Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze Age and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII 9781575066981

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Gezer VII The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII

GEZER VII The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII

by

Joe D. Seger with contributions by Seymour Gitin, James W. Hardin, John. R. Osborne, and Karen E. Seger

Edited by

Joe D. Seger and James W. Hardin

Annual of the HEBREW UNION COLLEGE/ NELSON GLUECK SCHOOL OF BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Jerusalem 13 King David Street

Winona Lake, Indiana E isenbrauns 2013

© 2013 by Eisenbrauns Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America www.eisenbrauns.com

Annuals of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X.

W. G. Dever, H. D. Lance, and G. E. Wright. Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964–66 Seasons. (1970) W. G. Dever, et al. Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II. (1974) S. Gitin. Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer. 2 vols. (1990) W. G. Dever. Gezer IV: The 1969–71 Seasons in Field VI, The “Acropolis.” 2 vols. (1986) J. D. Seger. Gezer V: The Field I Caves. (1988) A. Biran, D. Ilan, and R. Greenberg. Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs. (1996) A Biran and R. Ben-Dov. Dan II: A Chronicle of the Excavations and the Late Bronze Age “Mycenaean” Tomb. (2002) Y, Thareani. Tel ʿAroer: The Iron Age II Caravan Town and the Hellenistic Early Roman Settlement. 2 vols. (2011) J. D. Seger. Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII. (2013) Garth Gilmour. Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–1974). (In Press)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Seger, Joe D. Gezer VII : the Middle Bronze and later fortifications in fields II, IV, and VIII / by Joe D. Seger ; with contributions by Seymour Gitin, James W. Hardin, John. R. Osborne, and Karen E. Seger ; edited by Joe D. Seger and James W. Hardin.      pages  cm. — (Annual of the Hebrew Union College/Nelson Glueck School of Biblical    Archaeology ; v. 9) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57506-268-6 (hardback : alkaline paper) 1.  Gezer Site (Israel)  2.  Excavations (Archaeology)—Israel—Gezer Site.  3.  Fortification— Israel—Gezer Site.  4.  Material culture—Israel—Gezer Site.  5.  Bronze age—Israel—Gezer Site.  6.  Israel—Antiquities.  I.  Gitin, Seymour.  II.  Hardin, James Walker, 1964–  III.  Title.  IV.  Title: Gezer 7.  V.  Title: Gezer seven. DS110.G5S425 2013 933′.48—dc23 2013009253

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.♾™

In Memoriam Richard J. Scheuer 1917–2008 With the presentation of this volume, we hold in warmest memory Richard J. Scheuer, Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC–JIR), who passed away November 10, 2008. Dick Scheuer was a most generous patron of Jewish Art and Culture and a consummate supporter of archaeological work in Israel and throughout the Middle East. He took special interest in HUC–JIR’s Gezer project and was a good friend to everyone on its senior staff. Dick made regular visits to the excavations as they progressed and steadily encouraged the publication of its results. He was particularly proud of the fact that, in continuing its commitment to the Gezer project, HUC–JIR was fulfilling the scholarly tradition of his good friend, Nelson Glueck. Dick Scheuer’s legacy of support still helps to enable the project’s ongoing publications program.

Dedication I am pleased to dedicate this work to two mentors who greatly helped to shape and further my academic career, the late Lionel A. Whiston of Eden Theological Seminary and the late James F. Ross of Drew University and the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in Virginia. At Eden, Lee Whiston inspired my studies in Old Testament history and literature and nurtured my interest in pursuing graduate studies at Harvard. At Shechem, Jim Ross guided my first steps as an excavator, serving as my field supervisor during excavations in 1962. Coincidentally, Ross also directed and Whiston participated in the 1966 season of work in Field II at Gezer, which is reported here. Both were formative in helping to take some of the sap out of the sapling, becoming very much appreciated career long colleagues and friends.

Joe D. Seger

Acknowledgment The research and compilation of the manuscript for this publication were made possible through a generous grant from the Shelby White–Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications.

Dedication I am pleased to dedicate this work to two mentors who greatly helped to shape and further my academic career, the late Lionel A. Whiston of Eden Theological Seminary and the late James F. Ross of Drew University and the Protestant Episcopal Seminary in Virginia. At Eden, Lee Whiston inspired my studies in Old Testament history and literature and nurtured my interest in pursuing graduate studies at Harvard. At Shechem, Jim Ross guided my first steps as an excavator, serving as my field supervisor during excavations in 1962. Coincidentally, Ross also directed and Whiston participated in the 1966 season of work in Field II at Gezer, which is reported here. Both were formative in helping to take some of the sap out of the sapling, becoming very much appreciated career long colleagues and friends.

Joe D. Seger

Acknowledgment The research and compilation of the manuscript for this publication were made possible through a generous grant from the Shelby White–Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications.

Table of Contents Frontispiece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xiii Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xiv Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  xv Chapter I.  General Introduction: A History of Excavation in Field IV and Related Efforts in Fields II, VIII, IX, and X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 A.  The Excavations at Gezer: A Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1 B.  Excavations in Field IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1 1.  Planning and Preparation, 1967–1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2 a.  The Spring and Summer Probes (S/SP), 1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2 b.  Preparation Work in the 1967–1968 Interim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3 c.  Summer Season, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4 2.  Phase I Excavations, 1970–1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5 a.  Spring Season, 1970 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5 b.  Summer Seasons, 1970 and 1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6 3.  Phase II Excavations, 1972–1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6 a.  Summer Season, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6 b.  Spring Season, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7 c.  Summer Season, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7 d.  Fall Season, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7 e.  Spring Season, 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7 C.  The 1973–1974 Investigation of Fortification Elements in Other Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8 Table 1.1: Field Phase and City Stratum Correlations, Tell Gezer Phase I and II Excavations . . . . . . . . . 10–11

Chapter II.  Cultural and Historical Summary: Synchronic and Diachronic Study of the Fortifications at Gezer (Joe D. Seger and James W. Hardin) . . . . . . . . . . .   12 A.  The Middle Bronze Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12 1.  The MB IIA–B Resettlement at Gezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 2.  The MB IIB–C Expansion at Gezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 a.  The Inner Wall and Its Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 b.  The Southern Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 c.  The Glacis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16 d.  The City within the Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17 (1)  MB Features Exposed by Macalister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   17 (2)  The Field IV Intramural Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   20 (a)  The Wall 3097 Construction Phase (Stratum XIXC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   20 (b)  The Early MB IIC Occupation (Strata XIXB and A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22 (c)  The Wall 13004 Construction Phase (Stratum XVIIIC2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22 (d)  The Late MB IIC Occupation (Strata XVIIIC1-A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   22 (e)  The Archaeology of Destruction in Areas 3–6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   23 (i)     Courtyard 4020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   23 (ii)   The Area 5 Storage Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   24 (iii)  Domestic Activity in Courtyard 6010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   26 e.  Archaeology and Society at Gezer in MB IIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27 3.  The LB IA Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29

vii

viii

Table of Contents B.  The Outer Wall and the Later Settlements at Gezer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31 1.  The LB City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31 2.  The LB Founding of the Outer Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31 3.  Issues Regarding Iron Age and Hellenistic Period Use of Wall 9011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32 C.  Abandonment and Exploitation in the Roman Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34

Chapter III.  Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   37 A.  Field IV (Joe D. Seger and John R. Osborne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37 1.  Tower 5017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37 a.  Reinvestigation in Field I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37 b.  The Field IV Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37 (1)  Excavations in Areas 3 and 13, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  37 (2)  Excavations in Areas 3 and 13, 1970–1971 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40 (3)  Excavations in Area 1, 1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48 (4)  Excavations in Areas 11 and 12, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51 (5)  Excavations in Area 2, 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54 (6)  The Tower 5017 Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60 2.  The Southern Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60 a.  The Gate Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62 (1)  The West Gate Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62 (2)  The East Gate Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64 b.  The Upper Gate Superstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66 c.  The Gate Passageway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  68 d.  The Orthostats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69 3.  The Connecting Walls and the Glacis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70 a.  Wall 3097 (Stratum XIX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70 b.  Wall 13004 (Stratum XVIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76 c.  Glacis 8012 (Stratum XVIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  77 d.  Wall 10005 and Glacis 10006 (Stratum XVIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  81 4.  The Intramural Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82 a.  Intramural Stratigraphy in Area 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83 (1)  Wall 13004—Phase 5A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83 (2)  Wall 3097—Phase 6A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84 (3)  Wall 3097—Phase 6B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85 b.  Intramural Stratigraphy in Area 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  85 (1)  Wall 13004—Phase 5A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86 (2)  Wall 13004—Phases 5B1 and 5B2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87 (3)  Wall 13004—Phase 5C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  87 (4)  The Wall 13004 Construction—Phase 5C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89 (5)  Wall 4113/3097—Phase 6A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89 (6)  The Wall 4113/3097 Construction—Phase 6C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91 c.  The Phase 5A Storage Complex in Area 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91 d.  Intramural Stratigraphy in Area 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95 (1)  Wall 13004—Phases 5A–C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95 (2)  Wall 6018/3097—Phase 6A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97 5.  The Outer Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97 a.  Areas 13 and 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97 b.  Areas 15–17 and 26–27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99 (1)  Tower 16053 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  99 (2)  Wall 16017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 (3)  Bastion 16050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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B.  Field II Areas 4 and 14 (Joe D. Seger, Seymour Gitin, and Karen E. Seger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1.  Excavation History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 a.  1966 Excavations in Area 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 b.  1973 Excavations in Areas 4 and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 c.  1974 Excavations in Areas 4 and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.  The Stratigraphy in Field II Areas 4 and 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 a.  Phase 15: The Middle Bronze II Glacis and Related Structures (Stratum XVIII) . . . . . . . . . . . 108 (1)  Phase 15C (Stratum XVIIIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 (2)  Phase 15B (Stratum XVIIIB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 (3)  Phase 15A (Stratum XVIIIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 (4)  Phase Post–15 (The Stratum XVIII to Stratum XVI Interim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 b.  The Outer Wall, L. 4048/14003 (Stratum XVI and Stratum II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 (1)  Phase 14: The LB Construction Phase (Stratum XVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 (2)  Phase 2: Hellenistic Period Reconstruction (Stratum II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 C.  Field VIII Area 1 (Joe D. Seger and Seymour Gitin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 1.  The 1973 Excavations in Field VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 2.  The Stratigraphy of Field VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 a.  Phase 5: Bedrock Features (Stratum XXVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 b.  The Inner Wall System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 (1)  Phase 4: The Initial Construction Phase (Stratum XIX) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 (2)  Phase 3: Glacis Development (Stratum XVIII) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 c.  Phase 2: Evidence of the Outer Wall (Stratum XVI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 d.  Phase 1 and Later Deposits (Stratum II?) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Chapter IV.  Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 A.  Pottery Remains in Field IV (See Chap III.A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 1.  City Stratum I (Field Phase 1, Early Roman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 2.  City Stratum II (Field Phase 2, Hellenistic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 3.  City Stratum VIII (Field Phase 3? Iron IIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.  City Stratum XVI (Field Phase 4, LB IIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.  City Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 5, MB IIC–LB IA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 a.  Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 5A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 (1)  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 (2)  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 (a)  Platter Bowls (Bp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 (b)  Carinated Bowls (Bc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 (c)  Globular Bowls (Bg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 (d)  Flaring Carinated Bowls (Bfc) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 (e)  Chalices and Vases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 (f)  Cooking Pots (Cp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 (g)  Cooking Trays (Ct) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 (h)  Kraters (Kr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 (i)   Storage Jars (SJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 ( j) Amphora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 (k)  Jar Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 (l)   Cultic Stands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 (m)   Jugs (Jg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 (n) Pitchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 (o) Pots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 (p)  Dipper Juglets (Jld) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 (q)  Cylindrical Juglets (Jlc) and Piriform Juglets (Jlp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 (r)   Imports and Import Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 (s)  Miscellaneous Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

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Table of Contents b.  Stratum XVIIIB1 and B2 (Field Phases 5B1 and B2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 (1)  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 (2)  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 c.  Stratum XVIIIC1 and C2 (Field Phases 5C1 and 5C2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 (1)  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 (2)  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.  City Stratum XIX (Field Phase 6, MB IIB–C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 a.  Stratum XIXA (Field Phase 6A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 (1)  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 (2)  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 b.  Stratum XIXB (Field Phase 6B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 (1)  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 (2)  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 c.  Stratum XIXC (Field Phase 6C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 (1)  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 (2)  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 B. Pottery Remains in Field II Areas 4 and 14 (See Chap. III.B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 1.  City Stratum II (Field Phase 2, Hellenistic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 a.  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 b.  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 2.  City Stratum XVI (Field Phase 14, LB) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 a.  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 b.  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.  City Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 15, MB IIC/LB I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 a.  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 (1)  Stratum XVIIIC (Field Phases 15C2–1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 (2)  Stratum XVIIIB (Field Phase 15B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 (3)  Stratum XVIIIA (Field Phrase 15A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 b.  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 C.  Pottery Remains in Field VIII Area 1 (See Chap III.C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 1.  City Stratum II/I (Field Phase 1, Hellenistic/Roman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 a.  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 b.  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 2.  City Stratum XVI (Field Phase 2, LB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 3.  City Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 3, MB IIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 a.  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 b.  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 4.  City Stratum XIX (Field Phase 4, MB IIB/C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 a.  Related Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 b.  Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 5.  City Stratum XXVI (Field Phase 5, Chalcolithic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Chapter V.  Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 A.  Adornments (Beads, Buttons, and Amulets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 B.  Jewelry (Gold and Silver) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 C.  Scarabs and Scarab Stamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 D.  Bone and Horn Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 E.  Ceramic, Clay, and Faience Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 F.   Loom Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 G.  Flint Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 H.  Stone Vessels and Implements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 I.    Scale Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 J.    Bronze Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Table of Contents

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K.  Signs, Marks, and Letterforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 1.  Miscellaneous Signs and Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 2.  Proto–Canaanite Letterforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Chapter VI.  Special Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 A.  Carbon 14 Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 B.  Shell Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Locus Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Pottery and Description Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Plans I–VII (CD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover Plan I: Overview of Field IV Areas and Features Plan II: Field IV – Tower 5017 Plan III: Field IV – Areas 3-13-23 East Transverse Section Plan IV: Field IV – Intramural Complex and Outer Wall Plan V: Field IV – Areas 6-16-26 West Section Plan VI: Field IV – The Southern Gate Plan VII: Fields V and VIII – Inner Wall Tower 1007

Field Photographs (CD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover

Preface Publication of Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze Age and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII as part of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology Annual Series continues the presentation of archaeological reports on the Hebrew Union College–Harvard Semitic Museum Excavations at Gezer between 1964 and 1974. Earlier volumes in the Gezer series appeared as Gezer I (1970), Gezer II (1974), Gezer IV (1986), Gezer V (1988), and Gezer III (1990). Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II is in press. Gezer VII reports on work directed by Joe D. Seger in Field IV during Phase I HUC excavations (1968–1971) and on the continuation of work in that field, along with efforts in Fields II and VIII during Phase II (1972–1974). During Phase II, Seger served as Archaeological Director and Associate Professor of Archaeology at the Nelson Glueck School. The excavations in Field IV involved the reinvestigation of R. A. S. Macalister’s Southern Gate complex of his Inner Wall system, located along the southwest flank of the city. They also included exposures of adjacent Outer Wall elements. In Fields II and VIII, other facets of the Inner and Outer Wall relationships were tested. These efforts, especially in Field IV, provide new insights into the history and culture of Gezer in the Middle Bronze Age in the mid-second millennium b.c.e. and enrich our understanding of Gezer as a fortified settlement in the Late Bronze Age and Hellenistic period. In 1974, Avraham Biran assumed responsibilities as Archaeological Director of the Nelson Glueck School and Seger returned to the U.S., first serving as Visiting Research Professor at Hebrew Union College and the Skirball Museum in Los Angeles. Subsequently, he became Visiting Professor of Fine

Arts and Religion and Chairman of the Humanities Program at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. He moved to Mississippi State University in 1982, where he currently serves as Professor of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures and Director of the Cobb Institute of Archaeology. In 1976, he organized the Lahav Research Project investigations at Tell Halif, affiliated with the Nelson Glueck School, the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem, and the Joe Alon Center for Regional and Folklore Studies at Kibbutz Lahav. Obligations related to these responsibilities and activities in part explain the delay in preparation of the present report. Organized and mentored by George Ernest Wright and Nelson Glueck, the Gezer Project from the outset has been encouraged and assisted by the Hebrew Union College. Recognition for financial support through both phases of fieldwork at Gezer must be given to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., for its grants of Public Law 480 funds. Special thanks are due to the late Paul Steinberg, long-time Dean of the New York School of HUC-JIR, who served as institutional grants administrator and provided constant oversight to the management of the volunteer participation program for the excavations. Recognition must also be given to the HUC-JIR Board of Governors and, in particular, to its long-time Board Chairman, the late Richard J. Scheuer, for the ongoing commitment in support of the follow-through and publications efforts of the project.

David Ellenson President, Hebrew Union College June 2009

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Editors’ Preface In 1999, a grant from the Leon Levy-Shelby White Foundation for Archaeological Publication was awarded jointly to J. D. Seger and James W. Hardin, giving new impetus for work on this report. Steady progress has continued since that time. The editors are sincerely appreciative of this timely jump-start, which is in no small part responsible for the ability to sustain work and complete the publication. During this recent phase of work, support and assistance was also provided by the Cobb Institute of Archaeology at Mississippi State University and by its archaeological staff and students. Special recognition must be given for the important contributions made by Dylan Karges as technical illustrator and Michael Stewart as copyeditor. Karges is responsible for the final rendering of all pottery and object drawings, for the layout of the plates, and for the rendering of all figures and plans. Stewart provided constant editorial monitoring and coordination of all text elements. The assistance of Junior Research Associate Jeffrey Alvey in preparing the digital database of field photographs must also be acknowledged, along with valuable intermittent help from a number of Cobb Institute student workers and members of its support staff. Throughout this same time, the editors have also enjoyed the fullest cooperation from the staff of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem, both from its long-term director, the late Avraham Biran, and its current acting director, David Ilan, as well as from Hanni Hirsch and Malka Hershkovitz, who provided access to the Gezer archives and yielded work space at HUC for periods of interim research and materials processing. In this regard, very special thanks are also due Garth Gilmour, author of the Gezer VI objects volume, whose careful work and close collaboration helped greatly to refine many points of detail regarding the artifact records; and due Seymour Gitin, Dorot Director of the W. F. Albright Institute in Jerusalem, who in

many important ways provided liaison between the volume’s editors and the HUC staff and archives. Under the initial support and guidance of George Ernest Wright and Nelson Glueck, the Gezer Project from the outset was a team effort. Through the years, a dialogue among Core Staff members has continued. As relates to the work reported in this volume, the most formative of these contacts have been with Phase I Co-directors W. G. Dever and H.  D. Lance, as well as with Dan P. Cole and the late Reuben Bullard. The latter two also participated in the field during Phase II seasons. At the same time, the major contributions, both in the field and after, of members of the Phase II Core Staff must be fully acknowledged. These include most especially John R. Osborne of Berea College; Karen E. Seger of Tucson, Arizona; and Seymour Gitin of the W. F. Albright Institute. They not only provided outstanding leadership in the field but also followed up promptly with the field reports that form the basis for the stratigraphic analysis provided in chapter III. As indicated in chapter I, they were assisted by an excellent junior supervisory staff and by a large cadre of field school students and volunteers. It was G. E. Wright’s vision to make Gezer a model project for the training of a new generation of field archaeologists. In this, the project was greatly successful, as still today the senior staffs of many American projects include key individuals whose early field experience was gained at Gezer. This tradition now continues in new Phase III investigations at the site, directed by Steven Ortiz of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, and Samuel Wolff of the Israel Antiquities Authority, the first season of which was conducted in 2005.

Joe D. Seger James W. Hardin January 2013 xiv

Bibliography I. References Cited by Abbreviation Gezer IV (HUC)  Gezer IV: The 1969–71 Seasons in Field VI, the “Acropolis.” Annual of NGSBAJ 4, W. G. Dever, H. D. Lance, et al. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1986. Gezer V (HUC)  Gezer V: The Field I Caves. Annual of NGSBAJ 5, J. D. Seger. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1988. Gezer I–III (PEF)  The Excavation of Gezer I–III, R. A. S. Macalister. London: PEF, 1912. Hazor I  Hazor I: An Account of the First Season of Excavations, 1955, Y. Yadin, et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1958. Hazor II  Hazor II: An Account of the Second Season of Excavations, 1956, Y. Yadin, et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1960. Hazor III–IV  Hazor III–IV: An Account of the Third and Fourth Seasons, 1957–1958, Text and Plates, Y Yadin, et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1961. Hazor V   Hazor V: An Account of the Fifth Season of Excavation, 1968, A. Ben-Tor, et al. Jerusalem: Magness, 1997. HTS  Harvard Theological Studies. HUCBASJ  The Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeological School in Jerusalem (The Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology). Hyksos  The Hyksos: New Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. E. Oren, ed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum, 1997. IAA  Israel Antiquities Authority. IEJ  Israel Exploration Journal. IES  Israel Exploration Society. Jericho II  Excavations at Jericho II: The Tombs Excavated in 1955–8, K. M. Kenyon, et al. London: BSAJ, 1965. “Jericho AAA”  “Jericho: City and Necropolis,” AAA, J. Garstang, 20 (1933), pp. 3–42; 21 (1934), pp. 99–136; 23 (1936), pp. 67–100. Lachish II (PEF)  Lachish II: The Fosse Temple, O. Tufnell, C. H. Inge, and L. Harding. London: Oxford University, 1940. Lachish III (PEF)  Lachish III: The Iron Age, O. Tufnell. London: Oxford University, 1953.

AAA  Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology. University of Liverpool. AASOR  Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. AG I–IV  Ancient Gaza I–IV, BSAE 53–56, W. M. F. Petrie. London, 1931–34. ANET  Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 2nd ed. J. B. Pritchard. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955. Ancient Pottery  Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land, R. Ami­ran. Jerusalem: Massada, 1969. AOS  American Oriental Society. BA  The Biblical Archaeologist. BASOR  Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Beth-Pelet I  Beth Pelet, Tell Fara, W. M. F. Petrie. London: BSAE, 1930. BSAE  Publications of the Egyptian Research Account and The British School of Archaeology in Egypt. BSAJ  The British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. CAH3  Cambridge Ancient History, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. City of David I  Excavation at the City of David I: 1978– 1982, Y. Shiloh. Qedem 19. Jerusalem: Hebrew University and IES, 1984. Early Arad  Early Arad: The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze City, R. Amiran. Jerusalem: IES, 1976. EI  Eretz Israel. Gezer I (HUC)  Gezer I: Preliminary Report of the 1964–1966 Seasons. Annual of HUCBASJ 1, W. G. Dever, H. D. Lance, and G. E. Wright. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1970. Gezer II (HUC)  Gezer II: Report of the 1967–70 Seasons in Fields I and II. Annual of NGSBAJ 2, W. G. Dever, H. D. Lance, et al. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College, 1974. Gezer III (HUC)  Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer. Annual of NGSBAJ 3, S. Gitin. Jerusalem, 1990.

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Lachish IV (PEF)  Lachish IV: The Bronze Age, O. Tufnell, et al. London: Oxford University, 1958. Lachish I–V (TA)  The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994), D. Ussishkin. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, 2004. Megiddo II  Megiddo II: Seasons of 1935–39, G. Loud. Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1948. Megiddo Cult  Material Remains of the Megiddo Cult. H. G. May with R. M. Engberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Oriental Institute, 1935. NGSBAJ  Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology in Jerusalem (Hebrew Union College). NEAEHL  The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land. E. Stern, ed. Jerusalem: Carta for IES, 1993. PEFQS  Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement. PEQ  Palestine Exploration Quarterly. Shechem I   Shechem I: The Middle Bronze IIB Pottery. Dan P. Cole. J. F. Ross, and E. F. Campbell, eds. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns for ASOR, 1984.

Shechem III  Shechem III: The Stratigraphy and Architecture of Shechem/Tell Balâtah, Vol. I: Text. E. F. Campbell. Boston: ASOR, 2002. Stratigraphie  Stratigraphie Comparee et Chronologie de l’Asie Occidentale, C. F. A. Schaeffer. London: Oxford University Press, 1948. TBM I  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim I: The Pottery of the First Three Campaigns. AASOR 12, W. F. Albright. New Haven: ASOR, 1932. TBM IA  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim IA: The Bronze Age Pottery of the Fourth Campaign. AASOR 13, pp. 55–128, W. F. Albright. New Haven: ASOR, 1933. TBM II  The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim II: The Bronze Age. AASOR 17, W. F. Albright. New Haven: ASOR, 1938. TBM Tombs  Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, S. Ben-Arieh. IAA Report 23. Jerusalem: IAA, 2004. Yoqneʾam III  Yoqneʾam III: The Middle and Late Bronze Ages, Qedem Reports 7. A. Ben-Tor, D. Ben-Ami, and A. Livneh. Jerusalem: Hebrew University and IES, 2005. ZDPV  Zeitschrift des deuchen Palästina-Vereins.

II.  References Cited by Author Adams, R. McC. 1988 “Contexts of Civilizational Collapse: A Mesopotamian View.” Pp. 20–43 in The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, ed. N. Yoffee and G. L. Cowgill. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Albright, W. F. 1966 The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment. HTS 22. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (Reprinted 1969). Andrews, C. 1994 Amulets of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum. Beitak, M. 1997 “The Center of Hyksos Rule: Avaris (Tell elDabʿa).” Pp. 87–139 in Hyksos. Bienkowski, P. 1986 Jericho in the Late Bronze Age. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. 1989 “The Division of Middle Bronze IIB–C in Palestine.” Levant 21: 169–79. Biran, A. 1994 Biblical Dan. Jerusalem: IES. Bliss, F. J. 1892 “Report on the Excavations at Tell el-Hesy, for the Autumn Season of the Year 1891.” PEFQS 25: 95–113. 1894 A Mound of Many Cities. London: PEF.

Brandl, B. 1993 “Clay, Bone, Metal, and Stone Objects.” Pp. 223– 62 in Shiloh: the Archaeology of a Biblical Site, ed. I. Finkelstein, S. Bunimovitz, and Z. Lederman. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. Broshi, M., and R. Gophna 1983 “The Settlement and Population of Palestine During the Early Bronze Age II–III.” BASOR 253: 41–53. 1986 “Middle Bronze Age II Palestine: Its Settlement and Population.” BASOR 261: 73–90. Bullard, R. G. 1970 “Geological Studies in Field Archaeology.” BA 33: 98–132. 1971 The Geology of Tell Gezer, Israel, and Its Excavations. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1971. Bunimovitz, S. 1983 “Glacis 10014 and Gezer’s Late Bronze Age Fortifications.” Tel Aviv 10: 61–70. 1992 “The Middle Bronze Age Fortifications in Palestine as a Social Phenomenon.” Tel Aviv 19: 221–34. Burke, A. A. 2008 “Walled up to Heaven:” Evolution of Middle Bronze Age Fortification Strategies in the Levant. Harvard Semitic Series. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.

Bibliography Cartwright, C., H. Granger-Taylor, and S. Quirke. 1998 “Lahun Textile Evidence in London.” Pp.  92–111 in Lahun Studies, ed. S. Quirke. Reigate, UK: SIA Publishing. Cernohorsky, W. D. 1986 “The Taxonomy of Some Indo-Pacific Mollussca, Part 13 with Descriptions of a New Species.” Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 23: 45–57. Cornelius, I. 2004 Many Faces of the Goddess: The Iconography of the Syro-Palestinian Goddesses Anat, Asherah, Astarte and Qedeshet c. 1500–1000 b.c.e. Fribourg: Presses Universitaires / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. In press  “The Plaque Figurines.” Appendix F in Gezer VI. Cross, F. M. 1955 “The Oldest Manuscripts from Qumran.” Journal of Biblical Literature 84: 147–72. 2003 Leaves from an Epigrapher’s Notebook: Collected Papers in Hebrew and West Semitic Palaeography and Epigraphy. Harvard Semitic Studies. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. Darnell, J. C. 2003 “Das fruhalphabetischen Inschriften im Wadi elHôl. Pp. 165–71 in Der Turmbau zu Babel, Ursprung und Vielfalt von sprache und Schrift 3A; Schrift, ed. W. Seiper. Vienna and Milan: Kunst­ historisches Museum. Darnell, J. C., F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp, M. Lundberg, B. Zuckerman, and P. K. McCarter 2005 Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Hôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt. AASOR 50. Boston: ASOR. Dever, W. G. 1973a “The Gezer Fortifications and the “High Place”: an Illustration of Stratigraphic Methods and Problems.” PEQ: 61–70. 1973b “Tower 5017 at Gezer: A Rejoinder.” IEJ 23: 23–26. 1980 “New Vistas on the ‘EBIV–MB I’ Horizon in SyriaPalestine.” BASOR 237: 31–59. 1982 “The Late Bronze, Iron Age, and Hellenistic Defences of Gezer.” Journal of Jewish Studies 33/1–2: 19–34. 1986 “Late Bronze Age and Solomonic Defenses at Gezer: New Evidence.” BASOR 262: 9–34. 1987 “Palestine in the Middle Bronze Age: The Zenith of the Urban Canaanite Era.” BA 50: 149–76. 1990 “Hyksos, Egyptian Destructions, and the End of the Palestinian Middle Bronze Age.” Levant 22: 75–81.

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1993a “Further Evidence on the Date of the Outer Wall at Gezer.” BASOR 289: 35–54. 1993b “Gezer.” NEAEHL 2: 496–506. 1996 “The Tell: Microcosm of the Cultural Process.” Pp. 37–45 in Retrieving the Past: Essays on Archaeological Research and Methodology in Honor of Gus. W. Van Beek. Mississippi State University: Cobb Institute of Archaeology and Eisenbrauns. 1997 “Settlement Patterns and Chronology of Palestine in the Middle Bronze Age.” Chapter 9, pp. 285–301 in Hyksos. 2003 “Visiting the Real Gezer: A Reply to Israel Finkelstein.” Tel Aviv 30/2: 259–82. Dever, W. G., and H. D. Lance 1978 A Manual of Field Excavations for Field Archaeologists. Jerusalem: Hebrew Union College. Dothan, M. 1956 “The Excavation at Nahariyah: Preliminary Report (Seasons 1954–55).” IEJ 6: 14–25. pls. 1–6. 1959 “Excavations at Meser, 1957.” IEJ 9: 13–29. Dothan, T. 1982 The Philistines and Their Material Culture. Jerusalem: IES. Dothan, T., and A. Zukerman 2004 “A Preliminary Study of Mycenaean IIIC:1 Pottery Assemblages from Tel Miqne-Ekron and Ashdod.” BASOR 333: 1–54. Doumas, C. 1998 “Aegeans in the Levant: Myth and Reality.” Pp. 129–37 Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, ed. S. Gitin, A. Mazar, and E. Stern. Jerusalem: IES. Epstein, C. 1998 The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan. Jerusalem: IAA. Eran, A. 1974 “Appendix B: A Group of Weights from Gezer.” Pp. 131–32 in Gezer II (HUC). 1988 “Weights.” Pp. 131–32 in Gezer V (HUC). Evans, A. 1935 The Palace of Minos IV. London: Macmillan. Finkelstein, I. 1992 “Middle Bronze Age ‘Fortifications’: A Reflection of Social Organization and Political Formations.” Tel Aviv 19: 201–20. 2002 “Gezer Revisited and Revised.” Tel Aviv 29: 262–96. Gardiner, A 1957 Egyptian Grammar, 3rd ed. Oxford: Griffiths Institute, Ashmolean Museum. Georgiou, H. 1979 “Relations Between Cyprus and the Near East in the Middle and Late Bronze Age.” Levant 11: 84–100. Germond, P. H. 2001 Das Tier im Alten Ägypten. Munich: Hirmer.

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Gerstenblith, P. 1980 “A Reassessment of the Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age in Syria-Palestine.” BASOR 237: 65–84. 1983 The Levant at the Beginning of the Middle Bronze Age. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. Gilmour, Garth In press  “A Late Iron Age Cult Stand from Gezer.” In Material Culture Matters: Essays on the Archaeology of the Southern Levant in Honor of Seymour Gitin, ed. J. Spencer and R. Mullins. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Gittlen, B. M. 1978 Studies in the Late Cypriot Pottery found in Palestine. Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania. Gophna, R. 1984 “The Settlement Landscape of Palestine in the Early Bronze Age II–III and Middle Bronze Age II.” IEJ 34: 20–31. Gophna, R., and P. Beck 1981 The Rural Aspect of the Settlement Pattern of the Coastal Plain in the Middle Bronze II. Tel Aviv 8: 45–80. Gophna, R., and Y. Portugali 1988 Settlement and Demographic Processes in Israel’s Coastal Plain from the Chalcolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. BASOR 269: 11–28. Gregori, B. 1986 “‘Three-Entrance’ City-Gates of the Middle Bronze Age in Syria and Palestine.” Levant 18: 83–102. Hall, H. R. H. 1913 Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, etc., in the British Museum. London: British Museum. Hallote, R. S. 1995 “Mortuary Archaeology and the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8/1: 93–122. Hamilton, G. 2006 The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts. CBQ Monograph Series 40. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America. Hardin, J. W., and J. D. Seger 2006 “Gezer Rectified: The Dating of the South Gate Complex.” Pp. 51–60 in Confronting the Past: Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever, ed. S. Gitin. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. Hayes, W. C. 1959 The Scepter of Egypt II. New York: The Metropolitan Museum and Abrams. Herrmann, C. 2005 Ägyptische Amulette aus Palästina/Israel, Bd. III: Manuskript. OBO.SA. Freiburg: Presses Universitaires / Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Herzog, Z. 1986 Das Stadttor in Israel und in der Nachbarländern. Trans. M. Fischer. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. Hoffmeier, J. K. 1989 “Reconsidering Egypt’s Part in the Termination of the Middle Bronze Age in Palestine.” Levant 21: 181–93. Holland, T. 1975 A Typological and Archaeological Study of Human and Animal Representation in the Plastic Art of Palestine during the Iron Age. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Oxford University, 1975. Iakovidis, S. P. E. 1966 “A Mycenaean Mourning Custom.” AJA 70: 43–50. Ilan, D. 1995 “The Dawn of Internationalism: The Middle Bronze Age.” Pp. 297–319 in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, ed. T. E. Levy. New York: Facts on File. Kaplan, J. 1955 “A Cemetery of the Bronze Age discovered near Tel Aviv Harbour.” ‘Atiqot I: 1–9. Keel, O. 1995 Corpus der Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palaestina, Israel Einleitung. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 1997 Corpus des Stempelsiegel-Amulette aus Palestina, Israel Katalog, Bd. 1. Von Tell Abu-Faraʾ bis ʿAtlit. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. Keel, O., and S. Schorer 2004 Eva—Mutter alles Lebendigen. Frauen- und Gottinnenidole aus dem Alten Orient. Freibourg: Bibel und Orient Museum. Kempinski, A. 1972 Reviews: Gezer I. IEJ 22: 183–86. 1992 “Middle and Late Bronze Age Fortifications.” Pp. 127–42 in The Architecture of Ancient Israel, ed. A. Kempinski and R. Reich. Jerusalem: IES. 1993 “Gezer: Re-excavating Ancient Sites in Israel, Review Article.” IEJ 43: 174–80. Kenyon, K. 1973 “Palestine in the Time of the Eighteenth Dynasty.” CAH 3 II/1: 526–56. Lapp, P. W. 1961 Palestinian Ceramic Chronology. New Haven: ASOR. Lawrence, A. W. 1965 “Ancient Egyptian Fortifications.” JEA 51: 69–94. Lemaire, A. 2000 “Les ‘Hyksos’ et les débuts de l’écriture alphabétique au Proche-Orient.” Pp. 103–33 in Des signes pictographiques à l’alphabet: La communication écrite en Méditerranée, ed. R. Viers. Actes du Colloque, 14 et 15 1996, Villa grecque Kérylos. Paris/ Nice: Foundation Théodore Reinach.

Bibliography Lilyquist, C. 1993 “Granulation and Glass: Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected sites, ca. 2500–1400 b.c.e.” BASOR 290–291: 29–94. Macalister, R. A. S. 1904 “Eighth Quarterly Report on the Excavation of Gezer.” PEFQS: 194–226. 1906 Biblical Side-lights from the Mound at Gezer. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Matthiae, P. 1980 Ebla: An Empire Rediscovered. Trans. C. Holme. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1997 “Ebla and Syria in the Middle Bronze Age.” Pp. 379–414 in Hyksos. Mazar, B. 1988 “The Middle Bronze Age in Palestine.” IEJ 18: 65–97. 1975 “Excavations at Tell Qasile, 1973–1974.” IEJ 25/2–3: 77–88. McGovern, P. E., with S. L. Fleming and C. P. Swann 1993 “The Late Bronze Egyptian Garrison at Bethshan: Glass and Faience Production and Importation in the Late New Kingdom.” BASOR 290–91: 1–27. McGovern, P. E., with G. Harbottle 1997 “‘Hyksos’ Trade Connections between Tell elDabʿa (Avaris) and the Levant: A Neutron Activation Study of the Canaanite Jar.” Pp. 141–57 in Hyksos. Mylonas, G. E. 1956 “Seated and Multiple Mycenaean Figurines in the National Museum of Athens, Greece.” Pp. 110–12 in The Aegean and the Near East, ed. S. Weinberg. New York: J. J. Augustin. Na’aman, N. 1994 “The Hurrians and the End of the Middle Bronze Age in Palestine.” Levant 26: 175–87. Negbi, O. 1970 The Hoards of Goldwork from Tell el-ʿAjjul. SMA 25. Gotëborg: SMA. Oates, D., and J. Oates 1997 “Glass, Frit and Faience.” Pp. 81–199 in Excavations at Tell Brak I: The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, ed. D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. Macdonald. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Oren, E. D. 1973 The Northern Cemetery of Beth Shan. Leiden: Brill. Parr, P. J. 1968 “The Origin of the Rampart Fortifications of Middle Bronze Age Palestine and Syria.” ZDPV 84: 18–45. Poppe, G. T., and Y. Goto. 1991 European Sea Shells. 2 vols. London: Crawford House.

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Pritchard, J. B. 1943 Palestinian Figurines in Relation to Certain Goddesses Known Through Literature. New Haven: AOS. Redford, D. B. 1992 Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University. 1997 “Textual Sources for the Hyksos Period.” Pp. 1–44 in Hyksos. Reich, R. 1985 “The ‘Boundary of Gezer’: On the Jewish Settlement at Gezer in Hasmonean Times.” EI 18: 167–79. 1990 “The ‘Boundary of Gezer’ Inscriptions Again.” IEJ 40: 44–46. Reich, Ronny, and Zvi Greenhut 2002 “Another ‘Boundary of Gezer’ Inscription Found Recently.” IEJ 52/1: 58–63. Rosen, S. A. 1986 “Appendix C: Notes on the Gezer Flint Caches.” Pp. 259–63 in Gezer IV (HUC). 1997 Lithics after the Stone Age. Walnut Creek, California: Alta Mira. Rosenfeld, B. Z. 1988 “The ‘Boundary of Gezer’ Inscriptions and the History of Gezer at the End of the Second Temple Period.” IEJ 38: 235–45. Rowe, A. 1935 “The 1934 Excavations at Gezer.” PEQ 67: 19–33. 1936 A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum. Cairo: Institute Français d’Archaeologie Orientale. Sass, B. 1978 “Two Previously Unknown Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions.” Tel Aviv 5: 183–87. 1988 The Genesis of the Alphabet and its Development in the Second Millennium b.c. Agypten und Altes Testament 13. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Schaeffer, C. F. A. 1949 Ugaritica II: Mission de Ras Shamara 5. Paris: Guethner. Schwartz, J. 1990 “Once More on the ‘Boundary of Gezer’ Inscriptions and the History of Gezer and Lydda at the End of the Second Temple Period.” IEJ 40: 47–57. Seger, J. D. 1965 The Pottery of Palestine at the Close of the Middle Bronze Age. Unpublished Th.D. dissertation, Harvard University. 1972a “Notes and News: Tel Gezer.” IEJ 22: 160–61. 1972b “Notes and News: Tel Gezer.” IEJ 22: 240–42. 1973 “Notes and News: Tel Gezer.” IEJ 23: 247–51.

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1974 “The Middle Bronze IIC Date of the East Gate at Shechem.” Levant 6: 117–30. 1975 “The MB II Fortifications at Shechem and Gezer – Hyksos Retrospective.” EI 12: 34*–45*. 1976 “Reflections on the Gold Hoard from Gezer.” BASOR 221: 133–40. 1980 Lahav Research Project Field Operations Guidebook. Mississippi State University: Cobb Institute of Archaeology. 1983 “The Gezer Jar Signs: New Evidence of the Earliest Alphabet.” Pp. 477–95 in The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth, ed. C. L. Meyers and M. O’Connor. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns for ASOR. 1993 “Gezer: A Twice Told Tell, 1902–1909 and 1964– 1974.” Pp. 559–74 in Biblical Archaeology Today, 1990, ed. A. Biran and J. Aviram. Jerusalem: IES. Spaer, Maud 2001 Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: Beads and Other Small Objects. Jerusalem: Israel Museum. Stager, L. E. 2001 “Port Power in the Early and the Middle Bronze Age: The Organization of Maritime Trade and Hinterland Production.” Pp. 625–38 in Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse, ed. S. R. Wolff. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 59. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 2002 “The MB IIA Ceramic Sequence at Tel Ashkelon and Its Implications for the “Port Power” Model of Trade.” Pp. 353–62 in The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant: Proceedings on a Conference on Middle Bronze IIA Ceramic Material, Vienna, 24th to 26th January, 2001, ed. M. Bietak and H. Hunger. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 3. Vienna: Verlag der Ősterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Tubb, J. N. 1983 “The MBIIA Period in Palestine: Its Relationship with Syria and its Origin.” Levant 15: 49–62. Tufnell, O. 1984 Studies on Scarab Seals, Vol. II: Scarab Seals and their Contribution to History in the Early Second Millennium b.c. (with contributions by G. T. Martin and W. A Ward). Warminster: Aris & Phillips. Voss, R. J. 2002 “A Sequence of Four Middle Bronze Age Gates in Ashkelon.” Pp.  379–84 in The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant: Proceedings on a Conference on Middle Bronze IIA Ceramic Material, Vienna, 24th to 26th January, 2001, ed. M. Bietak and H. Hunger. Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 3. Vienna: Verlag der Ősterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Weinstein, J. M. 1981 “The Egyptian Empire in Palestine: A Reassessment.” BASOR 241: 1–28. 1984 “Radiocarbon Dating in the Southern Levant.” Radiocarbon 26: 297. Wright, G. R. H. 1984 “The Monumental City Gate in Palestine and Its Foundations.” Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 74: 267–89. 1985 Ancient Building in South Syria and Palestine. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill. Yadin, Y. 1955 “Hyksos Fortifications and the Battering-Ram.” BASOR 137: 23–32. 1963 The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1975 Hazor, the Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.

Chapter I

General Introduction

A History of Excavation in Field IV and Related Efforts in Fields II, VIII, IX, and X

T

A. The Excavations at Gezer: A Summary

Wolff of the Israel Antiquities Authority. A more detailed review of the early history of excavation at the site, along with a statement of the overall goals and methods embraced by the HUC project, is provided in the General Introduction to Gezer I (HUC), 1–14.

 ell Gezer (Tell el-Jazari – Map Ref. 1425-1407) was first identified as the site of the ancient city of Gezer by C.  Clermont-Ganneau in 1871. This identification was based on his discovery of the first of a ring of boundary markers to the southeast of the tell, inscribed in Hebrew “boundary of Gezer” (see chap. II. B.4 and fig II.2). The first excavations at the site were conducted between 1902 and 1909 by R. A. S. Macalister under sponsorship of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The results of Macalister’s extensive investigations were published in three major report volumes in 1912 (Gezer I–III [PEF]). In the summer of 1934, the P. E. F. sponsored a second expedition to the site directed by Alan Rowe. However, discouraging results led to the abandonment of that enterprise after just one season. In 1964, the Hebrew Union College Biblical and Archaeological School (now the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology) in Jerusalem initiated a new ten-year program of excavations at Gezer. G.  Ernest Wright and Nelson Glueck were advisers for the effort, which was funded by grants from the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., with supplemental assistance from the Harvard Semitic Museum. Fieldwork campaigns were mounted in two major phases. Phase I (1964–71) was first directed by G.  E. Wright (1964–65) and subsequently by W. G. Dever with H. D. Lance as Associate Director. Phase II (1972–74) was directed by J. D. Seger. Dever directed modest, supplementary seasons at the site in the summers of 1984 and 1990. New (Phase III) excavations were initiated in 2005 by Steven Ortiz of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Dallas, Texas, and Samuel

B. Excavations in Field IV The HUC Project’s excavations in Field IV (see frontispiece) focused on the reinvestigation of the Southern Gate complex exposed by Macalister in his early work (see Gezer I [PEF], 240–43, fig. 125; see also fig. III.6). This complex was located along the south edge of the mound across Macalister’s western Trenches 27–30 and formed a significant part of the Inner Wall system. The massive brick remains of the gate and connecting wall structures were exposed by Macalister in the course of excavations in 1904. Flanking the gate to the west was a huge 15-m-wide tower, the limits of which Macalister’s efforts did not fully define. He subsequently covered over the whole complex again in order to preserve the friable brick. An additional debris dump more than 2 m deep ultimately accumulated over the whole area. It was in this area that HUC work at Gezer began in 1964 with excavations in Field I. This field was laid out along the southeastern flank of Macalister’s westernmost Trench 31 and extended south across the site’s “Inner” and “Outer” fortification lines. By the close of the 1966 summer season, efforts in Field I had exposed both the inner and outer faces of the 15-m-wide tower west of the Southern Gate complex. In accord with Field I locus numbers, this massive structure was newly designated as Tower 5017. 1

2

Chapter I

Photo I.1:  Aerial view of the Tell Gezer summit in 1968.

Based on these Field I results, a more deliberate program for reinvestigation of the Southern Gate complex was projected. This work, in a new field designated Field IV, began in the spring of 1967. Excavations were conducted over a seven-year period until the spring of 1974. The Field IV efforts included three separate periods of activity: the first, during Phase I in 1967 and 1968 (see photo I.1), involved planning and preparation work; the second, in 1970 and 1971, also in connection with Phase I of the project, initiated the excavations; and the third, from 1972 to 1974, during Phase II project work, continued and expanded the investigations.

1.  Planning and Preparation, 1967–1968 a.  The Spring and Summer Probes (S/SP), 1967 Work in Field IV was initiated with a series of exploratory probes in April 1967 led by Phase I CoDirector Dever. These investigations were subsequently continued as part of the 1967 summer season between July 18 and August 11, led by Dever

and Associate Director H.  D. Lance. J.  D. Seger, from the Hartford Seminary Foundation, Hartford, Connecticut, served as Field Supervisor. Jean Ouellette of Sir George William University, Montreal, Canada, served as Area Supervisor. Following the successful exposure of the inner and outer faces of Tower 5017 in Field I in 1966, probes were dug through Macalister’s dump to the east, along the tower’s inner face, in order to locate its northeast corner. Based on these fixed points, and using Macalister’s plans (Gezer III [PEF], pls. II–III, VII), it was possible to plot the approximate location of the two towers of the Southern Gate itself. Accordingly, work commenced in April 1967 by projecting a grid of nine 7.5 × 7.5 m units over the gate area (see fig. I.1). Along the west sides of the three westernmost areas (Areas S/SP 1–3, fig. I.2), 1‑m‑wide probe trenches were dug. A thick cover of Macalister backfill, 1.5–2 m deep, was found in all three areas. These probes were discontinued as soon as architectural features and surfaces were detected. They were left open to serve

General Introduction

3

Fig. I.1:  Plan of 1967 S/SP grid over Macalister’s plan of Southern Gate complex.

