Meinarti II: The Early and Classic Christian Phases 9781841712536, 9781407353166

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SUDAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SOCIETY PUBLICATION NUMBER 6

Meinarti II The Early and Classic Christian Phases

William Y. Adams

BAR International Series 966 2001

BAR

PUBLISHING

MEINARTI I

T he E ar ly a nd C la s s ic Chr i s t ian P ha se s

D ed ica ted t ot h e memo ry o f

AB DOU F ERE IQ A s l oya l af r iend a nd a sd ed ica ted ah e lpe ra sw e e ve r h ad ,d u r ing f i ve s ea son s o ff i e ld w o rk

CONTENTS

v i i

L is to fT ab les

v i i i ix

L is to fF igures

x -x i

L is to fP la tes

1 -7

I n troduc t ion T he s i te

1 1

L eve l s ,p ha se s ,a nd s ubpha se s H ou se s ,s u i te s ,a nd r oom s

3

T he e xcava t ion s

5 5

T he a r t ifa c tua lf i nd s

5

T he r eco rd s F i e ld n o te s P lan s

5 5

C ro s s sec t ion s S i te p ho tog raph s

5

A r t ifac tc a rd sa nd d raw ing s A r t ifac tp ho to s

6

6 6 6 6

S he rd t a ll ie s Da te sa nd d a t ing T he d a t ing o fp ha se sa nd l e ve l s T he p roven ience o fa r t ifac t s

6 6 7 7

T he p re sen tt e x t Acknow ledgmen t s Phase 3 :t he E ar ly Chr i s t ian a nd e ar ly C la ss ic Chr is t ian o ccupa t ion S ubpha se 3 a( Leve l 1 3 ) S urv iva l sf r om S ubpha se 2 c O the rs u rv iva l s

9 -54 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 4

R ebu i l ts t ruc tu re s N ew b u i ld ing s S umma ry a nd i n te rp r e ta t ion o fS ubpha se 3 a S ubpha se 3 b( Leve l 1 2 )

1 5 1 5 1 7

Mod if ica t ion s N ew c on s t ruc t ion O the rr e s iden t ia lr ema in s

1 7

S umma ry a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o fS ubpha se 3 b S ubpha se 3 c( Leve l 1b ) Mod if ica t ion s N ew c on s t ruc t ion

1 8 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 0

S umma ry a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o fS ubpha se 3 c S ubpha se 3 d( Leve l 1a ) T he f i nd s T he p o t te ry T he n on -po t te ry f i nd s

2 0 2 1 2 1 3 6 4 6 4 6

C ompa r ison sa nd d i scu s s ion T he a r ch i tec tu ra le v idence T he a r t ifac tua lr ema in s

4 7 4 8

i mp l ica t ion sa nd i s sue s Phase 4 :t he l a ter C las s ic Chr i s t ian o ccupa t ion S ome b a s ic f e a tu re so fP ha se 4a r ch i tec tu re

5 1 -109 5 2

Hou se p lan s

5 2

C on s t ruc t ion

5 2 v

R oof ing

5 2

F loor s I n te r io rf ea tu re s

5 2 5 2

S ubpha se 4 a( Leve l9 ) B u i ld ing XX I I

5 4 5 4

B u i ld ing XX II I B u i ld ing , OC IV B u i ld ing V

5 4 5 5 5 5

B u i ld ing XX E B u i ld ing L I B u i ld ing L IB

5 6 5 7 5 7

B u i ld ing L I E B u i ld ing XXV I I B u i ld ing LV

5 7 5 8 5 8

B u i ld ing XXV I I I

5 8

B u i ld ing XXLX C hu rch V I

5 8 5 9

T he c eme te ry P o t te ry k i ln s

5 9 5 9

S umma ry a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o fS ubpha se 4 a S ubpha se 4 b ( Leve l8 )

6 0 6 0

Mod if ica t ion s

6 1

N ew c on s t ruc t ion S umma ry a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o fS ubpha se 4 b

6 4 6 4

S ubpha se 4 c( Leve l7 ) Mod if ica t ion s N ew c on s truc t ion

6 4 6 5 6 7

S umma ry a nd i n te rp re ta t ion o fS ubpha se 4 c

6 8

Mu ra li n sc r ip t ion sa nd p a in t ing s

6 8

I n sc r ip t ion si nB u i ld ing XX I I I I n sc r ip t ion si nB u i ld ing V P a in t ing sa nd i n sc r ip t ion si nC hu rch V I T he c eme te ry

6 8 6 9 7 1 7 3

T he f i nd s

7 4

T he p o t te ry

7 4

T he n on -po t te ry f i nd s C ompa r ison sa nd d i scu ss ion T he a r ch i tec tu ra le v idence

9 1 1 05 1 05

T he a r t ifac tua lr ema in s T he t ex tua le v idence

1 06 1 07

I mpl ica t ion sa nd i s sue s

1 08

Append ix : c omprehen s ive r eg is ter o ff i nd sf r om P ha se s 3a nd 4

11 -115

B ib l iography

17 -119

A rab ic s ummary

v i

L IST OF TABLES

1

C h rono logy o f Me inar t ip ha se sa nd l e ve l s

4

2

D i s t r ibu t ion o fr eg is te red f i nd si nP ha se 3l e ve l s

2 1

3 a

Numbe r so fr eg is te red v e sse l sf ound a tP ha se 3l e ve l s

2 2

3 b

Numbe r so ft a l l ied p o t she rd sf ound a tP ha se 3l eve l s

2 3

4

D eco ra t ive s t y le sf ound o np o t tery v e sse ls o fP ha se 3

2 4

5

R eg i s te red p o t te ry f i nd sf r om P ha se 3

2 5 -28

6

D i s t r ibu t ion o fv e sse lf o rm c la s se si nd if e ren tp o t te ry f am i l ies a nd wa re g roup s

3 3

7

D i s t r ibu t ion o ff o rm c l a s se si nt h es ubpha se so fP ha se 3

3 3

8

R eg i s te red n on -po t te ry f i nd sf r om P ha se 3

9

I nven to ry o fb ead si nt h ec o l lec t ion f r om B u i ld ing XXX I( 6 -K -3 /802 )

4 0

1 0

P e rcen tage so fP o t te ry F am il ie sN ,D ,a nd A i nP ha se 3l e ve ls

4 8

1

D is t r ibu t ion o fr eg i s te red f i nd si nP ha se 4l e ve ls

7 6

1 2a

Numbe r so fr eg is te red v e sse l sf ound a tP ha se 4l e ve l s

7 7

1 2b

Numbe r so ft a ll ied p o t she rd sf ound a tP ha se 4l e ve l s

7 8

1 3

D eco ra t ive s t y le sf ound i np o t te ry v e sse l so nP ha se 4

7 8

1 4

R eg is te red p o t te ry f i nd sf r om P ha se 4

1 5

D i s t r ibu t ion o fv e sse lf o rm c l a sse si nd if e ren tp o t te ry f am i l ie sa nd w a re g roup s

1 6

R eg is te red n on -po t te ry f i nd sf r om P ha se 4

3 7 -38

7 9 -83 8 8 9 2 -94

v i i

LIST OF FIGURES 1

Map of Nubia showing location of Meinarti

2

2

Chronological chart showing Meinarti phases, levels, and historical periods

3

3

North-south cross-sections through the Meinarti mound, showing walls of Phase 3 age

End of book

4

East-west cross-sections through the Meinarti mound, showing walls of Phase 3 age

End of book

5

Plan of Level 14 (Subphase 2c)

between 9 & 1O

6

Plan of Level 13 (Subphase 3a)

between 1O & 11

7

Plan of Level 12 (Subphase 3b)

between 16 & 17

8

Plan of Level 11b (Subphase 3c)

between 19 & 20

9

Plan of Level lla (Subphase 3d)

between 20 & 21

10

Large ceramic basins

39

11

Ceramic funnel

39

12

Carved sandstone element

41

13

Sculptured marble slab

42

14

Sandstone weights

42

15

Silver medallion and reliquary box

42

16

Bronze cross

43

17

Sections of iron rod, one with bronze lioness finial

44

18

Brass handle

44

19

Bronze lids

44

20

Bronze forceps

45

21

Sections of iron rod, and bronze cup

45

22

Miscellaneous objects of iron

46

23

North-south cross-sections through the Meinarti mound, showing walls of Phase 4 age

End of book

24

East-west cross-sections through the Meinarti mound, showing walls of Phase 4 age

End of book

25

Plan of Level 9 (Subphase 4a)

End of book

26

''Wall safe" in House XXIII

55

27

Pottery kiln

60

28

Plan of Level 8 (Subphase 4b)

End of book

viii

29

Plan of Level 7 (Subphase 4c)

30

Plan to show locations of inscriptions in Building XXIII

69

31

Mural inscriptions in Building XXIII

70

32

Plan to show locations of inscriptions in Building V

71

33

Mural inscriptions in Building V

72

34

Plan to show locations of mural fragments in the church

73

35

Tomb superstructure types

75

36

Decoration on effigy vessel handle

83

37

Owners' graffiti on pottery

91

38

Toilet

94

39

Jar stamp

95

40

Pendant/amulet

96

41

Glass tumbler

97

42

Glass stopper

97

43

Stone tombstone fragment, or possibly jar stamp (?)

99

44

Stone jar stand

101

45

Stone jar stamp

101

46

Perforated stone block

102

47

Hematite lump

102

48

Bronze and brass handles

103

49

Bronze key

103

50

Iron staff with bronze ferrule

104

51

Woollen robe fragment: plain-weave face

105

52

Woollen robe fragment: skip-weave face

105

End of book

ix

L IST OF P LATES

1

V iew so fL eve l 1 2( Subpha se 3 b )

2

D e ta i l so fC hu rch = C W 11 , S ubpha se 3 a

3

V iew so fC hu rch XXXV I , S ubpha se s3 b -3d

4

V iew so fL eve ls ha -b ( Subpha se s3 ca nd 3 d )

5

Wh i te w a re v e sse l so f Wa re G roup sN .I Ia nd N .I I I

6

V e s se l so f Wa re G roup sN Ma nd NU

7

V e sse l so f Wa re G roup s DT Ia nd A .I I

8

S he rd sw i th d eco ra t ion i nS ty le N .DI a nd S ty le A . I I

9

C e ram ic a nd g la ss o b jec t sf r om P ha se 3

1 0

B ead c o l lec t ion sf r om P ha se 3

1

O b jec t so fs and s tone a nd ma rb le f r om P ha se 3

1 2

M i sce l laneous s t one o b jec t sf r om P ha se 3

1 3

O rnamen ta lo b jec t so fs i lve ra nd b ronze f r om P ha se 3

1 4

M i sce l laneous o b jec t so fb ronze ,b ra s s ,a nd c oppe rf r om P ha se 3

1 5

O b jec t so fb ronze ,i r on ,b one , a nd i vo ry f r om P ha se 3

1 6

G ene ra lv i ews o fL eve l s 9a nd 8( Subpha se s4 ha nd 4 c )

1 7

M i scelaneou sa r ch i tec tu ra la nd i n te r io rf ea tu re so fP ha se 4b u i ld ing s

1 8

V iew so fB u i ld ing XX I I I

1 9

V iew so fB u i ld ing V

2 0

V iew so fB u i ld ing sL I -L I I I

2 1

V iew so fB u i ld ing XXV I I

2 2

V iew so fC hu rch V I

2 3

Mu ra li n sc r ip t ion si nB u i ld ing V

2 4

T he c eme te ry

2 5

V e s se l so f Wa re G roup N . IV

2 6

Ef f igy v e s se la nd l amp s

2 7

V e s se l so f Wa re G roup N .V

2 8

V e sse l so f Ware G roup NU ,a nd F am i ly D

2 9

A swan v e s se l so f Wa re G roup A .IV

3 0

V e s se l so f Wa re W12 a nd u t il i ty Ware sU 6a nd U 12

3 1

Non -po t te ry o b jec t so fc e ram ic f r om P ha se 4

3 2

R ec tangu la rc e ram ic j a rs t amp ( 540 )

3 3

M i sce l laneou so b jec t so fc e ram ic , mud ,g l a s s ,a nd p rec ious me ta l s ,f r om P ha se 4

3 4

O b jec t so fg la s sa nd s t one f r om P ha se 4

3 5

T omb s tone sf r om P ha se 4

3 6

S cu lp tu red s and s tone a r ch i tec tu ra le l emen t sf r om P ha se 4

3 7

M i sce l laneou sg round s t one o b jec t sf r om P ha se 4

3 8

G r ind ing a ppa ra tu s

3 9

O b jec t so fb ronze a nd b ra ss f r om P ha se 4

4 0

O b jec t so fi r on ,i vo ry , s he l l ,a nd t e x t i le f r om P ha se 4

I NTRODUCTION

T h i si st h es econd o f ap ro jec ted f i ve v o lume s ,p re sen t ing

a l lc on s t ruc t ion ,a te ve ry l eve l , wa so f mud b r ick . T he e xcava t ion s a t Me ina r t i , s pon sored b y t h e S udan

t h er e su l t so fe xcava t ion sc a r r ied o u ta tt h e Nub ian s i te o f Me ina r t ii n 1 963 a nd 1 964 . T he f i r s tv o lume ,p ub l i shed

Gove rnmen t An t iqu i t ie s S erv ice ' w i th a s s is tance f r om UNESCO ,w e re c a r r ied o u ti nt wo s ea son s ,i nt h es p r ing

i n2 000 , ' d e sc r ibed t h el owe rmos ta nd o lde s tr ema in sa t t h es i te ,d a t ing f r om t h e Me ro i t ic a nd B a l la t ia p e r iod sa nd d e s igna ted f o rh i s to r ica lp u rpo se sa sP ha se s 1a nd 2 .T he

o f 1 963 a nd f r om t he f a l l o f 1 963 u n t i l t h e s umme r o f

p r e sen tv o lume c a r r ie st h es t o ry f o rwa rd t h rough t h eE a r ly

b y my se lf ,w i th o cca s iona la s s i s tance f r om o the r sa sn o ted i nl a te rp a rag raph s . Wh a teve rd ef ic ienc ie s may b ee ncoun -

1 964 .4 T he e xcava t ion s w e re c onduc ted a lmo s te n t i re ly

a nd C la s s ic C h r is t ian p e r iod s ,d e s igna ted a sP ha se s 3a nd 4 .F u tu re v o lume s w i l l d ea l w i th t h eL a te a nd T e rm ina l

t e red i nt h i sr epor ta r et h es o le r e spon s ib il i ty o ft h ep re sen t a u tho r .

C h r is t ian r ema in s ( Pha se s 5a nd 6 ) , w i th t h e Me ina r t i C hu rch a nd c eme te ry , a nd w i th ah i s to r ica l o verv iew o f

L eve ls ,p hases ,a nd s ubphases

t h e Me ina r t ic ommun i ty .F or t h ec omp le te c h rono logy o f

L eve ls . Upon e xcava t ion , t he s i te o f Me ina r t ip roved t o c on ta in 1 8w e l ld ef ined s t ra t ig raph ic l e ve ls ,e x tend ing i n

o ccupa t ion a t Me ina r t i s ee T ab le 1a nd F igu re 2 .

T he s i t e

t ime f r om t h eL a te Me ro i t ic t ot h e e a r ly P o s t -Ch r is t ian p e r iod s , o r f r om p e rhap s A .D . 2 00 t o 1 600 ( F igu re 2 ) .

T he s i te o f Me ina r t i ,a nd t h ec i rcum s tance so fi t se xcava -

L eve l sw e re n umbe red , i nt h eo rde ri n wh ich t h ey c ame

t i on ,w e re d e sc r ibed i nv e ry f u l ld e ta i li n Me inar t iI ,a nd o n ly ab r ief s ynop s i sw i l lb eg iven h e re . T or ecap i tu la te b r ie f ly , Me ina r t i b efore i t s i nunda t ion w a s al ow ly ing

t ol i gh t ,f r om 1a tt he t op t o1 8a tt h eb o t tom .T he p re sen t v o lume d e sc r ibe st he f i nd ings a tL eve l s 1 3 , 1 2 , 1b , 1a , 9 ,8 ,a nd 7 .5

a l luv ia li s land s i tua ted j u s ta tt h ef oo to ft h eS econd N i le C a ta rac t , a bou t 1 0km t ot he s ou th o ft h e t own o f Wad i H a i fa ( F igu re 1 ) .T he a r chaeo log ica ls i te o f Me ina r t i( d e s i g na ted a sS i te 6 -K -3 i n An t iqu i t ie sS e rv ice r e co rd s ' )w a s

P ha se s .I tb ecame c l ea r ,a f te ra na ly s i so ft h ef i nd ing s ,t ha t t h es ucce ss ive l e ve l sr ep re sen ted s i x ma jo rp ha se so fo c c upa t ion , e ach o f wh ich h ad b egun w i th ag ene ra l p ro g ram o fb u i ld ing o rr ebu i ld ing ,a nd e nded ,i n mos tc a se s , w i th at empo ra ry a bandonmen t o ft h e s i te . E ach p ha se

l o ca ted a tt h e s ou the rn o r u p s t ream e nd o f t he i s land . B e fo re e xcava t ion i swa s ak om ( mound )m ea su r ing 1 75m f r om n o r th t o s ou th a nd 9 5m f r om e a s t t ow e s t , w i th a max imum h e igh t o f 1 2 .5 m a bove t he s ur round ing

w a sr ep re sen ted b yt h er ema in so ft wo ,t h ree ,o rf ou rs uc -

f l oodp la in .T he mound h ad b een s cu lp tu red t oi t s mode rn s hape b yt wo e nd le s s ly r epea t ing t a phonom ic p roce sse s :

( t ha ti s ,f r om t h eb o t tom u p ) . T h i sv o lume d e sc r ibe st h e r ema in s f r om P ha se 3 ( Leve l s 1 3 t o 1b ) a nd P ha se 4 ( Leve ls 9 -7 ) .

c e s s ive l e ve l s .P ha se sh ave b een g iven t he n umbe r sf r om 1t o6 ,6 i nc h rono log ica lr a the rt han i ns t ra t ig raph ic o rde r

t h eb u i ldup o fw indb lown s and i nt h em idd le o ft h es i te , a nd t h ec u t t ing a way o ft he e dge sb yf l ood ing . T hu s ,r e ma in si nt h em idd le o ft h es i te w e re u sua l ly d eep ly b u r ied

S ubpha se s . W i th in e ach p ha se t h e re w e re r e cogn izab le s ubpha se s , e ach d if e ren t ia ted f r om i t s p redece sso r b y

a nd w e l lp re served , wh i le t hose a tt h eo u te re dge sh ad i n

m ino r a r ch i tec tu ra l mod if ica t ion s , a nd b y ab u i ldup o f f l oor d epos i t s . E ach s ubphase c or responds t o o ne s t ra t ig raph ic l e ve l ,a sr ep re sen ted i nt he p lan sa nd c ro ss -

e ve ry c a se b een p a r t ia l ly c a r r ied a way .I ti se v iden tt h e re f o re t h a tn one o ft h ep ub l ished p lan s( F igu re s5 -9 a nd 2 5 2 7i nt h i sv o lume )s how t h ef u l le x ten to f wha tf o rme r ly

s e c t ion s ( F igu re s 3 -9 a nd 2 3 -27 ) . S ubpha se s a r e d e s ig n a ted b y l e t ter s f o l low ing t he p hase n umber . T he

e x i s ted ;t h ey s how o n ly wha t wa sl e f tf o rt h ee xcava to rt o f i nd .

s ubpha se sd e sc r ibed i nt h is v o lume a r e3 a( Leve l 1 3 ) ,3 b

T he s ou the rn a nd h ighe r h a lf o ft h e Me ina r t i mound wa ss e lec ted f o re xcava t ion ,a nd t h is p o r t ion wa se n t i re ly

( Leve l 1 2 ) ,3 c( Leve l 1b ) ,3 d( Leve l 1a ) ,4 a( Leve l9 ) , 4 b ( Leve l8 ) , a nd 4 c( Leve l7 ) .

s t r ipped , l e ve lb yl e ve l , d own t os t e r i le s ub so i l . T he r e -

T he r e la t ion sh ip b e tween l e ve ls a nd p ha se si sa c tua l ly as omewha tc omp lex o ne ,s i nce l e ve l sr ep re sen ta r chaeo -

ma in se ncoun te red w e re mos t ly t ho se o f ad en se ly n uc le a t ed p ea san tv i l lage ,o rr a the r as ucce s s ion o fv i l lage sb u i l t o ne o nt o po fa no the r .A t mo s tl e ve l s ,i n d iv idua lr e s idence s

l og ica l f i nd ing s , wh i le p ha se s a r e h i s to r ica l c on s t ruc t s , b a sed o na ni n te rp re ta t ion o ft h ef i nd ing s . Al e ve l ,a sd ocu men ted i np l an sa nd c ro ss -sec t ion s ,i ss ome th ing s t a t ic :i t

w e re c l u s te red i n to l a rge , i r regu la r r oom b lock s wh ich w e re d e s igna ted a s" hou se s ." H e re a nd t h e re ,h ou se sw e re

i sn o mo re t h an a" snap sho t" o fo ne momen ti nt h ec om mun i ty 's a r ch i tec tu ra lh i s tory . Ap ha se o nt he o the rh and

s epa ra ted f r om e ach o the rb yn a r row ,w ind ing s t ree t sa nd b y s ma l l p laza s . T he re w e re a l so , a t mo s t l e ve l s , af ew n on re s iden t ia lb u i ld ing s :a dm in i s t ra t ive a nd c omme rc ia l b u i ld ing si nt h e Me ro i t ic a nd B a l la f ia p e r iod s ,a nd as uc c e s s ion o fc hu rche sd u r ing t he C h r i s t ian p e r iod .V i r tua l ly

3N ow

c a l led t h e N a t iona l C o rpo ra t ion f o rA n t iqu i t ie s a nd Mu se -

um s ( NCAM ) . T he d a te s w e r e f r om 1 0 F eb rua ry t o 2May 1 963 , a nd f r om 1 0 S ep t embe r 1 963 t o1 J une 1 964 .

1M e inar t i

I .S udan A r chaeo log ica lR e sear ch S oc ie ty , P ub l i ca t ion

T he r ew a sn oL eve l 1 0 ,f o rr ea son st h a ta r ee xp la ined i n Me inar t i

n o . 5 .

I .

' Fo rt h e s y s tem o fs i te n umbe r ing s e e A dam s 1 961 , 8 .

6

E xc lu s ive o f ab r ief e p i sode o fA ng lo -Egyp t ian m i l i ta ry o ccupa -

t i on a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 9' c en tu ry , wh ich w a sd e s igna ted a sP ha se 7 .

1

F a res •

• S e r ra E as t

• D ebe i ra Wes t e

EGYPT

A rg in • M I• 10 1 . 10 .

•

• • •• • ••

SUDAN

G ez i ra D aba rnsa

Wad i Ha i fa

A be l Oad i r •

MEINART I

Gam ina r t i

S ECOND

4

CATARACT

. 0 • A bkana r t i K asana r t i

i t,

• G ema i

O

-

1 0

5

1 5

2 0

2 5

k rn

• Mu rsh id

F igur e1 . Map o f Nub ia s how ing t h el o ca t ion o f Me ina r t i . c ommun i ty a tt he b eg inn ing o ft h e s ubpha se . O f ten , i t s how sa na ccumu la t ion o fc hange st ha tt ook p lace s i nce

d e s igna te sa ni n c remen to ft ime ( u sua l ly o ne t ot wo c en t u r ie s )d u r ing w h ich as ucce s s ion o fc hange st ook p lace . Wh i le t he p l an o fe ach l e ve lc o r re spond st oo ne s ubpha se ,

t h es ubpha se b egan .T he c r i te r ia emp loyed i nt he d if e r -

i ts hou ld n o tb es upposed t ha tt h ep l an a lway ss hows t h e

e n t ia t ion o fp ha se s a nd s ubpha se s , a nd t he p rob lem s o f 2

D a tes ,

C e ram ic

A .D . 1 600

L eve ls

P hases

i n dex *

2

6 b

PC

H is to r ica l p e r iods

H is to r ica l e ven ts

— P os t -Ch r is t ian

1 500

E nd o fN ub ian C h r is t ian i ty , c .1 500 3

6 a

TC

4'

5 c

L C2

5

5 b

T e rm ina l C h r is t ian

1 400

1 300

1 200

6 — m an im m : : . ; :

4 c

8

4 b

L a te C h r is t ian 1

100

1 000

M

°1 7 77 3 1a 9

9 00

—

1b

8 00

—

1 2

4 a

3 d

Occupa t ion b y B en i I k r ima . c .1 367

E vacua t ion o fL owe rN ub ia , 1 268

L C 1

5 a . i mm in

7

L a te C h r is t ian 2

I n vas ion b yS hams e d -Daw la , 172 -4

CC2

E i

3 c

C lass ic C hr is t ian 2 C C 1b

CC la

3 b

C lass ic C hr is t ian 1

E a r ly C h r is t ian 2 EC2

7 00

—

1 3

3 a E a r ly C hr is t ian 1

6 00

—

5 00

1 4

2 c

1 5a

2 b

1 5b —

2 a

1 6

l c

EC 1 XC2 XC l —

—

1 7

—

l b

T rans i t iona l

C h r is t ian iza t ion o fN ub ia , c .5 50

X 2 X 1

4 00

A rab i n vas ions , 6 42 a nd 6 52

B a l la f ia

MX F a l l o fK ush i te Emp ire , c .3 20

3 00 1 8

1a

M2

Me ro i t ic

2 00

F igure 2 . Cor respondence o f Me inar t i p ha ses , l eve ls , a nd h i s to r ica l p er iods .

s hown i nb o ld -face t ype .

d ocumen ta t ion c onnec ted w i th t h em ,a r e much mo re f u l ly d i scu s sed i n Me inar t i I .B o th l e ve l a nd p ha se d e s igna -

Houses ,s u i tes ,a nd r ooms

t i on sa r e emp loyed i nt he p re sen tv o lume ,d epend ing o n w he the rt h ef i nd ing sa r eb e ing d i scussed i na r chaeo log i -

Hou se s . Wh i le t h ev e r t ica lp roven ience o fs he rd sa nd o t he r f i nd s wa s r eco rded i n t e rm s o f l e ve ls , t h e h or izon ta l

c a l o r i n h i s tor ica l t e rms -t ha t i s , d escr ip t ive ly o r

p roven ience w a sr e co rded i nt e rm s o fa r ch i tec tu ra l c on -

i n te rp re ta t ive ly .T he c omp le te c h rono logy o fo ccupa t ion

t e x t s : h ou se sa nd r oom s .A ss oon a sr oom c l us te r sb egan

a t Me ina r t ii ss hown s chema t ica l ly i nF igu re 2 .

t oa ppea r , t h ey h ad n ece ssa r i ly t ob e a s s igned n umbe r s ,

T ab le 1g ive s ac on spec tu so ft h ev a r iou s Me ina r t il e v e l s ,p ha se s ,a nd s ubpha se s ,w i th t h e i re s t ima ted d a te s .T he

i ence a l lb u i ld ing sw e re d e s igna ted a s" hou se s ," whe the r

p ha se s a nd l e ve l s d i scu ssed i n t h e p re sen t v o lume a r e

o rn o tt he i rf unc t ion wa sr e s iden t ia l ,a nd t h ey w e re i d en -

s ot ha ta r t ifac tua lf i nd sc ou ld b er eg i s te red .F o rc onven -

3

TABLE 1 . CHRONOLOGY OF ME INART I PHASES AND LEVELS

P ha se sd e sc r ibed i nt h i sv o lume a r es hown i nb o ld f a ce P ha se 7

S tm t . l eve l 1

H is to r ic p e r iod '

E s t . d a te s , A .D .2

Mode rn

1 886 -1898

A bandonmen to ft h em ed ie va lc ommun i ty

1 600

6 b

2

P o s t -Ch r is t ian

1 500 -1600

6 a

3

T erm ina l Ch r is t ian

1 400 -1500

O ccupa t ion b yB en iK an za nd B en iI k r i r na , +h i a tu s1 365 -1400 S c

