape with cut ends and triangular middle section, tiny damage, loss 0.05 g, reacts to magnet, 2.0 cm × 1.1 cm × 1.17 cm, (Wt) 6.0984 g flint pebble; possible weight, flat, ovoid cushion shape, 2.7 cm × 2.33 cm × 1.35 cm, (Wt) 12.7673 g flint pebble; possible weight, sub-prolate spheroid shape, 1.94 cm × 1.56 cm × 1.18 cm, (Wt) 5.15 g alkaline olivine basalt saddle quern; dense but moderately vesicular, complete, 37.9 cm × 12.5 cm × 7.0 cm flint blade; 5.4 cm × 2.9 cm

IV.5.187

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

1894

105

flint blade; fine edge, 2.5 cm × 1.1 cm

IV.5.183

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

1896

107

L. 2008

1

II

Iron I–II, Hell

1903

119

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:9

1905

127

flint sickle blade IX.2.44 fragment; distal end, 5.8 cm × 3.8 cm haematite or iron nodule; IV.5.180 covered with dusty rust, possible weight, medium dome shape, (Dia) 1.55/1.56 cm, (base Dia) 1.16 cm, (H) 1.14 cm, (Wt) 5.201 g siliceous chalk blade; IV.5.184 7.6 cm × 3.5 cm

L. 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

1908

131

IV.10.19

L. 10000

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

1912

148

flint sickle blade fragment; distal end, 7.0 cm × 2.4 cm olivine basalt bowl base fragment; 10.0 cm × 10.0 cm, (Th) 5.5 cm

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:17 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:4b

VII.46.39

L. 46009

Iron II, Hell

debris

2A

II

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:19 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:20 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:17

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 25:18 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 22:5

slope fill

74-733

168

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

1913

188

1914

190

1917

183

1918

181

1920

272

1921

1129

1923

209

1924

213

1930

273

1935

304

1938

335

1942

212

1947

378

Description flint blade; double-edged, 3.5 cm x1.2 cm flint scraper; 3.0 cm × 3.4 cm × 0.8 cm chalk pilaster fragment, 14.5 X 13.0 cm, thickness 6.0 cm vesicular basalt grinding stone or millstone fragment; grooved, 16.5 cm × 13.0 cm, (Th) 7.0/1.0 cm flint flake; with bulb of percussion, used as single edged blade, 4.6 cm × 3.3 cm; 7.5YR 3/2 dark brown mill stone of brecciated flint dusky red goethite nodule; incipiently faceted (artificially), possible weight, (Dia) ca. 2.0 cm, (Wt) 19.5184 g nari-stone mortar; square cut, 21 cm × 31 cm, (Th) 14 cm porous quartzolite saddle quern fragment; 22.9 cm × 12.0 cm siliceous chalk blade; 4.3 cm × 12.2 cm alabaster jar neck fragment; 4.9 cm × 3.7 cm highly vesicular basalt object; possibly a feed hopper for mill, 19.8 cm × 16.5 cm alkaline olivine dense basalt pounder/grinder, frustum of cone, well rounded edges to both bases, mantle face straight not rubbed and apparently undamaged; in both top and bottom are pecked cavities, around the bottom cavity are clear traces of rubbing, less so around top cavity; bottom cavity pecked out after rubbing, suggesting that the object first served as a rubbing stone and was then transformed by pecking into a weight; (max Dia) 7.2/6.8 cm, (H) 5.8 cm; (Wt) 437.6 g

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

VII.38.297

L. 38020

1

I

Iron II, Hell

in wall stub

VII.38.297

L. 38020

1

I

Iron II, Hell

in wall stub

VII.47.53

L. 47000

Iron II, Hell

cultivation soil

pl. 21:4

VII.35.90

L. 35008

Iron II, Hell

in wall matrix

pl. 22:11

VII.38.315

L. 38086

Iron II

cultivation soil

VII.46.193

L. 46026

3

III

in pit

VII.44.107

L. 44022

3/2

III–II

Iron I, Iron II–9th/8th, Pers Late Iron II

loose debris

74-711

VII.46.56

L. 46014

3

III

Iron II, Hell

debris

74-871

VII.44.114

L. 44057

4

IV

Iron II

brick detritus

VII.44.114

L. 44057

4

IV

Iron II

brick detritus

IX.3.32

L. 3005

1

II

Iron II

rubble on slope

VII.47.6

L. 47000

Iron II, Hell

cultivation soil

VII.47.108

L. 47022

Iron II, Hell

debris contaminated by pit

2A–C

3

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

II

III

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

74-734

74-730

pl. 21:11

pl. 24:5

169

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

1950

345

1955

447

1956

440

1958

405

1959

426

1963

413

1964

409

1965

448

1967

414

1968

420

1969

416

1972

492

1973

422

1976

456, 421

1977

445

1978

445

1979

445

1983

469

Description dense micritic limestone rubbing stone; medium dome shape but peak off center, surface not ground, flat base smoothed from use, (Dia) 6.85/6.88 cm, (H) 5.35 cm, (Wt) 534.6 g flint blade; double edged, 6.0 cm × 2.0 cm dense foraminiferal biomicrite mortar; 29 cm × 16 cm mortar of slightly silicified foraminiferal chalk; (Dia) ca. 8.3 cm flint hammerstone; 4.0 cm × 4.6 cm dense microcrystalline limestone pim weight; dome shaped, inscribed, slight use damage around base edge, (Dia) 1.93/1.90 cm, (base Dia) 1.5 cm, (H) 1.64 cm, (Wt) 9.5542 g alabaster cruz fragment; 7.5 cm × 5.5 cm flint blade; 3.6 cm × 2.4 cm flint blade; 3.0 cm × 1.7 cm flint scraper; 6.4 cm × 3.6 cm chalkstone palette; 2.6 cm × 2.2 cm 3-legged shallow bowl of coarsely crystalline basalt; 24.5 cm × 12.5 cm limestone mortar fragment; 15 cm × 8 cm saddle quern of slightly amygdaloidal vesicular alkaline olivine basalt; complete, in 2 pieces, (L) 62.5 cm, (W) 35.5 cm, (Th) 6.95/4.25 cm quartzolite rubbing stone fragment; loaf shaped, 13 cm × 15 cm vesicular basalt saddle quern fragment; 18 cm × 12 cm vesicular alkaline olivine basalt grindstone; 14 cm × 25 cm siliceous limestone mortar; shows abrasion in the depression, 7 cm × 6 cm × 3.5 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.38.320

L. 38088

6A

VI

Iron II, ud

in Wall 38054

VII.34.193

L. 34078

4

IV

LB, Iron II?, Pers

VII.44.126

L. 44055

4

IV

no pottery

fill of porous sediment object equals locus, on Surface 44054

VII.37.217

L. 37048

7A

VIII

Iron I

construction makeup

VII.44.128

L. 44062

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

destruction debris

VII.35.139

L. 35048

3

III

Late Iron II

porous fill

74-716 pl. 24:7

VII.45.107

L. 45043

3

III

EB, Iron II, Hell

sediment layer

74-778 pl. 24:4

VII.34.200

L. 34059

4/3

IV/III

Iron II, ud, ns

porous fill

74-717

VII.37.215

L. 37048

6

VII–VI

Iron I

VII.36.128

L. 36036

3

III

LB, Iron II, Hell

ash and debris buildup compact soil layer

VII.45.108

L. 45043

3

III

Iron II, Hell

sediment layer

74-722 pl. 24:8

IV.5.226

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

74-897

VIII.1.49

L. 1011

1

II

EB–Hell

upper fill

VII.47.120 and VII.47.105

L. 47028 and 47022

3

III

Iron II, few Hell

debris cut by pit

VII.46.110

L. 46026

3

III

Iron II, Pers

in pit

VII.46.110

L. 46026

3

III

Iron II, Pers

in pit

VII.46.110

L. 46026

3

III

Iron II, Pers

in pit

VII.46.117

L. 46025

6A

VI

late Iron II

brick debris

Context

DA # Plate No. Published pl. 26:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:5 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 73:23a pl. 24:9

pl. 26:7

170

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

1984

455

1985

508

1986

510

1987

498

1988

509

1989

514

1990

470

1991

527

1992

406

1994

379

1995

377

2001

500

2002

518

Description vesicular alkaline olivine basalt grindstone; 24 cm × 12.8 cm × 4.5 cm white quartzolite pounder; rough stele shape with small cavity in the base, (H) 8.9 cm, (base) 6.4 cm × 6.8 cm, (Dia of cavity) 1.6 cm, (Wt) 603.7 g alkaline olivine basalt grinding bowl fragment; inner surface polished due to grinding, 19 cm × 10 cm × 4.3 cm rubbing/pounding stone of faceted quartzolite; sub-cube with well rounded corners and edges, perfectly preserved, some small natural cavities not regarded as damage, 5.9 cm × 5.7 cm × 5.5 cm, (Wt) 323.1 g dense microcrystalline limestone hammerstone/ polishing stone; 6.5 cm × 5.3 cm × 6.5 cm bowl and leg fragment of footed basalt bowl of alkaline olivine basalt; 15 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm flint sickle blade; 4.0 cm × 2.8 cm × 0.6 cm local flint blade with bulb of percussion; double edged, 3.1 cm × 2.7 cm flint blade; 5.1 cm × 1.8 cm × 0.4 cm flint scraper; 6.3 cm × 3 cm flint sickle blade; patination and serration from use, 2.3 cm × 4.5 cm × 0.9 cm pebble; flat, elongated, sub-ovoid stream polished, one end shows pecking marks, loss 1.5– 2.5 g; 5.4 cm × 3.4 cm × 2.1 cm, (Wt) 57.1 g upper grindstone fragment of moderately vesicular basalt; 14.6 cm × 12.8 cm × 8 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.47.120

L. 47029

3

III

Iron II

debris

VII.37.224

L. 37047

7A

VIII

Iron I–10th

on surface buildup

IX.3.54

L. 3002

1

II

Hell

debris on slope

VII.45.119

L. 45043

3

III

Iron II, Hell

sediment layer

VII.37.224

L. 37047

7A

VIII

Iron I–10th

on surface buildup

IX.3.54

L. 3002

1

II

Hell

debris on slope

VII.46.117

L. 46025

6A

VI

Late Iron II

brick debris

VII.37.227

L. 37047

7A

VIII

Iron I

on surface buildup

VIII.1.50

L. 1011

1

II

EB–Hell

upper fill

VII.36.144

L. 36067

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.36.147

L. 36067

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

IV.5.233

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.47.128

L. 47018

3

III

Iron II, Hell

debris

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 27:3

74-789

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 73:23b

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:4

171

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

2003

518

2004

467

2005

561

2012

588

2020

553

2022

376

2023

581

2024

580

2028

589

2037

616

2043

621

2046

619

2047

620

2053

663

2054

662

2062

681

2063

657

2065

680

Description vesicular alkaline olivine basalt saddle quern fragment; 14 X 7 cm nari manger fragment; 29 cm × 26 cm × 23 cm, (Depth of basin) 12.5 cm nari manger fragment; 32.5 cm × 21 cm coarse quartz siltstone whetstone; 12 cm × 2.8 cm × 0.95 cm whetstone fragment of medium grain sandstone; 4.4 cm × 4.8 cm, (Th) 1.45/1.20 cm fragment of lithographictype limestone slab; retains section of circular cut, 11.5 cm × 32 cm saddle quern of dense but moderately vesicular alkaline olivine basalt with minor amygdules; almost complete, 41 cm × 13.4 cm kurkar grindstone; loaf shaped, 26.5 cm × 9 cm dense microcrystalline limestone hammerstone; 5.3 cm × 5.0 cm 2 flint blades; 4.2 cm × 2.1 cm and 4.3 cm × 2.0 cm moderately vesicular alkaline olivine basalt spouted section; possibly part of a feeder for a mill, 26 cm × 16 cm × 9 cm coarse grained alkaline olivine basalt bowl base and leg fragment; 18 cm × 23 cm × 10 cm quartzolite grindstone fragment; loaf shaped, 19 cm × 11 cm × 7 cm flint blade; broken, both edges show patination, 3.3 cm × 2.0 cm flint blade; minor serration and patination, 5 cm × 3.1 cm alkaline olivine basalt bowl fragment; 16 cm × 12.5 cm × 4.5 cm cup mortar of partially silicified foraminiferal biomicrite; 11 cm × 5.5 cm × 5 cm flint blade, 3 working edges, 4.2 cm × 1.6 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.47.128

L. 47029

3

III

Iron II, Hell

debris

VII.46.118

L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

south balk

L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

IV.6.60

L. 6006

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

74-726 pl. 32:10

VII.45.113

L. 45043

3

III

Iron II, ud

sediment layer

74-775 pl. 24:6

VII.46.106

L. 46017

6A

VI

Iron II

surface

IV.5.252

L. 5029P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.34.226

L. 34087

5

V

VII.35.165

L.35054

6B–A

VII–VI

MB II?, Iron I, Iron II Late Iron II

fill of occupation sediments ash/brick destruction debris

X.1.9

L. 1001

VII.35

L. 35047

3

III

nil

mud brick debris

VI.36.125

L. 36039

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.35.171

L. 35054

6B–A

VII–VI

Late Iron II

ash/brick destruction debris

VIII.1.166

L. 1017

3

XVIII

Chalco–EB, MB IIA–C

upper glacis lense fill

VII.38.328

L. 38073

6A

VI

LB, Iron I - 11th

debris

IX.3.62

L. 3002

1

II

Iron II, Hell

debris on slope

VII.46.188

L. 46020

7A

VIII

Iron II

in wall

VII.38.331

L. 38073

6A

VI

Iron I

debris

Context

MB, LB, Iron I–II top soil

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 26:9

74-870 pl. 32:19

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:9

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:6

pl. 25:8

74748, 74-749

pl. 26:1 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 74:18a

pl. 27:5

172

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

2077

496

2087

723

2089

696

2090

713

2092

715

2096

733

2097

747

2099

744

2100

805

2101

814

2102

783

2103

806

2106

779

2107

780

2108

745

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

beachrock quern fragment; 22 cm × 25 cm × 10 cm flint blade; 5.7 cm × 1.5 cm quartzolite rubbing stone fragment; 16 cm × 13 cm flint blade; 3.5 cm × 2.0 cm flint blade fragment; double edged, 2.2 cm × 1.9 cm biotite pyroxenite whorl or pommel or mace head; domed, (Dia) 5.3 cm, (H) 3.7 cm dense basalt cobble grinder with minor epidotized amygdules; loaf shaped, grinding abrasions on the sides, later used for pounding causing abrasions on the ends, (L) 17.0 cm, (W) 10.4 cm, (max H) 6.8 cm, (Wt) 2061 g flint scraper; singleedged, 6.1 cm × 6 cm

VII.36.154

L. 36067

6

VII–VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.44.160

L. 44029

2C

II

Iron II, Hell

coarse compact fill

VII.33.51

L. 33030

5

V

compacted fill

VII.38.339

L. 38095.1

7B

VIII

EB, Iron I?, Iron II LB, Iron I–10th

VII.38.340

L. 38096.1

7B

VIII

LB, Iron I

sub-surface

IV.6.84

L. 6010.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

on surface

IV.4.130

L. 4020P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC/LB I

on surface

IV.4.130

L. 4020P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC/LB I

on surface

flint pebble; small flat oval-shaped, 2 notches cut in edge, 1.8 cm × 1.4 cm × 0.5 cm flint sickle blade; serration and patination on cutting edge, 3.8 cm × 3.5 cm flint blade; single edged, 3 cm × 1.5 cm flint sickle blade; minor patination and serration, 4 cm × 3 cm flint pebble; stream abraded, well rounded, hand rubbed, 2.1 cm × 1.7 cm × 1.2 cm, (Wt) 5.6529 g flint sickle blade; 6.7 cm × 2.7 cm

VII.36

L. 36067

6A

VI

Iron II

mud brick collapse

X.1.24

L. 1009

2

X

Iron I

debris below topsoil

VII.38.346

L. 38082.1

6A

VI

LB, Iron I, ud

sub-surface

VII.36.190

L. 36067A

6

VI

MB, Iron II

mud brick collapse

IV.5.265

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:1

IV.5.265

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

barite/celestite crystal aggregate pebble; all breaks natural, rough sub-dome on oval base, possible weight, (base) 2.0 cm × 1.65 cm, (H) 1.4 cm; (Wt) 8.724 g

IV.4.130

L. 4020.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:18 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 17:5

Description

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

sub-surface

pl. 32:8

74-795

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:6 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 17:15

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 17:15a

173

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

2112

801

2120

787

2122

813

2125

840

2129

829

2130

830

2131

821

2134

815

2135

844

2137

820

2138

819

2142

824

2145

823

2146A, B 822

Description brecciated flint pounding stone; signs of pecking on surface, cracked and disintegrating, 5.0 cm × 5.0 cm × 4.8 cm, (Wt) 170 g quartzolite saddle quern fragment; 17 cm × 10.5 cm × 5.0 cm drain gutter fragment carved from local chalk; 47 cm × 32 cm 2 flint blades; single edged, 2.7 cm × 1.7 cm and 1.8 cm × 2.0 cm silicified foraminiferal biomicritic limestone rubbing stone; cuboid dome shape, 4.2 cm × 3.7 cm, (base) 5.7 cm × 6.2 cm, (H) 6.2 cm grindstone fragment of highly vesicular slightly amygdaloidal basalt; 8 cm × 6.5 cm × 6 cm quartzolite pounder; domed sub-cube shape, all facets well rounded, one smoothed from use, 5.7 cm × 6.2 cm × 6.2 cm; (Wt) 323.4 g flint blade; double edged, 4.2 cm × 2 cm haematitic goethite nodule; subglobe faintly onion shape, reacts to magnet, no evidence of use, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (Wt) 5.565 g flint sickle blade; cutting edge patinated and serrated, 4 cm × 3.1 cm flint sickle blade; patinated and serrated, 3.1 cm × 3.3 cm flint sickle blade; patination and serration, 6.8 cm x2.5 cm goethite nodule; onionglobe shape, faceted, reacts to magnet, shows use abrasions, (Dia) 1.72/1.73 cm, (H) 1.76 cm, (Wt) 9.0735 g 2 flint pebbles; well rounded burned, 4 cm × 4.2 cm × 1.3 cm and 2 cm × 2.3 cm × 0.7 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

VII.45.154

L. 45071.P 6

VII–VI

Iron II

on surface

VII.44.176

L. 44078.P 6B–A

VII–VI

Late Iron II

on surface

VII.47.190

L. 47039

6A

VI

Iron II

debris

VII.38.352

L. 38100

7B

VIII

Iron I–10th

debris

E balk

L. 46027

6

VI

Iron II

from destruction debris in east balk

VII.38.352

L. 38100

7B

VIII

Iron I–10th

debris

E balk

L. 46027

6

VI

Iron II

from destruction debris in east balk

VII.38.355

L. 38100

7B

VIII

LB, Iron I–10th

debris

VII.47

W balk

no pottery

clean up of west balk removal

VII.38.356

L. 38100

7B

VIII

Iron I

debris

VII.38.355

L. 38100

7B

VIII

Iron I–10th

debris

IV.5.271

L. 5024

5A

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

IV.5.277

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

74-765

IV.5.274

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

74767, 74-768

pl. 26:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:18a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:3

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:7, 4

174

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

2147

825

2153

869

2154

872

2155

871

2156

870

2157

887

2158

930

2160

740

2162

895

2163

931

2164

888

Description wadi pebble; flat oval cushion with somewhat concave base, some tiny damage around polar areas (from use for pecking?), possible weight, (Dia) 5.0/4.0 cm, (H) 2.1 cm, (Wt) 61.3837 g flint blade; single edged, charred grain remnants encrusted on surface, 8 cm × 3.2 cm quartzolite grinding stone; 14.0 cm × 8.2 cm × 2.3 cm dense alkaline olivine basalt tripod bowl fragment; finely dressed, 22 cm × 5 cm × 14 cm dense micritic limestone pounder; well rounded surface and showing strike fractures, 11 cm × 8 cm × 4.5 cm foraminiferal biosparite door socket; circular, 24.5 cm × 23 cm dense foraminiferal biomicrite grinding bowl; 24.5 cm × 17 cm; 10YR 7/1 light gray basalt tabulate plaque; ellipsoidal, abrasions around the edge, both bases polished, loss from damage 5–7 g; (Dia) 7.9/6.5 cm, (H) 1.6/2.5/1.4 cm, (Wt) 212 g pounder of tabulate elongate bedded flint; skittle shaped, signs of pecking on the surface, heavy strike fractures on both ends, (L) 8.15 cm, (W) 4.20/3.25/3.45 cm beachrock basin/ rectangular bowl fragment; 16 cm × 11 cm × 6 cm quartzolite ballista or hammerstone reworked as rubbing stone or weight; sub-drum shape fashioned with numerous facets, base and top rubbed flat but not parallel, no damage discernible, (L) 5.3/4/8 cm, (Dia) 6.3/6.0 cm, (Wt) 319.1 g

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

IV.5.274

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:9

IV.6.100

L. 6006

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:7

VII.45.164

L. 45059

4

IV

LB, Iron II

mud brick collapse

IV.6.98

L. 6006

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

pl. 31:13

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:8

IV.6.98

L. 6006

5A

XVIIIA

EB, MB IIC

lower brick debris

pl. 31:10

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 45:6

VII.44.188

L. 44082

4

IV

no pottery

object equals locus, on Surface 44080

VII.38.364

L. 38101.1

8

IX

Iron I–10th

sub-surface

VII.38.345

L. 38097

7B

VIII

LB, Iron I–10th

debris

VII.38.364

L. 38101.1

8

IX

Iron I–10th

sub-surface

X.1.10

L. 1016

2

X

LB II, Iron I

fill down slope

VII.38.365

L. 38101.1

8

IX

LB, Iron I–10th

sub-surface

pl. 27:10

175

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

2165A, B 816

2167

899

2170

904

2171

891

2172

893

2173

905

2174

896

2175

902

2177

918

2178

892

2179

958

2181

936

2182

943

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

2 stone pounders; one of IV.5.281 well rounded brecciated flint, burnt and shattered; the second of wadirounded siliceous limestone haematite weight, subX.1.36 barrel shape, not made by rotative process but with numerous facets over the top, area of pecking (perhaps for diminishing), not magnetic, (W) 1.6/1.3 cm, (H) 1.6 cm, (L) 2.14 cm, (Wt) 11.2734 g flint blade; single edge, IV.4.216 11.5 cm × 2.5 cm flint scraper; 3.8 cm × 3 cm flint blade; subrectangular, dressed on 3 cutting edges, from bulbar percussion flake, 5.5 cm × 4.2 cm trachyte pebble of subrhomboid cushion shape; unworked, possibly a weight; (Dia) 5.2/5.6 cm, (H) 2.7 cm, (Wt) 106.3 g local flint blade; subrectangular, dressed on 3 sides, 4 cm × 3.6 cm beachrock saddle quern; 37.6 cm × 16.1 cm dense limestone dibble weight; biconically bored, (Dia) 16.5 cm, (H) 6.5 cm, (hole) 2.4 cm hammerstone of artificially dressed foraminiferal biomicrite; impact fractures broad shallow platter rim fragment of dense alkaline olivine basalt; 16.0 cm × 5.1 cm × 3.0 cm cylindrical stand fragment of dense alkaline olivine basalt; 9 cm × 7 cm hammerstone of abraded quartzolite; sub-cube shape, 5 facets in mantle face, 2 shallow cavities, possibly for gripping the stone, 7.3/6.3 cm × 7.25 cm, (H) 7.0 cm, (Wt) 587.3 g

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

L. 1015

2

X

LB II–Iron I, 11th fill

L. 4100

5A2

XVIIIA2 Chalco–MB IIC

sub-surface soil

VII.38.373

L. 38107

8

IX

LB, Iron I–10th

debris

IX.2.244

L. 2015

1

II

Iron II, Hell

water washed fill sediments

IV.5.300

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.38.367

L. 38101.1

8

IX

Iron I–10th

sub-surface

X.1.39

L. 1015

2

X

LB I, II, Iron I

fill

pl. 27:12

IV.5.300

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

pl. 32:3

VII.38.370

L. 38098

6A

VI

Iron I–10th

in pit

X.1.44

L. 1018

4

XIII

LB II, Iron I

occupation debris

pl. 30:6

IV.4.209

L. 4102.1

6B1

XIXB1

EB–MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

pl. 33:4

X.1.46

L. 1018

4

XIII

Iron I

occupation debris

pl. 30:10

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:6, 8

74-754 pl. 27:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 20:29

pl. 32:18

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:14

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 52:10

176

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

2183

944

2184

938

2185

939

2186

937

2187

961

2188

935

2189

932

2190

2192

933

2195

965

2196A

712

2196B

712

Description rough flint hammerstone; carefully fashioned sub-cube with wellrounded corners and edges, pecked all over, not ground, 4.45 cm × 4.45 cm × 4.5, (Wt) 140.07 g greenstone pebble; rhomboidal cushion shape, mantle face nicely worked, ground and polished, but later used for pecking and crushing, 6.2 cm × 4.5 cm, (Wt) 111.9 g chalk pedestal fragment; cylindrical, 11.5 cm × 13.0 cm flint hammerstone;well rounded wadi-polished, shows signs of use with abrasive fractures on part of the surface, 7.95 cm x9.90 cm flint blade of local flint; single edged, heavy flaking along use edge, 6.0 cm × 2.1 cm local flint sickle blade; serrated and patinated, 3.7 cm × 2.5 cm flint pebble; wadi rounded, ellipsoid (prolate spheroid) shape, perfect preservation, (L) 1.75 cm, (Dia) 1.13/1.30 cm, (Wt) 3.4553 g siliceous chalk sickle blade; minor serration and patination, 4.1 cm × 2.3 cm flint sickle blade; single edged, serrated patinated cutting edge, 7 cm × 3.4 cm siliceous chalk sickle blade fragment; minor serration and patination on use-edge, 3.1 cm × 2.2 cm pestle of siliceous bioclastic foraminiferal biosparite; (L) 14.5 cm, (W) 13.5 cm, (H) 10.0 cm bowl of siliceous bioclastic foraminiferal biosparite; (Dia) 18.5/19.0 cm, (H) 9.0 cm, (Depth) 3.5 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.38.379

L. 38107

8

IX

LB, Iron I–11th

debris

IV.5.314

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

pl. 32:13

VII.45.168

L. 45059

4

IV

MB II, Iron II

mud brick collapse

pl. 25:4

IV.5.319

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.38.381

L. 38098

6A

VI

Iron I–10th

in pit

VII.38.375

L. 38017

8

IX

LB, Iron I–12th/11th

debris

IV.5.310

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

IV.5.313

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:16

IV.6.110

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:13

IV.6.110

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:9

VII.35.177

L. 35062

2B

II

no pottery

in pit

pl. 23:4

VII.35.177

L. 35062

2B

II

no pottery

in pit

pl. 23:5

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:10

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:3

74-756

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:2

177

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

2197

977

2200

998

2201

991

2203

990

2204

992

2207

1002

2208

999

2209

995

2215

1021

2216

1085

2217

1023

2221

1000

Description quartzolite saddle quern; incomplete, 58.3 cm × 32.8 cm × 38.2 cm pounder/pestle of biomicritic limestone; haematite stain on one side, prismatic shape moderately well rounded with strike fractures on both ends, (L) 6.90 cm, (W) 4.50/3.55 cm flint sickle blade; serration and patination, 6.2 cm × 2.8 cm bowl fragment of dense alkaline olivine basalt; 7.7 cm × 9.0 cm flint pebble; wadi rounded, shows no polish, possible weight, 3.4 cm × 2.6 cm × 2.6 cm, (Wt) 26.9 g flint pounder; sub-cube/ sub-globe with definite base, all surfaces show use abrasions, no damage discernible, (H) 4.6 cm, (Dia) 4.9/4.6 cm, (Wt) 146.6 g flint pounder; subcubical shape, well rounded, pecked all over, not ground or polished, damage scarcely discernible, 5.4 cm × 5.5 cm × 5.7 cm, (Wt) 256.8 g flint blade; double edged, serration and patination, 3.7 cm × 1.6 cm ballista of dense biomicritic foraminiferal limestone; low dome shape, rough surface smoothed in part from handling, no damage discernible, perfect preservation, (max Dia) 10.2 cm, (base Dia) 6.0 cm, (H) 8.0 cm, (Wt) 1,118.2 g mortar fragment of dense biomicritic limestone; use-polished inside, (Dia) ca. 26.5 cm, (H) 13.5 cm, (Depth) 7.0 cm bowl rim fragment of dense foraminiferal biomicrite; 4.8 cm × 5.1 cm 3-legged bowl of alkaline olivine basalt; 31.3 cm × 14 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.38.376

L. 38101

8

IX

no pottery

object equals locus

IV.5.339

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.38.386

L. 38107

8

IX

Iron I

debris

VII.45 balk

L. 45059

4

IV

no pottery

mud brick collapse

IV.5.338

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.37.239

L. 37049

7A

VIII

no pottery

surface

X.1.52

L. 1006.1

4

XIII

Iron I

sub-surface makeup

IV.5.339

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

X.1.55

L. 1026

4

XIII

LB II

debris under vat

VII.46.173

L. 46031

6A

VI

Iron II

brick debris

pl. 26:8

IX.2.269

L. 2022

1

II

Iron I–II, Hell

occupational fill debris

pl. 21:12

IV.5.335

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:7

pl. 25:3 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:6

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:8

178

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

2222

1025

2224

1026

2225

1045

2235

1048

2236

1075

2237

1042

2238

1044

quartzolite upper mill grinding stone fragment; 24 cm × 12 cm micritic limestone object; possible weight, rectangular slab shape, 2.4 cm × 1.7 cm, (H) 1.24 cm, (Wt) 9.0691 g 3-legged bowl of alkaline olivine basalt; 26.4 cm × 13 cm flint pebbled; wadi polished, triangular rounded cushion shape, (base of triangle) 2.0 cm, (H of triangle) 1.48 cm, (max Th) 0.95 cm, (Wt) 3.7834 g flint blade fragment; single edged, 2.8 cm × 1.2 cm flint blade; single edged, serration from use, 6.7 cm × 2.0 cm siliceous chalk blade fragment; double edged

2239

1078

2240

1037

2242

1041

2243

1047

2244

1035

2245

1038

2246

1077

2247

1043

flint pebble; wadi polished, natural ovoid shape, possible weight, 3.15 cm × 2.65cm × 2.2 cm, (Wt) 25.2435 g flint pebble; wadipolished, very light patina patches on the surface, triangular rounded cushion, (base of triangle) 2.6 cm, (H of triangle) 2.2 cm, (Th) 1.25 cm, (Wt) 10.4543 g flint sickle blade; rectangular, serration and patination, 5.9 cm × 2.6 cm flint blade fragment; double edged, serration and patination on both edges, 2.1 cm × 1.7 cm alabaster vessel fragment; 5.9 cm × 1.5 cm flint sickle blade; rectangular, serration and patination, extreme fracture flaking along use edge, 6.2 cm × 3.2 cm siliceous chalk sickle blade; serration and patination on use-edge, 4.7 cm × 2.4 cm greenstone basalt pestle; wadi worn, use abrasion on both edges, 8.5 cm × 4.1 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

VII.44.236

L. 44093

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II, ud

fine sediment layer

VII.38.389

L. 38108.1

9A

XI

LB II, Iron I

sub-surface

IV.6.127

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

IV.5.358

L. 5024

5A

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

VII.47.239

L. 47042.1

4

IV

Iron II

sub-surface

IV.6.123

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

IV.6.121

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

IV.6.136

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

IV.5.355

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 35:5

IV.5.356

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:19

IV.4.246

L. 4112

5C2

XVIIIC2

EB–MB IIC

fill layer

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 56:27

IV.6.127

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

IV.5.356

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:6a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 40:17

IV.6.129

L. 6.010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:10

IV.6.127

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:3

MB IIC/LB I

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

pl. 28:8

74-896

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:5 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:4

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:11 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:12 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:1

179

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

2248

1039

2249

1068

2250

1057

2252

1055

2254

1052

2256

1067

2257

1056

2258

1040

2259

1069

2260

1080

2261

1066

stone weight; frustum of low sugarcone, wear from use around base edge, loss estimated ca. 0.4–0.6 g, (max Dia) 2.9/2.75 cm, (Dia of flat base) 2.4 cm, (H) 2.4 cm, (Wt) 45.1 g flint pounder; roughly oval, wadi-worn, unworked, minor fracture damage at each end, 9.9 cm × 6.9 cm siliceous chalk sickle blade fragment; serration and patination on use edge, 4.7 cm × 3.9 cm brecciated flint pounder; rough dome shape with base, worked all over but no damage discernible, (Dia) 6.0/6.0/5.77 cm, (base Dia) 2.8/3.0 cm, (H) 5.3 cm, (Wt) 259.2 g flint pounder; subcube with rough base and crudely domed top, pecked facets of mantleface, 5.95 cm × 5.65 cm, (H) 5.35 cm, (Wt) 294 g flint sickle blade; with bulb of percussion, serration and patination on use-edge, 2.9 cm × 2.9 cm beachrock upper millstone fragment alkaline olivine basalt bowl rim fragment; 9 cm × 9 cm alkaline olivine basalt bowl rim fragment; 9.5 cm × 9 cm grinding stone fragment of vesicular slightly amygdaloidal basalt; 22.5 cm × 21 cm quartzolite ballista; 6.9 cm × 7.4 cm 2 flint sickle blades; patination and serration on use edges, 5.3 cm × 3.1 cm and 3.5 cm × 1.5 cm 3 local flint tools: one proximal sickle blade, one sickle blade with the cutting edge largely fractured away, and one single-edged worked blade, 4.3 cm × 4.3 cm, 4 cm × 3.6 cm, and 3.6 cm × 2 cm

2263A–B 1065

2264A–C 1079

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

IV.6.122

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

VII.47.238

L. 47042.1

4

IV

Iron I, Iron II

sub-surface

VII.38.393

L. 38108.1

9A

XI

LB II, Iron I–12th sub-surface

VII.33.74

L. 33042.P 6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II–10th/9th

on surface

VII.38.393

L. 38108.1

9A

XI

LB, Iron I–12th

sub-surface

VII.38.399

L. 38111.1

9B

XI

LB, Iron I–12th/11th

sub-surface

VII.38.394

L. 38098

6A

VI

no pottery

in pit

VII.38.397

L. 38111.1

9B

XI

LB, Iron I–12th/11th

sub-surface

VII.38.402

L. 38114

9B

XI

MB, LB, Iron I–II fill

VII.47.237

L. 47037

6A

VI

no pottery

on surface

VII.38.399

L. 38111.1

9B

XI

sub-surface

VII.38.400

L. 38114

9B

XI

LB, Iron I–12th/11th LB, Iron I–12th

VII.38.401

L. 38114

9B

XI

LB, Iron I–12th

fill

fill

DA # Plate No. Published 74-766 pl. 32:12

pl. 28:9 pl. 28:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:2

180

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

2265

908

2266

970

2267

1050

2268

520

2269

1114

2270

1099

2272

1118

2273

1119

2277

1108

2279

1105

2283

1144

2284

1135

Description diabase mortar rim fragment goethite nodule; sub-globe shape with numerous facets, 2.26 cm × 2.24 cm, (Wt) 19.3208 g flint grinder, well rounded, drop-shaped, incipient grinding at one end, very tiny damage 0.05 g, (L) 6.5 cm, (H) 4.64 cm, (W) 4.3 cm, (Wt) 190.02 g bowl rim fragment of dense micritic limestone; 21 cm × 12 cm pounder of brecciated flint; rough sub-globe, entire surface abrasion factored, no damage discernible, 5.6 cm × 5.8 cm × 5.6 cm, (Wt) 263.9 g flint blade; 2.1 cm × 1.8 cm flint blade; double edged, 5.7 cm × 2.2 cm Flint pebble; well rounded with hard patina, perfectly preserved, 3.cm × X 2.cm × X 1.7 ,m(Wt)ht 21.8695ms flint blade; double edged, use patination and serration on one edge, 4.3 cm × 1.5 cm quartzolite pounder/ grinder; faceted surface, subdome shape with slightly concave base, mantle face is fairly straight and of ellipsoidal section, top has gable shape, (Wt) 302.7 g pounder of alkaline olivine basalt; multifaceted, high dome shape with 5-sided base and 5 facets constituting the mantle face, top is rounded, damage not easily discernible but possible with loss estimated at 2–4 g, (Wt) 196.9 g siliceous chalk blade; double edged, both edges show patination and serration, 5.5 cm × 2.0 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

VII.38.364

L. 38101.1

8

IX

Iron I–10th

sub-surface

VII.38.383

L. 38107

8

IX

no pottery

debris

IV.5.356

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

IX.2.121

L. 2001

1

II

Iron II, Hell

dump fill debris

VII.47.237

L. 47037

6A

VI

no pottery

on surface

VII.47.240

L. 47042.1

4

IV

Iron I, Iron II–7th sub-surface

VII.44.242

L. 44057

4

IV

Iron II

brick debris

VII.36.244

L. 36076.1

6

VII–VI

Iron II–8th

sub-surface

VIII.1.105

L. 1015

3

XVIII

MB II

in revetment wall

VII.38.403

L. 38114

9B

XI

LB, Iron I–12th/11th

fill

VII.36

L. 36076.1

6

VII–VI

early Iron II

sub-surface

VII.38.411

L. 38116.1

10

XII

LB, Iron I - 12th

sub-surface

DA # Plate No. Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 74:33a

181

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

2287

1130

2288

1127

2289

1125

2290

1134

flint sickle blade fragment; serration and patination, 2.7 cm × 3.4 cm pounder of burnt bedded flint; well rounded, 9.05 cm × 6.55 cm alabaster fragment; rectangular, worn and rounded edges, 5.6 cm × 4.4 cm × 2.1 cm pestle of Nubian sandstone; cylindrical, large chip broken off one end, 9.0 cm × 3.7/4.1 cm 2 flint blade fragments: one proximal sickle blade with patination and seriation, one doubleedged blade, 4.3 cm × 3.1 cm and 1.8 cm × 1.6 cm flint pounder; sub-cube shape with well rounded edges and corners and smaller flat base, surface roughly ground, no damage discernible, 6.2 cm × 6.25 cm, (H) 6.0 cm, (Wt) 369.4 g flint sickle blade; serration and patination, 3.2 cm × 2.7 cm siliceous chalk blade; double edged, serration on both edges, 3.6 cm x1.5 cm siliceous chalk blade; double edged, serration and patination, 3.9 cm × 1.6 cm 5 miscellaneous flint blades flint blade; large, single edged, including core nodular surface, 8.cm × 3.2 cm beachrock grindstone; loaf shaped, 17.1 cm × 9.8 cm vesicular alkaline olivine basalt upper grindstone; well used, 10.45 cm × 7.35 cm hammerstone of silicified limestone; drum shaped, both bases rubbed smooth, a little fracture damage, 3–5 g loss; (Dia) 7.8/7.4 cm, (H) 5.65/5.0 cm, (Wt) 556.7 g

2291A–B 1132

2303

1154

2305

1152

2309

1155

2311

1157

2312A–E 1159 2313

1158

2314

1153

2315

1223

2316

1182

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

VII.47.252

L. 47053A

6A

VI

Iron I–10th

with surface

IV.5.364

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

IV.5.366

L. 5033.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.46.194

L. 46044

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th debris

VII.38.410

L. 38118

11

XIII

LB II

probe below surface

VII.33.78

L. 33042.1

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

sub-surface buildup

VII.38.404

L. 38118

11

XIII

LB, Iron I

probe below surface

VII.47.254

L. 47053A

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th/8th

with surface

VII.47.254

L. 47053A

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th/8th

with surface

VII.38.412

L. 38116.1

10

XII

LB, Iron I–12th

sub-surface

VII.47.258

L. 47037.1

6A

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th sub-surface

VII.46.200

L. 46044

6B

VII–VI

Iron II, late 8th

brick debris

VII.35.216

L. 35081

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II

courtyard buildup

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

DA # Plate No. Published

74-799 pl. 31:12

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:12 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 41:13

pl. 25:11

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7

182

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

2318

1171

flint sickle blade; 6.5 cm × 3 cm

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

2319

1170

VII.45.199

L. 45092

6

VII–VI

Iron II

sediment

2323

1190

flint pounder; rough dome shape with base, all surfaces worked but no damage discernible, possible weight, (max Dia) 6.2/6.0 cm, (H) 5.3 cm, (Wt) 270.9 g goethite nodule; band patinated, rough dome shape, (Dia) 1.7/1.6 cm, (H) 1.5 cm, (Wt) 7.626 g 3 flint sickle blades; all with serration and patination quartzolite sub-cube pounder/ ballista; all edges and corners well rounded, no damage discernible, 5.6 cm × 5.6 cm × 5.6, (Wt) 271.5 g alabaster pyxis lid; 13.5 cm × 17 cm

VII.36.257

L. 36059

6

VII–VI

Iron II

stone with socle for Wall 36058

VII.38.414

L. 38120

12

XIV

LB II

debris

VII.46.207

L. 46041.1

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th sub-surface

IV.6.144

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

saddle quern fragment of alkaline olivine basalt; vesicular slightly amygdaloidal, 12.1 cm × 11 cm × 3.6 cm 4 miscellaneous flint blades beachrock saddle quern fragment; 19.3 cm × 7.9 cm dense dolomite oblate spheroid; very finely worked, with smoothed base, no damage discernible, (Dia) 8.2/8.1 cm, (H) 6.8 cm, (base Dia) 3.5 cm, (Wt) 947.5 g flint sickle blade fragment; patination and serration, 3.8 cm × 2.8 cm flint blade; single edged, 11 cm × 2 cm

VII.35.216

L. 35081

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II

courtyard buildup

VII.38.415

L. 38120

12

XIV

LB II

debris

VII.45.197

L. 45085

6

VII-VI

Iron I, Iron II–8th fill

VII.38.414

L. 38120

12

XIV

LB II

debris

VII.38.416

L. 38116.1

10

XII

LB, Iron I–12th

sub-surface

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

L. 45085

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–8th fill

L. 45085

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–8th fill

2326A–C 1189 2327

1181

2328

1194

2329

1192

2330A–D 1199 2331

1196

2332

1187

2334

1193

2335

1186

2337

1185

2339

1197

subconical flint (silicified VII.45.197 limestone) pebble; shows faceting on face, possible weight, 3.1 cm × 2.8/2.5 cm, (Wt) 29.5 g biomicritic limestone VII.45.197 mortar/grinding slab; 30.45 cm × 15.95 cm

DA # Plate No. Published Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:6

74-761 pl. 31:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:7

pl. 26:3

74-804 pl. 31:3

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:8

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

183

Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

Description

2340

1195

2341

1106

2342A

1183

2342B

1183

2342C

1183

2342D

1183

2342E

1183

2342F

1183

sculptured chalk table; round, (Dia) 33.5, (H) 15 cm (broken) alkaline olivine basalt rubbing stone; 11 cm × 9.4 cm one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; little triangular, cushionshaped black stone, well rounded corners and edges, fairly flat base and sloping top, a natural pebble, (Dia) 2.05/2.15/2.2 cm, (H) 1.2/0/7 cm, (Wt) 7.24 g one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; sub-pyramid on ellipsoidal very slightly concave base, a natural pebble, (L) 3.1 cm, (W) 2.7 cm, (H) 1.8 cm, (Wt) 18.4351 g one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; sub-oblate spheroid of yellowstone, surface has light brown patina, very tiny superficial damage (loss estimated at 0.04 g), 3.4/3.0/1.73 cm, (Wt) 24.6655 g one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; rose-gray oblate spheroid, 4.0/3.93/2.7 cm, (Wt) 51.7 g one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; flat pebble of oval cushion shape, 5.4/4.55 cm, (H) 2.37 cm, (Wt) 85.3 g one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; gray smoothed pebble fragment of ovoid shape, even the fracture is stream smoothed, at two spots traces of use as striking tool with damage in one spot (loss estimated at 0.2–0.4 g), (Wt) 94.4 g

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

IV.6.148

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 MB IIC

on surface

VII.38.403

L. 38114

9B

XI

LB, Iron I–12th/11th

fill

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7a

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7b

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7c

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7d

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7e

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7f

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 47:4

184

Chapter III Gezer Stone Objects

Obj #

MC #

Description

2342G

1183

2342H

1183

2343

1102

2348

1156

2350

1227

2352

494

2356

1086

one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; brown pebble of ovoidcushion shape with reddish rust colored patina, 5.3/4.3/3.5 cm, (Wt) 100 g one of group of 8 extremely well rounded wadi abraded pebbles; a near prolate spheroid with gray concretion and smoothed traces of pecking use, (Dia) 5.1/4.6/4.23 cm, (Wt) 132.2 g local nari palette; 2.4 cm × 1.8 cm, (H) 1.2 cm, (Depth of bowl) 0.4 cm white quartzose siltstone; well rounded, a low dome/nearly oblate spheroid, fashioned by numerous facets, all edges very well rounded, with a little base not absolutely flat, but very faintly convex, (Dia) 3.3/3.2 cm, (base Dia) 1.8 cm, (H) 2.6 cm, (Wt) 35.2 g dense biomicritic limestone pebble; 2 nearly parallel ground and polished planes as base and top; the base plane completely convex, the top plane slightly convex with visible striations, possible burnishing stone or weight, 2.0 cm × 1.8 cm × 1.1 cm, (Wt) 5.936 g bioclastic limestone grindstone fragment; 22.4 cm × 13.5 cm part of a large nari object; possible basin or mortar or press, uniform fabric, 58 cm × 52 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7g

IV.5.368

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:7h

VII.46.189

L. 46030.1

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–8th sub-surface

VII.37.240

L. 37047

7A

VIII

no pottery

VII.47.206

L. 46041.1

6A

VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th sub-surface makeup

VII.36.153

L. 36067

6A

VII–VI

late Iron II

mud brick collapse

VII.38.388

L. 38107

9

XI

LB, Iron I–11th

debris

EB–MB IIC

fill layer

741851

pl. 26:5

on surface buildup

74-808 pl. 26:6

1974 2401

5

flint blade; 4.6 cm × 1.5 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

IV.6.A1

L. 6015

5C

XVIIIC

2403

13

flint blade; 1.4 cm × 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

IV.4.320

L. 4100

5A2

XVIIIA2 Chalco–MB IIC

soil below Surface 4020

741853

2405

15

flint blade; 3.9 cm × 1.9 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

IV.4.322

L. 4102.1

5B1

XVIIIB1

sub-surface makeup

741855

EB–MB IIC

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 57:29 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 20:28 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 52:11

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974)

185

Gezer Stone Objects Obj #

MC #

2408

21

2411

27

2412

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Date/Period Stratum (pottery reading)

Context

DA # Plate No. Published

flint blade; worked, 5.7 cm × 3.4, (Th) 0.3 cm flint blade; 3.1 cm × 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm

II.14.40

L. 14014

2

II

EB, MB IIB–C, LB, Iron I

fill

741858

II.14.46

L. 14015.1

2

II

MB, LB II

fill below surface

741861

30

flint scraper; 3.8 cm × 2.5 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

IV.4.341

L. 4146

5B2

XVIIIB2

MB II

fine soil layer

741862

2413

35

IV.10.62

L. 10007.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

741865

2416

43

IV.4.356

L. 4105

5C2

XVIIIC2

EB–MB IIC

fill layer

2418

45

IV.4.362

L. 4156

6A

XIXA

MB IIB

in pit

741868

2420

47

IV.10.64

L. 10007.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

74-889 pl. 31:8

2421

49

II.14.56

L. 14021

15

XVIII

MB IIC/LB

in glacis lense

741871

2422

50

flint spearhead; 11.3 cm × 5.5 cm, (Th) 0.9 cm flint blade fragment; 2.5 cm × 1.6 cm, (Th) 0.2 cm flint blade fragment; 4.8 cm × 2.4 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm alabaster vase fragment; 7.5 cm × 4 cm, (Th) 0.8 cm flint blade; serrated, 6.2 cm × 2.0 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm flint blade; 3.8 cm × 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm

IV.10.63

L. 10007.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

741872

2423

51

flint blade; 7.4 cm × 1.8 cm, (Th) 0.3 cm

IV.10.71

L. 10012.1

5B

XVIIIB

MB IIB–C

sub-surface makeup

741873

10.  Whorls and Buttons Whorls are small pierced objects used as weights in spinning, and display considerable variety in size, shape, and material, depending on the type of fibers being spun (Bennett and Blakely 1989: 315; Shamir 1996: 149). Although whorls less than 10 mm in diameter are known from later Islamic times (Barber 1991: 51), they are generally somewhat larger, and their size readily distinguishes them from beads. Barber notes that any whorl whose hole is badly off center is unlikely to be a genuine whorl because it will have too much wobble (1991: 52). Consequently, similar objects with two holes are better described as buttons. The single possible exception to this at Gezer is Object 126, a broken bone disk that has a hole in the center of the disk and another near the edge. There may have been a third and even a fourth hole close to the opposite edge, but this part

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 69:11a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 69:12a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 53:13 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 51:7a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 56:28 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 62:4 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 51:7 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 72:27a Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 51:7b Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 53:20a

was broken off. The central hole in this case renders it possible that it was used as a whorl, but it may also have served another, completely different purpose. A similar object, also of bone, which had a central hole and three additional holes, was found at Megiddo and was there described as a button (Megiddo II: pl. 201:10). Ninety-seven whorls and buttons are recorded from Gezer. These sort into six main types and a few exceptions.

a.  Flat Disk-Shaped Whorls The most common type is a flat, disk-shaped whorl, usually but not exclusively made from reused potsherds. Most often, the raw material is a body sherd (for example, Obj. 290), though base sherds are also quite common (for example, Objs. 1129, 1045). Buttons are also made this way (for example,

186

Chapter III

Obj. 484); and some flat, disk-shaped whorls and buttons are made of other raw materials, including bone (for example, Obj. 126), limestone (for example, Obj. 346), chalk (for example, Obj. 1024), and fired clay (for example, Obj. 1530). This last example is very small (about 9 cm diameter), was found inside a mud brick, and may be a bead rather than a whorl. Another interesting variation is Object 905, which is a flat, diamond-shaped whorl made of polished bone. (Alternatively, this object may be a large bead.) Flat, disk-shaped whorls are long-lived at most sites, not least at Gezer, where the type lasts from EB II through to the 10th century b.c.e. Two whorls from Field VII, one of stone and the other a reworked body sherd (Objs. 1793 and 2042), came from Str. III contexts but originated much earlier.

b.  Dome-Shaped Whorls Circular whorls with a flat base and a low, domeshaped top are common finds on sites in Israel, and Gezer is no exception. They are made of a variety of different materials, most commonly bone and ivory (for example, Objs. 1072 and 557) but also limestone (Obj. 105), steatite (Obj. 963A), and other types of stone. Object 103 is an alabaster whorl with a dome shape, but its large central hole suggests it may better be classified as a ring-shaped whorl (see below). Object 540 is an unfinished dome-shaped ceramic disk, pierced partway from the bottom. Dome-shaped whorls are found usually, though not exclusively, in Iron Age contexts (Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001: 261), and at Gezer they range from the 14th and 13th centuries to the 9th/8th century. Object 118, a dome-shaped steatite whorl, was found in a Str. I terrace wall, but the presence of Iron  II pottery suggests that the whorl’s origin is earlier than the wall. From the second millennium b.c.e., two very well preserved ivory whorls, Objects 2014A and B, came from Str. XVIIIA Surface 5029.P, dating to the late 16th century. At Megiddo, several decorated dome-shaped whorls came from Str. XI–IX (Megiddo II: pls. 171:15–17; 172:19– 23). Unlike the Megiddo whorls, however, those from Gezer are not decorated.

c.  Conical or High-Domed Whorls This type is similar to the previous one, having a flat base but a higher dome. The differentiation

is arbitrary, but a whorl with a height-to-diameter ratio of more than 1:3 could be considered conical, and less than 1:3 would be dome-shaped. Although ivory and bone examples of this type do exist (Objs. 1321 and 1375A), they are rare, and varieties of stone examples are more common. These include greenstone (Obj. 803), chalk (Obj. 1166), and serpentine (Obj. 532). Also present are two of ceramic (Objs. 1067 and 1858). They date from MB II to the Hellenistic period, but are concentrated in the Late Bronze and early Iron Ages.

d.  Ring-Shaped Whorls Unlike the former types, whose function as whorls is more certain due to wear on the flat bases, this type may well have served other purposes. Usually made of stone, the larger examples are heavy enough to serve as loom weights and may also have served as sinkers (for example, Objs. 875 and 1332). The hole in these whorls is usually larger than in the other types, normally around 10 mm diameter. These, too, range in date from Iron I to the Hellenistic period, with an undated broken example from Field IV, which was probably not a whorl due to its off-center and irregular-shaped hole (Obj. 2166). It is unusual, though not unique, for these objects to appear in the Iron Age (Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001: 261–62).

e.  Biconical Whorls This type is usually made of fired clay with a vertically bored perforation (for example, Object 422). Object 728A is a variation on this theme, with a slightly asymmetrical shape and an angled perforation, both of which would have rendered it unsuitable for use as a whorl. Object 920 is similarly irregular, and the function of these two items is unknown. Object 588 is a biconical steatite whorl from Str. XIII in Field VI NE, and Object 1619 is a biconical stone whorl from Str. II in Field VII (though in the latter case, the context—a debris layer—and the presence of Iron II pottery in the reading both suggest that an earlier date is possible). Although it is unusual for this type to be manufactured from anything other than fired clay, stone examples are not unknown elsewhere in the Iron Age—for example, from Str. VIIb at Tell el-Farʿah (N) (Chambon 1984: pl. 75:15–16).