Fig. I.2:  Plan of excavated areas in S/SP probes.

as guides for subsequent mechanized removal of the overburden. Work in Areas S/SP 1–3 during the summer of 1967 was restricted to final cleaning and recording efforts. However, an additional hand probe was opened during July in what was newly designated Area S/SP 4, in the central square of the layout. (This area was originally plotted as Area S/SP 5. However, since it was the last probe planned in the sequence, it was reassigned as S/SP 4.) The objective of work in S/SP 4 was to locate more precisely the gate’s passageway. Accordingly, a 2-m-wide east–west probe section was laid out along the area’s north perimeter. This probe was successful in locating the mud-brick top and the east face of the West Gate Tower at a level of 219.64. The line of this east face was then traced for several additional meters to both the north and south. Probes to the north reached a depth of 217.70 and confirmed that the gate passageway had indeed been found. The exposure to the south suggested that the probe area was close to the southeast corner of the West Gate Tower, but this had not been confirmed by season’s end.

b.  Preparation Work in the 1967–1968 Interim During the interim between the 1967 and 1968 seasons, bulldozing operations across all of Field IV were carefully supervised by Dever. Guided by the 1967 spring and summer probes, this work was designed to remove a substantial part of the Macalister backfill that covered the features of the complex. In most places, the overburden was reduced by approximately 1 m. Also during this period, strategies for continued investigation of the massive architectural remains were once again reviewed. It was decided to establish a more extensive grid than the grid used in 1967. Accordingly, a grid of thirty 11 × 5 m areas (12  ×  6  m with balks included) was plotted. This compassed Tower 5017, the gate complex of the Inner Wall system, as well as the line of the Outer Wall system as projected along the slope to the south (see fig. I.3 and plan I). Two strategic factors prompted the adoption of this enlarged grid: (1) to facilitate investigation of the large scale of the architectural features and (2) to accommodate a relationship with the usual 5 × 5 m (6 × 6 m with balks) grid scheme otherwise being used for Gezer Phase I field recording. However, two anomalies should be noted in the grid layout. First, Areas 1, 11, and 21

4

Chapter I

Fig. I.3:  Plan of 1968 Field IV grid over Macalister’s plan of Southern Gate complex..

were narrowed by 1 m along their west edges, forming 4-m-wide digging sections. This was to provide for better balk separation from Field I. Second, via a surveying error, the balk between Areas 3–4, 13– 14, and 23–24 was plotted at 1.5 m wide rather than at the standard 1 m width. c.  Summer Season, 1968 The fifth summer season of the HUC Phase I excavations was conducted from June 24 to August 2, 1968, under the continuing leadership of Co-

directors Dever and Lance. Work in Field IV was resumed, with J.  D. Seger continuing as Field Supervisor. Area Supervisors were John R.  Osborne of Berea College, Berea, Kentucky (Areas 3, 4, and 13), and B. Elmo Scoggin of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, Wake Forest, North Carolina (Areas 5, 15, 16, and 17). Work in Area 1 was directed by Lance, who was assisted by Philip J. King of St. John’s Seminary, Brighton, Massachusetts. Field IV work in 1968 focused on three basic objectives: (1) to clarify the details of the relationship

General Introduction

5

Photo I.2:  Phase II Core Staff, left to right: Seymour Gitin, John Osborne, Janet MacLennan, Joe Seger, Karen Seger, Dan Cole, and Rueben Bullard.

between the brick wall forming the connection between the gate towers and Tower 5017 to the west, (2) to reinvestigate the gate towers themselves and the passageway into the city, and (3)  to establish connections between the stratigraphy of Fields I and IV at the intersection of their respective grids. Toward the first objective, work was initiated in Area 3, where earlier probes had already exposed the northeast corner of Tower 5017. Excavations here were subsequently extended into adjacent Areas 4 and 13. Toward the second objective, work was continued in Area 17, the new grid area that encompassed the parameters of the 1967 Area S/SP 4 probe. These investigations were also expanded to the west into Area 16 where the southwest corner of the West Gate Tower was located. Toward the third objective, work was initiated in Area 1, which lay adjacent to Field I Area 5. During the season, additional modest efforts were carried forward in Areas 5 and 15, where the 1967 probes in Areas S/SP 1 and 2 had been located.

2.  Phase I Excavations, 1970–1971 a.  Spring Season, 1970 No excavations were conducted in Field IV in 1969, when the attentions of the Gezer field staff were concentrated elsewhere on the tell. However, work in Field IV was resumed in 1970 during a three-week spring season from April 6 to April 27. J. D. Seger, then serving as interim Archaeological Director of the HUC program, directed the excavations. Initial work was concentrated in Area 3, with Linda Ammons of Harvard University serving as Area Supervisor. The Area 3 excavations produced results of major significance for the continuing efforts in Field IV. In Area 3, probes into the northern portion of what Macalister had identified as a 15-m‑wide mud-brick connecting wall revealed that it was nothing more than a cover of collapsed brick detritus. This debris had fallen from a much narrower, 3-m-wide stone foundation wall that ran east across the north ends of Areas 13 through 16.

6

Chapter I

This connecting wall was designated Wall 13004. Fortuitously, the fallen brick debris had spilled over a complex of rooms nested just inside this wall between Tower 5017 and the Southern Gate, and it thus sealed an important deposit of cultural remains representing the final phase occupation of the Middle Bronze Age city. With this discovery, the investigation of this intramural complex became a primary focus for excavation in the field. In the spring of 1970, work was also initiated more widely across the field in Areas 13, 5, 15, 16, 17, 8, and 18. However, excavation in all of these areas was limited only to the clearance of Macalister backfill in preparation for continuing work during the 1970 summer season. b.  Summer Seasons, 1970 and 1971 During the summers of 1970 and 1971, work in Field IV resumed in connection with the seventh and eighth campaigns of the HUC Phase I project, with Dever and Lance continuing as Co-Directors. During both seasons, J. D. Seger continued to serve as Field Supervisor, with J. R. Osborne as Area Supervisor. Robert Hassert of the University of NebraskaLincoln and Sonia Margolin served as Supervisorsin-training in 1970 and 1971, respectively. During these seasons, ongoing work in Areas 3 and 4 cleared the surfaces and features of domestic structures set against the east face of Tower 5017 at its juncture with Wall 13004. In Area 3, a probe down the inner face of Wall 13004 discerned the foundations of an earlier phase connecting wall (Wall 3097). In Areas 8 and 18, efforts to clear the remaining overburden were resumed, with special attention given to the removal of the almost 6  m of backfill within the passageway of the Southern Gate. By the close of work in 1971, all of the main features of the gate complex had been located (see plans I, VI). In addition, substantial portions of connecting Wall 13004 and of the outlying chalk plaster Glacis 8012 to the south had been exposed.

3.  Phase II Excavations, 1972–1974 a.  Summer Season, 1972 Excavations from June 18 to August 3, 1972, marked the start of Phase II of the HUC Gezer Project, with J.  D. Seger assuming responsibilities as Project Director (see photo I.2). Work in Field

IV was a major component in this new phase, with excavation efforts there being continued and expanded. J.  R. Osborne assumed responsibilities as Field IV Field Supervisor. Alberic Culhane of St.  John’s University, Collegeville, Minnesota, served as Area Supervisor in Areas 2, 6, 8, 11, and 12. Albert Leonard Jr. of the University of Chicago supervised work in Areas 5 and 16. They were assisted by Chris Balcer, Paul Bork, Oded Borowski, Eduardo Guerra, and Don Iskowitz, all of whom participated as Supervisors-in-Training. Recording support for the season was provided by Photographer Robert Lyons of New York and Draftsperson Yvonne Levy of the HUC Gezer Publication staff. The 1972 work was directed at four target areas: (1) investigation of the gate passageway in Area 8; (2) exposure of the West Gate Tower and the outlying glacis in Area 16; (3) clearance over the top of Tower 5017 in Areas 2, 11, and 12; and (4) examination of the features of the intramural complex in Areas 4, 5, and 6. (1) In Area 8, efforts to clear out the backfill within the gate passageway were continued. This was completed by mid-season, when a stopping point was established at the level of what was estimated to be the lower extent of Macalister’s previous excavation in the gateway. (2) Work in Area 16 focused on investigation of several fortification elements at the point where Wall 13004 and Glacis 8012 appeared to meet the West Gate Tower. These investigations involved three objectives: (a) cleaning the plaster surface of the glacis; (b) defining the outer, southern face of Wall 13004; and (c) exposing the southwest face of the West Gate Tower. The outer face of Wall 13004 was first articulated down to the level of the plaster surface of the glacis. Once the glacis surface was traced and cleaned, a deep probe continuing down the face of Wall 13004 was cut through it. This probe exposed the wall’s founding levels and, below it, an earlier-phase wall structure. This earlier wall (Wall 16041) was related to Wall 3097, observed previously in Area 3. The probe through the glacis also extended southward up to the north face of another major wall element (Wall 15026), and a deep section down the inner face of its foundation structure was exposed. This wall segment was identified as part of Macalister’s Outer Wall system, forming the

General Introduction eastward continuation of Wall 9011, excavated by the HUC team during Phase I work in Field I. (3) In Areas 2, 11, and 12, an intensive effort was mounted to investigate remains on top of Tower 5017. Previous excavations (in Field I Areas 6 and 7) showed that the south, outer edge of the tower’s stone foundations had suffered extensive quarrying during the Roman period. The work in Field IV Areas 11 and 12 reconfirmed these findings. Efforts largely involved clearance work and the tracing eastward of several Roman period terrace walls. Major portions of Area 2 had also been disturbed by late-period quarrying as well as by the trenching of Macalister’s teams along the tower’s north edge. Accordingly, stratified remains providing evidence for the tower’s use were meager. By season’s end, the top of the massive stone foundations were completely exposed, and a detailed plan showing architectural design was drawn (see plan II). (4) In Areas 4, 5, and 6, efforts to articulate the features of the intramural complex of rooms continued. Work in Area 4 revealed additional features in a domestic courtyard, while excavation in Area 5 exposed a set of rooms filled with in situ storage jars, along with other artifacts and material culture remains. In Area 6, work commenced only in midseason, and excavation there did not reach related floors by the season’s close. However, clearance of the collapsed brick detritus from this area did expose the in situ brick face of the West Gate Tower’s northwest wall, which formed the east perimeter of the Area 6 room. b.  Spring Season, 1973 Between April 15 and April 27, 1973, a twoweek spring campaign at Gezer was directed by J. D. Seger. Work continued in Field IV, with Jeanne Jaggard, Martha Sega, and Daniel Zucker as Area Supervisors. Douglas Guthrie and Yvonne Levy of the HUC Gezer Publication Staff served as Photographer and Draftsperson, respectively. Field IV excavations focused principally in Areas 9 and 10, with the objective of gaining a better exposure of the East Tower of the Southern Gate. In addition, modest cleaning efforts were continued in the storage rooms in Area 5.

7

c.  Summer Season, 1973 Excavation work in Field IV resumed between June 17 and August 3, 1973, as part of the second year of Gezer Phase II project work. J. R. Osborne continued to serve as Field Supervisor, with Suzanne Richard of Johns Hopkins University as Assistant Field Supervisor. Alberic Culhane continued as an Area Supervisor along with Susan Williams of Northern Counties Training College, Newcastle upon Tyne, England; Don Iskowitz of Hunter College, New York; and Oded Borowski of the University of Michigan. Recording support for the season was provided by Photographer Meryl Joseph of New York and Draftsperson Y.  Levy of the HUC Gezer Publication staff. Dan P. Cole of Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, Illinois, participated as Senior Archaeological Consultant and Reuben Bullard of the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, was Geological Specialist. The 1973 effort was expected to be the final summer season of the HUC Project at Gezer. Accordingly, the principal objectives were: (1) to complete the investigation of the final destruction phase levels of the intramural room complex in Areas 4, 5, and 6 (see plans I, IV); (2) to probe, where possible, beneath the late phase surfaces in the complex to examine elements of earlier stratigraphy; and (3) to render a final articulation of all of the features within the field, with special emphasis on establishing a more definitive profile of the East Gate Tower in Areas 9 and 10. The teams were successful in realizing these goals and the season closed with a massive cleaning effort in preparation for final photography and recording work. d.  Fall Season, 1973 A brief, three-day period of follow-up excavation in Field IV was conducted from September 26 to September 28, 1973. All work was concentrated on expanding a deep probe in Area 4, with J. D. Seger as overall supervisor. e.  Spring Season, 1974 The final season of work in Field IV was conducted from April 15 to April 26, 1974. J. D. Seger served as Director and Field Supervisor, with Karen E. Seger as Assistant Field Supervisor. Area Supervisors were Dr. J. Arthur Baird of Wooster College,

8

Chapter I

Wooster, Ohio; Neal McEleny S.J. of the Pontifical Biblical Institute, Jerusalem; and Sara Price of Hebrew University. Douglas Guthrie and Yvonne Levy of the HUC Gezer Publication Staff served as Photographer and Draftsperson, respectively. Efforts in the spring were designed to follow up more thoroughly on several of the objectives set for the 1973 summer work. This included deepening probes below the final MB Stratum XVIII floors of the intramural room complex in Areas 4 and 6, expanding the clearance and exposure over the Outer Wall system in Areas 16 and 26, and further exploring the east limits of the East Gate Tower in Areas 10 and 20. All of these initiatives proved productive. In Areas 4 and 6, materials related to earlier phases and subphases of Middle Bronze Age stratigraphy were successfully identified, reaching occupation levels associated with use of the first-phase connecting wall (Wall 3097). Work in Areas 16 and 26 exposed additional elements of the Outer Wall system, including features of the kind exposed earlier by Macalister. These included a section of one of the system’s ashlar towers and part of a related extramural sloping stone bastion. Work in Areas 10 and 20 exposed a section of wall (Wall 10005) that continued the Inner Wall fortification line to the east beyond the gate structure. It also revealed a series of related intramural floors as well as a patch of extramural glacis surface (L. 10006).

C. The 1973–1974 Investigation of Fortification Elements in Other Fields Beginning in 1973, in addition to the work in Field IV, efforts were initiated to investigate elements of the city’s fortification systems at several other points around the site. This involved work in Areas 4 and 14 of Field II and in new Fields VIII, IX, and X. The work in Field IX was initiated during the 1973 spring session. In an effort to locate the line of the Outer Wall, as plotted by Macalister north of the weli of Sheik Muhammad el Jazari, a series of three areas were laid out down the slope on the northwest side of the tell (see frontispiece). These efforts were continued into the summer under John Osborne’s supervision, with Oded Borowski as Area Supervisor. Probes in these areas encoun-

tered a heavy overburden, with mainly Late Hellenistic period materials, but found only ambiguous evidence with respect to the wall itself. During the spring, an additional 2  ×  5  m probe area had also been dug farther out on the lower north terrace. While this effort reached bedrock at 5 m depth, the excavation encountered no architecture or other occupational evidence to indicate the presence of any extramural settlement at this point on the northwest terrace. In Field II Areas 4 and 14, work was initiated during the 1973 summer season, with Seymour Gitin as Field Supervisor and Duane Smith of Claremont College, Claremont, California, as Area Supervisor. This work expanded on Phase I excavations in Area 4, where the juncture between the MB glacis and the Outer Wall had been identified. These Field II investigations were continued as part of the spring work in 1974, with Jeanne Jaggard of Passaic, New Jersey, as Area Supervisor. Another new field, Field VIII, was also opened in the 1973 summer season, also with Gitin as Field Supervisor. He was assisted by James Weinstein of the University of Pennsylvania, who served as Assistant Field Supervisor, and by Carey A. Moore of Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as Area Supervisor. This field was plotted as a northward extension of Field V (see frontispiece). It was laid out beyond the Inner Wall line and across what Macalister had described as the Middle Wall system, expanding Phase I probes in Field V Area 10 (see plan VII). Finally, another new field, Field X, was plotted downslope from Field VII, between Fields II and III (see frontispiece and plan I at F/4). K. E. Seger was Field Supervisor, with Paul F. Jacobs as Assistant Field Supervisor. Louis Levine served as Area Supervisor. Work here was intended to probe for evidence of the relationship between the Outer Wall and the Solomonic period wall structures that were projected to continue across the area. While the efforts in these new fields were all of limited scope, the work in both Fields II and VIII added significant details to the architectural and stratigraphic profiles of the Inner and Outer Wall systems (see chap.  III.B–C). However, as already noted, work in Field IX failed to provide any definitive evidence of Outer Wall system architecture,

General Introduction and the excavation in Field X was limited to just one area, with probes reaching only to Philistine period

9

levels. Accordingly, the results of work in Fields IX and X are not reported in this volume.

10

Chapter I Table I.1 – Field Phase and City Stratum Correlations, Tell Gezer Phase I and II Excavations

General Strata

R. A. S. Macalister (1902–1909)

Alan Rowe (1934)

(Materials are mixed and assignments approximate) – – – I II III

Field I Sounding

T. 80?, 176U, 206U, 213; Cave 170, few coins T. 8U, 18, 36, 40U, 94, 99U, 124U, 128, 134, 136, 139?, 147, 155, 156, 160, 167, 185?, 193, 194, 196, 199, 206, 208, 242? Many Herodian and later tombs; T. 8L, 10, 23, 40L, 48, 76, 99L, 117, 118, 122–25, 127, 131, 154, 158, 159, 168, 176, 189, 205, 218, 224 Roman; Boundary Inscriptions “Hellenistic”; T. 103, 168; “Maccabean Castle”

IV V VI VII

“Philistine Graves” (T. 1, 4, 5), T. 153

VIII

“Maccabean Castle”; T. 84–85M, 96, 138

“Fourth Semitic”; T. 28, 31, 84–85, 142; Cave 81

IX X XI

T. 9U, 58U, 59U

XII XIII XIV XV XVI

“Third Semitic”; “Outer Wall”; Water Tunnel? T. 1U, 7, 30, 56U, 58L, 84, 85L, 143, 252; Cave 15IVU

XVII Tower

XVIII

XIX XX XXI XXII – XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI

“Second Semitic”; “Central & Inner Wall”; Caves 15IVL. 28IIU Caves 151U?, 171?; T. 1M, 2?, 3?

“Troglodyte Caves”; 21U, 3II?, 3III, 6I?, 7I?, 7II?, 11II, 14I, 15IL, 16I?, 18I/19III, 19I, 27IL, 28IIL, 30II; T. 42L, 56L “Cream Ware” Caves 2IL 30IIa

1 2 –

1 2A–B “Sub 2”

– 1 2

– – – – – –

3A–B 4 5A–B 6A 6B 6B

– 3 4 4 5 6

– – 3

7A–B 8A–C 9

4 4

10 11A–B

5A? 5B–C 6A–B “Out- 1.10A er Wall” Upper – 1.10A Lower 7A–B Glacis 8A–B Tower

Cave 15IM; T. 1L, 30III T. 27U, few sherds “First Semitic”, “Pre-Semitic”, T. 42U?, Caves 15IM, 27IU?, 28IIM

Hebrew Union College (1964–1974) Local Stratigraphic Phases Field III Field IV Field I Field II Solomonic “South Caves Sounding Gate Gate”

Cave 1001

9A–B 10 – – 11A–B 12 13 14

12 13 14 Post-15 15A–C

1 2 Bastions sub-2

3 Ashlar Towers?

4 “Outer Wall” – 5A–C Wall & Gate Glacis 6A–C “Inner Wall” Tower (7)

I.3A 8

Note: A hyphen indicates a gap in occupation; a number in parentheses indicates a ceramic phase; a bold line indicates a particularly

11

General Introduction Table I.1 – Field Phase and City Stratum Correlations, Tell Gezer Phase I and II Excavations (cont.)

Field V “High Place”

Hebrew Union College (1964–1974) Local Stratigraphic Phases (cont.) Field VII Field IX Field VI Building Field VIII Terrace Acropolis Complexes Sounding Wall

Cultural Phase Field X Sounding

– – 1 1

(1) 2A–B/C 3

– 2

4 5A–B 6A 6B 7A 7B

(3)

(1)

1 (2) (3) (4)

1 1

Gap 1?

4 4 5A–B Houses 5C Houses 6A–C Granary 7 8A–B 9A–B

8 8 9A–B

2 2 3

–

–

–

2

10A

3

2

10B

4

– 3 – 4 4 5

11A 11B 12 – 13 13 (14)

10 11 12 Sub-12

Approximate Date

Mameluke

13th–14th c. ce

Late Roman/Byzantine

4th–7th c. ce

Middle and Late Roman

late 1st c. bce–3rd c. ce

Early Roman Hellenistic

late 1st c. bce early 2nd–mid 1st c. bce

Hellenistic

late 3rd/early 2nd c. bce

Persian Iron IIC Iron IIB Iron IIB Iron IIA

late 6th–4th c. bce late 8th–early 6th c. bce mid 8th c. bce 9th c. bce late 10th c. bce

Iron IIA

mid 10th c. bce

Iron IC Iron IC

early 10th c. bce late 11th c. bce

Iron IB (Philistine)

early–mid 11th c. bce

Iron IB (Philistine)

late 12th c. bce

Iron IB (Philistine)

early–mid 12th c. bce

LB IIB/Iron IA (Pre-Philistine) 13th/12th c. bce LB IIB 13th c. bce 2

5

LBIIA

14th c. bce

LB IB

late 15th c. bce

MB IIC/LB IA

16th/early 15th c. bce

MB IIC

late 17th–early 16th c. bce

MB IIB/C MB IIB MB IIA/B (EB III–MB I) EB IIB EB IIA

mid 17th c. bce 18th–early 17th c. bce early 19th c. bce (27th–20th c. bce) 29th–28th c. bce 31st–29th c. bce

EB IB

32nd–31st c. bce

Late Chalcolithic

38th–33rd c. bce

heavy destruction. Macalister’s Tombs are designated U = upper, M = middle, L = lower.

Chapter II

Cultural and Historical Summary Synchronic and Diachronic Study of the Fortificatons at Gezer Joe D. Seger and James W. Hardin

A

t Tell Gezer, the rings of its “Inner Wall” and “Outer Wall” fortifications have remained a subject of much scholarly interest and speculation ever since Macalister first excavated at the site between 1902 and 1909. Now, a century later, these systems still represent the most extensive exposures of Middle Bronze and later city-wall architecture excavated in the southern Levant. However, a broad range of unresolved stratigraphic and chronological issues related to them still remain. Materials from the Hebrew Union College excavations, and especially those from Fields II, IV, and VIII reported in this volume, provide a basis for a general reassessment of these structures and their related occupations. Our approach will be first to review the more replete data relating to the MB II city and the “Inner Wall” system, and then, in turn, to summarize materials related to the history of “Outer Wall” in the Late Bronze Age and Hellenistic period.

(TBM I; TBM IA), and supplemented by a vast body of data produced steadily by excavations and surveys through the ensuing century, an increasingly nuanced perspective on the historical character and evolution of the Middle Bronze Age in Palestine has been emerging. Progress in this regard has been reviewed in notable summary articles by B. Mazar (1968), W. G. Dever (1987), and D. Ilan (1995) and in a volume of collected essays edited by E. D. Oren in 1997 (Hyksos). Initial efforts to assess the patterns of settlement involved have been produced by R.  Gophna and his colleagues (Gophna and Beck 1981; Gophna 1984; Broshi and Gophna 1986; and Gophna and Portugali 1988). These all attest in general to a movement of cultural influences (if not also peoples) from northern Syria early in the MB, culminating in a notable expansion of population and settlement activity in southern Palestine at its close. Since these cultural processes are “more evolutionary than revolutionary” (Ilan 1995: 297) and occur in regionally differentiated stages, it has only been possible to plot the chronology of developments in broad strokes. In this respect, the general framework of periods first introduced by Albright (see TBM I and TBM IA) is still generally followed, with, however, a variety of nuances and shifts in nomenclature and dates. Most notable is the recognition that Albright’s MB I culture more truly represents a final stage of Early Bronze development— that is, as EB IV—rather than an initial MB phase (see Dever 1980; Gerstenblith 1980; 1983: 2–3). This has resulted in the introduction of alternate nomenclature for Albright’s MB IIA–C phases as

A. The Middle Bronze Age “Middle Bronze Age Canaan evinces a picture of a society growing in population, intensifying agricultural and craft production, participating in farflung exchange systems, and attaining over time a multi-tiered settlement hierarchy . . . expanding into new frontiers – in short, a portrayal of increasing socio-political complexity not previously seen in Canaan.” (Ilan 1995: 305) Beginning with W.  F. Albright’s synthesis of early second-millennium developments based on his excavations at Tell Beit Mirsim in the 1930s 12

Cultural and Historical Summary phases MB I–III. For convenience, we have adopted the following scheme of periods and dates as outlined in detail by Dever (1997). However, to remain consistent with earlier volumes in the HUC Gezer series and to avoid any possible confusion, we will continue to use the MB IIA-C terminology in this volume: MB IIA (MB I) (ca. 2000–1750 bce) MB IIB (MB II) (ca. 1750–1650 bce) MB IIC (MB III) (ca. 1650–1550/1500 bce)

1.  The MB IIA–B Resettlement at Gezer After a hiatus of several centuries at the end of the third millennium, settlement was reestablished at Gezer early in the MB II period. While materials from Macalister’s first and second Semitic phases provide testimony in this regard, his published results for the most part remain ambiguous. However, phases of MB IIA and IIB occupation relating to this resettlement are clearly documented by HUC work at the site. Such evidence is provided from exposures in Field I (Phases 9 and 10, Strata XX and XXI), Field V (Phase 3, Stratum XXII) and Field VI (Phases 11A–B and 12, Strata XX–XXII; see table I.1). These data attest that urban life resumed at Gezer in the latter part of MB IIA in the nineteenth century (Gezer IV [HUC], 19–20) and that the settlement evolved steadily during the succeeding MB IIB period (Gezer IV [HUC], 26). It is abundantly clear, however, that the major florescence of MB culture at Gezer began in the mid-seventeenth century at the MB IIB/IIC transition and continued into the early LB I period until ca. 1500 bce.

2.  The MB IIB–C Expansion at Gezer The scope of the mid-seventeenth century cultural expansion at Gezer is documented all across the tell. It was already well attested by Macalister’s exposure of the features of the Inner Wall system, along with his clearance of the High Place, the lower phase deposits in Cave 15 IV, the upper phases of deposits in Cave 28 II, and the domestic deposits of his Second Semitic phases (Gezer I [PEF], 96–98, 111–41, 236–43, 254; Gezer III [PEF], 381–406, pls. XXV–XXVI, XXXI–XLII). It is similarly well documented by the more recent HUC excavations in Field I (Phases 8 and 7, Gezer I [HUC], 41–50), Field V (Phase 2, Dever 1973a: 61–70), and Field

13

VI (Phases 10B and A, Gezer IV [HUC], 26–35), as well as by the investigations in Field IV (Phases 6–5), Field II (Phase 15) and Field VIII (Phases 4–3) reported on in this volume (see table I.1). a.  The Inner Wall and Its Towers Nowhere are the features illustrative of growth in the early MB IIC period more dramatic than in Field IV, where the massive remains of Inner Wall Tower 5017 and the adjacent Southern Gate complex have been reinvestigated (see chap. III.A.1–4). These remains testify to more than a century of occupation and redevelopment, beginning with the addition of a major line of defense structures around the perimeter of the mound in the mid-seventeenth century. This Inner Wall system was traced in segments by Macalister for almost 400 meters. Testimony from intramural probe sections to bedrock in Fields I and IV indicates how massive the scope of this undertaking was. It first involved cutting back the preexisting scarp of the tell to create a construction platform on or near bedrock all around the mound’s circumference. Excavations in Field I, inside of Tower 5017 on the south, show that four or more meters of the preexisting mound’s depth was removed during this process (Gezer I [HUC], 41 and Foundation Trench 4168 on plan II). Evidence of this deep cutting is also provided by Foundation Trenches 3062, 3092, and 4122 in Field IV (see chap.  III.A.4.a.(3) and III.A.4.b.(6); figs. III.14–15, 19; and plan III). Traces of all outer defense walls that might have existed in earlier periods were accordingly obliterated. While Macalister postulated the existence of a line of third-millennium defense structures along the north side of the site—that is, his “Central City Wall” (see Gezer I [PEF], 236–38; Gezer III [PEF], pl. I)—it was suspected from the start of the Phase I HUC investigations that these were actually remnants of outlying glacis structures associated with Inner Wall development (Gezer I [HUC], 42–43). This assessment is now fully confirmed by Phase II excavations in Field VIII, where similar sets of outlying fills and revetment walls were articulated in a virgin area just to the east of Macalister’s work in Trenches 19 and 20 (see Gezer III [PEF], pl. II; see also chap.  III.C). These Field VIII structures, including Walls 1023 and 1015 and Layer 1021 (see figs. III.48–50), clearly represent elements similar

14

Chapter II

to those Macalister had identified as the “central wall” elsewhere along this northern line. It is now certain from these Field VIII investigations that the battered structures and the associated fills cleared by Macalister’s workers were in fact integral parts of the MB Stratum XIX and later Stratum XVIII processes of Inner Wall and glacis construction. The line of the Inner Wall foundations included a chain of linked towers of major scale, six of which Macalister exposed in a connected stretch along the north side of the site (see frontispiece). He describes the wall as “about 13 feet in thickness” with towers “generally about 41 feet long, 24 feet thick” placed “at approximately regular intervals of 90 feet” (Gezer I [PEF], 238). These tower measurements convert to an average of 12.5 × 7.32 m, and this compares reasonably well with measurements for the tower at the north end of his Trench 19. This tower was reinvestigated in connection with work in Fields V and VIII as Tower 1007. It measured 11.5  ×  7.25  m (see chap.  III.C, photo III.69, and plan VII). Another tower structure located at the north end of Trenches 15–16 (see Gezer III [PEF], pl. III) was reexcavated by Dever in 1990 as Tower 8000 (Dever 1993a: 42). This structure has similar dimensions (7  ×  12  m ), but it is oriented differently, with its longer axis running across rather than laterally along the line of the connecting wall. Externally, however, it is offset from the main wall line by just 1.5 m, matching the offsets for all of the other towers along the northern line. Another, partial tower is plotted by Macalister to the northeast in Trench 5–6 (Gezer III [PEF], pls. II and LI). He considered this to be part of a putative Northeast Gate complex. However, the structures involved are located at one of the highest points on the site, and the existence of a gate in this position is unlikely from a topographic point of view. Even Macalister’s own description, including a 40-ft.wide entryway and a 150-ft.-long passageway (Gezer I [PEF], 240), renders it suspect. Moreover, a segment of the “Central Wall” is plotted running along the supposed passageway. Our interpretation now posits that here, as elsewhere, this central wall is actually a retaining structure within the continuation of the glacis, which at this point flanked the face of the partially preserved tower and of a continuing wall segment (i.e., the south wall of the pas-

sageway), just as found elsewhere along the outer circumference of the Inner Wall system. Another explanation must accordingly be found for the nature of the supposed “outer jamb” that lies to the north, immediately adjacent to the line of the Outer Wall. In this regard, an observation by Macalister may be instructive. While first asserting that “cast limestone covers the northern jamb,” he adds, “It was noticed that here a thin film of earth separated the cast stuff from contact with the wall, as though the wall had been built in a trench sunk through the limestone, and therefore later than the accumulation” (Gezer I [PEF], 254). Although he immediately dismisses this possibility because of his interpretation that the wall is part of a gateway structure, the description is clearly similar to observations made during HUC excavations in Fields I and IV, where Outer Wall segments are seen to be set into cuts through the glacis, with only a thin soil layer remaining to define the perimeter of the foundation trenches (see Gezer I [HUC], 43–44; see also chap. III.A.3.c and III.A.5). It thus seems quite likely that the supposed northern jamb is in fact an auxiliary structure of some kind related to Outer Wall construction. To the seven north towers of the Inner Wall must be added another of similar average size at the south end of Trench 2 and, of course, Tower 5017 at the south end of Trenches 29–30 in Fields I and IV (see chap. III.A.1). If the structure cleared by Alan Rowe at the west end of the site in 1934 is included (see Rowe 1935), a total of 10 Inner Wall tower features are identified (see frontispiece). G. H. R. Wright estimates that there may have been as many as 25 such structures in the complete circuit (1985: 189). By projecting the full loop around the site from tower to tower, the area enclosed by the line of these Inner Wall fortifications would be approximately 55,000 square meters—that is, roughly 5.5 hectares or about 13.5 acres (not 12 hectares, as per Broshi and Gophna 1986: 82). Using the density coefficient of 250 persons per hectare suggested by Broshi and Gophna (1983: 41–53; 1986: 86), the population within the MB settlement would have been just under 1,400. As noted above, the towers along the north side are connected by stretches of about 90 ft. (27 to 28  m) of narrower wall foundations, averaging

Cultural and Historical Summary around 13 ft. (3.9 m) wide. A. Burke has speculated that the spacing of such towers may have related to the optimal range for archers defending the town wall with enfilading fire (2008: 65). A section along the outer face of such a connecting segment, pictured by Macalister running west from Tower 1007 across Trenches 19 and 20 (Gezer I [PEF], 235, fig. 118), shows it to be founded on or just above bedrock and standing two or more meters high. As confirmed by reinvestigation of the wall segments connecting Tower 1007 on the north and of Wall 13004 in Field IV (see chap. III.A.3.b), these connecting segments were constructed using a “curb and fill” technique—that is, with tiers of coursed boulders forming their outer faces, but with smaller stones and rubble packed into the core. While Macalister does not report finding any brick traces atop the northern walls, in situ bricks on Wall 13004 in Field IV (see fig. III.23 and photo III.16) and the mass of fallen brick debris spread seven meters and more along its inner course make it clear that a formidable brick superstructure originally existed all along the inner wall line. Macalister was not able to determine if any of the towers included chambers within their foundations. He reported clearing only a single chamber, which we now designate Tower 1007, at the north end of Trench 18. He indicated that it was “full of loose stones” and that “below the floor” was discovered the entrance to Troglodyte Cave 19 I (Gezer I [PEF], 238). He added, “This wall is not founded directly on the rock, but at about 1 foot above it” (p. 238). This observation corresponds well with the data regarding the founding of the tower on its northeast corner in Field VIII. Its lowest stones at that point lay approximately 75 cm above bedrock on layers of leveling fill (L. 1013 and L. 1016; see fig. III.49). The most dramatic of these tower features is Tower 5017 on the south side of the site, flanking the west side of the Southern Gate complex in Fields I and IV (see plans I–II). It is 15.5 m wide and, judging from the construction pattern observable in its massive foundation platform, at least 29 m long (see chap. III.A.1.b.(6), fig. III.5, and photo III.2a). However, unlike the construction technique used for the connecting walls, which involved the “curb and fill” technique, the tower foundation was apparently built more substantially, using very large semiprepared

15

stones throughout its mass (see chap.  III.A.1.a). This is made apparent from areas where the upper tiers of stone were removed by late-period quarrying activities. However, a different patterning was observed in sections where the uppermost courses of the tower’s foundations were preserved. Here the cyclopean stone masonry framed shallow rectangular areas of small stones in a symmetrical pattern (see fig. III.5 and plans I–II). These patterned sections hint at preparation for the construction of room areas within the brick superstructure. Regrettably, virtually all evidence of such an original superstructure was removed by late-period disturbances. While patches of brick debris were observed in the overlying soils, no traces of in situ brick remained. Only in the east central part in Area 2 were any remnants of superimposed architecture found (Walls 2006 A–C) (see chap.  III.A.1.b.(5) and fig. III.4); these were narrow stone wall foundation structures which could be dated broadly to Stratum XVIII. It is nonetheless fair to assume that the superstructure atop this huge tower platform rose to an imposing height. From the mass of collapsed mud brick inside adjacent Wall 13004, a height of four or five meters can be estimated (see chap. III.A.1.b.(6)). b.  The Southern Gate The location of the Southern Gate, built as part of the redevelopment of the city in Stratum XVIII, preserves evidence of the main, and possibly the only (excluding possible posterns), entryway through the Inner Wall defense line into the MB IIC city (see chap.  II.A.2.d.(2)(a)). Macalister’s exposure of the brick gate towers and of the passageway with its three sets of massive orthostats was quite thorough (Gezer I [PEF], 240–43). Fortunately, most of the gate’s main features were well preserved, and his measurements overall proved to be quite accurate (see chap. III.A.2). While, in comparison to Macalister’s original observations, our HUC investigations found some additional sloughing of upper brickwork along their inner faces, the flanking towers still were found standing a full 4 m above the entryway path. The levels on top of this preserved brick correspond almost exactly with levels on the upper stones of the Tower 5017 foundations. With its added superstructure, the Tower would have provided an imposing defensive overlook on the gate’s west flank.

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The gate itself belongs to a class of “three entryway” structures which are typical during the MB II period in the Levant (see plans I, VI). Since the publication of P.  J. Parr’s article on the origin of MB rampart fortifications (1968) and J. D. Seger’s study of the Gezer and Shechem fortification systems (1975), other formative treatments of the nature and origins of this gate type have appeared, in particular by G. R. H. Wright (1984), Z. Herzog (1986: 37–73), and B. Gregori (1986). To these we can now add a more recent review by A. Burke (2008: 67–72). Updating table 1 in Gregori (1986), table 9 in Burke’s study provides a list of 13 MB sites with a total of 18 separate gates of this type (2008: 69). In his review, he argues cogently for the designation of this gate style as a “six-pier” type (2008: 68), indicating that it is unclear whether the middle piers were always, or ever, fitted with doors. Although the Gezer structure offers no data concerning fittings for doors, it does seem most unlikely that its middle piers were outfitted with any means for closure. They, and their companion sets of inner and outer orthostats, instead appear to have served as springer supports for arched roofing (see chap. III.A.2.c). While Macalister could only speculate about having observed that the preserved brickwork “gives the effect of a slight corbelling” (Gezer I [PEF], 243), it is now clear, especially from investigations at Tel Dan (see Biran 1994: 75–90) and Ashkelon (see Voss 2002; Burke 2008: 237–43), that arched brickwork did provide roofs for such gates. Burke speculates that “the role of the load-bearing, barrel-vaulted arch appears to have been integral to the construction of the six-pier gate type” (2008: 69). Citing third-millennium evidence from Byblos and elsewhere, Burke here joins Gregori (1986: 92) in attesting to the fact that the tradition of arched brick vaulting has origins that precede the Middle Bronze Age. With specific reference to the towers of the Gezer gate, Gregori places them typologically in her category of those “built as solid and remarkably massive structures” (1986: 85). Since no obvious entryway from the gate passage into either of the towers was observed, this may indeed be the case. However, patches of internal stonework were exposed behind the brick façade along the south part of the West Tower, and the presence of a probable entryway into the tower along its inner, northwest

flank was observed off Room 6010 in Area 6 (see chap.  III.A.2.a.(1)). These factors clearly suggest that a chamber or chambers, or at least a stairwell, must in fact have existed within the lower tower structure. Further investigation and removal of some of the brick remains of the tower would be needed in order to further resolve this question. c.  The Glacis Gregori also advances the argument that the origin of these six-pier gate structures is related to the early MB development of embankment fortification systems. She suggests that their massive character and the length of their passageways is a compliment to the great widths of the embankments (1986: 83). Credence with regard to this hypothesis is clearly provided by evidence of early examples, e.g., from Ebla (Matthiae 1980: 204; 1997: 382–83) and Dan (Biran 1994: 75–90). Burke, on the other hand, postulates that the impetus for such extended gate construction came rather, or also, in response to the “prevalence of the battering ram in siege warfare during this period” (2008: 68). These, of course, are not mutually exclusive considerations. It is in any case clear that the six-pier gate system was also employed at tell sites independent of embankment type structures, i.e., with ramparts representing modifications of this kind of defense system. As P. Parr observed in his 1968 study, “Local conditions and requirements no doubt dictated the type (of defenses) which individual cities adopted” (1968: 21). The late MB period fortifications at Shechem, including both the East and Northwest Gates, provide good testimony to such variant adaptations (Seger 1974; 1975; Shechem III, 110–13). With regard to such adaptations, the Inner Wall defense system at Gezer also provides good data. Evidence shows that the massive foundations of its Inner Wall circuit are supplemented all around by an earthen rampart of packed earth surfaced with huwwar (crushed limestone) (see G.  R. H.  Wright 1985: 362). In hindsight, it is clear that Macalister’s workers had routinely encountered such glacis remains in the course of tracing out the Inner and Outer Wall structures, but Macalister had dismissed these as merely sterile fillings of “limestone debris” or “piles of cast rubbish” (Gezer I [PEF], 249, 254). However, he provides a photograph of a section

Cultural and Historical Summary through this “rubbish” that clearly shows it to be a rampart construction (Gezer I [PEF], 254, fig. 131), and, in any event, the HUC excavations in Field VIII (see chap. III.C.2.b.(2)) demonstrated conclusively that such a rampart existed along the north side of the city. A segment of this northern structure was also identified by Dever in his 1990 excavation in Field XI (1993a: 48, fig. 16), and other sections were exposed on the south side in Field III (Dever 1986: 13–14) and Field II (see chap. III.B.2.a). The Field VIII data suggests that the north rampart was developed in two stages: a first phase (Stratum XIX) used the line of the erstwhile Central Wall as its outer footing; and a second phase (Stratum XVIII) greatly expanded the open space along the wall before making a more precipitous 45-degree decline down the tell slope. Especially dramatic, however, is the plaster-faced glacis section (L. 8012) that was exposed in Fields I and IV. This structure fronts both Tower 5017 and Wall 13004 and extends all the way to the West Tower of the Southern Gate (see plans I, IV). Excavations through the makeup of this glacis structure in both Field I Area 8 (see Gezer I [HUC], 42 and plan II) and Field IV Area 16 (see chap. III.A.3.c and fig. III.12) illustrate the technique used in its construction. This involved the interleaving of earthen fill layers with curb-like wedges of huwwar, creating a steep, 45-degree slope (G. R. H. Wright 1985: 185; Bullard 1970: 118–19). This slope crests against the Tower 5017 foundations and levels out as a plateau eastward, abutting the west flank and front of the West Gate Tower. In front of the West Gate Tower, the plateau corners, forming a scarp and berm along the left side of the Southern Gate’s entry path. An especially good parallel for this berm feature is represented by the stepped-stone embankment that flanks the right side of the entrance to the gate in Area K at Tel Dan (Biran 1994: 80, figs. 48, 54). It is worth noting here that a cobble-stepped incline rising along the south face of the East Gate Tower at Gezer was also plotted by Macalister. His Section C–D drawing (see fig. III.6) suggests that this might have been associated with a later street level, but his text provides no added comment. Even though our HUC excavations did not extend far enough to the east to reexamine it, this Gezer structure appears to provide a clear parallel to the cobbled architecture

17

flanking the gate at Dan. Moreover, judging from Macalister’s rendering, its top elevation closely matches that on the plastered glacis berm west of the entry path (see fig. III.6, Section A–B). We may assume, therefore, that it is part of the continuing rampart associated with Glacis 10006 leading east from the East Gate Tower along Wall 10005 (see chap. III.A.3.d). Within the setback formed between Tower 5017 and the Southern Gate, the glacis levels out, forming a 4–5-m-wide platform fronting Wall 13004. On this platform, segments of a narrow screening wall were founded (Walls 14003 and 15004). These presumably formed a parapet-like curtain structure for forward defense (see chap. III.A.3.c). A similar structure, but better preserved, was found on the Glacis 4060/14021 summit in Field II (see chap.  III.B.2.a), where it remained standing over 2  m high. Such features are known from Twelfth Dynasty parallels at Buhen in Egypt (Yadin 1963: 161; Lawrence 1965: 69–72) but have not otherwise been noted in the southern Levant. d.  The City within the Walls (1)  MB Features Exposed by Macalister As noted above, in addition to the Inner Wall structures, other MB features exposed by Macalister’s early work included the “High Place” and various deposits of his “First” and “Second Semitic” phases. Reexamination of the High Place complex by HUC Phase I excavations in Field V (see photo II.1) prove conclusively that it was established during the MB IIC period, most likely serving as a cultic center for covenant renewal for a league of tribes or kin groups in other cities (Dever 1987: 167–68; 1993b: 501). While D. Ilan concurs with this assessment, his assertion that this complex of standing stones “communicated a public message, for they were visible from many kilometers away” (1995: 313) seems largely unfounded. Given their proximity to Tower 1007 and the northern wall of the city, with presumed 3–5-m-high mud-brick superstructures, it is unlikely that the shrine could be seen from anywhere outside of the city except possibly from atop the high ridge opposite the mound to the south. While Macalister’s stratigraphic assessment and chronological assignment of his First and Second

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Photo II.1:  The Gezer High Place in Field V adjacent to Inner Wall Tower 1007.

Semitic phase materials are, in general, unreliable, a reassessment of structures in Trenches 27 and 28 adjacent to Field IV and the Southern Gate is now possible. A number of factors suggest that his First Semitic Palace complex (see Gezer III [PEF], pl. II) was in fact part of the MB IIC period city development. Macalister himself noted that it was “erected just within the great brick gateway” (Gezer I [PEF], 205), and his plan clearly suggests that it was oriented along the wall system. Further testimony is provided by a heretofore unpublished photograph from the PEF archives showing the complex during excavation (see photo III.13). The photo shows the articulated walls of part of the complex just north of the East Gate Tower. Not only is the building architecture strikingly similar to that of the Stratum XVIII intramural complex in Field IV Areas 3–6 (see chap. III.A.4), but the height of the walls speaks to a similar cause of preservation—that is, destruction and abandonment. Considering the extent of

the complex, the brevity of Macalister’s commentary is very disappointing. He referred only to one small chamber used as a granary, which “contained a row of jars in which was burnt grain.” This does, on the other hand, provide another interesting parallel to the finds in Field IV. In addition, he reported, “To the north was a large hall with two aisles separated by a partition wall: the northern of these aisles had the roof supported on pillars resting on massive stone bases.” He suggests that this might possibly have been a “public judgment hall,” and the scale of the structure clearly suggests public use. Interpreting it as a temple or shrine also seems reasonable. More problematic is his assignment of the Water Tunnel system to this phase (Gezer I [PEF], 205, 256–62). Since his work at clearing the tunnel severed all stratigraphic connections with its surroundings, we are left with little data either to refute or to affirm his conclusion. After an examination of the tunnel walls, staff geologist Reuben Bullard re-

Fig. II.1:  Field IV Areas 3–6, sketch plan of Stratum XVIIIA Intramural Rooms.

Cultural and Historical Summary 19

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marked that the hewing of the tunnel would have been an excellent source for the limestone used to construct the glacis. However, there are also ample extramural sources for huwwar around the base of the tell site and in the surrounding hills. Dever has posited a Late Bronze or later Iron Age date for the system’s construction, evincing parallels with the Iron II structures at Hazor, Megiddo, and Gibeon (1993a: 503). If an Iron II date is assigned to its development, then its use was fairly short lived. A terminus pro quem for access to the tunnel is suggested by Macalister’s plan for his Fourth Semitic Phase (Gezer III [PEF], pl. V). For this phase, he plots architectural remains all across the area over the tunnel entrance, surely indicating that it was out of use by the time of this occupation, sometime in the first half of the first millennium. Macalister also makes brief mention of a “second palace” built farther to the north in Trenches 27 and 28, approximately at the center of the site. This he assigns to his Intermediate Phase IIa (Gezer I [PEF], 206 and Gezer III [PEF], pl. VII). This building complex includes “a small pillared hall and a large and important granary.” Since both of these structures lay above the First Semitic “public judgment hall,” they clearly are of later date. If one takes the First Semitic public hall to be a temple structure, it is not difficult to infer that the pillared hall of the Intermediate Phase is also a cultic building. Assigning dates to these palace structures on the basis of data provided by Macalister is at best precarious, but two closing comments related to the First Semitic structure help somewhat to frame its historical placement. He noted that “a fine fragment of Cretan ware of the later Minoan type was found in its precincts” (Gezer I [PEF], 205) and that “this palace was not the earliest construction on this part of the mound. Some very early walls underlay the pillared hall” (p. 206). In company with the relationships noted above, we can thus be reasonably certain that this First Semitic complex was contemporary with Stratum XVIII levels in Field IV. If this be the case, then the structures of Intermediate Phase IIA to the north would be of Late Bronze date. Whether the underlying “very early walls” belong to Stratum XIX, other MB, or to even earlier EB phases is of course impossible to determine.

