The Bone and Ivory Objects from Gordion 1949057178, 9781949057171

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The Bone and Ivory Objects from Gordion

gordion special studies I:  The Nonverbal Graffiti, Dipinti, and Stamps by Lynn E. Roller, 1987 II:  The Terracotta Figurines and Related Vessels by Irene Bald Romano, 1995 III:  Gordion Seals and Sealings: Individuals and Society by Elspeth R.M. Dusinberre, 2005 IV:  The Incised Drawings from Early Phrygian Gordion by Lynn E. Roller, 2009 V:  Botanical Aspects of Environment and Economy at Gordion, Turkey by Naomi F. Miller, 2010 VI:  The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion edited by C. Brian Rose and Gareth Darbyshire, 2011 VII:  The Archaeology of Phrygian Gordion, Royal City of Midas edited by C. Brian Rose, 2012 VIII:  Agricultural Sustainability and Environmental Change at Ancient Gordion by John M. Marston, 2017 IX:  Lydian Painted Pottery Abroad: The Gordion Excavations 1950–1973 by R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir, 2021

gordion excavations final reports I:  Three Great Early Tumuli by Rodney S. Young, 1982 II:  The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli. Part 1: The Inhumations by Ellen L. Kohler, 1995 II  The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli. Part 2: The Cremations by Ellen L. Kohler and Elspeth R.M. Dusinberre, 2023 III:  The Bronze Age by Ann Gunter, 1991 IV:  The Early Phrygian Pottery by G. Kenneth Sams, 1994

museum monograph 159

gordion special studies x

The Bone and Ivory Objects from Gordion

Phoebe A. Sheftel

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology | Philadelphia

Publication of this book was aided by a grant from the von Bothmer Publication Fund of the Archaeological Institute of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sheftel, Phoebe A., author. Title: The bone and ivory objects from Gordion / Phoebe A. Sheftel. Description: Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2023. | Series: Museum monographs ; 159 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2022047663 | ISBN 9781949057171 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781949057188 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Ivories--Turkey--Gordion (Extinct city) | Ivory carving--Turkey--Gordion (Extinct city) | Bone carving--Turkey--Gordion (Extinct city) | Bone implements--Turkey--Gordion (Extinct city) | Decoration and ornament--Turkey--Gordion (Extinct city) | Excavations (Archaeology)--Turkey--Gordion (Extinct city) | Gordion (Extinct city)--Antiquities. Classification: LCC DS156.G6 S48 2023 | DDC 939./26--dc23/eng/20220930 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022047 © 2023 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Philadelphia, PA All rights reserved. Published 2023 Distributed for the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology by the University of Pennsylvania Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.

“In this way a whole crowd of credulous historians, realizing clearly that their work was in fact storytelling, would find the scales falling from their eyes, as I did.” Orhan Palmuk, Silent House (2012) h h h “A narrative of suspense and adventure laid in the dramafilled steppes of the mysterious east; packed with excitement and mystery, every page heaves with the passionate hopes and unbridled desires of archaeologists. The tumultuous conclusions may shock some, but no reader will be able to forget the…magic of this lustily interwoven tapestry.” C. Greenwalt, Gordion excavation notebook no. 91.

Contents List of Maps and Plans ix List of Figures xi List of Plates xiii List of Tables xix Abbreviations xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Study Methodology xxv

h h h   1 Chronological Framework and Context

1

  2 Ivory: Material and Craft

13

  3 Horse Trappings

27

 4 Figurines

53

 5 Furniture

63

 6 Containers 87   7 Decorative Pieces

95

  8 Personal Adornment

167

  9 Handles and Spoons

195

10 Working Implements

227

11 Writing Implements

261

12 Musical Instruments

267

13 Astragals and Gaming Pieces

279

14 Seals

311

15 Bone and Ivory at Gordion: Sources, Subjects, and Styles

317

h h h Turkish Summary/Türkçe Özet 325 References 327 vii

CONTENTS

Concordances 353 Index 367 Plates 373

viii

Maps and Plans Map 1 Major sites mentioned in text

xxviii

Map 2 Gordion site map

xxix

Map 3 Locations of tumuli

xxx

Plan 1 Citadel Mound: Early Phrygian period

xxxi

Plan 2 Citadel Mound: Destruction Layer period

xxxii

Plan 3 Citadel Mound: Middle Phrygian period

xxxiii

ix

Figures 2.1

Gordion, Op. 46, antler in situ in doorway

19

3.1

Zincirli, sculpture of horse head

30

3.2

Carchemish, head

32

3.3

Nimrud, ivory handle

33

3.4

Zincirli, reliefs of sphinx with bird tail

33

3.5

Gordion, Tumulus MM, profile of cauldron siren

37

3.6

Samos, frontlet

40

4.1

Ivory lions from Samaria

54

4.2

Altıntepe, ivory arms

56

6.1

Ras Shamra, ivory lid

89

7.1

Nimrud, ivory handle reconstruction

100

7.2

Altıntepe, ivory sun discs

106

7.3

Zincirli, ivory palm capitals

107

7.4

Olympia, palm capital

107

7.5

Altıntepe, palm trees

108

8.1

Gordion, buckle mold (YH 44965, SF 95-15)

168

8.2

Gordion, iron buckle (ILS-22)

168

9.1

Hasanlu, cosmetic tubes

198

12.1

Gordion, lyre reconstruction by Samuel Holzman

271

12.2

Gordion, tool marks on lyre (drawing by Samuel Holzman)

271

xi

Plates 1

Horse Trappings (1)

2

Horse Trappings (1)

3

Horse Trappings (2) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

4

Horse Trappings (3)

5

Horse Trappings (4)

6

Horse Trappings (5)

7

Horse Trappings (6–7)

8

Horse Trappings (8)

9

Horse Trappings (9)

10

Horse Trappings (10–12)

11

Figurines (13–15)

12

Figurines (16)

13

Figurines (17–18)

14

Furniture (19–21)

15

Furniture (22–25)

16

Furniture (26–43)

17

Furniture (44–60)

18

Furniture (61–82)

19

Furniture (83)

20

Furniture (84–89)

21

Furniture (90–96)

22

Furniture (97–117)

23

Furniture (118–119)

24

Containers (120) (Courtesy of Elspeth Dusinberre)

25

Containers (121–124)

26

Containers (125)

27

Containers (126–127)

xiii

PLATES

28

Decorative Pieces (128–130) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

29

Decorative Pieces (131–134) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

30

Decorative Pieces (135–138) (135–136, 138—Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

31

Decorative Pieces (139) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

32

Decorative Pieces (140–144)

33

Decorative Pieces (145–149) (147—Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

34

Decorative Pieces (150–153)

35

Decorative Pieces (154–161)

36

Decorative Pieces (162–168)

37

Decorative Pieces (169–174)

38

Decorative Pieces (175–176a–j)

39

Decorative Pieces (176k–y to 182)

40

Decorative Pieces (183–186)

41

Decorative Pieces (187–194)

42

Decorative Pieces (195–199)

43

Decorative Pieces (200)

44

Decorative Pieces (201)

45

Decorative Pieces (202–211)

46

Decorative Pieces (212–221)

47

Decorative Pieces (222–236)

48

Decorative Pieces (237–241)

49

Decorative Pieces (242–253)

50

Decorative Pieces (254–265)

51

Decorative Pieces (266–277)

52

Decorative Pieces (278–281)

53

Decorative Pieces (282a–f)

54

Decorative Pieces (282g–j)

55

Decorative Pieces (282k–o)

56

Decorative Pieces (282p–w)

57

Decorative Pieces (283)

58

Decorative Pieces (284–291)

xiv

PLATES

59

Decorative Pieces (292–298)

60

Decorative Pieces (299–310)

61

Decorative Pieces (311–313)

62

Decorative Pieces (314–321)

63

Decorative Pieces (322–336)

64

Chapter 7: Decorative Pieces (337–339)

65

Decorative Pieces (340–344)

66

Decorative Pieces (345–356)

67

Decorative Pieces (357a)

68

Decorative Pieces (357b)

69

Decorative Pieces (358–363)

70

Decorative Pieces (364)

71

Decorative Pieces (365 front)

72

Decorative Pieces (365 front)

73

Decorative Pieces (365 back)

74

Decorative Pieces (366)

75

Personal Adornment (367)

76

Personal Adornment (368–378)

77

Personal Adornment (379–389)

78

Personal Adornment (390)

79

Personal Adornment (391–395)

80

Personal Adornment (396–398)

81

Personal Adornment (399–403)

82

Personal Adornment (404–412)

83

Personal Adornment (413–422)

84

Personal Adornment (423–435)

85

Personal Adornment (436–456)

86

Personal Adornment (457–478)

87

Personal Adornment (479–493)

88

Handles and Spoons (494)

89

Handles and Spoons (495–497)

xv

PLATES

90

Handles and Spoons (498–499)

91

Handles and Spoons (500–503)

92

Handles and Spoons (504–506)

93

Handles and Spoons (507–509)

94

Handles and Spoons (510–514)

95

Handles and Spoons (515–517)

96

Handles and Spoons (518–519)

97

Handles and Spoons (520–521)

98

Handles and Spoons (522–523)

99

Handles and Spoons (524–526)

100

Handles and Spoons (527–530)

101

Handles and Spoons (532–535)

102

Handles and Spoons (537–543)

103

Handles and Spoons (544–545)

104

Handles and Spoons (546–547)

105

Handles and Spoons (548–556)

106

Handles and Spoons (557–560)

107

Handles and Spoons (562)

108

Handles and Spoons (563–569)

109

Handles and Spoons (570–572)

110

Handles and Spoons (573–574)

111

Handles and Spoons (575–583)

112

Handles and Spoons (584–587)

113

Handles and Spoons (588–591)

114

Handles and Spoons (592–593)

115

Handles and Spoons (594–597)

116

Handles and Spoons (598)

117

Handles and Spoons (599–602)

118

Handles and Spoons (603)

119

Handles and Spoons (604–608)

120

Handles and Spoons (609–614)

xvi

PLATES

121

Handles and Spoons (615–622)

122

Handles and Spoons (623–625)

123

Working Implements (626–633)

124

Working Implements (634–640)

125

Working Implements (641–647)

126

Working Implements (648–657)

127

Working Implements (658–666)

128

Working Implements (667–675)

129

Working Implements (676–683)

130

Working Implements (684–697)

131

Working Implements (699–717)

132

Working Implements (718–726)

133

Working Implements (727–728)

134

Working Implements (729–730)

135

Working Implements (731–738)

136

Working Implements (739)

137

Working Implements (740–745)

138

Working Implements (746, 748–753)

139

Working Implements (754–758)

140

Working Implements (759–768)

141

Working Implements (769–774)

142

Working Implements (775–779)

143

Working Implements (780, 782–789)

144

Working Implements (790–794)

145

Working Implements (795–798)

146

Working Implements (799–803)

147

Writing Implements (804–812)

148

Musical Instruments (813–815)

149

Musical Instruments (816–822)

150

Musical Instruments (823) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

151

Musical Instruments (823) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

xvii

PLATES

152

Musical Instruments (824) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

153

Musical Instruments (824) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

154

Musical Instruments (824) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

155

Musical Instruments (825) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

156

Musical Instruments (826) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

157

Musical Instruments (827) (Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

158

Gaming Pieces (828)

159

Gaming Pieces (829–830)

160

Gaming Pieces (831–832)

161

Gaming Pieces (833)

162

Gaming Pieces (833)

163

Gaming Pieces (834–835)

164

Gaming Pieces (836–838)

165

Gaming Pieces (839–857)

166

Gaming Pieces (858–870)

167

Gaming Pieces (871–875, 880–885)

168

Gaming Pieces (886–898)

169

Gaming Pieces (899–917)

170

Gaming Pieces (918–939)

171

Gaming Pieces (940–946)

172

Gaming Pieces (947–951)

173

Gaming Pieces (952–957)

174

Gaming Pieces (958–965)

175

Gaming Pieces (966–974)

176

Gaming Pieces (975–979, 981–984)

177

Seals (985–989)

xviii

Tables 1

Chronological Periods (YHSS sequence)

4

2

Relative Sequence and Dates of Tumuli

6

xix

Abbreviations A

Architectural element

Th. Thickness

Avg. Average

W Wood

B Bronze

W. Width

BI Bone/Ivory

YHSS

C Coin cyl. Cylinder D. Diameter Est. Estimated Dims. Dimensions G Glass H. Height I Inscription ILS Iron/Lead/Silver Int. Interior J Jewelry L Lamp L. Length MC Mudbrick/clay n. Note/footnote no./# Number NB

Gordion excavation notebook

P Pottery S Seal SF

Small find

SS

Stamped seal

ST Stone T Terracotta

xxi

Yassıhöyük Stratigraphic Sequence

Acknowledgments

I

will always be grateful to Rodney S. Young for first inviting me to Gordion in 1965 and for later entrusting to me the bone and ivory material for my dissertation, which was completed in 1974. That initial phase of research was greatly enhanced by his insights and assistance on historical issues. Ellen L. Kohler, who was thoroughly familiar with each object found in the Young excavations, showed me how a succinct, well-written catalogue entry can capture a clear image of an object. She gave generously of her time and opinions. While we did not always agree on interpretations, her ideas were a valuable stimulus to my own investigations. In 2007, when G. Kenneth Sams, then Director of the Gordion Archaeological Project, asked that I turn my dissertation into a manuscript for publication in the Gordion series, it seemed a daunting task in light of the vast amount of new material that had been uncovered in Anatolian, North Syrian, Levantine, and Assyrian lands over the intervening 33 years. While this work was initially intended to encompass only the objects found during the Young excavations between 1950 and 1973, it later became apparent that it would be best to include the objects uncovered during the subsequent excavations carried out between 1988 and 2005 by Mary M. Voigt. I am indebted to her for freely sharing her material, fleshing out context information, providing catalogue descriptions, photographs, and drawings, and her thoughtful challenges to my interpretations. Andrew Goldman was also generous in helping solidify the Roman chronology and providing information on objects from his excavation trenches. Certainly, this publication would not have been possible without Gareth Darbyshire’s invaluable assistance and persistence in locating materials in the Gordion archives and working with Ardeth Anderson to

whom I am most grateful for her meticulous work on the layout of the plates and preparation of informative drawings. Samuel Holzman’s willingness to contribute his work on the tortoise shell lyres (823–827, Pls. 148– 155) adds an insightful look at a unique and important group of objects in this catalogue. I am indebted to him for adding this significant section to the publication. My interpretations of the ivory objects from Tumulus A owes much to extended conversations with Elspeth Dusinberre. I am most grateful to her for sharing her drawings and reconstruction of the duck box (120). Many other people helped along the way. During my initial research in 1974, Robert H. Dyson was kind enough to allow me to examine some of the pertinent material from Hasanlu and share his theories as to the manufacturing methods and uses of several objects. During both phases of this research, I profited from advice on sculptural matters from Brunilde S. Ridgway. Many others were supportive in sharing views and information on various objects and conundrums: Betsy Bryan, Brendan Burke, Kim Codella, Suzanne Ebbinghaus, Nick Eiteljorg, Suzanne Berndt Ersöz, Amy Gansell, Georgina Herrmann, Elizabeth La Duc, Kathleen Lynch, Antonio Sagona, David Schloen, and Irene F. Winter. Photographs and drawings are derived from multiple sources, including original field photos taken by the Young and Voigt excavation teams, the author in preparing her 1974 dissertation, and Dr. Gebhard Bieg, who has served as the excavation photographer in recent years. I am particularly grateful to Elizabeth Simpson for extended discussions about the finds from Megaron 3 and for allowing me to include her photographs of several important ivory objects (horse

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

trapping: 2, Pl. 3; inlays from Megaron 3: 128–136, Pls. 28–30, and 138–139, Pls. 30–31; and a palm capital applique: 147, Pl. 33).

Finally, I thank C. Brian Rose for his patience and gentle prodding that kept this project moving toward completion.

xxiv

Study Methodology

T

his study first began in the early 1970s with my research for a dissertation (The Ivory, Bone and Shell Objects from Gordion from the Campaigns of 1950 through 1973). In the mid-2000s, when Gordion Project Director Ken Sams proposed updating the material for publication, the addition of objects discovered during later excavations carried out by Mary Voigt (1988–2005) and the increased corpus of materials uncovered in excavations in Anatolia and its neighboring cultures to the east and west, led to a thorough reanalysis of the Gordion material for this publication. I was grateful to be able to spend time at Gordion in 2008 and 2013, which gave me the opportunity to re-examine the Young material and study and photograph the Voigt finds. At the same time, I was able to view the objects from the early excavation years that are housed in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara. There are only a few objects that I was not able to locate and personally inspect. Following the cataloguing format used in the Athenian Agora, Rodney Young primarily classified objects by their material, in this case designating them “BI” for bone/ivory. This catalogue also includes several pieces that were catalogued with as “ILS” (iron/ lead/silver), but that include bone or ivory elements. Stamp seals and inscribed objects were grouped together, regardless of their material, and given an “SS” or “I” number. The entry for each object indicates the excavation notebook (designated “NB”) in which its findspot was recorded. Under Rodney Young’s supervision, most of the excavation work was directly managed by graduate students which meant that each tended to develop his or her own recording system when documenting the stratigraphy of the trench and the exact location of a feature or artifact. Because the post-Hellenistic

periods of occupation did not extend evenly across the Citadel Mound, this means the layer numbers recorded by the excavator are not always consistently associated with the same time period. When an object was recovered in proximity to datable pottery or coins, these are listed in the catalogue entry to better anchor the bone or ivory object described. Mary Voigt adopted a different cataloguing system assigning each piece a YH (Yassıhöyük) and a small find (SF) number, with no categorization by material or function. To indicate context, each piece was recorded with an operation (trench), locus, and lot number. A locus corresponds to a sub-strata or to a floor, wall, pit, collapse, or exterior surface. A lot represents a stratum, a layer/patch of soil (or stone) differing in one or more physical characteristic from soils around it; in some cases, however, it may be an arbitrary unit created by the excavator. It was through an analysis of the contents of these loci and lots that Voigt has constructed the Yassıhöyük Stratigraphic Sequence (YHSS) that is listed in each catalogue entry (see Table 1). In contrast to Young’s more selective approach to cataloguing objects, Voigt’s excavators saved much unworked bone and many pieces that were leftover waste material. With close to 1,000 objects in this catalogue some structure was required to highlight both the individuality of significant pieces as well as the connections within a group of similar pieces. Because a great number of items were not recovered from a securely dated context, a chronological arrangement was not suitable. While some objects, particularly those from the Early Phrygian Destruction layer and burials, come from closed contexts, their relationships to other objects would be muted were the catalogue arranged by context. For this reason, the objects are divided by function. These

STUDY METHODOLOGY

functional categories are intentionally broad to cover objects that range from those with an obvious

purpose to those where the original use is more difficult to discern.

xxvi

Maps and Plans

Map 1  Map of primary sites mentioned in text. (Map by Ardeth Anderson and Gareth Darbyshire)

MAPS AND PLANS

Sakarya River

Kuş Tepe OUTER TOWN

Tumulus MM

CITADEL MOUND LOWER TOWN Küçük Höyük

Course of Sakarya c. 1950 CE Approximate Extent of Outer Town

0

500

Map 2  Gordion site map. (Drawn by John M. Marston after Voigt and Young 1999:194)

xxix

1500 m

N

Map 3  Locations of Gordion tumuli. Solid contour interval: 5 m. (Courtesy of the Gordion Archive)

MAPS AND PLANS

xxx

MAPS AND PLANS

M12

7

3

6

2

5 1

M2

M3

M10 M9

Outer Court M1

4

Terrace Building

possible street

Inner Court

M4

8

CC Building

M11

3

Gate Building

2 1

Polychrome Gate House

Early Phrygian Period N 0

100 m

Plan 1  Citadel Mound: Early Phrygian period. (Courtesy of the Gordion Archive)

xxxi

MAPS AND PLANS

Polyc hro Hous me e

N

0

20 m

Plan 2  Citadel Mound: Destruction Layer period. (Courtesy of Mary M. Voigt)

xxxii

MAPS AND PLANS

South cellar North cellar

PPB

Z V

Q

X

O

NCT

W T U

M F

H

N R

I:1

S

P D

E

G I:2

1:2 cellar

Citadel East Gate

C

J K

glacis

L

Middle Phrygian Period N 0

Y

Mosaic Building

Building A

100 m glacis

Plan 3  Citadel Mound: Middle Phrygian period. (Courtesy of the Gordion Archive)

xxxiii

1 Chronological Framework and Context

G

ordion is a significant site at the crossroads of trade routes that connected it to the peoples of the Near Eastern, Greek, and Roman worlds (Map 1). It was first discovered when engineers working nearby on the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad in 1893 reported the remains of a pre-Greek period. Alfred Körte soon visited and determined that the large mound was promising enough to excavate. In 1900, he and his brother Gustav undertook an exploration of both the mound and five surrounding tumuli. Alfred Körte determined that the site was Gordion based on ancient writers’ descriptions of Gordion as lying on the banks of the Sangarios River (the modern Sakarya; Map 2) (Strabo 12, 567/8, Curtius, hist. Alex., III 1,12–13; Arrian, exped. Alex., I 29, 5). The specific location was linked with Livy’s description of the westward route taken by Manlius Vulso in 183 BCE in his pursuit of the Galatians, a path that brought him to bridge the Sangarios and arrive next at Gordion. Livy describes Gordion as an unexpectedly busy and prosperous commercial center (38, 18, 11). Following the Körtes’ explorations, it was another half century before Rodney Young launched an excavation project in 1950 that lasted over 23 years, until his untimely death in 1974. Young’s reports on each excavation season appeared regularly, with several seasons supervised and documented by G. Roger Edwards. In 1974, Keith DeVries became the Project Director, followed in 1988 by G. Kenneth Sams who took on primary responsibility for conservation and publication of the material found between 1950 and 1973. In the same year, Mary Voigt was appointed director for new field research; she undertook a thorough re-examination of the site’s stratigraphy. Starting in 2007, C. Brian Rose was appointed as Co-Director of the Gordion Project, later becoming Director in 2013.1

Gordion sits in the heart of the central Anatolian plateau. The Citadel Mound (Map 2) rises roughly 16 m above the level of the plain and covers approximately 12 to 13 ha (Marsh 1999:163). Today it is flanked on the west by the modern channel of the Sakarya River, but in the past the river ran along the eastern side of the mound.2 The Lower Town residential district embraced the south, east, and north sides of the Citadel Mound. A defensive wall enclosed the area and incorporated one fortress to the southeast, known as Küçük Höyük, and a second, Kuş Tepe, to the north. To the west lay the Outer Town, an equally large settlement area protected by a large fort and fortification walls fronted by a ditch (Rose 2021:40, fig. 4). During the period of the most substantial development on the Citadel Mound, a monumental gate in the defensive wall of the Lower Town led eastward to a bridge connecting to a road system extending toward the area of the tumuli (Edwards 1959:264, pl. 64, 4; Marsh 1999:170), while a second gate to the west led toward the recently discovered South Gate on the Citadel Mound (Rose 2017:144–147, figs. 9–10). The ridge about a kilometer northeast of the Citadel Mound was dominated by an impressive tumulus now known as MM (Midas Mound). Originally over 53 m tall, it formed a striking marker on the ancient landscape, as it does today. Ranged along the ridge and around the surrounding area were over 126 tumuli of various sizes, 45 of which have been excavated as of 2022.3 (Map 3) This catalogue documents 989 objects fashioned out of a variety of materials: bone (713), ivory (183), antler (41), horn (21), shell (15), tusks (5), tortoise shell (5), teeth (3), and ostrich egg shell (3). They include intricately carved items that stood on their own or were attached to objects fashioned in other materials, such as wooden furniture. Many were mundane

2

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

everyday tools, simple beads, or even waste from the manufacturing process. A relatively small number were found in a burial context (65), and while many of the rest were discovered in an identifiable domestic or public context, a substantial number were recovered from fill unassociated with a structure or floor. All together they convey a picture of the commerce and culture of the area’s inhabitants from the Bronze Age through medieval times. Some pieces are done in Phrygian styles and use motifs echoed in locally made wood, bronze, or clay objects, while other pieces appear to be either direct imports or heavily influenced by styles of more distant cultures. To get a sense of the setting in which the objects were made and used, this chapter briefly outlines Gordion’s chronological framework and the site’s evolving built environment, with reference to the structures where the catalogued items were found.

Anchoring the Chronological Framework Throughout its history Gordion experienced growth and decline, friendly and hostile encounters with outside cultures, and the changes in the natural environment that can lead a society to modify its economic base and traditional practices. During the early years of the excavations, the Körte brothers and Rodney Young adhered to the then traditional practice of attaching specific dates to material remains by linking them to datable events described in ancient literary references and inscriptions memorializing royal achievements. Relying on such evidence, along with subjectively observed similarities noted in everything from large-scale architectural layouts to the shape of the ear on a miniature carved lion, was the accepted way of constructing a sensible chronology for a newly excavated site. Difficulties arise from the fact that ancient authors were often writing at some remove from the events they recorded, that kings may have memorialized their diplomatic and military exploits for purposes other than accuracy, and that opinions about when and how new ideas and styles were transferred among peoples are often subject to personal perceptions about the chronological conclusions that can be deduced from perceived similarities.

The art of dating from literary and historical records, coupled with judgments about stylistic matters, still plays an important role in developing the chronology for a site. But since the 1950s archaeology has increasingly embraced the scientific side of the discipline. This approach has had a significant impact on the understanding of the Gordion chronology. Pivotal for understanding Gordion chronology and its role in the history of the Phrygian kingdom in central Anatolia was the dating of the major destruction layer found on the Citadel Mound. Young linked the destruction layer to an attack by the Kimmerians in the late 8th century BCE. This association was brought into question with the development of a new Yassıhöyük stratigraphic sequence in 1988 (see Table 1), radiocarbon dating done in 2000, and a reexamination of the textual record and the recovered artifacts. These new studies clarified that this crucial anchor in the Gordion chronology—the Destruction Level that separates the Early and Middle Phrygian periods—should be dated to the late 9th century BCE (Rose and Darbyshire 2011). From the time of the Körte brothers’ initial excavations and for most of the 20th century, it was assumed that literary and inscriptional evidence provided accurate chronological reference points for King Midas, and, by extension, the flourishing and destruction of his city. Strabo (1.3.21), writing in the late 1st century BCE, claimed Midas’ reign had been cut short by a suicidal quaff of bull’s blood after his power was gravely diminished by the invading Kimmerians in the early 7th century BCE. Evidence for Midas’ regnal years is provided by inscriptions of Sargon II (r. 721–709 BCE) that document various diplomatic arrangements between Mita of Mushki (assumed to be the legendary Midas) and city-states in Tyana, Tabal, Urartu, and North Syria (Berndt-Ersöz 2008). The records show Midas made initial efforts either to defend against or placate the Assyrian power, only to be defeated later by Sargon II in 715 BCE after he came to the assistance of Carchemish, a city in revolt against Assyrian hegemony (Frame 2021:1: 72, 125, 199, 207, 446, 452; 2: 231, 429, 432; 4: 14; 17: 31, 150, 152; 8: 16; 9: 24; 13: 37; 43: 24; 74: iv 51, v 22, 34, 50; 76: 16, 82: vii 5'; 105: i' 17'; 109: 4'; 116: 22; Fuchs 1994: Ann. 120 and 2001:756; Young 1955:16; Postgate 1973:21–34; Roller 1983:300, n. 5; Crespin 1999:67; Collins 2007:83–84). Centuries later Eusebios, a 4th



CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT 3

century CE bishop, fixed Midas’ regnal years between 738 and 696 BCE in his Chronicles.4 The arrival of the Kimmerians at the start of the 7th century BCE and their reported devastation of a weakened Phrygia was initially taken to account for the significant burned layer on the Citadel Mound, signaling the destruction of the city and the end the Phrygian period. Although the largest tumulus (MM) was assumed to belong to a mighty personage, Young realized it was difficult to link it with Midas himself, if he were presumed to have perished or been substantially reduced in power by the Kimmerians. A review of the area around the Early Phrygian Gate (Plan 2), initiated by Keith DeVries (1990:387– 388) and subsequently expanded by Mary Voigt (2012a), shows that the Destruction Level was not the consequence of an external attack, as had long been assumed, but more likely the result of an accidental fire consuming the administrative core of the Citadel Mound and interrupting building plans already underway.5 A reconfiguration of the main Early Phrygian Gate, Outer Court, and a terrace supporting an early version of Building C had been initiated during a time of relative peace toward the end of the 9th century BCE. But the combination of closely packed buildings, construction using large amounts of wood and reed, and the presence of open hearths and ovens used for large-scale food processing and manufacturing in many buildings meant that any fire, once ignited would spread quickly and disastrously. Undaunted by this calamity, after a brief hiatus, the Phrygians continued with renewed energy to haul in massive quantities of rubble to fill in the Early Phrygian Gate passageway and spread over the burned ruins a great layer of clay, at least partly harvested from an area that had been occupied during the Hittite period. In the administrative core they largely replicated the placement and design of the Early Phrygian buildings but provided greater spacing to mitigate the potential for fire to spread. (Plan 3) At the same time, they rebuilt the separate, more domestic quarter in the western part of the Citadel Mound (Voigt 2005:32, 2009:229).6 In 2003, the Gordion team announced that a radiocarbon analysis of barley, lentil, and flax seeds retrieved from pots found in situ in the Early Phrygian Terrace Building 2A gave dates of 827–807 BCE for its destruction (Voigt and DeVries 2011:46). Later

testing of additional samples and down-dating because of “the Eastern Mediterranean regional offset in radiocarbon dating” yielded an estimated destruction date of ca. 800 BCE (DeVries 2007:79–81). Since these seeds were destroyed in the fire that created the Destruction Level and were presumably not more than a year or two old at the time, they provide clear evidence for the date. Additional radiocarbon dating of reeds from the roof of the same room indicated that they had been installed a decade or two earlier, so would not be less determinative of the moment of destruction. Dendrochronological analyses of the room’s structural timbers give a felling date of at least 80 years earlier. The wood did not include any bark and may have been reused from an earlier structure; thus, it does not help to pinpoint the date of the destruction but only gives post-quem date. Not all scholars have been convinced of this new dating for the Destruction Level, especially as it disturbs earlier carefully constructed arguments for dating objects based on comparisons to similar materials and anchored by chronological conclusions derived from the literary and epigraphic records. Objections have been raised by Oscar W. Muscarella (2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2012) and D.J. Keenan (2004). The points of dispute circle around the reliability of historical writings, the accuracy of C14 calibrations and dating, the usefulness of dendrochronological dating when bark is lacking, the chronological implications of stylistic developments in certain artifact types (notably fibulae, pottery, arrowheads, and carved orthostats), and the certainty of their purported findspots either above or below the Destruction Level. The evidence and conclusions about the new dating is presented in the 2011 publication of The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion, edited by C. Brian Rose and Gareth Darbyshire.7 The new Yassıhöyük Stratigraphic Sequence identifies ten distinct periods, designated successively from YHSS 10 (Middle Bronze Age) to YHSS 1 (Medieval) (Sams and Voigt 1990, 1991; Voigt 1994, 2011; Rose and Darbyshire 2011). This is the chronological framework adopted in this catalogue. The following section describes the setting where the catalogued objects were recovered and highlights the key role that imported Greek pottery plays in untangling the more complex sequence of building, modification

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

and abandonment that particularly characterizes the Middle and Late Phrygian periods. (Plan 3)

Context of Objects in the Built Environment During the Young excavations, evidence of occupation in the Early Bronze Age was found on the Citadel Mound and in a cemetery on the ridge to the northeast.8 Soundings carried out by Mary Voigt in the Early Phrygian Outer Court during 1988 and 1989 documented a stratigraphic sequence commencing in the Middle Bronze Age YHSS 11 (Sams and Voigt 1990, 1991; Voigt 1994, 2005, 2011). During the Middle and Late Bronze Age, the area was under strong influence of the Hittite Empire to the east, judging by the presence of pithos burials in the cemetery, pottery types, and a scattering of seals (Mellink 1956; Güterbock 1980; Gunter 1991; Henrickson 1995; Voigt 2011:1075). Bone objects first appear at this time. Two collections of astragals (828–829) were found in Middle Bronze Age pithos

graves (YHSS 10). On the Citadel Mound, a cellarlike, Late Bronze Age (YHSS 8) structure called the CBH Building,9 yielded numerous well-made, latheturned bone knobs and beads (436–438, 467–468, 470–471), as well as early examples of tools fashioned from antler (778–779). The settlement appears to have been abandoned peacefully around 1100 BCE (Gunter 2012:801). It has long been proposed that perhaps as early as the late 12th century BCE, but certainly by the early 1st millennium BCE, a new people, whose language was probably an early form of Phrygian, arrived from southeastern Thrace and the Balkans (Sams 1994:20, 2011b:607; Vassileva 2005:228, fig. 1a–b (P 3568); Voigt and Hendrickson 2000:43; Roller 2011:560– 561; Aslan and Günata 2016; Rose 2021:30).10 With their center located at Gordion, they eventually expanded their control over a large part of central Anatolia. The change in pottery wares that signal the beginning of the Early Iron Age (YHSS 7) suggests the arrival of new people and the possible departure of some of the previous residents (Voigt 2011:1076; Gunter

Table 1  Chronological Periods YHSS Phase

Period Name

Approximate Date

1

Medieval

ca. 13th–14th cent. CE

2

Roman

ca. 1st–5th cent. CE

3A

Late Hellenistic

ca. 250–1st cent. BCE

3B

Early Hellenistic

ca. 330–ca. 250 BCE

4

Late Phrygian

540–330 BCE

5

Middle Phrygian

ca. 800–540 BCE

6A

Early Phrygian Destruction Level

ca. 800 BCE

6B

Early Phrygian

ca. 950–800 BCE

7

Early Iron Age

ca. 1200–950 BCE

8

Late Bronze Age: Late

ca. 1300–1200 BCE

9

Late Bronze Age: Middle

ca. 1400–1300 BCE

10

Late Bronze Age: Early

ca. 1600–1400 BCE

11

Middle Bronze Age

ca. 2000–1600 BCE

12

Early Bronze Age

ca. 2300–2000 BCE

(Rose 2021: table 1)



CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT 5

2012:801). By the end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the Phrygians had started to build on what would become the Citadel Mound (Voigt and Hendrickson 2000:46, fig. 3). Remains of this period include domestic structures of mud-plastered wood and reed walls set atop a stone base; some contained storage pits, ovens, and bins. Most of the bone objects from this period are astragals, such as a cache of 22, some of which were drilled (830), but other materials are increasingly used—ivory (360), bone (656, 765), antler (780) and shell (480, 483). By the late 10th or the early 9th century BCE, the Phrygians began the creation of the Citadel Mound (Plan 1) as an impressive display of power and wealth (YHSS 6B). Earlier houses were replaced by a packed earth court and more substantial public buildings, some of which functioned as parts of the fortification system. Initially, entry to the settled area was partially controlled by a long narrow gate structure, the Early Phrygian Building,11 located at the northeast corner of the built-up area. At some later date, the thick defensive wall stretching to the south was pierced by a new gate known as the Polychrome Gate House,12 built with an open rectangular layout that was perhaps inspired by similar gates found at eastern locations such as Zincirli and Carchemish (Voigt and Hendrickson 2000:50; Orthman 1975: figs. 129A, 133). Carved orthostats and other decorative architectural pieces from the late 10th or early 9th century BCE were associated with a major building near the entrance, possibly the gate itself, and may have provided an apotropaic function akin to the fierce sculptures flanking the gates at Zincirli and Carchemish (Sams 1989: pl. XX; DeVries 1990:377; Voigt 2005:29; Gilibert 2011: Carchemish 2–12, 52–61, Zincirli 1–51, 59–62; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:28–30; Morgan 2018:140–142). Around 850 BCE a formalized Outer Court area was defined by the massive Early Phrygian Gate13 attached to the Polychrome Gate House, an inner dividing wall on the north side of the court and pairs of large buildings on the east (Megarons 9 and 10)14 and west sides (Megarons 1 and 2),15 several of which contained bone and ivory objects (162, 300, 476, 570, 631). An Inner Court to the northwest was dominated by the large Megaron 3.16 Its contents included an important series of ivory inlays carved with human

figures, animals, and fantastic beasts (128–138). Alongside the imposing Megaron 3 was the smaller Megaron 4,17 later inserted on a higher platform; it contained two significant ivory figured pieces (13, 150). Across the Inner Court a street led northeast toward the outer defensive walls. This passage was bordered on its east side by a line of buildings, including Megaron 11,18 where the arm of a late 9th century BCE ivory figurine (14) was found in a small, burned area on the floor.19 Stretched out on a raised terrace to the southwest was the monumental Terrace Building20 formed of eight identical, conjoined megaron units on a platform raised 1.5 to 3.5 m above the earlier level. They faced a wide street and a mirror-image structure, the CC Building,21 three units of which have been exposed. Together, the buildings housed industrial scale operations, primarily focused on food production (including brewing beer) and textile manufacturing. Here were found many bone and ivory tools: handles (569, 571–574), shuttles (626–630), and pointed implements (639, 641–642, 758). The inner room of the Terrace Building’s second unit was unusual. While there was evidence of weaving in the anteroom and large number of loom weights in the inner chamber, along with a great quantity of coarse pottery, the space lacked any installations for grain preparation and instead served as a repository for a unique collection of luxury objects, including ivory horse trappings (1–12) and openwork elements from furniture (20). The area around the administrative and domestic center of Gordion was punctuated by large and small tumuli that contained imported and locally produced items. (Map 3) Curiously, compared to the number of bone and ivory objects found in the Early Phrygian level on the Citadel Mound, only a single specimen has been recovered from a contemporary tumulus—an ivory pendant (375) found in mid-9th century BCE Tumulus W,22 the earliest of the excavated tumuli.23 At some point in the late 9th century BCE the Phrygians felt secure enough to undertake an ambitious rebuilding of the eastern part of the Citadel Mound (Voigt 2007:318–324, 2012a). But disaster struck and fire put a temporary halt to this ongoing construction. It consumed many of the buildings in the heart of the palace and administrative complex. Some structures, particularly in the northeast area (Megarons 9–12), appear to have escaped damage.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Table 2  Relative Sequence and Dates of Tumuli Early Phrygian 860–840 BCE

W, G

840–820 BCE

X, Y Middle Phrygian

820–800 BCE

Q

800–780 BCE

S

780–770 BCE

KY, K-III

760 BCE

P

ca. 745 BCE

K-IV, MM

730 BCE

N

ca. 700? BCE

Z, S-1

650–640 BCE

H

640–630 BCE

S-2

625–610 BCE

F

600 BCE

I

600–590 BCE

J, K

575–550? BCE

K-I

600–550? BCE

U, K-II

580–575 BCE

B

560 BCE

K-V, D Late Phrygian

530–525 BCE

C, A, E

Adapted from Sams and Voigt 2011: fig. 7-10, with dating on Middle Phrygian Tumuli provided by Kohler and Dusinberre (2023)

Undaunted, the Phrygians quickly laid in a substantial layer of clay, several meters thick, over the destroyed parts of the citadel and restarted construction of Building C. New Middle Phrygian (YHSS 5) structures were largely built of stone, in contrast to the Early Phrygian preference for mudbrick walls, strengthened with wooden beams, resting on a socle of stone. It was during the subsequent Middle and Late Phrygian periods (YHSS 5–4) that bone and ivory production flourished at Gordion. (Plan 3) Because most Middle Phrygian buildings were occupied and modified over several centuries and never suffered the sudden destruction that preserved the contents of some Early Phrygian buildings, there are

only a few objects that can be directly attributed to specific buildings; their dating frequently relies on associated imported Greek pottery. During the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE Gordion came under the control of the Lydians (Rose forthcoming a, Roller 2011:564; Sams 2011b:613– 614). Alterations and rebuilding took place on the Citadel Mound during this period, and some major structures, including the fortification system, remained in use after the conquest of Gordion by a Persian army around 540 BCE.24 Other stone buildings were demolished, sometimes down into their rubble foundations, and replaced by domestic structures (Voigt 1994; Fields 2010). Advances have been made in untangling the progression of building during the Middle and Late Phrygian periods on the Citadel Mound as a result of excavation since 1988 and a re-analysis of the Young material using Attic imports (Fields 2010; Rose 2021; Rose forthcoming b).25 Nevertheless, there are only a limited number of archaeological contexts that can be confidently assigned to the Middle Phrygian period. The new City Gate constructed in the Middle Phrygian period26 retained the basic design of its predecessor—a broad central passageway flanked by two rooms with thick walls. The structure remained in use at least through the Late Phrygian period. Several ivory and bone decorative pieces (183, 275, 330), as well as what may have been a necklace of boar’s tusks and bone beads (385, 390, 477) were found in various parts of the gate building. At some point, perhaps early in the Middle Phrygian period, Building A,27 a long, multi-unit structure, was built adjacent to the defensive wall stretching southwest from the gate; on the original floor of one room (Unit 4) was found a delicate, à jour ivory plaque carved with a palmette (146) dating stylistically to the mid-8th century BCE. Another closely matched plaque (147) was found in a later deep cellar dug into Building P (for context, see Young 1962:155). The building was later extended with the addition of the Mosaic Building in the first half of the 6th century BCE.28 The use of colonnaded rooms with meander-patterned mosaic floors suggests the building may have served as a palace for the ruler located close to the City Gate. The complex was destroyed when the Persians attacked in the mid-6th century BCE. Flanking the north court of the City Gate sat Building E,29 a small and unusual structure that seems



CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT 7

to have been a center of ritual activity over an extended period. Its first phase dates to the 8th century BCE; it was modified three times throughout the Late Phrygian period (Fields 2010:50–52). The first rebuilding took place during the second half of the 8th century BCE, at the same time as Buildings C in the Outer Court was being rebuilt (Rose forthcoming b). During its second phase Building E it became the resting place of an intriguing ivory seal (985). The Outer Court contained four new buildings: D and F (source of a bone bolster, 166) at the north; C, with its Painted House annex added later in the first half of the 5th century BCE; and G on the south side (location of an inlay decorated with a lotus and palmette chain, 238).30 The Inner Court was dominated by two large buildings (H and M) rising above the ruins of the earlier Megarons 3 and 4. Building M was in use over an uncertain period of time, but its destruction and subsequent dismantling for building materials can be placed after the time of the Persian attack, partly based on the discovery of an Attic blackfigure hydria (P 2074), dated ca. 575 BCE, found on the floor along one wall (Edwards 1959:965, pl. 65, fig. 8; DeVries 2005:47; Fields 2010:64, fig. 32). The building held several decorative ivory items, including a hawk’s beak that was likely part of a large figure made of wood (17) and two strips with engaged cylinders (175, 176).31 A street running northeast off the Inner Court was lined with buildings on both sides, including Buildings X, Y, and Z.32 On the raised terrace west of the main courts sat opposing rows of buildings distinguished from their predecessors, the Terrace and CC Buildings, by their separation into free-standing structures, perhaps designed to avoid another rapidly spreading fire. A number of these (Buildings L, N, R, T, and U)33 held tools (582, 751, 867) and decorative pieces, most notably two pairs of bone ornaments vividly decorated with hawks carrying off hares (83), as well as more examples of strips with engaged cylinders (184, 190). At some point after the initial Middle Phrygian building phase, perhaps late in the 8th or early in the 7th century BCE, a large structure, the South Cellar,34 was sunk into the area immediately west of Building O. The earliest pottery from fill over the floor includes a Corinthian Late Geometric kotyle (P 3696), dated 735–720 BCE, and a pre-720 BCE Alishar IV krater (DeVries 2005:37, 40, fig. 4-1, top). Several later

modifications raised the floor level, with the upper fill dated by an Attic red-figure sherd (P 3470) of the early 4th century BCE (DeVries 2005:40). The cellar held an array of objects spanning a considerable time; among them were several ivory and bone decorative pieces (27, 106, 229, 306); a miniature ivory female figurine, likely from the 7th century BCE (15); and an ivory seal (986). Between the western end of the terrace platform and the northern defensive bastion, PPB (originally called the Persian-Phrygian Building) was first built during the Middle Phrygian period with at least four rows of four rooms, each 6 m square.35 During its final phase these rooms served as a subterranean storage facility and held two of the more finely carved ivory inlay plaques recovered on the Citadel Mound, both of which date within the 8th century BCE: one shows a man leading a bull (140) and the other a goat standing at a palm bush (141). In the western sector of the Citadel Mound, beyond the enclosed palace/administrative complex and separated from it by a street that bisected the mound, are remains of Middle Phrygian structures. A building with rubble foundations set in a deep layer of fill was constructed in the Northwest Zone early in this period; although no trace of the wall proper was found, it was presumably constructed of ashlar blocks, like the Middle Phrygian buildings to the east. Later in the period, well-built walls and pebble floors indicate that residential areas with houses for wealthy occupants were built in both the Northwest and Southwest Zones. The scant remains from this period include decorative items (36, 90, 384, 413). The Middle Phrygian period was a time of expansion beyond the Citadel Mound, with the development of both the Lower Town to the north, east, and south, and the Outer Town to the west. Study of the floral and faunal remains suggest this growth may be attributed to a shift in the economic base. Despite living in an environment more naturally favorable to pastoral activity, the Phrygians greatly increased agricultural production during this time (Miller et al. 2009:921). The ground level in the southern Lower Town was eventually raised and terraced to receive both monumental ashlar buildings, as well as more modest mudbrick domestic structures. It was later destroyed during the Persians’ attack on the Küçük Höyük fortifications in the third quarter of the 6th

8

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

century BCE (Voigt and Young 1999:211–214, figs. 15–19; Voigt 2005:35). A small group of bone and ivory functional and decorative pieces were found in the Lower Town, the most significant of which are an ivory inlay incised with the figure of a running warrior (142), a thick ivory openwork plaque carved with the figure of a horse (152), and a miniature seal topped by the figure of a monkey (989). The Outer Town remains largely unexcavated; only one bone knob (35) associated with a late 5th century BCE Attic sherd comes from this area. During the early years of the Middle Phrygian period, bone and ivory objects continued to be largely unrepresented among the grave gifts. The early 8th century Tumuli KY and P36 each contained only a small collection of astragals (834–835). By far the greatest number of bone and ivory objects found in burials come from the clusters of tumuli dating to the latter part of the 7th century (F, H, and I),37 the early 6th century (K),38 and those falling in the second and third quarters of the 6th century (A–E).39 Tumulus F produced the largest collection of ivory pieces in the earlier group, all inlays that would have been arranged in decorative designs on furniture or a container (see, for example triangles [311] and petals [341]). Approximately one hundred years later the cremation remains found in Tumulus A show an interest in ivory for an imaginative small box in the shape of a duck (120) and a delicate kore figurine (16). The inhumation burials in Tumuli B and C held few bone or ivory objects: a delicate pin with a ram’s head finial (396) and an inlay with a finely incised lotus and palmette chain (239). Tumulus D, another cremation, preserved more of the familiar ivory decorative inlays, such as triangles (313) and petals (342). The transition from the Middle Phrygian to the Late Phrygian (YHSS 4) period was precipitated in part by the Persian conquest in the 540s BCE. The most direct evidence of this event is apparent in the destruction of the Küçük Höyük (Young 1958a:140– 141; Glendinning 1996:111) and the abandonment of houses in the southern Lower Town (Voigt and Young 1999:214). On the eastern half of the Citadel Mound the Phrygians refurbished some of the old buildings, while others went out of use. The Painted House, set between Buildings C and G, was built during the first half of the 5th century, perhaps under Achaemenid influence, as reflected in its departure from the traditional

megaron form (Voigt and Young 1999:220–221; Fields 2010:44–45, 76). Smaller, more irregular buildings with a square or rectangular plan signaled a shift to an architectural style more useful for diffuse administrative or industrial activities. The structures nevertheless indicate a still vital and growing urbanized area. Eventually, a bronze foundry covered the remains of Buildings C (location of a bone die [969]) and G, while a stone-working facility occupied the area above Building H, and a structure with a kiln or large oven overlay Building M (Fields 2010:78). On the southwest corner of the Western Mound, excavators recovered a dump of materials, perhaps the remains of the destruction occasioned by the arrival of the Persians. It is well dated to the middle decade of the 6th century based on an Attic cup by Sondros (Sams and Voigt 1998: photo 8; DeVries 2005:47, figs. 4-10, 4-11) and a black-figure krater by Lydos (DeVries 2005: fig. 4-12). Included in the dump were some bone and antler pieces used in furniture (69, 86), an object of personal adornment (460), and various tools (551, 649, 782). Facing a street leading northeast out of the Inner Court was a large structure, Building X, that was originally built in the late 8th century BCE and bedded in the clay covering most of the Early Phrygian Citadel Mound. In the mid-5th century BCE, it underwent a final rebuilding and expansion. This dating is based on the discovery of a black-figured lekythos (P 3916) dated ca. 475 BCE, just beneath the final pebble floor (Fields 2011:72, fig. 37). Early in the 4th century BCE, an earthquake caused significant damage to this and other buildings in both the eastern quarter on the Citadel Mound and the northwest zone (DeVries 1990:400; Rose 2017:170).40 Found among the fallen reeds and roof tiles were several fine ivory pieces: the carved lid of a box (121), which may have been handed down from the 6th century BCE, and five examples of strip attachments with engaged cylinders (185–189), similar examples of which have been found in other Middle and Late Phrygian contexts. In 333 BCE, on route to his conquest of the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great worked his way down the western coast of Anatolia, capturing Lydia and Lycia before heading to Gordion in the heartland of the Phrygians. There he famously undid the Gordion knot, an action that was said to hold the key to conquering Asia.41 The residents of Gordion, a population that probably included many Greeks as well



CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT 9

as Phrygians, pursued an ambitious reshaping of the Citadel Mound during the Early Hellenistic period (YHSS 3B). The wall behind Middle Phrygian Buildings R and U was dismantled and earth brought in to fill the valley that had long divided the palace and administrative complex on the northeast from the more residential area to the west and south (DeVries 1990:401). What had been two distinct mounds or sectors were now linked into a single expanse at a relatively uniform level. The walls around the Citadel Mound were built over by houses (Wells 2012). A fondness for all things Greek swept the town; the inhabitants imported and copied Greek pottery, both fine wares (Stewart 2010) and wine amphoras (Lawall forthcoming), while local craftspeople produced credible copies of Greek metalwork (DeVries 1990:401). Among the products of bone and ivory workshops, three decorative attachments in the shape of a duck’s head (159–161) point toward western inspiration. The proliferation of Greek inscriptions has prompted debate as to whether a Greek immigrant community can be detected at Gordion.42 Letters in Greek script appeared at Gordion in the first half of 4th century BCE but may represent only convenient symbols used to mark objects, rather than evidence of any real knowledge and use of the Greek language (Roller 1987a:105). By the later part of the 3rd century BCE the Greek alphabet dominated, although there was a high degree of overlap between Phrygian and Greek scripts. Consequently, for many very short texts, it is unclear whether the text was written by a Greek or a Phrygian speaker. A series of astragals from this period bearing Greek letters and mythical names reflects the increasing dominance of the Greek language at Gordion (942–965), although it is unclear whether they were written by Greek immigrants to the site or by native Phrygians now using Greek as their principal language. Located at the vortex of major east-west and north-south routes through Anatolia, it is not surprising that Gordion was in the Galatians’ path in the early to mid-3rd century BCE. Tradition has it that these Celtic peoples moved from the Upper Danube regions down through Greece and Anatolia in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE and settled in Gordion in the third quarter of the 3rd century BCE (F. Winter 1988:64; Darbyshire et al. 2000:79).

Their arrival marks the beginning of the Middle Hellenistic period (YHSS 3A:1–2) and may have occasioned a short period of abandonment on the Citadel Mound;43 but by the middle of the 3rd century BCE there are large houses on the Citadel Mound and to the west a new type of tomb that combined an ashlar-lined dromos with a corbelled roof in the burial chamber (Darbyshire et al. 2000:94; F. Winter 1988: figs. 4–5). Utilitarian bone implements predominate (e.g., 510, 623, 663, 728) during this period, with a few ivory decorative objects (e.g., 156, 179, 181, 359). A major break during the Middle Hellenistic period was caused by Gn. Manlius Vulso’s attack in 189 BCE as retribution for the Galatian tribe’s support of Antiochus II at the Battle of Magnesia. Livy reported that though the town was not large (38.18.11–14), it stood at a significant trading crossroad. Nearly 100 years later the site was reoccupied for a short time, during a newly recognized period now called Late Hellenistic (YHSS 3A:3). In 25 BCE, Augustus took over the greater part of central Anatolia, creating the province of Galatia (Goldman 2005:56; Bennett and Goldman 2009:1607). The foundation of a Roman military installation at Gordion took place in the mid-1st century BCE (Goldman 2007a). In documentary sources, Roman Gordion (YHSS 2) was dismissed as a small village (Strabo 12.5.3), a far cry from its zenith of power in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE. Not much was known about this period in Gordion until the Voigt team excavated at the northern and western edges of the Citadel Mound (Voigt 2005: fig. 3-5; Sams and Goldman 2005:43–56; Sams, Burke, and Goldman 2006:373–380; Bennett and Goldman 2009). Based on new evidence, Gordion is now considered to be “the first Roman military site of early imperial date” in Anatolia (Bennett and Goldman 2009:1605). Growing from a small town, the settlement peaked in the last quarter of the 1st and early years of the 2nd centuries CE (YHSS 2:2) when several large houses, one with an interior peristyle court, ranged along a wide cobbled street, bordered on each side by stone colonnades topped with wooden architraves (Goldman 2005:61, fig. 5-2; Bennett and Goldman 2009:1606). Continuing a pattern previously noted, most of the objects from the Roman period are utilitarian pieces made of bone (e.g., 182, 411, 667, 721, 763). There

10

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

appears to have been an earthquake in 110 CE, which led to a significant rebuilding during YHSS 2:3, although it may have been related to Trajan’s Parthian War (113–117 CE) (Goldman, pers. comm.). Occupation continued, but the settlement was in constant decline until the 5th century CE, by which time (YHSS 2:5) a large pit house was in use in the southern area of the mound (location of 718 and 939) and cist graves began to be placed in previously occupied areas of the Western Mound (Sams and Goldman 2005:48; Sams, Burke, and Goldman 2006:375–376). Most bone and ivory objects found in the upper layers come from mixed and disturbed contexts; however, a collection of finely made spindles and whorls (729) from a grave (A 204),44 dated to the early Roman period, shows that at least some inhabitants enjoyed well-made household items. Much of the latest Roman settlement was disturbed by a later cemetery and pits dug during the Late Roman-Byzantine periods, and centuries later by trenches used during the Battle of the Sakarya in 1921. Most of the bone and ivory objects recovered from this layer are found without any datable context due to later building and disturbances, and several pieces appear to have migrated from earlier layers, such as a decorative insert carved in a well-executed winged sun disc design (144), dated by its motif and style to the Early or Middle Phrygian period. notes: 1.1  For a summary of the excavation’s history, see Sams 2005:10–21. More recent work is described in Rose 2017. 1.2  During antiquity, its meanderings and accumulated sediment both undermined buildings and raised the level of the plain (Marsh 1999:174). The river probably shifted to the west side of the Citadel Mound in the 19th century CE. 1.3  The exact number of tumuli is uncertain. Richard Liebhart notes that a study of aerial photography by Ben Marsh has revealed the possibility that there could be up to 240. 1.4  Current research now shows that there were likely at least four Phrygian kings named Midas known to the Greeks: Midas I who reigned from 723 BCE to 677 BCE, dedicated the throne in Delphi, and may have committed suicide by drinking blood; Midas II who reigned for an uncertain length of time during the second quarter of the 7th century BCE; Midas III whose reign was cut short during the Kimmerian invasion of Anatolia; and Midas IV who

lived around the beginning of the 6th century BCE (Berndt-Ersöz 2008). 1.5  Based on the types of carbonized seeds recovered from the Terrace Buildings, it is surmised that the fire occurred during the summer months (Rose 2017:154). 1.6  Confirmation of an 8th century BCE date for the rebuilding is partly provided by the recovery of imported Greek late 8th/early 7th century BCE sherds found in the South Cellar and the cellar of Building I:2 (DeVries 2005:37, 43; DeVries, Sams, and Voigt 2005:46; Voigt 2005:31). 1.7  This should be read in conjunction with Oscar Muscarella’s review of the book (2012). 1.8  On the Citadel Mound, Early and Middle Bronze Age material was primarily found in context under Megarons 10 (Middle Bronze) and 12 (late Early Bronze II or Early Bronze IIIa) (Young 1966:275–278; Young 1962:168; Gunter 1991: 24–25, 50–81, 102), as well as random inclusions in the clay layer brought in to cover the Destruction Level (Gunter 1991:25, 82–85, 96–101). The earliest evidence of localized activity is Early Bronze I pottery found below Tumuli F and H on the ridge (Gunter 1991:102). Late Bronze Age material was found in the Lower Trench Sounding (Voigt and Hendrickson 2000:40–42). 1.9  For excavation details of the structure, see Voigt 1994:266–267, fig. 25.2.1, pl. 25.1.2–3. 1.10  Literary tradition claims that the Phrygians came from somewhere in Europe near Macedonia (Herodotus 7, 73; Strabo 7.3.2). Strabo seems to have despaired of reconciling different traditions about the origins of the Phrygians; he ends up saying that he had discussed the matter sufficiently and would refrain from further consideration of the issue (14.5.29). In 2007, G.R. Tsetckhladze (2007:283–304) challenged the certainty of a connection between Thrace and Phrygia based on the unsecure dating of some of the graves and architecture claimed to be comparable, as well the vague parallels claimed for pottery in each region. 1.11  For excavation reports on the Early Phrygian Building, see Young 1966:273–275, pl. 70, figs. 16, 17, 19; DeVries 1990: fig. 2-3; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:2, fig. 0.6. 1.12  For excavation reports on the Polychrome Gate House, see Young 1956:260–261, 1960:234–236, 1964a:290–291. 1.13  For excavation reports on the Early Phrygian Gate, see Young 1953:25–26, 1955:11–16, 1956:257–260, 1957:320, 1960:233–234, 1962:157–159, 1964a:290– 291. See also Rose 2017:148–152). Excavations carried out between 2013 and 2019 revealed the presence of an



CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONTEXT 11

additional contemporary gate complex to the south (South Gate); the Early Phrygian Gate is now termed the East Citadel Gate. 1.14  For excavation reports of Megaron 9 (originally named Northeast Building), see Young 1962:159, 1964a:289–290, 1966:273–275. For reports on Megaron 10 (originally called the North Building), see Young 1964a:289, 1966:272, 275–277. 1.15  For excavation reports on Megaron 1 (variously named the Burned Phrygian Building and the Brick Building), see Young 1957:320–322. For excavation reports on Megaron 2 (previously named West Phrygian House and Mosaic Building), see Young 1956:261, 1957:322–323, 1958a:142–143, 1962:160. For a recent summary, see Rose 2017:159–160. 1.16  For excavation reports of Megaron 3, see Young 1958a:144–145, 1960:237–240, 1962:160–163. 1.17  For excavation reports on Megaron 4, see Young 1962:163–164, 1964a:286–288. 1.18  For the excavation report of Megaron 11, see DeVries 1990:383. 1.19  It appears the building was not destroyed in the massive conflagration that swept through the structures across the open Inner Court. It is not clear whether the burned debris found in Megaron 11 was brought from elsewhere or whether it stemmed from a fire within the building (DeVries 1990:383). 1.20  The Terrace Building was excavated over many years, from its first discovery in 1955 (Young 1956:262–263) through the exploration of the anteroom of TB 2 in 1989 (Sams and Voigt 1991:459–460). Details on the excavation of individual rooms can be found in Young’s excavation reports published in 1956, 1958a, 1960, 1962, 1964a, 1966, 1968a and DeVries 1990. For more recent exploration and conservation efforts, see Rose 2017:154–157. 1.21  The excavation reports for these three rooms in the CC Building are found in Young 1964a:285–286 and DeVries 1990:385–387. 1.22  Under the original dating framework, Tumulus W was thought to date before the middle of the 8th century (Young 1960: 227–232, 1981:242, 270; Sams 1971:274) or in the late 8th century (Muscarella 1967:3–4 and 43, n. 27). 1.23  Elizabeth Simpson speculates that there may have been some ivory inlay (now missing) used to decorate the surface of the inlaid table from Tumulus MM (Simpson 2010:34–36, 2020:141). 1.24  The previous dating of the Persian conquest of Lydia to 547 BCE, based on a reading of the Babylonian Chroni-

cal 7, II 15–17, has recently been questioned as to whether it refers to Lydia or Urartu; a date for the Persian take over in Gordion in the mid-6th century seems most likely (van Dogen 2013:49). 1.25  An initial study of Persian period pottery from six clusters on the Citadel Mound demonstrates the difficulty of assigning finds to a particular building. The stratigraphic context dates the material between 400 and 333 BCE. The pottery shows a continuity with Middle Phrygian wares and indicates that, while Gordion was in the Persian ambit, its status left it less influenced by outside pottery styles than more prominent cities like Sardis and Daskyleion (Toteva 2009). 1.26  For excavation reports on the Middle Phrygian Gate, originally called the Persian Gate, see Young 1953:17–24, 1955:1–3, 1956:252–254, 1962:156–157. 1.27  For excavation reports on Building A, see Young 1951:8–10, 1953:14–17, 1955:1–2, 1958a:142; Sams and Burke 2007:330–331. For a recent analysis of the building, see Rose forthcoming a. 1.28  For excavation report, see Young 1953:18–19. More recent work on the building is reported in Rose 2021:50– 51 and forthcoming a. 1.29  For excavation reports on Building E, initially called the Hearth Building, see Young 1955:3–6, pl. 2, fig. 9. For a more recent interpretation, see Rose 2021:45–46. 1.30  For excavation reports on Building D, see Young 1956:255, 1962:156. For Building F, see Young 1956:255, 1962:156. For Building C, see Young 1955:6–8, 1956:254– 255, 1960:233. A reinterpretation of the building’s several phases between the 8th and 4th century BCE can be found in Fields 2011:41–42 and Rose forthcoming b. For the Painted House, see Young 1955:8–10, 1956:255–256. Based on the style of paintings, this building has been variously dated 500–490 BCE (Voigt and Young 1999:221, n. 20), 525–500 BCE (Mellink 1980:94; Harl 2011:757), mid-5th century (Fields 2010:45), and again 500–490 BCE (Rose forthcoming b). For Building G, see Young 1956:255, 261, 1957:320. 1.31  For excavation reports on Building H, see Young 1958a:141. For Building M, see Young 1958a:141–142, 1960:233, 1964a:282; Edwards 1959:265–256; DeVries 1990:392. 1.32  For excavation reports of Buildings X, Y, and Z, see DeVries 1990:396–398, fig. 35. 1.33  For excavation reports on Building L, see Young 1958a:142; Young 1960:233. For Building N, see Young 1960:233; Young 1962:155; Young 1964a:281. For Build-

12

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

ing R, see Young 1964a:281; DeVries 1990:391. For Building T, see Young 1964a:281, 1966:269; DeVries 1990:395. For Building U, see Young 1964a:281; DeVries 1990:395. 1.34  Excavation results are reported in Young 1966:268– 289 and DeVries 2005:37–40. See also Rose 2021:49. 1.35  For excavation reports on the PPB, see Young 1968a:234–245 and DeVries 1990:380–318. Whereas Young originally thought the building was started in the Early Phrygian period and was used into the Middle Phrygian period, current understanding places its construction in the Middle Phrygian period (Voigt 2012a:99, n. 6.2; Rose 2021:52–53). 1.36  For excavation reports on Tumulus P, see Young 1957:325–327, 1963:356, 1981:1–77; Kohler 1958:20– 25; Muscarella 1967:3. For the excavation report on Tumulus KY, see Young 1956:266; Kohler 1995:73–82. 1.37  For Tumulus F, see Kohler 1958:90–94, 176; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. For Tumulus H, which is securely dated to the third quarter of the 7th century BCE by a bird-bowl, see Young 1953:32–34, fig. 26, 1963:351, fig. 3; Muscarella 1967:5; Sams 1971:276; Kohler 1995:43–53. For Tumulus I, see Young and Edwards 1952; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. 1.38  For Tumulus K, see Muscarella 1967:6; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. 1.39  For Tumulus A, see Kohler 1958:142–144; DeVries 2005:43–44; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. For Tumulus B, see Kohler 1958:132–133, 1995:9–24; Muscarella 1967:6. For Tumulus C, see Kohler 1958:106–110, 1995:25–

34; Muscarella 1967:6–7. For Tumulus D, see Kohler 1958:114–115; Muscarella 1967:6; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. For Tumulus E, see Kohler 1958:6; Young 1953:30– 31, fig. 22; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. 1.40  DeVries (1990:400) had previously postulated that this transition had occurred around 400 BCE, but Voigt (Voigt and Young 1999:197–220) sees evidence in the stratigraphy, disruption in architecture, and well-dated Attic imports to place the transition around 540 BCE, corresponding approximately to the time of the Persian conquest of Gordion. 1.41  The knot, reportedly made of cornel bark, was reportedly part of an ox cart dedicated years earlier by Midas, son of Gordias. Young (1955:11–12) believed the discovery of numerous arrowheads found embedded in the paving of the interior court of the Middle Phrygian Gate bore witness to Alexander’s arrival. These are more likely to be related to the attack by the Spartan king Agesilaos in the early 4th century (Rose 2017:170, n. 99). 1.42  “The sudden appearance…of many common Greek names immediately after Greek military penetration into this area in 333 BCE suggests that at least some of the people who bore these characteristically Greek names were actually Greek, i.e., Greek people who had settled in Gordion” (Roller 1987a:107). 1.43  For a preliminary summary of evidence of the Galatians’ impact on Gordion, see DeVries 1990: 402–403; Voigt 2012b. 1.44  See excavation NB 33:158.

2 Ivory: Material and Craft

B

ecause a material’s characteristics often determine the nature of the created object, it is helpful to understand the essence of the material—its structure and its responsiveness to the carver’s tools. In addition, determining the possible sources of the raw material enhances our ability to understand the influences that affected the subject and style of the products made by craftspeople.1 The raw material and the cultural environment at its source are not the only factors shaping the finished piece; equally significant are the traditions and beliefs of the local craftspeople and the political and cultural world in which they worked and used these objects.

Nature of Ivory Ivory is normally understood to mean the tusks of an elephant; but since the chemical structure is the same in the teeth of all mammals, the term “ivory” could equally as well apply to the teeth of the hippopotamus. Tusks are the elephant’s upper incisors that grow at a rate of about 18 cm a year. Physically, the one third of the tooth structure consists of a pulp cavity surrounded by a thick layer of dentine, topped by a thin layer of cementum that attaches the tooth to the jawbone, and enamel, usually confined to the tip of the tooth (Lapatin 2001:7–8). Because the enamel experiences the most wear, it is often absent or removed along with the cementum before working the material. Chemically, ivory consists of 82% calcium phosphate, 15% magnesium phosphate, 2% calcium carbonate, and 0.2% calcium fluoride (Taylor 1955:248). Seen in cross-section, dentine is composed of micro-canals or dentinal tubules, each 0.00017 cm in diameter, radiating outward in a pattern of intersecting arcs (G. Herrmann 1986: pl. 422). These are

called Schreger lines, after the German scientist who first described them in the early 19th century (Rodriguez 2018: pl. 31.4).2 By measuring the angle of these lozenge-shaped lines, it is possible to distinguish between ivory derived from elephants and extinct mammoths, since the latter display sharper angles below 100 degrees.3 As the tusk grows, new layers of dentine are formed, giving the appearance of concentric rings, called lines of Owen. Spaced about 1 cm apart, each line represents about seven to eight years of growth. Lamination splits usually occur along these rings (Beihoff 1961:19). Tusks vary in size, depending on the species of elephant. In antiquity, the tusk of the African elephant averaged around 2 to 3 m in length and weighed about 90 kg;4 Asian elephants have slimmer and lighter tusks, closer to 35 kg on average. The density and hardness of African ivory allows for a good polish; by contrast, Asian ivory has a softer, more open texture, causing it to split and warp more easily. Only about 60% of the tusk is useable for carving (Moorey 1994:116). The material’s natural tendency to laminate yields longitudinal pieces suitable for inlays and other flat pieces.5 The pulp cavity in the center accommodates wider sections suitable for round containers, while narrower parts of the tusk are often used for hollowed-out handles. The more solid tip offers opportunities for thick slices for decorative discs or lids, or solid pieces appropriate for figurines (Feldman 2014: fig. 2.3). Leftover pieces can be used down to the smallest fragment for buttons, toggles, dice, and other miniature items. Ivory’s color was prized for its approximation of flesh tones. Although African ivory has a pale, blond hue when green or fresh, it whitens on exposure to light. Asian ivory is whiter when fresh, but quickly yellows. In some cases the color was intentionally modified either by painting or heating.6 When heated

14

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

or burned, elephant ivory progresses through different color stages: light yellow at 204o, brown at 260o, brown-black at 316o, black at 593o, dark grey-blue at 649o, light grey-blue at 670o, and finally white at 816o (Baer et al. 1971:3, table 1).7 By the time ivory reaches the white stage, it has lost nearly 46% of its weight and the organic content has dropped from about 45% to slightly less than 2% (Baer et al. 1971: table 2). The combustion of the organic content leaves a residue of carbon which can make it easy to confuse burned ivory with other materials such as ebony and even stone.

Sources of Ivory Modern elephants fall into two genera: Loxodonta africana africana, the African bush elephant, and Loxodonta Africana cyclotis, the African forest elephants, and Elephas maximus indicus, the Asian elephant. African elephants are distinguished by their large size, concave back, and large ears. Both male and female African elephants produce ivory. Asian elephants are smaller in stature, have rounded backs and smaller ears. Only the male Asian elephant produces ivory. Speculation as to whether elephants inhabited a particular geographic area is based on a collective evaluation of finished ivory objects, unworked pieces, the presence of elephant molars and bones, representations of elephants, as well as a reconstruction of a region’s ancient ecology and its capability of supporting native or imported elephants. Each piece of evidence presents its peculiar complications. Carved objects can travel far from either the source of the raw material or their place of manufacture, but elephant molars and bones are more likely to be found near locations where elephants lived. Representations of elephants can be based on direct observation or imaginings drawn from verbal reports. Coupling this evidence with written records about wild and imported elephants makes it possible to speculate about the presence of elephants in or near areas that developed skills in ivory carving. The range of the African elephant extended far north on the continent during pre-dynastic times. Hunting and habitat encroachment in the Early Dynastic Period pushed the animals back to the First Cataract, near Elephantine. By the mid-3rd millennium

BCE, elephants were no longer present in Egypt, although there is evidence that they remained in some parts of North Africa (Moorey 1994:116). Despite the frequent occurrence of ivory objects in Egypt, the textual record shows that, by the Late Bronze Age, Egypt functioned primarily as a trading intermediary, supplying others with finished objects made from ivory obtained from sources further south and west.8 The Egyptians supplemented their sources by receiving Syrian ivory as tribute and engaging in large-scale hunting expeditions in the same area.9 This indicates there were Asian elephants present in northern Syria and southeastern Anatolia, a potential source for some of the ivory used at Gordion. The Asian elephant is believed to have lived throughout much of modern Asia, beginning about 11,500 years ago in the early Holocene period (Parker 2002:50). Finds of numerous tusks, elephant bones, and molars, coupled with representations of the elephant in art10 and textual references to trade in ivory, suggest the presence of the animals in the area between Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia possibly as early as the late 7th millennium, but certainly from the late 3rd millennium until well into the 1st millennium BCE. Whether these elephants were native or imported, true Asian elephants or a local subspecies, is a matter of differing opinions, as discussed below. Skeletal remains are less likely to travel and are most indicative of the presence of live animals. Both cranial and postcranial bones have been found at sites ranging from Babylon in the east, to Kāmid el-Lōz in the west, and Tell Tayinat in the northwest (Pfalzner 2016).11 Unworked molars have also been recovered at several sites. These could have come from live animals or have been imported as raw material useful for carving small objects from the thin layer of dentine (De Hoff 1988:83; Çakırlar and Ikram 2016:173).12 Tusks are the parts most likely to have been brought in from another location. While their presence at a site presents slim evidence that elephants lived in the area, it is of note that some have been found in early 2nd millennium BCE contexts at Tell Çagar Bazar (Barnett 1982:6; Reese 1985:399) and Acemhöyük (Deniz 1987; Bourgeois 1992:63). The largest piece, from a building close to the palace at Acemhöyük, weighed 13 kg, measured 48 cm in length, and was between 14 and 16 cm in diameter.



IVORY: MATERIAL AND CRAFT 15

While it is indisputable that elephants existed in the area, it is a matter of conjecture as to how and why they were present. There is some evidence to suggest they were naturally occurring, either as an extension of the Asian elephant or as a separate subspecies, commonly termed Elephas maximus asurus. There has been much debate over the validity of a subspecies.13 but the recovery of a Late Bronze Age full skeleton, known as the Maraş elephant, in Gavur Gölü near Konya has been taken as confirmation of the Syrian subspecies (Pfälzner 2016:168, fig. 12). The fact that so many elephant bones have been found in palace and other royal settings, coupled with accounts of royal hunts by visiting Egyptian pharaohs, has led to speculation that the animals were imported from farther east and kept in enclosures for the prestige value of hosting hunts and displaying the large skeletons, perhaps in a ritual context (Pfälzner 2016:179–180). However, the problems with maintaining a herd of any size, considering the amount of food required, as well as the difficulty in breeding elephants in captivity, suggest it was more likely that elephants were naturally occurring in the area and able to find sufficient habitation safe from human conflicts (Pfälzner 2016:180–181). A reconstruction of the ancient ecology of an area may be useful for determining whether it could have supported an elephant population large enough to supply the region with ivory. A study published in 1986 suggests the ecology of Syria in the late 2nd and early 1st millennium BCE would have been suitable to sustain elephants (Miller 1986). Although the date of their disappearance is uncertain, as discussed below, elephants were certainly present in Syria through the 9th century BCE when mention of live elephants decreases, although ivory continues to be listed as an item of exchange or tribute into the 8th century BCE. All references to live elephants in Syria cease after the 7th century BCE (Çakırlar & Ikram 2016:170). Trees, preferably smaller, more immature ones, comprise approximately 30–40% of the elephant’s diet, but the animals need a mix of grasses, which means that they tend to live in areas with a combination of forest and grassland (Miller 1986:29). However, studies of modern elephant habitat in Africa show them to be equally adaptable to desert scrub, as well as lush forest vegetation (Lafrenz 2004). This type of mixed forest and grassland habitat was present in Syria in the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE but

seems to have disappeared by the 8th or 7th century BCE under pressure from the expanding human population and its impact on the habitat. Elephants can subsist within a 16–52 square kilometer range that provides sufficient water and protein content in the biomass (Miller 1986:30). Adequate, well-managed, large land areas left fallow, even in semi-arid places, can produce a high-enough grade biomass to sustain an elephant population (Miller 1986:36). An individual elephant in an area comparable to northern Syria would consume about one hectare of woody vegetation annually (Miller 1986:37). These requirements could have been met under the ecological conditions in Syria in the late 2nd and early 1st millennium BCE. Miller (1986:34) speculates that the reduction in settlement density between the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600 BCE) and the Early Iron Age (ca. 900 BCE) could have improved habitat conditions, allowing an expansion of the native herds. Conversely, he postulates that the rise of city-states and the increasingly sedentary settlement patterns later in the 1st millennium BCE led to forest degradation and diminished resources for any remaining herds (1986: fig.2). The terminal impact may have come from the rise in iron production in the late 2nd millennium BCE. The smelting process required a large quantity of fuel in the form of easily transportable charcoal pieces, best produced from tree branches of the same size as the woody browse favored by elephants (Miller 1986:37).14 The evidence that iron production diminished in North Syria coincident with a reduction in ivory production could signal a joint correlation with the depletion of forest resources that supplied both food for elephants and charcoal for the ironsmiths.15 Lafrenz (2004:523–256) believes that Miller has grasped at coincidences to account for the elimination of the Asian elephant from Syria; she suggests that other factors like over-hunting could also have been behind the elephant’s disappearance. Some scholars date the disappearance of the elephant to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BCE. Although others point to evidence of an ivorycarving industry during this period in Acemhöyük, Ebla, and the Palestinian territories as proof that the elephant was still present (Moorey 1994:117). Assyrian accounts of local elephants are plentiful until the middle of the 9th century BCE when Shalmaneser III

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(859–824 BCE) recorded the last gift of live elephants as tribute from the eastern frontier in 828/7 BCE (Luckenbill 1927:591; King 1915: pl. XXXIII, as cited in Winter 1983:185, 2010:574). And the black obelisk of Shalmaneser III shows an elephant, parading in a line of tribute bearers (Barnett 1960: pl. 33). Significantly, no North Syrian ivories were recovered from Sargon II’s late 8th century BCE palace at Khorsabad and they seem to have disappeared by the end of the century, with no examples recovered from 7th century BCE contexts (Winter 2010: 205–206). The reasons for the cessation of ivory carving seem to go beyond a simple reduction in the supply of the raw material, as a similar fate befell the export of bronze work from North Syrian centers (Winter 1976b:17, 2010:208). Certainly, by the end of the first quarter of the 1st millennium BCE any remaining herds appear to have died out or been decimated by over hunting.16 Thereafter, only hides and tusks are mentioned in the record.17 There is a significant record of trade in ivory in the eastern Mediterranean throughout antiquity (Lapatin 2001:10–13). The Phoenicians are often identified as the principal carriers,18 with Libyans and Ethiopians playing a secondary role in the market (Gill 1992:233).19 Sales records track the shifting price of the commodity as it moved from 24.5 drachmae per mina in 4th century BCE at Delphi, where it was about one-quarter the value of a comparable weight of silver, to 3.5 drachmae per mina by the mid3rd century BCE in Delos (Gill 1992:235; Lapatin 2001:14). Two talents and 743 drachmas were paid for the ivory used in the Athena Parthenos on the Acropolis, although when the work was finished, the subsequent refund for unused gold and ivory indicates serious miscalculation as to the amount needed (Tod 1968: no. 47; Barnett 1982:65, and 93, n. 98; Meiggs and Lewis 1969: no. 54; Gill 1992:234; Lapatin 2001:14; Pope and Schultz 2014:21). Demosthenes (xxxii, 9–11, 30–33) reports on an ivory workshop in mid-4th century BCE Athens that required two minas’ worth of ivory every month to keep up with the demand for couches and handles (Gill 1992:234).

Hippopotamus Ivory Because elephant tusks share physical characteristics with the teeth of other animals, the upper and

lower canines of the hippopotamus were frequently seen as an equally desirable material. The larger upper canine is curved, with an oval cross-section and a slight indentation running the length of the inner curve. The lower canine is more triangular in section and the incisor is nearly circular (Krzyszkowska 1990: figs. 16–17, pl. 9a & b; Rodriguez 2018: pls. 31.11, 31.12). The largest canines average 60 cm in length and weigh approximately 3 kilos, roughly equivalent in size to the tusk of a young cow elephant. The lamellae are “wavy and rather discontinuous, unlike the very regular, even layers of elephant dentine” (Krzyszkowska 1990:38). The dentine is harder than elephant ivory, thus giving it a gleaming white appearance. The size and shape of the teeth lend themselves well for use in small flat objects and the lower canines were frequently shaped into small duck pyxides because the body and head parts mimicked the natural angle of the tooth.20 An early species of hippopotamus appeared in the southern Levant during the Pliocene period, almost 1.4 million years ago. When the species died out it was replaced by Hippopotamus amphibious in the Pleistocene era (ca. 18,000 years ago). In Egypt, where the hippo is well attested, with evidence of its survival in the Nile delta until the 19th century CE (Horwitz and Tchernov 1990:67), its teeth were commonly used for objects starting in the pre-Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods (Krzyszkowska 1988:227, n. 49).21 There is evidence for hippopotamuses living in northern Syria and southern Anatolia from the Chalcolithic period down to the early 7th century BCE (Krzyszkowska 1988:227; Horwitz and Tchernov 1990:69; Reese 1998:140–141).22 Extensive hippopotamus remains have been found in 14th to 13th century BCE contexts at Ras Shamra (Haas 1953:30– 34; Bass 1997:160–161). Caubet and Poplin (1987) have shown that more than three-quarters of the ivory objects from the site were made from hippopotamus canines and incisors. Fourteen hippopotamus tusks were found, along with a section of elephant ivory, among the cargo of the 14th century BCE ship found at Uluburun indicating it was a valuable trade material (Karali-Yannacopoulos 1992:57; Lafrenz 2004; Pulak 2008:294, 328–330, cat. nos. 197–198). During the Bronze Age hippopotamus ivory was commonly used at Knossos, Gournia, and Mycenae, with elephant ivory increasingly preferred only during the neo-palatial period (Krzyszkowska 1988:217, 219,



IVORY: MATERIAL AND CRAFT 17

224, 226, 229–230, pl. 30c; Reese 1998:142). Even then, items discovered in domestic contexts tended to be hippopotamus ivory versions of objects that were recovered in palace areas and wealthy tombs and made of elephant ivory (Gachet 1992:75). In much later periods, hippopotamus teeth were occasionally used to make important and luxurious objects.23

Bone Bone was widely used for both utilitarian and decorative objects, not only because of its ubiquitous availability, but also for its close resemblance to more expensive ivory. Forty to sixty percent of bone consists of organic elements (collagen) mixed with polysaccharides providing “a scaffolding for the inorganic mineral crystals, composed mainly of calcium and phosphate, that form rods lying parallel to and intertwined with the collagen” (St. Clair and McLachlan 1989:7). The outer, or cortical, layer is smooth, dense and hard, making it suitable for carving, despite the presence of foramina, or small channels for the blood vessels which often show up as minute black dots on a finished piece. The inner spongy, cancellous tissue that strengthens the bone was typically removed during the manufacturing process, although tell-tale remnants on some objects are the clearest clue that distinguishes bone from ivory. Bone’s structural composition gives it both elasticity and hardness, which makes it more resistant to fractures and cracking than ivory (St. Clair 2003:1). The color of bone is affected by the amount of fat present, tending to give it a natural yellowish hue; the material is also easily stained. When bone was used for carving, the favored parts were the animal’s leg bones, ribs, mandible and scapula (shoulder blade) (Wicke 2010: fig. 3). Flat posterior surfaces on the leg bones lent themselves well to use in plaques, attachments, or appliqués. The natural depression (sulcus) running the length of the metapodial could appear as a defect on a finished piece but was also a useful place for a lengthwise split or a natural alignment guide for setting the holes in a flute, a line of dowels, or the space between the legs of a figurine (St. Clair 2003:4). The condyles, projections at the bottom end of the leg bones, were often used as handles in their natural state or carved into spindle whorls, buttons, and other rounded objects.24

The proliferation of bone objects at Gordion (close to 72% of the items in this catalogue) and elsewhere is a testament to its acceptance as a useful material for both utilitarian and decorative objects. This contrasts with several disparaging remarks by later Roman authors, suggesting it was an inferior substance, only to be used if ivory was not available: “Owing to our poverty even the bones have begun to be cut into layers in as much as an ample supply of tusks is now rarely obtained except from India, all the rest of the world having succumbed to luxury” (Pliny, Nat. Hist. VIII, 4,7 [trans. H. Rackham, 1940]) and “So destitute am I of ivory that neither my dice nor my counters are made of it; even my knife handles are bone” ( Juvenal, Satires XI, 131–134 [trans. G.G. Ramsay, 1993]). A comprehensive zooarchaeological study of faunal remains from Gordion looked at close to 25,000 bones that could be located within stratigraphic phases ranging from the Bronze Age to medieval times. The samples were collected from deep soundings undertaken by the Voigt excavation team (Zeder and Arter 1994). Aside from a report on the horse skeletons found in Tumulus KY (Payne 1995), there were no comparable studies of the material recovered from the Young excavations The bone objects in this collection were most likely derived from sheep, goat, cow, and deer. During the time that spanned the Early Phrygian through Hellenistic periods, consistently over 82% of all bones studied were from sheep and goat, while cows represented about 17% of the group’s total, and deer made a very minor contribution.

Other Materials In addition to objects made from ivory and bone, this catalogue includes pieces created from wild boars’ tusks, antler, horn, ostrich shell, tortoise carapace, and shell. A mixture of the locally available and the rare and exotic, these materials were favored either for their natural shape or as unusual objects themselves. Boars produce continually growing tusks, consisting of dentine surfaced with enamel on two faces, but they should not be called ivory (Krzyszkowska 1990:47). While their size depends on the maturity of the animal, they average about 20 cm in length when measured along the outer curve.

18

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Antler was used for the greatest quantity of such objects.25 Three species of deer are represented at Gordion: red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and a small number of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Zeder and Arter 1994:112). Zeder and Arter believed that the greatest concentration of antler remains was found in the Bronze Age to Early Phrygian levels and they attributed the paucity in later periods to deforestation (1994:112, table 5). This view may need to be modified in light of the discovery of “large number of red deer antlers…a few of which were complete” found in a layer dated to the first half of the 6th century; they seem to indicate a locus of antler workshop (Rose and Gürsan-Salzmann 2017:12). Additionally, the discovery of a nearly complete antler of red deer (YH 61513, Fig. 2.1) embedded in the doorway of a Hellenistic house26 indicates this was a readily available raw material during this period. As distinguished from ivory, and perhaps even bone, antler was a less controlled resource and likely did not rely on an intermediary supplier; rather it was freely available when antlers were naturally shed, although they needed to be gathered quickly to avoid natural deterioration when left exposed to the elements.27 Antlers grow at a fast rate and provide a renewable source of material for a variety of objects, especially tools like handles that were subject to stress during use. Antlers have a solid, bony outer layer and a more cancellous center (Krzyskowska 1990: fig. 26). The rapid growth process leaves no surface ridges and the material often requires examination under magnification to distinguish its more irregular cellular structure from bone. Polishing the surface does not produce the high sheen possible with ivory or bone, an attribute which made it less appealing for use in more highly decorative settings. For carving large objects, antlers of the fallow deer were favored over those of the roe deer, when available, because they offered the largest flat surface (Krzyszkowska 1990: fig. 25).

Craftspeople and Their Technique Carving ivory, bone, and antler involves skills like those used in working wood,28 as well as bronze and other metals. Because ivory was expensive and rare, it is unlikely that craftspeople worked exclusively in that material. Even if they traveled to ply their trade, they

were probably prepared to work on a variety of materials they could either bring with them or find locally. Whether craftspeople worked in fixed locations, either as independent producers or under royal patronage¸ or travelled to places like sanctuaries that generated high demand for their products,29 the artisans who created the objects found at Gordion showed a range of skill in their craft and an openness to adapting motifs and styles from widely separated areas. Artisans associated with a palace economy, whether enslaved or free, were dependent on the royal purse for their sustenance. Valuable enough to be sought after and returned if they ran away,30 bonded craftspeople, as well as others with desirable skills (such as physicians and masons), were occasionally loaned out to allied power centers when local expertise was not available. Such practices helped cement cordial relations between kings, as well as facilitate stylistic and iconographic interchange.31 There are several examples of physicians and conjurers being sent from Egypt and Babylonia to the land of Hatti (Zaccagnini 1983:250–251). Dispatched as part of a gift exchange from one ruler to another, the worker became a curiosity to be displayed at court. Particularly prized specialty craftspeople were known to have been given gifts, as well as homes and spouses in the host county (Zaccagnini 1983:254). Whether loaned out or traveling on their own in search of better opportunities, foreign craftspeople are listed in Assyrian records from the first quarter of the 8th century BCE: “Aramean leather-worker, a Chaldaean baker, Babylonian and Syrian singers, Babylonian diviner,” as well as Egyptian and Aramaean scribes (Zaccagnini 1983:260). Sennacherib records the arrival of craftspeople from Dilmun who brought along their bronze articles and working tools. In addition to being sent as guest workers, skilled craftspeople often figured as prized booty (Zaccagnini 1983:248, 255).32 There are two ways to define a workshop from the archaeological record. A judgment based on consistencies in the subject matter depicted and the style of presentation can present compelling evidence of workshop production in a particular context. The collective remains in a small area that include finished pieces, incomplete objects, waste materials, and the appropriate tools present the most direct indication of a functioning workshop. Pinpointing such evidence in the archaeological record is difficult owing



IVORY: MATERIAL AND CRAFT 19

N

0

0

10cm

20 cm

Op 46 2001 elk antler

Fig. 2.1  Gordion, Op. 46, antler in situ in doorway

20

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

to the carver’s tendency to avoid wasting any of such a valuable material. Even the smallest pieces were shaped into useful or decorative objects, leaving little behind to attest to activity in a particular location.33 Young initially saw a group of badly damaged ivory objects recovered from the central posthole along the rear wall of Megaron 4 (13, 150, 755) as decorative pieces from furniture that had happened to fall into the hole; but he subsequently speculated, based on the inclusion of what he characterized as “unworked chunks of ivory and many chips and flakes,” (755) that they represent the collective debris from a small workshop (Young 1964a:287). Because a large formal structure like Megaron 4 seemed an unlikely place for a workshop, Young described the pieces as “found in the rubble filling below the floor” and reasoned that they belonged “in the filling of the terrace which existed before M[egaron] 4 was built” (Young 1964a:287). However, the original excavator makes no mention of any rubble or digging below the floor level, but clearly recorded the objects as coming from the posthole that was slightly over 10 cm deep (NB 106: 63, 65). While it is difficult to explain how these items ended up in the bottom of a posthole, it is equally tenuous to classify them as the remains of a workshop. The fragments that Young dismisses as chunks, chips, and flakes (755) are all worked in some manner and show holes for attachment to other objects; their burned and shattered state is not sufficient to deny them an original functional role. Prior to this discovery, the existence of an established local school of ivory carving during the Early Phrygian period had been inferred based on inlays found in Megaron 3 (128–139) (Kohler 1958:163, 1964:58–62). Subsequent excavations on the Citadel Mound and surrounding tumuli, the Hittite cemetery, and Lower Town have yielded over 190 ivory objects. They indicate that, while ivory carving was a craft practiced at Gordion, it was of lesser importance than other crafts, if only because of the scarcity of the raw material. Certainly, during the Early and Middle Phrygian periods, ivory carving was overshadowed by woodworking, bronze casting, and textile manufacture. Whether this group of objects found during the excavation of Megaron 4 belong to the contents of the building34 or represent activity of a previous period, and whether they can confidently be interpreted as evidence of a true workshop remains unclear.

There has also been some speculation that groups of burned ivory fragments found in three cremation burials may represent unfinished ivory scraps thrown onto the pyre and thus evidence of a nearby location where ivory carving took place (279 from Tumulus A; 278 and 358 from Tumulus D; and 357 from Tumulus F). Such an interpretation would mean that either the preparation of the funerary offerings took place at the burial site or that, if the offerings were made in advance elsewhere, any unsalvageable bits of ivory were deemed important enough to include within the burial. Confining the search for evidence of workshops in areas under direct control of the elite may create a biased conclusion—that royal patronage of craft production confined such activities to physical locations under their direct supervision. There is every possibility that artisans, even those working directly for the royal administration, could have worked in domestic settings, reserving areas in a house for specialized activities.35 While ivory workshop locations may be difficult to pinpoint at Gordion, bone, antler, and horn were plentiful materials, more likely to leave behind evidence of manufacturing.36 A group of objects from a structure known as Middle Hellenistic Building 4 found in the Northwest Zone of the Citadel Mound possibly represents just such a production facility (Sams and Voigt 1998:681, plan 3, photos 1–3; Voigt 2012b:251, figs. 8–9). Here a well-carved bone appliqué of a lion figure (156) was found associated with bone manufacturing waste (757) and a bone stylus (806) that may have been used in sculpting clay. From the same area came a shell that served as a small paint pot (YH 54406), a bone tool (746), and seven astragals (839) that were either used as polishers or were simply at hand for entertainment during a work break. While there is some evidence for workshops at Gordion that produced objects carved in bone, ivory, and antler, there are pieces that point toward an external source, either an import brought in by trade or a piece carved by a traveling artisan. Determining the origin of a decorated ivory artifact relies on a consideration of the likely source of the raw material, the skill demonstrated in working the material, the origin of the decorative subject matter, and the inspiration behind the presentation style. While elephants may have been limited to a few exotic locales, a tusk’s size



IVORY: MATERIAL AND CRAFT 21

posed few barriers to long-distance trade. With skills transferable from working in other media, workers in ivory could easily have worked at a great distance from the source of the raw material. The subjects captured on the Gordion ivories are often difficult to categorize with certainty—whether as designs of purely local origin, local imitations of imported themes, or the products of foreign craftspeople working in Gordion or elsewhere. While style may be the most reliable indicator of the carver’s national origin, it does not necessarily answer the question of whether he was operating and trading in his native land or working as a guest in the Phrygian heartland. Motifs and styles in a variety of media (pottery,37 wood, bronze, and textile) give partial evidence of the methods by which designs were transmitted and shared. The scarce remains of perishable items, such as textiles, rugs, and embroidery, which also likely served to transmit motifs, further constrains the possibility of tracing a design’s inspiration or manufacture back to a particular school or location.38 Because carving ivory called for many techniques already familiar to people who worked with wood and bone, the skills for dealing with this rarer material were available in many places. Artisans who might never have seen an elephant could easily translate their talents to working in ivory. The fact that ivory had been used since Neolithic times in the Middle East and could be carved with even a simple flint scraper indicates that the cutting and shaping process was not too difficult. The tusk was seasoned first to prevent warping and then cut with a relatively simple assortment of saws, knives, gravers, and files.39 A similar collection of tools, along with larger implements like the adze and mallet, was used for wood working at Gordion (Simpson 2011:197–202, text fig. 6). Examples of a saw, awl, and two chisels have been found on the Citadel Mound (Simpson 2011:197). Many of the objects from Gordion show use of a drill, particularly to create decorative concentric circles using a center drill bit with two side cutters (e.g., 504–538). Several cylindrical objects, such as a ribbed box (123), handles (563–564), small furniture leg (41), and knob (87) have been turned on a lathe which was in use by the mid-2nd millennium BCE (Ogden 1982:148).40 The bow drill was likely used to carve out a channel for inlay, as seen in the wooden furniture from Tumulus MM (Simpson 2011: pls. 150D, 151). The finished

ivory was occasionally stained, painted,41 polished,42 or decorated with gold leaf 43 or with inserted materials of contrasting colors.44 This embellishment and occasional obscuring of the ivory surface suggests that the material had special significance, even if its creamy surface, much admired in modern times, was not visible.45 Skilled ivory carvers frequently produced designs on a miniature scale with fine details. Whether this process required some form of magnification has long been debated, especially since the known examples of such technology provide minimal magnification, often with substantial distortion.46 Rock crystal lenses dating from the Bronze Age through Roman times have been found in several locations throughout the ancient world.47 The Körte brothers found two planoconvex rock crystal lenses at Gordion but were not able to assign them a date (1904:174).48 Speculation on the range of possible uses for such plano-convex lenses includes fire starters, game pieces, decorative inlays, medical instruments, and ear ornaments (Plantzos 1997:452–462). Because of the natural size limitations of the raw material, individual pieces carved in bone and ivory were often attached to larger objects made in different materials. There is no evidence on any of the Gordion pieces for markings to aid in final assembly; this suggests that either one person or a small group worked on a single product and could easily communicate with one another on assembly instructions. Marks preserved on what would have been invisible surfaces in the wooden furniture from Tumulus MM have been interpreted to be either trial designs or the maker’s personal marks expressing pride in the craftsmanship rather than assembly instructions (Roller 2010:192).49 Some of the larger ivory pieces from Nimrud reveal letter marks that appear to have been guides for the final assembly.50 The corpus of objects recovered from the Citadel Mound and its western extension, the Lower and the Outer Town, and the surrounding tumuli at Gordion testifies to the artisan’s interest and skill in using a wide variety of local and imported materials for items of daily use, as well as those special pieces that pleased a royal client or accompanied the deceased to her afterlife. Ivory may have been hard to come by as a raw material, but when it was available, artists who had sharpened their skills by carving intricately detailed

22

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

inlays out of different woods and shaping bone into serviceable utensils were certainly up to the challenge of excelling in this rarer medium. notes: 2.1  The presumption is that workers in ivory and other similar materials were men, but Pliny mentions Iaia of Cyzicus, who worked in Rome as a single woman, specializing in engraving and painting portraits of women on ivory (NH. XXXV, 40, 147–148). 2.2  The pattern is sometimes incorrectly called lines of Reztius, which occur only in enamel. 2.3  Because the angle of intersection can only be observed on polished cross-sections, it is not a very useful clue in determining the material used in a finished object, especially if the object is cut from the central portion of the tusk (Howell 1998:9; Rodriguez 2018:647). Fresh ivory was primarily used in Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, although occasionally pieces of petrified ivory have been recovered, such as one found at Megalopolis in 1902 (Karali-Yannacopoulos 1992:57, pl. 1; Lapatin 1997:664, n. 9). 2.4  Among the largest known tusks are those from the so-called Kilimanjaro bull, which were reported to weigh approximately 105 kg each and measure nearly 7.3 m in length (De Hoff 1988:19). 2.5  Use of ivory to depict the exposed flesh of the colossal figures such as the Athena Parthenos suggests that ivory could be cut into pieces of substantial size. Indeed, pieces have been found up to 36 cm in length and 30 cm in width (Beihoff 1961:19; Lapatin 1997:670–671). There are references in ancient sources suggesting that Greek and Roman ivory craftspeople could manipulate and shape ivory by various processes involving the application of heat or by soaking pieces in beer, wine, oil, and vinegar (Lapatin 1997:674– 675, 2001:74–78). Modern experiments have shown that ivory can be softened and subsequently shaped by soaking in vinegar; but there is no indication this was the practice in antiquity (St. Clair 2003:6). Modern experiments with softening bone and antler to make carving easier indicate that such a process might have weakened the structure of the material when it re-hardened (MacGregor 1985:63– 64). Ivory strips set into the curved arms of 18th Dynasty wooden chairs from Egypt demonstrate that a technique for bending ivory, probably by means of steam, was already known in an early period (Lapatin 1997:679, fig. 11). 2.6  There is a long history of painted and stained ivory in Egypt, including objects found in Tutankhamen’s tomb. The El-Amarna correspondence between Akhenaten and

the king of Babylon contains a request for Akhenaten to send carved and colored ivory objects (Connor 1998:37). Some ivories appear to have been intentionally blackened during manufacture, perhaps to mimic ebony (see pieces from Fort Shalmaneser at Nimrud [G. Herrmann 1986:60] and Til Barsib [Bunnens 1997:442]). 2.7  “At higher temperatures it can be seen that amounts of hydrogen and oxygen increase relative to carbon and nitrogen, implying that bond scission is taking place producing smaller, volatile molecules, a process corresponding to incomplete combustion of the organic matter leaving a carbon-rice residue,” thus explaining the increasing turn toward black (Baer et al. 1971:3). See also Taylor (1955:249). 2.8  An inscription from the time of Amenophis II (ca. 1427–1400 BCE) records receipt of “250 ‘man loads’ (i.e., up to 500 tusks) among imports from the ‘southern countries’” (Hayward 1990:104). The Amarna letters record shipments of worked ivory to King Tarkhundarabar in Arzawa and King Brunaburiash of Babylon, as well as a subsequent request for more ivory from the king in Babylon (Hayward 1990:104; Lafrenz 2004:39–40). An inscription on an obelisk of Hatshepsut at Karnak boasts that she “brought the goods of Tjehenu [in eastern Libya/western Egypt], consisting of 700 ivory tusks” (Hayward 1990:105). 2.9  Syrians are shown leading an elephant and carrying tusks as tribute in the mid-15th century BCE Tomb of Rekhmrē (Davies 1935: pl. XII; Barnett 1982:6, fig. 2; Graff 2008:260, fig. 85) and in the 14th century BCE tombs of Meryra II and Huya (Bass 1997:160). Amenemhep, a general under Tuthmosis III, describes killing 120 elephants around 1464 BCE during a hunt in Niy (thought to be in the Orontes Valley) (Barnett 1982:6; Breasted 1906: no. 588). 2.10  For examples of North Syrian representations of elephants, see fragments of molded clay showing an elephant head and leg found at Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: figs. 80–81) and an elephant shown in a relief from Tell Halaf (Moortgat 1955: pl. 56). 2.11  Extensive lists of recovered tusks, bones, and molars are found in Reese (1985:399), Moorey (1994:119), and Çakırlar and Ikram (2016:172–163). Limb and foot bones, along with vertebrae, have been reported from an Early Bronze Age context at Ras Shamra (Schaeffer 1962:230, 233; Hooijer 1978:189; Moorey 1994:118). At Alalakh bones were found in Middle Bronze Age Level VIII (15th century BCE) and Late Bronze Age Level IV contexts (Woolley 1955:288, no. 3; Yener 2007:153–154; Pfälzner 2016:165). A leg bone was found in a 14th century BCE



IVORY: MATERIAL AND CRAFT 23

context at Nuzi (Barnett 1982:6; Starr 1937–1939: pl. 28c; Moorey 1994:119). A total of nine bones were excavated in two subterranean rooms of the Late Bronze Age Royal Palace at Qatna, where they seem to have been deposited in a ritual act (Pfälzner 2016; Vila 2015). The bones appear to come from one or more sub-adult elephants (Vila 2015:491). Other bones of an early Iron Age date are reported at Çhatal Hüyük (site in the Amuq) and Tell Tayinat (Pfälzner 2016:167). A long bone was found in Room T.10 at Fort Shalmaneser and must date prior to its destruction in 614 BCE (Mallowan 1966:461; Reese 1985:399; Moorey 1994:119). 2.12  A molar was found in the 18th century BCE Level VII Palace of Yarimlim at Alalakh (Tell Atchana) (Woolley 1955:102, p. XVIb; Barnett 1982:6, pl. 2a; Reese 1985:399; Miller 1986:30; Moorey 1994:117), Another molar comes from a late 2nd millennium context at Ras Shamra (Barnett 1982:6; Reese 1985:399; Krzyszkowska 1988:227). A molar came from the 7th century BCE North Palace at Sam’al (Zincirli) (Barnett 1982:6–7; Reese 1985:400). 2.13  Barnett (1982:6), dismissing arguments by Collon (1977:219–222), believes there is “little reason to doubt” that Syrian elephants died out by the early 3rd millennium and were later reintroduced from India. Krzyszkowska states there is no zoological evidence to distinguish a separate subspecies (1988:227; Krzyszkowska and Morkot 2000:322). 2.14  Miller (1986:38) speculates that the quantity of iron tools found at Khorsabad explains Sargon II’s reported interest in supervising a smelting process during one of his campaigns to North Syria in the late 8th century BCE. 2.15  Miller notes that “it is perhaps significant that elephants are recorded latest near areas that were relatively slow to shift from bronze to iron” (1986:40, n. 5). 2.16  Remains of what were initially described as tusks found at al-Mina were taken as evidence of the survival of elephants in Syria into the 8th century BCE; but these are “actually the horn cores of water buffalo and domesticated cattle” (Krzyszkowska and Morkot 2000:323). Africa was the more likely source for ivory used in Syria at that time. 2.17  Tiglath Pileser III (745–727 BCE) received hides and tusks from Arpad in 742/1 BCE (Luckenbill 1926:769; Tadmor and Yamada 2011:12:1–2)) and Sargon II (721– 705 BCE) obtained hides from Malatya (Lie 1929:71–73). 2.18  The wreck of a Phoenician ship that went down at Bajo de la Campana off the southeast coast of Spain in the late 7th century BCE carried close to 60 whole tusks and at least one cut section. Eleven of the tusks carry Phoeni-

cian religious inscriptions, suggesting that “temple priests were selling objects on the sly, presumably for personal gain” (Urbanus 2016:43). 2.19  Herodotus describes the Ethiopians bringing twenty large elephant tusks to the Persian king (iii.97), Hermippus indicated Libya had plenty of ivory to trade in the 5th century BCE (Athenaeus 1.27.f ), Pseudo-Skylax speaks of Phoenician traders on the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa in the 4th century BCE (§112), and Pausanias claims the Greeks bought ivory from India and Ethiopia (5.12.3) (Gill 1992:233). 2.20  For illustrations showing how hippo incisors and canines could be cut most efficiently to maximize the usable portions for flat pieces appropriate for inlay, appliqué, or attachment, see Krzyszkowska 1988: figs. 1 and 3. For an illustration of how the shape of the duck boxes conformed to the natural form of the lower canine, see Krzyszkowska 1990: fig. 29; Gachet 1992:67 and figs. 2c–g; and Wicke 2010: fig. 4a. 2.21  Hippopotamus bone and unworked teeth have been found numerous places in Egypt in contexts dating from pre-dynastic times to the late Roman period (Reese 1998:140). While some hippopotamus teeth found around the Mediterranean may have been intended for carving objects, others may have been used in their natural state as dedications (Reese 1998:142). 2.22  For a map showing sites along the Levant and in northern Egypt where hippo bones have been found, see Horwitz and Tchernov 1990: fig. 2. Iron Age sites where hippopotamus bones have been recovered include Tell Qusile (Haas 1953) and Tell Gerisa (unpublished). 2.23  A 6th century à jour relief found at Delphi was carved from the material (Rolley 1994:75, fig. 249) and Pausanias (8.46.4) reports that a statue of Mother Dindymene in Proconnesus on an island in the Sea of Marmara was made of gold, with the face fashioned out of hippopotamus teeth (Lapatin 2001:12). 2.24  Remains from an Iron Age II/II workshop at Qatna provide interesting evidence of how the bone was cut and shaped (Turri 2015:297–300). 2.25  Of the 41 pieces identified as antler, all but one are from the excavations carried out by Mary Voigt. Her team, which included zooarchaeologists Melinda Zeder, Susan Arter, and Jeremiah Dandoy, catalogued many animal remains that the Young team tended to see as not worth saving. 2.26  The building was found in Op. 46. Voigt dates it to Middle Hellenistic, while Wells puts it in Early Hellenistic (pers. comm.).

24

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

2.27  Red deer shed their antlers during a two-month period in the late winter and early spring, while roe deer shed their smaller antlers between October and December (MacGregor 1985:35). 2.28  According to Pausanias, several early ivory carvers also worked in wood: Dipoenus and Scyllis (2.22.5), as well as Endoeus (7, 46, 5). A grouping of ivory, bone, and wood pieces finished with similar techniques, found in the destruction debris of Hasanlu IV, has been taken as evidence that craftspeople easily moved from one medium to another. It is likely that an ivory carver needed to be skilled in other media, since ivory was often a relatively small element in a larger piece (Muscarella 1980:203; G. Herrmann 1986:47; Feldman 2014:88). That these skills may also have been transferable to stone is suggested by the gypsum horse trappings found together with their ivory cousins in Nimrud (G. Herrmann 1986:43–45). An inscription on a 2nd century BCE shrine in Pakistan claims that ivory workers were pressed into service to help carve stonework for a Buddhist temple at Sanchi (G. Herrmann 1986:47). 2.29  A tale told by Philostratus suggests that in “olden times” artists who worked in ivory traveled about with their tools in hand and “fashioned the works of art in the temples themselves.” (Life of Apollonius V, xx, as cited in Barnett 1948:1). There has been some recent discussion about the relationship between palace patrons and craft workers in costly materials. Where G. Herrmann sees evidence in the Nimrud ivories for a complex workshop organization with specialized production, D.J.W. Meijer has posited that “artisans and builders…were not directly and exclusively dependent on the palace for their livelihood…[but] hired themselves out for specific jobs and contracts” (2010:857; see also Zaccagnini 1983). The difficulty in understanding how craftspeople worked largely stems from the nature of the written record. “Although most of our direct economic data derive from palace archives, the position that the palace is the all-determining factor in local economies, and that all industry was directed by it, is basically wrong” (Meijer 2010:849). Absent written records from the man on the street, we are unable to determine the role of their purchasing power in sustaining the local economy and undergirding the elite palace economy. 2.30  As attested in the Mari archives (Zaccagnini 1983:247). 2.31  An excellent description of the diplomatic power of the trade in artisans, raw materials, and finished products is found in Sasson 2008. 2.32  E.g., 2 Kings 24:14 which describes Nebuchadnez-

zar’s deportation of 10,000 Jerusalemites, including all the craftspeople and artisans. 2.33  Many pieces of ivory found associated with bronze tools in rooms 11–13 in the Middle Bronze Age Level VII palace at Alalakh have been taken to constitute a workshop area (Yener 2007:154). A mass of finished pieces, unworked ivory, and a section of tusk in Acemhöyük appear to represent a workshop dating to the first quarter of the 2nd millennium (Yener 2007:158). The Northern Palace at Elba was home to a workshop during the Middle Bronze Age (Peyronel 2016:190–191). Spaces used for working with bone have been identified in Late Helladic levels at Asine, at Iron Age Megiddo, and at Tell es-Safi/ Gath in an Iron Age IIA period building destroyed in the late 9th century BCE (Horwitz et al. 2006:169; Maeir et al. 2009), Hala Sultan Tekke, and Enkomi where stone and ivory working took place together (Dikaios 1969:99–100; Ǻström 1992:102). Ǻström speculates that because ivory was of limited availability, artists with small scale carving skills may also have worked on stone cylinder seals (see also Di Paolo 2014:117). Pheidias’ workshop, where he created the chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, is well-documented (Mallwitz and Schiering 1964; Lapatin 2001:79–80). An inscription found on the Acropolis in Athens details Pheidias’ disposition of ivory remaining after he completed the Athena Parthenos (Tod 1968: no. 47; Meiggs and Lewis 1969: no. 54; Lapatin 2001:14; St. Clair 2003:12). A workshop from the Roman period is claimed to have been found in Caesarea (Horwitz et al. 2006:169). A summary of the evidence for workshops spanning the Bronze Age to the Roman period is presented in Wicke 2010:38–40. See also, Feldman 2014:28 on the difficulty of recovering evidence of ivory-carving workshops. 2.34  If one concludes they were among the contents of Megaron 4, they could have been part of larger objects that either hung on or leaned against the post. 2.35  A modern example of this set up is found in a late 19th century CE apartment preserved in the Tenement Museum in New York City. Within a 325-square-foot apartment Harris Levine operated a garment workshop with three hired workers toiling in the front room, while his wife and four children made do in the back two rooms. The work was done at the direction of large department stores that played the role of the royal patron by suppling the patterns and material. The enterprise survived for 13 years by competing for patrons with other garment shops. 2.36  A bone workshop dating to the Middle Bronze Age was found at Tell Sakka. It was divided into a room where



IVORY: MATERIAL AND CRAFT 25

large bone pieces indicated initial preparation, while most of the finishing work was done in a separate roofed room (al-Besso 2015). An Iron Age II/III bone workshop found at Qatna appears to have been operating primarily in support of a nearby textile production area (Turri 2015:297– 300). An interesting example of a late 9th century BCE bone workshop has been found at Tell es-Safι/Gath in Israel. Surrounding a large doughnut-shaped stone (D. 50 cm), possibly used as a working base, were bone fragments—120 unworked and 141 worked—all from the metacarpal or metatarsal of Bos tarus (Maeir et al. 2009:41–68, fig. 2a–c). The amount of work done in the workshop space suggests that bone carving was a specialized activity that depended on other specialists (butchers) to provide a steady supply of raw materials. 2.37  There is compelling evidence that stamped pottery served as one vehicle for spreading the design motifs found on some ivories. Two sherds from two different vessels in local, fine “Edomite” or “Busayra painted ware” found at Busayra (Buseira) in southern Jordan show distinctive stamped designs replicated on ivories: a grazing stag in a rectangular frame and a stag next to a cow suckling her calf (G. Herrmann and Curtius 1998:126; Millard 2005:7). Both the cow and calf pair, a common motif with a long tradition, and the stag show striking similarities to an ivory from Arslan Taş (Thureau-Dangin et al. 1931: pl. XXXXIX; Millard 2005:7). Another example is a locally made Late Assyrian jar from Nimrud carrying appliqué panels of clay stamped with a four-winged genie connected by a chain of lotus and buds with stamped rosettes arrayed below. The stamp may even have been an impression from an ivory carving, specifically an ivory panel from Nimrud (ND 7656) showing a nearly identical, but slightly larger-scale, four-winged genie (G. Herrmann and Curtius 1998: fig. 7a; Millard 2005:7). A ceramic mold from Zincirli shows a lion in the “flame and frond style” featured in a number of ivories (Herrmann and Curtius 1998:126; von Luschan and Andrae 1943:24, pls. 9i, 10a). Similar stamped pottery found in the western Mediterranean and Cyprus, such as a 6th century BCE piece carrying stamps of Phoenician motifs common in the 9th to 7th centuries BCE, shows the ease with which patterns enjoyed wide distribution (Herrmann and Curtius 1998:127). As a caution against the tendency to attach political or religious significance to the use of certain motifs in particular locations, Herrmann and Curtius suggest that, in the case of the stamped jar from Nimrud, “the four-winged genie motif was chosen simply because of its attractive appearance, either to the potter

himself or to his client. If this is true, it casts an interesting light on the transmission of artistic motifs in the Ancient Near East” (1998:128). 2.38  G. Hoffman summarizes various interpretations of the evidence suggesting that North Syrian ivory carvers came to Crete in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE (1997). Her arguments largely rest on an investigation of the material found in the Idaean Cave, a collection of over 1,000 fragments mostly recovered in disturbed areas (Sakellarakis 1992:113–140). In a discussion of the collection, Sakellarakis states his belief that North Syrian artists worked on commissions in Crete, although he conceded some ivories from the cave may also have local origins (1992:116, as cited in Hoffman 1997:148). Both Dunbabin and Barnett postulated that Phoenician artists were resident in Crete; but they also attributed some connections in subject and style to transmission by perishable objects such as textiles and rugs (Dunbabin 1957:41; Barnett 1948:1–25; see also Lapatin 2001:39). Boardman supported the argument by claiming that craftspeople, who originated in Carchemish, resided in Crete (1980:57–62). He attributes their relocation, in part, to a flight from the Assyrian conquerors of Tell Halaf in 808 BCE (Boardman 1980:57). 2.39  Much information on tools used to carve ivory comes from Egypt. During the Predynastic period, artisans used flint scrapers (Killen 1996:13). D. Sheldon provides a list of tools from the Early Dynastic period which were probably used in carving ivory at several Mesopotamian sites (1971:65f ). D. Evely (1992) describes tools likely found in an ivory worker’s tool kit in neo-palatial Crete. These included the drill, chisel, saw, knives, points, and burin. For good illustrations of marks left by saws, drills, picks, files, gravers, gouges, compasses and chisels, see Barnett 1975: pls. LXXVIII, CI, CX, CXXX, CXXXII. For a discussion of tools and carving technique, see Lapatin 2001:18. G. Herrmann describes the marks left by the tools used to carve the ivories found at Fort Shalmaneser in Nimrud (1986:55–57). For the results of an experiment using bronze tools to work ivory, see Christidou 2008. 2.40  The earliest evidence at Gordion for the use of a turning device for cutting ivory is found in six beads found in and around the Late Bronze Age CBH structure (437, 438, 467, 468, 470, 471). Elizabeth Simpson argues that wooden plates from Tumulus W (ca. 850 BCE) are the earliest evidence at Gordion for the use of the lathe to shape wood, in fact, “the earliest certain evidence for the use of the lathe in the Near East” (1999:783). However, she also points to an unpublished fragmentary ivory stool leg dating to the

26

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

19th or 18th centuries BCE from Acemhöyük that shows signs of having been shaped on a lathe (1999:784). 2.41  Hittite inventories name two categories of ivory: white and red (Güterbock 1971; Bourgeois 1992:64). In Greece, the technique of staining ivory in red (purple) was considered a traditional Anatolian practice, something done by women. (Homer, Iliad, iv, 141–145; Pliny NH XXXV, 40, 147). See also, Lapatin 2001:19. 2.42  Pliny claims this could be done with radishes or rough fish skin (NH, XIX, 26, 87; IX, 14, 40). 2.43  Whereas it seems strange to have covered a valuable material like ivory with gold foil, Mallowan suggests it may have been applied, at least occasionally, to conceal flaws in the ivory (1966:485; see also Bourgeois 1992). A 6th century BCE ivory panel from Kerkenes has a bead and reel border with gold applied to the reels (Dusinberre 2002:28). 2.44  Quite a few items from Gordion are stained red: furniture elements (40, 54), decorative pieces (162, 226, 259, 274), pins (400, 410), handles (562), whorl (734), dice (974), and several astragals (929–933, 942, 952). Several pieces showed off a design with inlays of contrasting materials (163, 336, 337, 377). A single example of applied gold leaf survives (237). 2.45  See Di Paolo 2015 for a discussion of the meaning ascribed to ivory and its decorated surfaces, even when the ivory is completely obscured by paint, applied gold or inset cloisonné. 2.46  There are dozens of examples of lenses in the Herakleion Museum, one of which is said to provide up to eleven times magnification (Sines and Sakellarakis 1987:191). An extremely near-sighted person can focus on an object only two to three inches from the eye, thus allowing close inspection of details without any distortion. 2.47  Sines and Sakellarakis (1987) have assembled the evidence of lenses found at Knossos, Mavro Spelio, the Idaean Cave, Cyprus, Troy, Nimrud, Tanis, and Pompeii. 2.48  Sines and Sakellarakis report the objects are now in storage in Istanbul (1987:191).

2.49  Many non-verbal marks appear on pottery at Gordion from the 9th century BCE on. They are often put in an inconspicuous place and may have served as an owner's mark or an indication of a vessel's contents or capacity (Roller 1987b). 2.50  These marks, in the form of Aramaic letters, appear on the back, edges, or tenons of objects and are occasionally accompanied by vertical strokes that seem to have numerical significance (Millard 2008:268). In some cases, they appear to be vestiges of an initial placement guide but lack any significance for their subsequent use. The well-known plaque from Nimrud with the lioness eating a man has an aleph on its upper edge (Mallowan 1966:139–144; Barnett 1975:161–162; Millard 2005:3, 2008:268), and several pieces from Fort Shalmaneser carry marks (G. Herrmann 1992: nos. 450 and 451, 2005: ND 11099 and ND 12021, pl. 1, 2; Millard 2008:268). The appearance of mason’s marks on bricks used in mid-9th century BCE palace of Shalmaneser III at Nimrud shows that craftspeople were familiar enough with writing that they could recognize the significance of the letters (Millard 2005:3–4, 2008). One unusual mark observed at Nimrud, an inverted horn-shaped symbol next to a letter, is also found on an ivory from Arslan Taş (Millard 1962:50, pl. XXIVc, 2008:268). Two ivories from Nimrud carried the names of two cities in North Syria scratched on the back: ND 10151, a plain plaque, is inscribed with “Hamath” (Mallowan 1966: fig. 578) and ND 10359, the back of a horse frontlet carved with a nude female figure, bears the word “Lu’ash” (Millard 1962:42– 43, pls. XXIIIa–b, 2008:268; Mallowan 1966:582, fig. 549; Orchard 1967:27, no. 1326, pl. XXIX; Mallowan and Herrmann 1974:42; G. Herrmann 1986:49, pl. XXIXc). Gubel, who considers the nude frontal female a Sidonian goddess, possibly Astarte, is not deterred by the appearance of the city name Lu’ash on this frontlet; he concludes “it is indeed logical to assume that the inscription in question merely identifies the commissioner of this and similar frontlets as a ruler or aristocrat of this area” (Gubel 2005:133).

3 Horse Trappings Context of the Finds

D

uring the Early Phrygian period, a monumental pair of parallel buildings comprised of repeated, identical megaron units extended across a raised terrace on the southwestern side of the central palace area on the Citadel Mound (Plan 1). The eight units of the Terrace Building (TB) stretched out for a total of 105 m. Facing it, across a broad passageway, was a similar structure (CC Building) consisting of at least four megaron units, the central axes of which are slightly offset from the units in the Terrace Building (Young 1964a:285). Each unit of the Terrace Building is made up of an anteroom, 7.50 m deep by 11.50 m wide, and an inner room 13.50 m deep. There is convincing evidence to restore a gallery about 3 m above floor level on three sides of the inner room.1 In six of the eight units (TB 3–8), the inner room was devoted to activities involving food preparation and cloth production.2 The anterooms were frequently dominated by a hearth, one or more large ovens and open broilers.3 The presence of open fire and hot ovens initially led to speculation that the anterooms were either open to the sky or only partially roofed. There is now sufficient evidence to show that these rooms were fully roofed and probably relied on the doorway and windows in the back wall of the inner room to provide light and ventilation (DeVries 1990:385). The first two units of the complex (TB 1 and 2) stand out as lacking any installations for grinding grain and cooking. Although this equipment was lacking in TB 1, there was a thick layer of broken pottery and a large bronze cauldron (Young 1964a:285). Fragments suggestive of a similar cauldron were also recovered in TB 2. The anteroom of TB 2 included pots filled with seeds, but the space was primarily

devoted to cloth production, judging by the discovery of 77 terracotta spindle whorls and 87 loom weights, 20 of which were found, as they fell, in two rows along the southeast wall (Voigt 1994:272; Burke 2010:118, 129–130). An interesting find was a wooden comb4 stuck through a partially finished textile, with woven fabric on one side of the comb and unwoven warp on the opposite side. (Voigt 1994:272). What makes TB 2 particularly unusual is an assemblage of objects found in its inner room. Most of the space was crowded with large amounts of undistinguished coarse pottery5 and approximately 500 loom weights (Young 1962:165; Burke 2010:129).6 The northeast quadrant was free of pots on the floor; scattered sherds found in the upper levels of the burned fill may have come from pots stored in the gallery above. This may also have been the source of ivory open-work pieces (20) that were part of furniture, found in what was described as “much charcoal and burned material” (NB 89:187). Scattered on the floor was a very unusual collection of objects. One group close to the center of the back wall appears to have been stored in a large bronze vessel: five small bronze animal figurines, representing a mouflon (B 1328), two deer (B 1327, 1329), a bearded goat (B 1330), and a pair of two-headed horses (B 1326) (Young 1962: pl. 48, fig. 21), and a silver bird pendant (ILS 332) (Young 1962: pl. 48, fig. 22). Toward the center of the room, about 3 m from the back and side walls, were found three imported fibulae made of gold ( J 130), silver ( J 132), and electrum ( J 131) (Young 1962: pl. 48, fig. 23), along with a gold ring ( J 133) and two gold cylinders ( J 134). About halfway between this group and the side wall lay a cluster of seven glass beads (G 267) and a small pair of bronze tweezers (B 1336). Finally, against the side wall, approximately 1.5 m from the corner, were a collection

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of many unidentifiable pieces of twisted bronze, two iron lynch pins (ILS 375), two iron rein-rings called terrets (ILS 376) (Gareth Darbyshire, pers. comm.), and three bridle bits (ILS 334, 335, 387) (Young 1962: pl. 48, fig. 26). Included in this assemblage were a set of ivory horse trappings (1–12). Some of these items may have hung on the wall before succumbing to the Destruction Level fire (YHSS 6A) and being crushed under fallen wall debris.

Horses and Their Equipment at Gordion Before examining the iconographic significance and style of the decoration on the ivory horse trappings, it is important to understand what these items were doing at Gordion—the context in which they were used at Gordion. This entails looking at the evidence for the presence of the horse at Gordion and the indications of their significant role in Phrygian society.7 The source of Gordion’s horses, whether locally bred or imported, is uncertain.8 There is evidence of trade in horses between Nubia and the Levant via Egypt during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE (Dalley 1985:44), as well as between Carchemish and Anatolia, starting in the 2nd millennium (Gubel 2005:140, quoting Winter 1973:320–321). If the horses were imported or given as gifts, it is possible that they came with their equipment. By whatever means these ivory horse trappings arrived at the Terrace Building, they likely owed their origins to a North Syrian source. A detailed analysis was conducted of over 25,000 faunal remains from the Voigt excavations in 1988 and 1989 revealed that only a small percent (2%) were equid bones, the majority of which (48%) came from Late Phrygian contexts (Zeder and Arter 1994). They represent the ass (Equus asinus) and the horse (Equus caballus), both of which were more likely used for transport of goods and people than for food (Zeder and Arter 1994:113). The horse first appeared in YHSS 10 (16th/15th century BCE), although only one specimen was discovered (Zeder and Arter 1994, 114). That number rises to 16 in the 14th and 13th, centuries BCE (YHSS 9), coinciding with the period when the site was under

Hittite control. In fact, in light of the number of Hittite campaigns launched against rebellious vassal states in western Anatolia during the 14th and 13th centuries BCE, it is not unlikely that Gordion’s geographically strategic location prompted its transformation into a Hittite military outpost. If so, the number of horses quartered there would undoubtedly have increased. For most periods at Gordion, the horse and ass are equally represented. An exception occurs in the Early Iron Age (YHSS 7B and A), when horse bones greatly outnumber ass bones; these may be anomalies derived from relatively small samples: 9 dated to YHSS 7B and 12 dated to YHSS 7A.9 While it is tempting to attribute this spike in horse remains at the beginning of the Early Iron Age to the arrival of Indo-European Phrygians, the preliminary nature of the study of the animal bones cautions against this conclusion (Zeder and Arter 1994:114). Complete horse skeletons have been recovered from several tumuli at Gordion. The early 8th century BCE Tumulus KY included the skeletons of two horses, intentionally sacrificed and placed immediately outside the burial chamber at the point where the chamber wall and the surrounding surface level had been built up to a height of approximately 1 m (Young 1956:266, pl. 96, figs. 56–57; Kohler 1995:74, fig. 29A, B; pl. 43B).10 Laid out nose to nose, the two male horses were smaller than modern horses and close to five or six years old. Though not exactly matched in height, and thus not of the highest value, they were presumably appropriate for this ritual role (S. Payne 1995:237–244).11 Each horse had an iron bit and an open-work bronze nose piece or frontlet decorated with rosettes and zigzag patterns (Kohler 1995:23–25, 74, 80–82, TumKY 23–25; pls. 44A, B, 46C, D).12 Although the nose piece comes from a very different tradition than the ivory horse frontlets, another item from Tumulus KY, a set of bronze tweezers, interestingly finds a close match in a similar pair found associated with the ivory trappings in TB 2 (B 1336) (Kohler 1995: TumKY 17, 79, fig. 32A, pl. 45J). Horse bones were also found in the mantle of Tumulus N, which contained an inhumation dated later in the 8th century; but it appears likely the bones were brought from an earlier domestic context as part of the earth used to form the mantle of the tumulus (Kohler 1995:86, n. 11).



HORSE TRAPPINGS 29

Two tumuli from the mid-6th century held remains of horses. Tumulus D contained one complete horse skeleton in a pit associated with the cremation burial and a second nearly complete skeleton in a separate pit within its mantle; there were no remains of any trappings. The tumulus covers an atypical collection of skeletons representing four adults and nine children, rather than a single burial. The burials may have belonged to one family and spanned some length of time.13 In any case, the inclusion of horses within the burial speaks to their continued importance at Gordion over several centuries. Three skulls and the skeletons of nine horses were found in a pit within Tumulus E.14 These and associated bronze and iron fittings from horse trappings and bridles15 may represent the remains of a Galatian ritual sacrifice that incorporated objects looted from earlier tombs (Kohler and Dusinberre 2023). In addition to skeletal remains, representations of horses appear frequently at Gordion in contexts ranging from the Early Phrygian period to the mid-6th century. These figures, often executed in a distinctly local style, suggest the horse was a familiar animal. A miniature, two-wheeled bronze quadriga pulled by stocky horses recovered from Tumulus P gives a good illustration of horses during the Middle Phrygian period (Young 1981:21–26, TumP 40, figs. 13, 14A, B, 15A, B; pl. 13A–J). The Late Phrygian Tumulus A, dated to the mid-6th century, produced remains of a two-wheeled cart with its fittings and various trappings for horses, including parts of two iron snaffle bits (ILS 7a–b) (Kohler 1980:69, fig. 31L), bronze rings (B 263 and 264), a bronze bridle attachment (B 262), and a bronze nosepiece (B 266). The iron bits found with the ivory horse trappings in TB 2 had crescent-shaped cheek pieces with a central bar that suggests three attachment points for the cheek-strap.16 The triple division of the cheek strap is duplicated on the image of a horse in an ivory appliqué found in Destruction Level debris of Megaron 4 (150). This bridle type often appears on horse trappings in Assyria and some parts of North Syria, with the straps attached to a simple nose piece rather than a bit plate. Examples are found on a relief of Assurnasirpal from Nimrud (Frankfort 1954: pl. 87; Oates and Oates 2001: fig. 26), a section of the Long Wall from Carchemish (Woolley 1952: pl. B 42a), and a pair of horses pulling a chariot on a relief in the west gate at

Arslan Taş (Albenda 1988: fig. 18). A stone horse’s head from Zincirli (Fig. 3.1) shows a more angular version of this bit and bridle system.17 In this case, it is combined with a decorated triangular frontlet and blinders, precisely the type of horse trappings found in the Destruction Level of Terrace Building 2 (von Luschan and Jacoby 1911:337, figs. 248–249; Barnett 1975:101, fig. 37a–b; I.J. Winter 1988: figs. 1, a & b; 2010:373, fig. 1, a & b).18 The largest single corpus of ivory horse trappings comes from Nimrud. Their context indicates that many pieces were stored as gifts, tribute, or booty19 amassed from conquests in Syria and the Levant (G. Herrmann 1986:3, 2008:225).20 In an early analysis of the collection, Mallowan proposed that some of the pieces adorned a horse statue dedicated to the gods (1953:23, n. 5). The existence of such statues is suggested by the inclusion of a stipulation in Assyrian business contracts that required the dedication of a horse to Assur as a penalty for non-fulfillment of an agreement (Mallowan 1953:23; Wiseman 1950:187 ND. 203; Wiseman and Wilson 1951:117 ND. 496); but a reading of the text inclines one to visualize such dedications as small statuettes rather than full-scale statues of horses. Moreover, the residents of Phrygian Gordion appear to have avoided the production of large-scale stone sculpture (Rose 2017:160), seemingly excluding the possibility of horse statues, unless rendered in wood. There is currently not enough evidence from the Terrace Building or the companion CC Building to surmise why the trappings and other valuable items were in this room of a large complex that otherwise appears to have housed production activities on a massive scale intended to support the needs of the central administration. The great quantity of coarse storage vessels and the large number of loom weights found covering most of the room where the horse trappings were discovered indicates the room’s main functions were in some ways similar to those of the other seven units of the Terrace Building. The collection of the horse trappings and other objects clustered in the northeast section of the room may have been fashioned from rare or expensive materials, but their relatively small quantity does not seem sufficient to designate the room a “treasury.”21 Nevertheless, we can be sure that a team of four horses at Gordion was outfitted with these trappings and would have presented an impressive and beautiful sight.22

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Fig. 3.1  Zincirli, sculpture of horse head (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

Frontlets Enough remains to reconstruct at least four ivory frontlets (1–4). Each piece is described in detail in the catalogue entries. Shaped as truncated triangles, they are approximately 18 cm high, tapering from a width of 10 cm at the top to about 6 cm at the base. While only one frontlet can be restored completely enough to describe the full decorative scheme, the other three appear to carry an identical motif. Within a guilloche border stands a winged, nude female crowned with a tall polos (crown) decorated with rosettes. Her body is adorned with a simple necklace, bracelets, and anklets. Standing atop a frontal bull’s head, she grasps the hind legs of two sphinxes that turn their heads to face the viewer. Above the scene hovers a winged disc with elaborate volutes, both above and below. Sewing holes carefully concealed on the sides, as well as light cross-hatching on the back indicate the frontlets were attached to a backing of some other material, by which they were hung from the bridle.23 The following discussion of the frontlets examines the development of the frontlet type in the shape of a truncated triangle and the history of the figural decoration before looking at the individual elements: the potnia theron motif and her identification, with a detailed examination of the polos and her body type; the flanking sphinxes; the winged sun disc; and the guilloche border. Horses were present in the Near East by the later 3rd millennium, but there are few textual references describing how they were outfitted before the middle

of the 2nd millennium (Moorey 1970:36–37). A hoard of equine objects from Khirbet Karhasan, dated to the second half of the 13th century BCE, foreshadows the development of the type of horse trapping that appears nearly 400 years later at Gordion (Tucker 1992). This collection of faience objects, described as elements of horse trappings, includes a triangular frontlet and button-shaped rosettes that decorated the leather bridle straps (Tucker 1992:158, 172, figs. 3–5, 7).24 Based on the later popularity of frontal, nude female figures on frontlets, it has been suggested that there is a sexual symbolism already inherent in the triangular shape of the Khirbet Karhasan frontlet (Tucker 1992:172). Frontlets shaped as truncated triangles make up a large part of the collection of ivories found in from Room SW 37 in Fort Shalmaneser. This massive palace complex was built by Shalmaneser III in the third quarter of the 9th century BCE and continued in use until its destruction at the end of the 7th century BCE—a challenge to the dating of individual pieces (G. Herrmann 1992:5). It housed thousands of ivory objects, probably acquired as tribute or booty over time. They appear to have been stored more as material assets rather than objects intended for use by the court.25 (Orchard 1967: nos. 128–150). As at Gordion, the ivory pieces were attached to a backing, although less discretely, with large holes visible on the front. Truncated triangular frontlets were also commonly made in bronze; several examples from Tell Tayinat in North Syria, Samos, Miletos, and one of unknown origin now in the Bomford (England) collection are discussed below. These frontlets are distinctly different in shape from contemporary frontlets found in Urartu,26 as well as the Assyrian type, known mostly from reliefs.27 Decoration on frontlets was presumably applied not simply for aesthetic reasons, but also to honor the deity pictured, to invoke the deity’s support, or to ward off undesirable outcomes. There is a long tradition of linking horses with a divine being that projects power through demonstration of the mastery of animals, often with accompanying solar references. The three decorative elements present on the Gordion examples—nude female deity, animals, and solar symbols—are well documented in a range of frontlets. The frontlet from Tell Tayinat shows a master of animals who grasps two striding sphinxes facing out, while



HORSE TRAPPINGS 31

bracing his feet against the raised tails of two lions that turn to confront the viewer; below, two nude females, cupping their breasts in their hands, stand atop lions’ heads (Kantor 1962: pls. XI–XII; I.J. Winter 1988: fig. 2, a & b).28 A bronze frontlet from Samos (Inv. 2579) displays an upper row of three nude females, two standing on lions’ heads and the middle one on the head of a fourth nude who raises her hands to support the lions’ heads above her while standing herself on a larger lion’s head at the bottom; above the assemblage hovers a winged sun disc (see Fig. 3.6; Jantzen 1972: pl. 52; Kyrieleis and Röllig 1988: pls. 9 and 12; Eph’al and Naveh 1989: pl. 24a; Kyrieleis 1993:146, fig. 7.15).29 A frontlet from Miletos is decorated with three nude females supporting their breasts; they likely also stood on lions’ heads (Barnett 1964: pl. 1.2, 1975: fig. 39).30 A frontlet from the Bomford Collection has at its center a nude female holding her breasts and resting on a floating lion’s head, with a winged sun disc above (Barnett 1964: fig. 1, pls. 2.2; 3.1–2; 4.1). The nude is flanked by two larger male figures holding a flower in one hand and the hindquarters of a suspended lion that turns to face the viewer in the other; both men stand on seated lions, also facing out. The collection of ivory horse trappings from Nimrud includes the greatest number of horse frontlets decorated with nude female figures. However, the women on many of these examples are pictured as less aggressive, delicately holding lotus flowers, while still standing atop lions’ heads, with a winged disc added above (Orchard 1967: nos. 135–142, pls. XXVIII–XXXI). This mistress of animals, or potnia theron, is replicated on other pieces of horse equipment.31 A bronze chariot pole ornament from Zincirli displays the deity grasping a pendant lion in each hand as she balances atop a third lion (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: fig. 90, pl. 40d; I.J. Winter 1988: fig. 6, 2010:377, fig. 6). A bronze equestrian disc ornament from a late 8th century BCE tomb on Salamis, found together with a horse skeleton, shows the potnia standing on, holding, and generally surrounded by a collection of animals, while a winged Hathor head fills the top of the scene (Karageorghis 1974: pl. LXXXIX; Winter 1976a:49, fig. 32, 2010:275, fig. 32). Many possibilities have been advanced to identify the female figure, based on the representation’s period and location. The linkage of horses with the powers of the female fertility goddess and the male sun god

is traditional in many places over an extended period. As early as the 14th century BCE in Egypt, the warrior goddess Astarte appears riding a horse below a hovering winged sun disc on a stele of Thuthmosis IV in Turin (Leclant 1960: pl. 1a). The same goddess was worshipped in the Levant and a tablet from Ras Shamra affirms the goddess’ connection with horses (Leclant 1960:1). The female figure was also linked with the goddess Qedesh,32 an associate of Astarte, during the Late New Kingdom in Egypt where she appears nude with her hair in the style of Hathor and associated with lions, flowers, serpents, and the winged sun disc (Gubel 2005:132). As the contemporary goddess Qudshu in the Levant, she frequently appears as a potnia theron perched on the back of lions, in the northern tradition, or on horses, in the southern tradition. Gudel has suggested that Qadesh/Astarte is “the Sidonian goddess Asiti, a sky goddess with healing powers associated with the royal chariot in Egypt as well as in Phoenicia” (Gudel 2005:133). Attempting to attach a single label or name to a female divinity under the assumption that she survived unchanged from her earliest origins as she moved across cultures, place, and time may be expecting an unlikely consistency (Wiggins 1991:392). By whatever name the goddess was known, either at her place of creation or in her appearance at Gordion, she projected her apotropaic powers through her piercing stare, her threatening animal companions, and her association with the winged sun disc. The female figure on the Gordion frontlets is crowned with a tall polos decorated with two rows of six-petal rosettes. This is a North Syrian form of headdress found in numerous variations on ivory figures from Nimrud (Barnett 1975: pl. LXXIII). A more imposing version of this polos is worn by the goddess Kubaba in a relief from the Long Wall from Carchemish (Woolley 1952: pl. B.39a; Orthmann 1971: pl. 23b; Winter 1983: fig. 15, 2010:596, fig. 15). Rosettes, often imbued with solar significance, also have a long history as a symbol of the female deity, including Inanna and Ishtar (Simpson 1998:637 2011:87–91; 2020:145). On the Gordion frontlets, they are a prominent feature on the female’s tall polos and may take inspiration from the rosettes that frequently adorn Kubaba, the North Syrian and Anatolian goddess, as seen on a head from a relief in the Long Wall of Suhis II at Carchemish (Fig. 3.2;

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Fig. 3.2  Carchemish, head (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

Woolley 1952: pl. B39a; Akurgal 1962: pl. 115; Winter 1983, pl. XLIX c, 2010:596, fig. 15).33 Winter (1976a:46, 2010:241) suggests that the rosettes represent low-growing, hardy plants resilient in adverse conditions that, together with the lotus and bud, stand for fertility and regeneration. Rosettes may also be connected with the radial star motif that, by extension, shares the divine attributes of the solar deities. At Gordion, the symbol, echoing the radial lines that segment the solar disc hovering above the potnia’s head, would have resonated with its use to represent Matar (Simpson 1998:638).34 The body of the potnia is modeled with stylized simplicity and her facial features are, by contrast, harshly accentuated. Although essentially nude, the goddess wears bracelets, anklets, and a necklace, all of which frequently adorn the potnia on frontlets from Nimrud (e.g., Orchard 1967: no. 135). Her face is framed by large sausage-shaped ringlets, beyond which protrude prominent ears. Bulging eyes, with a deeply incised pupil and eyebrows connecting over the nose, dominate the face.35 The closest stylistic parallels to the potnia are found at Nimrud in a series of nude female caryatids on ivory handles (Fig. 3.3) and a group of detached female heads (Frankfort 1954: pls. 166a, 167d–f; Barnett 1975: pls. LXX–LXXV; Winter 2005: fig. 8, 2010:430, fig. 9).