4

L a te Ch r i st ian 2

1 300 -1365

5 b

5

L a te Ch r is t ian 1

1 265 -1300

5 a

6

L a te Ch r i s t ian 1

1 200 -1265

172 -1174 I n va s ion a nd d e s t ruc t ion b yS ham se d -Daw la 100 -1172 4 c 7 L a te C hr i s t ian 1 4 b 8 C la s s ic C hr i s t ian 2 1 050 -1100 1 020 -1050 4 a 9 C la s s ic C h r i s t ian 2 1 000 -1020 H ia tu sf o l low ed b yt o ta lr e bu i ld ing 9 60 -1000 3 d 1l a* C la s s ic C h r i s t ian l b 8 50 -960 3 c l ib C la s s ic C hr i s t ian l a 3 b 1 2 E ar ly C hr i s t ian 2 7 50 -850 3 a 1 3 E ar ly C hr i s t ian 1 6 60 -750 A rab i n va s ion ;m a jor f l ood d amage a nd r e bu i ld ing 6 50 -660 2 c

1 4

T ran s i t iona l

5 75 -650

2 b

1 5a

L a te Balar ia

5 00 -575

2 a 1 5b L a te B a l la i i a Ma jo rh i a tu sf o l lowed b yr ebu i ld ing

4 75 -500

4 25 -475

1 6

E a r ly Ba l la i ia

4 00 -425

l b

1 7

L a te Me ro i t ic

3 50 -400

1a

1 8

L a te Me ro it ic

2 00 -350

l c

A cco rd ing t ot h e s y s tem o fC h r i s t ian N ub ian p ha se d e s igna t ion s f i r s td e s igna ted i nA dam s 1 964c , 2 43 -6 . D a t ing b a sed m a in ly o np o t t e ry f i nd s . F o rt h es y s tem s e eA dam s 1 986 ,6 0 1 -33 .T he d a te sg i ven h e r eh ave b een r ev i sed mo r et h an o nce ,a nd d o n o ta lway sc o r r e spond t ho se a ppea r ing i nt h ep r e l im ina ry e xcava t ion r epo r t s . *T he re i sn oL eve l 1 0 , a st h i sn umbe rw a sn o ta s s igned .

a dvance wha te i the rt he f unc t ion o rt h ee x ten to f ab u i ld i n gm igh t h ave b een . When e xcava t ion w a sc omp le ted ,i t

r i f led b y R oman n ume ra l s , a s s igned i nt he o rde ro fd i s c ove ry .A se xcava t ion p rog re s sed h oweve ri twa s s ome -

b ecame e v iden tt ha tt he v a s t ma jo r i ty o f Me ina r t ib u i ld i ng s , a tn ea r ly e ve ry p e r iod , w e re s omewha t i r regu la r a gg rega t ions o f i nd iv idua l r e s idence s . I n t h is r e spec t ,

t ime sf ound t h a ts epa ra te ly d e s igna ted r oom b lock sw e re r ea l ly p a r t so ft h es ame b u i ld ing ,b u tt h eo r ig ina ln ume ra t i on wa s u sua l ly r e ta ined b ecau se ar enumbe r ing o fa l l t h e s he rd a nd a r t ifac tr eco rd s w a s n o tp rac t icab le u nde r t he s omewha th u r r ied c i rcum s tance s o fe xcava t ion ( s ee

Me ina r t ir e semb led mo s to the rp ea san tv i l lage st h rough -

b e low ) .A s ar e su l t ,t h eb ounda r ie so f" house s" a ss hown

o u tt h en o r the rn S udan a nd E gyp t .E ach r e s idence w a sa c l u s te ro ff r om t wo t os even i n te rconnec ted r oom s , h av -

o nt he p lan s( F igu re s5 -9 a nd 2 5 -27 i nt h i sv o lume )w i l l s ome t ime sb ef ound t ob eq u i te a rb i t ra ry . House b ounda r i e sa re i nd ica ted o ne ach p lan b ys o l id b lack l i ne s .

r e s idence wa sd i rec t ly a d jo ined i n mo s tc a se sb yt wo o r t h ree o the r s , w i th wh ich i ts ha red o ne o r mo re c ommon

i n g u sua l ly as i ng le d oo rway f r om t h e o u t s ide . S uch a

w a l l sb u th ad n oi n te rconnec t ion .T he t yp ica ls i ze o fr e s i d ence s a nd t h e a ve rage n umbe r o f r oom s v a r ied f r om

T he o ppo s i te wa s a l so s ome t ime st r ue . T ha ti s , i t wa s f ound t ha t as i ng le h ouse n umbe r h ad b een a s s igned t o wha t w e re o bv ious ly s eve ra l d ife ren t a gg rega t ion s o f

p ha se t op ha se ,b u tt he n o rm a t mos tp ha se s wa st h ree o r

r oom s , wh ich h ad g rown t oge the ri nt h ec our se o ft ime .

f ou rr oom s .

I n t he se c a se s n ew i nd iv idua l h ouse n umbe r s w e re a s -

F o rd esc r ip t ive c onven ience ,r e s iden t ia lr oom c l us te r s h ave b een d e s igna ted a s s u i te s . T hey a r e i d en t if ied b y

s i gned a t al a te rd a te ,a nd s ome t ime sa f te rt h ee nd o ft he e xcava t ion .A s ar e su l t ,t h es e r ie so fh ou se n umbe r sd oe s n o ta lway s f o l low i n al og ica l s equence , w i th l ow n um -

c ap i ta l l e t te r s , f r om A t oH , w i th in e ach h ou se , a nd t h e b oundar ies b e tween s u i te s a r e i nd ica ted b y d o t ted l i ne s o nt h ep lan s . S u i te i den t if ica t ion sw e re made i na l lc a se s

b e r s a tt h e u ppe r l e ve l s a nd h igh n umbe r s a tt h e l owe r l e ve ls .T he h ou se n umbe r sf r om L It o LX w e re a l li nf a c t a s s igned r e t ro spec t ive ly ,t or oom c l us te r st ha th ad o r ig i -

a f te rt h ec onc lu s ion o ft h e e xcava t ion s , a nd t h ey d on o t a ppea ri nt he o r ig ina lf i e ld r e co rd s .

n a l ly b een i n c luded u nde r o the r n umbe r s . T h is w i l l b e c on sp icuous e spec ia l ly i nt h ep l an o fL eve l 9( F igu re 2 5 ) ,

R oom s . Du r ing t h ef i r s te xcava t ion s ea son , a l lr oom si n e ve ry h ouse w e re i nd iv idua l ly n umbe red , a nd s he rd a nd a r t i fac tl o ca t ion s w e re r e corded r oom b yr oom . R oom s ,

whe re t h e c on t iguou s Hou se s XXV I I , L I , L I I , a nd L I I I w e re a l lo r ig ina l ly d e s igna ted a s Hou se XXV I I .

l i ke h ouse s , h ad t ob en umbe red i nt h e o rde ro fd i scov -

S u i tes . S ince h ou se n umbe r s h ad t ob ea s s igned a ss oon

e r y , w i th t h e r e su l tt ha tt he r oom n umbe r s i na ny g iven h ou se d o n o t a lways e xh ib i t al og ica l , c on t iguou s s e -

a s wal t op s a ppea red , i tw a s r a re ly p oss ib le t o s ay i n 4

q uence .I nt h es e cond s ea son ,u nde rt he e xcava t ion c on -

a sw e l l a s4 5 l a rge i t em s o fs t one o r c e ram ic t ha t w e re r e co rded a nd p ho tog raphed ,b u tw e re t h en l ef to nt h es i te .

d i t ion so fe x t reme u rgency ( s ee Me inar t iI ,1 2 ) ,i twa sn o l onge rp o ss ib le i n mo s tc a se s t oa s s ign i nd iv idua l r oom

A s u sua l i nt own s i te a r chaeo logy , mos t o ft h e a r t ifac t s w e re t h ing st ha th ad b een d i sca rded ,l o s t ,o ra cc iden ta l ly

n umbe r s ,a nd h o r izon ta lp roven ience s we re r e co rded b y h ouse o n ly .I nd iv idua lr oom n umbe r sa ppea ro na l lo ft h e p ubl i shed s i te p l an s ,b u tt ho se f r om t h ee a rl ie rl e ve l sw e re

b u r ied ,a nd t h el a rge s tn umbe rw e re i nf r agmen ta ry c on d i t ion .A su sua la l so , mo s tw e re u t i l i ta r ian o b jec t so fe ve r yday u se .T he re w a sh oweve r mo re t h an t h eu sua ln umbe r

a s s igned a f te rt h ed ig wa so ve rr a the rt h an d u r ing t h ee x c ava t ion s . I n t h e p re sen t v o lume , t he r oom n umbe r s i n t h e P ha se 4 l e ve l s ( F igu re s 2 5 -27 ) w e re a l l a s s igned a t

o fi n tac to b jec t s -e spec ia l ly p o t te ry -t hank st oe x ten s ive c ache s o fv a luab le s t ha th ad b een d el ibe ra te ly b u r ied a t

t h et ime o ft h ed i g , wh i le t ho se i nt h eP ha se 3l eve l s( F ig -

t h e e nd o f S ubpha se 5 b , when t he re w a s at empo ra ry ,

u re s6 -9 )w e re a s s igned a f terwa rd .

f o rced e vacua t ion o ft he c ommun i ty ( s ee Me inar t i I, x i i x i i i ) . J u s t u nder t wo th i rd s o f t h e r eg i s te red o b jec t s w e re

T he e xcava t ions

p o t te ry v e s se l s o rt he i rf r agmen t s . N ex ti no rde ro ff r e -

T he e xcava t ion sa tMe inar t iw e re c a r r ied o u tu nde r wha t

q uency w e re o b jec t s o fb ronze a nd c oppe r , o fi r on , o f f a ience a nd c e r am ic ( o the rt h an p o t te ry ) ,o fg la s s ,o f mud ,

c an o n ly b e d e sc r ibed a s eme rgency c ond i t ion s . A t t h e t ime when t h es i te wa sr el inqu ished b yt he E gyp tE xp lo -

o fl e a the r ,o ft ex t i le ,a nd o fs he l l . Go ld ,s i lve r ,l e ad ,h o rn ,

r a t ion S oc ie ty , ' a nd b ecame t h er e spons ib i l i ty o ft h eS u d an An t iqu i t ie sS erv ice ,o n ly a bou t 1 8 mon th sr ema ined

b one , i vo ry , wood , h a i r , b a ske t ry , a nd p a rchmen t w e re r ep re sen ted b yn o mo re t han af ew f i nd si ne ach c a se .T he g ene ra ls c a rc i ty o fp e r i shab le so fa l lk ind si sa t t r ibu tab le

b efo re t he w a te r so fL ake Nub ia w e re s chedu led t ob eg in c ove r ing i t .F o rt h a tr ea son Ib egan wo rk i mmed ia te ly ,i n

t ot h ef r equen tf l ood ing t o wh ich t h es i te w a ss ub jec t .F o r t h e s ame r ea son , f i nd s o fb ronze , c oppe r , a nd i r on w e re

F ebrua ry o f1 963 ,w i th ac r ew o f1 50 l abore r s , a nd a f t e r t wo w eek st h e i rn umbe r wa si n c rea sed t o2 00 . Du r ing a l l

g ene ra l ly v e ry c o r roded .A l lb u t ad ozen o ft h e Me inar t i f i nd s a r en ow i nt h e Na t iona l Museum o f An t iqu i t ie si n

b u tt h el a s tw eek so ft h en ine -mon th s econd s ea son ac r ew o f2 50 wa s emp loyed . T h roughou tt ha tt ime t he wo rk o f e xcava t ion s upe rv is ion , mapp ing , p ho tog raphy , a nd a l l

Kha r toum . Af u l ll i s to ft h eo b jec t sf r om P ha se s 3a nd 4 , w i th t h e i r Na t iona l Museum a cce ss ion n umbe r s ,i sg iven

o the ra spec t so fr e co rd ing wa sc a r r ied o na lmos te n t i re ly

i nt h e Append ix t ot h i sv o lume .

b y my se l f ,a l though Ih ad o cca s iona lh e lp f r om my Une sco c o l league An thony M i l l sa nd f r om c o l league sl oaned b y f o re ign m iss ion s . ' My o b jec t ive f r om t h eb eg inn ing wa s t ot r y a nd w o rk

T he r e cord s T he d ocumen ta t ion f r om Me ina r t i ,o n wh ich t h i sa nd t h e c ompan ion v o lume s a r e b a sed , c on s is t s o f f i e ld n o te s ,

a l lt h e way t h rough t h e mound f r om t op t ob o t tom ,s t r ip p ing i tl e ve lb y l e ve l , i nt h e t ime a va i lab le . I n t e rm s o f

p lan s ,c ro ss -sec t ion s ,s i te p ho tog raph s ,a r t ifac tc a rd sa nd d raw ing s ,a r t ifac tp ho tog raph s ,a nd s he rd t a ll ie s .T he a r -

wha t wa s t h en k nown a nd n o t k nown a bou t med ieva l Nub ian h i s to ry , Ic on s ide red t ha tt h ed ynam ic o fg row th

t i fa c t st h em se lve sa r ei nt h eN a t iona l An t iqu i t ie s Mu seum

a nd d ecay f r om p e r iod t op e r iod ,r a the rt han d e ta i led i n -

i nK ha r toum ,a nd h ave n o tb een a cce ss ib le t o me d u r ing t h ew r i t ing o ft h i sr epor t .

f o rma t ion a bou ta ny o ne p e r iod , wa st h e mos ti mpor tan t s t o ry t ha t Me ina r t ih ad t ot e l l .T he e xcava t ion sh oweve r

F ie ld n o tes

w e re c onf ined t oo ne -ha lf o ft h e mound b ecause i tw a s e v iden tf r om t h eb eg inn ing t h a tn o l a rge ra r ea c ou ld b e f u l ly i nve s t iga ted i nt h et ime a va i lab le .

T he q uan t i ty a nd q ua l i ty o ff i e ld n o te si sh igh ly v a r iab le f r om h ou se t oh ou se ,a nd t h e re a r en on o te sa ta l lo n af ew s t ruc tu re s . T he c omp le tene ss o f n o te s wa s d e te rm ined

Unde rt h e c i rcum s tance s , t h e re h ad t ob e many c om p rom i se s a nd many d epa r tu re s f r om p ref e r red a r chaeo l og ica lp rac t ice , mo s t ly d ue t ot h ef a c tt ha tt h e re wa s , mo s t

e n t i re ly b y t he t ime a va i lab le t ow r i te t h em , a nd t h i s i n t ur nw a s g over ned b y t h e s cope o ft h e o pe ra t ion s . T he n o te s a r et h e refo re b e s tf o rt h eu ppe rmo s tl e ve l s ( e ssen t i a l ly L eve l s1 -4 ) ,b efo re t h ec r ew h ad b een e n la rged f r om i t s o r ig ina l c omp lemen t o f 1 50 , a nd f o r t he l owe rmos t

o ft h et ime ,n oo ne b u t my se lf t od ob o th e xcava t ion s u p erv is ion a nd r e cord ing . S ome o ft h e c on sequence s o f t ha tl im i ta t ion w i l lb e e v iden tt or eade r s o ft h is a nd t h e c ompan ion v o lume s .A r t ifac ta nd s he rd l o ca t ion sa r en o t a sp rec ise ly r e co rded a st h ey s hou ld b e ,a nd c er ta in o the r

l e ve l s ( Leve l s 1 6 -18 ) , a f te rt h e wo rk f o rce h ad b een r e d uced f r om 2 50 t o1 00 men . P lan s T he 1 8a r ch i tec tu ra lp lan s ,o ne f o re ach l e ve l ,a r et h e mos t

r e co rd s a r e l e ss c omp le te a nd l e s s d e ta i led t han Ic ou ld w i sh .

c omp le te a nd mo s t r e l iab le p a r t o ft h e Me ina r t i r e co rd ,

T he o n ly j u s t if ica t ion Ic an o f e ri st ha tt he e xcava t ion s r ea l ly d id r each t h eb o t tom o ft h e mound ( Leve l 1 8 ) ,j u s t

r e f lec t ing my b e l ief i nt h es pec ia li mpo r tance o fa r ch i tec t u ra lr ema in s ( c f .F igu re s5 -9 a nd 2 5 -27 i nt h i sv o lume ) .

w eek sb efo re t h el a ke wa te r sg o tt h e re .

E ve ry d e ta i l o fa r ch i tec tu re t ha t wa s u ncove red wa s r e c o rded o no ne o ra no the ro ft h el e ve lp lan s .

T he a r t if ac tua lf ind s

C ros s -sec t ion s

T he Me ina r t ie xcava t ion sy i e lded 1 507 r eg is te red f i nd s ,

T he se , a sf a ra st h ey g o , a r ea l so d e ta i led a nd c omp le te , t hough i tc ou ld b e a rgued t ha t t he re a r e n o t e nough o f

F o rt h ec i r cum s t ance s s e e Me inar t iI ,p p . 1 6 -17 .

t h em .F rom b eg inn ing t oe nd o ft he d ig Ima in ta ined o ne

F o ra cknow ledgm en t s s e e Me inar t iI ,p .x i .

n or th -sou th c ross -sec t ion ( B -B ') a nd f i ve e a s t -wes t

5

n ow w i sh ,a ga in b ecau se o ft ime c on s t ra in t s .S he rd t a l ly i ng h ad p e r force t ob e d one i nt h e a f ter noon s a f te r t he

s ec t ion s ( F -F ' , G -G ' , J J ' , K -K ' , a nd L -L ') . Two a dd i t i ona ln o r th sou th s ec t ion s ( A -A ' a nd C -C ') w e re ma in t a ined o n ly i nt h e s econd s ea son , f r om L eve l 7d own w a rd . Add i t iona ls ec t ion sw e re r e co rded t h rough s pec if ic b u i ld ing s : S ec t ion M- M ' t h rough t he " Ca s t le -House" a t

c onc lu s ion o f wo rk ,a nd If ound t ha tt h e re w a ss imp ly n o t t ime t oc oun ta l lo ft h eu ndeco ra ted u t il i ty w a re st ha t make

L eve l 3 ,S ec t ion sD -D ' a nd E -E ' t h rough t h eC hu rch ,a t

A cco rd ing ly , Ib egan t oc oun to n ly t h ed eco ra ted wa re s , wh i le r e cord ing t h eu t il i ty w a re s s imp ly a s" abundan t ,"

u p a s much a s 5 0% o f mo s t Nub ian s he rd c o l lec t ion s .

L eve ls 4 13 , a nd S ec t ion s N -N ' a nd P -P ' t h rough s ome o ft he Me ro i t ic b u i ld ing sa tL eve l 1 8 .T he v a r iou sc ro s s -

" p re sen t ," o r " ab sen t ." A s ar e su l t , Id o n o t n ow h ave t o ta lf r equency f i gu re st ha t wou ld a l low ac ompar ison o f t h e Me ina r t i f r equency d a ta w i th t h e s he rd t a ll ie s f r om o the rs i te s .N eve r the le ss , If md t h a t Ic an f i tt h ed a ta f r om

s ec t ion st ha ta r er e levan tt ot h ep re sen tv o lume a r es hown i nF igure s 3 -4 a nd 2 3 -24 ,a nd a l lo ft h es e c t ion l i ne sa r e s hown o nt h e s i te p lan s ( F igu re s 5 -9 a nd 2 5 -27 ) . I tw i l l

t h ev ar iou s Me inar t il e ve l sf a i r ly c omfo r tab ly i n to t h es y s t em o fC e r am ic I ndex C lu s te r s t ha t Il a te rd eve loped a t Qa s r I b r im , a nd t ha t b ecame a n i mpor tan t t oo l f o r t he

r ead i ly b e s e en t ha tt he c ro s s -sec t ion l i ne s d o n o ti n te r s ec te ve ry b u i ld ing o nt he s i te ,w i th t h er e su l tt ha tt he re i s n or ecorded l e ve li n fo rma t ion f o r af ew b u i ld ing s .

d a t ing o fd epo s i t s .9

S i te p ho tographs S i te p ho tog raph sr ep re sen tt h el e a s tt ime -con sum ing w ay

Da tes a nd d a t ing

o fr ecord ing a r chaeo log ica l d a ta , a nd t h e refo re Ir el ied o nt hem v e ry h eav i ly .T he s i te p ho tog raph ic r e co rd i sv e ry

The d a t ing o fp hases a nd l eve ls T he Me ina r t i e xcava t ion s y ie lded o n ly o ne p rec ise ly

c omp le te ,e ncompa ss ing mo re t han 3 000 i nd iv idua lp ho t o s .T he re a r ep ho tos o fn ea r ly e very h ou se ,o f many i n te r i o rf ea tu re s ,a nd o f mo s tt omb s upe r s t ruc tu re sa nd n ea r ly

d a tab le o b jec t : aC op t ic t ombs tone b ea r ing t h ed a te 7 62 f r om t h eE ra o ft h e Mar ty r s( =A .D . 1 045 )2 0 I tw a sf ound

a l lb u r ia l s .

i np lace , a t tached t o at omb s upe r s t ruc tu re , a tL eve l 9 . S evera l o ther t ombs tones h ad b een c o l lec ted f rom Me ina r t ia tv a r iou st ime s ,b u ta l lh ad b een d e tached f r om

Ar t ifac tc ard sa nd d raw ing s A l though i nt h ec ou r se o ft h ed i ga l lf i nd sw e re n umbe red , a nd ar unn ing r eg is te rw a sk ep t ,t he re w a sn ot ime f o ra f u l lc a ta logu ing o ft he 1 507 r eg i s te red o b jec t st ha tw e re f ound .T ha tw o rk wa sd one i nK ha r toum ,i nt h et wo y ea r s

t he i ro r ig ina ll o c ia nd w e re f ound i nt h er ubb le o ro nt he s u r face ( s ee Me inar t i I , 2 9 ) . T he f ou r P to lema ic a nd R oman c o in s f ound i nt h e s i te w e re a l so i nc on tex t s f a r r emoved f r om t h e i rt ime o fo r ig in ( M e inar t iI ,2 9 ) . Apar t

f olow ing t h ec omp le t ion o ft h ee xcava t ion s . S epa ra te 4 x6 " d a ta c a rd sw e re t hen f i l led o u tf o re a ch o b jec t ,g iv i ng d imen s ion s a nd d e ta i l so fs hape , c o lo r , e t c . I n many

f r om a r t ifac tua l f i nd s , h oweve r , s ome o ft h e c ond i t ion s e ncoun te red i nt h ee xcava t ion sc ou ld b ea t t r ibu ted f a i r ly

c a ses t he re i sa l so as ma l ld raw ing ,b u to n ly af ew o b jec t s

s e cu re ly t or e co rded h i s to r ica le ven t s .T he se i n c luded t h e

( mo s t ly t e x t i le s )w e re t h es ub je c to fs pec ia l ,d e ta i led d raw i ng s . T he i n fo rma t ion o nt h e c a rd s i sl e s s f u l ly d e ta i led

t empo ra ry a bandonmen t o f t he s i te a f te r P ha se 4 , t he who lesa le b u r ia l o fv a lued g ood s u nde rh ou se f l oo r s a t

t han Ic ou ld n ow w ish , s i nce Ih ave b een o bl iged t od e -

t h ee nd o fS ubpha se 5 b ,a nd t h ed e s truc t ion o f mu ra l si n t h e c hu rch a nd t h e " epa rcha l c omp lex" a tt he e nd o f

s c r ibe t h e a r t ifac t f i nd s i nt h i s a nd t h e c ompan ion v o l ume s e n t i re ly o n t he b a s i s o fi n forma t ion o n t h e c a rd s

S ubpha se 5 c . T he re a r e ,t h en ,o n ly t h ree o rf ou rs e cu re ly f i xed p o in t s i nt h e Me ina r t i" ca lenda r ." Happ i ly ,t h ree o ft h e se c an b e

a nd i np ho to s ,w i thou ta cce s st ot he o b jec t st hem se lve s . Ar t ifac tp ho to s

a s soc ia ted q u i te c onf iden t ly w i th t h et r an s i t ion p o in t sb e t ween s ubpha se s .E xcep ti nt h e se c a se s ,t h ed a t ing o fl e v -

V i r tua l ly e ve ry r eg is te red f i nd wa sp ho tog raphed ,a nd t h e q ua l i ty o ft h ep ho tos i sg ene raly e xce l len t . Howeve r ,b e c ause o fb o th t ime a nd money c on s t ra in t s ,t h eg rea t ma -

e l s a nd o fp ha se s c an b e b a sed o n ly o n t h e i n fe ren t ia l e v idence o fs t ra t ig raphy a nd o fp o t te ry .S t ra t ig raphy p ro v ide s ab a s is o n ly f o rr e la t ive d a t ing ,i nt ha tt h ed u ra t ion o fp ha se s c an b ee s t ima ted t o ad eg ree f r om t h e amoun t

j o r i ty o fa r t i fa c t sw e re p ho tog raphed i ng roup sr a the rt h an i nd iv idua l ly .T hey we re g rouped a cco rd ing t os im i la r i ty o ft ype r a the rt h an a cco rd ing t op roven ience ,w i th t h er e s u l tt ha t many p ho tos ( e .g .P la te s5 -7 , 1 -13 , 1 5 ,a nd 3 7 4 0i nt he p re sen tv o lume ) s how o b jec t sf r om mo re t han

o fa r ch i tec tu ra lc hange t ha tt ook p lace ,a nd t he e x ten to f s and a nd r e fu se b u i ldup o ve rt h ef l oo r s .P o t she rd c oun t s f r om e a ch l e ve lp rov ide t h eo n ly b a s is f o ra bso lu te d a t -

o ne l eve l .O n ly af ew o b jec t sw e re p ho tog raphed i nc o lo r , b ecau se c o lo r p ho tog raphy w a s s t il v e ry e xpen s ive i n

i ng , a cco rd ing t ot h e s y s tem o ff r equency s e r ia t ion ( I n d ex C lu s te r s )t ha tw a sd eve loped a tQ a s rI b r im ( s ee Adam s

1 964 ,a nd e ve ry f i lm h ad t ob es en tt oE ng land f o rp roce s s i ng .

1 986 , 6 01-33 ) . Unde rt h ec i rcum s tance s ,i tg oe sw i thou ts ay ing t ha ta l l o ft h ed a te sg iven i nt h is v o lume a r ea pp rox ima t ion s ,a nd

S herd t al ie s A tt he t ime o ft h e Me ina r t id i g Ih ad n ea r ly c omp le ted t h e

s ub jec tt or ev i s ion i fa nd when c e r ta in p o t te ry t ype s a r e

t ypo logy o f1 06 Me ro i t ic ,X -G roup ,a nd C h r i s t ian Nub ian wa res t ha tw a ss oon a f terwa rd p ubl i shed i nK ush ( Adam s 1 973 ) . Ih ad a l ready b egun ,i np rev ious s e a son s ,t he p ra c -

mo re s ecu re ly d a ted . The p roven ience o fa r t ifac t s T he d a t ing o fa r t if ac tua lf i nd s ,b a sed o nt h e i rp roven ience ,

t i ce o fc o l lec t ing a nd c oun t ing a l ls he rd s ,a nd o fr eco rd i ng t he n umbe r so ft ype sp re sen ta nd a b sen t ,f o re ach e x -

9

c ava t ion u n i t . A l though Ic on t inued t h i sp rac t ice o nt h e

F o r ac omp le t ee xp lana t ion o ft h e s y s t em s e e A dam s 1 986 , 6 0 1-

3 3 .