(2)  The Field IV Intramural Strata Despite the grand scale of its Inner Wall defenses, the Gezer MB city suffered massive attack and total destruction around the end of the sixteenth century. Graphic evidence of this catastrophic demise was provided by remains found within the fortification line in Field IV. Fortuitously, Macalister had mistaken the mass of collapsed mud-brick debris west of the Southern Gate and behind Wall 13004 for part of the wall itself, leaving untouched a complex of intramural rooms between the gate and Tower 5017 in Areas 3–6 (see chap. III.A.4, fig. II.1, and plan IV). The remains sealed on Stratum XVIII floors beneath this collapsed wall debris provide an anchor for dating the end of the MB IIC city, and excavations through remains below these floors provide stratigraphic detail regarding earlier phases of MB occupation. This stratigraphy clearly articulates the sequence involved in the construction of Inner Wall fortification elements. This construction sequence has been summarized elsewhere (see Seger 1975: 40–41; Hardin and Seger 2006), and the full stratigraphic detail is presented in chapter III.A.4 (see especially table III.2). (a)  The Wall 3097 Construction Phase (Stratum XIXC) As shown already by excavation work in Field I Areas 4 and 5 (see Gezer II [HUC], 30–34) the construction of Tower 5017 took place following the last phase of Stratum XX occupation when Foundation Trench 4168 was cut through Phase 9A surfaces and down to just above bedrock. The remains of Stratum XIX (Phase 8 in Field I) thus represent the first period of occupation associated with Tower 5017, following which, use continued during a second phase in Stratum XVIII (Phase 7). A similar, but more nuanced picture of Inner Wall construction and use is provided in Field IV. There, excavations to bedrock in Area 3 (see chap. III.A.3) and beneath the Stratum XIX (Phase 6A) remains in Area 4 (see chap. III.A.4.b.(6)) provide additional testimony to the massive effort involved in sculpting along the periphery of the preexisting tell to provide for the seating of Inner Wall foundation structures. In Area 3, the construction trench

Cultural and Historical Summary for both Tower 5017 and Wall 3097, the connecting wall of the initial, Stratum XIX period of occupation was represented by a massive backfill (L. 3092, with L. 3072 and L. 3062), which was poured in against the northeastern juncture of these structures (see chap.  III.A.1.b.(2) and III.A.3.a). The lower courses of Wall 3097 were set in before the basal stones of adjacent Tower 5017, and their founding was almost a meter lower than those of the tower. This was an obvious engineering accommodation to the west-to-east downward tilt of the underlying bedrock. Against the basal courses of Wall 3097, a first phase of backfill was laid in (L. 3092), and above this, the stone foundations of the wall and the tower were both raised. This was done in a closely coordinated process in which stones of Wall 3097 were chinked between and against the more massive masonry of the tower. The stone foundations of Wall 3097 rose to 11 courses and more than 3 m high, and above this a mud-brick superstructure was mounted. At the wall’s western terminus against the tower, 6 courses of this brickwork, rising another 0.75 m, remained in situ. Next to and above this brick, Tower 5017’s stone foundations rose still another 1.25  m. Running up to the top course of Wall 3097’s stone foundation, and sealing over the L. 3092 backfill, was Surface 3069. This surface was part of a small room representing the earliest, Stratum XIX (Phase 6B) occupation inside of the new fortification line. The course of Wall 3097’s extension was traced in both intramural and extramural exposures for more than 20  m to the east. The most notable of these exposures was in Area 4, where another deep stratigraphic cut also reached below initial Stratum XIX occupation levels. The segment of Wall 3097’s foundations here was designated Wall 4113 (see chap. III.A.4.b.(6)), and 5 stone courses (1.5 m ) of its upper foundations were exposed. As in Area 3, 4 to 5 courses (50 cm) of in situ bricks remained above the stonework. Stratum XIX Surface 4116 ran to the face of the upper foundation stones just below the brick, sealing beneath it another deep layer of backfill (L. 4122, see fig. III.23). An extramural probe in Area 14 also exposed the brickwork (L. 14012) atop these foundations along the wall’s outer face to the south (see chap. III.A.3.a and fig. III.11). Mea-

21

sured at this point, the Wall 3097 foundations were 3.75 m wide. The length and width of this wall segment are thus exactly comparable to those exposed by Macalister on the north of the site. Further to the east, at the juncture with the Southern Gate’s West Tower, additional intra- and extra­ mural segments of Wall 3097 were exposed in Areas 6 and 16. In intramural Area 6, a 2 m-long exposure was traced as Wall 6018. Here, no superimposed brickwork remained, but the stones of this foundation element were again associated with Stratum XIX room architecture (see chap.  III.A.4.d), and they passed beneath Stratum XVIII Wall 5019 to the west. To the east, more significantly, they also passed under stone Socle 6014 of the West Gate Tower’s brickwork (L. 6002), thus indicating that Wall 3097 predates the Southern Gate in its presently exposed configuration. Additional evidence of this stratification was provided from a more extensive exposure in Area 16 outside the wall to the south (see chap.  III.A.3.a, fig. III.12, and plan V). Here, the outer face of Wall 3097, designated locally as Wall 16041, was cleared all the way to its base in a 2.5-m-wide section, exposing 6 to 8 irregular stone courses standing 2  m high. Again, 50 cm of brickwork remained in situ on the top stone course. Moreover, the stone foundation walls of the L. 16002 West Tower were built against its face and over its top—as in Area 6, where Wall 6018/16041 was seen as running beneath the matrix of the gate tower’s stone core (see chap. III.A.2.a.(1)). These observations clearly indicate that Wall 3097 represents a first stage of the fortification development in the area. However, they leave open the question of its relationship to an earlier phase of gateway construction. While the existence of an earlier phase of the gate seems quite likely, no clues regarding the configuration of such a structure associated with Wall 3097 are presently available. Although the backfills related to these Stratum XIXC construction activities contain pottery from earlier periods, most of the vessels represent late MB IIB and transitional MB IIB/C forms and fabrics (see chap.  IV.A.6.c and pls. 63–67), thus corresponding to the profile shown for Foundation Trench 4168 in Field I (Gezer II [HUC], 33; pl. 16– 19). Table IV.1 provides a statistical review of the

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distribution of MB II pottery types across all fields and strata discussed in this volume. (b)  The Early MB IIC Occupation (Strata XIXB and A) Stratified remains related to the use of Stratum XIX Wall 3097 in Field IV were exposed at three points along its inner face by probes beneath Stratum XVIII levels. In Area 3, two architectural subphases were observed, Field Phases 6B and 6A (see chap.  III.A.4.a.(2)–(3) and figs. III.16–17), while in Areas 4 and 6 only Field Phase 6A levels were found (see chap. III.A.4.b.(5), and III.A.4.d.(2); figs. III.27, 34; and table III.2). As indicated by analysis of their associated ceramic remains, these levels date to the early MB IIC period in the mid-to-late seventeenth century (see chap. IV.A.6, pls. 61–62, and table IV.1). (c)  The Wall 13004 Construction Phase (Stratum XVIIIC2) A second phase of Inner Wall development in Field IV includes three major new elements: (1) the addition of the stone foundations and brick superstructure of Wall 13004, dramatically raising the overall height of the connecting wall section; (2) the building (or rebuilding) of the Southern Gate, adding its massive brick towers and orthostats; and (3) the construction of Glacis 8012 along the front flank of Tower 5017 and Wall 13004, providing a steep revetment along the southern defense line. Inside the city, the separation between the Stratum XIX and XVIII levels are indicated by a series of Stratum XVIIIC fill layers relating to the founding of Wall 13004. These Phase 5C2 deposits include L. 3025.1 and L.  3049 in Area 3 (see chap. III.A.4.a.(1)), L. 4105 in Area 4 (see chap.  III.A.4.b.(4)), and L. 6015 in Area 5 (see chap.  III.A.4.d.(1)). The stratification involved is most clearly articulated in Area 4, where elements of Phase 5C1 architecture, including Surfaces 4104, 4117, and 4147, form a room complex against Wall 13004 along with Walls 4028 to the east and 4158A to the north (see chap. III.A.4.b.(3) and fig. III.26); this architectural unit seals the L. 4105 fill deposits. Evidence for this construction phase is also provided from the fills deposited in the build-up of Glacis 8012 outside Wall 13004, where it plateaus along its face at the top course of its foundation stones (see chap.  III.A.3.c). Probes into these fills

in Area 16 were recorded as Loci 16005, 16006, 16024, 16025, 16035, and 16039 (see fig. III.12). The pottery remains from these Phase 5C2 deposits again include some earlier sherds, but the predominant types are clearly diagnostic of an MB IIC date, establishing a transitional seventeenth/sixteenthcentury date for this phase of fortification development (see chap. IV.A.5.c and pls. 57–60). (d)  The Late MB IIC Occupation (Strata XVIIIC1–A) Remains of Stratum XVIIIA (Field Phase 5A) are found across all of the intramural areas between Tower 5017 and the West Tower of the Southern Gate, but Subphase 5B is represented only in Areas 4 and 6. In Area 6, Phase 5B is identified by Surface 6013, which represents a first phase use of Phase 5A Room 6010 formed by Wall 6018/13004(s), Wall 5019 (w), and West Gate Tower 6002 (e) (see chap.  III.A.4.d.(1) and fig. III.30). In Area 4, however, the stratigraphy is more replete. Overall, the sequence of phases in Area 4 illustrates a prolonged occupation without major disruptions through the late MB period. The Phase 5C1 complex, already mentioned above, represents a robust occupation distinguished by the presence of two ovens (L. 4111 and L. 4120), a cobble surface with three mud-lined jar stands (L. 4117A–C), and a pair of ashlar-like stone blocks forming a low table (L. 4155, see fig. III.26). Above this, in Phase 5B, new walls divide the room space (Walls 4106, 4107, and 4141; see fig. III.24). North of these walls, Subphase 5B2 is represented by Surface 4142, which, in turn, was covered by Subphase 5B1 Surface 4108. South of the dividing walls Phase 5B was identified by only a single surface, L. 4102 (see chap. III.A.4.b.(2)). The latest pottery from the 5B and C1 phases is consistently MB IIC (see chap. IV.A.5.b–c and pls. 52–54). A notable inclusion in Phase 5B2 is a rim fragment from a Cypriot Base Ring bowl (pl. 52:18), which suggests a date well into the sixteenth century. As already noted, Field IV remains of the final, Stratum XVIIIA, Phase 5A occupation are in evidence all across the inner flank of Wall 13004 in Areas 3–6 (see chap. III.A.4 and fig. II.1). In addition, modest traces were also found on top of Tower 5017 in Areas 1 and 2 (see chap. III.A.1.b.(3) and (5)) and in Area 10 inside of Wall 10005 as it extends the

Cultural and Historical Summary Inner Wall east from the Southern Gate’s East Tower (see chap. III.A.2.a.(2)). Phase 5A ceramic materials recovered from the deposits in Areas 1 and 2 are illustrated on plate 10, and those related to Surface 10007 in Area 10 are on plates 50 and 51. While these small pottery groups add only marginally to the overall Stratum XVIIIA corpus, their correspondence with the profile of other materials from the phase confirms the Phase 5A stratigraphic assignment of their associated architecture (see table IV.1). (e)  The Archaeology of Destruction in Areas 3–6 The Stratum XVIIIA remains inside Wall 13004 in Areas 3–6 were buried under the mass of collapsed brick debris from the destruction of the wall’s superstructure. This debris helped to preserve largely intact many of the architectural features of the complex and provided a rich assemblage of in situ artifacts. This intramural complex included eight room areas and two bins. These units are identified on figs. II.1; III.20–21, 28, 30; and on plans I and IV by the locus numbers of their primary surfaces. Three semi­ independent architectural units can be identified in the complex. In the west central area is a large courtyard (Courtyard 4020) that communicated with two rooms to the west; in the east central area is a set of apparently independent storage and work chambers (Rooms 5113 and 5029); and at the east end is another smaller courtyard (Courtyard 6010), just west of which are accessible two other storage and work areas (Rooms 5021 and 5033). The character and spread of the collapsed brick debris across this complex leaves little doubt that Wall 13004 was deliberately razed in a fiery conflagration. This destruction was quite thorough, and though it is possible that some of the artifact remains recovered from within the brick matrix were from roofed areas, it was not possible to isolate and associate any materials specifically with such locations. The northern boundary of the excavated area corresponds with the southern limits of Macalister’s deep cuts to bedrock in Trenches 29 and 30, and no evidence of a northern wall for these Phase 5A structures remained. However, the presence of Wall 4158A across this northern flank in Phase 5C (see fig. III.26), together with the evidence of a door threshold at the north end of Phase 5A Wall 5019 (see figs. III.28, 30), makes it probable that such ar-

23

chitecture did exist along this perimeter. One can project the existence of a corridor north of these rooms much like the one running along the north face of the East Tower of the Southern Gate in Macalister’s First Semitic Period plan. (i)  Courtyard 4020 The western part of the complex includes Courtyard 4020, a large open area that communicates directly with two rooms that are formed to the west against the northeast flank of Tower 5017 (Rooms 3022, 3025, and 4038; see figs. III.13, 20–21). In the courtyard area were a number of features indicative of domestic use. On the south against Wall 13004 was a small oven (L. 4025) along with a raised platform formed by a large stone slab (L. 4020A). In the center of the room area was a shallow, stone-lined pit (L. 4026), and next to Wall 4034B to the northwest was an accumulation of dung fuel (L. 4035). The repertoire of pottery and artifacts collected directly from the L. 4020 surface (L. 4020.P and L. 4020.1) and in connection with its installations (L. 4026 and L. 4035) confirms its domestic character (see pls. 17–19). Supplementing these remains was an additional corpus of materials found mixed in brick debris just above surface levels (L. 4007; see pl. 16). Pottery forms from these loci include mainly cooking pot and storage jar sherds, along with large krater and common MB bowl forms. Three jar stands (pl. 17:11; 18:18–19) and two almost complete dipper juglets (pls. 16:14; 17:14), along with a cylindrical juglet (pl. 16:2), an amphora (pl. 16:7), and a shoulder-handled jug (pl. 16:13) were also recovered. Object finds included one glass and two eggshell beads (pls.  16:5–6; 17:6) (see chap.  V.A); three stone items: a pestle (pl. 16:4) and two putative scale weights (pl. 17:5, 15) (see chap.  V.I); a bone awl (pl. 16:21); and three bronzes: an arrowhead (pl. 17:7), a needle (pl. 18:24), and a chisel (pl. 18:25) (see chap. V.J). Two sherds had incised markings (pl. 18:22–33) (see chap. V.K). To the west were two room units and traces of a third. Directly connected with Courtyard 4020 were Rooms 3025 and 4038. Room 3025 was roughly 2 × 2m with Tower 5017 as its west wall (see chap.  III.A.4.a.(1) and fig. III.13). It was entered from the courtyard through a door in Wall 4022. Next to Room 3025, in

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the corner formed by Tower 5017 and Wall 13004, its southern wall (L. 3044) separated a smaller unit (L. 3053). This presumably served as an auxiliary pantry or, more likely, as a bin, since there was no apparent doorway into the structure. Apart from this presumed bin, no installations were found in Room 3025. Pottery immediately from its surface (L. 3025.P, pl. 12:8–19; L. 3025.1, pl. 13; and L. 3044.1, pl. 15:9–12) again included mainly cooking pots, bowls, storage jars, and jug fragments, suggesting domestic use. However, a majority of the bowls were of the open, carinated type, and the assemblage also had several examples of finer ware forms—for example, a chalice (pl. 13:3), a small pitcher (pl. 13:4), and the base of a trumpet-footed vase (pl. 13:18). A single glass bead (pl. 15:12) recovered from along the foundations of Wall 3044 was the only object find. A very similar repertoire of vessels was recovered from L. 3053 deposits in the associated bin (pl. 14). Here, in addition, were several almost complete jug and juglet forms (pl. 14:20, 22, 24–25) and a large pedestal base (pl. 14:23). Room 4038 lay off the courtyard farther to the north and was entered via a doorway through Wall 4034 (see chap.  III.A.4.b.(1) and fig. III.20). Just inside this doorway, in the corner against Walls 4034A and 4037, was a large oven (L. 4039), and it seems clear that its fuel source was the dung pile (L. 4035) found outside in the courtyard next to Wall 4034B. Disturbances from a late-period robber Pit 3026 to the west encroached on most of the surface area in Room 4038, and no in situ deposits were isolated. To the north and west, against Tower 5017, were the partial remains of Room 3022 and its southern Wall 3008. This unit was completely cut off from Room 4038 by Pit 3026, and its exact relationship remains uncertain (see chap. III.A.4.a.(1) and fig. III.13). While only a handful of cooking pot and bowl sherds were collected from surface deposits (L. 3022.1, pl. 12:1–6), all associate comfortably with the Phase 5A corpus (see table IV.1). Covering the Phase 5A remains in Area 3 was brick debris L. 3012. As is the case with remains in the L. 4007 brick debris in Area 4, materials recovered from its matrix are also all contemporary with the 5A repertoire (see pl. 11). Notable vessels include a jar-stand (pl. 11:1), a cooking-tray fragment (pl. 11:21), and the body and shoulders of a large storage jar (pl. 11:22). Related object finds

were modest, including only a badly preserved figurine fragment, a limestone loom weight, a flint blade, and a jade scaraboid (pl. 11:23–26). These L.  3012 deposits also relate to the L. 4002 upper brick debris in Area 4 (see figs. III.22–23). Only six pottery vessels (pl. 15:18–23) were recovered from the L. 4002 matrix, but all were relatively complete. Most notable were a hand-formed pitcher, probably a crucible (pl. 15:21), and a milk bowl in local ware (pl.15:23) (see chap. IV.A.5.a.(2)(r)). (ii)  The Area 5 Storage Rooms In the center of the complex, east of Wall 4028 in Area 5, is a set of four room-chambers (Rooms 5013, 5021, 5029, and 5033; see chap. III.A.4.c and figs. II.1; III.28). In the southwest corner of Room 5021 is a semicircular bin, L. 5011. The walls of these rooms were narrow, 35–50 cm wide, mainly formed by a single row of fieldstones. The fieldstones were stacked using a mud mortar and faced with a similar mud plaster. Despite their narrow girth, these walls were remarkably well preserved. To the south, where north–south walls butted the inner face of Wall 13004, they remained standing 2 m high. To the north, the east–west dividing Walls 5018 and 5020 still stood more than 1.5  m high, even though they took the brunt of the collapsed brick fall from Wall 13004. These rooms were organized in two sets, separated by Wall 5010. On the west side were Rooms 5113 and 5029 and to the east, Rooms 5021 and 5033. Room 5113 on the southwest could be reached only from Room 5029 through a doorway in Wall 5018. Initially, southeast Room 5021 was accessible both from Room 5033 to the north, through Wall 5020, and from Courtyard 6010 to the east, through Wall 5019. Later, the doorway through Wall 5020 was blocked with mud brick, making it the antechamber only for Courtyard 6010. The presence of a doorway from the 6010 Courtyard into Room 5033 is indicated by traces of a jamb and threshold at the north end of Wall 5019. While the northern ends of Walls 5010 and 4028 were disturbed to lower foundations by late trenching activity, it is possible that portals also existed from Room 5033 into Room 5029 and through it out into Courtyard 4020. One can also speculate that other or alternative entrances to these rooms may

Cultural and Historical Summary have existed through a flanking wall (or walls) off a path or corridor to the north. It is evident from the material remains in these four rooms that they served as storage and related work areas. Rooms 5113 and 5021 were clearly used as back storage areas. The north walls in both of these rooms were lined with large storage jars. Charred remains indicate that they most likely contained grains and other agricultural products (see chap. VI.A). Many of these vessels were found to have incised marks on their shoulders, which we have interpreted to be Proto-Canaanite letterforms (see chap. V.K.2). Including all examples from adjacent Stratum XVIIIA rooms and areas, the corpus of these markings provides a total of 23 individual signs, representing 12 different letters (see figs. V.K.1–2 and photos V.K.1–34). The presence of these alphabetic signs within the Stratum XVIIIA assemblage adds significant support to other evidence indicating the emergence of alphabetic use in Palestine already in the later Middle Bronze Age. In Room 5021, materials recovered from loci related to its surface (L. 5008 and L. 5021.P, pls. 27–32) included 13 restorable storage jars and numerous jar rim sherds. Other restorable vessels included 1 large shoulder-handled jar (pl. 29:5), 1 jug (pl. 29:3), and 1 cooking pot (pl. 31:8). In addition, the repertoire included 1 complete platter bowl (pl.  27:13) and numerous other bowl and cooking pot fragments. Small finds included 3 stone objects—1 flint blade (pl. 28:1) and 2 small pestles or weight stones (pl. 32:6–7)—along with 1 ceramic loom weight (pl. 32:8). L. 5012 in Bin 5011 provided only 2 artifacts: a body fragment of a pedestal vase (pl. 28:13) and 1 bronze toggle pin (pl. 28:12). Room 5113, however, provided a more diverse assemblage of materials. In addition to another 10 almost completely restorable storage jars and 3 other large storage jar body and base sections, the floor loci (Loci 5007, 5113.P, and 5113.1; pls. 21– 26) provided 3 complete carinated bowls (pl. 21:3– 4, 8), 2 virtually intact cooking pots (pl. 25:1–2), and 1 lamp (pl. 22:2). Among numerous other bowl and jar sherds were a few more cooking pot rims (pls. 24:8; 26:8) and 3 dipper juglet fragments (pls. 21:15; 23:9; 24:6). Most notable, however, was a small collection of sherds (pls. 22:3, 10; 23:6) representing imported materials from Cyprus. These

25

help to affirm the late-sixteenth-century date of the assemblage (see chap. IV.A.5.a.(2)(r)). Surface deposits in Room 5113 also provided a significant assemblage of small finds. These included a collection of stones identified as scale weights (pls. 21:9–12; 24:11–14, 17–18; 25:11–16) (see chap. V.H), 1 basalt chisel (pl. 21:13), several flint blade segments (pls. 21:1a–1b; 22:5–7; 25:17– 20) (see chap. V.G and photo V.G.), 1 sherd with an incised line (pl. 21:1c), 2 horn tools (pl. 24:3–4), and 2 bronze pin fragments (pls. 22:9; 24:10). All of these seem consonant with, or at least incidental to, storage activity. However, deposits in the room also included a significant collection of metal jewelry and other adornments. Found together was a set of 11 beads, probably from a small necklace or bracelet. Five of the beads were faience (pl. 23:14–18) and 6 were seashells (pl. 23:12–13, 13a-d) (see chap. V.A). In addition, 4 other beads, 3 faience (pls. 24:15; 26:21– 22) and 1 ceramic (pl. 26:23), were recovered. Another ceramic bead (pl. 21:1) was found in L. 5002, the uppermost layer of brick debris. Most surprising, however, was the presence of a hoard of gold and silver jewelry found in subsurface lamina in the southwest corner against Wall 13004 (see chap. V.B and photos V.B.1–6). This group included 3 foil figurines (pl. 26:13–15): 2 in gold, which were complete, and the third represented by silver fragments; 4 gold nose or ear rings (pls. 24:5; 26:16–18); and a gold bezel (pl. 26:19). Found with the hoard was an amethyst scaraboid (pl. 26:20). Another amethyst scaraboid with gold bezel (pl. 21:2) attached was recovered from upper level L. 5002 deposits. Around the neck of the larger gold figurine (pl. 26:13) was a foil strip with curled ends representing a “torque” necklace of a type otherwise found on Canaanite statuary and stelae. This makes the identification of the figurine with the goddess Astarte/Ashtoreth quite certain (Seger 1976). The placement of this hoard indicates either that Room 5113 served as a “safe area” for special storage or that it was employed to sequester precious belongings during the emergency of the final siege of the city. The two northern rooms of the complex, Rooms 5029 and 5033, contained more storage vessels but seem otherwise to have also served more as working areas. Four large storage jars along with

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Chapter II

a smaller amphora were found on the floor of Room 5029 (L. 5029.P, pl. 34:3–4, 9–10), and another storage jar was first exposed within the upper level of brick debris (L. 5016. pl. 33:1). As in other rooms, letterforms and other incised markings were found on several of these vessels (pl. 34:3–4, 10), and a jar handle with a tāw (pl. 37:3) was recovered with L. 5029.1 surface deposits. Also included in the repertoire of whole and restorable pottery were 3 platter bowls (pls. 33:13; 34:8; 35:1), 2 dipper juglets (pl. 34:2, 6), 1 carinated bowl (pl. 34:7), and the body and base of a cylindrical juglet (pl. 34:5). A small collection of other bowl and jar sherds was recovered from intermediate brick deposits (L. 5024), and from that same debris matrix came a mostly complete cult stand (pl. 33:16) (see chap. IV.A.5.a.(2)(l)). The assemblage of implements and other objects testify to the room’s use for several related work activities. Good evidence for grinding and mashing is provided by 2 well-preserved, three-footed basalt grinding bowls (pls. 35:8; 36:5) and 1 narrow basalt saddle quern (pl. 36:6). Another fragment of a basalt quern was also found in the upper brick matrix (L. 5016, pl. 33:2). In addition, there were 3 stone tools that may have served as pestles (pls. 35:3, 6; 37:7) (see chap. V.H) and several flint tools for cutting and chopping (pls. 33:18a; 35:2; 37:6, 8). There were also several more polished stones presumed to be scale weights (pls. 33:4; 35:4–6). Eight of these, found together in surface lamina, provided a graded set (pl. 37:7a–h) (see chap. V.I and photo V.I). The assemblage also provided another set of bone and horn tools, including 1 scraper (pl. 33:6), 2 knapping tools (pls. 33:15; 36:4), and 1 awl (pl. 36:1). Also recovered were 2 bronze pins—both needles (pls. 33:18; 36:7)— and a pair of stone loom weights (pl. 37:4–5). Finally, there were also a number of objects of personal adornment. These included 2 ivory buttons (pl.  36:2–3), 1 shell bead (pl. 33:5), and 1 tubeshaped limestone bead (pl. 33:17), along with two scarabs (pls. 33:3; 37:1) and a glass scaraboid with gold bezel (pl. 37:2). Both of the scarabs are good Hyksos types. One is inscribed with the typical anra signs (pl. 33:3), and the other shows a vegetation goddess with fishnet hair and body dress (pl. 37:1) (see chap. V.C and photo V.C.2).

Room 5033 and its related surface loci (Loci 5017, 5031, and 5033.P) produced a complementary assemblage of materials, howbeit with a somewhat larger corpus of storage jars and other vessels (pls. 37–40). Included were 7 complete storage jars; another 3 were represented by sizable body and shoulder sections. Four of the whole jars had letterforms on their upper shoulders. In addition, the corpus of whole and restorable vessels included 2 shoulder-handled jugs (pls. 38:3; 39:7), 1 widemouth amphora (pl. 39:9), 2 cylindrical pots (pls. 38:7; 39:2), 2 carinated bowls (pl. 39:5–6), 1 platter bowl (pl. 40:5), and 1 imitation milk bowl (pl. 39:8). Several cooking pots (pls. 37:9; 40:7) were also present. The repertoire of small finds from the room was fairly homogeneous, consisting mainly of stone and clay objects. Among these were 2 clay stoppers whose size and profiles indicate that they were used with storage jars (pl. 40:12–13). The majority of the stone artifacts are considered to be scale weights (pl. 41:1–12), although several may have been either weights or used as grinding or pounding tools (see chap. V.I). Other stone objects included 4 flint blades (pl. 40:16–19), 1 biotite dibble weight (pl. 40:14), 1 limestone loom-weight (pl. 40:15), and 1 alabaster palette (pl. 41:13). The assemblage included 1 bone object presumed to be a polishing tool (pl. 41:14). (iii)  Domestic Activity in Courtyard 6010 Along the northwest flank of the Southern Gate’s West Tower in Area 6 was Room 6010, a narrow chamber separated from the Area 5 storage rooms by Wall 5019 (see chap.  III.A.4.d). Subsequent to the blocking of the doorway from Room 5033 in Wall 5020, Storage Room 5021 was accessible only from this room via an entryway at its southwest corner. Along the east side of Wall 5019, just north of this entryway, was a low (50-cm-high) bench or working platform (L. 6011, see fig. III.30). Residue of what was apparently chaff was found on this platform, suggesting that it was an installation used in connection with flour production or use. However, no oven or hearth was found in the room, so cooking and baking must have been done elsewhere. Platform 6011 was built on top of Phase 5B1 Surface 6013 and may have been added once Room 5021

Cultural and Historical Summary was isolated by the blockage of its northern doorway. Phase 5A Surface 6010 represents a shallow accumulation or resurfacing above Phase 5B Surface 6013, and the lamina of these surfaces merge at the south end of the room. Two other doorways off the room were identified, one in the northwest, at the end of Wall 5019 leading into Room 5033, and a second to the northeast through the brickwork of L. 6002, leading into the west flank of the West Gate Tower. No trace of a closure wall was found at its northern perimeter. The room seems in any case to have been a small courtyard. This courtyard was covered and filled with brick destruction debris, which was removed in sequential loci, as its walls and features were exposed (L. 6004 and L. 6006; see chap.  III.A.4.d). A sizable assemblage of artifact remains, mainly fragmented pottery, was recovered from this brick collapse. Most of this came from L. 6006 (pls. 42–45), which lay directly above Surface 6010. Included was a good sample of late MB bowl forms (pls. 42:3–18; 44:1–9, 30–32), cooking pots (pl. 43:2–8), and storage jar rims and bases (pls. 43:9–12, 18–19; 44:10–29, 34–36). Several jug and juglet fragments (pl. 43:1, 13–17, 20) were also recovered. Notable among these were 1 intact cylindrical juglet (pl. 43:13) and the neck of 1 small Cypriot bilbil (pl. 43:1). Artifacts found in this brick matrix included 3 jar stoppers—a larger one in clay (pl. 45:5; photo V.E.4) like those found in Room 5033 and 2 smaller ceramic pieces that may also have been gaming pieces (pls. 42:1; 45:4). In addition, there were 3 clay loom weights (pl. 45:1–3; comparable to those in Room 6010, see below and pl. 48), 1 limestone chopper (pl. 45:6), 1 flint blade (pl. 45:7), half of a small basalt tri-footed grinding bowl (pl. 45:8), 1 siltstone whetstone (pl. 45:9; photo V. H.2), and a fragment of a limestone whorl (pl. 45:9a). The ceramic corpus from Room 6010 was amplified by a small collection of restorable vessels retrieved directly from surface L. 6010.P. This group included 1 large krater, 1 carinated bowl, and 2 platter bowls (pl. 46:1, 7–9). Also recovered were 1 complete storage jar and several other shoulder sherds, all of which had incised markings (pl. 46:2– 6) (see chap. V.K.2). Most notable, however, was the assemblage of other artifacts found in the room. Again, these

27

testify mainly to domestic activity. Evidence that weaving was involved is provided by a collection of 39 dome-shaped clay loom weights, 38 of which were found together in a cluster near the courtyard’s east perimeter wall (see pl. 48 and chap.  V.F). To the west, near Bench 6011, was a round stool or table sculpted from limestone chalk (pl. 47:4), more evidence perhaps of bread preparation. Just north of this, in the middle of the room, the pulverized skeleton of a woman was located. Her remains were splayed across the floor, crushed and desiccated beneath the collapsed brick (see photo III.47). A large, tri-footed basalt grinding bowl (pl. 47:5; photo V.  H.3) was nested just above her pelvis. Smaller stone objects also presumably related to food preparation included 2 scale weights (pl. 47:1–2), 5 flint blades (pl. 49:9–13), and 1 pestle (pl. 47:3). More enigmatic is a dome-shaped biotite object found near the cluster of loom weights and thought also to be a loom weight or whorl (pl. 47:6; see chap. V.F). However, this stone is carefully drilled and is etched or scratched on one side and may instead have been a pommel or mace-head. The remaining objects are again suggestive of the presence of elites. They included the fragmented remains of a lentoid faience flask (pl. 49:2; photo V.E.5) (see chap.  V.E) and of an alabaster jar lid (pl. 49:7; photo V.H.1) (see chap. V.H) along with 2 scarabs: one complete and the other a fragment (pl. 49:5–6; photo V. C.3) (see chap. V.C). Both scarabs are typical sixteenth-century Hyksos types. In addition, the assemblage included 3 bronze artifacts: 1 pin, 1 toggle pin, and 1 small chisel (pl. 49:3–4a). The latter may have served as a scriber for engraving (see chap. V.J). e.  Archaeology and Society at Gezer in MB IIC The fortifications and other features of the late MB city at Gezer testify to a major phase of expansion and development at the site beginning in the early- to mid-seventh century. In this regard, the settlement at Gezer reflects the pattern of extensive growth that is evident throughout the region during MB IIB and C (Broshi and Gophna 1986). It is also clear that this growth occurs mainly in southern Palestine. D. Ilan refers to the establishment of 44 new settlements at this time, all but one located south of the Yarkon River (1995). The social impulses

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generating this expansion are manifold and complex, but association with population movements resulting in the establishment of Fifteenth Dynasty Hyksos hegemony in the Egyptian delta is certain (Redford 1997: 25; Bietak 1997: 111–17). From before and increasingly during the seventeenth century, trade is lively from Tell ed-Dabʿa (Avaris) on maritime routes to Cyprus, Crete, and the northern Levantine coast; inland via Sharuhen (Tell el-ʿAjjul) and Ashkelon; and to the north through Hazor (McGovern and Harbottle 1997; Stager 2001; 2002). With this economic expansion came the development of new agricultural resources at settlements along valley systems connecting with maritime locations and along trade routes into the hinterland. In this nexus, Gezer, in the central Shephelah just off the coastal plain and at the head of the Aijalon Valley, held a prime location. It is thus not surprising that it emerges as what Dever describes as a “Central Place” or “Hub-site” (1996: 39). Ilan concurs, identifying Gezer as a “Regional Center,” albeit not as one of the region’s “Gateway” sites (1995: 305). Phenomenologically, the mid-seventeenth century developments at Gezer can be seen as the product of peer polity interactions (Bunimovitz 1992; Ilan 1995). Its population, with little doubt, was associated with the Asiatic Amorites whose presence in the Egyptian delta is attested already during the late Middle Kingdom (Redford 1992: 71–97). As such, it can be assumed to represent a tribal enclave or chiefdom with a hereditary succession of leadership (Adams 1988: 24). How this polity may or may not have been affected by the rise of Hyksos kingroups to state-level power in Egypt is uncertain. In any event, the evidence of Gezer’s ascendancy just at the point of the Asiatic Fifteenth Dynasty’s seizure of power in Egypt is unequivocal (Dever 1987: 173). D. Redford argues that this Hyksos takeover was accomplished primarily by force, through opportunistic raids in northern Egypt that culminated in a victorious coup (1992: 101–6). Such militaristic impulses may help explain the major refortification efforts witnessed at Gezer and throughout the region (Dever 1987: 174). Alternatively, as suggested by Bunimovitz, these construction endeavors may be seen as statements affirming status and prestige— that is, as “symbols of power . . . consolidating new socio-political and economic formations” (1992:

225). But these options are not mutually exclusive. As reviewed above, the features of the fortifications at Gezer are adaptive of centuries-old traditions (see chap.  II.A.2.a), and, assuming that their construction did not take place in an emergency or under duress, its resident population, abetted by help from other locals and kin groups, would have provided an ample labor force (Bunimovitz 1992: 227; Burke 2008: 141–58; contra Dever 1987: 163; Finkelstein 1992: 208–10). Overall, the MB IIC city at Gezer includes all the classic features of Middle Bronze Age “urban” settlements (Dever 1987), with imposing fortifications, palace and temple complexes, and storage and residential areas. Materials from the storage rooms in Field IV suggest that its residents were engaged in intensive agriculture in the valleys surrounding the site and across the fertile Shephelah plain to the west, which produced surpluses in grain. Other related artifacts testify modestly to trading connections with Egypt, Cyprus, and possibly Ugarit in coastal Syria. The “patrician” status of this population is indicated by the jewelry, scarabs, and other elite objects found in what were otherwise common storage and work areas. Of special note in this regard are the alphabetic jar signs and the hoard of gold jewelry. The gold and silver pendant figurines also attest to religious affinities with Canaanite traditions, as do the standing stones of the High Place. In turn, the High Place complex suggests that Gezer was bonded with other tribal and/or kin groups in a social confederation for which it provided the “Hub” or “Central Place.” Either as part of a continuing process of development, or in response to the threats created by the resurgence of the native Seventeenth Dynasty Egyptians, the fortification lines at Gezer underwent a major stage of reinforcement by the mid-sixteenth century. Like other sites in southern Palestine, Gezer’s peer polity interactions at this point were complicated by the expulsion of the Hyksos forces and the arrival of fleeing immigrant enclaves. However, whatever the nature or scale of the conflicts introduced by these events, and in testimony to the success of its refortification efforts, the city remained stable throughout the remainder of the century.

Cultural and Historical Summary

3.  The LB IA Destruction It is now clear that the expulsion of the Fifteenth Dynasty Hyksos from the Egyptian delta, generally taken to mark the end of the Middle Bronze Age, did not immediately result in the termination of MB cultural continuity in Palestine. Instead, it initiated a prolonged process of dissolution that lasted almost a full century and was not completed until after the major campaigns of Thutmose III in the fifteenth century. Accordingly, the traditional mid-sixteenth century division between the MB IIC and LB IA periods is artificial, and a more nuanced consideration of the stages of transition from MB to LB culture is required. The broad outlines of the history of the Seventeenth Dynasty Egyptian resurgence are well known (Redford 1992: 125–29). Beginning with the reassertion of Theban power under Seqenenre Tao II and his successor, Kamose, the Upper Egyptians advanced under Ahmose first to conquer the Hyksos capital at Avaris (Tell ed-Dabʿa; see Bietak 1997) ca. 1563 bce and then, a few years later, to subdue the outpost of Sharuhen on the frontier of southern Palestine (Tell el-ʿAjjul or Tell el-Farʿah (S); see Hoffmeier 1989: 184). From this point on, however, the historical record grows dim. At best, Egyptian sources suggest only that while Ahmose himself briefly turned his attention toward the Nubian frontier, he and each of the successive Eighteenth Dynasty pharaohs (except the Queen Mother Hatshepsut) initiated some additional activity in and against Asiatic centers to the north. However, most of this activity seems to have been in “Kedem” and “Naharin”—that is, in northern Canaan and Syria (Hoffmeier 1989: 184–86: Redford 1992: 148). Hoffmeier in particular argues that there was no program of early Eighteenth Dynasty destructive campaigns in southern Palestine, asserting that this would have been counterproductive to Egyptian interests in preserving resources useful for support of its campaigning armies (p. 187). At the same time, Redford, citing the Egyptians’ difficulty in subduing Avaris and the three-year campaign against Sharuhen, argues that the “Egyptians of Ahmose’s time were notoriously inept when it came to laying siege to, or assaulting a fortified city” (1992: 138–39). Nonetheless,

29

both of these scholars recognize that, beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, the archaeological record at Palestinian sites witnesses a wave of major destructions and multiple abandonments (Redford 1992: 138 n. 45; Hoffmeier 1989: 190), and both acknowledge that written historical records presently in hand yield no clear explanations regarding these phenomena. Nonetheless, it seems obvious that collapse of the strongholds at Avaris and Sharuhen must have had a rather significant effect on the polity of the various city-states in the southern Palestinian region. Also, if subsequent Eighteenth Dynasty pharaohs were able to campaign far to the north, some effort to consolidate or at least pacify Palestinian enclaves can be supposed. At the same time, it is equally reasonable to assume, as K.  Kenyon has suggested (1973: 526), that considerable internecine distress was felt as retreating Asiatic groups from the south moved north, seeking refuge and attempting to gain new footholds for survival. Could the social breakdown have been so complete so as to allow the Egyptians to be mostly indifferent to these near neighbors? Redford (1992) and Naʾaman (1994) also suggest that another disruptive factor to be considered is the possible early penetration south by displaced Hurrian enclaves during this period. In rehearsing the history of political ascendancy and conflicts between the Hittites and Hurrians across north Syria in the late sixteenth century, Redford reviews the movements of other affected peoples in the region. He suggests that these phenomena were of necessity perceived as threats to Egyptian commercial interests inland from Byblos and the northern coast (1992: 136–38), thus providing occasion for their various campaigns in the area. While it seems unlikely that the establishment of Mittanian “buffer states” like Kizzuwadna in the Cilician plain or the emergence of semi-independent enclaves in Zanzar and Tunip down the Orontes testify to any formal campaigning far into the south by Hurrian military forces, these phenomena do hold open the possibility that, already in the sixteenth century, other informal groups of brigands and émigrés from north Syria may have penetrated into the southern highlands area. In any case, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Kadesh in the early fifteenth century,

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we see for certain that these northern influences extended south of Hazor. Having taken advantage of the introverted policies of Egypt under Hatshepsut, they come finally to pose a direct threat to Egypt in the coalition with other kings at Megiddo (Redford 1992: 155–56). How then are we to understand the destructions at major MB IIC cities such as Jericho, Shechem, and Gezer? Who had the interest and capacity to effect the kind of total annihilation represented by the remains at these sites? At this point, Egypt must remain the most serious candidate, the silence of records on the matter to the contrary notwithstanding. The utter and systematic pattern of the razing of these cities may not entirely rule out internecine conflict, but the fact that these destructions are so similar and so complete and that they occur across time suggests some kind of sustained military tradition and practice. Moreover, Redford’s opinion regarding the ineptness of the forces under Ahmose is countered by the obvious capacity of the Egyptians to mount major campaigns under Amenophis I and Thutmose I and II, both to the south against Nubia and to the north into Syria. Yet it is also clear that the efforts of the Egyptian Eighteenth Dynasty rulers to maintain hegemony in the Palestinian area was at best an uneven process, which aided or at least allowed the region to dissolve into relative anarchy during the following centuries. Once the nexus of trade and commerce maintained by the Fifteenth Dynasty broke down, the social sinews of kinship and treaty formed during the Hyksos era were no doubt frayed and severed. Southern Palestine, and especially the highlands areas, must in these circumstances have become increasingly vulnerable and subject to multiple economic and social threats. With respect to Egyptian interests, we can suppose that some cities may at one stage have made an independent peace or have been simply ignored, only to be perceived as a threat and destroyed in subsequent forays. While the early destructions at Tell Beit Mirsim, Jericho, and Shechem are viewed by Bienkowski (1986: 128) as the work of retreating Asiatics seeking new footholds, it is difficult to explain why the destructions at these sites are so thorough and why no evidence of immediate reoccupation is present. As to the effects of

any early push southward by Hurrian enclaves, these too are at best ephemeral, and archaeological documentation of Hurrian influences are mostly found later in the LB IB period and following (Naʾaman 1994: 177). By whatever causes or agencies, it is nonetheless apparent that the situation in Palestine through the late sixteenth and early fifteenth centuries was very unsettled and that MB culture was devolving rapidly. Clearly, the archaeological landscape suggests that the episodes of destruction and the abandonments of MB cities in southern Palestine were chronologically nonlinear. By the mid-fifteenth century, the number of settlements in the central hill country had decreased from 257 to about 30 (Naʾaman 1994: 175), and by this time Egyptian control was marginal. Accordingly, the close of the Middle Bronze Age must be seen to have occurred, not in one all-encompassing gasp but in spasms spanning as much as a century or more. As argued previously (Seger 1975) and again below (see chap. IV.A.5.a.(2) and table IV.3), this phenomena is seen clearly in a comparison of the material remains representing the phases of final collapse of the MB cities at Shechem and Gezer. Whereas a date in the mid-sixteenth century suits well the final, Temenos Phases 9b–9a, City Stratum XV destruction at Shechem, materials from the Stratum XVIIIA level at Gezer argue for continuity at least to the end of the century. Relying on the Karnak list of cities associated with the battle at Megiddo (see ANET, 242– 43), Dever has proposed that the MB city at Gezer might even have continued to exist well into the fifteenth century—that is, until the Egyptian military resurgence under Thutmose III (1987: 175). But Hoffmeier (1989: 187–88), citing Redford (1992: 56–60), indicates that the Karnak list was drawn from an itinerary of some sort and is not a reliable record of cities actually destroyed in Thutmose’s campaign. Naʾaman’s rejection of the “itinerary Vorlage” notwithstanding (1994: 184 n.  7), Gezer is the only site mentioned in the Karnak list located in the central hill country or Shephelah regions and need not be taken as credible evidence of a contemporary settlement. Moreover, the absence in Gezer Stratum XVIII deposits of classic LB IA ceramic indicators, in particular ʿAjjul bi-chrome fabrics and grey burnished wares so prominent in Stratum IX at

Cultural and Historical Summary Megiddo, also argues for a somewhat earlier date for Gezer’s demise. We project this date to be just at the end of the sixteenth century, probably during the reign of Thutmose I (1515–1497 bce), whom Redford heralds as “opening a new chapter in Egypt’s approach to its northern neighbors” (1992: 153). Using “middle chronology” dates for the reign of Thutmose I (1526–1508 bce) (see the summary discussion in Hoffmeier 1989: 182), the demise of the MB IIC city at Gezer can be placed ca. 1510 bce. Unfortunately, a key C-14 assay on a sample of charred grain from the Stratum XVIIIA destruction renders an unreliable date. However, samples from earlier Stratum XVIIIC levels provide calibrated results consistent with the MB IIB to an early MB IIC, eighteenth to mid-seventeenth century, date for the start of the city’s MB IIC period (see chap. VI.A).

B. The Outer Wall and the Later Settlements at Gezer 1.  The LB City Occupation at Gezer resumed before the end of the fifteenth century in LB IB Stratum XVII. This is documented by the materials from the Lower Tomb deposits of Cave I.10A, which include a scarab with the pre-nomen of Amenhotep II (Gezer V [HUC], 52– 54), and by an inscription from the mortuary temple of Thutmose IV at Thebes, which refers to Hurrian captives from Gezer (ANET, 248). The presence of a Hurrian population at the site is affirmed by the recovery of the clay envelope of a cuneiform tablet with Hurrian names found below a Phase 6 Stratum XVI surface of the early LB  IIA period in Field I (Gezer I [HUC], Appendix B). Meanwhile, evidence from the Amarna letters shows that in Stratum XVI the city had become a semi-independent center governed by “prince Milkilu,” who respects Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) as overlord and has the benefit of trade relations with the Egyptian court (ANET, 487). By this period, recovery at the site was sufficient to provide for significant redevelopment and expansion, which is documented by Phases 6A and 6B (Stratum XVI) levels in Field I (Gezer I [HUC], 20–22) and Phase 9A and 9B (Strata XVII–XVI) in Field VI (Gezer IV [HUC], 36–46). Among other features from this period exposed by Macalister are the Intermediate Phase IIa palace complex (see

31

chap. II.A.2.d.(1)); see also Gezer III [PEF], pl. VII) and his so-called Canaanite Castle (Gezer I [PEF], fig. 97; Dever 1993a: 38–40). It was also at this time that the substantial “Outer Wall” system was added. Macalister’s workers traced this Outer Wall for a kilometer or more around the site, identifying some 30 defensive towers. He estimated the full circuit to be 4600 ft. or 1400 m (Gezer I [PEF], 244). The subsequent HUC excavations reinvestigated sections of the Outer Wall line at several strategic points. During HUC Phase I, a segment designated Wall 9011 was excavated to bedrock in Field I (Gezer II [HUC], 35–43). During Phase II, additional sections of the 9011 Wall line were exposed in Fields IV and II along the south side of the mound and in Fields VIII and IX on the north (Seger 1973: 247) (see chaps. III.A.5; III.B–C). Subsequently, Dever also exposed segments in Field III on the south (Dever 1986) and in Field XI on the north (Dever 1993a). In every instance, these exposures show that the stone foundations of the Outer Wall followed along, and were cut into, the huwwar talus of the MB glacis. With the additional expansion around the west and northwest sides of the site, the size of the fortified city grew to more than 9 hectares—close to 23 acres—thus almost doubling the size of the earlier MB settlement.