These figures all share similar features: the high polos with rosettes, protruding ears, heavy twisted hair locks, prominent staring eyes, incised eyebrows, and a stippled pubic triangle. Several of the small heads from Nimrud have a headpiece with alternating rosettes and recessed circles, perhaps filled with a substance meant to represent the solar disc. The Gordion potnia holds suspended sphinxes, turned out to confront the viewer; their sinuous tails end in a bird’s head. The currency of this human-headed creature in the North Syrian world is attested on multiple reliefs where the figure is usually male. An 8th century example from Zincirli shows a helmeted male sphinx, striding along with his raised tail ending in a bird’s head (Fig. 3.4; von Luschan 1902: fig. 123, pls. XXXVIIIc and XXXIVe; Orthmann 1971: pl. 55c; Winter 1976a: fig. 25, 2010:272, fig. 25; Soldi 2012: fig. 15; V. Herrmann 2017: figs. 5, 10e). Other such sphinxes are found at Carchemish (Orthmann 1971: pl. 27b) and Sakçe Gözü (Orthmann 1971: pl. 51b; Prayon 1987: pl. 48, a; Soldi 2012: fig. 17). In an example from Tell Halaf, a tall polos substitutes for the helmet (Orthmann 1971: pl. 11f ). A modified version of the female sphinx, with both the front legs and the head turned en face and the tail curving up to a bird’s head tip, appears on a bronze bowl in the Penn Museum (Young 1967a, fig. 1). On the Gordion frontlets a winged sun disc crowns the scene above the potnia. The primary feathers stretch out stiffly in horizontal rows, following the Hittite tradition; below hang pendant volutes on either side of tail feathers, in the typical North Syrian style of the 1st millennium BCE (Winter 1976a:38, n. 28, 1976b:4, 2010:191 and 233, n 28).36 Pendent palm leaves, framed by Hathor curls, hang below the disc and a second set of curls emerges from a ribbed bolster above. The sun disc is outlined with two rows of beading37 and double radial lines divide its interior into quadrants, each bisected by wavy radials. The internal division of the disc suggests a chariot wheel; but this reference may be more apparent than real.38 It more likely represents a star motif with a long history in Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Hittite Anatolia. The star disc is taken to represent the Mesopotamian goddess Ishtar, who transforms into the West Semitic goddess Astarte, and eventually becomes the Hurrian goddess Shaushga (Pulak 2008:350). Gold discs recovered from the Uluburun shipwreck (ca. 1300 BCE) are



HORSE TRAPPINGS 33

Fig. 3.3  Nimrud, ivory handle. Fan or fly-whisk handle in the form of four female figures. Neo-Assyrian 8th–7th c. BCE. Dims. 11.1 × 6.2 × 5.8 cm. Rogers Fund, 1952. Image from the Metropolitan Museum

Fig. 3.4  Zincirli, reliefs of sphinx with bird tail (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

good examples of this design with the circle cut into four segments with straight rays and each segment further divided by wavy lines creating eight to twelve total segments (Pulak 2008:350–353, nos. 217a, b). These star discs have small bosses in each field, lacking in the frontlet. A bronze frontlet from Samos (Inv. B2598) displays a similar double segmentation of the disc; but in this case the initial division is done with four petals, while the secondary division is accomplished with a wavy line (Kyrieleis and Röllig 1988: pl. 9). The association of the sun deity with horses is reinforced on a panel from Room SW.7 at Fort Shalmaneser at Nimrud. The scene depicts a four-person chariot being pulled by a horse that wears a prominent ornament suspended from a strap at the base of its neck: a large disc with a beaded outline and four tassels hanging below (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974:69, no. 1, panel 9, ND 7904, pl. III, fig. 13). A similar, though less elaborate, winged disc appears on a funerary stele from Zincirli (von Luschan and Jacoby 1911: pl. LIV; Orthmann 1971: pl. 66d; Winter 1976a: fig. 17, 2010:267, fig. 17). The monument was erected in the late 8th to early 7th century BCE in honor of a local princess, who is shown enjoying a meal, while an attentive servant keeps the area free of flies. The lady proudly displays a single Phrygian fibula, a possession of obvious personal significance. Hovering above this peaceful scene is a winged sun disc decorated with a very rudimentary eight-petal rosette flanked by stiff, nearly horizontal feathers. Below hangs the customary pendant Syrian palm, while an upright version of the design springs from the top of the disc. This may have been the motif in the mind of the artist of the Gordion frontlet; but the restricted space at the top forced him to eliminate the upper palm leaves. The multiple winged discs seen on ivory panels from Fort Shalmaneser, Room SW.7, differ primarily in the more upward curve of the wings emerging from the sun disc; the schematic rendering of the short feathers, often reduced to simple cross-hatching; and the more prominent pendant volutes (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974: fig. 4). Only one example from Nimrud shows the feathers stretched out horizontally, as they are on the Gordion frontlets (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974: pl. LXXII). The Hathor curls framing the pendant palm leaves below the disc are found in various forms on

ivory panels from Room SW.7 at Nimrud (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974: pls. XLIX, 39 and LI, 44; Winter 1976a: figs. 8–9, 2010:262–263, figs. 8–9). This mannerism arose out of the mid-2nd millennium Hittite adaptation of a motif associated with the Egyptian goddess, an easy transfer from one solar deity to another.39 One set of panels from Nimrud shows an elaboration of the design with the upper half of a female figure resting atop a sun disc outlined with a beaded ring. Resplendent in a double set of Hathor curls, she grasps lotus flowers in her extended hands (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974: pls. XLVIII–L; Winter 1976a: figs. 2, 14, 24, 2010:256, fig. 2, 266, fig. 14, 272, fig. 24).40 Mallowan identifies this deity as Shepesh, the “Lady of the Sun,” a minor deity in the Canaanite tradition, as known from Ugaritic literature (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974:18; Mallowan 1966:496–498, figs. 392–394). Shepesh accompanies other deities who bestow fertility (Winter 1976a:47– 48; 2010:244–245). Once the deity found acceptance in Hittite lands, she was identified as Pirwa and closely associated with horses (Barnett 1964:23).41 Mallowan also proposes that “another possible connection may be with the proto-Hittite sun goddess of Arinna mentioned…in a text from Ras Shamra under the name shpsh’arn,” or “the Shepesh of Arinna” (Mallowan 1966:653, n. 59; Winter 1976a:47, 2010:244).42 By whatever name the divinity was known, she was certainly a goddess who appreciated the power of her association with the sun disc. A slightly altered version of this motif appears on the 8th century BCE bronze equestrian ornament from Salamis mentioned above; it is decorated with a winged potnia theron, above which floats a winged Hathor head (Karageorghis 1974: pl. LXXXIX; Winter 1976a, fig. 32, 2010:275, fig. 32). It is possible that the volutes above the sun disc on the Gordion frontlet are remnants of this Hathor head variation with only the lower ends of the curls preserved.43 The potnia and the winged disc on the Gordion frontlets are enclosed within a guilloche frame.44 Enough survives of each frontlet to see some differences in the way the guilloche is carved. On 1, the framing band is just wide enough to contain the guilloche, whereas on 3 and 4, the frame across the top leaves a small amount of empty space on either side of the guilloche. On 2, an even more generous amount of space separates the guilloche from the edges of the



HORSE TRAPPINGS 35

frame. Another technical difference between 1 and 2 is the greater width of the jeweled band around the sun disc on 2. These variations in technique give clues to individual hands at work. Whereas 3 and 4 appear to be by the same hand, there is a possibility that 1 and 2 were made by two different artisans.

Blinders Found along with the four ivory frontlets were remains of at least five ivory, elliptical cheek pieces or blinders; together they formed sets of trappings for four horses. Four of the surviving blinders were worn on the horse’s left side (5–8) and one was worn on the right side (9).45 Enough remains to reconstruct the common decorative treatment: a thin plain border encloses a four-tiered, schematic volute tree at the narrow end, while a double-headed sphinx strides across the remainder of the space. This winged Mischwesen creature has a snarling lion’s head, shown in profile, coupled with a regardant female head rising from the shoulder and an S-curved tail terminating in a bird’s head. The discussion below looks first at the shape of the blinders, followed by a consideration of each decorative element. Similar blinders, but more emphatically spadeshaped, are well represented among the ivory horse trappings from Fort Shalmaneser at Nimrud. Room 37 contained 58 examples (Orchard 1967: nos. 68– 115, 118–127), with two additional pieces found in the Northwest Palace (nos. 116–117). Most were decorated with simple bosses, but ten carried images of sphinxes (nos. 109–118), all executed in the Egyptianizing manner of the Phoenician school of ivory carving. The paucity of ivories at Nimrud that can be linked with the North Syrian centers may be due to the survival of Fort Shalmaneser until the late 7th century BCE, by which time, the North Syrian centers had greatly diminished their level of ivory production. But the stone horse head from Zincirli provides the most solid evidence for the currency of the elliptical blinder in the North Syrian milieu, as it did for the frontlets discussed above (Fig. 3.1) (von Luschan and Jacoby 1911: fig. 248; I.J. Winter 1988: fig. 1a; 2010:373, fig. 1a; Soldi 2012: fig. 19). A version of the Gordion style of blinder also appears on a relief from Throne Room B in the Northwest Palace

of Assurnasirpal II (883–859 BCE) (I.J. Winter 1988: fig. 5, 2010:376, fig. 5; Wicke 1999: fig. 30b). Both examples share the smoother elliptical shape of the Gordion blinders and include a related decorative subject, the striding winged sphinx.46 The endurance of this blinder shape is attested to by a series of bronze blinders found in contexts that date to the 8th and 7th centuries BCE at Nimrud (Curtis et al. 1993:14–15, figs. 9 and 11.1), Lachish (Snodgrass 1964:164), Idalion (von Luschan and Andrae 1943:111, fig. 153), Salamis (Karageorghis 1965: fig. 3), Lindos (Blinkenberg 1931: no. 621), Samos (Payne 1930:250, fig. 7), and Miletos (Weickert 1957:126, pl. 40, 1). An interesting bronze blinder, reportedly from Eretria and now in the Athens National Museum (AM 15070), combines decorative motifs from both the Gordion frontlets and blinders: a master of animals clad in a short kilt holds out two suspended lions in the main body of the blinder, while a striding lion looking out at the viewer fills the narrow end (Eph’al and Naveh 1989: pl. 25a; I.J. Winter 1988: fig. 4, 2010: 376, fig. 4).47 Fantastic beasts that combined elements of powerful animals, such as a lion, bull, and snake, have a long history in Mesopotamia stretching back into the Uruk period of the 4th millennium BCE (Soldi 2012:91). By the late 2nd or early 1st millennium BCE, trading and cultural exchange had inspired artisans of the Levant to adapt such creatures to the iconographic repertoire of their own deities.48 A stele from Ebla shows Ishtar accompanied by both a winged lion and a helmeted sphinx that adopts a mixture of human, bull, and lion limbs (Soldi 2012:94–96, fig. 4). The chimera-like49 creature entered Anatolia during the Hittite period, perhaps growing out of the Mitannian practice of showing gods standing on the back of a lion (Malten 1925; Dunbabin 1953:1168; Dessenne 1957:96). A sphinx with a helmeted human head placed above a lion’s head is shown on a 14th to 13th century BCE Hittite seal now in the Walters Art Gallery; the tail appears to end in a simple knot (Sams 1980: fig. 7; Soldi 2012: fig. 11). A gold seal ring from the region of Konya and dated to the 13th century BCE displays a striding lion with a human head topped by a conical helmet. Standing on its back is a goddess usually identified as Shaushga, the Hurrian version of Ishtar (Dessenne 1957:94, no. 225, pl. XVIII; Soldi 2012:97–98, fig.7). A Neo-Hittite silver

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

applique shows a similarly helmeted head joined atop a winged lion whose tail ends in a bird’s head (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, no. 1996.61). Relatives of the Gordion double-headed sphinx are encountered in multiple examples from significant North Syrian centers. An ivory plaque found at Megiddo but considered to emanate from a Hittite/ North Syrian tradition,50 shows rows of mythic and divine figures, including two seated winged sphinxes with a lion head protruding from the chest. The piece was made in the 13th century BCE, but not deposited until the 12th century BCE (Loud 1939: no. 44, pl. 11g; Alexander 1991:161, figs. 1–2; Feldman 2009: fig. 14; Soldi 2012:98, fig. 8). During the 9th century BCE other examples appear in stone reliefs at North Syrian centers at Carchemish, Zincirli, and Tell Halaf. A striding, winged sphinx with a lion’s head, mouth agape, combined with a helmeted male head in profile, and a tail terminating in a bird’s head is seen on an orthostat from the Herald’s Wall at Carchemish (Hogarth 1914: pl. B.14; Orthmann 1971: pl. 27b; Soldi 2012: fig. 13). The sphinxes on two reliefs from the Outer Citadel Gate at Zincirli are comprised of very similar elements; however, the helmet appears to have been reduced to a remnant knob above the man’s forehead, in place of the very distinct horns shown on the Carchemish relief, and the tail of one sphinx is broken off at the critical point where a bird’s head may have emerged (von Luschan 1902: pls. XXXVIIIb– c, XLIIIa; Orthmann 1971: pl. 61c; Soldi 2012: fig. 14). A relief from Tell Halaf seems to represent a misunderstanding of the type; it shows a sphinx with the lion’s body raised in a rampant pose and the human head simply sprouting out of its forehead (Opitz and Moortgat 1955: pl. 88a, b; Orthmann 1971: pl. 11 g; Soldi 2012: fig. 12). A stone pyxis reportedly from Mahmudiye, about 200 km west of Baghdad, and now in the Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester displays two very minimally rendered composite sphinxes, at least one of which has a tail ending in a distinct bird’s head (Muscarella 1970: fig. 11; Sams 1980:3, figs. 1–5; 1988: fig. p. 16; Soldi 2012:105, fig. 18). Its best stylistic parallels are found in the 10th and 9th century BCE reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli, and 8th century BCE reliefs at Maraș, suggesting it was likely made in a North Syrian workshop (Sams 1980:4). These examples of the composite sphinx show it clearly carried a strong and widely

recognized iconographic message in the North Syrian culture in the early years of the 1st millennium BCE and its appearance on a horse’s blinder is confirmed in the design on the stone horse head from Zincirli (Fig. 3.1). The female head springing from the lion’s shoulders closely follows the style of the frontlets’ potnia. Although the four fully and partially preserved heads on the blinders (5, 6, 7, and 9) show individual artistic hands, they display shared features. The heads protrude to about half their depth (approximately 1.4 cm on 6, but somewhat less on 5). The faces are slightly fleshier than those on the frontlets, but they have the same straight, pursed mouth, sharp eyebrows, eyes with a deeply cut pupil,51 a sausage-like ringlet on each side, and rows of hair running from the front to back on the top of her head.52 All the blinders are in a fragmentary state, making it difficult to discern whether each showed ears protruding from behind the side ringlets; only 6 has enough preserved to suggest she has a right ear. Where preserved, she wears a necklace formed of a row of beads framed by two plain borders, reminiscent of the beading around the sun disc on the frontlets (6 and 7). The closest comparisons to the female head are found in the siren cauldron attachments from mid8th century BCE Tumulus MM (Fig. 3.5; Young 1981: pls. 51–54)53 and the Penn Museum’s bronze bowl mentioned above (Young 1967a: pl. XVIII). Seen in deep profile, the female head on 6, with its receding chin and prominent nose, bears a striking resemblance to the cauldron attachments. A North Syrian source for these cauldron attachments has been well supported by comparisons to 9th century BCE reliefs from Carchemish and 8th century BCE reliefs from Sakçe Gözü (Winter 1976b:16–17, 2010:207, 343; Muscarella 1962:327). Although each blinder is badly damaged, enough remains of the lion’s body and head to get a sense of the carving style, one that shows the artisan’s tendency to transform natural features into a pattern. Striding across the expanse of the blinder, the lion’s trailing rear paw touches the volute tree, while the other reaches forward to rest on the plain border at the center of the blinder; the two front legs crouch close together.54 The paws are distinctly knobbed with the tendons emphasized. The shoulder is set off from the wings with a double line. The lion’s mouth gapes open in a snarl



HORSE TRAPPINGS 37

Fig. 3.5  Gordion, Tumulus MM, profile of cauldron siren

38

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

exposing a distended tongue and eight teeth, while incised wrinkles frame his nose. The deeply incised eyes, indicative of a North Syria source, are identical to those on the potnia. The ears press back against a simple, rope-like collar of hair, behind which spreads a mane of finely striated, arched locks with side tufts. Variations reveal the individual carver’s hand. On 7, the lion’s cheek is smooth and the ruff starts well behind the ear. The cheeks on the others are smooth except for 9, where it is emphasized by a double outlined semicircle. The details on 8, which include a smaller ruff starting immediately below the ear and a mane with shorter locks, find close enough parallels on 6 to suggest they were executed by the same hand. Gordion is populated by numerous other lions portrayed in a variety of media. While they share many features of the lions on the blinder, they range so broadly in execution that one can easily surmise some may have been produced by artists who had never seen a lion. A miniature wooden lion found in Tumulus P has a mane rendered in a basket-weave pattern, probably a local stylized interpretation of the already regularized pattern seen on the ivory blinder (Young 1981:51, 54, TumP 108, fig. 22B–D; pl. 22G–I).55 A painted jug from the same tumulus is decorated with a roaring lion displaying prominent teeth and a semicircular, double-outlined cheek similar to 9 (Young 1981:35, 36, TumP 55, pl. 17C). This compares closely to two contemporary sherds from the Citadel Mound; in these examples, the semicircular cheeks become even more stylized, with the enclosed space bisected by a beaded double line and a single dot in each section (Sams 1994:307, nos. 1074 and 1076, pl. 131). Both Young and Sams describe this style of painted pottery and wood carving as derivative of North Syrian tradition, but essentially a Phrygian product (Young 1981:48, 56; Sams 1974:189–190, figs. 10–11). The bronze situla from Tumulus MM in the shape of a lion’s head has a prominent cheek bulge, but it is much more naturalistic than the ivory and pottery examples, suggesting, perhaps, that it was made by someone, whether a local or North Syrian artist, who had seen a live lion (Young 1981:121–123, MM 45, pl. 62c). Most of the lion’s stylistic features find parallels in stone in North Syrian locations. The outlined shoulder area appears on both reliefs and the gate lions at Malatya (Delaporte 1940: pl. 18). The same feature

is linked with the outlined cheek on reliefs from the Herald’s Wall and King’s Gate at Carchemish (Hogarth 1914: pls. B.11, B.14; Woolley 1952: pls. B.53b) and gates in Zincirli (von Luschan 1902: pl. XLV top; Bossert 1942: fig. 940; Meyer 1965: pl. 88). Several key features of the Gordion lion are closely paralleled at Carchemish. The outlined cheek, prominent teeth, bulging eyes, emphatic nose wrinkles, laid back ear, and collar-like ruff are seen in both free-standing sculptures (Akurgal 1949: pls. VII–X; Woolley 1952: pl. B.53b and 54b) and reliefs, such as the panel from the Great Staircase showing the Sun and Moon gods astride a crouching lion whose mane is rendered with similarly curved triangular locks (Woolley 1952: pl. B 33; Orthmann 1971: pl. 23a).56 A set of lions from Sakçe Gözü also share these characteristics, presented in a more formalized manner (Akurgal 1949: pl. XXVIIIa; Orthmann 1971: pl. 51c). The gaping mouth with wrinkles above the nose, coupled with a distinctive ruff collar separating the face from a mane formed of regularly overlapping triangular locks is also found on several ivory plaques from Room SW.7 at Nimrud (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974: pls. XLIX, 39, ND 7925 and LX, 44, ND 7920; Winter 1976a, fig. 2, 2010:256, fig. 2).57 An interesting feature of the double-headed sphinx is the bird’s head at the tip of its tail. A similar tail appears on two griffins decorating other ivories at Gordion: one on a small square inlay plaque from Megaron 3 (128) and the other on a comb from a foundation trench in layer 5 (367). Another version is seen on a sphinx on a painted jug from Tumulus P (Sams 1974: fig. 2; Young 1981:35, TumP 56, fig. 19, pl. 17D, E).58 The popularity of this motif at Gordion may be attributed to the bird’s identification with the hawk of Matar (Young 1967a:154). A bird’s head tail, looking somewhat more vulture-like, appears on the sphinxes on the bronze bowl in Philadelphia, the Eretria bronze blinder, and the Bomford frontlet mentioned above. Examples of bird’s head tails abound in North Syrian and Anatolian art: reliefs from Carchemish (Hogarth 1914: pls. B.14a and B.15a; Woolley 1921: pl. B.18a; Akurgal 1962: pl. 110; Orthmann 1971: pl. 27b), Zincirli (von Luschan 1902: pl. XXXIVe, 1911: pl. 55; Orthmann 1971: pl. 55c), Sakçe Gözü (Akurgal 1949: pl. XXVIIIa, 1961:59, fig. 37; Orthmann 1971: pls. 49c and 51b; Prayon 1987: pl. 48, a),



HORSE TRAPPINGS 39

Fidanlιk, and Ankara (Barnett 1948: fig. 9; Akurgal 1949: pls. 48b and 49; Prayon 1987:7, b).59 Much later versions appear in the 4th and 3rd century BCE Pazyryk burials: one on the tails of a lion-griffin on a felt appliquéd saddle and another on a composite stag/bird creature on a body tattoo (Rudenko 1970: pl. 169a; Bunker et al. 1970:61). The narrow end of the blinder is decorated with a tree formed of stacked volutes, alternately curling up and down with triangular hearts. Each element is outlined along its edge. Other individual volutes are attached to the blinder’s border and act as fillers in the spaces above and below the sphinx’s body. The tree traces its ancestry back to the 2nd millennium BCE where it usually consisted of one or two tiers of volutes topped by palm leaves. Adopted by the North Syrian schools, it grew to multiple levels (Winter 1981:108, 2010:289–290). A relief found in 2008 at Zincirli shows a three-tiered version; this is thought to date to the early/mid-9th century BCE and to have come from an orthostat-lined processional way leading up to the South Gate (Schloen and Fink 2009:215; V. Herrmann 2017:260, fig. 17). Both the tree and individual stylized lotus flowers reinforce the symbolism of regeneration and the cycles of nature embodied in the winged sun disc (Winter 1976a:45, 2010:240–241). Similar trees appear in ivory plaques from Nimrud and Til Barsib (Mallowan 1974: no. 95, pl. XCVIII, fig. 14; Herrmann 1986: nos. 797–798; Bunnens 1997:445, fig. 9).60 Additional ivory fragments found in the same area with the frontlets and blinders suggest there may have been other horse trappings decorated with very different motifs (10–12). One set of fragments (10) are scored on the back in the same manner as the more fully preserved frontlets and blinders. These pieces form the lower right corner of an object with a guilloche border similar to the frontlets discussed above. In this case, the scene centers on a twin-stemmed, tall plant that ends in a papyrus-like flower. Seated at the base of the plant, with their backs touching, are two miniature lions in high relief.61 The best-preserved figure on the right indicates the lions were crowded so close to the edge that their heads may have been turned to face out toward the viewer. Two unattached lions’ heads were found in the debris. Only one, a lion head with a closed mouth (11a), is a possible candidate for attachment to the panel based on its size and

color. The other lion’s head (11b) with an open, snarling mouth likely belonged to a different piece, judging by its smaller size. The preserved parts of 10 are sufficient to estimate that the original width of the bottom section was close to the width of the best-preserved frontlet (1). An associated set of ivory fragments from the same area includes four miniature monkeys carved in high relief. The best preserved (12) is a crouching monkey with its front paws drawn up to its face (much as on a small ivory seal [989]); the body was attached along the length of its back. The best-preserved figure is close in size to the lion figures on 10. It is tempting to link them with the other loose pieces (10 and 11) to create either a single scene or companion piece. The possibility that they are connected with horse trappings is suggested by examining a curious group of six bronze cast openwork pieces, several of which include a pulley mechanism that has been interpreted as part of a chariot harness system (Barnett 1964:24–26, fig. 2, pls. 4, 2–3 and 5; Harper 1989:185, pl. 41, 1a–b).62 Their decorative focal point is a pair of nude females flanking what appears to be a bifurcated stream of water, with other animals or heads set on the upper parts of the piece. In an example reportedly from Luristan and now in the Bomford collection, the females are replaced with two kilted men stabbing rampant regardant lions (Barnett 1964: pl. 4, 2). Above this scene are two rampant goats and resting on the top are two seated monkeys. Monkeys are a recurrent element, appearing as detached heads on several of the other pieces.63 Determining the source and date of the ivory horse trappings from Gordion rests on examining both the evidence of their context, as well as the comparison of their features with other objects from Gordion and its probable trading contacts. While the most dependable stylistic comparisons are observable in stone reliefs found at several North Syrian locations, the dating of these monuments is often beset by differing opinions.64 Taking these cautions into account, it emerges that a likely source for the horse trappings is a workshop operating in Carchemish or Zincirli in the 9th century BCE.65 The lack of other Early Phrygian ivories comparable in size and demonstrating a comparable intricacy of design at Gordion, coupled with the Phrygians’ distinct preference in the royal tombs of the late 9th and early 8th century BCE for elaborate

40

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

0

10 cm

Fig. 3.6  Samos, frontlet © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports/ Ephorate of Antiquities of Samos and Ikaria/Museum of Samos

and technically complex items made in bronze and wood, inclines one to the conclusion that ivory carving was not a highly developed skill at Early Phrygian Gordion, and makes it more likely these unusual pieces were produced elsewhere. They appear to represent a gift that was stored away in the Terrace Building and did not make an observable impact on the relatively small ivory carving activity in Gordion. The stone horse’s head from Zincirli presents the best evidence for the shape and design of both frontlets and blinders in a North Syrian location (Fig. 3.1). Examples of similar trappings in both ivory and bronze abound in an area that extends from Assyria to Greece.

Two inscribed bronze horse trappings from Eretria in Euboea and Samos (Fig. 3.6; Feldman 2014: figs. 5.5–5.7) provide particularly helpful evidence for dating frontlets that carry the decorative elements found on the Gordion horse trappings. Although these bronze trappings were found in later contexts, each bears an Aramaic inscription that places its production in the 9th century BCE.66 The inscriptions are both restored to read “That which Hadad gave our lord Hazael from ‘Umqi in the year that our lord crossed the river” (Kyrieleis and Röllig 1988: pl. 9; Eph’al and Naveh 1989:193, pl. 24a and 25a, figs. 1 and 2; Niemeier 2014:296–297). Hazael reigned in Damascus between ca. 842 and 805 BCE and it is



HORSE TRAPPINGS 41

suggested that the bronze frontlets were dedicated when he crossed the Euphrates during a period of diminished Assyrian power in the last quarter of the 9th century BCE (Eph’al and Naveh 1989:198). The context in which the trappings were found at Gordion further supports a manufacture date in the late 9th century BCE. Dendrochronological analysis of the structural elements of TB 2 indicates it was built in the first decade of the 9th century BCE and repaired approximately 50 years later (Rose and Darbyshire 2011:109). Radiocarbon (14C) dating of the barley and lentil stores from the time of its destruction point to the years between 800 and 795 BCE as the likely time when the building and its contents were consumed in the major conflagration that swept through the administrative center (Voigt 2005:31, 2009:233–235, fig. 15; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:45, 2011:142).67 The ivory horse trappings are carved in a North Syrian style and exhibit a collection of well-known North Syrian motifs. Whereas some individual iconographic elements can be matched on the Nimrud ivories, overall, the Gordion group shares no close stylistic matches among the Nimrud ivories. The figures display power through their heavy proportions, sense of action and bold confrontation of the viewer as they press against the frame with wings jutting straight out. The human heads are framed by ringlets of hair and carved with round, puffy faces and eyes cut with a centered drill—all distinctly North Syrian features (Winter 2010:195–196). The four primary decorative motifs are well recognized in the corpus of North Syrian stone carving: the potnia theron, the winged disc, the composite sphinx, and the volute tree-of-life. The closest comparisons for each element appear both in the round and on reliefs at Carchemish and Zincirli, with supplementary examples from Sakçe Gözü, Tell Tayinat, Tell Halaf, and Malatya.68 The majority of scholars agree that these works fall within the 10th and 9th centuries BCE.69 How the ivory horse trappings came to hang in the Terrace Building at Gordion remains open to speculation. If Carchemish, or possibly Zincirli, were the source, the record of historical events in Carchemish in the latter part of the 9th century BCE may provide a clue. Tribute lists of both Assurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BCE) and Shalmaneser III (r. 858–824 BCE) record receipt of raw ivory from Sangara, king

of Carchemish, as well as finished works (King 1915: pl. XXXIII; as cited in Winter 1983:185, 2010:574; Grayson 1976:2 § 584).70 Carchemish was also a possible source of horses traded to Phrygians in central Anatolia. The inevitable question, then, is if these were not outright gifts to the king,71 what did the Phrygians at Gordion have to offer the gift-giver in return? The evidence from the Terrace Building suggests that weaving was conducted on an industrial scale, perhaps partially to provide easily portable goods to trade with the North Syrian producers of attractive luxury materials. Judging by the quantities of wooden furniture and bronze vessels, there must have been similar, yet undiscovered, locations at Gordion where these objects were produced on a large scale. It is also possible that the Phrygian control of desirable metals attracted traders from Carchemish. Winter believes it was Carchemish’s pivotal role in this commerce that roused Assyria’s attention and influenced Assurnasirpal to establish a foothold in North Syria as a way of gaining access to the sources of raw materials controlled by Carchemish without disrupting their patterns of trade (Winter 1983:190, 2010:581). Constantly harassed by the Assyrian king during the later years of the 8th century BCE, king Pisiris of Carchemish, in desperation, turned toward an alliance with Mita of Mushki, an act that became the final excuse for Sargon II to destroy the state in 717 BCE.72

Catalogue: Horse Trappings 1

Ivory Frontlet  (Pls. 1–2) BI 432  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Mended and waxed; gaps in background and margin filled in. Unknown elements include the length of potnia’s legs and disposal of bottom end. Badly burned lavender to white; iron stains on upper right corner. Dimensions: Restored H. 18.5 cm; restored W. at bottom 5.9 cm; restored H. potnia 10.2 cm. Frontlet in the form of a long triangle truncated at bottom with a beveled margin, raised above background,

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

with compass-incised guilloche. Main portion of design shows a potnia theron in very high relief standing on bull’s head, holding by their legs flanking winged sphinxes with a frontal female head and a bird’s head at end of the tail. The potnia is winged and nude, except for bracelets and anklets, a necklace of dots between lines, and a polos consisting of two lines of six-petal rosettes in squares separated horizontally by jeweled lines and vertically by double lines. Above her head and spreading across the top, from margin to margin, is a winged solar disc flanked on each side by five horizontal feathers. Above the central disc are pendant volutes flanking four vertical jewelled lines; below the disc hang pendant volutes framing outlined tail feathers. The disc itself is framed by a large beaded line surrounding a small beaded line between single lines and is divided into quadrants by spokes of double lines, with a single wavy line within each quadrant. The back is lightly striated with cross-hatching for application. All margins have oblique sewing holes cut in from the sides and out the back at intervals of approximately 1.2 cm. Found associated with 2–12, four bronze animal figurines (B 1326–1328), a glass bead (G 267), gold cylinders (J 134), a gold ring (J 133), a silver bird pendant (ILS 332), three imported fibulae made of electrum, gold, and silver (J 130–132), and three iron snaffle bits (ILS 334, 335, 387). Young 1962:166f, pl. 46, fig. 24; Kohler 1962:198; Akurgal 1968:159; Mallowan 1966:476; Prayon 1987:184–186, pl. 44, c, fig. 30; Sams 1993:552, pl. 95; DeVries 2007:91, fig. 61.

leaving space above and below the guilloche. Ivory very thick in upper section and very thin in background areas. Potnia and the sphinx in very high relief. Striations and sewing holes as on previous example. Found associated with 1, 3–12. 3

Design similar to 1. In addition to the fragmentary solar disc complex, only a few scattered parts are preserved: bull’s head, abdomen and left forearm of potnia, hindquarters and hind feet of sphinx on right, fragmentary volutes and feathers, top right corner and fragment of top left. Burned grey to black at core, white on surface. Dimensions: Restored H. 17.1 cm; W. top restored 9.5 cm; W. bottom restored 5.8 cm; Th. at fragment below hand 1 cm; at guilloche border 0.5 cm. Frontlet similar in design to 1 and 2, except that all line work is finer, sizes slightly smaller and relief somewhat lower. Striations on back and one sewing hole visible on front face in upper right corner; may be another on right edge about 1 cm farther down. Found associated with 1–2, 4–12. 4

2

Ivory Frontlet  (Pl. 3) BI 433  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Design similar to 1. Preserves portions of top half only. Right margin missing, along with almost whole background below tail feathers of winged disc. Remaining portions of the potnia are only the head and right arm holding hind half of sphinx. Feathers only partially represented. Iron stains around ancient break at upper left. Dimensions: H. 11.2 cm; W. 10.7 cm; H. solar disc complex plus top margin 5.1 cm.

Ivory Frontlet  (Pl. 4) BI 434  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Ivory Frontlet  (Pl. 5) BI 435  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Design similar to 1. Preserves only fragmentary parts of solar disc with parts of left and top margin. Parts of potnia’s wing at left and right. Burned grey at core, white on surface; partially stained by rust. Dimensions: Restored H. 8.9 cm; restored W. top 10.5 cm; restored W. bottom 6.2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Frontlet identical in most respects to 3. Found associated with 1–3, 5–12.

Frontlet decorated as 1, except that top margin is thicker,



5

HORSE TRAPPINGS 43

Ivory Blinder: Left Side (Pl. 6) BI 436  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Several parts curled by fire causing wide gaps in joins. Much of background and section of upper margin missing. Chipped obliquely along upper and lower curved margins. Burned grey at core, cream on surface; iron stains on tree. Dimensions: L. 14.1 cm; H. 8 cm; L. sphinx 10.6 cm; H. tree 4.3 cm. Blinder shaped with an elliptical outline on the left half narrowing with concave top and bottom margins on the right half to a straight vertical edge termination. Margin is raised plain narrow band. Relief design of schematized tree-of-life at far right formed of four pairs of upturned and downturned volute-like branches with hearts of compounded triangles. From left side of tree, stretching to left margin strides a thin sphinx consisting of a full, winged lion’s body and a frontal female head rising from the back of the neck. Lion’s tail terminates in a bird’s head. The sphinx’s left hind foot is by the tree, with the right at the beginning of the elliptical curve. Front right and left feet are close together up under the shoulder area. A tendon line extends up the outside edge of the rear leg, with an irregular knob above the claw. Similar features appear on both forelegs. Mane, set behind a smooth cheek, and marked off by a collared ruff, has finely striated locks with side tufts, and ears are closed down towards back. Mouth is open in a snarl with eight teeth showing. Female head has single long ringlet on each side, with the hair over forehead segmented into vertical ridged waves. In field, sprouting from margins, are six preserved fleur-de-lis flowers with compounded triangles as centers, some with ridged margins. Sewing holes and striations on back, as on frontlets.

al layers, two fore feet, lion’s head with smashed mouth, and female head in good condition. Burned to purple at core; hard rust stains on left half, particularly on female head. Dimensions: Restored L. 14.5 cm; H. 8 cm; H. tree fragment 4.2 cm. Design similar to 5. Executed in high relief with sphinx’s head rising about 14 cm and rump about 7 cm from background. Pupil of sphinx’s right eye cut deeply as though for paste filling, but interior of left eye only very slightly depressed. Ear seems likely on sphinx’s right side; left a little more ambiguous. Jeweled collar preserved. Lion has smooth cheek and tendons outlined as on 5. No sewing holes visible. Found associated with 1–5, 7–12. 7

Ivory Blinder: Left Side  (Pl. 7) BI 438  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Right half fairly well preserved but for upper margin; left half has no background or margin and female head is about one-quarter preserved. Core of left burnt yellowgreen; right section grey throughout. Hard crust of rust on forepart of lion and female head. Dimensions: Restored L. 14 cm; Restored H. 7.3 cm. Design similar to 5. Jeweled necklace on preserved fragment of female head. Lion’s hind foot is heavily knobbed and has a triangular knob on the leg that touches volute of first level of tree. Lion’s cheek is very smooth. Ridged collar of mane starts well behind ear; locks are larger and longer than on 8. Tail broadens for bird’s head. Striations on the back. Five sewing holes preserved on short edge, three along underside of bottom curve.

Found associated with 1–4, 6–12. Found associated with 1–6, 8–12. Young 1967a:149, pl. XXI; Prayon 1987: pl. 44, d. 8 6

Ivory Blinder: Left Side  (Pl. 7) BI 437  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Preserves parts of volute tree, lion’s hind feet, back in a mended and chipped section, shoulder broken and in sever-

Horse Trapping, Ivory Blinder: Left Side  (Pl. 8) BI 439  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Preserves fragmentary tree at right, with margin broken away at top and right edge. Outstretched hind leg of lion joins base of tree. Central body of lion is a fragment island.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Head and shoulders of lion are stone-hard and crushed; no lower jaw. No female head, but for base of neck. Forefoot and piece of lower margin form another island. Burned to a crisp buff on surface, purple at core, except where impregnated with iron rust. Dimensions: Restored L. 13.6 cm; restored H. 7.8 cm.

Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194). Three mended sections, plus two small fragments. Burned green at core on some and purple on others; all with dusting of dirty white on surface. Dimensions: (a) H. 3.2 cm; (b) H. stem 2.7 cm; (c) H. flower 2.1 cm.

Design similar to 5. Double outlined, triangular knob on lion’s hind leg. Lion’s cheek smooth and smaller than on 7. Collar ruff starts immediately below ear, and mane has shorter locks than on 7. Seems to be by same hand as 6, as confirmed by the design on the triangles’ buds at the juncture of the tree branches; they have both an outer ridge and two inner ridges in stacked triangles (versus 7 with a single outline with raised bulge in inner area). No sewing holes visible.

Probable parts of a frontlet: (a) two lions in very high relief rest back to back against twin plant stems on a flat lower margin with incised guilloche. Their tails curl up the middle along with the plant stems. Next larger piece (b) shows the twin stems ascending up through the center. A third fragment (c) shows papyrus-like flowers that swing out to side from central stems. Fine cross-hatching on backs; no sewing holes preserved.

Found associated with 1–7, 9–12.

Found associated with 1–9, 11–12.

9

Ivory Blinder: Right Side  (Pl. 9) BI 440  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

Tree at rear preserved to full height, although front plane partially missing. Forepart of lion in good shape; much of hind legs and body missing. Margin in many small disjointed pieces. Female head badly abraded over face and top of head. Ivory dark grey at core, white to grey on surfaces; pitted and abraded. Dimensions: Restored L. 13.8 cm; Restored H. 7.5 cm. Blinder with design identical to 5–8, except reversed for a blinder worn on the right side. Good details remain of lion’s face, which here has a double outline around the semicircular cheek. Clear evidence of the ruff collar, mane, shoulder, and wing. Found associated with 1–8, 10–12.

11 Ivory Fragments: Lion Heads  (Pl. 10) BI 442  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194). Two detached heads: (a) with part of neck; (b) burned pure white. Dimensions: (a) H. 1.6 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th.0.9 cm. (b) H. 1.3 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. (a) Lion’s head turned to face viewer, with mouth shut and drilled eyes. Done in deep relief and broken off its background. Could have been associated with 10, as ivory is the same color. (b) Lion’s head on a smaller scale. Very similar to (a) in most details, but with more linear mane treatment and an open, drilled mouth. Found associated with 1–10, 12.

Young 1962:167, pl. 47, fig. 25; Sams 1993:552, pl. 96; DeVries 2007:91–93, fig. 6.3.

12 Ivory Fragments: Monkeys  (Pl. 10) BI 443  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:194).

10 Ivory Fragments: Lion and Plants  (Pl. 10) BI 441  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Inner room at base of east wall, near surface of Early

Four fragments of monkey figures, much mended and burned. Whole torso (a) attached to background in narrow line along whole length of back. Head only (b) which



HORSE TRAPPINGS 45

was once attached to a background, piece of which adheres showing incisions on back of plaque. Heads pulled off background (c and d). Ivory is lavender at core and buffwhite on surface. Dimensions: (a) H. 2.8 cm; W. at ears 0.9cm. (b) H. 1.2 cm; (c) H. 0.9 cm; (d) H. 0.9 cm. (a) Monkey, nearly full round, seated with feet together and knees drawn up, elbows on knees, paws under chin and head facing forward. (b) Head of similar monkey, with scar on chin where paws broken away. (c and d) Monkey heads with whole chin showing, suggesting paws were otherwise occupied. Found associated with 1–11.

notes: 3.1  The height of the open space within the room may have been meant to accommodate space for tall looms. Scenes of weaving on Etruscan objects of the 8th to 6th century show looms that are about twice the height of the person standing next to them (Meyers 2013: figs. 1–2). 3.2  The inner rooms of TB 3–8 contained similar installations and categories of objects: a central hearth (TB 5–7), grinding stands with space for between five and 18 workers (TB 3–8), remains of grain (TB 3), large amounts of pottery (TB 3–5, 8), loom weights (TB 3, 5, and 7) and spindle whorls (TB 3 and 7). Only a few minor items of obvious personal use were found in any of the other units (Young 1960:242). Descriptions of the inner room in each unit are included in Young’s annual reports for 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964a, 1966, and 1968a. Information on the distribution of loom weights and spindle whorls is found in Burke (2010). A reinterpretation of the Terrace and CC Buildings by Morgan (2018) suggests that, rather than representing workspaces meant to support the elites and a hierarchical centralized administration that used the megara in the Inner and Outer Courts, they were gathering places for feasting within communal groups from the surrounding area who used the buildings and spaces of the Inner and Outer Courts for community-building gatherings, feasting, and processions out the Early Phrygian City Gate toward the tumuli on the far ridge dominated by Tumulus W constructed around the same time and on the same grand scale as the Terrace Building.

3.3  The installations and categories of objects found in the anterooms reflect similar industrial-scale production activities (the anterooms of TB 3 and TB 6 are unexcavated). TB 4 had two ovens, a hearth, a broiler, and a large quantity of pottery (Young 1962:165). TB 5 had a hearth, two ovens, and a broiler (Young 1960:241–242, pl. 62, fig. 27, 1962:164). TB 7 had a hearth, oven, broiler, cooking trays, iron tools, 89 spindle whorls, and 119 loom weights, with some arrayed in a line as they fell off the loom and others in piles (DeVries 1990:384–385, fig. 18). TB 8 held two ovens, a broiler, and large quantities of coarse pottery (Young 1968a:238). 3.4  The comb was originally reported as made of ivory; it is now recognized as wood. 3.5  The excavator records that he disposed of 100 boxes of coarse pottery from just the southeast quadrant alone (NB 100:72). 3.6  Michael Homan has offered an alternate interpretation of these loom weights, especially for those found together with large jars. He concludes that they were stoppers used in the process of beer fermentation. A piece of material stuffed into the hole would allow the fermentation gases to escape while keeping out insects (Homan 2004:89–91). The objects he identifies as stoppers are close in size and weight to the loom weights from Gordion (Burke 2005:76). Some examples have been found in place in jars in Israel. 3.7  In Homeric times, the Phrygians were reputed to be avid horsemen (Iliad, III, 185 and X, 431), a tradition they may have brought from their Thracian original homeland. 3.8  There are remains of horses found “at several sites in Anatolia from the fourth to early third millennium.…The most likely route for the introduction of the horse (Equus caballus) into Anatolia and Mesopotamia was via the Caucasus in the late fourth millennium” (Hyland 2003:8–9). The Hittites were well-known for their trained horses. The so-called Kikkuli text from Boğazköy recounts the training regimen for chariot horses prescribed by Kikkuli, a horse trainer from the land the Mitanni (Benzel 2008:158, cat. no. 96; Raulwing 2009; Cantrell 2011:3; Beckman 2008:158). This was one of a collection of horse training tablets and appears to have been a 13th century copy of a 15th century BCE original. Trained horses were costly commodities. A 14th to 13th century record from Ras Shamra lists the sale of a male horse to the king at a cost of 200 shekels, about 20 times the cost of an ox (Cantrell 2011:46). 3.9  During the Middle Phrygian Period (YHSS 5), horse bones are also somewhat more prevalent (61%) than asses’ (39%), based on a sample size of 23 bones.

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3.10  In her publication of the tumulus, Ellen Kohler saw the burial as exhibiting close connections to Tumulus P and material from the Destruction Level in the Terrace Building; thus, she dated it to the early 7th century under the then-accepted chronology for Gordion. She attributed the practice of burying horses to a Kimmerian origin and suggested the grave belonged to a Kimmerian who, prior to his burial, amassed a collection of Phrygian objects that combined local and foreign elements (Kohler 1995:76). This argument led to difficulties in explaining the apparent honor bestowed on a person belonging to a group reportedly responsible for the destruction of the Citadel Mound. With the Destruction Level now disconnected from the appearance of the Kimmerians, Tumulus KY is dated to the end of the first quarter of the 8th century BCE and may be the burial of a member of the Phrygian elite (Rose and Darbyshire. 2011: fig. 7.10). 3.11  Horses similar in size to the taller horse in Tumulus KY (135–138 cm at the withers) were found at Hasanlu in IVB period buildings destroyed around 800 BCE (de Schauensee 1989:40). The nine Hasanlu horses are described as part of a group of Iron Age horses with a “short broad head and a stocky neck and body,” able to carry or pull heavy loads (de Schauensee 1989:41). 3.12  Ellen Kohler saw a close connection between the decoration of the Tumulus KY frontlet and a bronze belt from what she believed was the contemporary Tumulus P, leading her to declare that both items were created by the same artisan (1995:81; Young 1981: fig. 10). It is difficult to discern the similarities in the designs she cites: the petals on the Tumulus KY rosettes are swollen and each decorated with a dotted double semicircle; whereas, the petals on the Tumulus P belt are very slender and plain. Tumulus P is now dated approximately 20 years later than Tumulus KY (see Table 2). 3.13  In his original report on the tumulus, Young stated that the pottery was Phrygian of the 7th century (1951:12), but the most recent sequencing of the tumuli places Tumulus D around 560 BCE (Rose and Darbyshire. 2011: fig. 7.10; see also Table 2 this volume). 3.14  The finds are reported in the excavation notebook (NB 1:155, 179 and 183), where the excavator noted that after they were exposed “goats danced on the bones during the night; many smashed.” 3.15  The collection included a bronze plaque (B 12, B 162), along with bronze and iron snaffle bits (ILS 101–103, B 217a–b, B 224, B 225). 3.16  The crescent-shaped bit plate may have been influ-

enced by the very slightly curving bits made in Urartu (Azarpay 1968: fig. 3). 3.17  Mallowan and Herrman state that this sculpture was “associated with Hilani II and…therefore probably older than Barrakib, ninth, possibly early eighth century BCE” (1974:43, n. 2). A second similar horse’s head from Zincirli shows elaborately decorated plaques or knobs on the horse’s forehead and at the juncture of the bridle straps just below the ear (Wolff and Opitz 1935–1936: figs. 8–10). 3.18  There is possible evidence of other horse trappings at Gordion in the Middle Phrygian period. Bronze strips in the form of a bead and reel molding, along with other bronzes possibly meant to mask the crossing of bridle straps, were found under fallen reeds and a roof tile and in the fill of a robbed-out wall of Building X; they have been interpreted as decorative elements from horse trappings (DeVries 1990:397). Ellen Kohler is reported to have described these as such, based on comparisons to trappings seen on horses escorted by Persian and Median dignitaries on the east stair of the Apadana at Persepolis (Roaf 1983: pl. XIIa–e; Schmidt 1953: pl. 52; Anderson 1961: pl. 39). The reliefs show bead and reel designs on several of the bridle straps and their crossing points are frequently masked with distinctive talon-shaped ornaments. It is impossible to tell whether the flexibility needed in the bridle straps would have made it more likely that separate rounded and reeled beads were strung on the strap than a solid bronze tube of bead and reel design. 3.19  By carrying off items valued by the enemy, the Assyrians may have intended to erase their memory (Suter 2011:224). 3.20  The largest group was recovered in Fort Shalmaneser, built by Shalmaneser III. The context is described in texts found in the fort as ekal masharti, a place to store camp ordinance, horse equipment, and spoils of war (Herrmann 1986:3). Most of the ivories appear to have been in storage. Whether they were intended to be reused in locally made furniture or simply considered as raw material available to be re-cut by Assyrian artisans is unclear. Only a few ivories, carved in a distinctly Assyrian style and found near the throne rooms, were definitely used within the royal palace. There were no ivories recovered from the otherwise richly appointed Royal Tombs (Herrmann 2008:226–227). Despite their hoarding of ivory, Assyrian royalty appeared to prefer wooden furniture overlaid with bronze, silver, and gold. However, the large stores of a material valued by the kings they had defeated in battle may have symbolized their control over the vanquished (Herrmann 2003:398–399). A



HORSE TRAPPINGS 47

similar situation appears to have been the case with a cache of 300 ivories and other precious materials found in a basement level at Megiddo (Herrmann 2003:394) 3.21  Vassileva (2012:111) believes this must be a treasury since it is the only location on the Citadel Mound where fibulae in precious metals were found. In a discussion of the ivories found in Nimrud, Feldman speculates that it is the intentionality of keeping them “hidden in storerooms, only to be displayed periodically in military parades, that paradoxically emphasized their invisibility” (2014:108). 3.22  Evidence for a value of such horse trappings appears in the fourth book of the Iliad (141–145): “As when some woman stains ivory with purple, /A Maionian or a Karian, to be a cheek ornament for horses, /And it lies in the storeroom, and many charioteers pray /To wear it; but it lies, a delight for a king, /Both an adornment for the horse and a glory for the driver” (Lapatin 2001:13). 3.23  While these ivory frontlets are more ceremonial than functional, the function of a frontlet was to protect the animal from a blow between the eyes, the most effective way to stop or kill a horse in battle. In battle, however, the victor was more likely to want to capture, rather than kill, welltrained horses (Cantrell 2011:33). 3.24  Another example of unusual materials used to make horse trappings are frontlets and blinders made of gypsum found at Nimrud (Orchard 1967: nos. 210–216, pls. XLIV–XLVI). 3.25  A collection of cuneiform tablets, called the Horse Lists (716–709 BCE), was found in Fort Shalmaneser (Dalley 1985). They contain information about the native and foreign units of the Assyrian army. According to the lists, Samaria provided a contingent of chariots, and Hamath and Carchemish contributed both chariot and cavalry units to Sargon’s forces. Dalley (1985:38) suggests that men from one of these locations may have brought some of the ivory horse trappings to Nimrud; she favors Samaria as the source. 3.26  Urartian frontlets come in three shapes: T-shaped with attachment holes at the both the top and bottom (used primarily from the late 9th to the mid-8th century BCE); a variant with an extended, narrow straight piece between the two lateral swellings, likely worn with the narrow end at the top (used from the late 9th to early 7th century BCE); and a flared truncated triangle that was worn with either the broad end up (similar to the Gordion frontlets) or down (used from the late 9th to 7th century BCE) (Özgen 1984:92–94, figs. 5–20; Seidl 1991a: pls. 48, 51–52, 1991b: pls. 1–8). Small holes on the sides of some examples

have been interpreted as attachment points used to secure the associated spade-shaped blinders or cheek pieces (Özgen 1984: figs. 49–50). Seidl has proposed that some of these may not even be frontlets, but arm guards worn by archers. This is postulated based on reliefs showing Assyrian archers wearing a similar piece of equipment on their inner arm (Seidl 1991b: figs. 2–3) and the presence of holes in the swollen extensions which would have been used to tie the piece to the arm. Numerous pieces carry royal inscriptions. For example, there are two frontlets from KarmirBlur, one of which carries an inscription of Menua, ca. 810–786 BCE (Azarpay 1968: fig. 2; Seidl 1991a: pl.38), and the other which has an inscription dated to the time of Sarduri II, ca. 764–735 BCE (Piotrovskiĭ 1969: pl. 79; Taşyürek 1975: pls. XXXIIB and XXXIIIc; Gropp 1981: fig. 5). 3.27  The Assyrian frontlet appears to have consisted of a long narrow metal or cloth band covering the whole length of the horse’s nose (Barnett 1960: pl. 84; Kantor 1962:96). 3.28  The frontlet was found in a structure built in the 9th century BCE but used until the 7th century BCE. Kantor placed the object in the late 8th to early 7th century BCE (Kantor 1962); Winter calls this only a guess (I.J. Winter 1988:358, 2010:358). Young accepted this date (1962:148). Kantor compared the group showing the hero grasping the tails of two sphinxes to a relief from the 10th or 9th century BCE Herald’s Wall in Carchemish (1962:105, fig. 12; I.J. Winter 1988:340, 2010:340; Orthman 1971: pl. 26a). She also saw the nude females holding their breasts paralleled in a relief from the Long Wall at Carchemish dated to the 10th/9th century BCE (Kantor 1962:99; Woolley 1952: pl. B 40; I.J. Winter 1988: fig. 3, 2010:340, 375, fig. 3; Gilibert 2011: Carchemish 23). 3.29  In another otherwise identical frontlet from Samos (Inv. 1123), the winged sun disc is replaced by two couchant lions with raised heads (Kyrieleis and Röllig 1988: pl. 15). 3.30  A second frontlet from Miletos replaces the women with three couchant lions with heads turned to the viewer (Barnett 1964: pl. 1.1, 1975: fig. 38) 3.31  On one bronze frontlet from Urartu the potnia is replaced with a winged master of animals, shown in the upper portion grasping the hind leg of two ibexes and repeated below holding on to the hind leg of two lions (Merhav 1991:111, fig. 78). 3.32  W. Helck believes that Qedesh was simply an epithet ascribed to Astarte that meant “holy” (1971:217, cited in Winter 1976a:47, n. 76, 2010:243, n. 76). S. Wiggins

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(1991:388) interprets qdš as a location name, rather than a descriptor of Ashera/Astarte. 3.33  Another relief fragment from Carchemish shows an enthroned goddess wearing a robe blanketed with neat rows of rosettes (Woolley 1952:240, pl. B 64c). A stele from Malatya shows a winged rosette hovering above a goddess, assumed to be Kubaba, holding a disc mirror while seated on a chair resting on the back of a bull and facing a storm god, possibly Karhuhas, who stands atop a couchant lion (Hawkins 1981: fig. 2d, 3; Ornan 2005:224, fig. 21). 3.34  It is perhaps indicative of the Matar’s association with a building drawn on a block from Megaron 2 that features a large rosette placed above the double doors (Roller 2009: no. 9a; Rose 2021: fig. 18). 3.35  This emphasis on the eyes is a traditional Near Eastern feature, going back to the Early Dynastic period, as seen, for example, on statuettes from the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar (Frankfort 1954: pl. 13). 3.36  The winged disc, which appears in the early 18th century BCE on the seal of Matrunna, daughter of Aplahanda, king of Carchemish (Ornan 2005:208; Collon 1975:192, as cited by Dalley 1986:98, n. 99), seems to have been transferred later to Egypt through other media (Ornan 2005:208). From North Syria, it was adopted in the mid16th century BCE by the Hittites, who saw its meaning as “my/his majesty” (Dalley 1986:98; see also Winter 1976b:4, 2010:191–192). When the winged disc was adopted in Assyria in the 11th century BCE, it was associated with both Assur and Shamash (Ornan 2005:212). In contrast to the North Syrian sun disc, the Phoenician sun disc was customarily framed by uraeus serpents and lacked the tail feathers (Orchard 1967: pls. XXX, nos. 137 and 138; I.J. Winter 1976b: fig. 5, 2010:218, fig. 5). The persistence of the winged sun disc continues even today, where it serves as the emblem on cars at both ends of the price scale: the Bentley, which sports a rather naturalistic version, complete with pendant petals, and the Mini, the essence of frugality. 3.37  An ivory panel from SW.7 in Fort Shalmaneser shows a seated lady below a winged sun disc, holding up a beaded circle the same shape and size as the border around the sun. Mallowan and Herrmann question whether this signifies that the lady was perhaps a queen or a mythological being who “derived her authority from the sun” (1974:15, no. 46, pl. LIV). 3.38  If it is meant to represent a wheel, it could provide a clue to the frontlet’s date, based on the number of spokes, although the date the six-spoked and eight-spoked wheels appeared remains disputed. Despite evidence for the eight-

spoked wheel as early as the Hittite period and its use by the 9th century BCE enemies of Assurnasirpal II, Winter argues that the eight-spoked wheel first appears in first half of the 8th century BCE in North Syria on an orthostat from Tell Tayinat (1973:236–239, 1979:118–119, n. 15, 2010:472, n. 15). Eight-spoked wheels appear on reliefs from the North Gate at Karatepe, dated by some scholars to the 9th century BCE (Winter 1979:116, n. 5), but which Winter places in the 8th century BCE (1979:124, 142, pl. XVIa, 2010:519, fig. 8). Another example from the 8th century BCE comes from the Enclosure Gate at Sakçe Gözü (Winter 1979: pl. XVIc, 2010:519, fig. 9). Both six and eight-spoked wheels appear on 9th and 8th century BCE Assyrian reliefs (Littauer and Crouwel 1973:27–29). In Urartu, both six and eight-spoked wheels are found together on a single bronze belt (Özgen 1983:114, figs. 6 and 14). 3.39  Winter believes this syncretism found a particularly fertile environment in the North Syrian sites that had strong Hittite and Neo-Hittite traditions and was perhaps encouraged by the installation of the sons of the Hittite king in Aleppo and Carchemish in the late 2nd millennium (Winter 1976a:47, 2010:243–244). 3.40  This group of Nimrud panels (SW.7, nos. 38, 39, 40, 42–44) belongs to an outlier set often labeled the “flowerpot helmet” group because of the unusual headgear worn by the men shown grasping lotus tendrils in the main panel. Winter compares this helmet to one worn by a winged, bird-tailed sphinx from a 9th century BCE relief at Zincirli that shares several features with the sphinx on the Gordion blinders (Winter 1976a, 40, fig. 25, 2010:235, fig. 25); but Winter also associates it with a helmet worn about a century later by a horseman in a relief from the palace of Tiglath Pileser III (Winter 1976a:51, fig. 35, 2010:277, fig. 35). 3.41  The imagery of a winged Hathor-headed deity either resting above or subsumed into a solar disc enjoyed a lengthy and widespread popularity. The Bernardini silver bowl from Praeneste, dated ca. 725 BCE, includes a winged Hathor head in a very Egyptianized scene (Randall-MacIver 1924:212, n. 25, pl. 39, 2). A slightly later silver bowl of the early 7th century BCE from Cyprus is so similar to the Bernardini bowl in its motif and the overall decorative scheme that it is judged to be by the same hand (Myres 1914:463–464, no. 4556). 3.42  Ornan suggests that the agglutinative process by which an icon, in this case the winged sun disc, came to represent multiple divinities “may have contributed to— perhaps even catalyzed—first millennium theological concepts of fusing several deities into one…[and] seems to rein-



HORSE TRAPPINGS 49

force our understanding of the emergence of monotheism as a gradual evolutionary process rather than a revolutionary outburst” (2005:234). 3.43  It is interesting to note that on several ivory panels from Room 7 at Fort Shalmaneser a striding sphinx replaces the winged disc, as though the viewer might naturally merge the symbolism of the winged sun disc and the winged sphinx (Mallowan 1974: pl. XXXI). 3.44  An ivory frontlet from Nimrud shows a similar guilloche border framing a nude frontal female, who holds lotus flowers and stands on a lion’s head, while a winged disc hovers above (Orchard 1967: no. 135, pl. XXVIII). A plain area extends at the top and bottom where attachment holes are placed; this undecorated area may have been covered by another material, possibly leather, to obscure the rough holes. The drill bit used to create the central element of each unit in the guilloche was also used to create the eyes of the potnia on the Gordion frontlets, as well as the eyes of the sphinx and lion heads on the blinders. G. Herrmann argues that use of this tool is confined to North Syrian groups of ivories, where lions’ eyes are distinctively carved with an oval outline and a large, drilled iris (1986:49, 1992:29, nos. 308–309, pls. 62–66, 2005:16). 3.45  Each eye in a horse has a separate 180 degree viewing range forward, to the side and toward the rear. In their natural state, this binocular vision, covering 345 to 355 degrees, is beneficial in alerting the animal to potential dangers; but for a horse trained for use on the chaos of the battlefield, it leaves them over-stimulated and hard to control. Blinders work with the naturally occurring blind spot directly in front of the horse’s head to reduce the range of vision to 10 to 15 degrees in each eye (Cantrell 2011:16). Blinders were used primarily for chariot horses “to prevent the natural fear incited in horses by chariot wheels. Spinning chariot wheels, as seen in a horse’s peripheral vision, created a frightening optical illusion of large whirling objects trying to overtake it” (Cantrell 2011:17). 3.46  A bronze version of the same blinder type decorated with a striding winged leonine figure was also found at Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: fig. 152, pl. 54d). 3.47  Several Urartian spade-shaped blinders were decorated with a sleek sphinx striding to one side while turning to face the viewer; behind it, in the narrow tail of the blinder, a winged centaur aims an arrow toward the unconcerned sphinx (Merhav 1991:110, figs. 75–77). Other Urartian blinders are simply decorated with a border of double chains of lotus buds (Azarpay 1968:12, pl. 1). Gubel questions whether these Urartian versions of the spade shape

blinder, most of which appear to belong to the reign of Menua (810–786 BCE), served as the inspiration for the North Syrian versions; but he concludes that Egyptian precursors were the more likely source for the shape (Gubel 2005:113). 3.48  For a discussion of the origins of two-headed creatures, see Malten 1925, Dessenne 1957, Dunbabin 1953, and Roes 1953. 3.49  The true chimera slain by Bellerephon in Greek mythology combined the body of a lion with a goat’s head and a snake as the tail, as described by Hesiod (Theogony:319–325). The goat’s head may have derived from North Syrian versions that frequently showed the head of a man wearing a horned helmet above the lion’s head, e.g., a relief from Tell Halaf (Orthmann 1971: pl. 11g). 3.50  Based on a comparison with seals from the Middle Euphrates region of Syria, Soldi suggests it could have come from a workshop in Carchemish (Soldi 2012:98). 3.51  The deeply cut pupil appears in the left eye of 6 but is completely missing on 9. 3.52  Winter cites these features as hallmarks of what she defined as the North Syrian style: “oval face, high receding forehead, large eyes and nose, small pinched mouth, and little or no chin” (1976a:26, 2010:344); Barnett concurs (1975:40–44). See also a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the facial features of female heads that attempts to distinguish North Syrian, Phoenician/Egyptian and Intermediate style ivories by Cinquatti (2015). In recent years, scholars have suggested that attempts to assign styles to geographic regions, as pioneered by Irene Winter and Georgianna Herrmann, have led to difficulties in establishing a coherent definition of those styles (Suter 2015:32–40). Marian Feldman and Claudia Suter advocate for a more global production milieu, holding that Iron Age elites operated in “an interconnected world with a high degree of mobility…[so that] isolated local styles are highly unlikely to have been the norm” (Suter 2015:39; Feldman 2012, 2014, 2015). They ascribe some of the differences between the North Syrian and Phoenician styles to a shift over time from the 9th to the 7th century BCE rather than production tied to different cultural/political centers (Suter 2015:42–43). Other scholars have presented variations on the objects they identify as belonging to this international style (Pfälzner 2015:183–184). Based on a study of ivories found at Qatna, Pfälzner has expressed some skepticism as to the idea of an elite-driven international style. He believes that Qatna ivories demonstrate a hybrid regional style and that future discoveries will allow for a more re-

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

fined definition of styles by geographical provenance (Pfälzner 2015:184, 214). 3.53  These attachments show an interesting melding of two iconographic elements present in the horse trappings: the siren’s bust is united with outspread wings and tail, while her body merges into the remnants of the sun disc, here reduced to an open ring. This is reminiscent of the winged sun discs from Nimrud discussed above, where a female bust emerges above the disc, stretching out her arms to hold flowers (Mallowan 1974: pls. XLVIII–L). The siren attachments show damage that occurred prior to deposition in the tomb, thus allowing for the possibility that they were manufactured some years earlier (Young 1981:109). 3.54  This contrasts with very Egyptianized striding sphinxes on spade-shaped blinders from Nimrud that boldly ignore the constraints of a guilloche border and step to the very edge of the blinder (Orchard 1967: pls. XX–XXI). 3.55  A second miniature wooden lion from the same tomb shows how a lesser artist defaults to a mane reduced to a strictly regularized pattern of cross-hatching (Young 1981: TumP 108, pl. 22C–F). Two poros lion heads (SS 35 and SS 43) from an Early Phrygian period structure on the Citadel Mound share a basket-weave mane, but the rest of the features are so primitive as to suggest that the carver had little familiarity with real lions (Young 1956:262, pl. 92, figs. 42–43). The sculptures of a scorpion-man from Tell Halaf show an extreme version of this patterned mane in stone (Moortgat 1955: pls. 141 and 144; Frankfort 1954: pl. 158a). 3.56  Mallowan assigns this relief from the Great Staircase to the reign of Suhis II in the late 10th century BCE (1972:70, fig. 3). 3.57  Winter and Mallowan date these pieces from the so-called “flowerpot helmet” group based on a close comparison in the mid-8th century BCE column base from the temple behind the bit hilani at Tell Tayinat (Winter 1976a: fig. 36, 2010:278, fig. 36; Mallowan 1974:88). 3.58  Originally it appeared that the bird on the tail might have been supplied with its own set of wings (Sams 1974:180); but the final publication simply states that the exact structure of the wings is uncertain (Young 1981:36). 3.59  A relief from Elbistan has been cited as another example of a bird’s head tail (Orthmann 1971: pl. 7a); but the published photograph is too indistinct to be certain. 3.60  The Til Barsib example was found in a context dating to the second half of the 7th century BCE; but because of its close parallel to the Nimrud example, it is presumed that it was either an heirloom or in a disturbed context

(Bunnens 1997:450). The motif held sufficient significance to make a single segment (the downward curved element topped by an upward curving branch) suitable decoration for a shield-shaped blinder found at Nimrud (Orchard 1967: no. 49, pl. VIII). 3.61  A spade-shaped blinder from Nimrud is decorated in a similar vein with a seated, falcon-headed sphinx resting its forepaws on individual papyrus flowers in the large field; at the narrow end, at least three papyrus plants stand upright, oriented perpendicularly to the sphinx (Orchard 1967:22, no. 118, pl. XXIII). 3.62  Other interpretations of these pulley objects have included belt buckles (Crouwel 1972:54, n. 4) or parts of a narrow loom for weaving a band of cloth (Moorey 1977:147–148). 3.63  One example is known to come from ancient Adab (modern Bismya in Iraq) and is currently in the Istanbul Museum. It has been dated to the late 2nd or early 1st millennium BCE and labeled as Elamite (Barnett 1964:25, n. 20; Harper 1989:185, pl. 41, 1a–b). 3.64  For a recent summary of the differing opinions, see Gilibert (2011:1, n. 2). 3.65  When Young first published the ivory horse trappings, he assigned them to a North Syrian source (1962:168). Kohler narrowed the point of origin to either Zincirli or Carchemish (Kohler, 1962:198). This attribution has been accepted by Sams (1971:229–231). Winter claims it is likely that Carchemish was “a centre [sic] for the production of high-quality ivory goods during the 9th and possibly 8th centuries BCE” (Winter 1983:186, 2010:575). Whether Carchemish was close to a source of ivory is less significant than its status as a “central place of higher order,” a location that modern Central Place Theory holds is more likely to be a producer of luxury goods (Winter 1983:186, 2010:575). 3.66  Muscarella (2008b:176) believes that, while they both may have been heirlooms, the fact that the Eretrian blinker was recovered in a 6th century BCE deposit and the Samian piece came from a late 8th century BCE stratum, does not provide conclusive support for dating the Gordion horse trappings in the 9th century BCE, but rather supports the likelihood of an 8th century BCE date for the horse trappings. Kyreleis (1993:146) sees them as late 9th century BCE products of North Syria that ended up passed along as gifts or war booty before ending up where they were found. For a discussion of frontlets inscribed by Haza’el, see Feldman 2014:161–170. 3.67  The dating of the Destruction Level to the end of the 9th century is consistent with radiocarbon dating of mate-



HORSE TRAPPINGS 51

rial from Megaron 3, a building destroyed in the same event, and the location of an ivory plaque featuring another birdtailed creature (128) (Voigt 2009:235). 3.68  The attempt to assign determinative weight to particular decorative subjects is fraught with difficulties. One can conclude in despair that “the development and transmission of iconographic motifs escapes all logic” (Barrelet 1955:256). Winter argues that establishing a point of origin for a particular object should rely more on stylistic comparisons than the iconography of the motif. She cites, as an example, the composite, winged animal that is “seen on Phoenician- and (South) Syrian-style equestrian blinkers from Nimrud as well as on North Syrian/Anatolian-style blinkers from Gordion and elsewhere, and the same motif […] also depicted on blinkers worn by horses in sculpture and relief from the kingdoms of Sam’al [Zincirli] and Assyria.…[O]nce popular, motives can and do cross both time and space with ease, making them less sensitive indicators when the issue of origins is under consideration than the idiosyncrasies of ‘facture,’ or style” (Winter 2010:408). G. Herrmann concludes that the appearance of similar subjects in the variety of styles observed at Nimrud indicates there “must have been a pattern book of design circulating through the area, with each state applying its distinctive style or signature to the various designs” (2008:231). 3.69  Orthmann has assigned the reliefs from Carchemish to the late 10th or early 9th century BCE; he places the Zincirli program no later than the 9th century BCE (Orthmann 1971:133–136). The acceptance of this dating by other scholars is documented by Sams (1974:183, n. 40). Winter dates the Herald’s Wall as “contemporary with or just before the Long Wall,” which she attributes to Suhis II in the mid-10th century BCE (I.J. Winter 1983:179, 2010:566). Gilibert (2011:38–41) situates it in the early 10th century BCE. The Herald’s Wall is dated by Frankfort (1954:180) to Kilamu (ca. 850–830 BCE), based on comparisons to sculptures from Palace J at Zincirli. Mallowan

(1972:74) argues in favor of an association with his predecessor Katuwas, ca. 880 BCE. The Tell Halaf orthostats have either been dated as a single group, or separated into sets of earlier, smaller orthostats and the larger, later ones. Winter (1989:326, 2010:388) places them in the first half of the 9th century BCE, while allowing for some to extend back into the 10th century BCE. Mazzoni (2000:44–45) prefers a 9th century BCE date for the small orthostats and places the larger ones in the early 8th century BCE. V. Herrman (2017) pushes the South Gate reliefs from Zincirli back into the early 10th century BCE; she believes they were re-used from an earlier structure from nearby Pancarlι. 3.70  The inscription of Assurnasirpal II lists “dishes of boxwood decorated with ivory…[and] elephants’ tusks” (Grayson 1976:2 § 584), and the bronze reliefs of Balawat gates show two men carrying tusks (Barnett et al. 2008: figs. 8 [tribute from Saruga], 12 [campaign against Hatti], 20 [campaign against Bit-Adin], and 58 [tribute from Carchemish]). 3.71  Elaborate chariots are frequently mentioned in documents as gifts given by one king to another or as part of dowries. “Mitannian King Tushratta sent 20 teams of horses and 10 fully equipped wooden chariots to Amenhotep III (1384–1346) as a wedding present. Likewise, Ashuruballit, king of Assyria, sent a wedding gift of ‘a beautiful chariot and two horses’ to Akhenaten (1358–1340)” (Cantrell 2011:69, n. 21; Bryce 2003:96–97). Winter (2010:360–261) suggests that gifting and commercial exchange may have gone hand in hand, the former paving the way for the latter. Suter (2011:223) echoes this idea proposing that Levantine ivories found in Anatolia are “best explained in terms of occasional gifts that Levantine merchants presented to the local elite in order to establish trade routes and encourage bulk trade in raw materials.” 3.72  A clay prism of Sargon found at Nimrud proclaims, “As for Mita, king of Muski, in his wide plain twice I made defeat of him” (Gadd 1954:183, col. V, II, 34).

4 Figurines

V

ery few of the ivory and bone objects found at Gordion represent figures carved in the round. The only complete figurine (15) is done in a miniature and undistinguished style, while the other pieces are too fragmentary to permit persuasive judgments as to their quality.

Early Phrygian Period Lion The burned and shattered fragments of an ivory lion’s head and legs, found in a deep posthole at the center of the rear wall of Megaron 4, are all that remain of the earliest figurine (13). It was recovered together with an à jour ivory plaque showing a rider with a pair of horses (150), and several burned pieces of worked ivory whose original purpose is difficult to determine (755) (Young 1964a:287). Despite its broken and burned condition, the lion maintains a ferocity in its snarl and a power in its legs equal to many North Syrian felines. The preserved fragments are assumed to have been from a figurine, although it may also have served as a protome, decorating the end of a rhyton or a piece of furniture.1 The badly preserved lower sections of the forelegs appear straight, a position suitable for any of several poses: recumbent with forelegs outstretched,2 striding,3 or seated upright.4 The lack of hind legs may support its reconstruction as a protome, but in view of its generally battered condition, not much weight should be put on their absence. The lion was one of the more popular subjects at Gordion. It appeared in an array of materials: painted pottery, wood, bronze, ivory, and drawings incised on Megaron 2. Whereas the ivory lion figurine is done

in a somewhat naturalistic style, there are some representations of lions at Gordion that revert to a more patterned depiction of the lion’s features, an approach frequently seen in works done in the North Syrian style. These stylistic differences are obvious when the lion figurine is compared to the double-headed creature on the horse blinders (5–9). In both instances, the mane is rendered in artificially overlapping locks, but the strictly neat semicircles on the lion on the blinder contrast with the more randomly arranged mane on the small figurine. The muzzle wrinkles display a similar contrast between geometric and more natural styles. The wrinkles on the lion figurine are etched with some realism, while on the blinder they become heavy precise ridges.5 Other elements of the lion on the blinders ignore realism in favor of pure patterns; striking examples of this are the double-outlined cheek (9) and the collared ruff around the neck (5–9),6 neither of which appears on this ivory figurine. The Early Phrygian artisan’s tendency to transform natural features into patterned designs shows in three small wooden lions from the Middle Phrygian Tumulus P (Young 1981:51–52, figs. 22B–D, pls. 22C–I, 23A–C; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999: figs. 81–82). One (TumP 107) displays strong North Syrian influence in its sharply pointed profile, tremendous canine incisors, and basket-weave mane. Similar teeth are found on stone lions of the late 8th century BCE at Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: p1. 57, below; Akurgal 1968: fig. 12). The only point of similarity with the ivory lion figurine is the enormous, curved ear. Two other wooden lions from the tumulus (TumP 108 and 109) use a series of neatly overlapping quarter-circles to depict the mane. Gordion’s most famous lion appears on the bronze situla from the Middle Phrygian Tumulus MM (Young

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Fig. 4.1  Ivory lions from Samaria (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

1981: pl. 62c–f, MM 45). The strong Assyrian affinities of this work seem to remove it entirely from the realm of the small ivory lion figurine.7 The painstakingly stylized palmettes on the upper lip and below the eyes, a far cry from the faint wrinkles on the lion figurine’s lip, are neatly paralleled at Nimrud and Arslan Taş (Akurgal 1968: fig. 6, pl. 8).8 The mane on the bronze situla shows a reversion to pattern, a simple reticulated design,9 in contrast to the ivory figurine’s randomly interwoven locks falling in a more natural mass. Phrygian potters display the ultimate in “patternmania” and as a result their painted lions have little in common with the realism of the ivory lion figurine. Painted lions are blanketed with zigzags, dots, and lines; the cheek is set off with a double-outline semicircle, a typically North Syrian feature (Young 1964b: pl. XIV, fig. 1).10 Similar depictions of lions are common on painted vessels found both on the Citadel Mound (Sams 1994: pl. 92, no. 1041; pl. 129, no. 1065; pl. 131, nos. 1074, 1076) and in Tumulus P (Young 1981: pl. 17C, TumP55). The closest parallels to the Gordion lion figurine are found in groups of ivory lions from Zincirli, Thasos, and Samaria (Fig. 4.1; Crowfoot and Crowfoot 1938: pl. IX,1a; Salviat 1962: figs. 1, 6; Winter 1981: pl. XVIa–d, 2010: figs. 44–47). These recumbent lions, with outstretched forelegs, were used as decoration on pieces of furniture.11 Dowel holes on their backs indicate they supported something above, perhaps a divine figure. Their mouths opened dramatically in a menacing manner, revealing a great lolling tongue. One feature shared by the lions from Thasos and Zincirli and the Gordion figurine are two sets of three or four simple incised wrinkles above the nose.12 At least two

such wrinkles are visible on the upper lip of the Gordion lion; however, the area between the eyes has been too heavily damaged to determine if there was a second set. Similarly, the eyes of the Thasian lions are shaped as elongated hollows set obliquely and bordered by a ridge; on the Gordion lion the eyes are cut more realistically, but with the same elongation. One strong link among all these lions is the distinctive volute-shaped ear, previously noted on the wooden lion from Tumulus P (Salviat 1962: fig. 3).13 The treatment of the mane is another point of correspondence. The mane on the Gordion lion is composed of striated locks, with interwoven short ones between the ears and longer ones lying parallel on the sides.14 On the lions from Thasos the treatment is much the same, although the locks tend to be shorter and thicker, and on some, additional short locks are brushed forward between the ears down onto the forehead, much as on the lion from Zincirli (Salviat 1962: figs. 5 and 12b). The Zincirli and Samaria examples also correspond to the Gordion lion in the smooth transition from the face to the mane, in contrast to the sharp ridge present on the lions from Thasos. Despite the close stylistic similarities shared by the lions from Gordion, Zincirli, and Thasos, the evidence for their disparate dating suggests they either share an unusually enduring artistic tradition, or that one should exercise caution in relying on stylistic affinities as the basis for dating. The varieties of both abstract designs and realism that artisans working at Gordion in the late 9th and early 8th centuries BCE used to depict a lion underscores the perils of placing too much emphasis on style for dating purposes. Akurgal dates the lion from Zincirli on stylistic grounds to the beginning of the second half of the 8th century



FIGURINES 55

BCE (1949:48, 74; Salviat 1962:95). Based on the presence of two Assyrian tablets dated 616 BCE in the same room, they could even be brought down into the early 7th century BCE (Brown 1960:4, n. 2). The lions from Thasos, because of the circumstances of their finding must postdate 680 BCE. They should probably be assigned to the second quarter of the 7th century BCE, a date arguably confirmed by stylistic parallels with Proto-Corinthian vases (Salviat 1962:112; Akurgal 1968:183). As mentioned above, the discovery of the Gordion lion figurine deep within a posthole of Megaron 4, as well as its possible link with debris from an earlier ivory carver’s shop, has led to the conclusion that it did not end up in the posthole as a consequence of the destruction of Megaron 4, but rather that it belonged to terrace fill laid down for the Terrace Building complex, an action that postdates the construction of Megaron 3. If one were to follow this conjecture, then in view of the extensive number of ivory objects discovered within Megaron 3, it may be possible that this lion and its associated pieces represent the remnants of a workshop established on the site to provide decorative items for use in Megaron 3. Since Megaron 4 was built later (possibly in the third quarter of the 9th century BCE), the ivories, including the lion (if they did indeed belong to the earlier terrace fill), would date to the mid-9th century BCE at the latest. However, based on the excavator’s record, it seems more likely that the ivory lion belonged to the furnishings of Megaron 4 and ended up in the posthole cavity as a result of the destructive fire at the end of the 9th century BCE, thus extending its manufacture date to the latter part of the century. As the comparisons cited above have demonstrated, the ivory lion from Gordion was executed in a realistic style, strongly contrasting to the formal use of patterns that characterized much of Phrygian and North Syrian styles. The more naturalistic style was less common, thus making it difficult to locate the inspirational source of the Gordion lion based on the later materials found at Zincirli and Thasos.

Arm of a Statuette The arm of a small statuette (14) is the only other ivory figure found in a possible Early Phrygian context; it was recovered from a small patch of charred fill on the floor of Megaron 11.15 Broken in antiquity, the

lower part of the arm was stained greenish-brown from the corrosion of the attached bronze disc, while the smaller upper part retained its original buff color. This right arm was made as an independent piece, socketed through the shoulder for attachment with a square ivory peg. Judging from the size of the arm itself, the whole statuette would have been approximately 14 cm tall, on the assumption that the implicit action indicates a standing posture. Since such a large figure would have required a sizeable piece of ivory, economy suggests the body was made of a less costly material, likely wood, with only the flesh parts carved in ivory.16 This combination of materials would have emphasized the color contrast between flesh and garment. The inside area of the upper arm is flattened, indicating it was held close to, and perhaps angled across the front of the body. The hand grasps a small bronze disc, one of a pair of cymbals. The forearm is not strictly perpendicular to the upper arm, but slightly raised as though in anticipation of a downward movement. The figure was standing poised, ready to strike the cymbals together at about waist level. The figure’s gender is purely conjectural. Around the wrist is a simple, flat band bracelet, a type equally suitable at this period for a man or woman.17 The plump fleshiness of the arm may favor a female figure, but it could also be ascribed to the comfortable life of a priest. The generally vague muscular definition is echoed in the lack of detail in the fingers. The technique of this arm demonstrates a possible connection with an Urartian school of ivory carvers. A similar pair of ivory arms with their hands clasped together was found in the gallery debris near the main door of the temple at Altıntepe (Fig. 4.2; Özgüç 1969: 91, p1. XLIX.34, figs. 53, 54). Immediately above the bent elbows these arms are cut off flat, presumably for insertion into another material, with the joint masked by the overlap of a long sleeve or a bracelet. The arms are slightly larger than the one from Gordion and the figure was probably standing. Not only are they similar in technique, but they share the same simple wrist bracelet and fleshy surface treatment. The temple at Altıntepe belongs to level I, dated to the mid-8th century BCE on the basis of its architectural and painting styles (Özgüç 1969:57). At Gordion, Megaron 11 was built with somewhat narrow proportions and at a lower level than its presumably later neighbor to the west, Megaron 12. It seems to

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

around 715 BCE, as indicated by two clay tablets from the same context, although this is not necessarily determinative of the date when the arm was carved.

Middle Phrygian Period Standing Figure Fig. 4.2  Altıntepe, ivory arms (redrawn by A. Anderson)

have had at least two successive floors (a pebble floor overlaid by a later hard-packed earth floor) and have suffered some disturbance from a pit before it went out of use (DeVries 1990:383, fig. 16). When the fire that brought the Early Phrygian period to a close at the end of the 9th century BCE destroyed Megarons 3 and 4 on the opposite side of the Inner Court, either the direction of the wind or the distance prevented it from spreading to Megarons 11 and 12. Nevertheless, whether demolished as part of the citadel reconstruction plans toward the end of the 9th century BCE, or only included as a consequence of the nearby widespread destruction, rubble was laid over the floor of Megaron 11 and it was filled with a deep clay layer. The ivory arm was found in an area of burned material on the floor under the rubble. It is unclear whether the items were consumed by a small fire within the building or were brought in from another location (DeVries 1990:383). With a likely terminus ante quem date at the very beginning of the 8th century BCE, it is possible the ivory arm was originally made earlier in the 9th century BCE when Megaron 11 was in use. Additional comparative material comes from several sites in the Assyrian sphere. An ivory face, ears, and arms grasping disc-shaped objects that may be cymbals were recovered at Balawat in a 9th century BCE context (Barnett 1935: pl. CXXVII, U.3, 1982:41, pl. 39a). The domestic wing of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud yielded a similar forearm with a projecting tenon for attachment (Mallowan 1966:113, fig. 167). Between the thumb and forefinger, the figure held a flat disc-like object. The arm breaks off just below the elbow and the joint may have been masked by a long sleeve. The group of ivories that includes this arm appears to have been deposited in the room (HH)

A miniature, ivory, standing figure (15) is a slightly later piece from the same iconographic repertoire and may represent a participant in the cult of Matar Kubileya/Kubeleya. Despite the ivory’s small scale, it clearly shows features common to both Phrygian artists and their neighbors to the west. The figure’s anatomy is vaguely enough defined to allow some doubt as to its sex, especially as the hair and headdress find parallels in both male and female figures. The tiny ivory was found in a vast mixture of pottery and small objects in the lower levels of the South Cellar, a stone-lined Middle Phrygian structure (Young 1966:268–269; DeVries 2005:37–43, 2008:30–64). The walls were preserved to a height of 1.80 m and the rooms contained large amounts of pottery, quite often of superior quality and covering a broad period from the late 8th to the early 4th century BCE. The figurine comes from fill along the western wall just above the lowest floor, in a context that is limited to the late 8th to early 7th centuries BCE;18 the later material in the upper levels of the cellar is attributed to disturbances in the early to mid6th century BCE and building activity in the early 4th century BCE. The associated material found in the earlier fill includes objects indicative of the rising interest in things Greek, substantiated by the strong increase in imported Greek pottery found in Middle Phrygian contexts, along with imports and imitations of Lydian pottery. This group of objects found in the South Cellar, including several bronze fibulae and graffiti, is likely to have accumulated as the result of clearing a nearby sanctuary, with the cellar serving as a convenient resting place for relics that still retained some sanctity as possessions of the deity (Young 1966:269).19 There is little evidence to indicate how the miniature figurine was used. The base is flattened both front and back, suggesting it was inserted in another object, perhaps a piece of furniture or a stand for display.



FIGURINES 57

The figure’s anatomy is sublimated to the columnar shape, with the hands pressed closely to the waist. The long-sleeved costume hugs the body without revealing any underlying detail. Two distinct hair locks emerge from a high, slightly flaring polos and hang down in front of protruding ears. Close comparisons to the Gordion figurine are found among a 7th century BCE collection of similar small-scale figures from Ephesos showing both eastern and Greek influences (Hogarth 1908: pls. XX11, XXIV, 1–11; Jacobsthal 1951: pls. XXXIVf– h, XXXV–XXXVI; Greifenhagen 1965: figs. 1, 6, and 7; Işık 2003: pl. 16, 1–4). The figures from this group that exhibit eastern origins wear close-fitting, undifferentiated clothing and a similarly shaped polos. At the same time, there are Ionian traits apparent in the Gordion figurine’s facial features, particularly the eyes and the faint narrow smile, that find parallels in sculptures from Didyma and Samos (Langlotz 1927: p1. 70b; Akurgal 1961: pls. 221, 223–224). A high relief head from Didyma is a good example with its prominent nose, sharply upturned mouth, and jutting chin, all of which are also characteristic of the Gordion ivory (Akurgal 1961: pl. 225). The piece shows many close links to a group of ivory and silver figures found in the Phrygian Tumulus D at Bayιndιr (Elmalι), variously dated from the late 8th to the early 6th century BCE (Şare 2010:53, figs. 1–7).20 The most closely comparable piece is the silver figure Antalya A (Özgen and Özgen 1988: pl. 41; Işik 2003: pl. 1, figs. 1–4; pl. 7, figs. 1–2; DeVries 2008: figs. 34–35). It is of uncertain gender, similarly posed with clasped hands held close to the belt, and wearing a tall, rather bulbous, polos with banded decoration. The enigmatically smiling face is framed by sausage ringlets hanging down in front of the ears. If the Gordion figurine were made locally,21 it was fashioned by an artisan well acquainted with the combination of eastern and Ionian styles.

Late Phrygian Period Kore Figurine Although badly burned and shattered along with other grave gifts in the cremation burial pit of Tumulus A, the ivory statuette of a young woman carrying

a miniature hare (16) is a delightful representation of the human figure. The tomb dates to the third quarter of the 6th century BCE. Its cosmopolitan and rich assemblage of gifts indicates the deceased was a young woman of some standing and connections (Young 1951:11; Kohler 1980:67–69; DeVries 2005:53). Along with the delicate ivory figurine, were pieces of gold and electrum jewelry ( J 1–26), a silver mirror (ILS 1) with an ivory ornamental attachment (149), an alabastron of apparent Egyptian origin (ST 1), and eight other ivory objects and decorative pieces (70, 120, 151, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366). The offerings included a terracotta vessel in the form of a kore holding a bird to her chest with both hands. Irene Romano dates the vessel to 540–530 BCE and suggests Miletos as a possible locus of manufacture (Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8). In addition to various bronze decorative objects and several stone and clay whorls, the burial contained bronze and iron fittings (B 262–264, B 324, and ILS 405–413) that were part of a wheeled conveyance, perhaps used to transport the body and gifts to the site of the funerary pyre. The largest fragment of the ivory figurine preserves most of the upper torso and shows a lively hare perched lightly on the young woman’s right hand.22 The maiden’s hand, although somewhat enlarged to support the animal, seems scarcely able to contain it. As a result, the animal is held high and in front of her breasts, as is frequently seen in kore statues. In three statues from Lindos, a goat is held on an extended flat hand (Blinkenberg 1931: p. 72, nos. 1764–1766) and, on one from Samos, a hare is held in a similar manner (Freyer-Schauenburg 1974: pl. 7, no. 7; Karakasi 2003: pls. 8 and 9, no. 7).23 While badly damaged by fire, it is possible to suggest a reconstruction of the figure based on comparisons to stone statues. She wears a long-sleeved Ionic chiton. The drapery folds on the upper torso are indicated by closely spaced, wavy lines separating flat, discontinuous folds, giving a slightly shaggy appearance. The kolpos curves upwards in a deep but narrow arch to reveal a thick belt.24 Two additional fragments show long, wavy locks of hair hanging down over the chiton’s finely crinkled sleeves, held together by a button. Here the drapery folds run perpendicular to the hair locks in contrast to the vertical folds on the front of the chiton, similar to a kore in the Acropolis Museum at Athens (No. 680), dated 530–520 BCE (Karakasi

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

2003: pls. 145 and 250). This Attic statue shows wavy hair locks lying perpendicular to the crinkly folds of the garment on the outside of the arm where the sleeve is held together with buttons. Several detached pieces of the Gordion ivory figurine, presumably from the lower part of the garment, show contrasting broad, flat wavy folds, some bent at an angle to suggest the skirt may have been pulled to the side with the left hand, comparable to a kore from Didyma (Karakasi 2003: pl. 34b). This advanced drapery technique is most closely paralleled among the korai in the third quarter of the 6th century BCE (Karakasi 2003: pls. 8–9). Despite the kore’s diminutive size, it is tempting to speculate on what she represents. A young woman carrying an animal was likely a worshipper of some divinity. Aside from her youth, emphasized by her loose locks, and the animal she carries, there is nothing in the figure or its context to secure an identification. Artemis, as the goddess of the hunt, is one of the few female deities shown carrying an animal, frequently a hare (Sturgeon 2014:40).25 A mid-6th century BC terracotta from Camirus on Rhodes shows a young woman with hair locks falling over her breast as she pulls aside her skirt with her left hand and holds a crouching hare atop her right hand (Higgins 1954:45–46, no. 49, pl. 10). In other 5th century BCE terracottas from Corinth and Halicarnassus, a girl holds the hare on her bent arm (Higgins 1954:117, no. 386, pl. 57, 247, no. 907, pl. 131). The statue of a young girl from the sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron dated to the late 4th or early 3rd century BCE shows the hare cradled in her himation (Ridgway 1990:338, pl. 175). With the ivory figure’s stylistic Ionian references, it may be possible to go further in its identification and link it to the worship of Artemis Ephesia, “a uniquely Anatolian goddess assimilated with Kybele at Ephesos” (Şare 2010:67). The cult started in the early 7th century BCE, offering special protection to children and young women undergoing childbirth; they in turn dedicated to her “jewelry, weaving implements, belts, and fibulae” (Şare 2010:68). Because the remains placed in Tumulus A were cremated, the age of the deceased is not known but, based on the objects recovered, it is possible they were of a young maid of Ionian heritage who was a devoted follower of Artemis and her cult in Ephesos. Several of the other objects from Tumulus A were made under strong Ionian

influence, if not in East Greece workshops. It seems reasonable to attribute this ivory figurine to an Ionian artist working around the middle of the 6th century BCE (Kohler 1958:150).

Hawk’s Beak An ivory piece carved in the shape of a hawk’s beak with two tiny nostrils near the tip is another example of the practice of incorporating an ivory element into a sculptured piece made of another material, possibly wood or bronze (17). The treatment of the back shows it was glued to another object and anchored with an inserted tenon. The scale of the beak suggests the finished piece must have been close to life-size. Such a figure may have accompanied Kybele who was often shown associated with a hawk at Gordion.26 This piece was found with ivory bead and reel rods (176) in a pit within Building M and may have belonged to an object that originally stood within the building. A similar ivory hawk’s beak made at a slightly smaller scale with a mortise hole for attachment was found at Ras Shamra (Gachet-Bizollon 2007: pls. 53 and 116, no. 464).

Quadruped A small-scale representation of a horned quadruped, possibly a goat, turning its head to face out at the viewer, may have been a figurine (18), although its damaged condition leaves open the possibility it was part of a relief piece applied to a background of contrasting material. The paucity of ivory figurines at Gordion indicates that this was not a popular medium for local craftspeople, either due to the difficulty in obtaining the raw material, or because of a preference for other more widely available materials like stone, wood, bronze, and clay.

Catalogue: Figurines 13 Ivory Lion  (Pl. 11) BI 423  Citadel Mound, Megaron 4: Posthole at center of south wall, in Early Phrygian fill (NB 106:63).



FIGURINES 59

Head lacking nose, lower jaw, whole left eye, and right eye inlay; broken off across mane. Legs broken off near kneejoint and swollen so as no longer to resemble each other. Laminae individually curled, leaving open joints. Burned to shell-like substance.

in fill along north wall just above the lowest floor, with pottery of late 8th to early 7th century BCE (See DeVries 2005 for a discussion of the date of the South Cellar and its contents) (NB 121:138). Intact; a few dark stains.

Dimensions: Head: L. 4 cm; W. 3.8 cm; H. 2.1 cm; Legs: Ls. 3 and 3.8 cm. Ivory lion’s head carved in the round with open mouth showing bared upper teeth. Ears cut as shallow voluteshaped ridges. Eyes hollowed out for inlay. Mane formed of long pointed locks interwoven on top and sides, decorated with fine striations within each individual lock. Lower half of two legs preserved with prominent toe ridges. Ten additional fragments, including one with fine mane striations and two with more coarsely striated locks, perhaps from the body. Found associated with 150, 755, and other fragments of unworked ivory. Young 1964a:287; Prayon 1987:213–214; Sams 1993:552– 553. 14 Ivory Arm of Figurine  (Pl. 11) BI 529  Citadel Mound, Megaron 11: In burned area on floor with fragments of black polished vessels (NB 142:131). Mended along lamination near shoulder. Lower piece stained greenish-brown. One side of bronze disc corroded away. Dimensions: Shoulder to elbow 2.4 cm; elbow to fingers 2.7 cm; D. disc 1.3 cm. Complete, separately worked ivory right arm bent at the elbow with curled fingers holding a plain bronze disc, attached by a tiny rivet. A double-line bracelet incised at the wrist. Inside of arm, from elbow to shoulder, shaved flat to fit against the right side of the body. Square attachment hole pierces the upper arm near the shoulder. DeVries 1990:383, fig. 17. 15 Ivory Figurine  (Pl. 11) BI 463  Citadel Mound, Trench M6-C: South Cellar,

Dimensions: H. 4.5 cm; W. at polos 0.7 cm; Th. at hips 0.6 cm. Miniature standing figure, wearing a flat-topped polos that extends down to cover the whole head in the back. Ears stand out behind long, squared-off front locks. Face is finely carved with plain features, full nose, large eyes, and fine mouth. Upper body is roundish, but breasts are not clearly delineated. Sleeved arms rest bare hands flat against center of belt, which surrounds waistline as a flat band. From hips downward, figure is a plain cylinder, somewhat flattened front and back. At base, the skirt is pared back, leaving a scored surface in both front and back, perhaps meant for insertion into another object. Found associated with 986, bronze belt (B 1604; similar to one found in Tumulus S-1, Kohler 1995: TumS1 12), fibulae (B 1619, 1620, 1624), and a terracotta animal’s head (P 3414). Young 1966:269, pl. 74, fig. 5; Prayon 1987:112–113, 210, pl. 17d; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14; DeVries and Rose 2012:193, fig. 13.15. 16 Ivory Kore Figurine  (Pl. 12) BI 3  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31). Ten non-joining fragments, some mended from many pieces. Largest fragment extends from the neckline to just below the waist. Animal’s tail and ears and kore’s right thumb broken off. Ivory burnt to chalky white. Dimensions: (a) L. 3.1 cm; W. 2.3 cm. Kore figure (a) holding couchant hare in her right hand before her breasts. Kore dressed in Ionic chiton with upward curving overblouse revealing girdle; sleeves extend almost to elbow. Drapery material incised all over with wavy lines. Lock of hair on left shoulder. One piece (b) preserves long hanging locks of hair over sleeve of buttoned chiton. Two

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other pieces (c, d) also show parts of hair. Four fragments (e–h) are parts of drapery from skirt. Seven unworked pieces (i–o) from interior of figure. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (70, 120, 151, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1, Romano 1995: no. 27). Kohler 1958:147–150, pl. 23; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 34. 17 Ivory Bird’s Beak  (Pl. 13) BI 352  Citadel Mound, Trench EML-4: Pit in floor beside north wall of Middle Phrygian Building M. An Attic black-figured hydria (P 2074), dated 575 BCE, found in the destruction debris on the floor indicates the building was likely in use until the time of the Persian attack in the 540s (Rose forthcoming; Fields 2010:64, 67, fig. 32) (NB 78:69). Complete, as mended at almost every possible lamination. Dimensions: L. 4.6 cm; W. 4.2 cm; Th. 3.8 cm. Well polished, buff ivory piece cut in the shape of a hawklike bird’s beak. Cut flat across the bottom and behind with a square attachment hole (1 cm square). Edges of beak and line of sheath indicated by curved grooves on surface. Two tiny nostrils show on top of beak. Back deeply striated horizontally to facilitate attachment. Found associated with 176. 18 Ivory Quadruped  (Pl. 13) YH 28225, SF 89-128  Surface find. YHSS Phase: Unknown Approximately half of body preserved in form of three fragments with laminae missing from head, shoulder, and rear. All legs missing. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; H. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Figurine of horned quadruped, perhaps a goat, with approximately half of body preserved. Head turned to face

forward with finely carved ears and straight horns. Surface smooth and polished. notes: 4.1  Horned rhyta ending in animal protomes were frequently used for ritual vessels in the Near East and have a history going back to the mid-2nd millennium BCE (Svoboda 1956:43, fig. 12). Protomes frequently feature only an animal’s head, although they can include the forelegs or whole front half of the body. An early reference to an animal-headed rhyton appears in a tablet of Sargon II in which he describes a golden bull-headed rhyton he took as booty from the Urartian temple of Musasir in 714 BCE and dedicated to Assur (Svoboda 1956:44). A 7th century BCE gold and silver bull protome rhyton from Maraş gives a very likely indication of the appearance of Sargon’s rhyton (Woolley 1923:69–72, p1. LXVIII; Svoboda 1956:45, p1. VIa). The most outstanding examples of animal head vessels at Gordion are the bronze ram- and lion-headed situlae from the mid-8th century BCE Tumulus MM (Young 1981:121–123, pls. 62C–F, 63). A black-polished ware rhyton found on the Citadel Mound has a small lion head protome and dates to the 4th century BCE (Young 1955:11, p1. 1, fig. 5). Similar fragments of lions from other sites indicate how the pieces from Gordion might be interpreted. A group of extended lions’ legs carved in ivory were recovered at Ras Shamra (Gachet-Bizollan 2007: pls. 34–35, 39, 100, 103, nos. 287–297, 328–330). The legs average 13 cm in length and have tenon holes indicating they were attached, perhaps as a protome terminal at the end of a throne’s armrest (Gachet-Bizollan 2007:179). The throne from Toprakkale in Urartu, restored by R. Barnett (1950:43, fig. 22), shows how the lion might have been attached as a protome at the top of the arm rest support. In light of these traditions, it is not unimaginable that the Gordion lion could have served as a protome. A similar placement is proposed for an ivory figurine of a man and lion found at Delphi, which DeVries and Rose believe came from the famous throne of Midas dedicated in the sanctuary (DeVries and Rose 2012), a suggestion vehemently opposed by Oscar Muscarella (2016). 4.2  See, for example, a lion from Thasos (Salviat 1962:96, fig. 1). 4.3  See, for example, a lion from Ephesos (Hogarth 1908: pls. XXI, 1; XXIII, 3). 4.4  See, for example, a lion from Altıntepe (Özgüç 1969: p1. XXXIV, 39). 4.5  Compare similar ridges on lion heads carved on ortho-



FIGURINES 61

stats from Carchemish (Hogarth 1914: pl. B14a). 4.6  Both of these features are also present in lions’ heads from Zincirli (von Luschan 1902: fig. 127, pl. 45a). 4.7  In an early publication of the lion situlae, Ann Knudsen assigned it to a local Phrygian workshop (1961:262–267). G. Kenneth Sams subsequently suggested a North Syrian origin for the situlae (1971:237–238). In the publication of the tumulus, Rodney Young noted the appearance of a very similar situla being used to take liquid from a large cauldron in a now-lost relief of Sargon II at Khorsabad (Botta and Flandin 1849–50: pl. 16; Maxwell-Hysop 1956:152, fig. 2/drawing); in addition, another relief from the palace shows a man carrying two such situlae in a procession of booty or tribute bearers (Feldman 2014: fig. 3.4). After musing as to whether the situla depicted in the relief could represent Urartian or Phrygian loot, Young concludes “the inspiration, however, appears to be Assyrian” (1981:123). Other reliefs from Khorsabad show courtiers carrying lionheaded situlae in a procession (Feldman 2014: fig. 3.4). 4.8  This pattern appears to have originated in Assyria in the 9th century BCE, flourished there in the 8th BCE, while it spread to Syria before migrating to Greece in the 7th century BCE (Brown 1960:13). 4.9  Although this patterned lion’s mane seems to be Assyrian in origin, it appears on widely scattered works: bronze cauldron attachments from Olympia (Brown 1960: p1. VIC, 1; Akurgal 1968: p1. 17) and Vetulonia (Brown 1960: p1. VIc, 2), an ivory lion from Altιntepe (Özgüç 1969: pls. XXXIV–XXXV, fig. 39); and rendered in cloisonné on an ivory lion from Nimrud (Mallowan 1966:557, fig. 497). A similar basket-weave pattern appears on the chests of scorpion men shown in reliefs at Tell Halaf (Moortgat 1955: pls. 141 and 144). 4.10  Compare particularly the lion on an orthostat from Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: fig. 127, pl. 45a); this lion also shares its striking claw-like feet. 4.11  The method of attachment is illustrated in Salviat (1962: fig. 11). There are similar cuttings and sockets still showing on all the figures from Thasos, Zincirli, and Samaria. All the pieces were found with other fragments of ivory, likely also part of the furniture decoration. The lavish use of ivory on ancient furniture is well attested in literature (e.g., the throne of Solomon described in I Kings 10:18–20 and the throne of Zeus at Olympia, Paus, V, xi, 1–2). It is possible that Midas’ throne dedicated at Delphi included ivory elements (Herodotus, I, xiv, 3) (See DeVries and Rose 2012). 4.12  A photo of such ridges on a living lion cub shows that they can appear very patterned, even in nature ( Jacobsthal

1951: pl. XXXIIb). 4.13  Both volute and heart-shaped ears appear on lions on painted pots from Thasos (Salviat 1962: figs. 15–17). The heart-shaped and the round ear (from which the voluteshaped may have been derived) were used on Neo-Hittite lions found at Carchemish and Zincirli (Akurgal 1949: figs. 36–39). 4.14  W.L. Brown traces these V-shaped locks back to a group of ivories made in the Levant under Mycenaean influence (Brown 1960:5). 4.15  The burned debris is confined to the interior of the building and is not related to the widespread conflagration on the Citadel Mound around 800 BCE. 4.16  A number of separately made ivory arms, some bent and others straight, have been found in several locations at Fort Shalmaneser: four from Room 5 in the Northwest Quadrant (Herrmann 1992: pl. 71, nos. 347–350) and SW 37 (Herrmann 1986: pl. 346, nos. 1311–1312). Ivory faces from composite figures have been found at several sites, including Toprakkale (Piotrovskiĭ 1967: p1. 12), Nimrud (Herrmann 1986: pls. 332–337, 1992: pl. 67, nos. 322– 323), Perachora (Barnett 1948: pl. IIIc), and Sardis (Barnett 1948: fig. 20; Greifenhagen 1965: figs. 36–37). 4.17  The potnia on the ivory horse trappings from Terrace Building Room 2 wears such a bracelet (1). King Warpalawas wears a similar bracelet on the İvriz relief (Akurgal 1955: p1. C.1). 4.18  This fill included a Corinthian Late Geometric kotyle sherd dated to 735–720 BCE (DeVries 2008:38, fig. 26). 4.19  Maya Vassileva suggests that the significant number of bronze belts found in the South Cellar, possibly related to the cult of the Great Goddess, is further proof that the deposit came from a sacred context (Vassileva 2012:124). 4.20  For a good summary of opinions on the figurines’ iconography, style, and date, as well as the associated Ephesian ivories, see Şare 2010. 4.21  Sams characterizes it as a “figurine in local style” (2011a: n. 4.14). 4.22  Xenophon describes the normal resting pose for the hare as pulling its longer hind legs under its flanks and extending its forelegs forward and close together (Cyn. 5.10). 4.23  An early 5th century statue from Stymphalos in Arcadia shows a kore holding a hare in her flat left hand; but, in this case, her hand is extended forward perpendicular to her body (Sturgeon 2014: pls. 3.1, 3.10–13). 4.24  A similarly pronounced kolpos is seen on a mid-6th century BCE kore from Samos (Freyer-Schauenburg 1974: pl. 11, no. 20); but in this case, there is a very different ar-

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rangement of the folds on the upper part of the body. The lower drapery is differentiated with broad, flat folds that are pulled to the side. 4.25  Some 50 terracotta figurines from the sanctuary of Artemis at Kanoni in Corcyra show a woman (either the goddess herself or a worshipper) holding a hare (Lechat 1891). Xenophon mentions that new born hares are frequently not killed, but given to Artemis (Cyn. 5.14).

4.26  Two stone statuettes from Gordion and a third recovered from the old riverbed of the nearby Sangarios River show Kybele or what may be a male attendant holding a hawk-like bird (Mellink 1983: pls. 70,1–4, 72,1–3, 73, 1). Hawks appear in a variety of media at Gordion: silver (Young 1962: pl. 48, fig. 22), alabaster (Young 1964a: pl. 83, fig. 6), bone (83), painted pottery (Young 1968a: pl. 76, fig. 20), and doodles on stone (Young 1958: pl. 21, fig. 3).

5 Furniture

T

he fact that Midas chose a throne to dedicate at Delphi (Herodotus, I, 14) suggests that furniture making was one of the most highly regarded skills in Phrygia.1 The quantity and quality of furniture pieces found at Gordion form one of the most astounding assemblages of objects recovered from the Citadel Mound and four of the surrounding tumuli (Simpson 1996:187). Unusual levels of preservation have contributed to a remarkable success in reconstructing pieces that reveal both a high degree of technical achievement, as well as sophisticated creative instincts (Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999; Simpson 2011). The fact that furniture has survived is due in part to the paradox of two contrasting environments: the chambers of tumuli sealed off by a hardened cap of clay and the undisturbed burial of the burned contents of some Early Phrygian buildings on the Citadel Mound. The earliest furniture remains from Gordion, dated to the middle of the 9th century BCE, are fragments of what may be a serving stand found in Tumulus W (Young 1981:217–218, fig. 129, pl. 94G; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:68–70, figs. 91–96). The wooden panels signaled the Phrygian artist’s general fascination with geometric patterns in its openwork design of squares, diamonds, and circles, all highlighted with a generous number of bronze studs. The interest in creating designs by using various materials in contrasting colors shows in the many examples of structural and decorative pieces from the furniture and furnishings found at Gordion. Tumulus P, dated early in the Middle Phrygian period (ca. 760 BCE), contained a variety of smaller functional and decorative wooden items. The furniture pieces include a serving stand adorned with contrasting colors of wood inlaid in complex geometric patterns (Young 1981:62–67, figs. 33–36, pls. 29A–E; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:52–54, figs.

61–65), six tables2 displaying a virtuoso integration of elegant shapes and inlaid decorative wood patterns (Young 1981:67–70, 72–74, 75, figs. 37–39, 42, 44, 46; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:54–60, figs. 67– 76), stools, footstools, a chair, and a bed, impressively large for a child’s tomb (Young 1981:70–72, 74, 75, 77, figs. 40, 43; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:60– 64, figs. 79–80). The apogee of Phrygian woodworking is represented in the contents of Tumulus MM, built around the middle of the 8th century BCE. By this time, craftspeople had devised even more intricate serving stands, blanketed with nearly 200 variegated meander squares made of juniper inlaid into boxwood (Young 1981:176–181, figs. 104–107, pls. 44A–B; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:39–43, figs. 15–21, 27–31). In addition to eight plain tripod tables, the tomb held a singular masterpiece of joinery initially dubbed the “pagoda” table (Young 1981:181–187, figs. 108– 111, pls. 81C–E, 82–83; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:35–39, 43–48, figs. 6–7, 13–14, 34–36, 43–46). The deceased’s body rested in a stout, but sparsely adorned, wooden coffin (Young 1981:187–190, figs. 112–113, pls. 41A–43A; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:50–52, figs. 55–58). Although the tombs’ contents may simply show how powerful figures were honored in death, they may also suggest a Phrygian belief in the deceased’s needs after death, although little is known about Phrygian religious practices. Beyond a small wooden box carved out of a single piece of wood with an incised, compass-drawn, six-petal rosette on each side found in Tumulus P (Young 1981:59, fig. 29, pl. 26K), the best-preserved tumuli yielded few examples of the smaller-scale, personal furnishing pieces one might have expected to see in daily use in the palace or administrative center. Aside from furniture, the

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personal objects within the tumuli are primarily pottery, bronze vessels, fibulae, bronze and leather belts, and toys or miniature figures. None of the preserved pieces from tumuli incorporates bone or ivory, either as a structural element or as decoration.3 Rather, the artists focused their skills on crafting intricate designs in woods of contrasting colors and finely finished metal objects. There is little contemporary secondary evidence from Gordion showing what furniture pieces might have looked like. A stone relief from the Citadel Mound, part of a collection of pieces presumed to be from an Early Phrygian context, shows part of a decorated throne: a leg, connecting rail and seat (Sams 1989: pl. 130, 3; Simpson 2011: pl. 119C). Although badly damaged, it is possible to make out a thick leg ending in a molded foot and a double row of decorative meander panels along the edge of the seat. Examples of furniture from other sites,4 depictions in reliefs, and clues in the objects themselves allow us to posit possible placement in furniture for the various bone and ivory pieces discussed below. This section on furniture deals with the bone and ivory objects that played a more functional role masking or supporting a joint between wooden elements, protecting exposed surfaces, or providing a way to lift or open an object, as contrasted with the more purely decorative elements that are covered in the chapter on decorative pieces. The range of technical quality indicates that bone and ivory could be used in both highstatus pieces, as well as utilitarian objects.

Early Phrygian Period Despite the devastation wrought by the fire that raced through several large buildings in the palace complex at the end of the 9th century BCE, fragments of burned materials—preserved under fallen debris later sealed off by a thick layer of clay—provide tantalizing indications of the furniture that adorned the interior of important buildings. There is no reason to suppose that the administrative elite would have been any less desirous of beautiful furniture while they were alive than when they went to their final resting place. Whereas we have seen that most furniture found in the tumuli was devoid of bone or ivory decorative additions, finds from the Citadel Mound

indicate these materials may have enhanced some furniture used in public life. The impressive size and contents of Megaron 3 suggest this large hall served a significant function in the royal administration. Among the items found in the inner room were pieces of wood decorated with contrasting wood inlays in geometric designs highlighted by bronze studs and strips, much like the serving stands found in Tumuli W and MM. One long strip was carved with an airy animal procession, reminiscent of a stretcher from Tumulus MM decorated with panels of paired animals set within bands of zigzags and triangles (Young 1960:240, figs, 23 and 24, pl. 61; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:49, figs. 51–54). Ivory square inlays found in the same area possibly decorated a large piece of furniture or a box and are examined in the later discussion of decorative pieces (128–139). Nevertheless, Megaron 3 contained at least one piece of furniture enhanced with an ivory piece of substantial size (19). A slightly tapered, solid ivory cylinder, either blackened intentionally during the manufacturing process or discolored by the fire that destroyed the building, has a socket for a connecting support partially preserved on one side. It likely represents the exposed top of a stool leg into which the seat was bracketed (Simpson 2011:115). The round end face has a lightly incised, six-petal rosette on a stippled field, with shallow scallops at the outer edge between each petal, much like the design on bone appliqué (228).5 Near this finished end, there are two opposed bronze nails completely piercing the cylinder. These do not appear to have been intended to attach anything to the arm but may have been added as a repair when the ivory showed signs of cracking. A set of black ivory pieces (20) found in the northeast corner of the inner room of Terrace Building Room 2 is more difficult to locate on a piece of furniture with any certainty; but their highly finished surfaces and their association with other valuable objects indicate they were part of an important piece. Two pieces are slightly hexagonal in section, with a transverse rotelle where they curve in profile; remnants of a tapered ridge rise on the outside of the curve. A third piece, more rectangular in section, is bent into a semicircle, with a rotelle at its one preserved finished end; this piece also has remains of a raised portion along the outside edge. Due to their



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fragmentary state, the structural role these fragments may have served in a piece of furniture is difficult to imagine. The openwork recalls the elaborate, inlaid wooden table from Tumulus MM. The semicircular elements on the rear leg props, suggest a similar role for these fragments in a comparable piece of furniture (Young 1981:183–187, fig. 111J, pl. 83; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999: fig. 7). Rotelle accents on curved elements are a common motif in Phrygian art in a variety of materials, particularly bronze and pottery.6

Middle Phrygian Period During the Middle Phrygian period bone and ivory continued to be used as functional elements in furniture, although the small scale and relatively inferior quality of the recovered pieces suggest an enduring preference for other ways of enhancing objects used in elite and administrative venues. The tumuli of this period provide a few examples of ivory furniture elements: a small knob (104) from Tumulus I (ca. 600 BCE) and a ferrule joint (72) from Tumulus K (early 6th century BCE). The buildings erected and used during the Middle Phrygian period never suffered a single destructive catastrophe akin to the late 9th century BCE fire that raged through much of the citadel in the Early Phrygian period. Middle Phrygian buildings were used and modified between the 8th and mid-6th centuries, resulting in the accumulation of objects over a long period. Furthermore, the structures themselves were later broken up and disturbed by storage pits and trenches dug to recover reusable contents and building materials. Finds of ivory pieces in two locations, however, yield indications of some continued interest in including the material in objects that were used in high status venues, although their findspots provide little information indicative of their manufacture dates. An irregular ivory fragment large enough to be from a piece of furniture was recovered from the rubble foundations of Middle Phrygian Building N (119). The ivory is cut with a deep socket on each side, not directly aligned, but clearly intended to join it to other pieces. The surface is smoothly finished on one end, indicating it was exposed, perhaps at the top of a chair leg. This is analogous to the cuttings at the upper

end of wooden furniture legs found in Tumulus P (Young 1981: pl. 31C, D) and the ivory terminal from Megaron 3 (19) discussed above. Remains of a wood and ivory footstool found at Zincirli include similar elements (von Luschan and Andrae 1943:125–127, p1. 62b).7 The footstool’s four columnar legs rest on simple flaring feet; they are connected at the top by rectangular rungs that support the woven seat. Between the legs on the long side are decorative rungs composed of a swollen central section and two ivory palm capitals with a torus base. The relevant section in this case is the capital crowning the top of the leg (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: fig. 178); it is circular with sockets cut on two sides to receive the upper rungs, as well as others where it joins onto the lower leg. The ivory fragment from Gordion belonged in just such a position on a stool. The date for this piece is somewhat conjectural based on its recovery from the rubble foundation fill of Middle Phrygian Building N. Its location on a terrace just above and behind the earlier Megaron 3, where another large piece of ivory used in furniture was found (19), hints that it could have originated in the earlier building and subsequently been thrown up and mixed in with the foundation material laid down to support the walls of the later Middle Phrygian building. Bone and ivory pieces were frequently used in furniture to mask the joint between different structural or decorative elements (83–87), much like the elaborate joinery in the inlaid table from Tumulus MM (Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999a: fig. 7). Many such masking knobs from Gordion are bronze (B 231, B 316, B 569, B 590, B 690, B 1377) and one example is even made in stone (ST 398). Most were found either in Middle to Late Phrygian or Hellenistic layers. The similarities in size, design, and decoration among several pieces8 suggest that a few found in the later contexts may have migrated upwards from their period of manufacture. The transverse and back holes in the bronze masking knobs share similar dimensions with the bone masking knobs. A bone disc found in the rubble robbers’ trench of Building X has a domed top face that rises to a central knob surrounded by a series of lathe-turned grooves (87). The side of the knob is pierced transversely by four round holes (D. 0.7 cm) set at right angles to each other; on the back is a square opening (D. 0.9

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cm). Two pairs of decorative bone ornaments found in an intrusive pit dug into Middle Phrygian Building R are more elaborate masking joints (83). Disturbances in the fill in this area make it difficult to date the pit to a specific period; but stylistically, the objects are clearly Middle Phrygian. While it is possible the masking knobs could have been brought up from a pre-Destruction Level context, their close association as a group with several other bone and ivory objects suggests that they were intentionally deposited in the pit, rather than simply displaced during the process of digging the pit. The faces of the masking knobs are carved á jour in the form of a hawk carrying off a hare. On two knobs, they move to the right; on the other two, they go to the left. The cubic attachment stem on the back is pierced by a single hole (D. 0.7 cm) on each side wall, leaving the back solid. These knobs are closely paralleled in similar ivory and bronze ornaments from Ephesos, decorated with figures of a recumbent ibex and boar (Hogarth 1908: pl. XXI, 5, no. 23 and fig. 33; Muss 2008: fig. 71). The transverse holes in the rear attachment pieces on the Ephesian examples are only slightly larger (D. 0.8 cm). J.K. Anderson has suggested, based on reliefs from the Near East and vase paintings from Greece, that such masking knobs served to decorate the crossings of two cheek straps on a horse’s bridle (1961:59). The pre-4th century BCE examples he cites from Greece tend to be fairly plain. Typical examples are two bronze knobs from Dodona that consist of a disc, one with a central boss, attached by four legs to a back ring or square plate with a hole (Carapanos 1878: p1. 52, 8 and 9). The receiving spaces are large square or rectangular holes. Reckoning that a strap substantial enough for a horse’s bridle should be at least 1 cm in width, it is possible to visualize two such straps crossing through the large openings in these bronze masking joints.9 In contrast to the simple Greek specimens, Anderson points to more elaborate carved examples from Anatolia and the Near East. In Persian reliefs, these masking joints on horse bridles are often shown carved in the shape of a boar’s tusk with the straps crossing through an attached boss (Anderson 1961: pl. 9).10 Anderson cites pieces from Ephesos as further examples of harness attachments without noting that the holes in these pieces are considerably smaller (0.5 cm and 0.8 cm) and could accordingly accommodate crossing straps of up to only 0.4 cm or 0.7 cm in width. Straps of

this size seem far too slender to have functioned as part of a horse’s bridle, and, by extension, their size seems to limit their use on furniture to secondary structural elements. If they are to be interpreted as belonging to horse trappings, one would have to imagine that knobs with such small holes were simply tied on with string at the crossing of two bridle straps and served a purely decorative, rather than functional, purpose. The circumstances in which the hawk ornaments (83) were found also throws some doubt on their interpretation as parts of horse trappings. Their close association in a pit with several other objects suggests that they were still assembled in their original form when they were deposited. The other associated bone pieces include a triangular inlay (310), four bone studs with hemispherical heads (100), and 32 small beads (478). It is difficult to imagine what the original object or objects might have been that could incorporate all the items found in the pit.11 Other bridle attachments shown on Assyrian reliefs indicate the relative sizes of the discs and the bridle straps to which they were attached (Anderson 1961: p1s. 38, 39). As the straps were functional rather than decorative, they were suitably broad, with their width approaching three-quarters of the disc’s diameter. It seems far more practical to have made such masking joints for horse trappings with large square or rectangular openings, such as those on the examples from Dodona. This would allow two flat straps to cross over each other with ease, rather than the relatively small round holes found on the Gordion discs.12 Another possible explanation for these knobs is that they masked the intersection of two rods in a small-scale piece of furniture.13 In a small stool or stand the legs could have been braced with diagonally crossing rods held together at the point of intersection by the bone masking joint. The four pieces decorated with a hawk attacking a hare form matching pairs of facing animals; they could be restored opposite each other in a small piece of furniture. Whereas the function of these ornaments is puzzling, the decoration is very straightforward: a tightly composed grouping of a hawk carrying off a hare carved in high relief. Constrained by the exigencies of the bone, the artist created a very compact composition with no protruding elements: the hare’s tail turns up under that of the hawk, which leans down to peck the hare’s nose. This enclosed pose, a characteristic



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of northern nomadic art, was previously recognized by Ellen Kohler in some of the wooden figures from Tumulus P, particularly one showing an opposed lion and bull (Kohler 1958:30, 66; Young 1981: pls. 23A– B, 24A–B). A painted sherd with a similar theme from post-Destruction Level fill shows two preserved panels, each with a single hawk holding a fish in its beak (Young 1968:236, pl. 76, fig. 20; Sams 1994: no. 1051 [P 3476], pl. 159, 1971: 542, no. 158). The subject matter was certainly chosen for a reason—whether simply to reflect a scene observed in everyday life or to allude to the power of the hawk who frequently accompanied the goddess Matar. The widespread theme of animals attacking their prey was a popular art form followed at Gordion. Many creatures, both real and imaginary, are shown in the process of devouring their catch: a quadruped (perhaps a lion) eats another quadruped (perhaps a lamb) in a wood figure from the early 8th century BCE Tumulus K-III (Körte and Körte 1904:68, no. 49, p1. 5, fig. 45; Akurgal 1955: p1, 60c, d), and from the same tumulus, a hawk eats a quadruped (possibly an ibex) (Körte and Körte 1904:58, no. 10, p1. 3; Sams 1971:542–543). An inlay plaque from Megaron 3 (128) showing a griffin eating a fish is discussed later. A 9th century BCE ivory from Acemhöyük follows the same theme, showing a couchant animal held by a bird’s claws (Bunker et al. 1970:51, p1. p. 31).14 Stylistically the ornament belongs in the Phrygian school, particularly considering the hawk’s long, sheathed beak, comparable to the beak of a griffin on the plaque from Megaron 3 (128). A further parallel is observed in the griffin on an ivory comb (367), where the animal has the same sheathed beak, as well as a knob at the base of the large, pointed ear, exactly as the hare on the bone ornament. The herringbone pattern on the hawk’s wings and tail is typical of the Phrygian preference for patterning and is frequently seen on painted hawks on pottery (Körte and Körte 1904: pls. 2 top and 3; Sams 1994: pl. 55, no. 1038; fig. 46, pl. 129, no. 1067; pl. 97, no. 832). Because the ornaments were found in an intrusive pit cut through the floor of Middle Phrygian Building R, their date cannot be pinpointed.15 In light of their parallels to 9th century BCE pieces, it is tempting to consider them as heirlooms from an earlier age; however, the heavily accentuated boldness of the figures seems more appropriate at a later date. It is therefore

probable that they belonged to the Middle Phrygian building in which they were found. In the same pit in Building R were four small, polished bone knobs with plain flattened hemispherical heads (100). They bring to mind the screen from Tumulus W where slightly smaller bronze studs highlighted the openwork pattern of geometric designs (Young 1981:217, fig. 129, pl. 94G; Simpson and Spirydowciz 1999: fig. 94). It is tempting to envision these bone knobs similarly incorporated in a small wooden object, such as a box or stool that ended up placed in the pit. Two other pieces are catalogued here as furniture elements, although they might also be considered as accoutrements on a horse bridle: a well-finished, talon-shaped piece of blackened horn (23) and a Late Phrygian antler attachment (24). Two similar objects found at Boğazköy have been reconstructed as the cheek pieces of a snaffle bit with leather straps or cords attached through the holes (Boehmer 1972:202, pl. LXXV, nos. 2117–2118, fig. 55; Potratz 1966: fig. 44a).16 Similar curved pieces appear on the halters of horses led by Persian grooms on reliefs lining the east stairs of the Apadana of Darius I (Schmidt 1953: pl. 52; Anderson 1961: pl. 39; Roaf 1983: pl. XVII a–e).17

Late Phrygian through Roman Periods An array of bone and ivory furniture pieces was recovered from the layers dated between the mid-6th century BCE and the Roman period. Many functioned as knobs or joints securing the attachment of one part of an object to another (e.g., 62, 64, 91, 94); others are rods, cylinders, or finials that served either a structural or decorative function (e.g., 41, 48). Two pieces are noteworthy as additional examples of the type of joint masking knobs discussed above (84, 67). They both come from Hellenistic contexts and have holes that seem unsuitably small (0.5–0.8 cm) to allow for crossing bridle straps but could easily work to mask the juncture of wooden rods on a piece of furniture. Ferrules (72–82) are among the common utilitarian articles that appear in quantity at a great many sites over a long period of time. Most are open at both

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ends and pierced by a single nail hole; although some of the more finely worked pieces lacking a nail hole were probably secured by a tight fit or glue. None of these objects has been found still fixed in its original place.18 According to ancient tradition, the Phrygians were well known for their splendid furniture and the finds from several tumuli have confirmed this reputation. The surviving remains indicate that, during the earlier periods, craftspeople focused primarily on using different woods to create visual interest. Bone and ivory elements served a less prominent role in enlivening the furniture and furnishings used in elite and administrative settings.