187

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Two other whorls are in this category due to their slight biconical shape, but they are otherwise quite different from their counterparts. Object 401 is a fragment of a large ceramic whorl approximately 9.8 cm in diameter and 1.8 cm high, from Str. X–IX in Field VI NE. Although it differs from its counterparts in this category in size and material, it has a wide, flat, biconical shape with a slightly angled perforation.

f.  Thick Disk-Shaped Whorls This type is a variation of the flat, disk-shaped whorls and may loosely be defined as having a height-to-diameter ratio of greater than 1:2.5. Only three whorls of this type were found at Gezer, but in contrast to elsewhere, two, Objects 744 and 2310, are made from clay, and the third, Object 1074, is of chalk. All three are undecorated. Although the thick, disk-shaped type is quite common elsewhere, undecorated clay examples are rare.

g.  Other Whorls Three whorls from Gezer have no parallels at the site. Object 22 is a wheel-shaped clay whorl from the 13th/12th century in Field I that Dever suggests is a clay cart-wheel from a child’s toy (Gezer I [HUC]: 76). While it may be so, a similar object from Str. I at Megiddo (Megiddo I: pl. 93:7) was described as a whorl. The Gezer example is quite large for a whorl,

around 7 cm in diameter, whereas the Megiddo example is about 3 cm. There were no use marks on the surface of the Gezer example that suggested its function. Object 1163 is a bone disk with a handle carved over it and attached at two opposing points, creating a gap between the top of the disk and the bottom of the handle. One edge of the object is broken off. The diameter of the disk is 3.2 cm and the height of the object in the middle is 1.9 cm. The object’s design lends itself to use as a button—it can be sewn onto a piece of cloth, unlike whorls, which have only one hole—or it may have served as an elaborate stopper or plug. However, its uniqueness at Gezer and its findspot in a stone-filled pit from Str. XIV/XIII of the 13th/12th century b.c.e. in Field VI do not assist in identifying its function. Object 1167 is a small, carved bone object with an elaborate shape, pierced in the middle. It measures 3.1 cm × 1.3 cm and is 0.5 cm thick. Although its shape makes it possible that this object could have been used as an elaborate whorl, and it was so identified in Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:18, it is more likely to have served as a bead. Similar but less elaborate examples come from Lachish (Lachish IV: pl. 28:5) and from Tell el-Ajjūl (AG IV: pl.  XXXVII:46). Both this object and Object 1163 came from LB II trenches and pits in Field VI, which were full of Amarna Age “leftovers” and which contained many Egyptian or Egyptianizing items (Gezer IV [HUC]: 58–59).

Gezer Whorls and Buttons Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1965 22

26 32

ceramic whorl or cart wheel; (Dia) 7.05 cm, (H) 3.0 cm, (Dia of hole) 1.05 cm stone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 3.0 cm, (H) 1.3 cm bone whorl; (Dia) 1.7 cm, (H) 0.7 cm

I.2.258

L. 2010

4

XIII–XII

one LB?, mostly Iron I

pit along W balk; very soft, fluffy earth with small sherds

I.1.89

L. 1027.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

I.3.70

L. 3012A.1

5B/5A XV–XIV

makeup of hardpacked earthen Surface 1027 covering whole area material below Phase 5A Surface 3012A and above level of Phase 5C–5B Surface 3020

LB

pl. 52:5

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:8

188

Chapter III Gezer Whorls and Buttons

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

48

white limestone whorl; II.1.15 (Dia) 3.0 cm, (H) 1.1 cm, (Dia of hole) 0.7 cm, (Wt) 14.5 g

L. 1002

2A

II

predominately late Hell, few early Rom

51

bone whorl fragment; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.6 cm, (H) 0.75 cm ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 2.4/2.2 cm, (Th) 0.6 cm

I.1.114

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

I.1.108

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

alabaster whorl II.4.32 fragment; disk shaped, (Dia) 4.5 cm, (inside Dia) 1.05 cm, (H) 0.77 cm, (Wt) 12.0 g, (rest. Wt) ca. 24.5 g limestone whorl II.1.141 fragment; dome shaped, (Dia) 3.3 cm, (inside Dia) 0.45 cm, (H) 0.8 cm

L. 4019

13?

XV

some MB II, LB I–II

hardpack makeup below founding level of Wall 4001

L. 1035.1S

7/6

IX–VIII

11th/10th

steatite whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.3 cm, (inside Dia) 0.25 cm, (H) 0.8 cm bone disk (button?); broken, with 2 holes, one roughly central, the other near the edge, (Dia) 3.5 cm, (H) 0.45 cm hard limestone disk fragment; centrally holed, one base flat, the other asymmetrically convex, (Dia) 3.5 cm, (inside Dia) 0.65 cm, (H) 0.82/0.75/0.60 cm, (Wt) 8.1 g, (rest. Wt) ca. 16.5 g basalt ring fragment; (Dia) 4.3 cm, (inside Dia) 1.2 cm, (H) 1.37 cm, (Wt) 23 g, (rest. Wt) ca. 42 g

II.2.105 (106?)

Wall 2008

1

I

some Iron II, but latest always clear Rom

part of 1035.1 below Phase 6 Wall 1001, where Surface 1035 did not extend; equals Phase 7A destruction debris, L. 1075 E-W wall, probably a terrace wall

II.4.36

L. 4022

14

XVI

some MB II, predominately LB II

I.3

in E balk; no locus number assigned

I.9.25–27

L. 9010

EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of Phase 7 (?) Wall 9011

IV.4.5

L. 4000

ud

Macalister backfill

I.2.239

L. 2068.1

mostly EB I–II, but few clear MB II ud sherds in upper baskets (i.e., 239–49)

surface makeup and hard brown fill below Phase 11A Surface 2074

77

DA #

Plate No.

soil overlying Phase 2A Surface 1002A, associated with Phase 2B–A Wall 1003 and Phase 2A Wall 1012 makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029 makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029

Published Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:6

1966 103

105

118

126

147

149

pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellowbrown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects unstratified in E balk

pl. 52:16

pl. 51:2

pl. 52:18

1967 196

222

ceramic whorl made from reworked base; (Dia) 5.5 cm, (Wt) 37 g ceramic whorl fragment; reworked body sherd, biconically drilled, (Dia) 6.2 cm, (Wt) 15 g

11/10

XXIII– XXI

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:10 pl. 52:22

189

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Whorls and Buttons Obj # MC # 230

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase 6

General Stratum VIIIB

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

stone whorl; roughly biconical, (Dia) 2.8 cm, (inside Dia) 0.80 cm, (H) 2.05 cm

III.1.54

L. 1053

10th/9th

chocolate-colored earth between L. 1042 and L. 1049

279

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd

III.3.A.3a

L. 3001A

Hell, ns

disturbed surface along the slope, with many loose boulders and small stones, including Macalister debris ashy material below Phase 11 Layer 3085A

289

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; biconically drilled, (Dia) 4.5 cm, (inside Dia) 0.65 cm, (H) 0.5/0.7 cm ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd, biconically drilled, (Dia) 3.7 cm, (H) 0.9 cm microcrystalline limestone pebble; incompletely bored, partly bored on both sides, the two borings not quite on the same axis, (Dia) 5.0/4.6 cm, (H) 1.37 cm, (Wt) 46 g, (rest. Wt) ca. 48 g ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; biconically drilled, (Dia) 3.7 cm, (H) 0.8 cm

I.3.307

L. 3085B

11A

XXIII

III.2

L. 2100

5

VIIIA

II.3.49

L. 3047

sub2/2B

III/II

mostly 7th/6th, trench N of Phase 3A few Pers and Hell Wall 3053, cutting Phase 3A Surface 3060 and Phase 3B Surface 3073; probably Phase 4 destruction debris in backfilled Hellenistic trench

II.2.398

L. 2170

5B–A

VI

10th/9th, 9th

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 3.5/3.0 cm, (H) 0.8 cm limestone whorl; 3.5 cm × 3.25 cm, (H) 0.6/0.3 cm

V.7.183

L. 7030A/ 7043

4

XXIV– XXIII

Late Chalco– EB II

I.4.404

L. 4157A

sub-14 sub-XXVI late Chalco

blue glass button; 2 holes (modern) fragment of large ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; (Dia) ca. 9.8 cm, (H) 1.8 cm biconical ceramic whorl; chipped, (Dia) 3.6 cm, (inside Dia) 0.85 cm, (H) 2.2 cm

VI NE.2

L. 2001

VI NE.6.60

L. 6011.1

4B/A

X/IX

12th, 11th, few 10th

material below Phase 4A Surface 6011, down to Phase 4B/A Layer 6015

VI NE.16.25

L. 16008.1

5A/4

XI–IX

Iron I to early 10th

removal of Phase 4A Surface 16008, down to Phase 5A–4A Layer 16015

DA #

Plate No.

Published

pl. 51:14

1968

290

327

328

329

346

Chalco, EB I–II

layer of ponded destruction material in alleyway W of Gate IA

pl. 51:15

74-45 pl. 51:5

band of metaled surfaces ca. 30 cm thick below Phase 4 (?) Surfaces 2088 and running below Phase 4 Wall 2103; cut by Phase 2A/1 Trench 3094; equals Phase 5B Surface 2163 and Phase 5A Surface 2184 to E occupational debris below Surface 7033

pl. 51:10

pl. 52:23

rubbly reddish stony soil above bedrock, same as sub-Phase 14 Layer 4157

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 39:7; p. 13 n. 22

1969 366 401

422

topsoil

74105

pl. 51:19

190

Chapter III Gezer Whorls and Buttons

Obj # MC # 453

484

493

523

524

529

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 4.7 cm, (H) 0.85 cm unfinished ceramic button made from reworked sherd; 2 partially drilled holes, (Dia) 4.0/3.6 cm, (H) 0.75 cm ceramic whorl or loom weight made from reworked base; (Dia) 6.1 cm, (H) 1.0/1.4 cm

VI NE 16.55

ceramic button made from reworked sherd; 2 holes, (Dia) 5.5/ 5.1 cm, (H) 0.8 cm ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 4.6 cm, (H) 0.8 cm whorl of micaceous steatite; conical, (Dia) 1.7 cm, (H) 0.7 cm

Locus L. 16014

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading) Iron I to late 10th

VI NW.6.44 L. 6022

5A-2/ A-1?

XI

12th, 11th

VI NE.24.?

in Rockfall 24029, against Wall 24027

6A

XIII

13th, 12th

VI NE.23.18

L. 23010

6A

XIII

13th/12th, 12th

II.2.428

L. 2160.P

6B

VIII

10th/9th

removing Phase 6B Surface 2160, lowest 5–10 cm

VI NE.25

L. 25013

5A

XI

LB II, 12th, 11th

soil and charcoal lenses below Topsoil 25000 down to Phase 5A Surface 25021; perhaps Phase 5A destruction debris stony rubble, probably 4 destruction debris overlying Phase 6A Surface 2173, contaminated by material from Phase 2A/1 Trench 2102 and sub-Phase 2 Pit 2182 soft loose pit material below Phase 1 Layer 16007; latest fill in and over Phase 1 Pit 16015 topsoil with Late Burials

pl. 52:1

II.2.436

L. 2166

4-2

V–II

Iron II to Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

532

serpentine whorl; conical, (Dia) 2.9 cm, (H) 1.4 cm

VI NW.16.56

L. 16011

1

II

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

534

ceramic button made from reworked sherd; 2 holes drilled through middle, (Dia) 3.65/4.10 cm, (H) 0.40 cm ceramic disk; dome shaped, pierced in middle from bottom but not all the way through, (Dia) 3.95 cm, (H) 1.45 cm

VI NE.35.11

L. 35000

VI NE.16.67

L. 16015

VI NE.13

locus not assigned

III.4.188

L. 4051.1

557

ceramic button made from reworked sherd; 2 holes drilled through middle, (Dia) 4.75 cm, (H) 0.85 cm ivory whorl fragment; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.3 cm, (H) 0.8 cm

Plate No.

VIII

limestone whorl fragment; conical, (Dia) 4.0 cm, (H) 1.7 cm

554

DA #

3

531

540

Context

LB II, Iron I–II, Hell

pl. 51:6

5A–4A XI–IX

LB II, 12th–11th, some 10th

layer of compact soil in N of area; below Phase 5A/4 Fill 16008.1, down to Phase 4B surface 16029 and Phase 5A Surfaces 16038 and 16039; mixed Phase 5A debris and Phase 4A fill found in balk

pl. 51:18

6

10th/9th

part of the grading fill used to re-contour the gateway’s surroundings to combat flooding

pl. 51:16

VIIIB

Published

pit with fill and pebbles, pl. 51:17 along E balk; cut from Phase 3 levels down into Phase 5A fill with many stones S of Gezer IV Phase 5A-4 Wall 6018B (HUC): and Phase 4A Pit 6012; pl. 61:9 below Topsoil 6000 and above Phase 5A-2 Layer 6009 rockfall between Phase 6B–A Walls 24027 and 24028, and around and over Phase 6B–A Bin 24062; part of Phase 6A destruction debris undisturbed debris below 74-87 Gezer IV Topsoil 23000, down to (HUC): Phase 6A Surface 23014 pl. 57:20

191

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Whorls and Buttons Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

574

bone whorl; dome shaped; (Dia) 2.1 cm, (H) 0.6 cm

VI NE.24.122

L. 24059

6B/A

XIII

LB II, 12th

588

steatite whorl; biconical, (Dia) 4.7 cm, (H) 2.15 cm

VI NE.34.41

L. 34007

6A

XIII

some LB II, mostly 12th

626D

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; hole biconically bored or scraped from both surfaces, (max Dia) 6.9 cm

VI NE.24.133

L. 24049.P

6A

XIII

12th

720

ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 4.8 cm, (H) 1.1 cm

VI NW.6.77 L. 6035.1

5B/5A XI

few LB, 12th

728A

biconical ceramic whorl (?); asymmetrical with angled perforation, (Dia) 3.6 cm, (H) 2.5 cm, (inside Dia) 1.1 cm ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked sherd; hole bored from both sides, (Dia) 5 cm, (inside Dia) 0.8 cm ceramic whorl; thick, disk-shaped, (Dia) 3.8 cm, (inside Dia) 0.85 cm, (H) 1.6 cm ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked base

VI NE.3

6A

XIII

13th/12th

ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 4.6 cm, (inside Dia) 0.36 cm ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; hole bored from both sides, (Dia) 5.2 cm, (H) 0.7 cm greenstone whorl; conical, 3 concentric circles incised on base, (Dia) 2.9 cm, (inside Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 1.4 cm

Context

DA #

Plate No.

rubbly fill in Room 6 and outer courtyard of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 24054 down to Phase 6B Surface 24068; equals 24057 bricky debris below Topsoil 34000 down to Phase 6A surfaces; same as 24050 in adjacent area pottery and lithics on Phase 6B–A Surface 24049; includes fragments of at least 10 broken limestone & basalt grindstones

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:14 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:5

1970

740

744

753

763

786

803

L. 3004.1

laminated buildup beneath Phase 5A-4/A-3 Surface 6035; part of Phase 5B/5A buildup surfaces; above Phase 5B/5A Surface 6049 and Phase 5B Surface 6058 material in and 10 cm below Phase 6A Surfaces 3004 and 3004A

pl. 52:6

I.N1011A+C locus not assigned

VI NE.35.60

L. 35022

5B/A

XI

12th, ud

trench along S balk filled with loose gray soil; below Phase 5A Layer 35010 compact uneven earthen surface over whole area; below Phase 4 Surface 26025, above Fill 26035.1 balk removal between NE 35 and NE 25; pottery probably equals Phase 5C/B Fill 35014.1

VI NE.26.84

L. 26035

5A

XI

LB II, 12th ud

VI NE.35.75

L. 35028

5C/B

XII/XI

LB II, 12th

VI NE.34.72

L. 34007

6A

XIII

some LB II, mostly 12th

bricky debris below Topsoil 34000 down to Phase 6A Surfaces; same as 24050 in adjacent area

II.3.703

L. 3044

sub-2

III

Iron II, Pers, latest is Hell, 3rd/2nd b.c.e.

deep trench across W half of area, cutting down through 5 levels; sealed in part by sub-Phase 2 Surface 3050

pl. 52:2

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 41:10, p. 86

192

Chapter III Gezer Whorls and Buttons

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

875

foraminiferal biomicrite whorl or sinker; ring shaped, (Dia) 3.7 cm, (inside Dia) 1.2 cm, (H) 1.3 cm

884

bone whorl; dome VI shaped, (Dia) 2.25 cm, NE.34.125 (H) 0.65 cm

886

bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 3.4 cm, (inside Dia) 0.4, (H) 0.5 cm

888

920

943

963A

1000B

1001B

L. 35035

Local Phase 6A

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

L. 34063A–B 6C–B

XIII

LB II ud, ns

VI NE.33.104

L. 33047

7/6C

XIV/XIII

mostly 13th, few 13th/12th

bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.6 cm, (inside Dia) 2.5 cm, (H) 0.65 cm

VI NE.35.160

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

ceramic whorl (?); irregular shape with the hole off-center, (Dia) 2.0/1.8 cm, (inside Dia) 0.2 cm, (H) 1.1 cm black steatite whorl; conical, (Dia) 2.2 cm, (inside Dia) 0.3 cm, (H) 0.9 cm steatite whorl fragment; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.45 cm, (inside Dia) 0.3 cm, (H) 0.8 cm ceramic button fragment made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 5.6 cm, (H) 1.1 cm

VI NE.23.97

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.34.137

L. 34053.P

6C

XIII

LB II, 12th

II.3.814

L. 3222.1

6A/5B VII/VI

10th/9th

VI NE.26.150

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

VI NE.26.149

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

ceramic button made from reworked sherd; (Dia) 3.5 cm, (H) 0.55 cm

VI NE.35

Locus

Context

DA #

Plate No.

earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 E-W wall, S of Granary 24000; corners with Phase 6B–A Wall 34028 and Phase 6C–B Wall 34060; used in Phase C with Phase 6C Surface 34053, and in Phase B with Phase 6B surfaces 34022, 34043, 34044, and 34052

pl. 52:7

thick rubbly fill in N of area, below Phase 6C Surface 33043, above Phase 7 Trench 33052; probably fill in upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 33052 earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 occupational fill below Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041

pl. 52:8

pottery on Phase 6C Surface 34053, below Phase 6B Surfaces 34050, 34052, and 34044 10 cm band of Phase 5B Surface 3222

series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, whorls, etc. series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B Surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, whorls, etc.

Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:4

pl. 52:9

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:5 pl. 51:11

pl. 52:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:6

193

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Whorls and Buttons Obj # MC # 1023

Description

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

L. 34044.1

6C/B

XIII

12th

VI NE.23.86

L. 23014.P

6A

XIII

13th/12th

VI NE.34.127

L. 34058

7/6C

XIV/XIII

some MB II, LB I–II, much 13th/12th

occupational debris fill, below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7 Surface 34072

VI NE.34.159

L. 34058

7/6C

XIV/XIII

some MB II, LB I–II, much 13th/12th

occupational debris fill, below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7 Surface 34072

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:16

1067

conical ceramic whorl; VI (Dia) 1.8 cm, (H) NE.34.192 0.9 cm

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:3

1071

bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (H) 0.65 cm bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.6 cm, (H) 0.7 cm chalk whorl; thick, disk-shaped, (Dia) 3.25/3.18 cm, (inside Dia) 1.1/0.8 cm, (H) 1.4 cm, (Wt) 12.4 g bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.0 cm, (inside Dia) 0.3 cm, (H) 0.5 cm

VI NE.34.190

L. 34072.1

8/7

XV/XIV

MB, LB I–II, 13th/12th

VI NE.25.142

L. 25070

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area material below Phase 7 Surface 34072, above Phase 7 Trench 34086 balk trim on NW balk stub

VI NE.36

L. 36007 (winter clean-up)

1

VI NE.26.188

L. 26061.1

6A/5C XIII/XII

LB II, 13th/12th, 12th

6A/5C XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

1030

1045

material below Phase 6B Surface 34044 in Room 11 of Granary 24000, down to Phase 6C Surface 34053 material on Phase 6B/A Surface 23014

Published

VI NE.34.120

1024

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; hole bored from both sides, (Dia) 4.3/3.7 cm, (H) 0.9 cm chalk whorl; flat, disk shaped, tabulate, (Dia) 3.7 cm, (inside Dia) 0.7 cm, (H) 1.1 cm bone whorl fragment; dome shaped, possibly the top part of larger original, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (inside Dia) 0.3 cm, (H) 0.3 cm ceramic whorl made from reworked base; hole bored from both sides, (Dia) 7.0 cm, (inside Dia) 0.8 cm, (H) 0.8/1.5 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:1 pl. 52:10

1971

1072 1074

1114

1115A

bone whorl; conical, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (inside Dia) 0.15 cm, (H) 0.7 cm

VI NE.5.127

L. 5072

1120

ceramic button made from reworked sherd; holes bored from both sides, (Dia) 3.3 cm, (H) 0.7 cm bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.3 cm, (H) 0.7 cm

VI NE.25.153

L. 25070

VI NE.34.226

L. 34072.1

1128

12th II

Hell, us ns

12th

8/7

XV/XIV

MB, LB I–II, 13th/12th

pl. 51:1

trench filled with compact occupational soil with charcoal, over whole area; robs Phase 5C–B Wall 36009 soil layer below Phase 5C Surface 26061 in Room 3 of Northeast House; above Phase 6A Surface 26075; Phase 6A debris with Phase 5C fill large robber trench that destroys much of Phase 6B; cut from above Phase 6A Surface 5059, backfilled with loose rubble and ash balk trim on NW balk stub

material below Phase 7 Surface 34072, above Phase 7–8 Trench 34086

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:9

pl. 52:13

194

Chapter III Gezer Whorls and Buttons

Obj # MC # 1129

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked base; (Dia) 5.9 cm, (inside Dia) 0.9 cm, (H) 1.1 cm stone object; roughly circular, tapering to one side, possibly unfinished ceramic whorl, (Dia) 6.8 cm, (max H) 1.5 cm

VI NE.26.

L. 26060.1

5C/B

XII/XI

12th

VI NE.5.165

L. 5068

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

1156

ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd; hole bored from both sides, (Dia) 3.3 cm, (H) 1.1 cm

VI NE.26.323

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1163

bone button with handle covering disk; one side slightly damaged, (Dia) 3.2 cm, (H) 1.9 cm

VI NE.35.296

L. 35060

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 13th/12th

1166

chalk whorl; conical, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (inside Dia) 0.45 cm, (H) 1.3 cm chalk whorl; thick, disk-shaped, (Dia) 3.6 cm, (inside Dia) 0.9 cm, (H) 1.2 cm, (Wt) 22.4 g

VI NE.24.280

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

VI NE.5.166

L. 5093

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II

1321

ivory whorl; conical, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (inside Dia) 0.35, (H) 0.6 cm

VI NE.24.

L. 24129

11–9

XXI/ XX–XVI

MB II predominately, few MB IIC/ LB I, some clear LB II

1332

fragment of stone whorl or sinker; ring shaped, (Dia) a little more than 3.75 cm, (inside Dia) 1.1 cm, (H) 1.26 cm, (Wt) 15.9 g, (rest. Wt) ca. 32.4 g ceramic whorl made from reworked burnished sherd; (Dia) 2.8/3.2 cm, (inside Dia) 0.4 cm, (H) 0.35 cm

VI NE.26.331

L. 26093.1

7/6C

XIV/XIII

LB II, 13th/12th

VI NE.13.336

L. 13102

11/10

XXI/ XX–XIX/ XVIII

MB IIA–C, few MB IIC/LB I

1154

1240

1350

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

domestic earthen surface pl. 52:4 accumulations below Phase 5B Surface 26060, down to Phase 5C Surface 26061A deep buildup of threshing floor deposits over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 5059 and above Phase 7/6C Surface 5069; equivalent to other similar deposits across the terrace, i.e., 6096, 15061, 16082, 25063, 26083, 35037 deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075, and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and Makeup 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching stone-filled pit at N balk; pl. 52:11 cut from upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 35069, or lowest levels of Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 large trench or pit below pl. 52:14 and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150 large trench cut and 74-82 Gezer IV backfilled from sub-5069 (HUC): (Phase 7/6C) levels; pl. 52:17 below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 5068 and Phase 7/6C laminated Surface 5069 mud brick detritus and pl. 52:17 silt levels below Phase 9 Surface 24145 down to Phase 11 Surface 24152; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; mostly Phase 11–10 debris redistributed as Phase 9 fill soil below Phase 6C pl. 52:12 Cobbles 26093

occupational debris layer, primarily in SW corner of area; below Phase 11/10B Fill 13095.1, above Phase 11 Surface 13116; part of Phase 11–10 courtyard buildup

pl. 52:21

195

A Database of Objects from the HUC Excavations at Tell Gezer (1964–1974) Gezer Whorls and Buttons Obj # MC # 1375A

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

bone whorl; conical, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (inside Dia) 0.35 cm, (H) 0.8 cm

VI NE.35.430

L. 35083

10

XIX/ XVIII

MB IIA, MB IIC/ soil layer below Phase 7 LB I Trench 35069; above mud brick detritus of Phase 11 debris, L. 35085 and Phase 11 (10?) cobbled Street 35093; associated with Wall 35087; probably Phase 10 debris

ceramic disk; small, perforated, found in a mud brick, possibly a bead or a whorl, (Dia) 0.9 cm (irregular), (H) 0.6 cm stone whorl; ring shaped, flat base, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (inside Dia) 0.6 cm, (H) 0.9 cm stone whorl; biconical, (Dia) 3.2 cm, (inside Dia) 0.7 cm, (H) 1.3 cm stone whorl; conical, concentric circles carved on base, (Dia) 2.3 cm, (inside Dia) 0.4 cm, (H) 1.5 cm stone whorl; conical, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (H) 0.9 cm bone whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.4 cm, (inside Dia) 0.7 cm, (H) 0.7 cm stone whorl; disk shaped, circle carved on one base, (Dia) 3.4 cm, (H) 1.6 cm

IV.5.26

L. 5002

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

upper brick debris

VII.34.32

L. 34003

1

I

Iron I, Iron II?, Hell

loose fill

VII.38.164

L. 38045

2A

II

Iron II, Hell

debris

VII.26.49

L. 26033

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

wall foundation soil

VII.37.195

L. 37035

6

VII–VI

Iron II, Hell

debris layer, contaminated

pl. 51:12

VII.44.81

L.. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

loose debris

pl. 51:9

VII.35.93

L. 35048

3

III

Iron II, Hell

porous fill layer

ceramic whorl; conical, (Dia) 4.0 cm, (H) 3.2 cm steatite whorl; (Dia) 3.2 cm, (inside Dia) 0.6 cm bronze button; (Dia) 3.6 cm stone whorl fragment; (Dia) 4 cm ceramic whorl or loom weight; disk shaped, (Dia) 5.9 cm steatite whorl; conical, (Dia) 2.3, (H) 1.1 cm

IX.1.15

L. 1004

1

II

Hell

topsoil

IX.2.16

L. 2006

1

II

Hell

dump fill debris

IX.2.48

L. 2006

1

II

Hell

dump fill debris

VII.46.42

L. 46014

3

III

Iron II–Hell/Rom porous debris layer

VII.46.42

L. 46014

3

III

IV.4.108

L. 4031

Iron II–Hell (Nabatean fragment) MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

IV.5.239

L. 5029.P

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

Published

1972 1530

151

1597

787

1619

863

1698

1351

1752

1692

1753

1636

1793

1795

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:1

74836

pl. 51:3

pl. 51:7

74856

pl. 51:8

1973 1858

42

1871

71

1884

95

1915

191

1940

340

1993

487

2014A 555

ivory whorl; conical, (Dia) 2.3 cm, (H) 0.9 cm

5A

XVIIIA

pl. 51:4

porous debris layer

74727

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:9 pl. 52:19 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:2

196

Chapter III Gezer Whorls and Buttons

Obj # MC # 2014B 555 2042

608

2082

727

2166

906

2310

1148

Description ivory whorl; dome shaped, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (H) 0.6 cm ceramic whorl made from reused sherd; (Dia) 3.0/2.7 cm, (inside Dia) 0.5 cm ceramic whorl made from reused sherd; (Dia) 2.7 cm, (H) 0.6 cm microcrystalline limestone whorl fragment; (Dia) 4.2 cm ceramic whorl; thick, disk shaped, (Dia) 2.6/2.5 cm, (inside Dia) 0.6 cm, (H 1.5 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

IV.5.239

L. 5029.P

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC/LB I

on surface

VII.36.163

L. 36049

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

in wall

X.1.15

L. 1005

2

X

MB, LB, Iron I–II probe below topsoil

IV.6.4

L. 6000

VII.47.258

L. 47037.1

DA #

Plate No.

pl. 52:20 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 36:3

74744

pl. 51:20

east balk upper debris 6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II, 9th sub-surface

Published

74728

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:2 pl. 51:13

Appendix A

Egyptian Amulets from Gezer Christian Herrmann

University of Fribourg, Switzerland

I. Introduction 1

but not necessarily the date that it was exported to Israel/Palestine (for dating criteria, see Herrmann 1994: 31–34). The dating according to the excavator is based on the context and is listed under Findspot. Differences between the excavator’s date, based on context, and the author’s date, based on manufacture, arise because many amulets were used over several centuries (Herrmann 1994: 31), with the result that the object’s production date and the date of the context in which it was found may not coincide.

1. Definition “The Egyptian amulet (wdꜢw [Ermann and Grapow 1957: 1.401], mkt [Ermann and Grapow 1957: 2.160–61], nht [Ermann and Grapow 1957: 2.282], sꜢ [Ermann and Grapow 1957: 3.414]) is a small object, which protects the holder through its magical power, keeps bad things away from him, provides him with health and material goods, and enables him to partake in its magical power.” For details regarding definition, interpretation, use, and production procedure, see Herrmann 2003: 2–5.

4.  Technical Explanation of the Catalog Each amulet type is introduced by a short explanation of its meaning and iconography. This is followed by a table listing the Egyptian amulets of the type under discussion excavated in Israel/Palestine up to the year 2006, including the site where each was found, the findspot with the excavator’s dating, the author’s date, and the author’s catalog number. The Roman numeral next to the catalog number indicates the author’s volume in which the amulet has already been published, as follows: I = Herrmann 1994; II = Herrmann 2002; III = Herrmann 2006. This is followed by a detailed description of each amulet in the type under discussion, with bibliography and parallels. The parallels are from Egypt and the Mediterranean basin, including Carthage, Sardinia, Italy, and the Iberian Peninsula. Final remarks include a discussion of special characteristics and, where necessary, issues of dating, identification, and interpretation.

2. Material Eight of the nine amulets presented here are made of Egyptian faience, 2 whose production requires a rather complicated technical procedure. First, using a positive, a clay mold was prepared. Next, the moistened composite material was squeezed into the mold, which then had to be fired at high temperature. For details on the production technology and various methods employed, see Herrmann 1985: iv–v; 1994: 26–31. 3. Dating The date of each object according to the author, listed in the catalog as Author’s Date, indicates the time when the amulet was probably produced, 1.  All photographs appearing in this appendix are also by Herrmann, with the exception of fig. A.3. 2.  The exception is Object 1079, here Catalog No. 9, which is made of glass.

197

198

Appendix A

II. Catalog 1.  Anthropomorphic Figures 1.1.  Isis or Isis-Hathor with the Horus Child A very popular and widely distributed amulet is of Isis sitting on the throne with the suckling Horus Child on the lap. In this format, Isis sometimes merges with Hathor (cow horns and sun disk on the head, as in Herrmann 2003: Cat. Nos. 32–44), or with Mut (double crown on the head, as in Herrmann 2003: Cat. No. 103). In her function as the mother goddess and nursing mother of the Horus Child, Isis’s main task was the care and preservation of life, which 1,000 years later would live on in the Christian Madonna lactans. The Isis-Horus Child amulets were mainly for protection from danger. According to the Osiris myth, Isis raised the Horus Child secretly in the swamps of the Nile Delta and protected it from evil forces. In the Ritual of the Seventh Hour (Hymn 7B: 5–6), she is mentioned among the gods that protect Re on his journey in the sun barge: “Isis, the Great, powerful in magic with her saying, effective(?) with her magic” (Assmann 1999: 83). Consequently, the mother goddess with the Horus Child became a protective object, supposed to protect children from sickness and evil. These amulets frequently bear inscriptions which both underline the life-giving and protective function and also reinforce them with their own apotropaic effect. While Isis and Isis–Hathor imagery appears in Israel/Palestine sporadically as early as LB  IIB, the goddess enjoyed great popularity only during Iron IIA–B. 3 Catalog No. 1: Object 440 Findspot: VI NE.16.45, L. 16008.1, Str. XI–IX (pottery reading: Iron IA to early 10th century b.c.e.) Year Excavated: 1969 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 1974–100 Material Culture sample number: 1571 Dimensions: 27 mm high, 9 mm deep, 5 mm wide Material: faience with light greenish blue glaze 3.  Period references are as cited by the excavators. See Table I for Gezer-related chronology.

Production: mold made Description: Isis with Horus Child Author’s Date: Iron IA–IIA Bibliography: Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:2; Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 11 Remarks: The amulet was not available at the time this report was prepared. The excavation notes describe the amulet as a “seated figurine (Isis?) holding infant (Horus?) on her lap” and composed of “blue faience.” The description in Gezer IV (HUC) (pl. 62:2) is “faience; Isis figure; light greenish blue glaze.” Parallels: (a)  for Isis with the Horus Child Israel/Palestine: Herrmann 2006: Cat. Nos. 2–4. Egypt: Petrie 1906: pl. XXXII:43; 1914: pl. XXVI:148:c, f–g; Berlev and Hodjash 1998: pls. 95:VI.99.1–2; 180:XV.173–75; 181:XV.179, 198; Herrmann 2003: Cat. Nos. 30–31; Haas 1999: Cat. Nos. 37–38. Sardinia: Hölbl 1986: pl. 30:2–3, 5. Iberian Peninsula: J. Padró i Parcerisa 1983: pl. XLI:18. (b)  for Isis-Hathor with the Horus Child Israel/Palestine: as positive: Herrmann 1994: Cat. Nos. 42–43; Herrmann 2006: Cat. Nos. 5–9; as a statuette in form of amulet: Iliffe 1936: 64, pl. XXXI: 4–5. Egypt: as mold: Franciscan Biblical Museum, Jerusalem, Reg. No. 2; as positive: Petrie 1914: pl. XXVI:148:d–e, h, j–k; Brunton 1948: pl. LVIII:25–26; Schlögl 1978: Cat. No. 318; Berlev and Hodjash 1998: pl. 181:XV.185–86, 190; Haas 1999: Cat. No. 41; Herrmann 2003: Cat. Nos. 34–46; as statuette: Brunner-Traut and Brunner 1981: pl. 131:440; Wildung and Schoske 1984: Cat. No.12; Berlev and Hodjash 1998: pls. 95:VI.80, 86, 87, 93; 97:VI.97; 98:VI.94–96, 100; Page-Gasser 2001: pl. XV–XVIII. Sardinia: Hölbl 1986: pls. 29:3; 30:1; 31:1–2. Iberian Peninsula: Gamer-Wallert 1978: pl. 35:B 135. Carthage: Gauckler 1915: I, pls. CXXVI, CXXVIII, CXXIX, CLXXVII. (c)  for Isis or Isis-Hathor with the Horus Child Israel/Palestine: as an amulet: Herrmann 1994: Cat. Nos. 19–43; Herrmann 2002: Cat. Nos. 1–4; Herrmann 2006: Cat. Nos. 10–18; as statuette in amulet form: Herrmann 1994: Cat. No. 26.

199

Egyptian Amulets from Gezer

Table A.1. Isis/Isis-Hathor with Horus Child Amulet Finds Site Achzib Achzib Achzib Achzib Achzib (Buqbaq) Akko Ashkelon Ashkelon Ashkelon Ashkelon Ashkelon Ashkelon Beth Shean Beth Shean Beth Shean Beth Shemesh Beth Shemesh Dor Dor Dor Dor Gezer

Findspot (dating according to context) Tomb ZR (Iron II) Tomb N 1/ L. 02–201/Phase 3 (end of 9th cent. b.c.e.) Tomb ZR XXIX (Iron II) Tomb ZR XIII (Iron II) Tomb Z I (Iron IIB) Area E 11/L. 607/Str. IV (Early Persian) Grid 50/L 196/FG 54 (604 A) Unknown (Persian) Unknown (Persian) Grid 38/Square 84/L 412/FTR 412 (604 A) Grid 38/Square 64/F 85 (Iron III–Persian) Grid 38/Square 64/F 611 (Iron III–Persian) Room 1524/Level V (Iron IB–IIA) Room 48/Level V (Iron IB–IIA) Room 1012A/South Temple/Level V (Iron IB–IIA) Tomb I (Iron IIA–B) South-East Grotto (Iron II) Area D 1/Square AU 12/L. 5568 (Persian) Area D 2/Square An 10/L. 15141 (Persian–Hell) Area D 1/Square AV 10/L. 5667 (undated) Area D 1/Square AV 10/L. 5667 (undated) Field VI NE/Area 16/Basket 45/L. 16008.1, Str. XI–IX (11th–10th cent. b.c.e.) Lachish Tomb 1002 (Iron IIB–III) Lachish Tomb 218 (Iron IIA–B) Megiddo Northern Citadel/Str. III (LB IIB) Megiddo Surface Find Megiddo Str. IV/Str. VIA–B (Iron IA–B) Tell es-Zuweyid Area HF/Str. H/Level 390 (Iron IIB–C) Tell es-Zuweyid Room JM/Str. J/Level 348 (Iron IIB) Tell es-Zuweyid Area MT/Str. M/Level 243 (LB IIB) Tel Rehov Area C/L. 2464/Str. 85.79 m/Str. VI (10th cent. b.c.e.) Tel Rehov Area E/L. 1704/Str. 71.40 m/Str. Vb (end 10th cent. b.c.e.) Tel Rehov Area C/Locus 4420/Level 85.66 m/Str. VI (10th cent. b.c.e.) Tell el-ʿAjjul Surface Find Tell el-Farʿah South Room RL/Str. R/Level 382 (Iron IIA) Tell el-Farʿah South Unknown Tell el-Farʿah South Tomb 229/Cemetery 200 (XXII Dyn./Iron IIA–B) Tell es-Safi Unknown Tell Jemmeh Area EF/Str. E/Level 189 (XXII. Dyn./Iron IIA–B) Tell Jemmeh Unknown Tell Sera‘ Area A/L. 1848/Basket 5358 (Iron II) Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Author’s Date Iron IB–IIA Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIB Persian Iron IIC Persian Persian Iron IIA Iron III–Persian Iron IB Iron IB–IIA Iron IB–IIA Iron IB–IIA Iron IIA–B Iron IIA Iron IIA–B Persian Iron IIB–C Iron IIB–C Iron IA–IIA

Cat. No. 10/III 12/III 6/III 7/III 9/III 83/II 2/II 25/I 26/I 3/II 38/I 41/I 20/1 21/I 43/I 22/I 34/I 17/III 19/III 4/III 4/III 11/III

Iron IIB–III Iron IIA–B LB IIB Iron IIA Iron IB Iron IIB–C Iron IIB LB IIB Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IB–IIA Iron IIA Iron IIA Iron IIA Iron IB Persian Iron IIA–B Iron IIA Iron IIA Iron IIA Iron IIB Iron IB–IIA Iron IB–IIA Iron IIB

24/I 37/I 19/I 33/I 42/I 23/I 31/I 32/I 13/III 14/III 5/III 30/I 28/I 29/I 39–40/I 27/I 35/I 36/I 15/III 16/III 18/III 2/III 3/III 8/III

200

Appendix A

Figure A.2.  Object 1173, Faience Baboon Amulet Fragment. Figure A.1.  Object 262, Feet and Stand of Faience Figure.

Egypt: as amulet: Petrie 1914: pl. XXVI:148:c–k; Berlev and Hodjash 1998: pls. 95:VI.99.1–2; 96:VI.85, 81.1–2; 180:XV.173–75; 181:XV.179, 198; Haas 1999: Cat. Nos. 37–38; as statuette in amulet form: Schlögl 1978: Cat. No. 300; Schoske and Wildung 1992: Cat. No. 68; Berlev and Hodjash 1998: pl. 95:VI.99.84; Germer 1998: pl. 19:4; made of bronze in large size: Brunner-Traut and Brunner 1981: pl. 131:440; Berlev and Hodjash 1998: pls. 95:VI.82; 96:VI.80, 86–87, 93, 97; 98:VI.94–96; Sardinia: Hölbl 1986: pls. 29–31.

1.2.  Fragment of a Female Goddess Catalog No. 2: Object 262 (pl. 12:9) Findspot: III.1.158, L. 1126, Str. VIIIB (pottery reading: 10th/9th century b.c.e.) Year Excavated: 1968 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: not registered Dimensions: 6.5 mm × 14.5 mm × 11 mm Material: compact, very hard, gray composite material with light blue glaze Production: mold made Preservation: body and legs missing, only feet and stand preserved Description: fully detached plastic figure fragment showing two carefully formed naked feet Author’s Date: Iron IIB Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 102. Remarks: The position of the feet suggests that the figure was either standing upright or sitting on a throne. However, according to the parallels, male standing gods in amulet form are always represented as walking (except with Ptah, who always holds the scepter in front of him and is

shown without limbs), and therefore it seems most likely that the Gezer fragment represents the feet of a female goddess (Isis with the Horus Child, a feline-headed goddess, or Hatmehit). The slightly inclined position of the ankle peg suggests that the goddess was sitting on a throne about 40 mm high.

2. Animals 2.1.  Baboon: Sitting, Moon in Both Forms Two varieties of monkeys were especially well known in Ancient Egypt, the sacred baboon and the long-tailed monkey. By the Middle Kingdom, both were almost extinct, and the animals were generally imported from Nubia or Punt. Their docility made them very popular among the Egyptians. Even in the early periods the baboon was venerated as the “great sage” in Upper Egypt, and later this animal was assigned to the god of wisdom, Thoth (especially in his role as scribe), and was venerated mainly in Hermopolis (Herrmann 1994: 561). Although some monkey demons could be dangerous toward the dead in the other world, others were helpful to them. In addition, these demons helped the tribunal in the other world to find the truth about the dead. This could be the reason that monkey amulets were put with the deceased in large numbers (Bonnet 1952: 78; Helck, Otto, and Westendorf 1972–1992: 1.Sp. 84ff; 4:915ff). In the study of amulets, the concepts of regeneration in both this world and the other world, reincarnation and renewal, and the apotropaic idea all played an important role (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 106–8). The solar aspect of the amulet is underlined through the combination of the baboon

201

Egyptian Amulets from Gezer

Table A.2. Baboon Amulet Finds Site Achzib Beth Shean Beth Shean Gezer Lachish Megiddo Megiddo Megiddo Tell el-Farʿah South Tell el-Farʿah South Tell el-Farʿah South Unknown Unknown

Findspot (dating according to context) Tomb N 1/L. 2079/Phase 3 (end of 9th cent. b.c.e.) Unknown Room 1183/Southern Temple/Level V (Iron IA–IIB) Field VI NE/Area 26/L. 26069.1, Str. XIII–XII (12th cent. b.c.e.) Area GE/Layer VI/L. 4584/Basket 31548–80 (LB IIB) Area CC/Square Q-10/L. N=1727/Str. VI (Iron IB) Area CC/Square R-8/L. 1750/Str. VI (Iron IB) Tomb 29 (Iron IA) Room EF/Str. E/Level 386 (XIX Dyn./LB IIB) Tomb 934/Cemetery 900 (XIX–XX Dyn./LB IIB) Tomb 955/Cemetery 900 (XX Dyn./Iron IA–B) Unknown Unknown

Author’s Date Iron IIB Iron IA–B Iron IB LB IIB–Iron IA LB IIB–Iron IA Iron IB Iron IB Iron IA LB IIB LB IIB Iron IA–B Iron IA–B LB IIB–Iron IA

Cat. No. 252/III 835/I 238/I 250/III 249/III 836/I 837/I 831/I 826–827/I 828–830/I 832–833/I 834/I 251/III

with the Udjat eye, Hathor, and Amun (Herrmann 1994: Cat. Nos. 828 and 832–33, remarks). In addition, the playful-erotic aspect in association with the naked goddess that was associated with this animal cannot be underestimated (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 107–8; Keel, Keel–Leu, and Schroer 1989: 189–90, Abb. 0187–0191). In Israel/Palestine, the sitting baboon with moon in both forms is found mainly in Iron IA and IB.

Parallels: Israel/Palestine: McGovern 1985: 15, Cat. Nos. I. A.2.3 (pl. 1); I. A.2.4 (fig. 2); 20, Cat. No. I. G.2b.40 (fig. 14); Herrmann 1994: Cat. Nos. 826–39. Egypt: as mold: Herrmann 2006: Cat. Nos. 286–88; as positive: Petrie 1914: pl. XXXVII: 206 h; 1891: pl. XXIX: 42. Sardinia: Hölbl 1986: pls. 75:1, 5–6; 76:1.

Catalog No. 3: Object 1173 (pl. 12:6)

2.2.  Sacrificial Goose

Findspot: VI NE.26.204, L. 26069.1, Str. XIII–XII (pottery reading: Iron I, ud) Year Excavated: 1971 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: not registered Dimensions: 19 mm × 12 mm × 9 mm Material: compact, very hard, gray composite material with white-blue glaze Production: mold made Preservation: head broken along the piercing Description: fully detached plastic figure Front side: a baboon sitting on a base with narrow legs and wide fur coat, under which the bent arms are resting on the thighs Back side: flat; the piercing pierced the short neck horizontally Author’s Date: LB IIB–Iron IA Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 250 Remarks: The parallels suggest that the baboon was carrying the moon in both forms on his head.

The sacrificial goose in amulet form in Israel/Palestine is represented by this single example. Catalog No. 4: Object 1582 (pl. 1:6) Findspot: IV.11.5 (disturbed surface context; pottery reading: Chalcolithic to Roman) Year Excavated: 1972 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 1974–837 Material Culture sample number: 748 Dimensions: 36 mm × 24 mm × 15 mm Material: Egyptian faience Production: mold made Description: The excavator identified the object in the field as a crocodile, salamander, or turtle. In my opinion, it is a sacrificial goose with head bending backwards. The piercing pierced the amulet horizontally, from one side to the other, including through the folded-back neck.

202

Appendix A

Table A.3. Udjat Eye Amulet Finds Site Beth Shemesh Beth Shemesh Dor Gezer Gezer Gezer Lachish Lachish Megiddo Megiddo Tell el-Farʿah South Tell Jemmeh Unknown Unknown Unknown

Findspot (dating according to context) Tomb I (Iron IIA–B) Unknown Area G/Square AK 34 (not stratified) Field II/Area 2/Basket 531/L. 2184.1, Str. VI (mid-8th century) Field III/Area 5/Basket 264/L. 5108, Str. II (Hellenistic) Str. VII–V (Iron IIB–C) Tomb 120 (950–850 a/Iron IIA–B) L. J.17 (Iron II) Surface Find Surface Find Unknown Str. A/Level 194 (XXVI Dyn.) Unknown Unknown Unknown

Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 264. Author’s Date: The date is difficult to determine from the picture. According to the motif, we can date the object most probably into the LB IIB. Remarks: The amulet was not available at the time the manuscript was prepared. Later I viewed an archival photograph of the object in which, in my opinion, one can most probably see a sacrificial goose. Parallels: Germond 2001: 64, ill. 64.

3.  Object Amulets 3.1.  Udjat Eyes The name signifies “safe” eye. The Udjat eye was the favorite Egyptian amulet in Israel/Palestine. Although it belongs to the class of human body parts, it differs from it and should be assigned to the divine sphere, as it does not protect a human eye, but rather as a divine eye it has apotropaic characteristics (Müller-Winkler 1987: 93–94). It has primarily regenerative characteristics but was also often used as an amulet with apotropaic qualities. It is in close relationship with the Horus eye, which like the moon, always regenerates itself anew (Bonnet 1952: 854–56; Helck, Otto, and Westendorf 1972–1992: 6.Sp. 824ff). Iconographically, the Udjat eye is represented by a smooth or decorated eyebrow, eyelid, lid edges,

Author’s Date Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIB–C Iron IIB–C Iron IIC–III Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–B Iron IIA–C

Cat. No. 943/I 944/I – 287/III 288/III 947/I 945/I 946/I 948/I 953/I 954/I 955/I 285/III 286/III 949–852/I

an eyeball, a pupil, a smooth or decorated make-up line, spiral bow, wedge area, and a smooth or decorated vertical projection. The projection suggests the relation with the falcon-headed god of the sky (for the terminology, see Müller-Winkler 1987: 94). The Udjat eye, the most common amulet type in Israel/Palestine, is represented by 536 examples (Herrmann 2006) and like Bes and Pateke, it reaches its peak in numbers in the Iron IIA–B. In both typology and the material of manufacture there is a stylistic evolution in this very common amulet (Herrmann 1994: 612–13). During the LB  IIB–Iron  IB era, these objects are small in size and decorated in raised relief. In addition to Egyptian faience, carnelian is also sometimes used as a production material. In Iron II, the Udjat eye is often decorated with a two-colored glaze, and the upper side is almost always curved while still being shaped in raised relief. Furthermore, the dimensions are usually much larger in Iron  II than during the LB  IIB–Iron  IB period, and the colors are dominated by shades of green to blue. An example of this type, listed in table A.3 above, is an Udjat eye amulet from Dor. Totally new criteria appear in the Iron IIC. The surface is usually flat and the edges are angular, and often the decoration is applied to the flat surface with thick composite material. Sometimes the eyes have very large dimensions. The fine reliefs are almost always sunk in. The production materials used alongside

Egyptian Amulets from Gezer

203

Figure A.4.  Object 585, Faience Udjat Eye Amulet Fragment.