2.  The LB Founding of the Outer Wall Except for sections around the site’s western perimeter and downslope from the Solomonic period walls below Field III (but see Dever 1986: 15), the stone foundations of the Outer Wall were traced by Macalister around the whole site (see frontispiece). Full sections down the outer face of the wall were exposed by HUC excavations in deep cuts in Fields I, III, and IV. In Field I Area 9, its foundations were exposed to bedrock, and at this point it stood 4.75 m high (Gezer I [HUC], 44). On the Lower Terrace in Field III, the wall rose 6.4 m high from bedrock (Dever 1986: 15). In Field IV Area 16, 15 stone courses and more than 4  m of its height were cleared, although bedrock was not reached (see chap.  III.A.5.b.(2)). These heights are considerably greater than the average 11 ft. 10 in. (3.6 m ) measurement given by Macalister (see Gezer I [PEF], 244). At the same time, measurements across its top also vary considerably. The segment in Field I was 3.6  m wide, that in Field

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III was 4  m (Dever 1986: 15), those in Field IV were 4.5 m (see chap. III.A.5), and those in Field II ranged between 3.5  m and 3.75  m wide (see chap.  III.B.2.b). Macalister indicated that the average width was 14 feet (4.27 m ). The wall was built of coursed fieldstone, with a vertical outer face. The outer face appears to have been left exposed at most points. Internally, the wall was laid against the face of a trench cut into the chalk of the MB glacis. One can imagine that the variations in its upper width result from the internal batter against the irregularity of the receding slopes of the trenches along these glacis sections. However, these variations may also reflect factors related to later reconstruction activities (see below). While deposits in the narrow foundation trench between the inner face of the wall and the glacis chalk in Field IV provided no pottery, materials from similar locations in Field II Areas 4 and 14 add to the conclusive testimony from Field I, showing an LB date for the initial founding of the wall (see chap.  IV.B.2.b and pls. 69:19–32; 70). The Field I data have been reviewed extensively elsewhere (e.g., Seger 1993; Dever 1993a), and brief summary notes will suffice here. In Field I, the wall’s construction can be dated not only by materials in foundation Trench 8036 inside of the wall (Gezer II [HUC], 37) but also by construction factors related to the accumulation or addition of Glacis 10014 outside the wall (Seger 1993: 568–70; Gezer V [HUC], 68–71). This glacis and its footing walls L. 10052 and L. 10054 blocked the fractured opening in the roof of Tomb I.10A through which was admitted the massive earthen fill that terminated the tomb’s “lower” early phase of use. Judging by the pottery and other finds in the tomb, including the Amen­ hotep II scarab noted above, this hiatus is dated to the early fourteenth century at the LB IB/IIA transition. This dating, in turn, provides a terminus pro quem for the glacis and thus for the construction of Wall 9011. Subsequently, in the Amarna period contemporary with the Stratum XVI occupation, a more modest use of the tomb for burials continued in a secondary “upper” phase.

3.  Issues Regarding Iron Age and Hellenistic Period Use of Wall 9011 HUC Phase II excavations in Fields IV and II give no definitive help in regard to questions about a putative Iron Age reconstruction of the Outer Wall (Gezer I [HUC], 39–41) but do provide significant new information regarding the Hellenistic period reuse. In Field IV, excavations across Areas 15, 16, and 17 exposed a 13.25-m-long section of the wall (L. 16017), including a related tower (L. 16053) (see chap. III.A.5.b and fig. III.37). The tower is undoubtedly Macalister’s Tower 11 at the end of Trench 29 as plotted by him along the southern slopes (see Gezer III [PEF], pls. V and VI; see also figs. III.36a– b). Although Macalister’s plans show some inconsistencies (compare the Gezer III [PEF] frontispiece with pls. V and VI), it appears that he mapped only the internal projection of this tower, presumably missing the external features because they had collapsed downslope. Excavation in Area 16 identified the tower’s northeast corner projecting just 50 cm north beyond the internal line of Wall 16017. The southeast corner was reached at deep levels in Area 26 to the south, where it was 2.2 m beyond the outer face of Wall 16017 (see figs. III.37–38 and plan IV). Its full width at this point is 7 m. In its upper preserved courses, a clear line of masonry forms the tower’s eastern face, separating it from the Wall 16017 extension. This line continues out to the southeast corner, where at lower levels it follows an alignment of ashlar blocks. However, at the corner juncture with Wall 16017, these ashlars butt against its face—that is, the lower courses of Wall 16017 run through, behind the tower projection, clearly identifying the tower as a later-phase addition. Preserved along the eastern face of this ashlar projection was a section of a battered stone revetment casing (Bastion 16050) similar to those found by Macalister fronting other towers along the Outer Wall line (see Gezer I [PEF], 246–49; see also chap.  III.A.5.b.(3)). In the corner against Wall 16017, Bastion 16050 was preserved to its original height, with a single stone course resting against the uppermost course of Tower 16053’s ashlar stones. Its sloping east face was exposed for 3.3 m down to a point where its base was 3 to 4 stone courses and

Cultural and Historical Summary 1.5 m wide. The latest sherd materials sealed within the matrix of this bastion shielding (L. 16050.1) and in a deep probe down its face (L. 16051) were Hellenistic in date (see chap. IV.A.2 and pl. 9:15–38; see also Seger 1993: 566–59). This corroborates Macalister’s conclusion that the “rounded casings” were part of the Maccabean rebuilding of the Outer Wall fortifications under Bacchides (Gezer I [PEF], 256; Gezer II [HUC], 43). It also demonstrates clearly that Outer Wall features were developed in at least three stages: (1) wall, (2) ashlar towers, and (3) bastions, as Macalister also thought (Gezer I [PEF], 253). What remains uncertain, however, is whether the addition of rectangular towers with ashlar stones represents an intermediate Iron Age phase of redevelopment, or if in fact these ashlar structures are only a first step in the construction of towers under the Maccabees. Previously, we have argued for an Iron Age stage of redevelopment based mainly on materials from a trench along the face of Wall 9011 in Field I (L. 10016; see Gezer II [HUC], 39–41). This involves several suppositions: (1) Wall 9011 in Field I was originally fronted by a chalk glacis (Glacis 10014); (2)  Trench 10016 was originally cut through the glacis chalk in the Iron Age to provide for the construction of a tower adjacent to the east, namely, Tower 12 plotted by Macalister off the end of his Trenches 31–30; and (3) another trench (L. 10012) was subsequently cut into Trench 10016 during reconstruction of the same tower in the Maccabean period. In a review of the arguments opposing this assessment, S. Bunimovitz arrives at the alternative conclusion—that Trench 10016 was in fact the outer part of the original foundation trench for Wall 9011 (1983: 64). Several factors make this quite plausible. Foremost is the fact that nowhere else along the course of the Outer Wall is there a glacis. Glacis 10014 is thus an anomaly that can otherwise be explained more simply as a local accumulation of the chalk displaced by cutting through the talus of the MB rampart and then heaped up downslope. In any case, the subsequent Trench 10012 cuts deeply into Trench 10016, and none of the Trench 10016 pottery can be isolated from this later cut. So the only relevant dating evidence comes from this secondary trench, which renders a Hellenistic profile. While this still supports the case for the later Maccabean

33

reconstruction of Tower 12, it excludes the data arguing for an earlier Iron Age phase. Meanwhile, a more substantive argument for an Iron Age phase of rebuilding is provided by evidence from 1984 excavations on the “Lower Terrace” in Field III (Dever 1986). Here, in a deep sounding downslope from the Gate House of the Solomonic period entryway into the city, another segment of the Outer Wall was exposed. This segment was founded on bedrock and stood 6.4 m (12 to 14 courses) high. Dever’s careful stratigraphic analysis shows that this structure was built in two phases as Walls 19002/18003 (1986: 13, 15–16; fig. 3). Moreover, adjacent to and bonded with the upper courses of the wall was a tower built with rough ashlar masonry (Tower 19004). This tower was clearly dated by ceramic and other evidence to the tenth century (Dever 1986: 16–18), indicating, in turn, that the upper wall section (L. 18003) must also be Iron Age in date. This wall and tower addition seems clearly to have served as part of a revetment system consolidating the upper slope along the entryway path into the Gate House. While an analysis of the plan of these features (see Dever 1986: fig. 2) leaves some uncertainty regarding how exactly a tower element might have functioned in this location, there is no doubt that its construction preceded or was part of the building of the tenth-century gate complex (Dever 1986: 19–20). A question remains, however, as to whether this construction in Field III is merely a local phenomenon or if it indeed forms a secure basis for assuming that major Iron Age reconstruction occurred all around the site. The fact is that the argument for a widespread Iron Age redevelopment is still based mainly on the use of ashlar masonry in the building of towers. At no point where Outer Wall features have been investigated is there any evidence of intramural stratigraphic linkage to Iron Age occupation. As the exposure in Field IV indicates, the addition of Tower 16053 with its ashlar construction clearly represents a secondary building phase. However, no evidence to corroborate an Iron Age date was recovered. Careful review of the Field IV data in relation to Macalister’s earlier work leads us to suggest that an alternative view is quite plausible (see chap.  III.A.5.b.(3)). This concludes that

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Photo II.2:  Gezer Boundary Inscription found in 1972.

the towers were constructed as part of the Maccabean refortification effort and that rounded casings were added at strategic points or at places where the tower additions seemed vulnerable. The evidence regarding a Maccabean phase of reconstruction is otherwise clearly indicated. Not only is it confirmed by materials recovered in connection with Bastion 16050 in Field IV but also by evidence found inside of the Outer Wall segments in Field II (see chap. III.B.2.b). Especially compelling is data related to Wall 14003 in Field II Area 14. That this wall element represents a secondary construction phase is demonstrated by a number of factors. (1) The courses along its inner edge are set forward by almost a meter from the line of the earlier Wall 14017 segment. (2) Internal Walls 14004 and 14005 butt directly against it. (3) The south ends of these walls rest directly on the top of earlier Wall 14017. (4) Surface 10015 runs to the east and west faces, respectively, of Walls 14005 and 14004. (5) Hellenistic period sherds are sealed in L. 14018 fill beneath this surface (see chap. III.B.2.b.(2) and pl. 69:13–18). Evidence of internal buttressing of a sort similar to Walls 14004 and 14005 is also found in Field II Area 4 (Wall 4025) and in Field IV Area 16 (Wall 16035), although in neither of these cases did undisturbed surface connections remain. Similar internal wall spurs are also plotted by Macalister at a few other points along the Outer Wall, notably in a section adjacent to Field IV at the end of Trench 28 and along the north side in Trenches 21 and 20 (Gezer III [PEF], pl. V). Extrapolation from the Field II Area 14 evidence supports the sug-

Photo II.3:  Gezer Boundary Inscription found in 1973.

gestion that, along with the architecture of Bastion 16050, the upper courses and ashlar tower additions along the wall in Field IV also date to the Hellenistic period.

C. Abandonment and Exploitation in the Roman Period

As indicated by HUC Phase I excavations in Fields I and II (Gezer II [HUC], 86–87) and corroborated by Phase II work in Field VII (Seger 1972b, 242), by the early first century, Gezer was no longer a fortified city and virtually all occupation on the mound had ceased. This demise was no doubt connected with events of the Maccabean wars (Gezer I [HUC], 6–7; Gezer II [HUC], 43 nn. 164–65). However, during the ensuing Roman and Byzantine periods, tombs and other evidence off the mound indicate that rural population continued to exist in the vicinity. On the mound, this Stratum I presence is attested only by a scattering of surface remnants and terrace wall structures (see table I.1), and testimony from on top of the MB Tower 5017 in Fields I and IV shows that during this period large-scale quarrying activities were being conducted (Gezer I [HUC], 29–30) (see chap. III.A.1.b.(4)). Special evidence regarding the nature of occupation around Gezer at this time is provided by the set of boundary markers chiseled in bedrock, all in an arc along the hills flanking the site to the southeast. Most of these were inscribed tête-bêche with the names ALKIOY (“of, or belonging to Alkios”)

Cultural and Historical Summary

Photo II.4:  ALEXA Inscription found at Gezer in 1973.

in Greek and thm gzr (“boundary of Gezer”) in Hebrew. These have generally taken to be evidence defining the perimeter of an adjacent Roman estate (Gezer I [HUC], 6–7; Rosenfeld 1988), though others argue that they may reflect evidence of toparchies in earlier Hasmonaean times (Reich 1985; Schwartz 1990). In 2000, a most useful topographic summary was provided by Ronny Reich and Zvi Greenhut, who mapped all of the twelve known inscriptions in bedrock around Gezer using GPS technology (Reich and Greenhut 2002: 61, Nos. 1–12) (see fig. II.2). By the time Macalister’s excavations had started in 1902, six such inscriptions (Nos. 1–6) had been identified, and since the early 1960s at least four more of the same type (Nos. 7–9 and 12) have been discovered. One of these (No. 7) was pointed out to HUC excavators by a member of Kibbutz Nahshon in 1963, just before the start of the Phase I HUC work at the site. Two others were identified in 1972 and 1973 during the course of HUC Phase II work (Seger 1972a; 1973: 251; see also photos II.2–3). However, until now, images of these 1972 and 1973 inscriptions have not been published by the HUC team. It is thus quite understandable that investigators in the 1980s and following years believed themselves to have been the first to discover these same markers. In the case of the 1973 HUC find, the situation is quite clear. This inscription is No. 12, which Reich and Greenhut discovered again (anew!) during their 2000 GPS Survey (Reich and Greenhut 2002: 59, fig. 1). The correlation is made absolute by the deep cavity in the rock that almost obliter-

35

ates the tail on the final upsilon in ALKIOY (see photo II.3). It also seems certain that the 1972 find (see photo II.2), which like No. 7 was also brought to our attention by a Kibbutz Nahshon member, is No. 8 in Reich and Greenhut’s list. This can be inferred from its close proximity to No. 12, since the 1973 discovery of that inscription (i.e., of No. 12) was made during an excursion to plot the location of the sites of the inscriptions found in 1963 and 1972 (i.e., Nos. 7 and 8). Reich identified the 1972 inscription (No. 8) again in 1980, and, ironically, it was its proximity to No. 12 that was also the occasion for his 2000 rediscovery (Reich and Greenhut 2002: 61). The identification of the HUC 1972 find with No. 8 is fully confirmed by comparing it (see photo II.2) with a line drawing of Reich’s No. 8 inscription published in Eretz-Israel 12 (Reich 1985: 117, fig. 9). By our field measurements in 1973, inscription No. 8 lies 226.4  m from No. 7 on a line running 16 degrees east of north, and No. 12 lies midway between them on a 12-degree east-of-north line. This correlates with the 2000 GPS survey locations. With the additional fragmentary inscription recovered by Z. Kallai and B. Brandl in 1982 (No. 9) (see Reich 1985: 171, fig. 10), the total number of inscriptions of this type discovered so far thus remains at ten. During the spring season in 1972, one other inscription of a different sort was found in the bedrock closer to the mound on its northeast flank (Seger 1972a, 161). Located by field survey at a level of 193.20 along a line 20 degrees east of north from the PEF survey bench-mark on the eastern summit of the tell, this inscription, in Greek, has five clear letters reading ALEXA (“Alexa”) (see photo II.4; see also Reich 1985: 175, fig. 11). While there appeared to be traces of other letters following these five, none could be identified with certainty. Another inscription from the same area was identified by Z.  Kallai and B.  Brandl, also during their 1982 survey. This inscription read ARXELAOY (“of or belonging to Archelaos”) (Reich 1985: 175, fig. 12). These inscriptions are numbered 10 and 11, respectively, on Reich and Greenhut’s map (2002: 60) (see fig. II.2), although, since neither could be found again in 2000 due to new planting on the slope below the mound, the locations plotted are only approximations. Reich believes that these, like

36

Chapter II

Fig. II.2:  Map of Gezer environs, showing locations of “Boundary of Gezer” Inscriptions.

the other inscriptions, marked boundaries between lands owned by Gentiles (i.e., Alkios, Archelaos, and Alexa) and the halakhic community at Gezer under John Hyrcanus in the late second century

(1985). However, the paleography of the Hebrew on the boundary of Gezer stones argues for a date in the subsequent Herodian era (Cross 1955: 163; Gezer I [HUC], 6–7 n. 31).

Chapter III

Stratigraphy A.  Field IV

Work in Field I Area 4, just inside the tower, also showed that the massive structure was built in a large foundation trench (L. 4168) that was cut from Field I Phase 9A (Stratum XX) levels (see Gezer II [HUC], 33). These levels were dated to the transition of the MB IIB and IIC periods. The first use of the tower was contemporary with Field I Phase 8B (Stratum XIX) occupation. Fronting the tower on the south was Glacis 8012, a plaster-faced structure built up with tongues of Eocene chalk (huwwar  ) interleaved with a series of earthen fills. The stones on the tower’s outer face were semidressed, suggesting that it was first used as an exposed, freestanding structure. This supported a conclusion that the glacis was added later, in connection with a subsequent phase of MB construction. Confirming evidence for this hypothesis was found during Field IV work in Areas 3, 4, 6, and 16 (see chap. III.A.3).

Joe D. Seger and John R. Osborne

1.  Tower 5017 a.  Reinvestigation in Field I he dominating architectural feature of Field IV is Tower 5017 of the Inner Wall system. This structure was first identified by Macalister in his 1907–1909 excavations (see Gezer III [PEF], pls. II–III) and became a focal point for reinvestigation when the HUC work at Gezer was initiated in 1964 (see Gezer I [HUC], 18–19, plans II and VIII; Gezer II [HUC], 33–35). The HUC excavations began with work in Field I, a long north–south sondage plotted immediately next to Macalister’s last and westernmost Trench 31. By 1968, efforts in Field I Areas 5–7 had exposed a new 3-m-wide section of the massive structure’s top across its full 15.5 m width (see photo III.1). The structure was designated Wall Tower 5017 when it was first reached in Area 5. Further excavation in Area 8, down its outer face, revealed 6 cyclopean stone courses standing 4 m high and reached the wall’s founding just above virgin soil at 216.16. At the same time, excavations in Area 4, down its inner face, exposed 8 preserved courses standing 4.25 m high and reached its founding at 217.14. As described in the first HUC Gezer report, the tower is constructed of large stones that are often 1 m or more long, 0.75–0.90 m (average) wide, and averaging 0.50 m thick. Some, however, are much larger, such as those visible in the outer face. The stones are skillfully fitted together, being laid on their flat sides and chinked with smaller stones averaging 0.30–0.40  m in their longest dimensions. The wall is constructed in horizontal courses that are quite level (Gezer I [HUC], 19).

T

b.  The Field IV Exposures The eastward extension of Tower 5017 as plotted on Macalister’s “First” and “Second Semitic Period” plans fell within Areas 1–3 and 11–13 of the 1968 Field IV grid (see fig. I.3, p.  4; see also Gezer III [PEF], pls. II–III). By 1972, excavations in these areas had completely exposed the top of the east part of the structure’s stone foundations (see photo III.2a–b and plans I–II). (1)  Excavations in Areas 3 and 13, 1968 In 1968, efforts to investigate Tower 5017 were initiated in Area 3. Here, the north face of the tower from Field I east to its northeast corner already lay partly exposed, and the Area 3 grid fell over its east perimeter. Excavation quickly resulted in the exposure of a narrow, 8.5 m, north–south section of the tower’s top along the west 2  m of the area. Since Macalister had plotted this east perimeter on his plan, it was not surprising that only backfill from 37

38

Chapter III

Photo III.2a:  Overview of Field IV, looking east at the end of the 1972 season, showing exposed top of Tower 5017.

Photo III.1:  Field I, looking north across Wall 9011 and Tower 5017.

his operations was found above the tower’s stones at this point. As the exposure along the structure’s north edge already showed (see photo III.3), three or four of the wall’s massive stone courses at this corner had been robbed out. In Area 3, the preserved remains dropped precipitously from a level of 221.05 near the tower’s center (that is, at the juncture of the area’s south and west balks) to 219.26 at mid-point north, to rise again to 219.60 at the north corner (see fig. III.1 and photo III.4). Continuing excavation in the west 3.5 m of Area 3 provided exposure along and down the east face of the structure. Here a number of elements illustrating Macalister intrusions were encountered (see figs. III.14–15). The upper remnants of Macalister backfill were labeled L. 3001, and beneath it, in the south 2.5 m, there appeared an easily defined accumulation of collapsed and degraded mud brick

Photo III.2b:  Overview of Tower 5017, looking west, showing stone section patterns.

(L.  3012). Beyond this, to the north, the spill of rocky backfill continued. At 7  m from the south balk, just inside the line of Tower 5017’s north face, an abrupt vertical scarp was detected. Deep excavations north of this scarp found only layers of backfill, with pottery of mixed periods. These layers (L.  3014) were probed all the way to bedrock (L. 3034), which was reached at a level of 215.00. It was judged that, except for the exposures over the fortification lines, this scarp marked the south limit of Macalister’s excavation in his Trench 30 (see fig. III.1). Alongside Tower 5017, beginning from the south balk, a narrow 50-to-75-cm-wide trench (L. 3011) was detected. This trench lay below the L.  3001 backfill deposits and was clearly part of the effort

39

Stratigraphy

Fig. III.1:  Field IV Area 3, plan of excavations in 1968.

by Macalister’s workers to establish the line of the tower’s east face. It cut into the L. 3012 mud-brick remains in the southwest (see fig. III.18, p.  59)

and disturbed the upper traces of Stratum XVIII architecture to the north. Trench 3011 bottomed out at 218.66 (south) and 218.11 (north) (see fig. III.1).

40

Chapter III

Photo III.3:  Field IV Area 3, exposure of the northeast corner of Tower 5017.

In addition, the upper stratigraphy here was also confused by the efforts of Macalister’s workers to trace the north boundaries of the wall that connected Tower 5017 with the Southern Gate to the east. This included trenching activity along the north side of the L.  3012 mud brick. This trench, L.  3009, appears clearly in the Area 3 east transverse section (figs. III.14–15). Excavation north of Trench 3009 in 1968 was limited to several shallow probes into the debris of Pit 3026. These probes and subsequent digging in this locus produced pottery that dated from the Chalcolithic period to the early Iron I horizon. It is thus apparent that Pit 3026 was cut during the Iron Age or later, probably in association with the mining operations that robbed out stones from the northeast corner of Tower 5017. (2)  Excavations in Areas 3 and 13, 1970–1971 Only modest efforts to expose Tower 5017 were initiated in Area 13 in 1968, but work resumed there during the spring season of 1970. Carrying the line of the east transverse balk south from Area 3, excavation during April 1970 proceeded with the removal of Macalister’s backfill (L. 13000) from the entire west 3.5 m of the area (see fig. III.35, p. 91, and plan III). Work here exposed the east edge of Tower 5017 all the way to its southeast corner. The

Photo III.4:  The northeast corner of Tower 5017, showing results of stone quarrying.

Photo III.5:  The junction of Wall 13004 and Tower 5017, showing Glacis 13012.

uppermost courses of the tower’s cyclopean stones had also been quarried out along this section but not to the same deep levels as to the north. The level on top of the preserved stone at the tower’s southeast corner was 220.38 (see fig. III.5). At the north end of Area 13, clearance along the tower’s east side also exposed the west terminus of the fortification wall running to the east and connecting the tower with the Southern Gate (see

Stratigraphy

41

Fig. III.2:  Plan of Roman terrace features on top of Tower 5017.

photo III.5 and plans II–IV). The intersection with this structure, identified as Wall 13004, was found 2.5  m north of the tower’s southeast corner. The width of its stone foundations were traced north, just up to the line of the Area 13 north balk. This work resulted in a most significant revelation. As the stone foundations of Wall 13004 emerged, they were found to be, on average, just 3 m wide, rather than the more than 10  m suggested by Macalister

on his plans (see Gezer III [PEF], pls. II–III). The stone foundations of this wall butted against the east face of Tower 5017. The top preserved levels on its westernmost stones were at 220.74 (north edge) and 220.68 (south edge), complimenting those on the preserved stones of adjacent Tower 5017. As excavations proceeded along and across Wall 13004 to the east, shallow patches of in situ mud bricks were found on its top. This indicates that its stone

42

Chapter III

Fig. III.3:  Field IV Areas 2 and 12, west section.

foundations were preserved to their original elevation (see chap. III. A.3.b and photo III.16). In the spring of 1970, work also resumed in Area 3. Digging proceeded immediately with the removal of the Area 3/13 balk. From this point on, all excavation north of Wall 13004 was recorded as part of Area 3. This effort included further investigation of the L. 3012 brick fall, which continued south to within 1 m of the inner face of Wall 13004’s foundations, where it was cut by Trench 3045. Trench 3011, along the east edge of Tower 5017, was also traced south into the Area 3/13 balk, but it became narrower and shallower. It appears that Macalister’s workers trenched up and over the stones of Wall 13004 without recognizing the north face of its foundations. Complicating the picture, however, is the presence of Pit or Trench 3045, located between Walls 3044 and 13004 (see fig. III.15, p.  55). This trench ran east from Trench 3011 and reached a depth that exposed sev-

eral stone courses along Wall 13004’s north face. Though shallower than Trench 3011 (reaching a level of only 219.50), Trench 3045 also cut into the L. 3012 collapsed brick. Even though the latest pottery from it dates only to LB I, it seems logical to suppose that Macalister would have recognized the eastward line of Wall 13004 had this trench been excavated by his workers. It thus seems that the best interpretation is to take Trench 3045, like Pit 3026, as evidence of pre-Macalister, late-period stone-quarrying activity. With this data in mind, we can conclude that Macalister proceeded to plot the line of the north face of the connecting wall along the terminus of the mud-brick collapse from the wall’s destruction, mistaking this for the north perimeter of the wall itself. This mistake offered a fortuitous opportunity for reinvestigation work, leaving the remains of a complex of Middle Bronze Age structures undisturbed and well sealed, buried beneath debris from

Stratigraphy

43

Fig. III.4:  Field IV Area 2, Complex 2006 plan.

the northward collapse of Wall 13004’s brick superstructure (see chap. I. B.2.a). During the 1970 and 1971 summer seasons, excavations inside of Wall 13004 in Area 3 were continued in the south half of the area. This work probed below Trench 3011 and down the east face of Tower 5017, reaching all the way to bedrock. Here, traces

of several late MB II stratigraphic phases were exposed (see chap.  III. A.4.a). The earliest of these was represented by the Area 3 Phase 6B (Stratum XIXB) remains of Wall 3067 and its associated Surfaces 3068 and 3069 (see fig. III.15, p.  55; fig. III.17, p.  58). Further to the north, this early phase may also be represented by Wall 3008 and

44

Chapter III

Fig. III.5:  Plan of the Tower 5017 foundation surface, emphasizing elevations and construction features.

Surface 3033 (see fig. III.14, p.  54). These architectural features were set directly on the top layers of a deep fill of mixed soil and stone. These deposits were separated into Loci 3062, 3072 and represent backfill in a massive foundation trench related to the construction of Tower 5017 to the west and of Wall 3097 to the south. The latest pottery in them dates to the early MB IIC horizon.

In these excavations, Wall 3097, an earlier phase connecting wall, was identified running below the foundations of Wall 13004 (see fig. III.15, p.  55). From a top level of 217.67, 11 courses of its stone foundations were exposed down to a founding at 214.65. The lower four of these courses (L. 3097B) were stepped out 25 cm to the north, and above them, from 216.12, were seven additional tiers of

45

Stratigraphy

Fig. III.6:  Sketch plan of Southern Gate elements (after Gezer I [PEF], fig. 125).

stone (L. 3097A). On top of L. 3097A stood 6 in situ courses of mud bricks (L. 3097C). The stone foundations of Stratum XVIII Wall 13004 were founded immediately on top of these bricks at 218.50. The

first occupation phase associated with Wall 3097 is represented by Surface 3069, which ran south from Wall 3067 and across the top of Wall 3097A to butt against the L. 3097C bricks.

46

Chapter III

Fig. III.7:  Plan of the Southern Gate features based on HUC excavations.

Two important observations must be noted at this juncture. First, the lowest stones in the Wall 3097 construction were laid at more than a full meter below the founding levels of those for adjacent Tower 5017 immediately to the west. Second, stones of the upper L. 3097A foundations were semi-bonded with stones of Tower 5017 at their juncture. Founding levels for Tower 5017 along its northeast face were 216.35 at the north corner, 216.12 at the line of the south transverse balk (see fig. III.19, p. 60), and 215.77 (see fig. III.18, p. 59) at the line of the south balk. Construction of the initial phase L.  3097B wall foundation was associated with a series of features in L.  3095, identified as elements A–D (see figs. III.14–15, pp.  54–55; III.18–19, pp.  59–60). The level from which the construction proceeded is represented by soil layer L. 3095A. The flagstones of L. 3095B–C, in turn, appeared as remnants of a crude

working platform for the operation, and L. 3095D was an associated patch of compacted plaster. As illustrated by fig.  III.15 (p.  55), the original foundation trench was cut down into L. 3096, a layer of dark brown, stony soil that covered bedrock throughout the excavated unit. Only Chalcolithic and early EB pottery was found in these L.  3096 deposits. This same ceramic profile was also represented in the leveling deposits identified as L. 3095.1, within which the founding stones were set. The sequence of construction seems to be as follows (see figs. III.14–15, pp.  54–55; III. 18–​19, pp. 59–60): 1.  A massive trench (represented by Loci 3072, 3062, and 3092), at a scale comparable to Foundation Trench 4168 in Field I, was excavated down and into the soils of L. 3096, clearing a wide construction area to just above, and most likely at some points onto, bedrock.

Stratigraphy

47

Fig. III.8:  Field IV Area 16, south transverse section and Tower 16002 south facade.

2.  Work proceeded with the construction of the lower phase Wall 3097B foundations. In this process, the elements associated with L. 3095 and L. 3095.1 were created.

3.  A first stage of backfilling took place. This is represented by L.  3092, which spilled south against the lowest courses of Wall 3097B. It also spread to the west beneath Tower 5017, preparing a level platform

48

Chapter III Table III.1  Orthostat Measurements A. Orthostat Sizes (measured at maximum dimensions)

West Side Set Outer (L. 18008) Middle (L. 8005) Inner (L. 8020)

Length 2.65 m 2.5 m 2.07 m

Height 1.5 m 1.75 m 1.36 m

Width 0.75 m 0.75 m 0.67 m

East Side Set Outer (L. 18007) Middle (L. 8003) Inner (L. 8021)

Length 2.6 m 2.75 m 2.05 m

Height 1.45 m 1.25 m 1.36 m

Width 0.75 m 0.75 m 0.55 m

B. Spacing between the Stones (measured at right angles from tops of the lower stones, bottoms of the higher stones of each pair) West Side East Side

18008 to 8005 8005 to 8020 18007 to 8003 8003 to 8021

Top 2.25 m 1.5 m 2m 1.7 m

Bottom 2.1 m 1.5 m 2.15 m 1.9 m

for placement of the bottom courses of that structure’s massive foundations. 4.  This preparation activity was followed by the actual construction of Tower 5017, along with the continued building of Wall 3097, specifically of its 3097A segment. This was carried forward in a coordinated operation in which the stones of the wall were closely chinked into and against the courses of the more massive boulders of the tower as building proceeded. 5.  Once the Wall 3097 stone foundations were raised to the desired height, a second phase of backfilling took place. This is represented by the L. 3062 and L. 3072 deposits that spill south against Wall 3097A and B and west against Tower 5017, filling in the foundation trench and leveling up for the Phase 6B (Stratum XIXB) occupation levels represented by Wall 3067 and Surfaces 3068 and 3069 (see chap. III. A.4.a.(2) and table III.2). 6.  At this point, or in continuity with previous Wall 3097 construction, a brick superstructure (L. 3097C) was mounted above Wall 3097’s stone foundations. Although only 75 cm (6 courses) of this brick was preserved, its original height must have risen at least another 5 or more meters in order to bring it to a reasonable elevation in comparison with the level of the top foundation stones of adjacent Tower 5017, which rose to a level of 221.00. Brickwork on the tower, in turn, must have risen well above this, dominating the flank south and eastward to the Southern Gate approaches.

7.  Following an interim of 50 or more years, represented by the two occupation sub-phases 6B and 6A associated with Wall 3067 (see chap. III. A.4.a), the brick of connecting Wall 3097 (3097C) was reduced and leveled in preparation for new construction involving the addition of Wall 13004. This operation narrowed the connecting wall section by 75 cm along its inner perimeter but added 2+ meters of new stone foundations. Within this new perimeter, another substantial phase of occupation developed. This is represented in Area 3 by Walls 3023 and 3044 and Surface 3025. It is this Stratum XVIII phase that was covered by the collapse of the wall’s superstructure during and following the destruction that marked the end of the MB city’s history. 8.  A final stage in the reconstruction activity associated with Wall 13004 included the addition of an outlying glacis platform that fronted both its stone foundations and those of Tower 5017. This plaster glacis was exposed in Area 13 as L. 13012, where it was traced up to and against the faces of both of these structures, abutting their topmost stones. In the corner at the junction of Tower 5017 and Wall 13004, the top level on Glacis segment 13012 was 220.24, and adjacent to the south edge of the tower it was 219.98 (see plans I, IV). In Area 13, the surface of the glacis was traced along a roughly horizontal plain for 4.5 m south from the outer face of Wall 13004 to a point 2 m south of Tower 5017. Here, from a level of 219.87, it tipped off precipitously at a 40-degree angle and continued south for another 2 m, terminating against the inner face of Wall 13014, a segment of Outer Wall 9011, at 217.90 (see fig. III.35, p.  92; photo III.18, p.  78, and plan III).

(3)  Excavations in Area 1, 1968 The second project to be initiated during the 1968 season involved efforts to examine the remains above Tower 5017 in Area 1. While Field I had been laid out on a true north–south line, Field IV was plotted on a slightly northwest to southeast line, conforming to the lay of the south slope of the tell. The Area 1 grid for Field IV thus partly overlapped Areas 4 and 5 in Field I. In these Field I areas, excavations had found traces of LB and MB occupation from Phases 7 and 8 (Strata XVIII and XIX) (see Gezer I [HUC], 45–55 and plans II and VII.) The earliest of these traces included patches of Phase 8B surfaces and stone structures that rested on top of and immediately adjacent to the tower. To the north in Area 4 was domestic Wall 4024, which ran along and just inside of the tower’s north edge.

Stratigraphy

49

Fig. III.9:  Field IV Area 16, east transverse section.

This wall was built directly on plaster Surface 4032, which in turn lay above and sealed the deep fills of Foundation Trench 4168. To the south, in Area 5, Wall 4024 was associated with what was described as an “insubstantial surface of occupational debris” (L. 5016) (see Gezer I [HUC], 89). Related to this surface, at the junction of Areas 5 and 6, were two

“platform” patches (L.  5015 and L.  6015), each built with small boulders and cobblestones. Adjacent to Platform 6015 at the west balk, a small patch of a plastered surface (L. 5021) was detected. According to Macalister’s plans, it is evident that, although his workers had traced the north and east limits of the huge tower, they had left the south

50

Chapter III

Fig. III.10:  Southern Gate West and East Tower elevations.

section of Trench 31 across the top of the wall untouched (see fig. I.3, p.  4). Since Area 1 of Field IV fell mainly within this section, it was hoped that additional in situ evidence related to the Field I stratigraphy and the tower’s earliest use might be found there. However, these hopes were frustrated by the discovery that extensive pitting had radically disturbed the remains throughout the area. At least two and possibly three phases of pitting and robbing were detected. The latest of these was associated with stone-quarrying activity during the Roman period, such as had been observed earlier in Field I Areas 6 and 7 (see Gezer I [HUC], 29 and plans II–III). Running west to east across the southwest corner of Area 1 was Wall 1001, a crude one-stonewide structure preserved 1–2 courses high (see fig. III.2, p.  41). Its top level was at 221.48, and it was founded immediately on top of Tower 5017 at 221.19. Roman period sherds were present in Wall 1001’s foundation soils (L. 1001.1). Wall 1001 was the continuation eastward of Field I Area 6 Wall

6009. In the Area 1/11 balk, it merges with the line of Wall 11008. All across the area north of Wall 1001, a layer of mixed occupation and destruction debris was encountered (L.  1002). Judging by the ceramic evidence, this layer appears to have been associated with activity in the Hellenistic period. These L. 1002 deposits overlay and partly surrounded several discernible ashy debris pits (Loci 1007, 1013, and 1019). The bottoms of each of these pits sat directly on stones of Tower 5017. Among them, Pit 1019 was the largest, measuring 2 m (east–west) by 2.25 m (north–south). This pit was 85 cm deep and covered the whole south-central part of the area. It lay directly above one of the “small stone” sections (L.  1022; see fig. III.2, p.  41, and plans I–II) observed in the tower foundations. Pit 1007, located in the central part of the area and north of Pit 1019, was smaller (1–1.5  m in diameter) and shallower (56 cm deep). Pit 1013 on the east side of the area was of a similar small size and depth (58 cm deep).

Stratigraphy

51

Fig. III.11:  Field IV Area 14, west section.

With regard to all of these pits, it is notable that the latest pottery from within them dated to the LB II horizon. However, with one possible exception, no evidence remained of any related surfaces from which the pits were cut. This possible exception involved L.  1012, a patch of compact chalky surface located in the northwest corner. This surface patch lay above Pit 1013 at 221.53, and LB I period sherds rested on it. Moreover, sherds of the LB II period were the latest materials found in L.1012.1, directly beneath it. However, Surface 1012 and subsurface L.  1012.1 also lay over L.  1017, a brown soil layer adjacent to the pit; this layer contained MB, LB, Hellenistic, and possibly even more modern ceramic remains. In sum, we can only conclude that Surface 1012 and the related elements are all features of, or were displaced by, activities during the Hellenistic period or later. While the apparent stratigraphic inversion involved here remains problematic, it is at the same time illustrative of the general stratigraphic confusion caused by disturbances throughout the area. Within the whole of Area 1, only the materials grouped as L.  1004 provided reasonably secure

stratigraphic data. This locus represents a patchwork of compact soil lenses found between the pit areas and directly on top of Tower 5017’s stones. Based on the profile of ceramic remains, these soil patches date to the MB IIC period. They can thus be considered as contemporary with Field I Phase 8 (Stratum XIX) occupation levels. (4)  Excavations in Areas 11 and 12, 1972 Efforts to examine stratigraphic remains over the top of Wall 5017 continued during the 1972 summer season with work in each of the three areas that remained unexcavated (Areas 2, 11, and 12). Evidence from Phase I work in Field I Areas 6 and 7 showed that Roman period quarrying had robbed out several of the upper courses of Tower 5017’s foundations along its south perimeter. This process left a series of four terrace/retaining walls (Walls 7004, 6003, 6006, and 6009) across its top (Gezer I [HUC], 29–30 and plans I and III). Since work in 1968 had already exposed the continuation eastward of Wall 6009 along the Area 1/11 balk (as Wall 1001; see above), it was supposed that evidence of the same quarrying and terracing activity would be

52

Chapter III

Fig. III.12:  Field IV Area 16, west transverse section.

also found across Areas 11 and 12 to the south. This proved to be exactly the case. Work in Area 11 exposed the lines of three crude terrace walls (Walls 11004, 11007, and 11008) forming, respectively, the continuation of Walls 7004, 6006, and 6003 from Field I. The bottom stones of each of these walls rested directly on Tower 5017 remains. All of these walls were traced to the east into Area 12 (see figs. III.2–3). The largest of these structures was Wall 11004. The course of this wall was exposed in a 15-m-long segment running northwest to southeast in a slight arc across the tower and off its south edge. It was exposed from the Field I Area 7 west balk (as Wall 7004) and continued across Areas 11 (as Wall 11004) and 12 (as Wall 12005). Its south face was fairly well aligned, following an intermittent series of massive boulders displaced from the tower foundations. Its course was otherwise constructed with piles of smaller stones, making the inner perimeter very irregular. Displacement of large

foundation stones from Tower 5017 was most clearly seen to the southeast in Area 12, where cyclopean blocks from its edge were found tipped off and onto the surface of the chalk-plaster glacis (L. 12008). From here, a stone pile section continued the Wall 11004/12005 line east and south to beyond the excavated area (see fig. III.2, p.  41). The glacis that fronted the tower was reached only in narrow exposures in Areas 11 (as L. 11010) and 12 (as L. 12008), but connections with Glacis segment 13012 to the east and L. 8012 in Field I to the west were confirmed. Walls 11007 and 11008 were less substantial structures, only one row wide, built of small stones with occasional larger boulders. They ran roughly parallel to Wall 11004 in successive arcs to the north, forming the continuations, respectively, of Walls 6006 and 6003 from Field I. To the east, into Area 12, Walls 11007 and 11008 joined with Wall 1001, terminating in a confluence of stones marked as Wall 12006 (see figs. III.2–3, pp. 41–42).

Stratigraphy

53

Fig. III.13:  Field IV Area 3, Phase 5A plan.

The matrices of these terrace structures were for the most part sterile. But the profile of ceramic evidence from the overlying and surrounding debris was wholly consistent, with Roman period sherds appear-

ing throughout as the latest component. The interpretation of these remains as remnants of Roman period quarrying and stone-robbing activity as described in Gezer I (HUC) was thus fully reaffirmed.

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Chapter III

Fig. III.14:  Field IV Area 3, east transverse section (northern part).

(5)  Excavations in Area 2, 1972 Area 2 lay north of the line of Roman period terraces in Area 12 and within a zone that, particularly in its southwest corner, had not been touched by Macalister’s workers. Here, hopes of finding un­

disturbed stratigraphy were realized at least in part. As expected, evidence of Macalister’s backfilling operation was detected along the area’s east perimeter and at the edge of Tower 5017 to the north. Moreover, to the north and west, significantly disturbed layers similar to those in adjacent Area 1 were

Stratigraphy

Fig. III.15:  Field IV Area 3, east transverse section (southern part).

55

56

Chapter III Table III.2 – Field IV Intramural Complex Phasing Identifying Primary Features Area 3

Stratum XVIIIA Wall 13004

Walls: 4022, 3044, 3023, 3008 Surfaces: 4020, 3025, 3025.1, 3022

XVIIIB1

XVIIIB2

XVIIIC1

XVIIIC2

Stratum XIXA Wall 3097

XIXB

Wall: 13004 construction Fill: 3049

Walls: 3067, 3008 Surfaces: 3066, 3057, 3033

Area 4

Area 5

Field Phase 5A Walls: 4022, 4037, 4034, Walls: 4028, 5010, 5019, 4028 5018, 5020 Surfaces: 5013, 5021, 5029, Surfaces: 4020, 4038 5033 Installations: 4020A (table), 4026 (pit), 4025 and 4039 Installation: (ovens), 4035 (dung pile) 5011 (silo) Field Phase 5B1 Walls: 4028, 4106, 4107, 4141 Surfaces: 4102, 4108 Field Phase 5B2 Surface: 4142 Field Phase 5C1 Walls: 4028, 4119, 4158A Surfaces: 4117, 4104 Installations: 4155 (stand), 4111 and 4120 (ovens), 4117A-C ( jar stands) Field Phase 5C2 Wall: 13004 construction Fill: 4105 Field Phase 6A Walls: 4113/3097, 4129, 4158B Surfaces: 4116, 4130 Installation: 4156 (pit) Field Phase 6B

Area 6

Walls: 6002, 5019 Surface: 6010 Installation: 6011 (bench)

Walls: 6002, 5029 Surface: 6013

Wall: 13004 construction Fill: 6015

Walls: 6018/3097, 6016, 6025A-B

Wall: 3067 Surfaces: 3068, 3069 Field Phase 6C

XIXC

Wall: 3097 construction Fill: 3062

Wall: 4113/3097 construction Fill: 4122

encountered. This included piles of mixed soils and ashy debris (L. 2013) with pottery of all periods into the Roman period. In addition, along and partly in the west balk, an ashy pit (L. 2015) 2 m in diameter and containing MB to LB II sherds was identified (see figs. III.2–4, pp.  41–43). Just like Pits 1007, 1013, and 1019 in Area 1 (see above), the bottom of Pit 2015 sat on the stones of the Tower 5017 foundations and, as was also the case for these others, no relationship with any surface was observed. However, remains of a small, in situ Stratum XIX/XVIII architectural complex were found in the

south central part of the area and in the Area 2/12 balk (see figs. III.2–5). This complex consisted of a cluster of three narrow stone walls (Walls 2006A– C) that partly surrounded and formed the upper perimeter of a 2-m-deep pit or shaft (L. 2019). Pit 2019 was constructed within the body of the Tower 5017 foundation in the line of small stone section L.  2010. It was 1  m square and located mainly within the Area 2/12 balk just south of L.  2010’s midpoint. The terminal date for materials excavated from within the pit and for those recovered in removing the walls of the complex was MB IIC.

Stratigraphy

57

Fig. III.16:  Field IV Area 3, Phase 6A plan.

Walls 2006A–C all rested directly on top of the stones of Tower 5017. Wall 2006B was one row wide and formed the upper north perimeter of Pit 2019 and was bonded east and west with the other walls. Wall 2006A was two stone rows wide and formed

the west perimeter of the pit. It was preserved for almost another 1 m north from its juncture with Wall 2006B. Wall 2006C formed the east perimeter of the pit. It was 1–2 rows wide and extended north, along the east side of L. 2010, to almost 3 m beyond Wall

58

Chapter III

Fig. III.17:  Field IV Area 3, Phase 6B plan.

2006B. At its north end, Wall 2006C was associated with a patch of plaster surface (L. 2003). This patch measured 1.5 m (north–south) by 1.2 m (east–west). Composed of a series of plaster lenses, it was 10 cm thick. It lay above L. 2010 at 221.46 on the north, sloping slightly to 221.34 at its south edge. A small group of MB IIC sherds were collected from its surface (L. 2003.P). Sub-surface materials in L. 2003.1 down to the top stones of L.  2010 produced MB IIC to early LB I ceramics. This confirms that the complex remained in use during the Stratum XVIII period of occupation. Another narrow patch of plaster (L. 2007), similar in make-up to Surface 2003,

was identified at a complementary level of 221.35 along the southwest edge of the area (see fig. III.4, p.  43). However, this patch was isolated, and the nature of its association with other features of the complex could not be clearly established. Although no clear function could be assigned to this Wall 2006 complex, its presence did serve to confirm that room features and related architectural elements existed as part of the original superstructure on top of the tower. The fact that this complex was aligned with L. 2010 suggests that such small stone sections may have been related to superstructure development and use. This hypothesis finds support in

59

Stratigraphy

Fig. III.18:  Field IV Area 3, south section.

the fact that these small stone units are shallow. As could be observed where quarrying activity took place, especially in L. 1022 and L. 2025, they were

made up with only 1–2 rough courses of small stone fill. Below this fill, the overall pattern of large stone construction resumed.