Catalogue: Furniture 19 Ivory Chair Stool Leg Terminal  (Pl. 14) BI 355  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room, in burned fill of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 80:64). Broken at one end; mended along several laminae. Burned black. Dimensions: L. 8.2 cm; D. at terminal end 4.2 cm; D. at broken end 3.9 cm. Large cylindrical piece of ivory, cut slightly off center of tusk. Smoothed to flat round face at wider end. Slight taper back to break, which occurs at section where a slot was cut halfway into its thickness for receiving an upright support (6.2 cm in from finished end). Two long bronze nails with tiny solid heads go through the ivory in same direction; one 0.7 cm from finished end, the other 4.7 cm from end. Incised design on outer, flat face: irregular compass-made, six-petal rosette, exactly inscribed, with some petals cut off at the edge. In fields between petals, shallow scallops on edge. Background between petals pricked solidly. Sams 1993:552, n. 34. 20 Ivory Openwork  (Pl. 14) BI 394  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Northeast corner of main room; perhaps fallen from upper gallery, as found fairly close to surface

of burned fill of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 89:188). All fragmentary and burned to a shiny black. Dimensions: Ls. (a) 3.7 cm; (b) 3.3 cm; (c) 2.7 cm. Two pieces, (a) and (b), slightly hexagonal in section, with a transverse rotelle at the apex of the curve and a raised flange or attachment piece on the outer arc. A third piece (c), rectangular in section, bent into a semicircle, with a transverse rotelle at the one finished end and a flange remnant on the outer arc. Very highly polished on all surfaces. Found associated with four painted Phrygian sherds (Sams 1994: nos. 1024, 1026, 636, 485). 21 Ivory Attachment  (Pl. 14) YH 29866, SF 89-237  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Late Phrygian pithouse or cellar. Operation 1, Locus 57, Lot 142. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Segment broken out of circular element. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. central hole 1 cm. Circular element, rectangular in section, with large central hole; flat face has two concentric channels with fine hatching. Two holes for attachment interrupt the design. Ovoid stem attached to the circle has two grooves incised near tip. Original function unclear. 22 Bone Attachments  (Pl. 15) BI 470  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 6: Floor 2, north, in area described as a “box.” (NB 127:34). Broken at thicker ends; two with chips missing at thinner ends. Burned. Dimensions: Ls. 3.4–3.7 cm; Ws. 1.7–2.1 cm; Ths. 0.2–0.5 cm. Three flat, blade-like pieces of well-smoothed bone tapering from thicker, squarely cut ends to well-beveled sharper ends that widen to an extended curved point. Long sides



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squarely finished. At squared-off ends, thin tongues were once left for insertion into a slotted object. Found associated with 99, 254, 407, 417. 23 Antler Attachment  (Pl. 15) YH 43748, SF 95-58  Lower Town, Area B: Mixed fill. Operation 40, Locus 18, Lot 55. YHSS Phase: 5–4, Middle to Late Phrygian. Broken at broad end across attachment hole. Dimensions: L. 6.9 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Curved antler tine tapering to dull point, pierced with nail hole at broken end (D. 0.6 cm). Flattened on two sides, leaving sub-rectangular section at break where hole is drilled between flattened surfaces. Surface well polished, especially on one side. May have been intentionally blackened by burning. 24 Antler Attachment  (Pl. 15) YH 42289, SF 94-217  Lower Town, Area B: Collapse above Late Phrygian DLW Structure. Operation 23, Locus 45, Lot 133. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact.

Dimensions: L. 27 cm; W. 3 cm; Th. 2.4 cm. Long antler tine with three facets marking cut at proximal end. Section approximately oval with hole drilled from one flattened side to the opposite. Surface adjacent to hole shaved on one side; slight cut and gouge on opposite side. Remainder of surface appears to be unaltered, except for faint cuts and some luster or wear near tip on outer, convex curve. 26 Bone Furniture Attachment  (Pl. 16) YH 66862, SF 04-73  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Robber trench. Operation 52, Locus 32, Lot 79. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. Back surface of shaft missing. Dimensions: L. 4.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm. Flat bone piece, well polished on all sides. Spatulate tip with rounded upper and lower faces. Shaft end, although broken where transverse nail hole crossed at very end, appears to be original terminus. Transverse attachment holes through shaft at 0.2 cm and 1.1 cm from end. Purpose unclear. 27 Ivory Finial  (Pl. 16) BI 466  Citadel Mound, Trench M6-C: Stone-lined South Cellar, in upper fill, dated mid-6th to early 4th century BCE (NB 121:122).

Dimensions: L. 4.2 cm; W. 2 cm. Horn-shaped piece of antler curving from a round flat end to a thick, blunt point. Round on one long side, flattened on the other. Single hole drilled in at butt end (D. 0.8 cm) intersects four holes (D. 0.8 cm) drilled at right angle to each other on the shaft. 25 Antler Attachment  (Pl. 15) YH 62705, SF 02-56  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Interior of room with pebble floor added to Middle Phrygian House (Sams and Voigt 1996:480). Operation 29, Locus 13, Lot 8. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 575–540 BCE. Intact.

Broken approximately in half along a lamination. Tang extension broken off close to base. Dimensions: H. 2.5 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Well-polished, tan ivory finial formed of a round head set on a thin flaring neck. One face of the head is flat and shows a pinhole, which may have held an additional decorative object. Flat plinth-like base, from which projects a tang for attachment below. Found associated with 106. Rose and Darbyshire. 2011:74, n. 4.14. 28 Ivory Finial  (Pl. 16) YH 32052, SF 89-449  Citadel Mound, Upper

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Trench Sounding: Filling of Middle Phrygian Building I:2 cellar. Operation 2, Locus 87, Lot 291. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, dated by associated East Greek and early Proto-Corinthian pottery of late 8th or early 7th century BCE. Back broken off and some chipping on front of circular knob. Slight reddish staining on front.

in four ridges above a truncated round attachment point. Pink and white fill material in grooves. 31 Bone Finial Rod  (Pl. 16) BI 193  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A2: Above stone pavement of Level 1 (NB 23:131). Broken off at wider end. Dimensions: L. 4.4 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Dimensions: H. 2.6 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Finial formed with a low base from which rises a concave element, topped by a circular element pierced by a small central hole. Faint groove sets off circle from extension below. Base has two small pinholes, possibly for attachment. Surface lustrous, smooth, but showing some grinding. Compare a nearly identical piece found at Fort Shalmaneser (Herrmann and Laidlaw 2013:295, no. T337f, pl. 247).

Thin bone rod ending in conical point set above four broad flat ridges. Long flaring section below ends in four similar flat ridges above broken attachment point. Found associated with glass bottle fragment (G 130). 32 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) BI 595  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3D, south area: Below Floor 7 (NB 164:193).

Found associated with 929. Broken across stem. 29 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) BI 512  Citadel Mound: Above Middle Phrygian clay fill.

Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; W. 0.7 cm.

Broken across shaft where it had been gouged or pierced.

Small, hand-whittled bone finial rod, rounded-rectangular in cross-section. Tip formed of conical section topped by two rounded ridges below a small knob.

Dimensions: L. 3.8 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Thin, buff bone rod consisting of a shaft with 13 transverse grooves and a long, well-polished, knobbed tip. Knob is an elongated, oval swelling resting on a reel, with a small convex tip. 30 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) YH 54624, SF 96-266  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: From cleaning balks of Late Phrygian to Early Hellenistic levels. Operation 34, Locus 0, Lot 0. YHSS Phase: 4–3, Late Phrygian to Early Hellenistic. Broken off at attachment end.

33 Bone Finial (Pl. 16) YH 41591, SF 94-218  Lower Town, Area B: Trash deposits in area with paving and wall fragments. Operation 25, Locus 29, Lot 87. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, mid-6th century BCE. Broken across shaft. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Finial on plain shaft. Head formed of small, irregular round knob, below which are two asymmetrical biconical elements, above a longer flared conical section. Shaft has little luster; decorated portion highly polished.

Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Carved bone rod with oval section. Elongated conical tip set on four ridges, below which a flaring shaft terminating

34 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) BI 488  Citadel Mound, Trench PhW 1: Layer 3, with black-glazed echinus bowl and lamp of



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Corinth, Broneer Type IV (5th to 3rd century BCE) (NB 126:196).

Complete, except for small chip off tip of finial. Dark stains on tang.

Shaft broken off.

Dimensions: L. 5 cm; D. 0.9 cm.

Dimensions: L. 4.4 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Well polished, buff bone finial with long cylindrical tang for securing. End of stem pierced transversely by four equally spaced pinholes. Finial has tiny knob set on bulbous tip from which it tapers down to a constricted neck with a small band, then flares out to a second band at the base. Corresponds closely to a bone knob from the same period at Corinth; although the various sections of the knob are proportioned differently, the same basic elements are present (Davidson 1952: p1. 89, 1483).

Tapering, buff bone rod with molded finial head consisting of conical swelling topped by three short biconical sections terminating in a small knob. Surfaces of head highly polished. 35 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) YH 49416, SF 95-256  Outer Town: Mudbrick collapse. Operation 43, Locus 5, Lot 17. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, end of 5th century BCE, based on associated Attic sherds. Tip of shaft broken away.

Found associated with gold bead (J 103). 38 Bone Rod  (Pl. 16) BI 239  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A5: Layer 6, within foundation trench of wall built with Layer 5 (NB 53:29).

Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Broken off and chipped at knobbed end. Finial with roughly carved, short faceted shaft. Tip formed of conical segment, topped by a shorter conical element and a rounded ridge below a small oval knob. Head highly lustrous; shaft matte with slight luster on edges. 36 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) YH 57989, SF 97-242  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Hearth in building or courtyard. Operation 29, Locus 468, Lot 919. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 575–540 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2 cm; W. 0.7 cm. Finial set on short, round shaft. Top of finial is a flattened cushion, incised with 7 radial lines, filled with white. Below, set off by a groove, is a cone segment above three cushioned segments separated by filled annular bands, with very fine verticals incisions covering surface. Slight luster. 37 Bone Finial  (Pl. 16) BI 271  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A9: Layer 3 (NB 53:136).

Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; D. 1 cm. Well polished, tan bone rod with a reeled finial. Molded head with two reels separated by a scotia. Below a constricted neck the finial gradually swells out with the surface evenly reeled. Found associated with 367 and carved alabaster hawk (ST 29). 39 Bone Rod  (Pl. 16) BI 364  Citadel Mound, Trench KTL: Layer 4 (NB 82:37). Broken at one end. Dimensions: L. 8.7 cm; D. 1 cm. Smooth, tan bone rod, thickest in the center and tapering toward both ends, with a small knob preserved at one end. The outer ends are decorated by turned grooving with fine lines, then a molding of small and large ridges with finer ones in between. Marrow appears slightly on one surface only.

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Found associated with 414, the plinth of an alabaster bird (S 62), yellow eye bead (G 253), and grey Hellenistic bowl with burnished decoration (P 2265). 40 Bone Rod  (Pl. 16) YH 27241, SF 89-99  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Trash layer. Operation 2, Locus 11, Lot 132. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Shaft broken off; part of knob missing.

Cylindrical rod, tapering from a single annular band to two annular bands below a flared lip. Interior drilled from each end, with a large and a smaller bit. Horizontal hole intersects bottom of interior channel (L. 1.3 cm; D. 0.3 cm) cut from narrow end. Larger channel (L. 1.7 cm; D. 0.6 cm) drilled from wider end. Surface well-polished. 43 Bone Rod  (Pl. 16) BI 147  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-S, Section A, Cut 1: Level 1B.1–1B (NB 19:141). Broken at both ends.

Dimensions: L. 4.8 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Finely made rod with oval head set off by two narrow, rounded ridges. Round shaft decorated with incised spiral grooves, alternately painted red and a dark, possibly blue, color. Surface highly polished. 41 Bone Rod  (Pl. 16) YH 51359, SF 96-2  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed deposit eroded between excavation seasons. Operation 34, Locus 150, Lot 301. YHSS Phase: 3–0, Hellenistic to Modern.

Bone rod with short projection at one end. Decorated with 11 fine grooves. Found associated with red-burnished multiple lamp (L. 38a–b). 44 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) BI 245  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O: Layer 2, pit with ash fill (NB 51:89). Broken at one end.

Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 1.1 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Dimensions: L. 6.6 cm; D. 1.4 cm. Lathe-turned, rod with drill hole in upper end where flange was roughly broken away or left unfinished. Shaft composed of molded sections: straight segment, torus molding, three narrow ridges, extended concave section, flared segment, and shorter flared section. Slight luster on protruding surfaces. Possibly functioned as a leg on a small box or chest. 42 Bone Rod  (Pl. 16) YH 26487, SF 89-60  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit mixed with matrix cut by pit. Operation 2, Locus 42, Lot 91. YHSS Phase: 3A–1, Middle Hellenistic to Medieval. Split in half along length. Dimensions: L. 4.2 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Thin bone rod, sectioned off into small discs by deep circumferential grooves. Pierced through one slightly larger disc; a second hole at one end does not fully penetrate. A slender rod from Delos is similar in its ridged design (Deonna 1938: fig. 276). 45 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) BI 291  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A11: Layer 6, upper fill, near pithos (NB 60:73). Broken off at one end where rod narrows to about half its diameter. Dimensions: L. 2.1 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Tiny bone rod, pierced at one end to a depth of 0.4 cm. Two small holes though one side. Two narrow grooves form ring around open end.



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46 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) BI 484  Citadel Mound, Trench M7G: Layer 5, with 4th and 3rd century BCE pottery (NB 131:61).

49 Bone Rod and Socket  (Pl. 17) BI 404  Museum Site: Burial 51 (NB 102:56). Shaft broken at distal end; socket chipped at edges.

Chip out of one end. Dimensions: L. 6.3 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Small, light brown, oval tube cut from a bird’s bone. Cut off squarely and pierced by hole at each end. Surface well smoothed and glossy. Found associated with pierced pink coral (ST 645). 47 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) YH 43696, SF 95-67  Lower Town, Area B: Deposit above Middle and Late Phrygian structures, cut by Roman pits. Operation 26, Locus 120, Lot 128 YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, to 2, Roman. Broken off at one end; worn/rough surface at pierced end. Dimensions: L. 04.5 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Bone rod with rectangular section; preserved end rounded and pierced by hole (D. 0.3 cm). Top surface abraded transverse to long axis, opposite side rough. Only faint traces of luster. 48 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) BI 361  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-4S: Room B, below Floor 3B, between hearth and bin, in middle of room (NB 79:56).

Dimensions: Rod: L. 4 cm; W. 0.7 cm; socket: L. 1.4 cm; D. 1.3 cm. Buff bone shaft, rounded rectangle in section, pierced through by hole at midpoint of preserved length. Second hole near top, still contains short dowel meant to unite top of shaft and base of socket, which has rectangular cut-out to receive shaft. Deep circular indentation at top of socket with hole in center. Found associated with 473, 833, two bronze fibulae of Type XII, 13 (B 1421), bronze clasp (B 1413), two bronze pendants (B 1419), bronze pin (B 1420), bronze spearhead (B 1418), whetstone (ST 489), and fragmentary iron implements (ILS 372–374). 50 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) YH 43584, SF 95-311  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: In area with burnt deposits, possibly used for manufacturing. Operation 17, Locus 612, Lot 786 YHSS Phase: 4 Late Phrygian. Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 4.9 cm; W. 0.8 cm. Flaring rod, oval in section, constricted at one end to form head segmented by three deep grooves. Grinding marks still visible on surface, but highly polished.

Broken off at both ends. Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; W. 0.7 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Buff, well polished, squared bone rod pierced transversely by small hole through the center. Each end is pared down, terminating in a thick reel. Compare a similar piece from Delos, with its elongated swelling flanked by grooved knobs (Deonna 1938: p1. 668, 4); a slight variation appears in a rod from a Roman level at Corinth (Davidson 1952: p1. 86, no. 1425).

51 Antler Knob  (Pl. 17) YH 39474, SF 94-44  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Step trench to determine basic stratigraphy of the Northwest Zone. Operation 30, Locus 16, Lot 36. YHSS Phase: 4–3B, Late Phrygian to Early Hellenistic. Broken off at one end, with several facets of larger section worn or broken away.

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Dimensions: D. 3.3 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Narrow cylindrical knob attached to a larger element with two faceted faces preserved. Two grooves around top of knob and single groove near top of larger segment. End of narrow knob finished in concave depression as though secured in a lathe. 52 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) BI 104  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N: Layer 2 (NB 17:14).

squared off at other; deep groove across one face. Roughly whittled and painted red on all surfaces, except at break. Found associated with green-glazed lamp (L 11) and coin of 14th century CE. 55 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 17) BI 516  Citadel Mound, Trench TB-8D: Under Floor 4, directly over Early Phrygian Destruction Level fill (NB 128:75). Intact.

Split near one end; several cracks. Dimensions: H. 2 cm; D. 1.2–1.5 cm. Dimensions: L. 7.1 cm; D. 1.2 cm. Solid bone rod, showing paring marks in its shaping indicating that it is perhaps unfinished. At one end, small knob set in from edge. At other end, shallow hole (0.2 cm deep) bored in center. Shallow gouged groove down whole length. 53 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) YH 52867, SF 96-59  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mudbrick collapse. Operation 34, Locus 177, Lot 417. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Smooth, short section of cylindrical bone with central marrow almost entirely hollowed out leaving a hole (D. 0.8 cm) slightly off-center. Flaring, slightly concave sides. Narrow end cut off squarely, but left partially unsmoothed; wide end slightly beveled. Decorated with incised transverse lathe-cut lines: two around each end and one in center. Found associated with alabastron (ST 646) and blackglazed and black-polished wares. 56 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 17) BI 129  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N, Section 1–2B: Layer 3 (NB 17:19).

Intact. Cracked lengthwise and stained black. Chip mended. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Dimensions: H. 2 cm; D. 1.2–1.3 cm. Bone rod made with facetted sides and lathe-turned to smooth cylinder at one end, with one facet remaining. End adjacent to facetted surface sawn flat; tiny hole off center. Opposite end beveled next to smooth surface, then flat with larger hole. Sides have some luster.

Flaring bone cylinder with thin walls. Small ridge collar at narrow end. Hard grayish substance completely filling center. Decorated with three pairs of incised grooves at ends and center.

54 Bone Rod  (Pl. 17) BI 38  Citadel Mound, Trench SW, Section C, Cut 16: Level 1 (NB 3:149).

Found associated with 932, 210, a bronze bolster (B 233), painted relief tile with lozenges and volutes (dated no earlier than the 6th century), and large, grey ovoid jar (P 412).

Split off for about one-third of its length along one face and through small hole.

57 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 17) BI 420  Citadel Mound, Trench T-E 1: Layer 4 (NB 106:58).

Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Intact; small areas of pitting. Long, squared rod of bone with double bevel at one end and



FURNITURE 75

Dimensions: H. 4 cm; D. 1.1–1.6 cm. Flaring, tan bone tube, hollow for full length, but with what may be an accidental ledge inside narrow end. Three incised transverse bands of ladder pattern set at two ends and center. Found associated with a bronze arrowhead (B 1453); 6th century BCE black-glazed lamp, Corinth Broneer Type III (L 124); and black polished bird attachment (P 2845). 58 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 17) BI 517  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT-2: Layer 1 (NB 81:24). Complete; but broken longitudinally in antiquity and mended. Halves so warped that they do not join well. Dimensions: H. 4.1 cm; D. 2 cm. Cylinder of buff bone with most of marrow hollowed out, leaving thin walls. Rough hole (D. 0.4 cm) for transverse attachment diagonally bored in from one side near center. Decorated by series of lathe-cut incisions: three at one end, three in middle, and four at opposite end. 59 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 17) BI 22  Citadel Mound, SE Trench SE, West Cuts 3-4: Layer 3, with late 4th century BCE Macedonian coin (NB 2:105). Intact; bone smooth and cream-colored.

Operation 2, Locus 58, Lot 168. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Approximately one-quarter preserved; wear on exterior. Dimensions: H. 3.3 cm; W. 4.5 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Flaring tube with thin walls and single attachment hole at broad end, where there is evidence of six lightly incised lines at rim. Body cut with ten faint, shallow ridges and a single prominent raised ridge at narrower end. Interior worked smoothly to remove most of cancellous tissue. Surface smooth with luster. 61 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) YH 44147, SF 95-49  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Collapse and trash inside pithouse. Operation 17, Locus 550, Lot 676. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Broken on sides; rim and base intact. Dimensions: H. 2.7 cm; D. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Bone tube with thin walls and rim formed by rounded swelling set off by thin, incised groove. Below are a dotted double circle and a dotted single circle in a line. Exterior highly polished; interior rough with traces of black staining near rim. 62 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 242  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N2, Center: Layer 2B (NB 52:54).

Dimensions: H. 3 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Intact. Cylinder with tapering sides, pierced from both ends, but not meeting in center. Shorter hole met by one entering radially from circumference near smaller end. Two incised grooves near base. Found associated with fragments of Hellenistic kraters with painted decoration (P 145–148), stone whorl (ST 18), incised stone loom weight (ST 19), and alabaster fish plate (ST 20). 60 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 17) YH 23314, SF 88-139  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Area with trash and pits.

Dimensions: H. 2.1 cm; D. 1.4 cm. Short bone cylinder from which the marrow has been nearly hollowed out. Polished exterior with rounded ridge lip at one end and cut off flat on other end. Found associated with bronze hair ring (B 595). 63 Ivory Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 102  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-1-E: Layer 4 (NB 18:89).

76

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Approximately half preserved. Dimensions: H. 0.7 cm; D. 1.4 cm. Short cylindrical ivory tube segment tapering from a rounded lip to a flat end. On side, incised double concentric circle with central dot. 64 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) YH 21559, SF 88-45  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Test trench. Operation 1, Locus 46, Lot 83. YHSS Phase: 4–3, Late Phrygian to Hellenistic.

Well polished, cylindrical section of buff bone cut for half its length with three sharp ridges, separated by grooves of varying widths and depths. Plain section decorated with four, irregularly placed, incised, dotted circles. 67 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 564  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3B: Middle Hellenistic House (called Keith’s House in Wells 2012:112–122, fig. 67), in fill above Floor 4 (NB 161:49). Preserves approximately one-quarter of diameter. Dimensions: H. 2 cm; est. D. 4 cm.

Approximately two-thirds of diameter broken off. Dimensions: H. 3.8 cm; D. 1.3–2.1 cm. Hollow bone cylinder, with flaring lip at one end; opposite end flat. Two incised grooves create plain band at narrower end. Upper surface of lip has groove cut near edge. Short incised lines across long axis. Exterior smooth, lustrous.

Thick bone cylinder, profiled with a flat band at one end, a short concave center, and three sharp tori in group at the opposite end. Three holes (D. 0.5–0.6 cm)—two crossing at center and a third from center-back into crossing. Wells 2012:122, table 29.

65 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 203  Citadel Mound. Trench NCT-A3/1: On stone pavement (NB 43:21).

68 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 205  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Trench cut by later stone robbers into crosswall of Building C (NB 39:101).

Broken away on one side around attachment hole.

Cracked through burned spot; chip from one edge.

Dimensions: H. 3.3 cm; D. 2.3–2.7 cm.

Dimensions: H. 2 cm; D. 2.2 cm.

Spool-shaped, bone cylinder flaring out to a small collar where attachment holes (D. 0.8 cm) run diametrically through the spongy hollow interior. Cut off flat at the collared end and concavely at the narrower end, set off by two finely incised lines.

Smooth, spool-shaped cylinder of buff bone into which four equidistant holes (D. 0.4 cm) are bored diametrically in the central narrower section. Flattened ridges around ends. Fine grooves on both ridges and three times around center. Found associated with Hellenistic coin (C 383).

Found associated with 497 and five Hellenistic coins (C 391, 396–398, 410). 66 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 307  Citadel Mound, Trench MW-2: Disturbed fill over clay above Megaron 3 (NB 66:171).

69 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) YH 53703, SF 96-163  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 708, Lot 898. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian.

Complete; cracked once lengthwise. Intact. Dimensions: H. 2.9 cm; D. 2 cm. Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; D. 2.5 cm; D. int. channel 1 cm.



FURNITURE 77

Tubular piece, with one end cut at a slant and the other squared off. Line of jeweled beads running most of way around mid-section of shaft, except at lower back (possibly not meant to be visible). Two gouges in upper surface at lower back side of opening. Found associated with 293. 70 Ivory Cylinder  (Pl. 18) BI 10  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31).

Intact; burned. Dimensions: H. 1.8 cm; D. 1.1 cm. Plain, short cylinder of ivory, pierced longitudinally, but collared inside as if to receive two pegs in ends. One square hole enters from side. Found associated with 164, 362, and glazed alabastron (P 260). Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumK 1.

Complete, as mended from several fragments; abraded. Ivory greyed rather evenly from exposure to heat and smoke. Dimensions: H. 2.4 cm; D. 1 cm. Cylinder cut into a roughly hexagonal shape, with three flattened faces and three faces showing four and a half repetitions of a bead and reel pattern. Squared off at ends.

73 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 490  Citadel Mound, Trench WC 1: Layer 3, inside house with pottery of 4th century BCE or later (NB 131:85). Complete as mended. Dimensions: H. 1.6 cm; D. 2.2 cm.

Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 120, 151, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1, Romano 1995: no. 27). Kohler 1958:159, fig. 8; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 41. 71 Bone Cylinder  (Pl. 18) YH 37077, SF 93-69  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Mudbrick collapse of Hellenistic house Operation 17, Locus 0, Lot 172. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Broken on all edges. Dimensions: H. 4 cm; W. 0.6 cm. Segment of bone cylinder with 11 rounded ridges, each 0.4 cm apart. Polished on both grooves and ridges. 72 Ivory Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 87  Tumulus K (early 6th century BCE): Burned area, with charred wood, iron slag and bronze and iron fragments (NB 14:15).

Smooth tan bone cylinder with fairly thin walls and a single hole (D. 0.6 cm) through the wall. 74 Antler Ferrule  (Pl. 18) YH 27777, SF 89-446  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Test trench. Operation 12, Locus 19, Lot 28. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle to Late Phrygian. Intact. Surface deteriorated. Dimensions: H. 2.8 cm; D. 3.2 cm. Cylindrical segment of antler with smoothly rounded edges. Hole cut through center, top to bottom, is rectangular at one end (1.1 x 1.2 cm) and roughly rounded at the other (0.7 x 0.9 cm). Two large holes drilled through sides at right angles (D. 1.1 cm), one set 0.5 cm lower than the other. Surface smoothed, luster top and bottom. Found associated with pyramidal loomweight (YH 27782, SF 89-444). 75 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 317  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-2E: Layer 3, floor deposit in House C (NB 73:95).

78

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete, as mended.

pierced by large central channel.

Dimensions: H. 1.3 cm; D. 3.4 cm.

79 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 588  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-16: Pit under Roman floor (NB 162:159).

Slightly irregular, cylindrical ring of bone cut off squarely. Round hole drilled through two opposite sides.

Intact. Found associated with a biconical red stone whorl (ST 375). Dimensions: H. 1.3 cm; D. 1.3 cm. 76 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 247  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N3, West section: Level 2 (NB 52:96). Complete, but with one lengthwise crack. Dimensions: H. 1.8 cm; D. 1.7 cm. D. holes 0.4 and 0.2 cm. Short length of bone with marrow neatly hollowed out. Hole in one side (D. 0.4 cm) and a second (D. 0.2 cm), not as well made, about 60 degrees around and slightly lower. Found associated with polychrome sherd (P 1138), blackglazed lekanis (P 1137), and flat blue glass bead (G 178). 77 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 229  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O8: Level 1 (NB 51:30). (a) Mended; (b) complete. Dimensions: (a) H. 1.6 cm; D. 2.2 cm. (b) H. 1.6 cm; D. 2.2 cm. Pair of smooth, short, bone cylinders neatly hollowed out leaving thin walls. Each has small hole (D. 0.5 cm) drilled in middle of one side. 78 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 186  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A1: Layer 2, pit (NB 23:113).

Short bone cylinder with all marrow removed to leave thin walls. A cut-out rectangle (parallel to axis) and a round rivet hole close one rectangle. Edges well cut and all surfaces polished. 80 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 501  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-S3: Level 7, Middle Phrygian clay deposit (NB 135:120). Intact. Dimensions: H. 0.8 cm; D. 1.8 cm. Short shaft of buff bone with marrow mostly removed from interior. Outside decorated with six tightly spaced ridges cut on a lathe. 81 Bone Ferrule  (Pl. 18) BI 213  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Fill north of the central hearth below fourth rebuilding in Hellenistic level of Building E (originally referred to as the Hearth Building) (NB 40:65). Intact; chipped at one end. Dimensions: H. 2 cm; D. 1.6 cm. Well polished, hollow, bone cylinder decorated with seven widely spaced, lathe-turned ridges .

Dimensions: H. 2 cm; D. 2.8 cm.

82 Antler Ferrule  (Pl. 18) YH 52981, SF 96-88  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill at bottom of Hellenistic oven (Sams and Voigt 1998:683). Operation 29, Locus 249, Lot 483. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic, ca. 333 BCE.

Yellowish-brown, bone cylinder with uneven flat ends,

Intact.

Missing half.



FURNITURE 79

Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; D. 2.6 cm; interior channel D. 1.7 cm. Squat cylinder with flat base and convex upper surface; sides lathe-turned with two repetitions of a cushioned element set above a flat band. Slight luster on ridges. 83 Bone Joint–Masking Ornaments (4)  (Pl. 19) BI 410 and 411  Citadel Mound, Trench CC: Pit dug through the floor of Middle Phrygian Building R in an area of churned and disturbed fill. The relationship between the pit and the period of the construction and use of Building R is uncertain (NB 91:91). Excellent condition; only mends are on heads of (b) and (d). Dimensions: (a) H. 3 cm; W. 4.7 cm; Th. 3.2 cm. (b) H. 2.9 cm; W. 4.5 cm; Th. 3 cm. (c) H. 3.1 cm; W. 4.3 cm; Th. 2.7 cm. (d) H. 2.7 cm; W. 4.3 cm; Th. 3 cm.

Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; D. top 4.2 cm; D. base 3.6 cm. White, very smooth bone disc; on slightly concave top face incised double circle in center and repeated around edge. Back disc thin and flat with central square hole (D. 0.9 cm). Between two discs is a constricted neck through which run two transverse round holes perpendicular to each other (D. 0.8 cm). Back spongy; marrow also shows through in tiny holes on top. Found associated with a stone stamp seal (SS 73; Dusinberre 2005:58–59, no. 53, figs. 48a and b, 162). 85 Bone Joint-Masking Knob  (Pl. 20) YHSS 51961, SF 96-100  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 692, Lot 0. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian. Intact.

Knobs sculpted almost in the round with cubic attachments on the back, each pierced by two intersecting perpendicular holes (D. 0.7 cm); back end closed. Design of hawks attacking or carrying off hares; one pair facing right and the other pair left. Birds have hooded eyes, long beaks with large sheaths and talons. Wings consist of two rows of feathers that cross to form a forked fan-tail. Feathers delineated with finely gouged strokes on either side of a fine ridge. Each hawk is astride the hare’s back and pecks the end of its nose. Hares have long ears with knob at base, large nostrils and lips, legs drawn up close underneath and short flag-type tail. Cutting technique uses smooth, gently curved planes meeting in neat sharp ridges. Marrowy portion used only for attachments and shows only on hawk’s tail and hare’s legs in (b).

Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; D. 2.7 cm. Knob with central hole (D. 0.4 cm) widening toward flat base. Cushioned top decorated with two incised grooves around edge. Shaft pierced by two holes (D. 0.6 cm) drilled at right angles to each other, but at different levels. Luster on all surfaces. 86 Antler Joint-Masking Knob  (Pl. 20) YHSS 53745, SF 96-183  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 708, Lot 899. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, mid-6th century BCE.

Found associated with 100, 310, 478. Intact; face worn. Young 1964:283, pl. 84, fig. 14; Smithsonian Inst. Catalogue 1966:83, no. 91 and accompanying plate; Prayon 1987: pl. 26, e. 84 Bone Joint-Masking Knob  (Pl. 20) BI 168  Citadel Mound, Trench City Wall Cut 5, Extension 2: Layer 3 (NB 27:46). Intact; back disc slightly chipped.

Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; D. 2.3 cm. Antler knob with rounded top and straight shaft. Central hole (D. 0.7 cm) drilled from top through shaft. Second hole (D. 0.5 cm) drilled transversely on shaft just below juncture with top. Sides decorated with eight finely incised grooves; two concentric circles linked by groups of two or three vertical lines around hole on upper surface.

80

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

87 Bone Joint-Masking Knob  (Pl. 20) BI 510  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-4: Building X, erected in early 8th century BCE, from the rubble refill of the building’s robbed outer wall (NB 142:112). The building was in use until first half of the 5th century, based on the find of an Attic black-figured palmette lekythos (P 3916), ca. 475 BCE, under the latest preserved pebble floor (NB 142:142; DeVries 1990:396–398). Intact. Dimensions: H. 1.8 cm; D. 2.8 cm. Well-polished, buff bone disc with top face lathe-turned to frame it in five degrees, the fourth from the edge being the highest except for a central knob with pointed depression. Bottom disc with single deep groove around edge, plain and flat and pierced in center by square hole (D. 0.9 cm). Walls between two discs constricted and pierced through by two sets of perpendicularly placed opposed holes (D. 0.7 cm). 88 Antler Knob  (Pl. 20) BI 95  Tumulus F (ca. 625–610 BCE): Burial deposit (NB 16:80). Broken across shaft; collar extensively chipped. Burnt black to white.

Middle Hellenistic House 2 (published as SET Level 2 Complex by Wells 2012:176, fig. 113) (NB 2:145). One side broken off at base. Bone spongy underneath. Dimensions: H. 3.1 cm; D. 4.1 cm. Cylindrical bone knob with convex head set off from short shaft by small collar. Cut through diametrically to receive dove-tailed tenon. Decorated with incised grooves in groups of one, three, and two on shaft, and five concentric circles on head. Pierced vertically. Found associated with female terracotta head of early 2nd century BCE (Romano 1995: no. 93), bronze three-flanged arrowheads (B 41 and B 45), and bronze finger ring (B 51). Wells 2012:178, table 48. 90 Antler Knob  (Pl. 21) YH 64460, SF 02-319  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Last Middle Phrygian levels cut into by Late Phrygian pits. Operation 36, Locus 55, Lot 108. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian to 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Chips off underside of disc; scratches on upper face. Broken off where one hole pierces collar.

Dimensions: H. 2.1 cm; D. 2 cm; L. shaft 0.7 cm. Dimensions: H. 1.4 cm; D. 3.3 cm. Knob formed of a rounded biconical head set above a collar in a quarter-round molding; broken shaft below. Head decorated with a central depression around which are two sets of three finely incised concentric circles, and a third set below the greatest diameter. Ellen Kohler has already cited parallels to this simple biconical knob among the finds from Ephesos, where it is used as a pinhead (Kohler 1958:94; Hogarth 1908: p1. XXXIII, 1–14, 22). Found associated with 172, 173, 197, 198, 303–305, 311– 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler 1958:94; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 12. 89 Bone Knob  (Pl. 20) BI 31  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut 6–7:

Antler knob with flat upper face; below is a cushioned convex section ending in straight collar. Large central hole (D. 0.94 cm) has small additional hole tangent on one side (D. 0.37 cm). Two additional holes (D. 0.33 cm) drilled in collar 1.6 cm apart. Top of cylinder smooth and matte. Basal disc has shallow grooves in random pattern, smooth lustrous surface. Base has high luster with deep irregular scratches. 91 Bone Knob  (Pl. 21) BI 285  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A-11: Layer 3 (NB 60:43). Complete, but for slight nicks on surface.



FURNITURE 81

Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; D. 2.1 cm. Squat bone knob with sides curving up from base to constricted neck, then flaring out to small top. Cut off flat at both top and bottom. Incised grooves around base and on upper surface of top. Pierced through by wide hole (D. 0.5 cm).

95 Bone Knob  (Pl. 21) BI 417  Citadel Mound, Trench M4-S2: Layer 4, clay fill above Megaron 4 (NB 106:46). Intact, but cracked on upper surface. Stains on circumference and back. Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; D. 3.6 cm.

92 Bone Knob  (Pl. 21) BI 348  Citadel Mound: Excavation dump. Chipped on collar. Dimensions: H. 2.2 cm; D. 2.1 cm. Hollowed bone knob shaped as a short spool with sharply raised molded ridges. Grooved three times on open flat end (top); at other end, a short collar somewhat square in section. Much marrow left around hole at top. 93 Ivory Knob  (Pl. 21) BI 346  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-W4: Layer 5 (NB 72:93).

Hole: 0.7 x 0.7 x 1.4 cm. Well-polished hemisphere of yellowish bone, perhaps cut from a ball and socket joint. Rounded along circumference. Square hole (0.7 cm square, 1.4 cm deep) in flat back, roughly cut to receive a tang or bolt. 96 Bone Knob  (Pl. 21) BI 491  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 4-5: Layer 8, in mixed fill over PPB and east face of the Phrygian West Citadel Wall (NB 133:43). Small chips off bottom of shank. Dimensions: H. 0.9 cm; D. 2.3 cm.

One lamina peeled off on side of sphere; somewhat stained. Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; D. 1.7 cm. Plain, depressed, spherical ivory knob with collar of two finely cut ridges; flat below. Small hole in top and round peg hole (D. 0.7 cm) drilled into bottom slightly off-center. 94 Ivory Knob  (Pl. 21) YH 53613, SF 96-147  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Stratum at transition between latest Late Phrygian and earliest Hellenistic. Operation 29, Locus 256, Lot 530 YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. Shaft broken away. Dimensions: H. 1 cm; D. 1 cm. Ivory knob consisting of flattened sphere with thin flange at juncture with shaft (D. 0.4 cm). Flange has four, equally spaced V-shaped notches in edge, dividing piece into symmetrical quarters. Deeply drilled hole in top (D. 0.3 cm). High luster on head; none on shaft.

Flattened, domical bone knob with a short shank (D. 1.2 cm), smooth on the bottom. Pierced through center by a hole (D. 0.3 cm) for attachment. 97 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 559  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE4: Below Floor 3 (NB 152:115). Probably intact. Dimensions: H. 0.5 cm; D. 1.1 cm. Small, hemispherical bone knob unpolished on rounded face, well polished on flat face. Radial hole cut back in two degrees, larger at the opening. Could have capped a peg of some kind and been pinned to it by a small tack. May have been a decorative pinhead, such as those found in the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesos (Hogarth 1908: p1. XXXIII, 30). Found associated with black-polished wares and Theseus and Minotaur tiles, dated no earlier than the 6th century BCE.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

98 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 206  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Fill under Floor 2 (NB 39:45).

101 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 546  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7A-2: Level 4 floor (NB 156:10).

Complete.

Complete; brown stains.

Dimensions: H. 0.9 cm; D. 1.4 cm.

Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; D. head 1.3 cm.

Small, tan bone knob, convex on top with a reverse curve to concave below. Pierced by a axial hole (D. 0.4 cm). Marrow shows on one side.

Yellowish bone peg topped by a hemispherical head with sharp edges. Top of the head well polished or worn and underside roughly carved. Stem cut straight across at bottom and well polished on the base. Some traces of marrow spots on one side of head.

Found associated with lagynoid guttus (P 863) and a bronze arrowhead (B 491).

Found associated with a lydion (P 4074). 99 Bone Knobs  (Pl. 22) BI 471  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 6: Layer 3, north, in area described as a “box” (NB 127:34). Both partially burned; (a) missing its bronze wire, (b) chipped. Dimensions: (a) H. 0.5 cm; D. 1.4 cm. (b) H. 0.4 cm; D. 1.5 cm. (a) Low domical knob with recessed shank around small hole. (b) Domical knob with stepped-back, flat rim; retains bronze attachment wire.

102 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 308  Citadel Mound, Trench EML 2-W: Layer 2 (NB 74:37). Slightly cracked. Dimensions: H. 1.1 cm; D. 3.3 cm. Short cylindrical bone knob with concave profile, closed at one end and open with a square cutting at the other. Bottom of cutting drilled with four small holes surrounding larger central one; two holes pierce through to exterior, while two others are unfinished.

Found associated with 22, 254, 407, 417. 100 Bone Knobs  (Pl. 22) BI 413  Citadel Mound, Trench CC Annex: Pit dug through or into floor of Building R (NB 91:91).

103 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 579  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-14: Under Level 4 floor (NB 162:108). Intact, but for small chip from point.

All heads complete; all shafts broken. Dimensions: H. 2.5 cm; D. 1.1 cm. Dimensions: Hs. 0.7–1.1 cm; D. head 1.5 cm; D. shaft 0.7 cm. Four well-polished, tan bone knobs formed of a plain flattened hemispherical head, smooth but for a small hole in the center top. Shafts are short and round in section, set well back from the edge of the head. Found associated with 83, 310, 478.

Bone knob tapering to a closed pointed end. Thin walls (Th. 0.2 cm) and well polished on exterior. No evidence for other material inside. Found associated with a core-formed glass sherd (G 377) and a triple-flanged bronze arrowhead. 104 Ivory Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 92  Tumulus I (600 BCE): Cremation burial (NB 17:3).



FURNITURE 83

Chipped at top of head; burned.

hollowed interior.

Dimensions: H. 2.6 cm; D. 0.9 cm.

Found associated with 27.

Short ivory knob, oval in section with a square tang pierced crosswise by a rivet hole.

Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14.

Found associated with a small black jar (P 259), paste scarab (SS 41; Dusinberre 2005:46–47, no. 23, figs. 33a and b, 147a and b), bronze fibula (B 121), and gold jewelry (J 38–45).

107 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 540  Citadel Mound, Trench TB-8-S1: Middle Phrygian period clay (NB 151:48). Complete.

Kohler 1980: 67; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumI 14. Dimensions: H. 3.1 cm; D. 1.8–2.4 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. 105 Bone Hinge Piece  (Pl. 22) BI 456  Citadel Mound, Trench M5I: Pit in Floor 4 (NB 119:61). Complete, but for broken end of stem.

Tapering piece of bone cut off squarely at the ends across the marrow. Sides roughly faceted to an octagon threequarters of the way down; rough surface around wider, bottom end. Hole (D. 0.6 cm) pierced through marrow to receive nail or tang.

Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Well-polished, tan, bone cylinder with emerging stem at one end and hole in center of opposite end; third hole (D. 0.3 cm) centrally located on side. Likely meant to be part of a stack of similar pieces that served as a hinge connecting two pieces attached by the hole in the side. Could have been used to join a lid to a box or two wooden panels of a writing tablet.

108 Bone Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 315  Citadel Mound, Trench EM-2W: Layer 5 (NB 74:82). Intact; some pitting. Dimensions: H. 2.3 cm; D. 1.2–1.8 cm.

Found associated with black-glazed lamp, Corinth Bronner Type IX (L 131) and wall fragment of black and white banded, blue glass core vessel (G 313).

Small, buff bone knob roughly smoothed to form a section of a slightly faceted cone. Partially pierced by a central hole (D. 0.7 cm) approximately 1.7 cm deep; closed at wider end.

106 Ivory Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 460  Citadel Mound, Trench M6-A: Stone-lined South Cellar, in upper fill, dated to mid-6th to early 4th century BCE (NB 121:100).

109 Ivory Knob  (Pl. 22) BI 143  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut I-C: Fill below Floor 4 (NB 9:153). Complete as mended along three laminations.

Walls partially broken away near pinholes. Dimensions: H. 2.4 cm; W. 2.0 cm. Dimensions: H. 1.3 cm; D. 1.4 cm. Cylindrical, ivory knob hollowed out for about half its height leaving very thin walls (Th. 0.3 cm). Outside surfaces and top well smoothed and edges rounded; resting surface flat. Four tiny (D. 0.2 cm) attachment holes spaced evenly around open end, 0.5 cm in from edge. One hole still contains small bronze rivet. Inside hollowed to depth of 0.7 cm; with small hole slightly off-center at bottom of

Curved ivory piece carefully sawn across twice and slightly undercut to give arched ends. Squared on base. Round hole (1.5 cm deep) drilled into base for attachment. 110 Antler Disc  (Pl. 22) YH 24712, SF 02-267  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Late Phrygian pit cut into Middle Phrygian material.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Operation 36, Locus 66, Lot 134. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Large chips missing at edge in one quadrant. Dimensions: D. 3.7 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Thin disc with central hole (D. 0.3 cm) roughly carved with marks visible on both surfaces and facets along edge. Thickness varies, as does angle of edge. One face smooth, with slight luster; other porous. Appears unfinished.

Domical bone boss with flat bottom. Fine incised groove halfway up convex side. Found associated with coins of late 4th/early 3rd century (C 1174–1186) and 4th century female terracotta figurine (T 100, Romano 1995: no. 78). 114 Bone Disc  (Pl. 22) BI 283  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-10, east section: Layer 6 (NB 60:25). Disc stained around nail; nail appears intact, but corroded.

111 Bone Boss  (Pl. 22) YH 26051, SF 89-37  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Shallow pit. Operation 2, Locus 44, Lot 56. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Dimensions: D. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Well polished, thick, bone disc with central hole through which passes a short iron nail with flat head (L. 3.2 cm), now slightly rounded, perhaps only because of corrosion.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Shallow, hemispherical, bone boss with large central hole (D. 0.8 cm). Some working marks on flat bottom, but both sides smooth and lustrous. Higher luster over outer edge of rounded surface.

Found associated with a black-burnished, one-handled jar (P 1505). 115 Bone Ring  (Pl. 22) BI 125  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N: Level 3, with Macedonian coin of 286–277 BCE (NB 17:25). Mended from two pieces.

112 Bone Boss  (Pl. 22) YH 68405, SF 05-100  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pit. Operation 52, Locus 73, Lot 234. YHSS Phase: 2:3, Roman (110/15 to 130/70 CE).

Dimensions: D. 3.4 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Flat bone ring, with spongy marrow almost completely hollowed out. Outer circumference profiled to sharp edge, with small grooves that appear like lathe marks.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Bone boss with one flat face and other domed; rounded edges. Upper face polished; bottom less finished. 113 Bone Boss  (Pl. 22) Ankara Museum No. 57-392-06  Citadel Mound, Trench WS7: Under Floor 4 (NB 125:41).

116 Bone Ring  (Pl. 22) YH 35949, SF 93-19  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Large pit sealed by Middle Hellenistic surface. Operation 17, Lot 103. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: D. 3.5 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

Bone ring with large central hole (D. 1.8 cm); cancellous tissue remains inside of ring. Flat surface around hole, then beveled to flat edge. Marks of lathe turning visible on bev-



FURNITURE 85

eled portion of edge. Transverse marks on center. Slight luster. Found associated with 683, 937, 974. 117 Bone Ring  (Pl. 22) YH 60854, SF 01-52  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 28, Lot 151. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.4–2.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Irregularly formed bone ring, with flattened oval section and large central hole (D. 1.3 cm). Entire surface smooth, lustrous. 118 Ivory Bed for Insert  (Pl. 23) BI 429  Citadel Mound, Megaron 4: Post hole at center of south (rear) wall, in Early Phrygian fill (NB 106:113). Broken on all edges; pitted and burned. Dimensions: L. 5.8 cm; W. 4.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Smooth, slightly curved, L-shaped piece of ivory, with cutout for inserting another object. 119 Ivory Bed for Inserts  (Pl. 23) BI 379  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 5, in rubble fill for foundation wall of Middle Phrygian Building N (NB 89:45). Broken at one end; scratched and stained. Dimensions: L. 6.8 cm; W. 5.5 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Buff ivory piece cut roughly into a segment of a cylinder. Cut into opposite long sides are two square sockets receding in two degrees, the second being cut out entirely. A comparable, more complete piece was found at Nimrud in Well AJ of the Northwest Palace (G. Herrmann 2017:52, fig. 56). Found associated with 751 and a stone pounding tool (ST 426).

notes: 5.1  Keith DeVries and Brian Rose posit that an ivory figure of a man with a lion found at Delphi came from the very throne dedicated by Midas (DeVries and Rose 2012), a suggestion refuted by Oscar Muscarella (2016). Midas’ Hittite predecessors also enjoyed lavish furniture, judging by an inventory list from Hattusa that mentions an ivory bed for the Storm God of Nerik, set on lion feet inlaid with gold (Košak 1982:12–13). Two unusual objects found in early 2nd millennium Level II cist graves at Kültepe may represent such furniture (Özgüç 1986:71, pl. 123, 1, fig. 52, 4–5, figs. 53–54). Measuring approximately 17 cm by 16 cm, they consist of thick bone strips framing five narrow bone rods alternating with strips decorated with rows of eagle heads. The frame is covered with a dense pattern of dotted circles with slash marks along the edge. 5.2  Simpson suggests that two of the pieces may be stools (Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999:54–56). 5.3  The inlaid table from Tumulus MM shows clear evidence of an insert of contrasting material that was subsequently lost or intentionally removed; the rows of rectangular attachment holes suggest the inserts were of bronze or some other precious metal (Simpson 2011:35, n. 19, pl. 151A). In her review of Simpson’s book, Elizabeth Baughan indicates Simpson had also speculated that the missing material might have been ivory, but Simpson makes no reference to ivory in her discussion of the decoration of the inlaid table (2012:1). 5.4  In contrast, the finds from Nimrud and tombs at Salamis in Cyprus have yielded abundant examples of contemporary furniture lavishly overlaid with ivory (Herrmann 1996; Karageorghis 1974: pls. A, C, F). Extensive examples also come from Level IVB at Hasanlu, which was destroyed around 800 BCE (de Schauensee 2011). 5.5  Sams has noted the similarity to incised rosettes set in a stippled circular field on a small wooden box from Tumulus P (Young 1981:59, fig. 29, pl. 26K; Sams 1993:552, n. 34). 5.6  A similar rotelle decorates the arc of a bronze jug handle from Tumulus W (Young 1981:201–201, pl. 88D) and the motif is replicated in pottery from Tumulus P and W, as well as the Early Phrygian Building and Megaron 3 (Young 1981: pls. 16E, F; 17A–B, D–E; 92G-K; Young 1960:239, pl. 58, fig. 22; Sams 1994:213, cat. no. 161, pl. 150; 289, cat. no. 929, pl. 124). 5.7  A comparable stool appears in another relief from Zincirli (Barnett and Aldred 1954: fig. 472). 5.8  Compare, for example, B 569 (found in Layer 3) and B 1377 (found above the clay level).

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

5.9  The bridles found in the Pazyryk burials have straps between 1 and 1.6 cm wide (Rudenko 1970:125). A large bronze disc found together with a frontlet at Karmir-Blur also has openings of a suitable size (0.95 cm) to hold the straps of a bridle (Hovhannisyan and Piotrovskiĭ 1955:43– 44, fig. 36). 5.10  Two examples of bronze talon-shaped attachments have also been found on the Citadel Mound, both in Hellenistic contexts: B 291, from an area above the Middle Phrygian city wall on the east side of the mound, and B 1501, from under the floor of layer 3 in the area above Middle Phrygian Building O. Like the disc-shaped knob (87), they have four round holes slightly less than 1 cm in diameter on the sides and a fifth square hole in the back. Identical attachments were found together with iron bits in KarmirBlur (Barnett and Watson 1952:143, fig. 22). 5.11  Young remarked that “beads do not easily find a place on furniture, nor does inlay usually occur on horse trappings” (1964a:283). Ellen Kohler, however, viewed the beads as part of horse trappings and intended to publish them as such (pers. comm.). 5.12  Round discs decorated with a rosette were found as part of the horse trappings in the Pazyryk burials; they were used on a single strap and thus have only a simple loop in the back (Rudenko 1970: pls. 98D and 118B). 5.13  See Hogarth (1908:176), where it is suggested that similar items may have braced crossing elements in a tripod. 5.14  Falcons hovering over or pouncing on crouching prey, usually a hare, are a common subject found in Old Hittite stamp seals of the late Colony period, as well as on Syrian seals (Canby 1975:247).

5.15  The excavator laid out three possibilities for dating the deposit (NB 91:102–103): the contents are Early Phrygian and were “tossed up” when the south wall of Building R was robbed, the pit was dug and the deposit placed in it while Building R was in use during the Middle Phrygian period, or the pit was dug down from a Hellenistic level and contained objects of mixed dates. Young believed they could not be from the Destruction Level because they were not burned; he concluded they belong to “the archaic [Middle Phrygian] city” (1964a:283). 5.16  The examples from Boğazköy are 9–10 cm long and 1 cm in width; this is closer to the size of 599, here catalogued with handles. A similar piece made of horn and dated to the 8th century comes from northern Iran; it has three holes in its preserved length (Potratz 1966:129, fig. 54b). 5.17  Two Achaemenid period examples in bronze are in the Metropolitan Museum (Muscarella 1988:219, nos. 328 and 329). Stone versions have also been found at Gordion (Young 1964b:56). 5.18  As a result, they have been assigned a wide variety of purposes, ranging from parts of whistles or flutes (Deonna 1938:243) to hinges on boxes (Vasey and Muller 1907:864– 871). Delos has produced a great quantity of simple joints pierced by a single hole; they vary in length from 0.1 to 0.4 cm (Deonna 1938:242–244, pls. 643–647). Similar examples were found in the Hellenistic to Roman levels at Tarsus (Goldman 1950: fig. 273, nos. 90–92) and Thera (Hiller von Gaertringen and Wilski 1904: fig. 189). At Corinth, in addition to many examples of plain joints, there are several with lathe-cut moldings; all these pieces belong to the Roman and Byzantine periods (Davidson 1952:126, pl. 64).

6 Containers Bone and Ivory

A

lthough bone and ivory objects were constrained by the shape and size of the raw material, these limitations did not limit the artisan’s imagination. This section looks at pieces that served as small, complete containers for a precious substance or functioned as the wall (122) or lid (121) of a larger container. Some were simply lathe-turned in a cylindrical form (123, 124), while others extracted imaginative shapes out of the natural form, such as the container in the shape of a duck (120). A group of containers fashioned from another exotic material—ostrich eggs—simply adapted the natural shape to a new purpose (125–127). An unusual ivory container shaped as a duck (120) was included in the rich material found in Tumulus A. Its context is dated to the third quarter of the 6th century BCE, based on a South-Ionian, koreshaped, terracotta perfume vessel found among the grave goods (Romano 1995:13–14, pl. 8). The interior has three tiny compartments meant to hold a precious substance. The exterior is carved in the shape of a duck with its feet held flat against its belly1 and its head presumed to be looking forward. An unusual feature is the disembodied arms coming forward around the duck’s body, almost meeting at the front. One arm seems to hold an object, which may be a scroll, while the other holds its hand in a gesture of unknown significance. The container is one of eleven ivory pieces from the tumulus, several of which point to origins or influences from the west. This piece, however, draws on older influences from Egypt and Levantine world. In its general form, the box is reminiscent of a long line of small duck boxes and their more elaborate versions with a handle in the form of a swimming girl who supports a duck in her outstretched arms.2 There

are varying opinions as to whether duck boxes originated in Egypt or the Levant.3 Well-dated examples and painted representations of them appear during the 18th Dynasty in Egypt; from there it was thought they spread north. But the greater number found in the Levant and Cyprus, some of which appear to predate the Egyptian examples, has led some to propose that the transmission went in the opposite direction (Bryan 1996:53; Lilyquist 1998:27; Gachet-Bizollon 2007:66). Most duck-shaped containers from the Levantine area date to the Late Bronze Age (16th–13th centuries BCE). Good examples have been found in elite domestic settings and ritual contexts at Kāmid el-Lōz, Alalakh, Ras Shamra,4 as well as on Cyprus and the Uluburun shipwreck (Bryan 1996; Gachet-Bizollon 2007). Except for the proposed forward position of the head, the style of the Gordion piece closely resembles the most common type of box with the duck’s head turned backwards and the wings represented by a plain oval lid rotating on a peg set behind the head; a second peg in the tail secures the lid shut. In some cases, the neck is formed of a stacked set of discs, perhaps meant to represent the changing colors of the feathers (Gachet-Bizollon 2007:45). The eye is frequently shown as a simple dotted circle. Occasionally the duck gazes at a small duckling or fish resting on her back.5 A different duck box type has the head facing forward and a lid comprised of two separately rotating wings secured by pegs flanking the neck. This version may have been more closely inspired by the popularity of Egyptian wooden and ivory containers fashioned to show a swimming woman holding a bowl shaped as a simple oval or a bird’s body (Fredericq 1927:9, pl. VI, no. 38186; Smith 1960: fig. 88; Barnett 1982:21, 26, fig. 8).

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Many duck boxes were carved out of a hippopotamus’ lower canine, the natural shape of which was well suited to the form of the duck box (Caubet and Poplin 1987: fig. 9, 10c; Krzyszkowska 1988:227, 1990:78; Gachet 1992:68; Gachet-Bizollon 2007: fig. 4).6 Like the example found on the Uluburun shipwreck (Pulak 1992:5, fig. 203), the Gordion duck box was made of elephant ivory, which allowed greater flexibility in shaping the body. Although the type originated earlier in the Bronze Age, it may have continued in production into the Early Iron Age (Gachet-Bizollon 2007:66).7 However, it seems unlikely that the tiny object recovered from Tumulus A at Gordion would have been retained as an heirloom for over 600 years to finally come to rest in this 6th century burial. The human arms on the Gordion duck container suggests that, despite harking back to earlier Levantine traditions, its inspiration comes from another source.8 For interpreting this piece it may be helpful to look at similar mythological creatures that combined bird and human elements such as harpies and sirens, noting the difference that these figures have a human head. Harpies had arms that they used to snatch food and people. Their best-known appearance is on the reliefs of the Harpy Tomb in Lycia, which is dated to 480–470 BCE (Draycott 2008: figs. 5 and 6). In contrast, sirens were usually shown with a human head attached to a bird’s body, although occasionally they have arms as well, particularly when they are depicted playing a musical instrument.9 At the time the Gordion duck box was produced, small clay perfume bottles in the shape of a siren were popular in the Greek cities on the west coast of Anatolia.10 Along with the strong east Greek influence seen in other objects from Tumulus A, it is likely that this duck box represents a melding of eastern and western motifs in this unusual ivory piece. An elaborately decorated ivory disc, slightly over 7 cm in diameter, may have served as the lid or base of a pyxis (121).11 It was found in the fill of a robbed foundation trench of Middle Phrygian Building X, with little contextual evidence as to its date. Instead of being cut from a fully round slice of ivory, the disc was made in segments, joined by inserting tenons into two irregularly spaced rectangular slots in the straight edge. This may have allowed it to open while the other segment of the circle remained attached to the walls of the container. The pinhole in the center of the design is too slight to have served to attach a knob but is more

likely the remnant of an insertion point for a compass used to incise the inner and outer bands of a cross-insquare border design. The underside shows two irregularly spaced slots set approximately 1 cm in from the edge. It is difficult to imagine how these functioned. The rectangular cuttings have a round projection on each long side, but the openings are not undercut, as they might be if the head of a round peg were meant to be inserted and then shifted slightly to lock it in place. It is also possible that there is at least one additional slot on the missing portion. Several ivory discs found at Ras Shamra may offer a clue to explain these cuttings.12 Over 50 discs of a similar size (3 to 7 cm in diameter and approximately 0.5 cm thick) are documented (Gachet-Bizollon 2007: nos. 83–134). A few have a raised circle on the underside with pairs of small holes drilled horizontally into the edge of the raised piece (nos. 83–86). It is speculated that an outer ring of another material (presumably wood or possibly ebony for color contrast) was attached to enlarge the lid (Gachet-Bizollon 2007:109). Still other pieces have a reserved, smoothly finished band about 1 to 1.5 cm thick around the outer edge of the underside of the lid, with the central circular area left roughly finished, perhaps for a circle of wood to be glued on, thus providing a tighter fit to preserve the contents of the pyxis (Gachet-Bizzolon 2007:97). Although the underside of the Gordion piece is smoothly finished, the placement of the unusual slots about 1 cm from the edge presents the possibility that a smaller circular piece of another material was held in place by tenons. Several discs found elsewhere are similarly cut as a circle segment, suggesting that the full circle of the lid was achieved by attaching it to another piece. This is evident in two intact examples: a disc from the tholos at Menidi, north of Athens, made of two equal segments of a circle held together by rectangular tenons (Poursat 1977:146, no. 422/1985, pl. XLIV), and the segments of a disc from Kition-Bamboula also joined in the middle with its tenons surviving in place (Yon and Caubet 1985:86, no. 152, figs. 41–42). A disc from Ras Shamra (Fig. 6.1) preserves about threequarters of the circle and has two small slots evenly spaced along the flat edge for attachment to another piece. Its upper surface has a deep central hole for a knob and is decorated with a rosette formed of intersecting circles (Gachet 1987:251, no. 9, pl. 1; GachetBizollon 2007:103, no. 96, pls. 15, 72). Three others



CONTAINERS 89

Fig. 6.1  Ras Shamra, ivory lid (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

preserve only a straight edge without any indication of how they were attached to the more complete piece (Gachet-Bizollon 2007: no. 94, pls. 15 and 72; no. 107, pls. 17 and 73; no. 124, pls. 17 and 74).13 The decorative design on the disc continues uninterrupted across the break, which may have been obscured by paint or gold foil.14 The restored decoration consists of three sets of alternating elegant lotus flowers sprouting curled tendrils and compounded palmettes enhanced with delicate flourishes.15 The individual elements have a long history spanning a broad geographic area. Chains of lotus flowers first appear in tomb wall paintings in the 18th Dynasty in Egypt where they alternate with buds. A variation on the motif in the form of a simple chain of cones shows up on Assyrian wall paintings in the 13th century BCE at Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta. Beginning in the mid-8th century BCE stone-carved thresholds in imitation of rugs found in the palaces of the Assyrian kings included chains of lotus flowers and buds, each resting on a ring band and connected by scalloped-shaped stems (Albenda 1978). By the middle of the 7th century BCE the design is supplemented by separate parallel rows of linked, nine-petal palmettes (Albenda 1978: pls. 17, 18, 22, 25, 26). Alternating petals on both the lotus and palmette on the ivory disc at Gordion have two sets of chevrons, a motif found on palmette leaves in 9th century reliefs at Nimrud (Frankfort 1954: pl. 90, fig. 41). A fragmentary ivory panel from Nimrud executed in the Assyrian style shows a similar chain of fanciful seven-petaled, compound palmettes with

identical double chevrons in each petal, all surrounded by a ladder-design border (Barnett 1975: 224–225, pl. CXX, T21). This piece is of particular interest because the palmettes are compounded with one sevenpetaled palmette sprouting out of another. While chains of lotus flowers coupled with buds or cones are most common on ivories from Nimrud, there are some instances where the lotus flower and palmette appear together. One example is a series of four panels from Fort Shalmaneser, each showing a seated figure grasping thick vine branches in each hand, one ending in a seven petal palmette and the other in a rounded calyx lotus flower (Mallowan and Herrmann 1974: pls. LX–LXIII). Presumably the combined elements held special significance. As the design of a chain of interlocking lotus flowers and cones or buds migrated from the Assyrian to East Greek and Corinthian workshops, it developed into a variety of patterns that eventually included a lotus flower and palmette chain. Protocorinthian painted patterns showed the calyx of the lotus as squared off, frequently with a center of palmette-shaped leaves (Payne 1931: fig. 52a–c). This lasted until the middle of the 6th century BCE and is reflected in the motif on a round attachment found in Middle Phrygian Building G (238). The 6th century saw the introduction of the Ionian form of lotus flower with a rounded calyx, such as found on the ivory pyxis lid (121) (Payne 1931: fig. 52e, 55h–k, pl. 33, 7–8); thereafter, it became the common lotus form. With these basic elements in their repertoire, Greek painters displayed great imagination in various combinations: double lotus chains (Payne 1931: fig. 52), quatrefoil lotus combinations (Payne 1931: fig. 53), and different arrangements of lotus flowers and palmettes. The most common manifestation of the lotuspalmette design on painted pottery combines the two elements into a single unit with the lotus flower in alternating up and down positions and the palmette emerging from the base of the lotus flower (Payne 1931: fig. 55; Isler 1978: pl. 51, drawing 6, no. 171).16 This pattern lasted until the middle of the 6th century BCE. A distinct variation of this motif combined the lotus flower with a bud which fit neatly into the space created by the flowers’ flaring outside petals; in this iteration the flowers were typically joined by simple arcs (Payne 1931: figs. 63, 64). Early inspiration for this design may have come from eastern sources, as

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suggested by the incised design on a Syrian or Phoenician Tridacna shell that dates from the 7th century BCE (Cook and Dupont 1998:32, fig. 81). The lotus and bud chain became a standard design on many examples of Wild Goat style pottery in the 7th and early 6th centuries BCE. The combination of a lotus flower with a palmette in a continuous upright line was developed in the East Greek world during the middle of the 6th century BCE. Several vases from Samian and Milesian workshops show delicate lotus flowers linked with palmettes resting on coiled lower petals (WalterKarydi 1973: pl. 11, no. 107; 58, no. 490; 87, no. 636). In each case, the central petals of the lotus flower resemble the rounded leaves of a palmette more than the spiky petals of the more fantastical lotus on 121. One pot with a lotus and palmette chain analogous to what we see on the Gordion ivory was found at Caere in Etruria; it is thought either to have been imported from an East Greek workshop or made by Greek painters who found their way to Etruria (Cook and Dupont 1998:112–113, fig. 13.3). The lotus palmette chain was far more common on architectural moldings. During the 5th century BCE the Persians returned the design to the Achaemenid world where it appeared as an embellishment in their architecture and metalwork.17 Despite the long history of lotus flowers used in combination with cones, buds, and palmettes, there is nothing that quite matches the unusual forms found on the Gordion ivory—the elongated spiky lotus petals, alternately decorated with chevrons and sprouting spiral tendrils, set next to compounded slender palmettes. An origin in 6th century BCE Lydia may be possible in light of a similar three-petal palmette incised on ivory strips found just outside the Basis at Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:195, pl. XLII, 15 and 19) and, from the same site, 6th century BCE pottery with the butterfly border design found on the Gordion ivory (Hogarth 1908: figs. 45 and 52).18 Another variation on the same decorative motif appears on the panel of a bone box (122). Here the row of lotus flowers and palmettes is reduced to a more compact unit with the palmette fitted precisely into the space below the spreading lotus petals. The outline of the central frond on the palmette suggests an Ionian origin, rather than a Corinthian or Attic one, and seems to place it in the 6th century (Kathleen

Lynch, pers. comm.). Another Ionian link is seen in the doubling of the petals of the lotus flower, which also appears on a fragment of a molding from an Ionic treasury at Delphi (Lawrence 1957: pl. 34A).19 Despite the relative refinement of the design, the panel’s use, presumably as one side of a small footed box, suggests a lack of skill in placing the attachment holes discretely and correctly; although iron stains around two of the holes may indicate they and five other holes on the panel are the result of a later reuse. Two containers from Hellenistic contexts are decorated with simple lathe-turned ridges. If the widemouthed, cylindrical object (123) that is slightly less than 6 cm tall is to be understood as a container, it would need to have been closed at least at one end, perhaps by a glued disc of ivory or wood. In contrast, the small (3.5 cm) round ivory jar (126), with its very constricted neck, was more suitable for a perfumed ointment, which would be extracted with a very small spoon (e.g., 620–622). Its opening could have easily been plugged with a small stopper to keep the contents moist. The interior is smooth and evenly hollowed out in a spherical shape leaving fairly thick walls and a maximum internal diameter of 2.7 cm. The small mouth (D. 1 cm) suggests the carefully hollowed out interior could only have been achieved by making the jar in two pieces that were glued together.

Ostrich Egg Included in this catalogue are remnants of three ostrich eggshells that probably functioned as containers. The best preserved (125) comes from a context that included a collection of 6th century BCE unguentaria in the shape of animals (deer and hedgehog), fruit (pomegranate) and a female bust. Only about a quarter of the egg is preserved, but enough to show a carefully bored hole in one piece, indicating its modification for secondary use. Two other pieces (126, 127) are too fragmentary to provide any information about their original use. The ostrich egg has enjoyed a widespread and long tradition of exotic appeal, even in modern times. The quantity of preserved examples testifies to their popularity.20 The shells were commonly made into cups or closed vessels and frequently used for some ritual purpose associated with burial, perhaps symbolizing



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fertility and resurrection.21 To extend life, according to Babylonian and Assyrian texts, they could also have served the living by being ground into medicines (Conwell 1987:30). The ostrich was native to North Africa and Mesopotamia, but also found in areas stretching from South Africa, north to southern Europe, and east to Mongolia (Laufer 1926:4, 12; Reese 1985:378; Phillips 2000:332). Recent work using isotopic analysis and digital microscopy suggests that most eggshells were collected in the wild and exchanged through extensive trade networks (Hodos et al. 2020).22 Tribute bearers from Nubia, Libya, Syria, and Punt are frequently shown bringing both ostrich eggs and feathers to Egyptian kings. An ostrich was depicted in a relief from Tell Halaf (Meyer 1965: pl. 99). The animal was probably hunted to extinction in the area between Assyria and North Syria by the early 1st millennium BCE (Caubet 1983:193).23 The shells of the African ostrich are of two types: those from the south are covered by small pit-holes, while those from the north appear smooth, only because the holes are smaller and more closely spaced. The shells average 15 cm in length and 13 cm in maximum diameter, with a thickness of 2 mm. When fresh, they weighed up to 2 kg and held more than one liter of liquid (Conwell 1987:30). The preserved fragments from Gordion appear to be of the North African variety. The hole in one example (125) may indicate the attachment of a lip or a base, and its association with a collection of unguentaria suggests it had some ritual function, perhaps as elsewhere, a symbol of resurrection and new life. Although limited in size, this collection of containers illustrates the wide-ranging cultural influences that shaped the items made and used by the residents of Gordion.

Catalogue: Containers

mended from two pieces, about half preserved. Head preserves only upper half with eye. Dimensions: box: L. 4 cm; W. 2.5 cm; lid: L. 3 cm; W. 1.3 cm; head: L. 1.6 cm. Box carved in the form of a duck, finely incised below with the markings of belly feathers and feet held pressed forward, flat against the body. Lid, flat on the underside, is finely incised on upper convex surface with a section of short feathers in an irregular net-pattern at front and three tiers of longer feathers at rear. Lid attached and swiveled at large hole at front; a second hole in the tail would have held a peg to secure lid closed. Head, well cut with dotted circle for eye, originally attached facing forward at the rectangular slot at the front. Two human arms emerge from the sides: right arm extends across the front of the body with hand grasped in a gesture; left arm is held further back along the side of the body and appears to hold a scroll-like object. Inside is hollowed into two large oval compartments at front, with smaller, rounded triangular section at tail. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 151, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995: no. 27). Kohler 1958:151, pl. 24; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 36. 121 Ivory Pyxis Lid  (Pl. 25) BI 518  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-5: Building X, erected in early 8th century BCE; from the rubble refill of the building’s robbed outer wall (NB 142:112). The building was in use until first half of the 5th century, based on the find of an Attic black-figured palmette lekythos (P 3916) under the latest preserved pebble floor (DeVries 1990:396–398) (NB 142:113).

120 Ivory Duck Box  (Pl. 24) BI 4  Tumulus A (530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31).

Mended to complete, as cut. Spots of black discoloration.

Box section is missing one lamination along top of tail and one side wall; small chip from beside neck peg. Lid is

Thick lid cut into approximately two-thirds of a disc. Two slots (0.75 cm x 0.25 cm; 0.8 cm deep) evenly spaced in the

Dimensions: D. 7.3 cm; W. 4.7 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

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straight edge for attachment to another piece. Slots placed 1.6 and 1.9 cm from outside edges of the circle. On under side, near the rounded edge, are two further attachment holes, rectangular in outline, with opposed round projections on each of the long sides. Top decorated with design cut in finely incised lines: a marginal and central doubleline band contains spaced cross-in-squares; the space between has a vegetal chain with alternating half-open lotus flowers (five spikes and two tendrils) and three-petaled palmettes, with a second springing from the top of the first, for a reconstructed total of three renditions of each element. Pinhole in center, more likely the remnant from use of compass rather than for attachment of another piece.

123 Bone Cylindrical Jar  (Pl. 25) BI 63  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Layer 3, east of Level 2 House (NB 6:76). Mended to about two-thirds complete; one non-joining piece. Dimensions: H. 5.7 cm; D. 4.4 cm. Cylindrical box with thin walls flared slightly at ends. One large rounded ridge at either end just below the rim; intervening space finely ribbed laterally. Found associated with 699 and sherds of 4th century BCE.

Found associated with 189, 230, and a black-polished trefoil pitcher (P 3828). Sams 1979:16–17, fig. 15. 122 Bone Box Panel  (Pl. 25) BI 381  Citadel Mound, Trench P-PP: Layer 5, immediately above clay with late 5th century BCE sherds (NB 88:30).

124  Ivory Round Jar  (Pl. 25) BI 248  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O 11: Layer 2 (NB 51:129). Broken in half in antiquity along natural lamination; mended along some present ones. Ridges worn at greatest diameter. Dimensions: H. 3.5 cm; D. 3.6 cm.

Complete as cut. Slightly warped between left leg and upper right corner. Several nail holes torn through to edge. Stained from iron nails around two holes. Dimensions: H. 4.5 cm; L. 8 cm; Th. 4.5 cm. Side panel of box, cut from large long bone. Rectangle with two short, rounded projections at bottom corners for legs. Back cut nearly flat; front bowed out slightly. On convex front face, incised design within a frame formed of spaced groups of three strokes: three lotus flowers, plus two whole and two half palmettes, each linked at its ringed base. Lotus flowers have three points and a sheath with a curved double line; the palmettes have five petals, the central one in double outline. Seven attachment holes are irregularly distributed. There are four on the left side: one in the upper corner retaining an iron nail, a second round hole close below, a third in the middle of the left side with iron staining, and a fourth at the lower corner that was drilled twice and now appears broken at the edge. On right side there is a single hole at the lower corner, a second slightly above and a third twice-drilled still higher. Two notches on the upper and lower right edge may have held projections on the adjacent face. Back rough and marrowy, with transverse paring lines.

Small spherical ivory jar, truncated to form its base. Body evenly ridged horizontally with grooves between and set off from both the base and a small constricted neck by fine incised line. Short everted rim (est. D. 2 cm), flattened on top; small opening (est. D. 1 cm). Hollowed out evenly inside, leaving thick walls. Found associated with bronze ring boss (B 585). 125 Ostrich Egg Shell  (Pl. 26) BI 254  Citadel Mound, Trench NE 1, West Section: Level 2B in a pit with a collection of molded Greek vessels that span the 6th century BCE (Romano 1995:65–66, Deposit 2) (NB 52:122). Fragmentary pieces. Dimensions: Est. original D. 12.2 cm; avg. Th. 0.2 cm. Preserves approximately one-quarter of an ostrich egg, pierced by at least one carefully cut round hole. Highly polished on exterior.



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Found associated with 615, 981, a bronze fibula (B 661), and a fragment of gray ware with a graffito (I 146). 126 Ostrich Egg Shell  (Pl. 27) BI 605  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Cut D-II, Context Bag #12: Below Floor 4. Mended from two fragments. Broken on all sides. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Slightly convex fragments of ostrich egg. Highly polished yellow exterior; slightly rough pale interior. 127 Ostrich Egg Shell  (Pl. 27) BI 609  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT 6a, Context Bag: Level 4. Broken on all edges. Dimensions: L. 2.3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Fragment of ostrich egg shell, preserving upper yellow and lower white surfaces. notes: 6.1  A contemporary duck in red-polished ware (P 2424) was found on the Citadel Mound on or slightly above the clay that was laid down at the beginning of the Middle Phrygian period. It is dated by its association with a lydion (P 2411), which is perhaps only a decade later than the lydion from the mid-6th century BCE Tumulus A (P 7). 6.2  One of the best examples of this type in wood comes from Gurob in the Fayum (Adler 1996: fig. 12, no. 5; Fischer 2007: pl. 100, L.10), while another made of ivory was found in a tomb at Enkomi, Cyprus (Adler 1996: fig. 12, no. 1); others of wood and ivory are in the Louvre and British Museum (Adler 1996: fig. 12, nos. 2–4) . 6.3  A comprehensive review of duck boxes from the Levant, Cyprus, and the Uluburun shipwreck is found in Gachet-Bizollon 2007:43–70. For earlier reviews of duck boxes, see Liebowitz 1987:14 and Adler 1996. 6.4  A tablet detailing the trousseau of Queen Akhatmilku of Ras Shamra mentions “twenty cosmetic boxes in ivory” (Yon 2006:139). 6.5  One of the best preserved examples from Egypt shows a mother duck turning back to offer a fish to two ducklings perched on her back (Gachet-Bizollon 2007: fig. 15). The

paintings in the tomb of Kenamun show a similar piece (Adler 1996: fig. 7). 6.6  Gachet-Bizollon believes the emphasis on the theme of nurturing, which is not commonly present in the Egyptian examples, strengthens the argument that this type of duck box originated independently in a different cultural context in Syria-Palestine (2007:59). She suggests that the use of hippo ivory may have been intended as an intentional connection with the theme of nurturing, citing the role the Egyptian hippo goddess Tawaeret played as the protector of women during childbirth (2007:67). 6.7  The long-lasting popularity of the motif in Egypt is attested by a scene on a bowl dated to the reign of King Psusennes I (1039–991 BCE) found in Tanis; it shows four women swimming with fish and ducks (Adler 1996: fig. 50). Well into the 5th century CE, it survives on a Coptic textile decorated with small children swimming with and holding birds (Keimer 1952: pl. IV). 6.8  It is intriguing to note that some duck boxes from the late 18th Dynasty show the duck with the wings reduced to small ridges pressed against the belly, in a position similar to the Gordion piece (Hayes 1953:315, fig. 199). Despite the vast difference in date, one might conjecture that later versions of the duck box could have been changed to replace the duck’s wings with human arms. 6.9  A sculpture from Kyzikos, dated ca. 540 BCE, shows a siren holding a kithara in her left hand (Hofstetter 1990: pl. 19, 059); a late black-figure oinochoe displays a siren playing double flutes, while flanked by cavorting dolphins (Hofstetter 1990: pl. 14, A141); and a siren on a black-figure Clazomenian sarcophagus, dated ca. 510 BCE, gestures with raised arms (Cook 1981: pl. 26, E7). In their excavations at Gordion, the Körtes found a stone figure they interpreted as siren akroterion that they ascribed to a Middle Phrygian “temple” on the southwest side of the Citadel Mound (1904:168–169, fig. 15). Mellink, in discussing an Anatolian statue of a hawk, subsequently suggested that “we can remove the 1900 [Körte] bird from this undignified role and make the archaic carving into a medium-sized dedication [of a hawk] to the Phrygian Kubaba” (1964:32). 6.10  Several examples from Rhodes are in the Metropolitan Museum (Nos. 06.1021.34 and 41.162.24) and the British Museum (No. 1860,0201.49). 6.11  It is usually presumed that similar decorated pieces served as lids, while plain discs were used for the base of the pyxis. However, it has also been proposed that plain discs, because they are recovered in greater numbers, must have also been used as lids (Gachet-Bizollon 2007:104).

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6.12  The Ras Shamra examples range in date from the second half of the 14th through the end of the 13th century BCE. Most were made of hippopotamus ivory and nearly all were decorated with some variation of a rosette pattern. Smaller groups of similar lids have been recovered in Megiddo (Fischer 2007: nos. 7–10, pl. 56) and on Cyprus (Gachet-Bizollon 2007: figs. 32–34). 6.13  A partially preserved large pyxis lid from Hasanlu (11 cm diameter) appears to have a flat edge for joining to another piece, although there is no mention of this in the publication (Muscarella 1980:126–127, no. 246a). 6.14  Several pyxis lids with incised designs from Hasanlu preserve gold foil on the edge of the lid or in the design (Muscarella 1980:128–129, nos. 246b, 247, 248). 6.15  A smaller ivory disc found in the same context (230) reduces the design to a simple rosette with alternating plain and chevroned petals enclosed within a plain border, segmented by sets of double lines. A variant on the lotus and palmette design is seen in a similar bone disc from Middle Phrygian Building G (238). In this case, a much more substantial lotus flower is paired with a more traditional palmette of five petals rising from a base of two down-turned petals. 6.16  One of the earliest and best examples of this design is found on the Early Corinthian Eurytos krater now in the Louvre (Payne 1931: fig. 62A). The pattern became a favorite of Attic painters (Kreuzer 1998: pls. 6, no. 18; 18, no. 75; 19, no. 75k; 37, no. 200; 39, no. 204; 40, no. 206; 41, no. 207). 6.17  An unusual variation is found on the base of the exterior columns of the Apadana at Susa; here the palmette hangs upside down from a ball that nestles between the outward-curving lotus petals (Dieulafoy 1890: fig. 170). A delicate rendition of the lotus and palmette chain appears on a gilded silver Achaemenid bowl now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (Terrace 1963), as well as on a gold, winged lion rhyton from Hamadan (Ghirshman 1964: fig. 290). 6.18  G.K. Sams sees the piece as reflecting a combination of influences: “The grafting of a species is a Greek idea, while the forms of the lotuses and connecting stems would be very much at home in an East Greek setting. On the other hand, the peculiar fan-shaped flowers might lead one to favor a Lydian, or general West Anatolian source if one

prefers to see in them the kind of substitution for a more normal Greek palmette which only a barbarian could conceive” (1979:16–17, fig. 15). 6.19  This is also characteristic of 5th century BCE Achaemenian lotus flowers, as seen on the silver bowl in Boston mentioned previously and a silver amphora from Duvanliji (Sofia) (Terrace 1963: figs. 7–8, pls. 29.3, 30.2). 6.20  A brief survey of specimens includes examples from the cemetery at Kish dating to the mid-3rd millennium BCE (Laufer 1926:3, pIs. I, II; Finet 1982:72), a shell with an attached blue marble mouthpiece from a late 3rd/early 2nd millennium BCE tomb at Abydos (Evans 1928:222, fig. 127), many examples found in 18th century BCE female graves at Mari (Finet 1982:73; Caubet 1983:194), an elaborately painted ostrich egg shell from Toumba tou Skourou on Cyprus (Caubet 1983:195, fig. 3; Vermeule 1974: fig. 63), several 15th century BCE specimens from Kition (Reese 1985:371–379), one from a 13th century BCE tomb in Ras Shamra (Caubet 1983:193), several with added faience and gold decoration found in the Shaft Graves at Mycenae (Karo 1930–1933: pl. CXLL, nos. 552, 651, 828), and one from Lindos (Caubet 1983:196). Several were found in 8th and 7th century BCE graves in Luristan (Finet 1982:74; Vanden Berge 1977:62) where there were also several situlae decorated with scenes depicting ostriches (Amiet 1976: fig. 81). Many ostrich eggshells were found in contexts ranging from the Bronze Age to Roman period on Bates Island off the coast of Libya (Conwell 1987). 6.21  An inscription from Uruk describes providing Eanna with multiple eggs for nourishment (Finet 1982:74). 6.22  Three shells recovered from the Uluburun shipwreck give direct evidence of the trade; they are thought to have been picked up at a Syrian port, such as Ras Shamra, which, though it lacks many examples itself, was a likely trading point (Caubet 1983:195; Bass 1997:165). 6.23  Assurnasirpal II was reported to have killed 140 ostriches (Mallowan 1966:69; Caubet 1993:193; Grayson 2016: A.O.101.1, iii 49; A.O. 101.30, 90). The discovery of a worked egg at Chamshi Mumah in Luristan, along with representations of the animals on several situlae, has led to speculation that ostriches were present in the area in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE (Vanden Berghe 1977:62; Amiet 1976: pl. 81).

7 Decorative Pieces Ivory and Bone for Decoration

T

his chapter examines a large group of bone and ivory pieces that served to decorate a variety of objects. Unfortunately, the wooden elements to which they were attached have long since disintegrated and all that remains is an intriguing array of separated objects that were once part of furniture or smaller items like boxes and fans. Nevertheless, the fortunate preservation of some splendid decorative pieces reveals a good deal about the subjects and artistic styles that were admired from the Early Phrygian through the Hellenistic periods. Other evidence from contemporary sites provides a sense of the ways important pieces were decorated. While the well-preserved furniture and furnishings from the major tumuli of the 9th and 8th centuries BCE are curiously devoid of any bone or ivory embellishments, they do suggest how the bone and ivory decorative pieces recovered from the Citadel Mound might have enlivened items used in public and private life. Outside of Egypt, few well preserved examples of furniture with bone or ivory decorative elements have been recovered. However, images carved in stone, written records, and detached fragments collectively document the widespread use of these materials for both functional elements and surface decoration over a long period of time. Ivory inlays and attachments start to appear on wooden furniture in the Early Dynastic period in Egypt (Baker 1966: fig. 16). The tablets from Pylos tell us that Mycenaean furniture was enhanced with ivory cut in the shape of lilies, dolphins, spirals, shields, and helmets (Baker 1966:250). Alalakh was known as an important woodworking center and its location close to a source of ivory suggests its craftspeople may have used the material to

decorate furniture (Baker 1966:208). Accounts of booty taken by Assurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BCE) from North Syria include mention of ivory couches, tables, and chairs. Later Sennacherib (r. 704–681 BCE) numbered among his trophies many pieces of furniture inlaid with ivory captured from Hezekiah of Jerusalem (Pritchard 1950:286). Clearly bone and ivory decorative pieces were commonly used to adorn furniture over a long period of time and across a broad geographic region. The palaces of Nimrud have yielded the largest single collection of carved ivories from sumptuous pieces of furniture. Although their wooden framework was either intentionally removed or disintegrated over time, detailed renderings in Assyrian reliefs, in combination with careful excavation, preserve a sense of what the furniture looked like. A good example appears on a relief showing Ashurbanipal in his garden reclining on a couch, along with serving tables and a queen’s throne (Barnett 1960: pl. 105; Curtis 1996: pl. 46b). By the time the rulers at Gordion had amassed the power and wealth to adorn their palace complex with expensive furniture and furnishings, there were several places to which they could turn for the raw materials and inspiration. Phrygians’ carving skills, honed by creating furniture covered with intricate inlaid designs of contrasting colors of wood, easily translated into working in bone and ivory,1 as attested by the numerous decorative pieces recovered from the Citadel Mound and surrounding tumuli. The range in technical skill and artistic quality indicates that these adornments were used on everything from the finest pieces of palace furniture to the most ordinary household items. The sealed conditions in two tumuli, P and MM, testify to the woodworker’s exquisite artistry in a

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variety of screens, tables, and small stools (Young 1981:62–76, 176–190, figs. 33–48, 104–113, pls. 29–33,44, 80–83; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999). Each is covered with a tapestry of designs created by inlaying tiny cut-outs of contrasting dark woods set in a background of light wood.2 One serving stand from Tumulus MM contains 190 squares with variations on the swastika design (Simpson 2011:78–85), while the serving stand from Tumulus P was covered with larger squares of even more complex geometric patterns. These objects testify to the Phrygians’ cleverness at combining different materials within a single object, a practice that included the use of the ivory and bone decorative pieces described in this catalogue. Artisans at Gordion delighted in using a profusion of geometric designs, sometimes to the extent that the design overwhelms the object itself. This approach is evident in the 9th century BCE pebble mosaic floor of Megaron 2, a seemingly random and carefree assortment of patterns, perhaps meant to represent textiles tossed on the floor (Young 1965: fig. p. 11; Holzman 2019:550–551). Painted designs on pottery tend to show a similar enthusiasm for a hodgepodge of patterns, if somewhat more tamed into designs that accentuate, rather than obliterate, the shape and function of the pot. Examples abound in jugs with long, side sieved-spouts where the painted cascade of chevrons echoes the flow of the liquid down the spout.3 Bronze workers were equally eager to cover surfaces with engraved designs, often accentuated by added studs.4 The bone and ivory decorative pieces found in all levels of the Citadel Mound, as well as in several tumuli of the Middle and Late Phrygian periods leave an indication as to the types of objects they adorned. The hints provided by the circumstances of their preservation, the recovery of similar pieces at other sites, and illustrations in reliefs, make it possible to imagine their role in decorating furniture, boxes, and a variety of personal items. Many of the bone and ivory pieces examined here were simple shapes destined for decorative combinations. Loose pieces shaped as rectangles (e.g., 280– 282a–f, 284–286, 289), squares (304–309), triangles (310–313), diamonds (314–317), circles (318–332), petals (340–351) and other miscellaneous shapes (333–339, 352–353) provide few clues as to their placement in a larger decorative scheme. The remains

of a wooden couch found at Nimrud hints at a possible reconstruction of inlay work incorporating such pieces (Mallowan 1966:396, fig. 323); its bronze, ivory and shell inlays were preserved in a design of arcaded lotus buds and rosettes made from curved and lozenge-shaped pieces. An ivory panel from Ziwiye shows a table with every surface, both the legs and the supporting struts, blanketed with rows of rosette decorations, possibly meant to represent applied bone or ivory decorations (Mazzoni 1977: pl. VIII, AIII 2). A similar assortment of bone inlay has been reconstructed as coming from a tripod table in Level IVB at Hasanlu (de Schauensee 2011:12, pl. 1.6a, b). Judging from the North Syrian influences evident in Phrygian art, it is not rash to suppose that some of the inlay pieces from Gordion may have been incorporated in comparable designs. Tumulus F, dated 625–610 BCE,5 contained a large collection of ivory pieces in various shapes (square, circle, triangle, and diamond), along with three small bolsters. They came from the burial furnishings—either a wooden bier or a small group of grave gifts (172, 173, 197, 198, 303–305, 311, 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357). The cremation burial contained remnants of iron rods and charred wood that may have belonged to a coffin or bier (Kohler 1958:91). The Körte brothers had earlier suggested that a similar collection of ivories from Tumulus K-II, which dates about a century later, decorated a large wooden sarcophagus (Körte and Körte 1904:111, 115).6 A similar group of decorative ivory pieces was found in Tumulus D, dated ca. 560 BCE. The objects were found both along the north wall of the funerary pyre7 (170, 199, 342, 343, 358) and scattered in the remains of the associated burial pit8 (200, 201, 265, 271, 278, 313, 317, 344). An Ionian artist working in the mid-5th century BCE created a wooden chest with similar ivory fittings found at Delphi (Amandry 1939:103, 199, fig. 10). Along with hundreds of human and animal figures, it included bands of rosettes, chevrons, meanders, and tongues bordering what are tentatively reconstructed as battle scenes. The most famous such chest was the one dedicated by Kypselos at Olympia in the second quarter of the 6th century BCE (Pausanius, V, ix, 2). Ivory was prized over bone for the finest work; but bone could be worked equally well into delicately carved pieces. Decorative elements made from either



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material were attached in a variety of ways: inlays were beveled on the edges and glued into a cut-out space; appliqués were applied onto a flat surface; attachments were secured by small metal, bone, or ivory pins; and inserts with a projecting tenon were set into a slotted opening in the receiving object. In a few cases, the bone or ivory piece had a cut-out design that was filled with another substance of contrasting color (163, 336, 337, 377).9

Early Phrygian Period Decorative Ivories from Megaron 3 During the Early Phrygian period, Megaron 3 was the focal point of the Inner Court of the Citadel Mound.10 (Plan 1) An imposing structure built toward the end of the 10th century BCE,11 its exterior measured slightly more than 30 m long and 18 m wide. The interior was divided into an anteroom dominated by a central hearth and an inner hall paved with a fine pebble terrazzo floor and ringed by an upper gallery (Rose 2021: fig. 8). A second hearth was placed near the door in the inner room.12 The massive fire that ran across the citadel around 800 BCE helped preserve its contents, albeit in a smashed and crushed state. Much of the large quantity of plain and decorated pottery found in the fill likely came from storage shelves in the upper gallery.13 Near the entrance of the inner room, along the long wall to the visitor’s right, were remains of large bronze vessels, possibly cauldrons, at least one of which seems to have been fitted with an unusual handle attachment in the shape of a griffin (Young 1962:163, pl. 43, fig. 15).14 Along the opposite east, long wall was a collection of wood furniture and furnishings (Simpson 2012:163–164; Spirydowicz 2018:144–146). The fragmentary remains hint at pieces like those found in Tumuli W, P, and MM. The original objects appear to have been enhanced with inlaid and carved motifs including zigzags, herringbone patterns, triangles and diamonds, and checkerboard squares, coupled with bronze bands and tacks, both functional and ornamental (Spirydowicz 2018:145, 151–152, pls. 8.7 and 8.8).15 Two wooden panels with relief decoration also belonged to a large object. The largest was carved with a delicate row of six horned animals led to the right by a man riding a horse (W

89; Young 1960: 240, pl. 61, figs, 23 and 24; Spirydowicz 2018:146, 149–151, pl. 8.9). The other (W 108) consisted of three separate parts, one with three mounted horsemen flanked by two warriors wielding a spear and bow all walking to the right (Spirydowicz 2018:146, 149–151, pls. 8.10 and 8.11) and a second piece with more warriors and horsemen walking left. The animals are stylistic cousins to those found in pottery associated with Alişar Höyük (Sams 1994:162– 163, pl. 126).16 The carved wooden pieces were part of a deposit of wood that also extended along the rear wall, likely representing the remains of one or more pieces of furniture or a chest,17 judging by the associated fragments of cloth that may have been stored in a chest, sewn into cushions, or hung from the walls (Holzman 2019; Rose 2021:35, fig. 8). Among the wooden remains were decorative pieces that were originally part of furniture or other small items in the room: a collection of ivory inlays with carved figures (128–139), what may have been the terminal of an ivory stool leg (19), ivory appliqués in the shape of a palm capital (195), and a gold-covered bone cylinder decorated with a chain of lotus petals (237). The ivory terminal (19), either intentionally blackened during manufacture or discolored by the fire, is large enough to suggest a substantial piece of furniture. This piece was found toward the center of the room, at some remove from several masses of charcoal and other material lined up along the eastern wall. Taken together, these deposits of burned wood, bronze, bone, and ivory lead us to imagine the splendid appearance of the megaron’s furniture, decorated with various colored woods,18 bronze fittings, and ivory and bone inlays and attachments. About halfway along the left side wall rested a piece of furniture of some size. Underneath the remains of charcoal were a series of ivory plaques (128– 139) arrayed in an irregular line extending about 1.50 m. The photos of the objects taken while still in situ are unfortunately not very clear,19 but suggest that a series of plaques was arranged in a single line along two or three stretches, as one line lies at a distinctly different angle from the other (Young 1960:240; Simpson 2022:215, fig. 4).20 Some plaques were reported to have been face down, indicating they were located on a different or facing part of the original piece of furniture. Although none of the inlays was still attached in its original location, the arrangement is indicative of

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their relative placement on an object. Each small panel (approximately 5 cm square) contains an isolated figure or group set within a simple, raised band frame. The three best preserved plaques show a griffin eating a fish (128), an armed horseman (129), and a deer with its head turned back (130). The other fragments appear either to repeat these figures, sometimes facing the opposite direction, or depict other scenes that cannot be fully reconstructed. In addition to the panels with figural decoration, there were a series of what may have been as many as eight panels decorated with a plain raised central square, attached by an iron pin protruding from the back (139). Such square decorative panels are seen in much of the wooden furniture from Tumulus MM, as well as on a large table from Tumulus P that uses colored woods to create a similar simple square-in-square design (Young 1981: fig. 39E; Simpson and Spirydowicz1999: fig. 74). The plaque with the most interesting scene depicts a griffin with a tail ending in a bird’s head and a large fish hanging from its beak (128)21. Comparable scenes occur frequently in Phrygian art in a variety of media. A painted sherd from post-Destruction Level fill shows two preserved panels, each with a single hawk holding a fish in its beak (Young 1968a:236, pl. 76, fig. 20; Sams 1994: no. 1051 [P 3476], pl. 159; 1971:542, no. 158).22 A wooden figure from Tumulus P depicts a griffin holding a fish in its mouth (Young 1981: TumP 111, pls. 23H, 24A, B; Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999: fig. 84). Two hawks clutching a fish, one by his tail and the other by its head, are carved in relief on an unusual red stone statue from what appears to be a Middle Phrygian context on the Citadel Mound (DeVries 1990: fig. 38). Although the griffin in the Megaron 3 inlay is carved on a small scale, there are enough significant stylistic features to ascribe the plaque to a Phrygian school of carving.23 A figure constrained within borders is a characteristic of many painted panels on Phrygian pottery (Young 1956: pl. 94, fig. 50; Sams 1994:277, no. 832, pl. 97, 1971:199, 481). The heavily sheathed, curving bird’s beak is comparable to the beaks on the hawks mentioned above, as well as the set of bone knobs for masking a joint discussed previously (83). This same feature is also repeated on the griffin decorating a comb (367) found on the Citadel Mound.24 Another characteristic of the Phrygian style is the lozenge-shaped eyes. Where the head is

preserved, these eyes are repeated on all the animals on these plaques, as well as on a ram’s head pin finial (397). The griffin’s tail terminating in a bird’s head was a widely popular motif in North Syrian art and adopted by Phrygian artists, as seen, for example, in the ivory comb (367), a bone piece in the shape of an animal’s tail terminating in a beaked head with a simple dot for an eye (157), as well as on a painted jug from Tumulus P (Sams 1974: fig. 2; Young 1981:35, TumP 56, fig. 19, pl. 17D, E). An additional hallmark of the Phrygian style is the way in which the creature’s shoulders and hindquarters are marked off with a crescent-shaped area outlined with a ladder band. This mannerism appears frequently on animals in Phrygian painted pottery, where it serves to separate the patterns on the neck from those on the body (Sams 1971:201). The same technique is found on animals on painted tiles (Akurgal 1955: pls. 52, 53, 55, 56), on bronze and wooden animals from Tumulus P (Young 1981: TumP 40, figs. 14B, pl. 13J, TumP 107, pl. 22C–F), as well as the lion on one of the ivory horse blinders (9). The animals on the small inlays from Megaron 3 stand with both far legs advanced, in contrast to the apparent preference on Phrygian painted pottery for showing animals in motion by advancing the far front and near rear legs, as seen on a plaque with a man leading a bull discussed below (140).25 Another plaque decorated with a deer (130) shares the lozenge eye, as well as the outlined shoulder and flank, but is interesting primarily for its reverted head and protruding tongue. A wooden deer from Tumulus P is similarly depicted running with its head reverted and tongue extended (Young 1981:53, TumP 113, fig. 24B, pl. 24F). The deer’s elongated snout is echoed in a wooden figure, tentatively identified as a standing deer, from Tumulus P (Young 1981:52, TumP 112, fig. 24A, pl. 24C–E). The plaque carved with a horse and rider (129) is interesting for the warrior’s helmet with its large crest curving down in front.26 Oscar Muscarella has suggested that this equestrian warrior enjoys a close relationship with a mounted horseman on a relief from Tell Halaf (1967:67; Oppenheim 1933: pl. 18b); but beyond the general parallel in subject and the fact that both shields are decorated with two concentric circles, there is a distinct contrast between the delicate Phrygian figures and the heavy and clumsy North Syrian group. While the carved wooden panels from



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Megaron 3 discussed above show horsemen in a similar pose carrying a long spear and round shield decorated with an internal round boss (Young 1960: pl. 61, figs. 23 and 24; Spirydowicz 2018: pls. 8.10 and 8.11), the horses’ long undulating bodies contrast with the stolid horse on the ivory plaque. The incised diagonal lines detailing the horse’s tail are reminiscent of the treatment of the hair locks on the potnia of the ivory horse frontlet (1). This series of ivory plaques from Megaron 3 includes at least seven to nine other figured plaques (131–138), along with three or more other panels decorated with a plain raised square within a narrow frame (139). A total of 15 to 20 panels adorned either wooden stretchers or a large panel, such as the side of a chest. Because of the extensive damage, it is difficult to restore the original arrangement, but the fragment of a second plaque (135) with a deer looking in the opposite direction from the deer on 130, suggests that there may have been some pairs of matched plaques. The deer on 130 may also have been placed in relation to another plaque (131) that preserves three hooves of an animal walking left and what appears to be the arc of an animal’s neck as though the head were reverted. Since an ear does not show in the space where it is located on the panel with the deer (130), we may presume this plaque (131) showed a different, animal paired with a companion animal to create a balanced composition, much as on a jug from Tumulus P where a deer turns its head back to look at a goat in the adjacent panel (Young 1981: pl. 16e,f and 17a–c, TumP 55). The mounted horseman proceeding left (129) may have had a companion in 133 which unfortunately preserves only four hooves of an animal walking right. Although only a minute trace of an animal survives on 132, it might be a duplicate of the griffin on the more complete plaque (128). The repertoire of subjects included a warrior holding a large shield walking to the left in front of a horse (134) and another person who appears to be facing left while raising his left hand in the upper corner of the plaque (137). Other partial fragments give evidence for at least three or four additional plaques with animals, on one of which are two feline-like creatures posed back-to-back (136). The figured plaques have scratching on the back, indicating the use of glue to supplement the pins inserted through holes in the short sides or as practice cuts before finishing the figured scenes on the other

side (Simpson 2011:192, 2022:216); they may have been inset into wooden framing pieces that covered the plain edges extending beyond the raised frames. In contrast, the plaques with a raised square design (139) had frames placed at their very edge and were secured directly on their backing with a central iron pin. A reconstructed, ivory and gold-covered throne and bed from Tomb 79 at Salamis in Cyprus suggest how such lavishly decorated furniture might have appeared (Karageorghis 1974:11, pls. XXXIV, 3–6; XXXV; LIX–LXII; A-color; Feldman 2014: pls. 16, 18).27 Both pieces were completely encased in ivory decoration done in an Egyptianizing Phoenician style and dated to the 8th century BCE based on comparisons from Nimrud (Karageorghis 1974:92, 95).28 Among the attachments were a series of six small plaques, only slightly larger than the examples from Megaron 3, carved in sets of opposing sphinxes and reconstructed as arranged in a row in one stretcher in the headboard of the bed (Karageorghis 1974: pl. LXVII). A slender bone cylinder with an incised row of five lotus petals (237) found toward the right rear corner of Megaron 3 could have been part of a high-status ornament used by the person who sat on the decorated furniture. Despite its partial destruction by fire, the piece still preserves a fragment of gold foil originally pressed into the design’s surface. Similar bone and ivory cylinders found at Nimrud either served as furniture decoration or as handles of fly whisks or fans (Baker 1966: fig. 324; Barnett 1975:211, pls. LXXIX (S 270–271), LXXX (S 277), 1982: pl. 44a).29 Four comparable bone cylinders were found at Hasanlu (Muscarella 1980:142, nos. 270, 271a–c). The most complete shows the lotus flowers connected by looped stems with two additional rows of secondary petals at the top; opposed attachment holes are set at right angles to each other at the top and bottom, as on the Gordion cylinder. Lotus cylinders found in the cave of Zeus on Mt. Ida show the petals set in three individual rows rather than combined in separate flowers; the petals have a ridged border, with the mid-rib replaced by a large cross (Kunze 1935–1936:221, pl. 86, 19; Sakellarakis 1992: pls. 4b–d). The lotus design on the bone cylinder from Gordion is identical to several cylinders from Nimrud. It consists of five primary petals with a secondary row behind and each petal outlined and bisected by a

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single mid-rib (Barnett 1975: pl. LXCC (S 277l). Other examples from Nimrud vary the design by including an additional row of secondary leaves or omitting the petal edging or central rib. The similarities between the cylinders from Gordion and Nimrud, as well as the use of gold foil, common among the pseudo-Egyptian-Phoenician articles from the Northwest Palace at Nimrud, lead one to conclude that the lotus cylinder found in Megaron 3 was either an import from an Assyrian or North Syrian workshop or a very faithful, locally made copy. Nimrud has yielded several examples of such lotus cylinders still attached to palm capitals, as well as numerous unattached cylinders and capitals (Fig. 7.1; Barnett 1975: pls. LXXVII–LXXXI). These have been reconstructed in the form of a long staff, topped by one or more nude women standing back-to-back with a cushioned capital on their heads, above which rose a cylinder with incised lotus petals (Sakellarakis 1992: pl. 7e).30 The lotus cylinders at Hasanlu were found in association with a similar palm capital set on a torus base; its upper diameter exactly matches the lower diameter of the best-preserved lotus cylinder (Muscarella 1966:144, no. 272). An ivory piece from Crete preserves a palm capital with the feet of two figures still attached on the upper surface and a tenon for insertion into another object below (Sakellarakis 1992: pl. 2a; Hoffman 1997: pl. 20). At Toprakkale, an ivory figure of a nude woman grasping her breasts and wearing a polos has been linked with a squat version of the palm capital (Loon 1966:132, pl. XXXIV). Badly damaged, but intriguing fragments of just such an ivory capital were also found in the adjacent area of Megaron 3 (195). The two largest fragments preserve three of what were originally 14 to 16 everted fronds springing from a plain torus base. Both the upper and lower surfaces were scratched for attachment.31 Although it is impossible to tell if these two pieces belonged to the same object, a pair of holes at both the top and bottom of the cylinder indicates that it was attached to other parts. The presence of these pieces together in a building that seems fitted out for a high-status person suggests that a composite handle, perhaps part of a fly whisk, was either brought here from a North Syrian source or replicated locally. We know that the later king Midas dedicated a throne where he sat to make his decisions and, according to

Fig. 7.1  Nimrud, ivory handle reconstruction. (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)



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Herodotus, a sight worth seeing at Delphi (I.14). So, we may be allowed to imagine his grandfather resplendent on just such a magnificently decorated chair, dispensing pronouncements with a staff or fly whisk in hand, feasting and imbibing beer or wine with other royal officials in the inner room of the sumptuous Megaron 3.32

Horse and Rider Appliqué Not too long after the construction of Megaron 3, the Terrace Building complex was built on a platform rising immediately behind it to the south and west. Thereafter Megaron 4 was erected parallel to the north wall of Megaron 3. Despite its raised setting, about 1.80 m higher than Megaron 3, and a wide cobbled ramp at the front approach, Megaron 4 presented a more modest appearance on the outside.33 It shared the same interior arrangements as Megaron 3, including a gallery in the inner room. The deep Destruction Level fill within the building was more disturbed than in Megaron 3, with the southern portions of the long walls destroyed by foundations of a later Middle Phrygian building and much of the fill debris churned up by attempts to retrieve the contents of the building after the fire. Nevertheless, several recovered pieces suggest Megaron 4 may have held equally lavish furnishings.34 The building’s status is hinted at by a large gold piece found in undisturbed fill immediately outside the building’s front wall. It served to reinforce the corner of a wooden object and still held five of its original eight nails. Several ivory pieces were discovered in a hole for a gallery support post at the center of the rear wall of the inner room, a hole that was dug down into the original terrace fill. The assortment of objects from this cache, most badly broken or burned, include fragments of a lion head (13), an á jour appliqué of a rider and two horses (150), and what the excavator Rodney Young described as “chunks and chips” (755), all of which led him to conclude that they represented the output and waste of an ivory carver’s workshop (1964a:287). He surmised that Megaron 4 itself could not have served as a manufacturing location, but that the pieces must have derived from manufacturing activity carried out on the surface of the terrace fill prior to its extension to the north to accommodate Megaron 4. Beyond their fragmentary state, there is

little about the ivory remains to define them as debris from a workshop; several of the fragmentary pieces are shaped and still retain small attachment pegs in place. Their incomplete condition seems more a result of damage occurring during the Destruction Level fire or a later disturbance rather than evidence of an unfinished object.35 The delicate appliqué strip shows a lively pair of horses and a rider contained between a finely grooved frame above and below (150). The outstretched pose suggests a gallop, contradicted somewhat by grounding all the hooves firmly on the base line.36 A second pair of detached tails attests to there being at least one additional set of horses. Unfortunately, a large piece laminated off from the body of the near horse, making it impossible to determine whether the single preserved rider was astride the near or far horse. A single rider with two horses, one barely emerging from behind the other, is frequently seen in hunt scenes of Assurnasirpal in the Throne Room of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud where a single rider sits atop the far horse, while both hands are occupied holding a spear and bow (Barnett 1960: pl. 27). In the reliefs on the bronze gates of Shalmaneser in Balawat, there are numerous examples of single riders on a foreground horse, with a small bit of the companion horse emerging in the background (Barnett 1960: pl. 161). This may be an intentional arrangement of horses and rider, since there are many other examples in the same corpus that show separate riders atop two overlapping horses. The horse’s bridle and trappings are shown in careful detail. A significant feature is the leaf-shaped blinder, which, for artistic reasons, is minimized to avoid covering the eye.37 The five similar, but more spade-shaped, blinders from Terrace Building Room 2 illustrate the type (5–9). Comparable blinders made of bronze and ivory have been discovered at several sites ranging from Nimrud to Miletos and they date to the 8th and 7th centuries; these were noted in the previous discussion of the horse trappings. The bridle in this appliqué, although done on a small scale, shows telling details: a band stretching from high on the neck down around the throat and secured by a strap over the forehead in front of the ears, with a second band that splits into three smaller straps before attaching to the nose band. This same type of bridle with a small blinder is found on reliefs of Assurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 BCE) (Budge 1914: pls. XIV–XV.1;

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Medvedskaya 1988: figs. 1, 1 and 5, 1–2), with variations in contemporary North Syrian reliefs.38 A variation on the bridle with two straps attached to the nose band appears on a pair of slender leaping horses pulling a chariot on a pyxis from the Burnt/Southeast Palace at Nimrud (Barnett 1975:190, S 1; pl. XVIII; Winter 1976a: fig. 13). Whereas the spade-shaped blinder was clearly known in Gordion at the time and could easily have been adapted by a Phrygian ivory carver, the style of the sleek horse seems inconsistent enough with his stolid companion in the Megaron 3 ivory plaque (129) to make one question local manufacture for this piece. Were it not for its discovery deep within the end of the 9th century BCE Destruction Level fill of Megaron 4, one might be inclined to assign this appliqué to a later period. Distinctive features, such as the horse’s long curved body, the high croup and the prominent rear hock, and the rider’s diminutive size in comparison to his steed, are well attested characteristics of Protocorinthian pottery of the first half of the 7th century BCE;39 however, Sams offers a comparison to the elongated animals found on orthostats from Ankara (Akurgal 1962: pl. 137), which he sees as “essentially Phrygian versions of the Assyrianizing phase of North Syrian monumental sculpture” (1993:553). An à jour plaque from Room 37 at Fort Shalmaneser in Nimrud shows a similarly elongated and slender horse with a comparable bridle pulling a chariot (Mallowan 1966: fig. 462; Barnett 1975: pl. CXXXVIII, suppl 39; Herrmann 1986: pl. 161, no. 657.)

Middle Phrygian Period Bone and ivory objects found in the Destruction Level fill have a terminus ante quem of ca. 800 BCE. The contents of buildings erected during the Middle Phrygian period, however, are not as precisely datable. Many structures show signs of extended use, frequently with multiple alterations. Not only might the contents have accumulated over a long period, but some items were occasionally shifted upwards to layers of much later periods as later inhabitants dug cellars and pits down through earlier strata. Assigning individual pieces to chronological periods requires establishing subject-matter and stylistic links with material recovered from other more closely dated locations.40

Contents of the PPB PPB (also known as the Persian-Phrygian Building) is a structure that appears to have enjoyed a long and complicated history. It lies to the west of the administrative complex on a defensive bastion at the northwest edge of the Citadel Mound. While it was originally thought to have been built during the Early Phrygian period and continued in use, with modifications, until at least the 5th century BCE, it is now seen as a Middle Phrygian construction (Sams, pers. comm.; Voigt 2012a:99, n. 6.3; Rose 2021:52–53). It subsequently suffered a later intrusion when a Hellenistic, stone-lined shaft-well was cut through one corner.41 Two exceptional and well-preserved, ivory inlays were found just above its floor level: a square inlay showing a man restraining a striding bull (140) and a triangular inlay with a goat shown resting one hoof on a palmette tree (141). The motif of a man walking beside an animal is one that has a long history in the Near East (Bier 1976:120, n. 6).42 A group of reliefs from the Lion Gate at Arslantepe near Malatya depict several instances of a diminutive man and bull processing behind a tall figure.43 In each case the leading personage is shown pouring a libation before a divinity (Delaporte 1940: pls. XIX–XX, XXII–XXIV; Orthman 1971: pls. 40b–c, 41f ). Another version, with a goat replacing the bull, appears on a relief from the Water Gate at Carchemish (Woolley 1921: no. 5, B30a).44 In both cases the attendant grasps only the animal’s horn.45 A small relief discovered in 1972 at İvriz, carved on rock opposite the well-known Warpalawas relief (ca. 750–700 BCE) captures a similar scene of a diminutive man and bull walking behind a large, robed figure (Bier 1976:115–126, figs. 2–5). Although poorly preserved and executed in a rough style, the man closely replicates the pose on the Gordion ivory, grabbing the curled horn in one hand and placing his other hand on the animal’s rump.46 A stone relief from Gordion shows an over-sized bull in one panel paired with a smaller image of Matar (Mellink 1983: pl. 73, 4; Prayon 1987: pl. 9c). This association has triggered speculation that, despite the goddess’ apparent preference for hawks as her companion, the bull here represents a different divine companion.47 While the motif of a man leading a bull



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frequently appears in a divine context, there is no direct evidence that the Gordion plaque (140) by itself gave any divine meaning to the bull. Although the figures’ proportions have been adjusted to fit within the frame, the bull is modeled in bold, realistic details. The closest comparisons are found in the bulls’ head attachments on the cauldron from Altıntepe (Akurgal 1961:54, fig. 31). The bronze bulls display the same profile: a square nose and small, rounded receding lower lip, with similar short, upcurved horns, a small ear, and prominent eye and upper lid, all set on a very thick neck.48 A small bronze bull from Samos shows a similar combination of thick body, short legs, square nose, curled up horns, and protruding chest ( Jantzen 1972:69, pl. 68). The seamless integration of the head and body shows that the ivory carver was not simply copying an independent head type but was familiar enough with the animal to produce a realistic figure. Stationed behind the bull, the man appears with his head in profile and upper torso turned frontally, while using both hands to control the bull. With an awkward gesture, the man breaks out of his background plane and places his hand across the bull’s rear flank. The bull responds by curling its tail up over the man’s arm. The man’s feet appear behind and between the bull’s legs, but his back foot, just at the break, seems strangely dislocated from his torso above. The man wears a simple short-sleeved costume held at the waist by a banded belt. He is represented as a mature adult with a full beard and long hair secured in place by a broad fillet. It is the distinctive rendition of these features that hint at the man’s background. His beard tapers to a point below his chin with two rows of three curls on his cheek. His hair is divided into two sections: close waves cover the crown of his head, while below the fillet it is gathered in the back in three rows of tight curls. The royal reliefs from Assyria offer the most definitive comparisons for this hair style. The fillet was a common form of Assyrian headgear, showing minor changes in different periods. The man on the ivory inlay wears a bordered band that widens in the front. This style, favored by kings and commoners alike, was most popular in the 9th century BCE. The royal version in the time of Assurnasirpal II was normally elaborated with rosettes (Madhloom 1970: pl. XLI, 3). It was part of the uniform of the

Turtan (commander-in-chief ) from the 9th century BCE through the reign of Sargon II, while other officers are usually shown wearing a fillet that broadens in the back (Madhloom 1970: pls. XXXIV, 2; XXIII, 4b; XXXVIII, a). A simple fillet, usually wide in front, is also the most common headgear of foreigners, beginning in the 9th century BCE.49 Although the broadened band appears as late as the Sargonid period, it was most common during the 9th century BCE in the reign of Assurnasirpal II (883–859 BCE). The beard, despite its roughness, does show distinctive characteristics, also paralleled in Assyrian reliefs. Beards were a measure of rank, with royalty given the privilege of the longest beard, and foreigners and soldiers confined to shorter ones (Madhloom 1970:87). Although pointed beards were seldom worn by the Assyrians, except by soldiers in the 9th century BCE, they appear as the standard form among foreigners. The closest comparison to the beard on the Gordion plaque is found in a later 9th century BCE relief of Shalmaneser III at Nimrud (Madhloom 1970: pl. LV, 6a, b). Assyrian hair styles showed similar changes between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE. In the early period, the hair was long and pushed out in an oblique line over the shoulders (Madhloom 1970: pl. XL, 1). This flaring hair style is found on Assyrian objects dated in both the 9th and 8th centuries BCE (Curtis et al. 1993:20, fig. 20), including ivory plaques from Ziwiye, probably dating to the late 8th or early 7th century BCE (Godard 1950:93, fig. 81). By the Sargonid period, the hair was cut shorter and squared off to rest on the shoulder (Madhloom 1970: pl. XL, 3). The earlier style is clearly closer to the one shown on the Gordion plaque. Whereas the bull appears to be influenced by a prototype found in late 8th century BCE bronze cauldron attachments from Urartu, the man walking behind seems to have adopted his hair and dress styles from Assyrian modes of the third quarter of the 9th century BCE. The question remains as to how these differences in chronology and geography became reconciled on this small ivory plaque from Gordion and what its implications are for dating the ivory panel. Sams believes that this inlay and the goat and palmette inlay (141) discussed below were possibly Early Phrygian imports from North Syrian that found their way to a later context in PPB (1993:552, n. 36).

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In Phrygian art, the human figure seems to have played a decidedly secondary role to animals, both real and fantastic. But in a place where abstract designs and patterns were often the highest form of artistic expression, it frequently followed that even real animals and plants were coerced into artificial scenes. In some cases, local beliefs consciously guided the artist in selecting a subject; at other times, he may have simply found a motif appealing and unknowingly replicated a scene that had religious significance in another culture. Alternatively, the object itself may have been carved abroad and imported as a curio. One of these factors may explain the origins of the second inlay from PPB: a triangular ivory piece carved with a goat surrounded by a sinuous palmette bush (141).The relief is so shallow that the animal lacks any credible anatomical modeling, aside from groups of short oblique incisions on the flanks, in the mid-section, down the neck, and on the horns. These lines do not indicate any natural feature of a goat but serve purely as a decorative device. The use of transverse lines on the neck and horns is common on Phrygian pottery, appearing not only on goats, but also on bulls and other animals (Young 1957: pl. 93, fig. 25; Smithsonian Inst. Catalogue 1966: fig. 105).50 The confined space limits the goat’s activity, but a single raised hoof suggests its interest in the sprawling palmette bush behind and in front of him. Two branches spring from a central palmette, each of which rests on a fleur-de-lis base. The goat rampant on the sacred tree is first seen in cylinder seals of the Uruk period (Barnett 1975:87). In some instances, the tree was transformed into a date palm, which became a fertility symbol (Barnett 1975:88). The goat’s rampant pose may symbolize its malevolent character, notorious for destroying valuable low vegetation.51 The goat and sacred tree appear several times in the ivories recovered at Nimrud. A tall pyxis is decorated with goats displaying the same oblique lines on their necks (Barnett 1975:195, pl. XXXVII, S49a–t) and this feature is repeated on a second pyxis where the goats leap up on a very elaborate sacred tree (Barnett 1975:195, pls. XXIII and XXIV, S 50).52 A breakdown of the basic elements of this tree reveals that it is like the tree on the Gordion ivory. Springing from the main section of the tree are two long branches ending in a smaller palmette behind the

goat’s back. Although it is more elaborate in its details, the structure is similar, with each palmette rising from a volute cup. The treatment of the horns, with one curling forward and the other back, both covered with incised transverse lines, is replicated in Assyrian art, as seen in kneeling goats flanking a single palmette embroidered on the clothing of Assurnasirpal II in an early 9th century BCE relief from Nimrud (Budge 1914: pl. 1; Godard 1950: fig. 67). The imagery of the goat and tree was not exclusive to Mesopotamia but was popular over a long period in Anatolian and North Syrian art (Pfälzner 2015:201–204). From Tell Halaf comes a close comparison: a semicircular gold plaque with the figures enhanced by color enamel inlays. It shows two goats rampant on a double-tiered tree topped by a six-petal palmette (Oppenheim 1933: pl. III, 4; Hrouda 1962: pl. 1, 1). The goats carry similar slashes on their neck, body, and flanks. This mannerism is also reflected in many of the small orthostats from the site (Hrouda 1962: pls. 49, 50a, 51b, 55a, 64b, 65). There are comparable representations on 6th and 5th century BCE architectural tiles from Pazarlı (Akurgal 1955: pls. 54–55, fig. 48) and Gordion,53 where the Phrygian penchant for painted patterns leaves the goats covered with a variety of designs in complete disregard for reality. By this late date, the tree was abbreviated to the exclusion of its large palmette flowers, leaving only small fleur-de-lis buds. Based on its stylistic features, this ivory inlay of a goat and palmette represents a Phrygian translation of a venerable eastern theme that went on to become a standard local motif in a variety of media. Whether this piece belongs to the Middle Phrygian period or earlier is left undetermined for lack of a securely dated context. Another remarkable piece of ambiguous date from the mixed fill of PPB is a large ivory bolster divided into three flat decorative bands separated by deeply recessed curved sections (163). No nail holes survive in the preserved portion. It must have been secured to a flat surface by attachment holes in the now missing extensions, as the piece is too large and heavy to have served as a lifting device if it had been affixed solely by glue. The outer bands are decorated with diamonds set off by raised outlines, a pattern that continues down the lower extensions. The central



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band is covered with two rows of squared meanders done in five different patterns, each set off by short, depressed lines.54 The designs on all three bands were set off by inlays in some contrasting material, punctuated by three rows of tiny silver pins. The finished effect would have been a lively display of the Phrygian tradition of fine marquetry evident in wood, bronze, and textiles.55 There are numerous enough parallels for these decorative motifs in pieces from the major tumuli to argue for dating the object in either the Early or Middle Phrygian period. The tripartite division of the bolster is well attested in the bolsters on bronze bowls in Tumulus MM (Young 1981:129, MM 66 and 67, pl. 67B, C). Strips of recessed diamonds highlighted with studs appear on the terminal plaques of leather belts in the same tomb (Young 1981:150, MM 170, fig. 95A, pl. 73G) and a wooden stand in Tumulus W (Young 1981:217, TumW 80, fig. 129, pl. 94G). Imaginative arrays of meander swastika variations cover the inlaid wooden serving stands in Tumulus MM and show up in Tumulus P on fabric fragments, a bronze belt, and several pots (Young 1981:179, MM 378, fig. 104, pl. 44A, B; 305, Fabric G, fig. 148; 19, TumP 34, fig. 9E).56 These are common patterns that appear on many examples of pottery from the Citadel Mound (Sams 1994: fig. 63, 6, pl. 99 #1047, 129 #1065A [studded diamonds]; pls. 29, 32, 97, 128, 129, 131; fig. 63, 2 and 3A [meander/swastikas]). In addition to these finely carved ivory decorative pieces, PPB was also the source of a large group of plain veneer plaques pierced for attachment to a larger object (282). At least eleven of the plaques are segments of a very gentle arc. Among the group of six to nine rectangular plaques, one preserves a small ivory peg pushed in flush with the surface. Differences in scoring on the back—most with fine diagonal lines, but some with a rougher scratching—not only indicate the pieces were secured with glue, but also suggest they were either prepared by two different craftspeople or used on different objects. Many of the plaques retained a thick coat of lime plaster adhering to the back. On each piece, both curved and rectangular, one long edge is rounded off, perhaps indicative of its placement along an outside edge, with the opposite edge butted up against something else.57

Warrior Plaque A small and simply incised plaque displaying a sword-wielding man confronting a rosette, which may represent a discarded shield, was found in mixed fill in Area A of the Lower Town just north of Küçük Höyük (142). The date of the context is uncertain, but the style suggests a likely assignment to the Middle Phrygian period. Although different in execution from the man and bull plaque (140), there are several points of reference: the short tunic with banding around the sleeves and the differentiation of the hair on the crown from the locks that hang down in back. The warrior’s exaggerated profile with its large eye, prominent pointed nose and lips rendered by a simple slash is close enough to the head of a sphinx on a comb (367) to suggest they may have been carved in the same workshop. The comb was found in an equally uncertain context in a foundation trench of a wall built in the Middle Phrygian period. Both the comb and this small plaque hark back to a figure with a similar profile, facial characteristics, and shoulder length hair found on an early 9th century BCE orthostat from the Outer Citadel Gate at Zincirli (von Luschan 1902: fig. 119; Gilibert 2011:64, Zincirli #31). The bent knee running pose goes back to neo-Assyrian antecedents (Barnett 1970: pl. VI) that spread westward to Lydia,58 Greece,59 and even as far as Iberia (Sanz 2014:228–229) in the Archaic period. Whether meant to represent the man’s shield or serve simply as a filler ornament, the casually executed rosette in the field in front of the warrior most closely corresponds to two decorative rosettes (229, 232) that date to the Late Phrygian-Hellenistic periods.

Winged Sun Disc Insert A thick ivory plaque elegantly carved with a winged sun disc (143) was found out of context in an upper layer on the Citadel Mound, but stylistically it certainly belongs to the Middle Phrygian period. A roughly finished tenon attached the plaque to another object at its upper margins.60 The preserved lower edges indicate it either hung free or was meant to contrast with a background of a different color or material. The winged sun disc had a lengthy ancestry in Egypt and the Near East. It originated as a manifestation of Horus the falcon incarnate in the Egyptian pharaoh

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(Frankfort 1954:66). By the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE, Syrian artists adopted the device on cylinder seals; from there it passed on to the Hittites who associated its prestige with the royal monogram (Van Buren 1945:94–95; Gurney 1952:212, fig. 16). During its transfer through North Syria, the motif merged with the Babylonian sun symbol; as a result, the Hittite sun is often shown as a star, in contrast to the plain Egyptian disc. The Hittites added a crescent moon below the sun, and further elaborated it by attaching a pendent palm below. The winged sun disc plaques examined below are reminiscent of, but very different from, the 9th century BCE versions depicted on the ivory horse trappings discussed in Chapter 3. On the Gordion ivory the plain sun disc is encircled by a jeweled line and cushioned within a crescent moon outlined with a plain band. Multiple rows of scaly secondary feathers spread out toward the two rows of sloping primary feathers, each with a central spine. Below hangs a pendant palm with short central fronds and fragmentary hints of an additional series of fronds or feathers, set back at a deeper plane. The design on this insert varies in its essential elements from the winged disc on the horse frontlets (1–4), perhaps indicative of its slightly later date. Whereas the winged sun disc on the frontlet appears most closely derived from a North Syrian version, the motif on the insert traces its ancestry more directly back to a Hittite tradition. A second example of an ivory winged disc carved on a slightly larger scale was found in a Middle Hellenistic context in an area at the western edge of the mound (144). Its style likewise suggests a manufacture date in the Middle Phrygian period. This piece preserves only a small fragment of the sun disc and adjacent scaly feathers. Here the disc is bordered with a simple band, beyond which are two neat rows of small knobs. Among the articles recovered from the temple at Altıntepe are fragments of three plaques with a winged sun disc similar in design to the example from Gordion (Fig. 7.2; Özgüç 1969:88–89, pl. XLVII, 1–3, figs. 46–47). One of the Altıntepe plaque fragments that is particularly close shows an outlined sun disc resting on a crescent moon, with scaly secondary feathers above and pendant feathers below framed by an upward curving spiral element. The other two fragments show added supporting palmette leaves and large spirals. These Altıntepe ivories were found

Fig. 7.2  Altıntepe, ivory sun disc (redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

in the debris of the temple gallery and were assigned by the excavator to the middle of the 8th century BCE (Özgüç 1969:91). Examples of the winged sun disc are plentiful at Nimrud, both in the Northwest Palace and at Fort Shalmaneser. Five ivories from Room X of the Northwest Palace share the basic elements of the Gordion examples, with some minor variations and additions, primarily in the elaboration of the pendent palm which sprouts flower buds and long tendrils (Barnett 1975:181–182, pl. X, D 10a–e). In Room SW.7 of Fort Shalmaneser, excavators recovered a series of ivory panels that adorned a large piece of furniture, probably made around 730 BCE (Mallowan 1966:485, fig. 382, 1974:19). Crowning the top of every panel is a winged sun disc, each one differing slightly in the details: the jeweled line around the sun is enlarged in proportion to the size of the disc, while the crescent moon is omitted and the scale-like secondary feathers are replaced by a plain area.

Palm Capital Appliqué Another decorative piece of high quality is an ivory appliqué in the shape of a cushion capital of broad, pendant palm leaves, resting on a double row of spiky leaves springing from a torus base (145). Although excavated in a Hellenistic context, the style suggests it belongs within the Middle Phrygian period, probably in the second half of the 8th century BCE. As noted previously in the discussion of the lotus cylinder



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(237) and the associated fragments of a similar capital found in Megaron 3 (195), this motif was a south Anatolian-North Syrian invention of the Neo-Hittite period (Akurgal 1968:83–93). Although originally designed for architectural use, it became a recurrent motif in both simple and highly elaborated forms on furniture and smaller objects.61 The three elements of the capital—the pendant palm leaves, the shorter spiky upright leaves and the torus—can be found in varying combinations and positions at a number of sites. An early version from Ras Shamra that served as part of the support for an ivory pedestal table preserves a row of palm leaves rising from a base of four stacked thin tori (Schaeffer 1954:59, fig. 7; Gachet-Bizollon 2007:148, no. 273, pls. 27, 89, fig. 52). A torus bordered by necking rings eased the transition from the straight column to the rounded capital and an intervening row of short spiky leaves was occasionally added. This capital shape was transmitted to many areas, in one instance by the actual export of a stone capital to Assur (Akurgal 1968: fig. 49), but most commonly through smaller works of bronze and ivory. Ivory palm capitals nearly identical to the Gordion piece were found among the remnants of a throne in the palace at Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: pl. 63a–g, figs. 181–183; Akurgal 1968: fig. 44). On one stone base from Zincirli, a second row of palm leaves in an upright position was set beneath an intervening torus (Akurgal 1968: fig. 35). These broad pendent leaves are also a standard feature of palm capitals from Tell Halaf (Akurgal 1968: fig. 56). Ivory examples from Zincirli (Fig. 7.3) show double palm capitals surrounded by upright leaves at their base, one stacked atop the other, with the bottom capital inverted (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: pl. 63, A–G; Decamps de Mertzenfeld 1954: pl. CXXXIV, nos. 1213, 1214, 1220; Akurgal 1966: fig. 45). Through the export or capture of various pieces of furniture, the Assyrians came to assimilate the motif into their own decorative art. As noted in the earlier discussion, the palm capital was a component of flywhisk handles, such as those found in the Southeast Palace at Nimrud. The palm capital from Nimrud that most closely resembles the Gordion ivory is topped by an added element: a domed cap carved with a petal rosette (Barnett 1975: pl. LXXVIII, S 258). Eventually Greeks of western Anatolia adapted the form as the Aeolic capital and used it in both large

Fig. 7.3  Zincirli, ivory palm capital (redrawn by A. Anderson)

Fig. 7.4  Olympia, palm capital (redrawn by A. Anderson)

architectural settings, as well as on smaller objects. The further westward journey of the palm capital is attested in bronzes from Olympia (Fig. 7.4). One example dated to the second half of the 8th century BCE is nearly identical to the piece from Gordion (Akurgal 1968:98, fig. 54). The ivory capital appliqué likely derives from a south Anatolian-North Syrian workshop of the second half of the 8th century BCE.

Palm Tree Appliqués An ivory appliqué in the shape of a palm tree capital (147) was found during the process of cleaning around the base of a large pithos embedded in the floor of a cellar dug into the Middle Phrygian clay layer laid down near the Early Phrygian Wall. The central trunk and two flanking volutes, each with a pendant fruit, spring from a base of four tori. The palm leaves fan out above in neat arcs, three on each side, flanking a central lozenge and two secondary points in the background.62

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Fig. 7.5  Altıntepe, palm capital (redrawn by A. Anderson)

A close companion was found on the earliest floor in the fourth unit of Building A (146), a structure to the south of the main City Gate that was originally constructed in the early part of the Middle Phrygian period but continued in use until the late 4th century BCE (Sams and Burke 2007:331, fig. 7; Burke 2012). Although approximately the same size as 147, despite the absence of a torus base, the palm leaves are outlined, incisions are added to the central lozenges, and three stems terminate in scaly fruits or buds hanging down from the volutes. Several examples of similar appliqués, one of which is a nearly exact parallel to 147, come from the Urartian temple at Altıntepe (Fig. 7.5). Despite minor variations in proportions between the elements, the basics are so nearly identical as to suggest they were carved by the same person (Özgüç 1969:87–88, pl. XLVI, 1–4, fig. 45).63 The same might be said of another example found in Tumulus D at Bayındır; it differs in the addition of a fourth leaf to the palmette and a jeweled band at the top of the trunk (Özgen and Özgen 1988:194, no. 56, pl. 56).

Volute Tree Panel Ivory was an expensive material, so evidence of its reuse is not unexpected. An ivory insert decorated with a four-tiered volute tree crowned by a five-petal palmette (148) is one example of such reuse. The plaque was originally carved with the edges following the design’s contour and was held in place by inserting tenons on the short ends into a wooden frame and securing the piece with a small iron nail. At some later date, perhaps explaining its appearance in a layer later in time than its style would suggest, part of the design

was carelessly cut back on one long side to create a third tenon for insertion into a new object. The decorative motif is an extremely stylized version of the Assyrian sacred tree motif that migrated around the Near East in various forms as it was adapted to local mythology. An orthostat relief from Sakçe Gözü carved in the third quarter of the 8th century BCE shows two genii flanking a sacred tree beneath the outspread wings of a sun symbol (Akurgal 1968: pl. 15a). In its basic elements, this palm tree corresponds almost exactly with the design on the ivory plaque. The main difference is that the tree on the orthostat is firmly bedded on a scaled trunk, while the tree on the ivory piece rests on a V-shaped tongue. Otherwise, the two are identical in their tight, volute leaves, central row of triangles, and the crowning palmette design.