Figure A.3.  Object 1582, Sacrificial Goose Amulet.

Egyptian faience now include granite and motherof-pearl, and only rarely are Udjat eyes made of carnelian found that date to the Iron IIC. 3.1.a.  Udjat Eye: Large and without Decoration As shown in table A.3 above, this variant is found mainly in Iron IIA–B. Catalog No. 5: Object 585 (pl. 12:3) Findspot: II.2.531, L. 2184.1, Str. VI (pottery reading: 10th–8th century b.c.e.) Year Excavated: 1969 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: not registered Dimensions: 22 mm × 30 mm × 8 mm Material: compact, hard, white composite material with white-blue glaze Production: mold made Preservation: eyebrow, pupil, and projection are partly broken Description: side view Front side: surface curved; eyebrow, lid edges, makeup line, spiral bow, and bipartite projection are smooth Back side: curved; the piercing pierces the eye horizontally along the axis

Figure A.5. Object 552, Faience Udjat Eye Amulet Fragment.

Author’s Date: Iron IIA–B Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 287 Parallels: Israel/Palestine: Herrmann 1994: Cat. Nos. 943–55.

Catalog No. 6: Object 552 (pl. 12:1) Findspot: III.5.264, L. 5108, Str. II (pottery reading: 10th, 2nd century b.c.e.) Year Excavated: 1969 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: no registration Material: compact, hard, gray composite material with white-blue glaze Dimensions: 14 mm × 18 mm × 8 mm Production: mold made Preservation: eyebrow, eyeball, and projection are broken along the piercing Description: side view Front side: surface sharply curved; lid edges, make-up line, spiral bow are smooth Back side: flat; the piercing pierces the eye horizontally along the axis Author’s Date: Iron IIA–B Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 288 Parallels: refer to Catalog No. 5

204

Appendix A

Figure A.6.  Object 1289A, Faience Gazelle Ring Plaque Fragment.

Figure A.7.  Object 1079, Winged Scarab Glass Fragment.

3.1.b.  Udjat Eye: Other

Catalog No. 8: Object 1289A

Catalog No. 7: Object 919 Findspot: VI NE.23.97, L. 23036, Str. XIII (pottery reading: LB IIB, 12th century b.c.e.) Year Excavated: 1970 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: not registered Material: Egyptian faience with a pale blue glaze Dimensions: 28 mm × 24 mm × 6 mm Production: mold made Bibliography: Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:1; Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 431 Remarks: The amulet was not available at the time the catalog was prepared.

3.2.  Ring with Gazelle The gazelle was popular in the New Kingdom, especially in the Amarna and Ramesside periods, on ring plaques (Herrmann 1985: Cat. No. 1342) and pendant objects made of faience (Herrmann 2003: Cat. No. 944 and references there). The defining characteristic of these animals is that they are found in the desert, but the desert was regarded by the ancient Egyptians as a desolate and sinister area of death, located beyond orderly creation. Creatures that managed to survive there were predestined to be regarded as the symbols of the overcoming of death. Consequently, as with most amulets, they became symbols of regeneration (Hornung and Staehelin 1976: 138ff). The gazelle in ring form in Israel/Palestine is represented by this single example from Gezer.

Findspot: VI NE.5.148, L. 5052, Str. XIII–XII (pottery reading: LB II/Iron I) Year Excavated: 1971 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: not registered Dimensions: 15 mm × 6 mm × 3 mm Material: compact, hard, white composite material with white-blue glaze Production: mold made Preservation: broken in two pieces, not mended Description: plastic Front side: body of animal; the hindquarter, the partly preserved tail, and the bended knee, which blend with the frame of the composition, can easily be recognized; the animal was standing freely in an oval frame Back side: unworked Author’s Date: LB IIB–Iron IA Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 488 Remarks: According to a similar image on a molded stamp from Qantir (Herrmann 2006: 242), the fragment may be identified as a leaping gazelle, which was part of a ring plaque. Because of its representation of the gazelle, the ornament acquires amuletic characteristics (for further details, see Herrmann 2003: 34). Parallel: Egypt: as mold: Petrie 1894: pl. XVI:178, 188–89; Khawam 1971: pls. XXXVI:12; XXXVIII:16; Herrmann 1985: Cat. No. 1342; as positive: Hölscher 1951: pl. 29:w; Samson 1978: Abb. 46(ii); Herrmann 2003: Cat. No. 947.

Egyptian Amulets from Gezer

4.  Winged Scarab (?) Catalog No. 9: Object 1079 (pl. 19:6) Findspot: VI NE.34.185, L. 34071, Str. XIV–XIII (pottery reading: MB II, LB I–II, 13th/12th century b.c.e.) Year Excavated: 1971 Collection: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem IAA Registration: not registered Dimensions: 7 mm × 9 mm × 2 mm Material: glass Production: mold made Preservation: fragment Description: plastic Front side: cross-striped, sickle-shaped object, possibly fragment of spread falcon wings with scarab (cf. Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 275) Back side: flat Author’s Date: not possible Bibliography: Herrmann 2006: Cat. No. 496

Bibliography I.  References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer IV (HUC)   Gezer IV: The 1969–1971 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, W. G. Dever. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1986.

II.  References Cited by Author Assmann, J. 1999 Ägyptische Hymnen und Gebete. 2nd ed. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis S01. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Berlev, O., and Hodjash, S. 1998 Catalogue of the Monuments of Ancient Egypt from the Museums of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Bielorussia, Caucasus, Middle Asia and the Baltic States. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 17. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Bonnet, H. 1952 Reallexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte. Berlin: de Gruyter. Brunner-Traut, E., and Brunner, H. 1981 Die Ägyptische Sammlung der Universität Tübingen. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Brunton, G. 1948 British Museum Expedition to Middle Egypt, 1929– 1931. London: Bernard Quaritch. Ermann, A., and Grapow, H. 1957 Wörtebuch der ägyptischen Sprache. 5 vols. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, in Arbeitsgemeinschaft mit dem J. C. Hinrichs Verlag, Leipzig.

205

Gamer-Wallert, I. 1978 Ägyptische und ägyptisierende Funde von der Iberischen Halbinsel. Wiesbaden: Reichert. Gauckler, P. 1915 Nécropoles puniques de Carthage. 2 parts. Paris Germer, R. 1998 Das Geheimnis der Mumien: ewiges Leben am Nil. München: Ägyptisches Museum und Paprussammlung; Berlin: Eine Ausstellung im Kulturforum Berlin-Tiergarten. New York. Germond, P. 2001 An Egyptian Bestiary: Animals in Life and Religion in the Land of the Pharaohs. London: Thames & Hudson. Haas, F. A. 1999 “Die Götteramulette der Sammlung des Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum in San José, Kalifornien, USA.” Unpublished Manuscript. Lizentiatsarbeit der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Basel. Helck, W.; Otto, E.; and Westendorf, W., eds. 1972–92  Lexikon der Ägyptologie. 7 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Herrmann, C. 1985 Formen für ägyptische Fayencen: Katalog der Sammlung des Biblischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg Schweiz und einer Privatsammlung. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 60. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1994 Ägyptische Amulette aus Palästina/Israel. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 138. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2002 Ägyptische Amulette aus Palästina/Israel II . Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 184. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2003 Die ägyptischen Amulette der Sammlungen BIBEL + ORIENT der Universität Freiburg, Schweiz: anthropomorphe Gestalten und Tiere. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 22. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2006 Ägyptische Amulette aus Palästina/Israel III. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 24. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Hölbl, G. 1986 Ägyptisches Kulturgut im phönikischen und punischen Sardinien. Leiden: Brill. Hölscher, U. 1951 The Excavation of Medinet Habu IV. The Mortuary Temple of Ramses III. Oriental Institute Publications 55. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Hornung, E., and Staehelin, E. 1976 Skarabäen und andere Siegelamulette aus Basler Sammlungen. Mainz: In Kommission bei P. von Zabern.

206

Appendix A

Iliffe, J. H. 1936 A Hoard of Bronzes from Askalon, c. Fourth Century b.c. QDAP 5: 62–68, pls. XXIX–XXXIV. Keel, O.; Keel-Leu, H.; and Schroer, S. 1989 Studien zu den Stempelsiegeln aus Palästina/Israel, Bd 2. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 88. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Khawam, R. 1971 Un ensemble de moules en terre-cuite de la 19e dynastie. Bulletin de l’Institut français d‘archéologie orientale 70: 133–60. McGovern, P. E. 1985 Late Bronze Palestinian Pendants: Innovation in a Cosmopolitan Age. JSOT/ASOR Monograph Series, No. 1. Sheffield: JSOT/ASOR. Müller-Winkler, C. 1987 Die ägyptischen Objekt-Amulette : mit Publikation der Sammlung des Biblischen Instituts der Universität Freiburg Schweiz, ehemals Sammlung Fouad S. Matouk. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Padró i Parcerisa, J. 1983 Egyptian-type Documents from the Mediterranean Littoral of the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman Conquest: Study of the Material, vol. 2 (Etudes Preliminaires Aux Religions Orientales Dans L’Empire Romain). Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Page-Gasser, M. 2001 Götter bewohnten Ägypten: Bronzefiguren der Samm­lungen „Bibel+Orient“ der Universität Freiburg Schweiz. Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Petrie, W. M. F. 1891 Illahun, Kahun and Gurob. London: David Nutt. 1894 Tell el Amarna. London: Methuen & Co. 1906 Hyksos and Israelite Cities. London: School of Archaeology, University College, and Bernard Quaritch. 1914 Amulets. Repr., Warminster: Aris and Phillips, 1975. Samson, J. 1978 Amarna, City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Nefertiti as Pharaoh. Warminster: Aris and Phillips. Schlögl, H., ed. 1978 Geschenk des Nils: aegyptische Kunstwerke aus Schweizer Besitz. Basel: Schweizerischer Bankverein. Schoske, S., and Wildung, D. 1992 Gott und Götter im alten Ägypten. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. Wildung, D., and Schoske, S. 1984 Nofret, die Schöne: die Frau im Alten Ägypten. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern.

Gezer Amulets Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1968 262

feet and stand of faience statue, (W) 1.45 cm, (Depth) 1.1 cm, (H) 0.65 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 2

III.1.158

L. 1126

6

faience Bes figurine amulet; lower part, (H) 1.15 cm, (W) 0.8 cm, (Depth) 0.55 cm faience amulet of Isis with the Horus child; (H) 2.7 cm, (Depth) 0.9 cm, (W) 0.5 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 1 faience amulet; pierced through the neck, (H) 1.65 cm, (W) 0.75 cm, (Depth) 0.45 cm

VI NE.17.3

L. 17000

VI NE.16.45

L. 16008.1

5A/4

II.3.409

L. 3133

post-4

VIIIB

10th/9th

under threshold stones between Walls 1030 and 1087

pl. 12:9

LB, Iron III, Hell

topsoil with Late Burials

XI–IX

Iron I to early 10th

removal of Phase 4A Surface 16008, down to Phase 5A–4A Layer 16015

74– 100

post-V

8th, 7th/6th

fill, probably upper level of Phase 4/3B? Trench 3113

74–55 pl. 12:4

1969 409

440

463

1571

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:2

207

Egyptian Amulets from Gezer Gezer Amulets Obj # MC # 552

585

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

faience Udjat eye amulet fragment; (L) 1.8 cm, (H) 1.4 cm, (Depth) 0.8 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 6 faience Udjat eye amulet fragment; (L) 3.0 cm, (H) 2.2 cm, (Depth) 0.8 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 5

III.5.264

L. 5108

2

II

10th, 2nd

lowest rubble in the huge Hellenistic robber pit underneath Macalister’s Building H

pl. 12:1

II.2.531

L. 2184.1

5B/A

VI

some 10th, 9th, some 8th

material below Phase 5A Surface 2184, down to Phase 5B Surface 2163; stony fill with occupational and destruction debris; probably related to Phase 5B Surface 2163

pl. 12:3

faience Udjat eye amulet fragment; (L) 2.8 cm, (H) 2.4 cm, (Depth) 0.6 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 7

VI NE.23.97

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

occupational fill below Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041

glass fragment; possibly from a winged scarab, (L) 0.9 cm, (W) 0.7 cm, (Depth) 0.2 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 9 faience seated baboon amulet fragment; (H) 1.9 cm, (W) 1.2 cm, (Depth) 0.9 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 3 faience Bes amulet; (H) 2.8 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Depth) 0.9 cm

VI NE.34.185

L. 34071

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 13th/12th

pit or trench robbing out east end of Phase 7 Wall 34070; dug from ca. Phase 6C levels; sealed by Phase 7/6C Fill 34058

pl. 19:6

VI NE.26.204

L. 26069.1

6A/5C XIII/XII

Iron I ud

material below Phase 5C Surface 26069 in Room 1 of Northeast House

pl. 12:6

VI NE.24.302

L. 24098

7

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

faience gazelle ring plaque fragment; (L) 1.5 cm, (W) 0.6 cm, (H) 0.3 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 8

VI NE.5.148

L. 5052

6A/5C XIII/XII

LB II/Iron I

large trench cut from 74–90 Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces disaggregated mud-brick material, derivative of the Phase 6A destruction; below Phase 5C Surface 5048, above Phase 6A Surface 5059 and Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072; partially used as Phase 5C fill

Chalco–Rom

disturbed surface soil

Published

1970 919

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:1

1971 1079

1173

1237

1289A

XIV

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:10

1972 1582

748

faience sacred goose IV.11.5 amulet; pierced horizontally, (L) 3.6 cm, (W) 2.4 cm, (H) 1.5 cm; Herrmann Cat. No. 4

L. 11000

74– 837

pl. 1:6

Appendix B

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Maud Spaer

Jerusalem, Israel

R.

A. S. Macalister stated that of “all the personal adornments” from his Gezer excavation, “by far the commonest and the most varied are the beads, found in profusion in every stratum. Indeed so extensive is the variety of size, shape, colour, and material, that it is difficult to suppress a feeling of despair at the beginning of any attempt to classify them” (Gezer III [PEF]: 104). 1 This is still the case, in spite of the fact that great progress has been made in the research of compositions, technologies, and historical development of all the materials involved. The Gezer personal adornments reviewed here consist mainly of beads, 2 some pendants (in most instances distinguished from the beads by off-center perforations or added loops), and two bracelets. Many objects were found in contexts much disturbed by Macalister’s excavations and other intrusions. Based on pottery readings or parallels from other sites, chronology could nonetheless often be established, although mostly within broad time frames. One notes a clustering of objects dated to the late LB–early Iron Ages, likely to be either heirlooms or made within a cultural continuum of Bronze Age traditions. 3 Knowledge of the combination and exact uses of the objects or their sym-

bolism and magic, is largely lacking. The major siliceous-vitreous materials—faience and glass, in this order—comprise more than half of the objects. These materials are, with few exceptions, strongly weathered, increasing the difficulties involved in attribution and classification. Measurements are provided, where possible, in the running catalog. Length is measured along the perforation axis; diameter, across it; height is used only for some pendants and for irregularly shaped or flat objects (substituting for length). “Spacer” is a term referring solely to multi-perforated beads, with no connection to likely space-fillers. Objects chosen for discussion either stand out as noteworthy or exemplify common types. Bibliographic citations are likewise not exhaustive, but are chosen examples, mostly providing additional references. Some registered finds were not available for study. 4

Earliest Finds Among the early objects in this corpus, dated late 4th to early 2nd millennium b.c.e., are two variants of marine mollusk shell. The first variant consists of two late Chalcolithic artificially perforated, diskshaped mother-of-pearl beads (from bivalve shells): Objects 323 and 276 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 39:2–3). The second variant consists of two conus shell beads, both probably Mediterranean: Object 267 (pl. 4:17), uncertain if naturally perforated, and Object 1939 (pl. 4:10), with worked perforation (cf. finds from

1. Macalister’s terminology differs from the one currently used: “enamel” may stand for glaze, “porcelain” for polychrome faience, and “kyanos” for Egyptian Blue? 2.  Some plano-convex objects perforated vertically are rarely definable as beads, but as they were included in the catalogue, they are discussed when relevant. 3.  This is repeatedly stressed in the Gezer publications, inter alia Gezer I (HUC): 24 and Gezer IV (HUC): 56–60.

4.  All drawings were prepared before the author started work on this material.

208

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Megiddo: Bar-Yosef Mayer and Baruch 2006: especially 499–501). Two small ostrich eggshell disk beads, Objects 2081A–B (pl.  4:11–12), were also found (on ostrich eggshells, see Philips 2000: 332–33; and on the early working of the material, see Bednarik 1997). Relatively early as well are a large unspecified stone pendant, Object 769, and two faience beads (on faience see discussion immediately below): Objects 2325A (pl.  4:14), crudely ribbed and apparently blackened by fire, and 2322 (pl.  4:13), collared and grooved, of a type known in various materials in Western Asia in the Middle Bronze Age, continuing even more common in the Late Bronze Age (Spaer 2001: 57 and 68, No. 13).

Late Bronze Age to Hellenistic Period Faience Since the 4th millennium b.c.e., faience has been in common use in Egypt and Western Asia. In the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, the material was made into both quite sophisticated and simple objects. Our Gezer finds belong, on the whole, among the latter. Faience consists of above 90% silica (sand or crushed pebbles) with an alkali (plant ash or natron) and a colorant (mostly copper related); lime, an essential component, was included as a by-product of either the silica or the alkali. Water was added to form a paste that was modeled by hand, with or without tools, or molded in open molds of baked clay (Friedman 1998: 18, fig. 4). Perforation by drilling is known, but most pieces were perforated prior to firing, either by a metal tool inserted and withdrawn or by a wooden stick or the like, left to burn itself out. Shaping was always carried out in the cold state, before firing. During drying, salts from the alkali rose to the surface, and when fired (slightly below 1000º C), produced the “glaze,” a more or less uniformly colored and shiny surface layer (among local finds usually faded and less shiny). The interior usually remained rather gritty and in a different color. Most Gezer faience finds are likely to have been glazed by this simple “efflorescence” method. McGovern (1985: 104) states that the efflorescence technique was exclusively used at LB Beth Shean. (On the different vitreous materials see Freestone 1997; on the compositions and technology of faience, including the various glazing methods, inter alia: Kaczmarc-

209

zyk and Hedges 1983 [including Vandiver appendix]; Schlick-Nolte 1999; Wartke 1999; Nicholson with Peltenburg 2000.) A good example of molding is Object 441 (pl. 4:1), a baboon amulet bead with a light- colored glaze over a dark ground, seen in profile with plain, flat back and vertical perforation (considering the latter, it was probably used as a pendant and not as a bead). The baboon in this instance lacks the crowning crescent and disk, but can nonetheless be regarded as associated with the lunar deities Thot and Khons (Shaw and Nicholson 2003: respectively, 288–89 and 151–52). It is probably a late New Kingdom, Egyptian import of a fertility amulet, not common locally, possibly unique in this particular version of average size, in a crouching position in profile, with flat back, vertical perforation and lack of lunar symbol. There is some fleeting similarity to finds from Beth Shean (James and McGovern 1993: fig. 58:1; as for additional local finds, Herrmann 1994: 563–65; 2006: 166–68). One notes the similarity in technique to Object 1582, another zoomorphic bead amulet (pl. 1:6), published by Herrmann (2006: 173, no. 164, and this volume, p. 201). Some tightly ribbed beads are also likely to have been molded (in addition to the more common tooled ones), like one biconical bead, Object 324 (pl. 3:7), and one plano-convex example, Object 1197 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 59:10). These pieces have close parallels at early Gezer and most other local excavations, for example, Beth Shean (Rowe 1940: pl. XXXIII: 55, 59, 65) and Lachish (Lachish IV: pl. 29:36–42). An example of modeling (tooled and shaped by hand), rather than molding, is Object 1182 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl.  50:14), a crude “lotus seed” pendant in reddish color (probably local manufacture of this Egyptian style type). It is a rather common ornament, known in minor variations in a variety of materials (in faience, mostly molded), but especially popular in cornelian (possibly inspiring the red color in this case), mainly dated late LB II. Not surprisingly, cornelian lotus seed pendants appear in particularly large numbers in the south, at BethPelet [Tell el-Farʿah South] (Macdonald, Starkey, and Harding 1932: pls. 49 and 51), at Deir el-Balah (Dothan 2008), and in the Egyptian garrison town Beth Shean (only good depiction in Curators of the Israel Museum 1986: No. 67).

210

Appendix B

Two molded faience rosettes (or daisies)—one a pendant (Obj. 24 [Gezer I (HUC): pl.  36:9], the only multi-colored faience object in the corpus), and one an ornament of plano-convex shape (Obj. 873 [Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 60:4])—belong to a well known ornament type. They occur mainly in the form of pendants or appliqués in various materials and are well attested in the Late Bronze Age, with some continuation in the Iron Age and with counterparts at early Gezer and other local excavations. A fragmentary Egyptian(?) “grape cluster” pendant(?), Object 789 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 61:4) is generally less common, but six examples were found in the Lachish fosse temple, as were two examples of Object 24, the bichrome rosette pendant (Lachish II: pl. XIV). Small, disk-shaped faience beads (“mummybeads”) are well known in most periods and regions in antiquity, including many local excavated sites. Mass manufacture of such beads was carried out by coating the length of some kind of rod by faience paste. The tube-like body thus formed, was sliced—prior to firing—by rolling over a sharp multi-edged tool, forming in one go a large number of beads. Numerous Gezer finds were manufactured by this “multi-cut” technique 5 (including scores from the early excavations, for example, Gezer II [PEF]: 107; note also the 2678 examples found in a tomb in the vicinity of Jerusalem [Zelinger and Golani 2005: 5]). Several of “our” examples are particularly small; note LB Objects 326 and 1205 (pl. 3:8, 21) and Iron Age Object 117 (pl. 2:22). As 326 is slightly worn on one side, it shows the difference, even in this tiny piece, between the light colored inside and the blue green outer layer. While the majority of the faience pieces, of all kinds, have this blue green color, other colors certainly occur, as apparent in Object 479 (pl. 4:3), a red bead with a good glaze in an oblate shape with small “collars” (whether common variants like this one were made wholly by the multi-cut technique or individually embellished before firing is difficult to know). Socalled “segmented” beads like Object 1857 (pl.1:2) 5.  “Multi-cut” is an ad hoc term for this particular technique that seems to lack a name. Wartke (1999: 63), writing in German, suggested the beads be named “Zahnrädchen Perlen.”

were certainly shaped by the “multi-cut” technique, by a tool which did not cut all the way through. To make large cylindrical beads, such as Object 43 (pl. 3:1), the multi-cut technique could also be useful. Ribbed cylindrical beads, like Object 1346 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 54:10), may also have been made in a similar way, using a tool that not only cut, but also indented the beads. Using thinned paste, faience bodies can be joined before firing in order, for example, to add loops or to form multi-tubular spacer-beads (particularly common in faience), like Object 411 (pl.  3:19), a triple tube, and Object 896, a double tube (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 60:7; note also Gezer II [PEF], for example, fig. 289: 6–7, 34); as well as a six-part tubular spacer from Ashdod (Golani and Ben-Shlomo: 256, fig. 4.3:6). The larger multi-cut beads, like the smaller ones, appear in numerous excavations.

Glass In the Late Bronze Age, glass became a popular ornamental medium, although certainly quite expensive at this early stage in its history. Glass is made from the same raw materials as faience, but in different proportions (with about a third less silica). Differing from all other siliceous materials, the components are melted through completely (at temperatures well above 1000º C, up to 1400º C, reaching a state of flow). When cooled slowly, the glass turns rigid, without crystallizing. It is then a homogenous, translucent material. It can be colored and/or opacified during initial melt or re-melting. The Gezer glass objects were hot-worked, but at a temperature lower than used for initial glassmaking. Most glass beads in this corpus—except those that are a part of Object 379 (see “Late Finds” below)—were formed by “rod-forming” (Spaer 2001: 44–46), the winding of glass canes (or more rarely by the folding of glass strips) round a rod, the bead mandrel. 6 A few beads and pendants were made by molding. Ornamentation of bead surfaces by tooling or added glass was 6. A glass bead mass-manufacturing technique, by “drawing,” matching the faience “multi-cut” technique, was introduced only in the Hellenistic period. This new technique, in combination with increased and cheaper raw glass, soon led to the quantitative superiority of glass beads over faience beads.

Beads and Pendants from Gezer also carried out by hot-working, except Object 852, an irregularly faceted, blue bead; the ornamentation by faceting was probably achieved by cold-working (this item was not available for study). (On the historical and technological development of ancient glass-making and glass-working, see Moorey 1994: 189–215; Nicholson and Henderson 2000; Henderson 2000: especially 24–39.) Among the presumably monochrome beads, two dark gray examples, Objects 1115B and 1115C, differ from the rest, especially as the weathering is uncommonly shiny, and slightly iridescent. Analysis indicated manganese as a primary colorant. Ribbing is relatively common, as in Objects 1263 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl.  50:15) and 1135 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 53:11). Such glass beads and others have been referred to as “Egyptian style” items, although they certainly do not diverge from the Western Asiatic repertoire (Gezer IV [HUC]: 45, 59). Macalister, too, stressed the Egyptian origin of small vitreous objects. This is only partly correct. Since the 1960s and early 1970s, glass historians have agreed that Western Asiatic glass industry preceded that of Egypt. The styles of LB, local small glass objects therefore owe more to Syro-Mesopotamian styles than to the Egyptian (on the transfer of styles via Palestine to Egypt see Lilyquist 1993). 7 Absent from the present corpus are plano-convex doubly perforated, rectangular, ribbed spacer beads found at most Western Asiatic LB sites (Note, however Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CXXXVIIb: 48). Polychrome glass, frequent in the Late Bronze Age, is relatively rare here, as weathering may have obliterated all traces. Some beads have (spirally?) applied trails (now faint), although not drawn as such in the early publications, like Objects 63 (Gezer I [HUC]: pl.  36:10) and 790 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 57:2). One bead, Object 467 (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 59:14), seems to be “crumb­decorated.” Among other polychrome beads, one notes two apotropaic “stratified” eye beads: plano-convex Object 1250 (pl.  4:6), with one two-layered eye, a well known Late Bronze western Asiatic type, and compressed spherical Object 108 (pl.  1:1) with three two-lay7.  However, any glass vessels found locally are as a rule Egyptian and datable to the later part of the Late Bronze Age.

211

ered eyes, probably Iron Age (on the technique and parallels: Spaer 2001: 52, 77–98). No example of the so-called “triangular eye beads” (Spaer 2002), typical of 9th to 7th century b.c.e., was found (but see Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CXXXVIIb:50). Object 447 (pl. 3:17) is a rare “mosaic” bead. It was depicted as plain, but some of the weathering layer has since crumbled, showing a light green translucent base color and on it an irregular pattern of roundels (slices cut from a concentric mosaic cane) with a whitish center surrounded by a narrow ring in strong red and what appears to be a second outer ring, appearing silvery iridescent, shown by analysis as probably an “optical illusion.” Identical colors are trailed round at least one of the perforation openings. A preliminary analysis of the red glass, relatively rare in the second millennium b.c.e., did not detect the cuprous oxide that might have been expected (Freestone 1987). Closely related to Object 447, possibly identical, are Objects 446 and 448C (Gezer II [HUC]: pls. 40:12, 10) and 448D (pl. 4:2), but strong weathering precludes certainty. Objects 446 and 447 were found with a “Late Mitannian” faience cylinder seal, Object 437 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 40:14). A second Late Mitannian style faience cylinder seal, Object 436, was found in the vicinity (Gezer II [HUC]: 52, n. 27, pl.  40:7). It therefore seems likely that these beads were LB II imports from the North. A limited number of luxury mosaic glass vessels and inlays were produced in the Late Bronze Age. Mosaic beads occur, but are even rarer. A single mosaic (quatre-foil) bead, very different from Object 447, was found in the Macalister excavation (Gezer III [PEF] pl. CXXXVIIb: 37) with an exact counterpart at Tell Brak (McDonald 1997: fig. 223: 21). Three glass artifacts, although found in disturbed contexts, belong to well-known datable types found all around the Mediterranean. One, Object 758, is a rod-formed pendant, a so-called “demonic mask,” very partially preserved, but hardly weathered, belonging to a large series of Phoenician-Punic head pendants. The basic color is a strong blue; the preserved eye has a spot of the same color on opaque white and a trail of opaque brownish yellow (from an eye-brow?). This pendant type is dated to the 6th to 5th century b.c.e. (for the foremost study of such head pendants see Seefried 1982: “Type A”:

212

Appendix B

5–6 [pl. I top, fig. 7 top left]). A piece excavated at Tell es-Safi (Bliss and Macalister 1902: 42, fig. 19) is quite similar. Two stratified “paired” eye beads, Objects 1725 and 1531 (pl. 1:11, 17), dated 6th to early 3rd century b.c.e., are made in the common colors of opaque bluish green with eyes in strong blue and opaque white, in four alternating layers (Spaer 2001: 81–  84, pl. 6, with multiple parallels).

Other Siliceous Materials Best known among the siliceous-vitreous materials, other than glass and faience, is Egyptian Blue. This material is opaque and worked in the cold state like faience, but of a more homogenous composition than faience. It is definable by a specific chemical coloring compound and is usually recognizable by a particular matte bluish color (Tite, Bimson, and Cowell 1987; Hatton, Shortland, and Tite 2003). Egyptian Blue was used both as raw material for objects and as a pigment. It was traded in ingot form. One, for example, was found at Beth-Shan (McGovern 1990: fig.1, top left). Only a few objects in this Gezer collection are likely to be Egyptian Blue: almost certainly Object 1204 (pl. 3:14, a spherical bead), and possibly also some of the objects referred to as “faience?”). There are additional siliceous variants, intermediate between glass and faience, including “glassy faience” (a term introduced by R.  H. Brill: Lilyquist and Brill 1993). Object 2307 (pl. 2:9), a broken bead covered by a molded surface of regular rows of granulation, weathered white, may belong to this category (a parallel was found at Tell Beth Mirsim: Golani 1996: 84–85, fig. 18:8). Uncertainties remain, and can be resolved only by advanced analytical procedures. (No object in the above review was referred to as “frit,” as this term too often was used as a “catch-all” to cover up uncertainties.)

Ornamental Stone Among the ornamental stones, cornelian, 8 a quartzite stone of the chalcedony family (6, 5–7 on Mohs scale), dominates at Gezer as most everywhere. Some cornelian occurs locally in the south, 8. Cornelian and carnelian are used interchangeably. According to Moorey (1994: 96) the first version is the correct one, considering the Latin source of the name.

but its use is so prevalent that most finds are likely to have been imported. Common shapes (such as spherical [more or less], cylindrical, elliptic, and biconical) are not chronologically indicative. As for technique of manufacture, quality of work, such as the drilling, shows improvement over time, but this fact is not consistent enough to serve as a dating aid. Good material and workmanship characterizes Object 67, a well-rounded cornelian bead, dated LB I or II, sufficiently translucent to show the drilling from both ends. Of cornelian as well is Object 1073, a relatively large, almost opaque elongated bead(?), broadening well beyond the center, perforated lengthwise. The shape of this object type is common, especially in the Late Bronze Age, but more often was perforated at the short end and used as a pendant. This piece may also have been used as a pendant (like the baboon above), as this could be easily achieved by inserting a string with a stopper below, and a loop above. The lengthwise perforation is rarer than the short one (at the top), but one piece with the long perforation was found, for example, at Megiddo (Guy and Engberg 1938: pl.147 below) and five pieces were found at Hazor (Hazor III–IV: pl.  CCLXXVII:15–19). One cornelian bead, of undetermined Bronze Age date, Object 1344 (pl.  3:23), was probably drilled from one side only, as suggested by the deeply abraded depressions around both perforation openings. Two biconical cornelian beads are close in material, size, and shape, but appear to date, respectively, to LB II (Obj. 402, pl.  3:9) and early Iron Age (Obj. 285, pl.  2:17). There are two additional cornelian Iron Age beads, one cylindrical and one elliptic, almost opaque: Objects 510 and 2229 (pl. 2:7). Only one agate bead is likely to be of late LB date, Object 448B. It is rather crude, in a dark color with faint irregular bands and counter-sunk perforations. Agate becomes much more common locally in the first millennium b.c.e., especially during the Persian period, as also indicated by the Gezer finds. An elliptic agate bead, irregularly spotted and banded, Object 1703 (pl. 1:21), is of uncertain first millennium b.c.e. date. Three agate ornaments, Objects 745, 2152, and 1728, are testimony to sophisticated use of the varied banding of the agate, probably of either the Persian or Hellenistic period. Object 745 (pl. 1:4) is a quadrangular, tapered bead

Beads and Pendants from Gezer made in a fabric evenly divided lengthwise in two colors: opaque light pinkish (almost white) and a faintly translucent, much darker color; both ends are facetted. Pendant 2152 (pl. 1:12), drop-shaped, perforated narrow end with flat back, has a concentric banded pattern that fits the shape of the piece exactly; the colors are very faint, possibly spoilt by fire. Bead 1728 (pl. 1:19) is flat with a rounded outline, in a translucent light orangey color with a straight band of opaque white at one end (on the micro-crystalline cornelian and agate stones, see Moorey 1994: 93, 96–101; Aston, Harrell, and Shaw 2000: 25–26). First millennium b.c.e. Object 480, a quite clear rock-crystal bead (about 7 on Mohs scale), has an unworked crystal face, a rare find. Like cornelian, some rock crystal is native to the Southern Levant. The stone has been found in numerous excavations but always in small numbers in the Bronze and Iron Ages. A single amethyst bead, Object 1909, of uncertain date, was registered, but not available for study. This stone, though known in the local archaeological record, is not very common and was certainly imported, most likely from Egypt (on the macro-crystalline rock crystal and amethyst stones, see Moorey 1994: 94–96; Aston, Harrell, and Shaw 2000: 50–52). Outside of the hard-stone quartzite family are two cylindrical serpentine beads, Objects 272 and 1280 (pl. 3:2, 15), dated to the Late Bronze or early Iron Ages: a calcite pendant, Object 1750 (pl. 2:4); and two limestone beads, Objects 796A (pl. 1:15) and 1588 (pl. 2:2). One notes the absence of lapis and turquoise.

Amber Although a fossilized resin of coniferous trees, amber is often worked and used as a stone. Once, it was taken for granted that all amber is Baltic. It is now well known that resins close in type also appear at various sites in Europe and the Near East. It is remarkable that some of the MB amber found in the Helladic region has been found to be definitely Baltic. At present, there is no certainty of the source of most amber found in Western Asia in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages (on local finds, see Todd 1993; on amber generally, see Serpico 2000: 451– 54). There are five registrations of amber in the cor-

213

pus, including Object 374, a strand of beads rather close in shape and size. These beads were found in contaminated topsoil, but their weathering and general appearance makes a late date unlikely. Common forms are well illustrated by Objects 499 and 449 (pl. 2: 23, 25). All the beads are lightly weathered, and most are likely to belong to the end of LB II or early Iron Age.

Various Materials There is in the corpus a single metal bead, of unalloyed copper (tested), Object 286 (pl. 1:13), of likely but uncertain LB date. More common are the bone beads: Object 1934 (pl. 1:24), dated LB or later, is only partially preserved, in a color turned brownish, while Object 2285 (pl. 2:8), dated Iron I, is of elliptic shape, well-made with double band decoration at both ends. One LB elliptic, collared bone bead with a single central perforation, Object 1167, was erroneously termed a button or pendant (Gezer IV [HUC]: pl. 53:18, paralleled in Macalister’s excavations [Gezer III (PEF): pl. CXXXII:30]). Object 258 (Gezer II [HUC]: pl.  41:11) is an ivory or bone pendant of narrow cylindrical shape, broadening towards the slightly pointed bottom. Below the horizontal perforation at the top are two incised rings: the upPers, actually a double spiral and the lower, two closed rings. Elongated cylindrical bone pendants are well-known in the local archaeological Iron Age record, some decorated with incised rings, while an even larger number have a “ring and dot” (eye?) decoration (Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CCXXVI below [both motifs]; Platt 1978 [both motifs]; Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001: 262–63, photo 193 [incised rings; note multiple additional site references]; and Yahalom-Mack 2006: 262–63, photo 129, pl. 83:7–8 [both motifs combined]). Less common than the pendants are flat, quadrangular bone or ivory spacer beads, like Object 456 (Gezer IV [HUC]: 126, pls. 62:12 and 119C [a good photo]) and Object 386 (pl. 5:2), which have similar ringand-dot ornamentations. Object 456 was registered as made of ivory (which cannot be verified now as the piece is not available for study) and variously described as a gaming piece, a die, and a pendant. The use of both these spacers as personal adornments in the Iron  II period, most likely ca. 10th

214

Appendix B

century b.c.e., is hardly in doubt (for a local excavated parallel: Golani 2004: 194, fig. 4.3:1). Listed, but unfortunately not available for study, are three “cylindrical dentalium shells” (Objs. 1251, 1275, and 1282) all from the same LB trench, as well as a small unworked “cowrie” shell, Object 1162, from the same level, possibly serving an ornamental purpose. A mother-of-pearl bead, Object 968, was found in a 10th–9th century fill. It is similar to the Chalcolithic mother-of-pearl beads, discussed above in the section on “Earliest Finds.” On additional shell beads, see that section and the section below on “Late Finds.”

Late Finds A large group of assorted beads, Object 379, and two glass bracelets, Objects 378 and 360, were found in disturbed topsoil, obviously intrusive. The beads include five kinds of shells, all drilled, from the Red Sea (including a conus shell, seemingly similar to the ones recorded among “Earliest Finds); stones (cornelian and rock crystal); and glass. Among the glass beads is a single small bead of the “Chevron” type, first introduced by the Venetians ca. 1500 c.e. “Our” bead is a late version that can be roughly dated to the 18th–19th century c.e. Additional glass beads, especially one of red color with an interior white layer and numerous tiny “seed beads” made by drawing, are also typical of late European production. The bracelets are most likely contemporary Hebron products (Spaer 1992).

Conclusion For a full picture of the Gezer beads and pendants it is necessary to consider the finds of the PEF (Macalister) and HUC excavations together. The two find groups complement each other; and like other prominent Palestinian sites they provide evidence of imports from neighboring countries, but also, one can safely assume, the work of local craftsmen that skillfully mastered the technologies involved in working a wide range of materials.* * Appreciation and warm thanks are due to: Michael Dvoracheck and Naomi Porath, both of The Geological Institute, Jerusalem, for analyses of some glass and other objects and for help in identifying stone objects; and to Dr. Daniella E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, Haifa University, for help in identifying shells.

Bibliography I. References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer I (HUC) Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964– 66 Seasons, W.  G. Dever, H.  D. Lance, and G.  E. Wright. Annual of the HUCBASJ. Jerusalem, 1970. Gezer II (HUC)   Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II, W. G. Dever et al. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1974. Gezer IV (HUC)   Gezer IV: The 1969–1971 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, W. G. Dever. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1986. Gezer II–III (PEF)   The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912. Hazor III–IV  Hazor III–IV: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons, 1957–1958, Text and Plates, Y. Yadin et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1961. Lachish II   Lachish II: The Fosse Temple, O.  Tufnell, C.  H. Inge, and L.  Harding. London: Oxford University Press, 1940. Lachish IV  Lachish IV: The Bronze Age, O.  Tufnell. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.

II. References Cited by Author Aston, B. G.; Harrell, J. A.; and Shaw, I. 2000 Stone. Pp.  5–77 in Materials and Technology, ed. P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bar-Yosef Mayer D. E., and Baruch, I. 2006 Mollusc Shells. Pp.  497–504 in Megiddo IV: The 1998­–2002 Seasons. Tel-Aviv. Bednarik, R. G. 1997 About Ostrich Eggshell Beads. Acta Archaeologica 68: 153–61. Copenhagen. Bliss F. J., and Macalister, R. A. S. 1902 Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898– 1900. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. Curators of the Israel Museum 1986 Treasures of the Holy Land. Ancient Art from the Israel Museum. The Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition Catalogue: New York. Dothan T. 2008 Deir el-Balah: Uncovering an Egyptian Outpost in Canaan from the Time of the Exodus. Jerusalem: The Israel Museum. Freestone, I. C. 1987 Composition and Microstructure of Early Opaque Red Glass. Pp. 173–91 in Early Vitreous Materials, ed. M. Bimson and I. C. Freestone. British Museum Occasional Paper 56. London: British Museum. Repr., 1992. 1997 Vitreous Materials: Typology and Technology. Pp. 303–6 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeol-

Beads and Pendants from Gezer ogy in the Near East. New York: Oxford University Press. Friedman, F. D., ed. 1998 Gifts of the Nile: Ancient Egyptian Faience. Exhibition Catalogue Rhode Island School of Design. Providence: Thames and Hudson. Golani, A. 1996 The Jewelry and the Jeweler’s Craft at Tel MiqneEkron during the Iron Age. M. A. Thesis. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 2004 Jewelry. Pp. 189–97 in Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, ed. S. Ben-Arieh. IAA Reports 23. Golani, A., and Ben-Shlomo, D. 2005 The Jewelry. Pp 247–64 in Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969), ed. M. Dothan and D. Ben-Shlomo. IAA Reports 24. Guy, P. L. O., and Engberg, R. M. 1938 Megiddo Tombs. Chicago: University of Chicago. Oriental Institute Publications 33. Hatton, G. D.; Shortland, A. J.; and Tite, M. S. 2003 Egyptian Blue: Where, When, How? Pp. 35–38 in Current Research in Egyptology III. BAR International Series 1192. Henderson, J. 2000 The Science and Archaeology of Materials: An Investigation of Inorganic Materials. London and New York: Routledge. Herrmann, C. 1994 Ägyptische Amulette aus Palästina/Israel. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 138. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2006 Ägyptische Amulette aus Palästina/Israel III. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 24. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. James F. W., and McGovern, P. E. 1993 The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan. A Study of Levels VII and VIII. University of Pennsylvania Museum Monographs 88–89: Philadelphia. Kaczmarczyk, A., and Hedges, R. E. M. 1983 Ancient Egyptian Faience (with an Appendix by P.  Vandiver). Warminster, England: Aris and Phillips. Lilyquist, C. 1993 Granulation and Glass: Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected Sites, ca. 2500–1400 b.c.e. BASOR 290–91: 29–94. Lilyquist, C., and Brill, R. H. 1993 Studies in Early Egyptian Glass. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Macdonald, E.; Starkey, J. L.; and Harding, L. 1932 Beth-Pelet II. BSAE 52: London.

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Mazar, A., and Panitz-Cohen, N. 2001 Timnah (Tel Batash) II: The Finds from the First Millennium BCE. Text. Qedem 42. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University. McDonald, H. 1997 The Beads. Pp. 101–3, figs. 223–26 in Excavations at Tell Brak: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, ed. D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. McDonald. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq. McGovern, P. E. 1985 Late Bronze Palestinian Pendants: Innovation in a Cosmopolitan Age. Monograph Series 1: Sheffield: JSOT Press. 1990 The Ultimate Attire: Jewelry from a Canaanite Temple at Beth Shan. Pp. 16–23 in Expedition 32: 1. Moorey, P. R. S. 1994 Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Oxford: Clarendon. Nicholson, P. T., and Henderson, J. 2000 Glass. Pp. 195–224 in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, ed. P.  T. Nicholson and I.  Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nicholson, P. T., with Peltenburg, E. J. 2000 Egyptian Faience. Pp.177–94 in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, ed. P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Philips, J. 2000 Ostrich Egg Shells, Pp. 332–33 in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, ed. P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Platt, E. E. 1978 Bone Pendants. BA 41: 23–28. Rowe, A. 1940 The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan I: The Temples and Cult Objects. Philadelphia: Published for the University Museum by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Shaw, I., and Nicholson, P. T. 2003 The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. Rev.  ed. New York: Abrams. Schlick-Nolte, B. 1999 Ägyptische Fayence und Ägyptisch Blau im Alten Ägypten. Pp. 12–51 in Türkis und Azur, ed. R. Busz and P. Gercke. Exhibition Catalogue Kassel Museums. Wolfratshausen: Minerva. Seefried, M. 1982 Les Pendentifs en Verre sur Noyau. École Francais de Rome. Serpico, M. 2000 Resins, Amber and Bitumen. Pp. 430–74 in Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, ed. P. T. Nicholson and I. Shaw. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Appendix B

Spaer, M. 1992 The Islamic Glass Bracelets of Palestine: Preliminary Findings. Pp. 44–62 in Journal of Glass Studies 34. 2001 Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. 2002 Some Ubiquitous Glass Ornaments of the Early Centuries of the First Millennium bc.  Pp.  55–60 in 1st International Conference: Hyalos, Vitrum, Glass. History, Technology and Conservation of Glass and Vitreous Materials in the Hellenic World, ed. G. Kordas. Athens: Glasnet. Tite, M. S.; Bimson, M.; and Cowell, M. R. 1987 The Technology of Egyptian Blue. Pp.  39–46 in Early Vitreous Materials, ed. M. Bimson and I. C. Freestone. British Museum Occasional Paper 56. Todd, J. M. 1993 When Amber Speaks: The Archaeological Evidence and the Historical Record. Pp. 224–35 in Amber in

Archaeology, ed. C. W. Beck, I. B. Loze, and J. M. Todd. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference in Amber and Archaeology. Riga. Wartke, R.-B. 1999 Quartzkeramik in Vorderasien. Pp.  52–65 in Türkis und Azur. ed. R.  Busz and P.  Gercke. Exhibition Catalogue, Kassel Museums. Wolfratshausen: Minerva. Yahalom-Mack, N. 2006 Various Small Objects. Pp. 255–66 in Timnah (Tel Batash) III: The Finds from the Second Millennium bce, ed. N. Panitz-Cohen and A. Mazar. Qedem 45. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University. Zelinger, Y. and Golani, A. 2005 Rock-Cut Shaft Tombs from the Intermediate Bronze Age, Near the Holyland Hotel. ʿAtiqot 49: 1–7. Jerusalem.

Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1964 nil 1965 14

24

42

43

44

59

faience bead; annular, blue-green, (L) 0.25 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience rosette pendant; white with yellow center, broken, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (H) 0.25 cm faience bead; cylindrical, tightly ribbed, faded bluegreen, (L) 1.4 cm, (Dia) 0.55 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm faience bead; cylindrical, blue-green, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm faience bead; disk, blue green, slightly chipped, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm bead; biconical, blue, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm

I.2.57

L. 2008.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB, Iron I

sealed material under cobble Pavement 2008 of Phase 4 and above Surface 2009 of Phase 5A makeup below Surface 2009 and above Surface 2012

I.2.69

L. 2009.1

5B/A

XV–XIV

LB/Iron I

I.2.78

L. 2012.1

6A/5C

XVI–XV

LB II, Iron I?

destruction debris below Phase 5C/B Surface 2012 and above Phase 6A Surface 2018

I.1.95

L. 1027.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

makeup of hardpacked earthen Surface 1027 covering whole area

I.2.86

L. 2018.1

6B/A

XVI

LB II

I.1.96

L. 1027.1

5/4

XV–XII

LB II, Iron I

soft reddish brown bricky fill below Phase 6A Surfaces 2018 and 2018A and above Phase 6B Surface 2022 makeup of hardpacked 67– earthen Surface 1027 429 covering whole area

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:9 Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:14

pl. 3:1

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:13

217

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 60

61

62

63

64 65

66

67

75

Description faience bead; collared disk, blue, (L) 0.3 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; disk, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.15 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; yellow, fragment only

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

I.1.103

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029

I.1.108

L. 1028.P

5

XV–XIV

Iron I

pottery on Surface 1028

I.1.116

L. 1029.1

6B/A

XVI

LB

glass bead; broken, I.1.113 spherical, bluish, faint traces of trail decoration, (L) 0.6 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.175 cm faience bead fragments I.1.112

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

fill of black organic material, bones, pebbles, and many sherds, below Surface 1029 and above Surface 1029A makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029

L.. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

faience bead; roughly spherical, blue green, broken at one end, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 1.5 cm bead; roughly spherical, blue, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) tapers from 0.15 cm–0.075 cm cornelian bead; spherical, reddish translucent, (L) 1.0 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm cornelian bead; barrel shaped, reddish translucent, countersunk perforations, (L) 0.35 cm, (Dia) 0.85 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

I.1.114

L. 1028.1

6/5

XVI–XIV

LB II, Iron I

I.1.119

L. 1029.1

6B/A

XVI

LB

fill of black organic material, bones, pebbles, and many sherds, below Surface 1029 and above Surface 1029A

I.1.123

L. 1030

7A/6B

XVIII, XVI

LB I–II

bricky destruction debris below Surface 1029A and Fill 1029A.1

I.1

locus not assigned

4

XIII/XII

glass eye bead; barrel shaped, base color uncertain, weathered dull brownish gray, 3 stratified “eyes” round center, dark spot on yellow ground, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.4 cm cornelian (?) bead; spherical, (L) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

I.10.24

L. 10006

I.3.104

L. 3028

makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029 makeup below Surface 1028 and above Surface 1029

DA #

Plate No. pl. 3:16

67– 430

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:10

67– 428

67– 432

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:12 pl. 4:5

surface find

1966 108

112

7A

XVIII

Published Gezer I (HUC): pl. 36:11

LB, Iron I, Hell, Rom

soil below surface material

pl. 1:1

few Chalco–EB, MB IIB, C, mostly LB I

soft brown bricky 67– destruction debris below 431 Phase 7A destruction debris, L. 3023 and above Phase 7B–A Surface 3030

pl. 4:7

218

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

DA #

Plate No.

113

glass bead; blue

I.9.9

L. 9004

114

cornelian bead fragment; probably originally translucent, reddish, (L) 1.1 cm (extant) faience bead; disk, presumably originally blue green, now weathered very pale color, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; spherical, (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm agate bead; biconical, with countersunk perforations, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.05 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

I.1.204

L. 1046.1

8A/7B

XIX– XVIII

MB IIA–C, LB probable

II.1.168

L. 1085

7B/A

IX

11th–10th

I.3

L. 3037

2/1

II/I

II.2.165

L. 2047

3

IV

some Iron II, latest clear Pers

surface N of 1 Wall 2008, cut by Hellenistic pitting of Phase 2

pl. 1:23

cornelian bead; I.1 228 spherical, reddish translucent color, drilled from both sides, (L) 0.65 cm, (Dia) 0.75 cm, (perforation) 0.2/0.075 cm bead, probably modern III.6.179

L. 1057

9B/A

XX

EB, MB IIA–C

fine dark brown humic soil, same as Phase 9B/9A L. 1062.1

pl. 4:16

L. 6047

1/modern

II (or Modern)

ns

in/under fill stones blocking W end of E casemate, above 50 cm of dirt

244

limestone bead; biconical disk with center of one side flattened, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 1.9 cm, (perforation) 0.5 cm

II.2.193

L. 2066

4

V

8th, few intrusive Hell from subPhase 2 Layer 20065

258

ivory/bone pendant; (L) 6.6 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm

II.2.210

L. 2047.1

sub-2

III

Iron II, few Pers, latest is Hell, down to 2nd b.c.e.