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Fig. III.19:  Field IV Area 3, south transverse section.

(6)  The Tower 5017 Foundations Once the surface of the tower’s stone foundation was cleared, the overall patterning of the small stone sections within its design became evident (see fig. III.5, p. 44; photo III.2b, and plans I–II). This included two parallel 8 × 1 m strips running north– south at 2.5 m from the east edge and separated by a 1.5 m interval (L. 2010 and L. 2025). At 1.5 m farther west are two 3-m (north–south) by 6-m (east– west) patches separated by a 2-m-wide strip of large stones running east–west along the middle point of the tower, perpendicular to the 1-m-wide end-strips (L.  1022 and L.  11009). After another 2‑m inter-

val of large stones, the ends of two more such 3-mwide (north–south) patches (L. 6018 and L. 7013) are observed running into the west balk of Field I. If we presume that these represent the beginning of a repeated pattern out to the tower’s west end, we can conclude that just over half of the tower was exposed, indicating a projected total length of 29 m. Tower 5017 is by far the largest of the tower structures along the Inner Wall circuit. Commenting on the tower units exposed during his work, Macalister averaged them at “generally about 41′ long, 24′ thick” (Gezer I [PEF], 238)—that is, about 12.5  m long and 7.32  m wide. Given its 15.5  m width, and with almost 20  m along its outer face already exposed, Tower 5017 is clearly much larger. If our projections are correct, it was in fact more than double the size of even the largest of the other exposed tower units. While remains on top of the tower’s foundations do not offer clues with regard to the probable height of its brick superstructure, the approximately 7-mwide spill of brick debris lying north of adjacent Wall 13004 suggests that, to match the height of that wall, it must have risen up at least 5 or more meters. Given the huge mass of the tower’s stone foundations, it is possible that its superstructure stood a great deal higher. In any case, there can be no doubt that it was the dominating feature along the Middle Bronze Age city’s southwest flank. Where the top stones of its foundations were not disturbed by quarrying activity, their levels were at just above 221.00. In fact, at the time of the HUC excavations, the top of these tower foundations stood more than 2 m higher than the highest preserved brick of the Southern Gate’s East and West Tower superstructures. With its own superstructure added, it must have provided a commanding position overlooking the Southern Gate’s entrance into the city, whose passageway was at ca. 215.00.

2.  The Southern Gate The Southern Gate of the Inner Wall system at Gezer was exposed by Macalister during his Marchto-May excavation season in 1904 and was first reported in the Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement of October that year (Macalister 1904: 204–7 and plan II). The gate is also described in some detail in his 1912 report (Gezer I [PEF],

Stratigraphy

61

Photo III.7:  Overview of the Southern Gate passageway, looking north from outside the city. Photo III.6:  Southern Orthostats 18007 and 18008 as first exposed in 1971, looking northwest.

240–43 and figs. 125–126). In the preface to Gezer I (PEF, p.  viii), Macalister states that where there are discrepancies between the PEFQS reports and the final report volumes, the latter should be taken as authoritative. It is thus prudent to begin here with the observations from his 1912 volume, excerpted as follows (see fig. III.6, p. 45): The southern gate . . . consists essentially of a narrow straight passage between two brick towers.. . . The passage . . . is 42′ 3½″ [12.9 m] long and 9′ [2.74  m] broad. The pavement, which consists of roughly laid stones (not flagstones) . . . rises gradually from inside to outside, and terminates inside in a step, 2′ [61 cm] high and 5′ 6½″ [1.65 m] broad. The towers themselves are . . . respectively 28′ 5½″ [8.67 m] and 27′ 7½″ [8.42 m] long. . .. The projection from the wall of the western tower is 7′ 10″ [2.39 m], that of the eastern tower 10′ 2″ [3.10 m] . . . The towers stand at present to a height of 14′ [4.27 m]. On each side of the passage-way the wall of the tower is masked for a height of about 6′ [1.83 m] by a row of three massive slabs of stone, with a few courses of rough masonry resting upon them and between each pair. . .. The slabs of stone are set at a distance of about 6′ 5½″ [1.97 m] between each pair; their lengths are as follows: — West side (from outside inwards) 8′ 9½″ [2.68 m], 8′ 2½″ [2.5 m], 7′ 2¼″ [2.19 m]. East side (from outside inwards) 8′ 55⁄8″ [2.58],

8′ 83⁄8″ [2.65 m], 6′ 63⁄8″ [1.99 m]. The stones are 1′ 10¼″ [57 cm] to 1′ 115⁄8″ [60 cm] thick. . . . In the tops of the towers is a series of circular pits . . . They range from about 4′ [1.22 m] to 3′ 6″ [1.07  m] in diameter, and in depth from under 1′ [30 cm] to about 5′ [1.52 m]. (Gezer I [PEF], 240–43 with bracketed material inserted)

The HUC excavation of the Southern Gate area in Field IV began in 1967 with a series of probes designed to relocate the gate’s passageway (see chap. I. B.1.a). Based on the results of this work, a new master grid was established for the field in 1968, and probe work over the West Tower was resumed in the new Area 17 during the summer season that year (see chap.  I. B.1.c and fig. I.3, p.  4). In the spring of 1970, large-scale clearance efforts were initiated in Areas 8 and 18, and these were continued through the summer seasons in 1970 and 1971. Work during these two seasons was focused mainly in Area 18 and resulted in the re-exposure of the two south orthostats (L. 18007 and L. 18008), along with the cobbled entry surface (L. 18004). (See photo III.6.) In the summer of 1972, major efforts continued in Area 8. By mid-season, clearance through the whole of the passageway was completed, and the remaining four north orthostats (Loci 8003, 8005, 8020, and 8021) were exposed (see fig. III.7, p.  46; photo III.7; and plans I, VI). During these seasons, the top of the West Tower in Areas 6, 16, 7, and 17 was completely cleared, exposing its remnant brickwork, along with elements of its stone substructures.

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Chapter III

Photo III.8:  The East Gate Tower of the Southern Gate with exposure of Wall 10005.

Clearance work over the East Tower in Areas 9 and 10 started in the spring of 1973 and was continued during that year’s summer campaign. A final two-week session in the spring of 1974, which concentrated in Areas 10, 19, and 20, completed this work. This spring work also exposed a section of Wall 10005, which continues the line of the fortification system to the east (see photo III.8). A patch of glacis surface (L. 10006) was also cleared along this wall’s outer edge at its corner with the East Tower. By the close of HUC Phase II excavations in 1974, all of the features of the Southern Gate exposed by Macalister again lay open. Although, for the most part, these excavation efforts involved only the clearance of Macalister backfill, they provided a fresh opportunity to reexamine the gate’s various features and to check Macalister’s early observations. The result was a considerably more detailed picture of the gate’s architecture (see fig. III.7, p. 46; and plans I, VI). a.  The Gate Towers As Macalister reported, the gate towers were constructed of “rude rubble masonry faced with a more-or-less thick shell of brickwork” (Macalister 1904: 206). The individual bricks were originally sun-dried, rectangular mud slabs reaching a maximum size of 40 × 30 × 10 cm (Macalister measured the typical brick at 15″ × 11.5″ × 4″.) This correlates well with the range of brick sizes cited by A. Burke from other MB period sites (2008: 73–77, table 11). Due to the fiery destruction of the gateway and wall

Photo III.9:  View over the Southern Gate passageway, looking west, showing in situ mud bricks in the face of the West Tower.

systems, the bricks display a range of colors from deep red to orange to buff to grayish-white. Some regular coursing could be observed at various points and was especially evident above the middle orthostats in the gateway (see photo III.9) and in Area 6 along the west side of the West Tower (see fig. III.32, p.  82, L.  6002). However, the tops of the towers suffered significant disturbance from erosion and pitting, and no overall architectural pattern or design in the organization of the upper brickwork was observed (see chap. III. A.2.b). (1)  The West Gate Tower Features of the West Gate Tower were exposed in Areas 6–7 and 16–17 (see plans I, VI). Allowing for factors of erosion, the dimensions of the width of its preserved brick superstructure compares favorably with that described by Macalister (8.67 m), as does its projection south from Wall 13004 in Area 16 (2.39  m). Inside of Wall 13004 in Area 6, the projection north can now be seen to extend more than 7 m. Including the 3.5 m width of Wall 13004, the north–south dimension of the tower reaches just over 13 m. The south part of the West Tower was cleared as L. 16002 and L. 17002 in Areas 16 and 17, respectively (see fig. III.7, p.  46). Remains of the brick superstructure were significantly eroded across this south section. A small section of this brick was probed in the northeast corner of Area 16 as L.  16006. Here, brick remnants proved to be only

Stratigraphy

Photo III.10:  View through the Southern Gate passageway, looking south from inside the city (Macalister excavation, PEF/P/NC 916, with permission PEF).

8 cm thick. Below this, the probe continued down for another 10  cm into stony rubble (L.  16007). Pottery recovered from both of these loci provided readings with a terminus at MB IIC. At its southwest corner in Area 16, the tower was severely damaged. Here the brickwork of its superstructure was completely gone, leaving exposed a heavy stone core (see plan VI). The corner junction was formed by intersecting north–south and east–west courses of large boulders. Probes down the west and south faces of these cornering structures exposed substantial stone facades (see figs. III.8–9). The probe along the west side also revealed that these tower stones were built against (but not bonded to) the outer faces of connecting Walls 16041 (3097) and 13004. The lowest stones of this west facade were laid in glacis fill (L. 16039) at founding levels of 215.45 (northwest against Wall 16041) and 214.90 (at its southwest corner). These West Tower foundations were thus laid 0.50–1  m higher than the threshold levels in the gate passageway, which lay at 214.50 just 10 m to the east. This suggests that the tower was built on a declining west-to-east slope. The sequence of the Stratum XVIII construction process must accordingly be as follows: 1.  The connection west to Tower 5017 was elevated by the addition of Wall 13004 along the top of Wall 3097 remains.

63

Photo III.11:  View of the East Tower and Southern Gate passageway, looking south from inside the city (Macalister excavation, PEF/P/NC 916B, with permission PEF; see also Gezer I [PEF], 243, fig. 126).

2.  Fills were laid against this fortification line making up the lower structure of the outlying glacis with a talus sloping off eastward toward the gate entrance. 3.  The stone construction core of the West Gate Tower was placed on this talus. 4.  The construction was completed as an integrated process including the completion of the glacis and the addition of the mud-brick facing to the tower’s stone core. 5.  This outer brickwork facing was preserved along the west and south sides of the West Tower only in lower sections (see figs. III.8 [L.  16038] and III.9 [L.  16038A]). Like the stone-core walls, the brickwork on this southwest corner was founded in and on the construction fills of the glacis, but at 0.75–1 m higher than the stone foundation structures—levels more closely corresponding to base levels of the brickwork along the gate passageway. While the Area 16 brick remains were compromised by Macalister’s trenching operations, they can be reckoned at an original thickness of a meter or more.

The north two-thirds of the West Tower was cleared in Areas 6 and 7 as L.  6002 and L.  7002, respectively (see fig. III.7, p.  46). Due to the presence of the towering mound of Macalister’s backfill immediately to the north and the proximity of the precipitous talus running down into the water tunnel opening to the northwest, the north face of the tower was not exposed. However, reckoning based on Macalister’s measurements, along with a comparison of his PEF photographs with those of our HUC project (see photos III.10–12), indicates that

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Chapter III

Photo III.13:  View of intramural structures and the East Tower of the Southern Gate, looking south (Macalister excavation, PEF/P/NC 916C, with permission PEF).

fell into what clearly seems to be an entryway into the tower itself. As with the L.  16002 tower section outside of the connecting wall, Socle 6014 and the brickwork of Tower 6002 were also built against (but not bonded to) the foundation stones of Wall 13004. Moreover, the brickwork and stonework of the lower connecting Wall 3097 (Segments 6018 and 16041 in Areas 6 and 16) were likewise seen to continue below Socle 6014 and on to the east (see further in chap. III. A.4.d). Photo III.12:  View across the Southern Gate complex, looking west, at the close of the HUC excavations in 1973.

in Area 7 this perimeter is within not more than 25 cm of where our excavation stopped. In Area 6, excavations traced the mud-brick top and western face of West Tower L. 6002 north from Wall 13004 for 6.5 m. Beyond this, another shallower probe extended the exposure 1.25 m still farther along the upper edge of the tower’s northwest corner. Within Area 6 proper, a foundation wall (L. 6014) for Tower section 6002’s west brick-face was traced from the inner face of Wall 13004 to the area’s north limits, a distance of 6 m. At 2.5 m north of Wall 13004, Socle 6014 provided the threshold for a 2-m-wide doorway. This opening was well marked as a lapsed section in the otherwise deliberate coursing of the brickwork along the northwest face of the tower (see fig. III.32, p. 82). This opening was blocked with disarticulated brick debris that

(2)  The East Gate Tower The exposure of the East Gate Tower in Areas 8–10 and 18–20 shows it to have been of dimensions similar to its western partner (see fig. III.7, p.  46; and plans I, VI). However, Wall 10005, which continues the line of fortifications to the east, is set back from the tower’s face by almost 4 m. This is slightly farther than the 3.1  m suggested by Macalister. Judging from Macalister’s plans and photographs (Gezer I [PEF], 242, figs. 125–126; Gezer III [PEF], pl. II), it is probable that his workers never actually observed Wall 10005’s stone foundations. Instead, they must have followed the edges of the mud-brick fall as they did in the intramural areas behind Wall 13004 to the west. Inside of Wall 10005, the East Tower extends north at least another 6.5 m, presumably to a terminus on the same line as the West Tower. This north section was designated L. 8025 and L. 9003 in Areas 8 and 9/10, respectively. As with the West Tower, the north

Stratigraphy

65

Fig. III.20:  Field IV Areas 3-4, Phase 5A plan.

face of the East Tower lay just beyond the excavation area and was not exposed. However, Macalister’s photographs showing its north facade (photos III.11 and 13) confirm the proximity of its limits.

This is also indicated by comparing the patterns of disturbance caused by erosion and pitting in the brick remains across the top of the tower with Macalister’s sketch plan (see figs. III.6–7).

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Chapter III

Fig. III.21:  Field IV Areas 4-5, Phase 5A plan.

The brick east face of the East Tower was exposed in a deep 2 × 3 m probe at its north junction with Wall 10005. Excavation here exposed a series of two superimposed surfaces of compacted earth in the corner against Wall 10005 and the tower’s brick face (see fig. III.7, p.  46). Upper Surface 10007 was at 215.87, while lower Surface 10012 was at 215.69. Pottery on these surfaces corresponded to the MB IIC range of Stratum XVIII materials in the intramural complex west of the gate (see chap. III. A.4). The south one-third of the tower was cleared as L. 18001 in Area 18 and as an extension of L. 9003 in Areas 19 and 20. As in other sections, the upper brick here was greatly eroded, with patches of stonework exposed at and along the southeast corner. A full exposure of the tower’s south face down to the level of the gate passageway was accomplished only at its southwest corner in Area 18. Clearance along the rest of the south facade and around the southeast corner was of limited depth, designed only to confirm the southern contours of the preserved brick. However, a deep 1 × 2 m probe in Area 20 (recorded as an extension of Area 10) traced the east face of the L. 9003 tower brick down to 214.59. Here, at the south junction of the

tower with Wall 10005, a patch of chalk glacis surface was identified as L. 10006. b.  The Upper Gate Superstructure As Macalister had noted, the tops of both brick towers were pocked by a number of irregular pits. He plotted seven of these on his sketch plan (see fig. III.6, p.  45) as Pits A–G. However, it is evident from our reinvestigations and from his unpublished photographs that there was at least one more large pit (Pit H) on the East Tower’s northeast side (see fig. III.7, p.  46; photo III.13; and plans I, VI). Despite some additional degradation of the brick caused by the respective covering over and re-excavation efforts, traces of all these pits remained (see photo III.12 and plans I, VI). Architecturally, they are rather nondescript cuttings, formed in the brick without stone or mud lining. As plotted by the HUC team, their sizes are as follows: A – 1 m (east–west) × 1.25 m (north–south); Top 219.13; Bottom 218.91; Depth 22 cm B – 1.5 m dia.; Top 219.82; Bottom 219.05; Depth 77 cm C – 1.25 m dia. (east-half only); Top 218.97; Bottom 218.49; Depth 48 cm

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Stratigraphy

Fig. III.22:  Field IV Area 4, west section.

D – 1.25 m dia. (east-half only); Top 218.98; Bottom 218.42; Depth 56 cm E – 1.5 m dia.; Top 219.61; Bottom 218.09; Depth 1.52 m F – 1.5 m (east–west) by 2 m (north–south); Top 219.75; Bottom 218.99; Depth 76 cm G – 1.5 m dia. (east-half only); Top 219.21; Bottom 218.36; Depth 85 cm H – 2.5 m (east–west) by 2 m (north–south); Top 219.32; Bottom 217.76; Depth 1.56 m

sarily the case, for we certainly do not see before us the whole height of the gateway towers. The pits were probably excavated in the brickwork, which formed the floor of the superposed houses to make receptacles for grain. Later one of the holes was closed again by being covered with the flat stone of an olive press. I feel that we may rest assured that it is unnecessary to cast about for an explanation that treats these holes as an intrinsic part of the design of the gateway. (Gezer I [PEF], 243)

In his 1904 PEFQS report, Macalister briefly speculates on the possible genesis and history of these installations:

Since Macalister had identified several granaries in nearby structures at the site (see Gezer II [PEF], pl.  II, Trench 28), his idea that some of these pits may have been formed to serve a similar function seems reasonable. However, he perhaps too easily dismissed his initial suggestion that they may also relate to the design of the gateway. It in fact seems most likely that at least some of them represent natural pockets formed by settling activity (collapse and erosion) within the destroyed brickwork. As already noted, traces of stone wall lines can be observed within the eroded brickwork, and there is good evidence to suggest that the towers were multistoried, with internal room spaces. At the very least, one must suppose that they had stairwells providing access to their roofs, as well as parapets of

I thought at first that they were of later date than the original building and excavated for grain-stores for the inhabitants of the houses built above the walls; but an examination of the bricks show that they form part of the original design; no trace of grain was found in any of them. . . . They are either too deep or too shallow to afford cover to archers. No other explanation of their use, feasible or inadmissible, has occurred to me. (Macalister 1904: 206)

In his final report, he revisits the issue, concluding that: These pits may be most simply explained as belonging to a later stratum of building, whose houses were erected on top of the wall. This is indeed neces-

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Chapter III

Fig. III.23:  Field IV Area 4, west transverse section.

some sort for defensive purposes. The presence of a doorway entering into the West Tower on its northwest side in Area 6 offers the clearest evidence for the existence of internal structuring (see chap. III. A.2.a.(1)). c.  The Gate Passageway Macalister’s rather precise measurement of the length of the passageway through the gate at 42′ 3½″ (12.9 m) provides a fairly accurate reckoning of the size of the towers on their north–south axes. His projection of their preserved height at around 14′ (4.27 m) is also reliable. However, his measurement of the width of the passage itself (at 9′) needs refinement. The pathway actually broadens by a full meter from 2.5 m between the outermost orthostats to 3.5 m between the innermost set. Moreover, as his own section drawing attests (see fig. III.6, p.  45, Section AB), the passageway rises from the outside inward (not “inside to outside,” as his final report quoted earlier states), elevating by more than a me-

ter along a gradual slope from 214.50 between the outer orthostats to 215.60 between the inner set (see fig. III.10, p. 50, and plans I, VI). Macalister’s Section AB suggests that the “level of pavement” through the gate runs below the base of all the orthostats, but at least for the outermost pair, this is clearly not the case. The pavement described by him as of “roughly laid stones” was identified between these orthostats in Area 18 in a patch (L.  18004) that butted against both of the opposing slabs. Inside of this to the north, however, the path could only be traced along an irregular level of compact earth, cobbles, and small boulders. This level was identified as L. 8006 between the middle Orthostats 8003 and 8005 and as L.  8024 in continuing clearance to the north balk. It lay beneath a colluvium of large boulders (see photo III.6), representing Macalister backfill. This backfill caused extensive disturbance, which made it impossible to identify with certainty any trace of the original use surface. On present evidence, it seems most likely that Surface 8006/8024 represents the preparation

Stratigraphy base for a mostly packed-earth pathway that originally covered it. This conclusion was affirmed by an almost 3 m deep, 2 × 2 m probe excavated below putative Surface 8006 at mid-point through the gateway. Digging here (L.  8006.1 and L.  8010) encountered only a jumbled fill of rubble made up of cobble-toboulder-sized stones in a matrix of compacted soils. This rubble deposit was probed down to a stopping level of 211.69 without revealing any trace of an earlier surface. The character of this fill, which appears to be similar to materials forming the cores of Walls 13004 and 10005 extending west and east from the gate, suggests that it may represent the core of an earlier phase of fortification wall or of a gate threshold contemporary with Wall 3097 of Stratum XIX. However, it may also simply represent part of a massive foundation filling laid up when the area was being prepared for construction of the existing gate. Confirmation, in either case, would require more expanded excavation. Of special significance, however, is the fact that the profile of ceramic remains from this fill provides dates reaching only to the early MB horizon—that is, with only MB IIA and B forms present. Accordingly, in whatever way this sub-structure may have functioned, it is more probably associated with an earlier phase of development activity related to either the Stratum XIX or XX city levels. Regrettably, the 5′ 6½″ wide, 2′ high stone step that Macalister describes at the north terminus of the gate passage was not re-excavated by HUC work. It presumably lay just beyond the limits of the excavated area. Judging from evidence in Macalister’s photographs (see photo III.10), it apparently involved a step down into the city. While Macalister does not make mention of any similar step at the southern entrance, a line of stone blocks possibly forming a step elevation there was observed during the HUC clearance. This ran between the south set of orthostats (L. 18007 and L. 18008) at their outer edges (see photo III.6 and plans I, VI). It was not possible initially to ascertain whether these stones were original or were set in place by Macalister’s workers as part of the backfilling process. However, similar stones in situ can be identified in one of Macalister’s unpublished photos archived by the PEF (see photo III.14). It thus now seems certain that these stones were part of the gate architecture,

69

Photo III.14:  View of the East Tower and Southern Gate passageway, looking north from outside the city (Macalister excavation, PEF/P/NC 916A, with permission PEF).

forming a step up of 50 cm at the outer entrance during at least one phase of the gateway’s use. As for the device for closing or blocking the gate, we cannot do better than follow Macalister’s suggestion that it consisted of baulks of timber slipped between the stones after the fashion of a portcullis (Gezer I [PEF], 242). However, no opposing slots into which such a wooden barrier could be dropped were evident (as, for example, the pairs of flanking orthostats in the East and Northwest Gates at Shechem; see Shechem III, 131–37). Accordingly, a more tenable solution might involve the presence of opposing doors set in pivots below the thresholds on both the inside and outside of the gateway; these doors, when closed, butted against the step/curb at the ends of the passageway. d.  The Orthostats A defining feature of the gateway is the three pairs of orthostats that flank the passageway. Because they were re-excavated in Areas 18 and 8, these orthostats were each given identifying locus numbers as Loci 18007 and 18008, and Loci 8003, 8005, 8020, and 8021, respectively. Macalister’s measurements of the horizontal lengths of the individual stones are quite accurate. However, the actual dimensions of their heights and widths and of the spacing between them vary considerably from the averages he presents (see fig. III.10, p.  50). Refined measurements for the individual stones and for their spacing are as follows:

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Chapter III A. Orthostat Sizes (measured at maximum dimensions)

West Side Set Outer (L. 18008) Middle (L. 8005) Inner (L. 8020)

Length 2.65 m 2.50 m 2.07 m

Height 1.50 m 1.75 m 1.36 m

Width 0.75 m 0.75 m 0.67 m

East Side Set Outer (L. 18007) Middle (L. 8003) Inner (L. 8021)

Length 2.60 m 2.75 m 2.05 m

Height 1.45 m 1.25 m 1.36 m

Width 0.75 m 0.75 m 0.55 m

B. Spacing between the Stones (measured at right angles from tops of the lower stones, bottoms of the higher stones of each pair) West Side East Side

18008 to 8005 8005 to 8020 18007 to 8003 8003 to 8021

Top 2.25 m 1.50 m 2.00 m 1.70 m

Bottom 2.10 m 1.50 m 2.15 m 1.90 m

Even given the variations in sizes of these stone blocks, the builders of the gateway achieved a remarkable symmetry. Despite some settling and minor displacement, which is most obvious with the outer west Orthostat 18008, this architecture is well preserved. The east-to-west side pairs are well matched, and the total spans of both east and west sets measure exactly the same: 11.25 m. Foundation elements were exposed only for the inner pair (L. 8020 and L. 8021). These were built of 2 courses of large fieldstones. However, since the original level of the adjacent path through the gate is uncertain, it is not clear whether these foundations were visible while the gate was in use. Although excavations were not carried to levels below the bases of the other slabs, similar blocking was observed propping up the south end of Orthostat 8005. As Macalister observed, a few courses of rough masonry also remained on top of all but one of the flanking stones. These apparently served as leveling platforms for superimposed brickwork. Macalister noted that blocks of such bricks remained in situ above the middle piers, and traces of these sections were still in evidence as HUC work progressed. Macalister also comments on, and then dismisses, the fact that these bricks “give the effect of slight corbelling” (Gezer I [PEF], 243). However, comparative evidence from gates now excavated at Dan and Ashkelon provide

a new basis for speculation that the Gezer gateway may also have been covered by an arched vault (see chap.  II.A.2.b). The prospect that this was the case may help explain the remnants of the rough stone walls (L. 8022 and L. 8023) found between the inner sets of orthostats (see figs. III.7 and 10).

3.  The Connecting Walls and the Glacis a.  Wall 3097 (Stratum XIX) In addition to the massive Tower 5017 structure, the first phase, Stratum XIX, Middle Bronze fortifications in Field IV included Wall 3097, a narrower connecting wall extending from it to the east. First exposed was a 1-m-long segment of the north (inner) side of Wall 3097 at the south end of Area 3 (see chap.III.A.1.b.(2)). There, in a deep probe along the northeast face of Tower 5017, its stone foundations consisting of 11 courses of very large boulders were revealed, standing just over 3 m high. The bottom course was founded at 214.65 on top of several layers of preparation fill (L. 3095 and L. 3096). This was less than a meter above bedrock, which was reached at 213.87. The four lowest courses of the wall (L.  3097B), below 216.12, were set forward 75 cm to the north, forming a step out from the line of the wall face above (L. 3097A). The upper section (L 3097A) rose to 217.77. Atop these stone foundations were remains of 6 courses (75 cm) of in situ brick superstructure (L. 3097C) that rose to a top level of 218.53 (see fig. III.15, p. 55). As noted earlier (see chap.  III.A.1.b.(2)), Wall 3097 was founded more than a meter lower than the adjacent foundation stones of Tower 5017, which were at 215.77. However, the upper stones of Wall 3097 were bonded (or at least semi-bonded) with the massive stone blocks in the tower’s base, and it is certain that construction of the tower and this wall were part of an integrated building process. This suggests that the bottom courses of Wall 3097 were laid first, before tower construction began, and that the building of the tower foundation commenced after their placement. Apparently, this was done in accommodation of the westward ascent of the slope above bedrock along this section. Further evidence of this sequencing is provided by the materials in L. 3095 (L. 3095A–D), which functioned

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Fig. III.24:  Field IV Area 4, Phase 5B plan.

variously as stations and platforms for construction activities and especially by the backfill of L. 3092, which spills against the lower foundation stones of Wall 3097 but runs beneath those of Tower 5017

(see fig.  III.19, p.  60). Stratigraphic association of this first phase of construction with Stratum XIX is confirmed by the presence of Surface 3069 (at 217.75) above Fill 3092. This surface forms a room

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Chapter III

Fig. III.25:  Field IV Area 4, east transverse section.

with associated Walls 3067 and 3097 at their Tower 5017 junctures (see chap.  III.A.4.a and fig. III.17, p.  58). These structures seal over the several layers of construction-related backfill laid in against the tower and wall foundations and represent the initial phase of Stratum XIX occupation use. The continuation of Wall 3097 was traced in probe sections all across the field to its junction with the West Tower of the Southern Gate. Intramural sections were identified in Area 4 (L. 4113) and Area 6 (L. 6018), and sections along its outer face were probed in Area 14 (L. 14012) and Area 16 (L. 16041). At its base, this wall averaged 4 m wide, narrowing to 3.5 m at points along its upper courses. The probe in Area 14 was of limited depth. It exposed only 20 cm of the Wall 14012/3097 mudbrick superstructure along a 1-m strip (see fig. III.11, p. 51). The top level of this brickwork (at 217.97) compares almost exactly with the top level on the brick remains of Wall 4113/3097 exposed along the inner, north face in adjacent Area 4. In Area 4,

25 cm of brickwork remained standing to levels of 217.93 (west) and 217.85 (east). In a deep probe in the east central part of the area, the top stones of its foundations were identified at 217.65 m (west) and 217.60 m (east) (see figs. III.23, 25). Below this, five courses of foundation stones were exposed down to 216.55 (west) and 216.75 (east). While the top stones and the mud-brick remains of this segment run directly below and along the line of Wall 13004 above, the three lowest courses of these foundations, below 217.25, were set forward from the upper wall line 75 cm to the north. Against these lower foundation courses was a deep layer of backfill (L. 4122). This fill was sealed from above by Surface 4116, which represents the initial phase of Stratum XIX occupation in Area 4 (see chap. III.A.4.b.(5)). In Areas 6 and 16, at the juncture with the Southern Gate’s West Tower (L.  6002 and L.  16002), additional sections of Wall 3097 were identified (L. 6018 and L. 16041; see figs. III.12, 32). A deep sounding in Area 16 exposed a 2.5-m-wide section of Wall segment 16041 down its south face to

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73

Fig. III.26:  Field IV Area 4, Phase 5C plan.

founding levels. In this section, its foundations were built with 6–8 irregular courses of stones standing 2  m high. The structure was founded on top of a

preparation fill (L.  16040) at 214.40 (west) and 214.37 (east). Its top stones rose to 216.60 (west) and 216.50 (east) and sat forward to the south 25 cm

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Chapter III

Fig. III.27:  Field IV Area 4, Phase 6A plan.

from the line of Wall 13004 above. As elsewhere, several courses of brickwork remained above the stones. Top levels on the bricks were at 217.05 (west) and 217.15 (east). Notable here is that the

stone foundation walls of the L. 16002 Gate Tower are built against and over Wall 16041/3097 and that Wall 16041 runs into and under the matrix of the tower’s stone core. The bottom stones of this core

Stratigraphy

75

Fig. III.28:  Field IV Area 5, Phase 5A plan.

structure lay against Wall 16041’s face but are not bonded to it (see chap. III.A.2.a.(1)). This evidence supports other data indicating that Wall 3097 predates the Gate Tower construction and represents a separate, early phase of fortification for the MB city. Evidence complementary to this conclusion was also exposed to the north, in Area 6, where a segment continuing the inner face of the Wall 3097/4113 line was identified. This portion of the

wall (L. 6018/3097) was cleared in a 2-m-wide section running from the west beneath Stratum XVIII Wall 5019 and Bench 6011 and continuing to the east and under the West Gate Tower L. 6002 and its stone socle (L. 6014). Its top levels were at 216.16 (west) and 216.00 (east). This is a full half meter lower than levels along the wall’s south face in adjacent Area 16, which is explained by the absence of any trace of remaining brickwork along the inner

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Chapter III

Fig. III.29:  Field IV Area 5, west transverse section.

line. The face of these Wall 6018 foundations sit north 50 cm from the line of the later Wall 13004 foundations that lie above. Excavations down the face of Wall 6018/3097 exposed two to three stone courses to a level of 215.33. Wall 6016 butted this face and extended north 1.75  m (see fig. III.34, p.  90) before intersecting with east–west Walls 6025A and 6025B, forming several small rooms. Like Wall 6018/3097, Wall 6025B extends eastward beneath the brickwork of West Gate Tower L. 6002 and its stone socle (L. 6014), providing further verification of the separation between the Stratum XIX and XVIII phases of fortification use (see chap. III.A.4.d). b.  Wall 13004 (Stratum XVIII) In Stratum XVIII, during the final phase of MB occupation, Wall 13004 was constructed, providing the connecting link between Tower 5017 and the Southern Gate (see photo III.15 and plans I, IV). This wall segment stretches for 18 m and averages 3.5 m

in width. For a 5 m stretch along its mid-section, it juts out to the south another 50 cm, providing the base for a small intermediate tower. Wall 13004 was constructed with tiers of large boulders on its faces and with a fill of smaller boulders and stone rubble at its core. These foundations were laid directly onto brick remnants of the superstructure of Stratum XIX Wall 3097. Along its inner face, founding levels for Wall 13004 descended gradually from 218.53 against Tower 5017 to the west in Area 3, to 217.93 and 217.85 at its center in Area 4, and to 216.16 and 216.00 at the juncture with the West Tower of the Southern Gate to the east in Area 6. Probes to its base along the outer perimeter indicate slightly higher founding levels of 217.97 to the west in Area 14 (see fig. III.11, p. 51) and 217.05 and 217.15 to the east in Area 16 (see fig. III.9, p. 49). At its west end, these foundations butted against the east face of Tower 5017, rising to a level comparable to that structure’s top stones. At its east end, construction of the Wall 13004 foundations and superstructure appears to have been part of an integrated process involving

Stratigraphy

77

Photo III.16:  Field IV Area 4, west transverse balk with mud bricks in situ on Wall 13004.

Photo III.15:  Overview of Wall 13004, looking east.

the building of the Southern Gate’s West Tower (see fig. III.9, p. 49). Probes down the inner face of Wall 13004 in Areas 3, 4, and 6 revealed 12 or more irregular stone courses reaching over 2 m in height, while down the outer face, probes in Areas 14 and 16 revealed 10 and more courses standing as much as 2.5 m high. Top levels were at 220.65 at the west end in Areas 3 and 13 and 219.35 to the east in Area 6. In a short section at the east end in Area 16, this foundation structure was slightly eroded along its outer perimeter, with a top preserved level at 218.93. Apart from this small section, these foundations were preserved intact much as originally constructed. The stone socle of Wall 13004 had originally supported a substantial brick superstructure. Patches of articulated brick were found in situ all along the top of the foundations. They were especially evident in sections across the wall in Areas 4 and 14 (see fig. III.23, p. 68; and photo III.16). The size and composition of the bricks here are exactly the same as those used in building the Southern Gate towers (for description of bricks, see chap. III.A.2.a.). Judging from the mass of collapsed brick debris lying inside of it to the north, this superstructure must have stood to a height of 5 m or more. Beneath the collapsed brick debris north of Wall 13004, a well-preserved intramural room complex

was discovered. Details of this complex will be fully described in chap. III.A.4 below. However, it is pertinent to note here that throughout the several sub– phases of Stratum XVIII occupation, Wall 13004’s stone foundations served also as a main back wall against which the architecture of these internal rooms was built. While it seems obvious that the roofs of these rooms may have provided spaces for domestic or other activities, no evidence was recovered to suggest that any major upper story architecture existed. The mud-brick section of Wall 13004 must accordingly have towered high over this inner room complex, forming a formidable-looking protective barrier. c.  Glacis 8012 (Stratum XVIII) Construction of the Southern Gate fortification complex was completed by the addition of a chalkfaced glacis (see photos III.2b, 17 and plan IV). This glacis was first labeled L. 8012 in Field I Area 8, where it fronted Tower 5017 (Gezer II [HUC], 34). Subsequent excavations in Field IV traced it flanking the south face of the entire Stratum XVIII fortification line all the way to the Southern Gate. In the west, along the south perimeter of Tower 5017 in Field IV Areas 11 and 12, only a narrow, 1–2-m-wide strip of the structure’s top was cleared (L. 11010 and L. 12008). Here it butted the top preserved courses of the tower’s foundation at levels, west to east, of 219.90, 220.03, and 220.13. In adjacent Area 13, the surface of this glacis was traced as L.  13012 around the southeast corner of Tower 5017 (at 219.98) and north into the corner against the face of Wall 13004 (at 220.24; see photo

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Chapter III

Photo III.18:  Glacis segment L. 13012 at the junction of Tower 5017 and Wall 13004.

Photo III.17:  Overview of Field IV in 1972 with glacis exposure, looking west.

III.18). As noted earlier (see chap. III.A.1.b.(2)), the chalk surface in this area was exposed running to the south from Wall 13004 for 6.5 m. In front of Wall 13004, it formed a roughly horizontal summit or plateau extending for 4.5 m. At this point, from a level of 219.87, it dropped at a 45-degree angle. Two meters farther south, where the construction of the L. 13012 segment of Outer Wall 9011 cut into the glacis, it had plunged to 217.90 (see fig. III.35, p. 91). The summit of the glacis was cleared across Areas 14, 15, and 16 as Loci 14010, 15008, and 16008, respectively (see photo III.17) and originally extended east all the way to the West Tower of the Southern Gate. In Area 14, top levels against the face of Wall 13004 were at 219.77 (west) and 219.54 (east), declining slightly to 219.52 at a point

Photo III.19:  Parapet Wall 15004 on Glacis segment L. 15008.

3  m to the south on the plateau (see plan IV). In Area 15, levels along Wall 13004 dipped to 219.20 (west) and 219.12 (east) and, out on the plateau to the southeast, to 218.63.

Stratigraphy Along this plateau in Area 14, on a line 1.5  m south of Wall 13004, the remains of a narrow, 2.5-m-long section of screen wall (L. 14003) were found (see plan IV). This structure was 50 cm wide and built of one row of boulders. It was founded on Glacis 14010/8012 at 219.62 and stood in 1–3 preserved courses to 220.15. A continuation of this same structure was identified in Area 15 as L. 15004 (see photo III.19). This segment was 3 m long and rested on Glacis 15008/8012 at 219.02. As with Wall 14003, 2 irregular stone courses of Wall 15004 were preserved to a top level of 219.79. Modest deposits of occupation soils (L. 14004 and L. 15007) were identified above the glacis surface along the passageway formed between these wall segments and Wall 13004. A modest probe through and below Wall 14003 in Area 14 provided confirmation that these walls were an integrated part of the glacis fortification scheme (see fig. III.11, p.  51). This probe showed that the uppermost chalk lense of Glacis 14010/8012 (L. 14005) butted against the bottom stones of Wall 14003 and that the wall was seated deliberately into the top of the glacis matrix. Accordingly, we postulate that Walls 14003 and 15004 formed modest parapet structures, serving as stations for forward defense, fronting the central tower and along the outer perimeter of Wall 13004. Although the preserved remains are modest, a scatter of miscellaneous stones and fallen stone alignments such as L. 15017 found on the glacis summit south of the parapet wall lines suggests that they were originally rather formidable barriers. A comparable structure abreast of Glacis 4060 in Field II (Wall 4026) (see chap. III.B) was better preserved. It was found with its mud-brick superstructure still standing to a height of 2 m. In Area 16, at the juncture of Wall 13004 and West Gate Tower 16002, the continuation of the glacis eastward was disturbed by the trenches dug by Macalister’s workers along their outer faces. However, Glacis 16005/8012 was well preserved to the south and east. Along the Area’s west perimeter, it was traced dropping modestly from 218.75 at 1.5 m south of Wall 13004 to 218.67 at 4.4 m out, where its descending slope began. From this point, as in Area 13, the drop was precipitous, angling downward at a 55-degree pitch. Its lowest preserved point, at a distance 6.65  m from Wall 13004, was at 216.50.

79

Again here, as in Area 13 (and in Field I Area 8), the sloping glacis is cut at the inner face of Outer Wall 9011 (see chap. III.A.5). The outer edge and the descending face of Glacis 16005/8012 were traced all across Area 16 and marginally into Area 17. Just inside the Area 16 east balk line, its pediment (L.  17007) also began a deliberate 45-degree decline to the east toward the Southern Gate entryway (see photo III.17). Top levels on the plateau at the upper edge of this eastward decline were at 218.23 (N) and 217.90 (S). The lowest point that was reached down its eastward descent was 217.45. This was at 1.5 m to the east, just inside of Area 17. Except in a narrow section immediately along the south face of the West Gate Tower, excavation was not continued farther east in Area 17. Unfortunately, in this narrow section, the east slope of the glacis berm had been removed by the trenching activity of Macalister’s workers. However, by extending the trajectory of the decline of the exposed upper part of the slope down to the level of the gate entryway (at 214.50), its terminus can be reckoned to lie another 3 m to the east. It thus would have provided a sloped embankment flanking the western jamb of the gate entrance. Such a reconstruction was already suggested by Macalister’s rendering of this feature on his plan of the gate (see fig. III.6, p. 45). However, Macalister’s sketch suggests that the structure was freestanding, away from the gate tower, creating a narrow intervening passage (see fig. III.6 Section A–B and Plan). Our excavation along the face of the stone core of the tower in 1970 identified a plaster surface (L. 16019) in a depression separating the tower and the glacis, and this was at first thought to have verified Macalister’s observations. However, subsequent work showed this “surface” to be the bottom of a trench cut through a section of the tower’s mud-brick facing and down into the L.  16039 layer of glacis chalk. From our work, it now seems apparent that this “passageway” along the tower face did not originally exist but was created by the trenching and pitting activities of Macalister’s workers. Our reconstruction is, therefore, that the flanking berm and the glacis plateau in Area 16 originally ran all the way up to and against the faces of Wall 13004 and Tower 16002/17002, just as was the case with the glacis surface elsewhere

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Chapter III

Fig. III.30:  Field IV Area 6, Phase 5A plan.

throughout the system. A good parallel for such a flanking berm structure, albeit a stone-faced one, is

clearly provided by the excavation of the MB period gate at Tel Dan (Biran 1994: 75–90).

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81

Fig. III.31:  Field IV Area 6, west transverse section.

The processes by which the glacis was constructed were examined in two deep probe sections in Area 16 (see fig. III.12, p.  52, and plan V). As observed already in Field I Area 8 (see Gezer II [HUC], 34), its matrix was formed by placing levees of imported fill against the outer faces of the foundations of Walls 3097 and 13004. These fill layers were fronted by outlying berms of huwwar (semi-pulverized limestone chalk). The huwwar berms were added in receding stages, behind which additional fill layers were placed (see fig. III.12, p.  52, Loci 16039, 16037, 16035, 16026, 16025, and 16023). This produced an inclined slope with a thick, chalk plaster face. When the structure was elevated to its desired height, a thick layer of crushed chalk (L. 16022) was laid to form its top. The Area 16 exposures showed that this topping averaged 30 cm thick. The ceramics from all of these glacis fill loci, except in baskets collected along the edges of Macalister’s trenches (where contamination was ob-

served), provided consistent MB IIC, Stratum XVIII readings. This was true even within the deepest fill layers of L. 16035 behind the glacis’ outer face. d.  Wall 10005 and Glacis 10006 (Stratum XVIII) A footnote to the discussion of the connecting wall and glacis elements of the MB defenses was provided by 1973 and 1974 excavations in Area 10. Probes there, along the east side of the East Gate Tower, exposed several additional features of the Stratum XVIII fortification complex. Wall 10005, a 3.5-m-wide stone foundation structure, was cleared in a 3-m-long section running east from Tower 9003 (see fig. III.7, p.  46; photo III.8; and plans I, VI). Like Wall 13004, its construction was made with tiers of larger boulders forming its edges. Between these edges was a matrix of smaller boulders and rubble. Top preserved levels were at 218.33 (west) and 218.24 (east) along its inner edge and at 218.23

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Chapter III

Fig. III.32:  Field IV Area 6, east transverse section.

at its outer perimeter. Excavations down its inner face exposed 8–10 irregular stone courses. As noted earlier (see chap. III.A.2.a.(2)), this probe revealed a series of packed-earth surfaces (L.  10007 and L. 10012). The bottom exposed level of the wall was at 215.69. Bricks of the East Gate Tower (L. 9003) were observed to run against the north face of the stone wall at their junction. A 1-m-wide section was also exposed down Wall 10005’s outer face at the junction with the L. 9003 brick. There, 6 irregular courses of stone were counted down to 216.59. Just as on the inside, the stones of the wall butted against the tower brickwork, binding them into the tower matrix. At this depth, a plaster surface (L. 10006) was reached. It butted up to the faces of both the stones of the wall and the tower bricks. This appears to be part of a glacis feature along the wall system extending east

from the gate. This glacis’ surface level is more than a meter lower than that on the plateau west of the gate entryway, but its elevation relates well to levels on the glacis exposures in Field II some 35 m still farther eastward, where a decline along the south slope continues (see chap. III.B.2.a).

4.  The Intramural Complex Inside (north) of the line of connecting Walls 13004 and 3097 was a complex of Stratum XIX and XVIII architectural features that included courtyards and storage rooms. This unit of structures was framed on the west by Tower 5017 and on the east by the West Tower of the Southern Gate. Its exposure by our excavations extended to the north to the edge of Macalister’s deep cuts in Trenches 29 and 30. Remains in this section were preserved under the massive fall of brick

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Stratigraphy left by the late MB/LB I destruction of Wall 13004. The area had escaped investigation by Macalister only because he mistook the edge of the fallen brick debris for the line of the wall itself (see chap. I.B.2.a). These intramural features were excavated in Areas 3–6 during all seasons from 1968 to 1974. The features of the final Stratum XVIII occupation were exposed across the whole section (see fig. II.1, p.  19; and plan IV). The stratigraphy of Stratum XIX below was investigated in deeper sections in Areas 3, 4, and 6. The results of these efforts produced a detailed phasing of architectural elements representing the history of the late MB city and the development of its fortifications at that time. As outlined in table III.2, Stratum IX is represented by two occupation sub-phases (6A and 6B) and a construction phase (6C) for Wall 3097, while four occupation phases and sub-phases (5A, 5B1, 5B2, and 5C1) plus a construction phase (5C2) for Wall 13004 were identified in association with Stratum XVIII. An area-by-area description of these features and their stratigraphic relationships follows. a.  Intramural Stratigraphy in Area 3 Excavation in Area 3 took place during summer seasons in 1968, 1970, and 1971, with a short session in the spring of 1970 (see chap. III.A.1.b.(1)– (2)). Framed to the south and west by Walls 13004 and Tower 5017, Area 3 encompasses the westernmost elements of the MB intramural complex between Tower 5017 and the Southern Gate (see fig. II.1, p.  19; and plan IV). Despite serious disruptions in the upper levels caused by Macalister’s work and by early period quarrying of stones from Tower 5017, four distinct phases of occupation were discernible in this area. These included three Stratum XIX phases associated with the founding levels of Tower 5017 and Wall 3097 (Phases 6A–C) and a later phase related to the Stratum XVIII, Wall 13004 period of redevelopment (Phase 5A). (1)  Wall 13004—Phase 5A Phase 5A architecture in Area 3 is contiguous to structures of that phase in Area 4 adjacent to the east (see fig. II.1, p. 19; and plan IV). In the south is a small room, 2 × 2 m, associated with packed-earth Surface 3025 (see figs. III.13, 15 and photo III.20). This room is formed against the east end of Tower

Fig. III.33:  Field IV Area 6, north section.

5017 by east–west Walls 3023 (north) and 3044 (south). Bonded with them to the east is north–south Wall 4022, through which a doorway opens out into Courtyard 4020 (see chap. III.A.4.b.(1)). Except for a narrow section against the edge of Tower 5017, where there was trenching by Macalister’s workers (Trench 3011) (see fig. III.1, p. 39), the room was filled with burned brick debris from the fallen Wall 13004 superstructure (L. 3012) along with boulders and ash from the collapse of Walls 3044 and 4022 (L.  3041; see fig. III.18, p.  59; and photo III.21). Pottery within this debris and in association with the surface (L. 3025.P and L. 3025.1) is representative of the MB IIC to early LB I period of transition in the late sixteenth century. At its southern end, Wall 4022 extends beyond its junction with Wall 3044 to butt against Wall 13004. This forms a small 1 × 4 m enclosure between Wall 3044 and Wall 13004, with Tower 5017 as its west border (see photo III.20). This small room may have served as some sort of storage silo. If this is

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Photo III.20:  Field IV Area 3, Phase 5A features, looking east.