Me ina r t i d i g , t h e t a l l ie s a r e l e s s c omp le te t han Ic ou ld

i °A c co rd ing t ot h e u sua l C op t ic f o rmu la ; s e e A t iya 1 991 , v o l . 2 ,

6

r a i se sp rob lem so fa no the rk ind . S ince t h eg r ea t ma jo r i ty

W i th r ega rd t ot h el i ne d raw ing so fa r t ifac t s , aword o f

o fa r t ifac t s w e re f ound i nr e fuse o rs and f i l l r a the rt han

c au t ion i si no rde r .W i th af ew e xcep t ion s ,t h ey h ave n o t

r e s t ing o nh ouse f l oor s ,t he i rp roven ience h ad g ene ra l ly

b een d rawn " d i rec t ly f r om l i f e ," b ecau se t h eo b jec t st hem -

t ob er e corded b efore t h ed e ta i l so ft he i rs t ra t ig raph ic o r a r ch i tec tu ra l c on tex t w e re f u l ly u nde r s tood . T hey w e re

s e lve sa r ei n Kha r toum a nd a r en o ta cce ss ib le t o me .T he l i ne d raw ing s a ppea r ing i nt h i s a nd s ubsequen tv o lume s

d a ted ,i na l lc a se s ,t ot h en ex te xpec ted s t ra t ig raph ic l e ve l

a r e mo s t ly e n la rged f r om s ma l ld raw ing s e n te red o nt h e

b e low t h e i rp lace o ff i nd ing .F o re xamp le ,o nce t h ef l oo r s o fL eve l 1 2h ad b een r emoved , a l la r t ifac t sf ound b e low

o b jec tr eg is t ra t ion c a rd s ,a nd t he se may n o tb et o ta l ly a c c u ra te a st od e ta i l .

i tw e re d a ted a u toma t ica l ly t oL eve l1 3 ,u n t i ls uch t ime a s t h ef l oo r so ft ha tl e ve lh ad b een r eached . T h is p rocedure d id n o tr e su l t i nf u l ly r el iab le r e co rd -

A cknow ledgmen t s T he many k ind s o fa s s is tance t ha t Ir e ce ived f r om c o l -

i ng , a tl e a s tf r om t he s t andpo in to fh i s to r ica li n te rp re ta t i on . S ome t ime s ab u i ld ing h ad s t ood a bandoned f o rt wo o r mo re s ucce ss ive s ubpha se s , a nd i tc ou ld n o tb ed e te r -

l e ague sa nd f r iend si nt h ec ou r se o ft h e Me ina r t i d ig a r e f u l ly a cknow ledged i nt h eP reface t o Me inar t iI .W i th r e f e r ence t ot he p re sen tv o lume , as pec ia ld eb t mu s tb e a c k now ledged t o my c o l league An thony M i l l s , who made

m ined i fo b jec t sf ound i nt h ef i l lh ad b een t h rown i ns oon a f te ra bandonmen t ,o r al ong t ime a f terwa rd . S ome t ime s a l so o b jec t sw e re d el ibe ra te ly b u r ied u nde rh ouse f l oo r s ,

t h ef a cs im i le c op ie so f mu ra li n sc r ip t ion st ha ta r es hown i nF igu re s3 1and 3 3 .P rofe sso rG .M ichae lB rowne o ft he Un ive r s i ty o fI l ino is p rov ided t r an s la t ion s a nd /or i n te r p re ta t ion so f mo s to ft h es ame t e x t s .A l lo the rf i gu re sa s

s ot h a tt h e i rp rope rd a t ing b e longed t ot h eo ve r ly ing r a the r t h an t ot h eu nde r ly ing l e ve l . Ag ood m any s uch c a se sw e re r e cogn ized , a nd w e re p rope r ly r e co rded , a tt h e t ime o f

w e l la sa l lp ho tog raph sa r eb yt he a u tho r .

e xcava t ion ,b u to the r sp robab ly w e re n o t .T he re wa sa l so ag ood d ea l o f r ecogn izab le " recycl ing" o f o b jec t s a t Me ina r t i , ap roce s s made p o ss ib le b yt h ef a c tt h a tt h es i de s o ft h e mound w e re r epea ted ly e a ten a way b yf l ood w a t e r s ,a nd b ur ied a r t ifac t sf r om e a r l ie rt ime sw e re e xpo sed i nt h ep roce ss .T he h ouse so ft he C la s s ic C h r is t ian p e r iod ( Pha se s 3a nd 4 )c on ta ined ar a the rs u rp r i s ing n umbe ro f o b jec t s o fr e cogn izab le X -G roup t ype s , wh ich c an o n ly h ave b een s a lvaged i nt h is f a sh ion . I ti sa l so t h ec a se t ha th o r izon ta lp roven ience s a r en o t a sf u l ly r e co rded a st h ey s hou ld b e , p a r t icu la r ly f o rt h e P ha se 3 f i nd s . A l though It r ied i n e ve ry c a se t o a s s ign f i nd s t o ap a r t icu la r , n umbe red l e ve l , t h e re i sn o o the r r e co rded l o cus f o r mo s to ft he f i nd sf r om L eve l s 1 3 , 1 2 , 1b , a nd ha . T h i s wa sd ue t ot he e x t reme e x igenc ie so f t ime u nde r wh ich Iw a s wo rk ing i nt h ec l o s ing mon th so f t h e Me inar t id ig ,a sd e t a i led i n Me inar t iI .H o r izon ta lr e c o rd ing i s ,h app i ly , much mo re c omp le te f o rt h ef i nd sf r om P ha se 4 . A bou t1 8% o ft h er eg is te red o b jec t sf r om Me ina r t ih ave n or e co rded p roven ience . S ome o ft h e se h ad b een a cc i d en ta l ly o ve r looked i nt he c ou r se o ft h ee xcava t ion s ,a nd t h en w e re f ound l a te ri nt h ed ump s . T he l a rge s tn umbe r h oweve rr ep re sen t at ype c o l lec t ion o fp o t she rd sf o r wh ich Ih ad n o tr e co rded p roven ience s ,a nd wh ich Iwa sa sked t or eg i s te rl ong a f te rt h ed ig wa so ve r . F or a l l o f t he r easons g iven a bove , t he o b jec t p roven ience sg iven i nt h i sa nd c ompan ion v o lume s ,a nd t a bu la ted i nT ab le s5 ,8 ,1 4 ,a nd 1 6 ,s hou ld n o tb et r ea ted a st o ta l ly r el iab le .

T he p r esen tt e x t I nw r i t ing t h e Me ina r t i r epor t s , Ih ave p roceeded o nt h e a s sump t ion t h a ta r chaeo log ica lr epo r t sa r ep r ima r i ly wo rk s o fr e f e rence :t h ey a r e much mo re o f ten " u sed" t han " r ead" i nt h ec onven t iona ls en se .W i th t ha ti nm ind , Ih ave s ough t t o make t h ev o lumes a su se r -f r iend ly a sp o s s ib le ,b y mak i ng e ach s e c t ion s e lf -con ta ined .A s ar e su l t ,a nyone who s hou ld c hoo se t or ead a l lt h e way t h rough w i l lf i nd ag ood d ea lo fr epe t i t ion f r om s e c t ion t os ec t ion .

7

PHASE 3 : THE EARLY CHR IST IAN AND THE EARLY CLASS IC CHR IST IAN OCCUPAT ION P ha se 3e ncompa s se st h er ema in so fs t ra t ig raph ic L eve l s 1 3 , 1 2 , 1b ,a nd 1 a ,d e s igna ted f o rh i s to r ica l p u rpo se s a sS ubpha se s3 a ,3 b ,3 c ,a nd 3 d .T he e s t ima ted t ime s pan f o rt h ef ou rs ubpha se si sf r om a bou tA .D .6 50 t o1 000 ,a s s hown i nT ab le 1 .I nt e rm s o ft h e i rc e ram ic c on ten t , t h e f i r s tt wo s ubpha se sb e long t ot h eE a r ly C h r i s t ian p e r iod , ' a nd t h e l a s tt wo t ot h e f i r s tp a r t o ft h e C la s s ic C h r i s t ian p e r iod . ' F o rr e a son st h a ta r en o te n t i re ly c l ea r ,t h er ema in so fa l l f ou rP ha se 3l e ve l sw e re v e ry p oo r ly p re se rved ,i nt e rm s b o th o ft h e i r a r ea l e x ten t a nd o ft h e h e igh t o fs t and ing w a l l s . Mo reove r ,t h ec ond i t ion o fp re se rva t ion w a sw o r se a te ach s u cce s s ive l e ve l ( c f . P la te s 1a nd 4 ) . Wh i le t h e r ema in so fL eve l 1 3( Subpha se 3 a )c ove red a bou t2 100m 2' t ho se o fL eve l ha ( Subpha se 3 d ) c ove red n o mo re t h an 9 00m 2.A f ew w a l l sa tL eve l 1 3w e re s t i l lp re se rved t oa h e igh to fl mo r al i t t le mo re ,w h i le a tL eve l la v e ry f ew s t ood a sm uch a s5 0cm h igh ( s ee e spec ia l ly F igu re s 3a nd 4 ) .T he P ha se 3l e ve l ss t and i ne spec ia l ly m a rked c on t ra s t b o th t ot h e i mmed ia te ly o ve r ly ing ( Pha se 4 ) a nd t ot h e i mmed ia te ly u nde r ly ing ( Pha se 2 )l e ve l s , w h ich i nb o th c a se sw e re w e l lp r e se rved . T he p o s s ib le r e a son sf o rt h i s a noma ly w i l lb ec on s ide r ed a tt h ee nd o ft h ec hap te r . Me ina r t ii nB a l la i la t ime s( Pha se 2 )h ad b een aw a r ren o fs ma l la nd i regu la r ly s haped d we l l ing u n i t s ,t i gh t ly c l u s t e red i n to a f ew l a rge a gg rega t ion s , a s d esc r ibed i n Me ina r t i I( pp .6 9 102 ) .T he g r ea tm a jor i ty o fw a l l sw e r e n o mo r et h an 2 0cm t h ick ,a nd m any w e re c u rv ing .F igu re 5s how st h ep l an o ft h ev i l lage a si te x i s ted a tt h e e nd o f P ha se 2( Subpha se 2 c ) . B yt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 a , t h ec ommun i ty h ad b een v e ry l a rge ly r e bu i l t ,a sc an b es e en i nF igu r e6 .T he t yp i c a l ly t h in a nd o f ten c u rv ing w a l l s o fP ha se 2 h ad b een mo s t ly , t hough n o t e n t i re ly , r ep laced b y s t ou ter a nd s t ra igh te rw a l l s , v a ry ing i nt h ickne s s f r om 4 0 t o8 0cm .3 S ome w e re b u i l tu pd i rec t ly o nt h et op so fo lde ra nd t h in n e rw a l l s ,w h ich s e rved t h em a sf ounda t ion s . O the r sb e l o nged t ow ho l ly n ew b u i ld ing s , e r ec ted o ve rt h eb u r ied r ema in s o fe a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s . H e r e a nd t h e r e , h oweve r , s ome r emnan t so ft h eP ha se 2v i l lage s u rv ived ; mo s tn o t a b ly i nB u i ld ing XXXV a tt h ew e s ter ne dge o ft h es i te . T he p roce s so fr e bu i ld ing w i th s t ou tw a l l sw a s c l ea r ly n o tc a r r ied o u ta l a to nce .T he c on sp icuou sd if e rence si n w a l lt h ickne s se s ,s ome t ime sw i th in t h es ame b u i ld ing ,a r e

a lmo s tc e r ta in ly e v idence t ha td if e ren tw a l l sw e r e b u i l t o rr e bu i l ta td if e r en tt ime s ,t h et h ickne s sb e ing d e te rm ined b yp e rce ived n eed so ft h e momen t .I nf a c t ,r e bu i ld ing h ad a l ready b egun o n as ma l l s ca le d u r ing S ubpha se 2 c , a s e xemp l if ied i nt h e c a se s o fB u i ld ing s XXX I I I a nd L V I , s hown i nF igu re 5 .B yt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 at h ep roc e s s w a s much f u r the r a dvanced , w i th t h e r e su l tt h a t t h e S ubpha se 3 a p lan ( F igu re 6 ) s eem s t os how v e ry l i t t le r e semb lance t oi t sp redece s so r . O n ly av e ry c l o se c om p a r ison o ft h et wo p l an sw i l l r evea lt h a t an umbe ro ft h e n ew ,S ubpha se 3 aw a l l sw e re b u i l to nt h es ame a l ig nmen t s a st h e i rS ubpha se 2 cp redece s so r s . Mo s to ft h en ew b u i ld i n g sw e re n eve r the le s sf a r mo re r egu la ri no u t l ine a nd p l an t h an w e re t h e i rp redece s so r s , a nd r oom sw e r e g ene ra l ly l a rge r . T he b eg inn ing o f" u rban r enewa l" a tP ha se 3w a sv e ry p robab ly c oncu r r en tw i th ,a nd p e rhap ss t imu la ted b y ,t h e b u i ld ing o ft h ef i r s t Me ina r t ic hu rch ( Chu r ch XXXV I I I ) , a tt h ee a s te rn e dge o ft h ec ommun i ty .T he c on s t ruc to r so f t h ec hu rch w e re mo s tp robab ly p rof e s s iona lb u i lde r s ,a nd t h ev i l lage r s may h ave t a ken a dvan tage o ft h e i rp re sence t oa i di nt h ec on s t ruc t ion o rr e con s t ruc t ion o fo t he rb u i ld i n g s a sw e l l . T he s t ou t , s t ra igh t w a l l s a nd t h e r e la t ive ly n a r row r oom si nt h en ew ly b u i l to rr ebu i l th ou se ss ugge s t t h ep robab i l i ty t h a ta tl e a s ts ome o ft h em w e re c ove r ed b y v au l ted b r ick c e i l ing s ,a st h ec hu rch u ndoub ted ly w a s .I n t h ec ou r se o fl a te r mod if i ca t ion s ,h oweve r ,a l lw e re e ven t u a l ly r ep laced w i th t imbe red r oof s ,e xcep ti nt h ec a se o f t h ec hu rch . As e em ing a noma ly i sr ep re sen ted b yt h ee a s twa rd s h if t i nt h ec ommun i ty ' s" cen t e ro fg rav i ty ," a tt h et ime o fP ha se 3 .N o te t h a t , i nt h e p l an o fS ubpha se 2 c ( F igu re 5 ) , t h e n o r th sou th c en te r l ine o ft h ec ommun i ty c o r r e spond sm o r e o rl e s s t ot h e S ec t ion l i ne B -B ' . A tt h e w e s t s i de , m any h ou se s e x tended e ven b eyond S ec t ion l i ne A -A ' , w h i le o n ly af ew e x tended a ny d i s tance e a s to fS ec t ion l i ne C C ' . B yt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 a( F igu re 6 ) ,h oweve r ,t h e c ommun i ty ' s c en te r l ine i s ma rked b y S ec t ion l i ne C -C ' , a nd o n ly af ew r oom s e x tended as ho r t d i s tance t ot h e w e s to fS ec t ion l i ne A -A ' . F lood d amage a l ong t h ew e s t e r n s i de o ft h e v i l lage i st h e mo s t l i ke ly e xp lana t ion f o r t h i sd eve lopmen t . Id on o te nv i s ion av e ry l o ng h i a tu s ,i fa ny ,b e tween t h e e nd o fP ha se 2a nd t h eb eg inn ing o fP ha se 3 ,i ns p i te o f t h em a jo rd if e rence i nt h ef l oo rp lan sr ep re sen ted i nF ig u r e s 5a nd 6 .T he p l an o fS ubpha se 3 a ,w h i le i ts how st h e o l de s t r ema in s t h a t h ad s u rv ived , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly d oe s n o tg i ve ap i c tu re o ft h e c ommun i ty a tt h e b eg inn ing o f P ha se 3 .I ts how sr a the ra na ccumu la t ion o fc hange st h a t h ad t a ken p lace o ve r t ime . Many o ld w a l l s h ad c l ea r ly b een r ep laced b yn ewe ra nd h eav ie ro ne s ,b u ta tt h es ame t ime i tl o ok sa si fs ome o ft h en ew w a l l sh ad a l ready s uf -

'B o th s ubpha se s e xh ib i t t h e p o t te ry c omp lex o fC e ram ic I ndex C lu s te r E C2 , d a ted b e tween A .D . 6 50 a nd 8 50 . S ee Adam s 1 986 , 6 31 2S ubpha se

3 c e xh ib i t s I ndex C lu s t e r CCla ( A .D . 8 50 -950 ) , a nd

S ubpha se 3 d e xh ib i t s I ndex C lu s te r CC1b ( A .D . 9 50 1000 ) . S ee i b id . T he t y p ica l b r ick s i z e t h roughou t P ha se 3 w a s 3 6 x1 8 x8 cm . F o r c onven ience , a nd a l low ing f o r t h e t h ickne s s o fp la s te r , w a l l s

9

C O

n a l , t h in a nd c u rv ing w a l l s . H ow eve r , s eve ra ln ew d oo r w ay s w e r e o pened t h rough t h e i n t e r io r w a l l s , w i th t h e r e su l tt h a t a l l b u t o ne o ft h e o r ig ina l s u i te s i nt h e h ou se w e re n ow i n te r connec ted . N ew i n t e r io r b in s a nd o ven s w e r ea dded i nS u i t eF ,a nd t h eb u i ldup o fs and o u t s ide t h e w a l l sr equ i red t h ei n s ta l la t ion o f as e to fd e scend ing s t ep s , g i v ing a cce s st oS u i te G .N eve r the le s s ,t h i sw a st h eo n ly r emnan to ft h eB a l lar ia v i l lage t h a ts u rv ived ,a nd r e ta ined a ny th ing l i ke i t so r ig ina lf o rm ,a tP ha se 3 .

f e red d amage ,a nd b een r a the rh aphaza rd ly r epa i red . F o r c onven ience , Ih ave t a ken t h e A rab i n va s ion s o f A .D .6 42 a nd 6 52 a s ma rk ing t h ed i v id ing p o in tb e tween P ha se s 2a nd 3( s ee Me ina r t i1 ,1 02 ) , b u t Id o n o t s up p o se t h a tt h e se i n cu r s ion sw e r et h eo cca s ion f o ra ny p ro l o nged a bandonmen t .O nt h eo t he rh and t h e re w e re a ccu mu la t ion so f5 0t o1 00cm o fs and b e tween t h eS ubpha se 2 c a nd t h e S ubpha se 3 a f l oo r s i nm any p a r t s o ft h e s i te ( c f . F igu re s 3a nd 4 ) , i n d ica t ing t h a ti n d iv idua lb u i ld ing s s t ood i d le f o rc on s ide rab le p e r iod s b ef o re t h ey w e re r e b u i l t . T he f ou r s ubpha se s o fP ha se 3 c e r ta in ly r ep re sen t a

B u i ld ing XXX IV T h i s f o rme r ly d e luxe h ou se , f i r s t b u i l t a tS ubpha se l c , w a so r ig ina l ly s qua r ei np l an ,w i th b r ick v au l ted c e i l ing s a nd w a l l s6 0cm t h ick t h roughou t .4 I ts u rv ived w i th l i t t le mod if ica t ion t h rough S ubpha se s 2 a a nd 2 b , b u t b y S ubpha se 2 ci th ad l o s ti t so r ig ina lv au l ted r oof ,a nd h ad b e en d eep ly f i l led w i th r e f u se ( s ee Me ina r t iI ,7 0 ,7 1 ,73 ,75 ) . I tt h en s u rv ived o n ly a sa n u n roof ed w o rk ing a r ea , s u r r ounded b yl ow w a l l s . T he r emnan t sa ppa ren t ly c on t in u ed t os e rve i nt h es ame f a sh ion d u r ing S ubpha se 3 a ,t h e t o p so ft h eo r ig ina lw a l l ss t i l lp ro jec t ing 2 0o r3 0cm a bove t h es u r round ing s a nd .H oweve r ,t h eo r ig ina ls ou the rn w a l l h ad a ts ome p o in tb een r ebu i l tw i th t h inne rm a son ry .T he r e w a sn o th ing w i th in t h es u rv iv ing r emnan to ft h eb u i ld ing t oi n d ica te w ha ta c t iv i ty w a sc a r r ied o nw i th in i t ,d u r ing t h i sf i na le p i sode o fi t sl o ng h i s to ry .

c on t inuum o fo ccupa t ion , a l though t h e re may h ave b een t empo ra ry i n te r rup t ion sd ue t of l ood ing .O nce t h ev i l lage h ad b een r ebu i l t a tS ubpha se 3 a , h oweve r , t h e c hange s t h a tt ook p l ace a te ach s ucce s s ive s ubpha se w e re a lmo s t w ho l ly d egene ra t ive i nn a tu r e .H ou se p lan sb ecame mo re a nd mo re i regu la r , a nd r oom s s ma l le ra nd s ma l le r , u n t i l t h e s t anda rd o fh ou s ing a tS ubpha se 3 dw a st h e p oo res t o fa ny p e r iod a t Me ina r t i . B ecau se o ft h ec hao t ic p l an a nd o fp oo rp re se rva t ion ,i t i sn o te a sy t oi n te rp re tt h e P ha se 3a r ch i tec tu ra lr ema in s i n af unc t iona ls en se . No ta l lo ft h en ew b u i ld ing se r ec ted a tS ubpha se 3 aw e re n ece s sa r i ly m ean t ,i nt h eb eg inn ing , t ob e r e s idence s , t hough i ti sn o t a ta l l c l ea rw ha t o the r f unc t ion t h ey m igh th ave s e rved .B yt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 ct h ey -o rw ha tw a s l e f to ft h em -h ad a lmo s tc er ta in ly

O ther s urv iva l s

b ecome r e s idence s . T he d i v i s ion o ft h e l a rge rB u i ld ing s XXX I a nd L V I i n to s u i te s i s mo reove r s omewha t a rb i t r a ry .I tc anno tb es t a ted w i th a ny c e r ta in ty t h a tt h o se r oom c l u s t e r sd e s igna ted a ss u i te s( o u t l ined b yd o t ted l i ne s )w e re i nf a c tr e s iden t ia lu n i t s ,o rt h a tt h ey w e re n eve rc onnec ted

B u i ld ing XL I A tP ha se 2t h i sh ad b een af a i r ly l a rge b u i ld ing ,w i th t h ree o rm o re s u i te s , s t and ing a tt h es ou ther ne x t rem i ty o ft h e v i l lage . A l l o rp a r t o fi tm ay h ave c on t inued i nu se a t S ubpha se 3 a , b u to n ly o ne l a rge r oom a nd p a r to fa na d j o in ing o ne h ad s u rv ived b yt h et ime o fe xcava t ion .T he re w a s n o c hange i nt h o se r oom s , e xcep tt h a tt h e s ou the rn w a l lo ft h e l a rge r oom h ad b een r e bu i l tw i th s t ou te rm a -

w i th o ne a no the r .

S ubpha se 3 a( L eve l1 3 ) T he p l an o ft h i sl e ve l( F igu re 6 )p r e sen t sa ne r ra t ic c om b i na t ion o fo l da nd n ew c on s t ruc t ion .I te ncompa s se sb o th s t ra igh ta nd c u rv ing w a l l s ,o fe ve ry t h ickne s sf r om 2 0t o 8 0cm . T he h i gh ly s kewed p l an o ft h e o r ig ina l Me ina r t i c hu r ch ( Chu r ch ) (XXV I I I ) , t ob e d i scu ssed b e low , f u r t h e ra dd st ot h ei mp re s s ion o fe ccen t r ic i ty .A sn o ted e a r l i e r ,t h e r ea r ep robab ly t wo r e a son sf o rt h i sc i rcum s tance . F i r s t , t h ep l an c ap tu re s t h e c ommun i ty i nt h e m id s t o fa p roce s so ft r an s i t ion ,i nw h ich s om eo l d ,t h in -wa l led b u i ld -

s on ry . B u i ld ing LV I I T h i s s t ruc tu re w a s r e p re sen ted b y t h e r emnan t s o ft wo s ma l l , s t ou t ly w a l led r oom st h a tw e re o r ig ina l ly b u i l t a t S ubpha se 2 c ,b u tc on t inued i nu se f o r at ime i nS ubpha se 3 a . R ebu i l ts t ruc ture s

i n g sh ad b een r e inf o rced o ro ve rbu i l tb yt h ick w a l l s , a nd o t he r sh ad n o t .S econd ,s ub sequen tt ot h ee r ec t ion o fn ew b u i ld ing s , t h e re h ad a l ready b een d e s t ruc t ive f o rce s a t w o rk ,f o l lowed b yr a the rh aphaza rd r ebu i ld ing . O n t h e b a s i s p u re ly o fc e ram ic f i nd s , S ubpha se 3 a i s d a ted b e tween a bou tA .D . 6 60 a nd 7 50 .

B u i ld ing XXX I I I A tS ubpha se 2 c ,t h i sd e s igna t ion w a sg i ven o n ly t o as i n g l el a rg ea nd h eavy -wa l led r oom ( Room 1 )w h ich a d jo ined t h en or th s i de o ft h in -wa l led B u i ld ing L V I I I .B yt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 at h e l a rge n or ther nr oom r ema ined u na l t e r ed ,b u ts eve ra lo t he rh eavy -wa l led r oom sh ad b een b u i l t a l ong s ide i t .T he i rw a l l si ns ome c a se sr e s ted o nt h et op s o ft h eo l dB u i ld ing L V I I Iw a l l s ,w h i le o the r sd i dn o tf o l l ow t h e p l an o ft h e o l de rh ou se . T he w ho le c omp lex o f o l da nd n ew r oom sw a sd e s igna ted a tt h i sp ha se a sB u i ld i n g XXX I I I . T he p l an o ft h eh ou se a si ts u rv ived i sh i gh ly i regu la r , a nd p robab ly r e p re sen t so n ly t h ee a s ter nh a lf o ft h eo r ig i -

S urv iva l sf r om S ubpha se 2 c B u i ld ing XXXV T h i sb u i ld ing w a st h er emnan to f ao nce much l a rge ra g g l ome ra t ion o fr oom s ,b u i l to r ig ina l ly a tS ubpha se 2 aa nd e x t en s ive ly m od if i ed a tS ubpha se s2 ba nd 2 c( s ee Me ina r t i I ,7 0 ,71 ,73 ,75 ) .B yt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 ao n ly t h e mo re s ou the r ly r oom s s u rv ived , c omp r i s ing S u i te s C , D , E ,F , a nd G . T he r e w a s r e la t ive ly l i t t le mod if ica t ion i nt h e se r oom s ,w h ich ,w i th o n ly o ne e xcep t ion ,r e ta ined t h e i ro r ig i -

' Fo rd i scu s s ion o f Me ro i t ic a nd B a l lar ia d e lux eh ou se s s e eA dam s 1 977 , 3 57 .

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n a !b u i ld ing .F o rn oo bv iou sr e a son ,t h es t ruc tu r eh ad w a l l s v a r iou s ly o f2 0 ,4 0 , 6 0 , a nd 8 0cm t h ick , a ss hown i nt h e p l an ( F igu re 6 ) .A tt h en or th o ft h e h ou se w a st h e l a rge , o b long r oom ( Room 1 ) ,s u rv iv ing f r om S ubpha se 2 c . A s b ef o re ,i tw a se n te r ed f r om o u t s ide t h rough a td oo ri ni t s e a s te rn w a l l ,b u ti th ad n oc onnec t ion w i th a ny a d jo in ing r oom . T he f l oo r l e ve l w a s r a i sed b y a bou t 3 0cm a bove t h a to fS ubpha se 2 c .R oom 1w a sd e s igna ted ,a tS ubpha se 3 a ,a sS u i te A . A d jo in ing t h es ou th s i de o fR oom 1w a s al i ne o fi n te r c onnec ted r oom s , e x tend ing i n an or th sou th d i r ec t ion , t h a tw e r ed e s igna ted a sS u i te B .T he mo s tn o r the r ly ,R oom 2 ,h ad 4 0 -cm w a l l sr e s t ing d i r ec t ly o nt h et op so fo l dB u i ld i n gL V I I Iw a l l s .F o rs ome r ea son ,R oom 2w a ss e pa ra ted f r om t h ea d jo in ing R oom 1b y ad oub led w a l l ,w i th a na i r s pace 2 0cm w ide l e f t b e tween t h e t wo w a l l s egmen t s . R oom 2 o pened o n t h e s ou th i n to t h e l ong a nd n a r row R oom s 3a nd 4 ,w h ich w e re e nc lo sed b y2 0 -cm w a l l s a t t h ew e s ta nd s ou th ,w e r e s epa ra ted f r om e ach o t he rb ya 4 0 -cm w a l l , a nd w e re e nc lo sed o nt h e e a s tb ya n 8 0 -cm w a l l .T h i sl a t te rc i rcum s tance w a sd ue t ot h ef a c tt h a tt h e 4 0 -cm e a s tw a l lo fB u i ld ing ) (XX I I Ia nd t h e4 0 -cm w es t w a l l o fB u i ld ing XXX I w e re d i rec t ly c on t iguou s a tt h i s p o in t .T he r a the ri r regu la r ,t h in w a l lt ha te nc lo sed S u i te B o nt h es ou th w a sa c tua l ly as u rv iv ing r emn an to fo l dB u i ld i n g XXXV w h ich h ad n o tb een r ebu i l to ro ve rbu i l t . T he re w a s n o i n d ica t ion w he re S u i te B h ad b een e n t e red f r om t h e o u t s ide , b u t mo s t o ft h e w es te rn w a l l o f R oom 3w a sm i s s ing , a nd t h e re c ou ld h ave b een ad oo r w ay s omewhe re a l ong i t .A tt wo p o in t sa l ong t h ew e s te rn s i de o fS u i te B t h e re w e re s ma l l p ro jec t ing r emnan t s o f w al ,i n d ica t ing t h ep robab le p re sence o fa dd i t iona lr oom s a tt h ew e s ts i de o ft h eb u i ld ing .T he e a s te rn s i de o fS u i te Bd i rec t ly a d jo ined n ew ly b u i l tB u i ld ing XXX I ,t ob ed e s c r ibed b e low . No f l oo r f e a tu re s o fa ny k ind w e re p re s e rved i ne i the rS u i te A o rS u i te B .