267

conus shell bead; (L) I.2.301 1.0 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm serpentine bead; II.1.330 cylindrical, dark gray green, speckled in lighter color, (L) 2.40 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; annular, III.1.158 appearing black, probably dark blue, (L) 0.3 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

L. 2084

13/12

XXV/ XXIV

late Chalco, EB I–II

thin ash layer below pl. 2:1 sub-Phase 2 Layer 2065, above Phase 4 Layer 2068 and Phase 4 cobbled Surface 2053; Phase 4 occupational debris or destruction debris below sub-Phase 2 74–42 Surface 2047 down to Phase 4? Fill 2077; fill with lots of pottery worn and in small pieces material in and under pl. 4:17 Phase 12B Surface 2084A

L. 1031.1

11/10

XIII–XII

LB IIB, 12th, 12th/11th

material immediately below Phase 10–9 Wall 1031

pl. 3:2

L. 1126

late 6

late VIIIB

Iron II

under threshold stones between Walls 1030 and 1087

pl. 2:14

117

136

137

mixed

Context

Published

Macalister dump and surface cultivation makeup of early Phase 7B Surface 1046, small stones, much pottery, bone debris and fill overlying Phase 7B Surface 1082; equivalent to Phase 7B/A Fill 1076.1

pl. 2:22

E-W wall just at N balk, forming corner with Phase 2–1 Wall 3009 Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:5

1967 187

231

1968

272

273

Gezer II (HUC): 86, pl. 41:11

219

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 276

280

282 284

285

286

287

323

324

326

340

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

mother-of-pearl bead; disk, pierced from both sides, (Dia) 2.9 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm glass bead; compressed spherical, base color uncertain, weathered brownish color, at center spirally applied trail in light yellow, (L) 0.95 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; cylindrical, (L) 3.1 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm faience bead; barrel shaped, strong blue green, incised line one side (cf. Obj. 495), (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm cornelian bead; biconical, reddish translucent, (L) 0.3 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm copper bead; annular, irregular rough surface, (L) 0.2 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm bead; roughly spherical, inexpertly drilled from both ends, (L) 2.0 cm, (Dia) 2.0 cm, (perforations) 0.15/0.3 cm mother-of-pearl bead; irregular disk, (Dia) 1.3 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm faience bead; biconical, bluish color, tightly ribbed, (L) 1.0 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; disk, usual blue green color worn away on one side, (Dia) 0.45 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

I.2.314

L. 2087.1

14

XXVI

late Chalco

material in and below Phase 14 Surface 2087 and down to bedrock

III.1.182

L. 1143

early 6

early VIIIB

10th

an open area 5–8 cm thick above mud plaster Surface 1144

IV.16.37

L. 16000

Chalco–Hell

Macalister backfill

III.1.188

L. 1149

early 6

early VIIIB

10th

mud-plaster surface in N-W corner of area under a few cobbles

pl. 2:16

III.2.151

L. 2060

early 6

early VIIIB

Iron I–10th

compact gray brown clay against E side of curb, resting on Street 2076, next to Curb 2065

pl. 2:17

III.2.123

L. 2075

1

II

LB, Iron I–2nd Hell

gateway street under L. 2074 and above Loess 2090

pl. 1:13

II.2

locus not assigned

I.3.365

L. 3100

sub-14

sub-XXVI late Chalco

material in and below Phase 14–13 Surface 3100

II.1.424

L. 1128

11B–A

XIII

LB IIB ud

II.1.420

L. 1134

11A

XIII

few LB IIB, mostly 12th

faience bead; disk, color faded to light gray blue, (Dia) 0.55 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

III.2.204

L. 2063.1

5

VIIIA

Iron 1 ud

E-W stone wall; associated with Phase 11B Surface 1136 and probably with Phase 11B–A Wall 1155 upper Phase 11 surface of hardpacked earth; associated with Phase 11B–A/10? Wall 1042 and Phase 11B–A Wall 1128/1155, Phase 11B–A Tabun 1129, and Phase 11B–A Feature 1155 gateway street below L. 2062 and above L. 2114

Published Gezer II (HUC): pl. 39:3

pl. 2:15

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:11b

found on surface during cleaning

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 39:2 pl. 3:7

pl. 3:8

pl. 2:18

220

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

1969 360 374

376 378

379

386

402

glass bracelet; black, (Dia) 4.75/4.3 cm, (Th) 0.5 cm amber beads; a strand of 33 disks more or less identical in size and shape, slightly weathered, (L) 0.3–0.6 cm, (Dia) 1.0– 1.3 cm, (perforation) ca. 0.15 cm. Also a single bead, slightly larger than the others, otherwise quite similar 3 blue glass beads glass bracelet; semi-circular crosssection, covered light weathering with some small faint spots of reddish color, possibly from surface decoration, (outside Dia) 4.4 cm mixture of beads: 4 beads of unknown siliceous-vitreous material; 40 glass: half tiny seed beads, second half varying sizes, mainly faceted, all but two monochrome; stone beads, several faceted: 8 carnelian, 2 rock crystal; 13 marine shell beads: 5 different species, all drilled, 2 modified bone spacer bead; flat rectangular, 2 lateral perforations, “ring and dot” ornamentation in 3 rows on one side, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 1.65 cm, (H) 0.45 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm cornelian bead; reddish translucent, biconical, drilled from both ends, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.65 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE

locus not assigned

topsoil/surface

VI NE.6.7

L. 6000

LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed surface, Hell including Late Burials

VI NE.2.5 VI NE.4.8

L. 2003 L. 4000

disturbed surface LB I–II, Iron I–II, topsoil, surface Hell disturbance above Phase 5C–B Layer 5018, including Late Burials

VI NE.4.8

L. 4000

LB I–II, Iron I–II, surface disturbance above Hell Phase 5C–B Layer 5018, including Late Burials

VI NE.6.7

L. 6000

LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed surface, Hell including Late Burials

pl. 5:2

II.1.443

L. 1166

LB IIB, mostly late 13th, few 12th

pl. 3:9

12/11B

XIV/XIII

material below Phase 11B Layer 1193.3 down to Phase 12 Layer 1188 on E, but cutting Phase 12 levels in W down to Phase 13 Surface 1193; probably a postPhase 12 trenching and filling operation, perhaps for Phase 11B surfaces; loose soil with cobble-to-bouldersize stones; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 12/11B Layer 1172

74–97

Published

221

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 411

441

444

446

447

448A

1572

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

faience bead; multi-tubular, partly the original blue green color, partly covered whitish weathering, broken, (L) 2.2 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforations) 0.2/0.15 cm faience bead/amulet in the shape of a crouching baboon; color appears dark, good clear glaze, (H) 2.3 cm, (W) 1.2 cm (left–right), (W) 0.6 cm (front–back)

II.1.459

L. 1167

12

XIV

LB IIB, plus 13th/12th

laminated earth surfacing below Phase 12/11B Layer 1164; including charred wood fragments, mud brick, occupational debris; associated with Phase 12 Wall 1162

II.1.515

L. 1180

13

XV

LB IIB, late 13th

cornelian bead; disk, partly discolored, countersunk perforations, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (H) 0.25 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; spherical, found in close proximity to Obj. 447; now missing but apparently covered with heavy weathering like Glass Beads 447 and 448, (L) 2.3 cm, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; compressed spherical, broken in two, mended; one half covered thick dark weathering layer, second half shows light green translucent base on which roundels of varying sizes—white center with red border— placed haphazardly; similar colors trailed round one perforation, possibly both; (L) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 1.5 cm, (perforation) 0.35 cm glass bead; compressed spherical, completely covered dark weathering, faint traces of bi-colored trail applied at center, possibly also round perforations, (L) 0.75 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

III.2.296

L. 2076.1

1

II

II.1.498

L. 1172

12/11B

XIV–XIII

LB IIB, 13th/12th material below Phase 11B–A Wall 1155; upper part is surfacing makeup, more destruction material in lower portions; equivalent to Phase 12/11B Layer 1166

II.1.498

L. 1172

12/11B

XIV–XIII

LB IIB, 13th/12th material below Phase 11B–A Wall 1155; upper part is surfacing makeup, more destruction material in lower portions; equivalent to Phase 12/11B Layer 1166

II.1.502

L. 1180

13

XV

LB IIB, late 13th

material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 Iron 1, Hell–early crumbly, crusty material, 2nd (some later) gritty like wash and street materials, possibly equals L. 2134

material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183

DA #

Plate No.

Published

pl. 3:19

pl. 4:1

pl. 1:14

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:12

pl. 3:17

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:11

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:8

222

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

448B

agate bead; barrel shaped, irregularly colored and banded in more or less dark reddish brown colors, largely opaque, countersunk perforations, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (perforation) 0.8/0.2 cm

II.1.502

L. 1180

13

XV

448C

glass bead; barrel II.1.502 shaped, partly covered dark weathering layer, partly without, but also the latter strongly weathered; possibly similar to 447, (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 2.1 cm, (perforation) 0.6 cm

L. 1180

13

XV

448D

glass bead; smaller than Obj. 448C, but otherwise similar to it in every respect, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm,(perforation) 0.4 cm

II.1.502

L. 1180

13

XV

448E

faience bead; disk, blue green, (Dia) 0.55 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

II.1.502

L. 1180

13

XV

449

amber bead; barrel shaped, lightly weathered, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.7 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

VI NW.15.79

L. 15024

5B/A

XI

450

faience bead; conical, (L) 1.6 cm, (Dia at base) 1.3 cm, (Dia at top) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NW.15

L. 15045

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 LB IIB, late 13th material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 LB IIB, late 13th material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 LB IIB, late 13th material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 13th, 12th hardpacked surface in N of area; below post-Phase 5A occupation debris, L. 15005 and above Phase 5B-1 Layer 15037; probably same as Phase 5A-4 Surface 5026 and Phase 5B/A Fill 5026.1, and Phase 5A-4/A-3 Surface 6035 and Phase 5B/5A Fill 6035.1 10th/9th, few cleaning side of Muslim Hell, one Turkish, weli ns

DA #

Plate No.

LB IIB, late 13th

Published Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:9

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:10

pl. 4:2

pl. 2:25

223

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 456

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

Context

DA #

nil

pit in NW of area, below Topsoil 17000, cut down into Phase 4B/A Layers 17041, 17046

74–92

late Arab

Macalister dump, loose rubble rocks, some boulders destruction debris overlying Phase 13 Surface 1193, covering entire area from W to E balks and S of Phase 13–12 Wall 1185; last 5 cm on Surface 1193 itself is 1193.P destruction debris overlying Phase 13 Surface 1193, covering entire area from W to E balks and S of Phase 13–12 Wall 1185; last 5 cm on Surface 1193 itself is 1193.P bricky and pebbly material below Phase 5 Surface 14021 down to Phase 6A Surface 14030, probably exterior surface accumulation beginning Phase 5C

L. 17032

465A

faience bead; biconical, blue green, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (H) 0.3 cm

II.1.

L. 1183

13

XV

some LB IIB, mostly mid-late 13th

465B

faience bead; white, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.15 cm

II.1

L. 1183

13

XV

some LB IIB, mostly mid-late 13th

467

glass bead; almost spherical, color uncertain, strongly weathered, possibly “crumb decorated,” (L) 0.65 cm, (Dia) 0.85 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm faience bead; oblate with small collars, red with good glaze, (L) 0.35 cm, (Dia) 0.55 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.14.75

L. 14017

6A/5

XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

II.1.571

L. 1198

13

XV

LB IIB, late 13th

rock crystal bead; II.3.442 irregular disk shape with one smooth side, from natural quartz pebble, no weathering, drilled, (L) 0.7 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; blue, II.2 one end broken, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; II.2 cylindrical, light blue, (L) 1.0 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.05 cm

L. 3047

sub2/2B

III/II

L. 2126.P

6A

VII

L. 2126.P

6A

VII

479

480

490

491

VIII

Date/Period (pottery reading)

bone or ivory (?) VI spacer bead; flat NE.17.98 rectangular, two lateral perforations, “ring and dot” ornamentation in 4 irregular rows on one side, (L) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (H) 0.65 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm shell bead; disk, (Dia) III.5.34 1.0 cm, (H) 0.2 cm

460

3

General Stratum

L. 5016

Plate No.

Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:6

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:14

probe into destruction debris S of Phase 13 Wall 1186, down to Phase 13 Surface 1202; contains destruction debris with inclusions of charred wood, similar to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183 mostly 7th/6th, trench N of Phase 3A few Pers and Hell Wall 3053, cutting Phase 3A Surface 3060 and Phase 3B Surface 3073; probably Phase 4 destruction debris in backfilled Hellenistic trench 10th removal of Phase 6A Surface 2126, down 5 cm

pl. 4:3

10th

pl. 2:11

removal of Phase 6A Surface 2126, down 5 cm

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 62:12; 119C

pl. 2:10

224

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 494

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

cornelian bead; barrel II.2 shaped, opaque light reddish, (L) 0.55 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm faience bead; barrel III.1.257 shaped, blue green, incised line at both ends, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

L. 2126.P

6A

VII

10th

L. 1175

6

VIIIB

10th/9th

amber bead; disk, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm cornelian bead; cylindrical, good reddish color, slightly translucent, presumably drilled from both ends, one end missing, (L) 2.2 cm, (Dia) 0.75 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; disk, faded blue green, fragmentary, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; cylindrical, blue green, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.24.79

L. 24046

4?

X–IX?

II.2.424

L. 2163.1

6A/5B

VII/VI

II.1.617

L. 1193.1

14/13

II.2.451

L. 2170

faience bead; disk, II.2.420 blue; (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.15 cm

L. 2008.1

631

bead fragment

IV.15.57

745

agate bead; quadrangular-conical, evenly divided lengthwise in two colors, one quite opaque light color, one light reddish slightly translucent, (L) 2.0 cm, (base Dia) 1.0/0.85 cm, (top Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NW.7.4

495

499

510

525

544

593

Context

DA #

Plate No.

removal of Phase 6A Surface 2126, down 5 cm

pl. 2:12

earthy brown soil below metaled facies (east) of L. 1064, equivalent to L. 1174 in probe trench; disaggregated occupation debris (dual) on plaster Surface 1176; L. 1175 found throughout east half of area as initial 1.5 m probe was carried east 12th, 11th robber trench for Wall 24090A, cuts Phase 5 Surfaces 24030 and 24054 10th, 10th/9th, rubbly levels below Phase probable early 9th 5B surface deposit, L. 2163.P, down to Phase 6A Surface 2176

pl. 2:19

XVI/XV

LB IIB, few Myc. makeup for Phase 13 IIIB Surface 1193; some charcoal and mud-brick bits in compacted soil

pl. 4:4

5B–A

VI

10th/9th, 9th

1

I

some Iron II, Hell, but latest is early Rom

band of metaled surfaces ca. 30 cm thick below Phase 4? Surfaces 2088 and running below Phase 4 Wall 2103; cut by Phase 2A/1 Trench 3094; equals Phase 5B Surface 2163 and Phase 5A Surface 2184 to E in foundation trench below Phase 1 Wall 2008; cut from Phase 1

L. 15000

Chalco–Hell

Macalister backfill

L. 7001

LB II, Iron I, few Iron II, Hell

surface, including Late Burials

Published

pl. 2:23

1970 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:10g pl. 1:4

225

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 748

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

faience bead; biconical, light blue-green, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm amber bead; barrel shaped, color slightly lighter than the other amber beads, weathered, (L) 1.0 cm, (Dia) 1.7 cm, (perforation) 0.4 cm glass pendant fragment (about one third); “demonic mask,” strong blue with some white and brownish yellow, unweathered, (L) 2.9 cm, (Dia) 3.5 cm stone bead fragment; cylindrical with pointed end, greenish gray, (L) 2.7 cm (extant), (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.5 cm faience pendant fragment; “grape cluster,” blue color, (L) 2.0 cm, (Dia) 2.4 cm

VI NE.24.145

L. 24068

6B

VI NW.7.2

L. 7001

topsoil

VI NW.16.131

L. 16015

1

IV.3.255

L. 3057.1

VI NW.6.148

790

glass bead; elliptic, faint traces of trail decoration, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

796A

756

758

769

789

796B

823

825A

828A

General Stratum XIII

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

12th ud

rough courtyard surface below Phase 6B/A Fill 24059, above Phase 6C–B Fill 24087

LB II, Iron I, few Iron II, Hell

surface, including Late Burials

II

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

Hellenistic pit, full of marl brick; below Phase 1 Layer 16011

6A

XIXA

Chalco–MB IIC

sub-surface makeup

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 61:8

L. 6066

5B/A

XI

12th

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:4

VI NE.3.71

L. 3020

6B/A

XIII

LB II ud, 12th

limestone bead; about half, elliptic, pink, (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm cornelian bead; elliptic, reddish opaque, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.35 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm glass bead; spherical, ribbed, weathered, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

III.5.378

L. 5160

1

II

LB, Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

series of laminated surfaces in SE of area, probably same as Phase 5B/5A Surfaces 6049 and 5022A–B; below Phase 5B/5A Fill 6065.1, above Phase 5B Surface 6067 occupational debris in S of area, probably contains more than one phase; below Phase 6A Surface 3004, above Phase 6B Surface 3029 surface below loess Layer 5158 and Boulders 5159

III.5.378

L. 5160

1

II

LB, Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

surface below loess Layer 5158 and Boulders 5159

VI NE.34.85

L. 34032

6B/A

XIII

12th

alabaster (?) bead, plano-convex conical, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 1.5 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm glass bead; densely ribbed, white, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.3.80

L. 3013

1

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

VI NE.3.69

L. 3054

post-6B Late XIII–XII

occupational debris in Rooms 8,9, and 12 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surfaces 34020, 34025, and 34025A, down to Phase 6B Surfaces 34022, 34043, and 34050 Hellenistic pit along W balk; excavation just touched the edge of the pit, causing some contamination pit dug apparently from above Phase 6B in area of 4/3 balk

LB II, 12th

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:15

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:2

pl. 1:15

pl. 1:16

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:11

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:8

226

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 828B

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

glass bead; collared, white, (L) 1.05 cm, (Dia) 0.65 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead fragment; white, (L) 0.7 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm agate bead; spherical, orange and white colors, partly translucent, drilled from one side, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.3.69

L. 3054

post-6B Late XIII–XII

LB II, 12th

pit dug apparently from above Phase 6B in area of 4/3 balk

VI NE.3.69

L. 3054

post-6B Late XIII-XII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.26.98

L. 26048

5B/A

XI

mostly 12th, some 11th

851

faience pendant; molded, blue, human head fractured, (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (W) 0.9 cm

VI NW.7.53 L. 7020

5? 4?

XII/ XI?–X/ IX?

12th

852

glass bead; irregularly faceted, blue, widening one end, (L) 0.75 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.3/0.1 cm cylindrical ivory (?) bead; (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm faience (?) bead; barrel shaped, matte blue gray, weathered, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; planoconvex, rosette on convex top, blue green, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 2.6 cm, (perforation) 2.5 cm

VI NE.13– VI NE.14 balk

L. 13044

pit dug apparently from above Phase 6B in area of 4/3 balk series of earthen surfaces across area, below Phase 5A Surface 26035, down to Phase 5B Surface 26050 and 26060; includes occupational inclusions: chert blades, grinding stones, loom weights layer of powdery ash around Phase 5(?) 4(?) Tabun 7024; below Phase 5(?) 4(?) Layer 7018, above 5(?) 4(?) Layer 7026 balk removal between NE 13 and NE 23

II.3.817

L. 3222.1

6A/5B

VII/VI

10th/9th

10 cm band of 5B Surface 3222

II.3.846

L. 3184.1

6B

VIII

10th ud

soil immediately below Phase 6B–A Wall 3184, down about 15 cm

VI NW.15.138

L. 15039.1

5C/B

XII/XI

12th

880A

agate bead; banded, barrel shaped, (L) 1.7 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.3.101

L. 3042

post-6

post-XIII

LB II, 13th/12th

880B

smoky quartz bead; (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm

VI NE.3.101

L. 3042

post-6

post-XIII

LB II, 13th/12th

material in and under Phase 5B Surface 15039, down to Phase 5C Surface 15057; bounded by Phase 5B–4B-1 Wall 15025, Phase 5C–B Wall 15058 and Phase 1 Pit 15022 pit along E balk, discovered late so stratification is uncertain, pottery suggests not much later than Phase 6; bottomed out on Phase 8B Surface 3041 pit along E balk, discovered late so stratification is uncertain, pottery suggests not much later than Phase 6; bottomed out on Phase 8B Surface 3041

828C 831

853

856

873

mostly 12th

DA #

Plate No.

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:8

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:5

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 62:9

pl. 2:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:4

pl. 3:3

pl. 3:4

227

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

896

faience bead; double VI tube (spacer), blue NE.26.146 green, (L) 0.8 cm, (W) 0.6 cm, (H) 0.3 cm

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

897

faience bead; disk, VI NE.13 blue green, (H) 0.55 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

L. 13029

6A

XIII

13th/12th

898A

faience bead; biconical, (L) 0.55 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm amber bead; disk, light weathering, broken in two, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.34.144

L. 34053.1

6C

XIII

LB II, 13th, 12th

VI NE.6.116

L. 6026

4B/A

X/IX

LB II, 12th, 11th

905

bone bead; flat rhomboid polished, (W) 3.6/1.6 cm, (H) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.5 cm

VI NE.14.169

L. 14057

6C

XIII

MB II, LB I–II (?), ns

909B

cornelian bead; disk, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm

VI NE.23.94

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

922

faience bead; biconical, blue green, weathered, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 1.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.35.150

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

941

cornelian bead; spherical, (L) 1.25 cm, (Dia) 1.5 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm faience or agate bead; yellow, (L) 0.65 cm, (Dia) 0.75 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.4.100

L. 4035A

6B/A

XIII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.23.92

L. 23036

6C/B

XIII

LB II, 12th

marine shell (motherof-pearl) bead/button; circular, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.05 cm, (hole) 0.15 cm

II.3.864

L. 3226

6B/A

VIII–VII

10th

901

947

968

Context

DA #

Plate No.

series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B Surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, spindle whorl, etc. semi-circular Bin D, build against E face of Phase 6B–A Wall 13032; founded with Surface 13038 in Phase 6A, filled with loosed dark brown soil and sherds material below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7/6C Fill 34058 portion of large trench, continuing into other areas as 5021/6026/15018/16030; cut from above Phase 4B levels down into Phase 5A levels; sealed by Phase 4B/A Layer 6015 and Phase 4A Surface 6011; equals Trench 6067 to N lower phase of fill layer with striated surfaces that preceded Granary 24000; below Phase 6C/B Surface 14055, above Phase 7 Surface 14069; equals Phase 6C Surface 4057 in next square occupational fill below Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041 earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 makeup of occupational debris below Phase 6A Surface 4035, above Phase 6B/A Fill 4038 occupational fill below Phase 6B Surfaces 23028 and 23020 down to Phase 6C Surfaces 23038 and 23041 fill above Phase 6B Surface 3225, S of Phase 6B–A Wall 3235, and below Phase 6A Surface 2176

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 60:7

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:6

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:3

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 57:3 pl. 3:10

228

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 969

970

974

987

988A

988B

1017

Description faience bead; disk, blue green, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (H) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm cornelian bead, elliptic, (L) 1.6 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; biconical disk, blue, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass eye bead; barrel shaped, base color uncertain, eyes in yellow and white, (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm, (perforation) 0.5 cm glass bead; elliptic, strongly weathered light color, (L) 2.2 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; elliptic, (L) 1.4 cm, (max Dia) 0.7 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

VI NW.7.59 L. 7022

Local Phase 5? 4?

General Stratum XII/ XI?–X/ IX?

Date/Period (pottery reading) 12th ud, one 11th intrusive?, ns mostly 12th

Context

DA #

Plate No.

layer of orange material below 5(?) 4(?) Layer 7018 in NW of area; limit of excavation balk removal between NE 13 and NE 23

pl. 2:24

material below Phase 6C Surface 23041 down to Phase 9 Wall 23048; fill for Phase 7/6 surfaces series of threshing floors below Phase 6A Surface 25044

pl. 3:11

VI NE.13

L. 13044

VI NE.23.110

L. 23040

9/8–6C XVI/ XV–XIII

13th/12th

VI NE.25.120

L. 25063

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

VI NE.34.158

L. 34058

7/6C

XIV/XIII

some MB II, LB I–II, much 13th/12th

occupational debris fill, below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7 Surface 34072

VI NE.34.165

L. 34058

7/6C

XIV/XIII

some MB II, LB I–II, much 13th/12th

faience bead; elliptical, IV.4.22 fire blackened, (L) 2.1 cm, (Dia) 0.85 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

L. 4007

5A1

XVIIIA1

Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

occupational debris fill, below Phase 6C Surface 34053, down to Phase 7 Surface 34072 lower brick destruction debris

bead; calcareous composition, possibly marine shell; (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm mother-of-pearl pendant, (L) 2.7 cm, (W) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm faience bead; disk, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.25.134

L. 25067

VI NE.34

locus not assigned

VI NE.26

L. 26061

faience bead; VI NE.33 cylindrical, (L) 2.0 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm faience bead; VI NE.13 biconical, (L) 0.3 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm cornelian pendant; VI NE.13 perforated lengthwise, shaped broadening beyond center, conical end, (L) 2.3 cm, (Dia) 1.1/0.55 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

locus not assigned

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:13 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 16:25a

1971 1060

1061

1064

1068

1070

1073

Iron I ud, ns

W balk removal, mixture of upper soil layers, including Late Burials clean up

5C

XII

well-compacted earthen surface in Room 3 of Northeast House; below Phase 5B Surface 26050, above Phase 6A Surface 26077; equals Surface 26061A to S bottom of Macalister trench in eroded material

L. 13044

mostly 12th

balk removal between NE 13 and NE 23

L. 13044

mostly 12th

balk removal between NE 13 and NE 23

Published

74–86 pl. 1:3

229

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

1078

faience bead; disk, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.34.185

L. 34071

7/6C

XIV/XIII

MB II, LB I–II, 13th/12th

1080

glass bead; piriform shape, (H) 2.5 cm, (Dia) 1.1/0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.15.132

L. 15052.1

6B/A

XIII

13th, 12th

1084

faience bead; cylindrical, dark gray, (L) 3.0 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.34.199

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1093

faience bead; disk, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.15 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.26.179

L. 26075

7/6C

XIV/XIII

LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

1109

faience bead; disk, blue green, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm, (H) 0.15 cm

VI NE.5.129

L. 5052

6A/5C

XIII/XII

Iron IB

1111

faience bead; disk, blue green, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (H) 0.15 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm glass bead; annular, color unknown, whitish weathering, (L) 0.45 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm

VI NE.6

VI NE.15.160

L. 15068

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

glass bead; weathered white, red trail decoration, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (H) 0.35 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm glass bead; compressed spherical, color unusual dark gray, very shiny, seemingly unweathered, (L) 0.6 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; disk with 5 “petals”, dark gray, (Dia) 0.4cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

IV.8.8

L. 8000

VI NE.5.128

L. 5072

6A/5C

XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

large robber trench which destroys much of Phase 6B; cut from above Phase 6A Surface 5059, backfilled with loose rubble and ash

VI NE.5.129

L. 5072

6A/5C

XIII/XII

LB II, 12th

large robber trench which destroys much of Phase 6B; cut from above Phase 6A Surface 5059, backfilled with loose rubble and ash

1112

1113

1115B

1115C

Chalco–Hell

pit or trench robbing out east end of Phase 7 Wall 34070; dug from ca. Phase 6C levels; sealed by Phase 7/6C Fill 34058 material below Phase 6A Surface 15052, down to Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 15061; equals Surface 25044 in adjacent area large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area backfilled trench below Phase 6A Surface and below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 26083; contains occupational debris including worked flints, grinders, loom weight, bead, etc. disaggregated mud-brick material, derivative of the Phase 6A destruction; below Phase 5C Surface 5048, above Phase 6A Surface 5059 and Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072; partially used as Phase 5C fill balk trim; locus not assigned exterior surface NW of Phase 6A Walls 15053/15062, with accumulated courtyard debris; below Phase 6A/5C Fill 15051, above Phase 6B Surface 15137 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 15061 Macalister backfill

DA #

Plate No.

Published

pl. 3:12

pl. 3:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:5

pl. 3:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:4

230

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 1119

Description

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

VI NE.4.226

L. 4069

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, mostly 13th/12th

VI NE.24.268

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

VI NE.34.234

L. 34072.1

8/7

XV/XIV

MB, LB I–II, 13th/12th

VI NE.24.287

L. 24131

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, LB I and LB ud

1165

bone bead; disk, (H) VI 0.15 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, NE.35.308 (perforation) almost 0.2 cm

L. 35069

7

XIV

MB II, mostly LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1167

bone bead; elliptic, collared, 3.1 cm x 1.3 cm x 0.5cm, (perforation) 0.5 cm

VI NE.25.200

L. 25097

7

XIV

few EB, much MB IIA–C, considerable LB I–II, few 13th/12th in upper levels

1170

faience bead; barrel shaped, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.4 cm

VI NE.34.251

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1171A

faience bead; almost spherical, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm cornelian bead; almost spherical, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) from 0.1 cm

VI NE.24.280

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

VI NE.24.280

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

1135

1162 1164

1171B

glass bead; annular, strong blue translucent, (Dia) 0.3 cm, (H) 0.15 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm glass bead; 4 ribs (making the bead appear almost quadrangular), strongly weathered grayish white, color unknown, broken and mended, (L) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm, (perforation) 0.6 cm cowrie shell; (L) 4.0 cm, (W) 2.3 cm, (H) 2.1 cm ceramic bead; spherical, (L) 2.4 cm, (Dia) 2.6 cm, (perforation) 0.7 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Context

DA #

Plate No.

backfill in Phase 7 trench cut from Phase 8B Surface 4116; leveled out for Phase 7 Surface 4073; bottom not reached large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces material below Phase 7 Surface 34072, above Phase 7 Trench 34086 bricky and occupational debris below Phase 8 Surface 24125, down to Phase 9 Surface 24145; cut by Phase 7 Trenches 24107 & 24141; mostly Phase 8 fill large trench over area; below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 35037 and Phase 6B/A Trench 35057; cuts down into Phase 10 debris, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; backfilled with occupational debris and rubble; equivalent to other Phase 7 terraces on upper terraces, e.g., 25097, 34086, etc. deep trench, below Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; above Phase 8/7 Trench 25112 (possibly lower levels of same trench); cuts down into Phase 10 levels, destroying all Phase 9–8 architecture; equivalent to other Phase 7 trenches in adjacent areas, including 15141, 26086, and 35069 large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150 large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:15 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:11

74– 117 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:6

pl. 3:18

74–89

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:18

pl. 3:20

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:13 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:13

231

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

1182

faience pendant; lotus VI seed type (crude), NE.24.293 red with good glaze, double loop at top, (L) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

L. 24144

9A

XVI

1194

faience bead; barrel shaped, (L) 0.35 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.26.235

L. 26077

6A

XIII

1196

glass bead; annular (?), (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.15.184

L. 15096

6B/A

XIII

1197

faience bead; plano-convex, blue, tightly ribbed, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.5.148

L. 5052

6A/5C

XIII/XII

1200

siliceous bead(?); unglazed, disk, white, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VI NE.5.141

L. 5052

6A/5C

XIII/XII

1203A

glass bead; annular, VI NE.5 strongly weathered light color, original color unknown, (L) 0.3 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm Egyptian Blue bead; VI almost spherical, color NE.26.235 well preserved, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) almost 0.2 cm

6A

XIII

1204

L. 5000

L. 26077

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris LB I–II, hardpacked series of 13th/12th, 12th exterior earthen surfaces over top of Phase 7/6C trench Fill 26075 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26085; represents end of threshing floors and start of constructional phase of Northeast House; equals courtyard Surface 16076 in adjacent area MB, LB, 12th fill in SW corner of area, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 15061 and Phase 6B Surface 15137; below Phase 6A Surface 15068; domestic debris, probably part of Phase 6B–A occupational buildup nil disaggregated mud-brick material, derivative of the Phase 6A destruction; below Phase 5C Surface 5048, above Phase 6A Surface 5059 and Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072; partially used as Phase 5C fill nil disaggregated mud-brick material, derivative of the Phase 6A destruction; below Phase 5C Surface 5048, above Phase 6A Surface 5059 and Phase 6A/5C Robber Trench 5072; partially used as Phase 5C fill LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed surface, Hell including Late Burials down to Phase 4B Layer 5008 LB I–II, 13th/12th, 12th

hardpacked series of exterior earthen surfaces over top of Phase 7/6C trench Fill 26075 and Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26085; represents end of threshing floors and start of constructional phase of Northeast House; equals courtyard Surface 16076 in adjacent area

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:14

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:10

pl. 3:14

232

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1205

faience bead; disk, blue green, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.26.247

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1206

faience (?) bead; disk, (Dia) 0.25 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.26.250

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1220 A–F

6 small beads; glass and faience

VI NE.24.319

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1238

glass bead; cylindrical, VI fragmentary, strongly NE.26.246 weathered

L. 26088

6C

XIII

LB II ud

1242

agate bead; cylindrical, (L) 2.2 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.5.169

L. 5068

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

1249

faience bead; biconical, white, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (H) 0.25 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.34

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1250

glass eye bead; plano-convex, weathered, original colors unknown, one stratified two-layered eye covers most of top, whitish spot on darker ground, (L) 1.25 cm, (Dia) 1.25 cm, (H) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

Context deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and makeup, L. 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and makeup, L. 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris soil layer below Phase 6C Wall 26098 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087, and above Phase 7 Trench 26086; makeup for Phase 6C surfaces and architecture deep buildup of threshing floor deposits over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 5059 and above Phase 7/6C Surface 5069; equivalent to other similar deposits across the terrace, i.e., 6096, 15061, 16082, 25063, 26083, 35037 large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris

DA #

Plate No.

Published

pl. 3:21

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:16

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:9

pl. 4:6

233

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1251

dentalium shell

VI NE.34 (sieve)

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1252A

ceramic bead; spherical (?), (Dia) 1.4 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; cylindrical, weathered, (L) 2.6 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; disk, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; almost spherical, strong blue green, exceptionally small, (L) 0.28 cm, (Dia) 0.3 cm, (perforation) less than 0.1 cm glass (?) bead; ribbed, weathered, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm

VI NE.24.321

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

VI NE.24.321

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

VI NE.24.321

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

VI NE.26

L. 26088

6C

XIII

LB II ud

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1259B

faience (?) bead; biconical disk, weathered, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1259C

glass (?) bead; spherical, weathered, (L) 1.0 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1263

glass bead; crudely ribbed, (L) 1.8 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1265

glass bead; cylindrical, VI original color probably NE.5.178 opaque bluish green, broken, crumbling, heavily weathered, (L) 2.5 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm

L. 5068

6C–B

XIII

LB II, 12th

1252B

1252C

1253

1259A

Context large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150 large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150 large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150 soil layer below Phase 6C Wall 26098 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087, and above Phase 7 Trench 26086; makeup for Phase 6C surfaces and architecture debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris deep buildup of threshing floor deposits over entire area; below Phase 6A Surface 5059 and above Phase 7/6C Surface 5069; equivalent to other similar deposits across the terrace, i.e., 6096, 15061, 16082, 25063, 26083, 35037

DA #

Plate No.

Published

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:17 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:17

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:12

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:15

234

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 1266

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

faience bead; disk not well rounded, blue green, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm glass bead

VI NE.24.313

L. 24145.P

9

XVI

IV.4.76

L. 4020.P

5A1

XVIIIA1

1268 A–D

4 beads: 1 yellow, broken; 1 glass, ribbed, blue green; 2 siliceous material (?), more or less planoconvex disks, white

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1269

glass bead; compressed spherical (?), original color bluish, 3 opaque yellow spots round the middle, strongly weathered, broken in many pieces one intact glass bead, compressed spherical, and numerous glass bead fragments; probably all of similar fabric, all strongly weathered light gray, original color(s) unknown, intact bead (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 1.5 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; annular yellow, (L) 0.35 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

VI NE.24.321

L. 24127

7

XIV

LB II, 13th/12th

large trench or pit below and sealed by Phase 6B Surface 24092; cut into Phase 9 Surface 24150

VI NE.34.305

L. 34098

9B–A

XVI

LB IIA, few possible LB IIB intrusive from Phase 7 Trench 34086

1274

bead; cylindrical, (L) 1.7 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) less than 0.1 cm

VI NE.24.328

L. 24150

9

XVI

LB I, LB IIA

1275

dentalium shell; (L) 1.9 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

VI NE.34.309

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

rubbly earthen surface associated with Phase 10–9 Walls 34094, 34098, and 34099; below Phase 7 Trench 34086, above Phase 10 Surface 34103; associated with upper phase of Phase 10–9 Drain 34095 thick striated band of surfaces E of Phase 9 Wall 24130, S of Phase 10–9 Wall 24105; below Phase 9A debris, L. 24145, above Phase 10/9 Fill 24159; upper levels cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; equals Surfaces 24145 and 24145A large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area

1267

1271

1272

DA #

LB I, LB II ud, ns pottery on Phase 9 Surface 24145A (surface partly trenched out by Phase 7 Trenches 24098 and 24107) MB IIC/LB I on surface

Plate No.

Published

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 17:6 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:11

debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris

74–68

235

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1279

bead; cylindrical, VI white, (L) 2.1 cm, Dia) NE.24.332 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm (slightly off center)

L. 24150

9

XVI

LB I, LB IIA

1280

serpentine bead; cylindrical, dark grayish green, (L) 1.9 cm, (Dia) 1.6 cm, (perforation) 0.55/0.8 cm dentalium shell

VI NE.4

L. 4047

6B/A

XIII

LB II, 12th ud

VI NE.34.309

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

glass (?) bead; almost black, burnt, (L) 1.1 cm, (Dia) 1.25/1.05, (perforation) 0.1 cm glass bead; dark brown, barrel shaped, trail decorated at center faience bead; flat biconical, light blue green, (Dia) 1.3 cm, (H) 0.3 cm at center, (perforation) almost 0.2 cm

VI NE.24

L. 24126

7

XIV

MB II, LB I, LB II

IV.3.13

L. 3044.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIC

VI NE.26.315

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1325

glass bead fragment

VI NE.24

12

XXII

1342

faience (?) disk bead; perforated through flat part, yellowish color, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm cornelian bead; barrel shaped, usual reddish color, slightly translucent, countersunk perforations, piece missing one end, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; cylindrical, light blue, ribbed, (L) 1.0 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.24

locus not assigned locus not assigned

12

XXII

VI NE.25.297

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

VI NE.26.331

L. 26093.1

7/6C

XIV/XIII

LB II, 13th/12th

1282

1301

1306

1318

1344

1346

Context thick striated band of surfaces E of Phase 9 Wall 24130, S of Phase 10–9 Wall 24105; below Phase 9A debris, L. 24145, above Phase 10/9 Fill 24159; upper levels cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; equals Surfaces 24145 and 24145A pit along E balk, cut from Phase 6B Surface 4025 or from late surface of Phase 6B buildup large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as 24147 in adjacent area rock-filled pit cut from Phase 7 levels down into Phase 10; below Phase 6C (?) Surface 24097 and Phase 7 Pit 24124 wall foundation trench

DA #

Plate No.

Published

pl. 3:15

pl. 3:22

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 15:12

deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and makeup, L. 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching

found in sieve

deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels soil below Phase 6C Cobbles 26093

pl. 3:23

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:10

236

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

1347

bone bead; disk, light brown, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (H) 0.15 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

VI NE.14.349

L. 14132

11

XXI/XX

MB IIA (later?)

1348

glass bead; compressed spherical, (L) 0.12 cm, (Dia) 0.16 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

VI NE.24.333

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1355

shell (?) bead; disk, dark gray, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (H) 0.1 cm, (perforation) almost 0.3 cm

VI NE.25.300

L. 25112

8/7

XV/XIV

few EB, mostly MB IIC and MB IIC/LB I; few LB I–II in upper levels

1362

stone pendant; oblong, flat, (L) 4.1 cm, (W) 1.8 cm, (H) 0.3 cm shell bead; flat, unevenly rounded, (Dia) 0.75 cm, (H) 0.15 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; spherical, (L) 1.05 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

VI NE.26.339

L. 26099.1

7/6C

XIV/XIII

LB II

VI NE.24

L. 24187

12

XXII

EB, MB IIA, possibly MB IIA/B

VI NE.26.353

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

1377

1378

Context

DA #

Plate No.

hardpack occupational debris above Phase 11 Surface 14132A; probably equivalent to Phase 11A Surface 14136 and its buildup, L. 14136.1; below Phase 11/10B Layer 14116.1, above Phase 11 “line,” L. 14132A debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels; Phase 9 destruction debris deep trench across whole area, cuts into Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7 Trench 24097 and perhaps earlier phase of it; probably Phase 8/7 with lots of Phase 10 backfill, and LB II in upper levels material below Phase 6C Wall 26099

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 50:13

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:11

rockfall above Granary 24200; below Phase 12 Walls 24168 and 24197; equals 24248, 24179, 24171, and 23086 deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and makeup, L. 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching

1972 1513

44

1531

152

cornelian bead; VII.34.1 biconical, usual reddish color, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 0.85 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm glass eye bead; half VII.37.35 only, barrel shaped, blue green opaque color, originally with 3 “paired” eyes and a single larger eye (each eye 4 layers in alternating strong translucent blue and opaque white), (L) 0.8/0.4 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.5 cm

L. 34000

L. 37009

2B

II

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 49:10

Late Hell

cultivation soil

pl. 1:5

Iron II, Hell

fill

pl. 1:17

237

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

1560

537, 546

various beads and shells used as beads

IV.5.47

L. 5007

5A

XVIIIA

EB–MB IIC/LB I lower brick debris

1566

486

VII.38.100

L. 38033

2B

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell?

debris

pl. 1:18

1588

750

VII.37.117

L. 37022

6A

VI

Iron II, Hell

fill

pl. 2:2

1590

788

cornelian bead; barrel shaped, good reddish color, slightly translucent, countersunk perforations, chipped one end, (L) 0.6 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.1/0/2 cm dense limestone pebble bead; light color, (Dia) 2.4/2.1 cm, (H) 0.7 cm. (perforation) 0.4 cm cornelian bead; (Dia) 0.7 cm, (H) 0.2 cm

IV.11.9

L. 11001

1

I

Chalco–Rom

disturbed surface soil

1595

726

VII.15.12

L. 15001

Late Hell

cultivation soil

1684

1162

VII.35

L. 35001/2

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

1702

1378

VII.38.234

L. 38066

1

I

MB, Iron I, Iron II, Hell

in pit

1703

1296

VII.44.45

L. 44022

3–2

III–II

Iron II?, Pers?, Hell

loose debris

1725

1429

VII.38.237

L. 38066

1

I

Iron II–Hell

in pit

pl. 1:11

1728

1426

cornelian bead; reddish, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm glass bead; biconical, (Dia) 0.4 cm faience bead; barrel shaped, strong blue green, (L) 1.2 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm agate bead; elliptic, mixed colors, irregularly spotted and banded, piece missing one end, (L) 3.3 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm glass eye bead; barrel shaped, blue green opaque color, with 3 “paired” eyes (each eye 4 layers in alternating strong translucent blue and opaque white), (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm agate bead; quite flat, almost round, larger part of bead very light reddish color, quite translucent, one end white opaque band, (L) 0.95 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (H) 0.3 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm

VII.44.64

L. 44029

2C

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

coarse compact fill

pl. 1:19

Published Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 23:12– 13, 13a–d, 14–18

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:6

pl. 1:10

74– 841

pl. 1:21

238

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 1749

1694

1750

1696

1754

1632

1756

1629

1767

1737

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

cornelian bead fragment; biconical (or elliptic), (L) 1 cm (broken), (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm calcite pendant; flat, oblong slightly oblique below, color appears brownishred, but is yellowish in transmitted light, countersunk perforations, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 1.7 cm, (W) 1.3 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm” faience (?) bead; barrel shaped, matte blue gray, weathered, (L) 0.5 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; barrel shaped, light brown translucent, mostly covered silvery weathering, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm” agate bead; (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.4 cm

VII.38.266

L. 38068.1

6A

VI

sub-surface

pl. 2:3

VII.38.266

L. 38068.1

6A

VI

sub-surface

pl. 2:4

VII.38.262

L. 38071

6A

VI

debris

pl. 2:5

VII.25. (sweep)

L. 25015

2A

II

on/in surface

pl. 1:20

VII.38.273

L. 38073

6A

VI

cornelian bead fragment; biconical, good reddish translucent color, countersunk perforations, (L) 0.6 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm faience (?) bead; barrel shaped, matte blue gray, tightly ribbed, weathered, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; “segmented” (4 disk beads of diminishing sizes combined into 1 bead) good blue green, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 0.15/0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.05 cm faience (?) bead; cylindrical, matte grayish blue, (L) 1.9 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; disk, (Dia) 0.5 cm

VII.46.1

amethyst bead; (Dia) 0.7 cm

Iron I

Published

Iron I–10th

debris

L. 46000

Iron I–Hell

cultivation soil

pl. 1:7

IV.9.20

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

pl. 1:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:6

IV.9.27

L. 9000

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

pl. 1:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 2:7

IV.5.188

L. 5013.P

MB IIC

on surface

pl. 4:8

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 24:15

IV.10.18

L. 10000

Chalco–Rom

Macalister backfill

IV.4.141

L. 4031

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

1973 1850

1

1855

6

1857

41

1889

100

1902

118

1909

133

5A

XVIIIA

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 3:3 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:11

239

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 1916

186

1922

201

1934

303

1939

331

2008

502

2016

559

2038

607

2081 A–B

703

2105

793

2144

847

Description faience bead; spherical, blue green, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.4 cm faience (?) bead; elliptic, matte dark grayish blue, (L) 1.15 cm, (Dia) 0.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm bone bead fragment; quadrangular with rounded corners, color turned brownish, (L) 0.4 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (W) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.35 cm shell bead; conus, worked perforation, color turned dark gray, (L) 1.0 cm, (max Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm glass bead; biconical, completely covered by silvery weathering with some greenish iridescence, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 1.5 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm faience bead; cylindrical, partly blue green, partly discolored grayish, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm ivory (?) pendant; segmented into 3 parts, slightly broadening at perforated end, pointed opposite end, (L) 0.9 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm 2 ostrich eggshell beads; disks, light yellowish color, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (H) 0.2 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; cylindrical, triangular perforation, strongly weathered, surface color now light gray, (L) 3.1 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm, (perforation) 0.4 cm cornelian bead; spherical, usual reddish translucent color, drilled from both sides, chipped, (L) 0.7 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.05 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

VII.38.301

L. 38038

1

I

Iron I–Hell

in pitting

IV.5.199

L. 5024

5A

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

VII.34.185

L. 34078

4

IV

LB II, Iron I, Iron II

fill of porous sediments

IV.5.205

L. 5024

5A

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

pl. 4:10

VII.45.120

L. 45043

3

III

Iron II, Hell

sediment layer

pl. 1:22

VII.37.235

L. 37046

7A

VIII

Iron I

fill

pl. 2:20

VII.35.171

L. 35054

6B–A

VII–II

Late Iron II

ash/brick destruction debris

74– 750

pl. 19.9

IV.4.126

L. 4007

5A1

XVIIIA1

Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

lower brick debris

74– 743

pl. 4:1112

IV.4.134

L. 4031

MB–Hell

Macalister backfill

VII.38.352

L. 38100

Iron I–10th

debris

7B

General Stratum

VIII

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

pl. 4:9

74– 707

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:17

pl. 1:24

pl. 1:9

74– 764

Published

pl. 2:21

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:5

240

Appendix B Gezer Beads

Obj # MC # 2152

865

2205

985

2210

979

2229

1071

2230

1064

2232

1032

2276

1098

2285

1124

2307

1146

Description agate pendant; dropshaped with flat back, concentric banded pattern, now very faint on light colored ground, possibly burnt, (H) 0.25 cm, (Dia) 1.8 cm, (W) 0.9 cm clay bead; spherical, (L) 2.5 cm, (Dia) 2.5 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm faience bead; biconical, greenish blue, partly discolored, (L) 0.9 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm cornelian bead; elliptic, opaque with some whitish inclusions uncertain if natural or from weathering, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 0.7 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm glass bead; apparently originally spherical, now strongly devitrified partly disintegrated, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 0.9 cm, (perforation) 0.25 cm faience bead; cylindrical, partly blue green, partly discolored by weathering, (L) 0.6 cm, (Dia) 0.6 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm faience bead; barrel shaped, blue green, (L) 0.2 cm, (Dia) 0.4 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm bone bead; elliptic, natural color, double lines incised at ends, (L) 1.8 cm, (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.15 cm probably glassy faience (possibly Egyptian Blue) fragmentary bead; elliptic, molded pattern of granulation, color opaque blue, completely covered by light colored weathering, one end broken, (L) 1.0 cm (extant), (Dia) 0.8 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

IX.2.238

L. 2015

1

II

Hell

water washed fill sediments

74– 752

pl. 1:12

VII.33.63

L. 33041

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron II

brick/ash destruction debris

74– 798

pl. 2:6

VII.47.231

L. 47042.1

4

IV

VII.34.261

L. 34104

6B–A

VII–VI

VII.38.402

L. 38114

9B

VII.38.398

L. 38111.1

VII.38.405

sub-surface

pl. 1:25

Iron I?, Iron II

foundation fill

pl. 2:7

XI

MB, LB, Iron I

fill

pl. 2:26

9B

XI

LB, Iron I

sub-surface

pl. 2:27

L. 38018

10

XII

LB, Iron I

sub-surface probe

pl. 3:6

VII.47.250

L. 47053A

6B–A

VI

Iron I

surface deposit

VII.45.189

L. 45084

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II– 8th/7th

courtyard debris

74– 759

pl. 2:8

pl. 2:9

Published

241

Beads and Pendants from Gezer Gezer Beads Obj # MC # 2322

1178

2325A 1212

2325B 1212

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

17

Plate No.

faience bead; collared and grooved, appearing grayish white, weathered or burnt (?), (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 1.2 cm, (perforation) 0.1 cm faience bead; compressed spherical, ribbed, appearing almost black, burnt, (L) 1.3 cm, (Dia) 1.5 cm, (perforation) 0.2 cm drilled pottery sherd; countersunk perforations, (L) 0.8 cm, (Dia) 2.1 cm, (perforation) 0.3 cm

IV.5.370

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

pl. 4:13

IV.5.370

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

pl. 4:14

IV.5.370

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

pl. 4:15

nari bead fragment; (L) 0.3 cm, (Dia) 1.1 cm, (W) 0.6 cm

IV.4.326

L. 4135

5B1

XVIIIB1

MB IIC

layer above Surface 4108

1974 2406

DA #

Published

Appendix C

The Coins from Gezer Dan Barag

Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel [deceased]

T

he 26 coins from the excavations of Tell Gezer from 1964 to 1973 (described in the Catalog below) and additional surface finds span, with gaps, a period of more than two millennia. The earliest coin (Coin 2228; Cat. 1) of Seleucus I (312–280 b.c.e.) may have reached the site before the occupation of Phoenicia-Palestine by Ptolemy I in 301 b.c.e. This coin is followed by seven coins of Ptolemy I, II, and IV from the 3rd century b.c.e. (Coins 76, 312, 1510 1125, 1585, 313, and 1911; Cat. 2–8). Ten Seleucid coins are from the 2nd century b.c.e. (Coins 403, 806A, 806B, 1658, 1553, 1542, 1541, 939, 911B, 1664; Cat. 9–18), including a coin bearing the date 179 of the Seleucid era (134/3 b.c.e.). A silver tetradrachm from the first reign of Demetrius II (Coin 1541; Cat. 15) issued in year 174 of the Seleucid era (139/8 b.c.e.) seems to be unique and the latest issue of Tyre during his first reign (145–139/8 b.c.e.). A coin of Side in Pamphylia (Coin 179; Cat. 19) dates from the 2nd century b.c.e. This type of coin has been studied by R. Barkay (2003–6: 48–57, 49– 52 in particular). D.  T.  Ariel listed 73 specimens, 65 from different areas in Israel and four each from Syria and Cyprus (2000: 47*). This very unusual phenomenon of coins from a city in Asia Minor appearing in fairly large numbers in Israel may be the result of an acute shortage of small change remedied by an import of coins from Side. Antiochus VII Euergetes was brought up and proclaimed king in Side Pamphylia, from which his popular epithet Sidetes originates (Eusebius, Eusebi chron., p. 128: Hr.). This import may be connected with his siege

of Dora in 138/7 b.c.e. (Shatzman 1995: 64–65) and his ties to Side. The four silver tetradrachms (Coins 1553, 1542, 1541, 939; Cat. 13–16), three of Demetrius II, first reign, and one of Antiochus VII, form a cluster of finds from 145/4–138/9 b.c.e., which deserves attention. These show, apparently, that some people had to leave Gezer under unfavorable circumstances, leaving behind valuable cash money. Together with Coin 1664 (Cat. 18) of 134/3 b.c.e., this coin group suggests that this event may have happened early in the reign of John Hyrcanus I. Simon Maccabeus conquered the ports of Joppa and Jamnia and the city of Gazara (Gezer) soon after he became High Priest and Prince of the Jews in 143/2 b.c.e. The gentile population of Gazara was expelled and Simon fortified it, built a mansion for himself, and settled in it “people who observed the law” (1 Macc 13:43–48). He also appointed his son John (Hyrcanus I) as governor (1  Macc 13:53). These events preceded the conquest of the Seleucid fortress of the Acra at Jerusalem in 171 of the Seleucid era (141/140 b.c.e.) and probably occurred in 142 b.c.e. The Jewish character of Gezer is demonstrated by 10 inscriptions in Hebrew and Greek, engraved on the rocks about 1.55–2.1 km east, southeast, and south of Gezer, marking the “boundary of Gezer.” The first inscription was published by C. ClermontGanneau in 1874, and an up-to-date survey was published by R. Reich in 1985 (Schürer 1973: 191 n. 8; Reich 1985; see also Reich and Greenhut 2002; Gezer VII [HUC]: Chapter II. B.4). Reich also iden242

243

The Coins from Gezer tified seven stepped bath installations (miqvaot) in numerous houses on the site and attributed them to the “law observant” Jews settled at Gezer by Simon Maccabeus (Reich 1981). Macalister discovered a block of stone bearing a graffito in cursive Greek letters, a curse: “[says] Pampras; may fire follow up Simon’s palace.” The curse was possibly written by a captive condemned to forced labor on Simon’s mansion (Gezer I [PEF]: 210–12). The conquest of Joppa, Jamnia, and Gazara by Simon Maccabeus led to the invasion of Judea and a prolonged siege on Jerusalem by Antiochus VII Sidetes in 134–132 b.c.e. (Josephus, Ant., 13.236– 48; Schürer 1973: 202–5). The evidence of Coins 1553, 1542, 1541, 939 (Cat. 13–16) and Coin 1664 (Cat. 18) (and probably Coin 179, Cat. 19) shows that Gezer was abandoned by the Jewish population, probably in 134 b.c.e., as a result of the invasion. The remarkable agreement between the epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic data from Gezer and the testimonies of 1 Macc 13:43–48 and of Josephus on the invasion of Antiochus VII Sidetes into Judea has historical implications which are beyond the scope of the present discussion. The present excavation did not yield a single coin of John Hyrcanus. Macalister refers to “some of the small copper coins of John Hyrcanus” (Gezer II [PEF]: 298). This is not confirmed by the coins from Gezer preserved in the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) in London, which however, include two coins of Alexander Jannaeus (table C). 1 The abandonment of Gezer may have lasted for several decades, as the site did not yield coins of John Hyrcanus I, which date 128–110 b.c.e. (Barag and Qedar 1980: 19). The two coins of Alexander Jannaeus may indicate that Gezer was reinhabited in the reign of Alexander Jannaeus when the Hasmonean state reached its largest geographical extent and political peak. (The stratigraphic and ceramic evidence support this later dating and even suggest that the end of Str. IIA, after which Gezer lost its importance, may have occurred as late as 64 b.c.e., with Judea’s submission to Pompey [Gezer III (HUC): 25–26, n. 40].) 1.  Mr. M. C. Bowsher, in a report dated April 22, 1991, listed the coins from Macalister’s excavations at Gezer preserved at the PEF in London. Thanks are due to Dr. D. T. Ariel for making available this list, which is kept in the files of the Israel Antiquities Authority in Jerusalem.