Elements of Patterns The Phrygians were enamored with a variety of decorative patterns and motifs, as evident in the dense decorations covering pottery, as well as objects of bronze and wood.64 One of the liveliest, free-form examples of this tendency is the “carpet” translated into a pebble mosaic on the floor of Megaron 2 (Young 1957: pl. 89, fig. 57, 1965; Holzman 2019:550–551).65 The random scatter of shapes includes a swastika, hour-glass, meander, diamond, and square, and a rosette set in a prominent place next to the central hearth. Trade in carpets, textiles, furniture, and pottery may explain how such geometric designs found their way into the Phrygians’ repertoire. The bone and ivory decorative pieces included in this catalogue were found on both the Citadel Mound and in tumuli. They illustrate this extensive design vocabulary: rosettes (228–236), guilloches (242–244), dotted circles (245–254), chevrons (255–257), zigzags (258–260), meanders (261–262), and ladders (263). Many individual elements were combined to create larger designs. The two collections of ivory petals, diamonds, and triangles from Tumuli F (late 7th century BCE) (311–312, 314–316, 341) and D (ca. 575– 550 BCE) (313, 317, 342–344) hint at designs that decorated the funerary furniture and gifts consumed on the pyre with the departed. The rosette on 228 may belong in a tradition of a net pattern design that began in the east and eventually found its way west. The geometric pattern, created



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with a compass, was “well understood in Western Asia from an early date, since it formed the subject of a mathematical problem on a clay tablet of the old Babylonian period” (Barnett 1975:64, quoted in Shefton 1989:47). This design showed up in the east on 8th century Assyrian reliefs illustrating carpet patterns, as well as on Phoenician ivories and metal bowls. When it came to Greek workshops, it tended to be used as an isolated motif (Shefton 1989:51).66 The rosette from Gordion seems to be even further removed from the original net pattern as shown by broken connection between the petal points and the circle fragments on the circumference of the design, but the size and prominent placement of a six-petal rosette in the mosaic floor of Megaron 2 indicates that this was a symbolically significant motif for the inhabitants of Gordion.67 Patterns were often based on naturalistic elements, such as the hint of an incised lotus and palmette chain preserved on a small fragment of ivory inlay from a cremation burial that preceded the primary mid-6th century BCE burial in Tumulus C (239).68 The inclusion of eleven petals on the palmette and the open lotus flower are unusual elements that distinguish it from the typical chains on East Greek pottery (Kohler 1958:111–112), but these features commonly appear on Corinthian architectural terracottas during later periods (Roebuck 1994). A close comparison for the Gordion piece is seen in a chain of lotus flowers and palmettes incised on the back of a bronze breastplate from Olympia (Curtius and Adler 1890:154, pl. 59). Its eleven-petal palmette and large C-spirals match the ivory inlay. This breastplate is considered a Cretan (Lamb 1929:59–64) or Creto-Peloponnesian work of the mid-7th century BCE (Picard 1935:498, fig. 157), which suggests a contemporary date for the Gordion inlay. Another comparison to this lotus and palmette chain is found on a silver amphora from a 5th to 4th century BCE burial at Kukuwa Mogila, near Duvanlij in Bulgaria, as was previously noted by Ellen Kohler.69

Late Phrygian Period Tumulus A Ivories The Late Phrygian cremation burial in Tumulus A (530–525 BCE)70 contained a rich assortment of goods: a large amount of gold and jewelry ( J 1–26),

an Egyptian alabastron (ST 1), and an East Greek plastic terracotta in the shape of a woman clasping a bird to her breast (Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27).71 The ivories recovered included a small figurine (16), a miniature box in the shape of a duck (120), and decorative ivory pieces meant for attachment to other objects (70, 149, 151, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366). As a group, the ivories exhibit a style that combines traditional eastern decorative themes with influences from the Ionian world. A miniature horse’s head (151), preserving only an eye, ear, and upper section of mane, was attached by small ivory pegs to a flat surface, perhaps as part of a scene with other figures. It may have decorated a box or small piece of furniture, one of the many items added to the cremation pyre. Not enough remains to speculate on the position of the head. In her original study of the piece, Kohler saw Ionian influences and pointed to a comparable rendition of the distinctively crinkled mane among the contemporary horses on the frieze of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi (1958:156; La Coste-Messelière 1936: pls. 72–73). Another ivory piece in the shape of a Phoenician palmette (149) was discovered still adhering to the disc of a silver mirror (ILS 1); it masked the attachment to a handle, probably made of wood. The motif of a cluster of petals resting between two curved volutes is a familiar Phoenician decorative pattern, starting in the 7th century BCE. There are numerous examples on ivories from Nimrud (Barnett 1975: pls. VII, XXI, XXXII, CXXXV), as well as Arslan Taş (Thureau-Dangin et al. 1931: pls. XXVIII, 25 and XXIX, 26–27). Eventually the motif made its way to the East Greek world, as illustrated by a mid-6th century BCE cup from Vroulia in Rhodes (Cook 1960: fig. 23; Walter-Karydi 1973: pl. 76, no. 595). Two ovoid ivory inlays (337) from the burial are cut out in a palmette pattern meant to be filled with a contrasting material, secured by a peg sunk into the inner part of the spirals, as well as in each petal cavity. The scale of the scrolls in proportion to the petals is paralleled in ivories from Samaria (Crowfoot et al. 1938: pl. XV), an architectural molding on a 6th century BCE Ionic treasury at Delphi (Lawrence 1957: pl. 34a), and a vase by the Caeretan Painter (Cook 1960: pl. 35). A small triangular-shaped piece found with the palmettes indicates they may have been arranged in a quatrefoil pattern. This would underscore

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the likelihood of an Ionian source, as exemplified in a nearly identical arrangement found on the interior of several Little Master cups: one from the Heraion on Samos (Walter-Karydi 1973: pl. 49, no. 440a) and a second by the Osborne House Painter, labeled as a “quintessentially East Greek” design common from the mid-7th down into the 5th century BCE (Shefton 1989:61, fig. 12d). An ivory disc (332), perhaps blackened by the cremation fire, may have been meant for attachment to a contrasting background or possibly served as a lid for a small container. The decoration is a simple pattern of alternately plain and filled rectangles separated by double radial lines set between concentric circles. Discs with similar decoration were found at several places in Ephesos (Hogarth 1908: pl. XXXVIII, 1–14). A number of these had one side flat and the other convex (perhaps for use as whorls), whereas the Gordion disc is flat on both sides. One example found under the westward extension of the north wall of the Ephesian Basis (Hogarth 1908: pl. XLI, 20) had the filled rectangles crossed with dots in the four triangles, an arrangement echoed on the Gordion piece. Similar linear patterns appear on a semicylindrical bolster (165) also found in the burial. One of the most unusual pieces from Tumulus A is a flared ivory piece (366), close to 7 cm in height and 6.5 cm at its greatest diameter (now distorted by damage). Bands of double lines divide the surface into four zones, two plain and two with incised designs. The preserved section of the bottom zone is dominated by a large double-banded circle, while the upper zone shows a parade of geese walking to the left. The general shape of the object suggests it was part of a small rhyton cup, a vessel well-known to the contemporary Persian residents of Gordion.72 Rhyta were conical or horn-shaped vessels, usually terminating in an animal head or protome with a hole through which liquid could be either drunk or poured as a libation. There are antecedents going back into the Bronze Age, but the Persians are bestknown for favoring the vessel. The Persians’ capture of Lydia in the 540s BCE brought the shape into common usage throughout western Anatolia,73 and may explain how an ivory rhyton cup came to be in the tumulus of an elite young woman at Gordion in the third quarter of the 6th century BCE. Rhyta were commonly made of pottery74 or metal,75 but

there are sufficient examples of ivory rhyta to indicate the material, while not favored, was not unusual.76 A remarkably similar ivory rhyton was found at the Samian Heraion in the southeast area of the sanctuary between the altar and the seashore (Brize 1992:166, pl. 3a). Despite having very thin walls, the piece is more completely preserved with the bottom portion bent at an angle and prepared with a collared socket to receive an animal protome terminal secured in place by four pins. It is simply decorated with two bands of ladder design near the rim and may have been lined with metal. The most interesting aspect of the Gordion rhyton is the band of three strutting geese with heads held up, down, or turned back. The goose was a familiar animal in Gordion, perhaps best represented nearly two hundred years earlier by the two gooseshaped vessels found in Tumulus P (Young 1981: pls. 15c–e, 16a–b). Whereas the earlier pottery examples render the feathers in highly stylized herringbone and triangular patterns, the geese on the ivory rhyton are shown with more natural markings. An echo of this composition is found in a line of painted geese on the interior lip of a Samian Little Master cup now in the J. Paul Getty Museum (Shefton 1989: fig. 1a–h). Scattered within a longer procession are three geese posed with heads down eating, heads turned back, and wings spread out.77 In light of the previous suggestion that the ivory kore figure found in the same tumulus (16) showed a connection with the worship of Artemis, it is interesting to note the appearance of a large number of bone plaques representing water birds found in 6th century BCE contexts in the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia (Dawkins 1929:216–217, pl. CXIII). A scatter of other badly broken ivory pieces from Tumulus A included items that could have been either inlays or objects of personal adornment (279). As a group, the decorative ivories from Tumulus A underscore the strong Ionian influences in Gordion at the midpoint of the 6th century BCE.

Bead and Reel Rods The group of rods lathe-turned in a bead and double reel molding poses interesting questions as to their purpose and method of attachment (175–182). They were recovered from contexts dated to Late Phrygian,



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Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Three examples (175) were collected from fill directly above the floor of Middle Phrygian Building M when it was dismantled; a second set of twenty-three rods (176) came from a pit dug through the building’s working floor. The rods are so similar in diameter and workmanship that it seems likely they were originally part of a single object. Some of the rods have a circular socket for holding another rod set at a right angle, and a number still preserve small iron nails for affixing them to another object. The placement of the sockets on the opposite side from the nails indicates the rods may have either been part of an open-work design or were attached inside a framed background panel, perhaps on a large box or chest. Their fragile nature indicates the piece of furniture they decorated must not have been subject to heavy use.78 Three other examples of such bead and reel rods show similar sets of rounded beads separated by fine double reels on a straight rod (177, 179, 180). A slight variation appears in the tapered profile of three badly delaminated rods (178). They all come from Late Phrygian or Hellenistic contexts, demonstrating the enduring popularity of the motif. The later examples are more crudely worked with misshaped and elongated beads framed by a varying number of reels (181) or with the flattened double reels equal in length to the barely rounded beads (182). The bead and reel design goes back to the Bronze Age, where it first appears on the shaft of pins found in Syria, Cyprus, and Palestine (Chéhab 1937: pl. V, no. 27; Barnett 1951: pl. XXVIII, no. 22; Jacobsthal 1956:153, nos. 474–478).79 Alternating bead types (rounded and ridged), as seen in the necklaces of two of the ivory figures from Antalya (Şare 2020: figs. 1 and 5), may signal another way the motif was spread. Craftspeople at Gordion would have been familiar with the bead and reel motif used on fibulae from earlier periods (Muscarella 1967: pls. I, no. 2, IX, no. 49, XI, no. 58) and the same pattern was used on bronze decorative pieces, such as a rod (B 1767) from Middle Phrygian Building X. At some point, the design began to appear in furniture, as evidenced by a wooden leg from a Pazyryk kurgan of the 5th/4th century BCE (Rudenko 1951: pl. IX, no. 4). During the 6th century BCE, the bead and reel gained its greatest popularity as an architectural molding, early in eastern Lydia80 and later in mainland Greek buildings.

Engaged Cylinder Decorative Strips Another intriguing and unusual group of twelve ivory and bone attachment pieces comes from multiple locations on the Citadel Mound and primarily dates to the Late Phrygian or Hellenistic periods. Although each piece is unique in its details, they are alike in their basic form: a narrow strip with engaged cylinders, each decorated with incised dotted concentric circles on one face (183–194). All pieces share nearly identical measurements: the strip is 1.2–1.5 cm wide and 0.3 cm thick, while the engaged cylinders are invariably 1.1 cm in diameter. The unique configuration of each of these strips, with only two or three showing any similarities to each other, makes it nearly impossible to imagine what type of object they decorated. There are straight strips, there are curved pieces, and there are curved pieces that extend into a short straight section. Two examples of the last type (189, 193)—a gently curved section with three engaged cylinders and a short straight piece at one end—are intact. The strips were attached by small nails or pegs. In some instances, the cylinders are so close together that the peg between them could only have been inserted from the underside, indicating that the object to which they were attached was probably a narrow piece of wood accessible from the back or underside. In one case (191) the separately cut cylinders are held in place by nails inserted from the underside of the strip. Attachment holes occur in both straight and curved sections, suggesting the receiving object had both straight and curved surfaces. The undersurface of most is scored for gluing, both on pieces without any other evident means of attachment, as well as on those provided with nail holes. Despite their uniformity in size, there is a great variety in the details of the incised, concentric circle designs: some have two single circles (189–194); a single circle within a double circle (185); and two sets of double circles (184, 186, 188), including one with an additional single circle at the edge (187). In all, there are seven distinct pattern combinations with variations in the spacing between sets of circles. Three examples (190–192) come from the Late Phrygian or Hellenistic contexts around Middle Phrygian Building U and two (183–184) from the vicinity of the Middle Phrygian Gate, a structure that was in

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use at least through Late Phrygian times. The best evidence for dating comes from five straight and curved pieces found in Middle Phrygian Building X, where three examples (185, 187–188) were found embedded in or lying on the pebble floor of the interior room immediately behind the open vestibule. One (186) lay under remains of reed matting and a fallen roof tile, and a fifth (189) came from the refill of a robbed foundation trench. Building X was likely erected in the Middle Phrygian period. However, the lowest preserved pebble floor, based on a ca. 475 BCE Attic black-figure palmette lekythos (P 3916) found under the floor, seems to represent a remodeling undertaken in the first half of the 5th century BCE (DeVries 1990:396–397). The collapse of the roof atop one strip (186) appears to have occurred in the early 4th century BCE.81 These five examples exhibit three different variations on the scheme of incised circles on the front face of the engaged cylinder, suggesting they either come from separate objects or represent several craftspeople collaborating on a single large item. All the engaged cylinder strips are made of ivory, except for three fashioned from bone (190–192). They are decorated with the same circle design: a single, deep inner circle and a more lightly incised outer circle. Keith DeVries reports that Ellen Kohler interpreted both the strips with engaged cylinders and associated bronze bead and reel strips (B 1767, B 1827) found in Building X as ornaments for bridle straps based on depictions of trappings on horses escorted by Persian grooms on the east stair reliefs of the Apadana at Persepolis (DeVries 1990:396–398). However, the references cited for the Persian depictions do not show comparable pieces on the bridles (Schmidt 1953: pls. 52–53; Anderson 1961: pl. 39). An associated bronze joint (B 1817), also from Building X, may support the possibility that it and the other objects from the same building were horse and/or wagon fittings.82

Swastika and Floret Motifs One small ivory inlay (276) from the Citadel Mound is interesting for its three simple incised designs. The surface is divided into three squares, each containing a distinctive motif: an eight-petal rosette, an elaborate floret, and a variation on the swastika. The rosette is fairly standard83 and the T-pattern swastika design is a simplified version of a motif known

since the Early Phrygian period. A more complex variant is found on a square ivory inlay with opposed T-meanders contained within a double line border (261). The floret design on 276 is a distinctive motif, one that can be traced in this form from the 6th century BCE to the Hellenistic period. The design originated in Assyrian tile pavements where each square was decorated with a star-like pattern of lotus flowers and cones (Payne 1931:147, fig. 54a). A gold appliqué of the late 6th or early 5th century BCE from beneath the Ephesian Basis offers another comparison (Hogarth 1908: pl. VIII, 15). In this example, the floret motif is made up of four large petals separated by four small ones around a central circle. A similar design, in repoussé, is found on a bronze piece (B 612) from the mid-6th century BCE Tumulus E. A bronze strip from Perachora, dated to the Late Corinthian period, carries a more elaborate version of the same design with the spaces between the large petals filled by palmette patterns (Payne 1940:146, pl. 47, 5). A similar floret incised on a grave monument from Lamptrai is dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE (Winter 1887: pl. II). The design was popular during the 5th century BCE on decorated tiles on Middle Phrygian Building A, the Mosaic Building (Burke 2012: fig. 14.18) and the Painted House.84 A tile frieze with alternating squares of spirals and star-like florets with the four petals, subordinated to a large central cross, ran along the top of the Mosaic Building’s wall (Young 1953: fig. 8; Glendinning 2005: fig. 7-6a–b).85 This motif was echoed in the doorknob to the main room of the building where a simple iron ring handle was backed by a round bronze plate decorated with a floret pattern (B 328). Superimposed on a background rosette was a floret very similar to the one on the ivory inlay strip, with the four main petals separated by small, stippled circles, just as in the inlay. This orientalizing motif survives in hybrid forms on very late Phrygian pottery,86 perhaps even into the Hellenistic period.

Hellenistic and Roman Periods An unusual thick piece of ivory (221) decorated with incised geometric designs and embellished with bronze studs comes from a layer dated to the



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Hellenistic period based on associated pottery. When originally catalogued, it was tentatively identified as the tail piece from a kithara, on the supposition that the rows of preserved, hollow-headed bronze studs were spaced in such a way that, by restoring a missing third stud in the top row and explaining the middle stud in the second row as a dummy, nine strings could have been held in place.87 There are several problems with an attempt to ascribe the piece to a musical instrument. The way the piece is broken makes it impossible to determine how much is missing. The preserved portion may represent only the bottom half or small portion of the original, which could have extended into an upper section, repeating the same shape and decorative pattern seen in the lower section, resulting in an object with a total of five rows of 17 bronze studs. Even if the piece were considered near its original size and only the missing third stud in the top row were restored, the spacing for nine strings would have been very irregular, based on the center points of the nine available studs. More likely, the ivory is a decorative piece of indeterminate shape that was attached to another object by the bronze studs, which had a combined functional and decorative purposes. By the Hellenistic period, ivory was in short supply and bone was often substituted for decorative pieces on furniture and other furnishings. The best examples of such work are three pieces carved in the shape of a duck’s head (159–161), each offering interesting contrasts in style and technique. One comes from an uncertain context in an upper layer (161), but two are datable by associated finds to the late 4th/early 3rd century BCE (159–160). Each was attached by a combination of glue and an artfully placed nail. The anatomical details range from the rudimentary (159) to a more naturalistically incised ear and nostril in 161. The latter closely compares to a bone plaque from Corinth, tentatively dated to the Roman period (Davidson 1952:136, pl. 69, no. 961). Although the nostril is omitted on the duck from Corinth, the bill sheath is carved in the same manner as on the Gordion duck. There are no nail holes preserved on the Corinthian piece, which ends with a concave cut across the neck. Ducks’ heads were a popular decorative motif on ancient furniture. An Egyptian 12th Dynasty footstool has ducks’ heads as terminals on the legs and stretchers (Baker 1966: figs. 197–198) and three bronze situlae from Luristan show a duck’s head decorating the top of

a chair back (Amiet 1976: pl. and figs. 78–79; Moorey 1974:153, no. 135).88 Dorothy Kent Hill (1963:294) has published larger versions of similarly shaped attachment pieces, which she demonstrates served as decoration on fulcra, the volute boards at the head and foot of couches made between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE.89 In addition to bone and ivory fulcra attachments, some were cast in bronze (Ransom 1905: pls. VII–XVII) or carved in stone on Etruscan sarcophagi. The duck’s head, bent to lie back on its neck, created a shape that most easily matched the curve of the wooden frame. Since the ducks’ heads from Gordion lack the concave lower edge, one essential feature common to fulcra ornaments on couches, and since they are carved on a much smaller scale, it is probable that instead of decorating couches, they adorned smaller pieces of furniture. Clues as to what these might have been appear in Greek vase paintings, where deities and mortals are frequently shown seated in a chair with the back looped over and terminating in a duck’s head (Baker 1966: pl. XV, figs. 437 and 439). These duck’s head attachments could easily be restored in such a position. In a comic variation particularly appropriate for Gordion, one red-figure vase shows Midas seated in a similar chair, but with the duck’s head replaced by an ass’s head, a spoof perhaps on his great throne dedicated at Delphi (Baker 1966: fig. 438).

Horn Joining Pieces Two of the most unusual decorative pieces are hollowed horns with three attachment arms (364–365). Though quite similar in form and function, they were found in widely separated contexts and in layers attributed to different periods. Each opening has holes, either for attaching to an inserted object or for securing closures across the openings. It is difficult to visualize the type of object to which it could have been attached; but, judging by the placement of the incised designs, it must have been visible from several sides. One (364) is decorated over its surface with many cross-hatched triangles, a decorative pattern that can be traced back to Early Phrygian pottery (Sams 1994: no. 1024, fig. 62, pl. 161), while the other (365) was reported to have had only a single rosette on one face (obliterated when the object was broken after excavation). Similar pieces found in widely separated sites and dated to equally

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divergent periods suggest these unusual objects may have served various purposes at different times and places. A slightly larger example was recovered from an early 2nd millennium BCE Middle Bronze Age burial at Sos Hüyük (Sagona et al. 1997:185, fig. 10, pl. 8). It retains the three attachment holes around each opening, but is otherwise undecorated.90 A similar piece, incised on one side only, was recovered from the Byzantine layers at Corinth; it was interpreted as part of a reading desk (Davidson 1952:338, pl. 138, no. 2904). An example of Carolingian date (8th–9th century CE) is displayed in the British Museum and is described as a money container (A. Sagona, pers. comm.). A contemporary example from Switzerland, also in the British Museum, is described as a salt container made of antler (museum no. 1847,0824.1).

Catalogue: Decorative Pieces Carved Decorative Pieces 128 Ivory Inlay: Griffin  (Pl. 28) BI 332  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Mended from many pieces. Missing parts of two corners on the front and a corner and edge on back. Laminated and cracked irregularly. Burnt to a mottled blue-grey. Dimensions: W. 5.1 cm; H. 4.6 cm; Th. 0.9 cm; H. figure 3.62 cm.91 Rectangular plaque with fine raised squared ridge inside plain margin framing shallow relief of griffin walking left, holding fish in its beak. Griffin has diamond-shaped eye, collar of fine strokes, raised curved wing done in six transverse tiers of fine incised lines, flank areas outlined by double-lines enclosing fine radial strokes, and raised tail ending in small bird’s head beak. Fish hangs full length and has compass-incised eye; two fins and tail done in fine striations. Back plain except for six parallel incisions. Fastening by pinholes 0.9 cm deep in center of short sides.

Young, 1960:240, pl. 60, fig, 25b,1963:355, fig. 8, 1967a:153f, pl. XXII, 1968b: fig. p. 18; Kohler 1964:60–61, pl. XIX, fig. 2; Smithsonian Inst. Catalogue 1966:83, no. 90B; Prayon 1987: pl. 33, c; Sams 1993:552, pl. 94.3; Spirydowicz 2018:144, pl. 8.4; Simpson 2022:221, figs. 7–9 . 129 Ivory Inlay: Horseman  (Pl. 28) BI 333  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Mended from many pieces; some missing in upper margin on front and section on back. Laminated and cracked over entire surface. Burnt to a mottled blue-grey. Dimensions: W. 4.8 cm; H. 4.6 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Rectangular ivory plaque with fine raised square ridge inside plain margin framing shallow relief of horseman in armor riding left. Rider wears casque-type helmet with forward falling peak and cheek covering. Shield round decorated with compass-incised concentric circles. Long spear held obliquely inside shield on proper left of horse. Horse has hanging mane and standing forelock of fine incised lines. Bridle and check-rein only. Tail raised, then hanging straight down in spiral. Flank areas done highlighted with double outline filled with radiating strokes. Horse’s eye is an incised diamond. Attachment by pinholes (0.9 cm deep) in centers of short sides. Found associated with 128, 130–139. Young 1960:240, pl. 60, fig, 25c, 1967b:281, fig. 326b; Kohler 1964:61, pl. XX, 2; Smithsonian Inst. Catalogue 1966:83, no. 90A; Prayon 1987: pl. 33, d; Spirydowicz 2018:144, pl. 8.6; Simpson 2022:221–222, figs. 14–17. 130 Ivory Inlay: Deer  (Pl. 28) BI 334  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Mended, with many pieces missing; bottom crushed. Burnt to an even grey; white in back. Dimensions: W. 4 cm; H. 4.6 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Found associated with 129–139. Rectangular plaque with fine raised squared ridge inside



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plain margin framing shallow relief of deer walking right with reverted head. Flank areas outlined with double lines containing radiating strokes. Ear somewhat large, eye incised diamond, muzzle long and blunt, tongue hanging out. Some short striations on back. Attachment by pinholes in center of short sides. Found associated with 128–129, 131–139. Young 1960:240, pl. 60, fig. 25a; Prayon 1987: pl. 33, b; Spirydowicz 2018:144, pl. 8.5; Simpson 2022:218, figs. 7–9. 131 Ivory Inlay: Hoofed Animal  (Pl. 29) BI 335  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36).

Found associated with 128–131, 133–139. 133 Ivory inlay: Hoofed Animal  (Pl. 29) BI 337  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Whole upper section and almost all of front plane missing. Burned white to black. Dimensions: W. 5 cm; H. 3.1 cm. Fragmentary rectangular plaque with fine raised squared ridge inside plain margin framing trace of relief showing four hoofed feet proceeding right along the bottom frame. Pinhole in short side; no evidence for striation on back. Found associated with 128–132, 134–139.

Preserves left and bottom margins of carved face. Badly burned, broken and laminated. Dimensions: W. 4.9 cm; H. 4.6 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Rectangular plaque with fine raised squared ridge inside plain margin framing shallow relief of hoofed animal walking left. Trace of three legs and plain curve of reverted neck on upper left section. May represent an animal similar to the deer on 130. Back has few striations and attachment was by pinholes in center of short sides. Found associated with 128–130, 132–139. 132 Inlay: Animal  (Pl. 29) BI 336  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36).

134 Ivory Inlay: Warrior  (Pl. 29) BI 338  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Preserves part of lower left margin and small section of relief. Dimensions: W. 2.4 cm; H. 2.2 cm. Rectangular plaque with fine raised squared ridge inside plain margin framing man and hoofed animal walking left. Below round shield decorated by incised concentric circles with central dot are two small sturdy human legs, with two horse’s hooves to the right. Extra line against left margin may be vertical spear shaft. Found associated with 128–133, 135–139.

Lower left and upper right corners completely missing. Greatly abraded and damaged. Dimensions: W. 5.1 cm; H. 4.5 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Rectangular plaque with trace of raised square frame at upper left corner and at lower right. Animal foot comparable to, though slightly smaller than one on the griffin in 128. A few cross-grained striations on the back and pinholes in the center of the short sides.

135 Ivory Inlay: Deer  (Pl. 30) BI 339  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Seven fragments of one or more plaques. Dimensions: Max. dim. 1.6 cm. Fragments of edges of rectangular plaque(s) with raised

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square ridge inside plain margin. One fragment shows deer’s head facing right. Eye an incised diamond. perhaps a pair with 130.

Fragmentary plaque, similarly framed, showing a hoofed leg moving right. Found associated with 128–137, 139.

Found associated with 128–134, 136–139. 136 Ivory Inlay Fragments  (Pl. 30) BI 340  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36).

139 Ivory Inlay Fragments  (Pl. 31) BI 343a–c  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). All mended from fragments; swollen and oxidized.

All badly broken and cracked. Dimensions: Max. dim. 2.5 cm.

Dimensions: (a) W. 5 cm; H. 4,7 cm. (b) W. 5 cm; H. 4.8 cm. (c) W. 5 cm; H. 4.7 cm.

Four fragments of plaque with fine raised squared ridge inside plain margin framing what appear to be two dorsally opposed feline creatures. Fragments preserve an extra flank section of animal facing right and the eye of animal facing left.

Fragments of at least three, and possibly up to eight, square inlays, each fastened by an iron nail in center back. Front face decorated with raised rectangle closely framed by a raised band, with a second raised band at the edge of the plaque. Separating grooves narrow and wide respectively.

Found associated with 128–135, 137–139.

Found associated with 128–138.

137 Inlay Fragments  (Pl. 30) BI 341  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36).

Spirydowicz 2018:144, pl. 8.3; Simpson 2022:215, figs. 5–6.

Abraded and warped beyond recognition; burnt to shelllike hardness.

140 Ivory Inlay: Man and Bull  (Pl. 32) BI 511  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-2: PPB, Room 5, layer 5, just above floor (NB 140:40).

Dimensions: Max. dim. 3.3 cm.

Lower left corner missing (modern break); chip off end of bull’s tail and hock of near hind leg. Laminated and mended.

Fragments representing at least one additional plaque. One piece from a corner shows an arm bent upright at elbow and stretched to top frame. Perhaps a pair with 134.

Dimensions: H. 5.9 cm; W. 5.8 m; Th. 0.4–0.5 cm.

Found associated with 128–136, 138–139. 138 Ivory Inlay: Hoofed Animal  (Pl. 30) BI 342  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room on east side by second posthole, part of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:36). Preserves lower right corner only and full thickness. Dimensions: Max. dim. 2.6 cm.

Ivory inlay plaque with a flat border framing a man in medium relief (0.2 cm high) guiding a bull from the far side as both walk right. Man has his right hand on bull’s near flank and his left hand holds a short rope tied to bull’s horn. His costume is plain with a fine ridge around neck and sleeve edges; belt is two ridges wide. Man is bearded with long hair set in three rows of curls in back; a fillet binds his hair with an expanded section. Large eye and nose fill upper face. Bull is fairly naturalistic, with heavy chest and sturdy legs. Tail curls up over rump and man’s right forearm. Edges of plaque undercut for inlay and back well scratched in all directions for gluing.



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Found associated with a fibula, type XII, 8 (B 1798). DeVries 1990:395, fig. 32; Sams 1993:552, n. 36; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14; Rose 2021:52, n. 88; Simpson 2022:228. 141 Ivory Inlay: Goat and Palmette Bush  (Pl. 32) BI 503  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-1: PPB, Room 4, just above floor (NB 140:12).

with triangle design in crown and two long, shoulder-length sections with diagonal markings. Wears a tightly belted kilt with ribbed edges and a short-sleeved top. Bands around ankles may indicate shoes. Area to left of figure filled with rosette with deep dots in each petal and at center of design. Surface depressed around incising, giving the effect of a raised figure. Surface smooth and matte with some luster on raised areas. Edges rough, back irregularly scored, uneven. Sams 1995:438, fig. 16; Rose 2021:52, n. 88.

Complete, as mended. Dimensions: W. 4.6 cm; H. 3.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Triangular ivory plaque with simple raised band margin. A goat in low relief (0.1 cm deep) standing left, with three feet on lower margin and fore and aft curling horns against top margin, lifts its right foreleg into a seven-leaved palmette bush. Fat lower branches springing from a volute base go out left to small palmette in upper left corner and right behind goat to larger palmette in upper right corner. Goat has curving ridges on neck, breast, and horns, incised details on legs, and three-stroke groups on ribs and over rump. Sides undercut for inlaying and back roughened by scratching to hold glue. DeVries 1990:395, fig. 31; Sams 1993:552, n. 36; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14; Simpson 2022:228. 142 Ivory Inlay: Warrior  (Pl. 32) YH 39778, SF 94-78  Lower Town, Area A: Mixed context in a test area that removed Late Phrygian building collapse and was also cut by Roman burials. Operation 27, Locus 26, Lot 39. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian (based on style). Intact. Dimensions: W. 2.7 cm; H. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.3 am. Plaque with incised scene of man on right and petal rosette on left. Man shown with head in profile, torso turned frontally, and lower body in profile. Both hands are raised: the left in a fist and the right holding a short sword. Legs bent as though resting on left knee, or perhaps meant to indicate running. Lozenge-shaped eye with strong eyebrow, sharp triangular nose, and down-turned mouth. Hair depicted

143 Ivory Insert: Winged Sun Disc  (Pl. 32) BI 220  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-B1, area by northeast corner: Layer 1 (NB 46:7). Mended from two pieces. Broken on two sides and bottom; chip off front of band. Dimensions: W. 7.3 cm; H. 6.9 cm; Th. 0.9 cm; H. tenon 1.4 cm. Thick, buff ivory plaque, smooth on back and carved in relief on front. Irregularly shaped tenon set back from front face 0.15 cm; cut with one oblique side and picked on front and straight side surface for insertion in a socket. Some evidence for a peg inserted transversely through tenon where edge may be broken away at straight left side. Tenon possibly meant to be inserted into undercut slot. Plain band (0.9 cm wide) along top of front. Shallow relief decoration: plain round sun disc outlined by a jeweled line, beneath which a crescent moon in cradling position outlined by a single plain band, all bedded in pair of spread horizontal wings. Secondary feathers at center are scale-like and arranged asymmetrically. Primary feathers are in two tiers, straight with rounded points and central quills. Below, a pendent Syrian palm design with short central fronds. Around edge of fronds the plane of relief recedes and a fragment of what may have been additional fronds or feathers on a second plane is preserved. In four places, the ivory is sawed completely through in á jour technique. Some stains on feathers may indicate that they were originally painted. Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14. 144 Ivory Insert: Winged Sun Disc  (Pl. 32) YH 65092, SF 02-331  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: From YHSS 3A:1 Building 1, on a floor underneath later blocking of the doorway.

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Operation 49, Locus 60, Lot 133. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, based on style. Broken off on all edges. Dimensions: W. 1.5 cm; H. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.47 cm. Fragment of winged sun disc carved in low relief with plain disc surrounded by narrow band. Beyond band an initial row of regularly aligned knobs; additional rows of scales beyond are more randomly arranged. Carved surfaces have some luster. Back is flat and plain, with a very slight luster. 145 Ivory Applique: Palm Capital  (Pl. 33) BI 260  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C4-X: Layer 3 (NB 56:62). Broken in half along natural lamination; deep gouge down back. Tiny black stains. Dimensions: W. 3.1 cm; H. 3.2 cm. Preserves about half of well-polished, ivory palm capital consisting of basal torus framed by fine grooves above and below, standing double row of leaves of equal height, and above these, large pendant leaves in a cushion form. Topped by a thin disc. Remains of a small square socket in upper surface. Found associated with small, black-polished cup (P 1351). Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14. 146 Ivory Applique: Palm Tree Capital  (Pl. 33) YH 69229, SF 06-23  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone: On the earliest floor of the interior portion of Room 4 room of Middle Phrygian Building A (Sams and Burke 2007:331). Operation 56, Locus 168, Lot 587. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian.

(a) À jour plaque carved as palm tree capital. Central stem with six rows of scale-like bark, topped by torus element flanked by two fine ridges. Three ribbed fronds spring from torus toward each side, terminating in date clusters (3 preserved on right side and one on left side). Obliquely ribbed triangle springs from center of fronds; flanked at top by tips of two additional ribbed triangles. Two large volutes flank the trunk, starting from base level. Below the volutes hang two full and two half fronds cut out, perhaps for inlay of contrasting material. Between tips of fronds hang three date clusters. Across top of whole is a framing ridge 0.3 cm thick. Light scratching on reverse. (b) Associated small rectangle with closely spaced ribbing likely comes from a different object. Sams and Burke 2007:331, fig. 7; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14; Burke 2012:209–210, fig. 14.12. 147 Ivory Applique: Palm Tree Capital  (Pl. 33) BI 391  Citadel Mound, Trench CW1: Clay packed around pithos (no. 19) in floor of cellar dug into clay layer near Early Phrygian Citadel Wall (NB 86:196). Mended along many laminae; chipped in lower right corner. Dimensions: W. 4.9 cm; H. 5.8 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Plaque carved in form of elaborate palm tree capital. Lowest element a necking band of four thin tori, above which a central section of four tiers of knobs representing bark, closed on sides by conventional columnar stems terminating in a volute resting on a fruit knob. At the top of the truck is a band framed above and below with sharp ridge. Springing from this is a bouquet of fronds: three right, three left, and, at center, a large triangular fond with two smaller points behind. Roughened behind for glue. Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14.

Reconstructed from numerous pieces. Preserved parts of original edges on all sides. Missing various fragments from edges and interior.

148 Ivory Insert: Volute Leaves  (Pl. 33) BI 299  Citadel Mound, Trench Q2, west part: Layer 4 (NB 46:90).

Dimensions: (a) W. 5.7 cm; H. 5.7 cm; Th. 0.15 cm. (b) W. 1.6 cm; H. 1.9 cm.

Intact, but for small chipped laminations on scallops of one face.



DECORATIVE PIECES 119

Dimensions: W. 3.3 cm; H. 9.7 cm; Th. 0.85 cm.

(b) W. 0.6 cm; H. 1.7 cm.

Thick plaque of ivory carved identically on both faces with formalized plant pattern. Four pairs of volutes cut in outline on each side, with triple fine ridges going into central eyes. Three bottom pairs have a small, double lined triangle in center. Five loop-like petals at top and a triangular stem design at the base. Leaves originally complete to left and right. Short flat tenons (0.3 cm thick) at top and bottom (not exactly parallel) set back and cross-hatched for better tension. Tiny nail hole (one with iron nail still in place) on each tenon. Cut back 0.7 cm for secondary use along one edge to create a third thicker (0.6 cm) tenon.

(a) Applique cut á jour with two horses and a single rider. While the rear horse is only roughed out, details of the trappings show on the front horse. The reins attach to a nose strap from which three small bands extend back across the cheek and behind an elliptical blinder where they meet three other straps: a neck band, a piece in front of the ears and a secondary strap across the neck. Collar is sharp double ridge with two large knot-like objects hanging in front. Tails rise, then fall, finely striated longitudinally. Preserved arm and hand of rider clasps reins, and foot hangs down between two horses. No evidence of second rider on back horse, which protrudes only minutely beyond front horse at nose. Left rein of front horse is carved on rear horse; no reins show between the two horses. All four forelegs were distinctly shown (one foreleg and two hind legs now missing). Genitals for both horses clearly carved. Plinth and frame finely grooved twice lengthwise. Back lightly incised to prepare for gluing to background. (b) Separate horse tail at slightly larger scale.

149 Ivory Attachment: Phoenician-Palmette  (Pl. 33) BI 11  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:11). (a) Chipped slightly, (b) small fragment. Dimensions: (a) W. 2.6 cm; H. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. (b) H. 1.5 cm.

Found associated with 13, 118, 755. Phoenician-palmette in very flat relief, with three silver nails still in place for fastening silver disc (ILS 1 - D. 14.2 cm; Th. 0.04 cm) onto handle; several loose silver rivets (J 21) may have also belonged. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8). Kohler 1958:160, fig. 8; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 38. 150 Ivory Applique: Horse and Rider  (Pl. 34) BI 422  Citadel Mound, Megaron 4: Posthole at center of south wall, in Early Phrygian fill. (NB 106:63). Frame broken off at left, right, and top, but for a piece attached to horses’ heads. Torso of rider gone, along with large chip from front plane carrying body markings of front horse and his outer legs. Burned and warped. Dimensions: (a) W. 5.5 cm; H. 3.3 cm; Th. at plinth 0.8 cm.

Young 1964a:287, pl. 89, fig. 22; Prayon 1987:26, d; Sams 1993:553, pl. 94, 4. 151 Ivory Attachment: Horse Head  (Pl. 34) BI 8  Tumulus A (ca. 540-520 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31). Broken across muzzle just below eye and across neck close to top. Surfaces worn and edges abraded. Burned on back. Dimensions: W. 2.2 cm; H. 2 cm. Head of left-facing horse with large eye and ear done in relief against the forelock. Mane shown as tiers of short wavy lines. Part of peg for attachment adhering behind mane. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 165, 279, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8). Kohler 1958:156, pl. 25a; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 37.

120

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

152 Ivory Inlay: Horse  (Pl. 34) YH 37477, SF 93-113  Lower Town, Area A: Next to a Middle Phrygian wall, on a hard surface with soft area, possibly a pit. Operation 21, Lot 52 YHSS Phase: 5–4, Middle to Late Phrygian Broken at both sides; smooth edge at bottom and serrated edge at top. Back roughly finished. Dimensions: W. 1.3 cm; H. 4.5 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Ivory openwork plaque preserving sliver of hindquarters and one leg of horse walking right. Horse’s tail is wrapped around the middle with three bands and swings in front of a large round object, perhaps a shield. Fine low relief carving. Found associated with tile dated not earlier than 6th century BCE and a stone axe. 153 Ivory Inlay: Figured Scene  (Pl. 34) BI 135a  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, Section 2–3c: Northwest corner of paved area in Hellenistic building (NB 14:73). All fragmentary; some stained greenish. Dimensions: W. 2.2 cm; H. 9.2 cm; Th.1.2 cm. Large piece, part of an á jour plaque, preserves a corner with a cut-out design and undercut edges for inlay. If a lower right corner, may represent part of an animal leg; if an upper left corner, may depict a flower. Two other pieces of similar scale are too damaged to speculate on reconstruction.

Preserves bottom and parts to two side edges with attached paws and legs of animal. Single attachment holes in each preserved corner. Dimensions: W. 6.1 cm; H. 2.2 cm; Th. 2.2 cm. Feline cut à jour so that front and rear legs press against frame of dentils between plain ridges. Simple slashes for claws. Front smooth, but not lustrous; back worked flat. 155 Bone Applique: Animals  (Pl. 35) BI 255  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O 11: Layer 2, pit with black-glazed pottery (NB 51:139). Mended where broken lengthwise. Dimensions: W. 5.4 cm; H. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Flat, rectangular strip, cut à jour with narrow frame, inside which two animals face right, probably a goat or deer being bitten by a wolf or hound. Simple, rough work. Edges above and below not smoothed, and only a few edges of animals beveled. 156 Bone Applique: Lion  (Pl. 35) YH 54093, SF 96-221  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Middle Hellenistic Building 4, in sealed pit along west wall of workroom for making terracotta figurines (Sams and Voigt 1998:681, plan 3, photos 1–3; Voigt 2012b:251, figs. 8–9).  Operation 30, Locus 105, Lot 214. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic, Vulso abandonment. Intact. Dimensions: W. 4 cm; H. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Found associated with 288, pieces of crystal (J 59), glass squares with gold-leaf stars on underside (J 57), pieces of gold leaf (J 58), a stone eye with a jet iris (ST 116), and many flat pieces of bronze (B 228). 154 Bone Attachment: Feline  (Pl. 35) YH 23427, SF 88-148  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Robber trenches of Building I:2. Operation 1, Locus 96, Lot 200. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Leonine figure carved in low relief with flat back. Lion has one paw raised and tail curved over back. Head has small ears, eye formed by V-shaped cut, open mouth, and no mane. Ribs indicated by five slashes on chest. Carved surface lustrous; flat surface matte. Found associated with 757, 806, a shell, small pot used as paint dish (YH 54406), and iron tool (YH 53495). Dandoy et al. 2002:46.



DECORATIVE PIECES 121

157 Bone Inlay: Animal Tail  (Pl. 35) BI 395  Citadel Mound, Trench SET: Rubble wall trench in cellar cutting next to Building A, with black-on-red Lydian sherds (NB 92:58).

160 Bone Attachment: Duck’s Head  (Pl. 35) BI 62  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, South Side: Layer 3, pit going through Floor 4 with late 4th to early 3rd century BCE material (NB 6:123).

Broken off at base of curve; mended from two pieces.

Head and neck complete, missing only small piece outlining large hole for fastening at base of neck.

Dimensions: L. 6.7 cm; W. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Dimensions: W. 7.4 cm; H. 3.5 cm. Elongated, curved bone strip ending in a point with a dotted circle forming an eye. Incised fine lines near edges with oblique lines scratched between. 158 Bone Inlay: Deer  (Pl. 35) BI 179  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench V: Hellenistic fill around collapsed outside wall caused by early 4th century BCE earthquake (NB 31:138).

Thin plaque carved in relief to show a duck’s head turned and resting on its neck. Bill and eye outlined with strong relief line. Crescent-shaped incision marks ear. Large hole near end of neck for attachment. Back surface roughened. Found associated with 501, 598, 943.

Missing head, foreleg and lower half of hind leg.

161 Bone Attachment: Duck’s Head  (Pl. 35) BI 551  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE4: Layer 1 (NB 152:104).

Dimensions: W. 4 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Broken across neck through attachment hole.

Well-polished, thin strip of buff bone, cut in silhouette of an animal, possibly a deer, running right. Incised lines pick out inner details.

Dimensions: W. 7.4 cm; H. 4.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

159 Bone Attachment: Duck’s Head  (Pl. 35) BI 480  Citadel Mound, Trench TB-8E: In mixed fill between Floor 2 and clay with many pits; whole area probably disturbed by nearby cellar (NB 128:91).

Thin flat plaque cut round the edge to the curve of a duck’s neck with its head turned back upon it. Finely cut ridges outline a round eye and the sheath of the bill. Semicircular incisions mark ear and nostril. Small attachment hole through neck below bill, and larger one at far end of neck. Fine parallel striations on back of plaque, cut through marrowy portions.

Broken across neck beyond end of bill. Small chip out of back of head.

Shaped Decorative Pieces

Dimensions: W. 7.3 cm; H. 4.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Bolsters

Well-polished thin bone plaque with all planes gently carved into a duck’s head turned back and resting against its own neck. Eye is hole for attachment by nail or rivet. Tear duct and sheath of bill heavily accented. Space between bill and neck cut á jour. Back cross-hatched for glue. Streak of marrow runs down middle lengthwise.

162 Ivory Attachment: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 446  Citadel Mound, Megaron 9: From wall trench dug for southwest anta, but never used; with a few coarse Early Phrygian sherds (NB 110:167). Broken through rivet hole in extended strip; surface worn.

Found associated with Hellenistic sherds and coin of Antiochus I (C 1214).

Dimensions: W. 2.4 cm; H. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

122

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Well-polished, buff ivory bolster with convex front and flat back. Flattened knob at each end with single groove, separated from central panel by deep channels stained red. Center section decorated with quasi-meander between two lines.

Mended from many fragments. Broken across one end; large chip missing from near nail hole. Burned and stained.

163 Ivory Attachment: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 500  Citadel Mound, Trench M7F: PersianPhrygian Building, Room D, Layer 6B (NB 139:5).

Semi-cylinder ivory attachment, pierced radially by nail hole. Face incised with patterns of horizontal lines (beginning at preserved end): two double lines separated by short vertical double strokes; one line; two lines; one, two, two, one with doubles separated by short vertical double strokes; and ending with two lines at broken end.

Three peg-like extensions broken; chipped along back. Dimensions: W. 7.5 cm; D. cylinder 3 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

Dimensions: W. 3 cm; H. 1 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 151, 279, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8).

Ivory bolster sliced flat on back and carved with three flattened bands separated by recessed curved areas. Extensions lead down from each band, squared on the two ends and rounded on the center. Two end bands carved with raised outlines around sunken diamonds. Small pins, probably of silver, inserted in alternating rows between every other diamond; the design continues down onto the side extensions. Central band has double row of pairs of sunken stepped meanders separated by short lines with pins at every corner. Ends smooth and gently rounded.

166 Bone Attachment: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 387  Citadel Mound, Building F: In grey clay packing above paving in anteroom (NB 96:18).

Young 1968a: 236, pl. 76, fig. 19; Rose 2021:52, n. 88.

Complete, as mended.

164 Ivory Applique: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 88  Tumulus K (600–590 BCE): Burned pit on slopes (NB 14:15).

Dimensions: W. 4.9 cm; H. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.9 cm; D. holes 0.3 cm.

Broken on two adjoining sides; many chips. Dimensions: W. 2.2 cm; H. 1.3 cm. Ivory applique piece with convex front face and scoopedout back. On face, at one end, two boxed meanders in double outline, lightly incised. At other end, interrupted row of cross-in-squares with dots in small sections. Found associated with 72, 362 and glazed alabastron (P 260) .

Kohler 1958:157–158, fig. 8; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 40.

Well-polished bolster of buff bone, elliptical in section and swelling slightly at each end. Incised decoration of four transverse bands of meanders: two bands at each end compounded and to right; two smaller ones near center, one right-left and one right. Back flat, scratched lightly for application and drilled partially through with two attachment holes set 1.2 cm in from each end. A similar design appears on a bone bolster from the Thasian Artemisium (Prétre 2016:55, pl. VIII, no. 265). 167 Bone Attachment: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 388  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT-5: Floor 5 (NB 89:164).

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumK 2. Complete, as mended. 165 Ivory Attachment: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 9  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31).

Dimensions: W. 6.6 cm; H. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.



DECORATIVE PIECES 123

Smooth, semicylinder of buff bone pierced by line of three irregularly placed nail holes. Three transverse bands of incised decoration: at ends three outlined cross-in-square designs; slightly off-center is a wider band with two full and one half cross-in-squares alternately attached to framing double lines and forming a kind of short meander. Marrow shows through on entire face. 168 Bone Insert: Bolster  (Pl. 36) BI 530  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-6: Layer 4 (NB 140:114). Intact, but for tiny chip off corner of tenon.

Three hollow semicylinders of ivory cut in bead and double reel design, terminating at reels. One pierced through for fastening with iron nail in place; others cut for applying along straight side pieces. Single loose nail. Found associated with 199, 342, 343, 358. Kohler 1958:123, fig, 6a; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 1. 171 Ivory Insert: Bolster  (Pl. 37) BI 418  Citadel Mound, North railroad cut: Fill in deep disturbance in clay east of Trench PPN (NB 99:88).

Dimensions: W. 5 cm; D. 0.8 cm; Th. tenon 0.5 cm. Tenon broken off. Well-polished cylinder of buff bone with thin lengthwise tenon cut and tapered to a sharp edge. Cylinder decorated at squared ends by three finely incised transverse lines. Found associated with gypsum rhomboid (ST 728) and pierced bronze disc (B 1832). 169 Ivory Attachments: Bolster  (Pl. 37) BI 140  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W: Layer 5, under Floor 4 (NB 9:143). (a) broken through pierced tang; (b) and (c) complete. Dimensions: (a) W. 5.4 cm; H. 2 cm. (b) W. 5.3 cm; H. 2 cm. (c) W. 4.9 cm; H. 1.9 cm.

Dimensions: W. 1.5 cm; H. 1.3 cm; Th. 1 cm. Ivory bolster, half-ellipse in section. Thinner at center than at ends that are cut off squarely. Thin transverse tenon at center of flat back. Found associated with 594 and pierced stone disc (ST 492). 172 Ivory Attachments: Bolster  (Pl. 37) BI 96 and BI 111  Tumulus F (ca. 625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Charred black (a) and white (b); one end broken off on (b).

Three semicylinders decorated at centers with a torus flanked by narrow raised ridges. Short, thin tangs extend from each end flush with back; one pierced and one unpierced on (a) and (b). (a) two holes drilled into back, (b) none, and (c) three.

Dimensions: (a) W. 3.6 cm; H. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. (b) W. 3.4 cm; H. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

Found associated with 270.

Found associated with 88, 173, 197–198, 303–305, 311, 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357.

170 Ivory Applique: Bolsters  (Pl. 37) BI 75  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Primary pyre (NB 4:19). Broken, burned and stained by rust. Dimensions: W. 2.8 cm; H. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Semi-cylinders of ivory with slightly concave sides and recessed at ends to mask a join. Pierced radially near each end.

Kohler 1958:95; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 26a and b. 173 Ivory Applique: Bolsters  (Pl. 37) BI 114a–c  Tumulus F (ca. 625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Chipped and burned. Dimensions: (a) W. 2.3 cm; H. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (b) W. 1.6 cm; H. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (c) W. 1.3 cm; H. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (a) Ivory bolster applique, plain ovolo in section. (b) Same, with two short holes in axis at each end. (c) Same, pierced radially with a square hole. Found associated with 88, 172, 197–198, 303–305, 311– 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler 1958:104; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 27. 174 Ivory Applique: Bolster  (Pl. 37) BI 59  Tumulus C (mid-6th century BCE): Pretumulus burial in Stone Complex 3, with a few bones. (Kohler 1995:26, fig. 11) (NB 3:17). Complete; burned pale blue. Dimensions: W. 2 cm; H. 1.2 cm. Ivory bolster applique with flat face cut back for joining. Upper surface divided into five zones by four sets of double incised lines. Found associated with 239, 836, small, buff trefoil pitcher (P 23), and high-handed jar (P 26).

Bead and Reel 175 Ivory Attachments: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 38) BI 319  Citadel Mound, Building M: fill directly above floor. The building was likely in use until its destruction during the Persian conquest, ca. 540 BCE (although Fields [2010:67] believes it lasted until the late 6th or early 5th century BCE). (NB 74:133, 139). Each broken at one end. Dimensions: Ls. (a) 6.2 cm; (b) 6.1 cm; (c) 3.5 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Three well-polished, buff ivory rods of lathe-turned bead and double reel sets. Preserved end is flat with tiny round

central depression from lathe. (a) Ends on a squared bead, preserving broken socket for nail near end. Small round hole (D. 0.5 cm) is drilled through between end and nail hole. Pinhole drilled through opposite side into edge of socket space. Evidence at opposite end of second small pin not quite aligned with pinhole in socket. (b) Finished at double reel with two iron nails, broken and corroded, set into one side: one just below finished end, the other about three-quarters of way along length. Socket for another rod to be inserted at right angles. (c) Ending at single reel, has part of one side split away. Found associated with 961, red-figured krater sherd dated ca. 425–400 BCE (P 2072), black-glazed fish plate with graffito (I 216), discoid loomweight (MC 170), and biconical red carnelian bead (ST 39). 176 Ivory Attachments: Bead and Reel  (Pls. 38–39) BI 353  Citadel Mound, Trench EML-4: Pit in floor beside north wall of Building M. An Attic blackfigured hydria (P 2076), dated 575 BCE, found in the destruction debris on the floor suggests that the building was destroyed at the time of the Persian sack (Rose forthcoming; Fields 2008:64, 67, figs. 32–33) (NB 78:69). Mended. Total of 25 fragments: three intact (e, f, q), 12 with one end preserved and the other broken (c, h, j, k, m, n, o, u, s, v, w, y), and 10 broken at both ends (a, b, d, g, I, l, p, r, t, x) Dimensions: Ls. 1.3–10. 8 cm; Ds. 0.6–0.7 cm. Well-polished rods of tan ivory, lathe-turned in a bead and double-reel pattern. Three intact pieces have a single (e, q) or double (f) reel at one end and a bead at the opposite end. Other broken pieces terminate similarly with the preserved end showing double reels (k, n, u), a single reel (c, h, j, s, y), or a bead (m, o, v, w). Round sockets at irregular intervals are for insertion of finished bead ends. The two sockets preserved on finished pieces are set 1.1 cm (w) and 3.6 cm (h) in from ends. Holes for small iron pins (several preserved on c, d, h, j). Pinholes may be at right angles to each other, but sockets may be on opposite side from pins; otherwise, they align. Pinholes occur at intervals of 4, 4.5, and 5 cm from each other; 1 and 1.2 cm from finished reel ends; and 1, 1.2, and 1.4 cm from finished bead end. One strip (e), finished on both ends has two nail holes on one



DECORATIVE PIECES 125

side and a third at right angles (although this latter may be a mistake). Some pieces are slightly flattened on the attachment side, and two taper to a narrow end (n, u). Finished reel ends were evidently exposed or set end to end. Found associated with 17.

Small nail hole pierces about halfway through 1.4 cm from finished end. Found associated with shallow grey polished bowl (P 3147) and alabaster stamp seal (SS 210; Dusinberre 2005:73–74, no. 65, figs. 75a and b, 189a and b).

177 Ivory Attachment: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 39) YH 22092, SF 88-85  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Trash pit beneath Hellenistic courtyard and structures, site of metallurgical activities. Operation 1, Locus 65, Lot 128. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

180 Bone Attachment: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 39) BI 476  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 4: Below Floor 3 (NB 125:23).

Broken at one end; upper surface partially abraded away.

Well-polished, ivory semicylinder finely cut in bead and double reel design, ending at double reel.

Intact, but for small chips. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; D. 1.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Lathe-turned rod of bead and double reels. Finished end has partial bead cut off flat with tiny round central depression from lathe. 178 Ivory Attachments: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 39) YH 24005, SF 88-241  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Trash pit beneath Hellenistic courtyard and structures, site of metallurgical activities. Operation 1, Locus 65, Lot 128. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Delaminated fragments only. Dimensions: Ls. 3.5, 2.6, and 1.4 cm; D. 0.05. Three fragments of lathe-turned rods of bead and double reels, tapering at one end. 179 Ivory Attachment: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 39) BI 462  Citadel Mound, Trench TB-7A: Layer 3 (NB 109:98).

181 Bone Attachments: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 39) YH 56554, SF 97-75  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Building 4, workroom for making figurines. Operation 30, Locus 261, Lot 31. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Broken on ends. Dimensions: (a) L. 2.8 cm; (b) L. 7.2 cm; (c) L. 8.3 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Three segments of bone rod, with flat, hatched back. Curved sides have lathe-cut groups of two to four rings separated by larger plain areas that are concave, rounded, or carinated. Flat ends, one with central depression from lathe. Lustrous surface. 182 Bone Attachment: Bead and Reel  (Pl. 39) YH 59866, SF 01-35  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Ashy floor deposit. Operation 45, Locus 59, Lot 75. YHSS Phase: 2:2, Roman (75/80 to 110/115 CE). Broken at both ends.

Mended along many laminations and chipped off along one. Dimensions: L. 2.3 cm; D. 0.4 cm. Dimensions: PL. 6.1 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Well-polished, buff ivory rod lathe-turned to bead and double reel design. Preserved end cuts off at double reel.

Segment of very small and crudely cut bead and reel attachment with two narrow flat rings between each oval reel. Smooth matte surface.

126

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Strips with Engaged Cylinders 183 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 40) BI 149  Citadel Mound, Trench ET: Middle Phrygian Gate, door of west court (NB 14:83). Broken at both ends; preserves three laminations. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.2 cm. Internal laminations of curved strip with two engaged cylinders. Underside scratched for gluing. Found associated with 275, bronze arrowhead (B 284) and iron ring (ILS 94). 184 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 40) BI 350  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V1: Fill under floor in east room of Building L (NB 82:4). Broken at both ends and missing several laminae across one cylinder. Dimensions: L. 4.8 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Flat strip of ivory with three engaged cylinders. Faces of cylinders have two sets of finely incised double concentric circles around a central dot. Strip pierced by nail hole at one and and roughened for glue along bottom and back narrow edge. Found associated with bronze toggle pin with silver-plated pomegranate head (J 124). 185 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 40) BI 504  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-1: Layer 4, immediately above pebble floor of interior room of Building X, erected early 8th century BCE. Pebble floor may have replaced the original floor when the building was later extended to the south. Floor is dated ca. 475 BCE by an Attic black-figure palmette lekythos (P 3916) found immediately underneath it (DeVries 1990:396– 397). (NB 142:38).

Mended from many laminations. Two cylinders missing and part of a third. Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 12 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Flat ivory strip, originally with nine, transversely placed, engaged cylinders. Cylinders are compass-drawn and hand cut. Faces of cylinders have incised concentric circles, an outer double one and an inner single one with a central dot. Nail hole (accessible only from below) pierces strip between fourth and fifth cylinders from left. Found associated with bronze joint (B 1817) and lapis lazuli scaraboid seal of walking lion, a motif common in Achaemenid seals (Dusinberre 2005: cat. no. 45, fig. 55a and b). In same structure as 186–189. DeVries 1990:397–398. 186 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 40) BI 505  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-1: Layer 5, under collapsed roof material immediately above pebble floor of interior room of Building X, erected early 8th century BCE. Pebble floor may have replaced the original floor when the building was later extended to the south. Floor is dated by Attic black-figure palmette lekythos (P 3916) of ca. 475 BCE found immediately underneath it (DeVries 1990:396–397). (NB 142:45). Mended from many laminations. Whole length of strip split away along lamination. Broken off at curved end. Warped slightly along strip. Dark brown stains. Dimensions: L. 9.2 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Ivory strip with two engaged cylinders. Beveled edge at end of long flat section; at opposite end, strip rises in curve with two cylinders attached. Faces of cylinders have two sets of finely incised, concentric double circles with central dot. Two transverse scoring lines on top of strip near cylinders. Oblique nail hole near beveled end. Scoring on underside of flat and curved elements. Found associated with bronze bead and reel rod (B 1767)



DECORATIVE PIECES 127

and iron ring (ILS 540). In same structure as 185, 187– 189. DeVries 1990:397–398. 187 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 508  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-4: Layer 5, fill above pebble floor of Building X, erected inearly 8th century BCE. Pebble floor may have replaced the original floor when the building was later extended to the south. Floor is dated by Attic black-figure palmette lekythos (P 3916) of ca. 475 BCE found immediately underneath it (DeVries 1990:396–397). (NB 142:75). Strip broken across both ends. Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm.

Curved ivory strip with single engaged cylinder. Incised on face of cylinder are two fine double concentric circles with central dot. Small nail hole bored through strip too near line of engagement to allow access from above. Inside curve of strip scratched for attachment. Found associated with fragments of fine Phrygian painted pottery (P 3791, P 3832) and bronze bead and reel strip (B 1827). Found in same structure as 185–187, 189. DeVries 1990:397–398. 189 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 524  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-5: Building X, erected in early 8th century BCE, in an area described variously as just above the floor (NB 142:163) and from the rubble refill of the building’s robbed outer wall (NB 142:112, 114). Intact.

Curved, buff ivory strip with three engaged cylinders. Cylinders decorated on face with finely incised concentric circles: single one at edge and two double circles with central dot. Underside randomly scratched to take glue. Found in same structure as 185–186, 188–189. DeVries 1990:397–398. 188 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 525  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-1 & 4: Fill between pebble floor of Building X, erected in early 8th century BCE, and clay layer below. Pebble floor may have replaced the original floor when the building was later extended to the south. Floor is dated by Attic black-figure palmette lekythos (P 3916) of ca. 475 BCE found immediately underneath it (DeVries 1990:396– 397). (NB 142:108). Mended along many laminations; missing laminations cause bevel on plain face. Broken off at both ends; stained. Dimensions: L. 1.3 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm.

Dimensions: L. 4.3 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Well-polished, curved ivory strip with three engaged cylinders. Short flat extension ends in squared edge, curved segment ends in bevel tangent to one cylinder. Front face of each cylinder has a double, incised dotted circle. Single rivet holes between each cylinder and on extended strip. Attachment pegs could have been pushed down into holes from above with very small implement; would have been easier to insert from underside through attached object. Found associated with 121 and 230, and black-polished trefoil pitcher (P 3828). Found in same structure as 185– 188. DeVries 1990:397–398. 190 Bone Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 570  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3B: Middle Phrygian Building U, robbers’ fill in south wall (NB 161:105). Strip broken off on each side, close to cylinder.

128

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: L. 1.1 cm; W. 1.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Engaged cylinder on curved strip. Incised decoration on one face: deep, compass-drawn, double circle with central dot. Opposite face shows only saw marks and compass dot. Found associated with Lydian glazed sherd (P 4427). 191 Bone Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 580  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3D: Layer 7, directly above clay (NB 164:105). Mended; edge of band broken away. Rotted. Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 1.4 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Flat bone strip, broken by the swelling of four iron tacks that fix two small decorative cylinders against the band; two of the nails fully penetrate the cylinders. Cylinders have carelessly incised, compass-drawn, double circles on one face; opposite face plain with exposed marrow. A fifth tack, now lost, fixed a third cylinder at break. Some scratches on back of strip for gluing. Found associated with impressed and incised grey sherd (P 4508). 192 Bone Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 581  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3E: Layer 5, Pit G under Cellar 1, refilled no earlier than the late 6th/early 5th century BCE (NB 160:142). One rotted and mended section and three single pieces in better condition. Dimensions: L. (a) 2.6 cm; (b) 1.3 cm; (c) 2.3 cm; (d) 1.7 cm; W. (a, c, b) 1.3 cm; (d) 1.2 cm; Th. Strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Four sections of engaged cylinder strips, all with compassdrawn, double circles on one face. (a) Two complete cylinders on curved strip, finished at one end and broken at other. Attachment hole runs through strip and one cylinder. (b) Cylinder on curved strip, broken both ends. (c) Two complete cylinders on curved strip, finished at one end and broken at other. (d) Cylinder on straight strip, with attachment hole through strip into cylinder.

Found associated with 286 and two bichrome fruit stands (P 4494–4495). 193 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 16  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut: Fill in area of Hellenistic robbing of collapsed outer wall of Building A (NB 2:53). Mended from two fragments. Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. strip 0.3 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Smooth, curved strip with three engaged cylinders. Short strip at one end flares out from circle. Front faces of cylinders have incised double circles with a central dot. Two nail holes in strip, one in flattened section still contains peg. Found associated with 458, Hellenistic stamped redglazed sherd (P 35), and double-bladed arrowhead (B 14) . 194 Ivory Attachment: Strip with Engaged Cylinders  (Pl. 41) BI 266  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-7 or 8: Dumped fill. Intact, with chip off near one end. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. strip 0.4 cm; D. cyl. 1.1 cm. Well-polished, curved ivory strip with four engaged cylinders. Cut squarely at one end and obliquely at other. Front faces of cylinders incised with dotted double circles. Back face unpolished and flares out at ends as though attached to a gently curved surface. Under surface of curved section and both ends polished and heavily scratched randomly for glue.

Colonnettes 195 Ivory Appliques: Colonnette  (Pl. 42) BI 357  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner Room 3, east side in burned fill of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:38).



DECORATIVE PIECES 129

Very fragmentary; burned blue to white. Dimensions of largest piece: H. 1.6 cm; W. 1.5 cm; est. D. bottom 3 cm. Two partial ivory palm capital appliques with overhanging fronds and 13 other fragments, all deeply undercut but contiguous on most of their sides. Largest piece has a narrow torus at bottom with plain top. Fine groove around top within which random scratches, may mark setting for piece above. Bottom scratched for attachment.

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 198, 303–305, 311– 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler 1958:105; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 25.

Ovolos 198 Ivory Appliques: Ovolo  (Pl. 42) BI 117  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

Found associated with 237 and bronze nail (B 1190). Fragmentary and burned white and grey. 196 Ivory Applique: Colonnette  (Pl. 42) BI 386  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 5 (NB 89:48). Complete. Dimensions: H. 0.9 cm; W. 1.4 cm. Well-polished, yellowish ivory colonnette cut in half vertically for application. Upper edge has erect rim with flat depression in center. Found associated with red polished graffito sherd (I 241), fragment of buff polished sieve-spouted jug (P 2466), and bichrome Phrygian sherd (P 2444). 197 Ivory Appliquea: Colonnettes  (Pl. 42) BI 108  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

Dimensions: Ls. 0.2–2.1 cm; W. 0.9 cm. Twenty-eight sections of ivory strips cut for application. Outer face a convex ovolo curve with some overhang; back face concave. Some pieces deeply scored at intervals with three lines, creating a triglyph-metope design. Sections range from full ovolos to ovolos flattened on one side to ovolos flattened on both sides. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197, 303–305, 311– 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler 1958:105; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 38. 199 Ivory Attachments: Ovolo (Pl. 42)BI 71  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Primary pyre (NB 4:19). Three fairly complete pieces and many fragments; burned. Dimensions: Ls. 0.4–1.4 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

All fragmentary and burned; some laminations peeled off. Dimensions: (a) H. 2.1 cm; W. 2,2 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (b) H. 1.2 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. (c) H. 2.5 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Three ivory colonnette appliqués, each with a different capital. (a) Straight quarter-round molding, squared off at ends, with very fine incisions of hatched contiguous pendant triangles above pendant tongues in double outline. On back, a square hole for tenon. (b) Plain torus, below which part of a lesser torus. (c) Torus, below which ovolos representing double row of pendant leaves in relief. Means of fastening unknown; peeled off along lamination in front.

Thirty fragments of ovolo attachments with several showing two deep grooves at each end and one pierced by an attachment hole. Found associated with 170, 342–343, 358. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 2. 200 Ivory Inlay: Ovolo  (Pl. 43) BI 79  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41).

130

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete and fragmentary; burned bluish-white. Dimensions: Hs. 1–2.7 cm; Ws. 0.3–1.7 cm; Ths. 0.3–1 cm. Fifty-four pieces of ivory cut into arcs for circles of what appear to be three variation in sizes. Scratched on back for gluing. Found associated with 201, 265, 271, 278, 313, 317, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1). Kohler 1958:127, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 14. 201 Ivory Inlay: Ovolo  (Pl. 44) BI 82  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41). Many fragments, some perhaps complete; burned bluishwhite. Dimensions: Ls. 0.4–2.2 cm; W. 0.3 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Fragments (66) of ovolo strips of inlay cut at regular intervals with deep, crosswise slots.

202 Bone Studs  (Pl. 45) BI 396  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT-8a: Level 6, clay (NB 93:187). Several shanks broken off; (f) and (g) mended. Dimensions: (a) D. 2 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. (b) D. 2 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. (c) D. 2 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. (d) D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (e) D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (f) D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. (g) D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Seven buff bone studs with shaft projecting from back. (a, b, c) Slightly varying convex faces and flat backs; no design. (d) Slightly convex face with dot in center, three shallow compass-drawn concentric circles and flat back. (e) Highly convex face with two concentric circles. (f and g) Nearly flat with dot in center and two deeper concentric circles filled with black; flat backs (a, b, d) Pitted and dry; others more smooth. 203 Bone Studs  (Pl. 45) BI 328  Citadel Mound: Clay in front of Middle Phrygian Building I (NB 70:139). Complete, but for missing shanks; slightly stained. Dimensions: Avg. D. 2 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

Found associated with 200, 265, 271, 278, 313, 317, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1). Kohler 1958:128, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 11.

Four bone studs with gently convex face and flat back from which projects a short, round shank, usually slightly offcenter. Faces decorated with compass-drawn concentric circles: (a–c) three with central dot, (d) two with central dot.

Studs

Found associated with painted Phrygian bowl fragments (P 2160) and inscribed Phrygian handle (ILS 225).

This is a group of domical knobs with a small shaft projecting from the flat back face (202–211). These are customarily labeled buttons. Of twenty such pieces found at Gordion, most had their shaft broken off or abraded away. If these were indeed buttons with a transverse hole bored through the shaft, one would have expected the shafts to break along this weakest point, yet not a single example shows any trace of a bored groove on the preserved remnant of the shaft. The more likely explanation is that these were not buttons, but decorative studs.

204 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 397  Citadel Mound, Trench PS-1: Layer 6 (NB 88:122). Upper surface worn on edges; shaft broken. Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm; D. shaft 0.6 cm. Flat bone stud with remanent of shaft projecting from back. Face decorated with raised flat band running about two-thirds of way around the edge. Filling the remaining



DECORATIVE PIECES 131

space across the center of the circle are three raised Vs, one within another, formed by deeply incised lines. Tiny compass-point at apex of middle V.

Found associated with foot of stone tripod bowl (ST 152) and bronze fibula (B 389).

Found associated with glazed decorated jug (P 2780) and black polished dish with graffito (P 2650).

208 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 217  Citadel Mound, dike between Trench NCT-A2 and ET-C5: Fill between wall blocks (NB 38:125).

205 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 489  Citadel Mound, Trench TB-8F: Fill under Floor 3 (NB 128:108).

Shaft partly broken away. Dimensions: D. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. shaft 0.3 cm.

Shaft broken across; roughened by rot on surface. Dimensions: D. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm; D. shaft 0.6 cm. Flat bone stud with short shaft attached at back. Face decorated with relief design consisting of a flat raised crescent terminating at an inset, V-shaped ridge.

Buff bone stud with highly domed face, decorated on its curved surface with seven fine concentric grooves around a shallow central hole. Tiny shaft projects from flat back. 209 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 160  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIIb: Under pavement of Floor 4 (NB 26:31).

Found associated with green stone bowl (ST 647). 206 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 159  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIIc: Below Floor 4 (NB 26:31).

Shanks broken off; section broken from circumference of (b). Dimensions: (a) D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. (b) D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

Part of shank worn away. Dimensions: D. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.7 cm; D. shaft 0.7 cm. Plano-convex bone stud with short round shaft projecting from behind. Smoothly finished. Found associated with 209, 545–546, 567, incised red stone whorl (ST 146), and base of Wild Goat style oinochoe (P 626), probably of Milesian origin, dated 620–590 BCE. 207 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 165  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIIc: Below Floor 4 (NB 26:35).

Two thin, flat disc studs with short round shafts. Upper surfaces decorated with narrow, incised groove around edge and two wide, rounded grooves around large central hole. Extensive marrow visible on backs. Found associated with 206, 545, 556, 567, incised red stone whorl (ST 146), and base of Wild Goat style oinochoe (P 626), probably of Milesian origin, dated 620–590 BCE. 210 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 132  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N, Sections 1 and 2B: Layer 3 (NB 17:19). Shank broken off, chipped around edges where marrowy.

Shank partly abraded away. Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Dimensions: D. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Stud with convex face and flat back with projecting shaft. Face decorated with two concentric circles around a central dot.

Plano-convex, bone stud with projecting shaft on back. Top surface decorated with two lightly incised concentric circles around a central compass dot.

132

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Found associated with 56, 464, 932, a bronze bolster (B 233), painted relief tile with lozenges and volutes, and large, grey ovoid jar (P 412). 211 Bone Stud  (Pl. 45) BI 172  Citadel Mound, Trench NE Corner, Cut 4a: Layer 3, among wall stones (NB 27:93).

Split lengthwise. Dimensions: L. 1.3 cm; W. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Half of a creamy, oval bone cylinder cut squarely at both ends and polished on all exterior surfaces. Round hole, flat at bottom, pierces about halfway down from the center of one end.

Shank broken off. Found associated with bronze nail (B 1866). Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Plano-convex stud with shaft in back. Front face decorated with incised design: circle around edge, within which two smaller concentric circles separated by wave-like motifs connected by double curves. Compass points still visible in several places. Upper surface well polished. A bone object with similar designs from Gezer is tentatively classified as a pinhead (MacAlister 1912: fig. 279).

214 Bone Cylindrical Attachment  (Pl. 46) YH 55366, SF 97-33  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Robber’s trench for massive stone foundations, and matrix into which foundation was cut. Operation 34, Locus 284, Lot 641. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact.

Miscellaneous Shapes

Dimensions: L. 2.2 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1 cm.

212 Ivory Peg  (Pl. 46) BI 464  Citadel Mound, Megaron 6: Destruction Level fill in doorway (NB 118:164).

Roughly shaped cylinder with one long side slightly concave; groove across raised edge at one end. Opposite convex face and flat sides made uniform with rasp; diagonal grooves visible under luster. Ends sawn, small lip protrudes on one end. All surfaces lustrous.

Broken off across stem at rivet hole; staining from iron pin. Dimensions: L. 4.3 cm; W. head 1.6 cm; Th. head 0.9 cm; D. peg 0.7 cm. Well-polished, buff ivory peg with large round head, flattened front and back. Lightly incised, transverse groove at joint of shaft and head. Head pierced by two small holes, each symmetrically slotted toward the outside. Where shaft is broken were two crossing iron rivets, 0.5 cm apart; the upper one originally had a hollow hemispherical head (now missing) at one end, the other shows only a thin pinhole with staining. Interpreted by Ellen Kohler, in the field catalogue entry, as a tuning peg from a stringed instrument. Aside from its superficial resemblance to a modern tuning peg, the presence of two rivets suggests it was secured in a fixed position.

215 Bone Inlay Bedding  (Pl. 46) BI 455  Citadel Mound, Trench Z2: Layer 4, ashy soil in deep cellar (NB 117:112). Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.8 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Well-polished, tan ivory strip on the face of which are two very shallow rectangular set-backs (1.8 cm x 1.5 cm and 0.1 cm deep) with plain margins, divided from each other at center by four transverse ridges. Back plain with a long, thin, off-center slot down the whole length intersecting another short, off-center slot. Sides very slightly beveled for inlaying. Found associated with 576.

213 Bone Cylindrical Attachment  (Pl. 46) BI 538  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE: Floor 4 (NB 152:9).

216 Bone Inlay: Bedding  (Pl. 46) BI 69  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Cut E-V: On



DECORATIVE PIECES 133

Floor 4, with late 4th century BCE coin (NB 8:12).

219 Bone Framing Piece  (Pl. 46) BI 534  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-7: Layer 3 (NB 140:135).

Intact. Complete, as recut. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Dimensions: L. 7.2 cm; H. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Bone strip with large groove running full length on back. On front, three narrow transverse ridges on one end, a sunken rectangle more than half the total length and almost the total width of plaque filled with fine zigzag scratching, and a broad flat surface with a deep horizontal groove. 217 Bone Attachment: Semi-circular Band  (Pl. 46) BI 55  Citadel Mound, Trench SWT, Section A, Cut 3: Layer 4 (NB 7:7). Broken at one end. Dimensions: D. 3.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Semicircular band with small hole in one end set off by three transverse ridges. Four heavy longitudinal grooves on outer face.

Long, narrow slice of buff bone. Many light parallel oblique lines on bottom edge, which is cut as a long low arch (perhaps as re-use). Along upper edge is a centered, lengthwise groove. Random scratching on back suggests attachment by gluing. Found associated with rim of alabaster dish (ST 733) and bronze tweezers (B 1864). 220 Bone Insert  (Pl. 46) YH 36160, SF 93-24  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Mudbrick collapse Operation 17, Locus 0, Lot 114. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. Tenons broken off at each side. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

218 Bone Bridge  (Pl. 46) BI 318  Citadel Mound, Trench EML-3E, east corner: Layer 4 (NB 74:108). Intact Dimensions: L. 4 cm; H. 1.6 cm. Well-polished, buff bone carved in form of three sides of a rectangle standing on free ends, which are turned out at right angles and flattened. Scoring at the edge of one of the projections suggests they were meant to represent crude human feet. Top bar projects sharp corners slightly beyond supporting legs. Two notches cut into its upper surface above each leg. Unclear as to how it might have been attached to another object, as the undersides of the feet are highly polished and are at an angle to each other. The shape led Ellen Kohler to originally catalogue this as a bridge from a stringed instrument. While the two notches on the upper side suggest it may have helped secure a string or wire of some kind, the orientation and polished condition of the feet are problematic.

Lenticular rectangle of bone with remnants of small tenons for insertion set off by a groove at either end; narrow faces cut squarely, with one polished and the other scored obliquely. 221 Ivory Attachment  (Pl. 46) BI 259  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O13: Layer 3, with early Hellenistic pottery (NB 56:39). Broken diagonally across one end. Mended from several fragments. Missing one bronze boss head when found; now missing two. Dimensions: H. 8.3 cm; W. 7.3 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Thick flat piece of ivory polished on front, flattened and showing paring marks on rear face. Straight across bottom. Sides have C-shaped indentations. Preserved projection at edge of upper portion is enhanced with a small attached bolster divided into three sections by deep grooves with two incised lines on each raised element. Surface deco-

134

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

rated with incised patterns: outlining with a band of contiguous crosses on all sides; across bottom row of studs, band with rounded ends containing squares with variations on a cross of diamonds. Piercing the plaque are three rows of bronze studs with hollow hemispherical heads and short shafts, both square and round in section, bent down against the back of plaque. The bottom row consists of four studs, three in the middle row and three restored to complete the top row. Uncertain whether studs were purely decorative or also functional; protrusion on the back side suggests they partly served to attach the piece to another object. Found associated with grey-polished cup with graffito (I 155) and small, black-polished, ribbed sieve-jug with high ribbon handle (P 1248). 222 Ivory Block  (Pl. 47) BI 493  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-S1: Under Floor 4, with West Slope Wares (NB 135:31). Mended from two pieces; small end broken off. Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Well-polished piece of irregularly shaped tan ivory. One face rectangular, one half-ellipse from which all sides taper back roundly toward a point (now missing). Cut from close to tip of tusk, as small central cylinder at heart of tusk is clearly visible.

at transition to thinner extension that narrows to blunt rounded end pierced by a hole. Knob surface is lustrous. 224 Bone Decorative Piece  (Pl. 47) BI 375  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 2, south of fill around a Medieval coiled oven with associated green-glazed sherds, as well as a stray fragment of West Slope ware (NB 89:8). Appears intact. Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Thick crescent of well-polished, bone. Flattened sides decorated with groups of small, drilled holes: on one side three, four, and three; on the other, four in the center only. At center of the upper surface is a prominent transverse ridge; two lesser ridges are set further down the sides. Entire underside roughly scored transversely for gluing. The tapered ends seem too polished to represent broken surfaces. 225 Ivory Attachment: Palmette  (Pl. 47) BI 188  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A1, east end: Under Floor 1 (NB 23:123). One side edge split off; two nail holes torn through. Dimensions: H. 3.3 cm; W. 4.1 cm.

Found associated with black-glazed lamp, Corinth Broneer Type IX (L 152); black polished ring base (P 3578); and terracotta hawk (Romano 1995:9, no. 16, pl. 5).

Polished, buff ivory piece cut in palmette shape with three small attachment holes along bottom edge. Cut about two laminations thick, following the curve of the tusk. Could have attached to a round object approximately 10 cm in diameter.

223 Bone Attachment  (Pl. 47) YH 43886, SF 96-82  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed deposit. Operation 34, Locus 140, Lot 163. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic to 2, Roman.

226 Bone Attachment: Palmette  (Pl. 47) YH 22145, SF 88-123  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pithouse with oven. Operation 1, Locus 68, Lot 136 YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval

Broken at narrow end.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 4.7 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Dimensions: H. 1.3 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Flat bone shaft with scalloped edges. Thick, intact end is rounded to form a flattened knob cut squarely on both sides

Small object in the shape of a simplified palmette, or possibly a hand. Flat base from which rise two long central and two smaller flanking projections. Back flat and scratched



DECORATIVE PIECES 135

diagonally for attachment. Traces of red pigment on surface in two areas, but no luster. 227 Bone Inlay: Ridged Square  (Pl. 47) BI 569  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3A: Fallen fill (NB 160:46).

Smooth, buff bone disc with slightly beveled edges. Incised design done with compass and straight edge; inside marginal circle is a ten-petal rosette created by placing dotted half-circles on outer rounded edge of petal and running straight, though irregularly placed, connecting lines to small central dotted circle.

Complete.

Found associated with red coarse incised sherd (I 383).

Dimensions: H. 1.4 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

230 Ivory Inlay: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 519  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-5: Building X, erected in early 8th century BCE, from the rubble refill of the building’s robbed outer wall (NB 142:112). The building was in use until first half of the 5th century, based on the find of an Attic black-figured palmette lekythos (P 3916) under the latest preserved pebble floor (DeVries 1990:396–398) (NB 142:113).

Well worked, small square cut back slightly on sides for insetting. Face has three evenly spaced low ridges. Back scratched to hold glue.

Incised Decorative Pieces Rosette 228 Bone Applique: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 549  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7-A4: Layer 7 (NB 156:35). Intact. Dimensions: H. 3.7 cm; W. 3.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Thin, well-smoothed wafer of bone, cut off squarely on three sides and tapering away on fourth to escape marrow. Sides do not appear to be undercut; perhaps attached by glue. Back fairly smooth. Face decorated by compass-incisions: circle containing six-petal floret, with a double-outlined half-circle based on the circumference in the intervening fields. Interiors of petals and half-circles stippled. Found associated with Laconian painted skyphos rim sherd (P 4230) and marbled Lydion kotyle fragment (P 4216). 229 Bone Inlay: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 477  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 4-5: Fill below wall of South Cellar, built in late 8th/early 7th century BCE (NB 130:23). Intact; small abrasion along part of margin. Dimensions: D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 3.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Well-polished, tan ivory disc slightly undercut around edge for inlay. Back unevenly cut, with saw marks visible. At edge of face, pairs of radial lines between pairs of compass-drawn circles; plain area bordered at center by a double circle; at center, twelve-petal rosette with alternate petals decorated with double-line chevrons or a single dot. Deep central compass dot. Found associated with 121, 189, and black-polished trefoil pitcher (P 3828). 231 Bone Inlay: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 498  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 5-6, S3: Layer 6, with red-figured sherds (NB 133:119). Complete. Marrow showing on top has caused roughness on back. Dimensions: D. 2.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Smooth, buff bone disc, slightly convex on top and undercut around edge for inlay. Incised design of compassdrawn, six-petal rosette inside a circle. Margin filled with spaced pairs of radial lines. Incision uneven in depth and ghosted in some places.

136

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Found associated with Proto-Corinthian skyphos fragment (P 3696). 232 Bone Inlay: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 171  Citadel Mound, Trench NE Corner, Cut 3: Layer 3 (NB 27:85).

235 Bone Inlay: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 587  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3F, Unit 31: Context unclear (NB 166:60). Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Flat disc undercut for inlay. Top face with plain incised rosette composed of eleven petals within flat band margin. Slight gouging where petals meet margin gives effect of relief. Central compass hole. 233 Bone Attachment: Wheel  (Pl. 47) YH 59408, SF 01-11  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 7, Lot 71 YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Segment of outer edge broken away. Dimensions: D. 3.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Flat bone circle segmented by eight spokes around central hole. Tapers to thinner edges notched in scalloped pattern. Lightly incised ring around central hole on one side; on opposite side, incised ring between rim and ends of eight flat spokes. 234 Bone Attachment: Rosette  (Pl. 47) YH 40046, SF 94-91  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Area with many pits and robbed walls. Operation 17, Locus 360, Lot 401. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic to 2, Roman.

Disc cut in relief as twelve-petal rosette with large hemispherical center. Each petal is dished, separated from its neighbor by a groove, and whole ring of petals dips downward toward center. Outer edges of each petal rounded. Back lightly scratched for gluing. 236 Bone Inlay: Rosette  (Pl. 47) BI 253  Citadel Mound: Surface find. Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Greyish-brown disc with undercut edge and decorated on top surface with uneven, seven-petal rosette in low relief. Each petal shaped as a hollowed triangular basin, separated by a shallow groove and surrounding a center dotted circle. Worn shiny on ridges. Marrow shows slightly on front and substantially on back.

Lotus and Palmette 237 Bone Attachment: Cylinder with Lotus Design  (Pl. 48) BI 344  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room, east side, near southeast corner in fill of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 78:38).

Broken on three sides; part of rim preserved. Surface abraded; entirely burned black.

Broken, blackened, and curled by fire. One piece so warped that it cannot be mended well. Single fragment of gold still attached; other loose fragments.

Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; W. 2 cm; 0.4 cm.

Dimensions: H. 5.8 cm; D. 1.9 cm.

Section of disc with original diameter of approximately 5 cm. Incised rosette with narrow petals in center, surrounded by thin plain band, band in triglyph-metope pattern, two plain bands, band in staggered triglyph-metope pattern, and thin plain band at edge.

Length of cylindrical bone with marrow thoroughly scraped out. Design of five contiguous, lotus petals finely incised in double outline with a single mid-rib, rounded bases, and pointed tops. Between each primary petal appears a single secondary petal, for a total of ten points around the top.



DECORATIVE PIECES 137

Two attachment holes opposite each other at bottom, with a second set at right angles at the top. Pieces of gold foil, several still attached, were pressed into the incised design.

Chipped on one edge. Some cancellous tissue visible on back. Dimensions: H. 1.6 cm; W. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Found associated with 195 and bronze nail (B 1190) 238 Bone Inlay: Lotus and Palmette  (Pl. 48) BI 272  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-9: Pit under pipe in north room of Middle Phrygian Building G (NB 59:45). Intact; pitting over top face. Stained grey. Dimensions: D. 3.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Flat, circular disc of bone beveled for inlay. Shallow round hollow at center of each face. One side plain, but randomly scratched; other decorated with six incised, alternating lotus flowers and five-petaled palmettes, each resting on a torus base set atop linked curved stems. The whole is surrounded at the edge by a pseudo-meander border. 239 Ivory Inlay: Lotus-Palmette Chain  (Pl. 48) BI 14  Tumulus C (mid-6th century BCE): Pretumulus burial in Stone Complex 3 (Kohler 1995:26, fig. 11) (NB 3:24).

Rectangular inlay strip. Single incised line along each long edge. Incised design of opposed, stylized lotus flowers with hatched lozenges above and below the joined bases. Back has smooth matte finish. A similar motif appears on a gold appliqué from a shroud found in the 5th century BCE tomb at Maikop in the northwest Caucus Mountains (Amrhein et al. 2016:139). 241 Bone Inlay: Lotus  (Pl. 48) BI 329  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-3C: Layer 2 (NB 79:1). Broken at one end. Dimensions: H. 1 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Rectangular strip of bone with sides slightly undercut for inlay. Face divided into two outlined rectangles, in each of which oblique lines cut in a simplified version of a lotus blossom. Near one end a faintly incised dotted circle.

Complete as mended from two pieces. Discolored to grey.

Guilloche

Dimensions: H. 2 cm; W. 1.3 cm.

242 Ivory Inlay: Guilloche  (Pl. 49) BI 365  Citadel Mound, Megaron 3: Inner room, by east wall, near southeast corner in fill of Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 80:81).

Thin, ivory square inlay with finely incised lotus and palmette chain. On left edge is right half of palmette with five and a half petals resting on a scroll from which a double line curved stem goes across to the left half of a lotus flower whose petals are in double outline. Each element rests on a lozenge base. Found associated with 174, 836, trefoil buff pitcher (P 23), and high-handed jar (P 26). Kohler 1958:111–112, fig. 5, 1995: 26, pl. 83C. 240 Bone Inlay: Lotus  (Pl. 48) YH 29289, SF 89-227  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Basin hearth in outside area. Operation 7, Locus 26, Lot 144. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Complete (d) and fragmentary; burned and warped. Dimensions: Max. dims.: (a) 2.4 cm; (b) 1.8 cm; (c) 2.1 cm; (d) 3.4 cm; Ths. 0.6–0.7 cm. Four unrelated pieces of ivory, all beveled for inlaying. (a) Portion of undecorated strip. (b) Triangular piece similar to (c), but with finer incision. (c) Triangular piece with incised design of irregular, compass-drawn, double outlined guilloche within single line border. (d) Plain, cut to an Sshape. The similarity of the guilloche on 1 is noted in Sams (1993:552, n. 34). The guilloche rarely appears in Early

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Phrygian art; among the exceptions are on two pieces found in Tumulus P: the clasp of a bronze belt and around the edge of a wooden box (Young 1981: figs. 9D, 27B; Sams 1993:552, n. 34). The central hole in the guilloche is found on ivories from Hasanlu, and Muscarella sees it as typically North Syrian (1980:162, n. 6).

Dimensions: L. 3.9 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

243 Bone Inlay: Guilloche  (Pl. 49) BI 461  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7-C: Level 5, pit in fill around wall of Middle Phrygian Building W (NB 118:26).

246 Bone Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49) BI 51  Citadel Mound, NCT Building: Dump, possibly from Hellenistic layer (NB 5:74).

Rectangular, flat strip of bone, slightly undercut for inlay. Incised decoration of four and a half overlapping, compassincised semicircles; each center dot on circumference of neighbor. Roughened on back.

Complete. Complete as cut. Back shows some traces of marrow. Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; W. 1.2 cm. Dimensions: L. 8.7 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Flat strip of bone with sides and ends roughly beveled under for inlaying. Decoration of compass-incised, dotted, double circles overlapping so as to form a guilloche. Circles carelessly placed, not in a straight line; incomplete circle at one end. 244 Bone Attachment: Guilloche  (Pl. 49) BI 321  Citadel Mound, Trench EML 3-W: Layer 3 (NB 74:118). Broken across at one end. Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Smoothed rectangular strip of light buff bone pierced by large, round attachment hole near one end. Finished rounded end is beveled. One long side cut straight and rough; opposite side beveled slightly. Smooth upper face decorated with incised, compass-drawn guilloche pattern with deeply dotted centers. Incised line along one margin. Underside left rough. Found associated with red-on-buff sherd (P 2076) and conical incised grey whorl (MC 171).

Dotted Circle 245 Bone Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49) BI 533  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-4: Rubble packing below wall of Building P (NB 142:139). Rectangular chip off one corner; badly dried and calcined.

Thin strip of bone with two overlapping rows of semicircles. Lower parts of an additional row of circles above. Compass point visible. Finished and slightly undercut on all sides except one short end. Found associated with 257, 456, locally made Hellenistic bowl (P 222), and bronze arrowhead (B 76). Rose 2021:50, n. 76. 247 Bone Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49) BI 288  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-11: Layer 2 (NB 60:40). Intact, but chip off one corner; stained. Marrowy on back. Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Tan ivory strip with band of incised compass-drawn partial circles, overlapping so that the circumference of one passes through the center of its neighbor. Left side of each circle trails below the compass-dot, pointing in arcs to right. Found associated with 815 and stamped coarse sherd (P 1483). 248 Bone Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49) BI 354  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-3D: Under Floor 6 (NB 79:47). Complete. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 0.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.



DECORATIVE PIECES 139

Well-polished strip of buff bone, beveled slightly around edges for inlaying. Near each end a compass-drawn circle with deep center dot.

Operation 29, Locus 264, Lot 362. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 390 BCE. Intact.

249 Ivory Attachment: Circles  (Pl. 49) BI 560  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE5: Under Floor 4, east side (NB 152:127). Mended at one oblique lamination. Dimensions: L. 5.9 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Solid strip of ivory, rectangular in section. Finely cut on decorated top: inside margin of single incised line, row of seven finely incised compass-drawn circles alternately decorated with cross-bars and stipples. Sides roughly cut to near-smooth surface with four large, irregularly spaced holes drilled through to the opposite side, and two smaller holes only partially penetrating. Slightly recessed area in center of second side. Bottom face finished smoothly. May have functioned as a separator bar for multiple strands of beads on a necklace. Found associated with black-figured kylix cup sherd dated ca. 500 BCE (P 4236).

Dimensions: H. 2.9 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Slightly convex, antler square plaque with preserved edges undercut for inlay. Decorated with four dotted double circles, one in each corner. This, and perhaps 252, may have been parts of a gaming board based on comparable pieces found in Hama where they lay on the floor above the remains of a table (Riis and Buhl 1990:240–241, no. 958, fig. 114). Found associated with 250. 252 Bone Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49; no illustration available of second inlay). BI 70  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Cut D-IV: Below Floor 4 in pit opening into Layer 3 (NB 8:13). Complete. Dimensions: L. 3.8 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

250 Bone Appliqué: Circles  (Pl. 49) YH 54524, SF 96-256  Citadel Mound. Northwest Zone: Deposit above a Late Phrygian structure, possibly a robber trench. Operation 29, Locus 264, Lot 568. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 390 BCE. Intact. Some pitting on back. Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Rectangular bone plaque with rounded edges on the long sides and squared-off short sides. Two incised triple circles with a central dot irregularly spaced in relationship to central long axis. Top surface lustrous; back has random shallow gouges in marrow area. Found associated with 251. 251 Antler Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49) YH 54526, SF 96-258  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Deposit above Late Phrygian structure, possibly a robber trench.

Two identical, rectangular, bone inlays, with plain back. Front face with five incised dotted triple circles, one in each corner and one in the middle. Found associated with coarse grey jug (P 235) and two coins, uncatalogued but described by the excavator as end of the 4th century BCE. 253 Bone Inlay: Circles  (Pl. 49) BI 485  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 5-6, N: PPB, room in northwest corner, Layer 6 (NB 130:68). Intact. Marrow appears on back. Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Smooth, rectangular, buff bone strip, faintly undercut for inlay. Incised design of four dotted compass-drawn circles connected by tangents, framed by a single groove along each long edge. Found associated with 644.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

254 Bone Applique: Circles  (Pl. 50) BI 469  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 6: Floor 2, north, in area described as a “box” (NB 127:34).

Mended from two fragments.

Two with one finished end; two broken at both ends. Burned.

Thin smooth strip of bone incised on face with single line along longitudinal center on which rest the points of four chevrons in double outline and shaded with short strokes. Marrowy on back side.

Dimensions: Ls. 1.4–2.2 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Four fragments of well-polished bone plaques, flat on back and slightly gabled on upper surface. Edges carefully squared. Decorated with pairs of incised, dotted, compassdrawn, double circles on each slope. Found associated with 22, 99, 407, 417.

Chevron 255 Bone Inlay: Chevron  (Pl. 50) BI 401  Citadel Mound, Trench W2S4, south end: Clay (NB 91:59).

Dimensions: L. 4.5 cm; W. 2.1 cm.

Found associated with 246, 456, locally made Hellenistic bowl (P 222), and bronze arrowhead (B 76). Rose 2021:50, n. 76.

Zigzag 258 Bone Attachment: Zigzag  (Pl. 50) BI 356  Citadel Mound, Building L, south annex, west room: Clay (NB 82:7). Broken off along one end.

Intact.

Dimensions: H. 4.5 cm; W. 4.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Buff bone plaque with two preserved squared corners and two irregularly placed attachment holes. Incised decoration of wavy relief lines sunk into margin run to edge of plaque, perhaps indicating a contiguous plaque. Inside the margins, straight strips of the same decorative pattern in cross-in-square design. Very poor quality bone, marrowy over entire front face.

Well-polished, rectangular bone strip smoothed on underside. Frame of small rectangles separated by three vertical lines. In center area, five evenly spaced chevrons formed by double lines filled with short vertical strokes. 256 Bone Inlay: Chevron  (Pl. 50) BI 152  Citadel Mound, Middle Phrygian Building A, Trench B: Dump (NB 22:20).

259 Bone Inlay: Zigzag  (Pl. 50) BI 169  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-NW, I-D: Layer 4 (NB 21:46).

Intact, but for small chip on one corner. Slightly spongy on back.

Complete.

Dimensions: L. 10.3 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Well cut strip with incised design of continuous chevrons bisected by a central line and set between a line set on each long edge.

Smooth bone strip undercut slightly on all edges for inlay; spongy on back side. Flat margin on two long and one short edge. Between two bands, a gouged design that forms relief zigzags with plain band separating. Remains of red color in the Vs of the zigzag. The design is paralleled in the decorative plinth beneath a small wooden animal figure found in Tumulus P, originally described as a horse, (Young 1981:

257 Bone Inlay: Chevron  (Pl. 50) BI 44  Citadel Mound, NCT Building: Layer 3 (NB 5:74), perhaps associated with Building NCT.



DECORATIVE PIECES 141

fig. 22A) and on a handle now seen to have supported the animal, which Simpson has identified as a bull (Simpson 2012:162, fig. 10.19). 260 Bone Inlay: Zigzag  (Pl. 50) BI 496  Citadel Mound, Trench WS-9, N: Layer 2 (NB 130:134). Broken off at both ends; slightly warped. Dimensions: L. 5.9 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Well-polished strip of tan bone with sides well undercut for inlay. Front face incised in geometric design using a straight edge. Outlined margins flank pattern of transverse lines at irregular distances, marking off oblongs and squares in which are alternating oblique lines. Marrow showing on back in lengthwise direction.

Rectangle of very thin, tan ivory undercut on all four sides for inlaying. Incised decoration of obliquely set meander pattern done in squares with varied versions: T-meander, wave left, wave right; hook left, hook right, in no particular order. Margin is a series of tiny triangles of leftover space. All ridges and grooves are approximately equal in size and square in section; may have been filled in with a contrasting material. A similar ivory plaque with a pseudo-meander design, presumably part of furniture decoration, was found in Tumulus D at Elmalı (Özgen & Özgen 1988:194, no. 57). 263 Ivory Inlay: Ladder  (Pl. 50) BI 383  Citadel Mound, Trench W2S2: At 2.70 m below modern ground level (NB 87:148). Intact. Dimensions: L. 7 cm; W. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Found associated with black-glazed lamp, Corinth Bronner Type VII (L 150), and tall green-glazed lamp (L 149).

Rectilinear Designs 261 Bone Inlay: Meander  (Pl. 50) BI 298  Citadel Mound, Trench Q2/Q2E3: Level 5 cellar (NB 46:89). Intact. Very marrowy on back.

Well-polished strip of tan ivory squared off at ends and scratched on back for gluing. Incised design of pairs of transverse lines forming row of squares between margins of double lines above and triple below. Incision very fine; done to a straight edge. 264 Bone Inlay: Grooves  (Pl. 50) YH 68947, SF 05-9  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pit house, west room. Operation 53, Locus 33, Lot 133. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

Dimensions: H. 2.3 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Broken at both ends; iron nail heavily oxidized. Smoothed, bone square inlay beveled on all edges for insertion and striated on back. On face, two pairs of very carefully incised, facing meanders in a double-outlined square. The design on this piece, as well as 262, are similar to ones found on bronze belts in Tumulus P (Young 1981:19–20, figs. 9E, 10, 11) and wood squares on a table and screen from Tumulus MM (Young 1981: figs. 104, 109C). 262 Ivory Inlay: Meander  (Pl. 50) BI 514  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-3: Layer 3 (NB 140:52).

Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Bone strip with roughly rectangular section. Face decorated with seven preserved sets of diagonal grooves set at uneven intervals. Iron nail (D. 0.25 cm) bisects two sides. 265 Inlay Strips: Ladder  (Pl. 50) BI 80  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41). All fragments, none complete. Burned bluish-white.

Intact, but for chip out of corner. Dimensions: Ls. 0.6–1.8 cm; W. 0.6 cm; Th. 0.1 cm. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Fragments (15) of ivory strips decorated with incised ladder patterns. Three appear to come from corners, with one preserving an attachment hole. Several pieces show evidence of attached open work designs. Found associated with 200–201, 271, 278, 313, 317, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1). Kohler 1958:128, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 8. 266 Bone Attachment: Transverse Grooves  (Pl. 51) YH 51210, SF 95-276  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 688, Lot 877. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian.

Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 0.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Strip of bone with flat back and deeply cut denticulate pattern on top. Edges straight and smooth; very fine saw marks on back. Slight luster on top of dentils. 269 Ivory Inlay: Transverse Grooves  (Pl. 51) BI 210  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O4: Layer 2 (NB 38:83). Broken on three sides; stained. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Highly polished, flat ivory strip with five neatly cut fine grooves and a slight indication of a sixth. Scratched and roughened on back. Found associated with glass bottle fragments (G 152).

Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Inlay strip, decorated with alternating wide and narrow sections delineated by deep cuts.

270 Ivory Inlay: Cross-Hatching  (Pl. 51) BI 596  Citadel Mound: No context recorded. Mended. Small laminated chip off one end. Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; W. 0.4 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

267 Bone Attachment: Transverse Grooves  (Pl. 51) BI 349  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-4N: Layer 4 (?), pit in clay (NB 79:28).

Narrow length of ivory well cut to nearly square section, but beveled under on sides just enough for inlaying. Ends cut square. Decorated with a carefully cut lozenge pattern.

Complete. Dimensions: L. 7.6 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Well-polished, irregular buff bone strip, oblong in section. Along one narrow long face, two groups of six slightly oblique, transverse gashes with one hole at center and one at end. Single hole pierces thicker end of side faces. One end squared, the other convex. Bottom face rough and pitted by marrow. 268 Bone Attachment: Transverse Grooves  (Pl. 51) YH 64217, SF 02-209  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior surface with ash and trash. Operation 45, Locus 145, Lot 209. YHSS Phase: 3A:3, Late Hellenistic. Broken.

271 Ivory Inlay: Grooves  (Pl. 51) BI 81  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Burned level above great pithos (NB 4:41). Twelve fragments, four of which may be complete; burned bluish white. Dimensions: Ls. 0.5–2.2 cm; W. 0.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Twelve fragments of ivory strips with one deep, lengthwise groove intersected by two or three deep crosswise grooves. Resulting rectangles have pinholes in centers. Dotted squares have a long history in Gordion decorative patterns going back to pottery from the destruction level (DeVries and Rose 2012:191, fig. 13.9) and an inlaid wooden strip from Tumulus P (DeVries and Rose 2012: fig. 13.10).



DECORATIVE PIECES 143

Found associated with 200–201, 265, 278, 313, 317, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1).

and eight transverse incisions; alternating panels appear to have been stained red. Found associated with 169.

Kohler 1958:129, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 10. 272 Bone Inlay: Framing Strip  (Pl. 51) BI 358  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-3E: Clay (NB 79:75).

275 Bone Inlay: Cross in Square  (Pl. 51) BI 148  Citadel Mound, Trench ET: Door in west side of court of Middle Phrygian Gate Building (NB 14:83). Intact.

Intact. Marrow avoided except for trace on back. Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; W. 0.7; Th. 0.4 cm. Molded bone framing strip cut squarely off at one end and mitred at other for right-angled joint. Beveled on both long edges and squared edge. On upper face are two fine, sharp grooves down center, and along one edge, a shallower, wider one that stops short of the squared end, suggesting that the squared end was inserted into something or was not visible. Long edges and back scratched for gluing. 273 Ivory Attachment: Line Decoration  (Pl. 51) BI 555  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7-A6: Within bedding of west wall of PPB (NB 157:115).

Square inlay decorated with three concentric squares, inside of which is an outlined cross obliquely arranged. Found associated with 183, bronze arrowhead (B 284), and iron ring (ILS 94). 276 Bone Inlay: Miscellaneous Designs  (Pl. 51) BI 506  Citadel Mound, Trench CCS 2: Layer 6-8 (NB 146:27). Complete, but slightly warped. Dimensions: L. 4.7 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Split lengthwise and slightly warped; one peg missing. Dimensions: L. 14.2 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Long, thin ivory strip cut off squarely at ends. Pierced near one end and about at center with a finely fitted ivory peg still in place. Two sets of hand-drawn pairs of finely incised lines run lengthwise, with evidence of a third at broken edge. Preserved edge and ends smoothly finished. Back has fine criss-cross incisions for gluing. 274 Ivory Attachment: Line Decoration  (Pl. 51) BI 141  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W: Under Floor 4 (NB 9:143).

Rectangular strip of tan bone, undercut around edges. Incised decoration on face. In the three spaces left in a meandering marginal strip are (1) a compass-drawn, eight-petaled rosette filled in to edges of its rectangle by compounded triangles, (2) floret with dotted circles in spaces between sharp petals, and (3) swastika-like design made with two opposing T-shaped elements separated by a line. 277 Bone Appliqué: Miscellaneous Designs  (Pl. 51) BI 599  Citadel Mound, Trench CC 3-E: Clay (NB 160:148). Broken on one long and one short side. Bone yellow-brown.

Complete, as mended. Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Dimensions: L. 10.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Long, flat triangle of buff ivory pierced by two attachment holes. Surface divided into squares by one longitudinal

Thin, flat strip of bone, probably finished on one long and one short side. Polished, but undecorated on underside. Polished on upper side, but covered with numerous

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

scratches, slightly deeper scratches running across strip, shallow ones running at diagonal. Found associated with a Phrygian inscribed alabaster weight (I 539). 278 Ivory Inlay: Miscellaneous Designs  (Pl. 52) BI 83  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41).

Plain Shapes Rectilinear 280 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 52) BI 351  Citadel Mound: In clay deposit under Middle Phrygian Building C (NB 78:172). Complete, but one peg broken off short. Dimensions: L. 6 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; L. peg 1.3 cm.

Fragmentary; burned. Dimensions: Misc. dimensions Variety of ivory inlay pieces (23), including palmettes, rosettes, circles, grooved pieces, and pierced pieces. Some with incised designs on surface. Found associated with 200–201, 265, 271, 313, 317, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1).

Rectangular strip of buff bone with edges beveled just slightly. Near each end, hole for attachment containing sharpened bone peg, pushed in flush with upper surface. Found associated with terracotta animal figure, possibly of a cow (Romano 1995:56, no. 138, pl. 34). 281 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 52) BI 582  Citadel Mound, Trench CC 3E: Layer 5, Pit G under Cellar 1 with fill no earlier than the later 6th to early 5th century (NB 160:142).

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 15. Complete. 279 Ivory Inlay: Miscellaneous Designs  (Pl. 52) BI 12  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31).

Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Complete and fragmentary; burned from white through grey to black. Some soft and chalky, others hard as if glazed.

Bone rectangular strip, well smoothed on face and around four edges. Back well carved, but roughened from marrowholes. Fastening hole on back, just off center; does not pierce to face.

Dimensions: Misc. dimensions. Small pieces of ivory (11) in a variety of shapes for inlay: petals, triangles, and discs both solid and pierced. One has fine incised concentric circles; another incised compounded crosses in squares with double lines. Hatching on backs indicates attachment by gluing to furniture or other furnishings destroyed in the funerary pyre. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 151, 165, 332, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8). Kohler 1958:161, fig. 6; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 43.

Found associated with 192 and two bichrome fruit stands (P 4494, P4495). 282 Ivory Attachments: Rectangles and Curved  (Pls. 53–56) BI 515  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-3: PPB, Room 8, layer 4 (NB 140:58). Five complete pieces (a, e, f, k, l) and others broken; several stained greenish-black. Dimensions: Rectangular: (a) L. 10.1 cm; W. 3.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (b) L. 9.9 cm; W. 3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (c) L. 9.8 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (d) L. 9 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (e) L. 8.5 cm; W. 3.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (f) L. 8.3 cm; W. 3.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (g–j) Ls. 4.5–6.5 cm. Curved (k) L. 9.4 cm; W.



DECORATIVE PIECES 145

5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (l) L. 8.5 cm; W. 5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (m) L. 8.5 cm; W. 5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (n) L. 8.8 cm; W. 4.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (o) L. 8.4 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (p) L. 8.4 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (q) L. 9.1 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. (r) L. 8.5 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. (s–v) Ls. 4.6–6.3 cm. Strip (w) L. 8.6 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Miscellaneous slivers L. 4.7–6.7 cm (no illustration available). Twenty-six well-polished, thin ivory veneer plaques most pierced by four regularly placed peg holes, except (e) and (f) which have a fifth hole. Extensive remains of a fine lime plaster on the backs suggest they were glued, as well as nailed to a backing. Rectangular plaques (remains of six to nine) come in two discernible sizes: four longer ones (a–d), all with distinctive rough scratching on the back, and two shorter ones (e–f) with much finer scoring. One long edge always neatly rounded, the others cut squarely. Remains of at least 11 curved plaques (k–s, u–v) characterized by fine transverse scoring on back. Convex edge always neatly beveled, others cut squarely. Long thin strip (w) still preserves a small ivory peg in a hole near one end. Peg is pushed in flush with the strip’s upper surface and protrudes 0.3 cm behind. Rose 2021:52, n. 88. 283 Ivory Attachments: Rectilinear Shapes  (Pl. 57) BI 135b  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, Section 2-3c: Northwest corner of paved area in Hellenistic building (NB 14:73). All fragmentary; some stained greenish. Dimensions: L. largest piece 6.2 cm; W. 1.9 cm. Fragments (25) of flat rectilinear ivory plaques, the largest of which preserves two attachment holes. Additional pieces (11) of various shapes and sizes appear to be either broken remains of finished objects or remnants of manufacturing waste.

Two corners broken away; one attachment hole torn through to edge. Dimensions: L. 7.3 cm; W. 3.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Well-polished, rectangular bone plaque with rounded corners. At one end, two attachment holes; at other five holes, three of which appear carelessly misplaced (compare similar arrangement of holes on 122). Scored on back at one end. Found associated with relief-tongue end pan revetment (A 189) and bronze handle in shape of horse’s hoof (B 1200). 285 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) YH 26003, SF 89-33  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Cellar near southwest wall of Building I:2 dated by Attic imports to mid-5th century BCE. Operation 1, Locus 11.2, Lot 34. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Broken through attachment hole at one end. Marrow showing through on all sides. Dimensions: L. 10 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Rectangular strip of bone with holes drilled at either end. One end broken at larger hole (D. 0.5 cm); smaller hole (D. 0.3 cm) 1.8 cm in from preserved end. Surface smoothed; some luster on both surfaces. 286 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) BI 499  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-S2: Level 5-6, intrusive basement set down into clay, with West Slope ware (NB 135:87). Complete. Iridescent skin peeling on one side. Dimensions: L. 2.5 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Found associated with 153, pieces of crystal (J 59), glass squares with gold-leaf stars on underside (J 57), dark blue and white glass (G 59), pieces of gold leaf (J 58), and many flat pieces of bronze. 284 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) BI 327  Citadel Mound, Railroad Cut: Pit in clay (NB 70:139).

Small rectangle of bone, slightly convex on upper face and dished behind. In each corner, an irregularly placed hole for attachment. Found associated with black-glazed, reeded kantharos (P 3697); and bronze fibula, type XII (B 1718).

146

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

287 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) YH 52822, SF 96-54  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill inside an oven (Sams and Voigt 1998:683). Operation 29, Locus 249, Lot 466. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic, ca. 333 BCE.

290 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) YH 60638, SF 01-25  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: In Building 3 to south of Roman court. Operation 44, Locus 104, Lot 210. YHSS Phase: 2:2, Roman (75/80 to 110/115 CE). One end broken away.

Two original edges forming a corner; second long edge broken and smoothed in antiquity; second short edge has rough ancient break. Dimensions: L. 2.3 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; D. holes 0.3 cm. Thin, rectangular piece with two holes near preserved center. High polish on one surface, curved to sides; opposite surface flat, with sharp juncture at sides. 288 Bone Inlay: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) YH 23592, SF 88-199  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Area of collapse in building dated to the 189 BCE abandonment. Operation 2, Locus 21, Lot 49. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 3.9 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Piece of bone cut to form thin rectangular panel with two beveled edges. One side polished; opposite side has diagonal hatching. 289 Bone Appliqué: Rectangle  (Pl. 58) YH 21998, SF 88-67  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Operation 1, Locus 39, Lot 85. YHSS Phase: 3-1, Hellenistic to Medieval.

Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. holes 0.2–0.3 cm. Bone strip, smooth on both surfaces, but with marrow exposed on lower surface. Long edges nearly parallel, squared to give rectangular section. One end cut to form blunt point. Three cleanly drilled holes irregularly spaced along one edge. 291 Bone Attachment: Trapezoid  (Pl. 58) BI 166  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-NW, I-D: Layer 3, on cobbled surface, with Macedonian coin of ca. 280 BCE (NB 21:39). Intact. Dimensions: L. 11.7 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Smooth strip of buff bone, mitered at ends. Two small attachment holes near outside edge at ends. Back obliquely incised with fine lines to roughen surface. Found associated with glass handle (G 91). 292 Ivory Inlay: Rectangle  (Pl. 59) YH 30072, SF 89-378  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Trash pit. Operation 1, Locus 51, Lot 129. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Preserves one corner of plaque.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 11.4 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.1 cm.

Corner of a flat sheet of ivory. Top surface lustrous and back diagonally scratched; preserved edges are matte.

Very thin, rectangular bone veneer. One surface polished, but with some striations along and across long axis. Opposite side roughly finished and covered with striations at angle to long axis.

293 Bone Inlay: Rectangles  (Pl. 59) YH 53899, SF 96-162  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687).



DECORATIVE PIECES 147

Operation 17, Locus 708, Lot 898 YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, dated by a black figured cup signed by Sondros as potter (YH 53709, SF 96-269), 560–540 BCE (Lynch 2016:51; DeVries 2005: 47, figs. 410–411).

Dimensions: L. 7.7 cm; W. 0.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Well-smoothed, rectangular strip of buff bone, with small hole drilled for attachment near each end of wider face. Two thinner faces more highly polished than those with nail holes.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.4 cm; W. 0.2 cm; Th. 0.1 cm. Six nearly identical, narrow, rectangular bone strips with crisp edges and smooth matte surfaces. 294 Bone Inlay: Rectangle  (Pl. 59) YH 30090, SF 89-432  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: First floor in room constructed between Middle Phrygian Buildings I:2 and J. Operation 1, Locus 58, Lot 147. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

297 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 59) YH 30813, SF 89-315  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Inside wall of house in Abandoned Village. Operation 7, Locus 11, Lot 189 YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Plain bone rectangular strip with bevel at one end and one smooth, lustrous side.

Broken both ends. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 0.4 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Slender, rectangular, bone strip with diagonal grinding on all surfaces. Found associated with 913.

298 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 59) BI 118  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, Section 1-C: Layer 1, 0.60 m below modern surface (NB 14:58). (a) Complete; (b) mended. Dimensions: (a) L. 8.6 cm; W. 0.6 cm. (b) L. 8 cm; W. 0.6 cm.

295 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 59) YH 57960, SF 97-198  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior surface. Operation 29, Locus 471, Lot 909. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE.

Two narrow rectangular bone strips, rounded at both ends and pierced close to the ends with holes whose diameter nearly equals the width of the rod.

Intact.

Square

Dimensions: L. 7.3 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.2 cm.

299 Ivory Attachment: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 300  Citadel Mound, Trench Megaron South, Early Phrygian House Y (9th century BCE): Earth over floor (NB 44:138).

Rectangular strip with slightly rounded ends, pierced by a hole near each end.

Intact; iron stains on back along edges. 296 Bone Attachment: Rectangle  (Pl. 59) BI 374  Citadel Mound, Trench PP: Layer 3 (NB 88:16). Complete.

Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Well-polished, flat square of ivory with small section cut off half of one edge. Pierced by two attachment holes, un-

148

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

evenly placed. Textured on under surface, slightly convex and highly polished upper face. Found associated with bichrome sherd (P 1763), painted handle fragment (P 1764; Sams 1994: no. 396), and grey polished bowl (P 1765; Sams 1994: no. 282). 300 Ivory Attachment: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 451  Citadel Mound, Megaron 9 (9th century BCE): Stone and white plaster fill under east wall (NB 117:62).

Dimensions: H. 2.7 cm; W. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Well-polished, ivory square inlay cut back on edges with a slight bevel on upper face and flat back. 303 Ivory Attachment: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 97  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Mended from two pieces; burned and curled.

Intact as recut.

Dimensions: H. 1.3 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: H. 2 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Approximately square piece of grey ivory with rectangular attachment hole in center.

Flat, irregular square of yellow ivory recut to L-shaped piece, pierced by two large holes and one smaller one. Dished out and scratched on back for gluing; also beveled under irregularly in some places around edge. In original state ivory had delicately compass-drawn guilloche, now cut through and almost eradicated. 301 Ivory Attachment: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 314  Citadel Mound, Trench EML 2-E B: Layer 4, first half of the 5th century BCE refill of robbed foundation trench of Middle Phrygian Building M. The building was likely in use until the time of the Persian attack (Rose forthcoming; Fields 2008:67) (NB 74:92, 190). Intact; slightly stained.

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 304–305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 28b. 304 Ivory Attachment: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 115  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Mended from two pieces; burned. Dimensions: H. 1.6 cm; W. 1. 8 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: H. 1.2 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Approximately square piece of grey ivory with rectangular attachment hole in center. Deep groove flanking hole on underside.

Well-polished, flat square of buff ivory, pierced through center by large round hole.

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303, 305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357.

302 Ivory Inlay: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 330  Citadel Mound: Pit in floor beside wall of Building M. An Attic black-figured hydria (P 2076), dated 575 BCE, found in the destruction debris on the floor indicates the building was likely in use until the time of the Persian attack (Rose forthcoming; Fields 2008:64, 67, figs. 32– 33) (NB 78:12).

Kohler 1958:96; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 28a. 305 Ivory Inlay: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 116b  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

Chipped along edge.

Dimensions: H. 3.3 cm; W. 3.3 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Mended; large chips missing. Burned.



DECORATIVE PIECES 149

Plain square of ivory, undercut for inlay. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–304, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357.

Ivory square, sawed and well smoothed on both sides. Only one edge undercut. Back scratched for gluing. Found associated with Hellenistic pots (P 360–364; see Stewart 2010: no. 151 for P 362).

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 35. 306 Bone Inlay: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 465  Citadel Mound, Trench M6-C: South Cellar, in Upper Fill, dated to mid-6th to early 4th century BCE (See DeVries [2005] for a discussion of the dating of the South Cellar and its contents) (NB 121:129).

309 Ivory Inlay: Squares and Ovolo  (Pl. 60) YH 30177, SF 89-329  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit dug into clay that included material apparently derived from the Middle Phrygian deposit. Operation 1, Locus 77, Lot 163. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Intact.

Broken on edges.

Dimensions: H. 2.8 cm; W. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: (a) L. 1.3 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th1 cm. (b) L. 1.2 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. (c) L. 1.2 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. (d) L. 1.2 cm; W. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Well-polished, square bone inlay, very slightly undercut on sides. Scraped thin from removal of marrow in back. Scratched on back for gluing. Found associated with Early Proto-Corinthian kotyle sherd (P 3241) and fibula (B 1668).

Thick ovolo piece (a) with one flat edge. Three flat, square pieces (b–d) with one smooth face and diagonal grinding on back. Found associated with 931.

307 Bone Inlay: Squares  (Pl. 60) BI 64  Citadel Mound, NCT Building: Levels 4, with coin of late 4th century BCE (NB 5:110, 112), perhaps originally associated with Building NCT. Complete. Dimensions: (a) H. 2.5 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 0.3 cm;. (b) H. 2,7 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Two plain, square, ivory inlays, with some saw marks still visible.

Triangle 310 Bone Inlay: Triangle  (Pl. 60) BI 412  Citadel Mound, Trench CC Annex: Pit into or through floor of Middle Phrygian Building R (NB 91:91). Intact. Dimensions: H. 2.7 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Rose 2021: 50, n. 76.

Well-polished, triangular, bone inlay, with small triangular cut-out near center of base. Marrowy part of bone is confined to back face.

308 Ivory Inlay: Square  (Pl. 60) BI 134  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, Section 2-3c: Among fallen stones (NB 14:69).

Found associated with 83, 100, 478. Young 1964:283.

Intact; brown spots on front. Dimensions: H. 4.2 cm; W. 4.4 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

311 Ivory Inlay: Triangles  (Pl. 61) BI 110  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit,

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

Found associated with 200–201, 265, 271, 278, 317, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1).

Intact; burned black to white. Dimensions: Hs. 1.6–2.2 cm; Ws. 0.5–0.7 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Kohler 1958:124, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 13.

Eight squat, ivory triangles that could be set alternating up and down to create a strip about 10.5 cm long.

Diamonds

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler 1958:101; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 31. 312 Ivory Inlay: Triangles  (Pl. 61) BI 112  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Broken and burned fragments. Dimensions: Hs. 1.6–3 cm; Ws 1–1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

314 Ivory Inlay: Diamonds  (Pl. 62) BI 106  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Burned from white to black and warped. Dimensions: Hs. 1.5–1.8 cm; Ws. 0.9–1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Eleven complete and two partial ivory diamonds cut for inlay. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 315–316, 318, 341, 354–357.

Fragment of at least five long, triangular ivory inlays of various sizes, with a maximum restorable length of ca. 5 cm.

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 13.

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–357.

315 Ivory Inlay: Diamonds  (Pl. 62) BI 109  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 33. Small chips at edges. Burned. 313 Ivory Inlays: Triangles  (Pl. 61) BI 76  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41).

Dimensions: Hs. 2.7–3.5 cm; Ws. 1–1.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Four long narrow diamond inlays.

Complete and fragmentary pieces; burned bluish-white. Dimensions: (a) H. 1.9 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (b) H. 1.5 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (c) H. 1.3 cm; W. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Five complete ivory triangles of size (a), six complete straight or flat triangles of size (b), and three curved and six complete triangles of size (c); twelve triangle and diamonds in fragmentary condition.

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314, 316, 318, 341, 354–357. Kohler 1958:100; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 37a. 316 Ivory Inlay: Diamonds  (Pl. 62) BI 113  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).



DECORATIVE PIECES 151

Broken off on several sides; burned dark blue to white.

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 34.

Dimensions: (a) H. 3.2 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. (b) H. 4.2 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

319 Ivory Inlay: Circle  (Pl. 62) YH 48442, SF 95-201  Lower Town, Area A: Large storage pit, filled with debris. Operation 27, Locus 554, Lot 359 YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian

Two fragmentary ivory strips with deeply scored diamond pattern. Thin coat of white plaster on back of (a). Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–315, 318, 341, 354–357.

Broken in two, with tiny sliver missing from center Dimensions: H. 2.2 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Kohler 1958:103; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 37c. 317 Ivory Inlay: Diamonds  (Pl. 62) BI 77  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41).

Two fragments of slightly oval ivory disc. Tiny spur along one edge near break. Edges roughly finished.

Burned bluish-white to black. Four complete; many warped or fragmentary.

320 Ivory Inlay: Circle  (Pl. 62) BI 212  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Building E, fill between “terrace walls” on pebble floor, with Hellenistic sherds (NB 40:47).

Dimensions: Hs. 1.3–2.5 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Complete, as mended in all its laminae.

Fifteen ivory diamonds cut for inlay; one additional cut as a triangle.

Dimensions: H. 3 cm; W. 3.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Found associated with 200–201, 265, 271, 275, 313, 344, a pithos (P 702), round bronze ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber (J 28), and pieces of glass (G 1). Kohler 1958:125, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 12.

Circles 318 Ivory Inlay: Circle  (Pl. 62) BI 116a  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Complete, as mended; burned blue-grey. Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Plain ivory circular inlay undercut around all edges. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–316, 341, 354–357.

Well-polished, elliptical section from near center of ivory tusk. Edges slightly undercut for inlay. Rose 2021:45, n. 54. 321 Antler Attachment: Oval  (Pl. 62) YH 45259, SF 95-21  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Robber trench for Early Hellenistic House. Operation 17, Locus 525, Lot 654. YHSS Phase: 4–3B, Late Phrygian to Early Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: H. 3.4 cm; W. 3.1 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Irregularly shaped piece with three curved edges and rounded notch cut in narrow portion. Slightly undercut for inlay. Remains of very tiny peg (D. 0.2 cm) in center. Surface well polished. 322 Bone Attachment: Ellipse  (Pl. 63) BI 562  Citadel Mound, Megaron 8 (9th century BCE): Clearing north of north wall (NB 152:154).

152

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete. Dimensions: H. 2.6 cm; W. 3.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Flat, smooth, elliptically trimmed plaque of bone tapering to slightly sharp edge. Hole with irregular diameter placed slightly off center. 323 Ivory Attachment: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 2  Tumulus B (580–575 BCE): Between wooden sarcophagus and wall of chamber, near southeast end of coffin (NB 1:118). Complete, but with many cracks on surface. Dimensions: D. 3 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Wide disc pierced through the middle; flat on one side and slightly convex on the other. This has been alternately interpreted as a whorl, meant to be used with 396, which is viewed as a spindle (Kohler 1995:18). Found associated with 396. Kohler 1958:138, 1995:18 (TumB 8), pl. 9D.. 324 Bone Attachment: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 276  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-10: Layer 2, with Hellenistic sherds (NB 60:2). Slightly over half preserved, as mended. Dimensions: D. 4.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm. Flat bone disc pierced twice in center, leaving irregular hole. One side plain, except for tiny incised strokes tangent to hole; other side covered by network of scratched straight lines.

Flat round plug of ivory with sides cut back very slightly for inlay. Two very finely incised, compass-drawn lines around outer edge with central dot. On opposite face a compass dot shows in center. 326 Bone Attachment: Circles  (Pl. 63) BI 553  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7 A-5: Large stone-lined pit dug through clay layer in area between Middle Phrygian Buildings T and W (above the location of Terrace Building, Room 7) and filled with dark earth mixed with considerable ash, charcoal and some horse bones (NB 157:84). Edges rotted back badly enough to lose outer design on three-quarters of circumference. Iron stains on half of front, probably from iron nail originally in center. Marrowy everywhere, both front and back. Dimensions: D. 3.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.3 cm. Bone disc, well smoothed to slightly concave top face, with finely incised decoration of four concentric circles close around hole; at outer edge four more circles enclosed by a band of rectangles, separated by double radial lines, alternately plain and filled with Xs. Found associated with 345 and 988, as well as a large collection of other objects, including a relief carving of what appears to be a bucranium (S 102), sima fragments with red and white lozenges and a goat and tree scene, several mosaic tiles, fragments of black-polished ware with diamond faceting, and a piece of an Attic cup, of which more fragments were found in surrounding trenches (P 4210, ca. 550 BCE). 327 Bone Disc: Circle  (Pl. 63) YH 44923, SF 95-8  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From cleaning around a Hellenistic wall. Operation 17, Locus 513, Lot 631. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

325 Ivory Inlay: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 371  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 3: Inner room, Early Phrygian Destruction Level fill in posthole (NB 81:130).

Approximately one quarter of a disc; two post-production slashes on convex face.

Nearly complete; mended along two laminae. Burned.

Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Dimensions: D. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Disc with one side slightly concave with raised area at pre-



DECORATIVE PIECES 153

served center; two pairs of incised grooves, plus a single groove at edge. Convex side has three equally spaced single grooves.

331 Bone Attachment: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 146  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N4/5-B: Layer 5 (NB 20:155).

328 Ivory Attachment: Circle  (Pl. 63) YH 35815  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Floor deposit of a house from the Abandoned Village. Operation 17, Lot 48. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Intact.

Segment of disc. Dimensions: H. 2 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Fragment of black ivory disc with an estimated original diameter of 4 cm. Flat on back; convex upper face. Fine raised line marks off rim area from central hole. 329 Bone Attachment: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 494  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 9, N: Layer 1. (NB 130:131).

Dimensions: D. 3.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Thin disc with one plain convex face and raised collar around central hole. On opposite, flat face, are three pairs of incised concentric circles. Slight marrow on convex face. 332 Ivory Attachment: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 6  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit, under a shallow coarse ware bowl (P 10) (NB 1:18). Fragmentary condition: (a) radial section with adjoining area, (b) less than radial section. Burned black and stained brown; peeling on face. Dimensions: (a) W. 2.3 cm; (b) W. 1.8 cm.

Complete, but for large chip off one edge and crack running through its diameter; some encrustation. Marrow appears around hole, both front and back. Dimensions: D. 5 cm; Th. 1 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm. Roughly sawed bone slice with hole off center. One side slightly concave. Opposite face grooved once around edge. Edge irregularly finished. Found associated with 924 and stamped grey neck fragment (P 3643). 330 Bone Inlay: Circle  (Pl. 63) BI 190  Citadel Mound: Middle Phrygian Gate, North Court, 0.20 m above white floor covering clay (NB 40:12). Complete, slightly roughened and warped. Dimensions: D. 3.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Round, flat bone disc pierced in center. Three narrow flat bands at center, surrounded by two broader bands. Very slight undercutting on edge.

Two, non-joining fragments of ivory disc with square attachment hole in center. Decorated around edge with pair of double concentric circles separated by double radial strokes with four dots in alternating squares; two additional circles near center hole with space between divided by short double radial strokes. Back lightly cross-hatched for glue. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 151, 165, 279, 337, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8). Kohler 1958:154, fig. 8; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 39.

Spirals 333 Bone Inlay: Spiral  (Pl. 63) BI 399  Citadel Mound, Trench PPN: Above Floor C of Level 2 (NB 103:18). Broken across stem of spiral.

154

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: H. 2.3 cm; W. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Tan bone spiral with thick circular center and stem broadening as it curves around. Very smooth on top surface, roughened on back.

rectangle cut through for insetting a contrasting material. Saw scratches on bottom and sides. 337 Ivory Attachments: Palmettes  (Pl. 64) BI 5  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31).

Found associated with echinus bowl (P 2672). 334 Bone Inlay: Spiral  (Pl. 63) BI 316  Citadel Mound, Trench WML 2-E: Layer 1, surface (NB 73:91). Mended from two pieces; broken across stem of spiral. Stained. Dimensions: H. 3 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Well-polished, tan bone spiral with thick circular center and stem broadening as it curves around. Roughened on back.

Cut Out 335 Ivory Inlay: Cut-Out Quincunx  (Pl. 63) BI 384  Citadel Mound: Clay just below west bedding wall of Middle Phrygian Building M; pottery in clay dates to late 7th–6th century BCE (Rose forthcoming; Fields 2008:65) (NB 84:128). Intact. Dimensions: H. 1.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Two mended to near complete, plus ten fragments from similar elements in the design. Dimensions: (a) W. 2.5 cm; H. 2.1 cm. (b) W. 2.4 cm; H. 2.1 cm. Two approximately circular pieces of ivory hollowed out to receive shallow inlay or paste in the shape of a seven-petal palmette with individual leaves and scrolls. Small hole in the back of each section to secure inserted material or to attach whole to another surface. Unclear if contrasting insert material continued around the outside of the palmette inlay or if ragged outer edge only represents evidence of a thin background. Remains of at least one additional highly damaged palmette inlay (not illustrated). Separate piece in the shape of a flared triangle with a scalloped base and a single petal-shaped cut out (H. 1.1 cm; W. 1.8 cm) fits neatly in the space created when two of the palmette pieces are aligned at their tops. Cross-shaped fragment of what may be part of the same design scheme. Lightly incised hatching on back. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 151, 165, 279, 332, 366), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8).

Yellowish ivory square inlay undercut on outsides. Design is the outline of quincunx with central square larger than the four outer squares.

Kohler 1958:152, fig. 6; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 42.

336 Bone Inlay: Cut-Out Rectangles  (Pl. 63) BI 521  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-5: Rubble in bedding trench of Building Z (NB 142:116).

338 Bone Inlay: Cut-Out Tower Meander  (Pl. 64) BI 426  Citadel Mound, Trench T-E2: Layer 4, Pit H immediately above clay (NB 109:8).

Broken at one end.

(a) Broken at one end; (b) broken at both ends. Marrowy on back.

Dimensions: L. 1.9 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Buff bone strip, polished on upper surface and divided into two small raised rectangles, each one of which has a smaller

Dimensions: (a) L. 4.3 cm; W. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. (b) L. 2.8 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.



DECORATIVE PIECES 155

Two fragments of light buff bone strip cut to a tower meander design. Beveled slightly for inlay. A similar piece was recovered from Tumulus II (dated ca. 570 BCE) (G. Körte. and A. Körte 1904:112, fig. 90) and from the Artemision at Thasos (Prétre 2016:58, pl. XIX, no. 299).