Photo III.21:  Field IV Area 3, Room 3025 (Phase 5A), looking east.

so, it must have been accessed from above, as no doorway into it was discovered, nor were any clear surfaces found within it. Rather, it contained several layers of variegated fill identified as Loci 3045, 3046, and 3053 (see fig. III.15, p. 55). The uppermost of these (L. 3045) is suspect of being part of Macalister’s trenching activity, but the latest pottery in it, as in the lower fills, dated only to the early LB I period. This is consistent with the dating of materials in the adjacent deposits of destruction debris. An earlier, MB IIC dating profile is shown for materials from fill layer L. 3049, which lies below all the southern elements of Phase 5A architecture. Fill 3049 represents the Phase 5C2 leveling and preparation activity associated with the final stage of Wall 13004 construction in Area 3. To the north, beyond Wall 3023, remains from Phase 5A were almost completely obliterated by Macalister’s Trench 3009 and by the stone quarrying activity represented by Pit 3026 (see chap. III. A.1.b.(1)–(2) and figs. III.13–14). However, at the north edge of Pit 3026, a 1.5 m east–west wall segment (L.  3008) was preserved (see photo III.22). Extending north from this wall was an upper patch of surface (L. 3022), which was traced for 1.25 m to the edge of Macalister’s Trench 30 cutting

(L. 3014). Although completely isolated by pitting to the south and east, the relative level of Surface 3022 indicates its probable use in association with the Phase 5A period of occupation. This surface was covered by several levels of compacted soil and debris (L. 3018 and L. 3019). These layers included materials dating well into the LB period and almost certainly still included some contaminants from the Pit 3026 quarrying work. (2)  Wall 3097—Phase 6A Excavation below Phase 5A levels in Area 3 was limited to a narrow 1–2-m-wide north–south section up the center of the area, flanked by the east transverse balk and to the west by Tower 5017 (see fig. III.16, p.  57). In the section south of Pit 3026, Phase 6 occupation is represented by the second-stage use of Wall 3067 in association with Surfaces 3057 (north) and 3066 (south) (see fig. III.15, p. 55). Wall 3067 extends east from Tower 5017 at 2.5  m north of connecting Wall 3097. South of Wall 3067, Surface 3066 forms a room with Wall 3097 and Tower 5017 at their junction. At its south end, Surface 3066 butts against the preserved brick at the top of the Stratum XIX connecting Wall 3097 (L. 3097C). On this surface were deposits representing surface buildup

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Photo III.22:  Field IV Area 3, Wall 3008 (Phase 5A), looking east.

Photo III.23:  Field IV Area 3, Wall 3067 with Surfaces 3068 (n) and 3069 (s) (Phase 6B), looking south.

(L.  3059) along with the sloughing of brick from the face of Wall element 3097C (L. 3061). North of Wall 3067 is another room area represented by the buildup of Surface 3057. This surface runs north for 1.60 m before it is cut by Pit 3026. As was the case for Phase 5A, Pit 3026 also cuts off all Phase 6 stratigraphic connections to the north, completely isolating Wall 3008. However, another, lower patch of surface, formed with cobbles and packed earth (L. 3033), is preserved on Wall 3008’s north side (see fig. III.14, p. 54). This architecture represents the wall’s founding and initial-use phase. It is assigned to the Phase 6A period of occupation based on relative levels. However, on present evidence, an association for these structures with earlier Phase 6B development cannot be excluded.

of Wall 3097’s stone foundations (Wall element 3097A). North of Wall 3067, the flagstones and compact soils of Surface 3068 form a contemporary room surface below Surface 3057. This architectural unit is founded immediately on top of L. 3072, which represents the Phase 6C upper leveling fills for Foundation Trench 3062 (see fig. III.15, p.  55). These fills and their pottery remains mark the final stages of work related to the construction of the Wall 3097 and Tower 5017 foundations in the mid-seventeenth century (see chap. III.A.1.b.(2) and figs. III.18–19, pp. 59–60).

(3)  Wall 3097—Phase 6B Clear evidence for Phase 6B occupation was observed only in that part of Area 3 lying south of Pit 3026 (see fig. III.17, p.  58). This was marked by the founding and first use of Wall 3067 in association with Surfaces 3068 (north) and 3069 (south) (see photo III.23). Surface 3069 represents the initial living surface in the corner room below Surface 3066. It runs south from Wall 3067 over to the top

b.  Intramural Stratigraphy in Area 4 Excavations in Area 4 were conducted during the summer seasons of 1970, 1971, and 1973 and were concluded in a brief season in the spring of 1974 (see fig. II.1 and plan IV). These excavations encompassed an area more than 45 sq m that included Area 4 itself, the Area 4/14 balk up to Wall 13004 on the south, and the 1.5-m-wide Area 3/4 balk to the west (see figs. III.20–21, pp.  65–66). Four phases of occupation were identified by this work. The upper three phases were associated with Connecting Wall 13004 (Phases 5A–C), while the lowest reached was

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Photo III.24:  Field IV Area 4, Surface 4020 features (Phase 5A), looking west.

related to the earlier Connecting Wall 4113 (Phase 6A–C) (see table III.2). As in the adjacent areas, work in Area 4 began with removal of Macalister’s backfill. This remained to a depth of over 2 m in the north half of the Area (L. 4031; see fig. III.22). However, to the south, just over and immediately inside of Wall 13004, only a shallow 25-cm layer of this backfill was left (L. 4000). Immediately below this layer, the deep deposit of brick and burned detritus from the destruction and collapse of the Wall 13004 superstructure was encountered. The upper level of this mud-brick debris in Area 4 was designated L. 4002. The lower level, where burned remains of timbers and ash were more evident, was designated L. 4007. (1)  Wall 13004—Phase 5A Beneath the L.  4007 destruction material was a beaten-earth surface (L.  4020). This surface was traced all across the south part of the area and north into its central section (see figs. III.20–21, pp.  65–66). It ran up to Wall 13004 on the south and was flanked by Wall 4028 to the east and by Wall 4022 to the west. To the northwest, it butted up to east–west wall 4037 and then continued north along the east face of Wall 4034. In the northeast corner, north of a line from Wall 5018 in Area 5, it was disturbed by the digging of Macalister’s workers.

Photo III.25:  Field IV Area 4, Table 4020a and Oven 4025 on Surface 4020 (Phase 5A), looking southeast.

Features on Surface 4020 show that it was an open courtyard (see photo III.24). In the south, immediately against the north face of Wall 13004, were two installations: L.  4025, an oven, and L.  4020A, a raised platform or table (see figs. III.20–23, pp.  65–68 and photo III.25). The table was formed by a single rock slab, 1 m in diameter, which was raised on an earth heap to 75 cm above the surface. In the proximate center of the courtyard was a shallow pit 86 cm in diameter (L 4026). For a base, Pit 4026 had one flat stone, and it had medium to large cobblestones lining its sides (see photo III.26). Finally, to the north, at the east side of Wall 4034B, was an accumulation of ashy debris (L.  4035). This was determined to be the burned remains of a pile of dried dung (see photo III.27). An assorted collection of pottery and other artifacts was recovered from within the lower destruction deposits (L. 4007) and in immediate association with the surface (L. 4020.P and L. 4020.1). The pottery assemblage included a group of whole or restorable jugs, juglets, bowls, and cooking pots, along with a more ample assortment of sherd material, all of late MB IIC date (see pls. 16–18). The repertoire of objects was more limited, including a modest assortment of bone, lithic, and bronze artifacts.

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Photo III.26:  Field IV Area 4, Pit 4026 on Surface 4020 (Phase 5A), looking west.

Photo III.27:  Field IV Area 4, Dung Pile 4035 on Surface 4020 (Phase 5A), looking west.

On the east, Courtyard 4020 was flanked by Wall 4028. No certain evidence was found indicating doorways through this wall into the rooms to the east in adjacent Area 5. However, a threshold may have existed at its extreme north end, where, in Phase 5C1, it was bonded to Wall 4158A. To the west, the courtyard was connected to adjacent rooms by doorways through Walls 4022 and 4034. An opening through Wall 4022 provided access to the small room with Surface 3025, which was formed by the east end of Tower 5017 and Walls 3023 (north) and 3044 (south) in Area 3 (see chap. III.A.4.a). Farther north, a doorway through Wall segments 4034A and 4034B provided access to another room or courtyard with Surface 4038 (see fig. III.20, p.  65). This room was framed by Tower 5017 (west) and by the line of Walls 4037 and 3023 (south) (see photo III.28). In the southeast corner of this room was a very large oven, 1 m in diameter (L. 4039; see photo III.29). This oven was located just inside the doorway out into Courtyard 4020 and in proximity to the dung fuel pile (L. 4035). Oven 4039 rested on ash and marl Surface 4038, which ran to the west along the north face of Wall 4037. However, just at the Area 4 west balk, Surface 4038 was disrupted by the later stone robbing associated with Pit 3026 and by Macalister’s Trench 3009. Surface 4038 also may have been associated with Wall 3008 located at the extreme northwest end of the excavated section in Area 3. Unfortunately, the eastward extension of this wall and all associated surfaces to its south and east were destroyed by the disturbances associated with Pit 3026.

(2)  Wall 13004—Phases 5B1 and 5B2 Excavation below Courtyard Surface 4020 was limited to the east half of Area 4. Here a series of earlier surfaces associated with the Phases 5B and 5C use of Walls 13004 and 4028 were identified. In Phase 5B1, the stone foundations of a two-row-wide (50 cm) wall (L. 4106) ran west from Wall 4028 at 2.5  m north of Wall 13004. These structures form a small room with a surface composed of laminations of compacted occupation soils (L. 4102) (see figs. III.23–25). Extending north from Wall 4106 was another compacted earth surface (L.  4108) on which two short irregular wall segments were founded. Wall 4107 ran north from Wall 4106 at 50 cm from its east end, forming a narrow corridor along the west side of Wall 4028. At 1.5 m north, Wall 4107 ended in a corner with Wall 4141, which was preserved in a short segment running 1 m to the west. Beyond Wall 4141, Surface 4108 was traced for another 1.9 m all the way to the north balk. In the section north of Wall 4106 and below Surface 4108, a slightly earlier, Phase 5B2, occupation surface (L.  4142) was detected. Surface 4142 represents the initial stage of the Phase 5B occupation use and buildup in the north part of the complex. The surfaces related to Phase 5B produced very few artifacts, but the latest associated ceramic materials were consistently MB IIC in date (see pl. 53). (3)  Wall 13004—Phase 5C Phase 5C is the earliest of the Phase 5 occupation sub-phases. It represents the period of use associated with the initial construction of Wall 13004

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Photo III.28:  Field IV Area 4, Room 4038 (Phase 5A), looking south.

Photo III.29:  Field IV Area 4, Oven 4039 in Room 4038 (Phase 5A), looking south.

Photo III.30:  Field IV Area 4, Oven 4111 on Surface 4104 (Phase 5C1), looking east.

Photo III.31:  Field IV Area 4, Jar Stands 4147A-C in cobblestone Surface 4147 (Phase 5C1), looking west.

(Phase 5C2) and the related efforts in the early MB IIC period to reinforce the city’s defenses east of Tower 5017. Phase 5C1 was separated from over­ lying Phase 5B levels by several shallow layers of accumulated soils and fills: Loci 4102.1, 4142.1, and 4146 (see fig. III.25, p. 72). In the south half of the area, Phase 5C1 is marked by Surface 4104 (see fig. III.26, p.  73). This is a level of compacted occupation soil lying between Walls 13004, 4028, and 4119. Wall 4119 forms the room’s north perimeter. It is a one-row-wide stone structure that emerges from the west transverse balk below the line of Phase 5B Wall 4106 (see fig. III.23, p.  68). Wall 4119 runs 1.25  m to the east, up to the west edge of a large oven (L. 4111) (see photo III.30). Oven 4111 is 50 cm in diameter. It sets into Surface 4104 and on top of sub-surface fill L. 4105 (see fig. III.25, p. 72).

North, beyond Wall 4119 and Oven 4111, is another packed earth surface (L. 4117) that runs north for an additional 1.5 m, from where it is continued by a section paved with cobblestones (L.  4147). These cobbles run north along Wall 4028 to butt against Wall 4158A, which forms the north perimeter of the complex. The domestic character of this phase of occupation seems clear from the several installations on its surfaces. A second oven belonging to the phase (L. 4120) was found on Surface 4117 near the edge of the cobbled area in the northwest. Adjacent to it, and just within the cobbled section, were a pair of side-by-side rectangular blocks (L.  4155). These apparently served as a low table or stand. Also set into the cobbles, to the north and west of these stones, were three shallow mud-rimmed pits (L.  4147A–C). These were 20–30 cm in diameter

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Photo III.32:  Field IV Area 4, stone foundations of Wall 3097 segment L. 4113 (Phase 6C), looking south.

Photo III.33:  Field IV Area 4, Wall 3097 segment L. 4113 with Surface 4116 (Phase 6A), looking south.

and most probably served as jar stands (see photo III.31).

confirmation that the redevelopment activity associated with the addition of Wall 13004 took place in the mid-to-late seventeenth century.

(4)  The Wall 13004 Construction—Phase 5C2 Below the Phase 5C1 surfaces was another deep fill layer, L.  4105. This was composed of redistributed occupation soils and, at points, was over a meter in depth (see fig. III.23, p.  68). To the south, this fill spilled against the upper remains of Wall 4113 and against the founding stones of Wall 13004. As was true of the Phase 5C1 surface and sub-surface remains (Loci 4104.1, 4117.1, 4147.P, and 4147.1), the sherd repertoire from within Phase 5C2 Fill 4105 still included materials of an early MB IIC date (see pls. 55–56). This provides added

(5)  Wall 4113/3097—Phase 6A Phase 6A represents the earliest occupation level excavated in Area 4. It was reached only in a 1.5-mwide probe section between the west transverse and east transverse balks (see fig. III.27, p. 74). Its key feature is Wall 4113, a segment of Wall 3097, the first phase wall extending from Tower 5017 to the area of the Southern Gate. As seen elsewhere (Wall 3097 in Area 3 and segment Walls 6012 and 16041 in Areas 6 and 16), the Wall 4113 foundations were constructed with medium-to-large boulders topped with a mud-brick superstructure (see figs. III.23,

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Fig. III.34:  Field IV Area 6, Phase 6A plan.

p.  68; III.25, p.  72). The excavation in Area 4 exposed five courses of foundation stones down its north face to a level of 216.55 where excavation stopped. The lowest three of these courses were set

forward 75 cm to the north and had a top level of 217.25 (see photo III.32). The two courses above this and the several preserved tiers of mud bricks on its top followed along the line of the north face

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Fig. III.35:  Field IV Area 13/23, east transverse section.

of Wall 13004. Wall 13004 was founded within Fill 4105 and immediately on top of the remnant Wall 4113 brick superstructure at 217.93. Running from the top edge of the protruding lower foundation courses of Wall 4113 was a surface of pebbles (L.  4116) (see photo III.33) that was continued to the north and east by a platform of cobbles (L. 4130). The cobbles covered the whole section north to Wall 4158B. Wall 4158B is broader than Wall 4158A and represents an earlier phase of use. To the west, Wall 4158B cornered with and was bonded to north–south Wall 4129. Wall 4129 was traced south 2.5 m along (and within) the west transverse balk (see fig. III.23, p.  68). Only its east face was exposed. In the corner formed by Walls 4158B and 4129 was a shallow pit (L. 4156) measuring 1 m (north– south) by 75 cm (east–west). The cobbles of L. 4130 framed this pit’s east and south edges. Occupation remains on Surfaces 4116 and 4130 and in Pit 4156 were scanty. It seems probable that most artifacts were removed as preparation for the activity associated with Phase 5 reconstruction began. (6)  The Wall 4113/3097 Construction—Phase 6C Below Surfaces 4116 and 4130 lay another deep fill layer (L. 4122). This fill was probed in the center

of the area for a depth of 1.25 m to a level of 215.65 (see figs. III.23, 25, pp.  68, 72). Fill 4122 clearly represents the upper remains from the Phase 6C backfill operation associated with the construction of Wall 4113/3097, similar to L. 3062 in Area 3. As in Area 3, this Area 4 backfill still included transitional MB IIB/IIC pottery (see pls. 63–64, 67). c.  The Phase 5A Storage Complex in Area 5 Work in Area 5 began in 1970 with the clearance of disturbed surface debris and Macalister backfill from above the thick deposit of mud-brick debris left from the destruction and collapse of Wall 13004 (see fig. II.1, p. 19; and plan IV). Excavation of the collapsed brick was continued in 1972 and 1973. Work in these seasons also included the removal of the balks between Areas 6/5 and 5/4 to the east and west. These efforts resulted in the exposure of a suite of four storage chambers belonging to the final, Phase 5A, use of the Stratum XVIII intramural structures (see fig. III.28, p.  75). The chambers were formed by a lattice of narrow walls 35–50 cm wide. These walls were constructed of medium-sized fieldstones, wet laid and with mud-plaster facing (see photo III.34). The north–south walls, especially Walls 5010 and 5019, were preserved to heights of

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Photo III.34:  Field IV Areas 5-6, overview of Phase 5A rooms, looking north.

Photo III.36:  Field IV Area 5, mud-brick blockage of Doorway in Wall 5018, looking south.

Photo III.35:  Field IV Area 5, doorway in Wall 5019, looking south.

over 2 m. The east–west intersecting Walls 5018 and 5020 suffered more from the northward collapse of Wall 13004 brick but also remained standing up to 1.5  m high (see fig. III.29, p.  76). The south ends

of Walls 4028, 5010, and 5019 abutted the face of Wall 13004, as did the south end of Silo 5011. All of the north–south walls were bonded with the east– west walls at their respective junctions. Beneath the destruction debris, beaten-earth surfaces were exposed in each of the four main room areas. These rooms are designated by the numbers of their respective surface loci (Loci 5013 [southwest], 5021 [southeast], 5029 [northwest], and 5033 [northeast]) (see fig. III.28, p.  75). The fill within Silo 5011 in the southwest corner of Room 5021, identified as L.  5012, was relatively sterile, consisting of mostly collapsed brick debris. Excavations reached 216.99, but no definitive surface was identified. Communication between the rooms of the complex was provided by a series of low doorways. The best-preserved of these was at the south end of

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Photo III.38:  Field IV Area 5, mud-brick blockage of doorway in Wall 5020 looking north from Room 5021.

Photo III.37:  Field IV Area 5, mud-brick blockage of Doorway in Wall 5020, looking south from Room 5033.

Wall 5019, between Rooms 5021 and 6010, where stones of the lintel and the wall above it were still in place (see photos III.35, 48). This opening measured 60 cm wide and 1.45 m high. From remains of the collapsed upper parts of Walls 5018 (see photo III.36) and 5020, a similar height averaging 1.5 m can also be reckoned for their respective doorways. The opening in Wall 5018 between Rooms 5029 and 5013 measured just 50 cm wide, but the original portal at the west end of Wall 5020 seems to have been slightly wider. However, during the final phase of Room 5021 use, this doorway had been blocked by a 75-cm-wide mud-brick addition (L.  5036; see photos III.37–38). Even prior to the Wall 5020 door blockage, access into Rooms 5013 and 5021 was only through the rooms adjacent to the north (Rooms 5029 and 5033) and east (Room 6010). It is thus certain that the main entry path into the com-

Photo III.39:  Field IV Area 5, south jamb of doorway at north terminus of Wall 5019, showing doors through Walls 5018, 5020, and 5019, looking south.

plex was from a corridor beyond it to the north. The jamb of an east–west doorway was found just inside the limits of the excavation area at the north end of Wall 5019 (see figs. III.28, 30, pp.  75, 80; and photo III.39). Similar portals can be assumed also to have existed through the northward extensions of Walls 5010 and 4028. However, this could not be fully verified, since these walls were truncated by Macalister’s excavations. Only traces of their foundations below surface and threshold levels remained at their respective north ends. This central group of rooms clearly provided the main storage units for the surrounding rooms of the intramural complex. Within each of these rooms, the deep layer of collapsed brick and debris covered in situ artifact assemblages. Walls in Rooms 5013 and 5021 on the south were lined with large storage

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Photo III.40:  Field IV Area 5, storage jar in situ next to Bin 5011 in Room 5021, looking south.

Photo III.41:  Field IV Area 5, storage jars in situ in Room 5013 with Bin 5011 in Room 5021, looking south.

jars, and these rooms obviously seem to have served as back storage areas (see photos III.40–41). Most of these jars were partly or completely smashed, but judging from adjacent charred residues, at least some of them were used for grain storage. In the process of restoration, it was observed that many of these jars had early alphabetic signs on their upper bodies and shoulders (see chap. V.K). Aside from a jug, a cooking pot, and miscellaneous other sherds, storage jars were the main items found in Room 5021 (see L. 5008 and L. 5021.P, pls. 27–32). On the other hand, the Room 5013 assemblage provided a more ample and varied assortment of artifacts, including lithic, metal, and bone objects, suggestive of wider domestic and industrial use (see Loci 5007, 5013.P and 5013.1; pls. 21–26). However, the most remarkable assemblage from this room was found

Photo III.42:  Field IV Area 5, overview of Room 5013, looking northwest.

during excavation of the floor’s sub-surface laminae (L 5013.1). Nested against Wall 13004, just below the surface in the southwest corner, was a horde of 10 jewelry objects (see chap. V.B, photos III.42–43, and pl. 26). These included 2 gold foil figurines, a collection of silver foil fragments, 3 gold rings, 1 scarab, 1 gold bezel for a scarab, and 2 faience beads. One can easily speculate that, as the siege that brought destruction to the MB city advanced, these items were hastily sequestered in this remote location below the surface of the back storage room. Additional storage vessels were also found in adjacent Rooms 5029 and 5033 to the north, and their artifact assemblages were also more varied (see photos III.44–45). The remains in Room 5029 (L. 5024 and L. 5029.P) included a number of querns, pounders, and flint objects, as well as several weight-stones and loomweights (see photo III.46 and pls. 33–36). Removal of this room’s sub-surface laminae (L. 5029.1) produced additional artifacts of the same type, along with 2 scarabs (see chap. V.C and pl. 37). However, it was specially distinguished by a collection of 8 polished wadi stones. These were probably used as scale-weights in connection with measurement and distribution of grain allotments (see chap. V.I and pl. 37). The repertoire in Room 5033 (L. 5033.P, see pls. 38–41) included similar flint and lithic items and was also distinguished by a large collection of polished stones (see pl. 41). Except for the shallow sub-surface probes in Rooms 5013 and 5029, excavations in Area 5 did not probe below the Phase 5A terminal MB IIC/ LB I level.

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Photo III.43:  Field IV Area 5, foil figurine (Object 2293, pl. 26:13) in situ in L. 5013.1, looking south.

d.  Intramural Stratigraphy in Area 6 Clearance work in Area 6 of Field IV was initiated in 1970 and provided exposure of the west flank of the Southern Gate’s West Tower (L. 6002) north from its juncture with connecting Wall 13004. Subsequent excavations between 1972 and 1974 concentrated in the narrow area between Tower 6002 and Wall 5019 of the adjacent set of storage rooms in Area 5 (see photo III.34 and plan IV). This work revealed several phases and sub-phases of late MB occupation. As elsewhere within the complex of intramural structures, the Area 6 features associate with Field Phase 5, Stratum XVIII, and Field Phase 6, Stratum XIX, occupation levels relating, respectively, to Walls 13004 and 3097. (1)  Wall 13004—Phases 5A–C As in adjacent areas, the remains of Phase 5A occupation in Area 6 lay buried beneath a massive layering of destroyed brick-wall remains that represented the late-sixteenth-century demise of the Stratum XVIII city. In Area 6, this destruction debris was over 2.5 m deep. The uppermost layer of this debris had contaminants present from late period disturbances and from Macalister’s excavation. This was isolated as L. 6001. The debris below was excavated as L. 6004 and, subsequently, as the density of artifact remains increased, as L.  6006 (see figs. III.31–33, plan V, and pls. 42–45). The L. 6006 debris completely covered the surface of a long chamber that was bounded on the east by Tower 6002 with its stone socle (L.  6014), on the south by Wall 13004, and on the west by Wall 5019 (see

Photo III.44:  Field IV Area 5, artifacts in situ in Room 5029, looking south.

Photo III.45:  Field IV Area 5, artifacts in situ in Room 5033, looking west.

fig. III.30, p.  80). The room’s surface (L.  6010) was composed of indurated field clay and nari that lapped up against each of the room’s three walls. Resting on Surface 6010 was a large assemblage of domestic remains (L.  6010.P), adding to the corpus of finds from L.  6006. These included flint blades and other stone tools and implements, a few bronze pins and fragments, a scarab and a scaraboid, as well as numerous ceramic loom-weights and other ceramic vessels (see pls. 46–49). Among these materials lay the skeletal remains of a female whose body had been crushed and distorted beneath the mud-brick debris (see photo III.47), This

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Photo III.46:  Field IV Area 5, grinding bowl (Object 2221, pl. 35:8) in situ on Surface 5029, looking south.

Photo III.47:  Field IV Area 6, skeletal remains in situ on Surface 6010 (Phase 5A), looking west.

individual appears to have been carrying or working with a three-footed grinding bowl at the time of her demise. To the west along Wall 5019, Surface 6010 also lapped against a low bench or shelf installation (L. 6011) (see fig. III.30, p. 80; and photo III.48). This structure was built of small fieldstones and mud plaster in the same manner as the main walls of the complex. It was 2.25 m long, 75 cm wide, and stood to an average of 50 cm above the surface. An accumulation of white fibrous residue identified as chaff was found on top of this structure. This chaff, and the fact that this structure’s south end was immediately next to a doorway through Wall 5019 into adjacent Storage Room 5021, suggests that the installation may have been a work platform for flour production.

Photo III.48:  Field IV Area 6, Bench 6011 along Wall 5019 (Phase 5A), looking west.

Three doorways provided access into Room 6010 (see fig. III.30, p.  80). To the southwest, located around and partly behind Bench 6011, was the 60-cm-wide portal through Wall 5019. Its south jamb was 1  m north of the face of Wall 13004’s stone foundations. The jamb of another doorway, leading into Room 5033 to the west, was identified at the very end of Wall 5019’s northward extension (see fig. III.30 and photo III.48). A third opening off Room 6010 was found on its northeast side. This doorway was located between 2.5 and 4.5 m north of the Wall 13004 juncture with Gate Tower 6002 and appears to have provided a 2-m-wide entrance into the gate tower (see fig. III.32, p.  82). Stone Socle 6014 formed the threshold for this portal (see fig. III.33, p. 83). Below Surface 6010 was a buildup of occupation laminae, which at points was 15 cm deep. It was excavated as sub-surface L. 6010.1. This buildup rested on top of Phase 5B1 Surface 6013 in the north (see figs. III.31, 33, pp.  81, 83), but it lensed out to the south, where Surfaces 6010 and 6013 merge at 1  m from Wall 13004. Like Surface 6010, Surface 6013 was composed of indurated field clay and also lapped against each of the room’s walls. However, in the southeast corner, its composition included a layering of chalk cobblestones. Also notable is the fact that Surface 6013 ran beneath Bench 6011, which was built immediately on its top. Beneath Surface 6013, in the south half of Room 6010, a layer of dark brown soil was excavated as L. 6015. This fill covered remains of earlier Phase 6A architecture. It also spilled against the founding

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Photo III.49:  Field IV Area 6, Walls 6016 and 6018 (Phase 6A), view to the south with Wall 13004.

courses of Wall 13004, providing evidence of the Phase 5C2 period of construction activity along this section of the city. (2)  Wall 6018/3097—Phase 6A Phase 6 remains were identified only in a limited probe section in the south half of the area (see fig. III.34, p. 90; and photo III.49). Here, below Surface 6013 and Fill 6015, the east part of a small room was exposed. This room was formed by Walls 6018/3097 (south), 6016 (east), and 6025A (north). Wall 6018 was another segment of the foundation of the early-phase extender wall corresponding with Walls 3097, 4113, and 14012 identified in Areas 3, 4, and 14, respectively (see chap. III.A.3.a). To the south, in adjacent Area 16, its outer face was identified as Wall 16041. In Area 6, the line of the later Wall 13004 foundations sat back

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50 cm to the south, leaving a one-row-wide ledge of Wall 6018 stones protruding to the north. These Wall 6018 foundations ran eastward under the stone socle (L. 6014) of Gate Tower 6002 (see fig. III.32, p. 82) and below Bench 6011 to the west. The top preserved levels were at 216.00 (east) and 216.16 (west). Two to three courses of stone were exposed down its inner face. Intramural Wall 6016 butted against the inner face of Wall 6018 and extended north, parallel to Tower 6002, forming the room’s east limit. At 1.75 m north, it intersected Walls 6025A and 6025B, which butted against it from the west and east, respectively. The proximity of the line of Wall 6016 to the line of the west face of Tower 6002 above it limited excavation on its east side. However, the stone foundations of Wall 6025B and three courses of its brick superstructure were seen continuing to the east beneath Socle 6014 and Gate Tower 6002 (see figs. III.32, 34). As previously noted, the L.  6015 fill of dark brown soil and occupation debris covered and surrounded the tops of these walls. These soils also formed the matrix covering the smashed remains of several storage jars. These remains were collected in four sherd groups as Loci 6017 and 6019–6021 but produced only one restorable vessel (pl. 57:1). No surfaces related to these loci had been identified when excavation was stopped at 215.16. While the ceramic materials from L. 6015 showed a broader, EB–MB IIC profile, the Loci 6017 and 6019–6021 storage jar remains date more narrowly to the MB IIB/C transition. These Phase 6A materials thus correlate with evidence from elsewhere in Field IV and Field I associated with Stratum XIX occupation.

5.  The Outer Wall Elements of Macalister’s Outer Wall system were investigated in two sections along the outer slope of Field IV, one in Areas 13 and 23 and another in Areas 15–17 and 26–27. a.  Areas 13 and 23 In a shallow 2-m-wide probe that extended south from Area 13 into the north half of Area 23, a section of the Outer Wall was identified as Wall 13014 (see fig. III.35, p. 91; and plan IV). Excavation in

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Fig. III.36a:  Sketch Plan of Outer Wall elements at the south end of Macalister’s Trenches 27-31 (after Gezer III [PEF], plan V).

Fig.III.36b: Sketch Plan showing Inner and Outer Wall features plotted during excavations in Field IV.

these areas exposed the wall’s top across a 4.5-mwide segment. Elevations on the top of this segment averaged 219.20, falling off to 218.85 at the outer edge. On its inner face, 6–8 irregular courses of small to medium-sized boulders were exposed down to a level of 217.90. As was the case with the investigation of Wall 9011 in Field I and Tower 16053 in Areas 15 and 16 (see below), the sloping MB glacis (L. 13012/8012) ran to the inner face of the wall structure (see Gezer I [HUC], 43–44; see also chap. III.A.3.c). The Wall 13014 segment was a full meter wider than Wall 9011 in Field I, suggesting the possible pres-

ence in Area 23 of one of the tower segments of the Outer Wall system. However, this does not correlate with the location of tower elements plotted by Macalister, as the Area 13/23 segment appears to fall between south slope towers 11 and 12 (counting south slope towers from east corner to the west) on his plans (Trenches 27–30, see fig. III.36a–b; see also Gezer III [PEF], pl. V). Moreover, the width of the wall here was similar to that of Wall 16017 exposed in Areas 16 and 26 beyond Tower 16053 (Macalister Tower 11) further east (see below). Unfortunately, the excavation at the outer edge of Wall 13014 did not reach sufficient depth to provide any further information in this regard.

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Fig. III.37:  Field IV Areas 15-17, Outer Wall elements.

Nor were any supplementary in situ structural remains found above the wall or over the glacis anywhere along the excavated section in Areas 13 and 23. While it is not certain that Macalister’s workers had uncovered all of the features of the wall and glacis exposed here, all upper fill layers included ceramics of Roman period or later date and are accordingly grouped with Macalister backfill L. 13000. b.  Areas 15–17 and 26–27 A more instructive exposure of Outer Wall system elements was provided by excavations in Areas 15– 17 and 26–27. The line of the Outer Wall here was first identified at the south end of Area 15, where it was at first designated L. 15026. Subsequent exposures of this wall structure in Areas 16/26 and eastward through the balks into Areas 17/27 were identified as L.  16017. During excavations in 1974, it became apparent that the west part of the construction does in fact represent a tower element within

the system that correlates with the partial Tower 11 plotted by Macalister (see fig. III.36a–b). This structure was then renumbered as L. 16053 (see fig. III.37 and plan IV). (1)  Tower 16053 By the close of excavations in 1974, Tower 16053 had been exposed along an 8 m section of its inner face and across its 7 m width on the east edge. Levels along the top of the inner (north) edge declined slightly from 219.29 (west) to 218.45 (east), with the northeast corner at 217.93. A deep probe down the tower’s inner face in Area 16 (see fig. III.12, p. 52; and plan V) exposed 15 courses (3.85 m) of medium-to-large boulders down to a level of 214.50. However, it is not certain that this represents the founding level for the structure. Excavations below this point in L. 16035 probed another full meter to a level of 213.50 without exposing the faces of any lower stones. However, the wall above was built on a slight batter against the

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Photo III.50:  Field IV Area 6, Probe 6015 within Walls 6016, 6018 and 6025A (Phase 6A), looking south.

Photo III.51:  Field IV Area16/26, juncture of Wall 16017 and Tower 16053, looking north.

cut-away glacis. It is thus reasonable to suppose that the wall’s construction began at a lower point. This is supported by excavations to lower levels outside of the wall system. Probes along the southeast face of the tower and down Wall 16017’s outer face reached levels of 213.63 (west) and 213.35 (east), without yet exposing the founding courses. At the point where it joined Wall 16017, the northeast corner of Tower 16053 jutted out 50 cm to the north. Its east edge was clearly defined by a line of medium-to-large rectangular boulders running to the south. Levels across the north 4 m of its width dropped only slightly from 217.93 (north) down to 217.35, but the southeast corner was severely eroded, and levels plunged dramatically down to 214.74 on the south edge of the structure (see fig. III.38, p. 102; and photos III.51–52). At the southeast corner, the tower ex-

tended 2.2 m out from the south face of Wall 16017. This projection was formed by well-shaped ashlar blocks laid in an irregular header-stretcher pattern. Inside of its ashlar-stone facing, the tower’s core was made up of a mixed fill of cobble-to-large boulder-size stones. (2)  Wall 16017 Running to the east from Tower 16053, Wall 16017 was exposed in a 5.25-m-long section that averaged 4.5  m wide. Continuing the slight west-to-east decline from Tower 16053, levels along its north edge fell from 218.10 (west) to 217.32 (east). Down its inner, north face, only 2–3 courses of stones were exposed to 215.80. The south edge of Wall 16017 was formed by a line of large boulders, with top levels declining from 217.47 (west) to 216.02 (east). On

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Photo III.52:  Field IV Area16/26, Bastion 16050, looking southwest.

Photo III.53:  Field IV Area16/26, lower foundations of Bastion 16050 and L. 16050.1.

this outer side, over 4 m of its height and 15 irregular courses of stones were exposed down its face to a level of 213.35. The wall’s core construction was similar to that of Tower 16053. Excavation down the outer face clearly demonstrated that, in its upper three to four courses, the wall was not bonded to but instead butted up against the east face of the tower (see photo III.51). This already seemed evident from excavations over the tower’s northeast corner and by observation of the deliberate division line along its eastern edge. In addition, just as Macalister observed in excavating similar towers (see Gezer I [PEF], 246), evidence along the outer face indicates that the ashlar-block construction forming the tower’s projection southward was not bonded with the stones of the lower courses of Wall 16017. Instead, the ashlars lay against these lower courses as they ran behind, to the

west. Two separate phases of construction must therefore be posited: (1) an earlier phase when the original line of Wall 16017 was built and (2) a later phase involving the addition of the ashlar tower and a slight elevation of the upper foundations of Wall 16017. Although the evidence supporting two such phases from outside the wall is quite unambiguous, evidence from inside the structure is less certain. The tower’s north face, exposed in the deep section in Area 16 (see fig. III.12, p.  52), reveals no sure line of structural transition, unless perhaps one can be seen in two large ashlar-like slabs that jut north at the point of contact with the glacis slope. Unfortunately, excavations at the tower’s northeast corner and east along Wall 16017 did not attain sufficient depth to provide any useful corroboration of this view. However, one hint that the tower is

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Fig. III.38:  Field IV Area 16/26, west section.

a secondary addition is provided by the presence of a buttress wall (L.  15035) found running north from its face in Area 15 (see fig. III.37, p.  99). As is the case with similar buttress structures excavated along the course of the Outer Wall in Field II Areas 4 and 14 (Walls 4025, 14005,and 14007) (see chap. III.B), this 1.5-m-wide wall spans the 1.75-m gap between the tower and the receding face of the glacis. Levels on its top stones (219.00 [west] and 218.58 [east]) match almost exactly those on the adjacent tower’s edge. The structure was well constructed, with 4 rows of medium-to-large boulders. Two courses of stones were exposed in a shallow probe down to 217.84 on its east face. However, founding levels were not reached, and the surrounding fills of L. 15037 included MB to Roman period sherds. As in Areas 13 and 23, it is supposed that Macalister’s workers had trenched along the inner side of this wall line. (3)  Bastion 16050 Of further significance in Area 16/26 was the discovery of a sloping stone revetment along the south-

east face of Tower 16053. This structure was clearly similar to the series of bastions or “rounded casings” that Macalister had described and which he assigned to the Maccabean phase of Outer Wall re­development (see Gezer I [PEF], 246–49 and figs.128–129; Macalister 1906: 36, 144–45). This structure, L. 16050, was exposed in a 2.5-m (north–south) by 1.5-m (east–west) section in the corner at the junction of Tower 16053 and Wall 16017 (see fig. III.37, p. 99; and photos III.51–52). Bastion 16050 was built with large cobbles and small boulder-size stones placed on a batter against the tower face, flaring downward at a 70-degree angle. At the corner where it butted against the south face of Wall 16017, it was preserved to its original height of 216.93. Here it tapered up to a single stone course that rested against the uppermost course of Tower 16053’s ashlar stones. The casing structure was exposed for 3.3 m down its east face to 213.63. At this point, it had expanded to 1.5 m in thickness. At the level of these lowest exposed courses, its construction consisted of 3–4 irregular rows of stones (see photo III.53). The latest sherds from within L. 16050.1, the dismantled upper part of

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Stratigraphy the bastion, were Hellenistic in date (see pl. 9). This is of great significance with respect to the dating of the structure, confirming that Macalister was correct with respect to the chronology of the “rounded casing” elements. A Stratum II Hellenistic period date is also attested by materials in L. 16051, which was a probe in undisturbed soils at lowest levels down the outside, east face of the bastion. The West Section of Area 16/26 demonstrates very clearly that Macalister’s workers trenched to fairly deep levels along the outer face of Tower 16053 (see fig. III.38). However, in his listing of Outer Wall towers with “rounded casings” (see Gezer I [PEF], 246 and Gezer III [PEF], plan V), Macalister did not indicate that such a bastion existed for his Tower 11 in the proximate location of Tower 16053. Macalister’s plans show no external projection at all for that tower (see fig. III.36a, p.  98). These conflicting observations can be fairly resolved by assuming that Macalister mistook the degraded outer slope of Tower 16053 to be merely wall collapse and accordingly plotted the outer line of the wall straight across the section. As to his location of Tower 11, which appears to fall slightly farther to the east than the Tower 16053 structure, such displacement is easily accounted for by the reduced scale and crude draftsmanship exhibited generally in Macalister’s plotting of Outer Wall features. A comparison of the plotting of Towers 7–13 across this southwest section on his phasing plans V and VI (Gezer III [PEF]) illustrates the inconsistencies in this regard. Macalister’s investigation and description of Tower 13, however, provides an excellent resource for comparison with Tower 16053. Located farther to the west beyond Field I, this tower was well preserved with its rounded casing still present all around the projecting ashlar construction (Gezer I [PEF], 247–48, figs. 128–29). Macalister’s observation that the “straight joint, between the tower and the wall was a point of weakness” (p. 247) and that this occasioned the addition of the rounded casing is almost certainly correct. His conclusion that this addition represents a chronologically separate phase of construction, however, bears further scrutiny. His sectioning of the bastion (illustrated in his fig. 129) shows the square corner of the ashlar projection and reveals clearly that the ashlar construction was intermittent. That is, while well-hewn

stones were clearly used to help in shaping its sides and corners, the builders also used unhewn and/or roughly shaped fieldstones throughout the construction. Because the joints between the cut and uncut stones clearly would provide easy purchase for the pry-bars of attackers and/or footholds for scaling the wall, it is to be doubted that the tower-builders ever planned for the ashlar foundation sections to stand open with faces exposed. It thus seems better to suggest that the squared tower foundations and stone casings belong together as part of one continuing phase of construction work. While the preservation of Tower 16053’s ashlar and casing elements in Area 26 was more limited, a similar picture showing intermittent use of ashlar stones is provided. Moreover, all the data relating to the addition of the tower, including Buttress Wall 15035 and the elevation of Wall 16017, suggest at least a Hellenistic period date. Combined with the certifiable Hellenistic dating of Bastion 16050 itself (see above), a conclusion that the addition of the rectangular towers is also part of the Stratum II, Maccabean period refortification work seems quite certain. Unfortunately, excavation work in Field IV discovered no new evidence relating to the date of the initial phase of Outer Wall construction, but based on evidence from Field I and elsewhere, an LB date is still considered most likely (see chap. II.B.2).

B.  Field II Areas 4 and 14 Joe D. Seger, Seymour Gitin, and Karen E. Seger

1.  Excavation History The Hebrew Union College excavations in Field II began in July 1965 under the direction of James Ross of Drew University. The field was laid out 110 m east of Field I (see frontispiece). It was oriented 18 degrees west of magnetic north in order to intersect at right angles with walls observed running at the crest of the south slope (Gezer I [HUC], 31). Work was initiated in two 5 × 5 m areas (Areas 1 and 2) on top of the slope. Field II work continued in 1966 during sessions in both the spring (with Ross continuing as Field

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Fig. III.39:  Field II Area 14, plan showing principal wall features.

Supervisor) and summer (with William Dever as Field Supervisor). At this time, Areas 1 and 2 were extended 2.5 m to the south and north, respectively, making them each 5  ×  7.5 m. Two more areas of similar size also were opened: Area 3 to the north

of Area 2, and Area 4 to the south of Area 1. Work in Areas 1–3 was continued during three additional summer seasons from 1968 to 1970 with Dan P. Cole of Lake Forest College as Field Supervisor. Full reports on the work in Areas 1–3 are included in

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Fig. III.40:  Field II Area 4, plan showing principal wall features.

Gezer I (HUC), 31–35, 56–68 and Gezer II (HUC), 47–87. Excavations in Area 4 were initiated in 1966 but were resumed only in the summer of 1973. In 1973, probes in an adjacent Area 14 were also opened. Final work in these two areas was conducted in the spring of 1974.

a.  1966 Excavations in Area 4 The Phase I HUC project efforts in Area 4 involved only some limited probes in 1966. During the spring season, Lionel Whiston of Eden Theological Seminary was Area Supervisor, assisting James Ross. In the summer, Miranda Marvin of Harvard

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Fig. III.41:  Field II Area 4, north section.

University was Area Supervisor, assisting William Dever. This work produced an exposure of limited depth across the entire north half of the area, tracing features associated with Wall 4001 that lay partly exposed along the slope (see Gezer I [HUC], plan XIII, “4001 Phase”). Work also included a 4-mdeep probe in a 2-m-wide section along the area’s east balk in this same north half (see Gezer I [HUC], plan IX 1). This deep probe produced mainly Middle and Late Bronze remains, with hints of the presence 1.  The east balk section (reversed) of Area 4 on plan IX in Gezer I (HUC) and on plans VIII and IX in Gezer II (HUC) is presented in incorrect scale. It represents a drawing at 1:25 rather than at 1:50 as per Areas 1–3—that is, the section represents only the 3.75 m of the north half of the area to which the excavation was limited. For further reference, compare it to the scale on the plan showing “4001 Phase” features on plan XIII in Gezer I (HUC).

of major fortification elements. The results are reported in Gezer I (HUC), 56–57. b.  1973 Excavations in Areas 4 and 14 Work in Field II Area 4 resumed in 1973 and 1974 during Phase II HUC efforts as part of a program to examine and/or reexamine elements of the city fortifications at several points around the site. The new work was carried out between June 26 and August 8, 1973. Seymour Gitin of HUC was Field Supervisor, assisted by Area Supervisor Duane Smith of Claremont College. Digging in 1973 concentrated on expanding the exposure provided by the 1966 east balk probe in order to test for clearer evidence of fortification remains. Because of the long hiatus between seasons and the extensive erosion that had occurred, some complications were experienced in

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Fig. III.42:  Field II Area 4, east section.

reestablishing the original Field II grid. Accordingly, the line of a new east balk was reestablished 75  cm west of the original Field II east balk line. This was plotted off the grid of Field VII 40 m west from that field’s west limit. A new south balk line was also established in coordination with the Field VII layout. This created a working area 4  m wide (east–west) by 8.5 m (north–south) (see fig. III.40, p. 105). After several weeks, this work resulted in the identification of Wall 4048 as part of Macalister’s Outer Wall system and provided further information on the complex of related intramural fills and other structures. During the final weeks of the 1973 season, a series of four probe units, each initially 1.25 × 2 m, were plotted at intervals west of Area 4 to trace the line of Wall 4048’s inner face (see Probe #1, fig. III.40, p. 105, and photo III.60). These probes were recorded as part of a new area, Area 14. Elements of two intersecting north–south walls (Walls 14004

and 14005) were found in Probes #2 and #3, and the balk between them was removed. By season’s end, Probes #3 and #4 had been expanded by 1 m to the north and by 4 m to the south, exposing both the inner and outer edges of Wall 4048’s western continuation (see photo III.62). c.  1974 Excavations in Areas 4 and 14 Work in Field II resumed between April 15 and April 26, 1974, with Karen Seger of the HUC Gezer staff as Field Supervisor and Jeanne Jaggard of Madison, New Jersey, as Area Supervisor. Only modest follow-up work was done in Area 4, where efforts were concentrated on final cleaning and articulation of the features of Wall 4048. In addition, the outer face of Wall 4048 was traced another 2  m to the west in a 1.5 m north–south probe off the southwest corner of the area (see fig. III.40, p. 105).

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Photo III.54:  Overview of Field II Areas 4 and 14 in the spring of 1974, looking east along the south slope of the tell.

Photo III.55:  Field II Area 4, surface of Glacis 4060 below remnants of Wall 4026, along with Wall or Step 4063, looking west.

More extensive excavations were continued in Area 14. To the west of 1973 Probe #1, the Area plot was expanded to 6 × 6 m, incorporating 1973 summer Probes #2–#4 (see fig. III.39, p.  104). Its east balk line was 4.5  m west of the Area 4 west balk. Its southern boundary was plotted along the line of Area 4’s south balk. Efforts here expanded the exposure along the Outer Wall, which was here designated Wall 14003, and provided clarification regarding its stratigraphic relationships with Walls 14004, 14005, and other features (see photo III.54).

Photo III.56:  Field II Area 4, Glacis 4060 below Wall 4026 at the west balk, looking west.