Table C.  Coins from Gezer in the PEF, London

Ptolemy II Ptolemy III Ptolemy IV Antiochus IV Demetrius II Ptolemais/Acre/2nd cent. b.c.e. (?) Alexander Jannaeus Herod the Great Agrippa I Procurator Marcus Ambibulus Augustus/Alexandria Unidentified Greek Imperial, 2nd/3rd cent. c.e. Diocletian/Alexandria Constantine I/Thessalonica 320–26 Family of Constantine 346–61 Family of Valentinian 367–78 Honorius Arcadius Theodosius II (?) Late Roman copy Late Roman unidentifiable Anastasius Justin II Maurice Tiberius Heraclius Constans II 7th cent. Byzantine Umayyad (post reform) Ayyubid Mamluk Ottoman Unidentified Islamic Illegible coins Total coins

 1  1  1  1  1  1  2  1  2  1  1  1  1  1  1  4  1  1  1  1  6  2  1  1  1  2  7  1  2 13  3  3  7 74

Coins 1554, 1863, 363A, 363B (Cat. 20, 23–25) along with two non-HUC finds (Cat. 22–23) include various stray finds: a single coin of Ascalon from the 1st century b.c.e.; one of the Roman Procurator Valerius Gratus issued in 17 c.e.; a coin from the 4th century c.e.; an Abbasid coin from the 9th century c.e.; and two minute, holed Ottoman silver coins from the late 18th–early 19th century c.e. Coin 177 (Cat. 26) is broken and too deteriorated to be identified.

244

Appendix C

Macalister mentions a silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Great as well as Ptolemaic and Seleucid coins from the excavations. Roman and Byzantine coins were found in the tombs and early Arab coins in the fields, and a single coin of Tripoli of the Crusaders was found on the slope of the tell (Gezer II [PEF]: 298–99).

Obv.: Laureate head of Amon r., dotted border; countermarked twice Rev.: ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; eagle with wings open, l.; in l. field A; dotted border Comparisons: Svoronos, Nos. 269–88, pl. X:1–10; for a similar countermark, see Svoronos No. 286δ, pl. X:22

Catalog All photos in this catalog were taken by Zev Radovan.

Figure C.3.  Coin 312 (1:1).

Figure C.1.  Coin 2228 (1:1).

1.  Object 2228, MC 978 Findspot and context: VII.47, locus and basket not assigned, north balk trim Date: Seleucus I (312–280 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 6, 8 g, 18 mm Obv.: Laureate head of Apollo r., dotted border Rev.: [Β]ΑΣ[ΙΛ]Ε[ΩΣ] ΣΕΛΕΥΚ[ΟΥ]; Athena standing r., holding spear in upraised r. hand and shield with l.; vertical anchor in r. field; in inner l. field Σ; r. field Π. Comparisons: Houghton-Spaer, Nos. 12–14

3.  Object 312 Findspot and context: II.2, L. 2084, Str. III, balk removal Date: Ptolemy I, Soter (305–285 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 12.42 g, 27 mm; worn Obv.: As Cat. 2; not countermarked Rev.: As Cat. 2

Figure C.4.  Coin 1510 (1:1).

4.  Object 1510, MC 26

Figure C.2.  Coin 76 (1:1).

2.  Object 76 Findspot and context: II.2.3, L. 2001, Macalister dump Date: Ptolemy I, Soter (305–285 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 12.16 g, 29 mm, cracked and worn

Findspot and context: VII.33.1, L. 33000, cultivation soil Date: Ptolemy I, Soter (305–285 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 16.41 g, 28 mm; worn Obv.: As Cat. 2–3 Rev.: As Cat. 2–3; in l. field monogram, see Svoronos, No. 278

245

The Coins from Gezer

Date: Ptolemy II, Philadelphos (285–246 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 11.83 g, 26 mm; very worn Obv.: Laureate head of Amon r. Rev.: Eagle with open wings l., between eagle’s legs A Comparisons: Svoronos, No. 581γ, pl. XIII:21; 275 b.c.e. Figure C.5.  Coin 1125 (1:1).

5.  Object 1125 Findspot and context: IIE, layer 5, unstratified probe Date: Ptolemy I or II (306–285/285–246 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 15.45 g, 26 mm; very worn Obv.: Laureate head of Amon r. Rev.: Eagle with open wings, l.

Figure C.8.  Coin 1911 (1:1).

8.  Object 1911, MC 153 Figure C.6.  Coin 1585 (1:1).

6.  Object 1585, MC 818 Findspot and context: VII.23.31, L. 23002, cultivation soil Date: Ptolemy II, Philadelphos (285–246 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 4.90 g, 18 mm Obv.: Head of Amon r., dotted border Rev.: ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; eagle with closed wings, l.; in field l. club; between eagle’s legs knocker (?); dotted border Comparisons: Svoronos, No. 710, pl. XX:20; mint of Tyre

Figure C.7.  Object 313 (1:1).

7.  Object 313 Findspot and context: II.2, locus not assigned, clean-up in south balk

Findspot and context: VII.34.236, L. 34025, Str. II, compact fill Date: Ptolemy IV, Philopator (221/0–204/3 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 63.27 g, 40 mm Obv.: Laureate head of Amon r., dotted border Rev.: ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΟΥ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ; eagle with closed wings l.; in l. field club; between eagle’s legs Δ; dotted border Comparisons: Svoronos, No. 1129, pl. XXVI:19; mint of Tyre

9.  Object 403 Findspot and context: III.4.9, L. 4004, disturbed topsoil Date: Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 10.30, 1.41 g, 9 mm; very worn Obv.: Laureate head of Apollo r., dotted border Rev.: [BAΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ANTIOXOY; naked Apollo standing l., holding arrow in extended r. hand and resting l. hand on bow Comparisons: Houghton-Spaer, Nos. 573–91, 621–23, 637–45

246

Appendix C 14.  Object 1542, MC 262 (IAA 9934)

Figure C.9.  Coin 806A (1.5:1).

10.  Object 806A Findspot and context: III.5.379, L. 5129, Str. III–II, surface above and east of Drain 1080 Date: Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 10.30, 1.21 g, 10 mm Obv.: As Cat. 9 Rev.: As Cat. 9

Figure C.10.  Coin 806B (1.5:1).

11.  Object 806B Findspot and context: III.5.379, L. 5129, Str. III–II, surface above and east of Drain 1080 Date: Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 1.86 g, 10 mm; almost effaced Obv.: As Cat. 9–10 Rev.: As Cat. 9–10

Findspot and context: VII.34.15, L. 34004, Str. II, loose fill Date: Demetrius II, first reign (145–138 b.c.e.) Description: š, axis 12, 13.89 g, 27 mm Obv.: As Cat. 13 Rev.: As Cat. 13; date BOP = 172 = 141/140 b.c.e.; below date Š Comparisons: Houghton-Spaer, No. 1666; mint of Sidon

15.  Object 1541, MC 260 (IAA 9933) Findspot and context: VII.34.18, L. 34003, Str. I, loose fill Date: Demetrius II, first reign (145–138 b.c.e.) Description: š, axis 12, 13.75 g, 27 mm Obv.: As Cat. 13–14 Rev.: Eagle standing l. on prow of galley, palmbranch over shoulder; between legs of eagle ΣΚ; in inner l. field club surmounted by monogram of Tyre and above it IEP, in inner r. field date ΔΟΡ = 174 = 139/138 b.c.e., above it AΣ; mint of Tyre. Comparisons: For the same late date in the first reign (145–138 b.c.e.), see Houghton-Spaer, No. 1746, however from an uncertain mint; No. 1726 from the mint of Tyre, AOP = 171 = 142/1 b.c.e. (?)

12.  Object 1658, MC 997 Findspot and context: VII.73.2, L. 73000, cultivation soil Date: Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 12, 1.69 g, 10 mm almost effaced Obv.: ΒΑΣΙ. . .; as Cat. 9–11 Rev.: As Cat. 9–11

13.  Object 1553, MC 357 (IAA 9935) Findspot and context: VII.34.21, L. 34003, Str. II, loose fill Date: Demetrius II, first reign (145–138 b.c.e.) Description: š, axis 12, 13.63 g, 27 mm Obv.: Diademed bust of Demetrius r., dotted border Rev.: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ; eagle standing l., palm branch over shoulder, in l. field date ΗΞΡ = 168 = 145/4 b.c.e., below monogram; in r. field ΣΙΔΩ above apulstre; dotted border Comparisons: Houghton-Spaer, Nos. 1655–57, 1659; mint of Sidon

Figure C.11.  Coin 939 (1:1).

16.  Object 939 Findspot and context: locus not assigned, found on surface of tell Date: Antiochus VII (138–129 b.c.e.) Description: š, axis 12, 12.40 g, 28 mm, corroded Obv.: Diademed head of Antiochus r. Rev.: As Cat. 15, but in l. field IE; same date ΔΟΡ = 174 = 139/138 b.c.e. Comparisons: Houghton-Spaer, No. 2007

247

The Coins from Gezer

Description: Æ, axis 2, 2.34 g, 15 mm Obv.: Head of Athena wearing crested helmet, r. Rev.: Pomegranate with stalk. Σίδη = “ pomegranate” in Greek, thus this fruit was the symbol of the city Comparisons: Barkay 2003–6: 49–52, fig. 1 Figure C.12.  Coin 911B (1.5:1).

17.  Object 911B Findspot and context: III.5.390, L. 5155D, Str. II, drain Date: Antiochus VII (138–129 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 7, 2.78 g, 15 mm Obv.: Lion’s head r., dotted border Rev.: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩ[Σ] ΑΝΤΙΟΧ[ΟΥ] ΕΥΕΡΓ[ΓΕΤΟΥ]; vertical club; date off flan Comparisons: Ηoughton-Spaer, Nos. 1984–86

Figure C.13.  Coin 1664 (1.5:1).

18.  Object 1664, MC 1153 Findspot and context: VII.34.60, L. 34025, Str. II, compacted fill Date: Antiochus VII (138–129 b.c.e.) Description: Æ, axis 1, 5.51 g, 19 mm Obv.: Bust of Eros r. Rev.: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ; Isis headdress below which crescent, horns downward; below date ΘΟΡ = 179 = 134/133 BCE; in outer l. field monogram Comparisons: Houghton-Spaer, No. 1932

Figure C.15.  Coin 1554 (1:1).

20.  Object 1554, MC 603 Findspot and context: VII.27.126, L. 27022, Str. II, fill Origin and date: Ascalon, Autonomous, late 2nd– 1st century b.c.e. Description: Æ, axis 12, 4.60 g, 15/17 mm, corroded Obv.: Head of Tyche wearing turreted crown, r. Rev.: A C; traces of war galley l. Comparisons: Hill BMC, Palestine: pp. 108–9, Nos. 23–25, 27–28; pl. X:6; pp. lvi–lvii, dated tentatively; Meshorer 1981: 6, No. 646 (2nd century b.c.e.), Nos. 660, 663–64 (1st century b.c.e.)

Figure C.16.  1st Century c.e. Coin (1:1).

21.  Object not from HUC Excavations Findspot and context: surface find, 25th February 1978 Date: Tiberius, year 4 = 17 c.e. Description: Æ, axis 12, 1.75 g, 16 mm Obv.: [TIB/KAI/CAP); wreath, mostly off flan Rev.: Palm branch, across field IOY ΛΙΑ/L Δ Comparisons: Meshorer 2001, No. 327

22.  Object not from HUC Excavations Figure C.14.  Coin 179 (1.5:1).

19.  Object 179 Findspot and context: II.2.97, L. 2040, Str. II, fill Origin and date: Side, Pamphylia, 2nd century b.c.e.

Findspot and context: surface find, 25th February 1978 Date: Constantius II (?), 337–361 c.e. Description: Æ, axis 6, 1.08 g, 14 mm Obv.: IVS. . .PF; Emperor’s head r. Rev.: Soldier, almost entirely effaced

248

Appendix C

23.  Object 1863, MC 47 Findspot and context: IV.4.105, L. 4029, unstratified, Macalister backfill Date: Abbasid, 1st half of the 9th century c.e. Description : Æ, axis 5, 2.58 g, 16 mm Obv.: In center in Arabic “There is no god but Allah” Rev.: In center in Arabic “Muhammad is the messenger of Allah” Marginal legends effaced; probably struck in the Bilad al Sham during the first half of the 9th century c.e.

24.  Object 363A Findspot and context: VI NE.4.1, L. 4000, unstratified disturbed topsoil Date: Ottoman, Selim III (1787–1807) Description: š, axis 1, 0.28 g, 15 mm, holed Obv.: Tughra Rev.: “duriba fi islambol 1203” = “struck at Istanbul 1203” = 1787 c.e. Comparisons: Pere: 232, No. 714

25.  Object 363B Findspot and context: VI NE.4.1, L. 4000, unstratified disturbed topsoil Date: Ottoman, Mehmud II (Adli), (1808–1839) Description: š, axis 1, 0.29 g, 15 mm, holed Obv.: Tughra Rev.: “duriba fi misr 1223” = struck in Egypt 1223 = 1808 c.e. Comparisons: Pere: 252, No. 845

26.  Object 177 Findspot and context: II.2.131, L. 2043, Str. IV–II, debris in trench Date: Unidentified Description: Æ, 3.17 g, 20 mm; broken and corroded

Bibliography I.  References Cited by Abbreviation Hill BMC, Palestine  Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Palestine: Galilee, Samaria and Judaea, G. F. Hill. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1914. Gezer III (HUC)  Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer, S. Gitin. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1990. Gezer VII (HUC)  Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII, J. D.

Seger. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013. Gezer I (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1911. Gezer II–III (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912.

II.  References Cited by Author Ariel, D. T. 2000 Coins from the Synagogue at Korazim. Pp.  33*– 49*, Fig. 1, in The Synagogue at Korazim, Z. Yeivin. IAA Reports 10. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. [Hebrew] Barag, D., and Qedar, S. 1980 The Beginning of Hasmonean Coinage. Israel Numismatic Journal 4: 8–21, pls. 3–9. Barkay, R. 2003–6 Undated Coins from Hellenistic Marisa. Israel Numismatic Journal 15: 48–55. Eusebius of Caesarea 1866 Eusebi Chronicorum libri duo, trans. A.  Schoene. Berlin: Weidmann. Houghton, A., and Spaer, A. 1998 The Arnold Spaer Collection of Seleucid Coins. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. Israel 1. London: Italo Vecchi. Josephus 1933 Jewish Antiquities, XII–XIV, trans. R. Marcus. London: William Heinemann. Meshorer, Y. 1981 Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: The Collection of the American Numismatic Society, Part. 6. Palestine-South Arabia. New York: The American Numismatic Society. 2001 A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kokhba. Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi. Pere, N. 1968 Osmanlılarda madenî paralar: Yapı ve Kredi Bankasının Osmanlı madenî paraları kolleksiyonu. Istanbul [Coins of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish with English summary] Reich, R. 1981 Archaeological Evidence of the Jewish Population at Hasmonean Gezer. IEJ 31: 48–52. 1985 The “Boundary of Gezer” – On the Jewish Settlement at Gezer in Hasmonean Times. Eretz-Israel 18: 167–79. [Hebrew, English summary 71*] Reich, R., and Greenhut, Z. 2002 Another “Boundary of Gezer” Inscription Found Recently. IEJ 52: 58–63 Schürer, E. 1973 The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 b.c.–a.d. 135). Vol. 1. Rev., ed. G. Vermes and F. Millar. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark Ltd.

249

The Coins from Gezer Shatzman, I. 1995 Stone-Balls from Tel Dor and the Artillery of the Hellenistic World. Scripta Classica Israelica 14: 52–72.

Svoronos, I. N. 1904–8 Τα Νομισματα Κρατοθς Των Πτολεμαιων /Ta nomismata tou kratous tōn Ptolemaiōn. 4 vols. Athens: Sakellarios. [Greek and German]

Gezer Coins Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

1965 76

coin; Ptolemy I, Soter (305–285 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 2

II.2.3

L. 2001

Iron I, Hell, Rom

Macalister dump

109

Arab coin; dated 1872

I.9.15

L. 9005

mixed

177

coin; unidentified date; II.2.131 Barag Cat. 26

debris, L. 2043

3/2B

IV–II

179

coin; Side, Pamphylia, II.2.97 2nd b.c.e.; Barag Cat. 19

Fill 2040

2

II

Macalister dump and surface cultivation Phase 3 debris over Phase 3 Surface 2047, mixed with Phase 2 rubbly fill in deep trench compact brown fill below Phase 2B Fill 2036.1

238

coin

III.3.90

locus not assigned

312

coin; Ptolemy I, Soter (305–285 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 3

II.2

L. 2084

313

coin; Ptolemy II, II.2 Philadelphos (285–246 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 7

locus not assigned

362

modern coin with pendant hole

VI NE.5.4

L. 5000

363A

coin; Ottoman, Selim III (1787–1807); Barag Cat. 24

VI NE.4.1

L. 4000

363B

VI NE.4.1

L. 4000

III.4.9

L. 4004

590

coin; Ottoman, Mehmud II (Adli), (1808–1839); Barag Cat. 25 coin; Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 9 coin

III.4.28

L. 4009

1

II

591

coin

III.2.298

L. 2161

1

II

1966 considerable Iron II, some Pers, predom. late Hell (2nd b.c.e.) some Iron II and Pers, latest is Hell (2nd b.c.e.), including few Terra Sigillata

1968

sub-2

III

Iron II–Hell

balk removal between Areas 3 and 6, Macalister dump balk removal below Wall 2061, down to Phase 4 Surface 2053; stratigraphically equivalent to L. 2033 clean-up in south balk below sub-Phase 2 Wall 2009

1969

403

LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed topsoil Hell including Late Burials above Phase 4B Layer 5008 LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed topsoil Hell including Late Burials above Phase 5C–B Layer 5018 LB I–II, Iron I–II, disturbed topsoil Hell including Late Burials above Phase 5C–B Layer 5018 disturbed topsoil Iron II to 2nd, Hell 12th, Iron I, Iron II, Hell

surface over Drain 1080 Macalister disturbance in Bay 3 of gate

74–71

Plate No.

Published

250

Appendix C Gezer Coins

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1970 806A

coin; Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 10 coin; Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 11 coin; Antiochus VII (138–129 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 17 coin; Antiochus VII (138–129 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 16

806B 911B 939

III.5.379

L. 5129

2–1

III–II

Hell 3rd/2nd

surface above and E of Drain 1080

III.5.379

L. 5129

2–1

III–II

Hell 3rd/2nd

surface above and E of Drain 1080

III.5.390

L. 5155D

1

II

Iron II, Hell, Hell/Rom

drain or small gully running N to S through L. 5155 surface find 15 m east of Field II, on path from Field II to Field III

locus not assigned

1971 1125

coin; Ptolemy I or II (306–285/285–246 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 5 coin

1153

IIE

locus not assigned

Layer 5

unstratified probe

IIE

locus not assigned

Layer 7 in bin

unstratified probe

VII.33.1

L. 33000

VII.34.18

L. 34003

1

VII.34.15

L. 34004

VII.34.21

1972 1510

26

1541

260

1542

262

1553

357

1554

603

1585

818

1658

997

1664

1153

coin; Ptolemy I, Soter (305–285 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 4 coin; Demetrius II, first reign (145–138 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 15 coin; Demetrius II, first reign (145–138 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 14 coin; Demetrius II, first reign (145–138 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 13 coin; Ascalon, autonomous, late 2nd–1st b.c.e.; Barag Cat. 20 coin; Ptolemy II, Philadelphos (285–246 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 6 coin; Antiochus III (223–197 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 12 coin; Antiochus VII (138–129 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 18

MB IIC?, Late Hell, ud

cultivation soil

I

LB II, Iron II, Pers, Hell

loose fill

2B

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell fill of loose silt/sand

9934

L. 34003

1

II

Iron II, Pers, Hell loose fill

9935

VII.27.126

L. 27022

2C

II

Iron II Late/Pers, Hell

VII.23.31

L. 23002

Iron II, Pers, Hell cultivation soil

VII.73.2

L. 73000

Hell, Rom

cultivation soil

VII.34.60

L. 34025

Iron II, Hell

compacted fill

MB IIC–LB I

Macalister backfill

Iron II, Hell

compacted fill

2C

II

9933

fill

1973 1863

47

1911

153

2228

978

coin; Abbasid, 1st half IV.4.105 of the 9th C.E.; Barag Cat. 23 coin; Ptolemy IV, VII.34.236 Philopator (221/0– 204/3 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 8 coin; Seleucus I VII.47 (312–280 b.c.e.); Barag Cat. 1

L. 4029 L. 34025

locus not assigned

2C

II

N balk trim

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:13

Appendix D

The Glass Vessels from Gezer Dan Barag Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel (deceased)

T

wo small glass bottles, five vessel fragments, and one inlay piece unearthed at Gezer in 1966 and 1969–1972 form a small but interesting group. In the catalog that follows this text, Cat. 1–3 date from Late Bronze Age II; Cat. 4, from the Persian or early Hellenistic period; and Cat. 5, from the Late Roman or Byzantine period. Cat. 6–8 date from Mediaeval times—from the Ayyubid or early Mameluk period (11th–13th century c.e.).

decoration, seems to date from the Amarna period or Dynasty 19 (Nolte 1968: pls. VII:7–11; XI:19– 20; XIV:19; XVII:11, 18). Another amphoriskos was discovered at Gezer in the tombs excavated by Weill (Barag 2004: 47–49, pl. 14:2–3). Object 1122 (Cat. 3, fig. D.3) is a blue molded inlay piece with a plant in relief on its top side. There is no indication or close parallel to suggest the type of object in which it was inlaid—perhaps a piece of jewelry or the handle of a dagger or sword. Macalister illustrated the upper section of a spouted lentoid glass vessel whose style of decoration seems to point to a Dynasty 19 date (Gezer II [PEF]: 239, fig. 392). He also refers to further fragments, all almost decomposed. The invention of cored glass vessel making in Mesopotamia in the mid-second millennium b.c.e. was an epoch-making development. Glass vessels were probably the containers of costly substances, and elongated beakers with Nuzi-ware type button bases as well as cylindrical beakers have been unearthed primarily in Mittanian-Hurrian areas of Mesopotamia (Barag 1970: 132–54, figs. 1–42). The archaeological evidence demonstrates that second-millennium b.c.e. Mesopotamian glass served only the upper echelons of society. The introduction of cored glass vessel making from Mesopotamia to Egypt, soon after its invention in that area, prompted the formation of a long-lasting industry of glass in the Valley of the Nile. Nolte defined the position of glass in New Kingdom Egypt in the following manner:

Late Bronze Age II Object 1098 (Cat. 1, fig. D.1) is a shoulder fragment of a blue core-formed jar on a high foot, decorated with an inverted festoon thread pattern in yellow. Inverted festoons are rare on such New Kingdom glass vessels. A parallel comes from Tomb 25 at Saqqara (Nolte 1968: 97, no. 3, pl. X:3, dated to the reigns of Amenhotep III–IV [1401– 1346 b.c.e.]). A further parallel comes from Grave 1514 at Tell el-Ajjul, a rich tomb that contained Base-Ring Ware and Mycenaean pottery vessels (Petrie 1932: 10, pl. XXVI: 140, for the context see pl. LIX). Petrie ascribed the tomb to the days of Dynasty 18. A 14th-century b.c.e. date seems likely. A jar of the same type comes from Cave I.10A; however, it is not decorated on the shoulder (Gezer V [HUC]: 100–101, pls. 15:7; 74:A). Object 899 (Cat. 2, fig. D.2) is a rim fragment of a blue core-formed amphoriskos decorated on the neck with a wavy thread in yellow. Amphoriskoi occur in New Kingdom glass throughout its entire history. The fragment, judging by the style of the 251

252

Appendix D

The location of the workshops in close proximity of the palaces and temples shows that, at least at the beginning of glass production, glass items were made only for the king. . . The earliest glass vessels from the beginning of Dynasty 18 were discovered only in royal tombs or in the tombs of high officials—probably gifts of the monarch. . . . Glass was never for the ordinary use of broad circles of the public. (1968: 154)

Von Saldern assumes a large export of Dynasty 18 glass to Palestine, Syria, and Cyprus (2004: 44). However, finds from sites in those areas are not numerous and are usually limited to a single or very few vessels (for a list of finds, see Barag 1970: 198; Von Saldern 2004: 44). The four Egyptian New Kingdom glass vessels and further fragments of such vessels from both expeditions to Gezer are thus by no means a small group. Egyptian New Kingdom glass vessels may have reached that area as royal gifts of costly vessels with highly prized contents to local rulers and dignitaries and temples of local deities. This was part of what may be described as the exchange of gifts commerce. The largest group of Egyptian glass vessels was excavated in the Fosse Temple at Lachish. May we assume that these were dedications of the king of Egypt to a celebrated deity of Canaan (Tuffnell, Inge, and Harding 1940: 62–64, pl. XXIV)? The same may apply to a lentoid flask from the temple at Deir ‘Alla (Franken 1992: 58, fig. 4–19:22) and the Egyptian glass from the temple at Beth Shean (Rowe 1940: 66, pl. XXI:19– 24; McGovern, Fleming, and Swann 1993: figs. 3:a–d, 4:c–n [McGovern, Fleming, and Swann ignore Rowe’s publication of the glass]). Fragments of New Kingdom glass vessels were also discovered in the Hathor temple at Timna (Rothenberg 1972: 117, 132, 163, 171–72; LehrerJacobson 1988: 212–16) and in the Hathor temple at Serabit el-Khadem (Cooney 1976: 54–56, 162; Simpson 1990). These cannot be explained as commercial exports but rather as dedications to plead for the goodwill of the goddess and for her support of the mining enterprises.

Persian to Early Hellenistic Periods Object 1735 (Cat. 4, fig. D.4) is a body fragment of a blue cylindrical core-formed alabastron, decorated with a feather pattern in yellow and white. It belongs with Harden’s Mediterranean group 2 dating from the 4th to early 3rd century b.c.e. (Harden 1981: 107, nos. 277–78, pl. XVI ). Macalister mentions a square clear glass bottle with two handles about 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm × 5.1 cm. from “Philistine Grave 2,” apparently stolen by visitors to the excavation (Gezer I [PEF]: 291–92). This unusual vessel would have been one of two cast and ground glass vessels of clear glass of the Persian period from Israel. The other specimen is the lower section of an alabastron from ʿAtlit, Tomb L 21B, c–iv (Johns 1933: 81, no. 653; Von Saldern 1970: 227, no. 54, fig. 49).

Late Roman–Byzantine and Medieval Period Object 146 (Cat. 5) is a rounded rim fragment of a large blown glass bottle, probably with a globular body. Two small blown glass bottles, Object 371 (Cat. 6) and Object 369 (Cat.7, fig. D.5), came from topsoil Locus 1000 in Field VI NE. Object 368 (Cat. 8), a fragment of another blown glass bottle, came from Locus 1004, also in topsoil. A bottle similar to Object 371 was discovered in Catacomb 20 at Beth-Shearim (Barag 1971: 208, no. 54, fig. 98:17, pl. LXVIII:9). Similar vessels dating from the 11th– 13th century c.e. were excavated at Hama in Syria (Riis and Poulsen 1957: 36, fig. 46) and at Beth Shean (Hadad 2005: pl.  51:1063, 1066–67). The parallel from Beth-Shearim indicates that Objs 371, 369, and 368 may also have been tomb deposits.

The Glass Vessels from Gezer

253

Catalog

Figure D.3.  Object 1122, Glass Molded Inlay Piece (1.5:1). Figure D.1.  Object 1098, Egyptian Glass Jar Fragment (1:1).

1.  Gezer 1971 Object 1098: Egyptian core-formed jar fragment Context and Date: VI NE.24.253, L. 24098, Str. XIV; pottery reading: MB II, LB I–II, some 13/12th Dimensions: H. 27 mm, W. 35 mm, Th. 2–3.5 mm Description: Convex shoulder fragment decorated on the exterior by an inverted festoon thread pattern marvered into the surface. Above the festoon pattern is a small section of horizontal thread. Interior surface rough and light brownish-gray. Original color opaque dark blue now faded almost entirely to light gray. Thread decoration opaque yellow. Illustrated: Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:12.

3.  Gezer 1971 Object 1122: Molded inlay piece Context and Date: VI NE.24.264, L. 24098, Str. XIV; pottery reading: MB II, LB I–II some 13/12th Dimensions: 19 × 13–14 mm; Th. 1–2 mm Description: Roughly rectangular inlay piece. Exterior on top decorated with a plant in relief; visible are a stalk and lower part of calyx, perhaps a lotus flower. Back side flat. Color opaque cobalt blue, mostly faded to blue-gray. On the back, side traces of light brown deposit, perhaps traces of adhesive material. Surface bright cobalt blue where adhesive has flaked off. Not illustrated

Figure D.4. Object 1735, Glass Alabastron Body Fragment (1.5:1). Figure D.2.  Object 899, Rim Fragment of Egyptian Glass Amphoriskos (1.5:1).

2.  Gezer 1970 Object 899: Rim of core-formed Egyptian amphoriskos Context and Date: VI NE.26.145, L. 26050.1, Str. XII/XI; pottery reading: some LB II, mostly 12th Dimensions: H. 14 mm, Th. 4 mm, D. at rim 21 mm Description: Rim fragment; sharp end at interior top, vertical broad edge around rim with vertical tooling marks. On exterior, wavy marvered thread decoration. Original color opaque dark blue now faded to light gray. Thread decoration opaque yellow, mostly faded to light gray. Illustrated: pl. 19:5

4.  Gezer 1972 Object 1735: Fragment of core-formed alabastron Context and Date: VII.34.103, L. 34004, Str. II; pottery reading: Iron I, Iron II, Hell Dimensions: H. 12 mm, W. 17 mm, Th. 4 mm Description: Body fragment of cylindrical alabastron decorated on the exterior by a marvered feather pattern. Interior surface rough and light brown. Translucent dark blue, bubbly glass. Surface partly iridescent. Thread decoration alternating opaque yellow and white. Illustrated: pl. 19:4

254

Appendix D

5.  Gezer 1966 Object 146: Rim fragment of blown glass bottle Context and Date: I.9.14, L. 9005; Macalister Dump and surface cultivation; pottery reading: mixed Dimensions: H. 21 mm, W. 30 mm, Th. 2–4 mm, original D. 80 mm Description: Fragment from top section of rounded funnel shaped rim. Clear light green glass, surface with iridescent sheen. Not illustrated

6.  Gezer 1969 Object 371: Elongated blown glass bottle Context and Date: VI NE.1.9, L. 1000; topsoil/surface; no pottery Dimensions: D. of rim 16 mm, H. of neck 38 mm, H. of lower section of body 50 mm Description: Two non-joining fragments of bottle with elongated body tapering toward the bottom. Rounded rim, cylindrical neck with bulge at mid-height. At bottom of base pontil post. Light bluish green, very bubbly, glass. Surface iridescent. Not illustrated

Figure D.5.  Object 369, Blown Glass Bottle (1:1).

7.  Gezer 1969 Object 369: Spindle-shaped blown bottle Context and Date: VI NE.1.9, L. 1000; topsoil/surface; no pottery Dimensions: H. 81 mm, D. of rim 16 mm, D. of body 22 mm Description: Rounded rim folded inwards, elongated neck merging into spindle-shaped body. Tooled rectangular base; broken-off pontil post. Light bluish-green, very bubbly, glass. Surface iridescent. Not illustrated

8.  Gezer 1969 Object 368: Fragmentary spindle-shaped blown bottle Context and Date: VI NE.1, L. 1004; topsoil/surface; no pottery

Dimensions: H. of neck 38 mm, D. of rim 19 mm, H. of base fragment 34 mm, D. of body 26 mm Description: Two non-joining fragments of bottle similar to Cat. 7. Colors as Cat. 7. Not illustrated

Bibliography I.  References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer V (HUC)  Gezer V: the Field I Caves, J. D. Seger. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1988. Gezer I (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1911. Gezer II–III (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912.

II.  References Cited by Author Barag, D. 1970 Mesopotamian Core Formed Glass Vessels (1500– 500 b.c.). Pp 131–99 in Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, A.  L. Oppenheim. New York: Corning Museum of Glass. 1971 “The Glass Vessels.” Beth Sheʿarim III: Catacombs 12–23. Jerusalem. 2004 An Egyptian 18th Dynasty Glass Vessel. Pp. 47–49. Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tel Gezer, Israel: Finds from Raymond-Charles Weill’s excavations in 1914 and 1921, A. M. Maier. Oxford: BAR International Series 1206. Cooney, J. D. 1976 Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum IV: Glass. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications. Franken, H. J. 1992 Excavations at Tell Deir ʿAlla: The Late Bronze Age Sanctuary. Leuven: Peeters. Hadad, S. 2005 Islamic Glass Vessels from the Hebrew University Excavations at Bet Shean. Qedem Reports 8. Jerusalem: The Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, in cooperation IES. Harden, D. B. 1981 Catalogue of Greek and Roman Glass in the British Museum. Vol. I, Core- and Rod-Formed Vessels and Pendants and Mycenaean Cast Objects. London: Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications. Johns, C. N. 1933 Excavations at ʿAtlit (1930–1): The South-Eastern Cemetery. Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine 2: 41–104.

255

The Glass Vessels from Gezer Lehrer-Jacobson, G. 1988 Egyptian Glass. Pp 212–17 in The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna. B. Rothenberg. London: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies. McGovern, P. E.; Fleming, S. J.; and Swann, C. P. 1993 The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Beth Shan: Glass and Faience Production and Importation in the Late New Kingdom. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 290/291: 1–27. Nolte, B. 1968 Die Glasgefäße im alten Ägypten. Berlin: B. Hessling. Petrie, W. M. F. 1932 Ancient Gaza II. Tell el Ajjūl. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt and Bernard Quaritch. Riis, P. J., and Poulsen, V. 1957 Hama. Fouilles et Recherches 1931–1938. IV: 2: Les Verrieres et Poteries Médiévales. Copenhagen: I kommission hos Nationalmuseet.

Rothenberg, B. 1972 Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines. London: Thames and Hudson. Rowe, A. 1940 The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan. I.  The Temples and Cult Objects. Philadelphia: Published for the University Museum by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Saldern, A. von 1970 Other Mesopotamian Glass Vessels (1500–600 b.c.). Pp. 201–28 in Glass and Glassmaking in Ancient Mesopotamia, A.  L. Oppenheim. New York: Corning Museum of Glass. 2004 Antikes Glas. Munich: C. H. Beck. Simpson, P. 1990 Egyptian Core Glass Vessels from Sinai. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76: 185–86. Tufnell, O.; Inge, C. H.; and Harding, L. 1940 Lachish II: The Fosse Temple. London: Oxford University Press.

Gezer Glass Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

1966 146

rounded rim fragment of a large blown glass bottle, (H) 2.1 cm, (W) 3.0 cm, (Th) 0.2–0.4 cm; Barag Cat. 5

I.9.14

L. 9005

mixed

Macalister dump and surface cultivation

VI NE.1

L. 1004

topsoil/ surface

VI NE.1.9

L. 1000

topsoil/ surface

VI NE.1.9

L. 1000

topsoil/ surface

VI NE.1.9

L. 1000

topsoil/ surface

372

small blown glass bottle fragments, (H of neck) 3.8 cm, (H of base fragment) 3.4 cm; Barag Cat. 8 small blown glass bottle, (H) 8.1 cm, (Dia of rim) 1.6 cm, (Dia of body) 2.2 cm; Barag Cat. 7 blown green Islamic glass bottle fragment small blown glass bottle fragment, (Dia of rim) 1.6 cm, (H of neck) 3.8 cm, (H of lower body section) 5.0 cm; Barag Cat. 6 decorated glass bead

VI NE.1.9

L. 1000

topsoil/ surface

373

decorated glass bead

VI NE.1.9

L. 1000

topsoil/ surface

375

glass fragment, possibly a stopper

VI NE.2.5

L. 2003

topsoil/ surface

1969 368

369

370 371

74112 74113

Plate No.

Published

256

Appendix D Gezer Glass Objects

Obj # MC # 380

410

592

1561

Description 2 green and orange glass bracelets; 1 brass bracelet; 3 brass coins with holes drilled in them (one with cloth fragment attached); 2 brass rings (one with stone setting); 5 glass beads of red, yellow and green (all from one Late Burial) glaze fritted glass gaming piece; (H) 2.5 cm, (base Dia) 1.5 cm domed “button” (no hole) of stratified glass; has trace impurities to create a metallic opalescence effect; a surface glaze has been added; (Dia) 1.9 cm, (H) 0.55 cm

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

VI NE.3.4

L. 3000

LB II, Iron I, Hell topsoil, surface disturbance above Phase 6A Layers 3003 and 3004, including Late Burials

VI NW.15.54

L. 15000

LB II, Iron I, few Pers Hell

III.2

L. 1080

1

II

VI NW.16.131

L. 16015

1

II

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

Hellenistic pit, full of marl brick, below Phase 1 Layer 16011

VI NE.26.145

L. 26050.1

5C/B

XII/XI

some LB II, mostly 12th

series of surfaces and makeup below Phase 5B Surface 26050 down to Phase 5C Surface 26061; contains domestic debris, including ash pockets, stone grinders and pounders, spindle whorl, etc. pit along E balk, discovered late so stratification is uncertain, pottery suggests not much later than Phase 6; bottomed out on Phase 8B Surface 3041 debris below Topsoil 23000 down to Phase 6A Surface 23015

topsoil with Late Burials

DA #

Plate No.

Published

74-80 pl. 19:1

central drain which was cleared in Phase 1 and by Macalister

1970 758

899

small glass fragment of a ram’s head in blue, yellow, and white glass with portions of the 2 horns, 1 ear, and 1 eye remaining; very delicately wrought, (W) 3.5 cm, (H) 2.8 cm fragment of a blue core-formed glass; decorated on the neck with a wavy thread in yellow, (H) 1.4 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm, (D) 2.1 cm (at rim); Barag Cat. 2

960

frit gaming piece; (L) 2.7 cm, (Dia) 1.3 cm (of head)

VI NE.3.107

L. 3042

post-6

post-XIII

LB II, 13th/12th

1029A

bulbar glass vial; wall and base fragment

VI NE.23.88A

L. 23012

6A

XIII

13th/12th, 12th

blue core-formed Egyptian glass jar fragment; decorated with inverted festoon thread pattern in yellow, (H) 2.7 cm, (W) 3.5 cm, (Th) 0.02–0.35 cm; Barag Cat. 1

VI NE.24.253

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

pl. 19:5

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:7

1971 1098

large trench cut from 74-91 Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:12

257

The Glass Vessels from Gezer Gezer Glass Objects Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

1122

blue molded glass VI inlay piece with a NE.24.264 plant in relief on its top side, 1.9 cm × 1.3– 1.4 cm × 0.1–0.2 cm; Barag Cat. 3

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces accumulation of threshing 74-78 pl. 19:7 floors below Phase 6A Surface 16072, similar to Layers 5068, 15061, 25063, 26083, and 35037 in adjacent areas

1232

glass pendant in shape of bunch of grapes or ear of corn

VI NE.16.205

L. 16082

6C–B

XIII

LB II, early 12th

glass pendant; drop shaped, strongly weathered beigebrownish color, one end broken, (L) 2.1 cm (extant), (max Dia) 0.8 cm glass pendant; drop shaped, pale yellow, top broken off, (L) 2.0 cm, (max Dia) 0.5 cm rim fragment of small glass bowl or Hellenistic drinking cup; (L) 0.7 cm, (Th) 0.15 cm blue cylindrical core-formed glass alabastron body fragment; decorated with a feather pattern in yellow and white, (H) 1.2 cm, (W) 1.7 cm, (Th) 0.4 cm; Barag Cat. 4

VII.28.57

L. 28009

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

74806

pl. 19:2

VII.28.51

L. 28009

2B

II

Iron II, Hell

pit fill

74814

pl. 19:3

VII.23.12

L. 23005

Pers/Hell

compact earth

VII.34.103

L. 34004

2B

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

fill of loose sand/silt

74843

pl. 19:4

VII.46.205

L. 46041.1

6B–A

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–9th sub-surface

1972 1502

3

1507

15

1585A

1735

1441

1973 2349

1226

bowl fragment of powdered glass paste; fragmented

74808

Published

Appendix E

Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer Othmar Keel

University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Catalog

1A.  Object 321 Illustrated: not illustrated Findspot: II.2.322, L. 2053.1 Stratum and context: Str. V, surface buildup Pottery reading: some 10th/9th, mostly 8th–7th century Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D4 / 0 / side unknown, engraving probably hollowed out, probably enstatite, measurements unknown. BASE: The description is based only on a drawing whose reliability is doubtful; it reads most probably Jmn rʿ nb⟨  j ⟩ ‘Amun-Re (is my) Lord’; similar engravings are very common; see Afek no. 23; Tell el-ʿAğul no. 550; Aseka no. 24 with many parallels. Date: 18th–19th Dynasties (ca. 1530–1190 b.c.e.) or somewhat later Collection: HUC, Jerusalem (missing) Bibliography: Previously unpublished

The description of head, back, and side of the scarabs (for example: B2/0/e9) follows the classification system of Tufnell (1984: 31–38) and Keel (1995: §§74–114).

Key § + number (for example, §128) refers to the relevant paragraph in Keel 1995. Place name + number (for example, Afek no. 45) refers to the corresponding entry in Keel 1997a. Letter + number (for example, M16) refers to the “List of Hieroglyphic Signs” in Gardiner 1957: 438–548.

1.  Object 301 Illustrated: pl. 50:5 Findspot: IV.3.83, L. 3026 Stratum and context: Str. I, pit backfill Pottery reading: Chalcolithic to Iron I Description: OBJECT: Scarab, head unknown / 0 / e10, engraving linear?, enstatite, with traces of blue glaze, 12 mm × 9 mm × 6.5 mm (measurements retrieved from the drawings). BASE: The description is based only on a drawing whose reliability is doubtful; in the upper third in the middle an oval to linear engraving; on top of it, two smaller triangles; the oval is flanked by two diagonal lines with a triangle behind. The lower part of the surface shows an nfr (F35, §459) flanked by ʿ (D36, §448; Kirkbride 1965: 633, fig. 296.6). Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 8:18

2.  Object 322 Illustrated: pl. 50:11 Findspot: IV.3.71, L. 3012 Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA, brick destruction debris Pottery reading: Chalcolithic to MB IIC Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D8 / 0 / flat, jade?, 17 mm × 12 mm × 8 mm (measurements retrieved from the drawings). BASE: Blank. Date: Probably MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-6 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:26

258

Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer

3.  Object 579 Illustrated: pl. 50:10 Findspot: III.4.200, L. 4053.1 Stratum and context: Str. VIIIB, debris in wash layer north of gate Pottery reading: 10th century Description: OBJECT: Very schematic scarab, engraving hollowed out, greenish stone, probably chloritite, a silicate (§384f), 15 mm × 11.5 mm × 9 mm (measurements retrieved from the drawings). BASE: In a horizontal arrangement a caprid is turned to the left, the hind legs striding, the extremely long forelegs standing; the animal is flanked by two plant elements, above and below the animal unclear signs; the style and motif are typical of the so called ʿAmuq-group (§236); so far only two pieces belonging to this category have been found in Israel (Kinneret: Hübner 1988: 89–92; Megiddo: Lamon and Shipton 1939: pl. 73.7); close to this group are Asor Nr. 2; Tell Keisan: Keel, Shuval, and Uehlinger 1990: 210–17, no. 14. Date: 10th–8th century b.c.e. Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-139 Bibliography: Previously unpublished

4.  Object 642 Illustrated: pl. 50:1 Findspot: IV.5.26, L. 5002 Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA; upper brick collapse debris Pottery reading: Chalcolithic to MB IIC/LB I Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D8 / 0 / not visible, amethyst (§365–68), mounted in gold, 18.3 mm × 13 mm × 8.2 mm. BASE: Blank. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-3 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:2

4A.  Object 1095 Illustrated: not illustrated Findspot: VI NE.24.253, L. 24098 Stratum and context: Str. XIV, deep trench Pottery reading: MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th century Description: OBJECT: Scarab, A1 / I / d6, engraving hollowed out, probably enstatite, 16 mm × 12 mm × 7 mm.