( Room 1 4 ) . A no the r d oo rway o pened f r om t h e mo re n o r the r ly R oom 1i n to a n o pen p l aza t ot h e e a s t , b u t i t a ppea red t oh ave b een c u t t h rough a ts ome t ime s ub se q uen t t ot h e o r ig ina l b u i ld ing o ft h e h ou se . T wo h and m ade p o t te ry v e s se l sw e re b u r ied i nt h ef l oo ro fR oom 2 , a nd t h e r ew a s as ma l lc e ram ic o ven i no ne c or n e ro fR oom 1 4 . S u i t eB ,a d jo in ing S u i te A o nt h ee a s t ,c on s i s ted o ft wo l a rge r oom s ( Room s 4a nd 5 ) , a nd amuch s ma l le rr oom ( Room 3 )p a r t i t ioned o fw i th in R oom 4 .I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tR oom 3w a s at o i le tc hambe r , o ft h ek ind t h a tc ame i n to g ene ra l u se i nC la s s ic C h r is t ian t ime s ( Pha se 4 ) . A l ow i n t e r io r p a r t i t ion o f ma son ry r an a c ro s s t h e r oom , a nd t h i s m igh t h ave b een t h e s uppo r t f o r ar a i sed t o i le t p l a tf o rm o ccupy ing t h es ou the rn t h i rd o ft h er oom .E l se w h e re i nt h es u i t e ,t h e re w e re t h er ema in so f as ma l lb r ick l i ned f i rep la ce n ea rt h e c en te ro fR oom 4 .I ti sn o tc l ea r h ow S u i te B w a s e n te r ed , s i nce n o d oo rway s w e re p re s e rved i na ny o ft h ee x te r io rw a l l s . H oweve r ,t h e r ew e re m i s s ing s e c t ion sb o th i nt h ew e s tw a l l o fR oom 3a nd i n t h e e a s t w a l l o fR oom 5 ,a nd t h e re c ou ld h ave b een a d oo rway a te i the ro ft h e se l o ca t ion s . S u i te C c omp r i sed al i ne o ft h ree r oom s( Room s6 -8 )i n as t ra igh t r ow a l ong t h e s ou the rn s i de o ft h e h ou se , a d j o in ing b o th S u i t e s Ba nd A .T he se r oom sw e r ee n te red a t t h ee a s t ,f r om an a r row p a s sage s epa ra t ing B u i ld ing XXX I f r om B u i ld ing XXX I I .I n te r io rd oo rway sl e df r om R oom 8t oR oom 7 ,a nd f r om R oom 7t oR oom 6a tt h e i n ne r e nd o ft h e s u i te . Ah and -made v e s se l w a s b u r ied i nt h e f l oo ra l ong s ide t h ew e s tw a l lo fR oom 8 . S u i t e Dw a s ag roup o ff ou rv e ry s ma l lr oom s( Room s 9 12 ) a d jo in ing t h e n o r thea s t s i de o fS u i te B . T he o n ly e n t ry t ot h es u i te w a st h rough ad oo rway f r om R oom 5o f S u i t eB ,i n d ica t ing s ome k i nd o ff unc t iona l i n te r connec t i on b e tween t h et wo s u i te s . W i th in t h e d oo rway , w h ich l e di n to R oom 1 0o fS u i t eD , t h e re w e re t wo d e scend ing s t ep s , s i nce S u i te D s t ood o n l ower g round t h an i t s n e ighbo r . Wh i le t h en o r th ,w es t ,a nd s ou th w a l l so fS u i te Dw e re 4 0cm t h ick , t h e e a s tw a l l a nd a l l o ft h e i n te r io r p a r t i t ion sw e r e2 0 -cm w a l l s .T he s u i te ,a tl e a s ti nt h ef o rm t h a tw a s p r e served , a ppea r st oh ave b een al a te a dd i t ion t oB u i ld ing XXX I ,b u ti tm igh tr ep re sen t ar e s to ra t ion o f a no l de rg roup o fr oom st h a th ad b een d e s t royed b yf l ood i n g .T h i sw ou ld a c coun tf o ri t sc omb ina t ion o f4 0 -cm w a l l s , p robab ly s u rv iv ing f r om t h eo r ig ina lb u i ld ing ,a nd 2 0 -cm w a l l s w h ich w e re mo re p robab ly l a te rr epa i r s . T he i n te r i o ra r rangemen to fs ma l l i n te rconnec ted r oom si nS u i te Dc on t ra s ted w i th t h e l a rge rr oom s i n mos to t he rs u i te s , a nd w a s mo re n ea r ly r em in i scen t o fP ha se 2h ou s ing a t Me ina r t i . T o t h e s ou th o fR oom s 9 12 w a s as i ng le f a i r ly l a rge r oom ( Room 1 3 ) ,e nc lo sed e n t i r e ly b y4 0 -cm w a l l s ,w h ich i si n c luded f o rc onven ience i nS u i te D a l though i td i dn o t i n t e r connec tw i th t h eo t he rr oom so ft h es u i te . I tw a se n t e red f r om o u t s ide t h rough ad oorway i ni t s e a s t w a l l . T he re c ou ld h ave b een ad oorway a l so i nt h ew e s tw a l l , l e ad ing i n to S u i t eB ,b u tt h i sc ou ld n o tb ed e t e rm ined s i nce m o s to ft h ew e s tw a l lw a sm i s s ing .

B u i ld ing XXX I T h i sl a rg e ,r ough ly s qua r eh ou se d i rec t ly a d jo ined t h ee a s t s i de o fB u i ld ing ) (XX I I I .A l though i tw a sp robab ly c on s t ruc ted i nt h eb eg inn ing e n t i re ly w i th 4 0 -cm w a l l s , s ev e r a lo ft h e se w e re b u i l tu pd i rec t ly f r om t h et op so fo lde r , 2 0 -cm w a l l s o fB u i ld ing XL I I I . O n t h e e a s t , t h e h ou se w a s s epa ra ted b y an a rrow p assage f r om C hurch XXXV I I I , a nd o n t h e s ou th an a r row s t ree t s epa ra ted i t f r om B u i ld ing L V I .T he n o r the rn w a l lo ft h eh ou se a sp re s e rved d oe sn o ta ppea rt ob et h eo r ig ina l , b u t al a te ra nd s omewha th aphaza rd r ebu i ld ing ;c on sequen t ly t h eo r ig i n a ln o r ther ne x ten to ft h eh ou se i su ncer ta in . Mo s tw a l l s o fB u i ld ing XXX Iw e re v e ry s t ra igh ta nd e ven a nd w e re 4 0cm t h ick ,e xcep tf o rt h en o r the rn w a l la nd f o rt h et h in w a l led S u i te D a tt h ee a s t ,w h ich a ppea r st oh ave b een a l a te r a dd i t ion . T he w a l l b e tween S u i tes B a nd C , h ow e ve r , w a s 8 0cm t h ick ; i tw a s c omp r ised o ft wo d i rec t ly c on t iguou s4 0 -cm w a l l s .T h i ss ugge s t st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a t S u i te C w a sa no the rl a te ra dd i t ion , b u i l ta l ong s ide S u i te Bb u tn o ts ha r ing ap a r ty w a l lw i th i t . S u i te A w a st h ed e s igna t ion g i ven t ot wo r oom s( Room s 1a nd 2 ) a tt h e n o r thwe s t c or n e r o ft h e h ou se , d i rec t ly a d jo in ing B u i ld ing XXX I I I . T hese r oom s w e r e e n te red f r om t h e s ou th t h rough ak ind o fL shaped p a s sageway

B u i ld ing LV I T h i s w a s t h e l a rge s t a nd mo s t i n te res t ing , b u t a l so t h e

1

l i t t le d oub tt h a tt h ey w e re o r ig ina l ly b u i l ta tS ubpha se 3 a . T he s ma l l s ou the rn r oom s ( Room s 1 4 17 ) w e r e a ppa r e n t ly a l i n te r connec ted ,b u tt h e r ew e r en op r e served d oo r w ay s i na ny o ft h et h ree l a rge n o r ther nr oom s . T he s ou thwe s t q ua r te r o fB u i ld ing L V I l o ok s a s i fi t may o r ig ina l ly h ave b een al a rge o pen p l aza ,p e rhap sg iv i n g a cce s s t ot h e r oom s o fS u i t e Ba sw e l l a st ot h e a d j o in ing B u i ld ing XXX IV t ot h ew e s t . H oweve r , a ts ome p o in t as i ng le l a rge ,v e ry i regu la r ly s haped r oom ( Room 1 9 )w a sb u i l ti nt h em idd le o ft h ep l aza . I ts t ood e n t ire ly f r ee o fa l l t h e s u r round ing s t ruc tu re s , a nd w a s e nc losed b y mo s t ly c u rv ing , 2 0 -cm w a l l s . T h i s r oom w a s d es ig n a ted f o rc onven ience a sS u i t eE .T he e nc lo s ing w a l l sw e re n o tf u l ly p re se rved , a nd t h ea r rangemen to fd oo rway s i s u nce r ta in . T he p re sence o f ar e ba te s ugges t s t h a t t h e re may h ave b een a n e n t ranceway i nt h em idd le o ft h e e a s t w a l l , b u t t h e re a ppea r s t oh ave b een al a rge a per tu re i n t h ew e s tw a l la sw e l l . At y p ica ls l eep ing ma s taba a d jo ined t h em idd le o ft h es ou th w a l l -t h eo n ly s uch f e a tu re f ound i na ny h ou se o fS ubpha se 3 a .

mo s t e r ra t ic i np l an , o ft h e S ubpha se 3 a h ou se s . I tw a s r ough ly r e c tangu la ri no u t l ine ,a nd w a s mo s t ly s epa ra ted f r om o t he rb u i ld ing st ot h en o r th , e a s t , a nd w e s tb yn a r r ow s t ree t s .H oweve r , ap o r t ion o ft h ew e s tw a l li n co rpo r a ted t h es u rv iv ing e a s tw a l lo fB u i ld ing XXX IV ,a nd o n t h e s ou th t h eh ou se w a s a d jo ined b y t h e s u rv iv ing r em n an t s o fB u i ld ing XL I . T he r e w e re a tl e a s tt wo o u t s ide d oo rway st ot h ec omp lex ,o ne e ach i nt h en or th a nd i nt h e w e s tw a l l ,b u tt h e re may w e l lh ave b een o t he r si ns e c t ion s o ft h ew a l lt h a td i dn o ts u rv ive . T he p l an o fB u i ld ing L V Ie xh ib i t s av e ry i regu la rc om b i na t ion o fo l d , r ebu i l t , a nd n ew ly -bu i l tw a l l s . T he o u t s i de e nc lo s ing w a l l sw e re 4 0cm t h ick a l ong t h en o r th a nd 6 0cm t h ick a l ong t h e e a s t s i de s , w h i le t h e w e s t o u t s ide w a l lw a sc omp r i sed mo s t ly o fs u rv iv ing o l de rc on s t ruc t i on s , p a r t ly 2 0cm a nd p a r t ly 6 0cm t h ick . Much o ft h e s ou th w a l lw a st h eo ld n o r th w a l lo fB u i ld ing XL I ,w h ich s t i l ls u rv ived a tt h i sp o in t . I nt h en o r the rn p a r to fB u i ld ing L V I , mo s tw a l l so fS u i te Aa nd ap a r t o fS u i te B r e s ted o n t h e t op s o ft h e o lde r S u i te A w a l l s o fS ubpha se 2 c . T he n ew w a l l s h oweve r , w e re 4 0cm r a the r t h an 2 0cm t h ick , a nd w e r e c on s ide r a b ly s t ra igh te rt h an t h e i rp r edece s so r s . S u i te A w a sa c tua l ly as i ng le l a rge r oom ,p a r t ia l ly s ub d i v ided b y aw ing w a l ln ea ri t sw e s te rn e nd , a nd e n te red f r om t h eo u t s ide b y an a r row d oo rway i nt h ew e s tw a l l .I t w a se nc lo sed o na l ls i de sb y4 0 -cm w a l l s . S u i te B o ccup ied a pp rox ima te ly t h e n o r thea s tq ua r te r o fB u i ld ing L V I . I tw a s a n i n te r connec ted s u i te o fs i x r oom s( Room s2 -7 ) ,e n te r ed t h rough aw ide d oo rway n ea r t h e n o r thwe s t c o rne r , f r om t h e o pen s t ree t t ot h e n or th . A l l t h e w a l l s w e re 4 0cm t h ick , e xcep t f o r o ne i n te r io r p a r t i t ion ( be tween R oom s 6a nd 7 )w h ich l o oked a si fi t h ad c o l lap sed ,a nd b een r e bu i l tw i th t h inne rm a son ry .T he t h ree n o r the rn r oom s o fS u i te B w e re b u i l t mo re o rl e s s o nt h ea l ignmen to fo lde r ,t h in -wa l led r oom so fS ubpha se 2 c ,a nd r e ta ined t h eo r ig ina ld oo rway .T he s ou ther nr oom s h oweve rd i dn o tf o l low t h ea l ignmen to fe a r l ie rw a l l s .T he mo s t s ou the r ly r oom ( Room 7 )a ppea r s t oh ave b een a s l a rge a st h e o t he rf i ve c omb ined , a l though i tm ay o r ig i n a l ly h ave b een s ubd iv ided b ya n i n te r io rp a r t i t ion . T he s i ze o ft h er oom s ugge s t st h a ti tw a sp robab ly a nu n roof ed c ou r tya rd a tS ubpha se 3 a . T he r ew e re n os u rv iv ing i n te r i o rf e a tu re si na ny o ft h er oom so fS u i te B . S u i te C i st h ed e s igna t ion g i ven t ot wo v e ry l a rge r oom s ( Room s 8a nd 9 )l y ing t ot h ew e s to fS u i te B , a nd o ccu p y ing t h en o r thwe s tq ua r te ro fB u i ld ing L V I .T he i n te r io r w a l l s w e re u n if o rm ly 4 0cm t h ick , b u t t h e w e s t w a l l o f R oom 8w a s a n o ld 2 0 -cm w a l l s u rv iv ing f r om B a l la f ia t ime s .T he s ou th w a l lo ft h et wo r oom sw a se n t i re ly m i s s i n g . T he d oo rway st ob o th r oom s mu s th ave b een i nt h e m i s s ing s ou th w a l l ,s i nce t h e r ew e re n od oo rway si na ny o ft h es u rv iv ing w a l ls . S u i te D i st h e d e s igna t ion g i ven t o ac l u s te r o ft h ree l a rge a nd f ou r s ma l l r oom s ( Room s 1 17 ) , o ccupy ing t h es ou thea s tq ua r te ro fB u i ld ing L V I .T he i n te r io rw a l l s i nt h i s s u i te w e re u n if orm ly 2 0cm t h ick , a nd t h eg ene ra l a r rangemen to fr oom sw a sm o re r em in i scen to fP ha se 2 t h an o fP ha se 3a r ch i tec tu r e . N eve r the le s s t h e se r oom s d i d n o t , w i th o ne e xcep t ion , r e ta in t h e a l ignmen t o ft h e S ubpha se 2 ch ou se sw h ich t h ey o ve r lay ,a nd t h e re s e em s

N ew b u i ld ing s B u i ld ing XXX I I T h i se xcep t iona l ly s t ou t -wa l led h ou se w a st h e mo s tr egu l a ri np l an o fa ny P ha se 3c on s t ruc t ion , a nd t h e o n ly o ne w ho se p lan w a sn o td e te rm ined b yt h ea l ignmen to fa ny p rev iou sb u i ld ing . T he h ou se s t ood a tt h ee a s ts i de o ft h e c ommun i ty , o ng round t h a th ad n o tb een o ccup ied s i nce e a r ly B a l la t ia t ime s . I tw a sp robab ly f r ee s tand ing w hen o r ig ina l ly b u i l t ,a nd w a ss e pa ra ted b y av e ry n a r row ,s l op i n gp a s sage f r om B u i ld ing L V It ot h ew e s t .A t al a te rd a te , f l im sy s t ruc tu re sw e re b u i l ta d jo in ing t h e e a s ta nd s ou th w a l l s ,a l though o n ly s ma l lr emnan t so ft h e se h ad s u rv ived . T he m a in b u i ld ing ( Room s 1 5 ) .T he m a in p a r to fB u i ld i n g XXX I I w a s a n e l onga ted r e c tang le , s ubd iv ided i n to f i ve o rp o s s ib ly s i xi n te r io rr oom s .A l lo ft h ew a l ls ,b o th e x te r io ra nd i n te r io r ,w e r e6 0cm t h ick -h eav ie rt h an mo s t o ft h eo the rS ubpha se 3 aw a l l se xcep tt h o se o ft h ec hu rch . A lmo s tc e r ta in ly ,t h eb u i ld ing o r ig ina l ly h ad b r ick -vau l t ed c e i l ing s . T he s t ruc tu re w a s , u nhapp i ly , v e ry p oo r ly p re s e rved ,a nd s ome d e ta i l so fi t sp l an a r eu ncer t a in . E n t ry t oB u i ld ing XXX I I w a s t h rough av e ry n a r row d oo rway a tt h es ou thwe s tc or n e r .T he i n te r io ro ft h eb u i ld i n g w a s d iv ided b y an o r th sou th p a r t i t ion i n to e a s te rn a nd w e s te rn h a lve so fr ough ly e qua ls i ze ,a nd t h ew e s ter n h a lf a tl e a s t , w a s f u r the rs ubd iv ided i n to t h ree i n te rcon n ec ted r oom s . Whe the rt h ee a s t e rn h a lf w a ss im i la r ly p a r t i t ioned c ou ld n o tb ed e te rm ined ,a sl a rge s e c t ion so ft h e w a l l sw ere m i ss ing .T he re i sa l so ,f o rt h es ame r e a son ,n o c e r ta in i n d ica t ion t h a t t h e re w a s a n i n ter na l c onnec t ion b e tween t h e e a s te rn a nd w e s ter n h a lve s , a l though t h is s e em sv e ry l i ke ly s i nce t h eb u i ld ing h ad o n ly o ne o u t s ide d oorway . T he o n ly i n te r io rf e a tu re so fa ny k i nd t h a t s u rv ived i n B u i ld ing XXX I I w e re ap a i ro fh and -made p o t s , b ur ied s i de b y s i de i nt h e c en te r o ft h e f l oo r i nR oom 1 .T he s t ou tne s so ft h ew a l l sa nd t h er e gu la r i ty o ft h ep l an l e ave s l i t t le d oub tt h a tt h es t ruc tu r ew a sb u i l tf o ro t her t h an d o m e s t ic p u rpo se s , b u t w ha t i t s f u nc t ion m igh th ave b een c anno tb ed educed f r om t h es c an ty s u rv iv ing r ema in s .O n 1 2

t h eb a s i so f av e ry d en se a ccumu la t ion o fa mpho ra f r ag m en t s i nt h e f i l l , Io nce s ugge s ted t h a tB u i ld ing XXX I I m igh th ave b een at a ve rn o r aw ine s t o r ehou se ( Adam s 1 968 ,2 02 ) ,b u tt h i sr ema in sn om o re t h an ac on jec tu r e . R oom 6 .A d jo in ing t h e n or thwe s t c o rne r o fB u i ld ing XXX I I w a s av e ry s t ou t -wa l led r oom ( Room 6 ) , w h ich f o rc onven ience i st r ea ted a sp a r to fB u i ld ing XXX I Ia l t h ough i th ad n oi n te rconnec t ion w i th t h eo t he rr oom so f t h eh ou se .I th ad , i nf a c t ,n ol a t e ra le n t rance i na ny o fi t s f o u rw a l l s , a nd c an o n ly h ave b een e n te red f r om a bove . W i th in , t h e r e w a s ap a i r o fs t ou t i n te r io r b u t t re s se s a d j o in ing t h ew e s tw a l l ,w i th ak i nd o fr a i sed s t ep b e tween t h em ,w h ich m igh th ave b een m ean ta s ac onven ience f o r p e r son sc l imb ing i na nd o u to ft h er oom . Mo s tp robab ly

a tt h ee a s te rn e nd o ft h eb u i ld ing ,b enea th t h en ew f l oo r , w h i le a tt h ew e s ter ne nd s ome f e a tu re sw e r e e n t i r e ly o b l i t e ra t ed . T ra ce s o fw h i tewa sh w e re f ound b o th o n t h e i n te r io r a nd o nt h ee x te r io ro ft h eo r ig ina l ,C hu r ch XXXV I I Iw a l l s . W i th in t h en ave ,t h er ema in so ft h r ee s u cce s s ive c oa t sw e r e o b se rv ed . T he p l an .T he mo s ti mmed ia te ly s t r ik ing f e a tu r eo ft h e o r ig ina l Me ina r t ic hu r ch w a s i t ss kewed p lan . T he a ng le f o rmed b yt h ej unc tu r eb e tween t h ee nd w a l l sa nd t h es i de w a l l sd ev ia ted f r om at r ue r i gh ta ng le b ya lmo s t2 0 ° ,a nd t h i ss kew ing w a sr epea ted i nt h ea r rangemen to fi n te r io r w a l l sa nd p i la s te r sa sw e l l . T h i sf e a tu re , a l though h igh ly u nu sua l , w a s n o t u n ique t o Me ina r t i . I tw a s f ound i na t l e a s tt h ree o the rv e ry e a r ly Nub ian c hu rche s , t h ough t h e a ng le o fs kew i ne ach c a se w a s s omewha t l e s s e x t reme t h an a t Me ina r t i . T he o t he rs kewed c hu rche sw e r e a l l i n t h e F a ra s a rea : t he e a r l ies t c a thed ra l a t F a ra s Wes t ( M icha 3o w sk i a nd G e r s te r 1 967 , 4 8 ) , t h e S ou th D e se r t C hu rch a tF a ra s We s t ( M i leham 1 9 10 , p l . 1 7 ) , a nd t h e No r th C hu rch a tF a ra sE a s t( i b id . ,p l . 2 3) . A pa r t f r om i t s s kewed o u t l ine , t h e e a s ter np o r t ion o f C hu rch XXXV I I I e xh ib i ted t h et y p ica lb a s i l ican p l an o f e a r ly Nub ian c hu rche s , e l sewhe re d e s igna ted b y m e a s T ype 2 b( Adam s 1 965a , 1 08 10 ) .T he re w a s as imp le h a lf r ound a p se ,e nca sed w i th in ar e c tangu la rs he l lo fm a son ry . F lank ing i to ne i the rs i de w e r es ma l lc or ne rr oom s ,w h ich h ad n od i rec tc onnec t ion t ot h ea p se ( c f .P la te 2 b ) .T he se r oom s i no t he r Nub ian c hu r che s h ave o f ten b een d e s ig n a ted a s t h e s a cr i s ty ( on t h e n o r th ) a nd t h e b ap t i s t ry , t h ough t h e re i sr a re ly a ny d i rec te v idence a st ot h e i rf unc t i on ( i b id . ,9 3 -4 ) . I n an o rma lc hu rch p l an t h et wo c o rne r r oom s s hou ld h ave o pened r e spec t ive ly o n to t h e n o r th a nd s ou th a i s le s , b u tn od oo rway s c ou ld a c tua l ly b e d i s c er n ed i nt h ep re se rved p or t ion so ft h ew a l l sa t Me inar t i . I tc an o n ly b ea s sumed t h a tt h ed oo rway sh ad h i gh t h r e sh o ld s , a t al e ve l a bove t h a t t ow h ich t h e w a l l s w e r e p re s e rved .T he re w a sn op a s sage t ot h ee a s to ft h ea p se ,c on n ec t ing t h e t wo c o rne r r oom s . T o t h e w e s t o ft h e a p se a nd c o rne rr oom s ,t h ec en t ra lp o r t ion o ft h e c hu rch c on s i s ted o f an ave , s epa ra ted b ya r cade s f r om t h e a i s le s t o t h en or th a nd s ou th . T he a r cad ing h ad b een s uppo r ted o n b road m a son ry p i la s te r s , o fw h ich t h e s t ump s w e r e s t i l l p re se rved a tf l oo rl e ve l . F o r t h e r e a son s d i scu s sed a bove , t h e w es te rn e nd o f C hu rch XXXV I I I w a sp oo r ly p re se rved , a nd t h e s u rv iv i n gr ema in sa r en o te a sy t oi n te rp re t . T hey d on o tc o r re s pond e xac t ly t oa ny o ft h ef am i l ia r Nub ian c hu rch p l an s ( Adam s 1 965a , f i g . 4 ) . T o b eg in w i th , t h e p la cemen t o f t h ed oo r sw a sa symme t r ica l .A l though t h ey w e r e ,a su sua l , i nt h e n o r th a nd s ou th w a l ls , t h ey w e re n o t a te qua l d i s t a nce sf r om t h ec o rne r so ft h eb u i ld ing ( c f . F igu re 6 ) . J u s tt ot h ew e s to ft h en o r th d oo rway t h e re w a s ac r o s s w a l l w h ich a ppa ren t ly r an mo s t o ft h e w ay a c ro s s t h e c hu r ch , c l o s ing of b o th t h e n o r th a i s le a nd t h e n ave a t t h e i rw e s te rn e nd s . T he p or t ion o fw a l l w h ich c l o sed of t h en ave w a so fs t ou tm a son ry ,a nd l o ok st oh ave b een a n o r ig ina l f e a tu re o ft h e c hu rch , w h i le t h e p o r t ion e x tend i n g a c ro s s t ot h e n o r th w a l l , c l o s ing of t h e n o r th a i s le , w a so ft h inne rm a son ry , a nd m ay h ave b een al a te ra dd i t i on . T he r ew a sn o s im i la rc l o su re a tt h ew e s te nd o ft h e

t h er oof o fR oom 6w a sr e a ched b ym ean so ft h en a r row , s l op ing p a s sage , e qu ipped w i th as e t o fw ide ly s paced a s cend ing s t ep s , t h a tr a nb e tween B u i ld ing s XXX I I a nd L V I .I ts e em sl i k e ly t h a tt h er o om w a sd e s igned a s as t rong r oom ,w he re v a luab le sc ou ld b es t o red w hen t h e re w a sa t h r ea to fm a raude r s . C hur ch XXXV I I I A l though t h e C h r i s t ian iza t ion o fN ub ia w a s a ppa ren t ly c omp le te b ef o re t h e e nd o ft h e 6 t h c en tu ry , ' n o c hu rch w a sb u i l ta t Me ina r t iu n t i lt h em idd le o ft h ef o l low ing c en t u ry ,a tt h eb eg inn ing o fP ha se 3 .T he p l a ce c ho sen f o rt h e b u i ld ing w a sa tt h ee a s ts i de o ft h ev i l lage ,o ng round t h a t h ad s e rved a s ar e f u se d ump d u r ing t h el a t t e rp a r to fP ha se 2 .I tw a st ob et h es i te o f as u cce s s ion o fc hu rch b u i ld ing s , a l e r ec ted o nt h es ame o r ig ina lf ounda t ion s , f o rt h en ex t s e ven c en tu r ie s .T he s t o ry o ft h e Me ina r t iC hu rch w i l lb e t o ld mo re f u l ly i n af u tu r ev o lume (M e inar t iI V ) , a nd t h e f e a tu re so ft h eS ubpha se 3 ab u i ld ing w i l lb ed e sc r ibed o n ly i nb r ief h e r e . C hu r ch XXXV I I Iw a sb u i l to nt h ee a s te rn s l ope o ft h e m ound , c on s ide rab ly b e low i t s s umm i t . T o c ompen sa te f o rt h es l op ing g round , ak i nd o ff ounda t ion p l a tf o rm w a s f i r s te r ec ted ,t oc r ea te am o r el e ve l f oo t ing f o rt h eb u i ld i n g . I tw a s b u i l t o f mud f i l l , e nc lo sed w i th in s t ou t m a s on ry w a l l s .C u r iou s ly e nough ,t h ep l a t f o rm s e em st oh ave b een d e s igned t oa ccommoda te ar egu la r ly r e c tangu la r b u i ld ing ,a l though t h ef i r s tc hu rch t h a tw a sa c tua l ly b u i l t o ni tw a sf a rf r om r egu la ri ns hape ( s ee b e low ) .I ns p i te o f t h i sa r t if ic ia l ly l e ve led p l a tf o rm ,t h eo r ig ina lc hu rch f l oo r s t i l lh ad ac on s ide rab le d ownwa rd s l ope f r om w e s tt oe a s t , s ot h a t t h e f l oo r a tt h e e a s te rn e nd o ft h e b u i ld ing w a s a bou t3 0cm b e low t h a ta tt h ew e s te rn e nd ( c f . e spec ia l ly F igu re 4 ) . T h i s i regu la r i ty w a s c o r r ec ted a tS ubpha se 3 b , w hen t h eo r ig ina lc hu rch w a sr a zed a nd e n t i re ly r ebu i l t .T oc r e a t e ag enu ine ly l e ve lf l oo rf o rt h en ew c hu rch ( d e s igna ted a sC hu r ch XXXV I ) , t h e w e s ter n e nd o ft h e o ld c hu rch w a sd i sman t led a lt h ew ay t og r ound l e ve l ,w h i le t h ew a l l s f u r the re a s tw e r el ef ts t and ing t oi n c rea s ing ly h ighe rl e v e l s ,r ema in ing t o ah e igh to f3 0cm a tt h e e a s te nd o ft h e b u i ld ing ( c f . P la te 2 a -b ) . T he i n te r io r a r ea b e tween t h e w a l ls t ump sw a st h en f i l led w i th r ubb le ,t oc r ea te al e ve l f l oo rf o rt h en ew c hu r ch . B ecau se o ft h i s l e ve l ing p roc e s s ,d e ta i l so ft h eo r ig ina lc hu r ch p l an w e re f u l ly p r e served F o r t h e c onve r s ion o ft h e N ub ian s s e e A dam s 1 977 , 4 38-45 .