Fragments of possibly nine ivory petal inlays, rounded at outer ends with sides tapering straight toward cut squared ends. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 354–357.

339 Bone Inlay: Cut-Out Tower Meander  (Pl. 64) BI 492  Citadel Mound, Trench M7-H: PPB, Layer 6 (NB 131:153).

Kohler 1958:98; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 32.

Broken at one end.

342 Ivory Inlay: Petals  (Pl. 65) BI 72  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Primary pyre (NB 4:19).

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Complete (22) and fragmentary (23); burned bluish white. Well-polished, tan bone strip cut out to a tower meander with edges beveled for inlay.

Dimensions: Hs. 1.1–2 cm; Ws. 0.5–0.7 cm; Ths. 0.2–0.3 cm.

Rose 2021:52, n. 88.

Petal 340 Bone Inlay: Petal  (Pl. 65) BI 428  Citadel Mound, Trench PPPS, southeast area: Pit down from Floor 5 (NB 106:117).

Fragments of at least thirty-nine ivory petal pieces undercut for inlay, rounded at one end and tapering toward squared off opposite end. Scratching on back for gluing. Found associated with 170, 199, 343, 358. Kohler 1958:120, fig. 6a; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 4.

Intact. Dimensions: H. 4.1 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

343 Ivory Inlay: Petals  (Pl. 65) BI 73  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Primary pyre (NB 4:19).

Smooth bone petal undercut for inlay. Rounded profile at one end, bluntly cut point at other. Bottom and sides show whittling marks.

Complete (5) and fragmentary (7); burned bluish white. Dimensions: Avg. H. 3 cm; avg. W. 1 cm; avg. Th. 0.2 cm.

Found associated with spindle whorl (MC 190) and incised stone bead (ST 496).

Fragments of ten to twelve flat ivory petals, rounded at one end and tapering to a point at the other.

341 Ivory Inlay: Petals  (Pl. 65) BI 107  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces. (NB 16:80).

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 3.

Two mended to near completion; two with only the round end preserved, and three fragments of pointed ends. Burned light to dark blue.

344 Ivory Inlay: Petals  (Pl. 65) BI 78  Tumulus D (ca. 560 BCE): Secondary cremation deposit (NB 4:41).

Dimensions: Hs. 1.6–5 cm; Ws. 0.9–1.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Complete (8 when excavated) and fragmentary (3); burned bluish grey.

Found associated with 170, 199, 342, 358.

156

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: Avg. H. 2.8 cm; avg. W. 1 cm; avg. Th. 0.2 cm. Eleven curved and flat ivory petal inlays, rounded at one end and tapering to a point at the other.

347 Bone Inlay: Petals and Circle  (Pl. 66) BI 98  Citadel Mound, East Trench, Section Sub 1: Layer 4 (NB 14:42). Intact.

Found associated with 200–201, 265, 271, 275, 313, 317, and a pithos (P 702). Kohler 1958:126, fig. 6b; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 9. 345 Bone Inlay: Petal  (Pl. 66) BI 554  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7 A-5: Large stone-lined pit dug through clay layer in area between Middle Phrygian Buildings T and W (above the location of Terrace Building, Room 7) and filled with dark earth mixed with considerable ash, charcoal and some horse bones (NB 157:78).

Dimensions: Petals: H. 1.8 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; circle: D. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Five buff, bone petals and a single circle which may have made a floret design for inlay. Sides undercut on all pieces. Petals rounded on outer end and pointed toward center. Found associated with 348. 348 Bone Inlay: Petals and Semi-Circle  (Pl. 66) BI 99  Citadel Mound, East Trench, Section Sub 1: Layer 4 (NB 14:42). Petals intact; circular piece broken off.

Complete. Dimensions: H. 3.6 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Single bone petal inlay with blunt point. Fairly well smoothed on top, marrowy on back. Found associated with 279 and 988, as well as a large collection of other objects, including a relief carving of what appears to be a bucranium (S 102), sima fragments with red and white lozenges and a goat and tree scene, a number of mosaic tiles, fragments of black-polished ware with diamond faceting, and a piece of an Attic cup, of which more fragments were found in surrounding trenches (P 4210, ca. 550 BCE). 346 Bone Inlay: Petal  (Pl. 66) YH 54848, SF 96-293  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed context sealed by Early Hellenistic house. Operation 29, Locus 304, Lot 609. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 395 BCE. Small chip off tip. Dimensions: H. 2.4 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Inlay cut in the shape of a petal. Top side has some luster; bottom is matte.

Dimensions: Petals: H. 1.5 cm; W. 0.7 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; circle: D. 1.2 cm. Four bone petals and fragment of central circle which could be combined to make a floret inlay. Petals rounded at one end, pointed at other. Found associated with 347. 349 Bone Inlay: Petal  (Pl. 66) YH 28388, SF 89-98  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Tile fall (earthquake debris?) in room constructed between Buildings I:2 and J. Operation 1, Locus 34, Lot 111. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: H. 4.2 cm; W. 0.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Large bone petal undercut for inlay. Surface smooth and lustrous, with some cancellous tissue on back. 350 Bone Inlay: Petal  (Pl. 66) BI 536  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-E: Level 3 fill above floor (NB 150:13).



DECORATIVE PIECES 157

Complete on face, but marrowy section on back partially rotted away.

Dimensions: H. 1.8 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Dimensions: H. 4.2 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Flat piece of tan bone cut to a curved pelta, flat on front and back. All edges slightly undercut for inlay. Polished on face, smoothly whittled on back.

Single bone petal with rounded outer edge and rounded point. Face flat and well smoothed. Sides obliquely undercut for inlay. Back left rough and marrowy.

Found associated with 935.

Found associated with iron disc (ILS 636) and ear picks (ILS 637).

354 Ivory Decorative Piece  (Pl. 66) BI 601  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

351 Bone Inlay: Petal  (Pl. 66) BI 360  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-3E: Layer 3, pit dug through floor (NB 79:74).

Laminated on back. Burned to dull grey. Dimensions: L. 4.4 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: H. 2.2 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Smoothed, buff bone petal rounded at outer end and tapering to sharp point. Beveled for inlay. Found associated with stamped amphora handle (SS 179) and black-on-white matte sherd (P 2200).

Miscellaneous Shapes 352 Bone Inlay: Butterfly  (Pl. 66) BI 548  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE3: On Floor 4 with 5th century BCE red-figured sherd (not catalogued) (NB 152:84).

A single splinter preserves a bit of one side and a pointed area toward center. At side, a band (1.8 cm wide) and offset from background 0.2 cm. A narrow, line-like ridge leads to a narrower raised band (W. 0.6 cm) and continues beyond. Along edge in back of wide band a curved cut-back as if it were to be laid on top of something else; bluish wash in curved area. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 355–357. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 36. 355 Ivory Attachment  (Pl. 66) BI 602  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80).

Complete, but for tiny chip off one corner. Back very marrowy.

Broken on three sides. Burned white, blue and grey.

Dimensions: L. 03.7 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

Slightly smoothed piece of bone cut in butterfly pattern with marked waist in center. Undercutting for inlay, if present, hardly noticeable; but sides and back not finished.

Small section from one edge of a plaque. Edge slightly curved. On face a raised rhomboidal area, and near it a round hole (possibly for attachment) goes through background. On back, light incisions in long parallel strokes.

353 Bone Inlay: Pelta  (Pl. 66) BI 542  Citadel Mound, Trench PhW-N: Layer 4 (NB 154:10).

Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354, 356, 357.

Intact, but for a tiny nick in top face.

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 29.

158

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

356 Ivory Inlay  (Pl. 66) BI 603  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:80). Front and back faces irregularly laminated. Burned white, grey and brown.

Four complete rings; fragments of rings and strips; burned bluish-white. Dimensions: Rings: D. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Strips: Ls. 0.5–1 cm; W. 0.4 cm. Flat pieces of ivory (31) cut into pierced rings, diamonds and narrow strips with closely spaced holes.

Dimensions: L. 2 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Found associated with 170, 199, 342–343. Fragment of plaque, perhaps originally cut to an ellipse. Attachment hole breaks through one edge; hole set in slightly raised, petal-like area. Broken, partial hole at opposite edge. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–355, 357. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 30. 357 Ivory Inlays  (Pls. 67–68) BI 606  Tumulus F (625–610 BCE): Burial deposit, possibly part of a bier or large box with associated decorative ivory pieces (NB 16:82). Burned to char or various shades of white, grey, light blue, and dark blue. Dimensions: Various. (a) Selection of about 30 cut pieces in various recognizable shapes: ray, petal, triangle, lozenge and rectangle. (b) Additional large quantity of chips and exploded laminations from shapes now unrecognizable. Some follow the natural curve of the tusk. One cut piece is thick enough to have come from a plaque similar to inlays 128–139. May represent the waste from an ivory workshop or simply shattered fragments from heavily burned objects. Found associated with 88, 172–173, 197–198, 303–305, 311–312, 314–316, 318, 341, 354–356. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumF 39. 358 Ivory Attachments  (Pl. 69) BI 74  Tumulus D (560 BCE): Primary pyre (NB 4:19).

Kohler 1958:122, fig. 6a; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 5. 359 Ivory Applique  (Pl. 69) BI 40  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut 8-9 center: Middle Hellenistic House 1 dated to late 4th/early 3rd century BCE (published as SET Level 2 Complex by Wells 2012:177–178, fig. 113), Room A, packing around sunken pithos (NB 2:171). Fragmentary. Dimensions: L. 11.3 cm; W. 3.5 cm. Thin plaque, broken at lamination on one long edge; cut on opposite side to receive another piece, perhaps a colonnette. Marks of the saw both front and back. Left and right edges rounded off in front. On back, a raised band along upper and lower edges. Smaller piece from rounded corner cut straight along one long edge; faint ridging along length. Found associated with bronze ring (B 66) and female terracotta head (Romano 1995:39 no. 89, pl. 26). Wells 2012:178, table 46. 360 Ivory Worked Pieces  (Pl. 69) YH 30707, SF 89-307  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit sealed by initial Early Phrygian (YHSS 6B) courtyard (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 25, Lot 53 YHSS Phase: 730, Early Iron Age Broken off on most edges. Dimensions: Ls. 1.4–2.8 cm; Ws. 1.6–1.8 cm; Th. 1.6 cm.



DECORATIVE PIECES 159

Three fragments of carved and drilled ivory, showing a rounded, lustrous surface, but with no recognizably restorable shape. Possibly the earliest evidence of ivory at Gordion. 361 Bone Veneer  (Pl. 69) YH 20548, SF 88-21  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Wall collapse above house of Abandoned Village. Operation 2, Locus 24, Lot 32. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Found associated with Early Phrygian back-on-red sherd (Sams 1994:211, no. 135, pl. 115, color pl. I).

Miscellaneous Pieces 364 Horn Joining Piece  (Pl. 70) BI 274  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-5, south end: Pit in clay to south of Painted House, between Middle Phrygian Buildings C and G (NB 59:158).

Intact. Dimensions: L. 9.7 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Irregularly shaped, triangular bone fragment, possible broken or cut off from a veneer piece. High luster on surfaces. 362 Ivory Decorative Piece  (Pl. 69) BI 90  Tumulus K (600–590 BCE): Pit with burned deposit (NB 14:15). Broken on all sides but one; burned dark brown. Dimensions: L. 7.2 cm; W. 3.2 cm. Ivory fragment with remains of two sawn and polished planes meeting at 30o angle. Another sawn edge at 45o angle was the receiving surface. Found associated with 72, 164, and glazed alabastron (P 260). Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumK 3. 363 Ivory Attachment  (Pl. 69) BI 448  Citadel Mound, Early Phrygian Building under Megaron 9 (9th century BCE): In brown fill over floor (NB 110:152).

Mended from five pieces; large parts missing. Separate rim fragment. Dimensions: (a) L. 14.1 cm; W. 10 cm; D. small opening 3.1 cm; est. D. large opening 4.9 cm. (b) rim fragment L. 4.5 cm; W. 1.9 cm. Hollowed out horn with two preserved openings and likely a third for attachment to another object. Smaller opening is round (int. diam. 2.5 cm) with three attachment holes equally spaced at rim. Larger opening is incomplete, but slightly oval in shape; approximately one-third of circumference now preserved, including two nail holes. Separate, non-joining piece (b) comes from one of the two large openings, while a third plain fragment (c) was part of the wall. Incised decoration at rim around both openings. Smaller has band of cross-hatching, two horizontal lines, zone of pendant cross-hatched triangles, and second set of two horizontal lines. Larger has same arrangement, with the addition of an extra line outlining the pendant triangles, outside of which is a fringe of short lines. In flat space on both sides below smaller opening, is large triangle with upper corners hatched, leaving plain diamond below with a few oblique strokes at lower tip. Extending at a right angle from decorative band at large opening are three incised lines with three fully preserved and one partial pendant hatched triangles. Separate fragment (b) from edge of larger opening continues the design of a fringed pendant triangle.

Complete, as mended. Dimensions: H. 2.5 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Irregularly shaped block of plain tan ivory. Four long rectangular faces and two squared ends with no parallel sides. Two ends and two sides sawn, one side polished, and one side laminated.

365 Horn Joining Piece  (Pls. 71–73) YH 36311, SF 93-28  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Ashy intercut pits with mixed Hellenistic/ Medieval contents. Operation 17, Lot 100. Mended from many pieces; gaps on all sides.

160

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: L. 13.4 cm; W. 10.85 cm; Th. 4.7 cm. Horn hollowed to form Y-shaped tube with three openings for attachment to another object. Two preserved attachment holes (D. 0.3 cm) on the narrower opening and two on each of the larger openings (D. 0.4 cm). Simple incised band of zigzags around each opening. When first recovered, it was reported that both sides had a compassdrawn rosette enclosed within two concentric, annular bands. The design is no longer visible on the back side and only the annular bands remain faintly visible on the front. This change in the state of preservation was the result of the need to restore the object for a second time following excavation. It may be at this time that a piece from the lower opening on the front (shown in the drawing) was lost. 366 Ivory Rhyton Cup  (Pl. 74) BI 13  Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE): Area of bone pit (NB 1:31). Mended from many pieces; warping causes gaps. Partly smoke-blackened; spotted on inside surface. Dimensions: H. 6.9 cm; W. 6.6 cm; H. goose frieze 1.1 cm. Upper portion of ivory rhyton cup, flared at top and tapered at bottom with pared edge. Surface divided into five zones separated by double lines. From the top down the upper zone has lightly painted vertical bars below which is a band showing three geese, with finely marked feathers, walking left—one looking back, one with head lowered and one with head raised. Below a blank band, the lower zone contains a large circle outlined with two wide bands. Found associated with gold and electrum jewelry (J 1–26), an ivory attachment (149) for a silver mirror (ILS 1), eight other ivory objects (16, 70, 120, 151, 165, 279, 332, 337), an alabastron (ST 1), and a terracotta kore vessel (T 1; Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27). Kohler 1958:162, pl. 25b; Ebbinghaus 2018:108, fig. 3.17; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumA 35. notes: 7.1  This cross-over ability among craftspeople is illustrated by several ivory and wooden plaques from furniture found at Hasanlu that show strong enough similarities in style and motif to indicate that they decorated a single object and,

by extension, may have been carved by the same artisan (Muscarella 1980: nos. 191–193, 195–197; de Schauensee 2011:28–29). 7.2  For a description of this inlay technique, see Young 1957:329–330 and Simpson 2011:200–201. 7.3  Two excellent specimens come from Tumulus W (Young 1981:212–213, TumW 61, pl. 92 G, H, I) and the second unit of the CC Building (Sams 1994:277, pl. 97). 7.4  Examples of this are seen in elaborate belts from Tumuli P (Young 1981:17–20, TumP 34–36, figs. 9–11, pls. 5B, 11A–B, 12B–D), MM (Young 1981:147–154, MM 170–180, figs. 94–96, pls. 73E–K, 74) and W (Young 1981:207–208, TumW 25–26, fig. 126, pl. 91A-center). 7.5  Ellen Kohler originally believed the contents dated to the 6th century BCE (Kohler 1958:93); but it was dated to the years between 630 and 615 BCE on the basis of a drop-shaped Corinthian alabastron among the contents (DeVries 2005:43; DeVries et al. 2011: fig. 7.10). For the most recent examination of this tumulus, see Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. 7.6  The attachments from Tumulus K-II consisted of long strips cut in a kymation leaf and dart molding that probably ran along the upper edge of the box (Körte and Körte 1904: fig. 87). Other strips, either plain or decorated with meanders and guilloches (Ibid., fig. 90), may have divided the sides into smaller panels with a variety of rosette patterns (Ibid., figs. 93–94). The pieces were either attached by tiny nails or held on with glue. The style of both the leaf and dart molding and the lotus bud rosette, as well as the style of letters carved on the back side, point to a possible origin in Sikyon or Corinth (Ibid., 111, fig. 89). 7.7  The pyre measured 2.30 m long, 1.30 m wide and 0.15 m deep. The pit was lined with burned clay and contained many scraps of charcoal (unfortunately given to the cook in the excavation house to use for fuel), a few bones, nonjoining fragments of grey ware, and bits of cloth. For the excavation record of pit, see NB 4:18–21. 7.8  The burial consisted of a charred area measuring approximately 4 by 3.80 m. In addition to the ivory pieces, it contained bronze round ornaments (B 102), two fibulae, a piece of amber ( J 28), glass (G 1), and several openmouthed globular pots, perhaps used during the burial ceremony. For the excavation record of the burial, see NB 4:40–46. For the most recent examination of this tumulus, see Kohler and Dusinberre 2023. 7.9  Phoenician craftspeople working in the first half of the 8th century BCE are thought to have originated the technique of inlaying ivory with glass (Barag 1983:166–167).



DECORATIVE PIECES 161

7.10  For the excavation reports on Megaron 3, see Young 1960:237–240 and 1962:160–163. 7.11  Based on dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating to ca. 911 BCE of a carbonized pine beam fallen from the roof or an upper level (Kuniholm et al. 2011:95, 108). 7.12  There is evidence that it supplemented or superseded another central hearth in the main hall that had gone out of use and been covered over by the time of the building’s destruction at the end of the 9th century BCE. 7.13  DeVries suggests that most all the objects found in Megaron 3 had been placed there for temporary storage during the time that the Citadel Gate and other structures in the Outer Court were undergoing reconstruction (1980:36; see also Rose 2021:38). 7.14  Young pointed out the comparison to a 9th century BCE bronze handle found at Hasanlu (1962:163, n. 23; Dyson 1959:13 upper left). 7.15  Gordion inventory nos. W 84, W 90, W83, and B 1186–1189. For a further discussion of the wood remains, see Simpson 2022:224–225. 7.16  A similar wooden strip, a stretcher in a chair, found in the later Tumulus MM shows more stolid animals, closer in style to the figures on the ivory plaques from Megaron 3 discussed below (Simpson and Spirydowicz 1999: fig. 50). 7.17  Spirydowicz suggests that the wooden pieces could also have “functioned as decorative inserts in wooden doors, window or case furniture” (2018:151). 7.18  Young compared the wood pieces to the mosaic table found in Tumulus P (NB 78:37; Young 1981: TumP 154, pl. 30C). 7.19  Only 139a is clearly distinguishable in the photo; it lies toward the right end of one line of plaques in what appears to be the penultimate location. There is no record of where each plaque was found in relation to the others. See Simpson (2022:226–227) for a suggestion as to how the ivory plaques may have been arranged. 7.20  The arrangement may be suggested by a similar line of panels with paired animal carved in a wooden stretcher found in Tumulus MM. The more rectangular spaces are filled with a contest between a bull and lion, paired goats flanking a small tree, two stags on either side of a tree, and a larger horse figure filling what may be the terminal preserved panel (Simpson 1993). 7.21  New photographs and drawings of 128, 129, and 130 appear in Simpson 2022: figs. 7–17. 7.22  A sherd from Tumulus K-III shows an animal similarly engaged with its prey, in this case a hawk holding a quadruped in his beak (Körte and Körte 1904:58, no. 10,

pl. 3; Sams 1971:542–543). The wooden figure of a lion eating a lamb from Tumulus K-III is another variant on the same theme (Körte and Körte 1904:68, no. 49, fig. 45, pl. 5; Bossert 1942: figs. 1092–1093; Akurgal 1955: pl. 60c, d). Kohler suggests a comparison to similar figures among the Ordos bronzes (1964:60). 7.23  Sams earlier concluded that “the workmanship of these plaques suggests that they are products of local Phrygian ivory carvers, for the homogeneous style is quite unlike anything from North Syrian, Assyrian or Phoenician workshops” (1974:191). Rose, however, describes them as “inlaid ivory plaques that are likely imports from northern Syrian production centers” (2021:35). Simpson sees the Megaron 3 ivories as “uniquely Phrygian in style and personality, and spectacular in their workmanship” (2022:229). 7.24  Kohler cites further comparisons among bird plaques from the Kuban (1964:61); see also, Minns 1942: pl. IA, B. 7.25  See, for example, painted animals on several pots from Tumulus P (Young 1981: TumP 55, pl. 16E, 17A–C; TumP 56, pl. 17D,E; TumP 57, pl. 17F). 7.26  An ivory plaque of the first half of the 8th century from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia offers a striking compositional parallel (Dawkins 1929: pl. 92). A horseman wears a similar cap on a North Syrian bronze panel reused on a sphyrelaton statue in Olympia (Guralnick 2004: fig. 2). The floppy crest on the Gordion piece appears distinctly different from the typical crest on the Corinthian helmet. 7.27  A small figure seated on just such a throne was found in Rәh.ov in Israel. It was fashioned out of hippopotamus teeth and dated to the 9th century BCE (Naeh 2015:85– 87, fig. 6). 7.28  There is evidence that the ivory pieces may have been recycled for use on these pieces of furniture, perhaps as evidence of local elites’ attempt to mimic the wealthier Assyrians (Feldman 2014:153–160). Feldman believes that the Phoenician-style á jour plaques that Karageorghis links to the chair, were found too far removed from the rest of the chair’s ivory pieces to have belonged (2014:156, pl. 17a, b). 7.29  The use of fly whisks is well documented in both Assyria and North Syria. Reliefs of Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BCE) show courtiers carrying fly whisks of long, stringlike material secured in a short handle terminating in a ram’s head (Budge 1914: pls. XXXI, XXXV). Similar fly whisks, lacking the decorative terminal, are carried by men in reliefs from Maraş (Garstang 1929: fig. 22), Sakçe Gözü (Garstang 1929: pl. XLIX,2), and Carchemish (Woolley 1921: pl. B20a, b). See comments on these by Barnett (1975:104).

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7.30  Barnett proposed that the lotus ornament originated as a divine symbol (1975:110). 7.31  A more complete example of a palm capital, found displaced in a later context on the Citadel Mound, is discussed below (145). 7.32  Six jugs with perforated spouts to strain beer, bronze and wooden bowls for wine or food, a large mixing cauldron, and a bronze ladle suggest either ceremonial or convivial imbibing took place in the inner room of Megaron 3. Food remains indicate the accompanying meal at the time of its destruction may have included imported cornelian cherries and hazelnuts (DeVries 1980:35–36). A similar collection of ivory decorative pieces from furniture was found in reception rooms and adjacent storage rooms in Buildings J, K, and L at Zincirli. It is surmised that the furniture was used in 8th century BCE for ceremonies and banqueting (Feldman 2015:99–101). Comparable objects from the late 8th century BCE destruction levels at Hama were also used for receptions and placed in burials (Feldman 2015:101–105). The ivories found at Tall Halaf were primarily recorded as coming from burials and may have been part of ancestor cult (Feldman 2015: 105–107). 7.33  See Young 1963:163–164, pl. 43, fig. 8, 1964a:286– 288, pl. 86, fig. 16 for the excavation reports on Megaron 4. 7.34  Keith DeVries suggested that the attempts at rescuing objects from Megaron 4 after the destruction indicates it may have served as the palace of the king and contained more precious objects, while Megaron 3 had been turned into a storage facility during the reconstruction project evident at the city gate (Voigt 2012a:94). 7.35  The excavator states that 150 was found at a depth of only 10 cm in the posthole, while 13, 755, and a set of horses’ tails, presumably part of the 150 appliqué, were recovered immediately below 150 (NB 106:63, 65). Although the record is unclear, it appears the posthole went down to a total depth of 50 cm. While it seems unlikely that if a hole were dug to such a depth and a large support timber inserted, the accumulated debris of a previous manufacturing process would have remained clustered together. A possible explanation for their accumulation in the posthole is that they either hung from or rested against the post and fell in as it burned. 7.36  The true flying gallop was occasionally portrayed by the Mycenaeans and Scythians, but did not catch on until much later ( Jaffe and Colombardo 1983:183–184). Showing all legs grounded was typical in ivories from Hasanlu and North Syria, as contrasted with Assyrian horses that spring forward with their front legs raised (Mallowan 1966:

fig. 386; Muscarella 1980:168; Medvedskaya 1988:9–10, table 1). 7.37  This is the same approach taken on the stone horse head from Zincirli (Fig. 3.1). 7.38  A relief from Carchemish shows the triple banded cheek straps originating from a single band set in front of the horse’s ears (Woolley 1952: pl. B42a). 7.39  For an interesting discussion of similar horses represented on Etruscan terracotta frieze plaques of the 6th century BCE, see Root 1973:121–137. Further, the overlapping of the background legs by the foreground legs is seen in pendant frieze tiles from Gordion, which Glendinning connects with a style used in East Greek pottery (1996:146, fig. 33, pl. 51:2). 7.40  The Voigt excavations in the Upper Trench Sounding, carried out in 1988 and 1989 (Voigt 1994), have produced some well analyzed contexts for groups of Middle Phrygian objects, such as those found in Building I:2 cellar (28, 394, 424, 929). 7.41  For excavation reports on PPB, see Young 1968a:234– 235 and DeVries 1990:380–381. 7.42  A unusual variation with two men walking a bull appears on bronze elements from a sphyrelaton statue found in a well at Olympia. One man holds the bull’s horn as he guides it forward, while another man stands behind him grasping a rope in his left hand and placing his right on the bull’s right flank. E. Guralnick (2004: fig. 16) interprets this as a North Syrian piece of the late 8th/early 7th century BCE that was brought to Olympia after the Assyrians lost power in the late 7th century BCE. There it was reused to make a statue in the first quarter of the 6th century BCE. 7.43  While various arguments have been put forward on the date of the Lion Gate—from the Hittite Empire (12th century BCE), based on style, to the late 8th century BCE, based on C-14 analysis (Bier 1976:121, n. 11), the reliefs inscribed with the name of King PUGNUS-mili can now be placed securely in the later 12th to early 11th century BCE (Hawkins 2000:288). 7.44  Bier also reviews the differing opinions on the dating of the Carchemish relief, which has been placed as early as the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE and as late as the start of the 1st millennium BCE (1976:122–123). Gilibert dates it to the late 11th century BCE (2011:29). 7.45  A similar composition appears on an ivory pyxis found in well AJ in the Northwest Palace at Nimrud (Herrmann and Laidlaw 2008: fig. 37, no. 234). 7.46  Based on the iconography, Bier concludes that this relief pre-dates by several centuries the Warpalawas relief,



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located only 100 m away, and represents a scene of sacrifice to a storm or weather god who was thought to vanish in times of drought (1976:124–126). 7.47  The large scale of the bull on the stone relief as compared to the figure of Matar and its pose facing away from the goddess suggests it more likely represents an equivalent male deity who has been identified as the Phrygian version of the Hittite Weather God called Ata (Berndt-Ersöz 2006:163, 166). This association with a bull has led to the suggestion that the vertical shaft and basins found behind the façade of some rock-cut monuments were meant to receive offerings of bulls’ blood (Özkaya 1997:95–100). However, S. Berndt-Ersöz finds evidence lacking for such a conclusion and suggests that while the basins may have been used for pouring libations, some were used as a wine press or in a divination ritual (2006:188–193). 7.48  For nearly identical treatment of the horns and ears, see the smaller bulls in a relief of Tiglath Pileser III (742– 727 BCE) (Smith 1938: pl. XIb). 7.49  A procession of Syro-Anatolian tributaries wear this headgear on the façade of the throne room in the courtyard of Ashurnasirpal’s Northwest Palace at Nimrud (Degrado 2021: fig. 15b). A conquered chief in a relief of Assurnasirpal II wears a fillet with bordered edges like the Gordion example (Madhloom 1970: pl. LVII, 11). 7.50  Similar slashes are found on a bone appliqué of a lion discovered in a Late Hellenistic context (156). 7.51  But goats are also appreciated for their habit of climbing high in the branches of the argon tree that is endemic to the semi-desert areas of modern Morocco and Algeria After the goats have digested the argon fruit, Berber shepherds collect the expelled pits to grind and press the bitter kernels into a nutty oil used in cooking and cosmetics. 7.52  A faience bowl fragment from Hasanlu shows an ibex with similar slashes on its horns, neck, and torso. Because the palm tree is heightened in this scene, the animal positions three hooves on its lower branches to get a secure purchase on the tree (Porada 1965: pl. 33). 7.53  For examples from Gordion, see the architectural elements catalogued as A 30, 50, 59, 120, 122, 157–161, 171, and 221 (for 157–160, see Glendinning 1996:152–158, 237–238, nos. 82–85, fig. 36, pls. 54:2, 55:1 and 2, 56:1), as well as a tile found in the Körtes’ excavations (Prayon 1987: pl. 37, d). The tile type is dated to the first half of the 6th century BCE (Glendinning 1996:155). 7.54  Another fragmentary ivory inlay from PPB echoes the meander design of the central band, but with the meander pattern turned into multiple variations on interlocking

swastikas (262). This is reminiscent of the intentional patterns of rotated and flipped swastikas found on the stands found in Tumuli W and P, as well as on some rock-cut facades where the motifs are connected to the goddess Matar (Young 1981: figs. 33 and 104; Simpson 2011:91–110; Rose 2021:62–67, figs. 19–20). 7.55  An example in textiles appears on the decorative band on the garment of King Warpalawas at İvriz (Akurgal 1955: pl. C). 7.56  Elizabeth Simpson has documented the complexity and intentionality behind what appear at first glance to be simply pleasing patterns in the variations of swastika designs covering the wooden stands from the Gordion tumuli and the facades of rock-cut monuments, many of which she asserts had an apotropaic function (Simpson 2011:52, 78–86, 94–95). 7.57  Similar curved bone pieces found in Level IVB at Hasanlu (destroyed around 800 BCE) are reconstructed as fitting along the edge of a drum table; they were held in place with gold-covered studs (de Schauensee 2011:10, pl. 1.5, fig. 1.9) 7.58  The pose is used as the standard image of the Persian king on darics minted in Lydia from the late 6th century BCE. The king is always shown running to the right, but in one case when a coin was used as a stamp on a tablet dated around 500 BCE, he appears running to the left, as the Gordion swordsman (Root 1989: fig. 1). The pose may have been meant to represent the king as an aggressive defender of Persian values (Stronach 1989:278, fig. I, 2–7), with the image intentionally adopted from the west as a way of consolidating power in the newly conquered Lydian lands (Root 1989:49). 7.59  One example is the central Medusa figure in the pediment of the early 6th century BCE Temple of Artemis on Corfu (Lawrence 1957: fig. 31). 7.60  The substantial tenon on this piece is reminiscent of the thick tenons that characterize ivories belonging to the “Crown and Scale” group at Nimrud (Herrmann 1986: pl. 107–108, nos. 480–482, 1992:33, pl. 49, nos. 240–243; 68, nos. 328–330). 7.61  Two ivory plaques from Ziwiye show the abundant use of the palm capital as a decorative element in both a chair (where over five are visible in the side view alone) and a large table (Mazzoni 1977: pls. VIII, AIII 1, 2). 7.62  The palm tree motif had a long history in Egypt, the Levant, and the Aegean (Fischer 2011:122–125). 7.63  In comments on the Gordion piece, Burke sees “the raised edges on the branches and clustered bunches of fruit”

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as particularly indicative of the Anatolian traditions exemplified in the Urartian examples (2012:210). 7.64  There are plentiful examples of this decorative interest in Tumulus P alone (Young 1981: figs. 9–11 [bronze]; 28–29, 33, 42, 46–47 [wood]; pls. 15C–E, 16A–F, 17AG [pottery]). Sams details the repertoire of patterns that are common on Early Phrygian pottery (1994:140–155, figs. 62–65). 7.65  At the time of its excavation, the building was called the West Phrygian House; it was later re-named the Mosaic Building (Young 1965:11). 7.66  The example on the interior of a mid-6th century BCE Little Master cup by the Osborne House Painter (Shefton 1989:45, fig. 1e) shows a more formal and precise version of a six-petal rosette with the interstices around the design’s circumference filled with dark circle segments. 7.67  A six-petal rosette was precisely inscribed on a large pot (YH 33842, SF 89-644) found in a Middle Phrygian context in a cellar in Building I:2. Voigt (pers. comm.) has determined it is not later than late 7th century BCE. 7.68  A comprehensive discussion and catalogue of the contents of Tumulus C are found in Kohler 1995:25–34. 7.69  Handwritten note on Gordion catalogue card for BI 14. See, Filow 1934: pl. III. 7.70  The tumulus was originally published by Young (1951:11); Kohler has previously discussed the ivories (1958:160, 154, 156). The final publication is Kohler and Dusinberre, 2023. 7.71  This terracotta kore is the key piece for determining the date of the tumulus (Romano 1995:13–14, no. 27, pl. 8). Most comparisons, including six with the same unusual pose of the bird held by both hands, date to the middle or third quarter of the 6th century BCE. It is thought to have come from Miletos, although Samos is also a possibility (Romano 1995:14). 7.72  “The piece is so warped we will never be certain, but I think it may well be a fragment not of a rhyton, but of one of the rhyton predecessors of the earlier 6th century BCE. If so, it is probably from the back of a beaker with the head or forepart of an animal at a right angle” (Suzanne Ebbinghaus, pers. comm.). An early 6th century BCE Persian example of this type, on a larger scale, is thought to have come from the Cave Treasure (Ebbinghaus 2018:107, fig. 3.16); although there is some speculation that it might be a pastiche or even fake. 7.73  One of the figures from the Geneleos sculpture group in Samos is shown reclining and holding a cone-shaped rhyton in the left hand (Freyer-Schauenburg 1974: pls. 51–52,

n. 63; Walter-Karydi 1985: fig. 4; Baughan 2011: figs. 2–3). Other stone and bronze figures from Samos also hold rhyta (Baughan 2011: figs. 4, 17–18), as do two statues from Didyma (Baughan 2011: figs. 6 and 7). By the mid-6th century BCE, the drinking horn had become emblematic of elite banqueting in Greece (Baughan 2011:33). A blend of Persian and Greek influences is seen in the symposium scene shown in relief on a tomb at Xanthos. Six of the participants hold rhyta variations: some with a full protome, others with just the animal’s head, and several shown only as a simple horn (Ebbinghaus 2000:101, figs. 2, 4a–g). 7.74  A pottery rhyton ending in a small lion’s head was recovered from a Hellenistic context in the area of the Middle Phrygian gate at Gordion (Young 1955:3, pl. I, fig.5). Its fine grey fabric was likely meant to be seen as an imitation of silver. Ebbinghaus has suggested that such horn-shaped rhyta were “an Anatolian specialty which was probably inspired by knowledge of the Achaemenian animal-protome vessels” (2000:102, 105). 7.75  A 7th century BCE rhyton from Maraş, about three times larger than the Gordion piece, combined a silver upper part with a golden bull protome (Woolley 1923:69–72, p1. LXVIII; Svoboda 1956:45, p1. VIa). 7.76  An ivory rhyton was reported in a Mycenaean IIIB context at Athienou, Cyprus (Dothan and Ben-Tor 1972:208). It was 12 cm tall and decorated with four bands of incised heads, animals (including geese), fish, and plants. Most impressive are 87 ivory rhyta dated to the 1st century BCE found in Parthian Nisa. Ranging up to 60 cm tall, they were lined with thin sheets of wood and embellished with additions of bronze and gold (Masson and Pugačenkova 1982). 7.77  A more subdued and simplified row of 13 birds circle the exterior rim of a silver 6th century BCE omphalos bowl from Cyprus, now in the Metropolitan Museum (von Bothmer 1984:22, no. 13). 7.78  Examples of bead and reel struts on a larger scale are seen connecting legs on a footstool in reliefs decorating the Throne Room and Treasury at Persepolis (Schmidt 1953: pls. 98 and 121). 7.79  Barnett sees the gold toggle pin found near Gaza and dated to the 16th to 14th centuries BCE as “perhaps the earliest instance of the bead and reel motif ” (1951:78). A small group of pins with bead and reel decoration are found in Mesopotamia, but “were presumably imported” (Porada 1957–1958:419). A bead and reel column supports a sun disc on a Syrian seal dated to the 17th to 15th century BCE ( Jacobsthal 1956: fig. 480). A bronze wand from Nimrud dated to the time of Sargon has a bead and reel design down



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its shaft ( Jacobsthal 1956: fig. 482). 7.80  Two late 6th/early 5th century BCE door stelae monuments from İziktepe are framed by bead and reel moldings linked with a crowning egg and dart molding, perhaps indicative of a western Anatolian or Lydian addition to the Greek tradition (Roosevelt 2006:70, figs. 13–14). 7.81  The date for the damage proposed by DeVries (1990:400) is based on the finds in other buildings exhibiting signs of destruction: a Phrygian imitation of an early 4th century BCE Greek, black-glazed bowl with an incurved rim found in Building U, a red-figure Attic oinochoe sherd found in debris above the burned section of Building A, and a collection of sigloi found behind the wall of a cellar made from stone taken from Building K. 7.82  This piece is very similar to a bronze joint piece from Tumulus A (B 262), the contents of which strongly suggest the presence of a horse-drawn conveyance. 7.83  Rosettes, often combined with other celestial symbols like the sun and moon, were a common signifier for the divinity in Mesopotamia, especially for Inanna, from the late 4th millennium BCE on (Simpson 2011:87–88). The rosette was also associated with royalty in Assyria, eastern Anatolia, and North Syria from the 9th through the 7th century BCE (Simpson 2011:91). Rosettes are seen at Gordion early on in three copper medallions recovered from a Hittite burial (Simpson 2011:89, n. 149). Its popularity during the Early Phrygian period is evident among the graffiti found on stones from Megaron 2, including a drawing of a substantial building with an eight-petal rosette above a set of double doors and just below a pediment crowned with an akroterion of incurving horns (Roller 2009:54–56, no. 9a). 7.84  It has been suggested that these tiles may date into the 5th century BCE, but there is good evidence for a 6th century date BCE (Glendinning 2005:98). 7.85  For other examples of this tile from Gordion, see catalogue nos. A 43, 45, 154, 205, 228 and 251. For an example from Sardis, see Bossert 1942: fig. 183. 7.86  See, for example, a sherd from Alişar Höyük (Akurgal 1955: pl. 31b). 7.87  The kithara and lyre were known at Gordion and traced their ancestry to North Syria where both flat and

round bottomed versions appear in 8th century BCE reliefs at Tell Halaf and Karatepe (Lawergren 1998: figs. 1v and 5x). The Karatepe scene depicts a procession of musicians playing the tambour, lyre, kithara, and double auloi, instruments popularly associated with the rites of Kybele. Diminutive musicians play the kithara and double auloi on a statue of Kybele found at Boğazköy (Bittel 1963: pls. 1, 7, 8). There are two illustrations of a stringed instrument at Gordion. A late 7th century BCE fragmentary bichrome dinos from the west slope of Tumulus J shows three men advancing with upraised arms toward a figure who reaches out to a gigantic lyre with a rectangular sounding box from which rise two crescent arms, linked at the top by a cross bar that serves as the attachment point for eight strings (Kohler 1995:59, 68 [TumJ 36], frontispiece, fig. 27D, pl. 39B; Lawergren 1998: fig. 8i). The second representation is of a sophisticated and well-developed version of the roundbottomed lyre, known as a cylinder kithara, found on a fragment of wall painting (Lawergren 1985:27, fig. 4; this otherwise unpublished piece is catalogued in the Gordion archives as Figure #63a, b). 7.88  The length and flexibility of the duck’s neck was adaptable to a variety of decorative uses, one of the more unusual of which is the duck’s head set atop the polos of a female ivory figure now in Berlin. Adolf Greifenhagen restores this piece as one of a pair of side pieces on a lyre (1965: figs. 1–2, 33). 7.89  Couches that could double as beds were a common item of furniture. Demosthenes’ father reportedly had a workshop with multiple couch makers who had both wood and ivory in their inventory (Dem. 27.10). 7.90  The excavator suggests it might have been “a component of a musical wind instrument or some other apparatus that required the passage of air,” perhaps for the inhalation of hallucinogens as part of a burial ritual (Sagona et al. 1997:185, n. 14). 7.91  The measurements for catalogue items numbers 128–139 were taken from the original catalogue card entries. The author was not able to view the pieces in person. Catalogue numbers 128–130 were restored following damage in 2004; subsequent measurements may therefore differ slightly.

8 Personal Adornment

B

oth bone and ivory were widely used at Gordion for objects of personal adornment, such as jewelry and attachments for clothing. Ivory was used sparingly and usually reserved for objects of greater significance (e.g., 367, 370–371, 375, 396). Bone, an easily accessible material that closely mimics more expensive ivory, appeared more commonly. Occasionally teeth of wild animals and shells were also converted into dramatic decorative pieces.

Comb An ivory comb (367) featuring a decorated panel above a row of long teeth was discovered on the Citadel Mound in a Late Phrygian layer in the area above Megaron 1 and the terrace wall to its southwest; it represents a type with a long history in the Levant.1 The preserved portion of the decorative panel shows a griffin on one side and a bearded sphinx on the other, both standing beside a tree-of-life. If the scene were originally balanced with an opposing figure flanking the tree, the complete comb would have been over 10 cm wide.2 Pairs of animals set on either side of a tree or bush were a common motif at Gordion.3 However, judging by the Phrygian predilection for squeezing animal scenes into small spaces (see 128–130), it would be not unexpected to find a single goat nibbling a diminutive tree, such as on a triangular ivory inlay (141) and a painted pot from Tumulus P (Young 1981: fig. 19). This may very well indicate the extent of the scene on the comb. Stylistically the bodies of the griffin and sphinx are virtually identical. Ellen Kohler has already pointed out the best comparisons in the griffin and sphinx seen on the Phrygian orthostats from Ankara (Barnett 1948:11, fig. 9; Akurgal 1949: pls. 48b and 49ab;

Kohler 1964:62). They share the same knobby breast, outlined leg tendons and bird’s head tail. Additional Phrygian features, influenced by North Syrian styles, are the cross-hatched wings, the heavily sheathed beak, and small knob below the ear, as seen on the hawks on two pairs of bone ornaments discussed previously (83). The rendering of the sphinx’s head shows far less competence than the griffin’s. The rather grotesque result may be due more to imagining a fantastic monster or the Phrygian artist’s general disinterest in the human figure. The close stylistic connection with the warrior on a plaque from the Lower Town (142) was discussed earlier. Because of its location in the mixed fill deposited in a wall trench, the Late Phrygian date of the comb can only be determined based on style. In this case, the rendering of the griffin appears to postdate the simpler and less coherent griffin on the square inlay plaque from Megaron 3 (128).4

Buckles Two unusual ivory pieces (370, 371) served as buckles or possibly as parts of horse harnesses, although they could also have been pendants. Each has an upper element with protrusions at the point where it joins an open circle. In the more highly finished example (371), the upper portion is decorated with incised lines and highlighted with two silver studs. A steatite mold found in a Middle Phrygian context on the Citadel Mound was carved to cast two similar pieces (Fig. 8.1), even including the round studs found on 371. Similar bronze pieces from Cyprus with a circle suspended from a loop with two small side loops at the point of juncture have been interpreted by H.W. Catling as a possible harness attachment (1964:262, pl. 48g–l, figs. 23, 5–6).5

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0

5 cm

Fig. 8.2  Gordion, iron buckle (ILS-22) 0

0

5cm

10 cm

Fig. 8.1  Gordion, buckle mold (inv. no. YH 44965 / SF 95-15 (drawn by A. Anderson and G. Darbyshire)

The more simply executed buckle (370) combines an open triangular element with a circular portion. A comparable iron buckle combining a square and a circular piece was found in the mid-6th century BCE Tumulus E. To function as a buckle, the strap would have been held either by looping it back through the buckle or by hooking the opposite end of the strap onto the circle, as suggested by the groove on 370. Both pieces closely parallel a copper object from Nimrud that Mallowan explained as a harness ring (1966:411, fig. 336g). In several examples of similar objects, the squared section ends in human hands that grasp the circle. This motif originated in the early 2nd millennium BCE, first seen in a bronze piece from a Level II cist tomb at Kültepe (Özguç 1955:72, figs. 37a–b, 93a–b; Crouwel 1972:50, fig. 3; Littauer and Crouwel 2002: fig. 2). The object is almost twice the size of the Gordion ivory, but its interpretation as a buckle is secured both by its discovery at the waist of the deceased, as well as the evidence of wear seen in the polished surface on the far side of the loop. Similar buckles have been found in a 17th century BCE tomb in the Donjon cemetery at Susa and an unknown location,

reportedly in Luristan (Crouwel 1972: figs. 1a and 3). The shape enjoyed a long popularity, as represented by a 4th century BCE example from a burial in Pazyryk where attached leather straps confirm its use, in that instance, on horse trappings (Crouwel 1972:52–53, fig. 4).6 The form survived even as late as the Byzantine period in Corinth (Davidson 1952:268, pl. H4, no. 2207).7 A badly preserved bone piece (369) may represent another type of buckle. The thick oval bone was cut with a rectilinear hole through which the belt could have passed. A similar piece from Alişar Höyük is completely preserved and dated to the first half of the 1st millennium BCE (Osten 1937b: fig. 101, no. d1785). In this example, in addition to the square hole in the center, there is a small round hole near the edge of one long side, perhaps to keep the belt secured.

Finger Rings Finger rings of bone and ivory are rarely found at Gordion, perhaps because they were easily broken; thus rings were more likely made of metal. There are three examples which come from contexts in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. Two have a simple rounded band flattened to a small lozenge-shaped bezel (372, 373). Parallels for these appear at Corinth (Davidson 1952:237, pl. 103, no. 1850) and Delos (Deonna 1938: fig. 394, no. A486); all have a bezel decorated



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with four dotted circles arranged in a cross-form. The Corinthian example is dated to the 4th to 6th centuries CE; however, both the Gordion rings come from a Hellenistic context.

Pendants The earliest item of personal adornment made of ivory was a large spherical pendant (375) found in the mid-9th century BCE Tumulus W, the oldest of the three great tumuli.8 Within the tomb chamber, the body, possibly a young male (Young 1981:197, n. 8), was laid out in the center of the floor, clothed or wrapped in textiles held by several bronze fibulae and secured with a bronze-studded leather belt. An array of lavish gifts lay along the east and west walls: cauldrons with bull head attachments, omphalos bowls, pottery (some containing food residue), wooden vessels, piles of folded material, more fibulae, and the ivory pendant, lying in the southeast corner near remnants of a bronze-studded stand (Young 1981:191–218). As its findspot is a good 2 m from the body, the pendant may not have been worn by the deceased, but rather included as a gift or favored memento, along with the twenty-six fibulae scattered along the east wall. A small, drop-shaped, bone pendant (381) was part of a collection of glass beads and pendants recovered from a small, stone-lined, infant box burial under Tumulus H, which is dated to 650–640 BCE.9 The child was laid on its back with a string of beads and pendants around its waist and a small black jug near its head. The bone pendant is comparable to several examples of late 8th or 7th century BCE date from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia in Sparta (Dawkins 1929:226, pl. CQCXV, 1). A collection of three bone pendants from mid6th century BCE contexts are the only bone objects from the Küçük Höyük (377–379), other than three handles found in a grave (513, 514, 526). One pendant (377), a simple rectangular plaque with two suspension holes, is decorated with irregular rows of dotted circles, likely enhanced with a contrasting material. Similar plaques with the same design come from the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:190, pl. XXVII), as well as Küyünjik near Nimrud (Barnett 1975:225, pl. CXXV, no. T27). A second pendant is carved in the shape of a human right

foot (378). This piece has an identical twin at Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:196, pl. XLII, 10–11), a left foot, treated in the same manner, including the same crosspattern at the point where the leg is cut off. A truncheon-shaped pendant (383) represents a very popular ornament type found at a wide scattering of sites: Kadesh (Pézard 1922:101, pl. XVIII, fig. 1m), Gezer (MacAlister 1912: vol. II, 452, pl. CCXXVI, 41–56, 61–62), Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:189, pl. XXXV, 6–14), the Argive Heraion (Waldstein 1905:353, pl. 140, 59), the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia (Dawkins 1929: pl. 174, no. 11.), Perachora (Stubbings 1962:442, pl. 188, A309–314), and Lindos (Blinkenberg 1931: pl. 10, 217). Most all these examples are decorated with groups of incised lines around the top near the suspension hole, and many have a second and third band of design further down, as seen on the Gordion pendant. The shape’s popularity may be due to its phallic allusion. Several pendants were made from the tusks and teeth of wild animals. Some were short, tightly curved and pierced for suspension (390, 392); others were longer and more gently curved, with bronze staining at the attachment point, suggesting they were either joined as a large pendant covering the chest or hinged to enable the tusks to fit around the neck like a torque (391). Similar specimens have been found at Gezer (MacAlister 1912: vol. II, 449–450, pl. XXXI, 13, 25, pl. CCXXVI, 6–10) and the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia (Ridgeway 1908: pl. XXII, fig. 28).

Pins The fibula was an essential element of the Phrygian wardrobe, usually worn in pairs by both men and women. Dozens of examples have been found in Early and Middle Phrygian contexts. Wealthy connoisseurs amassed huge collections, exemplified by the occupant of Tumulus MM, who had 37 fibulae on his garments and an extra 145 in a linen bag on the floor (Young 1981:156). Although this collection may have been exceptional, we can assume, from the number of fibulae recovered on the Citadel Mound, that many people owned at least one pair. Most were metal, but other materials could be used for the decorative arch that characterizes the fibula. This may be the explanation behind a bone arc, flattened on one side, with a

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groove at one end that could have served as the catch for an attached metal pin (368). The decrease in fibulae during the Middle Phrygian period indicates a change in clothing styles. Instead, long pins served to secure garments.10 A number had distinctive heads that were both decorative and functional, preventing the unsettling possibility of the pin’s slipping out.11 A fine example is the ivory pin ending in a ram’s head finial (396) that was found on the floor near the head of the coffin in Tumulus B now dated 580–575 BCE. Kohler has compared it to a mid-5th century BCE silver pin from Mylasa, now in the Copenhagen Museum ( Jacobsthal 1956:55, fig. 251; Kohler 1958:135–137). The ram’s head on the Gordion ivory emerges from a simplified version of the palm capital, seen in other bone and ivory objects (145, 195) and similar to stone examples of the midand late 6th century BCE.12 Dusinberre notes “stylistic commonality” with the ram depicted on the ivory panel from Kerkenes (2002:41). In the final publication of the tumulus, Kohler questioned whether the object might better be described as a spindle because its blunt point seems unsuitable for piercing cloth, especially since it was found in close association with what may be a simple ivory whorl (323) (1995:18– 19). A much later, but similar, pin from a Hellenistic context is either unfinished or badly decayed, leaving little more than a rough outline of the ram’s head finial (398). A miniature ram’s head from disturbed fill above the clay layer possibly decorated the end of a similar pin (397). In the Phrygian artistic tradition of adding patterns to animals, three lozenges are lightly incised on the upper surface of the neck. The head extends straight forward and is meant to be visible from all sides. Although the material in this case is less costly bone, the quality of craftsmanship is excellent. Aside from serving as a pinhead, it could also have adorned the end of a handle, such as the fly whisk seen on a relief from the Northwest Palace of Assurnasirpal at Nimrud (Budge 1914: p1. XXX). The ram’s head was a popular decorative motif, with the most outstanding example at Gordion found on a bronze situla from Tumulus MM. This has been identified as a Phrygian work, strongly influenced by Assyrian style (Young 1981:122–123, pls. 63, IV). However, the small bone ram’s head seems to belong more securely in the local Phrygian artistic tradition, much like the small ivory

plaques from Megaron 3 (128–130, 135). The telling feature is the outlined, lozenge-shaped eyes shared by the deer, griffin, and horse on the plaques,13 as well as on a terracotta ram’s head (P 4437) found underneath a wall of Middle Phrygian Building U. The consistent style in these plaques and the small ram’s head suggests that the latter might be dated somewhat earlier than indicated by its context in the disturbed fill above the clay layer. A pair of pins are topped by a small head roughly cut in the shape of a pomegranate (401). This was a popular form, with parallels found from Assyria to Greece. The appearance of similar heads at the top of a rods found associated with other tools used in the spinning and weaving process in the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age contexts in Ras Shamra, Lachish, Kition, and Enkomi (Savage 2014:190–194, figs. 9.7 and 9.8) suggests the symbol may have had particular significance for women, perhaps as a sign of fertility. A comparable pin on a slightly larger scale comes from the Kassite levels at Nippur (McCown et al. 1967: pl. 152, 3), while other examples have been found in Late Cypriot graves at Ajios Jakovos and Enkomi (Gjerstad et al. 1934: pls. LXIII, 13, LXXVIIII, 240–241). More stylized versions come from Tarsus (Goldman 1956: fig. 438, no. 64), and a chronologically closer comparison is found on a pin from the Classical or Hellenistic period at Corinth (Davidson 1952:282, no. 2291, pl. 118). A pin from the Hellenistic period has a head carved in the form of a human left hand (399). Its origins can be traced back to earlier prototypes in the Near East. A similar long pin ending in a flat outstretched hand with wrist bracelets was found in a private house of the late 8th or 7th century BCE at Nimrud (Mallowan 1966: fig. 128).14 This motif was long lasting and widespread, as attested by a much later example from Dura Europos, where an open right hand held a small round object, now missing (Rostovtzeff and Bauer 1952:125, pl. XXII), and a Roman pin from a tomb near Orvieto ( Jacobsthal 1956: fig. 238).

Toggles A distinctly shaped toggle, characterized by a prominent central groove and either tapering or flaring terminal knobs (423–435), is a common item found



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in contexts ranging from Middle Phrygian to Hellenistic. Despite their widespread appearance, there is little direct evidence as to their use. Clearly something was secured around the central groove, which in several cases is worn quite smooth (428–430). A few examples terminate in distinct decorative knobs, while others simply taper down to pointed tips (423–425). Shape may depend on function. One possibility is that the toggle was used as a bobbin to hold variously colored threads in embroidery or weaving. However, some are extremely small (425) and could not have conveniently held much thread. Influenced by similar pieces used on modern clothing, it is tempting to see them as a type of fastener, attached by a thread around the central groove and inserted through a loop or hole in the material (Davidson 1952:298). Three relatively long ivory toggles similar in shape to 428, 429, and 431 have been recovered from two tombs at Salamis (Cyprus). Two toggles (12 cm) were found without associated finds in Tomb 79, although the excavator speculated that a sword, destroyed by a later intrusion, may have originally been among the grave gifts (Karageorghis 1974:118, no. 136, pl. LV). The other toggle (10.8 cm) found in Tomb 3, described as “on [a] sword” and near traces of a long leather strap attached to the remains of a chariot. This placement led the excavator to suggest toggle was used either to fasten a scabbard to a belt or to attach straps to a chariot (Karageorghis 1967:38, 43, no. 96, pls. XLV and CXXIX). Support for this explanation was cited in the appearance of a similar object shown hanging from the belt of a number of processing Assyrians in reliefs from Nineveh (Botta and Flandin 1849–1850: pls. 106, 107, 123–133, 135–136; Karageorghis 1967:38, fig. 11). However, the object hanging from the Assyrians’ belts has very rounded ends, and simply hangs down from the belt on a short strap with no sword in evidence. Only a few of the participants in the Nineveh procession carry spears, and most are unarmed. Those who do have swords carry them horizontally tucked into their belt or shirt. On the other hand, the use of toggles as part of a bridle may be attested on a relief from Persepolis where a small one appears as a fastener on the strap going around the horse’s cheek (Schmidt 1953: pl. 52; Anderson 1961: pl. 39). Although the earliest toggles from Gordion belong to the 6th century BCE, examples from other sites go back to the Early Bronze Age. Schliemann

reported an ivory specimen close in appearance to 423 and 424, found in what he labeled the Third City at Troy (Schliemann 1881:426, no. 536). Other early toggles with simple pointed ends (425) and flared, flat tips (428, 429) are paralleled at Alişar Höyük (Osten 1937a: fig. 275; Schmidt 1932:71, fig. 85, b752) and Nippur (McCown et al. 1967: pl. 151, 17). The toggle shape was replicated in a variety of materials, such as two bronze examples from the early 8th century BCE Tumulus KY burial (Kohler 1995:78, figs. 31 J and K, and pl. 45 I) and a pair of stone toggles (ST 73) from the debris of a Phrygian house beneath the late 7th century BCE Tumulus H, both of which are very similar to 433. A simple biconical toggle like 423 and 425 was popular in Iron Age Tarsus (Goldman 1963:381, fig. 177, 28 and 29). Another specimen of this type was found associated with Early Corinthian pottery in Troy VIII (Blegen et al. 1958:263, no. 36-342). Greater elaboration appears in 8th and 7th century BCE toggles from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, where the ridges flanking the central groove are transversely incised and the ends have domical knobs, similar to 434 (Dawkins 1929:237, pl. CLXII, 10). From the 5th century BCE onwards, the toggle commonly terminates in conical ends with small round knobs, comparable to 430–434. Numerous examples of this type are recorded from Idalion (Gjerstad et al. 1934: pl. CLXXXV, no. 8), the Argive Heraion (Waldstein 1905:353, no. 38), Perachora (Stubbings 1962:443, pl. 188, A319–A321), Dodona (Carapanos 1878:115, pl. L, 20), Delos (Deonna 1938:241, pl. 77, 642, 5 and 6), and Tell Nebi Mend (Kadesh) (Pézard 1922: pl. XVIII, 1f ). Two late specimens from a Byzantine church grave in Corinth retain the basic shape, with some elaboration in extra ridges and transverse grooves (Davidson 1952:298, pl. 124, no. 2589).

Buttons and Beads Many beads are difficult to distinguish from buttons. The plano-convex discs, especially those with a beveled edge, are most likely buttons, as they were meant to be seen from one side (436–437, 439–441, 444–446, 448), although they could equally as well have been decorative bosses attached to a background with a nail or peg. The simple small discs are the best

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candidates for beads. Most have a flattened round profile (442–443, 447, 449–451, 453–462, 464, 466, 469);15 some are straight sided, occasionally with remains of a thin flange around the center (463, 467–468, 470–475). A few have a beveled profile (452, 465, 476). One group is rounded with a scored central groove (478); and one adds a small lip around at the top and bottom (477). The discovery of the collection of 34 beads (478), together with decorative pieces to mask joints (83) in a pit dug through the floor of Middle Phrygian Building R, led Kohler to interpret them together as harness decoration. But associated with them in the same pit were four bone knobs (100) and a triangular ivory inlay (310), which seem unlikely components of a horse’s harness.

Shells From the Middle Bronze Age through Medieval times, shells were used as objects of adornment. Four Middle and Late Bronze Age burials found in a cemetery on the ridge northeast of the Citadel Mound (Mellink 1956; Gunter 1991) contained shell beads (490, 491), along with uncatalogued collections from graves H33 and H45 (Mellink 1956:16). Most of the grave gifts consisted of a modest assemblage of bowls, astragals, and other items of personal adornment, such as copper pins and a silver necklace. The shells from these graves are reported as sea snails that were likely imported from the south coast of Anatolia and considered a prestige item (Mellink 1956:40).

Catalogue: Personal Adornment 367 Ivory Comb  (Pl. 75) BI 238  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-5, East Section: Layer 6 (NB 53:29). Preserves section (perhaps half) of flat rectangular comb; some teeth abraded and/or missing.

Ivory comb decorated with relief panel front and back, outlined along top and sides by double ridge, with round, flat, disc ornament at upper corner on each side. Side A: griffin walking right with heavy leonine legs, raised sickle-wings filled with cross-hatching and strokes extending down the forelegs, and a tail ending in a bird’s head with stork-like beak. Griffin’s head has small knob on forehead, open beak, and teeth showing. Griffin eats from double-tiered tree with conical fruit at top. Side B: sphinx with a similar body and a bearded human head with large upturned hair knot at rear. Sphinx approaches identical tree at left. Found associated with 38 fragments of scale armor (B 555, 556 and ILS 186), and carved alabaster hawk (S 29). Young 1956:257, pl. 86, figs. 23, 24; Kohler 1958:83–89, pl. 19, 1965:62; Prayon 1987: pl. 33, e–f; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14. 368 Bone Fibula  (Pl. 76) YH 59540, SF 01-30  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pit in floor of Building 3, to south of Roman court. Operation 44, Locus 108, Lot 215. YHSS Phase: 2:3, Roman (110/15 to 130/70 CE). Pin end (drilled) intact with only small chip; metal pin missing. Edges of clasp end broken away leaving irregular groove. Dimensions: H. 2.2 cm; W. 3.5 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Bone arc, possibly of a fibula. One side of arc flat; opposite side has slight ridge near inner edge of arc, but sharper near ends to give trapezoidal section. Very smooth surface with high luster. 369 Bone Buckle  (Pl. 76) BI 268  Citadel Mound, Deep Cut 5: Probably from clay (NB 54:132). Broken across short axis; rotted where marrow is exposed over most of surface, particularly on back side. Dimensions: H. 5.2 cm; W. 5.2 cm; Th. 2 cm.

Dimensions: H. 6.2 cm; W. 4.8 cm; Th. at corner 0.5 cm; H. relief panel 2.6 cm.

Tan, bone buckle in the form of a thick, flattened ellipse. Upper face is convex with a rectangular hole cut longitu-



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dinally in the center. On the back face, leading off from the central hole, are two deep slots, rectangular in section, one running laterally and the other on one half of the short axis. 370 Ivory Buckle  (Pl. 76) BI 483  Citadel Mound, Trench M7E: Intrusive fill with 4th century BCE sherds (NB 131:31).

on top. On longer central facet are incised two dotted, compass-drawn circles. Found associated with iron scraper or razor (ILS 318). 373 Bone Finger Ring  (Pl. 76) BI 481  Citadel Mound, Trench M7F: Layer 2, with pottery as late as the 3rd century BCE (NB 131:32).

Complete, but for piece broken out of circle. Intact, with a few roughened spots. Dimensions: H. 4 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; L. bezel 1.2 cm; W. bezel 0.5 cm. Well-polished, bone buckle formed of an inverted rounded triangle, with two spurs where it joins a ring, the bottom of which has a small groove. All lines worked to flat-round section with a slightly concave groove along the axis of the back. 371 Ivory Buckle  (Pl. 76) BI 244  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N1, East Section: Level 3, under stone paving (NB 52:90).

Well-polished, buff, bone finger ring consisting of a simple band, with double convex outside profile, swelling slightly in width to form small bezel that is flattened on top to a lozenge shape. Incised in the lozenge are four tiny dotted compass-drawn circles in a cross form. Marrow marks along one side of band.

Complete, as mended, but for tiny chip near one rivet. Small black stains.

374 Ivory Cosmetic Implement  (Pl. 76) BI 177  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench V: Layer 2, with Hellenistic sherds and coins (C 339, C 340) (NB 31:127).

Dimensions: H. 3.2 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. rivet 0.7 cm.

Intact.

Well-polished, buff, ivory buckle formed as a ring, round in section, emerging from a carved design of two small circles cut á jour and framed by a double grooved outline that extends onto a linking arc. On two outer points are silver (or lead) nails with domed heads. Above is a small loop for suspension or attachment. Plain on back.

Dimensions: L. 2 cm; W. 0.8 cm.

Found associated with grey polished handle fragment (P 134) and gold nail (J 96). 372 Bone Finger Ring  (Pl. 76) BI 382  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 2, south central part at depth of 1.70 m (NB 89:13).

Well-polished, buff, bone bladed object with round knob at one end set off by deep groove. Tiny blade convexly curved at edge. 375 Ivory Pendant  (Pl. 76) BI 366  Tumulus W (mid-9th century BCE): On floor in area of screen (NB 84:34). Assembled from separate chips and laminations; missing slices and warping prevent complete restoration. Dimensions: H. 4 cm; D. 3.1 cm.

Complete. Dimensions: D. 2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; L. bezel 1 cm. Well-polished, bone, finger ring beveled to double convex outer profile along band and faceted to three-faced bezel

Well-cut, globular, ivory pendant with thick, round loop at top for suspension. Young 1981:218, pl. 94H.

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376 Bone Ring Pendant  (Pl. 76) BI 345  Citadel Mound, Trench EML-4: Rubble bed of west wall of Building M, likely built in late 6th century BCE (Fields 2008:67) (NB 78:73).

379 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 77) BI 369  Küçük Höyük: North of gate on burned floor (NB 75:94). Intact.

Intact. Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Dimensions: D. 4.1 cm; D. center 2.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Smoothed, buff, bone ring pendant, flattened round in section. A few marrow spots. Found associated with stone knob for masking joint (ST 398). 377 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 76) BI 284  Küçük Höyük: Top stratum of clay in Lydian platform (NB 24:104).

Flat rectangle with tiny gash toward each edge. Small shank on back pierced by suspension hole. Found associated with 378 and fragments of black-figured lip cup dated ca. 525 BCE (P 2304). 380 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 77) BI 227  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N1: West Section: Level 4 (NB 52:20). Intact.

Complete, as mended. Surface flaking; most inlaid pieces missing. Dimensions: H. 5 cm; W. 2.8 cm. Rectangular, bone pendant tapering towards upper end. Two suspension holes near edge. Slightly convex face decorated with three irregular, lengthwise rows of deeply incised circles with hollowed central hole, possibly meant to be filled with a contrasting material. 378 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 76) BI 368  Küçük Höyük: North of gate on burned floor (NB 95:94).

Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; W. 1.4 cm. Flat piece of well-polished, buff bone topped by a squarish knob from which hangs a long, drop-shaped element emerging from a cup-shaped sheath. Same on front and back. Slightly convex faces tapering down to narrowest edge at base of drop. Found associated with brown burnished amphora (P 1039) and stone stamp or mold (SS 128; Dusinberre 2005:38–39, no. 9, figs. 19a and b, 133).

Intact.

381 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 77) BI 121  Common Cemetery: Early 7th century infant (Burial V/Cist 1) under Tumulus H (NB 9:106).

Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; L. foot 1.7 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Projection broken off at wider end.

Yellowish, bone pendant in shape of bare, human right foot with sloping instep and four very fine grooves to indicate toes. Leg cut off at middle of shin, where there is a tiny transverse suspension hole. Cut face decorated with an incised asterisk.

Dimensions: L. 2.2 cm; W. 0.9 cm.

Found associated with 379 and fragments of black-figured lip cup dated ca. 525 BCE (P 2304).

Found associated with glass beads (G 49-50), stone pendant (ST 98) on stomach area of infant skeleton, and small black side-spouted jug (P 344).

Bone pendant comprised of thin disc, a flattened sphere, a narrow ridge, a long ellipse, and a terminal small knob. Diametrically pierced for suspension at the top.



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Anderson 1980:81, 322; fig. 19, no. 133.

Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 0.09 cm.

382 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 77) BI 209  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O5: Early Hellenistic House (published as Mabel’s House by Wells 2012:79–89, fig. 46), from floor of Space K, with coin of Seleucus II (C 440) (NB 38:91).

Elongated oval pendant with upper end set off by wide groove and drilled transversely; tiny hole at base with polish around it. Smooth matte surface with four incised lines near constricted neck.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 1.5 cm; W. 0.7 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Well-polished pendant of buff bone, roughly oval in shape. Middle zone pared to narrow smooth groove. One end rounded, other irregularly flattened with surface pared to form irregular faces. Pierced diametrically in rounded portion. Wells 2012:89, table 13. 383 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 77) BI 136  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT, northwest extension: Level I-D-E, south of I-E room (NB 10:145).

385 Bone Bead  (Pl. 77) BI 222b  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Middle Phrygian City Gate, under floor in east court of north wing (NB 21:131). Cracked. Dimensions: L. 2.3 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Cone-shaped bead, truncated at narrow end, hollowed at wider end and decorated with 25 tiny lathe-cut ridges. Perhaps part of a necklace with 390 and 477. 386 Antler Pendant  (Pl. 77) YH 46646, SF 95-104  Lower Town, Area A: Robber’s trench for Middle Phrygian wall. Operation 27, Locus 528, Lot 313. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Intact. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.7 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Club-shaped, bone pendant, rounded at base with depression in center, and at top a disc, below which is a hole pierced for suspension. Decorated with three bands of four incised lines each, and three lines at level of hole. Similar pendants, many decorated with dotted circles, are found at sites in Palestine in contexts that date from the 10th to the 6th centuries BCE. They have been variously interpreted as ear or neck pendants, toggles for fastening clothes, divination rods and votives (Platt 1978). 384 Antler Pendant  (Pl. 77) YH 63202, SF 02-63  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Circular plastered area, probably the bottom of a pit cut in an outside area. Operation 29, Locus 26, Lot 18. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 600–575 BCE.

Dimensions: L. 5.3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.3 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm. Scrolled pendant, pierced by large hole in upper oval section; lower end more rounded with an incised dotted circle. A circular bulge on one side of the connecting element is decorated with an incised dotted circle on both sides. Piece is sub-rectangular in section. Surface worn on both sides with luster on edges. 387 Bone Pendant  (Pl. 77) YH 45626, SF 95-45  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Material eroded from trenches excavated in 1950. Operation 17, Locus 544, Lot 675. YHSS Phase: 4-0, Late Phrygian to modern. Intact.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 1.4 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

176

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Pendant in the shape of a scallop shell. Pierced side to side at constriction just below top. Incised lines radiate from upper center on both sides. Slight luster on surface. 388 Bone Beads  (Pl. 77) BI 409  Museum Site: Burial 43: Child’s grave of the trough and ledge type, with the head placed at the north (NB 102:52).

Dimensions: Max. L. 8 cm. Group of five pierced boar’s tusks sawn off at thick end, worn and polished at point. Perhaps part of a necklace with 385 and 477. 391 Boar’s Tusk Pendants  (Pl. 79) BI 304  Citadel Mound, Trench MN-2: Layer 6, in pit (NB 66:146).

(a) Complete; (b) complete, as mended. Black spots on both.

Complete, as mended (one mended in antiquity).

Dimensions: (a) L. 3 cm; D. 1 cm. (b) L. 2.3 cm; D. 1 cm.

Dimensions: L. (a) 1.5 cm; (b) 1.4 cm.

Two elongated, bone beads with rounded rectangular section and pierced by wide string holes. Smooth dull surface. Presumably part of a necklace, as found under chin with glass bead (G 281) and bronze ornament and chain (B 1414).

Long, gently curving, boar’s tusks, each with two attachment holes at broad end and one near pointed end. Both tusks originally must have been set into or banded in bronze at base, as bronze and iron stains just cover first holes at bottom. One (b), cracked in antiquity, has bronze rivets and bronze oblong bands (one inside, one outside) bridging the break.

389 Ivory Pendant  (Pl. 77) BI 578  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3D: Fill below Floor 2 (NB 164:14). Intact.

392 Boar’s Tusk Pendant  (Pl. 79) BI 216  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Pit under 5th century BCE cellar (NB 40:85).

Dimensions: L. 1.8 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

Broken off at suspension end.

Small solid piece of ivory re-cut with six rectangular faces (two not parallel). Two small, parallel holes pierced through two longest, narrowest faces. On one broad face a half worn-away concentric circle probably surviving from its former use, perhaps as the margin of a plaque. Worn cavity around string-holes.

Dimensions: L. 6.9 cm.

Found primarily associated with quantities of Roman pottery of the 1st–2nd century CE, exemplified by a redglazed, Roman wide-mouthed amphora (P 4461); other associated pottery included a West Slope kantharos sherd of 250–200 BCE and two green-glazed sherds. 390 Boar’s Tusk Pendants  (Pl. 78) BI 222a  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Middle Phrygian City Gate, under floor in east court of north wing (NB 21:131). Broken in places.

Small boar’s tusk in tight curve, sawed off at thick end. Two suspension holes bored perpendicularly to each other, one above the other. 393 Tooth Pendant  (Pl. 79) YH 28148, SF 89-173  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Exterior surface with brick collapse of SEB Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 9, Locus 22, Lot 79. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Cracked lengthwise. Dimensions: L. 1.9 cm; W. 0.7 cm; D. hole 0.1 cm. Tooth pierced from top to root. Second hole attempted from one side appears to have cracked the tooth lengthwise.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 177

394 Tooth Pendant  (Pl. 79) YH 32384, SF 89-558  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit cut in floor of Building I:2 cellar. Operation 2, Locus 88, Lot 316. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian

holes at the base of the hollow in the head and at the end of the tenon. Features of ram’s face simply carved. Kohler originally viewed this as a pin (1958:135–136), but in the final publication concluded that it was a spindle and should be paired with 323 as its whorl. Found associated with 323.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; W. 1.2 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Kohler 1958:135–137, pl. 21, 1995:18 (TumB 7), pl. 9A– C; Dusinberre 2002:40–41, fig. 23.

Canine tooth with hole drilled laterally near center; two shallow overlapping incised circles next to drill hole on one side, perhaps indicating a false start. Entire surface highly lustrous.

397 Bone Pin Head  (Pl. 80) BI 547  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7-A1: Layer 4, disturbed fill above clay over Terrace Building Room 7 anteroom (NB 156:15).

395 Tooth Pendant  (Pl. 79) BI 523  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-3E: Hellenistic Layer (NB 79:97).

Complete; one end rivet hole torn out. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. at rear end of horns 2.2 cm; outer D. at neck 1.6 cm; W. tang hole 0.6 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 09.2 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 2 cm. Whole, natural tooth from a wolf or boar. Lower third worn very smooth and with small concavity on inner curve, probably caused by abrasion with lower tooth. Widens out to a rougher lobed section before tapering to a point again where there is a small hole for suspension. Compare a tooth from Midas City (Haspels 1951:101, pl. 43b, no. 7) and teeth, identified as belonging to the longtusked saber-toothed cat, discussed in Şenyürek 1957: figs. 10 and 21. 396 Ivory Pin  (Pl. 80) BI 1  Tumulus B (ca. 580-575 BCE): Grave, just above floor, near southeast end of coffin, between it and the wall (NB 1:118).

Well-cut, bone ram’s head, possibly from a pin similar to 396. Broad, strongly rounded face with wide-set, lozengeshaped eyes outlined with fine ridge. Upper lip a salient ridge around the front with added semicircular ridge to form nostrils. Horns finely striated crosswise, curl down and around ears, ending just behind eyes, where tips are squared off. Flattened ridge across brow from ear to ear, cross-hatched in center and slashed on sides; this may be fillet or representation of woolly forelock. On top of neck three lightly incised lozenges. Just behind horns neck is cut squarely across and back is pierced to depth of 1.1 cm for insertion of square tang. Vertical peg or rivet hole crosses this hole at shallower depth. Marrow appears on part of neck and one horn. 398 Bone Pin  (Pl. 80) BI 30  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut 3–4: Layer 2 (NB 2:136).

Small chips missing. Intact. Dimensions: L. 17.6 cm; H. of head 2 cm. Dimensions: L. 8 cm; W. 1.1 cm. Long, tapering pin terminating in a ram’s head finial. Shaft ends at lotus capital with raised grooved band below. Ram’s head with down-curved horns made separately and hollowed to fit tenon at end of pin. Ram’s head secured to tenon by small peg, perhaps also of ivory, set into square

Plain, straight bone pin roughly whittled to a blunt point. Head, while largely unworked, appears to resemble a ram’s head. Some cross-incisions on shaft near head.

178

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

399 Bone Pin  (Pl. 81) BI 170  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-NW: Floor 1, Pit 2 (NB 21:77).

Broken across shaft and at tip of head.

Complete, but for three fingers broken off hand.

Dimensions: L. 8.1 cm; D. 0.8 cm.

Dimensions: L. 1.6 cm; W. 1.2 cm.

Tan, bone pin with very slow taper from conical head grooved across the top and set off from the shaft by four flat ridges.

Long, very smooth pin tapering to sharp point at one end and expanding to carved left hand at other end. Thumb and fingers well formed, with outer two fingers folded back and the others extended. 400 Bone Pin  (Pl. 81) YH 68945, SF 05-7  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed in excavation. Operation 54, Locus 29, Lot 64. YHSS Phase: 2, Roman to 0, Modern. Shaft broken off; four fingers broken. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Decorative tip to a pin in the shape of a right hand with extended fingers. Two deep grooves cut across back of hand. From narrow wrist shaft swells slightly above two ridges separating tip from oval shaft (0.4 by 0.5 cm). Traces of pink paint in grooves. 401 Bone Pins  (Pl. 81) BI 279 and BI 280  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-10: Layer 5, in Pit G, with Late Phrygian to Hellenistic material (NB 60:17).

(NB 127:186).

403 Bone Pin  (Pl. 81) BI 482  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 5–6, N: Level 5 (NB 130:52). Broken across shaft where it had once been grooved. Dimensions: L. 6.1 cm; W. 0.6 cm. Well-polished, thin length of buff bone, square in section. Head notched on each side, leaving four points at corners. Below three deep grooves set off the head. At broken end, another deep groove. Found associated with a terracotta animal protome that is Middle Phrygian in date, but the level also contained black-glazed wares of the 4th century BCE (Romano 1995:8, no. 11 [T 103], pl. 4). 404 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) BI 567  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-12: On Floor 5 (NB 162:18). Broken at point showing burning.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 10 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Dimensions: Ls. 1.4 cm; Ds. 0.4 cm.

Well-smoothed pin, with head profiled to long knob set on two sharp ridges.

Two bone pins, round in section and tapering to a very sharp point. The end of heads notched four times in a torsional arrangement, below which are two notched grooves, suggestive of the shape of a pomegranate. Found associated with 412, 580, and female bust-flower thymiataerion (Romano 1995:20 no. 41, pl. 12).

405 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) BI 571  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3B: Hard lime earth, probably contemporary with construction of cellars in and around Middle Phrygian Building U (NB 161:126). Roughly broken off at thinner end.

402 Bone Pin  (Pl. 81) BI 487  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 4–5, S2: Layer 5

Dimensions: L. 8.1 cm; D. 0.6 cm.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 179

Bone pin smoothly finished at preserved end to a blunt point. Incised decoration of oblique hatching framed by double lines. Second hatched panel starts at broken end. Found associated with fragments of tiles showing rampant goats flanking a tree.

409 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) YH 61991, SF 02-39  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Ashy trash on an exterior surface. Operation 45, Locus 111, Lot 147. YHSS Phase: 3A:3, Late Hellenistic. Broken at both ends.

406 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) BI 200  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-2: House fill under Floor 2 (NB 23:147).

Dimensions: L. 1.3 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

Broken at both ends.

Small fragment, possibly the head of a pin. Conical tip set off by two deeply incised grooves. Set in bone is piece of metal, possibly iron. Little luster.

Dimensions: L. 7.6 cm; D. 1.1 cm. Well-polished, buff, bone pin likely turned on a lathe. In center, two tori set off from rest of shaft and each other by sharp double annulets. On either side shaft tapers down, terminating at preserved end in a single torus flanked by annulets and a knob with a careless hole in the tip, perhaps for insetting a knob of another material.

410 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) YH 62286, SF 02-54  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill deposited in Roman period, levelling of Late Hellenistic strata. Operation 45, Locus 109, Lot 155. YHSS Phase: 2:1, Roman (50–75/80 CE). Broken at one end.

407 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) BI 472  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 6: Floor 2, north, in area described as a “box” (NB 127:34). Broken at both ends; burned black. Dimensions: L. 4.5 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Bone pin, the shaft of which is roughly carved to an approximately round section. Head decorated by three close, flat ridges, below which a wide band flares out above the shaft.

Dimensions: PL. 4.4 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Tapered bone pinhead set off by four lathe-cut grooves with traces of red pigment in some. Oval in section. 411 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) YH 52295, SF 96-33  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill in channel of drain. Operation 30, Locus 91, Lot 134. YHSS Phase: 2:2, Roman, (75/80-110/115 CE). Broken off at one end; fine chips on tip.

Found associated with 22, 99, 254, 417. Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; D. 0.9 cm. 408 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) BI 326  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-3A: Layer 2, with 3rd century BCE unguentarium (NB 78:81). Intact. Dimensions: L. 15.5 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Long, plain, bone pin, sharpened at one end. At head, tiny transverse disc at top of narrowed neck. Two shallow grooves go around shaft 1 cm below the disc.

Tip of bone pin with rounded end. Two annular lines incised just below tip and five more at widest swelling of shaft; below is a wide zone of diagonal lines extending to break. Surface lustrous. 412 Bone Pin  (Pl. 82) BI 278  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-10: Layer 5, in Pit G, with Late Phrygian to Hellenistic material (NB 60:17).

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Mended from two pieces; chip out of flat end on one side.

Dimensions: L. 8.5 cm; D. 0.4 cm.

Dimensions: L. 23 cm; W. 1.1 cm.

Very thin, smooth shaft of bone pin tapering evenly to sharp point.

Long, bone, pin, oval in section, with two flattened faces. One end sharply pointed, the other squared with slight notch in center. Found associated with 401, 580, and female bust-flower thymiataerion (Romano 1995:20, no. 41, pl. 12). 413 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) YH 33039, SF 02-309  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Material just above and on floor or northernmost compartment of cellar cut into rubble foundation of monumental Middle Phrygian structure (Sams and Voigt 2003:196). Operation 29, Locus 61, Lot 127. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, no earlier than 650 BCE.

Found associated with 665, coarse wide-mouthed jar (P 128), and lydion-shaped miniature jar (P 104). 416 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 265  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-8: Layer 3 (NB 53:112). Broken off at both ends. Dimensions: L. 18.5 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Well-polished, long, bone pin tapering at both ends, with one end slightly sharper.

Chip out of tip.

417 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 473  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 6: Floor 2, north, in area described as a “box” (NB 127:34).

Dimensions: L. 19 cm; W. 0.9 cm.

Mended from six burned pieces.

Long, bone, splinter, roughly worked as a pin, with one sharply pointed end; the other blunt and faceted with bevel below break. Body shows carved facets.

Dimensions: L. 17 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

414 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) Ankara Museum No. 57-379-06  Citadel Mound, Trench KTL: Layer 4 (NB 82:37). Complete. Dimensions: L. 15.5 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Slender, tapering bone pin with rounded point.

Smooth, straight, bone pin, round in section, tapering gradually from thick end to thin point. Found associated with 22, 99, 254, 407. 418 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) YH 37474, SF 93-77  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Robber pit cut into foundations of a Late Phrygian house. Operation 17, Locus 0, Lot 192. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Found associated with 39, the plinth of an alabaster bird (S 62), yellow eye bead (G 253), and grey Hellenistic bowl with burnished decoration (P 2265).

Tip broken off.

415 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 36  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section A: On Floor 3 (NB 4:117).

Broad end of pin with head formed by slightly demarcated conical element. Both end and shaft facetted. Slight luster on entire surface.

Broken at thicker end.

Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; D. 0.5 cm.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 181

419 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 26  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section A: On Floor 2 (NB 4:116).

Dimensions: L. 9 cm; W. 0.6 cm. Long, thin, ivory pin slowly tapering to a very sharp point. Surface smooth and very glossy.

Broken off at thicker end. Dimensions: L. 14.7 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

423 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 527  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-5: Layer 5 (NB 140:96).

Long, plain bone pin tapering gradually to a point. Intact. Found associated with two 1st century CE coins, not catalogued but described by the excavator as Vespasian; lamp (L 3); a bronze needle (B 48); bronze ring (B 40); black gouged-ware sherd (P 130), and small buff bowl (P 58). 420 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 402  Museum Site: Burial 39, placed below feet of skeleton in a simple rectangular pit (NB 102:52). Complete; surface pitted. Dimensions: L. 12.2 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Carefully cut, round bone pin, tapering from a conical blunt head to a sharp point. 421 Bone Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 24  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section A: Between Floors 1 and 2, with coin, not catalogued but described by the excavator as Roman (NB 4:113). Intact. Dimensions: L. 8.7 cm; D. 0.3 cm. Plain, straight, bone pin, whittled a little at one end and sharpened to a good point at the other end. Found associated with 618, 687, red-glazed Roman lamp (L 2), and red-glazed wide-mouthed amphora (P 106), and grey trefoil jug (P 182).

Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; D. 1.3 cm; D. at center 0.6 cm. Well-polished, yellowish, bone toggle with square-bottomed groove around its center, from which conical elements taper to blunt ends. Found associated with local imitation of Lydian bichrome plate (P 3882), black polished trefoil jug (P 3895), painted sherd (P 3888), and black-figured kylix fragment (P 3897). 424 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) YH 30989, SF 89-345  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit cut into trash that filled the Building I:2 cellar. Operation 2, Locus 82, Lot 257. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian Chips off both ends. Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Bone (or possibly antler) toggle with square-bottomed groove around its center, from which conical elements taper off to blunt ends. Surface has facets, but lustrous, probably due to use. 425 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 467  Citadel Mound, Trench M6-B: Robbed foundation trench of a Middle Phrygian wall over the interior crosswall of Megaron 6 (NB 118:156). Intact.

422 Ivory Pin  (Pl. 83) BI 561  Citadel Mound, Trench M12-E: Context unknown (NB 147:95). Broken across thicker end.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Well-polished, buff, bone toggle tapering from round-bottomed groove at center down to sharp points at each end.

182

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

426 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 275  Citadel Mound, Trench DC 7: Clay (NB 59:150). Complete, but for chip off one end. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Polished, buff bone toggle with wide groove at center and narrow ones at each end. Ends cut to low round knob. 427 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 208  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Fill over Floor 2B (NB 39:55).

Bone toggle shaped on lathe, as suggested by minute indentation at center of one end. Ends formed of conical sections starting at sharp flanges; center is flat groove. Surface smooth with slight luster, but not polished; wear on central band. 430 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 269  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-8, east end: Layer 5, with 4th and 3rd century BCE sherds (NB 59:35). Complete, with small crack on one side. Brown stains (perhaps iron) at worn spot near one end. Dimensions: L. 5.7 cm; D. 1 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; D. 0.6 cm.

Buff, bone toggle with shallow, flat, central groove, flanked by conical segments ending in faintly rounded knobs. Bottom of groove is worn very smooth.

Well-polished, buff bone toggle cut off squarely at ends and flaring slightly to wide groove at center.

Found associated with iron arrow or spearhead (ILS 227).

Found associated with a coral fragment (BI 207) and black-glazed sherd with lead mend (P 874).

431 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 597  Context unknown.

428 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 537  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-S: In shallow pit cut through clay layer (NB 151:39).

Broken close to center.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 04.1 cm; D. 0.8 cm.; D. at center 0.5 cm. Thin, well smoothed, bone toggle with central groove flanked by two slender cones flaring at their ends. Center of each end shows a point left by the lathe. Two decorative incised lines on each side of the central groove and another toward the heads of the cones.

Dimensions: L. 2.4 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Bone toggle with evidence of lathe in preserved knob. Flat central groove flanked by tapering cone finished with a flaring knob. Single incised grooves at base of knob and low on cone. 432 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 56  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Layer 5 (NB 6:72). Intact.

429 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) YH 52874, SF 96-70  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse of Early Hellenistic wall. Operation 34, Locus 177, Lot 422. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 2.5 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Highly polished, light colored, bone toggle with plain central section flanked by tapering section flaring out to round knobs at ends, one flatter than the other.

Intact. Found associated with painted neck fragment (P 176). Dimensions: L. 2.2 cm; D. 0.5 cm.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 183

433 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 230  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C3: Level 3 (NB 50:10).

Intact; wearing around hole.

Intact.

Dimensions: D. 2.3 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; D. 0.9 cm.

Disc with central hole; back flat with cancellous tissue visible. Upper face has raised ridge at edge and center. Edge has annular band created with fine diagonal incisions. High polish on raised area; area between, smoothed with slight luster.

Well-polished, tan, bone toggle with wide flat groove at center and tapering down to flattened knobs at ends. Found associated with 731 and stamped amphora handle (SS 130). 434 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 419  Citadel Mound, Trench M4-C: Layer 5, directly above burned fill (NB 106:38).

YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age.

437 Bone Button  (Pl. 85) YH 29980, SF 89-248  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit contemporary with CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 39, Lot 85. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age.

Complete. Intact. Surface in poor condition. Dimensions: L. 4.2 cm; D. 1.3 cm. Dimensions: D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm. Well-polished, buff, bone toggle, ovoid in section, with a knob at each end and two thick flat ridges flanking a central groove. Marrow visible on one side. 435 Bone Toggle  (Pl. 84) BI 474  Citadel Mound, Trench CM-WS: Under Floor 5–6, NB 126:50). Complete, with one major lengthwise crack. Dimensions: L. 5.8 cm; D. 1.3 cm. Lathe-turned, bone toggle with the shaft flaring from end knobs in irregular shapes to two ridges at the center, between which is a wide, flat groove. Each terminal knob incised with radiating lines to form a rosette around the turning holes and two grooves. Found associated with coarse black spherical jar (P 3443) and red-washed plate fragment cut as a lid (P 3444). 436 Bone Button  (Pl. 85) YH 22798, SF 88-140  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Floor deposit in the CBH structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 3, Locus 40, Lot 91.

Lathe-carved button with raised band around central hole and at edge. Edge decorated with fine diagonal hatched lines. Found associated with 744. 438 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) YH 29998, SF 89-269  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit contemporary with CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 39, Lot 90. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age. Approximately one-half of diameter broken away. Dimensions: D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm. Lathe-carved bead with central hole surrounded by raised ridge; second ridge at outside edge. Plain edge shows facets, but is as highly polished as the other surfaces. Found associated with 471. 439 Bone Button  (Pl. 85) BI 312  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT W-2, North:

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Middle Hellenistic complex (published as the Pottery Establishment by Wells 2012:135–162, fig. 87), on surface of Space C (NB 72:38).

Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Well-polished, flattened, buff bone bead, pierced by large central hole.

Complete, but for pitting and nick in rim. Dimensions: D. 3.3 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Plano-convex, bone button with flat beveled edge and slightly raised ridge around hole on flat side. Found associated with terracotta cube (MC 152), glass bowl fragments (G 201, 231, 235, 236, 238), and cooking pot (Stewart 2010:266, cat. no. 166, fig. 209).

Found associated with late 4th century BCE coin (C 422), lamp of Corinth Broneer type VII–IX (L 55), unguentarium (P 878), and bronze handle (B 529). 443 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 187  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O1: Above Floor 3 (NB 38:13). Complete.

Wells 2012:161, table 39.

Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. hole. 0.7 cm.

440 Bone Button  (Pl. 85) BI 324  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O12: Level 2 (NB 56:6).

Flattened, spherical bead pierced through center by large hole and smoothly finished.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 2 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Plano-convex bone button with beveled edge and central hole.

Found associated with small reeded jug (P 818) and hone stone (ST 180). 444 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 541  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-6E: Layer 5 (NB 153:47). Intact.

441 Bone Button  (Pl. 85) BI 430  Citadel Mound, Trench M4W4: Fill below Floor 1 (NB 106:118).

Dimensions: D. 2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Intact.

Plano-convex, bone bead, tapering to sharp edge. Well polished and pierced through center.

Dimensions: D. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.9 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Found associated with small brown trefoil jug (P 4007).

Well-polished, plano-convex, buff bone button decorated with two very finely incised lines close to edge. Pierced by central hole.

445 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) YH 62626, SF 02-46  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Early Late Phrygian material resting on latest Middle Phrygian material; possibly clean-up associated with Achaemenid arrival. Operation 36, Locus 14, Lot 14. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE.

Found associated with bronze applique (B 1473). 442 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 196  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Under Floor 1, Pit 3 (NB 39:40). Complete.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 2 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 185

Semi-hemispherical bone bead with large central hole. 446 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 277  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-10: Level 4 (NB 60:8). Complete. Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm. Well-polished, plano-convex, tan bone bead. Edge on back cut back on two levels for a rim. Pierced by a large central hole. Found associated with large black, one-handled jar (P 1503). 447 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) Ankara Museum No. 57-387-06  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT6b: Layer 4 (NB 93:45). Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.9 cm.

Flattened, spherical bone bead, axially pierced by a large hole. Found associated with Thasian stamped amphora handle (SS 35) and incised Hellenistic sherd (I 28). 450 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) YH 29269, SF 89-212  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit in an exterior area. Operation 7, Locus 26, Lot 137. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Flattened, spherical bead. One surface smooth and polished; other concave (probably original surface of bone) and smooth but not polished. Large central hole. Edges faceted. 451 Ivory Bead  (Pl. 85) YH 26113, SF 89-54  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Ashy interior (?) surface Operation 1, Locus 14, Lot 43. YHSS Phase: 3, Early Hellenistic.

Thick bone bead with high luster and large central hole. Intact. Found associated with bronze fragments (B 1342). Dimensions: D. 2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. 448 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 310  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-1-W: Layer 6, west half (NB 73:68). Pitted on one side, worn on other. Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Slightly lenticular, bone bead pierced centrally by large hole.

Roughly carved bead with large central hole and squared edges; facets visible in hole. Surface generally lustrous; one flat surface highly polished on edge. Hole shaped from both sides. 452 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 520  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O14: Level 2 (NB 56:57). Complete.

449 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 57  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Cut C-II: Below Floor 3 (NB 4:168). Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm.

Dimensions: D. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.7 cm. Flattened, bone bead profiled to double bevel between fine top and bottom ridges. Pierced centrally by large hole. Found associated with small brown one-handled cooking pot (P 1254; Stewart 2010:275, no. 217, fig. 217).

186

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

453 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 127  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, Section 4c: Surface fill (NB 14:86).

Dimensions: D. 2 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Intact.

Found associated with 246, 257, local Hellenistic bowl (P 222), bronze pin (B 78), and bronze arrowhead (B 76).

Flattened, spherical, bone bead pierced by large central hole.

Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Well-polished, flattened, spherical, bone bead pierced by central hole.

457 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) BI 101  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N, Cut 1A: Level 1 (NB 17:11).

Found associated with cut stone setting (ST 110).

Intact

454 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) YH 21219, SF 88-40  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: In Middle Hellenistic stratum cut by Medieval pits. Operation 1, Locus 29, Lot 64. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.9 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Flattened, spherical, bone bead pierced by large central hole. 458 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) BI 17  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, west cut: Layer 3, north end (NB 2:53).

Intact. Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm. Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Flat bone bead with rounded edges and irregular thickness, with large central hole. Upper surface smooth; lower irregular, showing traces of canals inside original bone. Both surfaces worn/lustrous. 455 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 20  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut: Layer 2, on stone paving (NB 2:61). Complete, with slight pitting.

Flattened, spherical, bone bead pierced by large central hole surrounded by a slightly pitted and rough area. Found associated with 193, Hellenistic red-glazed stamped sherd (P 35), bronze two-bladed arrowheads (B 14 and 19), and Greek graffito sherd (I 6). 459 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) BI 122  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IA: Fill between surface and 1 m depth (NB 9:120).

Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Intact. Smooth, flattened, spherical bone bead, pierced axially by large hole.

Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.7 cm.

Found associated with clay lid (P 48) and stone whorl (ST 17).

Well-polished, flat bead with large central hole. Depression on one side to avoid spongy part.

456 Bone Bead  (Pl. 85) BI 45  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Hellenistic I-C Level, south area (NB 5:72).

460 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 51673, SF 95-315  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 692, Lot 885.

Complete.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 187

YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian. Intact with cancellous tissue visible around hole on both top and bottom.

YHSS Phase: 3A:1, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.7 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm.

Dimensions: D. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Round bead pierced by large hole. Made of very low density, brown, organic material; perhaps bird bone. Surface smooth, but matte. Found associated with 551. 461 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 26136, SF 89-57  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit in an outside area, filled with metallurgical debris and waste from the manufacture of alabaster artifacts. Operation 1, Locus 15, Lot 47. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Cancellous tissue visible.

Flattened bone bead pierced by large hole with regular straight sides. Surface smooth and lustrous. 464 Bone Beads  (Pl. 86) BI 120  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N, Cut 1–2B: Layer 3 (NB 17:21). Both intact. Dimensions: (a) D. 1.3 cm; (b) D. 1.2 cm; Ths. 0.7; cm Ds. hole 0.5 cm. Two flattened bone beads pierced with large string holes. Very poor quality, with much marrow showing. Found associated with 982, bronze arrowheads (B 232), bronze stud (B 231), and iron point (ILS 70).

Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Round, bone bead, roughly carved. Edges rounded with facets. Some luster, but not polished. 462 Antler Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 56842, SF 97-133  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Interior floor of early Late Phrygian house with possible wall tumble mixed in. Operation 36, Locus 329, Lot 551. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, not long after 490 BCE. Intact.

465 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 27375, SF 89-101  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: In stone foundations of southeast wall of Middle Hellenistic house. Operation 7, Locus 23, Lot 63. YHSS Phase: 3A:1, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.7 cm; D. hole 0.6 cm. Flattened bone bead, with rounded faceted edges showing evidence of grinding. One surface flat; opposite has facets to either side. Surface polished.

Dimensions: D. 2 cm; D. hole 1 cm. Flattened bone bead, with edges slightly rounded. Proportionally large central hole. 463 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 48600, SF 95-145  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Sherd-paved path running along the northeast side of a monumental wall. Operation 36, Locus 56, Lot 128.

466 Antler Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 53102, SF 96-96  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Floor deposit. Operation 29, Locus 251, Lot 493. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic, ca. 333 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm.

188

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Flattened antler bead. One face and sides lustrous; other face matte. 467 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 30309, SF 89-274  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit contemporary with CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 39, Lot 90. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age.

470 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 32221, SF 89-455  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Posthole in northwest corner of CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 58, Lot 141. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age. Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D hole 0.5 cm. Lathe-turned, pierced, bone bead. One surface smooth, matte finish with fine parallel incised lines near one edge. Opposite side has some luster. Edge has grinding, ridge, and depression near center. Found associated with 438. 468 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 30315, SF 89-277  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit contemporary with CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 39, Lot 91. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age.

Lathe-turned, bone bead with central hole; edge shows tool marks and a thin ridge at center, similar to 468 and 471. Top and bottom surfaces flat. 471 Bone Beads  (Pl. 86) YH 31686, SF 89-419  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit contemporary with CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 11, Locus 32, Lot 131. Pit contemporary with CBH Structure. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age. Intact. Dimensions: (a) D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.8 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm. (b) D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. (c) D. 1.2 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm. Lathe-turned, bone bead with central hole. One smooth surface, one unfinished. Edge turned with a sharp ridge around the middle, similar to 470 and 471. 469 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 21300, SF 88-87  Citadel Mound: Surface find. YHSS Phase: Unknown.

Three lathe-shaped, bone discs with central hole and narrow ridges on edges, similar to 468 and 470. 472 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 54373, SF 97-266  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Foundation trench for Monumental Hellenistic wall. Operation 36, Locus 59, Lot 189. YHSS Phase: 3:1, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.2 cm; D. central hole 0.07 cm. Dimensions: D. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Flattened bone bead with polished surfaces. Deep transverse groove on one side.

Tiny annular bead, very carefully made with crisp edges. Central hole symmetrical; second smaller hole drilled from central hole to edge. Matte surface.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 189

473 Bone Bead  (Pl. 86) BI 408  Museum Site: Early Phrygian Burial 51 (NB 102:56).

476 Ivory Bead  (Pl. 86) BI 447  Citadel Mound, Megaron 9: Cleaning west wall (NB 110:166).

Intact.

Complete, as mended along all laminations.

Dimensions: D. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: D. 1 cm; Th. 0.9 cm; D. hole. 0.5 cm.

Round bone bead built up of three thin discs of bone, the outer two of which are buff and the inner tan. Pierced at center by string hole.

Buff, biconical, ivory bead pierced by wide string hole.

Found associated with 49, 833, two bronze fibulae of Type XII, 13 (B 1421), bronze clasp (B 1413), two bronze pendants (B 1419), bronze pin (B 1420), bronze spearhead (B 1418), whetstone (ST 489), and fragmentary iron implements (ILS 372–374).

477 Bone Beads  (Pl. 86) BI 222c  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Middle Phrygian City Gate, under floor in east court of north wing (NB 21:131). Six cracked; one split in half. Dimensions: D. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.2 cm.

474 Ivory Beads  (Pl. 86) YH 39134, SF 94-28  Lower Town, Area A: Pit with much pottery and bone. Operation 20, Locus 26, Lot 208. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 2, Roman. One end broken away. Dimensions: Hs. 1.4 cm; Ws. 1.6 cm; Ths. 0.9 cm; Ds. hole 0.8 cm.

Seven round beads shaped as a compressed torus bounded by sharp ridges with incised line around greatest circumference. Perhaps part of a necklace with 385 and 390. 478 Bone Beads  (Pl. 86) BI 414  Citadel Mound, Trench CC Annex, northeast side: Pit in floor of Middle Phrygian Building R (NB 91:91). Several mended and small slice missing from widest.

Two beads cut from a crisply faceted octagonal tube with large hole drilled through center. Sides and preserved end lustrous, but showing fine striations from shaping. 475 Ivory Bead  (Pl. 86) YH 55741, SF 97-67  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Found in association with cow skull in material above last Middle Phrygian construction in area; may be clean-up from Achaemenid conquest. Operation 29, Locus 438, Lot 790. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE.

Dimensions: Ds. 1.1–1.7 cm; Ths. 0.4–1 cm; D. hole 0.7 cm. Flattened, spheroid, bone beads (34) with marrow cut away for large string holes. All polished on outside and decorated with a single incised line around the greatest diameter. Found associated with 83, 100, 310. Young 1964a:283.

Split at an angle across one face and edge; adjacent area appears cut rather than broken.

479 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) BI 184  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-VI: Fill under floor inside house (NB 39:7).

Dimensions: W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.2 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm.

Small chip off edge.

Thin ivory bead with large, central hole. Shaved flat on two adjacent quadrants. Top, bottom, and edge lustrous.

Dimensions: H. 5 cm; W. 2 cm.

190

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Scallop shell with flat triangular hinge plate. Pierced near center for suspension. Mother-of-pearl sheen on inside and cloudy reddish-grey exterior. Found associated with two coins (C 365, 366). 480 Shell Pendants  (Pl. 87) YH 31770, SF 89-417  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Mixed deposit above the collapse of the BRH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 10, Locus 3, Lot 36. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Intact. Dimensions: (a) H. 2.9 cm; W. 5.1 cm. (b) H. 2.8 cm; W. 4.2 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.9 cm; Th. 1 cm. Top of conical shell cut to form ring with one smooth surface (exterior of shell) and one showing interior coil. All surfaces highly polished. 483 Shell Bead  (Pl. 87) YH 33357, SF 89-550  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: From floor deposit in BRH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 10, Locus 25, Lot 86. YH Period: 7, Early Iron Age. Intact. Dimensions: L. 1 cm; D. 0.5 cm; D. hole 0.4 cm.

Two clam shells, each with an oval hole either manually or naturally punched through center, leaving rough, uneven edges. A comparable shell (Donax) found at Hasanlu has a similarly placed hole, which is described as “already holed by a carnivorous gastropod” (Reese 1989:82 fig. 10).

Cylindrical bead made from segment of Dentalium shell. One end cut flat; other notched symmetrically, perhaps by wear. Surface highly worn and lustrous.

481 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) BI 295  Citadel Mound, Trench MW: Pit with Floor 4 (NB 67:19).

484 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) YH 63186, SF 02-103  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Large double pit cut at start of Late Phrygian into Middle Phrygian material below. Operation 36, Locus 38, Lot 61. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE.

Complete, as cut.

Tip broken away; heavily eroded surface.

Dimensions: H. 3.2; W. 1.6 cm.

Dimensions: H. 4 cm; W. 1.4 cm.

Portion of central structure of large snail shell of nautilus type, cut and pared to expose two and a half turns. Pierced for suspension at one end through thin part of wall. Filed bluntly off at bottom. White mother-of-pearl sheen with band of light tan running around the edge of the spiral.

Conical shell (Cerithium) with whorls and ridges. Wide end has puncture to form irregularly shaped hole. Very smooth around hole.

Found associated with 830.

Found associated with grey stone die (ST 322). 482 Shell Ring  (Pl. 87) YH 64057, SF 02-132  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 91, Lot 300. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic.

485 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) BI 194  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A2: Fill above Floor 1 (NB 23:129). Complete, but for abraded point. Dimensions: H. 3.3 cm; W. 1.3 cm. Long, thin shell (Cerithium) pierced near opening. White and bumpy with some dark reddish-brown speckles.



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 191

486 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) YH 63667, SF 02-119  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pit cut into Roman deposits. Operation 48, Locus 23, Lot 133. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

Operation 29, Locus 449, Lot 847. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: H. 0.9 cm; W. 0.7 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: H. 3.9 cm; W. 1.4 cm.

Minute orange shell with white swirls, lustrous surface. Top drilled for suspension.

Long conical shell (Cerithium) with base partially cut away to form loop for suspension. High luster around hole on one side from wear.

490 Shell Bead  (Pl. 87) BI 119  Late Bronze Age Burial P/H 24 under Tumulus H (mid-7th century BCE) (NB 9:94).

487 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) YH 56967, SF 97-118  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pits cut into Middle Phrygian House. May be part of Achaemenid clean-up. Operation 29, Locus 461, Lot 866. YHSS Phase: 5–4, Middle to Late Phrygian.

Intact.

Intact. Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; W. 2.1 cm; D. hole 0.5 cm. Spiral cream shell with red markings, drilled at one end for suspension. Mother-of-pearl shows in hole and interior. 488 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) BI 182  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A1: Layer 2 (NB 23:111).

Dimensions: H. 1.3 cm; W. 1 cm. White shell with brown markings around edge (Articulaia), pierced once for suspension. Found associated with with five astragals, bronze pin with long curled head, large red Hittite pithos (P 608), and clay whorl (MC 61). 491 Shell Beads  (Pl. 87) BI 103  Late Bronze Age Burial M/H23 under Tumulus H (third quarter of 7th century BCE): Child’s grave (NB 9:89). Several have more holes than necessary for stringing; burned chalk white.

Intact. Dimensions: Avg. Hs. 1.7 cm; avg. Ws. 0.9 cm. Dimensions: H. 2.1 cm; W. 1.1 cm. Snail-type nautilus shell, pierced by irregular hole for suspension. Cloudy orange-brown surface color. Found associated in mixed context with Attic red-figured askos, dated ca. 400 BCE (P 842), Thasian stamped amphora handle (SS 104) and stone whorl (ST 171). 489 Shell Bead  (Pl. 87) YH 57014, SF 97-143  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Late Phrygian pit into earlier Middle Phrygian pit, possibly to rob stones. Pit directly over Middle Phrygian house with pebble floors.

Eighteen small cowry shells of sea-periwinkle type, ranging in color from white to tan. All pierced for suspension. Six additional very small shells could have been used as spacers. All strung around neck of child. Found associated with bronze rings and bone and clay beads (MC 57). 492 Shell Beads  (Pl. 87) BI 468  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7-F: Layer 5, in area of Building W cut down and used in later period (NB 118:93).

192

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete as cut; one rotted on surface, the others stained by iron and bronze. Dimensions: Hs. 1.9–2.3 cm; Ws. 1.4–1.6 cm. Three large cowry shells (Cypraea), each of which has the pyramidal face pared away to leave a large hole. One retains a fragment of the bronze loop put through the pointed end for suspension; a second is stained by bronze and was originally found linked with the same bronze loop. 493 Shell Pendant  (Pl. 87) BI 33  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Early Hellenistic House, Room J (published as Machteld’s House by Wells 2012:60–78, fig. 43) (NB 5:24). Complete. Dimensions: H. 2.2 cm; W. 1.6 cm. Cowry shell (Cypraea), smooth and very white, with large round hole cut in plain side. Found associated with 578 and in same Early Hellenistic house as 508, 664, 804. notes: 8.1  Combs with teeth on both sides, one set coarse and the other fine, were more common. For examples, see Loud 1939: pls. 16a–e (single) and 17a–c (double). 8.2  Although a comb this wide is possible, most other examples, such as the combs from Megiddo, tend to be between 6.5 and 8.5 cm wide (Loud 1939: pls. 16a–e, 17a–c). 8.3  See, for example, a two-handled Alişar IV style krater from the anteroom of Terrace Building 8 that shows deer flanking a tree (Young 1968a:239, pl. 75, fig. 26; Sams 1994: no. 932, pl. 126). The tradition of this scene survives to a much later period when scenes painted on terracotta plaques show goats rearing up to eat off a central tree (Akurgal 1955: pl. 54). 8.4  Young dated the comb to the Achaemenian period (mid-6th to late 4th century BCE) based on a similar griffin on a carnelian cylinder seal found on the Citadel Mound (1953: fig. 10); but the miniature scale makes any stylistic comparison difficult. Prayon tentatively dates the comb to his Middle Phrygian II period in the first half of the 6th century BCE (1987: pl. 33, e–f ). 8.5  Catling cites vases where the reins are shown run-

ning through the circular part and the loops have attached streamers (1964:262). 8.6  Crouwel claims examples found at Amarna, Cemetery B at Sialk, Luristan, and the Caucasus region bolster support for interpreting these pieces as horse trappings (1972:59; Potratz 1966:112, no. III:3, pl. XLVIX:115, LIV–LV; Ghirshman 1938–1939: pls. XXV:1, LXXV, no. S924). This interpretation may be further confirmed by a bronze horse bit from Cyprus dated to the latter half of the 2nd millennium BCE (Littauer and Crouwel 2002:505– 513, pl. 210a). It has a rectangular loop ending in two hands that grasp the rim of a wheel-shaped cheekpiece; the loop was used to secure the strap of the bridle. 8.7  In yet another variation on the shape, the hands at the end of the rectangular loop clutch the outer ends of a roller or pulley. Examples of these have been recovered in Kültepe (Crouwel 1972: fig. 5; Moorey 1977: fig. 6), Gezer (MacAlister 1912: fig. 416; Moorey 1977: fig. 7) and Luristan (Moorey 1977: figs. 2–4). Similar pulleys decorated with small figures of monkeys were discussed previously in the chapter on horse trappings. 8.8  Ellen Kohler suggests this could be part of horse trappings worn suspended from a collar around the neck, such as visible on the ivory appliqué with horse and rider (150) (1995:188, n. 37), but no other items in the tumulus show any connection with horses. 8.9  For a record of the burial, see Gordion NB 9:105–106. 8.10  Voigt reports finding numerous short copper alloy pins clustered in late Middle Phrygian deposits, including the mid-6th century BCE dump in Operation 17 (pers. comm.). 8.11  This assumption is somewhat challenged by the evidence on 6th century BCE Greek vases that show pairs of pins worn with the head down and connected to each other by a chain (Brøns 2014:63–64, figs. 4,1a and b, 4,2); by the 5th century BCE they seem to reverse direction placing the head up (Brøns 2014: fig. 4.3). 8.12  Compare, for example, a capital from the Treasury of Massalia at Delphi, dated around 525 BCE (Lawrence 1957: fig. 79, pl. 35). 8.13  Muscarella has pointed to the similarly shaped animals’ eyes on pottery from Necropolis B at Sialk (1967:71). For illustrations, see Ghirshman 1939: pls. 81–84 passim. 8.14  Pins with the hand clenched in a fist have also been found in earlier contexts: a silver example from Ur (Woolley 1934:527, pls. 189, 231) and an ivory pin from Middle Assyrian levels at Assur (Haller 1954:132f, no. 2b, pl. 30h).



PERSONAL ADORNMENT 193

8.15  An interesting discovery in the Athenian Agora presents another possible interpretation for these objects. A small shop excavated in the southwest corner of the Agora proved to be a unique establishment—the shop of Simon

the shoemaker, an acquaintance of Socrates. Scattered on the floor was a great litter of hobnails and bone eyelets. These eyelets, simple button-like discs with a large central hole, came in a variety of sizes (Thompson 1971: fig. 20).

9 Handles and Spoons Handles

H

andles constitute one of the largest homogeneous groups of objects at Gordion; they are primarily made of bone, with a relatively few examples in ivory, antler, or horn. Their utilitarian nature suggests they were locally made of easily accessible materials. Comparable examples of several of the types are found at many other sites, but they do not seem to occur elsewhere in equally large numbers (although this impression may be the consequence of incomplete publication). Handles in this catalogue have been divided into four primary groups: rectangular with pronged projections at one end, rectangular with squared-off ends, solid with a slit for inserting a tang, and handles formed of two individual pieces secured to a tang with rivets. Most of the handles were found on the Citadel Mound; two came from the Lower Town (532, 602), a group of three were found in a burial on the inner slopes of the Küçük Höyük (513– 514, 526), and one came from the surface fill between Tumuli H and I (595).

Pronged Handles Several objects of a rather puzzling shape are here catalogued as pronged handles. They are characterized by a projection at each corner of one or both ends. Despite the large number of these objects both at Gordion and elsewhere, there is scant secure evidence as to their purpose. Further speculation on their function will follow a detailed examination of the objects themselves. The prongs at the end are often set off by one or more incised grooves, occasionally repeated at the opposite end (494–532). The prongs appear to secure or

stabilize an inserted object, although they may have been merely decorative. In a few instances, the surface of the handle is left entirely plain (496, 498), but most are covered with crosses (502–503), zigzags (501), or circles, either in a single line or a more complex pattern, creating a rich decorative effect on all four faces of the handle. In rare instances small, figured scenes were scratched on the surface, sometimes so faintly that they seem scarcely to have been visible. One handle shows a peculiar, bird-like motif (497), and a second example (494) has each side marked off into two panels, containing 2 or 3 birds, several in combination with a goat or antelope. The simple, outlined bodies filled with striations or cross-hatching are indistinguishable as to date, but follow in the tradition of the “doodles” found on the south wall of Megaron 2 (Roller 2009: nos. 67, 69, 83, 96).1 Most handles were adorned with decorative dotted circles, cut with varying skill and care.2 The uniform size of the circles on an individual handle suggests that the cutting instrument was a metal point or blade rotated around a central hole. In some cases, the central point is large and deep, while the surrounding circle is only faintly scratched (506), perhaps indicative of a worn-down tool. In one instance, the circle is doubled (529), and occasionally the whole interior of the circle was cut down to the same level (512, 522, 525, 528). In attempting to determine their original use (if, indeed, there was a single purpose), it is helpful to look at their shape and size, the nature of the interior channel, and any evidence for the contents or a method for securing an inserted object. Their squared shape seems ergonomically inconvenient were they to function as the handle on an implement requiring precise manual manipulation; but this shape may have mattered less if they were meant for simply holding

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up an object like a mirror. Most are between 10 and 12 cm tall, while a few are on a more miniature scale between 6 and 9 cm tall (503, 505, 523, 532). The handles are cut from straight solid bone and often well-finished, with little, if any, marrow visible on the exterior surfaces. The interior was hollowed out by drilling one or two central channels and removing the remaining walls. Evidence of this procedure is still clearly visible on the interior channels of 506 at the top, 514 for its preserved length, and 517 at the base. Most have fairly thick walls, but several have very thin walls, either at the base (501, 504, 524) or throughout the entire length (494, 497, 507, 528). There seems no consistency to the shape of the channel, which can be uniform in diameter, or either narrowed or flared out at the base. The channels are usually between 1 and 1.5 cm in diameter, although some are so small as to make it unlikely that an implement could have been inserted to extract some contents (e.g., the central channels on 515 and 520 are only 0.6 to 0.65 cm wide.) If these objects were meant to preserve small quantities of a valuable substance used for cosmetic or medicinal purposes, one would expect the base to be left solid and there to be an easily removable way to block the open end to prevent evaporation or spilling.3 In most cases the interior channel goes all the way through; only three handles have a closed off bottom (512, 528–529), though one is very marrowy and would not have prevented any substance from leaking out. Many examples have one or more deep enough grooves around the base that they could have held a cord securing a thin piece of skin or fabric, but most grooves are so shallow that they must have been merely decorative. One example that does have a deep groove around its base (507) could not have secured anything to close off the end because it has four prongs preventing a tight fit at both ends. Whether open or closed on the end, most lack a flat and sturdy enough base to allow them to stand upright on their own, making it necessary to close off both ends, if the contents were to have been contained. The interior channel was usually smoothly finished, although in some examples it retained marrowy material. Many channels show staining, varying from light grey to black. In most cases, where present, the staining extends the full length of the channel; but there are several that show distinct bands of staining (500, 525) and still others that are free of any staining

(498, 522). One specimen (499) retains evidence of a white substance toward one end of the interior channel. Staining could either represent the residue of a gluing substance used to help secure an inserted metal tang or be evidence of the original contents if it were used as a container. If these objects functioned as handles, then one would expect to find evidence of a metal tang: either silver or bronze, if it were a mirror,4 or iron, if it were a knife or other small tool. There is only one handle (506) still retaining a remnant of what was likely its original contents—a bronze tang preserved to within 1.7 cm of its open base. The tang appears to have been thick enough to stay in place simply by being wedged into the bone handle; however, corrosion has caused the metal to expand, obscuring any adhesive material. Another handle (529) contains traces of black, ash-like dirt in its interior; this may be the remains of bitumentype glue. Several handles have one or more small holes through a side (500, 507); this would suggest either an original tack to secure a tang, or perhaps a later repair when the gluing material loosened. This arrangement is exactly what is found on a mirror from a 4th century BCE tomb at the Phoenician seaport of ‘Atlīt. Measuring about 10 cm long, the round, bone tube handle is decorated with two bands of dotted circles and a deep groove near the base. Several small holes still contain bronze nails that secured a round bronze mirror ( Johns 1933:74–75, fig. 7, pl. XXIII, no. 551). The presence of three examples (513–514, 526) in a grave lined with unbaked bricks on the Küçük Höyük offers what appears to be the most likely explanation of their use, but unfortunately without a definitive conclusion. The inclusion of multiple examples indicates that they were valued possessions of the deceased. Their association with several astragals and a long bronze pin among the spartan grave gifts does not give definitive evidence as to the gender of the deceased. The excavator noted that no metal was found in association with the objects but did record iron stains on the skeleton’s chest bone (NB 97:4–6). A group of objects found at Hasanlu (Fig. 9.1) and dated to period IV (1000–800 BCE), appear at first sight very similar to the pronged handles from Gordion; but their smaller scale and basic differences in design make it certain that these items, identified as cosmetic tubes, were used for different purposes.5 They were made exclusively of bone in a distinctive



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and standard shape: from a squared-off lip, offset by a deep groove, they flare out slightly to a base with four pronged feet. Their decoration consists entirely of lines of dotted circles, occasionally segmented into panels. The tubes are hollowed out for their entire length, but the excavator, Robert Dyson, believed that the pronged end was originally plugged and the groove at the lip was meant to secure a tied-on cover (pers. comm.). Several of these tubes contained a grayish-black substance that has been analyzed as antimony oxide, a cosmetic coloring like kohl.6 This, along with the discovery of a small bone stick in one tube, supports the conclusion that they were cosmetic holders.7 In contrast, the objects from Gordion tend to be larger and are either straight or flared at the plain end, with the exception of 507. It should be noted that the cosmetic tubes from Hasanlu date over 500 years before most of the Gordion handles. Nonetheless, the strong correspondences in design and decoration may point to some missing connection between the two groups of objects. In the discussion of a collection of early 1st millennium BCE Urartian bone tubes in the Van Museum, Rıfat Kuvanç (2014) proposed that those objects had a ritual significance as symbols of fortification towers shown in models of walled cities carried as tribute in Assyrian reliefs (Botta and Flandin 1849–1850: pls. 125–134; Barnett 1950: fig.3; Barnett et al. 2008: figs. 8, 12, 20, 58).8 The bone tubes display distinct projections at each corner (Kuvanç 2014:229–242, figs. 1, 3a), indicating they were meant to be used with the prongs at the upper end, as is suggested for the pieces from Gordion, rather than with the prongs at the base, as is the case in Hasanlu. One of the Urartian tubes is similar to 528 and 529 in size, shape, and decoration, with a single row of dotted circles; it also has a small hole between the prongs, much like 507. Another tube has a zigzag design on its body, just as 501 (Kuvanç 2014: fig. 1a and d). Kuvanç further proposes a connection between these tower-shaped tubes and the symbol commonly referred to as “towers with plant motifs” that appears on pottery and bronze bowls, usually at the base of handles (Roaf 2012; Kuvanç 2014:229, fig. 3a). Their placement and imagery may mark the vessels as belonging to the Temple of Haldi, the state god of the Urartians (Roaf 2012:370). Rectangular pronged handles were most common at Gordion between the 4th and 2nd centuries

BCE. The earliest appears to be 495, found in the surface of clay deposited to the west of the north court of the Early Phrygian Gate. Although the fill contained primarily Hittite sherds, the handle may belong to the first part of the 8th century BCE when the clay was laid down. This example establishes the basic shape, with the long hollow shaft flaring from the pronged end to a wider base. The surface is treated simply with a randomly scratched herringbone and triangle design, rather than the circle patterns more popular later. The long gap between this one example and the next cluster assigned to the Late Phrygian period (496, 513– 514, 522, 526, 532), suggests that its early date may be questionable. Similar handles have been found at three other sites. At Alişar Höyük, a handle with four squarely cut prongs comes from a level labeled “Post HittitePhrygian” (Osten 1937a: fig. 489, no. e1585). One side is decorated with herringbone patterns between two bands of zigzags, somewhat analogous to 495, which exhibits a more casual treatment of the herringbone; another side has three incised birds perched one above the other, as on 494. A well-developed example from a 7th century BCE context in Karmir-Blur has four thick prongs cut off bluntly and the surface divided into four horizontal panels, each filled with dotted circles in two or three rows (Piotrovskiĭ 1969: pl. 116); comparable treatment is found on handles 513, 515, 518, and 519. Three handles from a GraecoRoman context at Kadesh are decorated with either a simple zigzag, like 501, or a single row of dotted circles, similar to 526–530 (Pézard 1922:101, pl. XVIII, fig. l, items h, j, k). These handles from other sites, so widely divergent in date, seem to lead in an eastward direction back to the cosmetic tubes at Hasanlu and may document the transition from their origin as cosmetic holders to their later use as handles. If the 7th century BCE date for the handle from Urartu is correct, it stands as an important link between the two periods, and the possible source whence the Phrygians adapted the form to their own needs.

Rectangular Squared-End Handles Several handles are catalogued here as rectangular; but based on their decorative style, they likely belong to the pronged group discussed above,

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0

5 cm

Fig. 9.1  Hasanlu, cosmetic tubes, 71-23-152, 61-5-56, and 63-5-43; Image nos. 450012, 450013, 450014

despite the lack of any preserved evidence of prongs (533–534, 536–538). There is only one rectangular handle in this style that was clearly made without a pronged end (535). An almost identical handle with similar dimensions was found at Gezer in a Philistine tomb (MacAlister 1912:292; pl. LV, 5). It has five deeply incised grooves at each end, between which stretches a single row of three dotted circles. When found, the handle still contained a fragment of lead, perhaps poured in to hold the contents in place. The Gezer tomb has been dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE, centuries prior to a possible date for the Gordion handle, which was found in association with Hellenistic pottery. As indicated above, the origin for both the pronged and squared-off handles may lie further to the east, perhaps in Assyria. Among the objects in

the Louvre’s Clot Bey Collection are several handles made in the same basic design with grooved ends and rows of dotted circles (Dussaud 1934:89, fig. 3). They appear to be very finely cut with a rectangular or octagonal shaft and offset ridged ends; on some examples there are squared-off prongs at one end.9 The deep grooving of the square ends and the use of dotted circles is reminiscent of designs commonly found on similar handles at Gordion.

Tubular Handles Tubular bone handles are far less common at Gordion and of much simpler workmanship. In some cases, the bone is barely dressed, but left close to its natural state and polished. Typical of this series is 554, neatly hollowed out and cut squarely across the ends.



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Several of these tubular handles are so long and thin (559, 560, 565) or have such a shallow receiving hole (555) that not much pressure could have been applied to the implement they held. Some examples preserve remnants of their original iron implements (556–558), which appear to have been short, bladed tools. The inserted item was commonly wedged into the hollow core and occasionally secured with small nails (548, 559, 564). A bone handle from Troy level VIIb with its bronze implement still intact, suggests that simple handles, such as 549, held bronze or iron awls or punches (Blegen et al. 1958:199, fig. 254, no. 37-494).10 Most tubular handles at Gordion date from the late 5th through the 4th century BCE. Tubular handles from several sites in Anatolia testify to the type’s ubiquity and its lengthy history, starting from simple tubular bone handles at Early Bronze Age Tarsus (Goldman 1956:309) and Alişar Höyük (Schmidt 1932:173, fig. 224), through examples from later Hittite levels at Alişar Höyük (Osten 1937a: fig. 273) and Alaca Höyük (Arik 1937: pl. CV, A1.125 and A1.728). The type continues down into the 4th century BCE and Hellenistic period, as illustrated by a simple tubular handle with a rounded end, similar to 559, found at Tarsus (Goldman 1950:399, fig. 272, no. 82-32.334). Only a few tubular handles in this category have any decoration. Handle 564 is covered over its entire surface with lathe-cut grooves, separated by rounded ridges. Handle 563 is decorated with incised grooves irregularly grouped at the ends and the center. Only two examples have the concentric circles so popular on rectangular handles (565–566). Similarly decorated tubular handles are found at a variety of other sites: Tarsus (Goldman 1950:399, fig. 273, no. 82-35.230), Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:197, pl. XLI, 1, 4), and Idalion (Gjerstad 1934: pl. CLXXXV, no. 6, 322). An interesting group of bone tube fragments (562) was found in rough proximity to one another in trenches dug in the area overlying the anteroom of Terrace Building 2 and Middle Phrygian Building I. Although their individual find contexts have been variously dated as Late Phrygian (562b–c) and Early Hellenistic (562a), there is a join between 562a and c showing that these three fragments are from a single open tube approximately 10.5 cm long and 2.5 cm wide at the base. The interior has dark stains and the decorative designs are enhanced with red staining.

Whatever it held, the black stain it left behind extended to the bottom of 562c, but only part way up the interior space of 562a–b.

Slit Handles In a small group of handles (569, 575–578) the bone shaft was left solid and slit for approximately half its length to receive the tang of a metal implement secured by rivets, still in place on two examples (575–576). As with the round handles, the simplicity of slit handles defies chronological categorization. It is unusual that one small handle (569) was made of ivory, especially as it was found in the destruction fill of a working unit of the Early Phrygian Terrace Building. Other examples span the 5th to the 2nd century BCE. Only a few handles of this type are recorded from other sites; the most notable are those from the later 7th century BCE fill in the west area of the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:195, pl. XXXIX, 1–5).

Two-Piece Handles A fourth group of handles are made of two flat pieces of bone placed on either side of a long tang, with the three parts secured by several rivets (570– 574, 579–593). Somewhat larger than slit handles, these bone and ivory handles were suitable for substantial iron implements, as well as smaller tools or knives. Several examples preserve only the broken end of the metal tang still in place between the bone handle pieces (581, 584), while others retain more of the original curved blade (570–574, 588, 591). Two examples of handles from Building CC, unit 3, (572– 573) were made of ivory, again an extravagance that seems unexpected in an industrial setting devoted to the large-scale production of provisions and textiles. These two-piece handles are an undistinguished type and could belong to almost any period. The catalogued examples come from contexts spanning the Early Phrygian to the Late Hellenistic period.

Horn and Antler Handles The simplest type of handle was one made of a short length of animal horn or antler (594–608), usually left in its natural state, with only a minimal

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amount of surface finishing. The natural curvature provided an ergonomic grip. A metal implement was usually held by wedging it into a hole bored down the center and secured with some gluing substance, or in one case (601) by a small nail through a hole near the base of the handle. A different technique was used on 598 where a transverse slot was cut into the thicker end for receiving a short tang secured by a rivet. It is difficult to imagine the nature of the resulting implement as the single rivet seems insufficient to securely fix the inserted object. Although one might expect such rudimentary handles to date to the earliest periods, and there are several from Early Phrygian contexts (600, 605–606), most of those that can be dated with reasonable certainty fall in the Hellenistic period, beginning in the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE (e.g., 598). Such a simple and useful solution to a universal need to secure an operational tool in an effective and efficient handle endures from ancient times to contemporary steak knives. The futility of attempting to date horn handles based on style is demonstrated by the close comparisons between a late 4th millennium BCE example found on the plain of Antioch (Braidwood and Braidwood 1960:340, fig. 257) and 604, which dates to the Hellenistic period; likewise, a Hittite horn handle from Alişar Höyük closely resembles 586, made approximately one thousand years later (Osten 1937a:243, fig, 272). Most of the handles from Gordion are utilitarian shapes well suited to manipulating an implement. Numerous comparable pieces found at many Mediterranean sites cover a period spanning at least a thousand years. Indeed, it is their very simplicity that makes them so difficult to date. The largest and most coherent group, rectangular handles with a pronged end, may be a local product meant for a specific and unique purpose.

Spoons and Spatulas Among the earliest evidence for the use of spoons at Gordion are five large wooden spoons that accompanied a capacious wooden ladle in the mid-8th century BCE Tumulus P (Young 1981:56–57, pls. 25A–E). The size and depth of the bowl (equivalent to a large modern soup spoon) suggest the spoons were used to

serve and consume food from the pottery, bronze, and wooden vessels included in the burial. The residents of Gordion during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, like their contemporaries around the Mediterranean, used two types of spoons made of bone and ivory: the ligular and the cochlear. The ligular spoon had an oval bowl suitable for transferring larger quantities of a substance (613–614). The handle was usually decorated both at its tip and at the juncture with the bowl. The cochlear spoon combined a small round bowl with a sharply pointed handle, ideal for piercing or breaking open an object like eggshells or shellfish and transferring smaller quantities of a substance (615–622). The two spoon types seem illsuited for use in consuming food—the ligular because they are too shallow to hold anything at all viscous, and the cochlear because they tend to be extremely small. More likely, the cochlear were used for small quantities of high value substances such as cosmetic or medicinal ointments and pastes. The two ligular spoons are each incomplete, one preserving the bowl and the other the handle; but together they represent a common spoon type. The bowl of 613 is comparable to a 1st century CE ligular spoon from Corinth (Davidson 1952: pl. 84, no. 1393). The horned projections flanking the handle at its point of attachment are found in a simpler version on a spoon from Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. LXXV, no. 603). On the back of the bowl is a triangular extension of the handle, similar to those on Hellenistic ligular spoons from Tarsus (Goldman 1950: fig. 271, nos. 2 and 3). The handle of 614 likely joined a similar ligular bowl, with a small horn preserved at the base. The handle terminates in a duck’s head elegantly turned back and resting on the side of the shaft. This decorative motif also served a functional purpose, providing a way to hang the spoon from a nail or string. The origins of this popular handle form go back to the Late Bronze Age, as seen in an example from Cyprus (Ǻström 1967:77; An Ivory Masterpiece 1953:711, fig. 5). It is first seen at Gordion in a bronze ladle from the mid-9th century BCE Tumulus W where the tip is hammered into a thin, bird-bill shape, while at the base of the handle a leonine head firmly grips the bowl in its teeth (Young 1981:203, TumW 8, pl. 89B–D). The wooden ladle from Tumulus P mentioned above has a handle ending in a fully formed duck’s head (Young 1981:13, TumP 9,



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fig. 7, pl. 8I). By the time handle 614 was carved in the late 3rd to early 2nd century BCE, the duck’s head was a well-established motif for the terminus of a handle. Two nearly identical handles have been found at Delos: one from the Rheneian tomb (Deonna 1938: pl. LXXV, no. 610) and a second from the Italian Agora (Deonna 1938: pl. LXXXV, no. 727, 1). The small round cochlear spoon is represented at Gordion in its standard form, with some minor variations, by two complete spoons (618–619), along with the three fragmentary examples (615–617). One (617) deviates in its combination of the standard round cochlear bowl with a narrow, flat handle, joined to the bowl with a triangular projection on the back. A cochlear spoon with a round tapering handle (616) is paralleled by numerous contemporary Hellenistic and later Roman examples found at sites as widely dispersed as Al Mina (Woolley 1938:163, pl. XIII, MN23), Kadesh (Pézard 1922: pl. XVIII, 2b), Tarsus (Goldman 1950: fig. 271, 4–6), Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. LXXV, no. 603), Thera (Hiller von Gaertringen et al. 1904: fig. 189), the Argive Heraion (Norton 1905:353, no. 84), and Corinth (Davidson 1952: pl. 85, no. 1396). Whether the ligular and cochlear spoons were used with foods or cosmetics, it is certain that the group of so-called ear spoons (620–622) were wellsuited for extracting unguents and cosmetic ointments from small containers. Such cosmetic materials were likely kept in miniature jars, such as 124, where a narrow opening prevented the contents from evaporating. Since salves were used in small quantities, the perfect utensil for extracting them was a long, narrowhandled spoon ending in a miniature oval bowl. Ear spoons commonly had a simple, long, tapering handle. Many comparable examples have been found in Hellenistic and Roman contexts, at a time when their use as medical instruments is well attested (Miln 1907:63–68). Excellent specimens of this type come from Corinth (Davidson 1952: pl. 82, no. 1325) and Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. LXXIV, no. 602). Spoon 621 shows a decorative variation with a handle that thickens toward a double bead and reel molding at the end, a treatment with a long history from a Hittite example from Alişar Höyük (Osten 1937a: fig. 271, c94, c1858, c727) to a bronze spoon in a 2nd century BCE context at Gordion (B 514).