259

BASE: The description is based only on a drawing whose reliability is doubtful; it reads mn-nfr ‘Memphis’; there is a whole group of scarabs with sentences praising the city of Memphis and wishing her to remain strong and brilliant for ever (Drioton 1957: 14–21); the present scarab has none of Drioton’s formulae, below the name of Memphis can be read a mn (Y5; §457), a mr ‘pyramid’ (O24), a zꜢ ‘protection’ (V17; §465) and below these three signs a horizontally placed s-spiral (§435); the three hieroglyphs may say that the (great) pyramid remains a protection for Memphis or something similar; the meaning of the spiral remains elusive. Date: Most probably 19th Dynasty (1292–1190 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem (missing) Bibliography: Previously unpublished

4B.  Object 1294 Illustrated: not illustrated Findspot: Field VI NE.26.264, L. 26086 Stratum and context: Str. XIV, deep trench Pottery reading: LB I–II, 13th/12th century Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D6 / 0 / d5, linear engraving with crosshatching, probably enstatite, measurements unknown. BASE: The description is based only on a drawing whose reliability is doubtful; in a horizontal arrangement is seen a running caprid (ibex or wild goat) with the head turned back; the striding caprid is a common subject on MB IIB scarabs (cf. Tufnell 1984: pl. 36); the head turned back is found on Tell el-ʿAğul nos. 70, 160, 404, 405, 590, 668; the squatting human figure looking at the caprid, turned in an angle of 90°, has probably to be interpreted as a worshipper (see the two Canaanite scarabs with this motif in Keel 1997b: 111, figs. 47a–b). Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1550 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem (missing) Bibliography: Previously unpublished

5.  Object 1504 Illustrated: pl. 50:2 Findspot: Field IV Stratum and context: unstratified, removal of Macalister dump Pottery reading: ud Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D8 / 0 / d5, the surface of the scarab is corroded, engraving linear, enstatite

260

Appendix E

(§386–90), light brown, 15.6 mm × 11 mm × 7.5 mm. BASE: Striding lion (§536f), particularly close parallels are Tell el-ʿAğul Nos. 619, 1134; Tell el-Farʿa-South: Petrie 1930: pl. 7:53; Lachish: Lachish IV: pl. 35/36:217; above the back is a branch; for the significance of the combination of lion and branch see Keel and Uehlinger 1996: 20–24, §12; for the branch Staubli 2005; in front of the lion a triangle whose base is the borderline (cf. Tell el-ʿAğul no. 1135), within the triangle three parallel lines. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-810 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:1

6.  Object 1509 Illustrated: pl. 50:3 Findspot: VII.35 Stratum and context: unstratified, removal of Macalister dump Pottery reading: nil Description: OBJECT: Scarab, C1 / II / d6?, both sides of the base are broken, engraving hollowed out, enstatite (§386-90), 14 mm × 10 mm × 6 mm (measurements retrieved from the drawings). BASE: On the right is an oval with the throne name of Thutmosis III mn-ḫpr-rʿ ; at the top is a bird, probably an owl (G17), to the left of the oval are probably the remains of a kneeling bowman (A12) and below it, there seem to be three strokes indicating the plural; at the bottom is clearly to see mry “beloved”; if the other signs are correctly read the result would be the unique epithet mry m mšꜢ “beloved among the troops” (this reading was suggested by Bertrand Jaeger); somehow similar is the epithet “rich in troops” (Tell el-Farʿa-South: Starkey and Harding 1932: pl. 53:220; cf. Jaeger 1982: §127). Date: 19th Dynasty (1292–1190 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-770 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:2

7.  Object 1552 Illustrated: pl. 50:8 Findspot: VII.28.95, L. 28016 Stratum and context: Str. V, occupational soil Pottery reading: LB, Iron I, Iron II Description:

OBJECT: Scaraboid, type II (§135), one half of the back broken, partly linear, partly hollowed out engraving, composite-material (§ 392-401), whitish, 14.8 mm × 11.6 mm × 5.9 mm. BASE: Striding goat-like (caprid) animal; cf. Lachish III: pl. 43A/44: 93–95; Megiddo: Lamon and Shipton 1939: pl. 69:17; Nineveh: Herbordt 1992: pl. 16:10; Buchanan and Moorey 1988: no. 412; as common as striding are standing caprids or gazelles; cf. Tell Keisan: Keel, Shuval, and Uehlinger 1990: 230ff., no. 20 with parallels; Nimrud: Herbordt 1992: pl. 16:22; above the back of the animal two vertical lines; at their left and in front of the animal an awkwardly drawn circle (cf. the four scaraboids from Lachish and Megiddo mentioned above). Date: Iron Age IIB–C (800–600 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-823 Bibliography: Previously unpublished

8.  Object 1699 Illustrated: pl. 50:7 Findspot: VII.44.49, L. 44029 Stratum and context: Str. II, coarse compact fill Pottery reading: Iron I, Iron II, Persian, Hellenistic Description: OBJECT: Scarab, A1 / I / e2, linear engraving, except one hollowed-out element, black stone, 10.2 mm × 7.4 mm × 6.4 mm. BASE: Signs which have a minimal similarity to Egyptian r (D21; §461) and U6-8; impressions of a similar scarab? were found on a tablet in Nineveh (Herbordt 1992: 231, no. ninive 102; taf. 18.16). Date: Probably Iron Age IIB (800–700 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem Bibliography: Previously unpublished

9.  Object 1883 Illustrated: pl. 50:6 Findspot: IX.2.47, L. 2008 Stratum and context: Str. I, dump fill debris Pottery reading: Hellenistic Description: OBJECT: Scaraboid, type II (§135), partly linear, partly hollowed out engraving, limestone (§381–83), 15.3 mm × 12.1 mm × 8.6 mm. BASE: A highly schematized tree with five branches flanked by two human figures with raised arms; seals of this type and with this motif are known from Beth-El, Beth-Shemesh, Gibeon, Tell

Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer el-Farʿah-North, Tell Halif, Lachish, Megiddo, Tell en-Naṣbe, and Samaria (Jaroš 1980; Schroer 1987: 34; Keel and Uehlinger 1996: 151–54; Keel 1998: 41f); an impression of a seal of this type was excavated by A. Mazar on Tel Rehov (registration no. B. 62069); the seals are probably evidence of a tree-cult related to the cult of the goddess Asherah (Deut 16:21; Keel 1998: 49–57; Gangloff 1999). Date: Iron Age IIA–beginning of Iron Age IIB (10th–9th century b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-731 Bibliography: Previously unpublished

10.  Object 1919 Illustrated: pl. 50:4 Findspot: VII.38.207, L. 38085 Stratum and context: unstratified, topsoil Pottery reading: Iron II, Hellenistic Description: OBJECT: Scaraboid-like seal (§139-42; Keel and Uehlinger 1996: 265–72), hollowed out engraving with hatching, ivory or bone (§403-4), 16.4 mm × 14.2 mm × 5.4 mm. BASE: Two highly schematized probably male human figures; the “outer” arm of the figure on the left is hanging down, the “outer” arm of the one on the right is raised; the “inner” raised arm have both figures in common; very close to this motif, though not totally identical, are Arad no. 29; Megiddo: Lamon and Shipton 1939: pl. 67:51; 69:68; Schumacher 1908: taf. 39d; the origin of the motif may have been two worshipping figures (cf. above no. 9); piety was considered as a kind of amulet (Job 4:6). Date: Iron Age IIB (9th–8th century b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-735 Bibliography: Previously unpublished

11.  Object 1996 Illustrated: pl. 50:12 Findspot: IV.5.225, L. 5024 Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA, brick debris Pottery reading: MB–LB I Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D6 / 0 / d6 the forelegs are, however, without hair, linear engraving, enstatite (§386-90), pale brown, remains of glaze, 21.7 mm × 15.5 mm × 9.1 mm. BASE: At the top ḏd-pillar (R11, §451) flanked by two schematized red crowns (S3, §452; Tell el-

261

ʿAğul no. 398, 415) or inverted nṯr-signs (R8, §460); the two lower thirds of the plinth are occupied by an oval (V9 or 10, §462) which is open at the lower end; the oval encloses anrasigns (§469f), which also flank it on either side, and two nṯr-signs; for ovals enclosing anrasigns and flanked by them see Tell el-ʿAğul no. 390; Beth Shean: Oren 1973: 246, fig. 51.7; Lachish: Lachish IV: pl. 34: 159. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-718 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:3

12.  Object 2281 Illustrated: pl. 50:13 Findspot: IV.6.141, L. 6010.P Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA1, on surface Pottery reading: MB IIC Description: OBJECT: Scarab, A6 / 0 / d5, rim of the base chipped, linear engraving, enstatite (§38690), pale brown, yellowish, remains of glaze, 21.4 mm × 15.1 mm × 9.2 mm. BASE: Scroll border of three pairs of oblong joined z- and s-spirals, respectively, loop at top and bottom (§508; Tufnell 1984: pl. 31:2353–55); within this border at top a wꜢḥ-sign (V29, §463; Tell el-ʿAğul no. 35), below it an n and twice two nfr-signs (F35, §459), the two upper ones inverted. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-758 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:5

13.  Object 2299 Illustrated: pl. 50:14 Findspot: IV.5.370, L. 5013.1 Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA, sub-surface sediments (including gold hoard, Objs. 2292–99) Pottery reading: MB IIC Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D8 / 0 / flat, amethyst (§365-68), 12 mm × 8 mm × 5 mm. BASE: Blank. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-882 Bibliography: Mentioned in: Seger 1976: 133, 135; Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:20

262

Appendix E

14.  Object 2300 Illustrated: pl. 50:15 Findspot: IV.5.369, L. 5029.1 Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA, sub-surface sediments Pottery reading: MB IIC Description: OBJECT: Scarab, B2 / 0 / not visible, surface very worn, granular, glass, mounted in gold, 15.3 mm × 10.9 mm × 6.4 mm. BASE: Blank. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.) Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-883 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC) pl. 37:2

15.  Object 2301 Illustrated: pl. 50:16 Findspot: IV.5.369, L. 5029.1 Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA, sub-surface sediments Pottery reading: MB IIB–C Description: OBJECT: Scarab, D5 / 0 / e11, rim of the base slightly chipped, linear engraving, hatching and crosshatching, enstatite (§386-90), pale brown, 21.3 mm × 14.2 mm × 8.6 mm. BASE: A standing female figure, the head in profile, the hatched hair shoulder-length, the excessively long arms hang down on both sides (cf. §576; Keel, Keel-Leu, and Schroer 1989: 97– 99; nos. 9, 11–16); the body is crosshatched, the legs are hatched; it gives the impression that she wears a kind of fishnet-bodydress and stockings; hatching and crosshatching with figures of this type are otherwise limited to the area of the genitals; cf. Keel, Keel-Leu, and Schroer 1989: 97–99, no. 3 (Jericho), nos. 4–5 (private collection), no. 11 (Tell el-FarʿahSouth), no. 20 (Lachish), no. 24 (Tell el-ʿAğul); the figure is flanked by branches whose stem is part of the borderline; cf. Keel, Keel-Leu, and Schroer 1989: 97–99, no. 3 (Jericho), no. 4 (private collection), nos. 11, 22, and 23 (Tell el-Farʿah-South), no. 16 (Lachish); because of this standing attribute the goddess was called by S. Schroer “die Zweiggöttin,” “the branchgoddess”( Keel, Keel-Leu, and Schroer 1989: 110, with n. 37); it is certainly a deity closely related to vegetation as later the Israelite Asherah (cf. above no. 9) which has to be distinguished from the Ugaritic goddess of the same name.

Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-879 Bibliography: Keel, Keel-Leu, and Schroer 1989: 98; no. 17 (sketch); Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:1

16.  Object 2302 Illustrated: pl. 50:17 Findspot: IV.6.147, L. 6010.P Stratum and context: Str. XVIIIA1, on surface Pottery reading: MB IIC Description: OBJECT: Scaraboid, type I (§134), only about one third of the object is preserved, compositematerial (§392-99), maybe blue paste (§400f), dimensions of the piece preserved 13.5 mm × 6.2 mm × 7.5 mm. BASE: Head of a goddess (§577-79), type C with two unidentifiable elements flanking a flower; cf. Tell el-ʿAğul nos. 339, 599, 965–66, 1075– 76; the combination of branches with the head of the goddess (§579 mit Abb. 435; Keel and Schroer 2004: 124–27, nos. 88–90) suggests that both the nude goddess with branches and the “Hathor-head,” or rather head of the goddess, are representations of the same deity. Date: MB IIB–C (ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e.). Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-880 Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:6

17.  Object 2308 Illustrated: pl. 50:9 Findspot: VII.45.189, L. 45084 Stratum and context: Str. VII–VI, courtyard fill Pottery reading: Iron I, Iron II, 8th/7th century Description: OBJECT: Oval, single-sided piece (§209) or scaraboid of type II (§135), chipped along the rim, linear engraving, soft, whitish limestone, 48 mm × 34.3 mm × 17.6 mm. BASE: Highly schematized tree with seven branches on a fivefold stand; for similar trees on similar seals see Tell el-ʿAğul no. 31, and from BethShemesh, Megiddo, and Shiqmonah see Keel, Shuval, and Uehlinger 1990: 383, nos. 79–82, particularly no. 81, and Tell el-Mazar: Yassine 1988: 153, no. 305. Date: Probably Iron Age I (ca. 1150–950 b.c.e.) or later Collection: HUC, Jerusalem IAA Registration: IAA 74-763 Bibliography: Previously unpublished

Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer

Bibliography I.  References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer VII (HUC)  Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII, J. D. Seger. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013. Lachish III  Lachish III: The Iron Age, O. Tufnell, C. H. Inge, and L. Harding. London: Oxford University Press, 1953. Lachish IV  Lachish IV: The Bronze Age, O. Tufnell. London: Oxford University Press, 1958.

II.  References Cited by Author Buchanan B., and Moorey, P. R. S. 1988 Catalogue of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in the Ashmolean Museum III. The Iron Age Stamp Seals (c. 1200–350 b.c.). Oxford: Clarendon. Drioton, E. 1957 Sentences sur l’avenir de Memphis. Kêmi 14: 14–21. Gangloff, F. 1999 YHWH ou les déesses arbres? Vetus Testamentum 49: 34–48. Gardiner, A. H. 1957 Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. Rev. 3rd ed. Oxford: Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum. Herbordt, S. 1992 Neuassyrische Glyptik des 8.-7. Jh. v.  Chr. State Archives of Assyria Studies 1. Helsinki: The NeoAssyrian text Corpus Project. Hübner, U. 1988 Ein nordsyrisches Stempelsiegel aus Galiläa. Ugarit-Forschungen 20: 89–92. Jaeger, Bertrand 1982 Essai de classification et datation des scarabées Menkhéperrê. Orbis biblicus et orientalis, Series Archaeologica, 2. Fribourg: Editions universitaires. Jaroš, K. 1980 Das Motiv der heiligen Bäume und der Schlange in Gen 2–3. Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 92: 204–15. Keel O. 1995 Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina, Israel. Einleitung. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 10. Freiburg Schweiz: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1997a Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palästina, Israel. Katalog-Bd. 1. Von Tell Abu-Farağ bis ʿAtlit. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 13. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

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1997b Le cantique des cantiques. Lectio Divina. Commentaires 6. Paris. 1998 Goddesses and Trees, New Moon and Yahweh. Ancient Near Eastern Art and the Hebrew Bible. JSOT Supplement 207: 15–57. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. Keel, O.; Keel-Leu, H.; and Schroer, S. 1989 Studien zu den  Stempelsiegeln aus Palästina/Israel. Band II. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 88. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Keel, O., and Schroer, S. 2004 Eva: Mutter alles Lebendigen. Frauen- und Göt­ tinnen­ idole aus dem Alten Orient. Projekt BIBEL+ORIENT Museum, Freiburg Schweiz. Keel, O.; Shuval, M.; and Uehlinger, C. 1990 Studien zu den Stempelsiegeln aus Palästina/Israel III. Die Frühe Eisenzeit. Ein Workshop. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 100. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Keel O., and Uehlinger, C. 1996 Gods, Goddesses and Images of God in Ancient Israel. Minneapolis: Fortress Press; Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. Kirkbride, D. 1965 Scarabs. Pp.  580–655 in Excavations at Jericho II. The Tombs Excavated in 1955–1958, K. Kenyon. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Lamon, R. S., and Shipton, G. M. 1939 Megiddo I. Seasons of 1925-1934, Strata I–V. Oriental Institute Publications 42. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Oren, E. D. 1973 The Northern Cemetery of Beth Shan. University Museum Monographs. Leiden: Brill. Petrie, W. M. F. 1930 Beth Pelet I. Tell Fara. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt. Schroer, S. 1987 In Israel gab es Bilder. nachrichten von darstellender Kunst im Alten Testament. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 74. Freiburg: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Schumacher, G. 1908 Tell el-Mutesellim I. Leipzig: R. Haupt. Seger, J. D. 1976 Reflections on the Gold Hoard from Gezer. BASOR 221: 133–40. Starkey, J. L, and Harding, L. 1932 Beth-Pelet II. Prehistoric Fara. Beth-Pelet Cemetery. London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt.

264

Appendix E

Staubli, Th. 2005 Land der spriessenden Zweige. Bibel und Kirche 60/1: 16–22. Tufnell, O. 1984 Studies on Scarab Seals. Vol. II: Scarab Seals and their Contribution to History in the Early Second Millennium b.c. Warminster: Aris & Phillips.

Yassine, Kh. 1988 Archaeology of Jordan: Essays and Reports. Amman: Department of Archaeology, University of Jordan.

Gezer Stamp Seal Amulets Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1965 27

scaraboid fragment; (W) 1.7 cm, (H) 1.1 cm

I.6.36

L. 6004

mostly Iron I–II, Hell and Rom

debris from stone-robbing operations in Roman period

engraved scarab; 1.2 cm × 0.9 cm × 0.65 cm; Keel Cat. 1 engraved scarab; Keel Cat. 1A

IV.3.83

L. 3026

1

I

Chalco–Iron I

pit backfill

II.2.322

L. 2053.1

4

V

some 10th/9th, mostly 8th–7th

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC

build-up below Phase 4 cobble Surface 2053 down to Phase 5A/4 Layer 2111 brick destruction debris

unengraved scarab; 1.7 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.8 cm; Keel Cat. 2

IV.3.71

L. 3012

74-6

412

engraved scaraboid; stamp seal, 2.0 cm × 1.6 cm × 0.9 cm

VI NE.17.10

L. 17000

LB, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil with Late Burials

74-83

436

blue faience cylinder II.1.492 seal; backward looking quadruped frieze, (H) 3.0 cm, (Dia) 1.45 cm green faience cylinder II.1.498 seal; bird frieze, (H) 2.15 cm, (Dia) 1.0 cm

L. 1181.P

13

XV

13th

material on Phase 13 cobble Surface 1181

74-40

L. 1172

12/ 11B

XIV/XIII

13

XV

LB IIB, 13th/12th material below Wall 1155; upper part is surfacing makeup, more destruction material in lower portions; equals Layer 1166 LB IIB, late 13th material in probe below Phase 12 Surface 1167, above Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183; lots of destruction debris, possibly redistributed, including pieces of charred wood; equivalent stratigraphically to Phase 13 destruction debris, L. 1183

black jade scaraboid; 1.55 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.7 cm

L. 1180

1968 301 321

322

pl. 50:5

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 8:18

pl. 50:11 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 11:26

1969

437

438

II.1.502

74-41

Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 62:15; 120A Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:7 Gezer II (HUC): pls. 40:14; 74D Gezer II (HUC): pl. 40:5

265

Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer Gezer Stamp Seal Amulets Obj # MC # 482

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

conical stamp seal VI NE.36 of low fired ceramic; image of quadruped suckling its young, between 2 scorpions, enclosed by a laddered border; (H) 1.7cm, (Dia) 2 cm engraved scarab; III.4.200 1.5 cm × 1.15 cm × 0.9 cm; Keel Cat. 3

L. 36000

L. 4053.1

6

amethyst scarab mounted in gold; 1.83 cm × 1.3 cm × 0.82 cm; Keel Cat. 4 engraved scarab; 1.6 cm × 1.1 cm × 0.75 cm

IV.5.26

L 5002

VI NE.5.86

746A

engraved scarab; 1.85 cm × 1.35 cm × 0.75 cm

746B

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

LB, Iron I–II, Hell

topsoil with Late Burials

VIIIB

10th

debris in wash layer N of the gate

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco–MB IIC/ LB I

upper brick collapse debris

L. 5030.1

5B/A

XI

13th, 12th

material just below Phase 5A Surface 5030

VI NE.4.89A

L. 4017

6B

XIII

LB II ud, mostly 13th/12th plus some Philistine bi-chrome

engraved scarab; 1.9 cm × 1.35 cm × 0.8 cm

VI NE.4.89A

L. 4017

6B

XIII

LB II ud, mostly 13th/12th plus some Philistine bi-chrome

749

glazed faience scarab with cast impression; 1.65 cm × 1.15 cm × 0.7 cm

VI NE.33.66

L. 33017

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th, few Iron II and Hell intrusive

841

engraved scarab; 1.4 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.65 cm

VI NE.3.89

L. 3028

6B/A

XIII

13th/12th ud

mud-brick occupational and destruction debris inside corner of Phase 6B–A Walls 6022 and 6023 in Room 1 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 4035 down to Phase 6B Surface 4041; stratigraphically equivalent to Phase 6B/A Fill 4038 mud-brick occupational and destruction debris inside corner of Phase 6B–A Walls 6022 and 6023 in Room 1 of Granary 24000; below Phase 6A Surface 4035 down to Phase 6B Surface 4041; stratigraphically equivalent to Phase 6B/A Fill 4038 hardpacked occupation debris, below Topsoil 33000, down to Phase 6A Surfaces 33030 and 33071; undisturbed Phase 6A debris removal of rockfall from E end of Phase 6B Wall 3008B

842

engraved scarab; 1.6 cm × 1.1 cm × 0.7 cm

VI NE.15.102

L. 15045

5B/A

XI

MB, LB, 12th

579

DA #

Plate No.

74116

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pls. 62:17; 120B

pl. 50:10

1970 642

737

large robber trench at SW corner of Northeast House; same as L. 5035 and 16069 in adjacent areas; dug from postPhase 5B levels to rob Phase 5C–B Wall 15031; sealed by Phase 5A Surface 15029

74-3

pl. 50:1

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 21:2 Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 252, fig. 2:6, pl. II:6 Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 250, fig. 1:6, pl. I:6

Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, pp 25051, fig 2:1, pl. II:1

Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 252, fig. 2:5, pl. II:5 Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 25, fig. 2:3, pl. II:3 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 61:14

266

Appendix E Gezer Stamp Seal Amulets

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

861

engraved scarab; 1.55 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.7 cm

VI NE.25.95

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (Phase 6B), 25093 and 25096 (both Phase 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035 earthen surface with ash, below Phase 5C/B Walls 35016 and 35019 and Phase 5C Surface 35025; above Phase 6C–B threshing floors, contemporary with Granary 24000 large trench in S of area, cut from post-Phase 8 levels down to Phase 10 levels; below Phase 7/6C Fill 33047, and sealed above by Phase 6C Surface 33043; same as L. 34080 in adjacent area thick rubbly fill in N of area, below Phase 6C Surface 33043, above Phase 7 Trench 33052; probably fill in upper levels of Phase 7 Trench 33052 E-W wall, S of Granary 24000; corners with Phase 6B–A Wall 34028 and Phase 6C–B Wall 34060; used in Phase C with Phase 6C Surface 34053, and in Phase B with Phase 6B Surfaces 34022, 34043, 34044, and 34052 thick accumulation of threshing floor deposits, also in adjacent areas

925

faience cylinder seal; (Dia) 1.0 cm, (L) 2.3 cm, (hole) 0.3 cm

VI NE.35.153

L. 35035

6A

XIII

LB II, latest is 12th

927

engraved steatite scarab; 1.5 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.7 cm

VI NE.33.121

L. 33052

7

XIV

LB II, much 13th

930

blue faience scarab; 1.7 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.8 cm

VI NE.33.101

L. 33047

7/6C

XIV/XIII

mostly 13th, few 13th/12th

936

frit scaraboid seal; 1.7 cm × 1.3 cm × 0.85 cm

VI NE.34.125

L. 34063A–B

6C–B

XIII

LB II ud, ns

971

engraved scarab; 1.65 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.7 cm

VI NE.15.122

L. 15061

6C–B

XIII

LB IIB, 12th

979

engraved scarab; 1.4 cm × 1.15 cm × 0.65 cm

VI NE.14.181

L. 14072.1

6B–A

XIII

MB, LB, ud

material in series of hard, laminated surfaces of Phase 6B–A Surface 14072

engraved scarab; 1.6 cm × 1.2 cm × 0.7 cm; Keel Cat. 4A

VI NE.24.253

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces

1971 1095

DA #

Plate No.

Published Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, pp. 251–52, fig. 2:4

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 59:3

Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 248, fig. 1:4, pl. I:4 Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, pp. 248–49, fig. 1:4, pl. I:4 Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 56:6

Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p.249–50, fig. 1:5, pl. I:5 Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 251, fig. 2:2, pl. II:2

267

Stamp-Seal Amulets from Gezer Gezer Stamp Seal Amulets Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

1099

engraved steatite scaraboid; 1.2 cm × 1.5 cm × 0.85 cm

VI NE.23.172

L. 23056

1118

frit scarab fragment; badly worn, 1.6 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.8 cm engraved steatite scarab; 1.55 cm × 1.1 cm × 0.7 cm

VI NE.26 or 25

locus not assigned

VI NE.24.342

1158

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

9/8

XVI/XV

MB II, much LB II

hardpacked layer, below 74-94 Phase 8 Surface 23052, Phase 7/6 Fill 23043 and Phase 8 Pit 23049 down to Phase 9 Surfaces 23058, 23066, and 23072 found in wheelbarrow

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 52:2

L. 24129

11–9

XXI–XVI

MB II predominate, few MB IIC/LB I, some clear LB II

mud-brick detritus and silt levels below Phase 9 Surface 24145 down to Phase 11 Surface 24152; cut by Phase 7 Trench 24098; mostly Phase 11–10 debris redistributed as Phase 9 fill large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as L. 24147 in adjacent area large trench cut from Phase 7 levels into earlier Phase 7 Trench 24107 and Fill 24103 and down into Phase 9 levels; backfilled with Phase 6C(–B) Fill 24087; sealed by Phase 6C surfaces destruction debris above Phase 9 Surface 24150, cut by Phase 7 Trench 24127; lots of objects, marine pumice, and restorable vessels deep trench below Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 26083, Phase 6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C Surfaces 26085 and 26087 and makeup, L. 26088; cuts down into Phase 10 debris; cut into at several points by later trenching

Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, p. 247, fig. 1:1, pl. I:1

1233

engraved cornelian scaraboid

VI NE.34.302

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

1236

cornelian scaraboid; unfinished

VI NE.24.311

L. 24098

7

XIV

MB II, LB I–II, some 13th/12th

1292

gold mounted scarab; 1.0 cm × 0.65 cm × 0.4 cm

VI NE.24.301

L. 24144

9A

XVI

few MB II, LB I, mostly LB IIA (some restorable)

1294

engraved scarab; Keel Cat. 4B

VI NE.26.264

L. 26086

7

XIV

LB I–II, 13th/12th

engraved scarab; 1.56 cm × 1.1 cm × 0.75 cm; Keel Cat. 5 engraved scarab; 1.4 cm × 1.0 cm × 0.6 cm; Keel Cat. 6 engraved scaraboid; 1.48 cm × 1.16 cm × 0.59 cm; Keel Cat. 7 engraved scarab; 1.02 cm × 0.74 cm × 0.64 cm; Keel Cat. 8

IV

ud

removal of Macalister dump

74810

pl. 50:2

VII.35

ns

removal of Macalister dump

74770

pl. 50:3

74823

pl. 50:8

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 53:7

Gezer IV (HUC): Appendix B, pp. 247–48, fig. 1:2

1972 1504

9

1509

25

1552

358

1699

1297

VII.28.95

L. 28016

5A

V

LB, Iron I, Iron II occupational soil

VII.44.49

L. 44029

2C

II

Iron I, Iron II, Pers, Hell

coarse compact fill

pl. 50:7

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:1 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:2

268

Appendix E Gezer Stamp Seal Amulets

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1973 1883

94

1919

203

1996

452

2281

1091

2299

1202

2300

1203

2301

1204

2302

1222

2308

1160

engraved scaraboid; 1.53 cm × 1.21 cm × 0.86 cm; Keel Cat. 9 ivory or bone engraved scaraboid-like seal; 1.64 cm × 1.42 cm × 0.54 cm; Keel Cat. 10 engraved scarab; 2.17 cm × 1.55 cm × 0.91 cm; Keel Cat. 11 engraved scarab; 2.14 cm × 1.51 cm × 0.92 cm; Keel Cat. 12 amethyst scarab; 1.2 cm × 0.8 cm × 0.5 cm; Keel Cat. 13

IX.2.47

L. 2008

1

VII.38.207

L. 38085

IV.5.225

L. 5024

5A

IV.6.141

L. 6010.P

IV.5.370

unengraved scarab; mounted in gold, 1.53 cm × 1.09 cm × 0.64 cm; Keel Cat. 14 engraved scarab; 2.13 cm × 1.42 cm × 0.86 cm; Keel Cat. 15

engraved scaraboid; 1.35 cm × 0.62 cm × 0.75 cm; Keel Cat. 16 engraved limestone oval or scaraboid; 4.8 cm × 3.43 cm × 1.76 cm; Keel Cat. 17

II

Hell

dump fill debris

74731

pl. 50:6

Iron II, Hell

topsoil

74735

pl. 50:4

XVIIIA

MB–LB I

brick debris

74718

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

74758

L. 5013.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments, including gold hoard (Objs. 2292–2299)

74882

IV.5.369

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74883

pl. 50:12 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 33:3 pl. 50:13 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:5 pl. 50:14 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 26:20; Seger 1976: 133, 135 pl. 50:15 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:2

IV.5.369

L. 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA

MB IIB–C

sub-surface sediments

74879

IV.6.147

L. 6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1

MB IIC

on surface

74880

VII.45.189

L. 45084

6

VII–VI

Iron I, Iron II–8th/7th

courtyard fill

74763

pl. 50:16 Keel, KeelLeu, and Schroer 1989: 98; no. 17 (sketch); Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 37:1 pl. 50:17 Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 49:6 pl. 50:9

Appendix F

The Plaque Figurines from Gezer Izak Cornelius

University of Stellenbosch, South Africa

T

housands of terra-cotta figurines are known from Palestine/Israel (Holland 1975; Kletter 1996); some of them are of the plaque or relief type, usually formed in a mold. Terra-cotta plaque figurines from Gezer representing females (facing the front and mostly in the nude) were already published by Macalister (for example, Gezer III [PEF]: pls. CCXX–CCXXI). 1 The Hebrew Union College excavations (1964–1974) revealed 14 items which form the basis of this discussion. The aim of this chapter is to publish these items and place them within the context of the much larger corpus of female plaques, emphasizing their typology and iconography and commenting on their function as far as this is possible. 2 Some items have already been published in earlier Gezer volumes (Gezer I–II, IV [HUC]), but only one item, Object 341, really received detailed typological discussion (Holland in Gezer II [HUC]: 133–34). These six published items (Objs. 100, 102, 341, 907, 1297, 1359) are also included here, along with six additional ones from Phase I (Objs. 19, 257, 406, 421, 432, 881) and two from Phase II (Objs. 1508, 2354). The technical details concerning find context and the types of clay are included in the Gezer volume plates (Gezer I [HUC]: pl. 37:10–11; Gezer II [HUC]: pl. 40:15; and Gezer IV [HUC]: pls. 54:2;

55:4; 58:8) and both here in the Catalog and on pls. 13:1–2, 7; 14:2; 17:2; 18:7–8.

1. Catalog 1.  Object 19 (pl. 18:7) Gezer 1965 Object: Plaque fragment Description: Remains of legs? Context and Date: I.1.23, L. 1024.1, local Phase 4, Str. XIII–XII, destruction debris above Surface 1025. Pottery reading: Iron Age I. IAA Registration: IAA 74-23 Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Previously unpublished

2.  Object 100 Gezer 1966 Object: Plaque figurine; Tan ware (“light yellowishbrown” 10YR 6/4), a few limestone grits, well fired, smoothing marks on back Description: Naked female facing the front with Hathor hairdo, holding plants with long stems, feet lost. Context and Date: II.4.38, L. 4022, local Phase 14, Str. XVI. Pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellow-brown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects. Pottery reading: Some MB II, predominantly LB II. IAA Registration: IAA 67-434 Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer I (HUC): pls. 37:11; 25A; Kamlah 1993: 111, n. 34, 122:II.4; Kletter 1996: 271:5.V.2.14; Cornelius 2004a: 55, 135; pl. 5:33.

1. On the excavations at Gezer see the overviews in Dever (1993 and 1997); also with regard to the terracotta types, see Holland (1975: 99–104). 2.  The author is presently working on a catalogue raisonné of all excavated female plaques from the pre-Persian period. Cf. inter alia Cornelius (2004a).

269

270

Appendix F

3.  Object 102 Gezer 1966 Object: Top half of plaque figurine. Tan-gray ware (“light gray” 10YR 7/2), some medium calcite and limestone grits, gray core, well fired. Description: Framed, nude female with one breast visible, top half only, arms hang down or are on the breasts, headdress with feathers and curled side-locks, neck decoration. Context and Date: II.4.40, L. 4022, local Phase 14, Str. XVI. Pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellow-brown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects. Pottery reading: Some MB II, predominantly LB II. IAA REGISTRATION: IAA 67–421 Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer I (HUC): pls. 37:10; 25B; Kamlah 1993: 125:VIII.2; Kletter 1996: 272:5.V.3.7.

4.  Object 257 (pl. 13:7) Gezer 1968 Object: Plaque fragment Description: Legs and pubic area with feet lost. Context and Date: V.6.61, L. 6022. Early probe linking maṣṣebôt 6, 7 and 8; Macalister dump. Pottery reading: Unstratified, no pottery reading. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Previously unpublished

5.  Object 341 Gezer 1968 Object: Plaque figurine. Tan surface (“reddishyellow” 5YR 7/6); a few very small calcite inclusions, very many small quartz inclusions; gray core; hard fired. Description: Upper part, woman with hair hanging to the shoulders (“Egyptian” hair), holding both small breasts. Context and Date: II.1.377, L. 1140.1, local Phase 11/10, Str. XIII/XII. Material immediately below Phase 10–9 Wall 1031. Pottery reading: LB IIB (12th/11th b.c.e.). IAA Registration: IAA 74–53 Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer II (HUC): 56, 133–34; pls. 40:15; 74E; Holland 1975: C.II.a.17a; Kletter 1996: 273:5.V.4.12.

6.  Object 406, MC No. 1559 (pl. 17:2) Gezer 1969 Object: Plaque fragment. Description: Part of lower legs. Context and Date: VI NW.5.30, L. 5008, local Phase 5A-2, Str. XI–V. Compact fill below Topsoil 5000, above Phase 5A Fill 5018. Pottery reading: 12th/11th, few 10th b.c.e., few Hellenistic. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Dever et al. 1971: fig. 15c; Holland 1975: C.XIV.d.7; Kletter 1996: 279:5.V.10.15.

7.  Object 421, MC No. 1566 (pl. 13:1) Gezer 1969 Object: Plaque figurine fragment Description: Naked female facing the front with head and feet missing, arms raised, perhaps holding plants, scroll pattern on the sides (6.8 cm × 4.1 cm × 2 cm). Context and Date: III.2.257, L. 2161, unstratified, Macalister probe. Pottery reading: Iron Age I, Hellenistic, Roman. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem (missing) Bibliography: Previously unpublished

8.  Object 432 Gezer 1969 Object: Plaque fragment. Description: Legs with arm on side (?). Context and Date: III.5.92, L. 5018.1, Str. II. Beneath thick Hellenistic marl floor in Macalister’s Building H. Pottery reading: Iron Age II, Persian (7th/6th b.c.e.) and a few Hellenistic. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem (missing) Bibliography: Previously unpublished

9.  Object 881 (pl. 18:8) Gezer 1970 Object: Plaque fragment Description: Head only (male?), with border but no hair or headdress; “pink” 7.5YR 7/4. Context and Date: VI NE.25.107, L. 25041.1, local Phase 6A–5C, Str. XIII–XII. Series of accumulating exterior surfaces below Phase 5C courtyard Surface 25041. Pottery reading: 13th/12th b.c.e. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Previously unpublished

271

The Plaque Figurines from Gezer

10.  Object 907 Gezer 1970 Object: Plaque figurine fragment. Mold-made, surface “grayish pink” 7.5YR 7/3; thick gray core; back hand-smoothed. Description: Framed upper part of naked female with Hathor headdress, holding plants. Context and Date: VI NE.25.100, L. 25044, local Phase 6A, Str. XIII. Thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floors 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (6B), 25093, and 25096 (both 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035. Pottery reading: LB II, 12th b.c.e. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:8; Cornelius 2004a: 52, 139; pl. 5.51; Kamlah 1993: 111, n. 35, 125:VI.6; Kletter 1996: 271:5.V.2.22.

11.  Object 1297 Gezer 1971 Object: Plaque figurine fragment. Front impression distinct, back impression vague, mold made, surface “light brown” 7.5YR 6/4; some small buff; brown, black inclusions, back smoothed. Description: Front: Right upper part of naked female figurine, Hathor headdress, left arm raised but empty. On the back there is a figure with part of the other shoulder and upper arm visible. Context and Date: VI NE.34.314, L. 34086, local Phase 7, Str. XIV. Large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as L. 24147 in adjacent area. Pottery reading: Some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:2; Kamlah 1993: 125:VIII:4; Kletter 1996: 271:5.V.2.21.

12.  Object 1359 Gezer 1971 Object: Plaque figurine lower part. Mold made, paste and surface “reddish-yellow” 5YR 7/6, a few medium white and gray inclusions, well fired, back knife-shaved and smoothed, surface “dark red” 10YR 3/6, polished. Description: Bottom part with feet pointing to the right. Context and Date: VI NE.26, L. 26097, local Phase

6C, Str. XIII. N–S wall below Phase 7/6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C–B Trench 26083, and partly robbed by them; above Phase 7 Trench 26086; associated with Phase 6C Wall 26099 to the S and Phase 6C Cobbles 26093. No pottery reading. IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:4; Kletter 1996: 276:5.V.8.18.

13.  Object 1508 (pl. 13:2) Gezer 1972 Object: Plaque fragment “pink” 5YR 8/3. Description: Bottom part, framed—feet turned to the left, three anklets around each ankle. Context and Date: Field IV. Macalister dump, unstratified, no pottery reading. IAA Registration: IAA 74–805 Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:3

14.  Object 2354 (pl. 14:2) Gezer 1973 Object: Bottom part of plaque figurine, “light brownish gray” 10YR 6/2. Description: Framed—feet (turned to the left) and shins only, three anklets around each ankle. Context and Date: VII.45.30, L. 45004.1. Macalister backfill; Pottery reading: ud IAA Registration: not registered Collection: HUC Jerusalem Bibliography: Previously unpublished

2. Types These catalog items are ordered and described according to types. In this presentation, the positioning of the arms and hands—which was intentional and gives an indication of the possible function(s)— is taken as point of departure, following most scholars. 3 The order is somewhat different to that of Holland (1975: 25–27), for example, in taking the arm 3.  This approach goes back to Pilz (1924: 132 “Haltung”); Pritchard (1943: 32); Uehlinger (1998–2001: 53a); Cornelius (2004a: 46); and now Frevel (2003: 174)—contra Kletter (1996: 30, 34) who used the headdress and heads. Kletter is justified in so far as many of the items are only fragments without any arms, but it is argued that the position of the arms remains important and only after that the type of head or rather the hairdo / headdress come into play.

272

Appendix F

position literally from top (raised above the head = type I) to bottom (arms hanging down on the lower body = type III). There are also leg and head fragments (types IV–V), but no plaques of a woman holding a disc or a child. 4 I:

hands raised—holding plants 5 or empty: 6 Objects 100, 421, 907, 1297 II: hands holding the breasts: 7 Objects 102, 341 III: arms hanging down: 8 Objects 432 IV: lower body and leg fragments: 9 Objects 19, 257, 406, 1359, 1508, 2354 V: head fragments: 10 Objects 881

I:  Hands Raised—Holding Plants or Empty There are two subtypes—those with arms raised and the hands holding plants (Objs. 100, 907) and others with raised arms but empty hands (Objs. 421, 1297). The two examples holding plants are quite exceptional. One (Obj. 100) is a complete figure and has an elaborate (Egyptian) Hathor-like wig with larger curls. 11 She is holding long-stemmed plants with small buds (lotus?). The other (Obj. 907) is only partly preserved, with the lower part of the body missing, but the face with large ears (as with Obj. 100) and Hathor hairdo are still very clear. The plants in the hands are not so clear, and the drawing in Gezer IV (HUC) (pl. 58:8) has led some to even ask the question whether there is a dove (Kamlah 1993: 125:6). There is no dove, just as there are no snakes on Gezer III (PEF) pl. CCXXI: 9 (Cornelius 2004b: 28). Figures with raised arms holding plants are known from other terra-cotta plaques, stone stelae, and metal pendants, but also on ivories (Cornelius 4. Holland (1975) Types CVI–CVII.  For a figurine with a disc from Gezer, cf. Macalister (Gezer II [PEF]: fig. 499; Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CCXXI: 2) and the study of this type by Beck (1999). 5.  Cf. Holland (1975) Type CVa. 6.  Ibid. Type CVb. 7.  Ibid. Type CII. 8.  Ibid. Type CIV. 9.  Ibid. Type CXIb and CXII. 10.  Ibid. Type CVIII. 11.  On the hair types, cf. Pritchard (1943: 40–41) and Cornelius (2004a: 73–74).

2004a: figs. 46–8b; pls. 5:1–62; for Gezer examples, pls. 5:32, 46, 48, 50, 59). One figure with the head and the feet lost has raised arms (Obj. 421). That such hands could indeed be empty (in contrast to Objs. 100 and 907) is shown by Object 1297, but it looks as if there are plant stems with the buds missing at the top. 12 Comparable examples with plant stems partly preserved come from Tel Harasim (Cornelius 2004a: fig. 40) and Lachish (Kletter 2004: 1580, fig. 23.56:4). On the sides of Object 421 is a “scroll pattern” which is known from other plaques (from Gezer, Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CCXXI: 10 = Cornelius 2004a: pl. 5.46; and compare Cornelius 2004a: pl.  5.60, origin unknown). The left and lower part of Plaque 1297 is lost. The Hathor wig is partly preserved, and there is one raised but empty hand. Compare for the raised, empty hands the plaques from Gezer (Gezer III [PEF]: pls. CCXX:14; CCXX1:12); Megiddo (May 1935: pl. XXX:M. 2884); Tell Beit-Mirsim (Cornelius 2004a: fig. 50), and now from Jordan (Kamlah 2004: abb. 5.11). A plaque from Zeraqon (Kamlah 1993: abb. 2a) might also have empty hands and might not be holding plants.

II:  Hands Holding the Breasts There are scores of comparative figures for this plaque type. 13 Describing Object 341, Holland (in Gezer II [HUC]: 133) already referred to the nearly identical and complete example published by Macalister (Gezer III [PEF]: pl.  CCXX:15). Perhaps these two items were made from the same mold. Pritchard followed Macalister, calling it a short veil thrown over wig (1943: 11:45). The headdress intrigued Holland and he attributed it to “Egyptian influence.” A new comparable figure—but differ12.  Egyptian stelae (Cornelius 2004a: pls. 5:5, 10) show a similar naked figurine (“Qedeshet”) with the hands empty, unless the stelae are incomplete or unfinished. 13.  Another example of this type from Gezer is in the Ashmolean Museum (1912.621 = Moorey 2003: cover and pl.  19; 2004: 189, fig. 300). The much discussed “Judean Pillar Figurine” (Kletter 1996; Byrne 2004) is also holding/ supporting the breasts, but is a unique and later Iron II and mainly Judean phenomenon, as defined by Kletter (1996). The plaque types go back to the LB Age and continue up to Iron II.

The Plaque Figurines from Gezer ent type of headdress—appears on a plaque from Megiddo (Sass, in Finkelstein 2000: fig. 12.35:1). The other item (Obj. 102) is clearer, especially as far as the headdress is concerned. This is a headdress with feathers with curled side-locks. Kletter (1996: 34) has “‘Hathor’ headdress with a cap of feathers” and Pritchard (1943: 13, cf. 38–40) “fluted.” For Gezer, see also Macalister (Gezer II [PEF]: fig. 497; Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CCXX:16; CCXXI:1; also CCXX:17–18—but with no curls). There is a neck decoration that might have been an amulet or a necklace, which is rare on plaque figurines, but see the damaged item in Gezer III [PEF]: pl.  CCXX:2 (also pl.  CCXX:16 and Winter 1983: abb. 23 = P. 20 in the Israel Museum). The figurine is clearly framed (cf. Cornelius 2004a: pl.  5:48); this is the kind of figure that van der Toorn (2002: 59) linked with shrines (cf. Cornelius 2004a: 53), but it is rather only a decoration (Kamlah 1993: 110, 124), although a figure from Megiddo is shown in what looks like a shrine (May 1935: pl.  XXX:M. 2884). Figurines with the same type of hairdo are shown holding their breasts (for example, Gezer III [PEF]: pls. CCXX:16; CCXXI:1); in this case they are presumably “on the chest(?)” as argued by Kletter (1996: 272:5.V.3.7). The plaque is broken immediately below the breast, and therefore the hands are not clearly visible. Gezer III [PEF]: pl. CCXX:16 is very similar—possibly made from the same mold?

III:  Arms Hanging Down One object (Obj. 432—now lost) is very unclear, and the available drawing looks as if there is a pair of legs with at least one arm hanging on the side as on items from Jezreel (Kletter 1997: figs. 1.6; 2.6).

IV:  Lower Body and Leg Fragments Object 19 is unclear on the drawing, but looks like part of the lower legs of a figurine as with Object 406 (with the feet lost). Object 257 is clearer and shows longer legs (feet missing) and part of the pubic area. Other leg fragments are a long pair of legs with feet pointing to the right (Obj. 1359) and the remains of the lower parts of legs with feet pointing to the left (cf. Gezer III [PEF]: pls. CCXX:4; CCXXI:8). The last two plaques (Objs. 1508 and 2354) are framed and wear three anklets on each lower leg.

273

For anklets, compare Cornelius 2004a: 74, pls. 5:29, 34; and for Gezer, Gezer III (PEF): pl. CCXX:21. The feet can be pointing to both sides (Cornelius 2004a: pl. 5:41) or to the right as on the Egyptian Qedeshet stelae (Cornelius 2004a: pl. 5:24). Compare the feet from Jerusalem (Gilbertz-Peretz 1996: pl. 9:10) and further discussion in Pritchard (1943: 41) and Cornelius (2004a: 55).

V:  Head Fragments There is only one head fragment (Obj. 881). See other Gezer fragments in Gezer III (PEF): pls. CCXX:2, 5, 8 [Hathor] and also the heads from Azekah (Bliss and Macalister 1902: pl.  68:5) and Tel Yenoam (Liebowitz 1984: 14). Here the face is somewhat round and without any headdress or hairdo. It looks as if the figure is bald, and even looks more like a male than a female figure, although male plaques do not really occur. 14 From the full and clearer figurines the following characteristics of the iconography can be identified: Headdress: feathers with curled side locks (Obj. 102) Hair-type: Hathor wig (Objs. 100, 907, and 1297) Plants and other decorations: held on Objects 100 and 907 (and perhaps Obj. 421), scroll pattern on Object 421 and outline on Object 102 Body decorations: pendant (Obj. 102) and anklets (Objs. 1508 and 2354)

As far as dating and the chronological development of the plaque types under discussion (excluding the fragments of course) are concerned, a few remarks can be made. Plaques were a Late Bronze Age phenomenon in ancient Palestine, but some types did continue into the Iron Ages I–II.  The plaques under discussion are mostly LB. The figures with the plants are typically LB (Objs. 100 and 907), as is Object 1297 (raised but empty hands). This is also the case with types of this kind from other sites (most of which are in the south, suggesting possible Egyptian influence). There are problems with the pottery dating of Object 421, but perhaps it comes from an earlier period on typological grounds (the 14.  See the male-female pair published by Humphrey (1976).

274

Appendix F

hands raised and perhaps holding plants). The figures holding the breasts are also LB (Objs. 102 and 341), but this type did continue into later periods as with an item from Batash from the end of the 8th century b.c.e. (Mazar and Panitz-Cohen 2001: 205, photo 134).

3.  Function and Interpretation The meaning of the Palestinian female terra-cotta plaque figurines has always intrigued scholars. 15 In the Gezer volumes (for example, Gezer I [HUC]: 57; Gezer II [HUC]: 56), these plaques are usually described as “Astarte plaques”—following the unfortunate term coined by Albright (1939), although Holland (in Gezer II [HUC] and cf. 1975, 1977) refrained from an identification. The iconography of the goddess Astarte is only certain from other sites according to inscribed items (Bonnet 1996; Cornelius 2004a and forthcoming). In the discussion of the Shaʿar Hagolan material, Miller argues that, when interpreting figurines, one has to differentiate carefully between the contexts, not only the broader cultural context, but also the specific find context (the micro-context); after that, the function of the object can be studied—its use and meaning (2002: 221). The find contexts of the objects under discussion do not provide much information. Objects 100 and 102 come from pits, Object 881 from below a courtyard, and Object 907 from above threshing floors. In this catalog, there are no plaques from what are clearly tombs or sanctuaries to help in determining the possible meaning and function. To identify the figurines as goddesses and to call them “Astarte” goes perhaps too far too soon. There are no definite divine attributes for all the plaques, excluding Objects 100 and 907 with the Hathor headdress and holding plants. These two (and perhaps Obj. 421 if it is holding plants) might be included in the category “naked woman holding objects” (Cornelius 2004a: 45) or “goddess15.  Cf. Pilz (1924); Pritchard (1943); Holland (1975 and 1977); Tadmor (1982); Winter (1983: 96–134); Kamlah (1993); Keel and Uehlinger (1998: 97–108); Uehlinger (1998–2001: 156–58); Zevit (2001: 267–74); Pruss (2002); Cornelius (2004a; 2004b) and now Moorey (2003; 2004). The works of Moorey contain the clearest arguments on this issue.

holding-plants” (Kamlah 1993). In a more detailed study the author (Cornelius 2004a) has identified these as “Qedeshet” figurines, because of the similarity with figurines identified by name on inscribed Egyptian stelae. She was a protector of the workers at Deir el-Medina in Egypt, and perhaps the plaques served the same function in Palestine. Whether the headdress of Object 102 makes the figure a deity is uncertain. The only other identifiable type in the discussed corpus on which something concerning function and meaning can be said is the woman holding her breasts (Obj. 341). This is perhaps not the elusive Asherah, the presumed “Hebrew Goddess” (Patai 1990) and consort of the national god of Israel, who is known from the epigraphic material (Dever 2005). Both the “Pillar Figurines” and the plaques of this type have no clear divine attributes. That these figurines had a certain function is clear—perhaps as magical objects to provide mothers with milk (see Byrne 2004), perhaps also as a “role model” for young girls (Keel and Uehlinger 1998: 108; Uehlinger 1998–2001: 58a), unless the breasts were intended not for babies but also for men (Pruss 2002: 544–45). This preliminary report on the typology and iconography of the Gezer plaque figurines will be augmented and superseded by the publication of the complete catalog of Palestinian female plaque figurines, presently in preparation by the author (see footnote 2). Further conclusions relating to the types of figurine discussed here will be presented there.

Bibliography I.  References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer I (HUC) Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964– 66 Seasons, W.  G. Dever, H.  D. Lance, and G.  E. Wright. Annual of the HUCBASJ. Jerusalem, 1970. Gezer II (HUC) Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II, W. G. Dever et al. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1974. Gezer IV (HUC) Gezer IV: The 1969–1971 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, W. G. Dever. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1986. Gezer VII (HUC)   Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII, J. D. Seger. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013.

The Plaque Figurines from Gezer Gezer II–III (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912.

References Cited by Author Albright, W. F. 1939 Astarte Plaques and Figurines from Tell Beit Mirsim. Pp.  107–120 in Mélanges Syriens offerts à monsieur René Dussaud I. Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique 30. Paris. Beck, P. 1999 Human Figurine with Tambourine. Pp. 386–94 in Tel ʿIra. A Stronghold in the Biblical Negev, ed. I. Beit-Arieh. Tel Aviv. Bliss, F., and Macalister, R. A. S. 1902 Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898– 1900. London. Bonnet, C. 1996 Astarté: Dossier documentaire et perspectives historiques. Rome. Byrne, R. 2004 Lie Back and Think of Judah: The Reproductive Politics of Pillar Figurines. Near Eastern Archaeology 67/3: 137–51. Cornelius, I. 2004a The Many Faces of the Goddess: The Iconography of the Syro-Palestinian Goddesses Anat, Asherah, Astarte and Qedeshet c. 1500–1000 bce. Fribourg/ Göttingen. 2004b A Preliminary Typology for the Female Plaque Figurines and their Value for the Religion of Ancient Palestine and Jordan. JNSL 30/1: 21–39. Forthcoming Astarte. Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Biblical World. Dever, W. G. 1993 Gezer. Pp. 496–506 in vol. 2 of The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, ed. E. Stern. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1997 Gezer. Pp.  396–400 in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East, ed. E.  Meyers. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 Did God Have a Wife? Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Dever, W. G., et al. 1971 Further Excavations at Gezer, 1967–1971. BA 34 (4): 93–132. Finkelstein, I. et al. 2000 Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons. Vol. 2 (Tel Aviv). Frevel, C. 2003 Eisenzeitliche Kultständer als Medien in Israel/ Palästina. Pp.  145–202 in Medien in der Antike, ed. H. von Hesberg. Cologne.