1 3

o therw i se h ave b een w e l la bove t h es l op ing g round s u r f a ce o u t s ide . B o th p l a tf o rm s w e r e c r ea ted b y u s ing , a s r e ta in ing w a l ls ,t h et o p so fo l dh ou se w a l l sf r om P ha se 2 ( Bu i ld ing s XL IV a nd XLV ) . T he o u te r f a ce s o ft h e t wo p la tf o rm sw e re r e v e t t ed w i th l a rge s t one ss e ti nh eavy mud mo r ta r , g i v ing t h em ac on s ide rab ly b a t te red p rof i le , a nd t h e a r ea b eh ind t h e r e ta in ing w a l l s w a s s o l id ly f i l led i n w i th m ud a nd r ubb le t oc r ea te t h er amp s . T he a mphora c ache . J us t t o t he e a s t o f C hurch XXXV I I I , i nt h en a r row s t ree ts epa ra t ing i tf r om B u i ld i n g XXX I , ah o le 1 60cm l o ng , 1 00cm w ide , a nd 6 0cm d eep h ad b een d ug .I tw a sf ound t oc on ta in n of ewe rt h an 2 5e mp ty w ine a mpho rae o fE a r ly C h r i s t ian t y pe s ,w h ich h ad b een v e ry c a r ef u l ly l a id i no nt h e i r s i de s ( P la te 2 d ) . Two o ft h e u ppe rmo s tv e s se l s w e r e o ft h e T heban Wa re U 4 , w h ich a l lt h e o t he r sw e r e o fA swan Wa r eU 2 ( t ob e d i scu s sed l a te r ,u nde r" The f i nd s" ) .A l l o ft h ea mpho rae w e re a ppa ren t ly i n ta c tw hen b u r ied ,t h ough s eve ra lo ft h e u ppe rmo s to ne sh ad s ub sequen t ly b een c r ack ed f r om t h e p re s su re o fo ve rbu rden . T he a mpho ra c ache c ou ld b ea s s i gned u nm i s takab ly t oS ubpha se 3 a ,b ecau se a tS ubpha se 3 b ,w hen t h ec hu rch w a sr ebu i l t ,t h eh o le a nd i t sc on ten t s w e re c ove red o ve r b y ap l a tf o rm b u i l t a l ong t h e w e s t c hu r ch w a l l( c f .F igu r e7 ) . Why t h e se v e s se l sw e re s oc a r e f u l ly p r e se rved i ss ome th ing o f amy s t e ry ,s i nce i ti sc l ea r , f r om t h ee v idence o ft h ou sand so fd i sca rded a nd b roken v e sse l s , t h a ta mpho rae w e r en o tn o rma l ly r e tu rnab le . I n a ny c a se ,t h el o ca t ion o ft h ec ache s ugge s t ss ome c onnec t i on w i th t h ec hu r ch .

s ou th a i s le . Ac ro s s -wa l la tt h i sp o in t , i nt h ev e ry e a r l ies t N ub ian c hu rche s , w ou ld h ave s e rved t op a r t i t ion of a n a r thex a tt h ew e s te rn e nd o ft h eb u i ld ing ,6 b u tt h ep a r t i t i oned a r ea a t Me ina r t i w a s much l a rge r t h an t h e u sua l c hu rch n a r thex . Mo reove r , a t ap o in t s t i l l f u r the r w e s t , t h e re w e re d ef in i te t r ace so f as qu a r ec o rne rr oom i nt h e s ou thwe s tc o rne ro ft h eb u i ld ing ,a nd s ome i n d ica t ion so f ap o s s ib le c or ne rr oom i nt h en o r thwe s tc o rne ra sw e l l . I n te r io rf e a tu re s .I ni t sa r rangemen to fi n te r io rf e a tu re s , C hu rch XXXV I I I w a s s im i la r t o o the r e a r ly Nub ian c hu r che s o fT ype 2 b . T he re w a sn ot r ibune ( i . e . s t epped c ho i rs ea t s ) i nt h e a p se , a sw a s c ommon i nc hu rche s o f s omewha tl a te rt ime s ( Type 3 ;s e eA dam s 1 965a , 9 8 -9 ) . J u s te nough m a son ry s u rv ived t os how t h a tt h e re h ad o nce b een ap u lp i ti nt h eu sua lp o s i t ion ,a d jo in ing t h en o r thea s t n ave p i e r( c lea r ly v i s ib le i nP la te 2 b ; s e ea l so i b id . , 9 9 ) . N ot r ace o fa na l ta rw a sf ound ,b u ti ts e em sp robab le t h a t t h ea l ta rw ou ld h ave b een l o ca ted d i rec t ly w i th in t h ea p se , a si no t he re a r ly Nub ian c hu r che s ( i b id . , 9 8 ) . I fl o ca ted w i th in t h en av e ,i tw ou ld h ave p a r t ia l ly o b scu red t h e" mo s a ic" c ro s sd e s ign i nt h ef l oo r ,t ob ed e sc r ibed b e low . As ho r ts e c t ion o fw ing w a l l s e rved t op a r t i t ion of a n a r ea a tt h e e a s t e nd o ft h e n o r th a i s le , a no the r c ommon f e a tu re o fN ub ian c hu rche s . I t sp u rpo se w a s a ppa ren t ly t os c reen o fa na r ea t h rough w h ich t h ec l e rgy c ou ld p a s s o nt h e i rw ay f r om t h es a c r i s ty t ot h ea p se ,s i nce t h e r ew a s n o d i rec t c onnec t ion b e tween t h e t wo . H oweve r , t h e re w a sn oe v idence t h a tt h ec hu rch h ad e ve rb een e qu ipped w i th ah igab o ri k ono s ta s i s , w h ich i fp re sen tw ou ld a l so h ave o b scu red ap a r to ft h e mo sa ic f l oo rd e s ign . T he " mo sa ic" f l oo r . A l though C hu rch XXXV I I I w a s u nu sua li n an umbe ro fr e spec t s ,i t s mo s tt r u ly d i s t inc t ive f e a tu re w a si t s" mo sa ic" f l oo r .T he e n t i re f l oo ra r ea i nt h e n ave a nd i nb o th a i s le sh ad ac on t inuou sp av ing o fr ound ed , w a terwor n r i ve r c obb le s , s e t i n amor ta r o f mud . I nd i v i dua ls t one sv a r ied c on s iderab ly i ns i ze a nd s hape ; mo s t w e re ab i t l a rge rt h an t h e s i ze o f ag rapef ru i t ( P la te 2 c ) . N ea r ly a l t h e c obb le s w e re o f af i ne , g ranu la r s t one o f r edd i sh -b rown c o lo r , b u t i nt h e c en te ro ft h en ave t h e se h ad b een r ep laced b yc obb le so fw h i te q ua r tz i te s oa st o f o rm ac r o s s d e s ign i nt h e p avemen t . T he c en te r o ft h e c r o ss w a sj u s t i nt h e c en te r o ft h e n ave , w i th t h e l o ng m embe re x tend ing e a s twa rd t owa rd t h e a p se ( P la te 2 c ) . A s t h e p l a te s how s , t h e c ro s s d e s ign w a s n o t f u l ly p re s e rved ; s ome o ft h e o r ig ina l w h i te s t one s h ad b een r e p l aced a t al a te rd a te w i th r ed -b rown o ne s ,d e s t roy ing t h e s ymme t ry o ft h ed e s ign . T he c obb le s tone p avemen td i dn o te x ten ti n to t h ea p se o rt h et wo e a s t er nc or ne rr oom s ,a l lo fw h ich w e re f l oo red w i th mud b r ick s s e to n e dge . T he f l oo rl e ve l i nt h ea p se w a s v e ry s l igh t ly h ighe r t h an t h e a d jo in ing f l oo r i nt h e n ave . I nt h e w e s te rn p o r t ion o ft h e c hu rch , n o t r ace o f a ny f l oo r ing s u rv ived a f t e rt h el e ve l ing a nd r ebu i ld ing a t S ubpha se 3 b . T he a pp roach r amp s . T he n o r th a nd s ou th w a l l s o f C hu r ch XXXV I I I w e re a d jo ined , a tt h e i r w e s te rn e nd s , b y l ow p l a tf o rm s t h a t e x tended e a s twa rd a s f a r a s t h e d oo rway s . T he se w e re c l ea r ly m ean t t op rov ide al e ve l a cce s st ot h et wo c hu rch d oo r s ,w ho se t h re sho ld sw ou ld

S ummary a nd i n terpr e ta t ion o tS ubpha se i a S ubpha se 3 aw a s at i me o fw ho le sa le u rban r e newa l , i n t h e c ou r se o fw h ich n ea r ly e ve ry h ou se a t Me inar t i w a s r ebu i l to ro ve rbu i l t . T he t h in a nd o f t en c u rv ing w a l l s o f S ubpha se 2 c w e re mos t ly r ep laced b y h eav ier a nd s t ra igh te rw a l l s , t h ough m any o ft h e se w e re e r ec ted d i r e c t ly o nt op o ft h in e a r l ie rw a l l s . A s b ef o r e , t h ev i l lage p lan w a so ne i nw h ich as e r ie so fs u i te s ,e ach c omp r i s ing f r om t h r ee t os even i n t e rconnec ted r oom s ,w e r ec l u s te red t oge the ri n to l a rg e r" hou se s ." R oom si ng ene ra lw e r el a rg e r t h an a tP ha se 2 .A t l e a s t s ome o ft h e n ew ly b u i l t s t ruc t u re sw e re p robab ly n o tr e s idence s , a l though w ha to the r f unc t ion t h ey m igh th ave s e rved c ou ld n o tb ed e te rm ined , s i nce t h e r ew e re a lmo s tn os u rv iv ing f l oo rf e a tu re s .H e re a nd t h e r e , e spec ia l ly a tt h e w e s ter ns i de o ft h e c ommu n i ty ,s ome r emnan t so ft h ee a r l ie rv i l lage o fB a l la r ia t ime s s u rv ived w i th l i t t le m od if ica t ion . T he r e bu i ld ing p r oce s sp robab ly b egan c on cu r r en t ly w i th t h e b u i ld ing o ft h e f i r s t Me ina r t i c hu rch , a tt h e e a s te rn s i de o ft h ec ommun i ty .T he r e s iden t sm ay h ave t a ken a d v an tage o ft h ep r e sence o fp rof e s s iona lb u i lde r s ,w ho c ame t o c on s t ruc t t h e c hu r ch . ' H oweve r , t h e r ebu i ld ing w a s n o tn ece s sa r i ly c omp le ted a l la to nce ;i tm ay h ave c on t in u ed o ve rs eve ra ld ecad e s .B yt h ee nd o fS ubpha se 3 as ome o ft h en ew s t ruc tu re sh ad t h em se lve sb egun t os uf e rd am a ge o rd i lap ida t ion ,a nd h ad b een r e pa i red w i th s omewha t i r regu la rm a son ry .

'F o r t h e e mp loymen t o fp rof e s s iona l b u i lde r s i nm odem Nub ia 6I n

c hu rche s o fT ype l a ; s ee A dam s 1 965a , 1 03 -5 .

s ee Wenze l 1 972 , 2 0 -21 .

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T he c e ram ic f i nd sf r om L eve l 1 3e xh ib i tt h et y p ica lc ha r a c te r i s t ic s o fI ndex C lu s te r EC2 , w h ich h a s b een d a ted b e tween A .D .6 50 a nd 8 50 .8T he v e s se l sa nd s he rd sw e r e o ve rwhe lm ing ly o fE a r ly C h r i s t ian w a re s (W a re G roup N . I I I ) , b u t w i th s ome a dm ix tu re o fs u rv iv ing X -G roup p o t t e ry (W a re G roup N . I I ) .9 O nt h e b a s i s o fc e ram ic a s w e l la ss t ra t ig raph ic e v idence ,S ubpha se 3 ah a sb een d a t ed f r om A .D . 6 60 t o7 50 .

4 0 -cm w a l l sw e re o ve rbu i l tw i th much t h inne ra nd s ome w ha tc u rv ing w a l l s .T he se mo s t ly p r e se rved t h es ame a l ign m en ta st h a to ft h eu nde r ly ing 4 0 -cm w a l l s ,b u tt h e re w a s ac on s ide rab le r e a r rangemen t o fd oo rway s . A s ar e su l t , S u i te C w a s n ow af a i r ly t yp ica l r e s idence , c omp r i s ing t h r ee i n te r connec ted r oom s ,e n te red f r om t h es ou th .T he re w a s as l eep ing m a s taba a d jo in ing t h e s ou th w a l l o ft h e l a rge s t r oom ( Room 5 C ) . T he re a ppea r s t oh ave b een a s ma l la s cend ing f l igh to fs t ep si nt h en o r thea s tc or n e ro f t h e r oom , o fw h ich t h e t wo l owe rmo s t s t ep s w e r e p re s e rved . T he s t ep sw e re c u t d i rec t ly i n to t h et h ickne s s o f t h e e a s t h ou se w a l l , w h ich a tt h i s p o in t h ad b een v e ry m uch t h ickened ( s ee B u i ld ing XXX I ,b e low ) . I ti sp o ss i b l e t h a t t h e s t ep s a s cended t o ad oo rway i n to S u i te B i , w h ich o t he rw i se h ad n or e cogn izab le e n t ryway ( s ee b e l ow ) .

S ubpha se 3 b ( Leve l1 2 ) I n t h e c en t ra l a nd h ighe s t p a r t o ft h e Me ina r t i mound , t h e re w a sa na ccumu la t ion o fb e tween 5 0cm a nd 1m o f s and a nd r ubb le b e tween t h e S ubpha se 3 aa nd S ubpha se 3 bf l oo rl e ve l s .N eve r the le s s ,t h ec hange st h a tt ook p la ce a tS ubpha se 3 b w e re n o t s ub s tan t ia l , w i th o ne n o tab le e xcep t ion :t h ec omp le te r e bu i ld ing o ft h e Me ina r t ic hu r ch . I na dd i t ion ,o ne n ew h ou se w a sb u i l ta l ong s ide i t . E l se w he r e , t h e v i l lage h ouse s mo s t ly u nderwen tt h e t yp ica l mod if i ca t ion sa nd a dap ta t ion st h a ta lway so ccu r red o ve r t h e c ou r se o ft ime . T he r ema in s a tL eve l 1 2 w e re h ow e ve rv e ry p oo r ly p re se rved ,a nd n oc omp le te d e sc r ip t ion c an b eg i ven f o ra ny b u i ld ing ,e xcep tf o rt h en ew ly r ebu i l t c hu r ch .T he p l an o ft h es u rv iv ing r ema in si ss hown i nF ig u r e7 .O nt h eb a s i so fc e ram ic f i nd s ,S ubpha se 3 bi sd a ted b e tween a bou t A .D . 7 50 a nd 8 50 . T he p lan s how s t h e c ommun i ty n ea rt h ee nd o ft h i st ime s pan .

B u i ld ing XXX I T h i sh ou se u nderwen tv e ry c on s ide rab le mod if ica t ion .A t i t sn o r thwe s ter ns i de ,t h ew a l ls epa ra t ing t h eh ou se f r om B u i ld ing XXX I I I w a s d oub led i nt h ickne s s , s o t h a t i t s n o r ther ns e c t ion ( ad jo in ing R oom 1 )w a s n ow o ve r 1 m t h ick , w h i le t h e s ou ther n s e c t ion ( a d jo in ing R oom 2 A ) w a s n ea r ly 2m t h ick . T h i s w a s d one b y t h e a dd i t ion o f m a son ry o nt h eB u i ld ing XXX Is i de ( t ha ti s ,t h ee a s ts i de ) r a the r t h an o n t h e B u i ld ing XXX I I I s i de . Wh i le t he s t reng then ing o f o lde r w a l l s w a s ag ene ra l f e a tu re o f S ubpha se s3 aa nd 3 b , t h er e a son f o rt h i se x t reme c a se i s f a rf r om c l ea r . O ne p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion i st h a tB u i ld ing XXX I I I h ad a l ready b een a bandoned , a nd s and h ad b e g un t op i le u p a ga in s t i t sn ow -expo sed e a s t w a l l , a tt h e t ime w hen t h i s mod if ica t ion w a sc a r r ied o u t .I ti sn o tab le , h oweve r ,t h a tt h ee a s ta sw e l la st h ew e s tw a l lo fR oom 1 w a sd oub led i nt h ickne s s . S u i te A w a sf o rme r ly ap a i ro fe l onga te r oom s( Room s 1a nd 2 ) , c onnec t ed e nd to -end , a tt h e n o r thea s t s i de o f t h eh ou se .A tS ubpha se 3 bh oweve rt h ed oo rway b e tween t h e t wo w a s b locked , a nd t h e mo r e s ou the r ly r oom w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n s tead i n to S u i te B l , b y t h e o pen ing o fa n ew d oo ri ni t se a s tw a l l . A t t h en or th o ft h e s u i te , e n t ry t oR oom 1w a s a lway s t h rough ad oorway i ni t s e a s t w a l l , f r om a n o pen p l aza b eyond .A tS ubpha se 3 b ap a r to ft h ep l aza w a se nc lo sed w i th in ar egu la r4 0 -cm w a l l , s ot h a t i tb ecame ak i nd o f w a l led c our tya rd a d jo in ing R oom 1 .T he re w e re t h ree d e scend ing s t ep si nt h ed oo rway ,f r om t h eh ighe rl e ve li n t h er oom t ot h e l owe rl e ve l i nt h ep l aza .

Mod if ica t ions B u i ld ing XXXV O ft h i so nce l a rge h ou se ,w ho se o r ig in sd a ted a l lt h ew ay b a ck t ot h e b eg inn ing o fP ha se 2 ,o n ly as ma l l r emnan t s u rv ived a tw ha th ad o r ig ina l ly b een i t ss ou thea s tc o rne r . H e re t h ee x ter na le nc lo s ing w a l l s ,o f2 0 -cm ma son ry ,s t i l l s u rv ived , b u t s eve ra l o ft h e i n te r io rp a r t i t ion s h ad b een r ebu i l tw i th 4 0 -cm m a son ry ,c on t inu ing t h ep roce s so fw a l l s t reng then ing t h a t h ad b egun a tS ubpha se 3 a . T he f o r m e r ly l a rge R oom 2 5 ( Su i te G )w a sd iv ided b y a4 0 -cm i n te r io rp a r t i t ion ,a nd i t sn o r th w a l lw a sa l so r ebu i l tw i th h eav ie rm a son ry .T he f o rme re n t ryway f r om S u i te Fw a s b locked ,a nd an ew ,w ide d oo rway w a sc u tt h rough f r om t h eo u t s ide ,a tt h es ou th e nd o ft h es u i te . O n ly s ma l lr em n an t so fS u i te s Ea nd Fs u rv ived ,a nd a l lt r ace o ft h eo t he r s u i te s , Ca nd D ,h ad d i sappea red . B u i ld ing XXX I I I T he re w a s an umbe r o fc hange s i nt h e i n te r io r a r range m en t s o ft h i s h ou se . T he l a rge R oom 1( Su i te A ) a tt h e n o r th w a su nmod if ied . I nS u i te B ,h oweve r ,R oom 2w a s d iv ided b y as t ou tc r o s s -pa r t i t ion i n to t wo s ma l lr oom so f e qua ls i z e . I ti sn o tc l ea rh ow t h e se r oom sw e re e n te r ed , s i nce t h e f o rme rd oo rway f r om R oom 2t oR oom 3w a s v e ry s o l id ly b locked . R oom s 3a nd 4 s e em ing ly u nde r w en tn oc hange ,e xcep tt h a t as ma l lc o rne rb i nw a sb u i l t i nR oom 3 .A tt h es ou th e nd o ft h eh ou se ,t h e mo s ts ou th e r ly r oom s w e r e c on s ide rab ly mod if ied , a nd a r e d e s ig n a ted a tt h i s s ubpha se S u i te C .N ea r ly a l l o ft h eo r ig ina l

S u i te B . T he o r ig ina l s u i te w a s n ow s ubd iv ided i n to t h r ee s u i t e st h a tw e re n o ti n te rconnec ted ;t h ey a r ed e s ig n a ted a sS u i te sB i , B 2 , a nd B 3 . S u i te B1 ,a tt h ew e s t ,w a sm ade u po ft h ef o rme rR oom 2o fS u i te A , a nd t h e f o rme r R oom 3o fS u i t e B , a f t e r a d oo rway w a sc u tt h rough b e tween t h em .F o rme rR oom 2 w a s f u r the r s ubd iv ided b y an ew p a r t i t ion , i n to R oom s 2 A a nd 2 B .A tt h e s ame t ime t h eo r ig ina l d oo rway f r om R oom 3t oR oom 4( i nS u i te B 2 )w a sb locked ,l e av ing n o a ppa ren te n t ryway i n to S u i te B l . I ti sp o s s ib le h oweve r t h a tt h es u i te w a se n te red b yw ay o ft h er emnan to fs t a i r w ay p r e se rved i nS u i te C o fB u i ld ing XXX I I I( d e sc r ibed

' Fo r d i scu s s ion a nd d a t ing o f i n dex c l u s te r s s ee A dams 1 986 ,

a bove ) , w h ich c ou ld p o s s ib ly h ave l e du pt o ad oo rway . W i th in R oom 2 Ao fS u i te B 2 , ap o t te ry v e s se lw a sb u r ied

6 27-32 . ' Fo r f u r the r d i scu s s ion o fw a r e g roup s s e e " The P o t te ry ," b e low .

1 5

c hambe r( c a l led R oom 3a tt h i ss ubpha se ) ,w i th n oa ppa r e n t e n t ryway . T he n ew e nc lo s ing w a l l s a tt h e s ou ther n a nd s ou thea s te rn s i de o ft h er oom w e re 6 0cm t h ick ,w h i le t h o se a tt h e n o r th w e re 2 0 o r4 0 -cm w a l l s . D e sp i te t h e a ppa ren tl a ck o f ag round leve ld oo rway ,t h er oom h ad a

i nt h en o r thwe s tc o rne r ,a nd as ma l lk i ln o rf i rep la ce a d j o ined t h em idd le o ft h en o r th w a l l . S u i te B 2w a st h er emnan to fS u i te B a f t e rR oom 3h ad b een d e tached a tt h ew e s t , a nd R oom 5t ot h e e a s t . T he s u i te c on s i s ted o ft wo r oom s , 4 A a nd 4 B , c r ea ted w hen t h e o r ig ina l l a rge R oom 4w a s d i v ided b y ac r o s s -pa r t i t i on . I ft h e re w a s a ny l a te ra l e n t ry t ot h e se r oom s i tc an o n ly h ave b een a tt h en or th ,w he re mo s to ft h ew a l lw a s

m a s taba b u i l ti n to i t ss ou thwe s tc or n e r . F o rme r R oom s 5a nd 7n ow s u rv ived a sa n i n te rcon n ec ted s u i te o ft h ree r oom s , a s t h e l a rge R oom 7 w a s s ubd iv ided i n to t wo ( Room s 7 A a nd 7 B ) b y a n i n t e r io r p a r t i t ion .T he se t wo r oom sw e re t h e mo s ti n te re s t ing f e a t u r e o ft h e h ou se , f o r t h ey w e re r ebu i l t , a nd a l so s epa r a ted f r om e ach o t he r ,b yw a l l sn o l e s st h an 6 0cm t h ick . R oom 7 B w a s e n te r ed t h rough an a r row d oo rway f r om R oom 5 ,a nd as e cond d oo rway o pened f r om R oom 7 B i n to R oom 7 A . T he r e w a s a ppa ren t ly n o g round leve l a cce s s t ot h et h ree r oom s . B u r ied i nt h ef l oo r so fR oom s7 Aa nd 7 Bw e re n of ewe r t h an n ine h and -made v e s se l s :t h ree a l ong t h ee a s tw a l lo f R oom 7 A , t wo mo re o rl e s s i nt h e d oo rway b e tween t h e t wo r oom s ,a nd f ou ri nt h en o r thea s tc or n e ro fR oom 7 B . T h i sf e a tu re ,t a ken t o ge the rw i th t h ev e ry s t ou tn ew w a l l s , s ugge s t st h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a tR oom s7 Aa nd 7 Bw e re m ean t t os e rve a s ak ind o fs t rongho ld o rb ank , i nw h ich m em b e r so ft h ec ommun i ty c ou ld h id et h e i rv a luab les f o rs a f e k eep ing . H oweve r ,n o th ing o fv a lue w a sf ound i na ny o f

m i s s ing . T he re w a s as ma l l m a son ry -enc lo sed b in , c on t a in ing ab u r ied h and -made v e s se l ,i no ne c or n e ro fR oom 4 B . S u i te B 3 i st h ed e s igna t ion g i ven t oR oom 5o ff o rme r S u i te B , w ho se d oo rway t oR oom 4 w a s n ow b l ocked . I n s tead , t h er oom w a s e n te red t h rough an ew d oo ri ni t s n or thea s tc o rne r ,f r om ap a s sage t h a th ad b een o pened u p b e tween S u i te B 3 a nd S u i te D . T he re c ou ld a l so h ave b een a n i n te rconnec t ion w i th S u i t e Ct ot h e s ou th a nd w i th R oom 1 3 t ot h e w e s t , s i nce t h e w a l l s i nt h e s ou th w e s te rn p a r to ft h er oom w e re n o tp re se rved . S u i te C ,a tt h es ou th e nd o fB u i ld ing XXX I ,a ppea r st o h ave b een t h el e a s tm od if i ed p a r to ft h es t ruc tu r e ,a l though t h e w a l l s a ti t s e a s ter n e nd w e re n o t p re se rved . I tw a s p robab ly e n te r ed a sb ef o re t h rough ad oo rway a ti t ss ou th e a s tc o rne r .W i th in ,t h ef o rme rp a r t i t ion b e tween R oom s 7a nd 8w a sn ow r emoved ,a nd t h et wo b ecame o ne v e ry l a rge r oom .R oom 9w a sp a r t i t ioned of a tt h ew e s te nd a s b ef o re .T he re w a sn ow ar a i sed p l a tf o rm i nt h en o r thwe s t c or n e r o fR oom 7 ,w h ich w a s a lmo s t c e r ta in ly at o i le t p l a tf o rm s i nce ac l eanou th o le w a s c u tt h rough t h ew a l l a d jo in ing i t .( Th i sc an o n ly m ean t h a tS u i te C o fB u i ld ing XXX I I I , o n t h e o t he r s i de o ft h e w a l l , h ad b een a ban d oned b y t h i s t ime . ) T he re w a s a l so av e ry s ma l l b r ick l i ned b in i nt h en o r thea s tc or n e ro fR oom 9 ,a nd ap o t te ry

t h ev e s se l s . S u i te C .I nt h i ss u i te ,a tt h en o r thwe s tc or n e ro fB u i ld i n g L V I , t h e l ong a nd n a r row R oom 8w a s r e bu i l t w i th 4 0 -cm w a l l s a l l t h e w ay a round . I tw a s n ow e n te red t h rough ar eba ted d oo rway i ni t s s ou thea s t c o rne r , a nd w a sd iv ided b y at h in i n te r io rp a r t i t ion i n to n or ther na nd s ou the rn p o r t ion s ,R oom s8 Aa nd 8 B . Ah and -made v e s s e lw a sb u r ied i nt h ef l oo rc l o se t ot h ed oo rway b e tween t h e t wo r oom s .A long s ide , t h e l a rge rR oom 9w a s u na l t e red e xcep t t h a t i tw a s e qu ipped w i th an ew s ou ther n w a l l o ft h in ma son ry . As ma l l q u seba ( mud s i lo ) s t ood

v e s se lw a sb u r ied a tt h eb a se o ft h ew e s tw a l lo fR oom 8 . S u i te D ,a tt h ee a s t er ns i de o fB u i ld ing XXX I ,w a sr e la t i ve ly l i t t le mod if i ed , e xcep tt h a ti t s mo s tn or the rn r oom ( Room 9 )w a s d iv ided i nh a lf . T he w e s te rn h a lf , w h ich h ad f o rme r ly a d jo ined t h e e a s tw a l l o fS u i te B , n ow b e c ame a no pen p a s sageway ,a l low ing a cce s st ob o th S u i te B 3 a nd S u i te D f r om t h en o r th . T he e a s ter nh a lf h ad i t s

b e s ide t h en ew w a l l . O fS u i te D , a tt h e s ou thea s t c o rne r o fB u i ld ing L V I , o n ly r emnan t ss u rv ived a tL eve l 1 2 .T he o n ly n o tewo r thy c hange w a si nR oom 1 ,w h ich d i rec t ly a d jo ined t h es ou th s i de o fS u i te B . Am a s taba h ad i n i t ia l ly b een b u i l ti nt h e n o r thwe s tc o rne ro ft h i sr oom ,b u ti th ad b een p a r t ly d e s t royed a t al a te rd a te w hen as ma l lk i ln w a si n s ta l led b e s i de t h en o r th w a l l . When t h ek i ln w a si n s ta l led , ap o r t ion o ft h e o u t s ide w a l lo fS u i te B w a sa l so c u ta way . S u i te E w a so r ig ina l ly a ni r r egu la rs haped , f r ee -s tand i n gr oom ( Room 1 0 )e nc lo sed b yt h in a nd c u rv ing w a l l s .