2.  The Stratigraphy in Field II Areas 4 and 14 a.  Phase 15: The Middle Bronze II Glacis and Related Structures (Stratum XVIII) The earliest architectural remains exposed in Field II Areas 4 and 14 are related to elements of the Middle Bronze chalk-faced glacis (L. 4060 and L. 14021). In Area 4, the L. 4060 glacis summit was cleared in a 1.25-m-wide section along the east balk. It extended horizontally at a level of 212.81 from the north balk to the south for 2.5 m. At that point,

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Photo III.58:  Field II Area 4, view over Wall 4026, with Wall 4048 and Buttress Wall 4059, looking east.

Photo III.57:  Field II Area 14, north balk with Wall 14005 set against the face of Glacis 14021, looking west.

it continued south, pitching down at a 40-degree angle for another 1.9 m, reaching a level of 211.37. There it met the north face of Wall 4048 (see fig. III.42, p.  107; and photo III.55). The sloping face of the glacis was cleared entirely across Area 4 to the west balk (see figs. III.41–43 and photo III.56). Its continuation, as L. 14021, was also traced to the west along the north balk of Area 14 (see fig. III.44, p.  114; and photo III.57). In Area 14, a small probe section through the surface of Glacis 14021 yielded pottery of transitional MB  IIC/LB I date (see pl. 72:14–27). Several additional features were associated with the glacis in Area 4. Most prominent was Wall 4026, founded running east to west on the outer edge of the glacis summit. Originally, Wall 4026 was at least 1.25 m wide, built of mud-brick courses (L.  4026B). Secondarily, it appears to have been

augmented on its inner, north side by the addition of a stone wall section, L.  4026A (see fig. III.42, p.  107; and photo III.58). However, the whole of the preserved structure of Wall 4026 was eroded and had slumped rather severely to the south. The exact nature of the original relationship between the stone and brick components is thus difficult to ascertain. From the state of the excavated remains, at least four possible alternatives can be inferred (see fig. III.42). 1.  Wall 4026 was originally built in one construction phase, with a foundation of mud bricks (4026B) and with its upper courses augmented on the inside by the addition of a stone revetment (4026A) faced in mud plaster. 2.  The wall was built originally only as a mud-brick structure, which in a later phase was augmented internally by the addition of the supplementary stone revetment facing (4026A). 3.  The wall was originally built with mud-brick foundation courses (4026B), on top of which stood a thinner stone wall faced on both sides with mud plaster. Subsequently (perhaps as the brick foundations slumped to the south), this upper wall (4026A) collapsed inward, down onto the remnants of the lower brick courses. 4.  Stone Wall 4026A was built as a vertical wall plastered on both faces and free standing in its upper courses. It was founded on and against the north side of Wall 4026B as part of a secondary building phase and subsequently collapsed south against and on top of the slumped 4026B bricks.

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Photo III.59:  Field II Area 4, Wall 4042 seen rising against Wall 4026, looking east.

The choice from among these alternatives ultimately relates to the interpretation of the wall’s nature and function. The most likely interpretation is that Wall 4026 served as a defensive parapet or outer screening wall set on the edge of the glacis plateau. It would thus have formed a protected room or corridor along the foot of the MB fortification wall (that is, along the outside of Macalister’s Inner Wall system). Wall segments positioned just outside the main wall line on the plateau of the glacis with the same putative functions were found in Field IV (see chap. III.A.3.c and plan IV). Though it has not yet been confirmed by excavation, it can be presumed from the Field IV evidence that the line of the Inner Wall in Field II, rising up from the glacis, also lies behind Wall 4026, still hidden by the Area 4 north balk. If Wall 4026 functioned as a screen wall, as we here propose, then the almost 2  m of its preserved height appears to be sufficient for that purpose, suggesting that either alternative (1) or (2) provide the most likely interpretation for the details of its architectural history. (1)  Phase 15C (Stratum XVIIIC) In the earliest phase of Wall 4026’s use, Wall or Step 4063, a 1-row-wide stone structure, ran behind it across the corridor toward the north balk between 1.1 m and 1.45 m west of the Area 4 east balk (see fig. III.40, p. 105; and photo III.55). Wall 4063 was founded directly on the glacis surface at 212.80 and butted the lowest brick courses of Wall 4026. It was preserved 1 course high and ran 1.25 m to the north, but could not be traced into the north balk. Against

its east face was a layer of laminated brick and plaster lenses (L. 4061). This layer was a build-up below Surface 4053. Surface 4053 was traced across the entire north section of the Area between Wall 4026 and the north balk, with levels along the brick foot of the wall at 213.23 (west) and 213.30 (east) (see figs. III.41–43). While it is possible that Wall 4063 originally served to divide room spaces behind the screen wall, it seems more likely that it formed a threshold or a step along the passage. In any event, Wall or Step 4063 and the L. 4061 laminations represent the earliest use phase of these glacis-related features. (2)  Phase 15B (Stratum XVIIIB) Surface 4053 represents the next, and possibly principal, phase of Stratum XVIII use, serving with Wall 4026 as part of the extramural system of city defenses. The latest pottery from the L. 4061 lenses and in L. 4053.1 below Surface 4053 is transitional MB IIC/LB I in date (see pl. 72:1, 7–13). (3)  Phase 15A (Stratum XVIIIA) The function and history of later features related to Wall 4026 is less certain, but most features still seem to fall within the MB IIC to LB I periods. Phase 15B Surface 4053 is covered by two substantial fill deposits: L. 4051 and L. 4044 (see figs. III.41–43 and pls. 69–71). Founded in the L. 4044 fill, 1.15–1.5  m east of the west balk, was northsouth Wall 4042. This structure was only 1 row wide. At its highest point (where it meets the north balk), it is preserved standing to 8 courses, 1.75 m high (see figs. III.40–41). Although it is interrupted through its midsection by later pitting, this wall was traceable along its foundation line to the south for 2.5 m, where it rose against and up onto the summit of Wall 4026 (see photo III.59). To the east of Wall 4042 was Surface 4029A. This surface ran to the founding stones of Wall 4042 and against the mud-plaster face of the stone revetment Wall 4026A, forming a room in the northeast corner of the area. A lens of gray ashy soil rested on this surface. Above this lens was a layer of dark brown soil with brick debris and ash (L.  4029) (see figs. III.41–42). A line surfacing related to Wall 4042 could also be traced to the west below the L. 4043 fill and above L. 4044. But this separation was only clear at the north balk because within the area, im-

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Fig. III.43:  Field II Area 4, west section.

mediately to the south, the tumble of L. 4043 boulders and the later pitting through the midsection of Wall 4042 had disrupted the surface’s integrity. Thus, no clear picture of this west room section can be discerned. The integrity of the L. 4044 fill cannot be certified, and it accordingly must be assigned to the Post-15 phase (see fig. III.43). However, based on evidence contained by the L. 4029 fill and from pottery recovered in the removal of the south section of Wall 4042 itself, the structures associated with the use of Wall 4042 still clearly date to within the late MB IIC to early LB I periods (see pl. 71:1–4). (4)  Phase Post–15 (The Stratum XVIII to Stratum XVI Interim) Across this north section above L.  4029 and L. 4043, additional fill deposits lay against both the east and west faces of Wall 4042. To the west was L. 4041, a deposit of cobble-size stones with little pottery but still dating only up to the transitional MB/LB period (see figs. III.41, 43). However, to the east, L. 4022 and L. 4019 fills provided a some-

what later date profile, with a predominance of typical LB II materials—both pottery and artifacts (see figs. III.41–42; see also the lists and references in Gezer I [HUC], 107–8). Of significance is the fact that both west and east fill deposits spill southward over the preserved stones of Wall 4026A, indicating that the glacis-related structures were no longer in use at the time of their accumulation. Above these fills and over Wall 4042, a trace of Surface 4028, excavated in 1966, was observed at the north balk (see figs. III.41, 43). It was on this L. 4028 layer of chalk chips that structures associated with terrace Wall 4001 of Stratum I were founded (see Gezer I [HUC], 57, 107–8). b.  The Outer Wall, L. 4048/14003 (Stratum XVI and Stratum II) The Outer Wall was identified in segments as Walls 4048 and 14003 in the downslope sections of Areas 4 and 14, respectively. It was traced for a total length of 14.5 m. (see figs. III.39–40 and photos III.60–62). The exposed segments were between

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Photo III.61:  Field II Area 4, overview of Wall 4048 looking northwest.

Photo III.60:  Field II Area 4, view along the north face of Wall 4048, looking west.

3.5  m and 3.75  m wide. The wall was built with very large boulders along its perimeters and had an inner matrix of large-to-small boulders, mud mortar, and debris. Macalister’s site plan indicates that he traced the line of the Outer Wall across this section of the tell, but no trenching or other evidence of excavation by his workers was observed. However, the outer perimeter of Wall 4048/14003 is fairly close to the surface and may have remained exposed at points along the slope in the early 1900s. In any event, the absence of disturbance by Macalister is confirmed by the presence in both areas of intramural wall structures that butt against it and are preserved, undisturbed, standing to and above the level of Wall 4048’s top courses (Walls 4025A–B, 14004, and 14005) (see figs. III.39–40). (1)  Phase 14: The LB Construction Phase (Stratum XVI) Excavation along the inner (north) face of Wall 4048/14003 indicated its use in two separate phases. It was first constructed as an LB II fortification

Photo III.62:  Field II Area 14, overview of Wall 14003/4048 with Walls 14004 and 14005, looking south.

(Phase 14) and later rebuilt and embellished in the Hellenistic period (Phase 2). In Area 14, the Phase 14 construction is represented by Wall 14017, a structure running below and just inside the upper stone courses of Wall 14003. The top of its north edge was cleared at a level of 213.60 across the western 3.5  m of the area (see fig. III.39, p.  104; and photo III.63). A probe (L. 14019) down its north face in the northwest corner of the area exposed 4 irregular stone courses of its structure down to 212.73 (see fig. III.45, p. 115). These courses lay with an irregular batter against a layer of brown soil and cobbles (L. 14019). This L. 14019 fill contained pottery dating to the MB IIC/LB I transition (see pl. 70). In Area 4, evidence of this early phase is represented by the lower 6 courses of Wall 4048’s ex-

Stratigraphy posed foundations (see fig. III.42, p.  107). The lowest courses are battered against the plaster of Glacis 4060, suggesting a construction pattern like that revealed in earlier excavations in Field I Areas 8 and 9 (see Gezer II [HUC], 36–38, fig. 3 and plan II) and in Field IV Areas 13 and 16 (chap. III.A.5). As they rise up from against the glacis face, these 6 lower courses stand with a slight inward batter similar to Wall 9011 in Field I and like Wall 14017 in adjacent Area 14 of Field II. Against the upper of these courses lay fills L.  4058 and L.  4056 (see figs. III.42–43). Fill 4058 was traced across the whole area to the west balk, where it was covered by L. 4056 materials. The latest pottery from L. 4058 dates to the LB Age (see pl. 70). This supports the arguments in Gezer II (HUC) (36–39) and elsewhere that place the first phase of Outer Wall construction in the Late Bronze II period. The L. 4056 fill also represents this LB construction phase. It lenses over the face of L. 4058 from west to east and spills against Wall 4048 at the west side of the area. Its main pottery profile is late MB but also extends into the LB horizon. The presence of a few early Iron I sherds was also noted, but these were found only in the uppermost pottery baskets, and their occurrence may only reflect a lack of clean separation from the trench L. 4055 fill that lies above. (2)  Phase 2: Hellenistic Period Reconstruction (Stratum II) In Area 4, a secondary phase of Outer Wall construction is indicated by several factors: 1.  Wall 4048’s uppermost courses are built with very large, semi-dressed, ashlar-like blocks that are offset to the south by up to 50 cm from the line of the earlier wall’s north face (see fig.III.43, p.  111, and photos III.60, 64). 2.  Between these uppermost courses of Wall 4048 and the remnant south face of Wall 4026 lies trench L. 4055, which seems clearly to have served as a foundation trench for the Wall 4048 secondary building phase. Its fills contain a mixed ceramic profile from the Chalcolithic period to the transition of the Iron I and Iron II periods in the tenth century (see pl. 68). 3.  Running across Trench 4055 is a succession of buttressing construction walls. The earliest of these is Wall 4059, which runs across the trench on a line 0.50–1.15 m west of the east balk. This structure is built of medium-size boulders set in 2 rows (65 cm

113

Photo III.63:  Field II Area 14, Wall 14017 with Walls 14003 and 14005.

Photo III.64:  Field II Area 4, Glacis 4060, Wall 4026, and the inner face of Wall 4048, looking south. wide) (see photo III.58). Wall 4059 stood 2 courses high, with its south end butting against the uppermost preserved course of Wall 4048 at 213.37. It extended 80 cm to the north, where it was battered against the face of Glacis 4060. It was founded in the L. 4055 fill at 212.93. The latest pottery excavated in association with this wall dated to LB I. 4.  Superimposed above Wall 4059, but offset from its east face by 25 cm to the west, was Wall 4025 (see fig. III.40, p. 105). Two phases of this structure were identified. A lower, preparation phase (L. 4025B) was built with small boulders and mud mortar. It was founded in L. 4055 fill and partly on Wall 4059. Pottery from its matrix dated to the MB II and LB II periods (see pl. 68). 5.  Above and upon L. 4025B stood Wall 4025A, a 2-row, 1-m-wide structure built of medium boulders (see

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Fig. III.44 (right):  Field II Area 14, north section. Photo III.65 (below):  Field II Area 4, Walls 4025, 4026, 4042, and 4048. photo III.65). At its north end, where it battered against the upper remains of Wall 4026, only 1 course of stones was preserved. At its south end, however, at the line of Wall 4048’s north edge, it stood a full 3 courses high. Its top stones at this juncture rose almost a full meter above those preserved in adjacent Wall 4048 (see fig. III.40, p.  105). This circumstance may have been caused by deterioration and/or later robbing of stones from Wall 4048. There is, in any case, no doubt that Wall 4025 was originally constructed as a buttress or foundation element for a secondary phase of Wall 4048’s use. The latest pottery from the matrix of Wall 4025A and from L. 4055, in which it is founded, dates to the end of the Iron I period at the eleventh/tenth century transition (see pl. 68).

The details of this secondary phase of construction are even clearer in Area 14, where segments of two more intramural buttress walls, Walls 14004 and 14005, were excavated (see figs. III.39, 44 and photo III.66). Both of these structures were fairly well preserved. North–south Wall 14005, located on a line 1.25–2.25 m east of the area’s west balk, was built with 2–3 rows of medium-size boulders. A full

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Fig. III.45 (left):  Field II Area 14, west section.

Photo III.67 (below):  Field II Area 14, west face of Wall 14004, rising against Glacis 14021 at the north balk, looking northeast.

Photo III.66:  Field II Area 14, Walls 14003/4048, 14004, and 14005 around Surface 14015, looking south.

2  m of its length were exposed, and 8–12 irregular courses (1.6 m) remained standing. At its north end, Wall 14005 was founded on and against Glacis 14021 (see photo III.67). To the south, it was set on the top edge of Wall 14017 and butted against the recessed inner face of Wall 4048/14003. Standing 2.5  m farther east was Wall 14004, a structure parallel to Wall 14005 but of thinner construction, just 2 rows and 50 cm wide. At the north

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Fig. III.46:  Fields V and VIII, plan of Tower 1007.

Photo III.68:  Field II Area 14, room between Walls 14004 and 14005, with Surface 14015 lensing onto Glacis 14021, through which is the probe section to L. 14018 materials.

balk, Wall 14004 stood 6 irregular courses high (see photo III.68). Like Wall 14005, it was founded on and against Glacis 14021. To the south, where excavation stopped at the level of Surface 14015, only 3 courses were exposed. These butted against the face of Wall 14003/4048.

Between these walls lay L. 14015, a clearly discerned surface of compact soil, pebbles, and sherds, which was identified below the accumulation of L. 14011 (see pl. 68) at 214.09. Surface 14015 ran up to and against both the east face of Wall 14005 and the west face of Wall 14004 (see photos III.66, 68). It also ran up to Wall 14003/4048 on the south but lensed out onto the face of Glacis 14021 at about 1  m north of the wall. Whether this small surface area somehow functioned as a space for occupation use (e.g., as the floor of a basement room) or merely represented a phase of construction activity was not finally determined. Its significance, however, lies in the fact that it seals materials below it that help to date the period of the construction of the buttress walls. The sub-surface itself (L. 14015.1) provided pottery of MB and LB II date. But from L. 14018 fill below came sherds from the tenth century and from the Hellenistic period (see pl. 69). This evidence clearly places the secondary stage of Outer Wall construction and use in Field II within the later, Stratum II, Maccabean period of city development. As illustrated well by the East and West Sections of Area 4 (figs. III.42–43, pp. 107, 111), all of

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Fig. III.47:  Field VIII Area 1, Stratum XXVI plan of Phase 5 bedrock features.

the Outer Wall features in Field II lay buried under a heavy layer of tumbled debris and colluvium (L.  4008), over which spilled a further accumulation of surface soils (L. 4004). These fills contained

pottery from all periods of tell occupation, clearly representing the collapse of city structures from upslope and later erosion processes.

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Fig. III.48:  Field VIII Area 1, Stratum XIX plan of Inner Wall Phase 4 and 3 features.

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Fig. III.49:  Field VIII Area 1, west section.

C.  Field VIII Area 1 Joe D. Seger and Seymour Gitin

1.  The 1973 Excavations in Field VIII Excavations were conducted in Field VIII from June 19 through August 4, 1973, with Seymour Gitin of Hebrew Union College as Field Supervisor, assisted by James Weinstein of the University of Pennsylvania. Carey A. Moore of Gettysburg College served as Area Supervisor. Work concentrated in a single 8 × 3.2 m area (Area 1) extending north from Field V over the slope of the tell (see frontispiece). Area 1 was plotted to run adjacent to an area first excavated in 1970 as Field V Area 10, which was initiated to probe materials lying just outside of Inner Wall structures on the north

side of the site (see fig. III.46, p. 116; photo III.69; and plan VII). The goals of the new Field VIII work were to continue and expand the exploration of these extramural remains and to probe for evidence of Macalister’s Outer Wall along the tell’s north periphery. The 1973 efforts were successful in reaching the inner edge of the Outer Wall and in exposing elements of earlier Middle Bronze Age fortification and glacis construction.

2.  The Stratigraphy of Field VIII a.  Phase 5: Bedrock Features (Stratum XXVI) The 1973 excavations in Field VIII reached bedrock across the whole of Area 1, revealing several cup-marks, L.  1030 A–D, and a putative water channel, L.  1031 (see fig. III.47, p.  117; and photos III.70, 73). While no in situ occupation evidence

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Fig. III.50:  Field VIII Area 1, east section.

Photo III.69:  View west across Inner Wall Tower 1007 with Field VIII Area 1 at lower left corner, looking west.

Photo III.70:  Field VIII Area 1, bedrock features with Tower 1007 and Wall 1020, looking west.

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Photo III.71:  Field VIII Area 1, Walls 1015 and 1023 with Fill 1021 and L. 1031 (water channel in bedrock), looking southeast.

Fig. III.51:  Field VIII Area 1, south section.

associated with these features was identified, pottery of the Late Chalcolithic/EB I period was well attested in the overlying fills. This, along with evidence from Stratum XXVI in Fields I and V, suggests that these bedrock features also date to the Late Chalcolithic period (see Gezer II [HUC], 9–14 and Gezer V [HUC], 1–44). b.  The Inner Wall System (1)  Phase 4: The Initial Construction Phase (Stratum XIX) The first architectural phase in Field VIII was represented by the construction of Tower 1007 of the Inner Wall system and the deposition of associated fill layers along its north face (see fig. III.48, p.  118). To support the wall construction and to expand and elevate the area, a layer of fill (L. 1016) was first placed immediately on the bedrock (see figs. III.49–51). Above this, a second layer of fill (L. 1013) was added, raising the level by another 75

Photo III.72:  Field VIII Area 1, profile view of Walls 1023 and 1015 at the east balk.

cm. These two fills were contained by Wall 1015, a revetment structure located 3  m north of Tower 1007. This wall was built of small- to medium-size boulders. It was founded directly on bedrock and was preserved 3 courses high at the east balk, rising to 7-plus courses of smaller stones at the west balk. Outside of Wall 1015, another fill (L. 1021) was laid in against its north face. The slope of this fill was secured by Wall 1023, a battered facing of mediumsize boulders (see photos III.71–72). Earlier excavations in Field V Area 3 had also previously exposed the tops of both Walls 1015 and 1023 (as Walls 3006 and 3009, respectively) as they continued along the

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Photo III.73:  Field VIII Area 1, bedrock with fragmentary Wall 1027 along with Walls 1020 and 1015, looking north.

Photo III.74:  Field VIII Area 1, south end, showing bedrock and the corner of Wall Tower 1007.

slope to the west. North of battered Wall 1023, another fill (L. 1024) was added, smoothing over the undulations in bedrock. The surface of this fill layer continued the line of descent down the slope, lensing out onto bedrock at the north balk. Set onto Fill 1024 across the slope at 1  m north of Wall 1023 was Wall 1027 (see fig. III.50, p.  120; and photo III.73). This fragmentary wall apparently served as a supplementary terracing structure. These filling and revetting operations prepared for the construction of Inner Wall Tower 1007, which was founded directly on top of L.  1013 at 216.80. Only the northeast corner of this tower projected into Field VIII (see fig. III.48, p.  118; and photos III.69, 74). At this corner, from a top level of 218.31, 4 courses of massive stones were exposed down its outer face. Subsequently, another fill layer (L. 1012) was heaped up against the north and east

faces of these foundations (see figs. III.49–51). This fill consisted of a yellow-brown soil matrix with numerous pebble- to boulder-size stone inclusions. It extended north from the top of the third course of stone in the Tower 1007 foundation out to the edge of Wall 1015, forming a 35-degree slope. The addition of these L.  1012 materials completed the first phase of Inner Wall construction activity on the north side of the site. Pottery contained within L. 1012 dated from the EB to the MB IIB and early IIC periods. Ceramic evidence from the lower fills (L. 1013 and L. 1016) provided a similar range of dates (see pls. 74–75). This evidence indicates that the construction of the major Inner Wall elements along the site’s north perimeter occurred within Stratum XIX, contemporary with the founding of Tower 5017 and connecting Wall 3097 on the city’s south side in Fields I and IV.

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Fig. III.52:  Field VIII Area 1, north section.

(2)  Phase 3: Glacis Development (Stratum XVIII) A second phase of development along this north fortification line is represented by the addition of Glacis 1017, a 1.5-m-deep deposit of limestone chips and chalk. Down the slope to the north, this chalk cover was laid in above L. 1024 and against and over the north face of Wall 1023. It then spread up to the south, lensing out onto the lower slope of L. 1012 (see figs. III.49–50, pp. 119–20; III.53). At the east balk, the top of this chalk deposit forms a line that continues the more gradual 15-degree slope of the south part of L. 1012 (see fig. III.50, p. 120). However, at 7  m to the north of Tower 1007, the chalk face of Glacis 1017 dips sharply down at an angle of 45 degrees. This formation closely parallels the situation in Field IV, where the Glacis 8012 platform is also found sloping gently away from features of the Inner Wall system and then dropping

off at a steep angle. Comparisons with information on glacis development provided by work in Fields I, II, and IV along the site’s south flank suggest that the addition of Glacis 1017 represents a secondary phase of fortification construction in Field VIII. However, the profile of ceramic materials recovered from within its matrix is the same as that from L. 1012, and there is no way to completely rule out the possibility that a slightly earlier, or more continuous, process of glacis development took place on the north side of the site. c.  Phase 2: Evidence of the Outer Wall (Stratum XVI) Just at the north limits of Field VIII, an east–west wall (Wall 1020) was found protruding 1 m into the area of excavation (see figs. III.49–50, 52, 54). Wall 1020 was built with medium-to-large boulders, and

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Fig. III.53:  Field VIII Area 1, plan of Glacis 1017.

its south (inner) edge was exposed across the whole 3.2 m of the area. Its founding stones were set in fill L. 1024 just on bedrock at levels 215.20 (west) and 215.50 (east) (see photo III.73). It was preserved

5 irregular courses high, with top levels at 216.22 (west) and 216.42 (east). These courses were set at a batter against the chalk face of Glacis 1017. Excavation produced no pottery specifically related to

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Fig. III.54:  Field VIII Area 1, plan of Outer Wall 1020 Phase 2.

this construction, but the battered construction and relationship to the glacis is similar to that of other elements of the Outer Wall excavated in Fields I, II,

and IV along the south slope of the tell. Identification of Wall 1020 as part of the Outer Wall system is therefore certain.

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d.  Phase 1 and Later Deposits (Stratum II?) Covering Wall 1020 and all of the other features in Field VIII was Fill 1011. The latest pottery in this fill belongs to the Hellenistic period. This is again suggestive of the situation elsewhere along the Outer Wall where features of Hellenistic period construction have been identified. This includes the evidence provided by the early excavations of Macalister and the more recent HUC work in Fields

II and IV presented in this volume. Above L. 1011 are later deposits L. 1009 and L. 1005. These loci include materials from all periods up to the twentieth century c.e. Locus 1009 may represent soils disturbed by Macalister’s efforts to trace the wall systems in the early 1900s, while L. 1005 represents a further redistribution of those soils by bulldozing work undertaken in 1970 to prepare for reinvestigation of the Middle Bronze Age High Place in Field V.

Chapter IV

Pottery A. Pottery Remains in Field IV (See Chap III.A)

1.  City Stratum I (Field Phase 1, Early Roman) (pls. 4–9)

F

ield IV encompasses several major features along the south fortification line of Macalister’s Inner Wall system of the MB city at Gezer. These include its main Southern Gate and a 29-m-long by 15-m-wide section of a massive tower (Tower 5017) that lay adjacent to it to the west. Between these structures ran a sequence of connecting walls (i.e., Stratum XVIII Wall 13004 above Wall 3097, a Stratum XIX structure). During the final, Stratum XVIIIA, phase of MB use, a well-constructed lime plaster (huwwar) glacis (Glacis 8012) ran west from the West Tower of the Southern Gate and along the outer perimeter, fronting Wall 13004 and Tower 5017. At that same time, a series of courtyard and storage structures were in use against Wall 13004 inside of the city. These Stratum XVIII features were examined across the whole field in each of Areas 1–19. Earlier remains of Stratum XIX were investigated in intramural Areas 3, 4, and 6 and in Areas 14 and 16 outside the Inner Wall line. Outside and just south of this complex, along and set into the outer slope of Glacis 8012, segments of Macalister’s Outer Wall (Wall 9011 of the HUC excavations) were exposed. These remains were examined in Areas 13/23, 15, and 16. At the west end of the field, around and across Tower 5017, evidence of disturbances from Roman period stone-quarrying activity was discovered. Superimposed over these features and across the whole field was a 1–2-m-deep accumulation representing Macalister’s backfilling operations and subsequent erosion at the site. Loci from these deposits are described as NIL, i.e., “Not In situ Loci.” They provided a useful collection of pottery and artifacts that preview the repertoire of materials from the levels below (see pls. 1–3).

Stratigraphically secure remains from the early Roman era were found only in Areas 1, 11, and 12, where a series of terracing walls from that period angled across the top of the Tower 5017 stone foundations (Walls 1001, 11004, 11007, 12005, and 12006) (see chap. III.A.1.b.(3)–(4)). These crude structures were remnants of quarrying and stone-robbing activities that pitted and disturbed the upper stratigraphy all across the top of the tower’s foundations and randomly elsewhere across the field. Evidence dating these terrace features to at least the first century was provided by the presence of red-shingled jar or cooking pot wares within the matrices of Walls 11004 and 11007. These include pl.  9:7, an Eastern Terra Sigillata sherd of Gitin’s Type 258 (see Gezer III [HUC], pl. 44:11) and pl. 9:12 and 14, two sherds of Gitin’s Type 170V (see Gezer III [HUC], pl. 44:13). Elsewhere, north of the terrace walls, the phase is represented only by pits with sherds from a mix of periods (see pls. 4:4–14, Pit 1007; 5:12– 24, Pit 1019; 7:20–28, Pit 2015). The repertoire of ceramic materials from these pits includes mostly MB and early LB types. However, examples of later vessel forms are also present (see, e.g., pl. 5:14, a Hellenistic bowl, and pl. 5:21, a small Iron II cooking pot). Moreover, these pits are covered and/or surrounded with disturbed debris as represented by L. 2013 (see pls. 6; 7:1–19). This debris also contained ceramic materials post-dating the MB–LB horizon (see especially the Iron I Philistine wares on pl. 6:1, 12–14). Evidence of additional even deeper pitting, presumably also the result of late-period stone-robbing activity, was also observed off the tower’s northeast corner in Area 3 (see chap. III.A.1.b.(1)). These disturbances are represented by L. 3018 and Pit 3026 127

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(see pl.  8:1–18). These again display a predominantly MB ceramic profile, but LB and Iron I types are also present (see, e.g., pl. 8:15–16). While these loci might represent pitting activity from as early as the Iron Age, they are not sealed in any way from disturbed surface deposits and are accordingly assigned to Phase 1. Area 6, L. 6001, with mainly MB remains (see pl. 8:19–30), is for the same reason also assigned to this uppermost phase.

gests that the tower may already have been added to the Outer Wall line by the early Iron II period, no secure ceramic data or other stratigraphic support for this opinion was provided from the Field IV exposures. Assignment of this ashlar construction to Iron IIA thus remains questionable, and, as suggested in chap. III.A.5.b.(3), we now posit it to be part of the Hellenistic period redevelopment of city fortifications.

2.  City Stratum II (Field Phase 2, Hellenistic) (pl. 9)

4.  City Stratum XVI (Field Phase 4, LB IIA)

Stratified remains certainly of Hellenistic date were identified in Field IV only in Areas 15 and 16. Here the foundations of a tower (L. 15026/16053) were investigated (see chap. III.A.5.b). This structure supplemented Wall 16017, the local segment of the Outer Wall 9011 fortification line. At the southeast corner of this tower, a sloping bastion of battered field-stone was exposed (L.  16050) and part of its sub-matrix was removed and examined (L.  16050.1). An additional probe (L.  16051) was dug down this bastion’s east face at the base of the outer foundations of Wall 16017. Sherds collected from these loci (see pl. 9:15–38) include examples diagnostic of periods prior to and including the Iron Age. Iron Age examples include pl. 9:33, a storage jar rim of Gitin’s Type 4 (see Gezer III [HUC], pl.  15:11–15); 9:28, a cooking pot rim of Gitin’s Type 102–103 (see Gezer III [HUC], pl. 22:4); and 9:30, the rim and handle of a large krater of Gitin’s Type 86–87 (see Gezer III [HUC], pl. 11:2). Vessel types representing the later Hellenistic era include pl. 9:15, a bowl base of Eastern Terra Sigillata ware of Gitin’s Type 208 (see Gezer III [HUC], pls. 34:11; 38:19); 9:18, a jar rim of Gitin’s Type 161A (see Gezer III [HUC], pls. 34:19; 47:20; Lapp 1961: 146, Type 11.2); and 9:38, the spout of a delphiniform lamp of Gitin’s Type 156 (see Gezer III [HUC], pl.  47:13; Lapp 1961: 194, Type 83.1). This last group clearly places Bastion 16050 in phase with other towers along the Outer Wall that Macalister had previously assigned to the Hellenistic age.

3.  City Stratum VIII (Field Phase 3? Iron IIA) While the presence of well-cut ashlar masonry at the southeast corner of Tower 16053 in Area 16 sug-

Segments of Outer Wall 9011 were exposed in Field IV in Areas 13/23 (Wall 13014) and in Areas 15–16 (Wall 16017). Probes down its inner face in both areas confirmed that its foundations were cut into the talus of Glacis 8012 (local segments L. 13012 and L. 16005). However, since the wall’s inner face was battered against the glacis remains, no separation of foundation trench material was possible. Neither were any surfaces that related to the initial use of the wall structure found in these exposures. Dating the Wall 9011 founding to the early LB II period is based on testimony from the excavation of wall segments in Field II as reported in this volume (see chap. IV.B), as well as in Field I (see Gezer I [HUC], 43; Gezer II [HUC], 35; and Gezer V [HUC], 68–69) and Field III (see Dever 1993a).

5.  City Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 5, MB IIC–LB IA) (pls. 10–60) Stratum XVIII occupation in Field IV is represented by almost all of the major features listed in the opening paragraph above. These include Tower 5017, connecting Wall 13004, the Southern Gate, Glacis 8012, and the upper phases of the intramural domestic complex. In Areas 3–6 within the intramural complex, four occupation sub-phases were identified for Stratum XVIII (Field Phases 5A, 5B1, 5B2, and 5C1), as well as a construction phase for Wall 13004 (Field Phase 5C2). On the east end of Field IV, in Areas 10 and 20, probes identified another segment of connecting wall (Wall 10005) extending eastward from the east perimeter of the Southern Gate’s East Tower. A patch of glacis (Glacis 10006) was cleared along its outer face. Inside the wall in Area 10, surfaces of Phases 5A and 5B1 were identified.

Pottery a.  Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 5A) (pls. 10–51) (1)  Related Stratigraphy This phase marks the final occupation of the MB city, which was terminated by massive destruction in the late sixteenth century (i.e., within the early LB  IA period). A modest sample of sherds representing this phase was collected from sealed loci on top of the Tower 5017 foundations in Areas 1 and 2. Other major assemblages of Phase 5A occupation remains were recovered from surfaces all across intramural Areas 3–6. These Area 3–6 remains were buried under more than 1.5 m of burned mud brick from the collapsed superstructure of Wall 13004. Room units for the intramural structures are identified by their primary surface loci: e.g., Room 3025 is designated by Surface 3025, etc. (see fig. II.1). Pottery evidence relating to this phase was also collected from probes through the gateway passage in Area 8, from an intramural surface in Area 10, and from deposits on Glacis 8012 (L. 14005) in Area 14. Above the Tower 5017 foundations, sealed deposits were represented by L.  1004 in Area 1 and by Surface 2003.P and 2003.1 remains along with L. 2006 and L. 2019 in Area 2 (see pl. 10). In Area 3, the mud-brick debris was identified as L.  3012. This debris lay over surfaces within Rooms 3022 and 3025. Occupation remains from these rooms were collected as Loci 3022.1, 3025.P, 3027, 3025.1, 3053, 3041, 3044.1, and 3046 (see pls. 11–15). In Area 4, an upper layer of mud-brick debris was removed as L.  4002 (south) and L.  4031 (north), while a lower portion, directly above the occupation surfaces, was identified as L. 4007. This debris covered two occupation units: Room 4038 and Courtyard 4020. In situ remains were recovered from Loci 4035, 4020.P, and 4020.1, as well as from collapse along dividing Wall 4022 and in Pit 4026. L. 4100, a 50-cm layer of fill, lay below these surfaces, representing a preparation phase for 5A occupation (see pls. 15–20). In Area 5, an upper layer of mud-brick debris was removed as L. 5002 (see pl. 21). This removal exposed a network of walls that formed four room areas (Rooms 5013, 5021, 5029, and 5033) and a corner silo (Silo 5011).

129

Room 5013 was filled with brick and debris removed as L.  5007. Occupation remains were collected from L. 5013.P and L. 5013.1 (see pls. 21–26). Room 5021 was filled with brick and debris removed as L.  5008. Occupation remains were collected from L. 5021.P (see pls. 27–32). Room 5029 was filled with brick and debris removed as L. 5016 and L. 5024. Occupation remains were collected from L. 5029.P and L. 5029.1 (see pls. 33–37). Room 5033 was filled with brick and debris removed as L. 5017 and L. 5031. Occupation remains were collected from L. 5033.P (see pls. 37–41). Remains within Silo 5011 were collected as L. 5012 (see pl. 28). In Area 6, an upper layer of mud brick was removed as L. 6001. This removal exposed the northwest corner of the West Tower of the Southern Gate (L. 6002/7002). A middle layer of brick and debris was next removed as L. 6004. This exposed a narrow courtyard area (Room 6010) between Rooms 5021 and 5033 in Area 5 and the L.  6002 section of the West Tower. A final, lower layer of brick and debris was removed as L. 6006. Occupation remains below this were collected as L.  6010.P and L. 6010.1 (see pls. 42–49). In Area 8 within the gateway, materials from two probes beneath the surface of the passageway, L.  8006.1 and L.  8010, were ascribed to Stratum XVIIIA on the basis that the portal was clearly used until the final-phase destruction of the city. However, because of the disturbance from Macalister’s earlier efforts, it is not certain that any in situ remains of the original surface levels were left. The pottery remains are largely EB in date, suggesting that the probes represent earlier construction fills (see pl. 50). In Area 10, upper brick debris was seriously disturbed by Macalister pitting. This was removed as L. 10000. Stratum XVIIIA (Phase 5A) was represented by Surface 10007, and representative occupation materials were collected as L. 10007 and L. 10007.1 (see pls. 50–51). In Area 14, Surface 14005 was identified in a probe between screen Wall 14003 and connecting Wall 13004. Stratum XVIIIA materials from on and below this surface and within the surface chalk

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of Glacis 14010 were collected as Loci 14004, 14005.1, and 14009, respectively (see pl. 51).

(2) Pottery Corpus The ceramic repertoire from the Stratum XVIIIA deposits in Field IV provides an ample corpus of late MB IIC–early LB IA vessel types, which closely anchor the date of the destruction of the MB city to near or soon after the end of the sixteenth century. A very thorough sampling of these materials is presented on pls. 10–51. In the discussion that follows, this corpus is reviewed as a single assemblage of vessel types. A catalogue of the representative forms is followed by comment and referenced to selected comparanda. The catalogue employs coding systems for identification of respective vessel part types and treatments that will be explained for each type group. Table IV.1, Diagnostic MB Types from Gezer Phase II Excavations, renders a statistical display of forms as they distribute by fields and stratigraphic phases. The primary statistical focus is on rim shapes and excludes bases and other body sherds except where these exclusively represent discrete vessel classes. The comments section discusses materials, with special reference to the MB IIB–C corpora from Shechem Strata XX–XV as analyzed and presented by Dan P. Cole (see Shechem I  ) and the author (see Seger 1965). In addition, the comparanda references materials from selected other sites with stratified late MB to early LB  I phases. These include Tell Beit Mirsim E–D (see TBM I–IA), Hazor XVI–XV (see Hazor I–V), Megiddo XII–IX (see Megiddo II  ), Lachish VIII (see Lachish II, IV [PEF]), Lachish P4–P3 (see Lachish III [TA]), and Yoqneʿam XXI–XX (see Yoqneʿam III  ). See table IV.2, Comparison of Selected MB– LB Strata. (a) Platter Bowls (Bp) Code System: W = whole; R = rim*; S = side; s = slip; b = burnish; in = inside; out = outside; B = base; f = flat; d = disc; cd = concave disc; cvd = convex disc; r = ring, t = trumpet *Rim profiles are described according to the type system illustrated in fig. IV.1. This system represents an alternate version of one devised by Dan P. Cole and the author for platter bowls from Shechem (see Shechem I, 33–34 and pls. 1–5; modifications as noted in fig. IV.1)

The Gezer Stratum XVIIIA Bp corpus from Field IV includes 100 rim forms, which distribute into types as follows: .1 plain rim (37% of total)    .11 rounded external edge (n = 19)    .12 flattened external edge (n = 14)    .13 everted external edge (n = 4) .2 sharp inverted rim (23% of total)*    .21 rounded external edge (n = 4)    .22 flattened external edge (n = 8)    .23 everted external edge (n = 11)  *(Note: Shechem .3 squared inverted rim forms are here combined with .2 types, see Shechem I) .4 undercut inverted rim (20% of total)    .41 rounded external edge (n = 15)    .42 flattened external edge (not attested)    .43 everted external edge (n = 5) .5 rounded inverted rim (4% of total)    .51 rounded external edge (n = 1)    .52 flattened external edge (n = 2)    .53 everted external edge (n = 1) .6 elongated inverted rim (16% of total)    .61 rounded external edge (n = 10)    .62 flattened external edge (not attested)    .63 everted external edge (n = 6)

Bp Catalogue Pl. 10:2R.12; 6Bcd; 8R.11; 11R.13, s on rim in and out; 16Bd; 17R.61; 18R.11; 19R.11, s in and out; 20R.12; 25R.12; 26R.41, s on rim in and out; 27R.41; 28R.11; 29Bcd Pl. 11:12R.22; 13R.41, s on rim out; 14R.43; 15R.43; 20Br Pl. 12:5Bcd; 6Bcd; 8W.41r; 9Bcd; 10Bcd; 31R.22 Pl. 13:13W.41r; 14W.13r Pl. 14:15R.41, s in and on rim out; 16W.23d; 17W.12d; 19W.61r; 21Bd Pl. 15:1R.11 (one handle = scoop?); 2R.41; 3R.61; 15R.12; 17R.12; 18R.52 Pl. 16:15W.61cd; 16W.12r Pl. 17:1R.23 Pl. 18:15R.53; 16R.23 Pl. 19:3R.61, s in; 6W.23r; 7W.43cd; 12R.13; 14R.11; 17Br Pl. 20:3R.61; 4R.11; 15R.61, s in; 16R.23; 17R.11, s in and out; 18R.23; 19R.22; 20R.51; 26R.22

Pottery

Fig. IV.1:  Middle Bronze platter bowl rim types.

131

132

Chapter IV Pl. 21:6R.41 Pl. 25:4R.21 Pl. 26:6R.23; 7R.41; 10Bf; 11Br; 12Bf Pl. 27:11R.11, s on rim in and out; 12R.63; 13W.11d Pl. 28:11R.22 Pl. 30:4R.12; 5R.12 Pl. 33:7R.41; 11R.13, s on rim in and out; 12R.11; 13W.11cvd Pl. 34:8W.11r Pl. 35:1W.23r Pl. 37:10R.63; 11R.11, combed band out Pl. 40:1Br; 5W.52cd; 8R.21 Pl. 42:7W.63cd; 8R.61; 9W.23cd; 10R.63; 11W.61r; 12R.41; 13R.23; 14R.22; 15R.22; 16R.41; 17R.43, s traces in; 18R.43 Pl. 44:2R.21; 3R.11; 4R.61; 5R.12; 6R.12; 7R.11, s in and out; 8R.11; 9R.12, s in and on \ rim out; 30Bcd; 31Br; 32Bcd Pl. 46:7Wcd.63; 8Wd.11 Pl. 50:18R.21; 19R.41; 20R.12; 21R.41 Pl. 51:5R.23; 6R.63; 10R.12, s out; 13R.41; 15R.22, s on rim out; 17R.11; 21Br

Bp Comment The Bp (platter bowl) classification includes bowls of an open type, including plate and platter forms and shallow bowls in smaller and larger varieties. These platters and bowls are a very common feature within the MB ceramic corpus, and it is not surprising to find 20 complete forms among the 118 examples in this Stratum XVIIIA assemblage. The rim profiles provided on 100 examples are the most useful diagnostic features (see fig. IV.1). The remaining 18 examples preserve only base forms. It is notable that the Bp .2 types with sharp inverted rims—which are very common in the MB IIB corpus at Shechem, where they represent 47% (99 of 211) of the Bp rims—only represent 23% (23 examples out of 100) in the Stratum XVIIIA corpus at Gezer. This echoes the situation at Shechem, where in MB IIC phases they decline to only 32% (58 of 183) of the repertoire (Shechem I, 41, fig. 1). Moreover, the Bp .1 plain-rim types are represented in 37 examples (37%) in Stratum XVIIIA, which also mirrors the trend at Shechem, where this type increases from 10% in MB IIB to 25% in

MB IIC (Shechem I, 41, fig.1). By the LB I, these plain rim-forms become dominant. See, for example, the LB I bowl assemblages from Stratum XV Installation 1177 in Area L at Hazor (Hazor V, fig. III.15:1–8, 10–11, 13–19) and from Stratum IX at Megiddo (Megiddo II, pl. 54:7–17). Also diagnostic for the MB IIC horizon is the emergence of the Bp .6 elongated inverted rimform, which appears in 16 examples in our Stratum XVIIIA assemblage. The Bp .61 form occurs at Shechem as only 3% of the MB IIB corpus but increases to 10% in MB IIC levels (Shechem I, 41, fig. 1). It is also notable that the Bp .63 variety with everted external lip does not appear at all in Shechem MB IIB contexts, and neither of the two Bp .6 varieties is found in the Stratum XIX phases at Gezer (see fig. IV.1). The 16% represented by Bp .61 and .63 types in the Field IV Stratum XVIIIA corpus clearly reflects a growing preference for these rim varieties in the mid to late sixteenth century. Bp Selected Comparanda .1 plain rim .11 rounded external edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX) pl. 31:11 (L. 4026.1), 20–21 (L. 2048); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10B = XIX) pl. 8:23 (L. 14131); (Field VI, Ph. 10/9 = XVIII–XVII) pl. 9:15 (L. 24159). TBM I (D) pls. 43:10,12–14; 45:22–24; TBM IA (E) pl. 10:8–9; (D) pl. 13:1–2. Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 4 = XVII) pl. CXIX:1 (L. 9024); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3 = XVI) pl. CIX:1 (L. 6200), 2–4 (L. 6205), 7 (L. 6203); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9B = XVI–XV) fig. II.12:1–2 (L. 657); (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV) fig. II:14:4–6 (L. 628); (Area L, Ph. 6 = XVI) fig. III.11:5–6. Megiddo II (XI) pl. 37:23 (T. 4055); (X) pl. 44:35–36 (L. 2021); (X–IX) 45:10 (L. 3037, et al.). Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.15:2–4 (L.  3125); fig. 16.22:3–5 (L. 5000); (P3) fig. 16.33:6 (L. 5079); (P4–3) fig. 16:35:1–2 (L. 3069). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:9 (L.  2348); fig. II.25:15–18 (L 2340/2343b); (XX) fig. III.1:2–5 (L. 2417).

133

Pottery .12 flattened external edge Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX– XIX) pl. 6:17 (L. 13095.1), 23 (L. 34103.1); (Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII) pl. 7:1 (L. 23092). TBM IA (D) pl. 12:15; TBM Tombs fig. 2.58:3. Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 4 = XVII) pl. CXIX:4 (L. 9024); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9B=XVI–XV) fig. II.12:4–7 (L. 657); (Area A, Ph. 9A-XVI–XV) fig. II.14:1–2 (L. 628). Megiddo II (XIV-X) pl. 44:33 (L. 2032, et al.); (X) pl. 45:17 (T. 3139); (IX) pl. 54:9 (L2061). Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.15:1 (L. 3125); fig. 16.20:1 (L. 3224). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:7 (L.  2348); fig. II.25:29 (L.  2343b); (XXa) fig. III.6.11 (L. 2408/2401). .13 everted external edge Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX) pl. 6:26 (L. 34119); (Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII) pl. 7:11 (L. 35083). TBM IA (E) pl. 10:2–3, 6; (D) pl. 12:12–17. Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 4 = XVII) pl. CXIX:12 (L. 9024). Megiddo II (XII) pl. 20:17 (T. 4102). .2 sharp inverted rim .21 rounded external edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII) pl. 30:8 (L.  1037); pl. 30:19 (L.  2048A); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10B = XIX) pl. 8:21 (L. 14131). TBM Tombs fig. 2.58:2 (T. 510). Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 4 = XVII) pl. CXIX:10 (L.  9024); Hazor V (Area L, Ph. 6 = XVI) fig. III.11:8. Megiddo II (XII-IX) pl. 44:42 (L. 2421); (X) pl. 45:2 (T. 4051, et al.). Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.15:5 (L. 3125); fig. 16.20:1 (L. 3224). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:12 (L. 2343).