275

Gilbertz-Peretz, D. 1996 Ceramic Figurines. Pp. 29–84 in vol. IV of Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985. Qedem 35. Jerusalem. Holland, T. A. 1975 A Typological and Archaeological Study of Human and Animal Representations in the Plastic Art of Palestine during the Iron Age. Ph.D dissertation. Oxford University. 1977 A Study of Palestinian Iron Age Baked Clay Figurines, with Special Reference to Jerusalem: Cave 1. Levant 9: 121–55. Humphrey, R. L. 1976 An Unusual Judean Plaque Depicting a Nude Man and Woman. Levant 8: 150–55. Kamlah, J. 1993 Tell el-Fuhhar (Zarqu?) und die pflanzenhaltende Göttin in Palästina. Ergebnisse des Zeraqon-Surveys. ZDPV 109/2: 101–27. 2004 Die kanaänische Stadtkultur – Die Mittel und Spätbronzezeit in Jordanien. Pp. 103–10 in Geschichte des Orients: 10 000 Jahre Kunst und Kultur aus Jordanien. Mainz. Keel, O., and Uehlinger, C. 1998 Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. Kletter, R. 1996 The Judean Pillar-Figurines and the Archaeology of Asherah. Oxford. 1997 Clay Figurines and Scale Weights from Tel Jezreel. TA 24: 110–21. 2004 Clay Figurines. Pp.  1572–83 in vol. III of The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), ed. David Usshiskin. Tel Aviv. Liebowitz, H. 1984 The Late Bronze Age II and Iron Age Strata at Tel Yenoam. Qadmoniot 17/1: 12–14. May, H. G. 1935 Material Remains of the Megiddo Cult. Chicago. Mazar, A., and Panitz-Cohen, N. 2001 Timnah (Tel Batash) II. The Finds from the First Millennium BCE. Qedem 42. Jerusalem. Miller, M. 2002 The Function of the Anthropomorphic Figurines: A Preliminary Analysis. Pp.  221–33 in vol. 1 of Shaʿar Hagolan: Neolithic Art in Context, ed. Y. Garfinkel and M. Miller. London. Moorey, P. R. S. 2003 Idols of the People: Miniature Images of Clay in the Ancient Near East. London. 2004 Ancient Near Eastern Terracottas with a Catalogue of the Collection in the Ashmolean Museum. Oxford.

276

Appendix F

Patai, R. 1990 The Hebrew Goddess. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Pilz, E. 1924 Die weiblichen Gottheiten Kanaans. ZDPV 47: 129–68. Pritchard, J. B. 01943 Palestinian Figurines in Relation to Certain Goddesses Known through Literature. AOS 24. New Haven. Pruss, A. 2002 The Use of Nude Female Figures. Pp.  537–45 in Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East, ed. R. M. Whiting and S. Parpola. Helskinki. Tadmor, M. 1982 Female Cult Figurines in Late Canaan and Early Israel: Archaeological Evidence. Pp.  139–73 in Studies in the Period of David and Solomon and Other Essays: Papers Read at the International Symposium for Biblical Studies, Tokyo, 5–7 December, 1979, ed. T.  Ishida. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.

Toorn, K. van der 2002 Israelite Figurines: A View from the Texts. Pp. 45– 62 in Sacred Time, Sacred Place: Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, ed. B.  M. Gittlen. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Uehlinger, C. 1998–2001  Nackte Göttin. B. In der Bildkunst, in: Reallexikon der Assyriologie (Berlin), Bd. 9, 53–64. Winter, U. 1983 Frau und Göttin. Exegetische und ikonographische Studien zum weiblichen Gottesbild im Alten Israel und in dessen Umwelt. OBO 53. Freiburg, Schweiz/Göttingen. Zevit, Z. 2001 The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches. London: Continuum.

Gezer Plaque Figurines Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1965 19

plaque figurine fragment; light red slip, (H) 3.5 cm, (W) 3.1 cm; surface 5YR 7/3 pink, slip 2.5YR 6/4 light red; Cornelius cat. 1

I.1.23

L. 1024.1

4

XIII–XII

Iron I

destruction debris above Surface 1025

74-23 pl. 18:7

plaque figurine; II.4.38 complete, (H) 8.1 cm, (W) 4.0 cm, (Th) 2.2 cm; 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown; Cornelius cat. 2 plaque figurine; top II.4.40 half only, (H) 6.8 cm, (W) 5.8 cm, (Th) 2.6 cm; 10YR 7/2 light gray; Cornelius cat. 3

L. 4022

14

XVI

some MB II, predominately LB II

67434

Gezer I (HUC): pls. 37:11; 25A

L. 4022

14

XVI

some MB II, predominately LB II

pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellowbrown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects pit or shallow trench in unstratified Fill 4005, filled with soft yellowbrown silt, organic debris, pottery, and several objects

67421

Gezer I (HUC): pls. 37:10; 25B

plaque figurine V.6.61 fragment; legs and pubic area, (H) 5.8 cm, (W) 4.5 cm, (Th) 2.0 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Cornelius cat. 4

L. 6022

1966 100

102

1968 257

Macalister dump

pl. 13:7

277

The Plaque Figurines from Gezer Gezer Plaque Figurines Obj # MC # 341

Description plaque figurine fragment; upper part, with “Egyptian” hair, eroded, (H) 6.2, (W) 5.8 cm, (Th) 2.8 cm; 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow; Cornelius cat. 5

Fld, Area, & Basket II.1.377

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

L. 1140.1

11/10

XIII/XII

LB IIB, 12th, 12th/11th

material immediately below Phase 10–9 Wall 1031

plaque figurine VI NW.5.30 L. 5008 fragment; lower legs only, (H) 3.9 cm, (W) 2.8 cm, (Th) 1.8 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Cornelius cat. 6 plaque figurine III.2.257 L. 2161 fragment; head missing, slip on side, (H) 6.8 cm, (W) 4.1 cm, (Th) 2.0 cm; ware 5YR 5/1 gray, slip 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow; Cornelius cat. 7 plaque figurine? III.5.92 L. 5018.1 fragment; impressed decoration, (H) 2.1 cm, (W) 2.5 cm, (Th) 1.1 cm; Cornelius cat. 8

5A-2?

XI–V?

12th/11th, few 10th, few Hell

compact fill below Topsoil 5000, above Phase 5A Fill 5018

ceramic plaque figurine fragment; head only, (H) 3.6 cm, (W) 3.9 cm, (Th) 2.1 cm; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Cornelius cat. 9 plaque figurine fragment; upper part, (H) 4.4 cm, (W) 6.3 cm, (Th) 1.9 cm; 7.5YR 7/3 grayish pink; Cornelius cat. 10

DA #

Plate No.

74-53

Published Gezer II (HUC): 56, 133, pls. 40.15; 74E

1969 406

1559

421

1566

432

Iron 1, Hell, Rom Macalister probe

1

II

Iron II, Pers? (7th/6th), few Hell

beneath thick Hellenistic marl floor in Macalister’s Building H

pl. 17:2

Dever 1971: fig. 15c

pl. 13:1

1970 881

907

VI NE.25.107

L. 25041.1

6A–5C XIII–XII

13th, 12th?

series of accumulating exterior surfaces below Phase 5C courtyard Surface 25041

pl. 18:8

VI NE.25.100

L. 25044

6A

XIII

LB II, 12th

thick exterior surface, below Phase 5B Surface 25038, above Phase 6C–B Threshing Floor 25063 and associated Walls 25084 (Phase 6B), 25093 and 25096 (both Phase 6C); cut by Phase 6A/5C Trench 25076; equals Surface 35035

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 58:8

plaque figurine VI fragment; front NE.34.314 impression distinct, back impression vague, (H) 6.4 cm, (W) 4.4 cm, (Th) 1.8 cm; 7.5YR 6/4 light brown; Cornelius cat. 11

L. 34086

7

XIV

some MB II, LB I; mostly LB IIB, nothing clearly later

large trench cut from Phase 7 levels, then backfilled; below Phase 7 Surface 34072, down into Phase 8 or 9 levels over whole area; same as L. 24147 in adjacent area

Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 54:2

1971 1297

278

Appendix F Gezer Plaque Figurines

Obj # MC # 1359

Description plaque figurine; bottom part with legs, back surface knifeshaved, smoothed, polished, (H) 8.4 cm, (W) 4.8 cm, (Th) 1.9 cm; front surface 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow, back surface 10YR 3/6 dark red; Cornelius cat. 12

Fld, Area, & Basket VI NE.26

Locus L. 26097

Local Phase 6C

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

XIII

Context

DA #

Plate No.

N-S wall below Phase 7/6C Trench 26075 and Phase 6C–B Trench 26083, and partly robbed by them; above Phase 7 Trench 26086; associated with Phase 6C Wall 26099 to the S and Phase 6C Cobbles 26093

Published Gezer IV (HUC): pl. 55:4

1972 1508

23

plaque figurine IV fragment; bottom part, feet turned to left, (H) 3.0 cm, (W) 4.1 cm, (Th) 1.05 cm; 5YR 8/3 pink; Cornelius cat. 13

locus not assigned

1234

plaque figurine VII.45.30 fragment; bottom part, feet turned to left, (H) 4.2 cm, (W) 3.8 cm, (Th) 1.6 cm; 10YR 6/2 light brownish gray; Cornelius cat. 14

L. 45004.1

Macalister backfill

74805

pl. 13:2

1973 2354

ud

Macalister backfill

pl. 14:2

Gezer VII (HUC): pl. 1:3

Appendix G

Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer Donald T. Ariel

Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem

T

 he 19 stamped amphora handles from Gezer detailed here include three handles previously published in Gezer I (HUC) and one in Gezer III (HUC). Seventeen are Rhodian (SAH 1–17). One is of the Zenon Group (SAH 18) and another possibly derives from a Latin class (SAH 19). The quantity pales in comparison to the 653 stamped amphora handles—of which 621 are Rhodian—excavated in the site by Macalister (Gezer II [PEF]: 351–63; another find of a stamped amphora handle is noted from a survey of the tell in 1982 [Kallai and Brandl 1982]). This is the fourth largest assemblage of such material at any site in the southern Levant (after Samaria, Akko, and Jerusalem; Finkielsztejn 1993: 182–84). The finds from the Macalister excavations in Gezer were analyzed by Finkielsztejn in 1993 (224–25) and 2001 (169–70). Finkielsztejn relied upon the identification of the toponym Gazara in the ancient sources from the 2nd century b.c.e. with Gezer. A suggestion to locate ancient Gazara west of Gezer has recently been strongly argued (Tal, Fischer, and Roll 2005: 290– 96). Our discussion here need not take sides on this question, for the following two reasons. The first is that in spite of Finkielsztejn’s use of the historical sources assuming the Gazara-Gezer identification, his chronology of the Rhodian eponyms for the second half of the 2nd century b.c.e. is reliable, as it is supported by a mass of details intrinsic to the stamped handles: typological confluences between stamps with the four eponymic names and known

connections between those names and fabricants whose ranges of activity may be surmised. The second reason is that Gezer is likely to have undergone similar vicissitudes as the historical Gazara—certainly as far as the stamped amphora material could reflect—as it would not be too distant from a more westerly location for Gazara. The latest eponym in Macalister’s finds that Finkielsztejn identified was Κληνόστρατος (ca. 126 b.c.e.; Finkielsztejn 1998: 40; 2001: 169; on the date, 2001: 195). As a consequence of this and other historical details, Finkielsztejn suggested a date of sometime around 126–125 b.c.e. for a Syrian abandonment of Gezer (1998: 46). The latest well-dated handle from the American excavations at Gezer is SAH 1, dating some six years earlier, ca. 132 b.c.e. Finkielsztejn found that four eponymic years were unexpectedly absent from Macalister’s finds. These eponyms appeared to Finkielsztejn to belong to consecutive years. In part because of the confluence of this four-year period and the longer period of (no more than) a decade—between ca. 142 and ca. 134–132 b.c.e.—in which Gezer (or Ga­zara) was in Hasmonean hands (Finkielsztejn 2001: 170) and was “purified” (Finkielsztejn 1993: 192), Finkielsztejn dated the four eponymic years to the beginning of that period. On the relative absence of Rhodian amphora material from Hasmonean controlled regions, see Finkielsztejn 1998: 39–40. On the Maccabean/Hasmonean policy of cultural purification and “ethnic cleansing” of gentiles from 279

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cities in what the Jews considered their heartland, including the case of Jonathan in Gazara/Gezer, see Shatzman 2005: 240–41. Finkielsztejn further supposed that the amphora handles found at Gezer dating between 137/136 b.c.e. and a recapture of Gezer (or Gazara) by Antiochus VII between ca. 134 and 132 b.c.e. arrived after the return of Seleucid control over that site (2001: 195). However, it may be noted that by the same token the amphora handles of the final four eponymic years in which Gezer would have been under Hasmonean control arrived in the following period, those of the first four years could have arrived in Gezer after 134–132 b.c.e. Enough well-dated contexts in sites in the region have shown that Rhodian amphoras have remained unbroken and in use for very long periods (for example, Ariel 2004: 29). Because the decade in which Rhodian amphoras may not have arrived at Gezer was followed by at least seven years (ca. 132–126 b.c.e.) in which amphoras of various ages did arrive, the absence of evidence for four apparently consecutive eponyms at the site is most likely a coincidence. The eighteen stamped handles from the American excavations at Gezer do not fill the above-mentioned four-year gap. Finkielsztejn did not analyze the earlier chronological distribution of the many well-dated amphora handles at Gezer. The diffusion of the new material published here does not hint at any change in the overall distribution, which covers the late 3rd century b.c.e. through the latest eponymic year noted above, ca. 126 b.c.e.

Handles bearing identical dies have been published from Tarsus (Grace 1950: 142, No. 41) and Tel Anafa (Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994: 191, SAH 8). This eponymic name is read or restored on ten handles found by Macalister (Gezer II [PEF]: 353) and dates to ca. 132 b.c.e. (Finkielsztejn 2001: 195).

Catalog

Figure G.2a.  Object 29 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Figure G.1.  Object 1628 Stamp Impression Drawing.

᾽Επὶ Ἀνδρο   νί̣κ̣ου Δαλίου

SAH 2. Object 29, IAA 1974–36 Illustrated: pl. 44:2; figs. G.2a–b Findspot: I.6.24, L. 6002 Stratum and context: unstratified, Macalister dump Munsell reading: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Description: Rectangular stamped handle

The arrangement of the handles and conventions regarding the readings follow Finkielsztejn 2001: 213–16.

A.  Rhodian Stamped Handles SAH 1. Object 1628, MC 902, IAA 1974–858 Illustrated: pl. 45:6; fig. G.1 Findspot: VII.15.20, L. 15001 Stratum and context: unstratified, cultivation soil Munsell reading: 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Description: Rectangular stamped handle

Figure G.2b.  Object 29 Stamp Impression Photo.

Ἀρ̣ισ̣ ̣ τογείτου

Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer While the name on this fabricant appears in a single line, there is room on the stamp for a second line. Four stamps bearing this name were found in Pergamon (Börker 1998: 45, No. 416; Burow 1998: 84, Nos. 88–99), and three were found in Olbia (Levi 1964: 212–14). In some of these there also appears to be room for a second line, indicating that while no second line was intended, this is a characteristic of the fabricant’s stamping. On the basis of the Pergamene and Olbian finds, the period of activity of Ἀριστόγειτος was in the first and possibly second quarters of the 2nd century b.c.e. This stamp is not of the eponym Ἀριστόγειτος, who happens to be one of the four eponymic names absent from the assemblage of heretofore reported stamped handles at Gezer (Finkielsztejn 2001: 169), a fact for which Finkielsztejn assigns historical importance (see discussion above). SAH 3. Object 434, MC 1570, IAA 1974–147 Illustrated: pl. 46:3; fig. G.3 Findspot: III.5.78, L. 5030 Stratum and context: Str. IIB, layer of rocks Munsell reading: 7.5YR 8/4 pink Description: Rectangular stamped handle

Figure G.3.  Object 434 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Pileus Ἰάσον̣ο[̣ ς] [Pileus] Ἰάσων 2nd’s full range of activity was ca. 132– 112 b.c.e. (Finkielsztejn 2005: 112–13, No. 3; Finkielsztejn apparently changed his earlier association of the fabricant with Ἀρχέμβροτος 1st dating 134/133 b.c.e.; Finkielsztejn 2001: 146). The type with pilei is probably the earliest of the fabricant, so the handle should be dated to early in the period of ca. 132–112 b.c.e. This suits Finkielsztejn’s conclusion that around 126–125 b.c.e. Gezer was abandoned by the Syrians (Finkielsztejn 1998: 46).

281

SAH 4. Object 1875, MC 79, IAA 1974–785 Illustrated: pl. 44:7; fig. G.4 Findspot: IX.2.26, L. 2001 Stratum and context: Str. I, Hellenistic-Roman dump debris Munsell reading: 10YR 8/4 very pale brown Description: Preserved to rim, rectangular stamped handle

Figure G.4.  Object 1875 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Helios Ἐπὶ Ἵε Head ρωνος From the handle’s profile and the style of the stamp, this handle may be dated to the term of Ἱέρων 1st, which fell ca. 186 b.c.e. (Finkielsztejn 2001: 192). The fabricant was Μαρσ´υας, based upon a connection (Jöhrens 1999: 72, under No. 89). Μαρσύας was the third of three fabricants in a workshop that employed rectangular stamps with a Helios head type (SAH 8 below). Although Finkielsztejn dated the range of activity of Μαρσύας to ca. 186–165 b.c.e. (Finkielsztejn 2005: 112 under No. 13), there is some inconsistency, as Jöhrens also noted that Κρατίδας (dated by Finkielsztejn to 187 b.c.e. [Finkielsztejn 2001: 192]) also endorsed an amphora of Μαρσύας (1999: 72, under No. 89). So Ἱέρων 1st was not the first to endorse Μαρσύας’ amphoras. This eponymic name is read on two handles from Macalister’s excavations (Gezer II [PEF]: 358). SAH 5. Object 127 Illustrated: Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:2 Findspot: II.2.97, L. 2040 Stratum and context: Str. II, fill Munsell reading: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Description: Rectangular stamped handle; identification based upon drawing only

282

Appendix G SAH 7. Object 148 Illustrated: pl. 44:3; figs. G.6a–b Findspot: I.9.27, L. 9010 Stratum and context: unstratified, mixed debris Munsell reading: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Description: Rectangular stamped handle

Figure G.5a.  Object 21 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Figure G.5b.  Object 21 Stamp Impression Photo.

caduceus, head right Ἰμᾶ The handle was previously published in Gezer I (HUC) (pl. 37:2). Based upon eponymic connections, this fabricant was active between 159/158– 154/153 and 146 b.c.e. (Conovici and Garlan 2004: 116, No. 36). Based upon a sole appearance in Pergamon, he may have been active earlier (Börker 1998: 47–48, No. 461). Macalister noted one stamp with this name (Gezer II [PEF]: 358). SAH 6. Object 21, IAA 1967–426 Illustrated: pl. 44:1; figs. G.5a–b Findspot: I.6.20, L. 6002 Stratum and context: unstratified, Macalister dump Munsell reading: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Description: Rectangular stamped handle

Καλλών̣[ος] Herm, head right The range of activity for this fabricant is ca. 142/141–135/134 b.c.e. (Finkielsztejn 2005: 112 under No. 11). Κάλλων’s name (and the herm device) may be restored on three handles from Mac­ alister’s excavations (Gezer II [PEF]: 358). For a stamp found in Yoqne‘am (Rosenthal-Hegginbottom 1996: 61, No. 11) Finkielsztejn proposed to correct the reading to the nominative case. This stamp, too, may have been in the nominative case.

Figure G.6a.  (left) Object 148 Stamp Impression Drawing. Figure G.6b.  (right) Object 148 Stamp Impression Photo.

Κτ[- - -] Παν̣[άμου] A name (fabricant or eponym) beginning with the letters Κτη is published from three stamped handles deriving from southern Russian sites and ascribed to the Rhodian class by Pridik (1926: 327; two are noted in Pridik 1917: 29, Nos. 702–3). Apparently on that basis, Grace included “Κτη (?” in her unpublished 1965 numbered list of Rhodian fabricants. Subsequently, Fraser and Matthews apparently included Grace’s unpublished reference to “Κτη (?” in their prosopographical work (1987: 277). For some unknown reason it appears under the name κτήσων. Based upon their appearance heretofore only in Russia, one could suspect that Pridik’s stamps were a misidentification of stamp of a local class to Rhodes. The handle from Gezer is certainly Rhodian, and even bears the characteristic red spot on the top part of the handle between the vessel wall and the stamp. Based upon its fragmentary profile, and the quality of the stamp, a date for this extremely rare fabricant may perhaps be sought in the later 3rd century b.c.e.

283

Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer SAH 8. Object 2121, MC 772, IAA 1974–753 Illustrated: pl. 45:9; fig. G.7 Findspot: IX.2.213, L. 2015 Stratum and context: Str. I, water-washed fill sediments. Munsell reading: 10YR 7/3 very pale brown Description: Rectangular stamped handle

SAH 10. Object 435 Illustrated: pl. 46:1; figs. G.8a–b Findspot: III.5.69, L. 5030 Stratum and context: Str. IIB, layer of rocks Munsell reading: 10YR 8/4 very pale brown Description: Circular stamped handle

Figure G.7.  Object 2121 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Μαρσ´υα Ὑακινθίου

Figure G.8a.  (above) Object 435 Stamp Impression Drawing. Figure G.8b. (below) Object 435 Stamp Impression Photo.

The period of activity of the fabricant Μαρσ´υας has been dated to ca. 186–165 b.c.e. See SAH 4 above. Aubert dated Μαρσ´υας’ period to ca. 183– 151 b.c.e. (2004: 34). This fabricant’s name is read on three handles from Macalister’s excavations (Gezer II [PEF]: 359). SAH 9. Object 129, IAA 1974–59 Illustrated: Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:3 Findspot: II.3.80, L. 3035 Stratum and context: Str. IV–II, fill Munsell reading: 7.5YR 7/4 pink Description: Rectangular stamped handle; Identification based upon drawing only

Ἐπὶ Μυτίω νος The handle was previously published in Gezer I (HUC): pl.  37:3. Μυτίων is dated by Finkielsztejn (2001: 191) to between 209 and 205 b.c.e. See also the discussion in Ariel and Finkielsztejn 1994 (204, under SAH 45). Macalister found three handles naming the eponym Μυτίων (Gezer II [PEF]: 359).

[Νικ]ασί̣[ω]νος anchor rose This fabricant was active between ca. 169/167 and between 152–146 b.c.e., based upon connections to the eponyms Ἀρατοφάνης 1st (Finkiel­sztejn 1993: 414, Rh 17B) and Εὔδαμος (Finkielsztejn 2001: 173, n. 39). This range is close to the period of ca. 169–150 b.c.e. given by Aubert (2004: 34). In Macalister’s list, Νικασίων stamped one handle with his name (Gezer II [PEF]: 360). SAH 11. Object 2094, MC 736, IAA 1974–794 Illustrated: pl. 45:7; fig. G.9 Findspot: IX.2.199, L. 2015 Stratum and context: Str. I, water-washed fill sediments Munsell reading: 7.5YR 6/6 reddish-yellow Description: Rectangular stamped handle

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Appendix G

Figure G.9.  Object 2094 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Ἐπὶ Ξενοφάνευς Σμινθίου This eponym officiated ca. 189 b.c.e., based upon Finkielsztejn’s research (2001: 192), as well as an inscription (Brugnone 1986: 31, under No. 43). This eponymic name is reported on one handle found by Macalister (Gezer II [PEF]: 360). SAH 12. Object 1520, MC 70, IAA 1974–762 Illustrated: pl. 47:1; fig. G.10 Findspot: VII.27.45, L. 27008 Stratum and context: Str. II, pit Munsell reading: 10YR 7/3 very pale brown Description: Rectangular stamped handle

Figure G.11.  Object 1573 Stamp Impression Drawing.

[Τιμοξ]ένου reading outward rose The fabricant Τιμοξένος employed circular stamps, often reading outwards, and this (and the handle’s angular profile) is the basis for the restoration of the name (Ariel and Finkielsztejn 2003: 140, Rh 2). Τιμοξένος was the direct successor of Ἀριστοκλῆς 2nd (Finkielsztejn 2001: 113). Τιμοξένος was active between ca. 143/142 and 128 b.c.e. (Finkielsztejn 2001: 119). His name is found on nine handles reported by Macalister (Gezer II [PEF]: 362).

B.  Rhodian Stamped Handles: Names Not Read SAH 14. Object 492

Figure G.10. Object 1520 Stamp Impression Drawing.

Illustrated: pl. 46:9; fig. G.12a–b Findspot: VI NW.16.34, L. 16011 Stratum and context: Str. II, pit Munsell reading: 5YR 7/4 pink Description: Circular stamped handle

Σιμί ου Mirčev published a stamp reading only Σιμί . . . (1958: 36, No. 163). Badal’yants dated the extremely rare fabricant Σ´ιμιος to Period III, the first third of the 2nd century b.c.e. (1980: 12). It is unfortunate that no other datings have been published. SAH 13. Object 1573, MC 548 Illustrated: pl. 44:8; fig. G.11 Findspot: VII.25.18, L. 25001 Stratum and context: unstratified, cultivation soil Munsell reading: 10YR 7/4 very pale brown Description: Preserved to rim; Circular stamped handle

Figure G.12a.  (left) Object 492 Stamp Impression Drawing. Figure G.12b.  (right) Object 492 Stamp Impression Photo.

[- - -]ελ̣[·]υτ[- - -] rose

Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer An alternative reading of the lambda is as a nu. The handle’s angular profile and “stubby” appearance suggests that it dates to the second half of the 2nd century, or the beginning of the 1st century b.c.e. SAH 15. Object 1632, MC 903 Illustrated: pl. 44:10 Findspot: VII.15.16, L. 15001 Stratum and context: unstratified, cultivation soil Munsell reading: 10YR 8/6 yellow Description: Preserved to rim; Circular stamped handle

[- - -]ου [- - - Σ]μ̣ινθίου reading outward rose The handle’s curved profile and the style of the letters and rose device on the stamp suggests that it dates to the late 3rd century b.c.e. SAH 16. Object 1626; MC 900 Illustrated: pl. 44:9; fig. G.13 Findspot: VII.26.39, L. 26002 Stratum and findspot: unstratified, cultivation soil Munsell reading: 5YR 7/4 pink Description: Preserved to rim; Circular stamped handle

Figure G.13.  Object 1626 Stamp Impression Drawing.

[- - -]ου rose The handle’s angular profile and “stubby” appearance suggests that it dates to the second half of the 2nd century, or the beginning of the 1st century b.c.e. The overall amphora assemblage at Gezer would restrict this date only to the beginning of that period.

285

SAH 17. Object 1808, IAA 1976–1253 Illustrated: Gezer III (HUC): pl. 44:6 (handle only, not stamp) Findspot: VII.34.27, L. 34003 Stratum and findspot: Str. IIA, loose sediment below cultivation soil Munsell reading: Surface (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 pink, (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 pale brown Description: Preserved to rim; Circular stamped handle

[- - -] rose The handle was previously published in Gezer III [HUC]: pl.  44:6. The handle’s profile suggests typological and contextual dates as SAH 16 above.

C.  Zenon Group Stamped Handle SAH 18. Object 184

Illustrated: Gezer I (HUC): pls. 36:1; 24A Findspot: I.1.22B, L. 1001.1 Stratum and context: Str. II, makeup of cobble surface Munsell reading: 2.5YR 6/6 light red Description: Rectangular stamped handle with highly curved lateral edges

Ζη The handle was previously published in Gezer I (HUC): pls. 36:1; 24A, and noted again in Ariel 1990 (76–77, under S 464) where a stamp from the City of David in Jerusalem was found to be identical to another one published by Macalister from Gezer (Gezer II [PEF]: 363; 350, fig. 467, No. 470). This stamp (without abbreviated second name) belongs to the second Zenon group, dated by Empereur and Tuna (1988) to the end of the 3rd–beginning of the 2nd century b.c.e. New appearances of stamps of this group in the region are from Amman (Russell 1997: 51, No. 49) and Deir el-Balah (Author’s personal information).

D. Latin Class Stamped Handle? SAH 19. Object 1764, MC 1623, IAA 1974–848 Illustrated: pl. 44:5; fig. G.15 Findspot: VII.53.8A, L. 53000 Stratum and context: unstratified, cultivation soil Munsell reading: 10YR 8/3 very pale brown Description: Rectangular stamped handle; Identification based upon drawing only

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Appendix G

Figure G.15.  Object 1764 Stamp Impression Drawing.

[- - -]Π̣ ΓϹ̣ Although the only clearly read letter is Greek, the large letters on this fragmentary stamp, and the curved profile of the handle suggest it belonged to a Latin class amphora. Macalister’s assemblage at Gezer included non-Rhodian classes (Gezer II [PEF]: 363), including at least one (359, line 304, reading L·IV) likely to belong to a Latin class. Amphoras of different classes from the Italian peninsula arrived in the southern Levant in the same period as the bulk of the other imported amphora material found at Gezer, so the “Latin” classifications suggested here present no chronological difficulty.

Indices All names are Rhodian, unless otherwise stated (SAH 18). Numbers refer to the catalog entries in this article. Boldface indicates that the name appears on the specific stamp presented here.

A.  Names of Persons Ἀνδρονικος Ep.  Ἀρατοφάνης 1st Ep. Ἀριστόγειτος Fab. Ἀριστοκλῆς 2nd Fab. Ἀρτίμα Fab. Ἀρχέμβροτος Fab. Εὔδαμος Ep. Ἰάσων 2nd Fab. Ἱέρων 1st Ep.  Ἰμᾶς Fab. Κάλλων Fab. Κληνόστρατος Ep. Κρατίδας Ep.  Κτησ( ? ) Fab. Κτήσων Μαρσ´υας Fab.

1 10 2 13 3 3 10 3 4 5 6 4 7 7 4, 8

Μυτίων Ep.  9 Νικασίων Fab. 10 Ξενοφάνης Ep.  11 Σίμιος Fab. 12 Τιμόξενος Fab. 13 Ζη Zenon Group 18

B.  Rhodian Months Δάλιος Πάναμος Σμίνιος Ὑακίνθιος C. Devices Anchor Caduceus Helios head Herm Rose

1 7 11, 15 8 10 5 4 6 10, 13, 15–17

Bibliography I.  References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer I (HUC) Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964– 66 Seasons, W.  G. Dever, H.  D. Lance, and G.  E. Wright. Annual of the HUCBASJ. Jerusalem, 1970. Gezer III (HUC)   Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer, S. Gitin. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1990. Gezer I (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1911. Gezer II–III (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912.

II.  References Cited by Author Ariel, D. T. 1990 Excavations at the City of David Directed by Yigal Shiloh, 2. Imported Stamped Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass. Qedem 30. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. 2004 Stamped Amphora Handle from Bet-She’an: Evidence for the Urban Development of the City in the Hellenistic Period. Pp. 23–30 in Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. J. Eiring and J. Lund. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–29, 2002. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 5. Aarhus: Danish Institute at Athens. Ariel, D. T., and Finkielsztejn, G. 1994 Stamped Amphora Handles. Pp.  183–240 in Tel Anafa Final Reports I, i. Final Report on Ten Years

Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer of Excavation at a Hellenistic and Roman Settlement in Northern Israel, ed. S. C. Herbert. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 10. Ann Arbor. 2003 Amphora Stamps and Imported Amphoras. Pp. 137– 151 in Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70, ed. A.  Kloner. IAA Reports 17. Jerusalem: Israel Antiquities Authority. Aubert, C. 2004 Le commerce antique en Phénicie ďaprès les amphores locales et importées de Beyrouth. Pp. 31–41 in Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. J.  Eiring and J.  Lund. Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September 26–29, 2002. Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 5. Aarhus: Danish Institute at Athens. Badal’yants, Y. S. 1980 Experiment in Chronological Classification of the Rhodian Fabricant’s Stamps. Numismatics and Epigraphy 3–12. [Russian] Börker, C. 1998 Der Pergamon-Komplex. Pp. 1–70 in Die Hellenistischen Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon, C. Börker and J.  Burow. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Pergamenische Forschungen 11. Berlin: de Gruyter. Brugnone, A. 1986 Bolli anforari rodi dalla necropoli di Lilibeo. ΚΩΚΑΛΟΣ 32: 1–82. Burrow, J. 1998 Die Ubrigen Stempel aus Pergamon. Pp.  71–138 in Die Hellenistischen Amphorenstempel aus Pergamon, C. Börker and J. Burow. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Pergamenische Forschungen 11. Berlin: de Gruyter. Conovici, N., and Garlan, Y. 2004 Les timbres amphoriques étrangers trouvés à Sinope (1). Anatolia Antiqua 12:105–22. Empereur, J.-Y., and Tuna, N. 1988 Zénon de Caunos et ľépave de Serçe Limani. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 112: 341–57. Finkielsztejn, G. 1993 Amphores et timbres ďamphores importées en Palestine à ľépoque hellénistique: études de chronologie et ďhistoire. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Paris (Pantheon-Sorbonne). 1998 More Evidence on John Hyrcanus I’s Conquests: Lead Weights and ּRhodian Amphora Stamps. Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 16: 33–63. 2001 Chronologie détailée et révisée des éponymes amphoriques rhodiens de 270 à 108 av. J.-C. environ. Premier bilan. BAR International Series 990. Oxford: Archaeopress. 2005 The Stamped Rhodian Handles. Pp. 111–12 in Tel Yoqneʿam: Excavations on the Acropolis, M. Avissar. IAA Reports 25. Jerusalem: IAA.

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Fraser, P. M., and Matthews, E. 1987 A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, Vol. I: The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica. Oxford. Grace, V. R. 1950 The Stamped Amphora Handles, H. Goldman, et al. Pp. 135–48 in Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus. Vol. 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jöhrens, G. 1999 Amphorenstempel im Nationalmuseum von Athen. Zu den von H. G. Lolling aufgenommenen “uneditierten henkel-inschriften”. Mit einem Anhang: Die Amphorenstempel in der Sammlung der Abteilung Athen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Mainz. Kallai, Z. and Brandl, B. 1982 Tel Gezer. Hadashot Arkheologiyot 78–79: 74. [Hebrew] Levi, E. I. 1964 A Pottery Complex of the IIIrd–IInd cent B. C. from the Excavations of the Olbian Agora (sic). Pp. 225–280 in Excavations of the Olbian Temenos and Agora. Moscow. [Russian] Mirčev, M. 1958 Amfornite pečati ot muzeja vuv Varna. Sofia. [=Les timbres amphoriques du musée de Varvna]. [Bulgarian] Pridik, E. M. 1917 Inventory-Catalogue of the Stamps on Handles and Necks of Amphoras, and on Bricks, of the Hermitage Collection. Petrograd. [Russian] 1926 Zu den Rhodischen Amphorenstempeln. Klio 20: 303–31. Rosenthal-Hegginbottom, R. 1996 Stamped Jar Handles and Terracotta Fragments. P. 60–64 in Yoqneʿam I: The Late Periods, A. BenTor, M.  Avissar, and Y.  Portugali. Qedem Reports 3. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University. Russell, K. W. (with revisions by G. Finkielsztejn and A. Koutsoukou) 1997 Stamped Amphora Handles. Pp. 39–54 in The Great Temple of Amman: The Excavations, A.  Koutsoukou, K. W. Russell, M. Najjar, and A. Momani. Amman. Shatzman, I. 2005 On the Conversion of the Idumeans. Pp. 213–41 in For Uriel: Studies in the History of Israel in Antiquity Presented to Professor Uriel Rappaport, ed. M. Mor, J. Pastor, I. Ronen, and Y. Ashqenazi. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for Jewish History. [Hebrew] Tal, O.; Fischer, M. L.; and Roll, I. 2008 Persian and Hellenistic Remains at Tel Yaʿoz. Tel Aviv 35: 123–63.

288

Appendix G Gezer Stamped Amphora Handles

Obj # MC #

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Published

1965 21

Rhodian stamped jar I.6.20 handle; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 6 Rhodian stamped jar I.6.24 handle; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 2

L. 6002

mixed

Macalister dump

67426

L. 6002

mixed

Macalister dump

74-36 pl. 44:2

127

Rhodian stamped jar II.2.97 handle; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 5

Fill 2040

2

II

compact brown fill below Phase 2B Fill 2036.1

129

Rhodian stamped jar II.3.80 handle; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 9

Fill 3035

3/2B

IV–II

some Iron II and Pers, latest is Hell (2nd b.c.e.), including few Terra Sigillata some Iron II, predominately Late Hell

148

Rhodian stamped jar handle fragment; 7.5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 7 Zenon Group stamped ceramic jar handle; 2.5YR 6/6 light red; Ariel Cat. SAH 18

I.9.27

L. 9010

I.1.22B

L. 1001.1

2

II

Iron I, Iron II, Hell

Rhodian stamped jar handle; 7.5YR 8/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 3 Rhodian stamped jar handle; circular stamp; 10YR 8/4 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 10 Rhodian stamped jar handle; 5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 14

III.5.78

L. 5030

1

IIB

Iron II, Hell, Rom layer of rocks W of Wall 5010, below L. 5016

III.5.69

L. 5030

1

IIB

Iron II, Hell, Rom layer of rocks W of Wall 5010, below L. 5016

pl. 46:1

VI NW.16.34

L. 16011

1

II

Hell, 2nd b.c.e.

soft loose pit material below Phase 1 Layer 16007; latest fill in and over Phase 1 Pit 16015

pl. 46:9

Rhodian stamped jar handle; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 12 Rhodian stamped jar handle; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 13 Rhodian stamped jar handle; 5YR 7/4 pink; Ariel Cat. SAH 16 Rhodian stamped jar handle; 10YR 7/4 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 1 Rhodian stamped jar handle; 10YR 8/6 yellow; Ariel Cat. SAH 15

VII.27.45

L. 27008

2B

II

ud

in pit

VII.25.18

L. 25001

Hell–Early Rom

cultivation soil

pl. 44:8

VII.26.39

L. 26002

Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

pl. 44:9

VII.15.20

L. 15001

ns

cultivation soil

VII.15.16

L. 15001

Iron II, Pers?, Hell/Rom

cultivation soil

29

pl. 44:1

1966

184

loose brown fill below Surfaces 3021 and 3029, equivalent to Phase 3/2B Fill 3036 EB, MB, LB, Iron south 2 m of area along I–II, Hell, Rom outer edge of Phase 7? Wall 9011

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:2 74-59

Gezer I (HUC): pl. 37:3 pl. 44:3

makeup of cobble Surface 1001

Gezer I (HUC): pls. 36:1; 24A

1969 434

1570

435

492

74– 147

pl. 46:3

1972 1520

70

1573

548

1626

900

1628

902

1632

903

74762

74858

pl. 47:1

pl. 45:6

pl. 44:10

Seger 1976: 143–44; fig. 2

289

Stamped Amphora Handles from the American Excavations at Gezer Gezer Stamped Amphora Handles Obj # MC # 1764

1623

1808

Description

Fld, Area, & Basket

Locus

Local Phase

Latin class (?) stamped VII.53.8A jar handle; 10YR 8/3 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 19 Rhodian stamped jar VII.34.27 handle; Surface (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 pink, (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 17

L. 53000

L. 34003

2A

Rhodian stamped jar IX.2.26 handle; 10YR 8/4 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 4 Rhodian stamped jar IX.2.199 handle; 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow; Ariel Cat. SAH 11 Rhodian stamped jar IX.2.213 handle; 10YR 7/3 very pale brown; Ariel Cat. SAH 8

L. 2001

General Stratum

Date/Period (pottery reading)

Context

DA #

Plate No.

Iron II, Hell

cultivation soil

74848

IIA

Pers, Hell, Late Hell

loose sediment below cultivation soil

761253

1

II

Hell

Hellenistic–Roman dump 74debris 785

pl. 44:7

L. 2015

1

II

Iron II, Hell

water-washed fill sediments

74794

pl. 45:7

L. 2015

1

II

Iron II, Hell

water washed fill sediments

74753

pl. 45:9

Gezer III (HUC): pl. 44:6

1973 1875

79

2094

736

2121

772

Published

pl. 44:5

Appendix H

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields Steven A. Rosen and Zohar Gotesman Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel

T

1. Introduction

non-diagnostic artifacts from tell sites. Like animal bones (for example, Hesse 1986), most lithics cannot be assigned a precise date based on morphology or type so that chronological analysis depends on association with other datable artifacts (Rosen 1997: 34–36). In the case of tell sites, where the vast majority of lithic artifacts derive from contexts which are mixed to one degree or another, precise dating is simply difficult. Furthermore, one should also consider the obvious fact that if one finds artifacts from all periods on the surface of tells today, the same must have been true in ancient times. Lithic artifacts are eminently re-usable and some intrusions are probably the result of deliberate collection by ancient people. Thus, these “real” anachronisms also complicate the analytic picture. The materials analyzed here were initially studied in the course of the work on the first author’s doctoral dissertation (Rosen 1983). Given the span of time and the advances in background knowledge, approaches, and methods since that time, the material studied then has been restudied so it could be placed in a more up-to-date analytic context. Methods employed are outlined in Rosen (1997) and include typological classification, metric analyses, and the study of selected attributes on the sickle segments.

he lithic collection analyzed for this report consists of 290 artifacts, of which only 12.4% are waste, and 87.6% are tools. These figures clearly reflect the selected nature of a collection conducted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, before recognition of the potentials of lithic analysis for historical archaeology, before any syntheses of later lithic industries had been attempted, and before field methods were modified to include more intensive collection of lithic artifacts. In spite of the problems associated with a selected assemblage, the tool assemblage, dominated by sickle segments (76.4%), falls within the general parameters of lithic assemblages from the late 2nd millennium b.c.e. (for example, Rosen 2004, 2003, 1996; 1997: 111, 151–64; Coqueugniot 1991; Crowfoot 1935, 1937; Payne 1983; Waechter 1958), which show high proportions of sickle segments as other types dropped out of the repertoire. This suggests that the tools represent a reasonable assemblage for analysis and that the sickle segments provide a good sample for typological study and comparison. This report focuses on the lithics recovered from the general field collections (I–II, IV, VI–X) and does not include the materials recovered from the Gezer flint caches (Rosen 1986), which clearly represent specialized production loci for large geometric sickle segments. The comparison between these functionally distinct assemblages is also of interest. Beyond the issue of selection bias, chronology remains the endemic problem in the analysis of

2.  Description of the Assemblage Since the lithic assemblages of the 2nd millennium b.c.e. (Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, and the first half of the Iron Age) are typologically identical, the basic description of the materials is 290

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields

Figure H.1. Sickles, Blades, and Bladelet 1. G67 I.8.144 L. 8035 228 2. G68 I.4.280 L. 4124 295 3. G67 I.1  L. 1061 191 4. G68 V.7.00  L. 7000 250 5. G67 I.2.247 L. 2072 215 6. G68 I.3.357 L. 3095 354 7. G67 I.2.247  L. 2072 216 8. G68 I.4.289  L. 4120 249 9. G68 I.2.301  L. 2084 251

denticulated sickle segment Canaanean sickle segment, broken Canaanean sickle segment, broken obliquely truncated backed bladelet Canaanean sickle segment, broken retouched Canaanean blade Canaanean blade, broken Canaanean sickle segment, broken backed blade sickle segment

291

292

Appendix H

Table H.1. Waste Type Frequencies chunks chip flakes primary plain blades Canaanean blades bladelets CTE cores Total

 2  0 11  1 12  5  3  1  1 36

presented as a single assemblage. Analysis of trends and contrasts within the general period, and among functionally different areas of the site, will be presented following the basic description.

a.  Raw Materials The flint exploited for the manufacture of the chipped stone tools at Gezer is relatively homogeneous—a medium grained material coming in varying shades of brown and gray, undoubtedly deriving from local outcrops embedded in local Eocene and late Cretaceous limestones (Rosen 1997: 32–34). These materials are of the requisite high quality for the production of sickle segments. The dominance of sickle segments in the assemblage and the need for a high quality material probably explains the general homogeneity. Two other flint types are present in the assemblage. The few intrusive retouched bladelets are of a fine-grained gray translucent material, typical of Epipaleolithic industries. The specific source is probably cobbles in local wadi beds. Dark brown medium-grained flint with finegrained white cortex was used to manufacture the few tabular scrapers recovered. This material overlaps in its general attributes with the “sickle flint” described above, but is exclusively brown. Its source is impossible to ascertain. Some materials show signs of burning, reflected in gray discoloration and internal shattering. Several battered flint cobbles, deriving from the local wadis, were utilized as hammerstones.