n o r th w a l lr ebu i l ta t ap o in ts omewha tf u r the rn o r th t h an t h e o r ig ina l , a nd h ad as ma l l s l eep ing m a s taba i n s ta l led a l ong s ide t h es ou th w a l l .T he re w a sn oc hang ei nt h eo t he r r oom so fS u i te D . B u i ld ing LV I T he s ou the rn h a lf o ft h i sh ou se w a sv e ry p oo r ly p r e se rved , b u t a ppea r s t oh ave u nde rgone l i t t le mod if ica t ion . T he n o r the rn h a lf h oweve rw a sv e ry e x ten s ive ly mod if ied . T he f o rme rS u i t eA ,a tt h en or thwe s tc or n e ro ft h eb u i ld i n g ,h ad d i sappea r ed w hen t h es t r ee tt ot h en o r th o fi tw a s w idened i n to as ma l lp l aza . S u i te B , a tt h e n o r thea s t o ft h e h ou se , w a s t h e mo s t e x ten s ive ly mod if i ed o fa ny r oom c omp lex i nt h ev i l lage . A l l i t s w a l l s w e re r e bu i l t , mo s t ly w i th s t ou t e rm a son ry t h an t h eo r ig ina l s .T he n ew w a l l sg ene ra l ly f o l lowed t h e a l ignmen t o ft h e i r p r edece s so r s , b u t t h ey w e re s l igh t ly m o re c u rv ing ,a nd h ad s omewha tr ounded c o rne r s .A tt h e n o r thwes t c orne r o f t he s u i te , R oom 2 , t h e f o rme r e n t ryway , w a s l o s t a l ong w i th t h e a d jo in ing S u i te A . F o rme rR oom s 3 ,4 ,a nd 6w e r er e bu i l ta s as i ng le l a rge

A t S ubpha se 3 bt wo a dd i t iona lr oom s ( 17 a nd 1 8 ) w e re b u i l t a d jo in ing i t ,o n t h e n o r th . T hey w e r e n o t h oweve r i n te rconnec ted w i th t h eo r ig ina lR oom 1 0 . S u i te Fw a s an ew d e s igna t ion a tS ubpha se 3 b . A tt h e p r ev iou s s ubpha se , B u i ld ing s L V I a nd XXX I I h ad b een s epa ra ted b y an a r row p a s sage , e qu ipped w i th w ide ly s pa ced , a s cend ing s t ep s . A tt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 bt h e p a s sage w a sw a l led o f ,a nd w a sa l so s ubd iv ided b yi n te r n a l p a r t i t ion s i n to t h r ee v e ry s ma l l a nd n a r row r oom s . T he se w e re c o l lec t ive ly d e s igna ted a sS u i te F . B u i ld ing XXXI I O ft h i sh ou se o n ly t h ew e s ter nh a lf ,c omp r i s ing R oom s 1 3a nd ap a r t o fR oom 6 ,s u rv ived a tL eve l 1 2 . Whe the r

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F igure 7 . P l an o ft h e r ema ins a tL eve l 1 2 ( Subpha se 3 b ) . c .A .D . 8 50 . H eavy l i nes i n d ica te t h e o u t l ines o fs epa ra te ly n umbe red b u i ld ing s : d o t ted l i ne s i n d ica te t h e b ounda r ie s b e tween s u i tes .

t h ee a s te rn h a lf w a ss t i l l i nu se a tS ubpha se 3 b , a nd w a s d e s t royed b y f l ood ing a t al a te rd a te , o rw he the r i tw a s a l ready a bandoned a tt h et ime o fS ubpha se 3 b , c ou ld o f c ou r se n o tb ed e te rm ined .T he b u i ld ing ,o rw ha tw a sl ef t o fi t ,w a s s t i l l e n te red t h rough an a r row d oorway a ti t s s ou thwe s t c o rne r , i n to R oom 3 ,b u t i ta ppea r s t h a t t h e i n te rna ld oo r sf r om R oom 3t oR oom 2a nd f r om R oom 2 t oR oom 1h ad b een b l ocked .T he re i sn oi n d ica t ion a st o h ow t h e t wo n o r the r ly r oom s w e re n ow e n te red . T o t h e n o r th o ft h em a in b u i ld ing , t h e s epa ra te R oom 6w a sr e b u i l tw i th 4 0 -cm i n s tead o ft h eo r ig ina l6 0 -cm w a l l s ,b u t o n ly t ho se a tt h e n or th a nd w e s t s u rv ived . T wo p o t te ry v e sse l sw e r eb u r ied i nt h en o r thwe s tc or ne ro ft h er oom .

mo s t ly p r e se rved o n ly t o ah e igh to fa bou t2 5 -40 c m .S ince t h ec hu rch o fP ha se 4( d e s igna ted a sC hu rch V I )w a sb u i l t e xac t ly o n t h e p l an a nd o n t h e w a l l s t ump s o fi t s p red e ce s so r , h oweve r , i tw a s n o ta lway s p o ss ib le t oi d en t if y e xac t ly t h e p o in t o fj unc tu re b e tween n ewe r a nd o lde r w a l l s . T he p l an . A s b ef o r e , t h e e a s t e nd o ft h e c hu rch w a s c omp r i sed o fa n a p se f l anked o n e i the r s i de b y c or n e r r oom s . T he a p se w a s s l igh t ly n a r rowe r , i nr e la t ion t oi t s d ep th , t h an i t sp r edece sso r , a nd i tw a s e nca sed w i th in a h eav ie rm a s s o f ma son ry . T he t wo c o rne rr oom s h ad n o d i rec tc onnec t ion t ot h e a p se , b u tw e re e n te red b y d oo r w ay sf r om t h ea d jo in ing a i s le s . I nt h ec en t ra lp a r to ft h e b u i ld ing ,t h en ave w a ss epa ra ted f r om t h en o r th a nd s ou th a i s le sb yf ou rL shaped , s ymme t r ica l ly p laced p i e r st ha t m igh th ave s uppo r ted ac upo la . T he w e s te nd w a so ccu p i ed , a s u sua l , b y t wo s ma l l c orner r oom s , b u t t he i r e n t ryway sw e re n o ts ymme t r ica l ly p l aced .T he n o r thwe s t c or ne rr oom w a s e n te red b y ad oo r i ni t s e a s tw a l l , f r om t h en or th a i s le ,w h i le t h es ou thwe s tc o rne rr oom w a se n t e red t h rough ad oo ri ni t sn o r th w a l l , f r om t h ew e s te nd o ft h en ave .T he f l oo rl e ve li nb o th c or ne rr oom sw a so ne s t ep h ighe rt h an t h a ti nt h er ema inde ro ft h ec hu rch . T he c hu r ch w a sf l oo r ed w i th h a rd p acked mud .B o th t h ei n te r i o r a nd t h e e x te r io r o ft h e b u i ld ing h ad e v iden t ly b een w h i tewa shed ,a sw a st h ep reced ing c hu rch . T he c hu r ch d oo rway sw e r ea tt h e i ru sua ll o c ii nt h en o r th a nd s ou th w a l l s , j u s t t ot h e e a s t o ft h e w e s ter n c o rne r r oom s . B o th d oo r s w ere f i t ted w i th r a i sed , c u t s t one t h re sho ld so fs and s tone . I ne ach c a se ,t h e re w a sa n e x t ra s t ep u pf r om t h eo u t s ide g round s u rf ace t ot h el e ve lo ft h e t h re sho ld , a nd a n e x t ra s t ep d own f r om t h e t h re sho ld t o t h ef l oo ro ft h ec hu rch . Whe the ro rn o tt h ec hu rch h ad a ne a s te rn p a s sage , b e h i nd t h ea p se ,i su nce r ta in ,d ue t ov e ry p oo rp re se rva t ion a tt h ee a s te nd o ft h eb u i ld ing .T he re w a sd ef in i te ly ad oo r i nt h ee a s tw a l lo ft h en o r thea s tc o rne rr oom ( of ten c a l led t h e s a c r i s ty ) , w h ich mu s th ave o pened e i the r i n to ap a s s age o rt ot h e o u t s ide o ft h ec hu r ch . Howeve r ,t h e re w a s n oe v idence o f ac ompa rab le d oo ri nt h ee a s tw a l l o ft h e s ou thea s t c or n e rr oom . I n te r io rf e a tu re s .C hu rch XXXV I ,u n l ike i t sp redece s s o r , a ppa ren t ly h ad ah igab , o r i k ono s ta s is , e x tend ing a c ro s st h en ave b e tween t h et wo mo re e a s te r ly n ave p i e r s . I tw a s aw a l l o f2 0 -cm b r ick ma son ry , o fw h ich o n ly t h e s ou the rn h a lf r ema ined i ns i tu .T he re w a s al a rge c e ram ic b a s in ,p re sumab ly ab ap t i sma lf on t ,s unk i n to t h ef l oo ri n t h e s ou thea s t c o rne rr oom , b u t t h i s m igh th ave b een i n s t a l led a ts ome l a te rs ubpha se . I t su ppe rr im w a sb roken a way , b u t t h e r ema in ing p o r t ion p ro jec ted 3 5cm a bove t h e l e ve l o ft h e S ubpha se 3 b f l oo r . T he se w e re t h e o n ly i n te r io rf e a tu re sp r e se rved i nC hu rch XXXV I .T he re w a s n o s u rv iv ing t r ace o fe i the r a n a l ta r o r ap u lp i t , a nd n o s c r een w a l lr unn ing a c ro s st h en o r th a i s le .T he re w a sa l so n ot r a ce o f as t a i r ca se i ne i the ro ft h ew e s te rn c or ne rr oom s . T he e x te r io r p l a tf o rm s . T he o r ig ina l Me ina r t i c hu rch ( Chu rch XXXV I I I ) h ad b een a d jo ined o nt h e n or th a nd s ou th s i de sb yb u i l t -up r amp st h a tp rov ided al e ve la cce s s t ot h e c hu r ch d oo r s . A t t h e t ime o fS ubpha se 3 b t h e se w e r ee x tended e a s twa rd a l ong t h ef u l ll e ng th o ft h eb u i ld i n g , u n t i l a tt h e e a s t e nd t h ey m e rged w i th t h e o r ig ina l

N ew c ons truc t ion B u i ld ing XXXV I I T h is b u i ld ing , c l ea r ly d a tab le t o S ubpha se 3 b b y i t s s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion ,s t and si nm a rked c on t ra s tt oa l lo f t h e o t he rr e s idence s o ft h e s ame p e r iod . I tw a s al a rge , n ea r ly s qua re h ou se s t and ing f a rt ot h ee a s to fa l lt h eo t he r h ouse s , a nd a bu t t ing d i rec t ly a ga in s tt h e ma s s ive r e ta in i n gw a l lo ft h en ew ly b u i l tc hu r ch p l a tf o rm ( s ee b e low ) . T he h ou se w a s c on s t ruc ted e n t i re ly w i th s t ra igh t2 0 -cm w a l l s ,e x cep ta tt h en o r th w he r et h ec hu r ch p l a t f o rm s e rved a si t sn o r th w a l l . E n t ry f r om t h e o u t s ide mu s th ave b een s omewhe r en ea rt h e s ou thea s tc or n e r -t h e o n ly p o in ta t w h ich t h ee x t e r io rw a l l sw e r en o tp re se rved .W i th in ,t h e h ou se c omp r i sed a s i ng le s u i te o fn i ne i n te rconnec ted r oom s ,o fv a r iou ss i ze s .N of l oo rf e a t ure so fa ny k i nd w e r e p re se rved . T he i s o la t ion o fB u i ld ing XXXV I I f r om o t he r r e s i d ence s ,a nd i t sp rox im i ty t ot h ec hu r ch ,s ugge s ts ome k i nd o ff un c t iona lc onnec t ion b e tween t h eh ou se a nd t h ec hu r ch . I tw a s a ta l e ven t st h e o n ly s t ruc tu re e ve rb u i l t d i rec t ly a d jo in ing t h e Me ina r t iC hu rch o ri t ss uppo r t ing p l a tf o rm . Howeve r , t h e h ou se w a s d e l ibe ra te ly d i sman t led a t S ubpha se 3 c , a nd i t sa r ea e ven tua l ly b ecame p a r t o ft h e v i l lage c eme te ry . O ther r e s iden t ia l r ema ins A tt h e s ou thwe s te rn e x t rem i ty o ft h e v i l lage t h e re w e re r emnan t so fa no the rn ew ly b u i l th ou se w i th t h in b u ts t ra igh t w a l l s .N on umbe rw a sa s s igned t ot h i sh ou se ,b ecau se o f t h es can ty p r e se rva t ion . C hurch XXXV I T he o r ig ina l , s k ewed Me ina r t i c hu rch w a s e n t i re ly d i s m an t led a tt h ee nd o fS ubpha se 3 a ,a nd w a sr ep la ced b ya c onven t iona l ly r e c tangu la rb u i ld ing h av ing a lt h ec ha ra c t e r i s t ic so fT ype 2 b( s ee A dam s 1 965a , 1 08 10 ) .T he s i de w a l l s ,a tt h en or th a nd s ou th ,w e r eb u i l tu pd i rec t ly o nt h e s t ump so ft h ee a r l ie rw a l l s ,w h i le t h ee nd w a l l sw e r en ew ly b u i l t .T he b a s ic i n te r io rd imen s ion so ft h eb u i ld ing h ow e ve rw e re u na l te red .A sb ef o re ,t h es i de w a l l sw e re 6 0cm t h ick , w h i le t h o se a tt h e e a s t a nd w e s t e nd s w e re 4 0cm t h ick .T h i sd i sc repancy i sp robab ly e xp la ined b yt h ef a c t t h a tt h e s i de w a l l s , b u tn o tt h e e nd w a l l s , h ad t os u s ta in t h et h ru s to fv au l ted b r ick r oof s . T he c hu r ch w a sr ebu i l tf o r as e cond t ime a tt h eb eg in n ing o fP ha se 4 ,a nd mo s to ft h e u ppe rw a l l s w e re o nce a ga in r a z ed .A s ar e su l t ,t h ew a l l so fC hu rch XXXV Iw e r e 1 7

al a rge s t one s l ab , mo r ta red i n to p l a ce . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e c ryp t w a s m ean t o r ig ina l ly t ob e ab u r ia l c hambe r , s i nce i th ad a pp rox ima t e ly t h e c o r r ec t d imen s ion s , a nd t h e c o r rec t o r ien ta t ion . H oweve r , i tw a s n eve r u sed a s s uch . T he i n te r io rc on ta ined i n s t ead as i ng le e mp ty a m p ho ra , o fA swan Wa re U 2 .

p l a t f o rm o nw h ich C hu rch XXXV I I Ih ad b een b u i l t .T he re w a s i na dd i t ion an a r row a nd v e ry l ow ma s taba r unn ing t h ef u l ll e ng th o ft h ew e s tw a l l .A s ar e su l t ,C hu rch XXXV I w a s a d jo ined o n a l l f ou r s i de s b y e l eva ted p l a tf o rm s o r t e r ra ce s , w h ich w e re o n ly af ew c en t ime te r s h igh a tt h e w e s te nd b u tw e re o ve r am e te rh igh a tt h e e a s t e nd b e c au se o ft h es l ope o ft h ea d jo in ing g round . T he p l a tf o rm o nt h en o r th s i de w a si r regu la ri ns hape . I t s w e s te rn p o r t ion w a s t h e o r ig ina l a pp roach r amp t o C hu r ch ) (XXV I I I , a nd w a s a bou t 2m w ide . T he n ew ly a dded e x ten s ion t ot h ee a s tw a ss omewha tw ide r ,a l though i tt a pe red i nw id th f r om w e s tt oe a s t . Ab u i l t -up w a l lr an a l la l ong t h eo u te re dge o ft h en o r th p la tf o rm ;p r e sumab ly i tw a s aw indb reak t op reven tt h e a ccumu la t ion o fs and a ga in s tt h en or th c hu r ch w a l l . H oweve r , t h e re w e re a l so c r o s s -wa l l s e x tend ing a c ro s s t h e w id th o ft h e p l a tf o rm , f r om t h ew indb reak w a l lt ot h e o u te rf a ce o ft h e c hu rch

S ummary a nd i n terpr e ta t ion o fS ubpha se 3 b S ubpha se 3 b e xh ib i t s ac on t inua t ion o ft h e s ame p roc e s se st ha th ad c ha rac te r ized S ubpha se 3 a . T ha t i s ,i tw a s at ime o fr ebu i ld ing o rr emode l ing i nw h ich , g ene ra l ly , t h in o lde rw a l l sw e r eo ve rbu i l tb yh eav ie rn ew o ne s .A l t h ough t he re w a s ag ood d ea l o fr e a r rangemen t o fi n te r i o rp a r t i t ion sa nd d oo rway s ,t h e re w a sn om a jo rc hange i nt h eo ve ra l ll a you to fh ou se s ,w h ich p r e sumab ly r ema ined i nt h eh and s o ft h e s ame o wne r s o rt h e i rh e i r s . T he o n ly t r u ly ma jo rc hange w a st h et o ta lr e bu i ld ing o ft h ec hu rch , e i the rb ecau se o ff l ood d amage o rb ecau se t h e v i l lage r s w e re d i ssa t i sf ied w i th t h eo r ig ina ls kewed p l an . I na dd i t i on al a rge n ew h ou se w a s b u i l t a l ong s ide t h e c hu rch , a l though t h i s w a s d i sman t led a ga in a tt h e e nd o f t h e s ubpha se . T he p o t te ry c omp lex f ound a tS ubpha se 3 bw a se s sen t i a l ly t h e s ame a sa tS ubpha se 3 a , a nd c onf o rm s t ot h e n o rm so fI ndex C lu s te r EC2 .T h ed eco ra ted v e sse l sw e r e p redom inan t ly o fE a r ly C h r i s t ian w a re s ( W a re G roup N . I I I ) ,b u tt h e re w a ss t i l ls ome s u rv iva lo fX -G roup w a re s (Wa re G roup N . I I ) .T he r ew a sa l so h oweve r ,f o rt h ef i r s t t ime , ac on s ide rab le c omponen to fC la s s ic C h r i s t ian w a re s (W a re G roup N . IV ; s e e " The P o t te ry ," b e low ) . O n t h e b a s i so fc e ram ic a nd s t ra t ig raph ic e v idence ,a sw e l la st h e

w a l l . T he p u rpo se o ft h e se f e a tu re si su nknown . T he s ou ther np l a tf o rm w a sa l so ,a ti t sw e s ter ne nd ,t h e s u rv iva l o ft h e o ld r amp l e ad ing t o t h e s ou th d oo r o f C hu r ch ) (XXV I I I . T h i s w a s e x tended e a s twa rd b y t h e b u i ld ing o f am a s s ive r e ta in ing w a l l , 1 . 4m t h ick a ti t sw e s t er ne nd a nd l mt h ick a ti t se a s ter ne nd ,w h ich a l so s e rved a st h en o r th w a l lo fB u i ld ing ) (XXV I I . Why s uch ah eavy w a l lw a st hough tn ece s sa ry i su nc lea r ,n o ri si tc l ea rw hy t h ew a l lw a sn o tb u i l te xac t ly p a ra l le lt ot h es ou th w a l lo f t h e c hu rch . When i tw a s f i r s t d i scove red It h ough t t h a t t h i sw a l l mu s tb et h er emnan to fs ome o lde rb u i ld ing u n d e r ly ing t h ec hu r ch ,b u ti td ef in i te ly w a sn o t ;i tw a sb u i l t u nm i s takab ly a tS ubpha se 3 b . T wo c ro s s -wa l l s , as ho r t d i s tance a pa r t , r an a c ro s s b e tween t h e i n ne rf a ce o ft h e r e ta in ing w a l l a nd t h e s ou th c hu rch w a l l , e nc lo s ing b e t ween t h em as qua re , s unken c hambe rw i th in t h e s ou th

t y po log ica lf e a tu re so ft h ec hu r ch ,S ubpha se 3 bh a sb een d a ted b e tween A .D . 7 50 a nd 8 50 .

p l a t f o rm . E x t e r io r p u lp i t? J u s t t ot h e e a s t o ft h e s ou th c hu rch d oorway ,t h es ou th w a l lo ft h eb u i ld ing w a sa d jo ined b ya

S ubpha se 3 c ( L ev e l 1b ) T he s can ty r ema in sa tt h i sl e ve lp r e sen t av e ry i r regu la r , n o t t o s ay e r ra t ic a ppea rance ( c f . F igu re 8 ) . B u i ld ing XXX I Ih ad e n t i re ly d i sappea red ,a nd a l lo ft h es u rv iv ing h ou se s h ad u nde rgone v e ry c on s ide rab le m od if ica t ion . Whe rea st h e mod if ica t ion so ft h ep r ev iou ss ubpha se sh ad mo s t ly i n vo lved t h er e p la cemen to ft h in w a l l sw i th t h ick e r o ne s , t h e r eve r se w a sn ow t r ue . Mo s to ft h en ew ly -bu i l t w a l l s w e re 2 0cm t h ick , a nd t h ey w e re o f ten s omewha t c u rv ing . T h roughou t m o s t o ft h e s i te , t h e re w a s av e ry s ub s tan t ia lb u i ldup o fs and a nd r ubb le b e tween t h eL eve l

s o l id m a s s o fb r ick ma son ry 8 0cm w ide , a nd p ro jec t ing 1 . 2m o u twa rd f r om t h ec hu r ch w a l l .( I ti sp a r t ia l ly v i s ib le a tt h e l ef t i nP la te 3 d . ) I tw a s p re se rved t o ah e igh t o f 4 0cm , b u tm igh to r ig ina l ly h ave b een h ighe r ; t h e u ppe r p a r tm igh th ave b een d i sman t led ,a l ong w i th t h ea d jo in ing w a l l ,w hen t h ec hu rch w a sr e bu i l ta tP ha se 4 .T he w ho le s t ruc tu re w a sw h i tewa shed , e xcep t f o rt h e t op . I ti ss u r m i sed t h a tt h i sm igh th ave b een a n e x te r io rp u lp i tf r om w h ich al e s son c ou ld b er e ad t op e r son so u t s ide t h ec hu rch -af e a tu re s ome t ime sf ound i nE th iop ian c hu rche st oday . C ryp t .J u s tt ot h ee a s to ft h ef e a tu re j u s tn amed ,a l ong s i de t h es ou th c hu rch w a l l , as ma l lv au l ted c ryp tw a ss unk i n to t h er ubb le f i l lo ft h es ou th c hu r ch p l a tf o rm ( P la te 3 d ) . I tw a s 1 . 8m l ong a nd 7 5cm w ide , w i th amax imum i n te r i o rh e igh to f7 5cm . T he f l oo ro ft h ec ryp tw a s7 5cm b e l ow t h e l e ve lo ft h e s u r round ing p la tf o rm , w h i le t h et op o ft h ev au l tp ro jec ted 4 0cm a bove i t .T he p ro jec t ing t op o ft h e v au l t w a s e nca sed w i th in ar e c tangu la r m a s s o r m a son ry ,w h ich t hu sf o rmed ak i nd o f ma s taba a d jo in ing t h es ou th c hu rch w a l l . T he v au l ti n te r io rw a sr e ached b y m ean s o f as ma l l s qua re d romo s , w i th t wo d e scend ing s t ep s ,a ti t sw e s ter ne nd ( v i s ib le i nt h ef o reg round i nP la te 3 d ) . T he c ryp tw a s f u l ly i n tac tw hen f ound , a nd t h e d oo r w ay f r om t h ed romo st ot h ec r yp ti n te r io rw a ss e a led w i th

1 2a nd t h eL eve l lb f l oo r s . I na dd i t ion t ot h em od if i ca t ion si no l de rh ou se s , aw ho l ly n ew h ou se , B u i ld ing XXX ,w a sb u i l ta tt h e s ou ther ne x t r em i ty o ft h ev i l lag e .I tw a sc on s t r uc ted e n t i r e ly w i th t h in a nd mos t ly c u rv ing w a l l s . A t t h e s ame t ime , C hu rch XXXV I w a s g iven an ew s e t o fi n t e r io r f e a tu r e s , w h ich c onver ted i tf r om as t ruc tu re o fT ype 2 b t oo ne o fT ype 3 c ( s ee Adam s 1 965a , 14 16 ) . T h roughou tt h e o l de rp a r t s o ft h e v i l lage , v i r tua l ly n o w a l l s w e re p re se rved t o ah e igh t g r ea te r t h an 2 5cm , a s c an b es e en i nP la t e s4 a -c .T he n ew ly -bu i l tB u i ld ing XXX w a s s omewha t b e t t e rp re se rved , w i th s ome w a l l s s t and i n ga s much a s6 0cm h i gh ( P la te s4 d f ) .I n ter n a lf e a tu re s , i n c lud ing c e ram ic o ven s ,s ma l lk i ln s ,s ub -f loo rp o t s ,a nd m a s taba sw e re s omewha t mo r en ume rou sa tt h i ss ubpha se 1 8

t h an a tt h ep reced ing o ne s . T h ec e ram ic f i nd sf r om S ubpha se 3 cw e r ep r edom in an t ly o fE a r ly C h r i s t ian w a r e s ,b u tw i th ac on s ide rab le a dm ix t u re o fC la s s ic C h r i s t ian w a re s .T h i sa s semb lage i sc ha r a c te r i s t ic o fC e ram ic I ndex C lu s te r CCla ,a nd s ugge s t sa d a t ing f r om a bou t A .D . 8 50 t o9 60 ( s ee A dam s 1 986 , 6 31) . T he p l an ( F igu r e 8 )s how st h ec ommun i ty n ea rt h e e nd o ft h i st ime s pan .

w a l l .T he r e bu i l ts u i te w a sn ow e n te red t h rough an a r row d oorway i ni t ss ou ther nw a l l . S u i te C w a s a l so v e ry much mod if ied . T he i n te r io r o f t h e f o rme r ly l a rge R oom 7w a s d iv ided b yt h in i n te r io r p a r t i t ion s i n to t h ree m uch s ma l le ro ne s . T ot h ew e s t , t h e d oorway f r om R oom 7t oR oom 6w a sb l ock ed ,a nd R oom 6n o l o nge r h ad a ny g round leve l e n t ryway . T he re w a s s t i l l ar a i sed p l a tf o rm o r ma s taba i nt h en o r thwe s tc or ne r o fR oom 6 ,b u tt h ef o rme rt o i le tc l eanou th o le w a sb l ocked u p . No t r a ce s u rv ived o ff o rme r S u i t eD . S u i te s Ea nd F .T ot h e e a s to fS u i te C ,t wo n ew , s ma l l s u i te s , d e s igna ted E a nd F ,w e r e a dd ed . T hey w e re b u i l t o ve rt h ea r ea t h a th ad f o rme r ly b een R oom 6o fB u i ld ing XXX I I , b u t t h ey d i d n o t e mp loy a ny o ft h e o l de r w a l l

Mod if ica t ions B u i ld ing XXXV T he s ma l lr emnan to ft h i sh ou se t h a ts u rv ived w a sg i ven a n ew a nd h eav ie re a s te rn w a l l , a nd t h e re w a s s ome r e a r r a ngemen to fi n t e r io rp a r t i t ion s .N o te nough w a sp r e se rved t op e rm i t af u l le rd e sc r ip t ion .

t op s a sf ounda t ion s . B o th s u i te s w e r e c omp r ised o ft wo s ma l lr oom s ,e nc lo sed b yt h in a nd c u rv ing w a l l s . S u i te E h ad av e ry s ma l l m a s taba i nt h e s ou thwe s t c o rne r o fi t s l a rge rr oom . S u i te G . O n t h e s ou th s i de o fS u i te C , t h e s t ree t t ha t h ad f o rme r ly r un b e tween B u i ld ing s XXX Ia nd L V Iw a s n ow b l ocked b yt h eb u i ld ing o fy e ta no the rt h in -wa l led , t wo room s u i te , d e s igna ted a sS u i te G .