The spatula was an efficient instrument for use with thicker ointments meant to be applied in larger quantities; it could be used for both stirring and spreading. Long and thin spatulas tended to be made in a stronger material like bronze (Deonna 1938:222, pl. LXXIV, nos. 599–601; Goldman 1950:390, fig. 264, no. 24). The most common form combined a thin handle with a spatula concave on its long sides and rounded at the end, as seen in 624. Because the inhabitants of Gordion probably ate with that universally useful instrument—their fingers—aided by a piece of bread, there was limited need for personal eating implements. The spoons catalogued here were created as elegant tools for handling valuable viscous materials like ointments and salves.

Catalogue: Handles and Spoons Pronged Handles 494 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 88) BI 246  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C4: Level 2, disturbed context in pit serving as oven (NB 50:28). One prong missing, two abraded. Chips off squared end. Dimensions: L. 11.3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, buff, bone handle tapering to a pronged end. Prongs decoratively nicked. Each face divided into two panels by three transverse bands of light cross-hatching between deep grooves. Lightly incised animal figures fill each zone: two narrow sides show two birds in the upper register and two birds over a goat in the lower; one wider side has three birds above and two birds over a goat below; the second wider side has two birds above and one large bird below. Interior, roughly hollowed to remove most marrow, flares from elliptical opening at the top (D. 1.3–1.5 cm), to squared hole at the base (D. 1.5–1.6 cm). Slight dark discoloration on interior. Found associated with grey ware lid (P 1105), bronze ear spoon (B 581), and gold earring or pendant (J 97). 495 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 89) BI 273  Citadel Mound, North of Trench Deep Cut

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5, in area between Middle Phrygian Building G and the enclosure wall to the west (Trench NCT-A9): In the surface of the clay layer that contained mostly Hittite sherds. (NB 59:52). Split and mended; one wide and one narrow side very worn. Dimensions: L. 10.7 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 2 cm. Unpolished, rectangular, buff, bone handle, oblong in section, with prong at each corner of tapered end. Traces of lightly incised designs on all four sides, mostly herringbone patterns and interlocking triangles. Interior channel, cut completely through, shows marrow and dark staining.

strange, bird-like motif. Marrow thoroughly scraped away in channel (D. 1.2 cm) cut completely through with mottled staining and leaving very thin walls. Found associated with 65 and coins of late 4th early 3rd century BCE (C 391, 396–399, 401). 498 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 90) BI 198  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Below Floor 5b (NB 39:76). Complete, but for chip out of one prong. Lengthwise cracks on two narrow sides. Dimensions: L. 10.6 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 2.3 cm.

496 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 89) BI 155  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench C: Layer 3 with pottery of late 4th century BCE (NB 22:52). Complete, but for chip on one edge; scratches on surface appear due to wear.

Rectangular, creamy, bone handle, nearly square in section. Four prongs at narrower upper end. Plain on all sides with some paring marks still visible running transversely or at oblique angles. Interior well-smoothed along entire channel all the way through from an oval hole at the top (D. 1 cm) to an arched opening at the base (D. 1.5 cm). No signs of staining in the interior.

Dimensions: L. 9.2 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Rectangular handle with plain smoothed faces, ending in four prongs at one end. Interior channel tapers down from oval opening at the top (D. 1.8 cm) to an arched opening at the base (D. 1.7 cm), leaving thin walls. Base is very smoothly finished. Found associated with black burnished amphora (P 549), bronze door fitting (B 390), and marble relief fragment (ST 137).

Found associated with 701, coins of Alexander Lysimachus (C 402–404), corner relief tile fragment (A 128), globular glass pendant (G 136), and pendant hone stone (ST 195). 499 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 90) BI 550  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE3: Layer 2 (NB 152:107). Split in half lengthwise. Dimensions: L. 11.4 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.5 cm.

497 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 89) BI 204  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A3/1: On stone pavement of Floor 1 (NB 43:19). Mended to less than half of handle split lengthwise. Dimensions: L. 8.2 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Relatively small, well-polished, rectangular, buff, bone handle with individual prongs notched into two points. Heavily incised line 2 cm below prongs on all sides. Surface below divided into three panels by two lightly scratched lines; middle panel filled with hatching. In one upper zone,

Rectangular, buff, bone pronged handle. At each end three deep grooves separate flat ridges from main body of stepped-back shaft. Lightly incised bands of decoration: careless crosses between lines toward top, random scratches in the middle, and pairs of oblique lines below. Interior channel smooth and straight (D. 1 cm), with some white material adhering in part of channel toward base. 500 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 91) BI 296  Citadel Mound, Trench MW: Layer 5, around drain in floor (NB 67:23).



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Mended from four fragments. Broken in half lengthwise and at both ends.

Middle Phrygian City Wall, with sherds of Hellenistic black-glazed and stamped fish plates (NB 140:111–112).

Dimensions: L. 9 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, buff, bone handle, probably of pronged type, as indicated at one corner by short incised oblique line often put below prong (compare 507). Top end finished off smoothly except for narrow band of broken surface along front edge, possible location of missing prongs. Preserved face decorated by incised cross in center with four transverse lines filling space above and below. Some transverse lines continue around on narrow sides, with single dotted circle in space near top on one side. Attachment hole drilled through preserved side 2.4 cm down from top (compare similar, though smaller, holes on 507, 509, and 511). Smoothed interior oval channel tapers slightly from top to bottom (D. 1.3–1.4 cm). Two bands of slightly darker staining about halfway down and at the bottom end. Found associated with 541 and stone bird (S 53). 501 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 91) BI 65  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, south side: Layer 3, in pit going down through Floor 4 with late 4th to early 3rd century BCE stamped, black-glazed sherds (NB 6:123). Intact, save for chips off ends. Dimensions: L. 10.2 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Roughly squared handle with clear evidence of four missing prongs at upper end. Four deep grooves around each end. Incised zigzags within longitudinal framing lines on one side and five crosses on opposite side. Two sides decorated with a lattice of twelve sections created by incised vertical and horizontal lines. Oval interior channel cut completely through, flaring from 1.2 cm at upper end to 1.6 cm at the base. Found associated with 160, 598, 943, and a terracotta head (Romano 1995:45 no. 106, pl. 30).

Intact, but for some lengthwise hairline cracks. Many surface scratches and small stains. One face rougher from rot than others. Dimensions: L. 10.1 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Rectangular, buff, bone handle ending in four prongs created by four deep V-cuts at upper end. Deeply incised design repeated on all faces: X-in-square with extra cross-line below at each end. Interior channel flares slightly from a round hole at the top (D. 0.6 cm) to an oval opening at the base (D. 0.7 cm); a good deal of marrow is visible on the bottom. Found associated with stamped amphora handle (SS 248) and clay loomweight (MC 267). 503 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 91) BI 139  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIB: Fill below Floor 1 (NB 9:145). Complete, but for three worn off prongs. Dimensions: L. 6.8 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Rectangular bone handle with three prongs on each side. Two incised grooves below prongs, below which is a crossin-square and single groove at the base. Interior oval channel tapers from a larger opening at the top (D. 1.4 cm) to a narrower one at the bottom (D. 1 cm). 504 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 92) YH 47761 SF 95-293  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone. Trash and building collapse. Operation 39, Locus 73, Lot 112. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Most of one face missing; chips off butt end. Dark staining on interior. Dimensions: L. 10.7 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 2.3 cm.

502 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 91) BI 528  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-6: Layer 4, in Hellenistic building made of blocks from western

Rectangular bone handle tapering from broader pronged end to narrower base. Single deep groove sets off base and

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top. Two diagonal slashes on fully preserved prongs at each corner. Preserved broad side decorated with three pairs of incised dotted circles; narrow side with line of three single circles. Smoothed interior channel tapers from top (D. 2 cm) to the base (D. 1.7 cm) and shows mottled staining throughout. Exterior surface has high luster, worn at top. 505 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 92) BI 52  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Hellenistic pit through Floor 3 (NB 6:55). Intact. Dimensions: L. 7 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 2.1 cm. Square, pronged bone handle decorated with differing patterns of dotted circles contained within two heavy grooves marking off each end. On two sides are pairs of circles in three rows; on the other sides are five circles in 2-1-2 pattern, with the pattern compressed on one side to accommodate a deeply incised linear design of two arched incisions flanking a pair of lines flaring up to a circle in upper band. Interior channel runs completely through, from an oval hole (D. 1 cm) at the top to an arched opening (D. 1.5 cm) at the base.

Layer 3, with Hellenistic objects as late as 3rd century BCE (NB 18:20). Intact. Dimensions: L. 10.6 cm; W. 2.7 cm. Rectangular, bone handle pronged at both ends, with each projection set off by an oblique groove. Within two framing lines is a line of four to six dotted circles on each side. Interior channel with a smaller opening at the top (D. 1.2 cm) flaring to the larger opening at the base (D. 1.9 cm); much spongy material remains on the inside. Between the prongs at base of one wide face is a small attachment hole that penetrates one side with an indent on the interior of the opposite wall (compare similar holes on 500, 509, and 511). Found associated with black-glazed lamp, Corinth Broneer Type VII (L 24), alabastron (ST 74), and bronze deer head (B 170). 508 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 93) BI 41  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Early Hellenistic House, Room M (published as Machteld’s House by Wells 2012:60–78, fig. 43) (NB 5:28).

506 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 92) BI 313  Citadel Mound, Trench EML-2E, Section A: Layer 3 floor (NB 74:71).

Split in half lengthwise and broken off at one end; chipped. Bone roughened on surfaces.

Cracked; most of prongs broken off.

Dimensions: L. 11.5 cm; W. 2.4 cm.

Dimensions: L. 11.8 cm; W. 2.3 cm.

Rectangular handle, possibly terminating in prongs, now missing. Two incised grooves encircle each end, framing two irregular rows of nine dotted circles of various sizes. Interior channel is smoothly finished all the way through, flaring slightly at the base (D. 1.2–1.4 cm).

Well-polished, dark, bone handle, rectangular in section and pronged at upper end. Two incised horizontal lines around each end. Along shaft, a haphazardly spaced row of variously sized dotted circles: four on two adjacent sides, five on two other. Incised slanting strokes down one edge. Interior channel is oval at top (D. 1.5 cm) with traces of the wall remaining between the drilled holes; opening at base is arched (D. 1.3 cm). Fragment of bronze lodged inside shaft comes to within 1.7 cm of opening at the lower end. Found associated with cylindrical alabaster knob (ST 357). 507 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 93) BI 93  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-1-C:

Found associated with Rhodian stamped amphora handle (SS 19) and in same Early Hellenistic house as 493, 578, 664, 804. Wells 2012:77, table 11. 509 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 93) BI 415  Citadel Mound, North Railroad Cut, east extension: Fill with Hellenistic sherds (NB 99:53).



HANDLES AND SPOONS 205

Split in half lengthwise; one end abraded.

Dimensions: L. 11.8 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.2 cm.

Dimensions: L. 9 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 1.2 cm.

Well finished, rectangular, pronged, bone handle. Between two incised lines at each end runs a single irregular line of nine deeply dotted circles on three sides and ten on the fourth side. Toward the bottom of one wide side there is small hole slightly off center (compare a similar hole on 500, 507, 509). Oval interior channel hollowed out for the full length.

Rectangular bone handle with one end finished and other showing possible traces of two prongs at corners with finished surface between. Dotted circles between single incised line at each end: on complete face, eight alternate rows of small single circles and two circles; on one halfpreserved face, row of small single circles; on opposite half-face, four large circles. Surface not well polished. Interior channel roughly cleared all the way through, flaring from a narrower opening at the top (D. 1.6 cm) to a slightly wider one at the base (D. 1.7 cm); some dark staining throughout. Small hole near base of broader side that does not penetrate to interior (compare similar holes on 500, 507, 511).

512 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 94) BI 377  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 3, in pit dug down from Layer 2 (NB 89:22). Complete but for loss of one prong and chipping of two others. Dimensions: L. 13.5 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 1.6 cm.

510 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 94) YH 21185, SF 88-28  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Abandoned Village floor deposit. Operation 2, Locus 21, Lot 61. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Abrasions and chips off pronged and butt end; dark staining on exterior. Heads broken off iron pin shafts in some of dotted circles.

Rectangular, pronged handle with a smooth interior channel starting at an arched opening at the top (D. 1.1 cm) penetrating to a depth of 1.1 cm. The marrow plug at the base (approximately 1 cm thick) remains fully intact. Two grooves cut across prongs. Between single framing grooves at each end are rows of dotted circles on the wider faces (four pairs on one and three pairs and a single circle on the opposite) and a single cross at the base. On the narrow sides the circles are replaced by two large crosses.

Dimensions: L. 11 cm; W. 2.4 cm. Rectangular handle with three prongs on each face. Single groove marks off top and bottom of each face; space between filled with four pairs of dotted circles separated by a single dotted circle. Remnants of iron pins in some circles indicate possible decorative bosses. Interior channel flares from an oval opening (D. 1.3 cm) at the top to a wider hole (D. 1.6 cm) at the bottom; staining on interior similar to that on exterior. Found associated with three unguentaria (YH 21288, SF 88-75; YH 21289, SF 85-76; YH 21290, SF 88-77). 511 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 94) BI 226  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N1, Center Section: Level 2 (NB 52:6). Complete, save for chips at pronged end.

Found associated with hoard of late 3rd to early 2nd century BCE silver tetradrachms (C 9281027) in grey jar (P 2445), black-glazed stamped and rouletted saucer (P 2442), and some Hellenistic red ware (P 2419). 513 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 94) BI 389a  Küçük Höyük, Burial 1961-1: In mudbrick sarcophagus, placed on east side of feet. Burial located on inner slope of mound, 0.80 m below surface in disturbed fill containing black-polished and Lydian sherds (NB 97:6). Complete except for two missing prongs on one side. Dark surface stains. Dimensions: L. 11.2 cm: W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, bone handle with prongs, decorated with double and single rows of dotted circles divid-

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ed into two panels of uneven length, separated from each other by four transverse gashes and set off from the ends by additional gashes (four at bottom and seven at top). Circles distributed as follows: on two narrow sides a single row of three below and five above; on wider sides are double rows, one with three below and five above, the other with two below and four above. The excavator noted there was no trace of metal near the three handles found in the grave.

516 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 95) BI 457  Citadel Mound, Trench Megaron 6-A: Fallen fill, mainly from robber’s trench over Middle Phrygian Enclosure Wall, to north of Megaron 6 (NB 121:79).

Found associated with 514, 526.

Split lengthwise; one end abraded.

514 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 94) BI 389b  Küçük Höyük, Burial 1961: In mudbrick sarcophagus, placed on east side of feet. Burial located on inner slope of mound, 0.80 m below surface in disturbed fill containing black-polished and Lydian sherds (NB 97:6).

Dimensions: L. 9.5 cm ; W. 1.8 cm ; Th. 1.1 cm.

Fragment split off handle both crosswise and lengthwise. Dark surface stains. Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; W. 2 cm;.Th. 1.3 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, bone handle, probably of pronged type. Decorated by three transverse gashes near end, setting off irregular double rows of dotted circles. Interior hollowed out by two adjacent drill holes to smooth glossy finish for full preserved length.

bottom (D. 0.8 cm); interior shows grey staining. Highly polished surface.

Well smoothed, rectangular, buff bone handle with three of its original four prongs. Surface divided into two panels by three sets of transverse lines: two at plain end, three in center and at pronged end. Very faintly incised single dotted circle in center of upper panel on three preserved faces. Straight interior channel (D. 1 cm), well smoothed with slight mottling, possibly from soil contact. 517 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 95) BI 18  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut 2: Layer 1, along sloping edge of mound (NB 2:59). Complete as mended from two pieces, but for crack and long chip at top. Dimensions: L. 11.9 cm; W. 2.2 cm.

Found associated with 513, 526. 515 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 95) YH 26757, SF 89-72  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Earth surfaces below Middle Hellenistic paved area. Operation 1, Locus 13.1, Lot 58. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Pronged end mostly broken away; black stain on interior. Dimensions: L. 8.9 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Rectangular bone handle with top crenelated by shallow notches creating four prongs, now missing. Body divided into two zones by sets of three incised grooves at top and bottom and two in center. Within each zone are three dotted circles. Smooth interior channel flares from a round opening at the top (D. 0.6 cm) to an oval opening at the

Smooth, rectangular, creamy, bone handle with each face divided off into five panels by deep scoring. Upper panel filled with a cross, next three panels with dotted circle. Single interior channel at top (D. 1.4 cm) and two small holes penetrate marrow at base. Found associated with Hellenistic bowl (P 46), fragment of lagynos with incised decoration (P 158), and large clay whorl (MC 23). 518 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 96) BI 84  Citadel Mound, NC Trench, Disturbed IB-IC Level: Plastered room, in a disturbed Hellenistic context (NB 10:22). Complete as mended, except for chips. Dimensions: L. 12.5 cm; W. 2.2 cm.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 207

Rectangular bone handle with three prongs on wide faces and two on narrow faces. Decoration divided into two panels by three incised lines at top and bottom, with two in the center. Within each zone are alternating rows of pairs and single dotted circles on two sides, a line of single circles on one side and an irregular combination of rows of pairs and single circles on the fourth side. Interior channel tapers from a larger oval hole at the top (D. 1.6 cm) to a smaller opening at the base (D. 1.4 cm). Found associated with grey squat trefoil pitcher (P 221) and brown-glazed, reeded kantharos of West Slope ware (P 526).

cross, single row of four circles, and two crosses. Side (c) decorated with oblique lines cut over prongs, framed transverse cross, four rows of alternating single and double dotted circles, six-point cross, cross with dotted circle in upper and lower quadrant, and framed transverse cross. Side (d) decorated with dotted circle and oblique lines at prongs, framed transverse cross, single line of three dotted circles framed by zigzags along edge, and two crosses with dotted circle in three quadrants. Comparable to 543 in decorative motifs. 521 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 97) BI 234  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A-5, East Section: Floor 3 courtyard (NB 53:12).

519 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 96) BI 202  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A3/1: Fill above first floor (NB 43:15).

Prongs abraded off square end; cracked and chipped in places.

Cracked on one face and prongs broken off and abraded.

Dimensions: L. 9.7 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 2 cm.

Dimensions: L. 11 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 2.1 cm.

Well-polished, tan, bone handle formed of cylindrical and square sections. Square end possibly originally pronged, although all traces are worn away. Square section nicked along edges and decorated with four dotted circles between one upper and two lower grooves on three sides and five circles on the fourth side. Cylindrical section decorated with 17 grooves, giving ringed appearance. Raised nicked ridge at base. Interior channel is roughly smoothed and stained grey all the way through; larger oval opening at the top (D. 1.5 cm) and smaller arched opening at the base (D. 1.2 cm).

Well-polished, rectangular, buff, bone handle with pronged end. Divided into two panels by three sets of four incised lines. Each panel filled with six dotted circles in uneven double rows on all four sides. All edges milled with shallow slashes. Stained dark in spongy portion, which shows through on bottom half of one wide face. Oval interior channel is roughly carved in a taper from the top (D. 1.5– 1.7 cm) to the base (D. 1.3–1.5 cm) and stained dark gray. 520 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 97) BI 178  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench V: Layer 2, intrusive pit, with pottery of late 3rd century BCE (NB 31:129). Complete, but for chips off several prongs. Dimensions: L. 12.4 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Rectangular pronged handle; three points on wide sides, two on narrow sides. Side (a) decorated with dotted circle and oblique lines at prongs, inverted triangle between two lines, panel bisected by central line and oblique slashes on sides, framed six-point cross with dotted circle in bottom quadrant, framed cross with dotted circles in three quadrants, and framed six-point cross. Side (b) decorated with dotted circle and oblique lines at prongs, framed transverse

Found associated with coarse, one-handled, burnished grey bowl (P 1062). 522 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 98) YH 25603, SF 89-29  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pits robbing Middle Phrygian wall. Operation 1, Locus 5, Lot 22. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Approximately half of width preserved; chips expose cancellous tissue of epiphysis on butt end of preserved face. Dimensions: L. 10.4 cm; W. 3.2 cm; Th. 1.8 cm; D. int. 1–1.9 cm. Rectangular bone handle, with a prong at each corner of

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the top. Below prongs is a raised band with short notches on bottom edge. Face decorated with a line of eight dotted circles with heavy central conical dot, very faint inner circle and heavily drilled outer circle on best preserved face; seven and six circles on partial faces. Central channel, oval at top and flaring broadly at the lower end, is clean and smooth except at base where much marrow is exposed. Surface has horizontal working marks, slight luster. 523 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 98) BI 373  Citadel Mound, Trench W2S2: Below Floor 2 (NB 87:77).

thin flat walls. Faint striations across each face, perhaps as a result of polishing. Found associated with large grey jar (P 1377). 525 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 99) BI 163  Citadel Mound, Mosaic Building, Trench E: Layer 3, above pebble mosaic floor, with objects of 3rd century BCE (NB 22:63). Prongs broken off. Dimensions: L. 12 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 2 cm.

Complete, but for three prongs. Dimensions: L. 6.7 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 2.1 cm; D. int. 1–1.5 cm. Smoothly finished, rectangular, buff, bone handle tapering from wide pronged end to narrower, squared-off end. Deeply gouged line around all four sides at each end. Series of careful triangular notches along all four vertical edges. On each face, a line of deeply drilled, dotted circles; four on each side but one, where a fifth was added, seemingly by mistake. Well smoothed, arched, interior channel tapers from 1.5 cm at the top to 0.9 cm at the base and shows some grey staining toward the bottom. Found associated with two lamps, Corinth Broneer Type VII (L 109–110). 524 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 99) BI 257  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O13: Level 3 (NB 56:37). Intact, but for triangular chip from one corner of squared end. Several lengthwise cracks.

Smoothly worked, roughly rectangular, pronged handle, with a deep grove toward the top. Decorated with a line of six dotted circles on two sides and seven circles on the other sides, each with an additional dotted circle added in the space above the groove. Small hole on one side appears to be the mis-start of a dotted circle. Oval interior channel flares from the top to the base (D. 1.8–2.2 cm); smooth with gray mottling at the top and rougher with darker stains toward the base. Found associated with black polished hemispherical bowl (P 717), painted cover tile (A 82), and bronze joint knob (B 316). 526 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 99) BI 389c  Küçük Höyük, Burial 1961-1: In mudbrick sarcophagus, placed on east side of feet. Burial located on inner slope of mound, 0.80 m below surface in disturbed fill containing black-polished and Lydian sherds (NB 97:6). Upper half broken away; dark surface stains. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.5 cm.

Dimensions: L. 11.7 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 2.4 cm. Well-polished, buff, bone handle, rectangular in section and flaring slightly at base. Faces covered with dotted circles, irregularly distributed in two rows, except one side with three rows. Even triangular prongs, four on three sides and three on one narrower side, set off by large, squared groove. Interior channel is left slightly rough with light gray stains; flares from an oval opening at the top (D. 1.4 cm) to a larger opening at the base (D. 1.9 cm), leaving

Well-polished, rectangular, bone handle, probably of pronged type (compare 523 and 529). Decorated with single row of deeply dotted circles. Darkly stained interior channel fully cut through preserved length. Found associated with 513–514. 527 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 100) BI 19  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut, near



HANDLES AND SPOONS 209

center: Layer 3 (NB 2:58). Split in half lengthwise. Dimensions: L. 13.7 cm; W. 2.1 cm. Highly polished, bone, rectangular handle with projecting prongs at each preserved corner and flared base. On each face, an irregularly arranged line of incised dotted circles. Interior channel cut smoothly and completely through, flaring toward the base, with some dark staining evident toward the top and bottom. Found associated with bronze, double-flanged arrowhead (B 18) and fragments of large coarse amphoras of 4th century BCE type. 528 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 100) BI 138  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, north infringement number 2: Fill over Middle Phrygian City Wall, with Macedonian coin of first quarter of 3rd century BCE (NB 14:100).

Interior channel starts from an oval opening (D. 0.9 cm) at the top but stops short of the base which remains solid; contains a black, ash-like dirt. 530 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 100) BI 513  Citadel Mound, Trench W2S: Layer 4 (NB 87:27). Broken across about halfway down the shaft. Most all marrow removed. Small nick in one prong. Some dark staining. Dimensions: L. 5.1 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Rectangular, pronged, buff bone handle with two dotted circles preserved on each side; circles on narrower side are closer together and not as deeply incised as those on the wider side. Oblique paring lines visible on all sides. Interior channel has oval opening at top (D. 1 cm) and is smoothed and mottled throughout. 531 Bone Handle: Pronged  (No illustration) Körte Bone Object No. 1  Citadel Mound: Location unspecified.

Intact; spongy at haft end. Dimensions: L. 10.5. Dimensions: L. 10 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Narrow, smoothly finished, handle ending in four prongs; edges faceted to create octagonal section. Six deeply incised dotted circles on each of two wider faces; other faces left plain. Interior channel runs from an arched opening at the top to a thin, porous layer of marrowy bone at the base. Found associated with bronze arrowheads (B 304), stamped amphora handle (SS 55), glass bead (G 67), and amber bead (J 61). 529 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 100) BI 21  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut 2: Layer 3, at south, with Hellenistic sherds (NB 2:82). Complete; spongy at one end. Bone creamy and smooth, but blackened from black ash-like dirt inside. Dimensions: L. 10.3 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Narrow, rectangular, pronged handle decorated on each side with ten dotted double circles in an irregular line.

Rectangular, pronged bone handle, decorated with incised dotted circles. Körte and Körte 1904:176, fig. 159a. 532 Bone Handle: Pronged  (Pl. 101) YH 42481, SF 95-134  Lower Town, Area A: Mixed Middle and Late Phrygian fill. Operation 27, Locus 521, Lot 299. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 8.8 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Rectangular bone handle with flat base and projecting prong at each upper corner. Two diagonally placed incised circles in middle of one side. Interior, showing traces of black pigment, is drilled completely through, except for marrow left at base with small hole in center. Exterior surface ground flat, striations visible, little luster.

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Rectangular Handles 533 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 101) BI 250  Citadel Mound, Trench NE, East Section: Level 2 (NB 52:120). Split lengthwise and one end abraded. Dimensions: L. 9.3 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, buff, bone handle, perhaps of pronged type (compare 511). On each face, between three horizontal framing grooves are a row of five or six dotted double circles unevenly cut as to placement and depth. Interior channel smoothly hollowed out (D. 1.5 cm), leaving very thin walls (0.4 cm). Some dark staining on interior toward abraded end. 534 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 101) YH 46985, SF 95-300  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone. Wall collapse inside Late Phrygian pithouse. Operation 17, Locus 597, Lot 751. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Approximately one half of lower half preserved; badly abraded. Dark staining on interior and exterior.

three smaller ridges toward the base. In the field between are four dotted circles showing on the fully preserved and the second partially preserved split face. Interior smoothly hollowed out to a fairly straight oval section (D. 1.07–1.1 cm) with no stains on the walls. Found associated with black-glazed lydion fragment (P 3245). 536 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (No illustration) YH 65293, SF 02-395  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 11, Lot 81. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Corner fragment. Dimensions: L. 4.5 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Small sliver of a bone handle with flat side. At one end, two incised annular bands; below are five, irregularly spaced, dotted circles. 537 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 102) YH 54420, SF 96-249  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse and trash above floor in an Early Hellenistic room. Operation 34, Locus 238, Lot 508. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Fragment of two sides. Lower section of rectangular handle, similar in style to pronged handles. Bottom decorated with a cross-in-square framed by a groove above and below; on preserved section of shaft is a line of two dotted circles. 535 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 101) BI 497  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 9, N: Layer 5, with Hellenistic amphora fragments (NB 130:166). Broken in half lengthwise through all but the bottom of the undecorated end. Extremely smoothed interior. Dimensions: L. 1.2 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 2.2 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, dark, bone handle with squared-off finished ends. Three flat bands at upper end and

Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 1 cm. One corner of rectangular bone handle with rounded edge. Incised decoration of double, dotted concentric circles: one on one side, two on other side. Outer circle lightly incised, inner circle and central dot deeper. Surface polished to high luster. 538 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 102) YH 56154, SF 97-83  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pit with good deal of animal bone and an Early Hellenistic kantharos. Operation 34, Locus 313, Lot 655. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic, 3rd century BCE. Small corner fragment of tube; traces of black on interior.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 211

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1 cm.

cross-hatched lines. Interior channel oval in section.

Fragment of squared bone handle decorated with deeply incised dotted double circles on two partially preserved faces. Polished surface; interior darkly stained.

Found associated with 500.

539 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 102) YH 54393, SF 96-207  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Ash in hearth. Operation 34, Locus 175, Lot 360. YHSS Phase: 3B Early Hellenistic.

542 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 102) BI 367  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT-3: Early Hellenistic House (published as the Muscarella House by Wells 2012:109–111, fig. 64), on spotty floor with several pits and small oven (NB 81:69). Broken near one end, preserving portion of one wide face and parts of two narrow faces.

Lower end of handle. Dark staining on interior. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Dimensions: L. 5.3 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 1.3 cm; D. int. 0.8 cm. Rectangular bone tube with slightly convex sides meeting at rounded edges. Incised decoration on all sides, starting from base: two lines forming narrow plain band, dotted X within a band, plain zone, and a dotted X in box. Narrow interior channel darkly stained. 540 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 102) Ankara Museum No. 57-370-06  Find location unknown. Staining; marrow showing through at base. Dimensions: L. 9; W. 2.3; Th. 1.8, D. hole 1.1. Tapering, rounded, rectangular handle with solid base. Central oval hole penetrates 0.4 cm. Closely spaced random striations on upper two-thirds of body.

Well-polished, rectangular, bone handle carelessly hollowed out on interior. On each face, deeply cut, oblique cross-hatching forming a central row of stacked lozenges. At finished end, remnants of inner extension or collar cut for insertion (1.8 x 1 cm). Found associated with a stone bead (ST 416) and a bronze projectile (B 1309). Wells 2012:111, table 23.

Octagonal Handles 543 Bone Handle: Octagonal  (Pl. 102) YH 46534, SF 95-273  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Posthole in a Late Phrygian house, dated by associated Attic pottery. Operation 17, Locus 649, Lot 824. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, late 5th century BCE.

541 Bone Handle: Rectangular  (Pl. 102) BI 297  Citadel Mound, Trench MW: Layer 4, around drain in floor (NB 67:23).

Approximately one half of width preserved; dark staining on interior.

Broken off crosswise; cracked down center.

Dimensions: L. 7.9 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.3 cm.

Octagonal bone handle with squared-off ends and thin walls; slightly flared at broader end, which has a single attachment hole. Decoration created by light incision and drilling: incised cross with hatched chevrons in each quadrant, hatched lozenges, dotted circles, cross-hatched triangles, and a plain zone. Dotted circles on sides. Comparable to 520 in decorative motifs.

Well-polished, rectangular, white, bone handle. Squaredoff end profiled with two flat ridges separated by deep grooves. Upper part decorated on one face with incised cross in a square, with two opposing quadrants hatched; similar design on sides. Back has random diagonal and

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544 Bone Handle: Octagonal  (Pl. 103) YH 48573, SF 95-150  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill of robber’s trench for Middle Hellenistic Monumental wall. Operation 36, Locus 57, Lot 122. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

rows at the center. 547 Bone Handle: Octagonal  (Pl. 104) BI 390  Citadel Mound, Trench PN-3: Level 3 (NB 98:14).

Approximately one half preserved. Dark staining on interior channel.

Most of serrated end chipped off; five of seven or eight prongs missing or greatly abraded on other end. Several longitudinal cracks.

Dimensions: L. 9.3 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 1.4 cm.

Dimensions: L. 8.2 cm; W. 3.3 cm; Th. 2.3 cm.

Octagonal bone handle with squared off ends. Exterior profile has concave sides that flare out from top to bottom. Lightly incised band of crosses runs down one face. Narrow interior channel (D. 1.2 cm) bored all the way through and stained black. Surface highly polished and shows dark staining at the narrow end.

Well-polished, tan, bone handle cut to flattened octagon in section. Double transverse grooves set off each end. One end serrated; other divided into seven or eight prongs Two outer beveled bands on each wide face obliquely hatched. Interior hollowed to oval section (D. 1.2–1.9 cm).

545 Bone Handle: Octagonal  (Pl. 103) BI 161  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIIB: Under Floor 4 pavement, with pottery of 6th to first half of 4th century BCE (NB 26:31).

Found associated with an iron spike (ILS 347), wall tile fragments showing Thesesus and Minotaur and goats flanking a tree, and West Slope and rouletted black-glazed wares.

Tubular

Broken on all sides, leaving three faces from one corner. Dimensions: L. 9.1 cm; W. 1.5 cm.

548 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 604  Citadel Mound, Trench ETV2: Under Floor 5b (NB 39:91).

Well-polished, octagonal, bone handle decorated with three bands of closely spaced, hand-gouged striations (up to 13 in a section).

Complete, with small crack halfway down one side. Dimensions: L. 11.4 cm; D. 1.8 cm.

Found associated with 206, 209, 556, 567, alabaster whorl (ST 145), and incised red stone whorl (ST 146). 546 Bone Handle: Octagonal  (Pl. 104) BI 600  Citadel Mound: Context unknown (NB 173:39). Half preserved; one end finished, other broken. Slightly abraded. Yellow-brown bone. Dimensions: L. 1.1 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 0.6. Octagonal bone handle with polished, faceted surface. Incised groove around each end frames a zigzag pattern with a dotted circle between each angle. An additional single dotted circle in reserved area at top. Smooth interior nar-

Smoothed, bone tube cut straight at one end with shallow central hole; other end with interior channel (D. 1 cm) hollowed to depth of 8.4 cm. Serrated nicking around rim of opening. Small drill hole 1 cm below rim does not completely penetrate wall; similar, even smaller hole, 6 cm below rim on opposite side. 549 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 378  Citadel Mound, Trench W2S2: Immediately above clay, at depth of 2.30 m below modern surface (NB 87:89). Complete. Dimensions: L. 9 cm; D. 1.6 cm.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 213

Plain length of hollowed, tan bone whittled and polished to finished surface on exterior. Cut straight across on both ends.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Found associated with 890 and a black-glazed lamp nozzle, Corinth Broneer Type VI (late 5th–late 4th century BCE).

Segment of lower end of bone tubular handle with slightly curved base and tapering sides. Surfaces have some luster, though do not appear to have been worked.

550 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 123  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, Section 3: Layer 4/5 (NB 14:54).

553 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 309  Citadel Mound, Trench EML-2W, southwest area: Layer 3 (NB 74:50).

Complete, but for crack at one end.

Broken off at one end.

Dimensions: L. 8.1 cm; D. 1.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 7.4 cm; D. 1.5 cm.

Plain cylinder, hollowed out leaving very thin walls. Holes at each end for attachment by nails set perpendicularly to each other.

Roughly finished brown bone tube cut off squarely at one end. Profile shows slight swelling at center of preserved segment.

Found associated with red-figured rhyton sherd, dated 460–450 BCE (P 380).

Found associated with Attic red-figured rhyton neck fragments dated ca. 425 BCE (P 1913-4), coarse ware lid (P 1944), and blue and yellow sand-core glass fragments (G 234).

551 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) YH 51670, SF 95-329  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 692, Lot 885. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian

554 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 522  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-5: Layer 5, with Hellenistic black-glazed ware (NB 140:91). Complete, but for chips at one end.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 8.3 cm; D. 1.4 cm. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; D. 1.3 cm; D. hole 1 cm. Tubular bone handle, tapering to narrow end where a small round implement was inserted. Circular line on butt, roughly cut. Sides relatively smooth, some faceting and grinding. Slight luster on surface.

Buff, bone tube polished on surface and cut squarely at ends. Marrow neatly hollowed out. Found associated with incised dish (I 459), buff saucer (P 3870), glass fragment (G 357), and lump of blue coloring matter (ST 720).

Found associated with 460. 552 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) YH 30705, SF 89-306  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Robber trench for Building I:2 wall Operation 2, Locus 55, Lot 152. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Preserves segment of base.

555 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 235  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A5: Layer 3, west section near Wall VI (NB 53:19). Complete, with green stains all along one side. Dimensions: L. 8.1 cm; D. 1.6 cm. Well-polished, straight, length of bone, sawed or filed slightly obliquely at receiving end and squared at hilt where

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

peg has been driven in close to hole. Round hole (D. 0.8 cm) drilled off center in attachment end penetrates 4.8 cm. 556 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 105) BI 164  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIB: Under Floor 4 (NB 26:31). Broken off and splintered along swollen cracks.

One-piece, bone handle with its marrow hollowed out for two-thirds of its length. Butt end is closed and oval in section. Flat blade worn to an oblique angle. Sides of blade taper straight back to oval tang with no setbacks. Tang fits into handle. Found associated with triangle rim bowl (P 3616, Stewart 2010, cat. No. 295) and ledge rim dish (P 3617, Stewart 2010, cat. No. 335).

Dimensions: L. 5.9 cm; D. 2 cm. Wells 2012:128, table 32. Smooth, cylindrical, buff, bone tube, hollowed out to leave very thin walls. Remnant of iron tenon appears to end about 2 cm from butt of handle. Small round hole slightly off-center in butt end. Found associated with 265, 209, 545, 567, incised red stone whorl (ST 146), and base of Wild Goat style oinochoe, probably of Milesian origin, dated 620–590 BCE (P 626).

559 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 106) BI 224  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-S: Surface cleaning. (NB 49:28). Complete, as split and mended in antiquity. Green stains from nail in place. Dimensions: L. 9.4 cm; D. 1.2 cm.

557 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 106) ILS 503  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-E: Under Floor 2 (NB 128:93). Bone handle split lengthwise; stained around edges by contact with iron and chipped away in places at butt end. Iron blade heavily oxidized. Handle: L. 12 cm; D. handle 3.4 cm; W. blade 4.7 cm. Short, wide, bone handle, oval in section, with marrow removed from center, but showing through on one face. Well smoothed on exterior and rounded off at butt end. Blade has convex working end, flaring out on each side beyond the straight line of the shaft. One face of blade dished, leaving opposite face convex. Flat tang of iron blade enters bone handle for its full length. 558 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 106) ILS 504  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-S1: Middle Hellenistic House (published as Ken’s House by Wells 2012: 123–128, fig. 72), on floor east of Room B, near oven (NB 135:23). Bone handle split by swelling of iron; blade oxidized. Dimensions: L. 12.8 cm; W. handle 2.7 cm; Th. handle 1.7 cm; W. blade 2.7 cm.

Thin, hollow, bone tube, smoothed by wear. At squared-off, implement end are two opposed holes for rivets; at rounded butt end, bronze rivet still in place holding tube where split. Slightly below, two opposed rivet holes and third unfinished hole that does not pierce wall. 560 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 106) BI 124  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W: Surface (NB 9:128). Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 6.3 cm; D. 1 cm. Glossy, yellowish, bone cylinder hollowed out to leave thin walls. Surface worn very smooth, with three knots on two sides. Found associated with rim of krater-like pot of heavy grey fabric (P 405). 561 Bone Handle: Tubular  (No illustration) Körte Bone Object No. 2  Citadel Mound: Context unknown. Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; D. 1.5 cm.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 215

Tubular, carefully bored and polished handle.

Dimensions: L. 9.8 cm; D. 2.4 cm.

Körte and Körte 1904:176.

Well-polished cylinder, roughly hollowed out. Surface decorated at top and bottom with three rounded ridges; center of shaft covered with 20 narrower, lathe-turned ridges.

562 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 107) (a) YH 26971, SF 89-67  Citadel Mound: Upper Trench Sounding: Robber trenches into foundations of Building I:2 wall. Operation 1, Locus 13.1, Lot 50. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. (b) YH 26965, SF 89-56  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit beneath Hellenistic courtyard, robbing Middle Phrygian wall. Operation 1, Locus 15, Lot 44. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. (c) YH 26920, SF 89-91  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit beneath Hellenistic courtyards into Late Phrygian cellar. Operation 1, Locus 21.1, Lot 66. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. All fragments broken off on all sides except preserved rim ends on (b) and (c). Red and dark staining on interior. Dimensions: (a) L. 4.8 cm; W. 8.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. (b) L. 7 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. (c) L. 10 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Two joining fragments (a) and (c) and third associated fragment (b) of bone tubular holder or container approximately 10 cm long. Below deep groove setting off red-stained rim preserved on (a) and (c) are incised designs separated by plain spaces: framed zigzag, two shallow grooves, framed cross-hatching, three irregular grooves and a framed zigzag. Reddish stain in incisions. Interior stained red for about 2.5 cm down from rim; black deposit starts with flecks in red area, but most concentrated starting 4 cm below rim. High polish on exterior.

Wells 2012:58, table 3. 564 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 108) BI 509  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX-4: Layer 1 (NB 142:63). Roughly one-quarter circumferential section. Dimensions: L. 9.1 cm; W. 1.8 cm. Well-polished, creamy, bone cylinder with marrow thoroughly removed. Ends cut across squarely. Three drill holes for securing implement at one end; two at edge, one 1.5 cm down from edge. Whole exterior surface decorated with evenly spaced, lathe-cut, transverse grooves. 565 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 108) YH 66025, SF 04-22  Southwest Zone: Lower fill of pit. Operation 53, Locus 15, Lot 50. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. Broken off at one end and along part of the length on one side. Dark staining in incised lines. Dimensions: L. 11.6 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Well-polished, bone handle with oval cross-section. Receiving channel goes in 4 cm deep from broken end and shows drill mark at bottom (D. 0.4 cm). One convex face decorated with 19 dotted circles arranged in four repeated sets: two circles arranged transversely above three laid out longitudinally, except for the lowest set with only two longitudinal circles.

563 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 108) BI 131  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-4-F: Area north of House 5 of Early Hellenistic Street Corner Houses (Wells 2012:55, fig. 25) (NB 18:185).

566 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 108) BI 592  No context recorded.

Split lengthwise; broken off at narrow end.

Dimensions: L. 8 cm; D. 2 cm.

Broken across second rivet hole from butt; one face badly split away. Mended.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Well-polished, cylindrical, bone handle with round channel going through full length. Transverse rivet holes at 5.7 and 7 cm from on end. Decorated with compass-drawn dotted circles: three in triangular group at base and two single circles flanking lower rivet hole.

Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

567 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 108) BI 162  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIIB: Under Floor 4 pavement, with pottery of 6th to first half of 4th century BCE (NB 26:31).

Plain, white, ivory handle, elliptical in section, widening out to rounded base. Very narrow (0.1 cm) slot extends in 2.2 cm to accommodate flat iron blade (rust stains in slot). Two very small rivet holes held nails to secure blade.

Broken at both ends.

570 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 109) ILS 216  Citadel Mound, Megaron 1: Main room (NB 55:6-12 for object’s context; object not mentioned).

Dimensions: L. 4.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm. Polished length of hollowed, buff bone, elipitical in section. Unevenly carved with wide swelling between two narrow ridges, below which is a flared section. Paring marks still visible.

One face broken at second rivet hole, with small chip of lamination along one edge. Other face broken off through first rivet hole. Burnt, powdery, and peeling.

Most all of bone handle broken away. Blade broken off short distance out from handle and warped. Dimensions: L. 11.3 cm; W. 1.8 cm.

Found associated with 206, 209, 545, 556, incised red stone whorl (ST 146), and base of Wild Goat style oinochoe, probably of Milesian origin, dated 620–590 BCE (P 626). 568 Bone Handle: Tubular  (Pl. 108) YH 65292, SF 02-393  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 114, Lot 359. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Small fragment of bone two-piece handle preserved at rivet near wider section of tang; two other rivets remain on narrower section. Slim blade sharpened on concave edge and rounded at tip; curve of back edge continues through short, squared tang. 571 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 109) ILS 289  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 4: Burnt fill above floor of main room (NB 81:38).

Approximately one quarter of tube. Dimensions: L. 3.8 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Bone (or possibly antler) tube with flange pierced by hole (D. 0.34 cm) at one end; other end cut at angle. Estimated original diameter of 1.5 cm at flanged end. Just above angled end, two incised grooves. Exterior has striations around body, but is generally smooth with traces of luster. Interior has deep grooves where center was drilled out.

Slit and Two-Piece Handles 569 Ivory Handle: Slit  (Pl. 108) BI 453  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building, Room 7: Destruction Level material in front of door of inner room (NB 120:48).

Small fragments of handle preserved on each side of tang. Blade mended; tang broken close to blade. Dimensions: L. 12.8 cm; W. 2.5 cm. Fragments of thin bone handle attached at widest point of blade and beginning of tang with two short iron rivets; handle beyond tang may have been solid. Long thin blade is sharpened on concave edge. 572 Ivory Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 109) ILS 694  Citadel Mound, Building CC, Unit 3: In posthole in main room (NB 164:135). Cylindrical portion of handle stained from iron rust and mended from many laminae. Blade mended once. Halfhandle extensions to butt of blade lost.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 217

Dimensions: L. 17 cm; D. handle at butt 1 cm; L. blade 10.1 cm; W. blade 1.5 cm; W. tang 0.9 cm. Cylindrical handle terminating in squared off end and cut lengthwise to accommodate tang. At top of handle the two halves take an L-turn to cover the butt of the blade for distance of 0.8 cm. Blade thin with convex back and concave edge curving to point even with back. Four rivets, two across base of blade and one at beginning of tang. Found associated with iron mattock (ILS 734), iron chopper (ILS 743), glass bead (G 380), incised spindle whorl (MC 302), and five bronze fibulae (B 1977a–e). 573 Ivory Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 110) ILS 711  Citadel Mound, CC Building, Unit 3: On floor of main room, in pot containing other smaller pots (P 4502 and 4549) (NB 164:151). Slightly more than half of ivory handle missing; preserved parts split around rivets. Blade coated with rust, accretion, melted iron, and a broken needle stuck to the blade. Blade laminated to about half its thickness and warped to double curve. Dimensions: L. 18 cm; W. near butt of blade 2.5 cm; L. tang 3.8 cm; W. tang 1.2 cm. Thin, ivory two-piece handle covers tang and butt of iron blade held by three tiny rivets in a line (two on tang, one on butt) and one near butt at edge. Outer edge of blade is gently convex near butt and straight near tip; working edge is slightly concave near butt and convex near point. Tang continues line of back but is set back from edge to form a long flat rectangle. Found associated with 14 astragals, iron knife (ILS 715), and iron needles. 574 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 110) ILS 745  Citadel Mound, CC Building, Unit 3: On floor of main room (NB 164:189). Small fragment of bone handle remaining. Blade oxidized; tang broken across obliquely.

two rivets at base of blade. Blade’s outside edge is convex and working edge concave; blade thins and narrows toward point. Tang set back squarely from edge at butt. Three rivets preserved: two on blade and one on tang. Found associated with two arrow points (ILS 746). 575 Bone Handle: Slit  (Pl. 111) BI 347  Citadel Mound, Trench WML 1–2, Area C: Layer 5, immediately over Early Phrygian Destruction Level burned fill (NB 80:18). Half of one face missing; large chip off receiving end of other face. Stained by oxides. Dimensions: L. 8.6 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Well-polished, rectangular, bone handle cut through half its length with a slot for receiving flat iron blade. Two small iron rivets held blade in place. Finished off squarely at bottom. Found associated with bronze fibula of Cypriot type (B 1191). 576 Bone Handle: Slit  (Pl. 111) BI 454  Citadel Mound, Trench Z2: Fill in Level 4 deep cellar (NB 117:112). Complete, with cracks at butt end. Rust spots round blade and rivets. Dimensions: L. 10 cm; D. 1.8 cm. Well-polished, cylindrical, tan, bone handle with thin slit cut in 4.5 cm for holding iron blade (still protruding 0.5 cm beyond handle end). Blade secured by three iron rivets piercing handle and tang. Marrow showing at butt end only. Found associated with 215. 577 Bone Handle: Slit  (Pl. 111) BI 478  Citadel Mound, Railroad Cut north of Trench WS 5–6, N: Level 2 (NB 130:20). Complete.

Dimensions: L. 14.5 cm; W. 2.2 cm; L tang 1 cm. Dimensions: L. 8.9 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Small piece of bone handle remains on one face between

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Rectangular bone handle, cut off squarely at both ends. In one end, narrow slot (0.1 cm) cut in 1 cm to receive tang of iron blade. Oxide stains around opening come from the blade or an iron ferrule holding it in place. Whittling marks still evident. Marrow showing at one end. 578 Bone Handle: Slit  (Pl. 111) BI 32  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Early Hellenistic House, Room J (published as Machteld’s House by Wells 2012:60–78, fig. 43), on floor (NB 5:24).

Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Well-polished, rectangular face of two-piece, bone handle. Semicircular in section with butt end rounded, other roughly sawn (or broken). Inner side has flat edges with rounded central groove (W. 0.7 cm). Pierced along groove by four rivet holes, two closely spaced at end, others evenly spaced. Found associated with 401, 412, and female bust-flower thymiataerion (T 54; Romano 1995:20, no. 41, pl. 12).

Half of handle, split lengthwise. Dimensions: L. 4.9 cm; W. 2.1 cm. Smooth, rectangular, bone handle with rounded edges. Narrow interior channel (D. 0.7 cm) penetrates 3.2 cm from top, stopping 1.5 cm short of the finished butt end. Found associated with 493, black-polished jar (P 530), black-polished dish (P 169), and coarse red jar (P 170); in same Early Hellenistic house as 508, 664, 804. Wells 2012:77, table 11. 579 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 111) BI 215  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A3: Layer 6, in wall of what may have been a bronze production facility (NB 38:114). Mended from two pieces; broken off at one end through nail hole. Dimensions: L. 8.7 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Smooth, bone face of two-piece handle, convex on outer face, flat and marrowy inside. Cut to oblique corner at preserved butt. Small iron nail still in one of three visible attachment holes. Iron stains on inner surface.

581 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 111) BI 243  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N3-East: Level 2 (NB 52:74). Mended from two fragments; original rounded end preserved. Broken off at first rivet, large chip out at third rivet. Marrow shows around edges. Dimensions: L. 8.5 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.6 cm; Th. through rivet 1.8 cm; L. iron tang 3.9 cm. Smoothly finished face of bone, two-piece handle; flat on interior, convex on exterior. Rounded off at preserved end. Iron tang extending halfway down handle held in place by first two iron rivets. Found associated with two bronze fibulae: one an Aegean import, perhaps Rhodian (B 606; Muscarella 1967:84, fig. 99), the other, Type XII, 13 (B 563). 582 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 111) BI 565  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3A: Building U, near west wall, with pottery of late 4th to early 3rd century BCE (NB 160:39). Broken across one end. Dimensions: L. 2.4 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Found associated with black-glazed lamp, Corinth Broneer Type IX (L 57) (end of 4th–mid-2nd century). 580 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 111) BI 281  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-10: Layer 5, Pit G (NB 60:17). Broken off or roughly sawn at one end.

Small flat strip of bone with smooth rounded edges. Preserved end well cut to blunt point. Attachment hole (D. 0.3 cm) pierces shaft 1 cm from point. Found associated with bronze molded rod with attached suspension ring (B 1928).



HANDLES AND SPOONS 219

583 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 111) BI 320  Citadel Mound, Trench WML-2E: Layer 4, very disturbed fill (NB 73:101). One end broken off; split down center through nail hole. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Smooth rectangular face of two-piece, bone handle with flat inner side and slightly convex exterior. Finished off squarely at one end; other end roughly broken along deep groove. Iron nail near center. 584 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 112) BI 301  Citadel Mound, Trench MW: Pit in Floor 4 (NB 67:19).

Complete, but for small chip off one end. Dimensions: L. 9.4 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Highly polished face of two-piece, bone handle with rounded butt and squared-off haft end. Interior shows shallow gutter 0.3 cm deep at squared end, fading out at rounded end. Iron stains all along groove on inner face. Along exterior convex face three rivet holes with circles grooved in by edges of studded nails (D. of nail heads 0.7–0.8 cm). Found associated with coin of Alexander III of 328 BCE or later (C 656).

Burned, with blade broken away where tang enters handle.

587 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 112) BI 176  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench Q: Layer 3, disturbed Hellenistic fill (NB 31:60).

Dimensions: L. 10 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. through rivets 2.3 cm.

Complete.

Smoothly finished, rectangular, bone two-piece handle, slightly convex on the faces. Flat iron tang extending whole length and held in place by five rivets placed in 2-1-2 positions. Burning prevented swelling so that handle and rivets remain about normal size.

Dimensions: L. 11.6 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Smoothed face of bone two-piece handle. Convex on exterior face and slightly concave on interior. Flares toward each end from narrower center. Three rivet holes evenly placed along length. Much marrow on interior.

Found associated with an alabastron (ST 323). 585 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 112) YH 60650, SF 01-55  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Earliest Hellenistic fill over Late Phrygian earthquake level. Operation 36, Locus 211, Lot 234. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic, after 333 BCE. Broken at one end. Dimensions: L. 4.3 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Solid piece of bone cut straight at preserved end to form a rounded right angle with one edge and acute angle with opposite edge. Sides convex, with oval section at flat end, and nearly rectangular section at broken end. 586 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 112) BI 302  Citadel Mound, Trench MW-2: Layer 4, below Floor D (NB 67:127).

Found associated with Thasian stamped amphora handle inscribed ΘΑΣΙΩΝ ΑΡΧΗΝ (SS 99) and coin of Antiochus I (C 333). 588 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 113) ILS 537  Citadel Mound, Trench TB8-G: Under Floor 2 (NB 128:124). Mended in many places. Handle split under pressure of rust. Three of six rivet heads missing; staining around rivets. Blade heavily oxidized. Dimensions: L. 22.3 cm; W. blade 3 cm; L handle 9 cm. Handle composed of two well-smoothed pieces of bone, each rounded at the sides and end to fit against edges of blade tang. Fastened by three iron rivets with small, solid hemispherical heads on each face. Wide blade continues in gently concave line on outer edge to slightly down-turned point; working edge is convex.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

589 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 113) BI 237  Citadel Mound, Persian Gate-SE: Hellenistic fill (NB 49:117).

Bone handle with flattened oval section and rounded tapering edges. Decorated with finely incised designs: rectangle filled with diagonal cross-hatching near butt and nested chevrons at break. Both sides lustrous.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

593 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 114) BI 362  Citadel Mound, Trench KTL: Layer 5 (NB 82:59).

Well-polished side of small, bone, two-piece handle, convex on exterior and roughly flat on interior. Rounded at each end with small rivet hole (D. 0.2 cm).

Prong missing; warped and abraded along edges. Dimensions: L. 13.4 cm; W. 3.1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

590 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 113) BI 323  Citadel Mound, Trench MW, Extension 2–3: In wall of House 2 (NB 72:66). Complete. Dimensions: L. 5.6 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Smooth half of two-piece, bone handle, rounded and pierced by a rivet hole (D. 0.3 cm) at each end. 591 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 113) ILS 158  Citadel Mound. Trench ET-V2: Fill clearing lowest plaster of oven built on a floor of layer 5 (NB 39:67). Mended; part of bone handle missing on one side. Iron oxidized.

Face from two-piece bone handle, rounded at bottom and with two slim prongs at working end. Large rivet hole (D. 0.7 cm) at bottom. Incised decoration of semicircles cut by single radius along edges; down center, between single lines, are alternating single circles with eight radii and double circles with four radii. Much marrow on interior, with some spots coming through to outside face.

Horn and Antler Handles 594 Horn Handle  (Pl. 115) BI 421  Citadel Mound, North Railroad Cut: Fill over disturbance in clay east of Trench PPW (NB 99:88). Abraded central portion of narrow end surrounded by band of finished surface.

Dimensions: L. 9 cm; W. 2.1 cm; L. handle 4 cm. Dimensions: L. 11.2 cm; D. 3 cm. Handle formed of two flat pieces of bone fastened with two nails, 1.6 cm in from probable suspension hole at haft end now filled by corrosion. Next to blade, bone was cut in relief design of a half palmette and cavetto. Flat iron blade sharpened on its convex side. 592 Bone Handle: Two-Piece  (Pl. 114) YH 51040, SF 96-109  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Removal of Early Hellenistic house wall. Operation 29, Locus 245, Lot 509. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 7 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Black-flecked horn cut off neatly at wide end and roughly at small end where projection is now broken off. Attempts to smooth surface with knife abandoned halfway around smaller end. One hole (D. 1 cm) cut in from wide end and second hole (D. 0.5 cm) from narrow end; holes do not appear to connect. Compare a bone handle from a Corinthian well (Davidson 1952:191, pl. 85, no. 1402). Found associated with 171 and pierced stone disc (ST 482). 595 Horn Handle  (Pl. 115) BI 167  Common Cemetery: Surface fill above Tumulus H (ca. 650–640 BCE) (NB 26:48).



HANDLES AND SPOONS 221

Large chip from each end; two longitudinal cracks.

to early 3rd century BCE stamped black-glazed pottery (NB 6:123).

Dimensions: L. 8.3 cm; D. 2.3 cm. Complete. Surface worn. Short section of animal horn with natural curvature and crinkled surface, cut at both ends. In one end round iron tang broken off just short of inside finished edge of handle. Found associated with iron, chisel-like implement (ILS 130). Anderson 1980:323, fig. 19, no. 135.

Dimensions: L. 17.5 cm; D. 2.9 cm. Curved horn handle with narrow end sawed off and broad end rounded off. Vertical slot (2.5 cm deep) cut into broad end, with rivet hole (D. 0.5 cm) running through two tongues. Found associated with 160, 501, 943, and terracotta head (Romano 1995:45 no. 106, pl. 30).

596 Horn Handle  (Pl. 115) YH 60122, SF 97-3  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Early excavation season cleaning; likely Late Phrygian. Operation 29, Locus 404, Lot 706. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 395 BCE.

599 Horn Handle  (Pl. 117) BI 156  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cuts IIIA-B: Surface (NB 26:4).

Intact.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 14.4 cm; W. 4.9 cm; Th. 2.4 cm; D. hole 0.4–0.5 cm.

Dimensions: L. 10 cm; W. 4.1 cm.

Segment of wild goat horn cut from near tip; teardrop section with sharp edge. Both ends cut cleanly across long axis of horn. Smaller end has oval hole in cancellous tissue; surface smooth and burned around hole. Opposite end ground flat. Luster on broad end, round edge, and adjacent surface. 597 Antler Handle  (Pl. 115) YH 55226, SF 97-31  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Ashy deposit on sloping surface in an industrial area, function unknown. Operation 36, Locus 303, Lot 461. YH Period: 4, Late Phrygian, mid-5th century BCE. Tip and sawn edge chipped. Dimensions: L. 6 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Antler tine sawn flat at proximal end; interior reamed out, forming deep cone. Exterior surface worn and lustrous. 598 Horn Handle  (Pl. 116) BI 67  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, South Side: Layer 3, in pit going down through Floor 4 with late 4th

Short length of animal’s horn, preserving natural curve, sawed at both ends. Pierced by two holes, space 3.2 cm apart. Two similar pieces found at Boğazköy have been reconstructed as the cheek pieces of a snaffle bit with leather straps or cords attached through the holes (Boehmer 1972:202, pl. LXXV, nos. 2117–2118, fig. 55). 600 Horn Handle  (Pl. 117) BI 502  Citadel Mound, Trench PPPB-1: Layer 6 (NB 140:14). Intact; lengthwise crack at receiving end. Dimensions: L. 9.7 cm; W. 3.4 cm. Smooth length of buff horn, trimmed squarely across at both ends. Sharp edges whittled away. Marrow hollowed out from inside where tang of iron implement (D. 0.8 cm) is now imbedded. Metal broken off about 0.6 cm in from end of handle. 601 Horn Handle  (Pl. 117) BI 458  Citadel Mound, Trench M6A: Robber’s trench of Middle Phrygian defensive wall (NB 121:84).

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 7.5 cm; D. 2.9 cm.

Dimensions: L. 8.5 cm; D. 2 cm.

Length of horn whittled to a taper, with paring lines still visible. At wide end, marrow cut away to form receiving hole (D. 1.8 cm; 3 cm deep). Small end trimmed straight across, revealing marrow.

Partially smoothed length of goat’s horn, cut off straight at both ends. Well whittled and worn. Marrow carefully removed to leave hollow for receiving implement. Hole diameter tapers from 1.5 to 0.4 cm. Pierced by single small hole near smaller end. 602 Antler Handle  (Pl. 117) YH 42472, SF 95-126  Lower Town, Area A: In robber’s trench that removed a YHSS 5 (Middle Phrygian) wall; trench should date to YHSS 4 (Late Phrygian), but the contents are extensively churned. Operation 27, Locus 526, Lot 310. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Broken off at narrow end. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 1.4 cm. Antler segment flaring to solid butt with transverse hole (D. 0.3 cm). Interior drilled out (D. 0.5 cm), leaving thin walls with traces of iron within hole. Surface covered with irregular grooves. 603 Antler Handle  (Pl. 118) YH 22683.01  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Collapse and trash on an exterior surface. Operation 1, Locus 89, Lot 178. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. Intact.

605 Antler Handle  (Pl. 119) YH 21287, SF 88-74  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Occupation debris in Early Phrygian courtyard (Voigt 1994). Operation 5, Locus 12, Lot 11. YHSS Phase: 6B, Early Phrygian. Broken off at butt end; some damage on tip and possible animal bite marks. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Tip of antler tine with quadrilateral hole for tang. Cut marks visible around tang. Tip rounded. Most of surface smooth and lustrous. 606 Antler Handle  (Pl. 119) YH 20678, SF 88-23  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Stone and fill representing the demolition of Early Phrygian PAP structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 4, Locus 10, Lot 17. YHSS Phase 6B, Early Phrygian. Irregular dents at tip, possible animal gnawing. Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 1.1 cm.

Dimensions: L. 11.7 cm; W. 3 cm; Th. 2.3 cm.

Antler tine cut off at butt end, preserving scar for tang with quadrilateral section. Some broad, irregular facets on shaft. Traces of intact surface show luster.

Antler handle squared off at butt and pierced by two transverse holes; opposite end rounded and hollowed out. Iron residue inside hollow.

607 Antler Handle  (Pl. 119) BI 610  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IC: Layer 5 (context bag).

604 Horn Handle  (Pl. 119) BI 479  Citadel Mound, Trench Ph. Wall I: Layer 1 (NB 126:178).

Mended from four pieces; split lengthwise and broken off at thicker end. Dimensions: L. 7.8 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 2.3 cm.

Complete.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 223

Two pieces of antler shaft tapering to rounded tip. Small open channel at each end appears natural. Decorated with incised groove placed 2 cm down from thicker end.

611 Ivory Handle  (Pl. 120) BI 151  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIC: Pit in Layer 5 (NB 9:172).

608 Antler Handle  (Pl. 119) BI 584  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-15: Above Floor 2 (NB 162:136).

Upper disc intact; lower one fragmentary.

Complete, as worked.

One elliptical flat ivory disc and part of another below forming an outer butt and an inner decorative line around the base of a wooden handle. Both discs secured by two iron nails which survive with bits of wood adhering.

Dimensions: L. 22,1 cm; W. 5.1 cm; Th. 3.6 cm. Whole, natural point from red deer antler, neatly sliced obliquely across thickest part. Very smooth in general, and part of warty area near base whittled smooth. At end where oblique cut meets end of concave curve is a square transverse cut leaving points extending on both sides.

Miscellaneous Handles 609 Bone Handle  (Pl. 120) BI 450  Citadel Mound, Early Phrygian Building: Layer IB (NB 117:70). Broken along one long side; outer surface rotted. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; W. 2.3 cm. Bone semicylinder with its interior marrow scraped out. Deeply cut on outer face transversely to form irregular ribs. 610 Bone Handle  (Pl. 120) BI 290  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-11: Layer 5 (NB 60:81). Slightly chipped. Dimensions: L. 6.7 cm; W. head 4.3 cm; W. worked section 2.5 cm; Th. worked section 1.7 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. knob 2.3 cm; Th. knob 1.5 cm.

Found associated with cooking pots (P 482-3), cup with red-on-buff decoration (P 484), and iron dagger blade with traces of a wooden handle (ILS 76). 612 Bone Pull  (Pl. 120) BI 552  Citadel Mound, Trench PhW-N4: Layer 3 (NB 154:61). Probably complete as cut. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Astragal shaved flat on both large faces. Rectangular gouge cut out of center of one small end and going about half of the way back. Small hole bored near outer ends of resulting lobes. May have served as a pull.

Spoons and Spatulas 613 Bone Spoon: Ligular  (Pl. 120) BI 214  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Hellenistic level (NB 40:87). Handle broken off; bowl chipped. Dimensions: L. 8.3 cm; W. 2.7 cm.

Epiphyses of large animal bone with shaft cut squarely to be fitted into socket. No evidence for method of attachment. Found associated with black-polished bowl with graffito on underside (I 173).

Ligular bone spoon with long flat elliptical bowl, barely hollowed out. At point of attachment to round handle, bowl is notched on either side of decorative molding formed by two sets of square grooves and ridge separated by short concave section. Back of handle is plain except for a raised triangle at the transition to the bowl.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Found associated with Thasian stamped amphora handle (SS 122). 614 Bone Spoon: Ligular  (Pl. 120) BI 293  Citadel Mound, Trench Q-1: Layer 2 (NB 60:102).

617 Bone Spoon: Cochlear  (Pl. 121) BI 29  Citadel Mound, SW Trench, Section B, Cut 9: Layer 1 (NB 3:119). Broken across handle. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; D. 2.1 cm.

Handle intact; bowl of spoon broken away. Dimensions: L. 9.6 cm; W. at handle end 1.8 cm; Th. at bowl juncture 0.6 cm. Well-polished, buff, bone spoon handle ending in a curved duck’s head pressed back against side of handle. Where handle narrows down, single small knob projects from either side. Handle widens to dart-like point under bowl and smooth transition above. V-shaped notch preserves remnant of bowl. 615 Bone Spoon: Cochlear  (Pl. 121) BI 251  Citadel Mound, Trench NE, West Section: Level 2B (NB 52:120). Handle broken a short distance from bowl. Surface rotting. Dimensions: L. 4.2 cm; D. bowl 2.3 cm; D. handle 0.4 cm. Bone cochlear spoon with very shallow bowl attached to round handle. Found associated with 125, 981, a bronze fibula (B 661), and a fragment of gray ware with a graffito (I 146).

Cochlear spoon with shallow round bowl. Handle, flat on upper surface and beveled on back, is carefully pared to triangle at attachment on back. Upper surface decorated with four preserved dotted circles aligned in raised panel. 618 Bone Spoon: Cochlear  (Pl. 121) BI 27  Citadel Mound, S Trench, Section A: Below Level 1, with coin of Domitian (NB 4:113). Complete, but for small chip off rim of bowl. Dimensions: L. 13.9 cm; D. 2.1 cm. Bone cochlear spoon with shallow round bowl set on long thin handle tapering to dull point. Raised triangle at transition from handle to bowl on back. Found associated with 421, 687, red-glazed Roman lamp (L 2), red-glazed wide-mouthed amphora (P 106), and grey trefoil jug (P 182). 619 Bone Spoon: Cochlear  (Pl. 121) BI 46  Citadel Mound, SW Trench, Section C, Cut 13: Level 3 (NB 3:180).

616 Bone Spoon: Cochlear  (Pl. 121) BI 53  Citadel Mound, SW Trench, Section B, Cut 8: Level 4 (NB 7:12).

Dimensions: L. 13.7 cm; D. 2.9 cm.

Broken off at juncture of handle. Separate non-joining fragment of handle.

Bone cochlear spoon formed of shallow, thin bowl and long slender handle tapering to sharp pointed end.

Dimensions: D. 2.3 cm; L. handle fragment 3.1 cm (not illustrated).

Found associated with fragmentary glass bottle (G 31).

Shallow circular bowl of well finished cochlear spoon, with stump of straight handle on convex side. Non-joining fragment of round tapering handle (no illustration available).

Complete, but for small chip in bowl.

620 Bone Ear Spoon  (Pl. 121) BI 475  Citadel Mound, Trench M6F: Layer 5, in pit cut into clay (NB 123:92). Intact.

Found associated with 686.



HANDLES AND SPOONS 225

Dimensions: L. 7.5 cm; W. bowl 0.6 cm; D. handle 0.3 cm. Well-polished, bone ear spoon, round in section, with one end flattened out to a small bowl. Opposite end cut off squarely with thin transverse groove. Found associated with bichrome spouted jug (P 3453), buff sucking bowl (P 3458; Young 1968a: 235, pl. 76, fig. 14; Sams 1994:75, n. 76), and black-polished lugged saucers (P 3448–3450).

Rod with one blunt, conical end and one flat, spatulate end. Central section changes from round near tip to oval at flat end. Conical tip decorated with crosshatch design formed by horizontal and vertical grooves. Flat end has deep line adjacent to juncture with the shaft and a cross inside the rectangular end on both sides. Edges cross-hatched at diagonal. Rectangular end is possibly broken off, as it is not cross-hatched or finished. Surface lustrous, especially on two flat surfaces. Found associated with 768.

621 Bone Ear Spoon  (Pl. 121) BI 85  From the mantle of Tumulus K (early 6th century BCE) (NB 14:14).

624 Bone Spatula  (Pl. 122) BI 192  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-O2: Layer 2 (NB 38:35).

End of handle broken off. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; D. handle 0.6 cm. Dimensions: L. 12.6 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Bone ear spoon with thick round handle decorated at end with two beads separated by three sets of double reels. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumK 40. 622 Bone Ear Spoon  (Pl. 121) BI 25  Citadel Mound, S Trench, Section A: Below floor of Level 1 (NB 4:109).

Flat, greyish, bone spatula with blade at one end and thin handle with small knob at tip. Sides of blade slightly concave and once-beveled end now worn round. 625 Ivory Spatula  (Pl. 122) BI 292  Citadel Mound, Dump fill.

Intact.

Complete, but for two chips off end of handle; tip of spatula discolored and worn.

Dimensions: L. 12.1 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Dimensions: L. 15.8 cm; D. handle 0.7 cm; W. blade 1 cm.

Bone ear spoon with very small oval bowl and round handle that swells slightly before gradually tapering down to sharp point.

Long, well-polished, ivory spatula. Round handle widens and flattens out to long blade. Convex in cross-section, with bluntly pointed tip. Groove goes around handle at break.

Found associated with red-glazed bowl (P 59).

notes: 9.1  Roller conjectures that the doodles were made on the blocks before they were installed in the walls of Megaron 2 (2012:102). 9.2  Compass-drawn circles are a well-established tradition in Early Phrygian painted pottery, frequently serving as background filling ornaments (Sams 1994: pls. 24, no. 485; 28, no. 500; 90, no. 799; 97, no. 832; 126, no. 932). On handles, the motif seems equally decorative. Elsewhere at Gordion there is evidence that such symbols were used from the 7th to 3rd century BCE as capacity marks, primarily on large storage pithoi (Roller 1987b:61).

623 Bone Spatula  (Pl. 122) YH 64205, SF 02-169  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Ashy deposit in outside area with pyrotechnic activity Operation 45, Locus 145, Lot 208 YHSS Phase: 3A:3, Late Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.1 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

226

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

9.3  A collection of 22 ivory tubes similarly decorated with horizontal bands and dotted circles was recovered from the 4th Well in Room 80 of the Northwest Palace at Nimrud (Hussein 2016:53–53, pls. 204–211). Several contained remains of kohl. The tubes were closed off at both ends with separately inserted discs held in place by pins inserted through holes in the side. The tubes range from 5 to 9 cm in length and tend to be 0.3–0.4 cm wide at the opening. The well in which they were found contained 180 male skeletons, likely victims of the fall of Nimrud in 612 BCE. If women were the presumed users of such cosmetic containers, their presence is hard to explain absent any female skeletons. On the other hand, modern day assumptions about gender associations with certain types of objects may blind us to the real interpretation. 9.4  See Blinkenberg 1931: no. 409, pl. 15 for an archaic bronze mirror (disc D. 10.5; tang L. 4.3; D. 0.7 cm) which could have easily fit in many of the handles from Gordion. 9.5  The collection is held by the Penn Museum and includes complete or fragmentary remains of over 50 tubes. Muscarella published a similar bone tube from an Iron Age burial at Dinkha Tepe (approximately 18 km west of

Hasanlu); although it was open at both ends, he labeled it a cosmetic container (1974:71, fig. 45). 9.6  A decorated bone tube from Kāmid el-Lōz was reported to contain a plug of gray material but there is no information as to what it was (Poppa 1978:84, pl. 10, grave 11, no. 8). 9.7  A squared bone tube (L. 9.2 cm) found at Til Barsib was reported to be paired with a bronze stick for extracting the contents (Thureau-Dangin and Dunand 1936:76–77, pl. XVIII.8). 9.8  Pieces from two such models made in bronze are in the British Museum (Barnett 1950:5–6, pl. I.1 and 2). They were reportedly acquired by Layard in the region of Van. See also a bronze plaque from Toprakkale (Merhav 1991:306, no. 1). Examples in bone come from KarmirBlur (Piotrovskiĭ 1967: fig. 40; Kuvanç 2014: fig. 2c). 9.9  Dussaud first thought these handles were Assyrian, but based on the similarity of their shape to the form of Arabic columns, he suggested they dated to a much later Coptic period (1934:88–89). 9.10  The overall length of the Trojan implement was 17.1 cm, with an awl 0.3–0.6 cm in diameter. The handle itself was 9.2 cm in length and 1.3–1.9 cm in diameter.

10 Working Implements Manufacturing Context

T

his section examines a large group of 184 objects, ranging from finely finished implements to pieces left close to their natural state, but showing signs of wear from use. Many, including spindles, whorls, shuttles, awls, bodkins, and needles, were key to the preparation of cloth and finished products. Others implements were employed by artisans and people engaged in food production or other crafts. The group also includes 49 pieces described as manufacturing waste material. These objects were found primarily on the Citadel Mound, with a small number from the Lower Town, and several pieces from tumuli and a Roman grave. The pieces range in date from the Late Bronze Age to the Medieval period. Woven linen fragments found in an 8th millennium BCE context at Çatal Höyük attest to a lengthy tradition of cloth manufacture in Anatolia. This was a skill well known among the Hittites living at Gordion in the Middle Bronze Age (Burke 2010:8). Several graves of this period excavated at the Museum Site contained clay loom weights and spindle whorls, indicating that the warp-weighted loom was in use in this period (Mellink 1956:43, pl 24; Burke 2010:111, fig. 55). Bone analysis from this period shows caprids represented over 80% of the domesticated animals at Gordion and likely provided a ready source of raw material for textile production (Zeder and Arter 1994: fig. 3; Miller et al. 2009: table 3). Following the arrival of the Phrygians, the tools and techniques for making cloth and heavier materials were adapted to an industrial-scale production process. Later commentators praised Phrygian textiles (Strabo 7.6.16, 8.4.14; Pliny NH 9.133), even attributing to them the invention of embroidery (Pliny

NH 8.74.196).1 Gordion provides ample evidence of the Phrygians’ devotion to creating complex textiles. There are remains of textiles found in tumuli2 and on the Citadel Mound, along with many examples of the bone and ivory tools used to produce clothing, wall hangings, and rugs for the luxurious lifestyle of the Phrygian elite and their trading partners. Much of the Early Phrygian fabric production likely took place alongside food and possibly beer preparation in the Terrace and CC Buildings on the Citadel Mound, the context for 11 of the objects catalogued here (626–631, 639–642, 758). The objects and installations found in the complex indicate that grain preparation, baking, and cooking, as well as spinning, weaving, and sewing were the primary activities.3 Based on the number of grinding querns in each unit, it is estimated that around 300 people may have been engaged in grain preparation (DeVries 1980:40). The 2,743 known loom weights from all 18 excavated rooms could represent as many as 70 looms operating in those same areas (Burke 2005:77–78). If the unexcavated units held similar quantities of weaving equipment, there may have been as many as 125 looms humming along amidst the dust from grinding grain and the smoke from cooking and baking. All in all, it presents a picture of a large-scale, centralized operation where one would expect to find many working implements. Nearly all the evidence for textile preparation in the Terrace Building comes in the form of loom weights4 and spindle whorls.5 Spindle whorls, primarily fashioned out of stone or baked clay, appeared in every room of both buildings; their numbers range from a low of two found in the main room of Terrace Building 2, to a high of 213 recovered in the main room of CC Building 3 (Burke 2010:115, figs. 59–60). Many were clustered with other tools, such

228

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

as iron needles, and appear to have comprised an individual worker’s tool kit (Burke 2010:118–119, fig. 64). Several flat and pointed bone implements discussed below, along with numerous iron needles and knives useful for cutting the pile of a knotted carpet (Burke 2005:76, 2010:120), were recovered in the same locations.6

Spindle Whorls Different sized spindle whorls may have been used to produce threads of various thicknesses, with lighter ones used for wool and heavier versions preferred for flax (Burke 2010:114–115; Savage 2014:186). The fragments of fabric found in the three great tumuli (W, P, and MM) show that weavers in the Early and Middle Phrygian periods could turn wool and goat hair into fabrics ranging from thick felt to fine, thin material.7 In addition to the evidence for textile manufacturing carried out by a virtual army of workers during the Early Phrygian period, the finds of spindle whorls and loom weights in storerooms attached to the rear of Megarons 1 and 4 indicate that weaving may have also been a skill cultivated by women of the elite class, harkening back to the Homeric tradition of royal wives who labored at the loom (DeVries 1980:42; Burke 2010:124).8 Within this industrial environment some bone and ivory objects were used by workers who turned the raw material into goods for domestic use and possibly for trade. Preparing thread from the original animal or vegetable fiber was the first step in making cloth. This was done by either holding a base of hair or fiber in one hand or securing it on a thick rod or spindle and then drawing out a thread on a long slender spindle with the weight of the whorl producing the spin. This process both strengthened the thread and gave it elasticity by twisting it to the right or left as it was drawn out.9 The spindle was dropped and rotated by means of a whorl which acted to maintain the momentum of the turning spindle (Crowfoot 1954:424–425). Spindles were made of bone, ivory, wood, and metal; while the whorls could be wood, stone, metal, clay, bone, or glass.10 At least 1,100 examples of clay and stone whorls have been recorded from the Terrace and CC Buildings and many other individual whorls

have been found on the Citadel Mound and in various tumuli. Noteworthy are spindles with their associated whorls (729d, 730) found in two Roman graves in the Common Cemetery, along the south slope of the ridge northeast of the Citadel Mound. The burials (Roman Graves 17 and 24) date to the late 1st/early 2nd century CE and were among the earliest in the cemetery (Goldman 2007b:315). The body and grave gifts were placed in a wooden coffin, with Roman Grave 24 preserving remains of gold foil on the coffin’s nails (Goldman 2007b:311). Its contents included an elaborate collection of bone and ivory implements (729a–g), the prized possession of a practiced weaver. Aside from the spindle with its whorl still intact (729d), this group also contains other implements used in the weaving process. The two plain shafts (729e–f) could have been used to separate threads. One implement terminates in a decorated ring-head (729a), perhaps used to guide a thread. A similar piece was found in a Roman context at Corinth (Davidson 1952:280, no. 2389, pl. 119).

Pointed Implements A series of flat, pointed, bone implements, some with long notched heads, may have been shuttles used during the Early Phrygian period (626–631, 639– 642, 758).11 Their tapered tips would have been useful to part the threads on a loom and their notched heads, if not a decorative convention, could have guided multiple strands of thread. Their contexts suggest a role in cloth production. One was recovered among the bustle of objects in the anteroom of Terrace Building 7 (629) where at least four, if not six, looms were set up across the room from two large ovens (DeVries 1990:385; Burke 2005: fig. 6-7). Two additional shuttles were found in the main room near the south wall (627, 628), close to a pile of 18 loom weights. Three were recovered from the main room of CC Building 3 (630, 639, 642), which was also crammed with hundreds of loom weights and spindle whorls; and two were recovered in the anterooms of Terrace Building 2 (626, 640), along with an ivory pointed implement (641), possibly also used in cloth production. Single examples come from CC Building 2 (631) and a Phrygian storeroom at the Museum Site to the northeast of



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 229

the Citadel Mound (632). Two more are included in this catalogue based on their style, despite their recovery from later contexts: one in the mixed fill of the mound of Tumulus E (633) and the other from the base of an Early or Middle Phrygian wall under Tumulus F (643). Comparable pieces are found at other sites in contexts stretching from the Late Bronze Age to the Roman period.12 They have been variously interpreted as tools for making nets (Petrie 1928:17, pl. 34; Guy and Engberg 1938: pl. 153), awls (Alkım 1962:499, fig. 53), or cooking or eating implements (Goldman 1956: fig. 437: 14, 1963:380, fig. 177: 8). A group of similar tools with notched heads from Boğazköy have been classified as shuttles (Webschiffchen) (Boehmer 1972: pl. LXXV, nos. 2105–2113). Perhaps the simple form was behind its lengthy popularity, allowing it to be adapted to a variety of uses over time. The careful excavation of the anteroom of Terrace Building 7 provides the best opportunity to understand how these flat implements may have been used at Gordion. Two neat rows of 21 unbaked loom weights, were found just as they had fallen when the loom burned, in a line approximately 1.60 m long. Their arrangement indicates the width of the loom set up in a practical position, close and perpendicular to the outside door for good lighting, but far enough to the side to keep from blocking the passageway into the main room. Two notched implements found in the main room (627–628) were closely associated with a pile of 37 loom weights, an iron ax head (ILS 502), the remains of several iron blades (ILS 442), and bronze fibulae (B 1587).13 Elsewhere in the same complex, a similar notched tool was found in Terrace Building 2 (626), along with 43 loom weights; and across the way, one was recovered in the main room of CC Building 3 (630), along with two similar pointed implements that lack the notched head (639, 642). The location of these objects and their close association with other tools and groups of loom weights support their interpretation as shuttles in the weaving process. Flat shuttles from Hellenistic contexts (636– 637) also follow the general appearance of the earlier examples; but the rather perfunctory notches at the head, reduced to a single pair in the latest example, suggest they were either later imitations or designed with a different purpose in mind.

Other bone and ivory pointed implements were useful for punching holes in cloth or leather (e.g., 654, 679).14 The sharp points on several examples testify to the delicacy of the work that was possible—perhaps the embroidery Phrygians were credited with having developed. Comparable pieces appear at Alişar Höyük in nearly every layer (Osten 1937a: figs. 265, Hittite, and 488, Phrygian). A new tool appears during the Middle Phrygian period—the bodkin with a notch or groove at its head (688–722). These simple objects served an important purpose, judging by their continuation well into the Byzantine period. Their sharp points and notched heads suggest they could have been used individually for punching a hole to pass a thread through a piece of material or leather or in groups to stretch and hold taut a piece of material (Hogarth 1908:192, pl. XXXIV, 42). Bodkins from Gordion range in length from 3.9 cm to 9 cm, with the majority averaging around 6 cm. Most were left roughly finished, with the whittling marks still visible. Bodkins are usually found singly, but a collection of 58 (697) found on the Citadel Mound stored in a basket placed in a pit near Building G with 4th century BCE material indicates their function could require large numbers. They appear in good condition and were presumably placed there for storage rather than discarded. Nearly all had a single notch on one side; one had a notch on each side of the head, and one had a groove running around the base of the head. The variety of head treatments in this one collection suggests there is no chronological significance in the different shapes. Although bronze and iron were preferred for needles, there are three bone needles with one or more small eyes cut near the wider end (723 and 725–726) and an additional piece of similar shape but missing an eye (724). All were found on the Citadel Mound in contexts ranging from Middle Phrygian to Hellenistic. Their size suggests they would have been used on thick, loosely woven cloth. Similar needles appear in Hittite contexts at Alişar Höyük and Tilmen Höyük (Osten 1937a: fig 268 [d2470, d2498, d2844J]; Alkım 1962:499, fig. 52), the Hellenistic layers at Tarsus (Goldman 1950: fig. 264, 33–40), Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. 703, 2, 4, 5), and Roman levels at Corinth (Davidson 1952:173, nos. 1254, 1260–1262, pls. 78–79).

230

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Manufacturing Waste Despite the recovery of a large quantity of bone and ivory objects at Gordion, it has been difficult to identify any locations where a collection of waste materials might indicate workshop activity. The cataloguing process used during the Young excavations tended to be more selective in what was included, with a focus on finished objects. By contrast the Voigt team was far more likely to catalogue many finds that would have been discarded during the earlier excavations.15 This results in a somewhat distorted picture of the extent of manufacturing waste in proportion to finished products. Most remnants of bone (756–777), antler (778–793), and horn (794–803) either show cut marks indicating they were wasters from a manufacturing process or are so fragmentary as to preclude any guess as to their original use. The few pieces from the Late Bronze Age through the Early Phrygian period are bone (758, 765) or antler (778–780). Except for one piece from the anteroom of Terrace Building 2 (758), none was found in a setting that indicated manufacturing activity. The largest groups of waste material are from Late Phrygian and Hellenistic contexts. The Late Phrygian pieces are equally divided between antler (785–789), bone (756, 759, 764, 766–767, 773–775) and horn (794–795, 799, 801–802). Two of the bone pieces (766–767) come from an area in the Northwest Zone described as an industrial or military complex During the Hellenistic period, bone continued as a preferred material (757, 760–762, 768–772), with antler (790–792) and horn (796, 798, 800) still part of the mix. Once again, the bulk were found in the Northwest Zone, in some cases in areas with clear indications of manufacturing activity (760–761, 798, 800). It is interesting to note that one piece of bone manufacturing waste from the Hellenistic period (769) was found in the same area of the Southeast Zone as the nearly complete antler from the doorway of a Hellenistic house (see Fig. 1.1). The industrial scale of cloth and grain production discovered in the northern section of the Citadel Mound indicates there is no reason to exclude that area as place where work was also done to produce bone, antler, and horn objects. A group of four bone scraps cut in curves and scallops (757), suggesting they were waste from cutting out smaller pieces, was found in a Middle Hellenistic

building in the Northwest Zone where it was associated with numerous other items clearly indicating the activities of a workshop, one that produced a large number of ceramic and terracotta artifacts, along with at least one high quality piece of bone—an appliqué of a leonine figure (156). Other bone tools found in the workshop (746, 806) were probably used to carve details in clay. And a set of seven astragals (839) were used either for entertainment purposes or as counters to record production.

Catalogue: Working Implements Flat Shuttle 626 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 427  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 2: Anteroom, with numerous pots, remnants of a bronze cauldron and 43 loom weights, Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 107:75). Broken across middle of shaft; burnt white. Dimensions: L. 6.3 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Flat, bone shuttle, likely pointed at missing end. Long head created by five small notches on each edge below a rounded tip. Iron stain near one notch and rust stains just below notches on one side. 627 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 452  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 7: Main room, near west wall, north of door, Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 120:44). Complete, as mended; burned black. Dimensions: L. 13.5 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Smoothly polished, flat, bone shuttle, rounded along all edges and tapering to sharp point. Head end rounded off and notched four times on one edge and three times on opposite edge. Found associated with 628.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 231

628 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) Uncatalogued  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 7: Main room, near west wall, north of door, Early Phrygian Destruction Level.

Dimensions: L. 13.5 cm; W. 1.2 cm.

Broken across shaft near head.

632 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 403  Museum Site: Phrygian storeroom fill (NB 102:64).

Dimensions: L. 4.7 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Fragment of flat bone shuttle with smoothly rounded edges, tapering evenly down to rounded end notched four times on each side. Probably pointed at opposite (missing) end. Very marrowy on one side.

Slim, flat, bone shuttle tapering to sharp point. Head created by three notches on either side and ending in pointed cap.

Intact, but with worn spots on one side of head. Dimensions: L. 16.1 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Found associated with 627.

Well-polished, buff, bone shuttle with blunt point. Head formed by two deep notches on either side and capped by rounded stub.

629 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 563  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building 7: Anteroom floor, Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 156:117).

Found associated with four fragments of polychrome pottery (P 2759).

Broken roughly in half; warped and roughened by fire.

633 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 86  Tumulus E: Mixed, mid-6th century BCE fill of tumulus mantle on west side (NB 15:4).

Dimensions: L. 6.2 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Complete. Thin, flat, bone shuttle tip smoothed to rounded edges and ending in a sharp point.

Dimensions: L. 12.7 cm; W. 1.2 cm.

630 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 593  Citadel Mound, CC Building, Room 3: Main room, Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 167:71).

Flat bone shuttle carefully pointed. Blunt rounded head with three pairs of notches on each edge.

Warped and burned. Point broken away.

Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumE 110.

Dimensions: L. 10 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

634 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 124) YH 30082, SF 89-425  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Courtyard wall of packed mud. Operation 2, Locus 50, Lot 223. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian

Flat, tapering bone shuttle with rounded edges. Head rounded off and fitted with two notches on each side.

Found associated with a bronze fibula (B 127).

631 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 123) BI 258  Citadel Mound, CC Building 2: Behind platform for grinding stones, Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 55:84).

Dimensions: L. 12.1 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

Mended from three fragments; chip missing at one break. Marrow visible on one side. Whitened and warped from burning.

Flat, bone shuttle with blunted tip. Three irregular notches cut on each side at head. Surface very smooth; lustrous where preserved.

Complete, as repaired.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

635 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 124) BI 94  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-2-A: Layer 4, with pottery of the first half of the 4th century BCE (Toteva 2007:47) (NB 18:32). Intact.

638 Bone Awl  (Pl. 124) YH 39420, SF 94-45  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone. Trash on an outside surface with hearths that is generally industrial in character. Operation 17, Locus 314, Lot 357. YHSS Phase: 2:1–2, Roman (ca. 50 to 110/15 CE).

Dimensions: L. 14 cm; W. 1.4 cm.

Intact.

Flat bone shuttle tapering to a dull point. Head formed by four notches on one edge and three on the opposite. Spongy area on one face at notched end.

Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

Toteva 2007:49. 636 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 124) BI 197  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V5: Early Hellenistic House (published as Mabel’s House by Wells 2012:79–89, fig. 46), from floor of Space H (NB 39:42). Complete, but for chips off squared end.

Slender shaft cut with many facets at butt, shaped so that nearly round at tip. Diagonal grinding visible on shaft, high luster at tip. Flat butt, with two adjacent notches. Some cancellous tissue visible near butt.

Flat Implements 639 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 124) BI 583  Citadel Mound, CC Building, Room 3: Burned fill just above floor, Early Phrygian Destruction Level (NB 164:137).

Dimensions: L. 9.2 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Complete, as mended; some chips in breaks. Burned. Flat bone shuttle tapering to a very sharp point. Broad end slightly rounded with two shallow notches on either side. Below the notches on smoothly worked side is a roughly incised cross between two lines.

Dimensions: L. 16.8 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Wells 2102:89, table 13.

Long, thin piece of bone with natural curve. Whittled to flat-oval section, with sharp point at one end and flat triangular head.

637 Bone Flat Shuttle  (Pl. 124) BI 100  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-2-D: House 5 of Early Hellenistic Street Corner Houses (Wells 2012:55, fig. 25), in pit through Floor 2 (NB 18:79).

640 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 124) YH 33729, SF 89-624.01  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Terrace Building 2, anteroom. Operation 1, Locus 100, Lot 216. YHSS Phase: 6, Early Phrygian Destruction Level.

Intact.

Broken. Iron staining.

Dimensions: L. 12 cm; W. 1.5 cm.

Dimensions: W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

Flat bone shuttle tapering to triangular point. Head composed of bluntly rounded tip with single notch on each edge. Spongy spots show on one face.

Three fragments of a flat bone implement tapering to a point at one end and a rounded tip at the opposite end. Small hole placed 2.4 cm from blunt end. Staining likely the result of contact with an iron implement.

Wells 2012:58, table 3.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 233

641 Ivory Flat Pointed Implements  (Pl. 125) YH 33677, SF 89-590  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Terrace Building 2, anteroom. Operation 1, Locus 100, Lot 211. YHSS Phase: 6, Early Phrygian Destruction Level. Non-joining fragments; totally reduced to carbon.

Complete, but for tip of point. Dimensions: L. 10.2 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Pointed, buff bone implement squared off at one end and tapering for about half its length to a thick point. Edges well smoothed by paring and beveled toward the faces. One face fairly smooth, the other marrowy.

Dimensions: Ls. 5.8–6.2 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.41 cm. Two fragmentary ivory pointed implements. Appear to belong to two separate objects. Surface very smooth. 642 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 125) BI 586  Citadel Mound, CC Building, Room 3: Early Phrygian Destruction fill on floor (NB 164:187). Mended; tip burned away, but shape obvious. Marrow appears toward head on one face. Curved from fire. Dimensions: L. 10.5 cm; W. 0.9 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Long piece of bone, whittled to a flat-oval section, tapering at one end to a sharp point and rounded off at the other end. 643 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 125) BI 91  Base of wall of Middle Phrygian house under Tumulus F (ca. 625-615 BCE) (NB 16:71). Broad end splintered in one place. Dimensions: L. 8.1 cm; W. 1.8 cm. Flat, rectangular bone implement, rounded and smoothed on all edges and tapering abruptly to a triangular point at one end. Spongy area showing on one face. Found associated with a black burnished biconical spindle whorl (MC 51) Kohler 1980:66. 644 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 125) BI 486  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 5–6, N: Persian-Phrygian Building, room in northwest corner, Layer 6 (NB 130:68).

Found associated with 253 and four bronze fibulae (B 1697, 1699, 1701, 1713). 645 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 125) BI 568  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-12: Layer 6 (NB 162:27). Complete. Dimensions: L. 11.1 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 1 cm. Bone implement, roughly whittled to rectangular section, then tapered to sturdy, very sharp point. Broad end separated from rest of bone after being cut partially in from two directions. 646 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 125) YH 51959, SF 96-99  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 692, Lot 0. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, mid-6th century BCE. Butt end broken away; tip chipped. Black discoloration at butt. Dimensions: L. 7.9 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Bone implement with one side flat and the other curved to produce a flattened, D-shaped section from butt to tip. Surface very smooth, lustrous. 647 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 125) Ankara Museum No. 57-384-06  Citadel Mound, Trench CW1: Cleaning pithos resting on Middle Phrygian working level (NB 96:100). Intact.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: L. 8.3 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm.

the other whittled to sharp triangular point.

Flat implement with rounded butt and sharp point. Retains a high luster.

651 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) BI 393  Citadel Mound, Trench PN-3: Layer 2 (NB 98:4, note object is mis-numbered).

Found associated with a stone object (ST 470), black burnished bowl stem (P 2532), fragments of two grey ware trefoil pitchers (P 2587, P 2633).

Intact, with lengthwise cracks on convex face. Dimensions: L. 11.9 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

648 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) BI 591  Unknown context. Surface scratched.

Well-polished, bone, pointed implement with all marrow scraped away leaving a lengthwise hollow on one face and a convex surface on the opposite side. Gradually tapering from squared-off end to rounded blunt point.

Dimensions: L. 10.5 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Long, pointed implement with a flat face and a slightly convex face. Squarely cut across butt and double-beveled by whittling. Edges blunt. Taper begins at about midlength and rounds to a blunt point. On flat face are two transverse incisions at 3.2 and 6 cm from point. 649 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) YH 50941, SF 95-103  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 685, Lot 871. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian. Broken at squared end, with green stain extending 1.3 cm along surface. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Bone splinter, broken at one end, perhaps during use, and thinning out at the opposite end. Some luster on surface.

Found associated with Thasian stamped amphora handles (SS 190–191), bronze boss (B 1373), and agate bead (J 141). 652 Ivory Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) BI 240  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N3: Level 2B (NB 52:46). Large chip laminated off one face. Dimensions: L. 10.2 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Flat, ivory implement, well polished on both wide convex faces. Cut straight across at broad end and sharply pointed at the other. Found associated with 885. 653 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) BI 287  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-11: Layer 2 (NB 60:40). Intact, but with surface very worn.

650 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) BI 359  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT-1: At a depth of 0.75 m. from surface (NB 81:46). Complete, but with lengthwise crack and root marks on convex face. Dimensions: L. 13.6 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Well-polished, bone pointed implement with one flat face and the other slightly convex. One end cut squarely across,

Dimensions: L. 8.8 cm; W. 1.2 cm. Flat bone pointed implement tapering from a broad, slightly rounded end to a sharply pointed tip. 654 Ivory Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) BI 539  Citadel Mound, Trench PBP-2: Clay (NB 150:41). Complete, as mended; some discolored spots.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 235

Dimensions: L. 6.8 cm; W. 0.5 cm. Well-polished, ivory implement very finely cut and shaped, tapering to a very sharp point at one end and cut off squarely across at the other. 655 Bone Flat Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) YH 23517, SF 88-196  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Operation 1, Locus 47, Lot 90. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic Broken off at both ends.

658 Bone Round Implement  (Pl. 127) YH 67923, SF 05-34  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse fill. Operation 52, Locus 66, Lot 227. YHSS Phase 2.2–3, Roman (ca. 75/80 to 130/170 CE). Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 10.3 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Partial shaft of highly polished, tapered bone implement with slight groove unevenly cut at broader end, where a finial may have been attached.

Dimensions: L. 8.5 cm; W. 0.7 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Flat, pointed bone implement with butt end cut to subrectangular section. Cancellous tissue visible, but eroded or worn. Little luster, except traces near butt.

Round Implements

659 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) YH 41051, SF 94-141  Lower Town, Area A. Operation 27, Locus 43, Lot 75. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Butt end broken away; tip chipped. Dimensions: L. 7.5 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

656 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) YH 30094, SF 89-434  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: CKD Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 26, Lot 88. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age Broken off at wider end. Dimensions: L. 5.6 cm; D. 0.2–0.5 cm. Slender oval shaft of hollow bone (possibly bird) tapering to narrow round tip cut at diagonal, polished or worn. Surface lustrous. 657 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 126) Ankara Museum No. 57-389-06  Citadel Mound, Trench WS4-5, S: Layer 4 (NB 127:107). Intact.

Bone implement tapering from round to oval section near tip. Fine incised lines across long axis beginning 0.2 cm from tip. Polished surface with cancellous tissue visible at tip and about halfway along the length of the shaft. 660 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) YH 23083, SF 88-136  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: In deposit of uncertain date, but likely YHSS 4 (Late Phrygian) based on associated metallurgical debris. Operation 1, Locus 95, Lot 192. YHSS Phase: 4–3, Late Phrygian to Hellenistic. Broken off at butt end. Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone implement with round shaft at butt end and subrectangular near tip. Cut facets on shaft with some luster.

Dimensions: L. 14.8 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Round, pointed, bone implement with some swelling at its midpoint. Broad end slightly spatulate.

661 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) BI 144  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut IIB: Level 3 (NB 9:149).

236

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete.

Found associated with 804 and in same Early Hellenistic house as 493, 508, 578.

Dimensions: L. 10 cm; D. 0.4 cm. Wells 2012:77, table 11. Long, thin, polished rod with points at both ends, one obliquely off-center. Near each end are multiple, fine incisions, irregularly spaced. 662 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) BI 425  Citadel Mound, Trench PPP-N: Above Floor 3, south of wall, with reeded kantharos fragments (NB 106:83). Intact; point dulled.

665 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) BI 37  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section A: Floor 3 (NB 4:117). Broken at one end. Dimensions: L. 4.8 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Straight, thin, bone implement with a concave head formed by natural socket and tapering to a dull point.

Dimensions: L. 11 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Round, buff, bone implement cut squarely off at one end and coming to blunt point at the other. Worn very smooth. 663 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) YH 28307, SF 89-160  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Brick and stone-lined bin at south end of an exterior court. Operation 7, Locus 29, Lot 102. YHSS Phase: 3A:1, Middle Hellenistic. Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 8.1 cm; D. 0.4 cm. Hollow, glossy, bone (probably fish) implement with an incision or cut near broader end where it breaks off at a right angle to the shaft. Lustrous surface.

Found associated with 415, coarse, wide-mouthed jar (P 128) and lydion-shaped, miniature jar (P 104). 666 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 127) BI 590  Context unknown. Complete; good condition but for rotted spot on surface. Dimensions: L. 22 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Long, slim rod, rectangular in section throughout, rounded a bit on all edges, tapering steadily from thick end to a blunted point. Polished from wear or from handling, especially around center of length. Cut to avoid marrow, except on one face near butt. 667 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) YH 56940, SF 97-260  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 44, Locus 32, Lot 94. YHSS Phase: 2:4, Roman (late 3rd to late 4th century CE).

664 Bone Round Implement  (Pl. 127) BI 42  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Early Hellenistic House, courtyard space H (published as Machteld’s House by Wells 2012:60–78, fig. 43) (NB 5:34).

Broken at both ends.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; D. 0.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 11.2 cm; D. 1.1 cm.

Round bone implement with ancient break at wide end, recent break at tip end. Nearly round section, surface smooth and heavily polished.

Long bone rod tapering to square ends, each with a small indentation from working on a lathe. A transverse groove 2.8 cm from one end; remainder of surface roughly finished.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 237

668 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) YH 25749, SF 89-52  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Operation 7, Locus 9, Lot 21. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. Broken off at butt end. Dimensions: L. 11.1 cm; D. 0.4 cm. Slender, bone, pointed implement tapering to tip with flat facet on one side, rounded on opposite side. Diagonal striations on shaft; smoother and more lustrous near tip.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 12 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Roughly faceted, bone implement tapering from squaredoff head to pointed tip. Small nick just below blunt end. Whittling marks show on all sides. 672 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) BI 233  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A-5: Layer 4, in pit with one stone and five clay loomweights (NB 53:14). Tips slightly splintered.

669 Bone Round Implement  (Pl. 128) YH 23516, SF 88-195  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed pit fill. Operation 1, Locus 12, Lot 26. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

Dimensions: L. 9.2 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Smoothly finished, buff, bone implement carefully tapered down to thin point at each end.

Dimensions: L. 5.1 cm; D. 0.9 cm.

673 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) BI 267  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A8: Layer 6, in pit with other material dated to late 4th century BCE (NB 53:124).

Tubular section of round bone implement.

Intact.

670 Antler Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) YH 53076, SF 96-85  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: large pit cut into Hellenistic surface, later capped with multiple layers of trash no earlier than 334 BCE. Operation 36, Locus 224, Lot 280. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, ca. 333 BCE.

Dimensions: L. 9.4 cm; D. 0.6 cm.

Broken at both ends. Originally smooth surface now scratched and gnawed.

Intact.

Well-polished, round, bone implement. From greatest diameter at mid-length, decreases gradually to sharp, but flattened, point at one end and very sharp point at other end. 674 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) BI 191  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Surface (NB 39:30).

Dimensions: L. 10.4 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Complete, but point slightly blunted. Antler awl cut in sub-rectangular section, with one side very flat and one curving surface that preserves part of the knobby antler surface. Roughly cut butt could be original. Tip and sides faceted. Very slight luster. 671 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) BI 201  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A3/1: Fill above first floor (NB 43:17).

Dimensions: L. 13.7 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Buff, bone rod, tapering from center, initially slowly and then quickly to pencil-like points. Deep groove sets off one point. At center, a small diametric hole, perhaps meant to hold a thread.

238

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

675 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 128) YH 65119, SF 02-313  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 48, Locus 88, Lot 264. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Broken off at one end.

Awls 678 Bone Awl  (Pl. 129) YH 32397, SF 89-580  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Building collapse (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 60, Lot 153. YHSS Phase: 9, Late Bronze Age.

Dimensions: L. 9.1 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Surface chips. Smooth bone rod curving to blunt end, notched 0.4 cm from end to form hook. Small hole (D. 0.1 cm) drilled in notch; second hole drilled 6.7 cm below on same axis in arched section of rod. Surface has some luster. 676 Bone Round Pointed Implement  (Pl. 129) YH 63466, SF 02-145  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone, Operation 50, Locus 41, Lot 76. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Roughly shaped bone splinter, approximately triangular in section. Rounded butt; tip pointed but rounded. Shaft has lustrous surface. 679 Bone Awl  (Pl. 129) BI 89  Common Cemetery: House I, Level Ic, burnt deposit of first half of 7th century BCE under Tumulus H (NB 9:45).

Intact. Intact; point dulled. Dimensions: L. 16.4 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Dimensions: L. 10.5 cm; W. 2.7 cm. Round bone implement with one end blunt and slightly notched on one side 1 cm below end. Opposite end has three facets forming a blunt point. Body flattened on one side with diagonal carving marks. Slight luster over most of the surface. 677 Bone Round Implement  (Pl. 129) YH 35629, SF 93-49  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Mixed fill. Operation 17, Lot 130. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Tip broken away. Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Round bone implement with asymmetrical head formed by notching one side. Facets on both head and shaft. Shaft of uniform diameter up to break point. Some luster on faceted surface.

Bone roughly tapered to a dull point, leaving the joint as a natural head. Found associated with a grey burnished bowl (P 261), stone bowl (ST 75), and an iron knife blade (ILS 24). Kohler 1995:47, 51, pl. 28F; Anderson 1980:21, 323; fig. 19, no. 134. 680 Bone Awl  (Pl. 129) BI 157  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench B, north extension: Layer 5, with pottery of the second half of the 4th century BCE (Toteva 2007:43) (NB 22:40). Complete. Dimensions: L. 6.8 cm; W. 2.5 cm. Bone awl carved to thin sharp point, with butt left as uncut joint.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 239

681 Bone Awl  (Pl. 129) BI 68  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Cut D-V: Layer 4, below stone paving of Roman house (NB 8:9). Complete, but for some chips.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Triangular piece of bone tapering to sharp point. All edges worn smooth with lustrous surface.

Dimensions: L. 12.5 cm; W. 1.4 cm. Bone awl with one end tapered to point; part of joint left for head. 682 Bone Awl  (Pl. 129) YH 36397, SF 93-34  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: In pit sealed by YHSS 3A house. Operation 17, Lot 134. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic Intact. Dimensions: L. 8.7 cm; W. 1.5 cm. Bone awl with natural joint head, tapering to slightly dulled point. Surface poorly preserved, but traces of luster from use or wear. 683 Bone Awl  (Pl. 129) YH 35950, SF 93-20  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Large pit sealed by a Middle Hellenistic surface. Operation 17, Lot 103. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

685 Bone Awl  (Pl. 130) BI 15  Citadel Mound, SW Trench, Section A, cut 1: Layer 3, with 5th and 4th century BCE blackglazed and grey wares (NB 3:86). Complete, but for chip from blunt end. Dimensions: L. 5 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone awl, curved from a rounded head to a sharply pointed tip. 686 Bone Awl  (Pl. 130) BI 54  Citadel Mound, SW Trench, Section A, cut 4: Layer 4 (NB 7:12). Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Slightly curved, bone awl with oval section in the middle. One end tapered to rounded blunt head and other to very sharp point. Found associated with 616.

Broken at one end. Dimensions: L. 8 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

687 Bone Awl  (Pl. 130) BI 28  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section A: Layer 2, with a coin, not catalogued but described by the excavator as Domitian (81–96 CE).

Roughly worked pointed implement with head left as natural joint. Luster at point and along slender shaft. Remainder left in natural state.

Complete (NB 4:113).

Found associated with 116, 937, 974.

Dimensions: L. 3.9 cm; D. 0.4 cm.

684 Bone Awl  (Pl. 130) YH 65290, SF 02-391  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 73, Lot 233. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Bone awl, very sharp at one end and cut off squarely across other end, with small notch on one side. Found associated with 421, 618, red-glazed Roman lamp (L 2), red-glazed wide-mouthed amphora (P 106), and grey trefoil jug (P 182).

240

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Bodkins

Complete. Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

688 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) YH 26666, SF 89-85  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Trash deposits (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 10, Lot 25. YHSS Phase: 9, Late Bronze Age.

Bone bodkin with a pointed tip and head created by opposed notches.

Intact.

692 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) BI 263  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A7, north: Layer 4 (NB 53:86).

Dimensions: L. 8.8 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Complete, but for chip off point.

Long, bone bodkin with flattened, oval head tapering to a sharp point. Notch cut 0.5 cm down from flat end. Upper part of shaft has clear facets, worn to round section approximately 3 cm from tip. Entire surface lustrous.

Dimensions: L. 4.3 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

689 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) BI 58  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Cut B-II & III: Below Floor 4 (NB 4:172). Intact.

Round, bone bodkin flattened at one end to form head set off by a deep groove on either side. Paring marks still visible. 693 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) YH 30081, SF 89-424  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pitted deposits. Operation 1, Locus 60, Lot 157. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Dimensions: L. 5.6 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Tip broken away. Bone bodkin, round in section, tapering to point at one end. Head roughly square in section, divided from shaft by two deep grooves on opposite sides. 690 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) BI 282  Citadel Mound, North Central Trench A10: In wall of Middle Phrygian Building R, layer 5 (NB 60:22). Complete, but for chip off each end. Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin, roughly circular in section. Shaped to point at one end, with head set off by large notch at other end. Paring planes not completely rounded off. 691 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) BI 459  Citadel Mound, Trench Q: Layer 4, in large pit with great quantity of coarse pottery (NB 123:35).

Dimensions: L. 5.3 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin with faceted shaft with convex head set off by groove. Surface has some luster as the result of use rather than deliberate polish. 694 Antler Bodkin  (Pl. 130) YH 54807, SF 96-280  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Robbers trench. Operation 29, Locus 298, Lot 594. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 395 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.5 cm; D. 0.7 cm. Antler bodkin with head formed by notch on one side. 695 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 130) YH 23790, SF 88-191  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Robber’s trench of Building I:2.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 241

Operation 1, Locus 98, Lot 240. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.7 cm; W. 0.7 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Bone bodkin with rounded, flat head set off by deep notch. Shaft retains working facets in rectangular section gradually becoming oval near tip. Little polish at head, gradually increasing to tip.

Found associated with lamp, Corinth Broneer Type VII (L 73). 698 Bone Bodkin  (No illustration) YH 65301, SF 02-400  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Near an oven. Operation 37, Locus 38, Lot 75. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Tip broken off. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 0.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

696 Bone Bodkins  (Pl. 130) BI 325  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A9: Pit through Floor 5 (NB 59:78). Intact (a–c); partially rotted (d). Dimensions: (a) L. 5.9 cm; D. 0.7 cm. (b) L. 5.1 cm; D. 0.7 cm. (c) L. 5.2 cm; D. 0.5 cm. (d) 5.2 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Crudely made bone bodkin with faceted body. Head created by distinct notch. Luster on surface. 699 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 60  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Layer 3, with coin of Alexander (NB 6:76). Point broken off.

Four roughly formed, bone bodkins, each notched to form a head: (a) undercut, (b) nicked on two opposite sides, (c) grooved, and (d) notched on one side. Found associated with bronze fibula fragment (B 1167), bronze hooks (B 761), black-glazed askos (P 1413; Stewart 2010: no. 145), buff burnished bowl (P 1414), and a coin of the fourth to early 3rd century BCE (C 501). 697 Bone Bodkins  (Pl. 130) BI 270  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-9: Pit through Floor 5, with dark earth, animal bones and 4th century BCE material. All bodkins found in one area close together, around and underlying which was a layer of white ash, perhaps the remains of a reed basket that served as their original container (NB 59:39). All well preserved; a few slightly rotted. Dimensions: Avg. L. 5.5 cm; avg. D. 0.7 cm. Roughly cut, bone bodkins (58) pointed at one end and flat or rounded at the other. Head formed by notch on one side (48), notch on two opposite sides (1), or a groove all the way around (1).

Dimensions: L. 8.7 cm; D. 0.4 cm. Thin bone bodkin tapering to rounded point at one end, with grooved head at other. Found associated with 123. 700 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 49  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Layer 3, under court of Level 2 House, with coin of Alexander and lamp, Corinth Bronner Type VII (NB 6:34). Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.1 cm; D. 0.3 cm. Small bone bodkin with two lateral grooves below head and sharp point. 701 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 199  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V2: Fill under Floor 5b (NB 39:76). Piece split from top lengthwise; pointed end chipped. Dimensions: L. 5.7 cm; D. 0.6 cm.

242

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Bone bodkin tapering from rounded head, grooved partway around, to pointed tip. Found associated with 498, coins of Alexander Lysimachus (C 402–404), corner relief tile fragment (A 128), globular glass pendant (G 136), and pendant hone stone (ST 195). 702 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 174  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench O: Layer 3, with late 4th to early 3rd century BCE pottery (NB 31:9). Intact. Dimensions : L. 9 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Bone bodkin tapering to point at one end, with head notched on one side at opposite end. Paring marks still visible. 703 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) YH 21184, SF 88-37  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed fill with Middle Hellenistic unguentarium. Operation 2, Locus 21, Lot 64. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

705 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) YH 56782, SF 97-112  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse above YHSS 3A Building 3, location of metallurgical activities. Operation 37, Locus 64, Lot 101. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 8.33 cm; W. 0.98 cm; Th. 0.38 cm; D. hole 0.1 cm. Slender, bone bodkin with flat, round, notched head at one end and sharp point at other. Shaft oval in section at head end, round at point. Luster slight at head, much higher at tip. 706 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 507  Citadel Mound, Trench PBX 1,2: Layer 3, with black-glazed sherds (NB 142:32). Intact. Dimensions: L. 6 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Round bone bodkin tapering to blunt point. Head slightly domed and notched on two sides. Very smoothly finished.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 9.3 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

707 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 558  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE6: Under stone Floor 2 (NB 152:138).

Bone bodkin with roughly faceted surface and head created by deep gash on one side. Surface has luster along most of length.

Intact; slightly stained. Dimensions: L. 6 cm; D. 0.6 cm.

704 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) YH 22111, SF 88-91  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed deposit full of pits. Operation 1, Locus 66, Lot 131. YHSS Phase: 3–1, Hellenistic to Medieval.

Bone bodkin pared to tapering, slightly blunt point; head created by wedge-shaped cut going about halfway through.

Intact.

708 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 264  Citadel Mound. Trench NCT-A7: Layer 3 (NB 53:85).

Dimensions: L. 6.35 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

Intact.

Long, bone bodkin with roughly faceted shaft. Head created by notches on two sides. Flat polished facets on butt and tip. Some polish from use on shaft near sharp tip.

Dimensions: L. 6.3 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin, approximately round in section, with dull



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 243

point and roughly cut head formed by two notches, one on either side.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; D. 0.5 cm.

709 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 158  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, north infringement no. 4: Layer 3 (NB 14:131). Intact. Dimensions: L.5.2 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Bone bodkin smoothly worked to fine point at one end and cut off squarely at other with notch on one side.

Bone bodkin with blunt point and deep notch on one side to form head. 713 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 398  Citadel Mound, Trench PPN: Level 2, Floor B (NB 103:11). Nearly complete; broken at top edge. Dimensions: L. 6.7 cm; W. 0.6 cm.

Found associated with Ephesian coin of first half of 3rd century BCE. 710 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 331  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-W4: Layer 2, with 3rd century BCE pottery (NB 72:61).

Bone bodkin, approximately rectangular in section, tapering to blunt point. Head notched on one side. Polished by wear. 714 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 185  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-1: Layer 2, in pit (NB 23:113).

Complete. Complete, but for chips at each end. Dimensions: L. 7.9 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Dimensions: L. 7 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Roughly finished, bone bodkin sharpened at one end and notched transversely on one side to form head at other end. Found associated with 948, Rhodian stamped amphora handle (SS 178), and red-figured krater sherd dated ca. 400 BCE (P 2163). 711 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) YH 68378, SF 05-63  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 124, Lot 461. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. Intact.

Bone bodkin, pointed at one end, roughly squared at other. Head notched once on either side. Smoothly finished. 715 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 219  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-B1: Level 2 (NB 46:19). Complete. Dimensions: L. 4.5 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin carved to point at one end, cut bluntly across at other end with a rough groove going around to make head. Smoothly finished.

Dimensions: L. 5.7 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin with head created by notch cut on one side; dull point. 712 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 50  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Hellenistic I-C Level (NB 5:102).

716 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 195  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-2: Floor 1, pit no. 4 (NB 23:135). Complete. Dimensions: L. 6.2 cm; D. 0.6 cm.

244

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Smoothly polished, bone bodkin, rounded at thicker end and tapering to blunt point. Head created by single deep notch on one side. 717 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 131) BI 23  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, West Cut 4: Postabandonment elements of SET Level 2 Complex (Wells 2012:194, fig. 121) (NB 2:91). Complete. Dimensions: L. 6.2 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Gently curving, bone bodkin, tapering gradually to dull point. Rounded head notched on either side. Sponginess apparent in some spots. Wells 2012:194, table 55. 718 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 132) YH 66369, SF 04-93  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone, Pit house, east room. Operation 53, Locus 34, Lot 141. YHSS Phase: 2:5, Roman (5th (?) to 7th century CE). Intact.

Zone. Fill just above Roman 2:4 surface. Operation 44, Locus 47, Lot 136. YHSS Phase: 2:4, Late Roman (late 3rd to late 4th century CE). Broken at one end. Dimensions: L. 2.3 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin worked to sub-rectangular section. One end rounded, notched on both wide sides. Sides flat, edges rounded with facets. 721 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 132) YH 54394, SF 96-208  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Cleaning surface. Operation 36, Locus 9, Lot 5. YHSS Phase: 2:2–3, Roman (ca. 75/80 to 130/170 CE). Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 6.7 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Bone bodkin with partially preserved head, round in section and set off by thin incised line. Shaft is sub-rectangular, then becomes round with slightly concave sides. Tip worn smooth over break. High luster on shaft.

Dimensions: L. 5.3 cm; D. 0.6 cm. Bone bodkin with head formed by notch on each side of head.

722 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 132) BI 35  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section B: On Floor 3, with coins ranging in date from the 2nd to the 15th century CE (NB 4:125).

719 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 132) BI 400  Museum Site: Roman Burial 2, behind top of skull (NB 102:19).

Complete. Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Broken at tip; brown discoloration. Dimensions: L. 8.4 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Bone bodkin, tapering from carved knob set off by a deep groove around its base to sharp point. Found associated with Roman provincial version of a Classical pelike (P 2705) and bronze ring (B 1376). 720 Bone Bodkin  (Pl. 132) YH 57991, SF 97-244  Citadel Mound, Northwest

Dark, bone bodkin roughly carved to sharp point. Squared head set off from round shaft by two opposing notches. One side of head spongy.

Needles 723 Bone Needle  (Pl. 132) BI 589  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3G: Earth/clay mix above Early Phrygian CC Building, Room 3 (NB 166:93).



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 245

Mended once, point broken off. Dimensions: L. 9.1 cm; W. at eye 0.5 cm; D. shaft 0.3 cm. Long, thin bone, possibly bird, showing marrow along one side, round in section, except at eye where it is wider and flatter, but also pointed. Long eye cut in the head. 724 Bone Needle  (Pl. 132) YH 54653, SF 96-265  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 717, Lot 938. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian

Small length of bone, possibly bird, tapering directly to sharp point. Double-beveled head with round eye (D. 0.2 cm).

Spindles and Whorls 727 Bone Distaffs  (Pl. 133) BI 256a–c  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-011: Layer 1 (NB 51:129). One complete (b) and two (a and c) unfinished or broken. Dimensions: (a) L. 11 cm; D. 1 cm. (b) L. 18.2 cm; D. 1.1 cm. (c) L. 20 cm; D. 1.2 cm.

Broken at broad end. Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; W. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Round, bone, pointed implement that flattens to a rectangular section at one end, possibly for the eye of a needle. Tip carved from one side; broken and possibly repaired. Surface smooth, some luster. 725 Bone Needle  (Pl. 132) BI 47  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section B: Floor 3, with coin of Prusias I (228–182 BCE) (NB 4:136). Broken near pointed end. Dimensions: L. 12.1 cm; W. 0.6 cm. Dark, bone needle with straight shaft, round in section, up to eye where it is flattened and squared off. Two eyes: large one formed by two joined holes and smaller one immediately below. Compare similar needles from Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. 703, 2, 4, 5) and Zeugma (Charles 2013:284, B12, fig. 12). Found associated with 808 and bronze plaque or lid (B 59). 726 Bone Needle  (Pl. 132) BI 594  Context unknown. Intact. Dimensions: L. 4.7 cm; .W. 0.5 cm; Th. 0.3 cm.

(a) Bone distaff in unfinished state, still showing turning scars. (b) Bone distaff with ends turned in variations of bead and reel, terminating in flattened knobs; plain offset toward center of shaft. (c) Bone distaff, oval in section, tapering toward both ends, with a rectangular hole cut toward one end. Found associated with a Rhodian stamped amphora handle (SS 136). 728 Bone Rod  (Pl. 133) YH 51039, SF 96-108  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior surface adjacent to Monumental Hellenistic wall. Operation 36, Locus 51, Lot 104. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Broken off at both ends. Dimensions: L. 8.3 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Bone rod with a peg (D. 0.5 cm) at one end, perhaps for attachment to another piece. Shaft tapers slightly with large rectangular notch roughly cut out. Luster on wider part of rod gradually increases from cut to break. 729 Ivory and Bone Spindles and Whorls  (Pl. 134) BI 221a–g  Common Cemetery along south slope of ridge northeast of Citadel Mound, Roman Grave 24, part of a grave cluster that starts in the late 1st to early 2nd century CE (Goldman 2007b:315, fig. 5) (NB 33:158, where it is Grave A204).

246

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete as mended (a, c, g); broken across shaft (b); tips broken off (e, f); mended at tip, shaft broken off (d).

six at thin end. Whorl has smooth convex top and grooved lower surface.

Dimensions: (a) L. 22 cm; W. at ring 2.8 cm; D. shaft 0.8 cm. (b) L. 13.5 cm; D. 0.8 cm. (c) L. 11 cm; D. 0.8 cm. (d) L. 9.9 cm; D. 0.5 cm; D. whorl 2.4 cm. (e) L. 11 cm; D. 0.4 cm. (f) L. 10.8 cm; D. 0.4 cm. (g) D. 3.1 cm; D. hole 0.9 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Found associated with a pitcher (P 740), a gold ring (J 75), and a saucer (P 741) comparable to saucer (P 1014) found in Roman Grave 24 (see 729).

(a) Long spindle with decorated ring head. Tip of shaft molded in an elongated bead and reel pattern, with one bead and two reels repeated three times, tapering towards a terminal reel and knob. Deep groove halfway up shaft. At upper end, separated off by a deep groove, is a flat ring marked by two small projections at the base and top. Inside of ring a ledge goes around in a spiral. A darkened spiral band around shaft may be part of original decoration or wool marks. Carving marks visible all over. (b) Spindle with thick shaft (two pieces) terminated with head of three globular beads, two of which rest on reels separated by short stems. (c) Smoothly tapering ivory spindle (2 pieces) with fir-cone knob torsionally grooved, set off from shaft by groove and disc. (d) Plain tapering ivory spindle and whorl, with convex upper face showing four concentric grooves with rippling, especially around the edges and a lower face with four grooves neatly profiled as overlapping discs. (e, f) Bone rods tapering from bluntly pointed thick ends to sharp points. (g) Bone whorl with polished convex upper side and grooved flat lower side. Thick groove surrounds hole, with two and three grooves on either side.

731 Bone Whorl  (Pl. 135) BI 232  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C3: Layer 3, with fragment of a lydion (NB 50:11). One section broken away. Dimensions: D. 3.4 cm; Th. 0.4 cm; D. hole 0.7 cm. Flat bone whorl with raised ridge around spindle hole. On flat face, three bands of carefully incised short perpendicular strokes, one near circumference, one on raised ridge around central hole and a third between. Comparable decoration is found on whorls from Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:194, pl. XXXVIII, 3 and 7). Found associated with 433. 732 Bone Whorl  (Pl. 135) BI 370  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT-4: Layer 3 (NB 81:109). Approximately half preserved. Dimensions: Est. D. 4.2 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm.

Found associated with Roman unguentarium (P 1013) and small saucer (P 1014), comparable to saucer (P 741) found in Roman Grave 17 (see 730). 730 Bone Spindle and Whorl  (Pl. 134) BI 180  Common Cemetery along south slope of ridge northeast of Citadel Mound, Roman Grave 17, part of a grave cluster that starts in the late 1st to early 2nd century CE (Goldman 2007b:315, fig. 5) (NB 33:12, 29 and 30, where it is Grave A113).

Smoothly finished, flat, bone whorl, slightly convex on one face and flat on the other with tiny raised collar around central hole. Incised decoration on flat face: three spaced bands of radiating strokes between single lines. 733 Bone Whorl  (Pl. 135) BI 225  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT/NCT-5: Pit in angle of Hellenistic walls (NB 49:29). Complete.

Complete, but for tiny chips and pitting. Dimensions: D. 2.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm; D. hole 0.7 cm. Dimensions: Spindle: L. 19.7 cm; D. 0.9 cm; Whorl: D. 3 cm; Th. 0.3 cm; D. hole 0.8 cm. Long, tapering, bone spindle with one groove at thick end,

Rough, bone whorl stepped in two degrees with large central hole and second smaller hole near edge. Two incised lines around largest diameter.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 247

734 Bone Whorl  (Pl. 135) BI 608  Citadel Mound, SW Trench: Context bag #1. Intact.

737 Bone Tool  (Pl. 135) YH 46979, SF 95-178  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Disturbed area with pits and robbing. Operation 17, Locus 580, Lot 750. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian or 3, Hellenistic.

Dimensions: D. 2.4 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Broken off at one end. Disc, flat on one side, rounded on the other, with central hole (D. 0.5 cm). Red stain over entire object. Incised double triangles around lower edge of rounded side. May have been filled with some substance. Upper face curves up to flatter surface surrounding inward slanting ring around hole. 735 Bone Whorl  (Pl. 135) BI 133  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-5, Section A, Cut 1: Level I-B, with black-glazed salter dated 333–275 BCE (Stewart 2010:259, no. 126, fig. 205) (NB 19:138).

Dimensions: L. 9.5 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 2.2 cm. Distal end of sheep or goat tibia. End pierced with clean oval hole on one side and more irregular one on other side; opposite end broken off with adjacent bone surface worn and lustrous on one side. Possibly used as a burnisher. 738 Bone Tool  (Pl. 135) YH 65280, SF 02-383  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 122, Lot 403. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Chipped. Intact. Dimensions: D. 2.4 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Dimensions: L. 8.8 cm; W. 3 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Disc, concave on one face and convex on the other. Convex side has one small square set-back at outer edge, above which a band of very fine rouletted oblique strokes. On concave face, fine grooving receding to a small raised collar around a pierced hole.

Tools 736 Bone Tool  (Pl. 135) YH 32396, SF 89-426  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Trash deposits (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 60, Lot 165. YHSS Phase: 9, Late Bronze Age. Intact. Dimensions: L. 12.4 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Sheep metacarpal with anterior surface (convex) polished to high gloss on shaft; little to no polish on epiphyses. Some gloss on posterior surface on raised areas of bone. No other alteration.

Heavy, dense, bone tool; surface now very smooth with high luster over entire area except near unfused end. Perhaps used to work leather hides. 739 Bone Tool  (Pl. 136) YH 65267, SF 02-377  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 49, Locus 24, Lot 57. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. Broken at one end, with surface damage. Dimensions: L. 11.2 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Large bird bone with one epiphyseal end intact; the other broken away at an angle. Deep grooves from epiphyses onto shaft; two grooves run entire length of the piece, the third goes part way. Intact butt end drilled through at right angles with four holes. Angled end shows no wear. Shaft has wear on all raised surfaces; high luster, very smooth. 740 Bone Tool  (Pl. 137) YH 68949, SF 05-27  Citadel Mound, Northwest

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Zone: Surface. Operation 53, Locus 34, Lot 141. YHSS Phase: 2:4–5, Late Roman to 1, Medieval (late 3rd–16th century CE). Broken off at one end.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 15.5 cm; W. head 4.1 cm; D. shaft 2 cm. Length of long-bone with joint squared off for head and carved to point at other end. Both tip of point and head are very marrowy. Smoothly finished along shaft.

Dimensions: L. 14 cm; W. 2.7 cm. Natural bone hollowed out all the way through. Oval hole near joint (0.9 x 1.3 cm). 741 Bone Tool  (Pl. 137) YH 68333, SF 05-129  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Surface in Room 3B. Operation 52, Locus 59, Lot 216. YHSS Phase: 2:3, Roman (ca. 110/115 to 130/170 CE). Intact. Dimensions: L. 11.3 cm; D. 2.1 cm. Natural bone smoothed to slight faceting. Narrow end has marrow hollowed out to a space 0.7 x 1.5 cm going down several centimeters.

744 Bone Peg  (Pl. 137) YH 30092, SF 89-433  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit contemporary with CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 39, Lot 85. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age. Broken away at broader end. Dimensions: L. 4.5 cm; D. 0.9 cm. Piece of animal long bone worked to form tapered shaft with a rounded tip with exposed cancellous tissue. Diagonal grinding over entire surface. Found associated with 437. 745 Bone Tool  (Pl. 137) BI 153  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, west, section IIc: Layer 5, below white floor in area with pits and disturbed fill with mixed black glazed and redfigured sherds (NB 9:173).

742 Bone Tool  (Pl. 137) YH 65263, SF 02-379  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 44, Locus 17, Lot 23. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

Broken off at butt end.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 13.4 cm; D. 1.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 14.4 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

Hard bone implement roughly carved to take off marrow, leaving very sharp point at one end.

Medium mammal tibia with both epiphyseal ends trimmed off and cancellous tissue removed. Bone tool with proximal (wider) end cut flat, with V-shaped cuts on all three corners. Distal end roughly chipped, with deep U-shaped groove on one side. Wear in groove and over entire surface except roughly chipped area. 743 Bone Tool  (Pl. 137) BI 142  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-S, Section A, Cut 3b: Beneath flagging of Level I (NB 19:168).

Found associated with glass beads (G 78–79), a lydion (P 489), and a bronze nail (B 229). 746 Bone Tool  (Pl. 138) YH 51835, SF 96-234  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Middle Hellenistic Building 4 (YHSS 3A:2), in pit along west wall of workroom for making terracotta figurines (Sams and Voigt 1998:681, plan 3, photos 1–3; Voigt 2012b:251, figs. 8–9).



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 249

Operation 30, Locus 105, Lot 206. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Broken off on back and narrower end. Dimensions: L. 4.4 cm; W. 3.5 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 21.1 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Long bone tool, with triangular section, sawn at each end. Possibly used in sculpting clay, although could be unfinished.

Segment of bone implement, roughly rectangular in section. Luster on outer surface to edges; fine criss-crossed striations. 750 Bone Weaving Tool  (Pl. 138) BI 556  Citadel Mound, Trench PhW-N4: Wall in northwest corner of Building Y in Layer 5 (NB 154:70).

Found in the same structure as 156, 806, 839. Intact. 747 Bone Tool  (No illustration) YH 63537, SF 02-405  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 79, Lot 257. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 7.2 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 2.5 cm. Large mammal long bone cut to sharp point with epiphysis forming butt. No sign of wear or shaping on cut edges. 748 Bone Tool  (Pl. 138) YH 65289, SF 02-390  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 81, Lot 270. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 6.3 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 1 cm. Long, lenticular bone tool with stronger taper at cancellous end, which has hollow space on one side extending back to the central section. Tip or working end blunt with small striations that may indicate use. Surface lustrous in spots. 749 Bone Tool  (Pl. 138) YH 26598, SF 89-53  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding (Voigt 1994). Operation 8, Locus 6, Lot 32. YHSS Phase: 6B, Early Phrygian.

Dimensions: L. 6 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.2 cm. Small, flat piece of bone cut to almond shape with pointed ends. One end more carefully beveled and sharpened than the other. Two holes in a line across the middle, perhaps for fastening a thread. Very smooth on both faces. 751 Bone Weaving Tool  (Pl. 138) BI 380  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 5, in rubble fill for foundation wall of Building N (NB 89:46). Broken across stem. Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.1 cm. Bone spatulate tool with long ellipse narrowing down to very thin stem. One side left rougher than other. Possibly used as a tool in weaving to separate and straighten threads. This interpretation was suggested by Gladys Davidson in her analysis of a nearly identical piece from Hellenistic Corinth (Davidson 1952:174, pl. 79, no. 1271). Objects similar in shape, but dating to a much earlier period, are recorded from the Early Bronze Age strata at Thermi, where they are described as useful for making holes in cloth or incising pottery (Lamb 1936:199, pl. XXVII, 32). Still other explanations include netting picks, based on 18th and 19th Dynasty specimens from Gurob (Petrie 1917:53, pl. LXVI, 182), or small spatulas meant to be inserted in a handle, the explanation offered for examples found at Alişar Höyük (Schmidt 1932:173, fig. 226, nos. b1971 and b774). Found associated with 119 and a stone pounding tool (ST 426).

250

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

752 Bone Chisel  (Pl. 138) YH 44143, SF 95-33  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone Operation 29, Locus 123, Lot 222. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Manufacturing Waste

Intact.

755 Ivory Waste  (Pl. 139) BI 424  Citadel Mound, Megaron 4: Post hole at center of south wall, in Early Phrygian fill (NB 106:63).

Dimensions: L. 9.3 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Burned, warped and split.

Heavy, bone tool with thick shaft and faceted blunt point at narrow end. Opposite end curves out from shaft and is cut flat across top; opposite faces at this end come together at sharp edge. Each side of broad end decorated with three incised lines. Surface rough, but lustrous, especially at sharp end.