Table H.2. General Type Tool Frequencies sickle segments retouched blades bladelet tools borers tabular scrapers bifacial knives scrapers denticulates retouched flakes celts hammerstones

# 194 15 6 2 4 2 12 4 7 4 4 254

%  76.4   5.9   2.4   0.8   1.6   0.8   4.7   1.6   2.8   1.6   1.6 100.0

b. Waste The waste assemblage consists of only 36 artifacts. Frequencies are presented in table H.1. Little can be concluded from this collection. Flakes are for the most part small and non-descript, with the exception of three which were probably intended for large geometric sickle manufacture (on the Gezer flint caches, see Rosen 1986). Three Levallois flakes were also recovered, clearly intrusive and attributable to the Middle Paleolithic. The low proportions of debris (chunks and chips), and indeed the absence of chips, reflect field selection or discard of materials. Blades are of two types, simple blades, some of which are large and bulky and perhaps intended for large geometric sickle manufacture, but most of which are small and irregular. Two are long (greater than 10 cm) and probably reflect the initial reduction of Canaanean cores. The five Canaanean blades (fig. H.1:7) recovered are all fragments, recognizable by their symmetry and the classic trapezoidal crosssection. Two have intact proximal ends, retaining the bulb of percussion, and showing typical Canaanean faceted striking platforms. Based on previous studies, especially of sites with no underlying Early Bronze Age occupations (for example, Ashdod, Rosen 1993; also Rosen 1997: 60 for discussions of chronology), the Canaanean blades are most likely intrusive, although deliberate collection by 2nd millennium inhabitants of the site cannot be ruled out. Given the absence of microlithic industries in the post-3rd millennium, and the technological and raw

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields

Fig. H.2.  Geometric Sickle Segments and Retouched Flake. 1. G70 VI NW.16.108 L. 16018 727 large geometric sickle segment, broken 2. G69 VI NW.5.34 L. 5008 416 large geometric sickle segment 3. G69 III.2.5 L. 2060 408 large geometric sickle segment 4. G70 VI NE.6.95 L. 6012 879 retouched flake

293

294

Appendix H Fig. H.3 (opposite).  Scraper Fragment and Large Geometric Sickle Segments.   1. G73 VII.47.18 L. 47000 1872 incised tabular scraper fragment   2. G71 VI NE.25.295 L. 25112 B-2–323 large geometric sickle segment   3. G71 VI NE.15.234 L. 15158 B-2–239 large geometric sickle segment   4. G71 VI NE.14.240 L. 14090 B-1–124 large geometric sickle segment   5. G71 VI NE.14.215 L. 14085 B-1–65 large geometric sickle segment   6. G71 VI NE.5.125 L. 5072 B-1–149 large geometric sickle segment   7. G71 VI NE.35.258 L. 35055.2 B-1–5 large geometric sickle segment   8. G71 VI NE.23.260 L. 23089 B-2–280 large geometric sickle segment   9. G71 VI NE.15.137 L. 15045 B-1–58 large geometric sickle segment 10. G71 VI NE.16.301 L. 16110 B-2–330 large geometric sickle segment 11. G71 VI NE.16.220 L. 16090 B-2–230 large geometric sickle segment 12. G71 VI NE.24.257 L. 24098 B-1–172 large geometric sickle segment

similarity of the bladelets to those of the Epipaleolithic, they are also probably intrusive. One small amorphous flake core and one miscellaneous core-trimming element were also recovered. Neither is diagnostic.

c. Tools The tool assemblage studied here consists of 254 retouched pieces (tools). The general typological distribution is presented in table H.2. In this assemblage, the only formal tools attributable to the 2nd millennium b.c.e. are the large geometric sickle segments. Ad hoc elements, like the retouched blades, borers, denticulates, and retouched flakes are chronologically non-diagnostic; and such tools as bifacial knives, tabular scrapers, retouched bladelets, and axes/chisels are clearly intrusive, all the more emphasizing the dominance of sickle segments in the assemblage. i.  Sickle Segments (194) Sickle segments are functionally identifiable by the presence of lustrous edges or sickle gloss, indicated by a dashed line in the drawings and visible in some of the photographs (for example, Anderson 1980; Unger-Hamilton 1984; Witthoft 1967). Although Anderson and her co-workers (for example, Chabot and Anderson 2001; Anderson and Inizan 1994) have recently suggested that at least some of the luster usually identified as sickle gloss derives from the use of flint blades (specifically, in their research, Canaanean blades) in threshing sledges, this is unlikely for the large geometric sickle segments diagnostic of the 2nd millennium b.c.e. First,

Table H.3. Sickle Subtype Frequencies backed blade sickles heavily denticulated sickles plain blade sickles Canaanean sickles large geometric sickles non-identifiable Total

#   4   2   1  33 153   1 194

%   2.1   1.0   0.5  17.0  78.9   0.5 100.0

the oblique truncations commonly found on these sickle segments indicate that the sickle segments were hafted into the shaft in a somewhat crescent shape (for example, Mozel 1983), hardly appropriate for threshing sledges. Second, there is no need to retouch threshing teeth, as evidenced by the use of basalt cobbles in threshing sledges in 19th- and early 20th-century Palestine, yet large geometric sickles segments (as well as other types) are regularly retouched. The sickle segments from Gezer can be classified into the following subtypes (table H.3): backed blade sickles heavily denticulated sickles plain blade sickles Canaanean sickles large geometric sickles

With the possible exception of plain-blade sickles, which tend to overlap somewhat with the others, these subtypes are typologically and technologically

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields

295

296

Appendix H Fig. H.4 (opposite).  Large Geometric Sickle Segments. 1. G71 VI NE.6.169 L. 6041.1 B-1–80 2. G71 VI NE.16.229 L. 16106 B-1–190 3. G71 VI NE.6.169 L. 6041.1 B-1–81 4. G71 VI NE.4.315 L. 4139.1 B-2–286 5. G71 VI NE.24.336 L. 24135 B-2–297 6. G71 VI NE.24.328 L. 24150 B-2–265 7. G71 VI NE.6.184 L. 6096 B-1–112 8. G71 VI NE.25.149 L. 25063 B-1–36

discrete, and are generally chronologically exclusive (Rosen 1997: 44–60; 1982). 1. Backed blade sickles (4) are blades or segments of blades with abrupt retouch along the nonglossy edge (fig. H.1:9). Average dimensions of the four artifacts are 3.8 cm × 1.5 cm × 0.35 cm. Retouch on the working (glossy) edge is generally regular and clear, although not deeply invasive. Only one piece shows a single truncation, and bulbs of percussion are lacking on all pieces. Backed blade sickles are usually associated with the Chalcolithic period. 2. Heavily denticulated sickles (2) are blades with deep denticulation retouch along one or both edges (fig. H.1:1). This type is associated exclusively with the Pottery Neolithic in Israel. 3. Plain blade sickles (1) are glossy blades with no specific associated attributes or technology. The single piece recovered is a small fragment. The type is not diagnostic of any particular period. 4. Canaanean sickles (33) (fig. H.1:2–3, 5, 8; Rosen 1997:44–60 and references, 1993; Neuville 1934/5; Crowfoot 1935, 1937) are glossy blades and blade segments produced using Canaanean technology (Rosen 1993), a specialized blade technology associated with the Early Bronze Age (including the MB  I, that is, EB  IV). Distinguishing features include parallel dorsal scar patterns, a regular trapezoidal cross-section, a prepared striking platform, a negative bulb of percussion on the dorsal surface near the striking platform, specific patterns of retouch, and generally specific patterns in raw material selection. The average dimensions of the Canaanean sickle segments are L=3.47±1.08 cm, W=1.82±0.37  cm, and T=0.44±0.14 cm. These figures probably underestimate the original length dimensions due to the

large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment large geometric sickle segment

problems of identifying breakage. This is reinforced by the patterns of truncation, with only three segments showing double truncations, and only seven with single truncations, the rest lacking retouch on the ends. The three pieces with double truncations measure 4.5 cm, 4.5 cm, and 4.3 cm in length, probably providing a better reflection of original dimensions. The width distribution of the Canaanean sickle segments (chart H.1) falls within the type parameters of the type, albeit on the narrow side. Chart H.1.  Width Distribution of Canaanean Sickle Segments

As a general rule, Canaanean sickle segments are not backed, and in the Gezer assemblage only two pieces have backing, with another two showing partial backing. Directly related to this, while 15 Canaanean sickle segments show only a single glossy edge, 17 show gloss on both edges of the blade (for example, fig. H.1:2), reflecting a high rate of blade reversal in the haft. Of the 49 edges, 37 show dorsal retouch and 12 ventral retouch (for example, fig. H.1:2). Notably, one piece classified as a sickle segment is lacking gloss, probably removed by intensive retouch along one edge. Retouch on the 49 glossy edges can also be analyzed. If the intensity of retouch is scaled from 0–3, with 0 a fresh edge, 1 a nibbled edge (for ex-

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields

297

298

Appendix H

Table H.4.  Shape Frequencies of Large Geometric Sickle Segments (of the pieces whose specific shape was ascertainable) Shape // /\ /| \/ \\ \| |/ |\ ||

#  2 13 20 17 24  8 12 16 39

Chart H.2.  Width Distribution of Large Geometric Sickle Segments

%  1.3  8.6 13.2 11.3 15.9  5.3  7.9 10.6 25.8

ample, fig. H.1:7), 2 a retouched edge (for example, fig. H.1:8), and 3 a more heavily serrated edge (for example, fig. H.1:9), then the average retouch provides a measure of use of the sickle assemblage, which in the case of this assemblage is 2.0. This can also be seen as a measure of value, since one may assume that retouch reflects the need to re-use, as opposed to resupply. In this context, blade reversal can also be traced. Only a single blade with double gloss shows both working edges with only nibbling (= 1 on the retouch scale) or less retouch. That is, a significant amount of wear and retouch was required (=2) on one edge before it was reversed to exploit the sharper second edge. 5.  Large geometric sickle segments (153) are the diagnostic sickle type of the 2nd millennium b.c.e. (figs. H.2:1–3; H.3:2–12; H.4:1–8), appearing first in the earliest stages of the Middle Bronze Age, and continuing through the final decline in the use of flint sickles in the Iron Age, ca. 10th–9th century b.c.e. The technological contrast between the preceding Canaanean blade technology and the succeeding large geometric flake/blade technology is marked, and can be seen, for example, in comparison of the simple metrics of the two classes. Average dimensions of the large geometrics are L=4.43±1.36 cm, W=2.71±0.81 cm, and T=0.80±0.75 cm, significantly exceeding those of the Canaanean blades. Chart H.2, displaying the width distribution of large

geometric sickle segments, can be compared to that of Canaanean sickles (chart H.1), and the contrast is evident. Indeed, the average dimensions of the large geometric do not even technically reflect a blade industry, defined by lithic technologists as one where length of the flake is minimally twice the width (for example, Bordes 1988: 16). These are not issues of mere degree, but fundamental technological contrasts. Other patterns also contrast. Only 40 (26.1%) pieces lack backing of some kind (for example, fig. H.2:3). Six (3.9%) show partial backing (for example, fig. H.2:2), 78 (51%) show abrupt or semiabrupt dorsal backing (for example, fig. H.3:2–3), and the remaining 29 pieces (19.0%) show other types of modification on the back (natural cortex [for example, fig. H.3:8], nibbling, ventral backing [for example, fig. H.3:9], battering, and denticulation). Corollary to this, large geometric sickle segments do not show double gloss. Although 17 pieces lack sickle gloss, heavy retouch on 12 of these suggests that it was removed in the course of retouch. The remaining five pieces show little retouch and were probably never used. The issue of truncations and shape is also relevant here. Only 15 pieces lack truncations, with one additional piece showing only a partial truncation. Single truncations are present on 61 pieces, and 71 pieces show truncations on both ends. The remain-

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields ing pieces are broken, and the number of truncations could not be determined. The truncations determine the shape of the sickle segment, crucial for comprehending the crescent or sickle aspect of the tool. The typology of large geometric sickle shape has been outlined elsewhere (for example, Rosen 2004; 1997: 40, 55), and the shapes are summarized in table H.4. Also related to truncations, the bulb of percussion is present in its entirety on 34 pieces; has been thinned (for example, figs. H.3:2; H.4:2), presumably to facilitate hafting, on 33 pieces; and is absent from 86 pieces. A measure of use intensity can be computed using the same scale indicated above. The retouch index for the large geometric sickle segments, not including the non-glossy, non-retouched pieces, is 2.4, significantly higher than that of Canaanean blades. This suggests both greater intensity of use and, consequently, greater value. ii.  Retouched Blades (15) Eight of the 15 retouched blades are technologically Canaanean (fig. H.1:6), and two more are atypical of the class. All are broken fragments. Retouch on these is minimal, comprising degrees of edge damage and nibbling. Four show edge modification on two edges. The bulb of percussion is present on one piece, and one piece shows a single truncation. None show sickle gloss. It is likely that all of these pieces are intrusive. Of the remaining five retouched blades, one can be classified as a knife, showing alternating dorsal and ventral retouch along one edge. Only one piece is complete, measuring 11.9 cm × 2.6 cm × 1.1 cm, and showing edge-damage nibbling along one edge. The remaining three show edge damage, two of them on two edges. One piece retains the bulb of percussion, and one shows a single truncation. None are glossy. iii.  Bladelet Tools (6) Three of these tools show simple nibbling along one or two edges. One is a small lunate attributable to either the terminal Epipaleolithic (for example, Late Natufian, for example, Belfer-Cohen 1991) or perhaps to the late 4th millennium b.c.e. (for example, Rosen 1997: 39). Another backed bladelet shows an oblique truncation (fig. H.1:4) and is at-

299

tributable to an earlier phase of the Epipaleolithic. Finally, one piece can be termed a “reverse lunate” with the backing on the straight edge and a curved working edge. In fact, it is likely that all of the bladelet tools are intrusive since microlithic technologies are not known in the Levant in the 2nd millennium b.c.e. iv.  Borers (2) Two drills manufactured on blades with abrupt retouch along both edges were recovered. Both are broken. Additionally, two large geometric sickle segments have corners modified into awls by notching around the point (fig. H.4:5). v.  Tabular Scrapers (4) All four tabular scrapers are fragments, retaining the typical flat cortex, but lacking other identifying technological features (Rosen 1997: 71–80). One has cortical incisions (fig. H.3:1), very similar to those described as a proto-aleph on a similar piece discovered by Macalister (Gezer III [PEF]: pl.  139:16). Tabular scrapers are intrusive in 2nd millennium b.c.e. contexts. vi.  Bifacial Knives (2) Two bifacial point or knife fragments showing invasive pressure retouch were recovered. They are attributable to the Pottery Neolithic. Payne (1960) describes similar pieces as javelin heads. vii.  Scrapers (12) The scrapers are not standardized. Two are denticulated, one is steeply retouched, and the others show flat retouch. Three are side scrapers with retouch on one lateral edge, and the remaining pieces are end scrapers. One of these is on a blade, but the rest are on flakes. viii.  Denticulates (4) Four flakes show multiple notching. ix.  Retouched Flakes (7) Retouch varies from minimal nibbling to heavier scraper (fig. H.2:4) retouch, but without the regularity of a scraper edge or scraper morphology. x.  Celts (4) Four fragments of celts, two classifiable as axes and two as chisels, were recovered. The chisels

300

Appendix H

Table H.5. Large Geometric Sickle Metrics by Period Period Iron II (n=36) LB II/Iron I (n=60) MB II/LB I (n=38)

Length (S. D.) cm 4.22 (1.18) 3.89 (1.12) 5.37 (1.57)

Width (S. D.) cm 2.74 (0.86) 2.86 (0.87) 2.56 (0.61)

Thickness (S. D.) cm 0.93 (1.07) 0.71 (0.20) 0.87 (1.05)

show narrower working edges than the axes. All show polished working edges. These pieces are attributable to the Chalcolithic period. xi.  Hammerstones (4) All four pieces are wadi cobbles with signs of battering. Two are the size of baseballs, and two are somewhat smaller.

3. Discussion a.  Chronological Considerations The problems of chronological attribution of assemblages derived from tell excavations have been alluded to earlier. The Gezer large geometric sickle assemblage can be divided roughly into three analytic periods: the MB II/LB I, the LB II/Iron I, and the Iron II, including materials deriving from mixed contexts dating to the Iron II and later. Previous research (for example, Rosen 1997: 151–66) has indicated that flint sickles do not appear to continue in significant use following the 10th–9th century b.c.e., so mixed contexts with Iron II materials can be assigned more or less to this period. Table H.5 presents the metric data on large geometric sickle segments according to these three periods. The trend from longer, narrower sickle segments in the Middle Bronze to shorter, wider segments in the later periods is clear and is also present at Lachish (Rosen 2004). T-tests on the length distributions return statistically significant differences between the MB II/LB I sickle segments and both of the sets from the later periods at probabilities less than 0.001. No statistically significant differences were found between the LB II/Iron I segments and those of the Iron II. It is difficult to explain this trend

or change, but this pattern of distinction between the Middle Bronze segments and those from later periods is also evident at Lachish (Rosen 2004, also see Rosen 1982). Retouch intensity also seems to increase from early to late. Thus, the MB II/LB I retouch index = 2.11, the LB II/Iron I index = 2.41, and the Iron II index = 2.43, reflecting what appears to be a primary difference between the earliest division and the two later ones. This may reflect degrees of increasing specialization in the production of sickle segments, expressed in increased value and therefore greater need to extend use-life. Examination of other attributes of the sickle assemblages, such as shape, reveal variability between periods, but patterns are difficult to define. Thus, in general, although typologically the sickle segment assemblages of the 2nd millennium b.c.e. at Gezer are similar, trends are evident which are worth examination in other assemblages.

b.  Organizational Considerations The lithic assemblage from the Gezer Fields contrasts significantly with that from the Gezer caches (all data from Rosen 1986), and these differences have implications for the comprehension of lithic industries in the historic periods. Briefly stated, the caches show high proportions of lithic debitage (83%), and high proportions of unused (non-glossy) or unfinished large geometric sickle segments. Even ignoring the lithic debris categories (small chips and amorphous or broken chunks of flint), flake products of roughly the same or of somewhat larger dimensions than the sickle segments themselves still comprise 81% of the caches assemblage. In contrast, the field collections show very low proportions of debitage (12.4%) and of unused/unfinished sickle segments (11.1%). Although one might argue that the special contexts of the caches resulted in better collection methods and hence more waste products in the collection, sickle segments are actually smaller than the original flakes from which they were produced (obviously since they are reduced from those flakes by chipping). Biases in field collection are by and large the result of size differences, and flakes for sickle production are no less visible than the sickles themselves. Their near total absence from the field collection stands in real contrast to their abundance

The Chipped Stone Collection from the Gezer Fields in the caches and is not a result of collection bias. Similarly, the contrast in proportions of non-glossy and unfinished elements reflects a cultural phenomenon and is not a relic of archaeological method. The explanation is, of course, obvious; the caches represent specialized manufacture locales. Similar phenomena are known from both the Early Bronze Age (for example, Hartenberger, Rosen, and Matney 2000) and the Chalcolithic (Gilead et al.: 2004; see also Rosen 1997: 103–16 for general discussion). The field collections represent consumer discard.

4. Conclusions In general, materials recovered from the Gezer Fields are similar to 2nd-millennium materials already known. The predominance of sickle segments reflects both the general efficiency of flint cutting edges relative to copper and bronze, and the reduction in the use of flint as a raw material as these materials replaced flint tools used for other purposes. Obviously, the sickle segments reflect the importance of agriculture in these societies; the fact that sickles are found in large numbers in urban sites reflects the close relationship between town and farm. Beyond this, analysis of the lithic materials provides insights into economic structures, like craft specialization, otherwise less evident. In particular, the fact the craft specialization by the historic periods has extended into mass production and consumption at the household level is an important statement on the economy of these periods. Specialization is not by the elite for the elite, but has penetrated into the domestic foundations of society.

Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Sy Gitin for all his help with the Gezer materials, and to Garth Gil­ mour and Joe Seger for suggesting the project. Alter Fogel of Ben-Gurion University photographed the artifacts. The lithics were drawn by Julia Rudman.

301

Bibliography I. References Cited By Abbreviation Gezer III (PEF) The Excavation of Gezer, 1902–1909, R. A. S. Macalister. London, 1912.

II. References Cited By Author Anderson, P. C. 1980 A Testimony of Prehistoric Tasks: Diagnostic Residues on Stone Tool Working Edges. World Archaeology 12/2: 181–94. Anderson, P. C., and Inizan, M.-L. 1994 Utilisation du tribulum au début du IIIe millénaire: des lames «cananéennes» lustrées à Kutan (Ninive V) dans la région de Mossoul, Iraq. Paléorient 20/2: 85–103. Belfer-Cohen, A. 1991 The Natufian of the Levant. Annual Review of Anthropology 20: 167–86. Bordes, F. 1988 Typologie du Paléolithique Ancien et Moyen. Paris: CNRS. Chabot, J., and Anderson, P. 2001 Functional analysis of glossed blades from Northern Mesopotamia in the Early Bronze Age. Pp. 257–76 in Journées d’étude du Groupe de recherches en archéoméetrie du CELAT (1997–1999), ed. Michel Fortin. Les cahiers d’archéologie du CELAT, no. 10, série Archéométrie 1. Coqueugniot, E. 1991 Outillage de pierre taillée au Bronze Récent (Ras Shamra 1978–1988). Pp.127–204 in Ras ShamraOugarit VI: Arts et Industries de la Pierre, M. Yon. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations. Crowfoot, J. 1935 Notes on the Flint Implements of Jericho, 1935. Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 22: 174–84. 1937 Notes on the Flint Implements of Jericho, 1936. Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 24: 35–52. Gilead, I.; Marder, O.; Khalaily, H.; Fabian, P.; Abadi, Y.; and Israel, Y. 2004 The Beit Eshel Chalcolithic Flint Workshop in Beer Sheva: A Preliminary Report. Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 34: 245–63. Hartenberger, B.; Rosen, S. A.; and Matney, T. 2000 The Early Bronze Age Blade Workshop at Titriş Höyük: Lithic Specialization in an Urban Context. Near Eastern Archaeology 63: 51–58.

302

Appendix H

Hesse, B. 1986 Animal Use at Tel Miqne-Ekron in the Bronze Age and Iron Age. BASOR 264: 17–27. Mozel, I. 1983 A Reconstructed Sickle from Lachish. Tel Aviv 10: 182–85. Neuville, R. 1934/5  Les débuts de l’agriculture et la faucille préhistorique en Palestine. Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 3: 17–42. Payne, J. C. 1960 Flint Implements from Tell al-Judaidah. Pp. 525–39 in Excavations in the Plain of Antioch I. The Earlier Assemblages. Phases A-J, R. L. Braidwood and L.  S. Braidwood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1983 The Flint Industries of Jericho. Pp.  622–758 in Excavations at Jericho, Volume Five: The Pottery Phases of the Tell and Other Finds, K. M. Kenyon and T.  A. Holland. London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. Rosen, S. A. 1982 Flint Sickle-blades of the Late Protohistoric and Early Historic Periods in Israel. Tel Aviv 9: 139–45. 1983 Lithics in the Bronze and Iron Ages in Israel. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Chicago. 1986 Note on the Gezer Flint Caches. Pp. 259–63 in Gezer IV: The 1969–1971 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis”, W. G. Dever. Annual of the NGSBAJ. Jerusalem, 1986. 1993 A Note on the Flint Assemblage. Pp.  117–21 in Ashdod V: Excavation of Area G, The Fourth–Sixth Seasons of Excavation 1968–1970, M. Dothan and Y. Porath. ‘Atiqot 23.

1996 Flint Implements. Pp. 257–67 in Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh, Vol. IV: Various Reports, ed. D. T. Ariel and A. De Groot. Qedem 35. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 1997 Lithics After the Stone Age: A Handbook of Stone Tools from the Levant. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. 2003 The Chipped Stone Artifacts from Tel Qashish. Pp.  395–412 in Tel Qashish, A Village in the Jezreel Valley: Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1978–1987), A.  Ben-Tor, R.  Bonfil, and S.  Zuckerman. Qedem Reports 5. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 2004 The Chipped Stone Assemblages. Pp.  2197–225 in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), Volume V: Supplementary Studies, D.  Ussishkin. Monograph Series of Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology. Unger-Hamilton, R. 1984 The Formation of Use-Wear Polish on Flint: Beyond the “Deposit Versus Abrasion” Controversy. Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 91–98. Waechter, J. 1958 Flint Implements. Pp.  325–27 in Lachish IV: The Bronze Age, O. Tufnell et. al. London: Oxford University Press. Witthoft, J. 1967 Glazed Polish on Flint Tools. American Antiquity 32: 383–89.

Plates

304

Plate 1

Plate 1 1.  Glass eye bead (Object 108) 2.  Segmented faience bead (Object 1857) 3.  Mother-of-pearl pendant (Object 1061) 4.  Agate bead (Object 745) 5.  Cornelian bead (Object 1513) 6.  Faience sacred goose amulet (Herrmann catalog no. 4) (Object 1582) 7.  Cornelian bead (Object 1850) 8.  Faience (?) bead (Object 1855) 9.  Faience bead (Object 2105) 10.  Faience bead (Object 1702) 11.  Glass eye bead (Object 1725) 12.  Agate pendant (Object 2152) 13.  Copper bead (Object 286) 14.  Cornelian bead (Object 444) 15.  Limestone bead (Object 796A) 16.  Cornelian bead (Object 796B) 17.  Glass eye bead fragment (Object 1531) 18.  Cornelian bead (Object 1566) 19.  Agate bead (Object 1728) 20.  Glass bead (Object 1756) 21.  Agate bead (Object 1703) 22.  Glass bead (Object 2008) 23.  Agate bead (Object 137) 24.  Bone bead fragment (Object 1934) 25.  Faience bead (Object 2210)

Plate 1

305

306

Plate 2

Plate 2 1.  Limestone bead (Object 244) 2.  Limestone pebble bead (Object 1588) 3.  Cornelian bead fragment (Object 1749) 4.  Calcite pendant (Object 1750) 5.  Faience (?) bead (Object 1754) 6.  Clay bead (Object 2205) 7.  Cornelian bead (Object 2229) 8.  Bone bead (Object 2285) 9.  Faience (?) bead fragment (Object 2307) 10.  Faience bead (Object 490) 11.  Faience bead (Object 491) 12.  Cornelian bead (Object 494) 13.  Faience (?) bead (Object 856) 14.  Glass bead (Object 273) 15.  Glass bead (Object 280) 16.  Faience bead (Object 284) 17.  Cornelian bead (Object 285) 18.  Faience bead (Object 340) 19.  Faience bead (Object 495) 20.  Faience bead (Object 2016) 21.  Cornelian bead (Object 2144) 22.  Faience bead (Object 117) 23.  Amber bead (Object 499) 24.  Faience bead (Object 969) 25.  Amber bead (Object 449) 26.  Glass bead (Object 2230) 27.  Faience bead (Object 2232)

Plate 2

307

308

Plate 3

Plate 3 1.  Faience bead (Object 43) 2.  Serpentine bead (Object 272) 3.  Agate bead (Object 880A) 4.  Quartz bead (Object 880B) 5.  Faience bead (Object 1109) 6.  Faience bead (Object 2276) 7.  Faience bead (Object 324) 8.  Faience bead (Object 326) 9.  Cornelian bead (Object 402) 10.  Faience or agate bead (Object 947) 11.  Faience bead (Object 974) 12.  Faience bead (Object 1078) 13.  Glass bead (Object 1080) 14.  Egyptian Blue bead (Object 1204) 15.  Serpentine bead (Object 1280) 16.  Faience bead (Object 60) 17.  Glass bead (Object 447) 18.  Bone bead (Object 1165) 19.  Faience bead (Object 411) 20.  Faience bead (Object 1170) 21.  Faience bead (Object 1205) 22.  Glass (?) bead (Object 1301) 23.  Cornelian bead (Object 1344)

Plate 3

309

310

Plate 4

Plate 4 1.  Faience baboon-shaped bead/amulet (Object 441) 2.  Glass bead (Object 448D) 3.  Faience bead (Object 479) 4.  Faience bead (Object 525) 5.  Bead (Object 66) 6.  Glass eye bead (Object 1250) 7.  Cornelian (?) bead (Object 112) 8.  Faience (?) bead (Object 1889) 9.  Faience (?) bead (Object 1922) 10.  Conus shell bead (Object 1939) 11.  Ostrich eggshell bead (Object 2081A) 12.  Ostrich eggshell bead (Object 2081B) 13.  Faience bead (Object 2322) 14.  Faience bead (Object 2325A) 15.  Drilled pottery sherd (Object 2325B) 16.  Cornelian bead (Object 187) 17.  Conus shell bead (Object 267)

Plate 4

311

312

Plate 5

Plate 5 1.  Bone awl (Object 1873) 2.  Bone spacer bead (Object 386) 3.  Deer antler (Object 1087) 4.  Bone point (Object 1656) 5.  Bone rod (Object 1759) 6.  Worked tooth fragment (Object 1766) 7.  Worked bone artifact (Object 1762) 8–12.  Sheep astragali (Object 1807)

Plate 5

313

314

Plate 6

Plate 6 1.  Hollow bone cylinder (Object 1982) 2.  Bone spatula (Object 2143) 3.  Bone awl (Object 725) 4.  Antler haft (Object 1806) 5.  Bone awl (Object 580) 6.  Bone awl (Object 1998) 7.  Bone blade fragment (Object 923) 8.  Worked bone artifact (Object 1758) 9.  Bone spatula fragment (Object 1768) 10.  Polished bone spatula (Object 2029) 11.  Bone shuttle fragment (Object 2275)

Plate 6

315

316

Plate 7

Plate 7 1.  Gazelle horn (Object 870) 2.  Horn core (Object 597) 3.  Pierced bone disk (Object 516) 4.  Bone rod fragment (Object 980) 5.  Bone awl (Object 58) 6.  Bone awl (Object 795) 7.  Bone awl (Object 949) 8.  Bone point (Object 1150) 9.  Worked bone (Object 1210) 10.  Fish bone awl (Object 1105) 11.  Bone pin (?) (Object 1388)

Plate 7

317

318

Plate 8

Plate 8 1.  Carved bone (Object 36) 2.  Horn fragment (Object 1901) 3.  Horn fragment (Object 1904) 4.  Bone awl (Object 1999) 5.  Bone spatula fragment (Object 1951) 6.  Horn fragment (Object 2000) 7.  Bone polishing tool (Object 2079) 8.  Horn with cut marks (Object 2206) 9.  Worked bone fragment (Object 2241) 10.  Horn (Object 133) 11.  Worked bone fragment (Object 140) 12.  Bone point (Object 220) 13.  Worked bone fragment (Object 204) 14.  Bone Cylinder (Object 298)

Plate 8

319

320

Plate 9

Plate 9 1.  Foot of pottery tripod bowl (Object 206) 2.  Ceramic jar stopper (Object 1602) 3.  Ceramic block fragment (Object 334) 4.  Ceramic bowl, hand made (Object 189) 5.  Ceramic disc (Object 1543) 6.  Stopper (Object 1676) 7.  Cylindrical fenestrated stand (Object 2119) 8.  Stopper (Object 2083) 9.  Stopper (Object 2271) 10.  Stopper (Object 478)

Plate 9

321

322

Plate 10

Plate 10 1.  Stopper (Object 452) 2.  Stopper (Object 458) 3.  Conical gaming piece (?) (Object 950) 4.  Ceramic spout (Object 78) 5.  Stopper (Object 1124) 6.  Cylindrical ceramic object (Object 81) 7.  Ceramic stump (Object 1290) 8.  Ceramic fragment (Object 1365) 9.  Ceramic sherd with coil decoration (Object 1100) 10.  Stopper fragment (Object 461) 11.  Clay cylindrical gaming piece (Object 53) 12.  Coiled and bossed sherd (Object 1234) 13.  Pierced ceramic object (Object 1322)

Plate 10

323

324

Plate 11

Plate 11 1.  Stopper (Object 115) 2.  Gaming piece (Object 1773) 3.  Stopper (Object 2191) 4.  Stopper (Object 2353) 5.  Stopper (Object 2159) 6.  Stopper (Object 2253) 7.  Stopper (Object 1300) 8.  Stopper (Object 130) 9.  Stopper (Object 131) 10.  Ceramic fragment (Object 145)

Plate 11

325

326

Plate 12

Plate 12 1.  Faience Udjat eye amulet fragment (Herrmann catalog no. 6) (Object 552) 2.  Faience bowl fragment (Object 1593) 3.  Faience Udjat eye amulet fragment (Herrmann catalog no. 5) (Object 585) 4.  Faience amulet (Object 463) 5.  Faience jar fragment (Object 809) 6.  Faience seated baboon amulet fragment (Herrmann catalog no. 3) (Object 1173) 7.  Faience strap handle fragment (Object 2320) 8.  Faience gaming piece (Object 260) 9.  Faience small statue fragment (Herrmann catalog no. 2) (Object 262) 10.  Faience object (Object 946) 11.  Faience gaming piece (Object 325) 12.  Faience flask (Object 2126)

Plate 12

327

328

Plate 13

Plate 13 1.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 7) (Object 421) 2.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 13) (Object 1508) 3.  Mycenaean psi-figurine fragment (Object 1966) 4.  Figurine head (Object 1853) 5.  Kernos ring fragment (Object 1633) 6.  Horn from zoomorphic figurine (Object 636) 7.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 4) (Object 257) 8.  Figurine leg (?) fragment (Object 277) 9.  Female figurine fragment (Object 390)

Plate 13

329

330

Plate 14

Plate 14 1.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 1783) 2.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 14) (Object 2354) 3.  Zoomorphic vessel fragment (Object 1207) 4.  Horse figurine head (Object 1558) 5.  Bird-shaped vessel tail fragment (Object 433) 6.  Horn from zoomorphic vessel/figurine (Object 555)

Plate 14

331

332

Plate 15

Plate 15 1.  Spouted animal head (Object 503) 2.  Figurine head (Object 1801) 3.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 1775) 4.  Female figurine head (Object 1748) 5.  Figurine leg (Object 1537) 6.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 2151) 7.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 1671) 8.  Spouted zoomorphic jar fragment (Object 1720)

Plate 15

333

334

Plate 16

Plate 16 1.  Figurine head (Object 344) 2.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 1799) 3.  Zoomorphic vessel fragment (Object 2085) 4.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 1931) 5.  Bird vessel fragment (Object 2045)

Plate 16

335

336

Plate 17

Plate 17 1.  Spouted zoomorphic head (Object 428) 2.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 6) (Object 406) 3.  Bird figurine (Object 989) 4.  Zoomorphic figurine fragment (Object 2034) 5.  Horn from zoomorphic figurine (Object 2220) 6.  Spouted zoomorphic figurine head (Object 2098)

Plate 17

337

338

Plate 18

Plate 18 1.  Ceramic feline foot fragment (Object 239) 2.  Zoomorphic figurine head fragment (Object 738) 3.  Bel figurine head (Object 565) 4.  Spouted zoomorphic head (kernos fragment?) (Object 241) 5.  Kernos ring fragment (Object 801) 6.  Ashdoda-type chair fragment (Object 2280) 7.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 1) (Object 19) 8.  Plaque figurine fragment (Cornelius catalog no. 9) (Object 881) 9.  Cypriote BR II horn and head fragment (Object 985) 10.  Cypriote BR horn (Object 426) 11.  Zoomorphic vessel/figurine head fragment (Object 1340)

Plate 18

339

340

Plate 19

Plate 19 1.  Glass gaming piece (Object 410) 2.  Glass pendant (Object 1502) 3.  Glass pendant (Object 1507) 4.  Glass alabastron body fragment (Barag catalog no. 4) (Object 1735) 5.  Glass amphoriskos rim fragment (Barag catalog no. 2) (Object 899) 6.  Glass fragment, possibly from scarab (Herrmann catalog no. 9) (Object 1079) 7.  Glass pendant (Object 1232) 8.  Ivory handle fragment (Object 2021) 9.  Ivory amulet (Object 2038) 10.  Ivory cosmetic stick (Object 2095)

Plate 19

341

342

Plate 20

Plate 20 1.  Chalk object with indentations (Object 54) 2.  Alabaster knob (Object 1867) 3.  Basalt ring fragment (tournette base?) (Object 1877) 4.  Basalt tournette base fragment (Object 1868) 5.  Stone bowl fragment (Object 252) 6.  Basalt tripod bowl fragment (Object 208) 7.  Basalt grindstone fragment (Object 393) 8.  Basalt saddle quern (Object 1892)

Plate 20

343

344

Plate 21

Plate 21 1.  Stone die (Object 1525) 2.  Hammerstone (Object 1611) 3.  Limestone bowl fragment (Object 1878) 4.  Chalk pilaster fragment (Object 1917) 5.  Basalt basin fragment (Object 156) 6.  Cylindrical chalk object (Object 291) 7.  Limestone bowl rim fragment (Object 513) 8.  Stone pedestalled bowl base (Object 1601) 9.  Basalt bowl fragment (Object 1644) 10.  Basalt ring (Object 1715) 11.  Alabaster jar neck fragment (Object 1938) 12.  Biomicrite bowl rim fragment (Object 2217)

Plate 21

345

346

Plate 22

Plate 22 1.  Limestone pebble (weight?) (Object 7) 2.  Basalt vase rim fragment (Object 292) 3.  Chalk bowl (Object 139) 4.  Basalt bowl fragment (Object 538) 5.  Basalt bowl leg (Object 566) 6.  Limestone bowl fragment (Object 771) 7.  Stone bowl rim fragment (Object 1737) 8.  Basalt bowl rim fragment (Object 1714) 9.  Whetstone (Object 1744) 10.  Whetstone (Object 1739) 11.  Basalt grinding stone (?) fragment (Object 1918)

Plate 22

347

348

Plate 23

Plate 23 1.  Granite (?) weight fragment (Object 1717) 2.  Limestone ballista (Object 1608) 3.  Limestone bowl (Object 1803) 4.  Biosparite pestle (Object 2196A) 5.  Biosparite bowl (Object 2196B) 6–10. Hand grinders (Object 1627A–E)

Plate 23

349

350

Plate 24

Plate 24 1.  Alabaster bowl rim fragment (Object 104) 2.  Basalt tripod basin fragment (Object 575) 3.  Limestone mortar (Object 385) 4.  Alabaster cruz fragment (Object 1964) 5.  Basalt pounder (Object 1947) 6.  Whetstone fragment (Object 2020) 7.  Inscribed pim weight (Object 1963) 8.  Chalkstone palette (Object 1969) 9.  Basalt saddle quern (Object 1976)

Plate 24

351

352

Plate 25

Plate 25 1.  Basalt scraper (Object 165) 2.  Kurkar rubbing stone (Object 157) 3.  Basalt bowl fragment (Object 2203) 4.  Chalk pedestal fragment (Object 2185) 5.  Sandstone cube (Object 142) 6.  Hammerstone (Object 1687) 7.  Hammerstone (Object 1705) 8.  Kurkar grindstone (Object 2024) 9.  Limestone ring (Object 56) 10.  Stone ring fragment (Object 1745) 11.  Sandstone pedestal (Object 2290)

Plate 25

353

354

Plate 26

Plate 26 1.  Quartzolite grindstone fragment (Object 2047) 2.  Quartzolite saddle quern fragment (Object 2120) 3.  Basalt saddle quern fragment (Object 2329) 4.  Limestone rubbing stone (Object 1950) 5.  Nari palette (Object 2343) 6.  Modified limestone pebble (Object 2350) 7.  Limestone mortar (Object 1983) 8.  Limestone mortar fragment (Object 2216) 9.  Nari manger fragment (Object 2004)

Plate 26

355

356

Plate 27

Plate 27 1.  Quartz gem (Object 293) 2.  Nari mortar (Object 338) 3.  Quartzolite pounder (Object 1985) 4.  Stone weight (Object 975) 5.  Biomicrite cup mortar (Object 2063) 6.  Stone mortar (Object 734) 7.  Basalt grindstone fragment (Object 394) 8.  Basalt rubbing stone (Object 1041) 9.  Limestone rubbing stone (Object 125) 10.  Beachrock basin fragment (Object 2163) 11.  Haematite weight (Object 2167) 12.  Beachrock saddle quern (Object 2175)

Plate 27

357

358

Plate 28

Plate 28 1.  Pebble (weight?) (Object 6) 2.  Limestone mortar fragment (Object 742) 3.  Basalt grinder/socket (Object 757) 4.  Basalt rubbing stone (Object 860) 5.  Basalt scraper (Object 964) 6.  Incised chalk pellet (Object 254) 7.  Basalt bowl rim fragment (Object 2259) 8.  Limestone weight (?) (Object 2224) 9.  Basalt bowl rim fragment (Object 2258)

Plate 28

359

360

Plate 29

Plate 29 1.  Pebble (weight?) (Object 12) 2.  Weight (?) (Object 1191) 3.  Basalt rubbing stone fragment (Object 37) 4.  Basalt rubbing stone (Object 38) 5.  Alabaster bowl rim/base fragment (Object 917) 6.  Alabaster cup handle fragment (Object 487) 7.  Basalt bowl rim fragment (Object 508) 8.  Limestone door socket (Object 586) 9.  Kurkar grindstone fragment (Object 728B) 10.  Alabaster vessel fragment (Object 903) 11.  Nari bowl (Object 913)

Plate 29

361

362

Plate 30

Plate 30 1.  Limestone object (Object 626G) 2.  Limestone mortar (Object 956) 3.  Alabaster ring fragment (Object 1188) 4.  Basalt bowl fragment (Object 1037) 5.  Alabaster fragment (Object 1227) 6.  Basalt platter rim fragment (Object 2179) 7.  Limestone object (Object 1043) 8.  Limestone rubbing stone (Object 1051) 9.  Nari vessel (Object 1044) 10.  Quartzolite hammerstone (Object 2182) 11.  Goethite nodule (Object 1337) 12.  Alabaster rim/base fragment (Object 1157)

Plate 30

363

364

Plate 31

Plate 31 1.  Sandstone pounder (Object 73) 2.  Chalk conical vessel (Object 1076) 3.  Dolomite weight (?) (Object 2332) 4.  Stone object (Object 1168) 5.  Pebble (weight?) (Object 46) 6.  Basalt rubbing stone (Object 128) 7.  Alabaster pyxis lid (Object 2328) 8.  Alabaster base fragment (Object 2420) 9.  Basalt bowl rim fragments (Object 50) 10.  Limestone pounder (Object 2156) 11.  Haematite nodule (Object 1881) 12.  Alabaster fragment (Object 2289) 13.  Basalt tripod bowl fragment (Object 2155) 14.  Basalt footed basin fragment (Object 155) 15.  Basalt bowl base fragment (Object 87)

Plate 31

365

366

Plate 32

Plate 32 1.  Sandstone pounder (Object 55) 2.  Basalt object (Object 958) 3.  Limestone dibble weight (Object 2177) 4.  Haematite weight (Object 1890A) 5.  Haematite weight (Object 1890B) 6.  Flint pebble (weight?) (Object 1891A) 7.  Flint pebble (weight?) (Object 1891B) 8.  Biotite dome (Object 2096) 9.  Chalk ring (Object 648) 10.  Quartz siltstone whetstone (Object 2012) 11.  Haematite weight (Object 1885) 12.  Stone weight (Object 2248) 13.  Greenstone pebble (Object 2184) 14.  Brown haematite stone (Object 1562A) 15.  Blackstone weight fragment (Object 1562B) 16.  Flint weight (Object 1880) 17.  Haematite weight (Object 1882) 18.  Trachyte pebble (weight?) (Object 2173) 19.  Basalt saddle quern (Object 2023)

Plate 32

367

368

Plate 33

Plate 33 1.  Rim and handle of basalt vessel (Object 265) 2.  Basalt vessel rim fragment with incised decoration (Object 1374) 3.  Basalt ring (Object 119) 4.  Basalt cylindrical stand base fragment (Object 2181) 5.  Basalt ring fragment, reworked after breakage (Object 269) 6.  Basalt vessel rim fragment (Object 352) 7.  Basalt bowl fragment (Object 356) 8.  Basalt ring fragment (Object 349) 9.  Limestone ring fragment (Object 274) 10.  Polished stone celt (Object 259) 11.  Stone mortar (Object 348A) 12.  Stone pestle (Object 348B)

Plate 33

369

370

Plate 34

Plate 34 1.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type h1 (Object 2059) 2.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type h (Object 1907) 3.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type l (Object 1683) 4.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type c (Object 1688) 5.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type a (Object 2027) 6.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type a (Object 343) 7.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type a (Object 1952) 8.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type h (Object 1961) 9.  Limestone loom weight, Friend type u (Object 2176) 10.  Chalk loom weight, type z (Object 2048) 11.  Limestone loom weight, Friend type u (Object 2032) 12.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type a (Object 1960) 13.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type c (Object 1974) 14.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type a (Object 2198) 15.  Limestone loom weight (?), Friend type u (Object 2338)

1.  For an explanation of these types, see p. 69

Plate 34

371

372

Plate 35

Plate 35 1.  Limestone loom weight fragment, type z (Object 2149) 2.  Basalt ring (loom weight, type z?) (Object 794) 3.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type h (Object 1208) 4.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type j (Object 85) 5.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type c (Object 1800) 6.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type c (Object 2030) 7.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type c (Object 2117) 8.  Limestone loom weight, Friend type u (Object 2336A) 9.  Ceramic loom weight, Friend type c (Object 2407) 10.  Basalt loom weight, type z (Object 88) 11.  Sandstone loom weight, type z (Object 159) 12.  Sandstone loom weight, Friend type u (Object 224)

Plate 35

373

374

Plate 36

Plate 36 1.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 25) 2.  Gold earring (Object 2400) 3.  Bronze fibula fragments (Object 866) 4.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 1769) 5.  Bronze toggle pin wire (Object 872) 6.  Bronze ring (Object 931) 7.  Gold brooch (Object 1399A) 8.  Iron arrowhead (Object 1616) 9.  Bronze cosmetic stick (Object 1536) 10.  Iron rod (Object 185) 11.  Iron spearhead (Object 1569) 12.  Copper wire (Object 869) 13.  Iron arrowhead (Object 1741) 14.  Iron arrowhead (Object 1732) 15.  Bronze pin (Object 315) 16.  Bronze ring (Object 1721)

Plate 36

375

376

Plate 37

Plate 37 1.  Lead sling shot (Object 1584) 2.  Iron pruning hook knife (Object 1599) 3.  Iron knife blade (Object 174) 4.  Iron arrowhead (Object 188) 5.  Broken iron arrowhead (Object 193) 6.  Iron nail (Object 197) 7.  Iron nail (Object 170) 8.  Iron spearhead/plough point (Object 171) 9.  Iron ring (Object 176) 10.  Iron bracelet (Object 240) 11.  Iron chisel (Object 304) 12.  Iron arrowhead (Object 996) 13.  Gold plated silver earring (Object 469) 14.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 1503) 15.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 1572)

Plate 37

377

378

Plate 38

Plate 38 1.  Iron Pruning hook knife (Object 1570) 2.  Iron pike (Object 1622) 3.  Lead weight (Object 1672) 4.  Bronze earring fragment (Object 1557) 5.  Bronze jewelry links (Object 1792) 6.  Lead weight (Object 1637) 7.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 1673) 8.  Iron arrowhead (Object 1716A) 9.  Iron arrowhead (Object 1716B) 10.  Broken iron arrowhead (Object 1723) 11.  Bronze cosmetic stick (Object 1765) 12.  Bronze fibula (Object 1564) 13.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 1788) 14.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 1778)

Plate 38

379

380

Plate 39

Plate 39 1.  Iron pick (Object 1786) 2.  Iron adze (Object 1787) 3.  Iron hoe (Object 1790) 4.  Iron pick (Object 1789A) 5.  Iron ring (Object 1789B) 6.  Iron blade fragment (Object 237) 7.  Iron point (Object 336) 8.  Bronze earring (Object 1925) 9.  Iron pike (Object 572) 10.  Iron arrowhead (Object 859) 11.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 570) 12.  Bronze earring (Object 1685) 13.  Bronze needle (Object 1926)

Plate 39

381

382

Plate 40

Plate 40 1.  Metal pin (Object 164) 2.  Bronze fibula (Object 1928) 3.  Bronze pin (Object 337) 4.  Bronze earring (Object 481) 5.  Bronze plate (Object 83) 6.  Iron point (Object 303) 7.  Flat bronze fragment (Object 307) 8.  Flat iron fragment (Object 311) 9.  Iron crescent blade with wooden handle (Object 876A) 10.  Bronze ring (Object 310) 11.  Bronze fragment (Object 319) 12.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 335) 13.  Bronze bracelet fragment (Object 863) 14.  Iron armor scale (Object 1770) 15.  Bronze fibula (Object 2010) 16.  Bronze armor scale (Object 2286) 17.  Iron armor scale (Object 2234) 18.  Iron arrowhead fragment (Object 2324)

Plate 40

383

384

Plate 41

Plate 41 1.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 848) 2.  Iron arrowhead (Object 517) 3.  Iron blade (Object 357) 4.  Bronze pin (Object 316) 5.  Iron ring (Object 314) 6.  Bronze juglet (Object 561) 7.  Iron armor scale (Object 246) 8.  Iron armor scale (Object 306) 9.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 906) 10.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 874) 11.  Broken iron point (Object 299) 12.  Iron ring fragment (Object 497) 13.  Broken iron object (Object 305) 14.  Bronze bracelet fragment (Object 309) 15.  Iron point (Object 518) 16.  Iron arrowhead (Object 308) 17.  Iron projectile point (Object 475) 18.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 520) 19.  Bronze rod fragment (Object 834)

Plate 41

385

386

Plate 42

Plate 42 1.  Bronze toggle pin (Object 891) 2.  Bronze pin (Object 1005) 3.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 283) 4.  Bronze blade (Object 882) 5.  Broken bronze arrowhead (Object 916) 6.  Lead platelet (net weight?) (Object 918) 7.  Bronze nail (Object 924) 8.  Bronze ring fragment (Object 1027) 9.  Bronze rod fragment (Object 1179) 10.  Iron object fragment (Object 1185) 11.  Copper wire (Object 972) 12.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 929) 13.  Wire (Object 1117) 14.  Bronze rod fragment (Object 1187) 15.  Bronze rod fragment (Object 1283) 16.  Bronze needle fragment (Object 1315) 17.  Bronze fibula fragment (Object 1261) 18.  Bronze needle (Object 1360) 19.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 1389) 20.  Bronze pin fragment (Object 472) 21.  Bronze pin fragment (Object 1277)

Plate 42

387

388

Plate 43

Plate 43 1.  Copper nail fragment (Object 110A) 2.  Arrowhead (Object 110B) 3.  Bronze chisel (Object 1336) 4.  Bronze chisel (Object 2168) 5.  Bronze arrowhead (Object 1213) 6.  Bronze toggle pin (Object 1594) 7.  Bronze needle (Object 1944) 8.  Bronze needle (Object 2017) 9.  Bronze toggle pin fragment (Object 2404) 10.  Gold bezel for scarab (Object 2298) 11.  Gold penannular ring (Object 1581) 12.  Gold penannular ring (Object 2295) 13.  Gold penannular ring (Object 2296) 14.  Gold penannular ring (Object 2297) 15.  Gold foil figurine (Object 2292) 16.  Gold foil figurine (Object 2293) 17.  Silver foil figurine (Object 2294) 18.  Copper pin fragment (Object 320)

Plate 43

389

390

Plate 44

Plate 44 1.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 6) (Object 21) 2.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 2) (Object 29) 3.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 7) (Object 148) 4.  Lamelech-type stamped jar handle (Object 236A) 5.  Latin class (?) stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 19) (Object 1764) 6.  Jar handle with yhd-t inscription (Object 560) 7.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 4) (Object 1875) 8.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 13) (Object 1573) 9.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 16) (Object 1626) 10.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 15) (Object 1632)

Plate 44

391

392

Plate 45

Plate 45 1.  Inscribed Samaria ware sherd (Object 502) 2.  Incised body sherd (Object 1535) 3.  Incised body sherd (Object 1631) 4.  Incised body sherd (Object 1692) 5.  Holemouth vessel rim sherd with relief decoration (Object 345) 6.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 1) (Object 1628) 7.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 11) (Object 2094) 8.  Incised jar handle (Object 1506) 9.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 8) (Object 2121) 10.  Incised sherd (Object 2194) 11.  Incised jar handle (Object 1679)

Plate 45

393

394

Plate 46

Plate 46 1.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 10) (Object 435) 2.  Incised base sherd (Object 471) 3.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 3) (Object 434) 4.  Incised jar handle (Object 836) 5.  Incised sherd (Object 1678) 6.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2128) 7.  Incised jar handle (Object 1763) 8.  Incised sherd (Object 1680) 9.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 14) (Object 492) 10.  Incised jar handle (Object 1691) 11.  Incised jar handle (Object 1736)

Plate 46

395

396

Plate 47

Plate 47 1.  Rhodian stamped jar handle (Ariel catalog SAH 12) (Object 1520) 2.  Lamelech stamped jar handle (Object 1668) 3.  Lamelech stamped jar handle (Object 1674) 4.  Lamelech stamped jar handle (Object 1738) 5.  Lamelech-type stamped jar handle (Object 2141) 6.  Lamelech stamped jar handle (Object 1936) 7.  Lamelech-type stamped jar handle (Object 1791) 8.  Incised jar handle (Object 2018) 9.  Incised jar handle (Object 1927) 10.  Jar handle with stamped seal impression (Object 2049) 11.  Incised jar handle (Object 2025)

Plate 47

397

398

Plate 48

Plate 48 1.  Incised jar handle (Object 1780) 2.  Incised jar handle (Object 1798) 3.  Incised jar handle (Object 152) 4.  Incised jar handle (Object 2019) 5.  Incised jar handle (Object 2026) 6.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2093) 7.  Incised jar handle (Object 2272A) 8.  Incised jar handle (Object 1551) 9.  Incised jar handle (Object 2109) 10.  Incised jar handle (Object 1975) 11.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2304) 12.  Incised sherd (Object 1970) 13.  Incised sherd (Object 2064) 14.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2039) 15.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2035)

Plate 48

399

400

Plate 49

Plate 49 1.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2011) 2.  Jar handle with thumb (?) impression (Object 562) 3.  Jar handle with thumb (?) impression (Object 563) 4.  Jar handle with thumb (?) impression (Object 564) 5.  Incised chalk (Object 331) 6.  Incised chalk pendant (Object 2355) 7.  Krater rim and handle with mark (fabric impression?) (Object 122) 8.  Incised base sherd (Object 2133) 9.  Jar handle with finger impression (Object 2278) 10.  Incised sherd (Object 1398) 11.  Cylindrical clay object (Object 153) 12.  Incised rim sherd (Object 1523) 13.  Incised jar handle (Object 2351) 14.  Stamped jar handle (Object 2255) 15.  Incised sherd (Object 235) 16.  Incised sherd (Object 236) 17.  Incised sherd (Object 234)

Plate 49

401

402

Plate 50

Plate 50 1.  Amethyst scarab mounted in gold (Keel catalog no. 4) (Object 642) 2.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 5) (Object 1504) 3.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 6) (Object 1509) 4.  Ivory or bone engraved scaraboid-like seal (Keel catalog no. 10) (Object 1919) 5.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 1) (Object 301) 6.  Engraved scaraboid (Keel catalog no. 9) (Object 1883) 7.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 8) (Object 1699) 8.  Engraved scaraboid (Keel catalog no. 7) (Object 1552) 9.  Engraved limestone oval or scaraboid (Keel catalog no. 17) (Object 2308) 10.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 3) (Object 579) 11.  Unengraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 2) (Object 322) 12.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 11) (Object 1996) 13.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 12) (Object 2281) 14.  Amethyst scarab (Keel catalog no. 13) (Object 2299) 15.  Unengraved scarab mounted in gold (Keel catalog no. 14) (Object 2300) 16.  Engraved scarab (Keel catalog no. 15) (Object 2301) 17.  Engraved scaraboid (Keel catalog no. 16) (Object 2302)

Plate 50

403

404

Plate 51

Plate 51 1.  Bone whorl (Object 1072) 2.  Steatite whorl (Object 118) 3.  Stone whorl (Object 1597) 4.  Bronze button (Object 1884) 5.  Partly bored limestone pebble (Object 327) 6.  Serpentine whorl (Object 532) 7.  Stone whorl (Object 1619) 8.  Stone whorl (Object 1698) 9.  Bone whorl (Object 1753) 10.  Whorl made from reworked sherd (Object 328) 11.  Steatite whorl fragment (Object 963A) 12.  Stone whorl (Object 1752) 13.  Ceramic whorl (Object 2310) 14.  Stone whorl (Object 230) 15.  Whorl made from reworked sherd (Object 290) 16.  Ivory whorl fragment (Object 557) 17.  Whorl made from reworked sherd (Object 453) 18.  Partly bored ceramic disk (Object 540) 19.  Ceramic whorl (Object 422) 20.  Whorl made from reworked sherd (Object 2082)

Plate 51

405

406

Plate 52

Plate 52 1.  Steatite whorl (Object 529) 2.  Ceramic whorl (Object 744) 3.  Ceramic button fragment made from reworked sherd (Object 1000B) 4.  Ceramic whorl made from reworked base (Object 1129) 5.  Ceramic whorl or cart wheel (Object 22) 6.  Ceramic whorl (Object 728A) 7.  Biomicrite whorl or sinker (Object 875) 8.  Bone whorl (Object 886) 9.  Bone whorl (Object 888) 10.  Bone whorl fragment (Object 1030) 11.  Bone button (Object 1163) 12.  Stone whorl or sinker fragment (Object 1332) 13.  Bone whorl (Object 1128) 14.  Chalk whorl (Object 1166) 15.  Ceramic whorl or loom weight made from reworked base (Object 1338) 16.  Alabaster whorl fragment (Object 103) 17.  Ivory whorl (Object 1321) 18.  Bone disk (button?) fragment (Object 126) 19.  Ivory whorl (Object 2014A) 20.  Ivory whorl (Object 2014B) 21.  Ceramic whorl made from reworked sherd (Object 1350) 22.  Ceramic whorl fragment made from reworked sherd (Object 222) 23.  Whorl made from reworked sherd (Object 329)

Plate 52

407