B u i ld ing XXX I I I O n ly as ma l l p o r t ion a tt h e s ou the rn e nd o ft h i s h ou se ( Su i te C )s u rv ived .I t st h in i n te r io rp a r t i t ion sw e re l a rge ly r e a r ranged , t oc r ea te ac oup le o fl a rge b in s w i thou t l a t e r a l e n t rance s a tt h e e a s t s i de o ft h e s u i te . A ga in s t t h e n o r th w a l l , ac e ram ic o ven a nd t wo s ub f loo rp o t s w e re i n s ta l led .

B u i ld ing LV I O ft h es ou ther np or t ion o ft h i sh ou se ,a lmo s tn o th ing s u r v ived a tL eve l 1b . T he n o r ther np o r t ion w a s c on s ide r a b ly l e s s mod if i ed t h an w e r et h ea d jo in ing h ou se s . S u i te B ,t h e" bank "o rs t rongho ld ,s t i l lr e ta ined t h et wo v e ry h eavy -wa l led R oom s7 Aa nd 7 B ,a l though t h ef l oo r l e ve li nt h ew e s ter nR oom 7 Aw a ss omewha tr a i sed .A sa r e su l t ,t h es ub f loo rs t o rage p o t si nt h i sr oom w e re b u r ied u nde rt h en ew ly r a i sed f l oo r . At h in p a r t i t ion w a sa l so r un a c ro s sR oom 7 A , s epa ra t ing of as ma l la r ea ( Room 7 C ) a tt h e s ou ther n e nd . T o t h e n o r th o ft h e s t rong room s , f o rme rR oom 5w a sd i v ided b yt h in i n te r io rp a r t i t ion si n to a tl e a s tt h ree s ma l lr oom so rb in s .T he f o rme rR oom 3d id n o ts u rv ive a tt h i sl e ve l .S u i te B w a sn ow e n te red t h rough ad oo rway i nt h em idd le o fi t sw e s tw a l l ,f r om S u i te C . I nS u i te C ,t h eh eavy -wa l led R oom 8 ,a tt h en o r thwe s t c or n e r o ft h e h ou se , l o s t t h e t h in i n te r io r p a r t i t ion t h a t h ad b een b u i l t a tS ubpha se 3 b . T he f o rme r d oo rway a t t h e s ou thea s tc or n e rw a sb locked ,b u t an ew ,w ide d oo r w ay w a s k nocked t h rough t h e m idd le o ft h e w e s t w a l l , o pen ing o n to an a r row s t ree t .T he v e ry l a rge R oom 9w a s d i v ided b y at h in i n t e r io rp a r t i t ion i n to n o r ther na nd s ou th er n s e c t ion s , d e s igna ted a s R oom s 9 A a nd 9 B . An ew d oorway i nt h e e a s t w a l l o fR oom 9 B l e d i n to S u i te B . No th ing s u rv ived o fS u i te D , a nd t h e r e w a s n o d ef in i te e v idence o f mod if i ca t ion i nS u i te E .

B u i ld ing XXX I T h i s b u i ld ing w a s s omewha t b e t te r p re se rved t h an i t s n e ighbo r s ,a tl e a s ti ni t sh o r izon ta ld imen s ion . S u i te A T he mo s t n o r the r ly s u i te h ad c on s i s ted o fa s i ng le l a rge r oom ( Room 1 )a tS ubpha se 3 b , b u t an ew , s ma l le r r oom w a s n ow a dded t ot h e n o r th o fi t .I tw a s b u i l t u p f r om ap a r t o ft h e f o rme r R oom 1o fB u i ld ing XXX I I I ,t h er ema inde ro fw h ich h ad d i sappea red .W i th in t h eo r ig ina l , l a rge r oom ac e ram ic o ven w a s i n s ta l led i n t h en or thea s tc o rne r ,a nd ah and -made p o tw a sb u r ied a t t h e b a se o ft h e w e s tw a l l . T he re i ss ome i n d ica t ion t h a t t h eo r ig ina lo u t s ide d oo rway t oR oom 1w a sn ow b lock ed , b u tt h i sw a sn o tc e r ta in b ecau se o ft h ep oo rp re se rva t ion o ft h ee a s ter nw a l l .N ot r ace r ema ined o ft h ew a l led c ou r t y a rd t h a th ad s t ood t ot h e e a s to fR oom 1 . S u i te B 1 mo s t ly s u rv ived , b u th ad u nde rgone v e ry e x t e n s ive i n te r io r mod if i ca t ion .I nR oom 2 ,t h ef o rme ri n te r i o rp a r t i t ion w a sr emoved ,l e av ing o n ly ar a i sed p l a tf o rm a tt h es ou th e nd o ft h er oom . As ma l lh a lf round k i ln w a s i n s ta l led b e s ide t h en o r th w a l l . R oom 3w a s e n la rged t o i n co rpo ra te ap or t ion o fw ha th ad b een R oom 4 B i nS u i te B 2 . As ub -f loo rp o tw a sb u r ied i nt h en o r thea s tc o rne ro f t h en ew r oom a dd i t ion . A s b ef o re , t h e re w a s n o i n d ica t i on o f ag round leve le n t ryway t oS u i te B l . S u i te B 2 . I n t h i s s u i te t h e f o rme r p a r t i t ion b e tween R oom s4 Aa nd 4 Bw a sr emoved ,b u t ap a r to fR oom 4 B w a sl o s tt oS u i te B 1 a sj u s tn o ted . H oweve r , an ew r oom w a sa dded a tt h ee a s ts i de o ft h es u i te ,i n co rpo ra t ing mo s t o ft h e f o rme r a r ea o fS u i te B 3 , w h ich d i sappea red a sa s epa ra te d we l l ing u n i t .T he s u i t ew a sg i ven an ew ,m a rk e d ly c u rv ing n o r th w a l l ,4 0cm t h ick ,a t ap o in tc on s ide r a b ly t ot h es ou th o ft h eo r ig ina l .T he n ew ly -bu i l ti n te r io r p a r t i t ion s , a sw e l l a st h e n ew e a s t w a l l , w e re a l l 2 0 -cm w a l l s . T he w e s te rn R oom 5 Ah ad al a rge c e ram ic o ven s e ti n to ar a i sed m a s taba a tt h es ou thwe s tc or ne r , as ma l l b i n a d jo in ing t h e w a l l t ot h e n o r th o fi t ,a nd t wo p o t s b u r ied i nt h e f l oo r . T he w e s ter n R oom 5 B h ad an ew , n a r row ma s taba r unn ing a l ong t h e f u l l l e ng th o fi t s e a s t

Chur ch XXXV I T he f l oo rl e ve lw i th in t h ec hu r ch w a sr a i sed b ya bou t4 0cm t h roughou tt h eb u i ld ing ,a nd t h ef o rme rd oo rway t h rough t h e e a s tw a l l o ft h e s a c r i s ty ( t he n or thea s t c o rne rr oom ) w a sv e ry s o l id ly b l ock ed . As ma l la dd i t ion w a se ven m ade t ot h em a son ry a tt h ee x te r io ro ft h eb u i ld ing , h i d ing t h e s i te o ft h ed oo rb l ockage .I ti sc er ta in t h e ref o r et h a tt h e re w a sn oe a s ter np a s sage ,b eh ind t h ea p se ,a tS ubpha se 3 c , i fi n deed t h e r ee ve rw a so ne e a r l ie r . W i th in ,t h ec hu rch u nde rwen t as e r ie so fi n t e r io r mod i f i ca t ion st h a tc onve r ted i tf r om T ype 2 bt oT ype 3 c -t h e c ha rac te r i s t ic N ub ian c hu rch p l an o fC la s s ic C h r i s t ian

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a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h en or thwes t .

b .G enera lv i ew f rom t h en or th , w i th B u i ld ing XXX I I !i nt he f or eground a nd B u i ld ing X IO C Ii nt h eb ackground .

d . Amphora c ache o n t h ef l oor o fB u i ld ing XXX I . c .V i ew o ver B u i ld ing XXX I , l ook ing s ou thwes t .

P la te 1 .V iew s o fL eve l 1 2( Subpha se 3 b ) .

a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h e w es te nd , l ook ing e as t .

c .T he " mosa ic" c ros so fw h i te p ebb les i nt h e c hur ch f l oon s een f rom a bove .

P la te 2 .D e ta i l s o fC hu rch ) 00 CVI I I , S ubpha se 3 a .

b .V i ew o ft he e as tern p or t ion o ft h ef l oor , l ook ing e as t .

d .T he c ache o f amphorae , b ur ied w e s to ft h e c hur ch .

a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h en or th .

c .T he i n ter ior o ft h en ave a nd a pse , l o ok ing e as t .

P la te 3 .V iews o fC hu rch XXXV I , S ubpha se s 3 b -3d .

b .G enera lv i ew f rom t h ew es te nd , l o ok ing e a s t .

d . Amphora l y ing i nt h ec r yp ta long s id et h es ou th c hur ch w a l l .

a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h en or th , w i th B u i ld ing XXX I i nt h ef or eground a nd B u i ld ing LV Ii nt h e

b .V i ew l o ok ing s ou thwes t , w i th B u i ld ing XXX Ii nt h e f or egr ound a nd B u i ld ing LV Ii nt h eb ackgr ound .

b ackground .

c .T he n or th e nd o fB u i ld ing XXX I , l o ok ing n or th .

d .B u i ld ing XXX f rom t h en or thwes tc orner , l ook ing e as t .

e .B u i ld ing XXX , S u i tes D ( f or eground ) a nd E ( background ) , l ook ing s ou theas t . P la te 4 .V iew so fL eve l s ha -b ( Subpha se s 3 ca nd 3 d ) .

fB u i ld ing XXX , S u i te C i nt h ec en ter f or eground , l ook ing e a s t .

b .V e s se l so fW ar e Wl . 1 -5 , b ow l s ( 752 , 1 271 , 1 253 , 1 254 , 1 264 ) ; 6 ,f oo ted b ow l( 1251 ) ; 7 ,b ow l( 1423 ) , 8 ,v ase ( 6 -G -6/ 28 ) ; 9 ,f oo ted b ow l( 1025 ) . n os 1 -2 a nd 8a nd n o tf rom P hase 3 . S ca le i ncr emen t sa r e 1 0cm . a .F oo ted j ar s o fW ar e W11 . 1 ,( 925 ) ;2 , ( 767 ) . No . 1i sn o tf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

c .V esse l s o fW ar e W2 . 1 ,l i d( 756 ) ;2 ,l amp ( 758 ) ;3 , a r yba l los ( 620 ) ; 4 -6 , c ups ( 1006 , 6 39 , 1 024 ) ; 7 10 , b ow l s ( 7 16 , 1 040 , 8 25 , 9 86 ) ; 1 1 -13 ,f oo ted b ow l s ( 827 , 6 65 , 1 025 ) . n os 1 -2 , 4 ,8 ,a nd 1 2 -13 a r e n o tf r om P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

e .L arge j ar s o fW ar e W2 . 1 ,( 703 ) ;2 ,( 8 18 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

d .V es se l so f War e W2 . 1 ,b ow l( 665 ) ;2 ,f oo ted b ow l ( 1025 ) ; 3 ,p la te ( 700 ) ; 4 -8 , b ow l s ( 827 , 7 16 , 1 040 , 6 10 , 8 50 ) ; 9 -10 , l i d s ( 620 , 7 56 ) ; 1 1 , c up ( 1006 ) ; 1 2 , b ow l ( 829 ) ; 1 3 -14 , c ups ( 6 11 , 1 024 ) . n os 1 -2 , 4 , 6 ,a nd 8 -11 a r e n o tf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e1 0cm .

fV e s se l sa nd s herd so fW ar e W9 . T op t wo r ow s : u nr eg i s ter ed s herd s . B o t tom r ow : 1 -4 , b ow l s ( 1040 , 5 -X -44 /2 , 9 86 , 1 256 ) ; 5 ,f oo ted b ow l( 665 ) . O n ly n o . 4i sf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

P la te 5 . Wh i te w a re v e sse l so f Wa re G roup sN . I Ia nd N .I II .

1 0

1

1 2

a .V esse l so fW ar es R 3a nd R 5 . 1 ,a r yba l lo s , W ar eR 5( 753 ) ;2 ,l amp , W ar eR 5( 669 ) ;3 ,c up , W ar eR 5 ( 6 14 ) ;4 ,a r yba l lo s , War eR 5( 7 15 ) ; 5 ,o i lb o t t le , W ar eR 5 ( 689 ) ; 6 ,b ow l , War eR 5( 932 ) ; 7 -8 , b ow l s ,

c .V ase o f War eR 5 , w i th s t amped d ecora t ion ( 1027 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

War eR 3 ( 7 19 , 8 28 ) ; 9 .l amp , W ar eR 5( 711) ; 1 0 -11 ,f oo ted b ow l s , W ar eR 5( 755 , 6 64 ) ; 1 2 ,f oo ted b ow l , W ar eR 3 ( 612 ) . No . 1 0 i sn o t f rom P ha se 3 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

b .V esse l s o fW ar es R 3 , R 5 , a nd R 10 1 ,f oo ted b ow l , War eR 10 ( 905 ) ; 2 ,b ow l , W ar eR 3 ( 755 ) ;3 ,v ase , W ar eR 10 ( 1039 ) ;4 -5 , b ow l s , War e

e .D ecora ted b o t t le o fW ar e W 10 ( 800 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

R 3 ( 828 , 7 19 ) ; 6 ,f oo ted b ow l , W ar eR 3 ( 612 ) ; 7 ,f oo ted b ow l , W ar e R 5( 664 ) ;8 ,o i lb o t t le , W ar eR 5( 689 ) ; 9 ,a r yba l lo s , War eR 5( 7 15 ) ; 1 0 , c up , W ar eR 3 ( 6 14 ) ; 1 1 , l amp , W ar eR 5( 669 ) ; 1 2 , a ryba l lo s , W ar eR 5( 753 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

d .F oo ted j ar so fW ar eR 5 . 1 ,( 728 ) ;2 ,( 943 ) . N o . 2i s n o tf rom P hase 3 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

fF oo t ed j ar o fW ar e U 5( 727 ) . N o te t h a tt h e v e sse lw a sb roken i na n t iqu i ty , a nd m ended b yd r i l l ing h o les o ne i ther s i d eo ft h ef rac tur e l i ne . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

P la te 6 .V e s se l s o f Wa re G roup s N .DI a nd NU .

b .V esse l s o f War e H3 . 1 ,l amp ( 7 10 ) ;2 -6 , b ow l s ( 539 , 5 -X -45/G .3 , 6 15 , 6 67 , 5 58 ) ; 7 ,p o t( 8 12 ) . n os 1 -3 a nd 6 a r en o tf rom P ha se 3 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

a .U nr eg i s ter ed p o t so fW ar eH 1 , F orm U 23 . T hese v e sse l sw er en ear ly a l lf ound b ur ied t ot h e r im si n h ou se f l oor s .

d .P la te o fW ar eR 4 , F orm E 10 ( 1026 ) . c .F oo ted b ow lo f War eR 4 , F orm D74 ( 789 ) .

S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

e .L amps o fW ar eR 4 , F orm P 1 . 1 ,( 692 ) ;5 .( 691 ) ; 8 ,( 96 1 ) . O ther s pec imen sa r en o tf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

f Amphorae o fW ar e U 2 , F orm Z 4 . 1 ,( 1 128 ) ; 2 ,( 928 ) ; 3 ,( 856 ) ; 4 ,( 869 ) ;5 .( 926 ) . N o te t ha tn os 1a nd 2h ave o n ly as i ng le h and le . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

P la te 7 .V e s se l so f Wa re G roup sD .I Ia nd A . I I .

a .S herd so fW ar e W2 , d ecora ted i nS t y le N .I I I .

c .S herd so fW ar eR 5 , w i th p a in ted d ecora t ion i nS t y l eN .I I I .

b .S herd so fW ar eR 3 , d ecora ted i nS t y le N .I I I .

d .S herd so fW ar eR 5 , w i th s t amped d ecora t ion i nS t y le N .I I I .

e .S herd so fW ar e W3 , d ecora ted i nS t y le A .H . f Amphorae o fW ar e U 4 , F orm 7 3 . I ,( 1 107 ) ; 2 ,( 1205 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm . P la te 8 .S he rd sw i th d eco ra t ion i nS ty le N .I I Ia nd S ty le A .I I .

a .F oo to fl a rge c e ram ic a n ima l f i gur ine ( ? ) ( 1216 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t s a r e5 cm .

b .F ragmen t so fc eram ic b a s in ( 1215 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

3 MI

MS

4

5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 113.

c .T oy p o t te ry v esse l s . O n ly n o . 4( 6 17 ) i sf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

d .F ragmen to fc eram ic g r i l le? ( 1465 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

e . Sma l lg las sf l ask s . n os 3 ( 595 )a nd 4 ( 634 )a r e f rom P ha se 3 .1 0d . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

f No . Ii s ag r een g l a ss d i sc ( 660 ) , g round d own f rom t h eb a se o f al a r ger v es se l . O ther i t em sa r en o tf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

P la te 9 .C e ram ic a nd g l ass o b jec t sf r om P ha se 3 .

a . R es trung b ead sf rom t h ef i l lo fB u i ld ing L IC C( 67 1 ) . b . F ive r e s trung s t rand s o fb ead sf rom t h e c ache i n B u i ld ing XXX I( 802 ) .

c . S e lec ted b ead sf rom B u i ld ing XXX I( 802 ) , s how ing e spec ia l ly mu l t ico lor ed s pec imen s .

e . S e lec ted b end sf rom B u i ld ing XXX I( 802 ) : s i lver b ead s i n ter sper sed w i th v ar ious s t one a nd g las sb ead s .

P la te 1 0 .B ead c o l lec t ion sf r om P ha se 3 .

d .S e lec ted b ead sf rom B u i ld ing XXX I( 802 ) : c owr ie s i n ter sper sed w i th s pher ica lg las sb ead s .

f S i lver b ead sf r om B u i ld ing XXX I( 802 ) .

a . N o . 3i sa ppar en t ly ac ar ved a r ch i tec tura l e l emen t( 991 ) . O ther i t ems a r en o tf rom P hase 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

b . J ar s t amps a nd s ea l ing s t one s . N umber s5 ( 685 )a nd 6 ( 592 )a r ef rom P ha se 3 ,a nd n o . 1 0 ( 396 ) i sf rom P hase 4 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

d . I mpr ess ions o fs ea l ing s t amp ( 592 ) .

c . I mpr ess ion o fja rs t amp ( 685 ) .

e . F ragmen t so fs cu lp tur ed s l ab s . N umber s 1a nd 3a r ea ppar en t ly p ar t so f t h es ame o r ig ina ls and s tone s l ab ( 809 ) , w h i le n o . 4i sp ar to fa no ther s and s tone s pec imen ( 491 ) . N o . 2i s af ragmen to f s cu lp tur ed marb le ( 763 ) , p erhaps a n a l tar t op o rl i ba t ion t r ay . N umber 2i s f rom P hase 3 ;o t her i t ems f rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1O c r r z . P la te 1 . Ob jec t s o fs a nd s tone a nd m a rb le f r om P ha se 3 .

b . L ugged mor tar so fB and i t '-at y pe . T he s pec imen a tr i gh t

a . L ugged m or tar so fB a l la l ia t y pe . O n ly t h ed eep

( 766 ) i sf rom P ha se 3 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

s pec imen ( 765 ) , n o . 3 ,i sf r om P ha se 3 . S ca le i n c remen t s a r e 1 0cm .

c . A r cher ' sl oo ses a nd / or s t one r i ngs . O n ly n o . 3( 768 ) i sf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm . 2

3

e .M i sce l laneous s t one i t em s . O n ly t h eo b jec t a tu pper r i gh t( 635 ) i sf rom P ha se 3 .I ti sa n a tura lc oncr e t ion o ffe r r icr e te s and s tone , d . S and s tone w e igh t sa nd o ther p e tf ora ted i t em s . O n ly n o . 4( 706 ) i s f rom P hase 3 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

P la te 1 2 . M i scelaneou s s t one o b jec t sf r om P ha se 3 .

w h ich may h a ve b een u sed a s al amp . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

a .S i lver m eda l l ion ( 803 ) . D iame ter o ft h es pec imen i s5 3n un .

b .S i lver r e l iqua ry b ox ( 804 ) . H e igh to ft h es pec imen i s4 3 mm .

c .B ronze c ro sses . 1 ,i n comp le t es pec imen ( 621 ) . 2 ,c omp le te s pec imen ( 353 ) .

d .C lo se -up o fb ronze c r os s ( 799 ) . H e igh t o ft h es pec imen i s5 6 mm .

-

M O

1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-

M

1 11 1 11 1 1 1 1 fF ron te nd v i ew o f a n ima l ef igy ( 730 ) .

e .I r on r od w i th b ronze a n ima l ef igy h ead ( 730 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

H e igh tt ot o po f h ead i s4 2 mm .

P la te 1 3 . O rnamen ta lo b jec t s o fs i lve ra nd b ronze f r om P ha se 3 .

b .B ronze c up ( 682 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

a .B ronze d i sco ida lo rnamen t( 654 ) . T he d iame ter i s6 6 mm .

c .D i sco ida lo b jec t so fb ronze , a l lf ound t oge ther o u t s id e B u i ld ing XXX . I ,o rnamen t ( 654 ) ;2 ,l i d( 655 ) ; 3 ,b ase o f t r ipod v e s se l( 656 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

e .B ronze s poon ( 805 ) , t o pv i ew . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

d .N o . 3i sp ar to ro rna te v esse lh and le o fc a s tb ra s s ( 733 ) . O ther i t em sa r en o tf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

fB ronze s poon ( 805 ) , s i de v i ew . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm . P la te 1 4 . M i sce l laneou s o b jec t s o fb ronze , b ra s s , a nd c oppe rf r om P ha se 3 .

a .B ronze , b ra s s , a nd c opper k oh ls t ick s . 3 ,b ronze s pec imen ( 544 ) ;4 ,b ronze s pec imen ( 5 97 ) ; 5 ,b ronze s pec imen ( 596 ) ; 6 ,b ra s ss pec imen ( 7 35 ) ; 7 ,p or t ion o f c oppe rs pec imen ( 797 ) . Number s4 -7 a r ef rom P ha se 3 ; n o . 3i sf rom P ha se 4 ;n o s 1 -2 a r ef rom o t he rc on tex t s . S ca l ei n cremen t sa r e5 cm .

b .M i sce l laneou ss c rap so fs hee tb ronze a nd c opper : 1 -2 , ( 547 ) ; 3 ,( 6 30 ) ; 6 ,( 680 ) ; 9 ,( 858 ) ; 1 0 , ( 602 ) ; 1 3 , ( 5 46 ) ;1 5 , ( 624 ) . O the ri t em sa re n o tf rom P ha se 3 .S ca l ei n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

1

2 3

c .S ec t ion so fi r on r od , w i th b ronz ec up a t tached ( 798 ) . S ca le i n cremen t sa r e5 cm .

d .S ma l li t em so fi r on . N umbe r 3i st h ev ery r u s ty r emnan to f ap e tf ora ted s qua re b l ock ( 9 36 ) . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

e .B one k oh lt u be ( 6 32 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t s a r e5 cm .

fI vory i n lay p iece ( 6 22 ) . T he d iame ter a sp r e served i s4 0mm . P la te 1 5 . Ob jec t so fb ronze ,i r on ,b on ea nd i vo ry f r om P ha se 3

b .G enera lv i ew f rom t h es ou th . B u i ld ing XXV I Ii si nt h e f or eground , w i th B u i ld ing V b eh ind . a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h en or th , a tL eve l8 .B u i ld ing Vi sa tt h e l ef t , a nd B u i ld ing U a tt h e r i gh t .

d .I n ter ior r oom so fB u i ld ing X W I( f or eground )a nd c .I n ter ior r ooms o fB u i ld ing L I , a tL eve l9 .

e .I n ter ior r oom s o fB u i ld ing

B u i ld ing V ( background )a tL eve l9 .

ya tL eve l8 .R oom

8 1 i si nt h ef or eground P la te 1 6 .G ene ra lv iew s o fL eve l s 9a nd 8 .

fT he n or thern p o t tery k i ln .

a . Qu seba sf or d a tes i nB u i ld ing V ,R oom 8 1 . N o te t h e

b .B a se p or t ions o fq u seba sf or g ra in i nB u i ld ing V , R ooms 8 2a nd 8 3 .

t wo l a rge b in s i nt h ei mmed ia te f or eground .

d .I n ter ior s t eps i nB u i ld ing V ,R oom 3 0 , a tL eve l8 . c .C eram ic o ven i nB u i ld ing V ,R oom 1 3 . N o te t h e a d jo in ing b in a tr i gh t .

e .T o i le tf i x tur es f rom P hase 4h ou ses . P la te 1 7 .M i sce l laneou s a r ch i tec tu ra la nd i n te r io rf ea tu re so fP ha se 4h ou se s .

fT he n or thern p o t te ry k i ln a tL eve l9 .

a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h en or th , a tL eve l9 .R oom s 9a nd 1 0a r e i n t h ei mmed ia t ef or eground . No te t h es t epped b u t tr ess a d jo in ing t h e e a s tw a l l , a tf ar l ef t .

b .V i ew f rom t h en or thwes tc orner a tL eve l9 , s how ing t h es t a ir case a nd d oorways i nR oom 1 . R oom 4i si nt h e i mmed ia te f or eground .

c .I n ter ior o fR oom 2a tL eve l9 ,l o ok ing t oward t h ea r ched d oorways f rom R oom 1 .N o te t h e t h ickened l ower p or t ion o ft h es ou th w a l l .

e .I nscr ip t ion s ( no . 1 23 ) a nd d raw ing ( no . 1 24 ) o nt h en or th w a l lo fR oom 2 ,a tL eve l8 . P la te 1 8 .V iew s o fB u i ld ing 3 00 1 1 .

d . "W a l ls af e" a nd c orner b in i nt h es ou theas t c orner o fR oom 2 ,a tL eve l9 .

fR oof t imber si ns i tu a tt h e t op o fR oom 2 , b ef or ee xcava t ion .

a .G ene ra lv i ew f rom t h en or thwe s t , a tL e ve l8 .S u i t eA l i st h ec l o se s tt oc amera .

c .V i ew o ver t h es ou the rn r ooms , l ook ing n or thwe s t , a t L eve l7 .R oom s8 3 ( a tl ef t )a nd 7 9 ( a tr i gh t )a r ei nt h e i mmed ia te f oreg round

e .B a se o ft h es t a irway i nR oom 2 ,a tL eve l9 . P la te 1 9 .V iew so fB u i ld ing V .

b .V iew o ver t h en or thern r oom s ( Su i te sA l a nd A 2 ) a tL eve l9 ,l o ok ing n or th .

d .R oom 8 4 , a tL eve l7 ,s how ing b i ns a d jo in ing t h e n or th w a l l . R oom 1 7i sj u s tb eh ind i t .

fT he e a s tw a l lo fR oom 1 ,s how ing i mpre s s ion so f b eams w h ich o r ig ina l l yc ove red t wo s t orage b i n s . T he d enud ed e nc los ing w a l l so ft h eb in sc an b es een b e low .

b .V i ew o ver B u i ld ing L I I I ,f rom t h es ou th , a tL eve l9 . a .G enera lv i ew f rom t h es ou th , a tL eve l 7 ,w i th B u i ld ing

R oom 1 52 i si nt h e i mmed ia te f or eground .