Dimensions: (a) L. 4.1 cm; L. peg 1 cm; D. peg 0.3 cm. (b) L. 4.4 cm. (c) L. 3.2 cm. (d) L. 1.4 cm.

753 Bone Tool  (Pl. 138) BI 154  Citadel Mound, Trench ET, north infringement no. 2: Middle Phrygian Wall (NB 14:101). Broken off at thick end. Dimensions: L. 8 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1 cm. Squared rod of hard, polished bone that diminishes to a spatulate, flaring, but blunt, end. 754 Bone Chopper  (Pl. 139) BI 189  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-V1: Layer 5 (NB 39:21). Complete. Dimensions: H. 7.8 cm; W. 7.3 cm. Bone chopping implement with cylindrical projection on back for attachment to a handle. Hole running through cylinder changes from rectangular at blade end to oval at exit (approximately 1.5 x 2.3 cm). May have been intended for use like a trowel, but surface appears without wear and paring marks are still visible on surface. Found associated with 5th century BCE red and blackglazed kylix fragments (P 843).

Eleven ivory pieces in a variety of shapes, most of which show evidence of shaping. (a) Triangular piece with two well cut sides, one slightly curved with a slot (0.2 x 1.4 cm) and two peg holes (D. 0.3 cm), one still containing small ivory peg; opposite side of curve has two additional pegs not penetrating to curved side; flat side had small peg hole to anchor tongue inserted into slot. (b) Badly fragmented and warped piece showing evidence of rectangular cutting on one side, and along one edge, evidence for five closely spaced peg holes (0.3–1 cm apart), three of which penetrate to rectangular cutting. Larger peg hole leads off from right side of rectangular cutting. (c) Curved piece with small torus molding along outer curve and two peg holes cut transversely 1 cm apart. (d) Small piece of strip with two peg holes 0.9 cm apart. Seven additional fragments with some signs of working. Found associated with 13, 118, 150. 756 Bone Waste  (Pl. 139) YH 48913, SF 95-210  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone. Operation 17, Locus 609, Lot 780. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.6 cm; D. 1.5 cm. Cylinder of dense, buff bone. Sides shaved, facetted, then pecked and battered. Ends are lathe-turned: one has shallow depression in middle, opposite has nipple (D. 0.6 cm) with annular ridges. Luster, does not look like wear.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 251

757 Bone Waste  (Pl. 139) YH 54418, SF 96-243  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Middle Hellenistic Building 4 (YHSS 3A:2), in pit along west wall of workroom for making terracotta figurines (Sams and Voigt 1998:683, plan 3, photos 1–3; Voigt 2012b:251, figs. 8–9). Operation 30, Locus 105, Lot 214. YH Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Unfinished fragments. Dimensions: Ls. and Ws. various; Th. 0.1 cm. Four small flat pieces of bone (or possibly antler) cut to complex forms with rectangular sections. Largest piece, with one edge S-shaped and the other scalloped, appears to be waste as the result of cutting circles or petals. Second piece gives the appearance of having been cut in the shape of a curved animal’s tail. Two smallest pieces are cut with curved segments. Found associated with 156, 806, a shell used as a paint dish (YH 54406), and an iron tool (YH 53495). 758 Bone Waste  (Pl. 139) YH 34288, SF 89-691  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Terrace Building 2, anteroom. Operation 1, Locus 100, Lot 198. YHSS Phase: 6A, Early Phrygian Destruction Level. Segment broken away from butt for roughly half of length; tip chipped. Burned.

Dimensions: L. 8.6 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 1 cm. Large mammal bone worked to roughly rectangular section, with numerous cut facets. No grinding or wear. Found associated with 562. 760 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 47966, SF 95-125  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse and trash above a well-preserved Early Hellenistic house. Operation 29, Locus 159, Lot 307. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. One side chipped from oval end; broad surface worn. Dimensions: L. 4.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Segment of heavy bone worked to oval section at one end; squared off at opposite end. Oval end shaped by grinding at diagonal to long axis; rectangular end created by slicing, facetted along one corner. Polished ends sawn flat with fine striations. Some luster. 761 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 49863, SF 95-237  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior surfaces next to Early Hellenistic house. Operation 29, Locus 185, Lot 367. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. Long, bone splinter with unfinished edges and worn tip. Surface of bone lustrous for entire length preserved; broken edges at sides have some wear, but not as much as tip. 759 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 34272, SF 89-686  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit beneath Hellenistic courtyard. Operation 1, Locus 15, Lot 44. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Triangular, bone segment. Exterior sawn along edges to form facets to either side of original rounded surface (two on one side, one on other); interior sawn flat, One end partially sawn and snapped; other broken in antiquity. 762 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 46978, SF 95-177  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 29, Locus 161, Lot 303. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. Broken at one end (a).

Broken at one end.

252

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: (a) L. 13.3 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. (b) L. 12.1 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.9 cm.

Worked piece, curved and smoothed on one side. Curved side appears to flatten; perhaps a semicircular molding.

Bone fragment (a) with sawn surfaces. One end sliced off leaving beveled end now broken; slight luster on surface. Second fragment (b) sawn leaving a curved section; both ends sliced off. Slight luster over entire exterior surface.

766 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 57040, SF 97-173  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Immediately below robbers’ trench for a Late Phrygian wall. Operation 36, Locus 337, Lot 556. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, ca. 460–450 BCE.

763 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 56449, SF 97-100  Citadel Mound: Northwest Zone. Operation 44, Locus 30, Lot 63. YHSS Phase: 2:4, Late Roman (late 3rd to late 4th century CE). Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Long, bone rod, sawn flat at preserved end. Outer, curved surface has one cut facet at butt; inner surface rasped; two edges cut with facets. Surfaces highly lustrous and dyed red. 764 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 57969, SF 97-216  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 29.5, Locus 12, Lot 36. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 3, Hellenistic.

Two corners preserved of rectangular object. Dimensions: L. 9.2 cm; W. 6.9 cm; Th. 2.2 cm. Triangular bone fragment with one broad surface and two corners preserved. One edge very straight, two right angles to broad surface; other edge rough, beveled. Two broad faces and straight edge smooth and matte, with some faceting. Cut marks. Luster on cut surface, one edge. 767 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 60592, SF 01-69  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Top of pit associated with an industrial or military complex. Operation 36, Locus 262, Lot 385. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 390 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; Th. 1.9 cm.

One end splintered. Dimensions: L. 6.7 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Long bone cut to rectangular section with one side showing cancellous tissue. One end flat, the other splintered. No sign of use. 765 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 26952  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 7, Lot 13 YH Phase: 7, Early Iron Age.

Sawn-off proximal end of ass metatarsal. Two facets on sawn end, one from each broad side (dorsal and ventral); luster on facets. Dorsal (rounded) surface and both sides trimmed, faceted. Base crazed. 768 Bone Waste  (Pl. 140) YH 64212, SF 02-179  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 45, Locus 145, Lot 208. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

All surfaces broken.

Dimensions: Ls. 3.4 cm; Ws. 1.6 cm; Ths. 0.7 cm.

Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Two roughly triangular bone fragments. One has long chip leaving sharp edge and shallow flakes on upper face. High



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 253

luster on top, bottom and worked edge. Found associated with 623. 769 Bone Waste  (Pl. 141) YH 65286, SF 02-388  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 102, Lot 366. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Broken and mended, but gaps where pieces are missing.

Zone: White clay deposit. Operation 29, Locus 161, Lot 313. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 10.7 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1 cm. Rib with both top and bottom edges irregularly cut, leaving long strip with rectangular section. Longitudinal striations on both broad surfaces. Both ends broken, but one has chipping, saw marks, and shows luster.

Dimensions: Largest piece L. 6 cm; W. 4.7 cm; Th. 4.2 cm. Four segments of large mammal long bone showing cutting and faceting. Found associated with 877. 770 Bone Waste  (Pl. 141) YH 37567  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone. Operation 17, Lot 215. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 3, Hellenistic. Broken at edges. Both front and back sides show bronze staining.

773 Bone Waste  (Pl. 141) YH 60579, SF 01-58  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill above paving dated to Late Phrygian earthquake. Operation 36, Locus 261, Lot 387. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 395 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 8 cm; W. 3.8 cm; Th. 2.5 cm. Approximately half of a horse’s first phalange, sawn longitudinally. Worked surface very flat, evenly cut, though no saw marks showing. Rest of surface unworked.

Dimensions: L. 8.5 cm; W. 3.8 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Fragment of bone smoothed on one side and showing deep marrow channels on the back. 771 Bone Waste  (Pl. 141) YH 43747, SF 95-59  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 29, Lot 277. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic.

774 Bone Waste  (Pl. 141) YH 60527, SF 01-57  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 36, Locus 215, Lot 259. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 3B, Early Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 6 cm; W. 5 cm; Th. 4.2 cm.

Broken on most edges. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Bone fragment of an irregular rectangular shape. Evidence of abrasion, slicing, and sawing. Luster top and bottom especially at broken end, not on sides. 772 Bone Waste  (Pl. 141) YH 46977, SF 95-176  Citadel Mound, Northwest

Horse metapodial, distal end, sawn at slight diagonal to detach epiphysis. Saw marks visible. One side flattened by abrasion. Surface of condyle pecked. Uncertain if it was ever used. 775 Bone Waste  (Pl. 142) YH 60680, SF 01-97  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Deposit above paved surface of Late Phrygian architectural complex.

254

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Operation 36, Locus 252, Lot 378. YH Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, late 5th to early 4th century BCE.

Trench Sounding: In Late Bronze Age CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). YHSS Phase: 850, Late Bronze Age. Operation 3, Locus 40, Lot 90.

Intact. Ends chipped and broken; entire surface deteriorated. Dimensions: Ls. 4.7–6.1 cm; Ws. 4.2–4.7 cm; Ths. 3 cm. Dimensions: L. 8.8 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 2.2 cm. Two sections of large bone sawn across long axis. Rectangular section suggests intention to create something similar to a rectangular handle. 776 Bone Waste  (Pl. 142) YH 62140, SF 02-57  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 48, Locus 28, Lot 68. YHSS Phase: 2:1, Roman (ca. 50–75/80 CE).

Antler sawn transversely at each end, with original flat surface visible at butt end.

Intact.

779 Antler Tine  (Pl. 142) YH 32398, SF 89-581  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Collapse inside CBH Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 11, Locus 45, Lot 185. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze Age.

Dimensions: L. 5.6 cm; W. 4.8 cm.

Broken off at broad end.

Long bone from large mammal, epiphyseal end sawn neatly off across long axis of bone.

Dimensions: L. 12 cm; W. 4.1 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Deer antler tine worn smooth at end and polished.

777 Bone Waste  (Pl. 142) YH 65269, SF 02-380  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone. Operation 44, Locus 17, Lot 26. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. Broken off at one end.

780 Antler Tine  (Pl. 143) YH 21255, SF 88-41  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Wash and later Early Iron Age pits in area immediately below Early Phrygian courtyards (Voigt 1994). Operation 6, Locus 17, Lot 21. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age.

Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 2 cm. Broken at butt end; surface poorly preserved. Bone with one epiphyseal end trimmed back. Opposite end broken and roughly trimmed to oval with an extending narrow tongue of bone. End of tongue chipped nearly straight; worn smooth on exterior of bone. Intact bone at base of tongue also chipped straight but not worn. Surface of bone rough and pitted at epiphysis; worn smooth and lustrous in center and on tongue.

Antler and Horn 778 Antler Segment  (Pl. 142) YH 22975, SF 88-147  Citadel Mound, Lower

Dimensions: L. 6.2 cm; W. 1.5 cm. Antler tine with oval section, rounded at tip. Signs of use on tip (flakes and dents) along with some grooves immediately below. 781 Antler Tine  (No illustration) YH 42522, SF 94-227  Lower Town: Area B: Clearing YHSS 5 surface cut by YHSS 4 pithouse. Operation 26, Locus 11, Lot 59. YHSS Phase: 5–4, Middle to Late Phrygian, 6th to 4th century BCE.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 255

Intact, but chipped and scratched. Dimensions: L. 5.3 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Antler tine worn on one side. Butt sawn, leaving ridge on one side. Conical depression drilled in center. Crisscross scratches on surface. 782 Antler Tine  (Pl. 143) YH 51838, SF 96-235  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: From Middle Phrygian dump, dated 550– 540 BCE (Sams and Voigt 1998:684–687). Operation 17, Locus 708, Lot 895. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, mid-6th century BCE.

Trench Sounding: Trash pit. Operation 1, Locus 35, Lot 100. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 1.4 cm; D. 2.3 cm. Sawn segment of antler, carved around edges. Sawn ends relatively smooth with some luster; sides entirely faceted without luster. 786 Antler Segment  (Pl. 143) YH 47817, SF 95-236  Lower Town, Area B. Operation 42, Locus 6, Lot 66. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Broken off at proximal end. Intact, with some wear on sides. Dimensions: L. 9.8 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 2 cm. Dimensions: L. 1.5 cm; D. 1.7 cm. Antler tine with rounded tip smoothed through use. 783 Antler Segment  (Pl. 143) YH 42816, SF 94-246  Lower Town, Area B. Operation 31, Locus 11, Lot 37. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 1.7 cm; W. 1.5 cm. Section of antler cut squarely at both ends. Surface left in natural state.

Segment of antler tine cut at both ends. Saw marks in two directions on both cut surfaces: at right angles on one side, diagonal on the other. 787 Antler Tine  (Pl. 143) YH 55078, SF 97-77  Citadel Mound: Northwest Zone. Operation 34, Locus 284, Lot 589. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian Broken at both ends. Dimensions: L. 8.6 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.4 cm.

784 Antler Segment  (Pl. 143) YH 43161, SF 94-260  Lower Town, Area B. Operation 31, Locus 17, Lot 55. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian to 0, Modern. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 2.3 cm. Section of antler, cut squarely at both ends. Outer surface left in natural state. 785 Antler Segment  (Pl. 143) YH 27839, SF 89-149  Citadel Mound, Upper

Antler tine cut off at base. Tip faceted with diagonal lines. Sides shaved down and faceted. Facets are matte and original surface lustrous. 788 Antler Segment  (Pl. 143) YH 56183, SF 97-104  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Orange and hard-packed surface associated with high temperature. Operation 36, Locus 291, Lot 443. YH Period: 4, Late Phrygian, ca. 450 BCE. Intact.

256

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: L. 7.3 cm; W. 3.5 cm; Th. 3 cm. Segment of antler sawn transversely on both ends. Two facets on sides where surface was cut or shaved. 789 Antler Segment  (Pl. 143) YH 57994, SF 97-261  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill under paving. Operation 29, Locus 438, Lot 789. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, ca. 450 BCE.

Floor 2, with piece of West Slope ware (NB 162:49). Complete, as sawn and whittled. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; D. 7.4 cm. Natural knobby base of large, sloughed-off, red deer’s antler. Knife marks around edges of sloughed side and some smoothing in center. Other face sawed completely through from two directions very close to knobs.

Broken at proximal end; entire surface heavily weathered. Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Segment of antler tine sawn on one end. Many dents on flat surface side; minor damage on opposite side.

793 Antler Segment  (Pl. 144) YH 38648, SF 95-127  Lower Town: Area B. Operation 31, Locus 100, Lot 104. YHSS Phase: Unknown; found during balk cleaning. Intact.

790 Antler Tine  (Pl. 144) YH 43372, SF 94-269  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Badly disturbed area. Operation 17, Locus 436, Lot 550. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian Intact; chip on tip and side.

Dimensions: L. 8.3 cm; W. 5.3 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Segment of antler cut in half longitudinally forming a flat piece. Wide end sawn to form obtuse angle; narrow end cut straight across. Flat area and part of tine shaved to produce smooth, faceted surface. Original surface preserved over approximately half of piece.

Dimensions: L. 8.9 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 2 cm. Antler tine sawn on proximal end. Convex surface scratched and nicked; opposite surface retains natural bumps. Some luster on cut edge; rest of surface has traces of low luster. 791 Antler Tine  (Pl. 144) YH 27085, SF 89-86  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Courtyard. Operation 7, Locus 20, Lot 50. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

794 Horn Segment  (Pl. 144) YH 55077, SF 96-46  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Test trench in Late Phrygian deposit. Found associated with collapse and robbing of large structure with massive stone foundations. Operation 34, Locus 251, Lot 528. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Wear at breaks. Dimensions: L. 13 cm; W. 4.6 cm; Th. 2.9 cm.

Broken off at butt end. Dimensions: L. 3.9 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 1 cm. Antler tine, one side slightly flattened, other rounded. Rounded side lustrous; faint grooves and dents on both sides. Possibly used as a burnisher. 792 Antler Base  (Pl. 144) BI 575  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-13: Below

Twisted segment of goat horn with teardrop-shaped section sawn and chopped off at cranium; tip cut away. Interior solid. Slight luster on some parts of surface could suggest use as a tool. 795 Horn Segment  (Pl. 145) YH 60315, SF 97-14  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone Operation 34, Locus 292, Lot 604.



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 257

YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Broken after excavation. Dimensions: L. 10.6 cm; W. 5.2 cm; Th. 3.7 cm. Proximal end of horn core (possibly goat) with small part of skull preserved. Distal end sawn across long axis at slight angle. Very smooth cut surface with teardropshaped section. 796 Horn Segment  (Pl. 145) YH 60580, SF 01-59  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed Hellenistic period fill. Operation 36, Locus 211, Lot 235. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic, ca. 333 BCE.

Dimensions: L. 11.9 cm; W. 3.2 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Goat horn core, ragged at head end; cut or sawn area toward tip. Irregular hole in middle of one long face; may be damage and not intentional. 799 Horn Segment  (Pl. 146) YH 57033, SF 97-259  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Manufacturing area just below a burnt orange surface. Operation 36, Locus 332, Lot 566. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Mended (a). Dimensions: (a) L. 5.2 cm; W. 4.4 cm; Th. 2.2 cm. (b) L. 2.1 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 9.1 cm; W. 2.8 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Animal horn sawn off at base. Second cut removed one edge of horn. Apparently broken while cutting and discarded. Distal end of horn broken away in antiquity. Possibly abandoned in the process of being cut to make a handle. 797 Horn Segment  (Pl. 145) YH 65279  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Above plaster floor in complex of cellars cut into Middle Phrygian walls (Sams and Voigt 2003:196). Operation 29, Locus 56, Lot 128. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 600–575 BCE.

Two sawn segments of Bos horn core. (a) Made up of three joining pieces is nearly complete; (b) is shorter with smaller diameter and thinner walls (no illustration available). Sawn surfaces flat, clean. 800 Horn Segment  (Pl. 146) YH 58856, SF 02-250  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Found on surface associated with well preserved Middle Hellenistic Buildings. Operation 29.5, Locus 3, Lot 4. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 4.8 cm; W. 4.1 cm; Th. 2.2 cm.

Broken off at one end. Dimensions: L. 10.5 cm; W. 2.5 cm. Sheep or goat horn core sawed nearly through and then broken at wide, head end.

Segment of horn core, possibly from near base, neatly sawed across long axis into ring. Interior of horn still intact; no luster or sign of use. 801 Horn Segment  (Pl. 146) YH 60593, SF 01-70  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Associated with last phase of Late Phrygian house. Operation 36, Locus 213, Lot 241. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 395 BCE.

798 Horn Segment  (Pl. 145) YH 65283, SF 02-385  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Outside surfaces, in area with metallurgical activities. Operation 45, Locus 111, Lot 139. YHSS Phase: 3A:3, Late Hellenistic.

Intact.

Tip broken off.

Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; W. 3.5 cm; Th. 6.3 cm.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Base of a Bos horn core. Proximal end trimmed around base by cutting; distal end sawn across. 802 Horn Segment  (Pl. 146) YH 56724, SF 97-146  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Material recovered from industrial cut in area used throughout 5th century BCE. Operation 29, Locus 408, Lot 858. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, first half of 5th century BCE. Broken off at one end; very friable. Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Horn cut at preserved end to flat surface with a parallel cut 0.9 cm away. Other end broken away, as are other two sides of what may be a rectangular-sectioned object; but angle could also be natural form of the horn. 803 Horn Tip  (Pl. 146) BI 557  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE5: On Floor 2 (NB 152:121). Intact, as cut. Dimensions: L. 4 cm; D. 2.9 cm. Tip of cow’s horn, cut cleanly across to form naturally hollow cone. Pierced at point. Found associated with marble cube (ST 764), fibula (B 1901), and iron arrowhead (ILS 653). notes: 10.1  “This association could be due the stereotype of a luxury-loving oriental barbarian” (Andreeva 2020:69). 10.2  Several textile samples preserved from the mid-9th century BCE Tumulus W illustrate a range of materials and techniques used in cloth production, including one piece with interwoven vegetable and animal fibers (Ellis 1981:304, fabric F), tape to secure objects (Ellis 1981:303, pl. 100C, fabric D), material made of large, Z-spun yarn (Ellis 1981:308, fabric H), and felt used as bedding (Ellis 1981:309, fabric K). 10.3  Because units 2 and 3 in the Terrace Building differ from the other six in their lack of equipment for grinding grain and cooking, some scholars have preferred to label

them simply as storage spaces rather than active workshops, even though they contained an exceptionally large quantity of loom weights (785 found in Terrace Building 2, and 587 recovered in Terrace Building 3) (DeVries 1980:39). 10.4  The large doughnut-shaped loom weights of unbaked clay were preserved through their accidental incineration in the great fire that swept through the complex at the end of the 9th century BCE. Some loom weights found in CC Building, Room 3, and the antechamber of Terrace Building 2 still had thread attached, and 21 loom weights discovered in Terrace Building 7, lay as they fell from the loom in a double line approximately 1.60 m long (DeVries 1980:39; Burke 2010:117–118). 10.5  See Savage 2014 for a good overview of the tools used in spinning and weaving. 10.6  Indirect evidence for the products of these workshops is reflected in the pebble mosaic floor of Megaron 2, where an exuberant agglomeration of geometric patterns likely mimicked designs found in carpets (Burke 2005: fig. 6-2, pl. 1, 2010: figs. 66–67). Textile fragments from Tumulus P combined red and white yarns to create lozenge and meander patterns reminiscent of the clothing worn by King Warpalawas on the İvriz relief (Ellis 1981:305, figs. 145–148, fabric G; Burke 2010:157, fig. 80R). Such motifs appear at Gordion in a variety of media: painted pottery, inlaid wood, and bone and ivory decorative pieces. 10.7  The most comprehensive examinations of textiles from Gordion to date are by Louisa Bellinger (1962), Richard Ellis (1981), Brendan Burke (2010), and M.W. Ballard et al. (2010). 10.8  Homer places both Helen and Penelope at the loom (Odyssey IV, 131–135 and Iliad 93–110). 10.9  The threads from Tumuli W, P, and MM were mostly spun in a clockwise Z-direction; but in cases where two fibers were combined, threads were also spun in the counterclockwise S-direction (Ellis 1981:296). 10.10  Although bone and ivory whorls are well documented, heavier materials like stone and clay were preferred. In many instances, there is no sure way to tell whether a particular object is a whorl, a bead, or a decorative attachment. Size is not a useful criterion and the hole can vary from quite small (0.3–0.4 cm) to substantial (1.7–1.9 cm). Because it seems unlikely anyone would drill a hole much larger than a thin string if the object were intended as a bead, it is probably safe to assume that any whorl-shaped object with a hole larger than 4 mm may have been a spindle whorl (Crewe 1998:9, 11). 10.11  Similar activity may have taken place in earlier times



WORKING IMPLEMENTS 259

beneath the Terrace Building. A recent sounding below the rubble platform supporting the floor of Terrace Building 6 yielded a bone shuttle and needle, along with two spindle whorls and loom weights dated to the Early Phrygian period (Rose 2017:155–157). 10.12  See, for example, pieces found at Enkomi (Schaeffer 1952: pl. CXIV, 2, 3; Ǻström 1967:76, tool no 2; 136), the Archaic sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:93, pl. X2CCVII, 1, 6), and Roman Corinth (David-

son 1952:196, pl. 89, no. 1492). 10.13  Location details are provided in NB 120:44–45. 10.14  Voigt suggests that short awls could also be used to make baskets, such as one found in a YHSS 7A context (pers. comm.). 10.15  The fact that many pieces of bone, antler, and horn were saved was primarily due to the presence on the Voigt excavation team of zooarchaeologists Melinda Zeder, Susan Arter, and Jeremiah Dandoy.

11 Writing Implements

T

he collection of bone objects related to writing at Gordion is limited to five examples of styli used to incise malleable surfaces like clay or wax (804–808), one pen for writing in ink on papyrus or parchment (809), and three examples of what may be interpreted as hinge plates indicative of wooden and wax tablets (810–812). Although all these pieces were found in Late Phrygian to Hellenistic domestic contexts, earlier evidence of writing at Gordion suggests that similar implements must have existed in earlier periods. Coupled with the evidence provided by the remains of written texts, a picture emerges of the role of writing in Phrygian society. Although a pointed stylus with a flattened eraser might have been used for purposes other than writing, there is little doubt about the use of 808 as a stylus for writing on a soft surface. Its octagonal shaft provides a good grip, its sharpened tip, a precise point, and its squared end, a convenient eraser for soft wax. Other styli are less clearly defined. Although they have a sharp point for writing and a flared end for erasing, they equally well could have been used for sculpting in clay (804–807).1 Assyrian reliefs show scribes holding a tablet and a slightly flaring stylus ending in a simple cut-off end (Wiseman 1955: pl. III, 2), a bone example of which was found in the Sargonid layer in the Northwest Palace at Nimrud (Mallowan 1966:163, fig. 98). This type of tapered stylus had a long history of continuous use down to the Roman period. Eventually the stylus was modified to a straight shaft with the eraser end shaped as an offset square. The earliest preserved example of this type comes from a 6th century BCE context at Perachora (Stubbings 1962:445, no. A366, pl. 189). Similar styli are illustrated in conjunction with two and three-leaved tablets on red-figured vases from the early 5th century BCE.2

Preserved styli, as well as illustrations on vases, show a great variety in the shape of the eraser, with a gradual tendency toward a thin and very elongated end section,3 while more elaborate versions have concave or flaring sides.4 A bronze stylus might have a spiraled shaft to provide a better grip, as in an example from Dodona (Carapanos 1878: pl. 53, 8 and 11); but a bone imitation from Halae is rather unsuccessful in mimicking this shape (Goldman 1940:425, fig. 78, 6). Some styli had a small hole near the end of the eraser, allowing the owner to carry of his writing implement on a string (Goldman 1940: fig. 78, 2–5 and 8). The simple flared stylus was also made in bronze, occasionally with a spiraled shaft, such as one from Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. 80, figs. 674–675). A distinctive Roman period stylus with a short offset point at the thicker end and a round, ball eraser at the thinner tip is also comes from Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. 80, fig. 674). Many styli show signs of wear, such as a very short, and apparently well-used, stylus from Halae (Goldman 1940:425, fig. 78, 2). The point was frequently filed down to keep it sharp, and both ends often shown signs of burning where they were heated to facilitate smoothing the wax. The extent of both nonverbal graffiti and epigraphic records from Gordion is not surprising in light of Gordion’s status as a significant administrative center during the Early and Middle Phrygian periods, its role in the Persian administrative organization, and its later floruit in the Hellenistic and Roman world. The administrative controls needed to account for the production and distribution of goods required a record keeping system. The discovery of these objects in what appear to be domestic settings suggests a level of literacy that extended beyond administrative personnel. There is sparse but tantalizing evidence for writing and the extent of literacy in Gordion. Starting in

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

the Hittite period, stamped or incised signs or letters were added to a pot before or after firing to indicate production source, capacity, use, or ownership (Roller 1987b). More developed writing in the Phrygian language first appears at Gordion during the 8th century BCE (DeVries 2007:96) and continues until the arrival of the Galatians in the mid-3rd century BCE. Most of the surviving alphabetic writings appear to be ownership marks, proper names, or dedicatory texts (Young 1964a: 280f; 1969; Roller 1987a and 1987b; Liebhart and Brixhe 2009). Letters in Greek script show up in the first half of the 4th century BCE, although their simplicity suggests they were used primarily as simple marks or symbols (Roller 1987a:105). By the later 3rd century BCE, Greek letters predominate, although it is not always clear whether they are being used to write Greek, Phrygian, or even Celtic words (Roller 1987a:107; DeVries 1990:402).5 Examples of preserved writing appear first in the Early Phrygian period and suggest the medium where earlier versions of the bone and ivory writing implements catalogued here may have been used. What may be the earliest writing at Gordion appears on a sherd recovered from below the final floor of Megaron 10, which must date it in the late 9th century BCE. Scratched onto the baked clay surface were five letters above four vertical marks (Young 1966: 276, pl. 73, fig. 22, 1969: 257–259, no. 29, fig. 1, pl. 67; Rose and Darbyshire. 2011:65, fig. 4.16; Rose 2021:60, n. 123).6 Five objects from the mid-8th century BCE Tumulus MM carry incised letters presumably the names of donors added at the time of the funeral (Brixhe 1975, MM 67–69, 119, 362). One bronze omphalos bowl (MM 119) had a single word Incised on the underside of its base, while a broken dinos pottery fragment carries a two-word phrase—probably the donor’s name and a dedicatory verb (Young 1969:260, nos. 30–31, fig. 2-3, 1981:139, fig. 134 D and E, MM 119, MM 362; Brixhe 1975:275, fig. 134D–E, pl. 98A–B). Most intriguing, is the fortunate preservation of three short inscriptions incised in beeswax applied to the rims of three ring-handled bowls found in the tumulus (Young 1958:153, pl. 25, fig. 21, 1969: 261–262, nos. 25, 32, 33, figs. 1, 3, pl. 68, 1981:129–130, fig,134 A–C, MM 67–69; Brixhe 1975: 273–275). Each was written with a bluntly pointed bone or metal implement.7 The use of wax as a writing surface hints at the possibility that longer written records were kept on

waxed wooden leaves bound together in a book format. Whereas the wax inscriptions on the bronze bowls in Tumulus MM were meant to last forever, the obvious advantage of writing on a wax surface was the ease with which one could erase text no longer needed and record new information.8 In addition to the styli, three delicate bone hinge plates (810–812) suggest that records at Gordion may have been stored on some type of waxed tablet with multiple leaves. Although the Gordion pieces all come from Late Phrygian to early Hellenistic contexts, their presence hints at possible earlier usage of wax tablets based on the widespread evidence of their popularity starting in the Hittite period. The Gordion hinge plates are remarkably alike in size and shape (810– 812): a thin flat section with a raised ridge along one side. Each has two small attachment holes interrupting the ridge and a single hole toward the middle of the opposite side. The way in which each is broken at the top hole suggests an attachment location particularly subject to wear. Whether these objects were indeed part of a set of wooden writing tablets or a small box is difficult to say with certainty. Writing tablets were used by a special class of Hittite scribes at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE (Bossert 1952:15). The Hittites’ preference for wax as a writing material may explain the high value they placed on bees and their wax,9 imposing severe penalties on anyone who damaged a hive or stole the wax (Hronzy 1922: nos. 91 and 92; Mallowan 1954:10). A tablet illustrated on the Late Hittite funerary stele of Tarhunpiya from Maraş is composed of leaves held together by large hinges and closed by a cord looped over a knob, while a youth stands below poised for writing with a long, pointed stylus with a flared eraser end (Akurgal 1968: pl. 29).10 Assyrian reliefs showing scribes holding what appear to be waxed tablets11 (Wiseman 1955: pl. III, 2; Smith 1938: pl. XI) are confirmed by a spectacular collection of hinged tablets dated to the 9th century BCE found at Nimrud. A deep well in the Northwest Palace of Assurnasirpal yielded approximately sixteen ivory and seven wooden boards, still preserving parts of their beeswax writing surfaces (Mallowan 1954:98–107; Wiseman 1955:3–13). The boards were spread with wax, tempered with orpiment (yellow arsenic sulfide) or other substances to facilitate writing on the colored surface.12 The



WRITING IMPLEMENTS 263

individual leaves were probably combined in books of four or five boards held together with leather hinges,13 although the systematic destruction of these examples from Nimrud suggests the hinges may have been of a precious material attractive to robbers (Howard 1955:18). Aside from writing on wax, the Hellenistic residents of Gordion must have known and used parchment or papyrus from at least the 3rd century BCE on.14 A bone pen with a split nib found in a Hellenistic house (809) was used for writing in ink on papyrus, perhaps imported from Alexandria. After the 2nd century BCE, parchment was readily available from Pergamon, one of the most famous production centers. These writing implements, coupled with limited examples of texts, are too minimal to be able to allow any broad conclusions about literacy and the prevalence of writing at any period in Gordion. One can only surmise that a large political and commercial center like Gordion would have required on some recording system, if not archives of religious texts and collections of personal communications.

Catalogue: Writing Implements

House (published as the McClellan House by Wells 2012:107–108, fig. 63) (NB 153:12). Complete. Dimensions: L. 18.9 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 1 cm. Bone stylus with head slightly flattened vertically without being spatulate. Thin neck swells into wider central portion and then thins slowly to sharp point. Oval in section, except round near point. Marrow still showing in streak on one face. Well carved, though some strokes not smoothed away. 806 Bone Stylus  (Pl. 147) YH 54404, SF 96-224  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Middle Hellenistic Building 4 (YHSS 3A:2), in pit along west wall of workroom for making terracotta figurines (Sams and Voigt 1998:681, plan 3, photos 1–3; Voigt 2012b:251, figs. 8–9). Operation 30 locus 105 Lot 214. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 14.6 cm; W. 0.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm.

804 Bone Writing Tool  (Pl. 147) BI 43  Citadel Mound, NC Trench: Early Hellenistic House, courtyard space H (published as Machteld’s House by Wells 2012:60–78, fig. 43) (NB 5:34).

Bone stylus with thicker, faceted, oval central section, tapering to each end. One tip is oval and beveled on one side to form edge; opposite end also beveled without similar expansion. Ends very smooth and lustrous. Could be alternatively interpreted as a sculpting tool.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 12 cm; W. 0.6 cm. Thin, smooth, bone rod, oval in section. Tapers to sharp point at one end, flattens to uneven spatula at the other.

Found associated with 156, 757, a shell used as a paint dish (YH 54406), and iron tool (YH 53495). 807 Bone Stylus  (Pl. 147) BI 137  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-NW, Cut IC: Layer 2 (NB 21:17).

Found associated with 664 and in same Early Hellenistic house as 493, 508, 578.

Intact.

Wells 2012:77, table 11.

Dimensions: L. 14 cm; W. 1 cm.

805 Bone Stylus  (Pl. 147) BI 535  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-6: Pit dug into the robbed wall of an Early Hellenistic

Bone stylus tapering from swollen center to narrow, thin, spatulate tip with rounded edge. At opposite end, a flat spatula widening to an oblique edge. Smoothly finished.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Found associated with late 4th century BCE black-glazed sherds, a marble finial (ST 122), a red-glazed bowl (P 434), a small coarse pitcher (P 433), and a coin, not catalogued but described by the excavator as a coin of Antiochus III (222–187 BCE). 808 Bone Stylus  (Pl. 147) BI 39  Citadel Mound, South Trench, Section B: Floor 3, with a coin, not catalogued but described by the excavator as belonging to Prusias I (228– 182 BCE) (NB 4:137).

Thin, flat, bone rectangle, along one side of which is a raised ridge resembling a hinge pin. Three small holes (D. 0.2 cm) pierce the plate for attachment: two on hinge-ridge (top and bottom) and one at center of far edge. Worn place appears to cross ridge toward preserved hole, perhaps where a cord was tied. Side with ridge very smooth, luster on ridge; opposite side rough, luster on raised edges. 811 Bone Hinge Plate  (Pl. 147) BI 543  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-SE2: Immediately above Floor 4, with black-glazed palmette-stamped wares (NB 152:43–44).

Complete. Complete, except that half of back ridge is broken away. Dimensions: L. 12.4 cm. Dimensions: H. 2.5 cm; W. 2.7 cm; Th. 0.3 cm. Bone stylus, octagonal in section, tapering to pencil-like point, offset from shaft by small groove. Butt end cut into large, slightly tapering, square head. Found associated with 725 and a bronze plaque or lid (B 59). 809 Bone Pen  (Pl. 147) BI 48  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Layer 3, under courtyard of Level 2 Hellenistic house (NB 6:17).

Thin, flat, bone square, along one side of which is a raised ridge left to resemble a hinge pin. Three small holes pierce the plate for application: two on hinge-ridge (top and bottom) and one at center near far edge. Worn place appears to cross ridge toward preserved hole, perhaps where a cord was tied. 812 Bone Hinge Plate  (Pl. 147) BI 145  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT: Level Ic, in platform around Hellenistic cellar (NB 10:151).

Intact. Chip off one corner. Dimensions: L. 12.5 cm; W. 0.5 cm. Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; W. 1.7 cm. Hollowed out bone pen, roughly finished at one end; at other end, cut obliquely into a point, slit for about half its length, leaving a broad nib. Compare a Roman example of the same type, now in the British Museum (British Museum 1920:200). 810 Bone Hinge Plate  (Pl. 147) YH 42973, SF 94-250  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: In brick collapse on the floor of a Late Phrygian pithouse, sealed by an Early Hellenistic house. Operation 17, Locus 422, Lot 540. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 4th century. Chip broken off through hole at one corner. Dimensions: H. 2.4 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.2 cm.

Thin, flat bone rectangle with a rounded ridge set off by a groove on one long side. Plate pierced by two attachment holes on inner and outer side of ridge and one at center of opposite edge. Found associated with a coin, not catalogued but described by the excavator as Macedonian ca. 280 BCE. notes: 11.1  Some objects catalogued in the previous section as pointed implements may equally well have functioned as styli to inscribe words on a soft surface like clay or wax (e.g., 654, 673). In the same way, an object catalogued here as a stylus (806) and found in a Hellenistic workshop that produced terracotta figurines, could also have been used to sculpt in clay.



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11.2  Examples are found on kylixes attributed to Douris (Hoppin 1919:214–215) and Euphronios/Panaitos (Pfuhl 1923: pl. 131). See also an elegant bronze stylus from Olynthos (Boehmer 1972: fig. 44). 11.3  A group of 5th century BCE styli from the Athenian Agora illustrate this shape (Vanderpool 1946:335, pl. LXIX). 11.4  An ivory stylus of the first half of the 4th century BCE from Corinth has a long eraser with concave sides, almost equal in length to its pointed shaft, which may have been shortened through use (Davidson 1952:186, no, 1357, pl. 83). A nearly identical stylus of copper was found in an early 2nd century BCE context at Nimrud and demonstrates the consistency of the type (Mallowan 1966:162, fig. 96, ND 264a). 11.5  A Late Phrygian black glazed echinus bowl (YH 58004, dated 375–325 BCE) found on an Early Hellenistic surface in a domestic setting had three Phrygian letters (TEU) scratched on the resting surface and is thought to illustrate one of the latest uses of Phrygian letters (Voigt, pers. comm.). 11.6  The building was called the North Building at the time of its initial excavation. Rodney Young originally dated it to just before the middle of the 8th century BCE. As Megaron 10 was not destroyed when other buildings were consumed in a great fire at the end of the 9th century BCE, the deposition of the inscribed bowl could have been either earlier or later, but at least before the clay layer was spread in the 8th century BCE (Rose and Darbyshire 2011:65). 11.7  In 2009, Richard Liebhart discovered that one of the names appearing on a bowl was also scratched on a heavy beam in the tumulus roof, where other celebrants at the funerary feast joined in memorializing their presence at the final ceremony (Liebhart and Brixhe 2010; Liebhart 2012:144, fig. 9.47). 11.8  This method would be particularly useful for carrying on correspondence where a single tablet could be passed

back and forth. A tablet from Ras Shamra (RS 19.53) indicates that it was a personal possession, since the sender requests its return in his letter (Symington 1991:118). Several engraved marks or symbols on the border of a writing board found in the Uluburun shipwreck have been interpreted as owner’s marks, perhaps ensuring it would be returned (Payton 1991:104). 11.9  The Hittite word used to describe writing on wax was guls- which meant “incise” or “draw”—and was not used to describe writing on clay tablets (Symington 1991:115). 11.10  A very similar stylus in bronze (B 1582) was recovered with Hittite sherds in a pit dug into Late Bronze Age Level 8 under Megaron 10 at Gordion (Gunter 1991:42, 64, no. 279, pl. 22). A number of bronze styli with a simple flared eraser end have been found in Hittite layers at Boğazköy; they are assumed to have been used for writing on wax rather than clay (Boehmer 1972:133–134, pl. XLI, nos. 1206–1218). 11.11  “Scattered references to writing-boards first occur in Ur III texts but most of the evidence belongs to the NeoAssyrian/Babylonian period when waxed boards became increasingly popular” (Symington 1991:111; see also, MacGinnis 2002:217). 11.12  Recorded recipes and finds suggest orpiment was mixed with wax in ratios of between 1:3 and 1:10 (MacGinnis 2002:226). The 14th century BCE Uluburun shipwreck yielded fragments of hinged tablet leaves (over one hundred fragments were found in one large pithos, KW 252), as well as a large amount of orpiment (Payton 1991:101, n. 15; Pulak 2008:367–368). 11.13  An administrative text from Nimrud (ND 2653) mentions boards of between two and five leaves (Symington 1991:113). 11.14  Parchment, and probably also papyrus, had been used in Assyria from the times of Tiglath Pileser III (745– 727 BCE) (Dougherty 1928).

12 Musical Instruments

D

espite the expectation that the Phrygian capital might yield examples of the pipes for which the Phrygians were widely famous, there is disappointingly little evidence of their role in the development of musical instruments and a musical mode of renown. The collection catalogued here include four examples of small pipes (813–816), five pieces that may have been a part of larger pipes or auloi (817–821), and a small whistle (822), all of which come from Hellenistic contexts. In addition, there are the remains of at least five Middle Phrygian lyres fashioned from a tortoise carapace (823–827). While the Gordion pieces are later in date, they do represent a much earlier tradition of Phrygian interest in the development of musical instruments and modes.

Pipes To evaluate the evidence for the musical scene at Gordion as suggested by pipes and other elements found on the Citadel Mound, it is helpful to first understand the broader musical context in which they were used. By understanding the individual components of an aulos, we can better see how the objects found at Gordion fit into the aulos type. Ancient musical pipes are best understood based on the combined evidence in Greek and Roman written records and preserved examples. Pipes were played either singly1 or as double2 instruments. Double pipes were usually equal in length; but the well-known Phrygian aulos had one longer pipe, held by the left hand, that ended in an upwardly curving, flared opening and was noted for producing a low sonorous tone. Although preserved pairs of double pipes are quite rare, the alignment of the holes on an individual pipe can reveal not only whether it

was one of a pair, but also indicate in which hand it was held because a pipe from a double aulos has the thumb hole shifted 5° or 10° clockwise for the righthand pipe3 or counter-clockwise for a left-hand pipe.4 The double pipes had a separate mouthpiece and were frequently shown supported in place by bands (φορβεία or περιστόμιον) tied against the cheeks.5 The pipes were played either simultaneously to produce the same tone or tones separated by an octave, or individually with the melody on one pipe and a higher accompaniment, perhaps only a drone, on the other (Hagel 2009:337).6 Most auloi, according to literary references, were played through a reeded mouthpiece. Since no reed has been preserved, written descriptions are the only way to understand their use. Pipes were made of reed, ivory, bone, and wood. The most completely preserved aulos is housed in the Museum of Greek Archaeology at Reading University (England). Missing only its reed, it best illustrates the component parts of a typical pipe (Landels 1968:231–238, pl. 55). The sections are made of either bone or ivory and wood, sheathed with bronze and silver.7 The complete pipe is 40 cm long, an average length, based on the scale of auloi shown in vase paintings.8 The mouthpiece (ὅλμος) consists of a flaring bell segment and a short shaft.9 Directly below the juncture of these two parts is a small speaker hole, used to raise the tone of the pipe by a twelfth (Landels 1968:234).10 Below the mouthpiece are the bulb (ὑφόλμιον) and its stem, both of which are wood covered with silver foil. Despite its swollen exterior, the internal diameter of the bulb matches that of the shaft below (9 mm). If the external shape did not affect the internal bore, it is difficult to imagine what musical purpose the bulb served, especially as numerous depictions in vase paintings show auloi with double

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bulbs (Beazley 1928: pls. 5 and 9; Richter and Hall 1936: pl. 155; Pfuhl 1923: pl. 381). The shaft of the Reading aulos has four finger holes on the upper surface and a thumb hole behind. The spacing between the holes (center to center) varies from 2.3 cm to 3.1 cm. In a fully developed aulos, the customary arrangement consisted of five holes on the upper surface and a single thumb hole on the back between the top two holes.11 The bottom hole probably functioned as a vent hole, particularly if the pipe were one of a pair and meant to be played with one hand (West 1992:86). In positioning the holes, the harmonic ideal was to have them all exactly equidistant from each other. This was rarely the case; but minor errors probably had little obvious effect on the tone.12 The thumb hole was included in calculating the spacing so that the holes to either side on the upper surface were double the usual distance from each other. On some auloi, the finger holes are recessed to permit tighter closing.13 Theoretically the diameter of the hole should equal the diameter of the shaft. The holes, usually made with a drill, were generally round, although occasionally rectangular;14 however, the two shapes were not combined on a single pipe. The lowest section of the aulos flared out in a bell shape, very few examples of which are preserved.15 There is strong evidence from written sources that many pipes used a reed to produce sound.16 The reed was an important factor in the tone of the aulos, so its universal absence from all preserved pipes has led to varying interpretations as to the musical mode they were meant to play, since it was possible to produce up to three different tones on a single hole by varying the pressure of the lips on the reed (Howard 1893:31). The popular musical modes of antiquity varied in the number of tones into which their scale was divided: the Dorian had eleven notes, the Phrygian twelve and the Lydian thirteen.17 Aristotle associated the Phrygian mode with the aulos and claimed it produced harmonies that were violently exciting and emotional—ὀργιαστικά καὶ παθητικά (Pol. 1342a32–b12). Once the fundamental tone is known, it requires a simple mathematical calculation to determine the other notes achieved by the placement of the holes along the length of the aulos. Theoretically their position is mathematically set, but in practice they were seldom placed exactly. Consequently, scholars have been

frequently frustrated in their attempts to decide on the mode for which a particular aulos was designed. A double aulos found in Egypt and now in the Louvre is a rare example of two pipes that are known to have been a pair. The pipe held in the right hand had eight holes on its upper face and a single thumb hole on the underside, opposite the large space between the first and second holes (Bélis 1984: fig. 3). The companion pipe had six holes placed lower on the upper face and a similarly placed thumb hold on the underside (Bélis 1984: fig. 4). Playing an instrument with 16 holes would certainly have demanded a virtuoso’s skill. The Phrygians were famous for their interest in music. Most of the pipes found at Gordion were likely made for personal use, rather than as instruments played in formal religious or civic settings. A few pieces display the characteristic elements of the complex aulos. Only one pipe (814), found in a 3rd century BCE context, seems to show knowledge of the standard aulos pipe. The holes are arranged in a common pattern with five spaced unevenly on the upper side and a single hole on the lower side centered between the first and second holes on the opposite face. The proportional spacing of the holes closely replicates the arrangement seen on earlier 6th and 5th century BCE examples from Ephesus (Hogarth 1908:194, pl. XXXVII, 12),18 Brauron (Landels 1963:116, figs. 1 and 2), Corinth (Broneer 1935:73, fig. 18; Davidson 1952:197, no. 1503, pl. 90), and Athens (Schlesinger 1939: pl. 17; Howard 1893:58–60).19 Another well-made pipe from Gordion (813) is decorated with incised designs but has only two holes near one end.20 A partially preserved bone pipe has two holes (816). A much earlier, but interestingly similar pipe, made of wood (W 144)21 was found on the floor of the inner room of Terrace Building 8. It was found in an active industrial setting with a grinding platform at the back of the room, large amounts of pottery and numerous iron tools. Just as an aulos player frequently appears on Greek vases accompanying athletes in training, the flute may have been used in Early Phrygian times to set a tempo for grinding grain or other repetitive tasks. The simplest bone pipe (815) has a single rectangular hole;22 it may have been played by plugging one end and blowing across the hole. The Gordion pipe probably belongs to the 3rd



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or 2nd century BCE; but such a simple pipe could easily have been made in any period. One unusual piece may have been part of a complex sectional aulos as described above (817). It combines the flaring mouthpiece (ὅλμος) and the bulb (ὑφόλμιον) on a short shaft that originally ended in a collar (now broken) for insertion into the socket of the adjoining piece. Between the mouthpiece and the bulb is a small pinhole, perhaps related to what has been described as a speaker hole.23 However, the hole is so minute that it is difficult to understand what effect it could have had on the pipe’s tone. Equally puzzling on the Gordion piece is the shallow, rectangular groove cut into the bulb section in line with the pinhole. The auloi from Pompeii and Reading have the best-preserved examples of similar bulbs and mouthpieces.24 The length and size of the mouthpiece and bulb show no consistent relationship to the total length of the pipe, but since the measurements of the Gordion piece fall roughly between those of the pipes from Pompeii25 and the Reading aulos,26 we may assume that the complete aulos, in this case, would have been between 40 and 50 cm long. Three bulbous bone pieces of similar shape (818– 820) each combine an elongated and rounded section with a short straight collar set off by a small ridge. Although these pieces appear to be shaped like a knob, the hole drilled through the center in each case is larger (7–9 mm) than might be expected for attachment by a nail or peg; it is more consistent with the interior diameter of several preserved auloi.27 It is suggested, therefore, that these were originally the bulbous sockets which held the ὅλμος, or reed, in a complex aulos.

Tortoise Shell Lyres By Samuel Holzman Two nearly complete tortoise carapaces (823– 824) with extensive modifications were excavated at Gordion in a cellar, dubbed “the Mudbrick Vault” by the excavators, from a cluster of houses on the Northeast Ridge. The houses and much of their contents were abandoned in the first quarter of the 7th century BCE. Subsequent construction of tumuli in the area subsumed many of the houses, and the Mudbrick Vault was sealed under the mantle of Tumulus

E, when it was created in the last quarter of the 6th century BCE. Fragments of three other tortoise carapaces (825–827), bearing modifications in the same arrangement as those from the Mudbrick Vault, were found scattered as secondary debris around other non-elite residential zones, the Lower Town and the Northwest Zone of the Citadel Mound. The strata of these three small fragments have a wide and late chronological range between the Late Phrygian and Roman periods, but the clear secondary deposition of these broken fragments means that the contexts should not date the original use period of the artifacts, which were more likely made and used in the Middle and Late Phrygian periods. The two nearly complete carapaces (823–824), as well as 827, can be identified as Testudo graeca, a species that is still abundant in modern times around Gordion. 825 and 826 are too fragmentary for a conclusive identification, but T. graeca seems likely. The small size of 823 and 824, 12.7 cm and 12.3 cm in length, respectively, indicate juvenile tortoises approaching maturity, perhaps around eight to ten years old, although annular impressions from the scutes on the carapaces are too faint to ascertain an exact age. The convex curvature of the pygal bone of 823 probably indicates a male (Lambert 1982); sex cannot be ascertained for the other fragmentary remains. These five carapaces were extensively modified and pierced by drill holes in a pattern that suggest they were used as the soundboxes of lyres. The lyre (λύρα) is a stringed instrument that transmits vibrations from strings through a bridge to a parallel sound box (in contrast to a harp, where the strings join a perpendicular sound box directly). Although the lyre lacks the fret board of the lute or guitar, a practiced player can play different pitches on individual strings using harmonics. Lyres were prevalent in the Bronze Age and often presented animal iconography: the lyres excavated in the royal tombs at Ur (ca. 2400 BCE) are embellished with a stag, a lion protome, and a bearded-bull protome of the sun god Shamash; Old Hittite relief vases from İnandıktepe (ca. 16th century BCE) depict lyres with bull and duck protomes; and a fresco from Nestor’s Palace at Pylos (14th century BCE) depicts a lyre with bird protomes. The chelys (χέλυς) or tortoise-shell lyre, which employs a tortoise’s colorful, patterned upper shell or carapace as a soundbox, was among the most popular

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instruments of Archaic and Classical Greece and remained an icon of early music in Hellenistic and Roman art and literature despite being abandoned for performance. If there was an ounce of sympathetic magic in Bronze-Age lyres ornamented with singing birds, lowing bulls, and roaring lions, the chelys lyre’s resonating tortoise appeals to the exact opposite symbolism (Holzman 2016:552–553; Borthwick 1970). Greek sources (notably Homeric Hymn to Hermes 4.23, 4.37–8 and Sophocles Ichneutae 300) emphasize the paradoxical metamorphosis of a non-vocal and shy animal into a loud and social instrument, “the companion of feasts” (δαιτὸς ἑταίρη, HH 4.31). The first known use of a tortoise shell for the soundbox of a stringed instrument appears in a lute from a New Kingdom tomb at Deir el-Medina, Egypt (Eichmann 2004:364), and worked tortoise shells from the Uluburun shipwreck (14th century BCE) suggest that there may have even been long-distance trade of shells for instrument making (Franklin 2016:248). The first example of the chelys may be found in small fragments of a drilled carapace in the post-Palatial collapse (late 12th century BCE) of the East Sanctuary at Phylakopi on Melos (Renfrew 1985:325; Creese 1997). Although the classical form of the lyre took shape in the Late Bronze-Age Aegean, the tortoise-shell lyre does not reappear in the archaeological record until after the Early Iron Age, with fragments of a drilled carapace from the sanctuary of Artemis at Ephesos dating to the Early Archaic Period (Forstenpointner et al. 2001:174, fig. 12). The number of lyres preserved in the archaeological record swells beginning in the late 6th century BCE when it becomes common to bury the delicate instruments as grave goods, badges of the deceased’s participation in the Greek banqueting culture of the symposium and elite educational institution of paideia. For example, 32 lyres have been excavated in Archaic and Classical graves in South Italy and Sicily, and a tortoise-shell lyre has been found as far away as Isin, Iraq, buried in a Persian grave, perhaps that of an itinerant musician in the Achaemenid Empire (Bellia 2012; Hrouda 1981:150). There is a wealth of evidence for understanding the construction of the lyre, including the healthy number of lyres excavated in Archaic and Classical graves in Greece and Italy, a surplus of pictorial representations in vase painting, terracotta figurines, and full-scale marble sculpture, and the abbreviated verse

description in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes of the mythical first creation of the instrument (Vergados 2013:258–259; Psaroudakes 2006; Forstenpointner et al. 2001; Faklaris 1977). The structural armature of the instrument was not the shell, but the wooden arms (πήχεις) that allowed the strings to be stretched from the upper crossbar (ζυγόν) to the lower tailpiece (χορδοτόνον). To use the shallow elongated hemisphere of bone of a tortoise’s carapace for a sound box, it had to be cut from the lower shell (plastron) and appendicular skeleton, while preserving the camouflage sheathing of keratinous scutes on the exterior that impart the shell its colorful geometric pattern. An enigmatic aspect of the construction of lyres is the presence on excavated instruments of many small, carefully drilled holes, most between 0.1 and 0.5 cm in diameter. In cases where the chordotonon was made of iron, it either survives still attached to two of the holes at the head end of the shell or has discolored the bone around these two holes. But shells often have many more drill holes, likely for trussing the carapace to the arms of the instrument or for attaching the skin resonator over the open end of the shell (Fig. 12.1). The two nearly complete carapaces (823–824) preserve the same pattern of modification, with drilled holes between 0.2 and 0.4 cm in diameter piercing the bone at what would have been the center of each of the thirteen central and costal scutes of the shell, with two side-by-side holes in the first central scute. The paired holes partially preserved on 823 were likely for anchoring the chordotonon. The other drilled holes were likely for securing the shell to the arms of the instrument with cord, although their alignment with the centers of each of the scutes suggests an additional decorative aspect, either as ornamental attachments or for keeping the scutes from falling off the bone as they deteriorated. Further working is clear on 823 and 824, where the five peripheral bones that were cut to disconnect the carapace from the plastron were smoothed down to an artificial level surface for attaching the resonator. Additionally, there are many tool marks from scraping the interior of 823. The protrusions of the thoracic vertebrae and ribs, which are naturally fused with the inside of the shell, have been filed down to form a smooth surface (Fig. 12.2). The drill holes through the shell and the many tool marks from scraping the shell’s interior correspond well with the poetic description of the creation of the first lyre in the Homeric Hymn to



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Fig. 12.1  Gordion, lyre reconstruction by Sam Holzman

Fig. 12.2  Gordion, tool marks on lyre (drawning by Sam Holzman)

Hermes, when the newborn god “gouged with a chisel of gray iron and drilled out the innards of the mountain-dwelling tortoise” (HH4.41–2). The two carapaces from the houses under Tumulus E (823–824) are especially small, while the other carapaces from Gordion belonged to mature animals,

and were probably between 20 and 30 cm long, which is more in keeping with size range for Greek lyres. The shells are smaller than the lyre found in front of the Temple of Apollo at Bassai, which had, for a long time, been the smallest known. Maas and Snyder (1989:95, 232 n. 101) connected the small size of the Bassai

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lyre with the iconographic corpus from Attic vases of youths learning to play the lyre to suggest that small lyres might have been designed for children to learn to play on (Kokkoliou et al. forthcoming). When the Gordion lyres were first published, the hypothesis of child-sized lyres was moderated with skepticism, because the sanctuary context of the Bassai lyre had no immediate connection to children and the only lyre excavated in the grave of a pre-adolescent individual was of standard size (Holzman 2016:558). Instead, it was suggested that the early lyres from Gordion, because of the similarity in size to the small carapace used in the 18th-dynasty lute from Egypt mentioned above, were imitating the timbre and sound quality produced by the small sound boxes of Near Eastern lutes, which continue to appear in NeoHittite art (Holzman 2016:546, n. 38). However, a young child’s grave was recently discovered in Athens containing a lyre made from a carapace even smaller than those from Gordion (Kokkuliou et al. forthcoming), which confirms the tradition of child-sized lyres in Greece and reopens the question of whether the two instruments from Gordion were children’s instruments. The Greek pictorial and literary tradition highlighted a mythical Phrygian music lesson, Marsyas teaching Olympos the aulos, as a paradigm of paideia (e.g., Ps.–Pl., Minos 318b). If the 7thcentury BCE lyres from Gordion were intentionally child-sized, it raises the possibility that later portrayals of Phrygia as a source of inspiration for systems of music education were not entirely products of Greek imaginations. The modern impression of Phrygian music is predicated almost entirely on Greek and Latin testimonies that exaggerated and essentialized features of Anatolian musical culture to draw comparisons and contrasts with Hellenic and Roman customs. The tortoise-shell lyres from Gordion, therefore, are significant as a primary archaeological record of Phrygian music. The lack of textual references to stringed instruments in Phrygia inclined some scholars to conclude that stringed instruments were not played in Phrygia, although pictures of lyre-players on pottery and wall painting at Gordion assure us otherwise (Holzman 2016:241–243). Because the renown of raucous Phrygian music played on the aulos and percussion instruments like the tympanum and cymbals overshadows all other forms of music in Phrygia, the

discovery of lyres at Gordion now proves the greater diversity of the Phrygian instrumentarium. The context of the finds is also revealing. Lyres have previously been found in Greek sanctuaries, particularly of Apollo (Bassai), where they stand out as logical votives for the patron god of music, but lyres are most frequently found in tombs. The discovery of lyres together with a pile of loom weights in the cellar of a house at Gordion, which is reinforced by the recovery of three other lyre fragments in residential zones of the site, presents the instruments in their areas of household performance. Greek and Latin literature portray the Phrygian soundscape as outdoors, nocturnal, and wild, often emphasizing exotic mountaintop rituals for Kybele and nighttime Bacchic revels. The houses under Tumulus E, where 823 and 824 were found, have associated pits with ritual deposits including a stone statuette of Matar, the Phrygian predecessor of Kybele, and trash deposits with beer-drinking vessels. In this context, it seems that lyre music may have accompanied the worship of Kybele and feasting events, but all in a domestic setting (Holzman 2016:557–560). In the houses under Tumulus E, lyre playing may have even accompanied the household activities attested by material remains, like playing work songs with weaving.

Catalogue: Musical Instruments Wind Instruments 813 Bone Pipe  (Pl. 148) BI 294  Citadel Mound, Trench Q1: Area north of Building J, Layer 4 (NB 60:149). Intact; slight chipping at edge of one hole. Dimensions: L. 15.7 cm; D. ext. 1.4 cm; D. int. 0.8 cm. Well-polished pipe fashioned from slightly curved length of ovoid bone. Two holes near one end (Ds. 0.5 cm): one 2.5 cm and second 3.9 cm in from blowing end. Decorative grooves, starting from blowing end, include three closely spaced above first hole, two widely spaced between holes, two closely spaced immediately below second hole, one and three framing incised cross, three, then five in space before exit end.



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814 Bone Pipe  (Pl. 148) BI 175  Citadel Mound, Building A, Trench O: Intrusive Hellenistic pit with 3rd century BCE sherds (NB 31:15). Intact. Dimensions: L. 17.4 cm; D. ext. 1.4 cm; D. int. 1 cm. Well-polished, slightly curved tube of bone, oval to round in section, hollowed to remove all marrow. On upper side, five holes (Ds. 0.6 cm) placed at the following center intervals from the blowing end: 5.3, 8.1, 9.7, 11.9, and 14.2 cm. On opposite side, one hole (D. 0.6 cm), with center 6.5 cm from blowing end, set opposite large space between two upper holes on other side. Scratched groove near each end and two between first two holes on upper side.

817 Bone Aulos Mouthpiece  (Pl. 149) BI 363  Citadel Mound, Trench KTL: Layer 3, with black-glazed and West Slope wares (NB 82:35). Large chip broken from mouthpiece; at shaft end spigot collar broken away. Dimensions: L. 10.4 cm; D. ext. 1.9 cm; D. int. of mouthpiece 1.5 cm; D. int. of shaft 1 cm. Buff bone tube with slightly bulbous swelling at center. On one face a shallow squared groove runs longitudinally almost up to a sharp transverse ridge encircling the tube. On outer lip of mouthpiece, a similar sharp ridge. Between the ridges, a pinhole aligned with the square groove pierces the slightly flaring mouthpiece. Near lower end, three incised lines. Bone worked very thin (0.2 cm at mouthpiece and 0.15 cm at broken shaft.) Excellent polish and no marrow showing.

815 Bone Pipe  (Pl. 148) BI 286  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT A-11: Layer 2 (NB 60:40).

Found associated with a coral pendant (ST 417).

Intact.

818 Bone Mouthpiece Bulb  (Pl. 149) BI 303  Citadel Mound, Trench MN-2: Layer 4 (NB 66:138).

Dimensions: L. 10.4 cm; D. 0.8 cm. Small chip out of collar. Smooth, hollowed, buff, bone pipe, circular in section and with slight curve. A single square hole (0.4 x 0.5 cm) near one end. Incised scratches and small cross along length. Produces a whistle sound when blown through the side hole. Found associated with 249 and a stamped coarse sherd (P 1483). 816 Bone Pipe  (Pl. 149) BI 183  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A1: Layer 2, with reeded kantharos fragments (NB 23:107).

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; D. 1.8 cm; D. hole 0.9 cm. Well-polished, bone bulb formed of elongated section set off from short straight collar by fine raised ridge. Marrow scraped out on interior channel. 819 Bone Mouthpiece Bulb  (Pl. 149) BI 211  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Layer 3, fill around Hellenistic building (NB 40:41). Abraded on one side and around base of collar.

Broken across through one hole; scratched and pitted. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; D. 1.9 cm; D. hole 0.9 cm. Dimensions: L. 5.8 cm; D. 1 cm. Buff, bone pipe with a slightly triangular section. On one slightly flattened side is one complete hole (D. 0.4 cm) lined up with a partial second hole at break 3.1 cm above. Intact end below complete hole has evidence of a raised ridge at inner edge of central shaft on two of the three sides; not polished off to a uniform end.

Well-polished, elongated, bone bulb, constricted at one end to neck-like extension. Between head and neck a low ridge. Axially pierced by wide channel that eliminates most of marrowy part. Found associated with a black-polished bowl on pedestal foot (P 921) and a red pedestalled bowl (P 922).

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820 Bone Mouthpiece Bulb  (Pl. 149) BI 392  Citadel Mound, Trench TBT 4/5: Dump fill. Abraded in spots and hole enlarged.

1054) and a coarse, brown, one-handled cooking pot (P 1055).

Tortoise Shell Lyres

Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; D. 2.1 cm; D. hole 0.7 cm. Well-polished, bone bulb formed of elongated sphere and short collar separated from each other by small rounded ridge. Central channel, with second smaller hole roughly cut in at oblique angle from the side. Decorated with two finely incised pairs of lines around the knob and a third around the collar. 821 Bone Mouthpiece Bulb  (Pl. 149) BI 105  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-3-F: Layer 1 (NB 18:135). Complete. Dimensions: L. 2.4 cm; D. 2.3 cm. Spherical knob constricted at one end with a neck-like extension set off by a raised ridge. Vertically pierced by a hole (1 cm in diameter), with a smaller hole tangent to the larger one, going about halfway up the channel from the unfinished bottom; possibly meant to secure the bulb in place. Found associated with a black-figured krater handle panel (P 324), dated 550 BCE, and other pottery dated into the 3rd century BCE. 822 Bone Whistle  (Pl. 149) BI 228  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-06: House A, ash fill of Layer 1 (NB 51:3).

823 Tortoise Carapace  (Pls. 150–151) BI 598  Northeast Ridge, Tumulus E, The Brick Vault: Abandoned cellar among houses of the first quarter of the 7th century BCE (NB 15:74). Broken with only half of the bones of the carapace preserved; considerable chipping, pitting, and spots of biological discoloration. Dimensions: L. 12.3 cm; W. 9.1 cm. Fragmentary, bone carapace separated from plastron with traces of working on preserved right peripheral bones. Some scraping on interior. Eight drilled holes (Ds.: 0.2– 0.4 cm) preserved in lines down the center, right, and left sides of carapace. Found associated with 824 and an iron buckle-like object (ILS 22). Holzman 2016:561, Carapace No. 2, fig. 7 and online fig. 2; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumE 46. 824 Tortoise Carapace  (Pls. 152–154) BI 614  Northeast Ridge, Tumulus E, The Brick Vault: Abandoned cellar among houses of the first quarter of the 7th century BCE (NB 15:74). Broken with nuchal dermal bone missing and some chipping.

Broken off at smaller end. Dimensions: L. 12.7 cm; W. 11.8 cm; H. 5.3 cm. Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; D. 2 cm. Short length of curved, buff bone partially hollowed out and pierced by a large hole (D. 0.8 cm) on upper side of curve and small hole (D. 0.4 cm) on underside. Opening at wide end nicely finished on interior. Central hole cut into small end (1.2 cm deep) extending a short distance beyond large hole without intersecting. Found associated with a Hellenistic relief ware sherd (P

Fragmentary bone carapace separated from plastron with traces of working on preserved right peripheral bones. Extensive scraping on interior. Fourteen drilled holes (D.: 0.3–0.4 cm) preserved in lines down the center, right, and left sides of carapace with two holes at the edge of the nuchal bone. Found associated with 823 and an iron buckle-like object (ILS 22).



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Holzman 2016:560–561, Carapace No. 1, figs. 6, 13, 14 and online figs. 1, 6; Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumD 45. 825 Tortoise Carapace  (Pl. 155) YH 41461, SF 94-175  Lower Town, Area A: Debris in Middle or Later Phrygian oven. Operation 27, Locus 64, Lot 91. YHSS Phase: 5–4, Middle to Late Phrygian. Broken with one pleural dermal bone preserved. Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; W. 3.1 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. First left plueral demal bone with single drilled hole (D. 0.5 cm) at edge. Internal scraping. Holzman 2016:562, Carapace No. 3, fig. 8. Note that in this publication, the findspots of Carapace Nos. 3 and 4 were erroneously switched. 826 Tortoise Carapace  (Pl. 156) YH 57970, SF 97-217  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Debris on Early Hellenistic outdoor surface with much residual Late Phrygian material. Operation 29.5, Locus 12, Lot 38. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian (6th to 4th century BCE). Broken with nuchal dermal bone preserved. Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 6.5 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Fifth and sixth left pleural dermal bones, with one drill hole preserved (D. 0.25 cm). Holzman 2016:561, Carapace No. 5, fig. 10. 827 Tortoise Carapace  (Pl. 157) YH 44768, SF 95-71  Lower Town, Area B: Removed from balk; stratum unknown. Operation 26, Locus 108, Lot 114. YHSS Phase: 5–4, Middle–Late Phrygian. Broken with two pleural bones preserved. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 3.6 cm; Th. 0.8 cm.

Nuchal dermal bone with one drill hole preserved (D. 0.4 cm). Holzman 2016:561, Carapace No. 4, fig. 9. Note that in this publication, the findspots of Carapace Nos. 3 and 4 were erroneously switched. notes: 12.1  Simple pipes have an extended history, going back approximately 40,000 years. The earliest examples found in the Danube area were made from griffon vulture bone and mammoth ivory (Conard et al. 2009:737–740, fig. 1; Higham et al. 2012:664–676). The single pipe (πλαγίαυλος) of the classical period was attributed by Pollux (IV, 74) and Athenaeus (IV, 175e–f ) to a Libyan inventor. 12.2  The double aulos (αὐλός) was far more complex, both in its construction and playing technique, possibly accounting for its greater popularity among skilled musicians. In antiquity, it was thought that this variation originated in Anatolia with Hyagnis and his son Marsyas (Plutarch, de Mus., 1132F). Athenaeus attributed both the pan pipe (σύριγγα) and aulos to Marsyas (Book IV, 184a). Pliny concurred in ascribing to Marsyas both the double flute (geminas tibias), as well as the Phrygian musical mode; however, he credited Midas with the slanting flute (obliquam tibiam) (N.H., 7, 204; Andreeva 2020:66–67). By the 8th century BCE, double pipes appear on an ivory pyxis at Nimrud (Rimmer 1969: pl. VII, a) and an orthostat from Hilani IV at Zincirli (Gilibert 2011: Zincirli 70). Later 7th century BCE reliefs of Ashurbanipal show several musicians with straight double pipes (Rimmer 1969: pls. XII–XIII). By the Hellenistic period Corinth was famous for producing the finest quality pipes, considered quite a costly investment. Lucian reports that Isemenias of Thebes paid seven talents for one purchased at Corinth (Πρὸϛ τὸν Ἀπαιδεύτον καὶ Πολλὰ Βιβλία Ὠνουμένον, 5). 12.3  Examples of right-hand pipes include one found at Brauron (Landels 1963:118) and one in the Reading Museum in England (Landels 1968:233). 12.4  This placement is seen on an aulos from the Athenian Agora (Landels 1964:397, frag. C). 12.5  The strap both held the instrument in place while each pipe was played with one hand and acted as a support for the cheeks and lips, reducing the strain of blowing (West 1992:89). These bands are clearly visible in the aulos player in the Kybele statue group from Boğazköy (Bittel 1963: pl. 7) and frequently appear on aulos players in Greek vase painting (Bélis 1984: figs. 5–6).

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12.6  A story claimed that Midas of Agrigentum broke his δεύγη (mouthpiece) but won a competition by playing μόνοις τοϊς καλάμοις τρόπφ ϭύρεγγος (Schol. Pindar, Pyth., XII, 1); that is, he played only half of the aulos and still got a double octave out of it by over-blowing (Howard 1893:20; Curtis 1914:99). 12.7  Wooden pipes could be sheathed in metal as a precaution against swelling from moisture. This practice was mentioned by Pindar in Pyth., XII, 25–27. Examples of auloi with evidence of bronze sheathing have been found on Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. XCII, 812) and in the Athenian Agora (Landels 1964:395, 398, frgs. B and F). A pair of wooden auloi in the Castellani Collection of the British Museum is entirely encased in bronze (Howard 1893:55– 58, pl. II, figs. 2–3). 12.8  Based on the position of the fingers on illustrated pipes, the standard aulos is estimated to have been approximately 44.5 cm long, not including the reed held in the mouth (Hagel 2009:329). The longest known pipes measure 56–59 cm (Curtis 1914:91; Masaraki 1974:105). 12.9  The bell on the Reading aulos is bone (or ivory) covered with silver and lined with wood; the shaft is thought to be wood, although it is difficult to tell because it is encased in bronze. 12.10  Compare similar small holes in an aulos fragment from the Athenian Agora (Landels 1964:394, frag. A, fig. 1, pl. 70) and pipes from Delos (Deonna 1938: pl. XCII, 813, 3, 8–9) where the hole is set on a raised rectangular patch. An alternate suggestion explains the hole as the location of a rivet meant to secure the reed in place (West 1992:85). 12.11  For a diagrammatic section of the typical pipe, see Stubbings 1962: fig. 29. This arrangement is seen on auloi from Ephesos (Hogarth 1908: pl. XXXVII, 12), Brauron (Landels 1963:116, fig. 1), Corinth (Broneer 1935:73, fig, 18), and the Elgin collection (Schlesinger 1939: pl. 17). 12.12  The tone of a hole was controlled by both its size, as well as its distance from the mouthpiece; therefore, if an aulos maker started to misplace a hole, he could compensate for his error by changing the size of the hole (Bodley 1946:219). 12.13  On aulos Fragment D from the Athenian Agora, only the thumb hole is recessed, not the three holes preserved on the upper side (Landels 1964:397). The absence of this recession on the lower hole on the aulos from Brauron strengthens the theory that this was merely a vent hole (Landels 1963:117). 12.14  Rectangular holes are seen on a simple pipe from Alaca Höyük (Arik 1937: pl. XVII, Al. 64), a Graeco-Ro-

man pipe from Kadesh (Pézard 1922: pl. XVIII, fig. 2, o), and some examples from 1st century BCE Meroë (Bodley 1946: pl. IV, 12–15). On the Elgin auloi the holes were cut in an elongated oval, allowing them to be played either closed or half open. 12.15  The bell on the Reading aulos is made of wood covered in silver and bronze (Landels 1968:234), one from the Meroë collection shows an abrupt shift from the interior shaft diameter of 0.9 cm to 1.3 cm in the bell (Bodley 1946:229, pl. IV, fig. 16), and a third bell of bone (or ivory) found near the Athenian Areopagus was probably originally sheathed in metal and shows a similar increase in the interior diameter from 1.8 cm to 2.9 cm (Landels 1964:398, frag. F). 12.16  Aeschines declared that pipes were useless if the reeds were removed (vs. Ctes. 229). Theophrastus describes the lengthy process needed to produce a good reed: it should be harvested during the month of Skirrophorion or Hekatombaion ( June–August) and set to cure for three years. He recommended that reeds be cut to the same length to ensure the highest quality (Περι Φυτων Ἵστοριας IV, 11, 4–7). Aristotle states that the reed was held directly between the lips, giving greater control over the pitch, thus allowing the player to correct an imperfect pipe (de Audib., 802b, 18). 12.17  Pronomos, Alcibiades’ music instructor, is credited with expanding the range of the simple aulos by devising a pipe which could be used in playing the various modes: Dorian, Phrygian, and Lydian (Pausanius, IX, xii, 5; Athen. XIV, 631E). It is usually assumed that his innovation consisted of increasing the number of holes on the aulos and using rotating metal bands to close off holes not needed for playing a particular mode. These bands, rotated by projections called κέρας or βόμβοζ, are known to have existed on pipes found at Meroë (Bodley 1946:236) and one from Pompeii, which had between 11 to 13 holes (Howard 1893:48, pl. II; Hagel 2008:52). 12.18  Based on Hogarth’s written description of the pipe, the thumb hole on the back side is characterized as the “mouth hole” and said to be “in the center of one side,” which would appear to place it between the second and third holes (1908:194). 12.19  In all four examples, the single hole on the back falls nearly in the center of the large space between the first two holes on the upper face, and the last hole on the upper face is set farther from its proximate hole than if it followed the regular spacing between the three central holes. As previously conjectured, the fifth hole at the bottom likely functioned as a vent and was not meant to be fingered.



MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 277

12.20  A.B. Alaner has suggested that 813 and 814 were originally part of the same double pipe. “Although the American archaeologists described the finds as two separate pipes, present data show that the instrument is certainly a double-pipe” (2012:384–385, figs. 5–6). While noting that 814 is 1.7 cm longer than 813 and suggesting that 813 is “left unfinished” because it has only two holes, despite the fact that it is well polished and fully decorated with wellplaced grooves, he bases his conclusion on “the fact that the two pipes were found in the same level.” The likelihood that they were a pair is belied by the reality that 813 was found in a layer 4/5 transition level in a trench located just beyond the north wall of Building J and 814 was recovered in a pit cut down into a Hellenistic level (labeled Floor 4) in a trench over Building A, over 60 m to the southeast. 12.21  The three pieces, which do not connect, total approximately 14 cm in length, with a diameter of 1.02 cm. Two segments preserve a finished end, and all have at least one hole on the upper surface and a second on the lower surface, with one end piece described as having two holes placed at right angles close to the single hole on the upper surface.

12.22  A nearly identical pipe, slightly larger in size, was found at Alaca Höyük in a context characterized as “Phrygian-Roman” (Arık 1937: pl. XVII, A1. 64) 12.23  For a discussion of the function of the speaker hole, see Howard 1893:32–35. Examples are found on the Reading aulos (Landels 1968:231, pl. 55) and Fragment A of the auloi from the Athenian Agora (Landels 1964:394, pl. 70, fig. 1). An alternate suggestion is that the hole was for a pin to secure the reed in the mouthpiece (West 1992:85). 12.24  Other examples are found on the auloi from Lindos (Blinkenberg 1931:154, no. 450) and Perachora (Stubbings 1962:451, pl. 190, A424–A428). 12.25  The length of the mouthpiece and bulb combined is 7.3 cm, the diameter of the shaft is 1.4 cm and the length of the whole pipe is close to 50 cm. 12.26  The length of the mouthpiece and bulb combined is 13 cm, the diameter of the shaft is 1.2 cm and the length of the whole pipe is 40 cm. 12.27  Several examples of a hypholmion (ὑφλμίον) from Meroë have identically sized central holes (Bodley 1946:224, pl. VIII top).

13 Astragals and Gaming Pieces Astragals

A

stragals, or knucklebones, are the small bones from the ankle joints of cloven-footed animals, popularly repurposed in a variety of ways and found at many Anatolian and North Syrian sites, covering all periods from the Chalcolithic to modern times.1 The smaller bones from sheep and goats were favored, but bones from larger bovine animals were also used. Most were left in their natural state; but many were altered in some fashion: pierced by a hole, reshaped, colored (usually red), weighted with lead or other metal, or incised with a simple design, one or more letters or a word. Astragals are found singly, as well as in large collections in mortuary, religious, civic, and domestic settings. Unfortunately, undistinguished examples of astragals encountered during many excavations have not been saved,2 leaving us with only the exceptional pieces to reconstruct the role these popular objects played in daily life. Based on the references to uncatalogued astragals mentioned in the Gordion excavation notebooks and the propensity, especially during the Young excavations, to catalogue only those astragals that exhibited some distinctive features, there may be some distortion in what the record reveals. In contrast, the excavators during the Voigt years were far more inclined to catalogue even the most mundane remnants of bone that displayed any evidence of human modification or usage. The fact that astragals were frequently left unworked fosters the facile conclusion that they were used for similar purposes—usually explained as gaming pieces. But the recovery of some very large numbers of astragals in tombs, domestic and cultic settings, and the frequent addition of a bronze suspension ring,

suggests a far greater range of uses for these readily available objects. The enhanced value of astragals fashioned in bronze, ivory, glass, and marble, as well as some with added gilding, further points to functions other than simple toys (Amandry 1984:348, 363; Neils 1992:233; Erlich 2017).3 For use in games, a reasonably small quantity would seem to suffice. Examples with evidence of a suspension ring would likely not be suitable for gaming. Those that did have either a simple hole or an attached ring may have been used as personal ornaments or, in larger quantities, served as recording devices to track quantities of production. Other examples with inscribed symbols or names could have been used in either games or some form of cultic activity, including divination. Both large and small astragals were frequently sliced longitudinally into a rectangular piece, many of which show signs of having been used as a polisher4 (852, 866–867, 888, 893, 895, 903, 925, 938). Some were cut vertically to yield an S-shaped piece in a vaguely bird-like shape, possibly suited for decorative use (889–894). Most common are the small astragals described in many ancient literary references as gaming pieces and still popular among the modern villagers at Yassıhöyük (Dandoy 1996). Both Pollux (IX, 126) and Pausanias (VI, 24, 7) indicate that they were primarily the playthings of youth and maidens, as seen in a painting from Herculaneum that depicts two women, Aglaia and Ileaira, playing a game resembling modern jacks (Maiuri 1953:104).5 This game was called πεντέλιθα and required tossing five astragals in the air, catching as many as possible on the back of the hand, and then picking up those on the ground, without dropping any. In another game (ἀστραγαλισμός), the four faces of the astragal were each assigned a numerical value so that two opposing sides added up to seven.6 Winning

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was achieved either by having the highest score or the most unusual combination, such as one of each side, which the Romans called iactus Veneris (Martial, XIV, 14); the lowest scoring throw was called “dogs” (Prop., IV, 8, 45f ). Other combinations were given names of heroes or gods: Aphrodite, Midas, Solon, Darius, Euripides, and Stesichorus (Amandry 1984:375). A third game (ὤμιλλα) resembled marbles.7 One player threw some astragals into a circle and his opponent attempted to knock them out while keeping his own undisturbed. This game may have required one of the weighted astragals discussed below. Other simple games involved throwing two astragals, with the winner being the one who succeeded in producing a pair with the same side showing or by pitching them into a cup. Judging by the number of astragals found at many sites, these games were not exclusive with women and children, but were universally popular. Beginning in the Middle Bronze Age at Gordion, large collections of astragals were deposited in graves, a custom that survived down to the Hellenistic period (828–829, 833–837).8 They were suitable grave gifts for males and females of all ages. Nine burials from the Hittite cemetery excavated under Tumuli H and I contained varying quantities of astragals with four burials preserving groups of 11 to 47 placed on the chest of the deceased (Mellink 1956:43–44). This location and the quantity recovered suggests they carried some ritual symbolism, rather than only representing a personal collection of gaming pieces. If they were indeed merely gaming pieces, then the tiny occupant of the Middle Phrygian Tumulus P may have been the envy of his (or her) playmates, judging by the mass of approximately 560 astragals found lying on the floor next to the funerary bed (835).9 The fact that most were pierced by a single hole, with some still preserving an inserted bronze ring, coupled with their great quantity, re-enforces the possibility that they had a significance beyond their use in games.10 A group of 60 astragals (833) was found in a disturbed Middle Phrygian burial; although the bones of the deceased were missing, the inclusion of a bronze spearhead indicates it was likely the grave of a man. At Gordion, several groups of astragals were recovered from levels ranging from the Early Iron Age to the Hellenistic period on the Citadel Mound (830–832, 838–839) and also in the Lower Town

(838). The largest collection, an uncatalogued group, was found in a storage room attached to the southwest of the rear wall of Early Phrygian Megaron 111 where two large pithoi were placed, one full of wheat and the other with approximately 500 astragals; an adjacent storeroom held baskets of barley. The astragals were inside a pot (P 1460) resting within a larger pithos (P 1709; Sams 1994:267, 296, no. 994); at the bottom was grain and four unbaked clay loom weights. Almost all the astragals had a single hole, perhaps indicating they served as a mechanism, along with the loom weights, for accounting for grain stores or production. This may also explain the purpose of 293 astragals found next door in Early Phrygian Megaron 2. All had a single hole and were scattered among the pieces of a gray polished, trefoil jug where they were originally stored.12 Among the large collection of pots found in Early Phrygian Megaron 3 was a rounded jug that contained 15 or 16 astragals and was in set in a pit along its south wall (P2348; Sams 1994:248, no. 542). Two smaller groups of eight pierced and ten unworked astragals found in Terrace Building Room 4 (831, 832) are less clear as to their purpose. Their location inside a brown trefoil jug (P 1844) with an opening described as “fistwidth” suggests they were meant to be easily accessible. A similar squat, red, trefoil jug from the northwest aisle of Terrace Building Room 5 contained 4 astragals (P2251; Sams 1994:270, no. 770). The mix of pierced and unworked astragals opens the possibility of different uses such as an accounting mechanism for production units; those without holes may have simply been at hand for the workers’ leisure amusement. Another group of 14 uncatalogued astragals recovered from the main room in unit 3 of the CC Building was similarly situated inside a pinch pot (P 4503; Sams 1994:238, no. 432), lying on a shallow bowl (P 4546; Sams 1994:246, no. 522), all placed within a larger pot (P 4635; Sams 1994:295, no. 984), along with two iron knives, one with an ivory handle (573 and ILS 715), and some loom weights. Comparable large caches of astragals have been found in similar contexts at other sites to the east. A collection of 684 astragals from sheep, goats, gazelle, and deer was discovered at Megiddo in a 10th century BCE bowl with cultic artifacts (Loud 1948:45–46; Hesse 1995:224; Gilmour 1997:168; Wicke 2010196, fig. 31). A group from Ta’anach consisted of 140 pig



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 281

astragals found in what has been described, based on associated objects, as a cult building dated to the 10th century BCE (Lapp 1964:35, 1967:19, 23). Packed into the one room were 80 vessels in a variety of shapes, seven knives, querns, rubbing stones and pestles, whorls, and 58 loom weights.13 Hilani IV at Zincirli contained a large collection of astragals that has been taken to indicate that the building was part of an administrative complex (Gilibert 2011:87). These large groups of astragals at Gordion and elsewhere, in association with evidence of large-scale grain processing and cloth production, suggest they many have been used as part of a production accounting system; in addition, some of the large number of loom weights may also have been used to record output, if not functioning as part of a loom. Most of the catalogued astragals from Gordion were modified in some way: shaved off on one or more faces but otherwise unworked (840–892), cut back on one or more faces and pierced (893–906),14 pierced without being cut (907–928), covered in a red wash (929–933), weighted (905, 919, 921, 924– 925), decorated with an incised design (940–941), or inscribed with a single letter or word (942–965). Based on the excavated evidence, it is often difficult to tell the purpose of an individual astragal. When used for gaming the unique configurations of each side created the challenge facing the player who was trying to roll a favorable combination or balance one or more on the back of his hand. Pierced astragals that were otherwise unmodified could conceivably have been stored on a cord until it was time to play a game; but astragals that preserve evidence of having been suspended from a bronze ring (e.g., 835) are less easy to categorize as gaming pieces. More difficult to explain in a gaming context are the large number of astragals that were shaved down on one or more sides (840–906). It should be noted that only eight of these come from the Young excavations (866–867, 883, 885, 891–893, 897), compared with 59 from the Voigt excavations. The great majority of shaved astragals were cut back on the two broad sides, the plantar and dorsal faces; a smaller number were reduced on the lateral and medial sides; and some were flattened on either one or the other of the broad sides. Most of the shaved astragals were singletons, indicating, unless the haphazard chance of recovery distorts the picture, they were used

individually for some unknown purpose, rather than as part of a set needed for a game. The naturally irregular contours of the sides of a shaved astragal suggest it provided a good grip for its use as a tool, perhaps for polishing a surface, as suggested by the luster remaining on several of them. One small astragal (924) was specially treated by boring a hole through from the plantar face to the opposite side and pouring in lead which puddled in the concave hollow on the dorsal face; two additional holes were drilled into the plantar face but stop short of the opposite side. Two other small astragals had iron added (905, 921). Weighted astragals have been found at numerous sites from the Levant to Italy, in contexts dated from the Bronze Age to the Roman period.15 These astragals may have been used as measuring weights16 or as special pieces thrown in a game to knock an opponent’s pieces out of a prescribed area. The visible presence of the weighting material and its widespread acknowledgement in ancient literature precludes any idea that they were made to facilitate cheating in a game. Two astragals at Gordion were decorated with an incised rosette on one side: a 5-petal flower on the plantar face of an Early Phrygian piece (940) and a carelessly drawn 6-petal rosette on the medial face of a Middle Phrygian example (941). These symbols may have been purely decorative or significant for a ritual or game, perhaps entitling the player to special points when they turned up.17 Twenty-four inscribed astragals were found on the Citadel Mound in contexts ranging from Late Phrygian to Roman (942–965). Ten carried a single letter: A (947), Δ (942–943), E (945–946), H (948– 950), and X (951–952). What a single letter signified is not clear; but others with multiple letters can be restored as indications of value or the names of individuals, heroes or deities: ΔΕ(ΚΑ) (944), ΙΕΡΔ (961), ΗΛΙ (958), ΗΡΑ[ΚΛΕΣ] (959), ΕΡΙ (954, 955), ΕΡ[ΟΣ] (953), ΕΡΜΗC (960), ΙΛΗ (962), NΙKE/ NI[KE] (964, 965), ΕΚΤ[ΩΡ] (956, 957), and ΑΧΙΛ(ΛΕΥΣ) (963). These designations may have held significance in a game,18 dedications,19 or divination process, such as one described by Pausanias at the sanctuary of Herakles in Bura in Achaia (VII, 25, 10). There the inquirer cast four astragals and an explanation of the throw pattern (σχῆμα) was displayed in writing on a tablet (πίναξ). Divination is the proposed

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purpose of many, if not all, of the 23,000 astragals found in the Corycian cave dedicated to Pan and the Nymphs at Delphi; approximately 4% of them were inscribed (Amandry 1984:377; Gilmour 1997:170, 172). Just as each side had significance in games, the result of a throw in a divination could similarly have been read as giving a favorable or unfavorable sign in response to an inquirer’s question.

Dice Dice at Gordion were carved from bone and ivory, with stone examples equally common.20 There are six pieces made of bone and three of ivory. They range in date from Middle Phrygian to Roman and were found primarily in domestic settings on the Citadel Mound, although one from the Lower Town (973) was described as being in a ritual setting. Bone dice first appear in Middle Phrygian levels at Gordion (966). The numbers on each side of the dice were usually marked with dotted circles. The standard arrangement, prescribed in the Palatine Anthology (XIV, 8), was that opposite sides should add up to seven,21 with one opposite six, two opposite five and three opposite four. This is the pattern followed on five of the bone and ivory dice from Gordion, one of which takes on an unusual rhomboid form with lozenge shaped sides (966, 968, 970, 972–973).22 In another tradition the opposing faces were numbered in sequence, pairing one and two, three and four, and five and six, as on 967;23 this arrangement was particularly popular in Etruria where dice, symbolizing the uncertainty of life, were included among the tomb gifts to the dead (Eldridge 1918:286). Several dice display variations on the normal arrangements. One follows the standard pattern in pairing two and five, and three and four, but opposite six are seven dots arranged in two rows of three with a single dot between (969). A duplication of this arrangement on an alabaster die from Gordion (ST 401) suggests this arrangement was not simply a mistake in the manufacturing process.24 Another die from the same period is made in a lentoid shape with only four sides showing one, two, five, and six dots on the sides (974). According to Herodotus (I, 94) various games, including dice, were invented by the Lydians to divert

their minds during a period of prolonged famine that eventually led to their forced migration to Italy. Another Greek tradition attributed the origin of the game to Palamedes, seeking a similar distraction from hunger during the Trojan war (Soph. fragment 43810 [cited in Deubner 1929:281], Pausanias, 10.31.1), but archaeological evidence points to a more likely origin in the Near East or Egypt where dice are found in tombs of the late 3rd millennium BCE. The game usually consisted of throwing three dice which produced scores ranging from three to eighteen; the player with a golden touch produced the best throw, appropriately enough called a “Midas” (Hesychius, s.v. Μίδας).25

Counters and Gaming Pieces A small group of bone and ivory objects cut as discs or pegs may have been used as counters or gaming pieces. We know that the Phrygians enjoyed at least one game which required small playing pieces, as evidenced by the gaming board casually scratched into the surface of a block incorporated in the foundations of the paved court of the Middle Phrygian Gate, one of many stones reused from the Early Phrygian Gate (Young 1955:12, pl. 6, fig. 25). The playing board resembles one for a game still played by the local villagers. In this case, one of their ancient counterparts, working on the building’s construction, may have marked off the board for a brief lunchtime game. In the 1st century BCE, the game was called latrines proleia by Ovid (Ars Amatoriae, III, 357–360). The modern version of the game derives its common name of Nine Man Morris from each player’s use of nine playing pieces strategically moved in a way intended to force the opponent to lose his pieces. Most players probably simply used pebbles at hand, but more elaborate versions of this and other games used specially fashioned bone or ivory pieces. The five lentoid discs, nearly identical in their shape and dimensions (975–979), were found in layers that range in date from Middle Phrygian to Roman. All have a tiny hole in the center of at least one side, perhaps the result of cutting or polishing on a lathe. Since it is unlikely that they were all unfinished beads, they are presumed to be complete and thus open to interpretation as game pieces or counters.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 283

The small peg-like counters (981–984) may also have been used either in mathematical calculations or as gaming pieces. A similar piece was found in a far earlier context at Alişar Höyük (Schmidt 1932: fig. 374, no. A599). One object looks to modern eyes like a game piece (981), but the resemblance to a shape one would expect to find on a playing board may be mere coincidence.26 Although all these objects could be explained in a variety of ways, the discovery of a game board in the Middle Phrygian level is a strong indication that at least some were used in games.

Catalogue: Gaming Pieces Astragals

Dimensions: Ls. 2.5–2.0 cm; Ws. 1.7–2.3 cm; Ths. 1.8–1.9 cm. Six astragals, left in their natural state, except for one which has its lateral and medial faces slightly pared down. Gunter 1991:82, no. 503. 830 Astragals  (Pl. 159) YH 31769, SF 89-416  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Above debris of burned building from latter part of Early Iron Age (Voigt 1994). Operation 10, Locus 3, Lot 36. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Intact.

Groups

Dimensions: Ls. 2.5–3.1 cm; Ws. 1.8–1.9 cm; Th. 1.6 cm.

828 Astragals  (Pl. 158) BI 407  Museum Site: Burial 36 (renamed H 50 in Gunter publication) in Hittite pithos of coarse ware with red slip on shoulder and rim, three plastic bands around the body. Seven astragals were near the opening and 19 at area of skull (NB 104:80).

Cache of 22 astragals, 16 of which have a single hole drilled from plantar to dorsal face; two with a second hole in the middle, one of which was found still containing a bronze pin (no longer visible in photo); one with a single hole in the medial face at the proximal end; and three unworked. Found associated with 379.

Dimensions: Avg. L. 3 cm; avg. W. 2 cm.

831 Astragals  (Pl. 160) BI 305  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building, Room 4: Inside brown trefoil jug (P 1844) (NB 70:76).

Twenty six unworked astragals, with some showing possible traces of black paint.

All in good condition; toe bone mended from two pieces. Burned to blue-white.

Found associated with two plain orange buff hemispherical bowls (P 2765, P2762) and a pithos (P 2765).

Dimensions: Ls. 2.4–3 cm; Ws. 1.8–2 cm; Ths. 1.5–1.7 cm. Toe bone: L. 3.7 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 1.5 cm.

Gunter 1991:5, 82, no. 504.

Eight astragals, each pierced through its thickness at proximal end, with one also bored twice from medial to lateral face. Toe bone also pierced twice through its width.

Many partially rotted; some black stains.

829 Astragals  (Pl. 159) BI 406  Museum Site: Burial 44 (renamed H 54 in Gunter publication), in Hittite pithos set on its side on gravel about 1.50 m below surface; inside only skeleton in fetal position with its head to the northeast, and astragals (NB 102:53). Some pitting and chips.

Found associated with 832, a brown trefoil jug (P 1844), and three biconical whorls (MC 127–129). 832 Astragals  (Pl. 160) BI 306  Citadel Mound, Terrace Building, Room 4: Inside brown trefoil jug (P 1844) (NB 70:76).

284

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Good condition, but burned blue-white. Dimensions: Ls. 2.7–3.4 cm; Ws. 1.8–2.3 cm; Th. 1.6–2.1 cm.

que piece (B 613–618), a grey ware amphora with punched decoration (P 1350), and fragments of a large grey amphora (P 1367). Kohler 1995:79, TumKY 20.

Ten small and one larger astragal; all left in their natural state. Found associated with 831, a brown trefoil jug (P 1844), and three biconical whorls (MC 127–129).

835 Astragals  (Pl. 163) BI 289  Tumulus P (ca. 760 BCE): On floor of tomb to south of bier and slightly west of center, a large pile of approximately 500 astragals, some of which had disintegrated to white powder; many showing evidence of attached bronze rings (NB 43:171).

833 Astragals  (Pls. 161–162) BI 405  Museum Site: Burial 51, Middle Phrygian period (NB 102:56).

Astragals well preserved; bronze badly diseased.

Some partially disintegrated, others crumbling.

Dimensions: Avg. L. 3 cm; avg. Th. 1.9 cm.

Dimensions: Avg. L. 3 cm; avg. W. 1.7 cm.

Six astragals illustrated out of a total of 446 complete astragals and fragments of at least 60 additional, found on the floor of the tomb. Most were pierced through at proximal end; six preserve a bronze ring inserted in the hole. Two separate bronze rings.

Sixty astragals (47 illustrated), with 15 left in their natural state. Forty-two pierced at proximal end, two pierced with a second hole through center, and one pierced twice through the lateral and medial faces.

Young 1957:327, 1981:30 (TumP 44), pl. 14B. Found associated with 49, 473, two bronze fibulae of Type XII, 13 (B 1421), a bronze clasp (B 1413), two bronze pendants (B 1419), a bronze pin (B 1420), a bronze spearhead (B 1418), a whetstone (ST 489), and fragmentary iron implements (ILS 372–374).

836 Astragals  (Pl. 164) BI 607  Tumulus C (540–520 BCE): In disturbed main burial (NB 3:24). Six mostly intact; three moderately to severely rotted.

834 Astragals  (Pl. 163) BI 262  Tumulus KY (early 8th century BCE): Main burial, in fill below fallen roof beams with bronze and pottery pieces (NB 43:92).

Dimensions: Ls. 2.6–2.9 cm; Ws. 1.6–1.8 cm.

Some showing a good deal of marrow; several corners missing.

Group of nine astragals, with six pierced through proximal end and three showing wear or purposeful smoothing along the lateral ridges. Representative of a large quantity of astragals found in this tumulus.

Dimensions: Avg. L. 3 cm; avg. W. 2.2 cm.

Kohler 1995:29, TumC 2, pl. 15B.

Nineteen small and one larger astragals, all pierced through thickness at proximal end, except two that are pierced sideways through a single proximal lobe. Colors range from bone-white to green. Green color possibly due to contact with bronze. Discovered with approximately ten other astragals not catalogued.

837 Astragals  (Pl. 164) YH 46976, SF 95-175  Lower Town, Area A: Pit burial with two adult females and two children, near bodies of two children. Operation 27, Locus 502, Lot 334. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Found with bronze astragals (B 631–632), a bronze appli-

Intact.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 285

Dimensions: Ls. 2.6–3.8 cm; Ws. 2–2.2 cm; Ths. 1.2–1.4 cm. Seven worked astragals from a group of 36 (29 unmodified astragals were catalogued separately as YH 47399). One large astragal ground down on plantar and dorsal faces, three abraded on plantar and dorsal faces, two drilled at proximal end, and one drilled through center. 838 Astragals  (Pl. 164) YH 21696, SF 88-62  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Abandoned Village floor deposit. Operation 2, Locus 21, Lot 87. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Operation 3, Locus 38, Lot 62. YHSS Phase: 9, Late Bronze Age. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Astragal, cut flat on lateral and medial faces. Luster both on cut areas and intact surface of bone. 841 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 23836, SF 88-11  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: WFL Structure, Stage 3 (Voigt 1994). Operation 6, Locus 18, Lot 28. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age.

Intact. Intact. Dimensions for largest astragal: L. 3.3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Group of five astragals: three unworked, one with surface luster from use, and one with lateral and medial faces cut flat and smoothed. 839 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 51827, SF 96-230  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Floor deposit in Hellenistic Building 4; workroom for making figurines (Sams and Voigt 1998:681, plan 3, photos 1–3; Voigt 2012b:251, figs. 8–9). Operation 30, Locus 105, Lot 199. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Astragal, with trimmed plantar face. Some luster over cut. 842 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 30701, SF 89-275 Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Collapse fill of CKD Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 26, Lot 51. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Broken off on one side. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, cut down on the lateral face; broken on opposite. Surface not lustrous.

Dimensions: Avg. L. 3.4 cm; avg. W. 2.4 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Seven unworked astragals; slight luster on small area of one. Found in the same structure as 156, 746, 806.

Cut 840 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 23587, SF 88-198  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Deposit east of CBH Structure (Voigt 1994).

843 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 30706, SF 89-276  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Pit full of ash and food debris as well as pottery and other clay fragments (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 25, Lot 65. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.4 cm.

286

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Astragal, with the lateral face ground or worn down, resulting in a trapezoidal shape. Patches of slight luster. 844 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 28246, SF 89-103  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Collapse above CKD Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 11, Lot 27. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age.

847 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 30086, SF 89-429  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pitted trash deposits in an outside surface. Operation 2, Locus 65, Lot 210. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.3 cm.

Intact. Astragal, with dorsal face shaved back; some luster. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Astragal, with lateral and medial faces cut or ground to form convex surface. Bit of mica embedded in one cut side, shape suggests grinding. No luster. 845 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 28204, SF 89-151  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Wash cut by late Early Iron Age pits immediately below Early Phrygian courtyards (Voigt 1994). Operation 11, Locus 7, Lot 28. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age.

848 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 57045, SF 97-208  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse and trash above a Late Phrygian house. Operation 29, Locus 405, Lot 708. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Astragal, lightly ground on lateral and medial faces. Luster on most of surface.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Astragal, ground medially and laterally. One side smoothly cut but not lustrous; other side carved from two directions at a right angle with a rough surface with some luster.

849 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 30098, SF 89-435  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Trash deposits cut by small pits. Operation 2, Locus 65, Lot 218. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Damage to edges.

846 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 65297, SF 02-398  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Earliest floor of a Middle Phrygian house. Operation 29, Locus 28, Lot 75. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, no earlier than 650 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, ground on dorsal face. Matte surface with little evidence of use.

Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Astragal, with lateral face cut back and showing some luster. 850 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 57990, SF 97-243  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Deposit on paving of Middle Hellenistic house, Building 2 (Voigt 2012b: fig. 5). Operation 37, Locus 77, Lot 150. YHSS Phase: 3A:1, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 287

Dimensions: L. 2.4 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.1 cm.

Intact.

Astragal, ground on all faces. Little luster.

Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1 cm.

851 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 23595, SF 88-202  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Operation 1, Locus 29, Lot 57. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic.

Large astragal, ground flat on plantar and dorsal faces. Some luster on one end.

Surface deteriorated. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

855 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 57916, SF 97-192  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Inside room added to Middle Phrygian house with pebble floor; second phase of room’s use after basements are filled. Operation 29, Locus 477, Lot 933. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 575–540 BCE.

Astragal, with lateral and medial sides cut flat. Intact. 852 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 23600, SF 88-207  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Wall collapse inside a pithouse. Operation 1, Locus 11, Lot 43. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

Dimensions: L. 3.7 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 1 cm. Large astragal, hacked on plantar and dorsal faces producing an irregular, facetted surface. Whole piece highly lustrous.

Chipped, but worn over breaks. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, with lateral and medial faces cut or ground. Surface heavily polished. 853 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 57043, SF 95-333  Lower Town, Area B: Pit in Middle Phrygian house floor. Operation 25, Locus 175, Lot 255. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian. Surface deteriorating. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1 cm. Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces ground flat. Luster on ground surfaces. 854 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 58873, SF 02-315  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill over floor of Middle Phrygian house with pebble floor. Operation 36, Locus 76, Lot 166. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 575-540 BCE.

856 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 65295, SF 02-394  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Above plaster floor in complex of cellars cut into Middle Phrygian walls (Sams and Voigt 2003:196). Operation 29, Locus 56, Lot 148. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian, 600–575 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Astragal, worked to a thin slab. Facets on surface show plantar and dorsal faces sliced rather than sawn. Luster on cut surfaces and sides, but not ends. 857 Astragal  (Pl. 165) YH 30069, SF 89-396  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit sealed by Middle Hellenistic courtyard. Operation 7, Locus 26, Lot 137. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian Intact.

288

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Small astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces cut flat and lightly ground. Some luster on both cut and natural surface. Found associated with 446. 858 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 55091, SF 97-238  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Disturbed fill near an industrial feature of unknown use. Operation 29, Locus 408, Lot 785. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces pared down. No luster. 859 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 57001, SF 97-145  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Late Phrygian structure that may have been reused down to Hellenistic period. Operation 36, Locus 326, Lot 526. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, slightly ground on dorsal face. Lustrous surface. 860 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 57036, SF 97-172  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Large pit cut into ruins of Late Phrygian structure with white plaster floor; possibly a granary (Sams and Voigt 1998:560). Operation 36, Locus 320, Lot 575. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, mid-5th century BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.3 cm.

Astragal, ground on dorsal face. Slight luster, especially on plantar face. 861 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 57959, SF 97-197  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: On surface associated with last stages of Middle Phrygian house. Operation 29, Locus 471, Lot 920. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 575–540 BCE. One corner missing. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Astragal, cut or ground flat on plantar and dorsal faces. Burned black, lustrous surface. 862 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 57971, SF 97-218  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Disturbed area representing robbing of a Late Phrygian house. Operation 29, Locus 455, Lot 853. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Astragal, ground or sliced on plantar and dorsal surfaces. Little luster. 863 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 28249, SF 89-193  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit. Operation 2, Locus 61, Lot 150. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.5 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Astragal, cut on plantar and dorsal faces to form rough quadrilateral piece; cancellous tissue fully exposed. 864 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 30708, SF 89-197  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pitted collapse and trash. Operation 2, Locus 11, Lot 166.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 289

YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

es smoothed from use as polisher. Medial and lateral faces also shaved and worn.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.8 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Large astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces cut back to form thin rectangular piece. Surface not lustrous. 865 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 57999, SF 01-108  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Rebuilding after earthquake. Operation 36, Locus 262, Lot 379. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, after 390 BCE.

Found associated with small, one-handled cooking pot (P 4451) and small, iron sickle (ILS 685). 868 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 51293, SF 02-91  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pitted deposit in exterior area. Operation 29, Locus 8, Lot 4. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 575–540 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 4.4 cm; W. 3.2 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2 cm. Astragal, with slight grinding on dorsal surface. Lustrous surface.

Large astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces ground down to produce thin segment, completely exposing cancellous tissue. No luster on sides where original surface is intact.

866 Astragal  (Pl. 166) BI 431  Citadel Mound, Trench TC: Floor 5, Pit C (NB 109:42).

869 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 56192, SF 97-120  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Ashy pit. Operation 34, Locus 336, Lot 731. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Broken in half across shorter dimension.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 4.9 cm; W. 4.5 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Dimensions: L. 6.8 cm; W. 4.4 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Longitudinal, rectangular slice of large astragal, carefully cut out of center. Marrow exposed at center on both flat faces, but margins well polished, as if used for rubbing.

Large astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces sliced or ground down flat. Some luster on cut sides.

Found associated with a fragment of St. Valentine’s ware skyphos dated ca. 425 BCE (P 3011). 867 Astragal  (Pl. 166) BI 576  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3C: Middle Phrygian Building U, in ashy fill below west wall, with pottery of late 5th to early 4th century BCE (NB 160:98). Complete, as worked.

870 Astragal  (Pl. 166) YH 57953, SF 97-184  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Collapse and trash. Operation 29, Locus 439, Lot 776. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE. Intact. Dimensions: L. 5.4 cm; W. 3.3 cm; Th. 1 cm. Large astragal, sliced or ground flat on plantar and dorsal faces. Luster on preserved raised area of plantar surface.

Dimensions: L. 5.6 cm; W. 3.2 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Central slice from large astragal, exposing marrow. Surfac-

871 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 51621, SF 97-272  Citadel Mound, Northwest

290

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Zone: Pit used to rob wall foundations. Operation 34, Locus 187, Lot 387. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Use wear on unworked sides. Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1 cm. Astragal, cut in half longitudinally and ground flat on the plantar face. Bottom side also slightly ground.

Astragal, sliced flat on plantar and dorsal faces to produce object with rectangular section. Hole on one side may be damage. Little wear or luster. 875 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 64967, SF 02-243  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior area with mudbrick collapse. Operation 48, Locus 81, Lot 213. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

872 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 51305, SF 96-35  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Deep trash deposit. Operation 36, Locus 60, Lot 215. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, abraded to flat plantar and dorsal faces, exposing cancellous tissue. Gouge out of plantar face may be later damage. Traces of wear/luster on all surfaces.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; W. 4.2 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Central slice of large astragal, ground on plantar and dorsal faces, as well as both sides; ends preserve smooth bone surface. Very slight luster on some areas of top surface.

876 Astragal  (No illustration) YH 65291, SF 02-392  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 113, Lot 356. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

873 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 63096, SF 02-159  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior area with ash and trash, and evidence of metallurgical activity. Operation 45, Locus 111, Lot 183. YHSS Phase: 3A:3, Late Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, abraded flat on dorsal face and left slightly rounded on plantar face. No luster. 874 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 24828, SF 02-289  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior area with mudbrick collapse. Operation 45, Locus 157, Lot 246. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, ground flat on plantar and dorsal faces. Surfaces lustrous. 877 Astragals  (No illustration) YH 65294, SF 02-396  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 102, Lot 366. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: (a) L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. (b) L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Two astragals: (a) ground on dorsal surface; salts on surface, but some traces of luster; (b) ground down on plantar and dorsal faces with luster over surface, especially at ends.

Intact. Found associated with 769. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1 cm.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 291

878 Astragal  (No illustration) YH 65299, SF 01-107  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 28, Lot 170. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, ground or sliced down on plantar surface. Luster over most of the surface, including modified area.

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces sliced off to form rectangular piece. Some luster on cut surfaces. 882 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 24806, SF 02-278  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Area to the southeast of Building 1, with pyrotechnic features related to metallurgy. Operation 45, Locus 172, Lot 244. YHSS Phase: 3A:3, Late Hellenistic. Intact.

879 Astragal  (No illustration) YH 65300, SF 02-399  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 122, Lot 396. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 6.1 cm; W. 4 cm; Th. 1 cm. Large astragal, sawn on plantar and dorsal faces to produce thin slab. Saw marks visible. Luster on most of the solid surfaces.

Chipped along one edge of upper surface. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, ground down on dorsal surface. Whole surface lustrous, including ground areas.

883 Astragal  (Pl. 167) BI 577  Citadel Mound, Trench PhWN6: Floor 4, in pithos with sherds of second half of 4th century BCE (NB 154:129). Complete, as worked.

880 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 21832, SF 88-50  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Abandoned Village floor deposit. Operation 2, Locus 21, Lot 94. YHSS Phase: 3A:2, Middle Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.1 cm. Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces cut back to expose marrow; faces later smoothed by wear. One long side also shows some use.

Intact. Found associated with black-polished graffito sherd (I 534). Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, cut flat on plantar and dorsal faces; slightly modified on two long edges. Surfaces show high luster through use. 881 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 56394, SF 97-95  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Earliest street to southwest of Middle Hellenistic Building 2 (Voigt 2012b: fig. 8). Operation 29.5, Locus 6, Lot 14. YHSS Phase: 3A:1, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

884 Astragal  (Pl. 167) YH 23515, SF 88-194  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed deposit in area with Medieval pit. Operation 1, Locus 29, Lot 64. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic to 1, Medieval. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1 cm. Astragal, cut flat on plantar and dorsal faces to form rough rectangular form. Wear on both cut surfaces.

292

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

885 Astragal  (Pl. 167) BI 241  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N2: Level 2B (NB 52:46).

Intact.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.1 cm.

Dimensions: L. 6.4 cm; W. 4.3 cm; Th. 2.3 cm.

Astragal, cut back on plantar and dorsal faces to form rectangular piece. Polished through use.

Large astragal, with dorsal face sliced back to leave a rectangular space where marrow is now exposed. On medial face, less marrow shows along the two long edges. Found associated with 652. 886 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 57002, SF 97-130  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Fill in drain channel. Operation 37, Locus 41, Lot 102. YHSS Phase: 2: 2, Roman (ca. 75/80–110/115 CE). Intact. Dimensions: L. 6 cm; W. 2.9 cm; Th. 3 cm. Large astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces roughly hacked leaving facets and grinding marks. Irregular hole (D. 0.9 cm) cut into dorsal side; may be accidental damage. High luster only around hole on one side.

YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

889 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 23835, SF 88-32  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: WFL Structure, Stage 3 (Voigt 1994). Operation 6, Locus 18, Lot 26. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2. 6 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, with lateral and medial faces ground very flat. Striations from grinding visible. Luster only on cut surface. 890 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 31793, SF 89-418  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Mixed deposit (Voigt 1994). Operation 10, Locus 3, Lot 37. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age. Intact.

887 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 25518, SF 89-18  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Floor deposit in Medieval pithouse with subterranean oven. Operation 1, Locus 6, Lot 11. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. One end broken away; wear on all faces. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces cut flat. Moderate luster. 888 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 23594, SF 88-201  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit full of rocks, apparently collected from a plowed field. Operation 2, Locus 31, Lot 65.

Dimensions: L. 6.9 cm; W. 3.7 cm; Th. 1 cm. Large astragal, sliced thin; medial face flattened with lateral cut cleanly through cancellous tissue. Grinding and luster on both cut surfaces. 891 Astragal  (Pl. 168) BI 376  Citadel Mound, Trench W2S2, southwest corner: Layer 5, immediately above clay (NB 87:89). Complete, as cut. Dimensions: L. 5.2 cm; W. 3.2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Flat slice, sawed lengthwise from large astragal. Surfaces, although marrowy, are smoothly finished. Result is vaguely bird-shaped piece.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 293

Found associated with 549 and a black-glazed lamp, Corinth Broneer Type VI. 892 Astragal  (Pl. 168) BI 445  Citadel Mound, Trench O-Q: Fill above Floor 3, with black burnished wares. (NB 116:72).

with intrusive Iron Age pit (Voigt 1994). Operation 3, Locus 45, Lot 104. YHSS Phase: 8, Late Bronze to 7, Early Iron Age. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Complete, as cut; several rotted spots in marrowy areas. Dimensions: L. 5.8 cm; W. 3.2 cm;; Th. 1.1 cm. Slice taken through large astragal, close to medial face leaving part of natural indentation inside sliced margins.

Cut and Pierced 893 Astragal  (Pl. 168) BI 574  Citadel Mound, Trench PWN1, Annex E: Fill over Middle Phrygian city wall (NB 154:120).

Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces cut or ground flat and heavily worn. Hole (D. 0.3 cm) drilled at proximal end. Surface crazed, polished by use. 896 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 34273, SF 89-689  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Fill and debris from the demolition of the Early Phrygian PAP Structure (Voigt 1994). Operation 4, Locus 10, Lot 17. YHSS Phase: 6B, Early Phrygian. Intact.

Likely intact. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Longitudinal slice of astragal, leaving the medial face drilled with a single hole. Edges naturally smooth; faces polished from handling. Marrow shows on both faces. 894 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 63723, SF 02-113  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 81, Lot 270. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Astragal, cut asymmetrically, leaving lateral face with a hole drilled through lobe. Original surface worn smooth in places; cut side left rough. Found associated with 748. 895 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 23593, SF 88-200  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Floor deposit in CB Structure

Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces slightly ground and hole drilled at one end. Some luster on edges. 897 Astragal  (Pl. 168) BI 311  Citadel Mound, Trench WML 1-W: Layer 5, east half just east of bath on floor (NB 73:68). Complete. Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; W. 4 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Approximately rectangular section of large astragal, cut to flat slab with uneven contours of bone forming edges. Pierced through center by large round hole (D. 1.5 cm). Surfaces left fairly rough. Found associated with a small coarse jar (P 2095). 898 Astragal  (Pl. 168) YH 33264, SF 89-605  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Outside surface, with mud wall collapse (Voigt 1994). Operation 14, Locus 61, Lot 170. YHSS Phase: 10, Early Bronze Age.

294

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Intact.

Chip off edge.

Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.4 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.5 cm; Th. 1.9 cm.

Astragal. pierced through center from plantar to dorsal face; cut back on lateral, medial and dorsal faces. Good luster on cut surfaces.

Astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces ground slightly. Single hole through at proximal end, single hole drilled into lateral face, and two holes drilled into medial face. Surface dull.

899 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 55087, SF 97-52  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior surfaces cut by robber trench for Late Phrygian foundations. Operation 34, Locus 293, Lot 621. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

902 Astragals  (Pl. 169) YH 30088, SF 89-430  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Robber trench for wall of Late Phrygian pithouse (“cellar”) Operation 1, Locus 53, Lot 158. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Intact. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, with cone-shaped hole in plantar face; incised lines at right angles centered on drilling. Dorsal face slightly ground or worn flat by use. Surface lustrous. 900 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 57010, SF 97-137  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Area of collapse adjacent to industrial feature. Operation 29, Locus 465, Lot 874. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian, 540–490 BCE.

Dimensions: (a) L. 2.2 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. (b) L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Two astragals: (a) dyed orange and cut or abraded on plantar and dorsal faces showing luster; (b) drilled with hole at proximal end, one edge cut, and showing some luster. 903 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 30733, SF 89-322  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding. Operation 2, Locus 55, Lot 189. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Intact. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Dimensions: L. 3.4 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, pierced at proximal end. Lateral face ground very smooth and burned; dorsal face has slight grinding marks. Surface lustrous. 901 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 57041, SF 97-6  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Shallow pit with much bone and pottery and associated with the reworking of metal and other objects. Pit initially dates to Middle Phrygian, but appears to have been reused during Late Phrygian, down to 490 BCE (K. Codella, pers. comm.). Operation 29, Locus 457, Lot 867. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian to 4, Late Phrygian.

Astragal, pierced from medial to lateral face; hole filled with white material (possible lead corrosion). Plantar and dorsal faces ground down and polished. All surfaces lustrous. 904 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 60679, SF 96-345  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Late Phrygian fill. Operation 36, Locus 214, Lot 386. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian (likely 4th century). Surface damage.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 295

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 0.8 cm. Astragal, chopped or sawn to remove dorsal face. Drilled at proximal end. Traces of luster on cut surface.

Astragal, drilled at the proximal end, surface crazed with some lustrous areas.

905 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 55365, SF 97-237  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed context. Operation 34, Locus 305, Lot 643. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic to 1, Medieval.

908 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 34274, SF 89-688  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Fill in latest YHSS Phase 6B courtyard, beneath paved court of YHSS Phase 6A (Voigt 1994). Operation 8, Locus 1, Lot 1. YHSS Phase: 6, Early Phrygian.

Intact.

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.3 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.5 cm.

Astragal, ground on plantar and dorsal faces. Drilled through center, with iron rod inserted, flattened on top. All surfaces highly lustrous.

Astragal, pierced at proximal end. Some luster on surface; no cutting or grinding.

906 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 56153, SF 97-84  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mixed fill. Operation 30, Locus 256, Lot 19. YHSS Phase 3A:3, Late Hellenistic to 2, Roman (ca. 50 BCE to 4th century CE). Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Astragal, with very large hole (D. 0.7 cm) drilled through distal end and smaller hole (D. 0.3 cm) at proximal end. Parts of dorsal surface ground down; rest polished smooth. Plantar face and raised areas on side also lustrous.

909 Astragal  (Pl. 169) BI 444  Citadel Mound, Railroad Dyke: Clay layer (NB 110:68). Good condition, bronze diseased. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 2 cm. Astragal, pierced through at proximal end. Second hole pierces one lobe and retains small ring of bronze wire with overlapping ends. 910 Astragal  (Pl. 169) BI 585  Citadel Mound, Trench PhWN7: Layer 6 (NB 154:165). Complete. Bone yellowish to brownish.

Pierced

Dimensions: L. 3.6 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 2 cm.

907 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 22973, SF 88-144  Citadel Mound, Lower Trench Sounding: Exterior surface above latest Early Iron Age houses (Voigt 1994). Operation 3, Locus 12, Lot 24. YHSS Phase: 7, Early Iron Age.

Astragal, with three holes (D. 0.4 cm) on central long axis, from plantar to dorsal face. Additional single holes through center of each thin flange.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

911 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 32653, SF 89-422  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Inside pithos set in floor of a Middle Phrygian house. Operation 12, Locus 39, Lot 61. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian.

296

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Intact.

Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.6 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.2 cm.

Astragal, drilled asymmetrically at proximal end (D. 0.4 cm). Some lustrous areas.

Astragal, with two holes drilled from plantar to dorsal face: one in center and second near proximal end. White deposit on surface; appears to be burned, no trace of luster. Associated with a group of Middle Phrygian pots (Sams and Voigt 1991: figs. 14–15. 912 Astragal  (Pl. 169) BI 416  Citadel Mound, north of Railroad Cut: Pit on southeast side, 20 m from northeast end (NB 99:67). Complete.

915 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 30067, SF 89-377  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed context during balk removal. Operation 1, Locus 53, Lot 145. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.4 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, with hole drilled off center between plantar and dorsal faces. Luster on all surfaces.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Astragal, with three holes: one through center of medial/ lateral faces and one each at the proximal and distal ends. Found associated with a large, wide-mouthed black polished trefoil jug (P 2800), a lekythoid jug (P 2799), a coarse round-mouthed squat jug (P 2801), and an iron point (ILS 390). 913 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 30089, SF 89-431  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: First floor in room constructed between Middle Phrygian Buildings I:2 and J. Operation 1, Locus 58, Lot 147. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.2 cm. Astragal, pierced at proximal end. Surface lustrous. 914 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 28247, SF 89-191  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit, probably a latrine. Operation 2, Locus 58, Lot 137. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

916 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 46512, SF 95-151  Lower Town, Area A: Slump eroded between excavation seasons; possibly from burial. Operation 27, Locus 500, Lot 250. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 2, Roman (50 BCE to late 4th century CE). Bronze ring diseased and incomplete. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Astragal, drilled at proximal end with bronze ring (D. 0.4 cm) through hole. Good luster on all surfaces of bone; green discoloration around ring. 917 Astragal  (Pl. 169) YH 37480  Lower Town: Bell-shaped pit cut into Late Phrygian deposit. Operation 20, Locus 0, Lot 62. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 2, Roman (50 BCE to 4th century CE). Broken at exit point of hole in adjacent side. Dimensions: L. 6.3 cm; W. 4.3 cm; Th. 3.4 cm.

Intact.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 297

Large astragal, drilled through obliquely on one lobe at proximal end. 918 Astragal  (Pl. 170) BI 261  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-012: Level 4 (NB 56:11).

921 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 65296, SF 02-397  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 58, Lot 202. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

Complete, except for extension of wire, which is broken away at surface of bone. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, pierced through center, plantar to dorsal face. Iron wire bent around for suspension. Found associated with a large, black flower pot (P 1722), a Hellenistic plate with red glaze decoration (P 1175), a 6th century BCE East Greek amphora sherd (P 968b), an iron ring (ILS 201), and a bronze arrowhead (B 604). 919 Astragal  (Pl. 170) BI 61  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Embankment beyond outer wall of Building A, layers 3–5 (NB 6:94). Intact, but for a few chips. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2 cm. Astragal, with hole bored from plantar to dorsal face at center. Piece of bronze wire inserted and bent into overlapping ring around proximal end between lobes. 920 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 58527, SF 02-239  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 115, Lot 364. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Astragal, with hole (D. 0.6 cm) drilled at proximal end and discolored by original iron wire. High luster on raised areas of bone. 922 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 28248, SF 89-192  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Removal of wall and foundation trench. Operation 7, Locus 25, Lot 69. YHSS Phase: 3A:1, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Astragal, with one hole (D. 0.4 cm) drilled from plantar to dorsal face and second hole of same size drilled partially through same faces. Some luster, no cuts. 923 Astragal  (Pl. 170) BI 566  Citadel Mound, Trench CC3B: Middle Hellenistic House (published as Keith’s House by Wells 2012:112–122, fig. 67), in fill below Floor 4 (NB 161:76). Complete; worn along one sharp edge. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, pierced three times (D. of holes 0.5 cm) through from dorsal to plantar face.

Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Wells 2012:122, table 29. Astragal, drilled from plantar to dorsal face with one hole (D. 0.6 cm) and a second (D. 0.7 cm) drilled partially into dorsal face. Slight luster on undrilled side.

924 Astragal  (Pl. 170) BI 495  Citadel Mound, Trench WS 9, N: Layer 1 (NB 130:131).

298

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Complete, with a few tiny rotted areas in surface.

Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.5 cm.

Dimensions: L. 3.5 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 2 cm.

Astragal, with one larger hole (D. 0.2 cm) drilled between the plantar and distal faces and a smaller hole (D. 0.1 cm) drilled from the medial to the lateral face. Remains of a white substance in the hole on the plantar face.

Astragal, with three holes drilled laterally into plantar face; only two of the holes pierce through. Lead poured into holes puddled in the concavity of the dorsal face. Found associated with 332 and a stamped, grey neck fragment (P 3643). 925 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 68950, SF 05-28  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Medieval context. Operation 52, Locus 9, Lot 78. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval. Intact Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, with large cavity (D. 0.7 cm) drilled on the plantar face at the distal end; possibly meant to hold a lead weight. Sides polished from use. Lateral and medial faces shaved slightly. 926 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 68330, SF 05-126  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Medieval pit, located either below or part of robbed Roman wall. Operation 54, Locus 77, Lot 173. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

928 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 68332, SF 05-128  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Midden pile. Operation 54, Locus 29, Lot 158. YHSS Phase: 2:3, Roman (ca. 110/115–130/170 CE). Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.6 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Astragal with tapered hole (D. 0.2–0.3 cm) drilled from the plantar to the dorsal face. A second smaller hole appears at proximal end of plantar face but does not penetrate through to the opposite side.

Stained or Dyed 929 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 33807, SF 89-548  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Abandonment and filling of Middle Phrygian Building I:2 cellar. Operation 2, Locus 87, Lot 291. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle Phrygian. Intact.

Repaired from two pieces; marrow extensively exposed on plantar face.

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

Dimensions: L. 7.1 cm; W. 4.1 cm; Th. 4 cm.

Astragal, dyed red; some luster on surface.

Large astragal, drilled (D. 1 cm) through center of plantar and dorsal faces.

Found associated with 28.

927 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 68331, SF 05-127  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Wall bedding. Operation 52, Locus 92, Lot 265. YHSS Phase: 2:2, Roman (ca. 75/80–110/115 CE).

930 Astragals  (Pl. 170) YH 32365, SF 89-206  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed context. Operation 2, Locus 50, Lot 272. YHSS Phase: 5, Middle to 4, Late Phrygian. Intact.

Intact.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 299

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Miscellaneous

Pair of astragals, both lustrous; one covered by cranberry red dye. No cut marks.

934 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 32399, SF 89-596  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Terrace Building, Room 2, anteroom. Operation 1, Locus 100, Lot 208. YHSS Phase: 6A, Early Phrygian Destruction Level.

931 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 30195, SF 89-325  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Pit cut into Middle Phrygian fill. Operation 1, Locus 77, Lot 163. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.4 cm.

Intact. Small astragal, burnt and covered with copper corrosion. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Small astragal, dyed red. Found associated with 314 as well as five nearly complete pots, a fibula, and a bronze arrowhead. 932 Astragals  (Pl. 170) BI 128  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N, Section 1, 2B: Level 3, north of wall with 95 other astragals and two boar’s teeth (NB 17:19). Intact; small worn spots on edges. Dimensions: (a) L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm. (b) L. 2.8 cm; W. 2 cm. Two astragals, left in natural state, but covered with thin red wash. Found associated with 56, 210, 460, a bronze bolster (B 233), and a painted relief tile (A 47).

Found in jar with four whorls (YH 33607; YH 33161.1–3) and a piece of textile (YH 33634). 935 Astragal  (Pl. 170) BI 545  Citadel Mound, Trench PhWN: Layer 4, with 4th century BCE sherds (NB 154:10). Complete. Burned black over most of surface. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.4 cm. Astragal, worn down on plantar face and on the two lateral ridges on the dorsal face as though used to rub or burnish a surface. Found associated with 353. 936 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 23521, SF 88-208  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Exterior courtyard. Operation 1, Locus 21, Lot 94. YHSS Phase: 4, Late Phrygian to 3, Hellenistic.

933 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 66368, SF 04-92  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Exterior surface. Operation 52, Locus 9, Lot 69. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval.

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.6 cm.

Intact.

Astragal, with all surfaces worn to shine through use.

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm.

Found associated with 949.

Astragal, with traces of red paint over entire surface.

937 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 36051, SF 93-21  Citadel Mound, Southwest

Intact.

300

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Zone: Large bell-shaped pit, sealed by a Middle Hellenistic house. Operation 17, Locus 0 Lot 103. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

Intact.

Astragal pierced through thickness at proximal end. In center of plantar face is incised, double, compass-drawn circle (D. 1.3 cm), inside of which is a five-petal flower formed of arcs drawn from the circumference.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.9 cm.

Found associated with four leech fibulae (B 1295).

Astragal, with an anomaly at one end (lipping on edge of bone); shiny from use.

941 Astragal  (Pl. 171) BI 223  Citadel Mound, Middle Phrygian Gate: Under pavement of north side of court in thin layer of bedding beams (NB 49:2).

Found associated with 116, 683, 974. 938 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 23597, SF 88-204  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Mixed context. Operation 1, Locus 10, Lot 20. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic to 1, Medieval.

Broken on one lobe. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Intact.

Astragal, left in natural condition except for compassdrawn six-petaled flower inscribed in a circle on medial face. Compass slipped once and part of design is scratched out.

Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.5 cm.

Found associated with faience jug fragments (G 163).

Astragal, polished through use, but not modified. 939 Astragal  (Pl. 170) YH 68946, SF 05-8  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Pit house, west room. Operation 53, Locus 33, Lot 133. YHSS Phase: 2:5 Roman (5th [?] to 7th century CE).

Inscribed 942 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 171) I 211  Citadel Mound, Trench EML 3-W: Layer 4 (NB 74:123). Complete.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.3 cm. Dimensions: L. 2.7 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, with longitudinal cutting mark on plantar and dorsal faces as though attempting to cut it in half.

Well polished astragal, inscribed in the center of its plantar face with what is either a Δ with one line extended or an Α missing part of one line.

Decorated

Found associated with 976 and a coarse, squat, grey jar (P 2089).

940 Astragal  (Pl. 171) BI 372  Citadel Mound: Terrace Building, Room 3, in posthole. (NB 81:132). Complete, with a few tiny areas of rot.

943 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 171) BI 66  Citadel Mound, SE Trench, south side: Layer 3, in pit dug down through Floor 4, with stamped black-glazed sherds of late 4th to early 3rd century BCE (NB 6:123).



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 301

Complete. Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; W. 2.4 cm; Th. 1 cm. Central slice of large astragal, pared down to highly polished, flat surface. In center of one face is inscribed a large Δ, and on opposite side, to left of central depression, a smaller Δ. Found associated with 160, 501, 598, and a terracotta head (T 14, Romano 1995:45, no. 106, pl. 30). 944 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 171) I 187  Citadel Mound, Trench Q2E: Layer 4 (NB 60:161). Complete, as cut.

947 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 172) I 385  Citadel Mound, Trench WS5–6, N: Layer 4, with large pithos fragments and pieces of West Slope ware (NB 130:46). Complete. Dimensions: L. 6.6 cm; W. 4 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Center rectangular slice of large astragal, trimmed to two flat marrowy faces. Suspension hole drilled through one proximal lobe. Deeply incised in center of one face is a large Α, with another more lightly cut and placed lower down to the left. 948 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 172) I 224  Citadel Mound Trench NCT W-4: Layer 2, with 3rd century BCE pottery (NB 72:61).

Dimensions: L. 4 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Intact. Central slice of large astragal, showing a good deal of marrow on plantar face, in the center of which is inscribed ΔΕ. Found associated with a coarse, grey lamp (L 78) and a black polished fish plate (P 1692). 945 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 171) BI 385  Citadel Mound, Trench PN: Layer 2 (NB 88:67).

Dimensions: L. 5.8 cm; W. 3.6 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Central rectangular slice of large astragal, with much marrow exposed on both plantar and dorsal faces, each inscribed with a large Η. Found associated with 710, a Rhodian stamped, amphora handle (SS 178), and a red-figured, krater sherd dated ca. 400 BCE (P 2163).

Complete, but with a few small spots of rot. Dimensions: L. 3.3 cm; W. 2.3 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Astragal, with a crudely inscribed Ε in center of plantar face.

949 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 172) YH 23599, SF 88-206  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Exterior courtyard. Operation 1, Locus 21, Lot 94 Operation 1, Locus 21, Lot 94. YHSS Phase:4, Late Phrygian to 3, Hellenistic.

946 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 171) I 240  Citadel Mound, Trench WIS: Layer 2 (NB 89:55).

Intact.

One lobe broken off.

Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Dimensions: L. 4.1 cm; W. 2.5 cm; Th. 1 cm.

Astragal, with an H roughly scratched on plantar face.

Central slice of large astragal, with exposed marrow on plantar and dorsal faces; each inscribed with a large Ε.

Found associated with 936.

Found associated with a small bottle (P 2463).