L I I Ii nt h ef or eground a nd B u i ld ing L Ii nt h eb ackground .

c .I n ter ior s t a irway i nB u i ld ing L I , R oom 3 8 , a tL eve l8 .

d .O pen ing t ot h ec ryp tu nder t h e s t a ir s i nB u i ld ing L I , R oom 3 8 , a tL eve l8 .

e .T o i le tf i x tur ei ns i tu i nB u i ld ing L I I I , R oom 1 58 . T he s uppor t ing p la tf orm h ad p ar t ia l ly c o l lapsed , a ss een a t f ar l ef t . P la te 2 0 . V iew so fB u i ld ing sL I -L I I I .

fS torage j ar sf ound o n t h ef l oor o fB u i ld ing L I , R oom 3 6 , a tL eve l 7 .

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c z

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2

C G

P la te 2 1 . V iews o fB u i ld ing XXVI I .

0 z

a .T he w es tf ace , a tL eve l9 .N o te r e inf or c ing b u t tr esses a t t h ec orner s , a nd l ow ma s taba a long t h eb ase . b .V i ew f rom t h es ou thwes tc orner , s how ing s t one j amb s o ft h es ou th d oorway .

c .V i ew f rom t h en or thwes tc orner , s how ing e x ter ior p u lp i t b es id e t h en or th d oorway .

d .I n ter ior o ft h en ave , l ook ing w es t , a tL eve l9 .

e .R ema in so ft h et r ibune ( c ho ir s ea t s )a tL eve l9 .

fT he p u lp i t , a tL eve l9 . P la te 2 2 . V iew so fC hu rch W.

a .I n scr ip t ion n o . 1 01 , c ons i s t ing o f al i ne o f G r eek a nd t wo l i nes o f A rab ic , w i th t wo c ar ica tur eh ead sb e low .

b .I nscr ip t ion n o . 1 06 , i nG r eek

c .T he f i r s tp ar to fi n scr ip t ion n o . 1 07 , i nG reek

d .T he s econd p ar to fi n scr ip t ion n o . 1 07 . T he t e x ti st h e b eg inn ing o ft h e G r eek T r in i tar ian f ormu la , " I n t h en ame o f t h eF a the r :"

e .I n scr ip t ion n o . 10 . A tt h et o pi st h e monogram + X 110 , t h ec aba l i s t ic a bbr ev ia t ion f or M ichae l , i mpr es sed i n to w e tp la s ter . B e low a r et he p a in ted l e t ter s HNHA . P la te 2 3 . Mu ra li n sc r ip t ion s i nB u i ld ing V .

fI nscr ip t ion n o . 11 . T he n ame sa ppear t ob e t hose o ft wo o bscur ea r change l s , O MAHA a nd C OXAHA .

b . Qubba s uper s truc ture , n o . T 87 .

a .G ene ra lv i ew f rom t h ee a s t , l ook ing t oward B u i ld ing XXV I I I .

c .C ros s topped m a s taba s upe r s t ruc ture s , w i th n o . T 76 i nt h ef oreg round .

e .S tepped ma s taba s uper s truc tur e s ;n o . T 15 a tf a r l ef t , a nd T 14 a tl ef tc en t e r . P la te 2 4 . T he c eme t e ry .

dC ros s topped ma s taba s uper s t ruc ture n o . T 105 i n t h ef oreg round

fC ruc if orm ma s taba s uper s truc ture n o . T 120 .

b .B ow l s ;s id ev i ew s . 1 ,W a re W 5 , F orm C 48 ( 740 ) ; 2 , War e R 7? , F o rm C 18 ( 8 11 ) ;3 ,W a re W 10 , F orm C 16 ( 5 35 ) ; 4 ,W ar e W6 , F orm D23 ( 5 31 ) ; 5 ,W ar e W6 , F orm D21 ( 638 ) ; 6 , War e W 10 , F orm D23 ( 455 ) . N umber s1 , 2a nd 5a re f rom P ha se 3 ; o ther sf rom P ha se 4 .S ca le i n cremen t sa re 1 0cm . a . Sma l lb ow l s( " sauce r s ') o fW are s W 5a nd W6 , F orms C 22 a nd C 23 . 1 ,( 6 37 ) ;2 ,( 3 35 ) ;3 ,( 441 ) ;4 ,( 334 ) ; 5 ,( 1281 ) ; 6 ,( 1288 ) ; 7 ,( 1289 ) ; 8 ,( 5 57 ) ; 9 ,( 497 ) ; 1 0 , ( 500 ) ; 1 1 , ( 708 ) ; 1 2 , ( 588 ) . N umbe r 1i sf rom P ha se 3 ; a l lo the r sf rom P ha se 4 .S ca l ei n c remen t sa re 1 0cm .

c .B ow l s ; t o pv i ew s . 1 ,W a re W 10 , F orm D23 ( 455 ) ;2 , Ware W 10 , F orm C 16 ( 5 35 ) ;3 ,W are W6 , F orm D80 ( 725 ) ; 4 , W are W 10 F orm D21 ( 445 ) ; 5 , Wa re W6 ,F orm D21 ( 6 38 ) ; 6 , Ware W6 , F orm D23 ( 5 31 ) .N umbe r s 3a nd 5a re f rom P ha se 3 ;o t he r sf rom P ha se 4 .S ca l ei n cremen t sa re 1 0cm .

e .F oo ted b ow la nd v a se s ,f rom P ha se 4 . 1 ,f oo ted b ow l , Ware W 6 , F orm D44 ( 4 40 ) ;2 ,v a se , W ar e W 10 , F o rm F 16 ;3 ,v a se , W ar e W6 , F o rm F 16 ( 421 ) . S ca le i n c remen t sa r e1 0cm .

P la te 2 5 .V e s se l so f Wa re G roup N . IV .

d .F oo t ed b ow l , Wa re W 10 , F orm D23 , w i th f i sh d e s ign ( 4 55 ) ,f rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 1 0cm .

f Sma l l_ f ragmen t ss how ing C la s s ic C hr i s t ian d ecora t ion , S ty le N . W . 1 ,v a se , Wa r e W 5 , F o rm F 25 ( 1286 ) ;2 ,v a se , Ware W 10 , F orm F 16 ( 1299 ) ;3 ,v a se , W are W 10 , F orm F 16 ( 1298 ) ;4 ,v a se , War e W6 , F orm 2 4( 1297 ) ; 5 ,b ow l , Ware W 5 , F orm C 17 ( 1284 ) ; 6 ,b ow l , Ware W 5 , F orm C 49 ( 1283 ) ; 7 ,b ow l , War e W 5 , F orm C 23 ( 1281 ) ; 8 ,v a se , Ware W 5 , F orm F 24? ( 1285 ) . A l ls pec imens e xcep tn o . 7a re f rom P ha se 4 .S ca le i n cremen t sa re 1 0cm .

a . Ef f igy v e s se l( 388 ) , s how ing man ' sf ace . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

b . Ef f ig yv e s se l( 388 ) , s how ing w oman ' s f ace . S ca l ei n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

c . Ef f ig yv e s se l( 388 )a ng le v i ew , s how ing man ' sf ace a nd monk ey .

d Ef f igy v e s se l( 388 ) , s how ing m onk ey i n c en te r , w i th man ' sf ace a tl e f ta nd w oman ' s f ace a tr i gh t . S ca le i n c remen t sa re 5 cm .

e .E ar ly a nd C la s s ic C hr i s t ian " cand l e -ho ld er" l amp s , F orms P 17 a nd P 18 . 1 , War e W 2 , F orm P 17 ( 8 15 ) ;2 , Ware W6 , F orm P 17 ( 1 311 ) ;3 , Ware W6 , F orm P 18 ( 843 ) ;4 , Ware W 2 ,F orm P 18 ( 720 ) ; 5 , Ware W2 , F orm P 18 ( 722 ) ; 6 ,W are W 2 , F orm P 17 ( 826 ) ; 7 , Ware W 2 , F orm P 18 ( 8 30 ) ; 8 , War e W 2 , F orm P 18 ( 8 14 ) ; 9 , Ware R 5 , F orm P 18 ( 6 19 ) ; 1 0 , War e W6 , F orm P 20 ( 555 ) ; 1 1 , W ar e W 2 , F orm P 18 ( 788 ) . N umber s2 , 3a nd 1 0a r ef rom P ha se 4 ;a l lo the r sf rom P ha se 3 . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

P la te 2 6 .E ff igy v e s se la nd l amp s .

a .B ow l s , s id ev i ew s . 1 , Ware R 21? , F orm C 18 ( 1 129 ) ;2 , Ware R 22 , F orm C 36 ( 282 ) ; 3 , War eR 21 , F orm C 36 ( 379 ) ;4 , Wa r eR 22 F orm D23 ( 283 ) ; 5 , Ware R 21 , F o rm D23 ( 4 38 ) ; 6 , Ware W 21 , F orm D21 ( 4 33 ) . N umbe r s2 -5 a re f rom P ha se 5 . S ca l ei n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

b .B ow l s , t op v i ew s . 1 , War eR 21 , F o rm D23 ( 4 38 ) ;2 , Ware R 22 , F orm C 36 ( 282 ) ;3 , Ware W21 , F orm D21 ( 4 33 ) ;4 ,W are R 21 , F orm C 36 ( 379 ) . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 1 0cm .

c . V e s se l so f Ware W21 , i npor ted f rom s ou thern N ub ia . 1 ,v a se , F orm F 27 ( 530 ) ;2 ,f oo ted b ow l , F o rm D21 ( 4 33 ) ;3 ,b a s in ,F orm T 9( 380 ) . S ca l ei n cremen t sa re] 0c m .

d .S he rd so fW ar e W 20 , i lu s t ra t ing S t y le N .V A

P la te 2 7 .V e s se l so f Wa r eG roup N .V .

b .S ma l lb o t t le so fW a re U 14 . O n l yN o . 3( 572 )i sf rom P ha se 4 . S ca l ei n cr emen t sa r e1 0cm . a .Q awad i so fW are U S . 1 ,( 723 ) ;2 ,( 57 1 ) ;3 ,( 1027 ) . N o s 1a nd 3a r ef rom P ha se 3 ,n o . 2f rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n cremen t sa r e1 0cm .

c .U t i l i ty v e s se l so f Ware U 14 . O n ly t h eq u l la , N o . 1( 4 12 ) i sf rom P ha se 4 .S ca le i n cremen t sa re 1 0cm .

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

M 1

d .P i lg r im b o t t le so fW a re U 14 ,f rom P ha se 4 .1 ,( 1 218 ) ; 2 ,( 529 ) . S ca l ei n cremen t sa re 1 0cm .

4

5

6 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1

e .D oka ( 400 )o f War e H2 . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

P la te 2 8 .V e s se l so f Wa re G roup NU ,a nd F am i ly D .

M 1 1 1 1 M

fP o t so f Ware s H4 a nd HS . O n ly N o . 3( 4 29 ) , o fW are HS , i sf rom P ha se 4 . S ca l ei n c remen t sa re 1 0cm .

a . V es se l so fW ar e s W12 a nd R I2 . 1 10 ,c up l amp s ,F orm P 30 . O n ly N o . 2( 605 )i sf rom P ha se 3 ;m o s to ther sa r ef rom P ha s e4 . 1 1 -17 , c up s ,F orm A 4 . T he i lu s t ra t ed s pec imens a r ef rom P ha se s 3o r4 .1 8 -20 , v e s se l so fW ar eR 12 ;n o tf rom P hase s 3o r4 .2 1 2 2 ,f oo t ed b ow l so fW ar eR 24 ( 586 a nd 4 28 ) ,s hown a l so i nP la t e 2 9f . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e1 0cm .

b .S aucer l amp so fW ar eW 12 ,F orm P 28 . 1( 686 ) ; 2( 435 ) ; 3( 5 22 ) ; 4( 489 ) ; 5( 567 ) ; 6( 454 ) ; 7( 355 ) ; 8( 354 ) ;9 ( 607 ) ,1 0( 356 ) ;1 ( 608 ) ,1 2 ( 7 13 ) ;1 3 ( 564 ) ;1 4 ( 551) ;1 5 ( 5 37 ) ; 1 6( 498 ) ;1 7( 584 ) ;1 8 ( 549 ) ;1 9 ( 4 19 ) ;2 0 ( 447 ) ; 2 1 ( 565 ) ;2 2 ( 5 48 ) ;2 3 ( 7 14 ) ;2 4( 585 ) ,2 5 ( 566 ) ;2 6 ( 550 ) ; 2 7( 609 ) ;2 8 ( 5 36 ) . N umber s9 ,1 ,a nd 2 7a r ef rom P ha se 3 ;o ther sf r om P hase 4 . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

c .V e sse l so fW ar eW 12 .1 ,b ow ll amp ,F orm P 28 ( 550 ) ;2 ,f oo t ed b ow l ,F orm D 28 ( 346 ) ;3 ,c up l amp ,F orm P 30 ( 605 ) ;4 ,o i n tmen t j ar ,F orm 0 2 ( 154 ) ;5 ,c up ,F orm A 4( 478 ) ;6 ,f oo ted b ow l ,F orm D34 ( no tf rom Me inar t i ) ; 7c up ,F orm A 20 ( 1390 ) ;8 ,b ow l ,F orm C 16 ( 1393 ) ;9 ,f oo t ed b ow l ,F orm D80 ( 568 ) ;1 0 b ow l ,F o rm C 44 ( 473 ) ;1 ,b ow l ,F orm C 44 ( 446 ) ;1 2 ,s ma l lp o t ,F orm G 34 ( 1 42 ) ; 1 3 ,v ase ,F orm F 9( 345 ) ;1 4 , b o t t l e ,F orm G 45 ( 1 199 ) .N umber s2 4 ,6 ,a nd 1 2 a r ef rom P ha se 3 ;m os to ther sf rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

e .V e s se l so fW ar eR 13 . 1 -2 , b ow l s( 1420 , 6 94 ) ;3 ,c up ( 606 ) ;4 ,g ob le t( 3 24 ) ; 5 -6 ,f oo t ed b ow l s( 1422 ,6 53 ) . N umber s1 -3 a nd 6a r ef r om P ha se 3 ; n o . 5i sf r om P hase 4 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm . P la te 2 9 .A swan v e s se l so f Wa r eG roup A . IV .

d .D ecora ted b o t t le , W ar e W12 , F orm G 45 ( 1 199 ) ,f rom P hase 4 . T he v e s se lw hen f ound c on ta ined a l e a ther d ocumen t( 1200 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

f . F oo t ed b ow l so fW ar eR 24 ,F orm D9 ,f rom P ha se 4 .1 ( 586 ) ; 2( 4 28 ) . S ca l ei n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

BI M

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1

a .F ragmen to fW ar e W 12 b ow l ,F orm C 65 , w i th s cu lp tur ed d ecora t ion ( 1379 ) . S ca l ei n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

b .S ma l ler v e s se l so fu t i l i t yW ar e U 6 . 1 ,g ob le t ,F orm B 6( 392 ) ;2 , g ob le t ,F orm B 6 ( 5 19 ) ;3 ,n aph tha g r enad eu sed a sl amp ( 6 16 ) ;4 , b ow l ,F orm C 44 ( 5 25 ) ;5 ,b ow l ,F orm C 9 I ( 784 ) ;6 ,b ow l ,F orm C 68 ( 165 ) ; 7 ,b ow l ,F o rm C 65 ( 4 39 ) ;8 ,b ow l ,F orm C 65 ( 397 ) .N umber 2 i sf r om P ha se 3 ,a nd n o s3 ,7 ,a nd 8a r ef rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e1 0cm .

c . Naph tha g r enad e s , u sed a sl amp s . 1 ,W ar e U 6 ,F orm P 34 ( 570 ) ;2 , War e U 6 ,F orm P 35 ( 6 16 ) ;3 ,u nknown w ar e ,F orm P 36 ( 342 ) . N umber 2i sf r om P ha se 3 ,n o . 1f rom P ha se 4 ,a nd n o . 3f rom P ha se 5 .

5

4 MA IM I M M o i r o om

d .G lobu lar p o t so fW ar e U 6 ,F orm s U 29 a nd U 30 . 1 ,F orm U 30 ( 1 209 ) ;2 ,F orm U 30 ( 432 ) ;3 ,F orm U 30 ( 422 ) ;4 ,F orm U 29 ( 479 ) ;5 ,F orm U 29 ( 48 1) ;6 ,F orm U 29 ( 459 ) .N umber 1i sn o tf rom P ha se s 3o r4 . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »

e . Amphorae o fW ar e U 6 ,F orm sZ 8a nd Z 21 . 1 ,F orm Z 21 ( 40 1) ;2 ,F orm Z 21 ( 398 ) ;3 , F orm Z 8( 399 ) ;4 ,F orm Z 8( 434 ) . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e1 0cm .

f .P ar t ia lr e s tor ed a mphorae o fW ar e U 12 ,F orm Z 22 . 1 ,( 1 217 ) ;2 , ( 475 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

P la te 3 0 .V e s se l so f Wa re W12 a nd u t i l i ty Wa r e sU 6a nd U 12 .

a .L arge c eram ic b a s in ( no tn umber ed ) . T he d iame t er i sa bou t5 0c m .

c .F ragmen t so fl a r ge c eram ic b a s in s . 1( 404 ) ; 2( 1 211 ) ; 3( 492 ) . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

b .L arge c eram ic b a s in ( no tn umber ed ) . T he d iame t er i sa bou t5 0c m .

e .D i sco ida lj ar s t amp ( 444 ) ,o bver se f ace . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

f .D i sco ida lj ar s t amp ( 444 ) , r ever se f ace . d .C eram ic t o i le tf i x tur e( 1 214 ) .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm . P la te 3 1 . N on -po t te ry o b jec t so fc e ram ic f r om P ha se 4 .

S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

a .S id ea .S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e5 cm .

b .S id eb .S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e5 cm .

c .S id ec .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

d .S id ed .S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e5 cm .

e .I mpr e s s ion sf rom a l lf our s i d e s ,a nd t h ed ecora t ed e nd . P la te 3 2 .R ec tangu la rc e ram i cj a rs t amp ( 540 ) .

f .I mpr e s s ion sf rom t h et wo s i d e s o fj ar s t amp ( 444 ) .

a .C eram ic p endan t /amu le t ( 501 ) ,s how ing w av yl i ne a nd c ro s sd e s ign . T he h e igh to f t h ep iece i s2 4mm .

b .C eram ic p endan t /amu le t ( 501) , s how ing s corp ion d es ign . T he h e igh to ft h e p i ece i s2 4mm .

c .D e s ign o n t h eb o t tom o ft h ep endan t /amu le t ( 50 1) . T he d i ame t er i s2 0mm .

e .F ragmen to fc o in w e igh t( 47 1 )o fp a le b l ue g las s . T he d iame ter i s2 8mm .

d .C lay s ea l( 407 )s how ing h andpr in td e s ign . T he d i ame ter i s2 5mm .

f . Go ld a nd s i lver m eda l l ion ( 709 ) ;g o ld s i d e . T he d iame ter i s3 6mm .

P la te 3 3 . M i sce l laneou so b jec t so fc e ram ic , mud ,g l a ss ,a nd p rec iou sm e ta l s ,f r om P ha se 4 .

a .R e s tor ed g las st umb ler ( 460 ) . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

b .G la s sm o larf l a sk s . 1( 5 15 ) , o fc l ear g la s s ;2 ,( 5 16 ) o fd ark b l ue g la s s . S ca le i n cremen t sa r e5 cm .

d .S igne to ff ine g rey s t one ( 465 ) , r ev er se s ide . T he h e igh ti s2 1mm . c .S igne to ff ine g rey s t one ( 465 ) , o bve r se s id e . T he h e igh ti s2 1mm .

e .I mpre s s ions f rom t h ef our s id e so fs i gne t( 465 ) . P la te 3 4 .O b jec t so fg l a s sa nd s t one f r om P ha se 4 .

,

fI mpre s s ion f rom j ar s t amp ( 396 ) . T he d iame ter i s5 0mm .

b .T omb s tone ( 832 ) i ns i tu ,a f ixed t ot h ef ron to fT omb 1 2 .

a .C omp le te t omb s tone ( 832 ) ,w i th t e x ti nC op t ic . T he h e igh to ft h ep iece i s4 9cm .

c .F ragmen tar y t omb s tone ( 5 27 ) ,w i th t e x ti nC op t ic .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

d .F ragmen ta ry t omb s t one ( 350 ) ,w i th t e x ti n G r eek .S ca le i n cr emen t s a r e5 cm .

e .T omb s tone f ragmen t s . 1( 5 27 ) ; 2( 423 ) ; 3( 27 ) ;4 ( 138 ) ; 5( 350 ) ; 6( 261 ) .N umber s2 -4 a r en o tf rom P ha se 4 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e1 0cm . P la te 3 5 .T omb s tone sf r om P ha se 4 .

f .A rab ic t omb s tone f ragmen t( 486 ) . T he h e igh to ft h e p i ece i s2 5cm .

a .D ecora ted b lock ( 468 ) ,f ron ta nd r i gh ts i d e . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

b .D ecora t ed b l ock ( 468 ) , r i gh ts i d ea nd b ack . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e5 cm .

d .F ragmen to fj amb ( S 13 )f rom P ha se 4 .T he l e ng th i sa bou t5 0cm .

c .A r ch i tec tura le l emen t s . 1 ,l i n te l( S4 )f r om P hase 4 ; 2 ,l i n t e l( S 10 )f r om P ha se 5 ;3 ,l i n t e l( S 27 )f r om P ha se 3 ;4 ,w a l li n se t ( S46 )f rom P ha se 3 . L eng th o ft h el i n t e l si s 8 0 -90cm .

e .J amb a nd l i n te lf ragmen t s . 1 ,j amb? ( S 15 ) f r om P ha se 4 ;2 ,f ragmen to fl i n te l( no t n umber ed )f ound o n s urf ace ;3 ,f ragmen to f j amb ( S 3 )r e used a ss t a ir t r ead a tP ha se 5 . T he l e ng th o f 3i sa bou t4 5cm . P la te 3 6 .S cu lp tu red s and s tone a r ch i tec tu ra le l emen t s .

f .F in ia l s( ? )a nd c o lumn f ragmen t s .1 -4 a nd 6 -8 ,f i n ia l s( S 2 , S 16 ,S 32 ,S 33 ,S 34 ,S 35 ,a nd S 36 ) . 5a nd 9 ,s ma l lc o lumn f ragmen t s ( S37 a nd S 38 ) . T he l o ca t ion o fS 2 i sn o tr e co rded ; S 15 w as f ound i nt h ef i l lo fB u i ld ing V .A l lt h eo t he rs pec i m ens w er ef ound i nt h ef i l lu nde rt h ef l oor o fC hur ch V I . A verage l e ng th o ft h ef i n ia l si s1 5 -20cm .

a .J ar s t and ( 485 ) ,s i d e v i ew . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm . b .J ar s t and ( 485 ) , t op v i ew . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

d .1 ,L arge p er f ora ted s and s tone b lock ( 470 ) ;2 -7 , c . Mero i t ic of er ing t ab les .N umber 1 ( 493 ) w a sf ound o n ar oom f l oor i nB u i ld ing V .O ther i t ems a r e n o tf rom P hase 4 .

S and s tone w e igh t s . 2( 560 ) ; 3( 561) ; 4( 706 ) ; 5( 9 50 ) ; 6( 593 ) ; 7( 636 ) .N umber s 4a nd 5a re n o tf r om P hase

S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

4 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e 1 0cm .

4 . -

-

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-

1 1 11

e .M i sce l laneous s t one o b jec t s . 1 ,p lumme t -shaped w e igh to f marb le ( 443 ) ; 2 ,g round r i ng o fs and s tone ( 437 ) ;4 ,c y l ind er o ff in e m o t t led s t one ( 739 ) .

f .B ase o fp haraon ic s t y le s t a tue t te ( 487 ) .

O ther o b jec t sa r e n o tf rom P hase 4 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

P la te 3 7 . M isce l laneous g round s t one o b jec t s f r om P ha se 4 .

a .L ugged g ran i te m or tar s o fX -Group t y pe . 4( 469 ) ; 5( 562 ) . O ther i t ems a r en o t f r om P ha se 4 . S ca l ei n c r emen t sa r e1 0cm .

b .U nr eg i s ter ed g ran i t e mor tar f ragmen t so fX -Group t y pe ( S21 -25 , S 39 -40 , S 48 ) . Number sS 21-25 a r e f rom P hase 4 ; t h ey w e r ef ound i nt h e f i l lo fB u i ld ing V ,a tL eve l s 9a nd 8 . S 39 a nd 4 0 a r ef r om P ha se 2 ,a nd S 48 f r om P hase 1 .

d .L ower q uern s t one o fg ran i t e( S 24 ) . c .S tone p es t les . On ly 2( 4 31 )i sf rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i ncr emen t sa r e5 cm .

I th ad b een r e u sed a s as uppor tu nd er a q u seba , i nB u i ld ing 5 . T he d iame ter i sa bou t6 5cm .

P la te 3 8 .G r ind ing a ppa ra tu s .

b .S ha l low t r ipod b eaker ( 600 ) . S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

a .B eak er w i th f l u t ed b od y( 5 99 ) . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e5 cm .

c . Hand les . 1 ,b ra s sh and le f or b ow l( 598 ) ;2 , b ron ze s t rap h and le ( 5 10 ) . O ther i t em sa r e n o tf rom P hase 4 .S ca l ei n cr emen t sa r e5 cm .

d .B r on ze t i nk ler b e l l s . 1( 732 ) ; 2( 678 ) .N umber 1i sf rom P hase 3 ,a nd n o . 2f rom P ha se 4 .D iame ter o ft h es ma l ler s pec imen i s1 3 mm .

1

4

0 0 6

e .B ronze k ey ( 736 ) . T he l e ng th i s2 5 mm . P la te 3 9 . Ob jec t s o fb ronz e a nd b r a s sf r om P ha se 4 .

7

8

5

0 0 9

1 0

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f .B ronze a nd c opper r i ng s . O n ly n o . 3( 823 ) i sf rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n c r emen t sa r e5 cm .

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

6

8

8

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1 5

1

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1 3

1 4

1 6

b .I r on a gr icu l tura li mp lemen t s . O n ly n o . 6 ,t h el a rg eh oe l ik e t u r iya ( 466 ) , i sf rom P hase 4 .S ca le i n cr emen t sa r e1 0cm .

1 7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 / 1 11 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1

a . Mi sce l laneous i r on i mp lemen t s . 1 -7 , k n if eo rs i ck le b lad e s . 1( 415 ) ; 2( 507 ) ; 5( 472 ) ; 7( 503 ) ;o t her b lade sa re n o tf rom P ha se 4 . 8 -14 , r od sa nd s p ik e s . 8 ,k oh ls t ick? ( 6 58 ) ; 1 2 , s p ik e ( 467 ) ;1 4 , b lun t -po in ted i n s t rumen t( 603 ) ; o the rr od sa re n o t f rom P hase 4 . 1 5 , k ey ( 7 37 ) . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm .

1 3

4

d .O b jec t so fi v or y . 1 ,d ie ( 5 17 ) ; 7 ,a w l( 5 13 ) . O ther o b jec t sa re n o tf rom P hase 4 . S ca le i n c remen t sa r e5 cm .

5

c .I r on s p ind le a nd d ecora t ive o b jec t s . O n ly n o . 3 ,t h ec omp le te b race le t( 824 ) , i sf rom P ha se 4 . S ca le i n cremen t sa r e5 cm .

e .G roup o fo y s te rs he l l s( 1485 ) , g round d own f or u se a ss poon s . S ca le i n cremen t sa re 5 cm . P la te 4 0 .O b jec t so fi r on ,i v o ry ,s hel ,a nd t e x t i le f r om P ha se 4 .

fF ragmen t so f mu l t i -co lored w oo len r obe ( 5 06 ) . S ca le i n cremen t sa r e5 cm .

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