950 Astragals: Inscribed  (Pl. 172) YH 65285, SF 02-387  Citadel Mound, Southeast

302

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Zone. Operation 46, Locus 122, Lot 397. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: (a) L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. (b) L. 2.1 cm; W. 2.9 cm. Two astragals: (a) has lustrous surface and letter H deeply incised on plantar face; (b) is burnt with a matte surface and modified by deep notch cut from proximal end to center. 951 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 172) BI 531  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-4: Layer 3, with palmette-stamped black-glazed sherd (NB 141:140). Intact, but with some rotted spots. Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Astragal, shaved smooth along medial and lateral faces, revealing a good deal of marrow. Center of plantar face is inscribed with a rough X. 952 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 173) YH 65284, SF 02-386  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 49, Lot 142. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact.

Intact. Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Astragal, inscribed with EP on plantar surface and a small Δ less carefully cut on distal end. Surface lustrous only on raised areas. 954 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 173) YH 65288, SF 02-389  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 97, Lot 321. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, with at least two, and perhaps three, letters inscribed on plantar face: E, P, and a third indistinct letter resembling I. Roller notes this is a set of letters frequently found at the start of a Greek name (1987a:121, no. 33). Surface matte, some luster on sides; one side stained green. 955 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 173) I 102  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT-A2: Pit dug down from Floor 1 (NB 23:135). Intact, but for tiny chips along edges. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 2 cm. Astragal, inscribed along center of plantar face: ΕΡΙ (see 954)

Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.6 cm. Found associated with two coins of Seleucus I (C 376–377). Astragal, with high luster over entire surface. On plantar face, three short parallel lines that could be the result of butchery. Immediately adjacent, a more deeply and intentionally incised X. 953 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 173) YH 56157, SF 97-85  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Debris from slump occurring between excavation seasons. Operation 44, Locus 0, Lot 30. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic, based on letter style.

Roller 1987a:121, no. 33; she proposes a date between the second half of the 3rd and the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. 956 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 173) YH 35426, SF 93-7  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Mixed deposit Operation 17, Locus 0 Lot 45. YHSS Phase: 3, Hellenistic. Intact.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 303

Dimensions: L. 6.5 cm; W. 4 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Large astragal, with plantar and dorsal faces sliced flat, exposing cancellous tissue. Dorsal face has incised letters read as EKT. 957 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 173) I 238  Citadel Mound: Context unknown; possibly Layer 3. Complete, but with rotting around edges. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal, left in natural state, inscribed on planter face with EKTΩP and EKT on medial face. Young 1962:154; Roller 1987a:125, no. 46; F. Winter 1988: fig. 3. 958 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) I 546  Context unknown. Complete, with surface scratches. Dimensions: L. 2.8 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.5 cm. Astragal left in its natural state, inscribed across plantar face: HΛΙ. This may be an ownership mark. Roller theorized it stands for either an Anatolian (Elis, Eleis) or Greek (Helios) name (1987a:126, no. 47).

960 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) I 210  Citadel Mound, Trench WML 2-W: Layer 3 (NB 73:104). Complete. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.6 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Well polished astragal inscribed along center of plantar face: ΕΡΜΗC. Roller sees this as the nominative of a personal name (1987a:119, no. 25). An astragal inscribed with a similar name (ΕΡΜΗ) was found in a Hellenistic context in the fortress of Shar’ar-Ha’amakim in the Lower Galilee; it was interpreted as a dedication to Hermes (Bar-Oz 2001:215). Found associated with a lamp (L 97), a miniature stone column (ST 392), iron tweezers (ILS 569), a fibula (B 1197), and two coins (C 792, 793). Roller 1987a:119, no. 25; she proposes a date in the second half of the 3rd century BCE. 961 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) I 212  Citadel Mound, Middle Phrygian Building M: Layers 4 and 5, 4th century fill above destruction debris. The building was likely in use until the late 6th or early 5th century BCE (Fields 2008:67) (NB 74:133, 176). Intact. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 1.9 cm; Th. 1.9 cm.

Roller 1987a:126, no. 47. 959 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) YH 23596, SF 88-203  Citadel Mound, Upper Trench Sounding: Medieval pit cut into Hellenistic surface. Operation 1, Locus 18, Lot 33. YHSS Phase: 1, Medieval, based on find location; likely 3, Hellenistic, based on lettering. Intact. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.8 cm. Astragal, with slight luster and inscribed on plantar face with HPA.

Astragal, left in natural state with red wash and inscription lightly incised on plantar face: ΙΕΡΔ. Roller reads the inscription as IEPO, although the last letter is distinctly triangular. She identifies this as the genitive of Hieron, a name known in the 3rd century BCE in both Greece and Anatolia (1987a:119, no. 29). Found associated with 175, a red-figured, krater sherd dated 425–400 BCE (P 2072), a black-glazed fish plate with graffito (I 216), a discoid loomweight (MC 170), and a biconical red carnelian bead (ST 39). Roller 1987a:119, no. 29.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

962 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) I 265  Citadel Mound, Trench T-C: Layer 3, in fill above floor (NB 109:45).

Abraded on edges and rotted in small spots.

Complete, but for a few spots on surface.

Dimensions: L. 3.2 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.6 cm.

Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1.8 cm; Th. 1.7 cm.

Astragal, unworked except for inscription across its plantar face: ΝΙΚH.

Astragal, with inscription cut down center of plantar face: ΙΛΗ. Roller interprets this as the feminine form of ΙΛΙΟΣ (Ilios), a name attested in Caria (1987a:128, no. 53). Roller 1987a:128, no. 53; she proposes a date in the second half of the 3rd century BCE. 963 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) I 247  Citadel Mound: Context unknown, possibly Layer 3.

50:3).

Found associated with a black-glazed, stamped bowl (P 1058; Stewart 2010: no. 95), a terracotta, draped male (T 45; Romano 1995:44, no. 102, pl. 29), a loom weight (MC 98), and glass bead (G 168). Roller 1987a:113, no. 10; she proposes a date between the second half of the 3rd century and first quarter of the 2nd century BCE.

Dice

Complete, but for a few rot spots. Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 2.1 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Astragal, stained deep orange red and inscribed across length of its plantar face: ΑΧΙΛ.

966 Ivory Die  (Pl. 175) BI 449  Citadel Mound, Trench Meg 5-F: Pit through Floor 4 into clay (NB 114:169). Intact.

Young 1962:154; Roller 1987a:125, no. 45; F. Winter 1988:63, fig. 3. 964 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 172) BI 236  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N1: Layer 2 (NB 52:42).

Dimensions: H. 1.5 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Buff, ivory die, with all corners and edges somewhat rounded. Spots are dotted circles placed in combinations adding up to seven: one opposite six, two opposite five, and three opposite four. Worn to a very shiny finish.

Complete Dimensions: L. 3.1 cm; W. 2 cm; Th. 1.7 cm. Astragal, with center of plantar face inscribed: NI. Found associated with a red-glazed, Hellenistic, plate fragment (P 1103).

Found associated with a bronze fibula (B 1536) and with grey burnished pottery 967 Bone Die  (Pl. 175) BI 150  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-W, Cut II-A: Below Floor 4 (NB 9:158). Intact.

Roller 1987a:114, no. 11; she proposes a date between the second half of the 3rd century and first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. 965 Astragal: Inscribed  (Pl. 174) BI 231  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C3: Level 2 (NB

Dimensions: H. 2.7 cm; W. 2.6 cm; Th. 1.9 cm. Die, with faces numbered with simple dots so that one is opposite two, three opposite four, and five opposite six. Spongy material showing in parts.



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 305

968 Bone Die  (Pl. 175) BI 34  Citadel Mound, SE Trench: Middle Hellenistic structure (published as Rodney’s House, part of SET Level 2 Complex, by Wells 2012:178–191, fig. 113), Room A, in ashy fill with a large amount of pottery, stamped amphora handles and terracotta figurines (NB 2:159).

Die, with square faces and crisp edges. Holes drilled in regular pattern: one opposite six, two opposite five, and three opposite four. Surface lustrous.

Complete.

971 Ivory Die  (Pl. 175) YH 61427, SF 01-80  Citadel Mound, Southeast Zone. Operation 46, Locus 52, Lot 192. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic.

Dimensions: H. 1.4 cm; W. 1.3 cm; Th. 1.1 cm.

Laminated fragments with no original surfaces preserved.

Die, with dotted circles representing numbers one to six, such that opposite faces add up to seven. Variable dimensions of sides put odds against throwing a three or four.

Dimensions: L. 2.4 cm; W. 2.2 cm; Th. 0.6 cm. One nearly complete face of a die, with five holes and only a narrow section of the four other sides, one with traces of two holes and another opposite with traces of one hole.

Found associated with terracotta female figures (T 6–10; Romano 1995: nos. 57, 59, 66–68), Rhodian amphora handles (SS 21–30), other coarse wares lying over finer wares, and a coin, not catalogued but described by the excavator as post-311 BCE.

972 Bone Die  (Pl. 175) BI 572  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-13: Floor 1 (NB 162:44).

Wells 2012: 191, table 51.

Intact, as recut; one fine crack.

969 Bone Die  (Pl. 175) BI 249  Citadel Mound, Trench NCT 3/4: Building C, Layer 6, along north wall, with banded lydion (NB 53:57).

Dimensions: H. 1.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm; Th. 1.8 cm.

Rotted on two marrowy faces. Dimensions: H. 1.6 cm; W. 1.6 cm. Bone die, not quite cubic, with dotted circles arranged so that three are opposite four, two opposite five, and six opposite seven. 970 Ivory Die  (Pl. 175) YH 54165, SF 96-238  Citadel Mound, Northwest Zone: Mudbrick collapse between house and thick wall, possibly of courtyard. Operation 34, Locus 177, Lot 507. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 1.3 cm; W. 1.2 cm; Th. 1.2 cm.

Well polished, bone die, slightly rounded on corners. Spots of dotted double circles arranged so that one is opposite six, and two opposite five. The two remaining sides have their faces completely drilled away for secondary use, leaving only thin walls all around; traces of two circles on the four side are still visible. 973 Bone Die  (Pl. 175) YH 39381, SF 94-66  Lower Town, Area B: Cleaning human bones resting on surface of ritual area (Voigt 2012b:281–284). Operation 25, Locus 1, Lot 9. YHSS Phase: 3A, Middle Hellenistic. Intact. Dimensions: L. 2.9 cm; W. 1 cm; Th. 0.9 cm. Die, with six lozenge-shaped sides: five flat and one with a shallow U-shaped groove along one edge. Holes uniformly sized, though not regularly spaced, arranged with one opposite six, two opposite five, and three opposite four. No

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evidence that holes were filled. Surface lustrous.

Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

Sams 1995: fig. 16.

Well-polished, lentoid, bone counter, with both faces equally convex. Small shallow hole in center of each side.

974 Bone Die  (Pl. 175) YH 35946, SF 93-18  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Large bell-shaped pit, sealed by a Middle Hellenistic house. Operation 17, Lot 103. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic. Intact.

Found associated with 942 and a coarse, squat, gray jug (P 1089). 977 Ivory Counter  (Pl. 176) YH 42355, SF 94-191  Citadel Mound, Southwest Zone: Fill in pit cut for storage jar inside a house. Operation 17, Locus 412, Lot 501. YHSS Phase: 3B, Early Hellenistic.

Dimensions: L. 3 cm; W. 0.7 cm; Th. 0.7 cm. Intact. Lentoid bone die, tapering to dull point on all four sides. Each of two sides drilled with small holes in arrangement similar to a die: one opposite two, and five opposite six; red color inside. Found associated with 116, 683, 937. Sams 1995:438, fig. 16.

Counters

Dimensions: D. 1.2 cm; Th. 0.4 cm. Well-polished, plain, lentoid counter. 978 Bone Counter  (Pl. 176) BI 526  Citadel Mound, Trench PPB-4: Layer 3, on floor (NB 140:73). Intact. Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.6 cm.

975 Bone Counter  (Pl. 176) BI 532  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-4: Layer 5 (NB 141:147).

Well-polished, lentoid, bone counter, with both faces equally convex. Small, shallow hole in center of one face.

Intact.

Found associated with a fibula (B 1807).

Dimensions: D. 1.6 cm; Th. 0.5 cm.

979 Bone Counter  (Pl. 176) BI 573  Citadel Mound, Trench WCW-13: Level 2 (NB 162:48).

Well-polished, lentoid, bone counter, with both faces equally convex. In center of one face is a small shallow hole.

Complete. Found associated with one-handled, cooking pots (P 3893–3899), a coarse black bowl (P 3900), and a bronze attachment band (B 1853). 976 Bone Counter  (Pl. 176) BI 322  Citadel Mound, Trench EML 3-W: Layer 4 (NB 74:123). Complete.

Dimensions: D. 1.5 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Well-polished, lentoid, bone counter, with deep compasspoint on one face and tiny center-mark and three lightly incised concentric circles near edge on other face. Marrow shows slightly on both faces. 980 Bone Counter  (No illustration) BI 130  Citadel Mound, Trench SET-N, Cut N-4-F:



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 307

Area north of House 5 of Early Hellenistic Street Corner Houses (Wells 2012:55, fig. 25) (NB 18:174).

Complete, but splitting down center; tiny rot spots scattered over surface. Dimensions: H. 1.1 cm; D. 0.8 cm.

Complete. Dimensions: D. 2.9 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Flat, bone disc, with each face profiled in raised degrees: four on one face and three and a half on the other. Wells 2012:58, table 3.

Short, cylindrical, ivory counter, tapering from top to bottom. Flat top outlined by sharp standing ridge around edge. 984 Bone Counter  (Pl. 176) YH 25685, SF 89-26  Citadel Mound: Cleaning slump eroded into excavation area between seasons. Operation 1, Locus 1, Lot 18. YHSS Phase: Phases 3, Hellenistic to 1, Medieval

981 Bone Counter  (Pl. 176) BI 252  Citadel Mound, Trench NE, west section: Level 2B (NB 52:122).

Intact; vertical splits.

Complete, as mended; roughened by rot and incrustation.

Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; D. 0.7 cm.

Dimensions: H. 2.1 cm; D. base 1.4 cm.

Cylindrical bone counter, with flat base and rounded top set off by a shallow groove. Surface slightly faceted. Luster at either end.

Well-polished, bone counter, flat on bottom with two incised lines around base. Conical body, with concave shallowly fluted sides tapering up to double knob on top. Found associated with 125, 615, a bronze fibula (B 661), and a fragment of gray ware with a graffito (I 146). 982 Bone Counters  (Pl. 176) BI 126  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-N, Sections 1 and 2B: Layer 3 (NB 17:21). Intact. Dimensions: (a) H. 0.9 cm; D. 0.9 cm. (b) H. 1.2 cm; D. 0.5 cm. Two well-polished, bone cylindrical counters: (a) short and thick, (b) tall and thin. Each cut off squarely at base, with a round cap set off by a narrow groove. Found associated with a large, grey, ovoid jar (P 412), a black, ovoid jar fragment (P 413), a bronze arrowhead (B 232), and an iron fibula (ILS 70). 983 Ivory Counter  (Pl. 176) BI 544  Citadel Mound, Trench PhW-N: Cleaning above Floor 5 (NB 154:16).

notes: 13.1  Examples may be noted at Alişar Höyük (Osten 1937a:85, bX22), Boğazköy (Bittel 1933:27, fig. 12), Kültepe (Özgüç 1950:207), Zincirlı (von Luschan and Andrae 1943:122–123, p1 59p, q), Midas City (Haspels 1951:101, pl. 43b), Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:192, pl. XXXVI, 41–44), and Olynthos (Robinson 1941:503, pl. CLXIV). 13.2  In his detailed analysis of 23,000 astragals recovered from the Corycian cave in Delphi, Amandry bemoans the neglected preservation or analysis of large caches of astragals reported from many sites (1984:352). 13.3  An inventory of the Asklepion at Athens mentions gilded astragals, although it is not clear if the gilding was added to the natural bone or to a bronze replica (IG II2, 1533, L. 32; noted in Amandry 1984:363). 13.4  Two astragals from the Middle and Late Bronze Age levels at Tarsus are catalogued as polishers (Goldman 1956:311, nos. 116 and 118). 13.5  Pausanias describes a painting by Polygnotos in the Cnidian Lesche at Delphi that showed Cameiro and Clytië, playing a game of astragals in Hades (X, 30, 2). 13.6  Aristotle (Hist. An. II, i, 499b 27) gave the name and value of each side of the astragal: the flat lateral face (χῑος) was worth one; the sinuous lateral face (κᾦος), six; the concave dorsal face (ὕπτιος), three; and the convex

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plantar face (πρανής) four (Deubner 1929:272). For an illustration of the four sides, see Amandry 1984: fig. 2. In a test of throwing results, the larger dorsal and plantar faces came up between 35% and 50% of the time, while the lateral faces turned up in 0.4% to 14% of the throws (Deubner 1929:276). 13.7  The game as played in modern Syria goes by the name mourasrasse or sakka (Gachet-Bizollon 2007:211). 13.8  Caches of astragals from both funerary and domestic contexts are known from numerous sites in the Levant from Middle and Late Bronze contexts (Gilmour 1997:167). 13.9  There is no evidence indicating whether the astragals in Tumulus P were placed in a bag or other perishable container. In later periods, Plato describes a φορμίσκος as a container for knucklebones (Lysis. 206e) and bags for holding astragals are commonly seen in schoolroom scenes on Greek vases (Beck 1975: nos. 48, 62, 80, 91, 101, 110; Neils 1992:232). 13.10  Their importance to royalty is suggested by a scene on a late 9th/early 8th century BCE relief from the Royal Buttress of the King’s Gate at Carchemish showing the eight siblings of the young Kamanis engaged in a game of astragals as he is being led by the regent Yariris (Hogarth 1914: pl. B7b; Gilibert 2011:47–49, Carchemish 78.) An 8th century BCE funerary stele from Maraş shows a youth standing on his mother’s lap (Hawkins 2000:274–275, pl. 125; Gilibert 2011: fig. 63). His educational accomplishments are suggested by the stylus he holds and the hinged writing board floating nearby, while his play pastimes are illustrated by the dove whose leash he holds in his other hand and two astragals shown floating above. 13.11  The building was originally called the Burned Phrygian Building. The discovery of the astragals was mentioned by Young in his annual report (1957:321); the full record is found in NB 61:38. 13.12  The building was originally called the West Phrygian House. Young makes a brief mention of the astragals in his annual report (1957:327); more detail is found in NB 61:166. The gray jug has been catalogued and discussed by Sams (1994:267, no. 741, pl. 79). 13.13  In parsing the collection to suggest a use for the astragals, the excavator dismissed the significance of the loom weights as too fragile for weaving, even though he noted a similar mass of loom weights from Jerusalem “reported to have been found in functional relation to a loom” (Lapp 1967:25). 13.14  Out of 4,000 modified astragals found in the Corycian cave at Delphi, approximately 60% were pierced by

a single hole, slightly more from the lateral to the medial face than from the plantar to the dorsal face (Amandry 1984:348). Explanations for the holes include stringing as a simple convenience or safeguard against loss, use as an ancient equivalent of modern worry beads, wearing as a decorative pendant or amulet, or attaching them to the ends of a whip used in the cult of Cybele (Amandry 1984:354); but when found in such quantity in a sacred location, a dedicatory purpose seems equally possible. 13.15  Aristotle referred to these weighted astragals as μεμολιβδωμένοι ἀστραγάλοι (Problems XIV, 3 and 12). For a comprehensive list of weighted astragals, see Reese 1985:387–388. One of the earliest was found in a 14th century BCE context at Ras Shamra (Schaeffer 1962:103–105, fig. 64; Amandry 1984:365, fig. 30; Gilmour 1997:167). Other examples date from the Late Bronze Age into the Roman period and were found at Megiddo (Gilmour 1997:167), Alişar Höyük (Osten 1937a: fig. 276), Tarsus (Goldman 1956: fig. 440, no. 117), Boğazköy (Boehmer 1979:55, pl. XXVII, 3613), a Lydian tomb at Sardis (Schaeffer 1962:105, fig. 65 top right), Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:109, 192, pl. XXXVI, 42), Delos (Deonna 1938:332– 334, fig. 420, pl. 93.820; Amandry 1984: fig. 35b; Gilmour 1997:170), Kition (Reese 1985: pl. B5), the Athenian Agora (Amandry 1984:365, fig. 31; Gilmour 1997:168), a 5th century BCE tomb of a youth in Locri in southern Italy (Amandry 1984: fig. 36), the Corycian cave at Delphi (Amandry 1984:363–370, fig. 32 c, d, f; 33), a Hellenistic context at Triphylie in Messenia (Amandry 1984:368, fig. 35 c), and in a Roman context at Thebes (Amandry 1984:368). 13.16  This function seems particularly apt with astragals made in bronze, lead, or stone. There are three examples of bronze astragals from Gordion (B 603, B 631, and B 632). Other examples have been recovered at Corinth (Davidson 1952:222) and Olynthos (Robinson 1941: pl. CLXIV, 2563–2569). 13.17  The six-petal rosette had varying significance, depending on where it was used. Aside from its appearance on the imported ivory frontlets (1, 2), it is a focal point of the pebble mosaic in Megaron 2 and appears on ivory furniture piece found in Megaron 3 (19). The motif was not commonly used on painted pottery. The Destruction Level fill has yielded but a single example, found in the CC Building, Room 2, where the spaces between the petals were filled with crosshatching (Sams 1974:265, no. 719, pl. 74). There are several examples from Middle Phrygian contexts. One was scratched on a tenon of Screen B in Tumulus MM, where it is interpreted as purely ornamental (Roller



ASTRAGALS AND GAMING PIECES 309

2010:192, n. 7, fig. 65A); but such rosettes also have a decorative role on the face of the screen (Simpson and Alden 2010: figs. 50 and 58). Three six-petal rosettes are found on post-Destruction Level sherds (Sams 1994:305–306, no. 1065A, fig. 45, pl. 129, no. 1067, fig. 46, pl. 130, and no. 1069, fig. 46, pl. 130). 13.18  Amandry has noted that none of the heroic or divine names found on astragals seems to correspond with the names of particular throws or scores mentioned in ancient texts (1984:375). 13.19  There is both textual and material evidence of astragal dedications made in sanctuaries of various divinities from the Near East and Greece (Amandry 1984:376, n. 60). 13.20  For example, ST 26, 32, 129, 166, 214, 254, 401, and 481; YH 29864 and 56247. A large number found in the Odeion at Corinth, likely used for amusement between performances, were made of stone and terracotta; whereas bone and ivory were favored during the Roman period (Davidson 1952:218, pl. 100, 1737–1752). 13.21  Modern dice also commonly have the dots, called pips, arranged with opposite sides totaling seven and the sides arranged so the sequence of faces with 1, 2 and 3 share a vertex and run in a counter-clockwise direction, producing what is called a righthand die.

13.22  The pattern carries through on some of the stone dice from Gordion (ST 26, 32, 129, 166, 481, YH 56247), as well as bone examples found at Olynthos (Robinson 1941:504, n. 78, pl. CLXIV, 2570). Some of the few Greek dice from Corinth have the numbers arranged in a haphazard fashion (Davidson 1952:218, 221, n. 1737–1738, pl. 100), as do some Gordion stone dice (ST 214 and 254). 13.23  This pattern is also found on a Late Phrygian stone die from Gordion (YH 29864). 13.24  A die from Corinth has nine dots on the side where one would expect six (Davidson 1952:218). 13.25  Μίδας: Κυβευτικοῦ βόλου ὄνομα καὶ θηρίδιον τι διεσθίον τοῦς κυάμους καὶ ὅ πλοῦσιος ἄπο Μίδα τοῦ βασιλέυς— Midas: name of a dice throw and of a small wild beast that eats beans and of a wealthy man, from king Midas. With three dice the most difficult sums to roll were 3 and 18, since each can be achieved with only one combination 1-11 and 6-6-6; the probability of such a roll was 1 in 216. 13.26  The piece could also be interpreted as an ornate finial, as Tahsin Özgüç suggests for a comparable object from the temple at Altıntepe (1969:90, pl. LII, fig. 50); however, the absence of any attachment holes on the bottom of the Gordion piece is more consistent with its use as a counter or game piece.

14 Seals

I

n the ancient Near East, there was a long tradition of using seals as a personal signature, a guarantee of the integrity of the closure, an indication of the contents of the sealed item, and occasionally as a decorative amulet. People who could not write or read a document could own and use a seal to sign a document. Thus, even in an area where the evidence for general literacy is slight, one would not be surprised to find seals, often enhanced with a decorative handle. There is a long, if sparsely documented, tradition of seals and seal impressions at Gordion before the arrival of the Persians. Included in this catalogue are five seals made of bone and ivory, several rendered in a very small scale.1 An ivory seal (985) was found in Building E, a structure with a complex history.2 In making the seal, most of the artist’s effort was focused on carving a bird resting on an extremely thin base that could scarcely have stood up to heavy use. The stamp on the underside is quite ordinary, both in its motif of lions opposing bulls and a horse, as well as its fairly crude carving style, comparable to other seals that appear to date to the Middle Phrygian period (986, 988). The bird’s face is missing, leaving only the remnants of two deeply drilled eye sockets, perhaps meant to hold inlays of a contrasting color. The shape of the head and the rounded body seem initially to suggest this was an owl; however, it may also represent a hawk, the ubiquitous companion of Mater observed so frequently at Gordion.3 While the bird’s backward tilt seems a purely artistic device, designed to strengthen the figure by allowing it to rest on its tail, hawks on Phrygian painted pottery adopt a similar stance for no apparently practical consideration (Young 1968a: pl. 76, fig. 20). Two other hawk figurines from Gordion, one in bronze (B 609) and one in alabaster (S 32), are alike in the lean of the body, with a small plinth

inserted under the hawk’s feet to compensate for the greater length of the tail. The bird’s wing and back are feathered in a common Phrygian pattern: rows of short vertical strokes separated by horizontal ridges. These patterns, together with the ridged divisions on the bird’s chest are well-known Phrygian stylistic features (Mellink 1964:28, fig. p. 29). Similar patterns occur on animals shown on painted pots,4 wooden furniture attachments,5 as well as on other ivory carvings. Noteworthy comparisons are the griffin’s wings on an inlay plaque from Megaron 3 (128) and an ivory comb (367), as well as the wings of hawks on bone ornaments from Middle Phrygian Building R (83). The bird on the seal has a deep groove at the base of its head, which may have accommodated a necklace in a different material, such as the bronze collar with a central ornament added to an alabaster hawk (S 85) found in a robbed wall trench of the Middle Phrygian period (Young 1964a:280, pl. 83, fig. 6), and a votive stone hawk from central Anatolia (Mellink 1964:29). A stamp seal recovered from the uppermost Phrygian layers of Büyükkale at Boğazköy (Beran 1963:42, fig. 11; Boehmer 1977:81, fig. 7; Boehmer and Güterbock 1987: pl. XXXIV, no. 266) serves as a bridge to explain the connections between this seal, with a hawk resting on a simple low plinth, and the later distinctly Phrygian seals with a ring handle atop a base of two or more stacked discs, three examples of which are discussed below. The handle of the Boğazköy seal is carved in simple volumes in the shape of a small hawk, with the space between the legs and the tail created by a bored hole, set atop a rectangular pedestal formed of two flat ridges separated by a shallow groove. The stamp itself is a simple feathered design of two rows of opposed diagonals, separated by a central ridge.

312

BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

The Gordion hawk seal was found in an unusual building, known as Building E, set in a significant location immediately abutting the north wing of the Middle Phrygian Gate Building. The building’s long history of modifications, its unusual layout, its ready access to the entrance to the Citadel Mound, and its focus on the hearth are all possible evidence that it served as a shrine. The roof was likely open to the sky and the access came off the paved court in front of the north wing of the Gate Building. The building lasted over an extended period, with four distinct building phases, all of which focus on a central hearth that grew from a simple raised circular area 60 cm in diameter to a substantial fire pit enclosed by a rectangular coping of hard red stone over 2 m square in its final phase (Young 1955:4–6, fig. 6, pls. 2, figs. 7–8, 3, fig. 10). The first building was destroyed or intentionally demolished in the latter half of the 8th century BCE (Rose 2021:45–46). Crumbled mudbrick from the upper walls was covered over with a layer of clay to create a new surface for a larger replacement structure built of substantial stone blocks bedded on long wooden beams. 6 The seal was found “on the floor to the south of the hearth and embedded in the clay surface” (Young 1955:5). Young dated the seal to “approximately 525 BCE” and concluded that, because it was in the floor, it must provide the terminal date of the second phase at the end of the 6th century BCE (Young 1955:5). Early efforts at dating the seal placed it in the 7th or early 6th century BCE, based on the previous assumption that the Destruction Level was linked with the early 7th century BCE Kimmerian invasion (Kohler 1958: 76–77, 82; Mellink 1964:30). Under the revised chronology, placing the Destruction Level at the end of the 9th century BCE, it is more plausible to see the style of the bird in a late 8th to early 7th century BCE context, perhaps preserved for use in a later phase of the shrine. Whether the seal played a role in any cult or religious activity that took place in this significant building is impossible to tell from the available evidence, but the representation of an important companion of Mater lends plausibility to the idea. Another ivory seal (986) is much more emphatic in proclaiming its function, with a handle shaped as a quadruped striding across a thick cushioned base. Along with its reduced scale, the figure is carved with little clarity, making it difficult to guess at the specific

animal portrayed. Seen in profile, the large head and the front feet appear lion-like. The sharpness of the design on the seal itself seems to negate the possibility that the uniformly smoothed shape of the animal and the rounded outside edges of the seal are the result of wear. The stamp portrays a winged seated griffin and lion growling at each other above a second recumbent winged griffin that turns back and looks up at them. All are familiar animals in the artistic repertoire at Gordion.7 An ivory seal found at Kaman-Kalehöyük similarly combines a handle in the shape of a crouching lion, resting atop a much shorter pedestal comprised of two thin discs separated by a deep groove; its seal displays a striding, winged lion-like beast that appears to have an animal hanging from its open jaws (Omura 1993: pl. 77, 1a–e). The Gordion seal was found in fill resting on the lowest floor of the South Cellar, along its north wall. Based on good chronological indicators provided by an associated Corinthian Late Geometric kotyle (DeVries 2005:37, fig. 4.3 top), an early Protocorinthian kotyle (DeVries 2005: fig. 4.3 bottom), and a scaraboid seal of the Lyre Player Group (SS 219) (Dusinberre 2005:43–44, figs. 29 a and b, 143), the objects were probably laid down toward the end of the 8th century BCE. The ivory seal was likely made in the latter half of the 8th century BCE (Dusinberre 2005:44–45; Boehmer 1977: fig. 8; Boehmer and Güterbock 1987:87, fig. 60). A small bone seal (988) elaborates on the Phrygian shape with its omega-shaped handle resting on a stack of four narrow discs, each separated by a deep groove. It comes from a deep, stone-lined cellar of the Late Phrygian period that was filled with an assortment of objects ranging in date from the 7th to the mid-5th century BCE. The large, irregularly shaped pit was dug into the Middle Phrygian clay layer between the outer walls of Buildings T and W, roughly above the location of the Early Phrygian Terrace Building 7. Toward the bottom of the pit were worked stones, presumably thrown down from the walls of the flanking Middle Phrygian buildings. The fill may represent a clean-up following a fire. The earth was soft and black, with a substantial admixture of charcoal and ash and a distinct layer of burned reeds. Many items, including part of a horse’s skeleton, were cast into the pit, along with a fragmentary sculpture of a bucranium (S 102), several bronze objects (B 1903, B 1927), numerous



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squares from a mosaic, iron knives and implements, quantities of black polished wares, and a fragment of a mid-6th century BCE Little Master cup (P 4210). The seal rested in the pit, along with two other bone decorative pieces (326 and 345). The seal face shows a quadruped walking right with what may be a wing emerging from its back with an indeterminate symbol in front. Dusinberre has likened the style to animals from the mid-8th century BCE Tumulus P (2005:46). The obvious parallels are with two wooden figurines of a horse (Young 1981:51, fig. 22A, TumP 106) and an indistinct quadruped (Young 1981:52–53, fig. 24A, TumP 112), as well as animals in painted panels on a jug (Young 1981:36, fig. 19, TumP 56). This would place the seal in the early part of the 8th century BCE, or slightly later into the 7th century BCE, based on the dates assigned to other examples of this seal shape discussed below.8 The figures on the face of a bone seal (987) are carved somewhat more crudely to represent a dog, or possibly a wolf, running to the right below a horse stretched out in a flying gallop, all contained within a simple ladder border. Based on its context in fill beneath Tumulus E, its date can only be pegged as generally Middle Phrygian, sometime earlier than the mid-6th century BCE. What distinguishes both these seals (987 and 988) is their shape, a variant of the more swollen version seen in 986. Seal 988 is in the form of a high, deeply grooved pedestal topped by a plump, omegashaped suspension ring. The other seal (987) had the handle fashioned separately, perhaps of a different material, and inserted into a square socket on the upper surface. Its body is similar to 986, but with a more compressed profile, cut by a single groove. These three seals are part of the Phrygian seal tradition that combined a handle, either in the shape of an animal or an upright ring, with a pedestal body made up of two or more discs separated by distinct grooves. Comparable seals with a ring handle and small knobs at the point of attachment are found at Boğazköy, nearby Emirler, and Ephesos (Boehmer 1977: figs.1–5; Boehmer and Güterbock 1987: pl. XXXIV, nos. 267–270; Barnett 1948: pl. VI, a–d).9 The dates proposed for these pieces fall within the 8th and 7th centuries BCE.10 An ivory seal in the shape of a seated monkey (989)11 has been extensively analyzed by Dusinberre (2005:58, no. 37, figs. 47a and b, and 161).

She interprets it as an “Egyptian or Egyptianizing” seal based on the popular appearance of the vervet monkey in New Kingdom tomb paintings, where it may represent a family pet or carry connotations of a magical sexual symbol.12 The seal face shows an apparent contest between an animal with a long, raised tail (perhaps a lion) and a smaller animal. Although it comes from a much disturbed context with Late Phrygian and later material, Dusinberre dates it to after 525 BCE, based on its Egyptianizing motif and the Achaemenid period comparisons for the imagery on the seal face (2005:58). Over 60 seals and 27 seal impressions in a variety of materials are known from Gordion, with most dating from the Middle Phrygian to Hellenistic periods. Stamps used to press designs onto the surface of pots were probably made primarily of wood, metal, or even terracotta (Dusinberre 2005:22). There is insufficient evidence to determine whether or how seals were used as administrative tools—vouching for the integrity of a document or testifying as to which official was accountable for the contents. Nevertheless, the use of wax as a medium for inscribing ownership or dedicatory names on three bronze bowls found in the mid-8th century BCE Tumulus MM (Young 1981:129–130, nos. MM 67–69), as well as the survival of bone writing implements and possible hinges from wax tablets from the Hellenistic and Roman periods suggest that these bone and ivory seals may have been applied to more ephemeral materials, if they had a functional purpose beyond decorative ornaments handed down as small personal treasures.

Catalogue: Seals 985 Ivory Seal  (Pl. 177) BI 218  Citadel Mound, Trench ET-C2: Middle Phrygian Building E, phase II, embedded in clay floor on which rest beams of east wall, with good grey polished wares (NB 40:107). Mended, but missing beak, parts of eye sockets, front of stamp and feet of bird. Dimensions: H. 3.8 cm; W. 2.3 cm.

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

Hawk in the round with leg and tail space carved á jour, positioned in a slightly asymmetrical stance on a thin plinth; wings and back formally treated as curving rows of short vertical strokes set off from each other by horizontal lines. On the breast is a triangle of raised ridges; at the top what appears to be a necklace with a central knot or pendant. Preserved portion of the head is very plain, with spherical insets for eyes of another material. The underside of the base is carved in intaglio with three pairs of standing animals facing each other: on top a lion with raised tail and open mouth facing a bull in grazing position; center, a lion with raised tail and open mouth facing a horse-like creature with head reverted over its shoulder; bottom, a lion with raised tail and open mouth facing a bull in grazing position.

Young 1966:269, pl. 74, fig. 6; Boehmer 1977:81–82, fig. 8; Boehmer and Güterbock1987: fig. 60; Prayon 1987: pl. 31k, 34a, fig. 25e; Dusinberre 2005:44–45, no. 20, figs. 30a and b, 144a, b, and c on CD-ROM; Rose and Darbyshire 2011:74, n. 4.14; Rose 2021:49. Found associated with 15, a bronze belt (B 1604) similar to examples found in Tumulus S-1, fibulae (B 1619, 1620, 1624), and a terracotta animal’s head (P 3414). 987 Bone Seal  (Pl. 177) BI 173  Tumulus E (mid-6th century BCE), Trench I5/22: Phrygian habitation level, just above natural clay/gravel layer (NB 15:111). Broken approximately through diameter.

Young 1955:5, pl. 2, fig. 9; Kohler 1958:77–80; Mellink 1964: fig. p. 30; Prayon 1987: pl. 31, h–i. 986 Ivory Seal  (Pl. 177) SS 225  Citadel Mound, Trench M6C: South Cellar in undisturbed fill next to north wall, just above lowest floor dating to later 8th to early 7th century BCE. See DeVries (2005) for a discussion of the dating of the South Cellar. Despite DeVries’ statement that the findspot of the seal cannot be specified (2005:40), the record in the excavation notebook clearly places it in fill along the north wall, together with 15 and in the same list of finds as the fragments of a bronze belt (B1604) (NB 121:138). Complete, but for thin lamination off seal body below animal’s forefeet. Dimensions: H. 2.9 cm; H. animal 1.6 cm; D. seal 2 cm. A small animal stands atop a large, flattened sphere with a deep, square groove at its midpoint. The animal’s shape is generally portrayed without defining detail. Hind legs and the tail make a single column at the back, two front legs are separated and look lion-like, and head is carved as an oval knob. Cut in the intaglio face is a scene with a seated lion facing right opposite a seated, hawk-like griffin facing left, over a couchant griffin with reverted head. Solidly hollowed bodies with wings shown hatched with fine lines. Remains of a fine, single-line guilloche around the margin at the right and the bottom.

Dimensions: D. 2.3 cm; Th. 1 cm; hole 0.7 x 0.3 cm (preserved) x 0.5 cm. Round, bone pedestal stamp seal, deeply grooved around its edge. Upper face slightly convex with a square socket hole in middle for handle attachment. In each of two preserved corners of the socket is a small shallow hole, and around its edge a raised irregular area. The seal face shows a larger animal (perhaps a horse) running above a smaller animal (possibly a dog) to the right, all contained within a ladder pattern border. Found associated with black polished and coarse grey sherds. Kohler and Dusinberre 2023: TumE 1. 988 Bone Seal  (Pl. 177) SS 258  Citadel Mound, Trench TB7 A-5: Large stone-lined pit dug through clay layer in area between Middle Phrygian Buildings T and W (above the location of Terrace Building, Room 7) and filled with dark earth mixed with considerable ash, charcoal and some horse bones (NB 157:83). Intact. Marrow streak goes down through middle vertically and is visible at center of seal face. Dimensions: H. 2.2 cm; D. face 1.3 cm.



SEALS 315

Pedestal seal with body decorated with four ridges and topped by a plump, omega-shaped ring. Seal shows a quadruped walking to the left with a large, heavy head and a long pointed ear. Eye is indicated with a single round drill hole. Short powerful neck and a long simple body with a short uplifted tail. No indication of claws on feet, which rest on a groundline. Element rising from animal’s back has been interpreted as a wing or a bird. In the field before the animal is an undecipherable symbol. Found associated with 279 and 345, as well as a large collection of other objects, including a relief carving of what appears to be a bucranium (S 102), sima fragments with red and white lozenges and a goat and tree scene, a number of mosaic tiles, fragments of black-polished ware with diamond faceting, and a piece of an Attic cup, of which more fragments were found in surrounding trenches (P 4210, ca. 550 BCE). Dusinberre 2005:45–46, no. 21, figs. 31a and b, 145a and b, on CD-ROM. 989 Ivory Seal  (Pl. 177) YH 40730, SF 94-130  Lower Town, Area A: Collapse above the pavement of a Late Phrygian architectural complex. Operation 27, Locus 59, Lot 68. YH Period: 4, Late Phrygian. Approximately one-half preserved. Dimensions: H. 1.9 cm; W. 1.1 cm; Th. 0.5 cm. Stamp seal with handle in form of primate, seated with knees drawn up, elbows resting on knees, and hand held to mouth. Animal has a prominent ear and a well-defined eye and fingers. There is a vertical line down skull and back. Rectangular seal face with incised design showing a large animal with tail curved up over body facing a smaller upright animal with paw resting on forehead of other animal. Surface polished where preserved. Dusinberre 2005:24, 58, no. 37, fig. 47a and b, fig. 161 on CD-ROM. notes: 14.1  A comprehensive catalogue of seals found at Gordion was published by Elspeth Dusinberre (2005). Two of the

seals discussed here did not appear in her catalogue (985 and 987). 14.2  When the seal was first published, the building was known as the Hearth Building (Young 1955:5, pl. 2, fig. 9). For subsequent discussion, see Fields 2010:50–53 and Rose 2021:45–46. An ivory circle inlay (320) was found at a later level in the building; a bone pendant (380) and an astragal inscribed NI (964) were recovered in areas immediately outside the building. 14.3  See, for example, a hawk accompanied by an inscribed name “Woine” (I 468) incised on the handle of black-polished ware found in the PPP Building (Devries 1990:395, fig. 34). 14.4  See, for example, the wings of two goose-shaped vessels found in Tumulus P (Young 1981: TumP 49–50, pls. 15C–E, 16A, B). 14.5  See two wooden hawk attachments from Tumulus P (Young 1981:61–62, figs. 31–32, pl. 28A–C). 14.6  Fields (2010:51) sees parallels to the methods used in the expansion of Building C, which she is inclined to date to the latter half of the 5th century BCE based on an Attic black glazed Acrocup (P 1665) (475–450 BCE) found in fill cut into for the extension of Building C (Fields 2010:40, 41, 51, fig. 16). Rose disagrees with this late dating, noting “foundations utilizing the log/rubble system of foundations do not appear to have been used any later than the 8th century” (forthcoming). Although the construction methods are similar, Fields herself concludes that “Phase 2 of Building C may not be contemporary with Phase 2 of building [sic] E” (2010:38, n. 83). 14.7  Compare, for instance, a striding lion and griffin on a stone seal (SS 113) (Dusinberre 2005: no. 47, figs. 57a and b). 14.8  Dusinberre cites this as the “sole example to suggest a glyptic workshop [was] producing seals at Gordion in the Middle Phrygian period” (2005:23), but the hawk seal (985) was also likely made locally during the same period. 14.9  A simpler variant, omitting the small knobs at the connection point, is seen in an 8th century BCE example in the Walters Art Gallery (Boehmer 1978: fig. 2; Boehmer and Güterbock 1987: fig. 61) and a 7th century BCE seal from Nimrud Dag (Boehmer 1977: fig. 6; Boehmer and Güterbock 1987: fig. 58). Further streamlining later reduced the handle to an upright ring set atop a conical body, with the seals carved with increasingly sloppy and indistinct designs (Boehmer 1978: figs. 3–7, 9–11; Boehmer and Güterbock 1987: pl. XXXIV, nos. 271– 275).

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

14.10  One seal was found in a Hellenistic grave, suggesting it was acquired through the discovery or looting of an earlier tomb (Boehmer and Güterbock 1987:85, no. 270). 14.11  A monkey in a similar pose was found associated with the horse trappings in Terrace Building 2 (12a).

14.12  An ancestor of the Gordion seal is found in a miniature amulet of a crouching monkey dated to the mid-4th millennium BCE and housed at the Walters Art Gallery. It is equally small, measuring 1 cm high and 0.4 cm thick, and has crossed lines scratched on its underside (Randall 1985:48).

15 Bone and Ivory at Gordion: Sources, Subjects, and Styles

C

raftspeople at Gordion had well-developed skills for working in a variety of media—whether creating intricate designs in different colored woods, enlivening pottery vessels with complex pictures, engraving bronze items with elaborate patterns, or weaving materials that combined geometric designs. Within this well-established tradition, it is not unexpected to see those same talents evident in the treatment of the objects made of bone and ivory. While these two materials shared many qualities in how they were worked and in the appearance of the finished product, the greater availability of bone means that it dominates this category of finds from Gordion. Bone was readily at hand and tended to be used primarily for functional objects; it appeared rarely among burial gifts. Bone gave craftspeople at Gordion an opportunity to practice and refine carving techniques before applying them to ivory, a more exotic and costly material that tended to be reserved for decorative pieces and high-status objects. Ivory frequently appears in burials during the Middle Phrygian period, but, except for a single pendant from Tumulus W (375), is notably absent from Early Phrygian tumuli. There is no indication that elephants or hippos ever inhabited parts of Phrygia or any areas near the site of Gordion, although they were certainly present in Mesopotamia and North Syria starting in the 3rd millennium BCE. Exactly when and why they became extinct in the early part of the 1st millennium BCE is open to some conjecture. Their demise is usually attributed to a combination of factors, including a change in the ecology of the region and the devastation caused by the large-scale hunting expeditions recorded in contemporary annals. Ivory that came into Gordion in later periods likely originated from other places such as North Africa. The recovery contexts of the bone and ivory objects themselves provide scant information on how

and where local artisans worked. Secure evidence for workshop locations on the Citadel Mound is elusive. There are a few suggested workshop locations, based on an accumulation of partially worked material or discarded manufacturing waste. Pieces of ivories recovered from a center posthole at the back wall of the Megaron 4 (13, 150, 755) were originally interpreted as remnants of unfinished works. Their condition and location led the excavator to conclude they were scraps from an artist’s work site that pre-dated the construction of Megaron 4 (Young 1964a:287). However, even the smallest fragments show evidence of intentional shaping. The later disturbance of the burned fill within Megaron 4 is a more likely explanation of how these pieces ended up at the bottom of a posthole. In the same way, the consequences of cremation in Tumulus F may explain the group of misshapen pieces found in the burial (e.g., 357). Based on the preponderance of identifiably shaped pieces that decorated the burial equipment, it is more likely that the scraps interpreted as workshop “residue” are not mis-cut or unworked remains from carving activity that took place on the site, but ivory shattered and dislodged by the cremation fire from the wooden objects they decorated. The finds recovered from a Middle Hellenistic period structure (Building 4) in the Northwest Zone provide the strongest evidence for a workspace, one that seemed to house craftspeople working in both clay and bone. In addition to two pointed implements (746, 806) used to shape and delineate clay, there was half of a bivalve shell that appears to have contained paint, as well as a small collection of astragals showing signs of having been used for burnishing (839). Fragments of a sheet of bone (or possibly antler) from the same location are remnants remaining after pieces with curved and rounded edges were cut out, by all appearances various sizes of petals destined

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BONE AND IVORY OBJECTS FROM GORDION

for inlay (757). One finished piece, a miniature bone appliqué of a lion or panther (156), is evidence of the artisan’s skill. As would be expected with a costly imported material, ivory constitutes only about 20% of the recovered objects catalogued here. The earliest pieces of ivory are three curved and drilled fragments (360) whose original use is impossible to reconstruct. They were found in a pit dating to the very end of the Early Iron Age (YHSS 7). During the Early Phrygian period (YHSS 6), ivory was used primarily as decorative embellishment for significant pieces of furniture and furnishings found on the Citadel Mound. In Megaron 3, a series of plaques decorated with human, animal, and fantastic creatures (128–139) adorned a large chest or bench, while an ivory terminal was part of an important stool (19). In Megaron 4 were found parts of a well-carved lion figure (13) and a delicate à jour appliqué showing a rider astride a slender horse (150). An ivory arm (14), probably attached to a wooden figurine, was found in Megaron 11. Tumulus W was the only Early Phrygian burial to include a single ivory object, a globular pendant (375), among its wealthy array of wooden furniture, elaborate metal vessels, and decorated bronze and leather belts. The most significant pieces from the Early Phrygian period are the horse trappings (1–12) found in the inner room of Terrace Building 2. Their origins in a North Syrian workshop suggest that this area was also the possible source for ivory that was worked at Gordion. Although most of the Early Phrygian ivory objects were carved locally and placed in high status buildings on the Citadel Mound, the small quantity of ivories is in marked contrast to the preference for wooden furniture, bronze cauldrons, bowls, and fibulae when it came to sending an important person into the afterlife (Young 1981:199–212). A different picture emerges in the Middle Phrygian period (YHSS 5). Elephant ivory is now a favored material for elaborate decoration on burial gifts, particularly those intended for cremation burials. Ivory was used sparingly as furniture elements in the early 6th century BCE Tumulus K (72, 164, 362); but two other cremation tumuli, F (625–610 BCE) and D (560 BCE), had substantial quantities of ivory inlays and attachments cut in various geometric shapes. One inhumation burial in Tumulus B (ca. 580–575 BCE) included a delicately carved pin terminating in

a ram’s head set on a lotus capital (396). Clearly ivory was now viewed as a desirable material for high status persons. The evidence of ivory use on the Citadel Mound is harder to discern during the Middle Phrygian period because buildings were often used over a long period of time, subjected to repeated modifications and rebuilding, or damaged by later intrusions. The two interesting pieces from the South Cellar are datable to the late 8th century BCE, based on the associated find of the fragment of a Corinthian Late Geometric kotyle (P 3696), dated 735–720 BCE (DeVries 2005:37, fig. 4.3).1 The tiny figure of a person wearing a polos (15) was found along one wall, just above the earliest cellar floor, and close by was a seal with its handle carved in the shape of an animal (986). The large building (PPB) to the northwest contained several significant carved ivory pieces: a square inlay decorated with a man walking with a bull (140), a triangular inlay showing a goat climbing amongst palmette tendrils (141), and an elaborately decorated bolster (163). Ivory was not limited to the elite areas of the Citadel Mound; inhabitants of the Lower Town also appear to have had pieces of quality, such as a thick plaque decorated with a horse (152), as well as a small inlay showing a running warrior (142). Other ivories from the Middle Phrygian period show strong carving skills, along with a creative approach to a variety of subjects from winged sun discs (143, 144), palm tree appliqués (146, 147), fantastic creatures decorating a comb (367), and a seal handle in the shape of a hawk (985). By the early 6th century BCE, Gordion was under Lydian sway, bringing strong western influences (van Dongen 2013:58). The ivory objects from Tumulus A (ca. 530–525 BCE) demonstrate these newer links, along with echoes of eastern traditions, through the small kore figure (16), a horse head attachment (151), a container in the shape of a duck with attached human arms (120), a small rhyton decorated with a parade of geese (366), an attachment in the shape of a Phoenician palmette to secure a handle to a mirror (149), and colorful palmette inlays (337). The large ivory hawk’s beak (17) that likely belonged to a large composite figure found in Building M dates to this same transitional period. By the Late Phrygian period (YHSS 4), the use of ivory diminished, although there are still some pieces



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of high quality, such as the pyxis lid (121) found in refill of a robbed wall of Building X. One of the most interesting items from this period is the collection of a dozen examples of an unusual decorative element—narrow strips of ivory with engaged cylinders (183–194). Their range of shapes, from flat to curved, make it difficult to imagine the objects to which they were once attached. Despite the reduction in the use of ivory during this period, it remained accessible to residents in the Lower Town, as evidenced in the small seal with the handle in the shape of a primate (989). By the Hellenistic period (YHSS 3), the use of ivory was confined to decorative embellishments and had dwindled to a small percentage of objects, while bone was preferred for functional items such as handles, spoons, and writing implements. One ivory decorative piece stands out for its size and quality: a thick ivory panel edged with incised geometric designs highlighted by rows of decorative bronze studs that also served to attach it to a flat surface (221). A fragmentary piece of a thick plaque carved à jour with a figured scene (153) emerged from a Hellenistic house of some wealth, judging by the associated finds of a crystal disc ( J 59), glass squares decorated with gold leaf stars ( J 57), other fragments of gold ( J 58), a white stone eye with a jet iris (ST 116), and bronze rings (B 228). Other Hellenistic ivories tend to be small decorative pieces, beads, and dice. By the Roman period (YHSS 2), the only ivory items recovered are a set of spindles and whorls from a single grave (729). While bone was preferred for functional pieces like handles, spoons, and writing implements, it could also be used for skillfully carved, high-quality items. Whereas ivory was virtually absent from Early Phrygian burials, only to became highly favored in Middle Phrygian tumuli, worked bone was completely absent from the tumuli, although it is found in a few lower status graves such as a burial on the Küçük Höyük (513, 514, 526). Dedications of sizeable collections of astragals to the deceased during the Hittite (828, 829), Early Phrygian (833), and Middle Phrygian periods (834, 835) were exceptions to the inclusion of bone grave gifts. From the Bronze Age to Roman times, groups of astragals also appeared on the Citadel Mound, but more frequently as individual pieces, often cut, pierced, dyed, decorated, or weighted. The recovery of three large collections in jars found in Megaron 1 (500 in a pithos—uncatalogued), Megaron 2 (293

in a jug—uncatalogued), and Terrace Building 4 (10 in a jug—832) suggests they were used for counting or measuring purposes, particularly in light of the manufacturing character of the Terrace and CC Building complex. During the Hellenistic period, astragals seem to have taken on new meaning, as many were inscribed with single letters or names (942–965). Bone was a strong material that could withstand heavy use. This made it favored for utilitarian objects, such as handles, spoons, shuttles, awls, and bodkins. Its color, which closely mimicked more expensive ivory, also made it appropriate for many items of personal adornment, like pendants, beads, pins, and toggles. And its rounded shape made it a logical choice for musical pipes. Most of the bone finds from the Early Phrygian period consist of handles and working implements, primarily shuttles, recovered from the industrial environment of the Terrace and CC Buildings (e.g., 571, 574, 626–628, 630). Beyond two similar pieces from Megaron 1, the only other bone item of significance is a carved cylinder covered in gold foil that was part of an elaborate handle found in Megaron 3 (237). By the Middle Phrygian period bone was commonly used to fashion decorative inlays and attachments, as well as structural furniture pieces (e.g., 29, 66, 157, 166, 229). The two most noteworthy objects are a pinhead or finial in the shape of a ram’s head (397) and a set of masking knobs carved with hawks snaring hares in their beaks (83). Utensils, decorative pieces, and items of personal adornment continued to be produced into the Late Phrygian period. Artisans appear to have focused on decorative items cut in geometric shapes and shown less interest or skill in carving figures, as evident in the crudely rendered feline on a plaque (154). The only piece of note is a panel from a box adorned with an interlocking row of lotus flowers and palmettes (122); the fact that it shows signs of repair or reuse indicates an appreciation of its value. A revival of interest in the decorative potential of bone occurred during the Hellenistic period. While bone continued to be used for working implements, an unusual group of handles with pronged ends (494– 532) emerged during this period; they were covered with dotted circles (518) or left plain (496) but could also be decorated with incised figures (494, 497). Other useful items such as spoons, spatulas (613, 614,

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623, 624), and styli (805–807) were made of bone during this period. Inspired by the duck’s head attachments popular on furniture in the Greek world, similar pieces were replicated on a smaller scale at Gordion (159–161). By the Roman period, bone was primarily reserved for working implements, like the spindles and whorls used as grave gifts (729–730), simple pins (419–421), and a group of cochlear spoons (616– 619) from the Citadel Mound. Through most of Gordion’s history, antler and horn were convenient materials whose shapes were easily modified into useful tools and handles (778–793). Between the Middle Phrygian and Hellenistic periods, antler was also considered suitable for display as parts of furniture (23–24, 82, 86) or personal adornment (384, 386). There are two very similar horn joining pieces that present puzzling questions as to their use and their date; one (364) was found in a pit dug into the clay behind the Painted House and between Middle Phrygian Buildings C and G, while the other (365) came from a pit cut into a Late Phrygian/Hellenistic layer but dated by the excavator as Hellenistic/Medieval. The other materials occasionally used at Gordion include shells modified for personal adornment (479–493), ostrich eggs adapted for use as containers (125–127), and tortoise carapaces transformed into musical instruments (823–827). Having tracked the changes in the types of objects made of bone and ivory over time and their distribution on the Citadel Mound and in the surrounding tumuli and graves, it is helpful to look at their design elements for what they reveal about the subjects that interested the Phrygians, the development of the local style, the influences they absorbed from other areas, and the methods by which these features were transmitted. Phrygian artists in all media favored a consistent repertoire of subjects. Geometric motifs dominate in pottery, metal ware, mosaic, and woodwork; they play a similarly prominent role in bone and ivory objects. Plants are rendered as geometric patterns, whether as chains of lotus and palmettes (121–122, 239–240) or as palm trees (145–148). Animals make frequent appearances, often delineated with features not observed in nature, but many presumably known from live models, such as the horse (129, 150–152), bull (140), deer (130, 158), goat (141), ram (396, 397) duck (120, 159–161, 614), goose (366), hawk (83,

985), and fish (128). The lion may have been rendered based on real experience (13), while fantastic beasts are conjured up from pure imagination (367, 128). The limited depiction of human figures may explain their rudimentary appearance. (14–16, 129, 134, 140, 142). Miniature work is a feature typical of Phrygian art in all media. On painted pots the surface is often divided up by bands of small geometric patterns, creating a series of panels filled with single animal figures. In wooden furniture, some surfaces are covered with a lattice of linear motifs. The constraints of bone and ivory favored small objects made in either cylindrical (15, 123, 145, 817) or flat shapes (121–122, 143– 144). Thus, it is not unexpected that many ivory and bone pieces were incorporated as small, surface design elements. When figures are shown, they are pressed up against the borders in compact panels that are occasionally paired with an opposed figure or one that continued the flow of the design (this is seen in the series of square plaques from Megaron 3 that include paired deer [130–131], horsemen [129 and 133], and warriors [134 and 137]). The Phrygian carving style tended toward figures in shallow relief contained within a simple flat border (128–138, 140–141). The depth of the relief on the horse trapping from Terrace Building Room 2 (1–12) stands in distinct contrast to this. The heads of the potnia on the frontlet and the sphinx on the blinders emerge from the background to more than half their depth, an indication of a non-Phrygian artist’s work. It is not necessary, however, to force all carvers at Gordion into a single mold; variations in style are evident. Some pieces show a propensity toward combining the same body with different heads (128–138, 367) and transforming the surface of animals’ bodies into a series of patterns (130, 141). In contrast, other pieces show very naturalistic depictions, such as the lion from Megaron 4 (13) and the bull on an inlay (140) from the PPB. Individual features characteristic of animals in the Phrygian style include lozenge eyes (128–130, 397),2 heavily sheathed beaks (83, 128, 367), a small knob below the ear (83), outlined shoulders and flanks (128–130), outlined leg tendons (367), feathers depicted by short strokes in a herringbone pattern (83, 128, 367, 985), and a tail ending in a bird’s head (128, 157, 367). These are mannerisms paralleled in other



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media, particularly in animals shown in wood, bronze, and painted pottery in Tumuli P and W (Young 1981, figs. 31–32, pl. 17C; pl. 16A, B; pl. 55A, B; pl. 24A, B; 28A, B). Throughout most of their history, Phrygians had wide political and cultural contacts that extended east to Assyria; west to Lydia, the Ionian coast and Greece; and south to Egypt and North Africa. This exchange is detailed through historical records and supported by the evidence of the bone and ivory objects; some are obvious imports, while others betray a considerable indebtedness to foreign influence. During the 9th and 8th centuries BCE, Gordion was a flourishing political center. Contacts with other power spheres came not just from inevitable conflicts, but from a desire to exchange goods for economic benefit and the prestige accrued through the acquisition and display of precious and unusual objects. The trade in ivory was likely the stimulus behind some of these contacts, bringing both the raw material and the stylistic mannerisms that influenced the craftspeople of Gordion as they worked to satisfy their patrons’ desire for furniture and personal objects that would enhance their standing in the power structure. In the case of the horse trappings from Terrace Building Room 2, it was not just the subjects and artistic styles that were brought to the Phrygian capital, but the finished objects themselves. Centers of ivory carving existed in Anatolia, the Levant and northern Mesopotamia. Largely based on the wealth of material found at Nimrud, it has been possible to differentiate among several important stylistic schools: Assyrian, Phoenician, and North Syrian.3 While the most overt influences came to Gordion from the North Syrian kingdoms of Carchemish and Zincirli, it is also possible to see echoes of Assyria and Urartu in some of the bone and ivory objects. The Assyrians first encountered the Mushki (an eastern Anatolian peoples then under the control of the Phrygians) in the late 12th century BCE (Roller 2011:563).4 Subsequently, until the middle of the 9th century BCE, the Mushki appear to have been subservient tribute payers to the Assyrians, but their absence from what appears to be a complete list of vassals of Tiglath Pileser III (745–727 BCE) (Saggs 1958:204) prompts the assumption they had adopted a more independent path by moving towards alliances with other kingdoms in North Syria. Between

approximately 718 and 709 BCE Mita of Mushki engaged in various anti-Assyrian joint actions with Carchemish and Tabal, likely taking some territory from Que that was later recaptured by the Assyrians around 710 BCE. By the final decade of the 8th century BCE, Mita had apparently decided his position could be better served by forsaking his old North Syrian and Urartian allies and recognizing the superiority of the Assyrian king. In an act of essential submission, Mita intercepted an embassy sent by the king of Que to Urartu and turned over the alleged traitors to the Assyrian governor, in return for which he was praised by Sargon II who proposed establishing diplomatic contact (Saggs 1958:202–208; Rose 2021:53–54). During this period there is little likelihood that any direct commerce existed between Phrygia and Assyria, but it is possible that objects could have changed hands through friendly intermediaries. Assyrian stylistic influences are evident in several objects at Gordion dated between the mid-9th and the mid-8th century BCE: a bronze omphalos bowl with pine-cone relief from Tumulus W (Young 1981:234, 204, TumW 9, pl. 89E, figs. 119–120), a glass mesomphalic bowl from Tumulus P (Young 1981:32, pl. 15A, B, fig. 18), and the lion and ram-head situlae from Tumulus MM (Young 1981:121–123, pls. III, IV, 62C– F, 63, fig. 79). Among the ivories that show a debt to Assyrian predecessors, whether as direct import or through a stylistic transmission through North Syrian intermediaries, is the inlay depicting a man leading a bull (140) who wears his hair and beard in an Assyrian style, along with a fillet frequently seen in Assyrian reliefs. The bone cylinder found in Megaron 3 carved with rows of lotus buds covered by a thin sheet of gold that formed part of a fly whisk handle (237) demonstrates another debt to an Assyrian original. Urartu was another source of artistic influence, as evident in several ivories found at Gordion. The kingdom was a powerful neighbor, a buffer between Phrygia and Assyria. When its dominance was eroded by the advance of the Assyrian empire during the last quarter of the 8th century BCE, the unrest may have caused some Urartian craftspeople to flee westward (Barnett 1948:6). Such a movement could explain several pieces which show close affinities with Urartian subjects and styles. Two appliqués cut in the form of a stylized palm tree (146–147) have a nearly identical mate among the finds in the temple at Altıntepe

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(Özgüç 1969:87–88, pl. XLVI, 1–4, fig. 45) and a winged sun disc insert (143) is replicated in other pieces from the temple (Özgüç 1969:88–89, pl. XLVII, 1–3, figs. 46–47). Stylistically, the bull on the square inlay plaque (140) is closely related to the protomes on the cauldron from Altıntepe (Akurgal 1961:54, fig. 31) and the ivory arm (14) from a composite figurine shares technical connections to a pair of arms from the Urartian temple (Özgüç 1969:91, p1. XLIX, 34, figs. 53, 54). These indications of contact between Phrygia and Urartu are not very well supported in other areas,5 suggesting that, despite their known historical dealings, most of the cultural features they shared were more likely derived from a common source of inspiration than from direct exchange. The North Syrian centers at Carchemish, Zincirli, Tell Halaf, and Sakçe Gözü were possibly this shared source. In addition to the historical testimony of political alliances between the Mushki and Carchemish, commercial and artistic exchange with North Syria is further attested in pottery,6 metal ware,7 sculpture,8 and writing.9 An abundant supply of wood and ivory in North Syria supported a long tradition of making furniture decorated with carved ivory inlays. The palaces of Nimrud have yielded many examples and the annals of the Assyrian kings abound with descriptions of lavish furniture which they took as booty during their conquest of the North Syrian cities.10 The Phrygians, as well, delighted in elaborately constructed pieces of furniture. While they had a large supply of wood, all their ivory had to be imported. North Syria was the most convenient source for this during the Early Phrygian period. It is consequently not surprising to discover that several of the ivories used in furniture as both structural and decorative elements are heavily indebted to North Syrian models. An ivory piece (119) with cut-out sockets could have easily fit into a footstool similar to one found at Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: p1. 62b), and a palm capital appliqué (145) finds close parallels among remnants of a throne from Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: figs. 44–45; Akurgal 1968: fig. 44). Other motifs transferred from North Syria to Gordion included the volute tree (148) and the winged sun disc (143, 144), both paralleled in a single relief at Sakçe Gözü (Orthmann 1971: pl. 50c; Akurgal 1968: pl. 15a). Other North Syrian features adapted to the Phrygian

repertoire include stylized patterns used to delineate different parts of animals’ bodies and the bird’s head tail (128–130, 141, 367). More realistic renderings, such as the lion figure found in Megaron 4 (13), also find comparable parallels at Zincirli (von Luschan and Andrae 1943: pl. 65d; Salviat 1962: fig. 6). Whether acquired through trade or as a gift from one king to another, the horse trappings (1–12) found in Terrace Building Room 2 are undoubtedly a product of a North Syrian workshop, which may perhaps be localized to Zincirli or Carchemish.11 During the 8th century BCE, the Phrygians began to turn their attention toward the west, which may have offered safer opportunities for commerce than the eastern lands where Assyria was increasingly ascendant (van Dongen 2013:55–59). Finds at sites in western Anatolia and Greece show the Phrygians had attractive trade goods to offer, primarily bronzes and textiles.12 It is not clear how direct this trade was or whether it occurred through intermediaries in North Syria. Both the Phrygians and Greeks had active contact with this trading center, as illustrated by the distribution pattern of the North Syrian horse blinders found at Gordion, Samos, Miletos, and Lindos. However, the relatively small number of Phrygian objects found in North Syria suggests that the Phrygians, along with the Urartians, may have preferred the overland route for direct trade with Ionia (Birmingham 1961:194; van Dongen 2013). Greek goods that survived overland transport to Gordion included Late Geometric and ProtoCorinthian pots, both closed shapes desired for their contents, as well as open shapes valued for their attractive appearance (DeVries 1980:33, 2005:37). A small ivory figure (15) recovered from the lowest levels of the South Cellar supports the ceramic evidence for this burgeoning interaction with the west. Continued contact is evident in an East Greek Bird bowl of the third quarter of the 7th century BCE (P 286) that shows up in Tumulus H (Young 1953: fig. 26, 1963: fig. 3; Kohler 1995:48–49, pl. 27B–D). The strongest evidence of a marked western effect on bone and ivory work does not come until the mid6th century BCE. This is seen in the panel from a box decorated with a chain of lotus buds and palmettes (122) found on the Citadel Mound, as well as on a small inlay with a truncated line of lotus flowers and palmettes (240) from Tumulus C. The latter pattern



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is closely paralleled on a Cretan bronze breastplate from Olympia (Curtius and Adler 1890:154, pl. 59). The large collection of ivories from Tumulus A demonstrates solid links with the Anatolian west and its art as reflected in a kore figure (16), duck container (120), horse head appliqué (151), lily-shaped attachment piece (149), palmette inlays hollowed out to received colored pieces (337), and rhyton incised with a parade of geese (366). One wonders if the tomb was that of a western princess brought to the area by royal marriage. There were strong connections between Gordion and Ephesos, especially during the 6th century BCE.13 This link is reflected in two amulets found on the Küçük Höyük. A talisman in the shape of a human foot (378) has a virtual twin found in Ephesos (Hogarth 1908:196, pl. XLII, 10–11) and a plaque with rows of dotted circles (377) is very similar to a pendant found in the Ephesian sanctuary at Artemis (Hogarth 1908: pl. XXVII, 2–5). Several other objects also find parallels at Ephesos (15, 87, 88, 97, 121, 332, 731). Lying at the crossroads of the central plateau region of ancient Anatolia, Gordion was well placed to develop a sustainable economy based on local assets— a good source of water in the Sangarios River and springs in the vicinity, wide expanses of agricultural and herding lands, and nearby forests that provided a plentiful supply of wood for fuel and building. Judging by the extent of its bronze production, Gordion must also have either controlled direct access to sources of copper, tin, and zinc, or enjoyed a stable trading relationship with other mining powers. Ivory, however, was one resource they needed to obtain from elsewhere. Whether they imported raw tusks or only large unworked pieces, their journey to obtain the raw material would have inevitably brought them into contact with skilled craftspeople in other areas. Relatively few bone or ivory pieces appear to have been imported as finished products, received as gifts, or produced by wandering artists; but whether seeking unworked ivory or finished products, the Phrygians needed to offer something of value in exchange. The magnitude of the industrial scale complex represented by the Terrace and CC Buildings, crammed with stations for manufacturing cloth and processing grain, suggests that there may have been plentiful products to offer in exchange for goods not

locally available. Whether the looms produced clothing, decorative border strips, or rugs, these were all suitably portable and desirable items for trade. Anyone who has spent time at Gordion looking out from the excavation house balcony during the years when an occasional camel caravan laden with goods still passed by, can easily imagine some enterprising Phrygian merchants setting off to find exotic materials for fine objects meant to validate the power and prestige of Midas and his kin. notes: 15.1  In his publication of the material from the South Cellar, DeVries shows the kotyle fragment from the South Cellar (P 3693b, from Trench M6C) together with a very similar kotyle fragment (P 3696a; DeVries 2005: fig. 4-3, top left). The unspoken assumption is that the two pieces were found associated, but P 3693a was recovered from Trench WS 5-6S3, some 40 m to the northeast, above the remains of PPB. In framing the date of the South Cellar, DeVries also references an Early Protocorinthian kotyle, dated 720–690 BCE, pieces of which were found in several separate areas of the upper fill of the South Cellar. A “small Protocorinthian sherd” is reported from Trench M5E (NB 119:10), but the catalogue card for the referenced object (P 3241) describes several pieces from the wall and rim. Another joining wall fragment was found in Trench M6C (NB 121:129, no. 19). These are both from the upper layer and well separated from the fill just above the floor of the South Cellar where the small ivory figurine (15) and stamp seal (986) were found and need not determine their date. The Protocorinthian kotyle was, however, closely associated with a plain ivory square inlay (306). 15.2  The use of lozenge eyes, as observed on pottery

from Tepe Sialk, may simply be too common a meme to attach to it significance as a determinant of its origin or influence (Ghirshman 1938-1939: pls. IX–X, LXXXI–LXXXV).

15.3  Winter argues for a fourth, or intermediate, tradition she labels South Syrian (1998:150). 15.4  Tiglath Pileser I describes the Mushki (Phrygians) as having paid tribute to Assur before he fought 20,000 of them with their five kings and carried off 6,000 as captives (Luckenbill 1926:74, no. 221; Grayson 2016:1, I 62–88). 15.5  There are substantial differences in the nature and design of their buildings and tombs. Other points of distinction have been noted in Urartian fibulae (Muscarella 1967:69–70), metal vessels (Knudsen 1961:55), cauldron

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attachments (Young 1981:219–223), and pottery (Sams 1971:279). 15.6  The best comparative pieces of pottery come from the Yunus cemetery at Carchemish, which show similarities to Phrygian pots in both shape and painting style (Sams 1994:53, n. 18, 135). 15.7  Phrygian petaled omphalos bowls and spouted jugs have been found at Tell Halaf (Hrouda 1962: pl. 48, nos. 3, 8, 16) and representations of these apparently popular vessels appear in the reliefs of Karatepe (Akurgal 1968: pl. 32.). Phrygian fibulae are worn by North Syrians at Carchemish (Woolley 1952: pl. B 64c), Zincirli (Bossert 1942: fig. 953), and Maraş (Bossert 1942: fig. 805). Cauldron attachments found in Tumuli W and MM were made under strong influence of North Syrian prototypes (Young 1981:221–222). 15.8  The set of orthostats found in Ankara (Bossert 1942: figs. 1053–1056.), although carved in local red andesite, are close enough to works from Sakçe Gözü to indicate they were executed by a North Syrian sculptor (Barnett 1948:10; Akurgal 1968: pl. 15b). 15.9  The Phrygians appear to have derived their alphabet from a North Syrian or Cilician source (Young 1963:363– 364, 1969: 256; van Dongen 2013:64). The earliest writing at Gordion is scratched on a sherd found under the floor of Megaron 10 (called the North Building at the time of excavation) (Young 1966:276, pl. 73, fig. 22, 1969:257–258, no. 29, fig. 1, pl. 67). Under the previous chronology, Megaron 10 was dated in the mid-8th century; but based on the new dating of the Destruction Level at the end of the 9th century, it may be moved back accordingly. The deposition timing and thus the dating of the inscribed sherd are still uncertain but must come before the clay was laid down in this area. 15.10  For example, Adad-Nārārī III (810–783 BCE) reported bringing back an ivory bed and couch from Damascus (Luckenbill 1926:263, no. 740; Grayson 1996: A.O.

104.8:15–21). 15.11  An à jour appliqué (139) that shows a horse wearing a North Syrian, spade-shaped blinder and bridle may also be an import, although the overall style seems rather sleek in comparison to North Syrian examples. 15.12  Multiple ancient sources attest to Phrygian connections with the west, the most prominent of which is Midas’ dedication of his throne at Delphi (Hdt. 1.14) (DeVries and Rose 2012). However, a direct attribution of this gift to the mid-8th century BCE Midas has been called into question (von Dongen 2013:50). The discovery of gold in the Pactolus River is attributed to Midas who was instructed to rid himself of the golden touch by washing in its headwaters (Ovid, Metamorphoses 11.85–145). The story that Midas married Demodike (Pollux IX, 83)/Hermodike (Artistotle frg. 711.37), the daughter of Agamemnon, king of Kyme, is more likely a reference to one of his later descendants, although there is speculation that it may represent an effort to ally with Greeks for mutual defense against the Assyrians (Berndt-Ersöz 2006:209, 2008:20–21). There is ample archaeological evidence for interaction with the west (van Dongen 2013). Phrygian bowls are found at Bayraklı, the Argive Heraeum, Lindos, Samos, Perachora, and Olympia (Muscarella 1967:60, 72 n. 4; Birmingham 1961:189– 190). Phrygian fibulae have been recovered at Olympia, the Argive Heraion, Perachora, Tegea, Sparta, Samos, and Lindos (Muscarella 1967:603; Birmingham 1961:186– 189). Bronze belts have been found at Ephesos and Chios (Young 1962:154, 1963:360; Boardman 1961:179–189, 1966:193–194). Phrygian textile patterns are reflected in 7th century BCE pottery from Samos, Ephesos, and Rhodes (Barnett 1948:9, n. 50). 15.13  Phrygian fibulae and handle attachments were dedicated at Ephesos starting in the first quarter of the 7th century BCE (Klebinder-Gauss 2007:208)

Turkish Summary/Türkçe Özet

B

u katalogda, Gordion’da Rodney Young (1950– 1973) ve Mary Voigt (1988–2006) tarafından yürütülen arkeolojik kazılarda ele geçen 1000’e yakın kemik ve fildişi obje incelenmektedir. Tunç Çağı’ndan orta çağa kadar uzanan bu objeler, gündelik hayatta kullanılan sıradan nesnelerden üzerlerinde karmaşık ve önemli sahnelerin betimlendiği zarif parçalara kadar değişiklik gösterir. Bu objeler arasında at koşum takımları, mobilya parçaları, muhafaza kutuları, dekoratif parçalar, kişisel süs eşyaları, kulp ve kaşıklar, iş gereçleri, yazı gereçleri, müzik enstrümanları, oyun parçaları ve mühürler sayılabilir. Kataloglanan objelerin %20’ye yakını fildişidir. Daha kolay temin edilebilen bir hammadde olan kemik hem işlevsel hem de dekoratif objelerde kullanılmıştır. Bu katalogdaki diğer objeler geyik boynuzu, boynuz, diş, deniz kabuğu, devekuşu yumurtası ve kaplumbağa kabuğundan yapılmıştır. Fildişini ve kemiği işlemek yerel Frigyalı zanaatkarların çok iyi bildiği ahşap ve tunç gibi malzemelerin işlenmesinde kullanılanlara benzer beceriler gerektiriyordu. Birkaç kemik ve fildişi obje, Kuzey Suriye’deki bir kaynaktan ithal edilmiş gibi görünmektedir. Bununla birlikte yerel olarak üretilen parçalardaki bazı dekoratif tasvirler seramik, ahşap mobilya, tunç kaplar ve dokuma, kilim ve işlemeler gibi kolay bozulan maddelerle aktarılmış olabilir. En etkileyici parçalar arasında, Erken Frig Teras Binası 2’nin ana odasının arka tarafında bulunan fildişi at koşum takımı seti (alınlıklar ve gözlükler) (1–12) sayılabilir. İkonografileri ve stilleri göz önünde bulundurularak bunların muhtemelen Karkamış veya Zincirli gibi Kuzey Suriye’deki bir kaynaktan ithal edildiği veya hediye geldiği düşünülebilir. Kemik ve fildişi unsurlar İç Kale Höyüğü’ndeki elit ve idari ortamlarda ve civardaki tümülüslerin birkaçında bulunan mobilyalarla dekoratif eşyalara

canlılık kazandırmıştır. Bunlar arasında özellikle dikkat çekenler Megaron 3 (19, 128–139, 195, 237) ve Megaron 4’te (13, 118, 140, 755) ele geçen dekoratif fildişi unsurlardır; bunların üzerinde Frig seramiklerinde de görülen pek çok desen bulunur ve kazıma stilleri sıklıkla Kuzey Suriye kaynaklarından yoğun etkiler barındırır. MÖ altıncı yüzyılın ortalarına tarihlenen Tümülüs A’da bulunan eserlerde (16, 120, 149, 151, 337, 366) olduğu gibi, geç Frig döneminden dekoratif parçalar, Ionia ve Doğu Yunan etkilerinin daha geç dönemlerde Gordion’a nasıl nüfuz ettiğinin göstergesidir. Sıra dışı eserler arasında Orta ve Geç Frig bağlamlarında ele geçen antik kaplumbağa kabuğundan beş lire ait parçalar (823–827) sayılabilir. Kaplumbağa kabuğundan lirler üzerine yazılan bölüme Samuel Holzman katkıda bulunmuştur. Friglerin müziğe iyi bilinen ilgilerinin başka bir göstergesi de bir aulosa ait olabilecek bazı parçalardır (814, 817–820). Başka maddelerdeki (ahşap, tunç ve seramik) Frig işlerine uygun bir şekilde kemik ve fildişi objelerdeki süslemeler ağırlıklı olarak geometrikti. Hayvanlar betimlendiğinde bunlar gerçekçi ile son derece stilize formlar arasında değişiyordu. Frig stilini yansıtan kendine özgü nitelikler arasında baklava biçimli gözler (128–130, 397), ağır kılıflı gagalar (83, 128, 367), kulağın altında küçük bir topuz (83), vurgulanmış omuzlar ve kanatlar (128–130), vurgulanmış bacak tendonları (367), genellikle balıksırtı deseninde kısa çizgilerle betimlenen tüyler (83, 128, 367, 985) ve kuş kafası şeklinde biten bir kuyruk (128, 157, 367) sayılabilir. Her ne kadar dışarıdan gelen en belirgin stilistik etkilerin izleri Kuzey Suriye’ye sürülebiliyor olsa da bazı parçalarda Asur (140) ve Urartu (14, 140, 143, 146, 147) bağlantılarının etkilerini görmek de

326

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mümkündür. Ticaretin kesişim noktasında konumlanmış, doğal kaynaklar bakımından zengin ve kolayca taşınabilen malların (kilim, tekstil ve tunç) üretim

merkezi olarak kabul görmüş Gordion’da insanların değer verdiği kemik ve fildişi objelerin bu kültürel bağlantıları yansıtması şaşırtıcı değildir.

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Concordances: Young and Voigt Objects Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

1

396

25

622

49

700

2

323

26

419

50

712

3

16

27

618

51

246

4

120

28

687

52

505

5

337

29

617

53

616

6

332

30

398

54

686

7

0

31

89

55

217

8

151

32

578

56

432

9

165

33

493

57

449

10

70

34

968

58

689

11

149

35

722

59

174

12

279

36

415

60

699

13

366

37

665

61

919

14

239

38

54

62

160

15

685

39

808

63

123

16

193

40

359

64

307

17

458

41

508

65

501

18

517

42

664

66

943

19

527

43

804

67

598

20

455

44

257

68

681

21

529

45

456

69

216

22

59

46

619

70

252

23

717

47

725

71

199

24

421

48

809

72

342

354 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

73

343

105

821

135b

283

74

358

106

314

136

383

75

170

107

341

137

807

76

313

108

197

138

528

77

317

109

315

139

503

78

344

110

311

140

169

79

200

111

172

141

274

80

265

112

312

142

743

81

271

113

316

143

109

82

201

114a–c

173

144

661

83

278

115

304

145

812

84

518

116a

318

146

331

85

621

116b

305

147

43

86

633

117

198

148

275

87

72

118

298

149

183

88

164

119

490

150

967

89

679

120

464

151

611

90

362

121

381

152

256

91

643

122

459

153

745

92

104

123

550

154

753

93

507

124

560

155

496

94

635

125

115

156

599

95

88

126

982

157

680

96

172

127

453

158

709

97

303

128

932

159

206

98

347

129

56

160

209

99

348

130

980

161

545

100

637

131

563

162

567

101

457

132

210

163

525

102

63

133

735

164

556

103

491

134

308

165

207

104

52

135a

153

166

291



CONCORDANCE 355

Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

167

595

200

406

230

433

168

84

201

671

231

965

169

259

202

519

232

731

170

399

203

65

233

672

171

232

204

497

234

521

172

211

205

68

235

555

173

987

206

98

236

964

174

702

207

Not included

237

589

175

814

208

427

238

367

176

587

209

382

239

38

177

374

210

269

240

652

178

520

211

819

241

885

179

158

212

320

242

62

180

730

213

81

243

581

182

488

214

613

244

371

183

816

215

579

245

44

184

479

216

392

246

494

185

714

217

208

247

76

186

78

218

985

248

124

187

443

219

715

249

969

188

225

220

143

250

533

189

754

221a–g

729

251

615

190

330

222a

390

252

981

191

674

222b

385

253

236

192

624

222c

477

254

125

193

31

223

941

255

155

194

485

224

559

256a–c

727

195

716

225

733

257

524

196

442

226

511

258

631

197

636

227

380

259

221

198

498

228

822

260

145

199

701

229

77

261

918

356 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

262

834

294

813

326

408

263

692

295

481

327

284

264

708

296

500

328

203

265

416

297

541

329

241

266

194

298

261

330

302

267

673

299

148

331

710

268

369

300

299

332

128

269

430

301

584

333

129

270

697

302

586

334

130

271

37

303

818

335

131

272

238

304

391

336

132

273

495

305

831

337

133

274

364

306

832

338

134

275

426

307

66

339

135

276

324

308

102

340

136

277

446

309

553

341

137

278

412

310

448

342

138

279

401

311

897

343

139

280

401

312

439

344

237

281

580

313

506

345

376

282

690

314

301

346

93

283

114

315

108

347

575

284

377

316

334

348

92

285

91

317

75

349

267

286

815

318

218

350

184

287

653

319

175

351

280

288

247

320

583

352

17

289

835

321

244

353

176

290

610

322

976

354

248

291

45

323

590

355

19

292

625

324

440

356

258

293

614

325

696

357

195



CONCORDANCE 357

Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

358

272

389b

514

421

594

359

650

389c

526

422

150

360

351

390

547

423

13

361

48

391

147

424

755

362

593

392

820

425

662

363

817

393

651

426

338

364

39

394

20

427

626

365

242

395

157

428

340

366

375

396

202

429

118

367

542

397

204

430

441

368

378

398

713

431

866

369

379

399

333

432

1

370

732

400

719

433

2

371

325

401

255

434

3

372

940

402

420

435

4

373

523

403

632

436

5

374

296

404

49

437

6

375

224

405

833

438

7

376

891

406

829

439

8

377

512

407

828

440

9

378

549

408

473

441

10

379

119

409

388

442

11

380

751

410–411

83

443

12

381

122

412

310

444

909

382

372

413

100

445

892

383

263

414

478

446

162

384

335

415

509

447

476

385

945

416

912

448

363

386

196

417

95

449

966

387

166

418

171

450

609

388

167

419

434

451

300

389a

513

420

57

452

627

358 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

453

569

485

253

517

58

454

576

486

644

518

121

455

215

487

402

519

230

456

105

488

34

520

452

457

516

489

205

521

336

458

601

490

73

522

554

459

691

491

96

523

395

460

106

492

339

524

189

461

243

493

222

525

188

462

179

494

329

526

978

463

15

495

924

527

423

464

212

496

260

528

502

465

306

497

535

529

14

466

27

498

231

530

168

467

425

499

286

531

951

468

492

500

163

532

975

469

254

501

80

533

245

470

22

502

600

534

219

471

99

503

141

535

805

472

407

504

185

536

350

473

417

505

186

537

428

474

435

506

276

538

213

475

620

507

706

539

654

476

180

508

187

540

107

477

229

509

564

541

444

478

577

510

87

542

353

479

604

511

140

543

811

480

159

512

29

544

983

481

373

513

530

545

935

482

403

514

262

546

101

483

370

515

282

547

397

484

46

516

55

548

352



CONCORDANCE 359

Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd BI no.

Catalogue no.

BI no.

Catalogue no.

549

228

581

192

550

499

582

281

551

161

583

639

552

612

584

608

553

326

585

910

554

345

586

642

555

273

587

235

556

750

588

79

557

803

589

723

558

707

590

666

559

97

591

648

560

249

592

566

561

422

593

630

562

322

594

726

563

629

595

32

564

67

596

270

565

582

597

431

566

923

598

823

567

404

599

277

568

645

600

546

569

227

601

354

570

190

602

355

571

405

603

356

572

972

604

548

573

979

605

126

574

893

606

357

575

792

607

836

576

867

608

734

577

883

609

127

578

389

610

607

579

103

614

824

580

191

360 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Young Excavation Objects cont'd Ankara Museum no.

Catalogue no.

ILS no.

Catalogue no.

392

113

158

591

389

657

216

570

379

414

289

571

370

540

503

557

384

647

504

558

387

447

537

588

Körte #1

531

694

572

Körte #2

561

711

573

Uncatalogued

628

745

574

I no.

Catalogue no.

SS no.

Catalogue no.

102

955

225

986

187

944

258

988

210

960

211

942

212

961

224

948

238

957

240

946

247

963

265

962

385

947

546

958



CONCORDANCE 361

Concordance :  Voigt Excavation Objects YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH 20548, SF 88-21

361

YH 23597, SF 88-204

938

YH 20678, SF 88-23

606

YH 23599, SF 88-206

949

YH 21184, SF 88-37

703

YH 23600, SF 88-207

852

YH 21185, SF 88-28

510

YH 23790, SF 88-191

695

YH 21219, SF 88-40

454

YH 23835, SF 88-32

889

YH 21255, SF 88-41

780

YH 23836, SF 88-11

841

YH 21287, SF 88-74

605

YH 24005, SF 88-241

178

YH 21300, SF 88-87

469

YH 24712, SF 02-267

110

YH 21559, SF 88-45

64

YH 24806, SF 02-278

882

YH 21696, SF 88-62

838

YH 24828, SF 02-289

874

YH 21832, SF 88-50

880

YH 25518, SF 89-18

887

YH 21998, SF 88-67

289

YH 25603, SF 89-29

522

YH 22092, SF 88-85

177

YH 25685, SF 89-26

984

YH 22111, SF 88-91

704

YH 25749, SF 89-52

668

YH 22145, SF 88-123

226

YH 26003, SF 89-33

285

YH 22683.01, SF 88-0

603

YH 26051, SF 89-37

111

YH 22798, SF 88-140

436

YH 26113, SF 89-54

451

YH 22973, SF 88-144

907

YH 26136, SF 89-57

461

YH 22975, SF 88-147

778

YH 26487, SF 89-60

42

YH 23083, SF 88-136

660

YH 26598, SF 89-53

749

YH 23314, SF 88-139

60

YH 26666, SF 89-85

688

YH 23427, SF 88-148

154

YH 26757, SF 89-72

515

YH 23515, SF 88-194

884

YH 26920, SF 89-91

562

YH 23516, SF 88-195

669

YH 26952

765

YH 23517, SF 88-196

655

YH 26965, SF 89-56

562

YH 23521, SF 88-208

936

YH 26971, SF 89-67

562

YH 23587, SF 88-198

840

YH 27085, SF 89-86

791

YH 23592, SF 88-199

288

YH 27241, SF 89-99

40

YH 23593, SF 88-200

895

YH 27375, SF 89-101

465

YH 23594, SF 88-201

888

YH 27777, SF 89-446

74

YH 23595, SF 88-202

851

YH 27839, SF 89-149

785

YH 23596, SF 88-203

959

YH 28148, SF 89-173

393

362 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Voigt Excavation Objects cont'd YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH 28204, SF 89-151

845

YH 30707, SF 89-307

360

YH 28225, SF 89-128

18

YH 30708, SF 89-197

864

YH 28246, SF 89-103

844

YH 30733, SF 89-322

903

YH 28247, SF 89-191

914

YH 30813, SF 89-315

297

YH 28248, SF 89-192

922

YH 30989, SF 89-345

424

YH 28249, SF 89-193

863

YH 31686, SF 89-419

471

YH 28307, SF 89-160

663

YH 31769, SF 89-416

830

YH 28388, SF 89-98

349

YH 31770, SF 89-417

480

YH 29269, SF 89-212

450

YH 31793, SF 89-418

890

YH 29289, SF 89-227

240

YH 32052, SF 89-449

28

YH 29866, SF 89-237

21

YH 32221, SF 89-455

470

YH 29980, SF 89-248

437

YH 32365, SF 89-206

930

YH 29998, SF 89-269

438

YH 32384, SF 89-558

394

YH 30067, SF 89-377

915

YH 32384, SF 89-558

394

YH 30069, SF 89-396

857

YH 32396, SF 89-426

736

YH 30072, SF 89-378

292

YH 32397, SF 89-580

678

YH 30081, SF 89-424

693

YH 32398, SF 89-581

779

YH 30082, SF 89-425

634

YH 32399, SF 89-596

934

YH 30086, SF 89-429

847

YH 32653, SF 89-422

911

YH 30088, SF 89-430

902

YH 33039, SF 02-309

413

YH 30089, SF 89-431

913

YH 33264, SF 89-605

898

YH 30090, SF 89-432

294

YH 33357, SF 89-550

483

YH 30092, SF 89-433

744

YH 33677, SF 89-590

641

YH 30094, SF 89-434

656

YH 33729, SF 89-624.01

40

YH 30098, SF 89-435

849

YH 33807, SF 89-548

929

YH 30177, SF 89-329

309

YH 34272, SF 89-686

759

YH 30195, SF 89-325

931

YH 34273, SF 89-689

896

YH 30309, SF 89-274

467

YH 34274, SF 89-688

908

YH 30315, SF 89-277

468

YH 34288, SF 89-691

758

YH 30701, SF 89-275

842

YH 35426, SF 93-7

956

YH 30705, SF 89-306

552

YH 35629, SF 93-49

677

YH 30706, SF 89-276

843

YH 35815

328



CONCORDANCE 363

Concordance :  Voigt Excavation Objects cont'd YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH 35946, SF 93-18

974

YH 43584, SF 95-311

50

YH 35949, SF 93-19

116

YH 43696, SF 95-67

47

YH 35950, SF 93-20

683

YH 43747, SF 95-59

771

YH 36051, SF 93-21

937

YH 43748, SF 95-58

23

YH 36160, SF 93-24

220

YH 43886, SF 96-82

223

YH 36311, SF 93-28

365

YH 44143, SF 95-33

752

YH 36397, SF 93-34

682

YH 44147, SF 95-49

61

YH 37077, SF 93-69

71

YH 44768, SF 95-71

827

YH 37474, SF 93-77

418

YH 44923, SF 95-8

327

YH 37477, SF 93-113

152

YH 45259, SF 95-21

321

YH 37480

917

YH 45626, SF 95-45

387

YH 37567

770

YH 46512, SF 95-151

916

YH 38648, SF 95-127

793

YH 46534, SF 95-273

543

YH 39134, SF 94-28

474

YH 46646, SF 95-104

386

YH 39381, SF 94-66

973

YH 46976, SF 95-175

837

YH 39420, SF 94-45

638

YH 46977, SF 95-176

772

YH 39474, SF 94-44

51

YH 46978, SF 95-177

762

YH 39778, SF 94-78

142

YH 46979, SF 95-178

737

YH 40046, SF 94-91

234

YH 46985, SF 95-300

534

YH 40730, SF 94-130

989

YH 47761, SF 95-293

504

YH 41051, SF 94-141

659

YH 47817, SF 95-236

786

YH 41461, SF 94-175

825

YH 47966, SF 95-125

760

YH 41591, SF 94-218

33

YH 48442, SF 95-201

319

YH 42289, SF 94-217

24

YH 48573, SF 95-150

544

YH 42355, SF 94-191

977

YH 48600, SF 95-145

463

YH 42472, SF 95-126

602

YH 48913, SF 95-210

756

YH 42481, SF 95-134

532

YH 49416, SF 95-256

35

YH 42522, SF 94-227

781

YH 49863, SF 95-237

761

YH 42816, SF 94-246

783

YH 50941, SF 95-103

649

YH 42973, SF 94-250

810

YH 51039, SF 96-108

728

YH 43161, SF 94-260

784

YH 51040, SF 96-109

592

YH 43372, SF 94-269

790

YH 51210, SF 95-276

266

364 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Voigt Excavation Objects cont'd YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH 51293, SF 02-91

868

YH 54624, SF 96-266

30

YH 51305, SF 96-35

872

YH 54653, SF 96-265

724

YH 51359, SF 96-2

41

YH 54807, SF 96-280

694

YH 51621, SF 97-272

871

YH 54848, SF 96-293

346

YH 51670, SF 95-329

551

YH 55077, SF 96-46

794

YH 51673, SF 95-315

460

YH 55078, SF 97-77

787

YH 51827, SF 96-230

839

YH 55087, SF 97-52

899

YH 51835, SF 96-234

746

YH 55091, SF 97-238

858

YH 51838, SF 96-235

782

YH 55226, SF 97-31

597

YH 51959, SF 96-99

646

YH 55365, SF 97-237

905

YH 51961, SF 96-100

85

YH 55366, SF 97-33

214

YH 52295, SF 96-33

411

YH 55741, SF 97-67

475

YH 52822, SF 96-54

287

YH 56153, SF 97-84

906

YH 52867, SF 96-59

53

YH 56154, SF 97-83

538

YH 52874, SF 96-70

429

YH 56157, SF 97-85

953

YH 52981, SF 96-88

82

YH 56183, SF 97-104

788

YH 53076, SF 96-85

670

YH 56192, SF 97-120

869

YH 53102, SF 96-96

466

YH 56394, SF 97-95

881

YH 53613, SF 96-147

94

YH 56449, SF 97-100

763

YH 53703, SF 96-163

69

YH 56554, SF 97-75

181

YH 53745, SF 96-183

86

YH 56724, SF 97-146

802

YH 53899, SF 96-162

293

YH 56782, SF 97-112

705

YH 54093, SF 96-221

156

YH 56842, SF 97-133

462

YH 54165, SF 96-238

970

YH 56940, SF 97-260

667

YH 54373, SF 97-266

472

YH 56967, SF 97-118

487

YH 54393, SF 96-207

539

YH 57001, SF 97-145

859

YH 54394, SF 96-208

721

YH 57002, SF 97-130

886

YH 54404, SF 96-224

806

YH 57010, SF 97-137

900

YH 54418, SF 96-243

757

YH 57014, SF 97-143

489

YH 54420, SF 96-249

537

YH 57030, SF 97-169

0

YH 54524, SF 96-256

250

YH 57033, SF 97-259

799

YH 54526, SF 96-258

251

YH 57036, SF 97-172

860



CONCORDANCE 365

Concordance :  Voigt Excavation Objects cont'd YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH 57040, SF 97-173

766

YH 60680, SF 01-97

775

YH 57041, SF 97-6

901

YH 60854, SF 01-52

117

YH 57043, SF 95-333

853

YH 61427, SF 01-80

971

YH 57045, SF 97-208

848

YH 61991, SF 02-39

409

YH 57916, SF 97-192

855

YH 62140, SF 02-57

776

YH 57953, SF 97-184

870

YH 62286, SF 02-54

410

YH 57959, SF 97-197

861

YH 62626, SF 02-46

445

YH 57960, SF 97-198

295

YH 62705, SF 02-56

25

YH 57969, SF 97-216

764

YH 63096, SF 02-159

873

YH 57970, SF 97-217

826

YH 63186, SF 02-103

484

YH 57971, SF 97-218

862

YH 63202, SF 02-63

384

YH 57989, SF 97-242

36

YH 63466, SF 02-145

676

YH 57990, SF 97-243

850

YH 63537, SF 02-405

747

YH 57991, SF 97-244

720

YH 63667, SF 02-119

486

YH 57994, SF 97-261

789

YH 63723, SF 02-113

894

YH 57999, SF 01-108

865

YH 64057, SF 02-132

482

YH 58527, SF 02-239

920

YH 64205, SF 02-169

623

YH 58856, SF 02-250

800

YH 64212, SF 02-179

768

YH 58873, SF 02-315

854

YH 64217, SF 02-209

268

YH 59408, SF 01-11

233

YH 64460, SF 02-319

90

YH 59540, SF 01-30

368

YH 64967, SF 02-243

875

YH 59866, SF 01-35

182

YH 65092, SF 02-331

144

YH 60122, SF 97-3

596

YH 65119, SF 02-313

675

YH 60315, SF 97-14

795

YH 65263, SF 02-379

742

YH 60527, SF 01-57

774

YH 65267, SF 02-377

739

YH 60579, SF 01-58

773

YH 65269, SF 02-380

777

YH 60580, SF 01-59

796

YH 65279

797

YH 60592, SF 01-69

767

YH 65280, SF 02-383

738

YH 60593, SF 01-70

801

YH 65283, SF 02-385

798

YH 60638, SF 01-25

290

YH 65284, SF 02-386

952

YH 60650, SF 01-55

585

YH 65285, SF 02-387

950

YH 60679, SF 96-345

904

YH 65286, SF 02-388

769

366 CONCORDANCE Concordance :  Voigt Excavation Objects cont'd YH, SF no.

Catalogue no.

YH 65288, SF 02-389

954

YH 65289, SF 02-390

748

YH 65290, SF 02-391

684

YH 65291, SF 02-392

876

YH 65292, SF 02-393

568

YH 65293, SF 02-395

536

YH 65294, SF 02-396

877

YH 65295, SF 02-394

856

YH 65296, SF 02-397

921

YH 65297, SF 02-398

846

YH 65299, SF 01-107

878

YH 65300, SF 02-399

879

YH 65301, SF 02-400

698

YH 66025, SF 04-22

565

YH 66368, SF 04-92

933

YH 66369, SF 04-93

718

YH 66862, SF 04-73

26

YH 67923, SF 05-34

658

YH 68330, SF 05-126

926

YH 68331, SF 05-127

927

YH 68332, SF 05-128

928

YH 68333, SF 05-129

741

YH 68378, SF 05-63

711

YH 68405, SF 05-100

112

YH 68945, SF 05-7

400

YH 68946, SF 05-8

939

YH 68947, SF 05-9

264

YH 68949, SF 05-27

740

YH 68950, SF 05-28

925

YH 69229, SF 06-23

146

Index Abydos 94 Acemhöyük  14, 15, 24, 26, 67 Adad-Nārārī III  324 Agora (Athens)  193, 265, 275, 276, 277, 308 Ajios Jakovos  170 Alalakh (Tell Atchana)  22, 23, 24, 87, 95 Al Mina  23, 201 Alişar Höyük  97, 165, 168, 171, 192, 197, 199, 200, 201, 229, 249, 283, 307, 308 Altιntepe  55, 56, 60, 103, 106, 108, 309, 322 Amarna  22, 192 Ankara  39, 103, 167, 324 Antalya  57, 111 Antioch  9, 200 Argive Heraeum  324 Arslan Taş  25, 26, 29, 54, 109 Arslantepe 102 Artemis  58, 62, 81, 110, 163, 169, 171, 199, 259, 270, 323 Artemis Orthia, sanctuary of  110, 161, 169 Ashurbanipal  95, 275 Ashurnasipal  29, 35, 41, 48, 51, 94, 95, 101, 103, 104, 163, 170 Assur  29, 48, 60, 107, 192, 323 Assyria, Assryian  2, 15, 18, 25, 29, 30, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 56, 61, 66, 89, 91, 95, 100, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 161, 162, 165, 170, 192, 197, 198, 226, 261, 262, 265, 321, 322 Astarte  26, 31, 32, 47 Athens  16, 24, 35, 57, 88, 268, 272, 307 Atlīt 196 Aulos, auloi  267–269, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277 Babylon/Babylonian  11, 14, 18, 22, 91, 106, 109, 265 Balawat  51, 56, 101 Bassai, Temple of Apollo  271, 272 Bayındır 108

Bayrakli 324 Bird’s head tail  32, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 50, 98, 168, 172, 321, 322 Boğazköy  45, 67, 86, 165, 221, 229, 265, 275, 307, 308, 311, 313 Bomford Collection/frontlet  30, 31, 38, 39 Brauron  58, 268, 276 Buckle  50, 167–168, 172–173, 274 Building, Middle Phrygian  A  6, 11, 108, 112, 118, 121, 128, 140, 165, 173, 202, 219, 242, 259, 272, 277, 297 C  3, 6, 11, 76, 144, 305, 315 E  6, 7, 11, 78, 151, 311–313 F  11, 122 H  8, 11 I  10, 70, 120, 130, 145, 162, 164, 177, 181, 199, 213, 215, 240, 298 M  7, 8, 11, 58, 60, 111, 124, 148, 154, 174, 303, 318 O  7, 86 P  6, 138 X  8, 46, 65, 80, 88, 91, 111, 112, 126, 127, 135, 319 Bull  2, 7, 22, 30, 35, 42, 48, 60, 67, 98, 102–103, 104, 105, 116, 141, 161, 162, 163, 164, 169, 269, 270, 311, 314, 318, 320, 321, 322 Carchemish  2, 5, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36, 38, 39, 41, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 61, 102, 161, 162, 308, 321, 322, 324 Çatal Höyük 227 CBH Building  4, 25, 183, 188, 248 254, 285 Celtic  9, 262 Chios 324 City Gate, Middle Phrygian  6, 108, 175, 176 189 Comb  27, 38, 45, 67, 98, 105, 167, 172, 192, 311, 318 Concentric circles  21, 76, 79, 80, 98, 110, 111, 114,

368 INDEX

115, 126, 127, 130, 131, 132, 144, 152, 153 176, 199, 210, 306 Corinth  58, 71, 73, 86, 113, 114, 160, 168, 170, 171, 200, 201, 228, 229, 249, 259, 265, 268, 275, 276, 308, 309 Crete  25, 100 Cymbal  55, 56, 272 Cyprus  25, 26, 48, 85, 87, 93, 94, 99, 111, 164, 167, 171, 192, 200 Enkomi  24, 93, 170, 259 Salamis  31, 34, 35, 85, 99, 171 Damascus  40, 324 Deir el-Medina  270 Delos  16, 72, 73, 86, 168, 171, 200, 201, 229, 245, 261, 276, 308 Delphi  10, 16, 23, 60, 61, 63, 85, 90, 96, 100, 101, 109, 113, 192, 282, 307, 308, 324 Destruction Level  2, 3, 4, 10, 28, 29, 41–44, 46, 50, 66, 67, 68, 74, 86, 98, 101, 102, 114, 115, 116, 128, 131, 136, 137, 142, 152, 216, 217, 230, 231, 232, 233, 251, 299, 308, 309, 312, 324 Dice  13, 17, 26, 282, 304–306, 309, 319 Didyma  57, 58, 164 Dinkha Tepe  226 Dodona  66, 171, 261 Duck  8, 9, 16, 23, 87, 88, 91, 93, 109, 112, 113, 121, 165, 200, 201, 224, 269, 318, 320, 323 Dura Europos  170 Gate, Early Phrygian  1, 3, 10, 11, 45, 161, 197, 282 Ebla  15, 35 Egypt, Egyptian  14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 28, 31, 34, 35, 48, 49, 57, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 100, 105, 106, 109, 113, 163, 268, 270, 272, 282, 313, 321 Elephant  13, 14–17, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 51, 88, 317, 318 Emirler 313 Ephesos  57, 58, 60, 66, 80, 81, 90, 110, 169, 199, 246, 259, 270, 276, 307, 308, 313, 323, 324 Eretria (Euboea)  35, 38, 40, 50 Fibula, fibulae  1, 27, 34, 42, 47, 56, 58, 59, 64, 73, 83, 93, 111, 117, 130, 131, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 150, 151, 160, 169, 170, 172, 189, 217, 218, 224, 229, 231, 233, 241, 258, 284, 299, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307, 314, 318, 324 Fish  26, 67, 87, 93, 98, 114, 164, 236, 320 Galatians  1, 9, 12, 29, 262 Gezer  132, 169, 192, 198 Goat  7, 17, 27, 39, 46, 49, 57, 58, 60, 99, 102, 103,

104, 117, 130, 152, 156, 161, 163, 167, 179, 192, 195, 201, 212, 221, 222, 228, 247, 256, 257, 279, 280, 315, 318, 320 Gold  16, 21, 23, 26, 27, 32, 35, 42, 46, 57, 60, 71, 77, 83, 85, 89, 91, 94, 97, 99, 100, 101, 104, 109, 112, 119, 120, 122, 136, 137, 144, 145, 153, 154, 160, 163, 164, 173, 201, 228, 246, 319, 321, 324 Goose, geese  110, 160, 164, 310, 315, 320, 323 Gournia 16 Griffin  39, 67, 97, 98, 99, 114, 115, 167, 170, 172, 192, 312, 314, 315 Gurob  93, 249 Halae 261 Hamath  26, 47 Hare  7, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 79, 86, 319 Harpy Tomb  88 Hasanlu  24, 46, 85, 94, 96, 99, 100, 138, 160, 161, 162, 163, 190, 196, 197, 198, 226 Hathor  31, 32, 34, 48 Hatti  18, 51 Hattusa 85 Hawk  7, 38, 58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 71, 79, 93, 98, 102, 134, 161, 172, 311, 312, 314, 315, 318, 319, 320 Haza’el 50 Hippopotamus  13, 16–17, 23, 88, 94, 161 Hittite  3, 4, 20, 26, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 45, 48, 61, 85, 86, 106, 107, 162, 163, 165, 191, 197, 199, 200, 201, 202, 227, 229, 262, 265, 269, 272, 280, 283, 319 Horse  5, 8, 17, 24, 26, 27–52 Idalion  171, 199 Inandiktepe 269 Inner Court, Early Phrygian  5, 7, 8, 11, 56, 97 Isin (Iraq)  270 Italy  270, 281, 282, 308 Ivriz  61, 102, 163, 258 İziktepe 165 Kadesh  169, 171, 197, 201, 276 Kaman-Kalehöyük 312 Kāmid el-Lōz  14, 87, 226 Karatepe  48, 165, 324 Karmir-Blur  47, 86, 197, 226 Kar-Tikulti-Ninurta 89 Kerkenes  26, 170 Khirbet Karhasan  30 Khorsabad  16, 23, 61 Kimmerian  2, 3, 10, 46, 312 Kish 94



INDEX 369

Kithara  93, 113, 165 Kition  88, 94, 170, 308 Knossos  16, 26 Kore  8, 57–58, 59, 60, 61, 77, 87, 91, 110, 119, 122, 144, 153, 154, 160, 164, 318, 323 Kubaba  31, 48, 93 Kuban 161 Küçük Höyük  1, 7, 8, 105, 169, 174, 195, 196, 205, 206, 208, 319, 323 Kültepe  85, 168, 192, 307 Küyünjik 169 Kybele, Kubileya/Kubeleya  56, 58, 62, 165, 272, 275 Kyzikos 93 Lachish  35, 170 Libya, Libyan  16, 22, 23, 91, 94, 275 Lindos  35, 57, 94, 169, 277, 322, 324 Lion  2, 16, 20, 25, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 53–55, 58–59, 60, 61, 67, 85, 94, 98, 101, 120, 126, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 269, 270, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 318, 320, 321, 322 Little Master Cup  110, 164, 313 Locri 308 Loom weights  5, 27, 29, 45, 227, 228, 229, 230, 258, 259, 272, 280, 281, 308 Lotus/Lotus and palmette  7, 8, 25, 31, 32, 34, 39, 48, 49, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 100, 106, 109, 112, 136–137, 160, 161, 177, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 Lower Town  1, 7, 8, 20, 69, 70, 73, 105, 117, 120, 151, 167, 175, 189, 195, 209, 222, 227, 235, 254, 255, 256, 269, 275, 280, 282, 284, 287, 296, 305, 315, 318, 319 Luristan  39, 94, 113, 168, 192 Lycia  8, 88 Lydia, Lydian  6, 8, 11, 56, 90, 94, 105, 110, 111, 121, 128, 163, 165, 174, 181, 205, 206, 208, 268, 276, 282, 308, 318, 321 Lyre  165, 267, 269–272, 274–275 Malatya  23, 38, 41, 48, 102 Maraş  15, 36, 60, 161, 164, 262, 308, 324 Mari  24, 94 Matar  32, 38, 48, 56, 67, 102, 163, 272 Megaron, Early Phrygian  1  11, 167, 216, 319 2  11, 48, 53, 96, 108, 109, 165, 195, 225, 258, 280, 308, 319 3  xvii, xviii, 5, 11, 20, 38, 51, 55, 64, 65, 67, 68, 76, 85, 97–102, 107, 114–116, 128, 136, 137,

161, 162, 167, 170, 280, 308, 311, 318, 319, 320, 321 4  5, 11, 20, 24, 29, 53, 55, 58, 81, 85, 101, 102, 119, 162, 250, 317, 318, 320, 322, 325 9  11, 121, 148, 159, 189 10  11, 262, 265, 324 12 55 Megiddo  24, 36, 47, 94, 192, 280, 308 Menidi 88 Meroë  276, 277 Mesopotamia  14, 25, 32, 35, 45, 91, 104, 164, 165, 317, 321 Midas/Mita  2, 3, 10, 12, 41, 51, 60, 61, 63, 85, 100, 113, 177, 276, 280, 282, 309, 321, 323, 324 Midas City  177, 307 Miletos  30, 31, 35, 47, 57, 101, 164, 322 Monkey  8, 39, 44, 45, 192, 313, 316 Mosaic  6, 96, 108, 109, 152, 156, 161, 208, 258, 308, 313, 315, 320 Mosaic Building  6, 11, 112, 164, 208 Mushki  2, 41, 321, 322, 323 Mycenae, Mycenaean  16, 61, 94, 95, 162, 164 Mylasa 170 Nimrud  21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 61, 70, 85, 89, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170, 226, 261, 262, 263, 265, 275, 315, 321, 322 Nimrud Dag  315 Nippur  170, 171 Nisa (Parthia)  164 North Syria  2, 15, 16, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 91, 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 138, 161, 162, 165, 167, 279, 317, 318, 321, 322, 324 Northwest Zone  7, 8, 20, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 117, 120, 125, 132, 134, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 156, 172, 175, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 210, 211, 212, 219, 220, 221, 225, 230, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 263, 269, 275, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 298, 299, 300, 302, 305, 317 Nuzi 23 Olympia  24, 61, 96, 107, 109, 161, 162, 323, 324 Olynthus  265, 307, 308, 309

370 INDEX

Orvieto 170 Ostrich egg  1, 17, 67, 90–94, 320 Outer Court, Early Phrygian  3, 4, 5, 7, 45, 161 Outer Town  1, 7, 8, 21, 71 Palestine  93, 111, 175 Palm, palmette  6, 7, 8, 32, 34, 39, 54, 65, 80, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 117, 118, 119, 126, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 144, 154, 162, 163, 170, 220, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323 Pazyryk  39, 86, 111, 168 Perachora  61, 112, 169, 171, 261, 277, 324 Pergamon 263 Persepolis  46, 112, 164, 171 Phoencia, Phoenician  16, 23, 25, 31, 35, 48, 49, 51, 90, 99, 100, 109, 119, 160, 161, 196, 318, 321 Phylakopi 270 Pisiris 41 Pompeii  26, 269, 276 Potnia Theron  30–32, 34, 36, 38, 41–42, 47, 49, 61, 99, 320 Pyxis, pyxides  16, 36, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 102, 104, 162, 275, 319 Qatna  23, 25, 49 Ram  8, 60, 98, 161, 170, 177, 318, 319, 320, 321 Ras Shamra  16, 22, 23, 31, 34, 45, 58, 60, 87, 88, 93, 94, 107, 170, 265, 308 Rhodes  58, 93, 109, 324 Rhyton/rhyta  53, 60, 94, 110, 160, 164, 213, 318, 323 Rosette  25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 42, 46, 48, 63, 64, 68, 85, 86, 88, 94, 96, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 117, 135–136, 143, 144, 160, 164, 165, 183, 281, 308, 309 Sakçe Gözü  32, 36, 38, 41, 48, 108, 161, 322, 324 Samaria  47, 54, 61, 109 Samos  30, 31, 34, 35, 40, 47, 57, 61, 103, 110, 164, 322, 324 Sardis  11, 61, 165, 308 Sargon II  2, 16, 23, 41, 51, 60, 63, 103, 164, 321 Sennacherib  18, 95 Shalmaneser III  15, 16, 26, 30, 41, 46, 101, 103 Shuttle  5, 227, 226–232, 259, 319 Sialk  192, 323 Sicily 270 Siren  36, 37, 50, 88, 93 Sos Hüyük  114 South Cellar  7, 10, 56, 59, 61, 69, 83, 135, 149, 312,

314, 318, 322, 323 Sparta  169, 324 Sphinx  30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42–43, 48, 49, 50, 99, 105, 167, 172, 320 Spindle  10, 17, 152, 170, 177, 228, 245, 246, 319, 320 Stylus  20, 261–264, 265, 308 Stymphalos 61 Suhis II  31, 50, 51 Sun Disc (winged)  10, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 39, 47, 48, 49, 50, 105–106, 117, 118, 164, 318, 322 Susa  94, 168 Syria  14, 15, 16, 23, 29, 49, 61, 91, 93, 111, 308 Ta’anach 280 Tarsus  86, 170, 171, 199, 200, 201, 229, 307, 308 Tegea 324 Tell Halaf  22, 25, 32, 36, 41, 49, 50, 51, 61, 91, 98, 104, 107, 165, 322, 324 Tell Tayinat  14, 23, 30, 41, 48, 50 Textile  5, 20, 21, 25, 28, 93, 96, 105, 108, 163, 169, 199, 227, 228, 258, 299, 322, 324 Thasos  54, 55, 60, 61, 155 Thebes  275, 308 Thera  86, 201 Throne  10, 60, 61, 63, 64, 85, 95, 99, 100, 107, 113, 161, 322, 324 Tiglath Pileser I  323 Tiglath Pileser III  23, 48, 163, 265, 321 Til Barsib  22, 39, 50, 226 Tilmen Höyük  229 Toprakkale  60, 61, 100, 226 Tortoise  1, 17, 267, 269–272, 274–275, 320 Tree of life  41, 43, 167 Triphylie 308 Troy  26, 171, 199 Tumulus  A  5, 8, 12, 20, 29, 57, 58, 59, 77, 87, 89, 91, 93, 109–110, 119, 122, 144, 153, 154, 160, 165, 318, 323 B  12, 152, 170, 171, 318 C  12, 109, 124, 137, 164, 284, 323 D  8, 12, 20, 29, 46, 57, 96, 108, 123, 129, 130, 141, 142, 144, 150, 151, 155, 158 E  12, 29, 112, 168, 229, 231, 269, 271, 272, 274, 313, 314 F  8, 12, 20, 80, 96, 123, 129, 148, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157, 158, 229, 233, 317 H  12, 169, 171, 174, 191, 220, 238, 322



I  12, 65, 82 K  12, 65, 77, 122, 159, 161, 225, 318 K-II  96, 160 K-III  67, 161 KY  12, 17, 28, 46, 171, 284 MM  11, 21, 36, 37, 38, 53, 60, 63, 64, 65, 85, 96, 98, 105, 141, 161, 169, 170, 262, 308, 313, 321 N 28 P  12, 29, 38, 46, 53, 54, 63, 65, 67, 85, 96, 98, 99, 105, 110, 138, 140, 141, 142, 161, 164, 167, 200, 258, 280, 284, 308, 313, 315, 321 W  5, 11, 25, 45, 63, 67, 85, 105, 160, 169, 173, 200, 258, 317, 318, 321 Uluburun  16, 32, 87, 88, 93, 94, 265, 270 Ur  192, 265, 269

INDEX 371

Urartu  2, 11, 30, 46, 47, 48, 60, 103, 197, 321, 322, 325 Warpalawas (see Ivriz)  61, 102, 162, 163, 258 Warrior  8, 31, 97, 98, 99, 105, 115, 117, 167, 318, 320 Whorl  10, 17, 26, 27, 45, 57, 59, 78, 110, 131, 138, 152, 155, 170, 177, 186, 190, 191, 206, 212, 214, 216, 217, 227, 228, 233, 245–247, 258, 259, 281, 283, 284, 299, 319, 320 Xanthos 164 Zincirli (Sam’al)  5, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 61, 65, 85, 105, 107, 162, 275, 281, 307, 321, 322, 324, 325 Ziwiye  96, 103, 163

h h h 

Plates  h h h

PLATE  1

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Plate 1  Horse Trappings (1)

5 cm

PLATE  2

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Plate 2  Horse Trappings (1)

5 cm

PLATE  3

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Plate 3  Horse Trappings (2) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

5 cm

PLATE  4

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Plate 4  Horse Trappings (3)

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PLATE  5

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Plate 5  Horse Trappings (4)

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Plate 6  Horse Trappings (5)

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Plate 7  Horse Trappings (6–7)

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Plate 9  Horse Trappings (9)

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Plate 10  Horse Trappings (10–12)

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PLATE  11

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Plate 11  Figurines (13–15)

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Plate 13  Figurines (17–18)

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Plate 14  Furniture (19–21)

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Plate 15  Furniture (22–25)

10 cm

PLATE  16

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Plate 17  Furniture (44–60)

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Plate 19  Furniture (83)

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Plate 20  Furniture (84–89)

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PLATE  22

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PLATE  23

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top

bottom 119

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Plate 23  Furniture (118–119)

5 cm

PLATE  24

120

0

5 cm

Plate 24  Containers (120) (Courtesy of Elspeth Dusinberre; redrawn by Ardeth Anderson)

PLATE  25

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nail

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0 Plate 25  Containers (121–124)

5 cm

PLATE  26

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5 cm

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Plate 27  Containers (126–127)

127

5 cm

PLATE  28

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Plate 28  Decorative Pieces (128–130) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

5 cm

PLATE  29

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Plate 29  Decorative Pieces (131–134) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

5 cm

PLATE  30

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5 cm

Plate 30  Decorative Pieces (135–138) (135–136, 138—Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

PLATE  31

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reconstruction of type 139

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Plate 31  Decorative Pieces (139) (Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

5 cm

PLATE  32

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5 cm

PLATE  33

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Plate 33  Decorative Pieces (145–149) (147—Courtesy of Elizabeth Simpson)

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Plate 34  Decorative Pieces (150–153)

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PLATE  35

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Plate 35  Decorative Pieces (154–161)

5 cm

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Plate 36  Decorative Pieces (162–168)

5 cm

PLATE  37

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Plate 37  Decorative Pieces (169–174)

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Plate 42  Decorative Pieces (195–199)

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Plate 44  Decorative Pieces (201)

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Plate 61  Decorative Pieces (311–313)

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Plate 62  Decorative Pieces (314–321)

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Suggested reconstruction showing inserts of a contrasting material c 337

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Plate 68  Decorative Pieces (357b)

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Plate 69  Decorative Pieces (358–363)

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PLATE  70

front

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PLATE  71

front 365

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Plate 71  Decorative Pieces (365 front)

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PLATE  72

reconstructed piece front 365

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Plate 72  Decorative Pieces (365 front)

5 cm

PLATE  73

back 365

0

Plate 73  Decorative Pieces (365 back)

5 cm

PLATE  74

remains of pigment 366

0

Plate 74  Decorative Pieces (366)

5 cm

PLATE  75

367

0

Plate 75  Personal Adornment (367)

5 cm

PLATE  76

368

369

374

371

372

373

370

378

375

376 377

0

Plate 76  Personal Adornment (368–378)

5 cm

PLATE  77

382 381 379

384

380

383

387 b

385 a 388

386

0

Plate 77  Personal Adornment (379–389)

5 cm

389

PLATE  78

390

0

Plate 78  Personal Adornment (390)

5 cm

PLATE  79

392

b a

391

393

394

0 Plate 79  Personal Adornment (391–395)

395

5 cm

PLATE  80

396 detail

397

398

396

0 Plate 80  Personal Adornment (396–398)

5 cm

PLATE  81

400

403

402

401

399

0

Plate 81  Personal Adornment (399–403)

5 cm

PLATE  82

409

410

407

411

406 405

404

408

0

Plate 82  Personal Adornment (404–412)

5 cm

412

PLATE  83

418

415

421

420

417 414

413

416

0 Plate 83  Personal Adornment (413–422)

419

5 cm

422

PLATE  84

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

431

430

432

433 434

435

0

Plate 84  Personal Adornment (423–435)

5 cm

PLATE  85

438 436

437

440 439

443

442

445

444

446

441

450

449 448

447

453

451

454

452

0

Plate 85  Personal Adornment (436–456)

5 cm

455

456

PLATE  86

458

457

a

460

459

b

461

466

464

469

468

467

465

463

462

472 475

c a

473

b 471

470

474

476

477

478

0 Plate 86  Personal Adornment (457–478)

5 cm

PLATE  87

b

a

480

479

483

487

488

482 481

485 486

484

489 490 493

492 491

0 Plate 87  Personal Adornment (479–493)

5 cm

PLATE  88

494

0

Plate 88  Handles and Spoons (494)

5 cm

PLATE  89

496

495

497

0 Plate 89  Handles and Spoons (495–497)

5 cm

PLATE  90

498 499

0

Plate 90  Handles and Spoons (498–499)

5 cm

PLATE  91

500

501

503

0 Plate 91  Handles and Spoons (500–503)

5 cm

502

PLATE  92

505

506

504

0

Plate 92  Handles and Spoons (504–506)

5 cm

PLATE  93

509

507

508

0

Plate 93  Handles and Spoons (507–509)

5 cm

PLATE  94

510

513

511

512

514

0 Plate 94  Handles and Spoons (510–514)

5 cm

PLATE  95

515 516

0

Plate 95  Handles and Spoons (515–517)

5 cm

517

PLATE  96

519

518

0

Plate 96  Handles and Spoons (518–519)

5 cm

PLATE  97

521

a

c

b

d

520

0

Plate 97  Handles and Spoons (520–521)

5 cm

PLATE  98

523

522

0

Plate 98  Handles and Spoons (522–523)

5 cm

PLATE  99

526

524 525

0

Plate 99  Handles and Spoons (524–526)

5 cm

PLATE  100

528

a 529

527

530

0

Plate 100  Handles and Spoons (527–530)

5 cm

b

PLATE  101

534

532

533

0

5 cm

535 Plate 101  Handles and Spoons (532–535)

PLATE  102

538 541

539

537

540

542

543

0

Plate 102  Handles and Spoons (537–543)

5 cm

PLATE  103

545 544

0

Plate 103  Handles and Spoons (544–545)

5 cm

PLATE  104

547

546

0

Plate 104  Handles and Spoons (546–547)

5 cm

PLATE  105

552

551

553 550 549

548

556

555

554

0 Plate 105  Handles and Spoons (548–556)

5 cm

PLATE  106

560

559

557 558

0

Plate 106  Handles and Spoons (557–560)

5 cm

PLATE  107

c c

a b exterior

a

b

c

562

red pigment

a b interior

Plate 107  Handles and Spoons (562)

0

5 cm

PLATE  108

566 564

563

565

567

568 569

0

Plate 108  Handles and Spoons (563–569)

5 cm

PLATE  109

570

571

0

Plate 109  Handles and Spoons (570–572)

5 cm

572

PLATE  110

bone

574

573

0

Plate 110  Handles and Spoons (573–574)

5 cm

PLATE  111

578

575

579 577 576

582

580

583 581

0 Plate 111  Handles and Spoons (575–583)

5 cm

PLATE  112

585

586

584

587

0

Plate 112  Handles and Spoons (584–587)

5 cm

PLATE  113

590 589

591

0

5 cm

588 Plate 113  Handles and Spoons (588–591)

PLATE  114

592

593

0

Plate 114  Handles and Spoons (592–593)

5 cm

PLATE  115

597

595

594

596

0

Plate 115  Handles and Spoons (594–597)

5 cm

PLATE  116

598

0 Plate 116  Handles and Spoons (598)

5 cm

PLATE  117

602

601 600

599

0

Plate 117  Handles and Spoons (599–602)

5 cm

iron remains

PLATE  118

603

0

Plate 118  Handles and Spoons (603)

5 cm

PLATE  119

605

606

604

607

0

5 cm

0 Plate 119  Handles and Spoons (604–608)

608

10 cm

PLATE  120

611 612

609

610

613

614

0 Plate 120  Handles and Spoons (609–614)

5 cm

PLATE  121

616

615 617

621

618

620

622

619

0

Plate 121  Handles and Spoons (615–622)

5 cm

PLATE  122

623

624

625

0

Plate 122  Handles and Spoons (623–625)

5 cm

PLATE  123

626

627

629

628

630

631

632

633

0

Plate 123  Working Implements (626–633)

5 cm

PLATE  124

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

0 Plate 124  Working Implements (634–640)

5 cm

PLATE  125

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

0 Plate 125  Working Implements (641–647)

5 cm

PLATE  126

649 648

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

0

Plate 126  Working Implements (648–657)

5 cm

PLATE  127

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

0

5 cm 666

Plate 127  Working Implements (658–666)

PLATE  128

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

0

Plate 128  Working Implements (667–675)

5 cm

PLATE  129

677

678

679

680

681

682

676

683

0

Plate 129  Working Implements (676–683)

5 cm

PLATE  130

694

684

685 695

686

a 687 b 688 c

689

d 696

690

691

692

693

697

0 Plate 130  Working Implements (684–697)

5 cm

PLATE  131

699

709

700

710

701 711

702 712

703

713 704

714 705

715

706

716

707

717

708

0 Plate 131  Working Implements (699–717)

5 cm

PLATE  132

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

0

Plate 132  Working Implements (718–726)

5 cm

PLATE  133

728

a

0

b 727 c Plate 133  Working Implements (727–728)

5 cm

PLATE  134

d c

e

f

b

g

729

0 a Plate 134  Working Implements (729–730)

5 cm

730

PLATE  135

732

731

733 734

736

737

738

0 Plate 135  Working Implements (731–738)

5 cm

735

PLATE  136

739

0

Plate 136  Working Implements (739)

5 cm

PLATE  137

740

741

742

743

744

745

0

Plate 137  Working Implements (740–745)

5 cm

PLATE  138

748

749

750

751

752

753

0 746

Plate 138  Working Implements (746, 748–753)

5 cm

PLATE  139

754

c

b

d

a 755 miscellaneous

758 756

757

0

Plate 139  Working Implements (754–758)

5 cm

PLATE  140

759 760

761

a

b 762

763 764 765

767

766

0

Plate 140  Working Implements (759–768)

5 cm

768

PLATE  141

769

770

771 772

773

774

0

Plate 141  Working Implements (769–774)

5 cm

PLATE  142

776

775

777

778

779

0 Plate 142  Working Implements (775–779)

5 cm

PLATE  143

780

782

785

783

786

784

787 788

789

0

0 (780, 782–789) Plate 143  Working Implements

5 cm

5cm

PLATE  144

791 790

793

792

794

0 Plate 144  Working Implements (790–794)

5 cm

PLATE  145

796

797

795

798

0

Plate 145  Working Implements (795–798)

5 cm

PLATE  146

800

799

801

802 803

0

Plate 146  Working Implements (799–803)

5 cm

PLATE  147

804

806

807

808

a

b 809

812

810

811

0

805 Plate 147  Writing Implements (804–812)

5 cm

PLATE  148

815

813

814

0 Plate 148  Musical Instruments (813–815)

5 cm

PLATE  149

819

818

820

816

817

821

0

Plate 149  Musical Instruments (816–822)

5 cm

822

PLATE  150

823

0

Plate 150  Musical Instruments (823—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  151

Cen.3: 0.40cm RCos.2: 0.29cm RCos.1: 0.25cm

RCos.3: 0.24cm

Cen.4: 0.24cm

LCos.1: 0.24cm

LCos.4: 0.24cm LCos.3: 0.24cm

Border of scutes Sutured joints of dermal bones

Exposed spongy bone: broken Exposed spongy bone: worked surface

823

0

Plate 151  Musical Instruments (823—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  152

824

0

Plate 152  Musical Instruments (824—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  153

Cen.3: 0.31cm RCos.2: 0.35cm RCos.1: 0.30cm RCen.1: 0.4cm LCen.1: 0.45cm LCos.1: 0.33cm Cen.2: 0.35cm LCos.2: 0.31cm

RCos.3: 0.32cm RCos.4: 0.30cm Cen.5: 0.31cm LCos.4: 0.33cm LCos.4: 0.33cm LCos.3: 0.32cm

Border of scutes Sutured joints of dermal bones

Exposed spongy bone: broken Exposed spongy bone: worked surface 824

0 Plate 153  Musical Instruments (824—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  154

Border of scutes Sutured joints of dermal bones

Exposed spongy bone: broken Exposed spongy bone: worked surface

824

0

Plate 154  Musical Instruments (824—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  155

LCos.1: 0.54cm

Border of scutes Sutured joints of dermal bones

Exposed spongy bone: broken Exposed spongy bone: worked surface

825

0

Plate 155  Musical Instruments (825—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  156

LCos.3: 0.25cm

Border of scutes Sutured joints of dermal bones

Exposed spongy bone: broken Exposed spongy bone: worked surface

826

0

Plate 156  Musical Instruments (826—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  157

Cen.1: 0.40cm

Border of scutes Sutured joints of dermal bones

Exposed spongy bone: broken Exposed spongy bone: worked surface 827

0

Plate 157  Musical Instruments (827—Courtesy of Samuel Holzman)

5 cm

PLATE  158

828

0

Plate 158  Gaming Pieces (828)

5 cm

PLATE  159

829

830

0 Plate 159  Gaming Pieces (829–830)

5 cm

PLATE  160

831

832

0

Plate 160  Gaming Pieces (831–832)

5 cm

PLATE  161

833 (1)

0

Plate 161  Gaming Pieces (833)

5 cm

PLATE  162

833 (2)

0

Plate 162  Gaming Pieces (833)

5 cm

PLATE  163

834

835

0 Plate 163  Gaming Pieces (834–835)

5 cm

PLATE  164

836

837

838

0

Plate 164  Gaming Pieces (836–838)

5 cm

PLATE  165

839

840

846

852

841

842

843

844

850

847

848

851

849

853

857 854

0 Plate 165  Gaming Pieces (839–857)

845

855

856

5 cm

PLATE  166

859

860

863

862

861

858

865 864 866

867

868 870 869

0 Plate 166  Gaming Pieces (858–870)

5 cm

PLATE  167

873

874

871

872

875

883

881

880

882

884

885

0

Plate 167  Gaming Pieces (871–875, 880–885)

5 cm

PLATE  168

887

889

888

886

893

891 892 890

894

898 895

896

897

0 Plate 168  Gaming Pieces (886–898)

5 cm

PLATE  169

900

899

902

906

905

911

909

912

910

iron ring 913

915

914

916 917

0 Plate 169  Gaming Pieces (899–917)

b

907

904

903

908

a

901

5 cm

PLATE  170

918 919

922

921

920

925 923

924

927

a 930

934

928

929

926

931

b

a

935

936

0 Plate 170  Gaming Pieces (918–939)

932

b

938

937

5 cm

933

939

PLATE  171

941 942

940

943

944

945 946

0 Plate 171  Gaming Pieces (940–946)

5 cm

PLATE  172

947

948

b a 949

0 Plate 172  Gaming Pieces (947–951)

951 950

5 cm

PLATE  173

953

952

954

955

957

956

0

Plate 173  Gaming Pieces (952–957)

5 cm

PLATE  174

960

958

959

962

961

Plate 174  Gaming Pieces (958–965)

963

964

965

0

5 cm

PLATE  175

969 967

968 966

971

970 972

974 973

0 Plate 175  Gaming Pieces (966–974)

5 cm

PLATE  176

977

976

975

a

b

983

982

984

981

0

Plate 176  Gaming Pieces (975–979, 981–984)

979

978

5 cm

PLATE  177

986

985

988 987

989

0

Plate 177  Seals (985–989)

5 cm