.22 flattened external edge Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph.11/10 = XX– XIX) pl. 5:22 (L.  13102); pl. 6:1 (L.  13087), 12 (L.  14116.1); (Ph. 10B = XIX) pl. 8:12–13 (L. 13089). TBM Tombs fig. 2.19:4 (T. 33); fig. 2.58:5–6 (T. 510). Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 4 = XVII) pl. CXIX:4–7 (L.  9024); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9B = XVI–XV) fig. II.12:22 (L.  657); (Area L, Ph. 6 = XVI) fig. III.11:7; (Area L, XVI) fig. III.12:5 (with mark), 6 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XIII–XI) pl. 37:26 (T. 3080 et al.); (XII–X) pl. 44:41 (T. 4051). Lachish III (TA) (P3) fig. 16.34:1 (L. 5094). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:11 (L.  2348); fig. II.25:25 (L.  2340); fig II.29:7, 10 (L.  3021); fig. II.34:3 (L.  2484); (XX) fig. III.1:7 (L.  2415); fig. III.4:13 (L. 2339). .23 everted external edge Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph.11/10 = XX–XIX) pl. 5:20–21, 23–24 (L. 13102); pl. 6:6 (L. 13117.1); (Ph.10B = XIX) pl. 8:7 (L. 4143.1), 15 (L. 13089). TBM Tombs fig. 2.19:1 (T. 33), fig. 2.58:8 (T. 510). Megiddo II (XI) pl. 38:10 (T. 3081); (XIV-X) pl. 44:38 (L. 5143). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:8 (L.  2348); fig. II.25:19–20 (L. 2340, 2346/2). .3 squared inverted rim (Shechem type included here with .2 forms) .4 undercut inverted rim .41 rounded external edge Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10B = XIX) pl. 8:14 (L.  4124.1); (Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII) pl. 7:14 (L. 35083). TBM I (D) pl. 44:6; TBM Tombs fig. 2.75:2 (T. 2). Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 4 = XVII) pl. CXIX:9 (L.  9024); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV)

134

Chapter IV Table IV.1 – Diagnostic MB Types from Gezer Phase II Excavations Fields Strata Type Bp .11 .12 .13 .21 .22 .23 .41 .42 .43 .51 .52 .53 .61 .62 .63

Bc Bg Bfc Chalices Vases Cpf Cpr .11 .12 .13 .21 .22 .23 .31 .32 .33 Ct Kr SJ .11 .12 .13 .14 .21 .22 .23 .24 .31 .32 .33 .34 .41 .42 .43 .44 .51 .52 .53 .54 Amphorae Jar Stands Cult Stands Jg A Jg B Pitchers Pots Jld Jlc Jlp Imports Misc

IV XVIIIA 19 14 4 4 8 11 15 5 1 2 1 10

II XVIIIA 1 1

Middle Bronze IIC VIII IV XVIII XVIIIB 1

1 1 1

1 1

1

1 1 1

6 85 6 11 2 4 1 3 10 4 12 15 1 4 15 3 4 13 4

2 5

4

1

1

2 1

1

1 3 1

2 5 2 3

29 10 1

1 1

1

1 1

II XVIIIC 1 1

2

2 11 3

3 1 1 4 1

1

1

1

1

3

1 6 3

2

3 2

1 1

1 3

IV XIXC 14 5 1 4 1 1

1

2 1

1 2

1 1

7 4

1 1 1

1 3 9

16 4 1 2 1 16 2 1 0

1 2 1

2 1

1

4

1

1 1

1 2

2

2

2

1 1 1

4

1

2 11 7 1 2 9 2 7

4 3

2

2

1

1 1

Middle Bronze IIB VIII IV XIX XIXB

1 1

2

1

1 2

1

1

1

IV XIXA

1

1 1 15 1 2

1

5 2 1 1 6 4 27 3

19 16 8 14 4 5 2 7 4 1 2 16 5 2 6 3

9 3

1

2 1 1 1

4

IV XVIIIC

1 3 1

3 1 1 1

1 6

1

2 2

1 8 3 1 8 1 2

2

1 1

1 1

7 2

135

Pottery Table IV.2 – Comparison of Selected MB-LB Strata*      Site Period LB IIA 1400–1300 LB IB 1475–1400 LB IA 1550–1475 MB IIC 1650–1550 MB IIB 1750–1650

Gezer XVI

Shechem XIII

XVII

XIV

TBM C

XVIII XIX XX

XV XVI

D

XVII XVIII XIX XX

E2 E1

Hazor Upper City XIII

Hazor Lower City 1a

Megiddo VII

Lachish P2 Fosse II

Yoqneʿam XIXb

XIV

1b

VIII

Fosse I

XXa

XV Post XVI

2-

IX

XVI

3-

X

XVII

4-

XII XIII

XXb P3 P4 (VIII) P5

XXI XXII XXIIa

*Gezer—See Gezer V (HUC), 6–7, fig. 1 Shechem—See Shechem III, 8–9 Tell Beit Mirsim—See TBM I, xxi; TBM II, xvii–xviii Hazor—See Hazor V, 13, table I.1; Yadin 1975: 275 Megiddo—See Megiddo II Lachish—See Lachish II (PEF); Lachish III (TA) Yoqneʿam—See Yoqneʿam III, 8, table 1

fig. II.14:9 (L. 628); (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVIIB) fig. III.9:1, 6; (Area L, XVI) fig. III.12:8 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XII–XI) pl. 38:7 (T. 2141). .42 flattened external edge (not attested) .43 everted external edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX) pl. 31:4 (L. 4031). TBM I (D) pl. 44:7–8. Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9B = XVI–XV) fig. II.12:10– 12 (L. 657); (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV) fig. II.14:11 (L. 628); (Area L, XVI) fig. III.12:7 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XII-IX) pl. 20:24 (T. 3123); (X) pl. 44:39 (T.3167). .5 rounded inverted rim .51 rounded external edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII) pl. 30:7 (L. 1037). TBM I (D) pl. 44:9; TBM IA (E) pl. 10:3, 7; TBM Tombs fig. 2.19:3 (T. 33); 75:1 (T. 2). Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV) fig. II.14:12 (L. 628); (Area L, XVI) fig. III.12:9 (L. 1164).

Megiddo II (XI) pl. 38:1 (L.  3097); (XI–X) pl. 45:3 (T. 2140). Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.22:2 (L. 5000). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:24 (L.  2348); fig. II.29:8 (L. 2349); (XXb) fig. III.2.24 (L. 2574). .52 flattened external edge Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. 33:9 (L. 2488). .53 everted external edge Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.19:1 (L. 3156); (P3) fig. 16:28:1 (L.  3480); fig. 16.33:1 (L.  5078); fig. 16.35:3 (L. 3069). .6 elongated inverted rim .61 rounded external edge Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph.10 = XIX–XVIII) pl. 7:13 (L. 35083). TBM IA (D) pl. 12:12–13, 18; TBM Tombs fig. 2.19:6 (T. 33); fig. 2.49:9 (T. 500); fig. 2.76:9 (T. 2). Hazor I (Area E, XV-XIV) pl. CXXXV:10 (L. 7021); Hazor III–IV (Area H, 2) pl. CCLXI:26 (L. 2155).

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Megiddo II (XI–X) pl. 37:15 (T. 2130) pl. 45:3 (T. 2140). Lachish II (PEF) (Fosse Temple I) pl. XXXVIII:1; Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.15:6–8 (L. 3125); fig. 16.22:1 (L. 5000); (P3) fig. 16.28:2 (L. 3480); fig. 16.30:1–2 (L. 5040). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:13 (L.  2348); fig. II.25:26 (L.  2340); (XXb) fig. III.4:16 (L.  2339); (XXa) fig. III.12:14 (L. 2328). .62 flattened external edge (not attested) .63 everted external edge TBM I (D) pl. 44:7–8; TBM IA (E) pl. 10:10; (D) pl. 12:14; TBM Tombs fig. 2.49:7–8 (T. 500). Megiddo II (XI) pl. 37:19 (T. 5133). Lachish III (TA) (P3) fig. 16.2:5 (L.  5058); fig. 16.34:2 (L. 5094).

(b) Carinated Bowls (Bc) Code System: W = whole; R = rim; S = side; s = slip; b = burnish; in = inside; out = outside; B = base; d = disc; cd = concave disc; cvd = convex disc; r = ring Bc Catalogue Pl. 10:9R; 10R,S; 12R Pl. 11:6R,S; 7R,S; 8R,S; 9R,S; 10R,S; 11R,S Pl. 12:3R,S; 4R,S; 7Wr; 18R,S; 19R,S; 29R,S; 30R,S, b in and out Pl. 13:6Wcd; 7Wcd; 8Wcd; 9R,S; 10R,S; 11R,S; 12Bcd; 19R,S, b traces out Pl. 14:3Wcvd, s on rim in; 4Wcd; 5Wcd; 6R,S; 7R,S; 8R,S; 9Wd; 10Wcd; 11Wcd; 12Wr Pl. 15:4 Bcd,S; 8R,S; 11Br; 19Wcd Pl. 16:8R,S; 9R,S; 10R,S; 18R,S Pl. 17:12R,S; 13Bcd Pl. 18:8R,S; 23Bcd, incised mark on bottom Pl. 19:8R,S; 9Wd; 10Wcd Pl. 20:6R,S; 7R,S; 8R,S; 23R,S; 24R,S Pl. 21:3Wcd; 4Wcd; 8Wcd (very large) Pl. 22:11R,S, sb in on rim and out; 12R,S; 13R Pl. 23:4R; 7Bcd; 8Bd Pl. 25:5R,S; 6R,S; 7R,S; 9R,S; 10R Pl. 27:9Bcd; 10R,S Pl. 28:7R,S (very small)

Pl. 31:2S; 3S; 4S Pl. 32:2Br, s in; 3Bcd; 4Bd; 5Bcd Pl. 33:10R Pl. 34:7Wcd Pl. 39:5Wcd; 6Wcd Pl. 40:2Bcd; 3Br; 4R,S Pl. 42:2Wcd; 3R,S; 4R,S, s on rim in and out; 5RS; 6RS Pl. 43:21Bcd Pl. 44:1R, s in and out Pl. 46:9Wcd Pl. 50:7R; 8R,S; 12R; 13R Pl. 51:2R,S; 12R; 16R,S, hatching around shoulder

Bc Comment The carinated bowl is a classic MB form distinguished by its finer ware and the keel-shaped ridge forming the transition from the shoulder to the lower body of the vessel. In the Stratum XVIIIA corpus, this bowl type is represented by 22 whole forms and 78 sherds, showing 82 rim and 37 base forms. The rims all reflect the common MB IIC simple everted varieties. For the most part, the vessels have concave disc bases, which represent 25 of 37 base examples; 17 of 22 on whole forms. As a group, this MB IIC assemblage can be distinguished from early MB forms by its tendency to have mouths that are more open, shallower bodies, and higher shoulders with less angular carination. Only two vessels are present that represent the classic earlier form with a sharper carination and narrower mouth (see pls. 22:11; 51:16). The extreme paucity of slip- and burnish-finishing is also notable, with only 7 examples on 100 vessel forms: 4 with slip only, 2 with burnish only, and 1 with both slip and burnish. Bc Selected Comparanda Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX) pl. 31:6 (L. 4031); 18 (L. 2048); (Ph. 7 = XVIII) pl. 30:21 (L. 3028A), 23 (L. 4022.1); (Ph. 8 = XIX) pl. 31:6 (L. 4031); 18 (L. 2048); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX) pl. 6:9 (L. 1304.1); (Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII) pl. 7:2 (L. 24130), 20–22 (L. 35083); (Ph. 10/9 = XVIII–XVII) pl. 9:1 (L. 14132.1). TBM I (E) pl. 41:1, 5; (D) pl. 42:4–8; TBM IA (E) pl. 8:1–10; (D) pl. 12:1–5; TBM Tombs fig. 2.20:7– 11 (T. 33); fig. 2.76:14–17 (T.2).

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Pottery Hazor II (Area D-4, Str. 4) pl. C:2 (L. 9010); (Str. 3) pl. C:19 (L. 9010); Hazor III–IV Area BA, XIV) pl. CCXXXV:21–24 (L.  4024); Hazor V (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVIIIb) fig. III.7:5 (L.  1129); (Ph. 8–7 = XVII) fig. III.10:7 (L.  1119); (Ph. 6 = XVI) fig. III.12:12 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XIII–XI) pl. 36:8 (T. 5046); (X) pl. 44:14 (T. 3070), 15 (T. 4100). Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.20:2–4 (L.  3224); fig. 16.23:1 (L. 5010); fig. 16.24:1–2 (L. 5089); (P3) fig. 16.30:6–7 (L. 5048); fig. 16.33:2 (L. 5078). Yoqneʿam III (XXII) fig. II.20:8 (L. 2492), 9–10 (L.  2474); fig. II.21:1–3 (L.  3013); (XXI) fig. II.23:1–3 (L. 2348); fig. II.25:1 (L. 2343b).

(c) Globular Bowls (Bg) Code System: as for Bp Bg Catalogue* Pl. 12:16R.43; 17R.13 Pl. 21:5R.13 Pl. 26:5R.13 Pl. 50:3R.11, sb on rim in and out; 23R.11 *All forms are Type Bg A

Bg Comment The Bg classification identifies deeper bowls with rounded, globular body forms. It includes bowls classed as Bg A with wide, slightly closed mouths and with deeper bodies than the Bp types, as well as bowls classed as Bg B with a narrower closed mouth but without the sharp shoulder carination typical of the Bc forms (see Shechem I, 51). Rims of both groups are typically of a simple rounded type (as Bp. 11) or are slightly everted (as Bp. 13). Occasionally, more elaborate rim forms, as shown on pl. 12:16, appear. In late MB phases, Bg A forms are the more prevalent. At Shechem, Bg A forms are not attested in MB IIB phases (Shechem I, 51). Bowls of the Bg B group seem partly to evolve from the Bc forms, which lose the sharper definition at their carination during the later MB period. (See Hazor V, fig. IV.2:5–21 for a good sample of Bg B and related Bc forms from Tomb 1181.) No demonstrative examples of the Bg B type are referenced in our Gezer Stratum XVIIIA catalogue. In analyz-

ing this corpus, we have chosen to err in favor of including marginal Bg B forms with the Bc class, which partly accounts for this absence. Bg Selected Comparanda Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX– XIX) pl. 5:17–19 (L. 12012); (Ph. 10B = XIX) pl. 8:6 (L. 4123.1); (Ph. 10/9 = XVIII–XVII) pl. 9:11 (L. 23075). TBM I (D) pl. 43:11; TBM IA (D) pl. 13:10; TBM Tombs fig. 2.6:1 (T. 21); fig. 2.76:11 (T. 2). Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3) pl. CIX: 40 and 43 (L. 6205), 41 (L. 6199); Hazor V (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVIIB) fig. III.7:4 (L. 1124). Megiddo II (XII–X) pl. 36:7 (T. 4055); pl. 44:2 (L. 2032); (XI) pl. 36:9 (L. 3096); (IX) pl. 53:1–2 (L. 5040B). Lachish III (TA) (P3) fig. 16.32:6 (L. 5055). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.23:10 (L.  2398); fig. II.25:31 (L.  2343B), 32 (L.  2340); fig. II.29:11 (L.  3021); (XXb) fig. III.1:143 (L.  2417); fig. III.2.18 (L. 2555).

(d) Flaring Carinated Bowls (Bfc) Code System: W = whole; R = rim; S = side; s = slip; b = burnish; in = inside; out = outside; B = base; d = disc; cd = concave disc; cvd = convex disc; r = ring Bfc Catalogue Pl. 10:1R; 21R Pl. 11:5S, sb out Pl. 14:13Sr; 14S, b traces out Pl. 15:9R,S, b on rim in and out Pl. 21:7R Pl. 28:2R,S Pl. 30:6R,S, b in Pl. 50:9R Pl. 51:14S, s in and out, b out

Bfc Comment Flaring carinated bowls are a common subset of Bc forms usually made in very fine, thin wares with shallow bodies, abrupt carination, and high flaring rims. Only 11 sherds from the Stratum XVIIIA

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assemblage are catalogued as Bfc forms. All are fragments and some of the rim forms could as well belong to Cole’s Bn B classification of “High Necked Bowls” (Shechem I, 52–53, pls. 14–15) or Chalice and Vase forms (see below). In any event, the small number stands in sharp contrast to the much larger repertoire of Bc examples. This is quite certainly due to the location of the deposits—i.e., coming from storage, workroom, and courtyard settings where the finer Bfc wares would have had less utility. Among the group, all but 3 examples (pls. 15:9; 28:2; 30:6) are pieces of the classic, delicate, thin-walled vessels that otherwise characterize the MB  IIB and MB IIC appearances of the type. The other 3, however, represent vessels with thicker walls and less sharply articulated carination, which characterizes the continuing evolution of the form into the LB I period. In regard to this continuity, see especially the LB I and II groups from Yoqneʿam Area L, Stratum XV Installation 1177 (Yoqneʿam III, 212–13); Hazor Area C, Stratum 1b (Hazor II, pl. CXVIII); and Tell Beit Mirsim Tomb 100 (TBM Tombs, 63). Bfc Selected Comparanda Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII) pl. 30:6 (L. 1037); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field V, Ph. 9a = XVI) pl. 11:9 (L. 34088). TBM IA (E) pl. 8:14; (D) pl. 12:8; TBM Tombs fig. 2.1:15 (T. 7); fig. 2.76:18 (T. 2). Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9B = XVI–XV) fig. II.12:14–15 (L. 657); fig II.14:13–18 (L. 628); fig. II.16:7–9 (L.  606); (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV) fig. II.15:3–4 (L. 630); (Area A, Ph. 9 = XVI–XV) fig. III.8:4–7 (L. 1117); (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVI) fig. III.12:13–19 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XII–X) pl. 29:2 (T. 3005); (XII-IX) pl. 36:21 (W = T. 2141; (XI–X) pl. 36:22 (T. in room W-3078); pl. 44:18 (T. 4013), 22 (L. 2025). Lachish III (TA) (P4) fig. 16.15:10 (L.  3125); (P3) fig. 16.33:7–8 (L. 5079); fig. 16.34:3 (L. 5094). Yoqneʿam III (XXI) fig. II.25:5 (L.  2340); fig. II.29:4 (L. 3021); (XXb) fig. III.3:2 (T. 2420a).

(e) Chalices and Vases Code System: W = whole; R = rim; S = side; s = slip; b = burnish; in = inside; out = outside; B = base; d = disc; cd = concave disc; cvd = convex disc; r = ring; t = trumpet Chalice and Vase Catalogue Pl. 13:3 Chalice, Wt, b in and out; 18 Vase, S, Bt, s and b out Pl. 16:23 Vase, Bt; 24 Chalice, Bt Pl. 26:9 Vase, R Pl. 28:13 Vase, S, b out

Chalice and Vase Comment The vessels classified here as Chalices and Vases are basically trumpet-based variations of Bfc and high-necked Bg B bowls. In Cole’s Shechem typology, they are designated respectively as Bf C and Bn C forms (Shechem I, 128–29, 136–37), but they are grouped as Goblets (Goblets A–B and Goblet C, respectively) in the author’s MB IIC Shechem study (Seger 1965: pl. XXV; Amiran 1969: 95). The designations used here—i.e., “Chalices” (tall open vessels appropriate as drinking cups) and “Vases” (slightly closed globular vessels more appropriate for displaying flowers)—are perhaps more suggestive of their functionality. In any event, both forms are among the finest examples of MB ceramic art, and both are common in the MB IIB and C periods. The single complete form in the Gezer XVIIIA corpus is a Chalice (pl. 13:3) that comes from a domestic room in Area 3. Like the other Chalice exemplar (a base fragment, pl. 16:24), this whole vessel is in the classic MB tradition of finer thin ware. It does not illustrate the thicker-walled and more elaborated variants that are present in early LB strata (see, e.g., the vessels from Stratum X [T. 3036] at Megiddo [Megiddo II, pl. 47:12] and Stratum XIXb [L. 2385] at Yoqneʿam [Yoqneʿam III, fig. IV.5:5]). Vase forms, on the other hand, are mostly restricted to the MB period. In general, they are formed in less delicate wares and have squatter bases. As in this Gezer corpus, they also show greater size variations (see pls. 13:18; 28:13).

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Pottery Chalice and Vase Selected Comparanda Chalices TBM I (E), pl. 8:13; (D), pl. 43:6; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.9:32 (T.24), fig. 2:33:63–64 (T. 101=LB II); TBM Tombs, fig. 2:9, 32 (T. 24). Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CIX:33 (L. 6212), 34 (L. 6207); (Area C, Str. 2), pl. CXVI:24 (L. 6247); Hazor III–IV (Area F=MB II), pl. CCXXXIX:2 (L. 8204), 15 (L. P 6). Megiddo II (XII), pl. 20:5 (T. 3095); (XII–X), pl. 20:3 (T. 3095); (XIV–X), pl. 37:7 (Ts. 3085 and 3095); (XI–X), pl. 44:27 (T. 3018), pl. 37:5 (T. 3096); (X) pl. 47:12 (T. 3063); (X–IX), pl. 55:12–13 (L. 5012). Lachish II (TA) (Area L, XVI), fig. III.12:20–21 (L. 1164). Yoqneʿam III (XXb), fig. IV.5:6 (L.  2574); (XIXb), fig. IV.5:5 (L. 2385). Vases TBM IA (E), pl. 7:11–15, 17–18; (D), pl. 12:9; TBM I (D), pl. 43:44; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.1:13 (T. 7), fig. 2.9:25–31 (T. 24). Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CIX:35 (L. 6200). Megiddo II (X), pl. 44:9 (T. 4004); (IX), pl. 54:19 (T. 4004). Lachish III (TA) (Area L, XVI), fig. III.12:26 (L. 1164); (Area L, XV), fig. III.16:1 (L. 7255).

(f) Cooking Pots (Cp) Code System: W = whole; R = rim*; S = side; B = base *Rim profiles are described according to a system developed by Cole and Seger for Shechem pottery nuanced with respect to the greater elaboration of forms in the MB IIC period (see Shechem I, 37; Seger 1965: 121–30). See fig. IV.2. The Gezer Stratum XVIIIA Cp corpus includes 71 items: 3 are bases and 68 are rims, 7 of which are on whole vessels. The rim forms distribute into types as follows:

Cpf = Flat Bottomed Cooking Pots (compare Cole’s Cf) (n = 1: 1.5%) Cpr = Round Bottomed Cooking Pots .1 holemouth rims (compare Cole’s Ch, Seger’s Cphm) (n = 17: 25%)    .11 rounded rim (n = 3: 4%)    .12 square folded rim (n =10: 15%)    .13 triangular folded rim (n = 4: 6%) .2 everted rims (compare Cole’s Cu.1, Seger’s Cpr.2-.3) (n = 28: 41.5%)    .21 rounded rim (n = 12: 18%)    .22 squared rim (n = 15: 22%)    .23 flanged rim (n = 1: 1.5%) .3 everted grooved rims (compare Cole’s Cu.2, Seger’s Cpr.1 and .4) (n = 22: 32%)    .31 rounded rim (n = 4: 6%)    .32 squared rim (n = 15: 22%)    .33 rilled rim (n = 3: 4%)

Cp Catalogue (Note: All are Cpr forms except pl. 27:15 as so indicated) Pl. 10:31R.13 Pl. 11:16R.12; 17R.12; 18R.21 Pl. 12:1R.12; 2R.13; 11R.22; 12R.21; 13R.32; 26R.12; 27R.12; 28R.31 Pl. 13:1R.32; 17R.32 Pl. 14:1W.22; 2W.32; 18R.13 Pl. 15:7R.21; 14R.22; 22W.21 Pl. 16:1W.21; 3R.22; 17R.22 Pl. 17:2R.21; 3R.32; 4R.22; 9R.11 Pl. 18:1R.21; 2R.21; 3R.32; 4R.32; 5R. 22; 6R.32; 7R.22 Pl. 19:1R.32; 4R.22; 11R.22; 13R.32 Pl. 20:2R.32; 13R.22; 14R.32; 21R.32; 22R.12; 27R.33 Pl. 24:8R.22 Pl. 25:1W.21; 2W.23 Pl. 26:8R.12 Pl. 27:6R.12; 15R, Cpf Pl. 28:5B (hatched base fragment); 9R.22; 10R.22 Pl. 29:4R.22 Pl. 31:8W.31 Pl. 33:8R.11 Pl. 37:9R.13

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Fig. IV.2:  Middle Bronze cooking pot rim types.

Pottery Pl. 40:7R.12 Pl. 43:2R.33; 3R.33; 4R.31; 5R.31; 6R.21; 7R.21; 8R.32 Pl. 44:33B Pl. 49:14R.21 Pl. 50:10R.12; 24B Pl. 51:4R.11; 19R.32

Cp Comment Cooking pots are quite easily identified by their characteristically grit-laden wares and fall into fairly standard form groupings. The Cp repertoire in the Gezer Stratum XVIIIA assemblage is distinguished by (1) an almost complete absence of handshaped flat bottomed (Cpf) types (pl. 27:15 is the single example) and (2) the overwhelming presence of round-bottomed forms with everted (Cpr .2) and everted grooved (Cpr .3) rims (50 of 67 examples = 73.5%). It is notable that the single Cpf example is itself representative of a late type (i.e., Cpf .2, see fig. IV.2 and Seger 1965: pl. XXXVIII) that, in contrast to earlier flat-bottomed forms with upright or slightly flaring walls (Cpf .1), has a side wall that tapers inward. Moreover, the thumb impressed molding on this Gezer item, typically featured on such flat-bottomed forms, is attached immediately below the outer rim, and no “breathing holes” are present. Close parallels to this late variation come from Stratum D at Tell Beit Mirsim (TBM IA, pl. 13:5), from Phase 9b (Stratum XV) at Shechem (Seger 1965: pl. XXXVII), and elsewhere (see comparanda). At both Gezer and Shechem, the holemouth rims on round-bottomed forms (Cpr .1) still constitute a significant presence in the terminal MB phases (25% of the stratified corpus in Gezer Stratum XVIIIA and 40% [19 of 47 examples] in Shechem Phases 8–9 = Stratum XV) (see count and range statistics in Seger 1965: pls. XXXVII–XLVI). Nonetheless, in the latter part of the MB, the popularity of this holemouth type is clearly in decline. This becomes evident when contrasted with the much greater predominance of these forms in the MB IIB and earlier MB IIC phases at Shechem. There they represented 83% and 73% of the respective Cp rim assemblages (86 of 104 examples in Strata XX–XVII; see Shechem I, 62, fig.15; and 22 of 30 examples in Phases 6–7 = Stratum XVI; see Seger 1965: pls. XXXVII–XLVI).

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With respect to the dominance of the Cpr .2 and .3 everted-rim forms at Gezer, the numbers compare favorably with the statistical breakdown of similar rim forms from the final phases (9a and 9b) of Stratum XV at Shechem. At Shechem, 71% (24 of 34 examples) represent these rim types (Seger 1965: pl. XXXVII–XLVI). Even more significant with regard to evolving trends in Cp rim formation is the fact that at both sites the Cpr .3 everted, grooved forms gained in predominance in the terminal MB phases. They represent 44% of the assemblage at Shechem, while at Gezer they represent 32%. It is also notable that the Cpr .33 rilled-rim variety appears at Shechem only in Phases 9a and 9b deposits, where they represent 29% of the corpus (10 of 34 examples from these sub-phases; Seger 1965: pl. XXXVII–XLVI). At Gezer, such rilled rims also appear only in Stratum XVIIIA—i.e., in the finalphase MB deposits. Also notable is the fact that the Cpr .22 and .23 everted varieties with squared and flanged rims are likewise well represented in this Gezer assemblage, since they are clearly the harbingers of the dominant LB rim type. How early the simple Cpr .1 everted form began to occur is still subject to question. This simpler variety is represented throughout the MB  IIC phases at Shechem, but no examples with a flanged rim (Cpr .23) appear there. By contrast, none of the Cpr .21 or .22 types occur in Shechem MB  IIB strata. However, Cole cites one well-stratified Cpr .23, everted flanged example (his Cu .12) from early MB IIB in a Stratum XX deposit (Shechem I, 150, pl. 26). In view of this, he assembles data from Megiddo, Hazor, Nahariyah, and elsewhere to argue for an MB IIB or earlier emergence of the flanged form at more northern and coastal sites (Shechem I, 65–67). Cp Selected Comparanda Cpf Gezer II (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 9a = XX), pl. 14:23 (L. 2056), 28 (L. 4052); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 6:11 (L. 14116.1). TBM I (E), pl. 41:6; (D), pl. 43:9; pl. 44:10–13; TBM IA (E), pl. 11:8; (D), pl. 13:3–6. Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CX:24 (L.  6205); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9B = XVLI–XV), fig. II.12:20

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(L. 657); (Ph. 9A = XVI–XV), fig. II.17:7 (L. 646); (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVI–XV), fig. III.8:12 (L. 1117); (Area P, Ph. C = XVI), fig. V.1:24 (L. 1414lB). Megiddo II (XVI–XI), pl. 30:5 (T. 2147). Lachish III (TA) (P6), fig. 16.9:15 (L. 5203). Cpr .1 holemouth rims .11 rounded rim Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:7 (L.  4031); Gezer II (HUC) (Field I – Glacis = XVIII), pl. 21:34 (L. 8029). Megiddo II (XIII–X), pl. 30:3 (T. in 3182); pl. 46:8 (T. 3030). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.23:27–28 (L.  2348); fig. II.26:4 (L. 2340). .12 square folded rim Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:22 (L. 2048a); Gezer II (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 9a = XX), pl. 14:22 (L. 2056); (Field I – Glacis = XVIII), pl. 20:23 (L. 8013); pl. 21:24 (L. 8024), 25 (L. 8025); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:14 (L. 13102). TBM I (E), pl. 41:11. Lachish III (TA) (P6), fig. 16.9:12 (L. 5203). .13 triangular folded rim Gezer II (HUC) (Field I – Glacis = XVIII), pl. 21:35 (L. 8025). Megiddo II (X), pl. 46:7 (W = 3037). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.26:6 (L. 2343b). .2 everted rims .21 rounded rim Gezer II (HUC) (Field I – Glacis = XVIII), pl. 20:21 (L.  8013); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:15 (L.  13102), pl. 6:22 (L. 34106). TBM IA (D), pl. 18:7–8, 10; (C), pl. 17:2. Hazor I (Area D, Str. 5), pl. CXVI:1–4 (L. 9024); (Area D, Str. 3), pl. CII:11 (L. O 18), pl. CIV:9–10

(L. 9014); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CX:17–19 (L. 6212); Hazor V (Area L, Str. XVI), fig. III.12:31, 33–34 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XII–XI), pl. 38:13 (T. in 3069); (X–IX), pl. 46:5 (L.  5021); pl. 55:2 (L.  5239), 3 (L. 2020). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.27:7 (L. 5297). Yoqneʿam III (XXb), fig. III.4:23–24 (L. 2339). .22 squared rim Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:2 (L.  4026.1); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII), pl. 7:17–18, 24 (L. 35983); (Ph. 9B-A = XVI), pl. 9:22 (L. 34098). TBM IA (D), pl. 13:9. Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV), fig. II.14:27–28 (L. 628); Hazor III–IV (Area F, LB I = XV), pl. CCXLI:4–5 (L. 8130). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.15:11 (L. 3125); fig. 16.16:1–2 (L. 3125); fig. 16.20:5, 7, 9 (L. 3224). Yoqneʿam III (XXb), fig. III.4:35 (L. 2339). .23 flanged rim Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:2–3 (L. 1037). TBM IA (D), pl. 13:11; (E), pl. 17:4–8. Hazor I (Area D, Str. 5), pl. CXVI:9–12 (L. 9024); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CX:14 (L. 6205), 15 (L. 6203); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV), fig II.15:11–12 (L.  630); (Area L, XV-XIV), fig V.3:14–15. Megiddo II (IX-VIII), pl. 55:4 (L. 2116). Lachish III (TA) (P6), fig. 16.9:13 (L.  5203); (P4), fig. 16.30:9 (L. 5048). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.26:5 (L.  2343b); (XXb), fig. III.1:17, 19 (L.  2415); (XXa), fig. III.6:20–22 (L. 2408), 23 (L. 2401). .3 everted grooved rims .31 rounded rim Gezer II (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 9 = XX), pl. 14:24 (L. 2056).

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Pottery Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CX:11 (L.  6207), 12 (L. 6191); Hazor V (Area L, XVI), fig. III.12:31 (L. 1164). Lachish III (TA) (P6), fig.16.9:32 (L. 5203); (P4), fig 16.19:2 (L. 3156); (P4), fig. 16.25:6 (L. 5105); (P4–3), fig. 16.36:1 (L. 5251). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.23:26 (L. 2348); fig. II.26:9 (L. 2343b), 10 (L. 2340). .32 squared rim Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:1 (L.  1037); Gezer II (HUC) (Field I – Glacis = XVIII), pl. 20:22 (L. 8013); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:11–13 (L. 13102). Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9a = XVI–XV), fig. II.14:26 (L.  628); fig. II.15:10 (L.  630); (Area P, XVI), fig. V.2:11 (L. 1429); Hazor I (Area D, Str. 2), pl. CXII:13 (L. Q 13), 14 (L. P 14). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.20:6, 8 (L. 3224); fig. 16.24:3 (L. 5089); fig. 16.25:4–5 (L. 5105). Yoqneʿam III (XXb), fig. III.4:33 (L. 2339). .33 rilled rim Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:4 (L. 1037). Hazor I (Area D, Str. 5), pl. CXVI:8, 10 (L. 9024); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV), fig. II.16:10 (76L. 606). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.26:7–8 (L. 2343b).

(g) Cooking Trays (Ct) Ct Catalogue Pl. 11:21 Pl. 12:20; 21; 22

Ct Comment The four examples of Cooking or Baking Trays in this Stratum XVIIIA corpus all derive from debris loci in Area 3. They represent the usual MB form with a flat or slightly convex punctated top and a low foot around the circumference below the rim. Only one example of this vessel type was recovered at Shechem from an unstratified locus (Seger 1965:

pl. LXXXVI:h). However, the form is well documented from Gezer and elsewhere in both early and late MB II contexts. Use of such vessels in the LB I period is indicated by the Stratum IX appearances at Megiddo and from Level I of the Fosse Temple at Lachish (see comparanda). Ct Selected Comparanda Gezer II (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 9A = XX), pl.16:16 (L. 4168); pl. 17:7 (L. 4059): Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph 12 = XXI), pl. 2:9 (L. 13116.1); (Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:25 (L. 13102). Hazor I (Area D, Str. 3), pl. CII:3–4 (L. 9039); pl. CIV:13 (L. 9018); (Area D5, Str. 5), pl. CXVII: 16– 17 (L. 9024); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXV:15, 18–19 (L. 6210), 16, 21 (L. 6212), 17 (L. 6199), 20 (L.  6203); Hazor V (Area A, LB = XV-XIV), fig. 11.12:21–22 (L.  657); (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVIIIB), fig. III.7:19 (L. 1091); (Area L, Ph. 6 = XVI), fig. III.13:2 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (IX), pl. 53:22 (S = T. 3018F); (IX– VIII), pl. 53:21 (T. 3018D). Lachish II (PEF) (Fosse Temple I), pl. LIV:338 (L. D I). Yoqneʿam III (XXIII), fig. II.37:23 (L. 2566).

(h) Kraters (Kr) Kr Catalogue Code System: rims and handles as for SJ Pl. 11:19 painted body sherd Pl. 15:6 painted body sherd; 10R.41 slipped; 13R.34, s traces in Pl. 18:17R.11; 20 painted sherd, Ho; 21 painted body sherd Pl. 20:25R.22 (= large Bfc?) Pl. 27:14R.51 Pl. 28:4 chocolate on white sherd Pl. 46:1W.33, Ho Pl. 50:22R.31 Pl. 51:11R.33 Kr Comment This classification includes a diverse group of larger bowl and tureen types (see Ancient Pottery, 99–101, 132–35). Many of these exhibit rim and

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Fig. IV.3:  Middle Bronze storage jar rim types.

Pottery handle features that appear on other bowl forms, cooking pots, and jars. For example, except for their wares, the rim forms on pls. 18:17 and 51:11 could easily pass as cooking pots and that on pl. 20:25 as a large flaring carinated bowl. However, the latter also easily affiliates with the rim on the almost-complete, shoulder-to-rim-handled Kr form on pl. 46:1. The rim forms on pls. 15:10, 13; 27:14; and 50:22 most likely also belong to vessels of this type. These vessels were classed as Bd B (i.e., Deep bowls group B) in the author’s earlier study of Shechem materials (see Seger 1965: pls. XXXI– XXXIII). Another, shallower krater type is represented by the example on pl. 1:7 from an unsealed upper debris locus in Area 4 This group was classed as Bd A (see Seger 1965: pls. XIX–XXX). The rim forms on pls. 18:17 and 51:11 are also presumed to affiliate with this type, but they could as likely relate to a third group, classed as Bd C types, which have more globular bodies and are occasionally found with a triple looped base (see Seger 1965: pl. XXXIV; Shechem I, pls. 7–8). The shoulders and bodies of Krater forms are occasionally painted or otherwise decorated, and this trend becomes more common at the end of the MB and especially in the early LB. Five sherd fragments of decorated vessels are included in the Kr assemblage, although it must be acknowledged that they could as likely affiliate with other jar or bowl varieties. In this regard, it is notable that four of them (pls. 11:19; 15:6; and 18:20–21) are fragments of so-called “red, white, and blue ware,” which represents a tradition that appears first on storage jars in the MB IIA–B (see TBM IA, 70 and pl. 22:1–10 from Stratum G–F; Lachish III (TA), fig.16.12:7 from Area P, P5). But the tradition also continues into later MB phases (see, e.g., Lachish III [TA], fig. 16.36.2 from Area P, P4–3; Megiddo II, pls. 34:17 and 43:2 from Strata XI and X, respectively). A fifth item, pl. 28:4, although very small, represents the “chocolate-on-white” decor that becomes fairly common at the MB IIC/LB I transition in the late sixteenth century (see Ancient Pottery, 158; Fischer 1999). This type of decoration is represented on a variety of vessel types in the late MB phases at Shechem (Seger 1965: 143–46, pls. V:a and LXXXIV:a-l) and at Hazor (Hazor I, pl. CII:11–13). A single sherd was also found in the

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late MB Stratum XXI at Yoqneʿam (Yoqneʿam III, fig. II.17:14). Such decor becomes more common in early LB strata (e.g., see Yoqneʿam Strata XX–XIX, Yoqneʿam III, 308–12, fig. IV.18:1–13, 15–16; Lachish III [TA], fig. 128.3:6 from LB I L. 5013). One other decorated Kr sherd in the Gezer corpus deserves mention here. This is a fragment of ʿAjjul Painter bi-chrome ware from L. 1002 (see pl. 4:2). While this item was recovered from disturbed occupation and destruction remains resting directly on top of Tower 5017, it is in a strict sense unstratified, and must accordingly be referenced to a period subsequent to the demise of the Stratum XVIIIA occupation. (For a close parallel to the dolphin motif, see the Krater from Stratum IX at Megiddo in Megiddo II, pl. 53:1.) Kr Selected Comparanda Shechem Type Bd A Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:3 (L. 4026.1); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10/9 = XVIII–XVI), pl. 9:6–7 (L. 13089). Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 3), pl. CXV:3–5 (L. 9024); (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CX:1 (L. 6210). Megiddo II (X), pl. 45:24 (L. 2025); (X–IX), pl. 46:2 (L. 3038), pl. 55:1 (L. 5032). Yoqneʿam III (XXIII), fig. II.37:12–13 (L. 2576a); (XXII), fig. II.21:20 (L.  3013); (XXI), fig. II.26:3 (L. 6106.1). Shechem Type Bd B Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:5 (L. 1037); (Ph. 8), pl. 31:13 (L. 4032.1). TBM Tombs, fig. 2.21:25 (T. 33). Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CX:2 (L.  6192); Hazor V (Area L, XVI), fig. III.12:28–29 (L. 1164). Lachish III (TA) (P3), fig. 16.34:4 (L. 5094). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.26:2 (L. 2340). Shechem Type Bd C TBM IA (D), pl. 14:3. Megiddo II (XI), pl. 38:4 (T. 3064); (X), pl. 46.1 (L. N-3174).

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Lachish III (TA) (P5), fig. 16.11:1 (L.  5271); (P3), fig. 16.33:3 (L. 5078). Yoqneʿam III (XXII), fig. II.21:19 (L. 3013).

(i) Storage Jars (SJ) Code System: W = whole; R = rim*; S = side; B = base; Ho = oval handle *Rim profiles are described according to a system that modifies the schemes developed by the author for the Shechem MB IIC pottery corpus (Seger 1965) and by Cole for Shechem MB IIB pottery (Shechem I, 39–40). See fig. IV.3. SJ rim types .1 through .4 follow Cole’s scheme for Jl (Large Jar) types, while SJ .5 types modify his scheme for JJ (Jars and Jugs) and Js (small Jar) types as follows: SJ .51 = JJ .1; SJ .52 = JJ .2 and .3 and Js; SJ .53 = JJ .4; and SJ .54 = JJ .5. The Gezer Stratum XVIIIA corpus of rims distributes into types as follows: .1 plain everted rims (n = 8: 6%)     .11 rounded edge (n = 4: 3%)     .12 flattened top (not attested)     .13 Tapered edge (n = 4: 3%)     .14 flattened edge (not attested) .2 external profiled rims (n = 9: 7%)     .21 rounded edge (n = 5: 4%)     .22 flattened top (n = 2: 1.5%)     .23 Tapered edge (n = 1: 0.75%)     .24 rilled top (n = 1: 0.75%) .3 Internal profiled rims (n = 40: 31%)     .31 rounded edge (n = 6: 5%)     .32 flattened top (n = 4: 3%)     .33 Tapered edge (n = 27: 21%)     .34 rilled top (n = 3: 2%) .4 external and internal profiled rims (n = 16: 12%)     .41 rounded edge (n = 2: 1.5%)     .42 flattened top (n = 11: 8.5%)     .43 Tapered edge (n = 3: 2%)     .44 rilled top (not attested) .5 Upright flaring rim (n = 57: 44%)     .51 rounded edge (n = 19: 15%)     .52 Profiled externally (n = 16: 12%)     .53 Profiled internally (n = 8: 6%)     .54 Profiled internally and externally     (n = 14: 11%)

SJ Catalogue The Storage Jar classification as employed here designates medium-to-large-sized vessels presumably used for the cartage and/or storage of liquid or dry produce. It includes the very large types sometimes identified as Pithoi (see discussion by Ben-Ami and Livneh in Yoqneʿam III, 182–86). The Gezer Stratum XVIIIA SJ corpus includes 32 whole and restored vessels, 15 bases and sides only, 4 body forms with rims, and 8 body forms without rims. Of these vessels, 21 are of a two-handled variety, while 4 have four handles. All handles attach at the sides at or below the shoulders. Two other individual handle sherds are also included. There are 130 rim forms in the assemblage, including those on whole vessels. Single letterforms are found on the bodies of 16 of these vessels, and double letterforms are found on 3 others. Four of the handles are marked or stamped, 1 with a scarab seal, 1 thumb impressed, and 2 with incised marks. Included were 8 examples of vessels with incised lines, line groups, or narrow combed bands. With the exception of one incised group found on the lower body near the base (pl. 43:18), all incised or combed markings were located on or around the upper shoulders. These SJ materials are catalogued in two lists: one for whole forms, sides, and bases; a second for rims only. SJ (Whole forms, Sides, and Bases) Pl. 10:30B Pl. 11:22S,B,Ho Pl. 12:14B Pl. 13:2B; 20S, Ho Pl. 15:5B Pl. 16:22S, B, Ho; 25S, R.33 Pl. 17:8R.33, S, Ho, incised lines around shoulders Pl. 18:22Ho, incised star Pl. 19:16B Pl. 21:14S,B,Ho Pl. 22:1W.33, incised PC mêm on shoulder; 4W.33; 8W.53, Ho Pl. 23:1W.33, incised PC mêm on shoulder; 2W.33, incised PC lamd on shoulder; 11W.51, Ho Pl. 24:1W.11, incised double PC mêm on shoulder; 2W.33, incised PC dāg on

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Pottery Table IV.3 – SJ Rim Form Distribution Across MB IIB-C Phases at Shechem in Comparison with Terminal MB IIC Phase Materials from Gezer Stratum XVIIIA in Field IV. Gezer XVIIIA .1 plain everted rims .11 rounded edge .12 flattened top .13 tapered edge .14 flattened edge .2 external profiled rims .21 rounded edge .22 flattened top .23 tapered edge .24 rilled top .3 internal profiled rims .31 rounded edge .32 flattened top .33 tapered edge .34 rilled top .4 ext and int profiled rims .41 rounded edge .42 flattened top .43 tapered edge .44 rilled top .5 upright flaring rim .51 rounded edge .52 profiled ext .53 profiled int .54 profiled int & ext Total Sherd Count

6% 3%

MB IIC Shechem 9b–9a 8–6 XV XVI 10% 7% 8% 4%

MB IIB Shechem

5–4 XVII–XVIII 4% 1%

3–2 XIX–XX 1% 1%

3%

2%

3%

3%

7% 4% 1.5% 0.75% 0.75% 31% 5% 3% 21% 2% 12% 1.5% 8.5% 2%

21% 8% 6% 4% 3% 6% 2%

17% 7% 5% 4% 1% 9% 1% 4% 3% 1% 18%

13% 1% 4% 8%

15% 1% 4% 10%

8%

8%

8%

8%

33% 6% 9% 18%

39% 1% 8% 25% 5% 37% 10% 23% 3% 1% 158

shoulder; 7S,B,Ho, incised line around shoulder; 9S, incised PC gîmel or pê on shoulder; 16S, incised PC harm on lower body Pl. 25:3S,B Pl. 27:7W.51,Ho; 8W.53, Ho Pl. 28:3W.33, incised PC lamd on shoulder; 6W.51,Ho Pl. 29:1W.54,Ho; 2W.51 Pl. 30:1W.52,Ho; 2W.33; 3W.54, Ho Pl. 31:1W.21,Ho; 9W.53, Ho Pl. 32:1W.51,Ho; 9S,B,Ho, scarab stamp on one H Pl. 33:1W.33 Pl. 34:1W.34; 3W.33, incised PC yôd on shoulder; 4W.23, four Ho, vertical and horizontal combed line sets on and around the shoulder above handles and an incised PC kapp between handles; 9S, R.22, Ho Pl. 37:3Ho, incised PC tāw Pl. 38:1W.34; 4W.11; 5W.33, four Ho, incised line groups around the shoulder at

44% 15% 12% 6% 11% 130

3% 1% 17% 1% 5% 8% 1% 46% 10% 11% 17% 8% 90

3% 10% 5% 49% 17% 25% 4% 3% 76

42% 12% 24% 5% 1% 150

top of handles and incised PC lamd on upper shoulder; 8W.33, four Ho, incised PC lamd on shoulder Pl. 39:1W.33, incised PC dāg on shoulder; 3W.52, Ho, incised line around shoulder at top of handles and incised PC nûn and tāw on upper shoulder; 4W.52, four Ho, thumb impression on one H Pl. 40:6S,Ho, incised line around shoulder at top of handles Pl. 43:18S, B, crossed incised marks on lower body Pl. 44:29R.33, S, incised parallel lines framing a wavy line around shoulder; 34B; 35B; 36B Pl. 46:2S sherd with fragments of incised PC mêm; 3S sherd with fragment of an incised PC ʿayin? 4S sherd with fragmentary incised PC mêm; 5S sherd with incised PC ʿayin; 6W.21, incised PC mêms around body

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SJ (Rims only) Pl. 10:3R.31; 4R.42; 5R.51; 13R.42; 14R.33; 15R.42; 22R.33; 23R.52; 24R.52; 32R.34; 33R.43; 34R.33; 35R.53; 36R.11; 37R.41 Pl. 11:3R.31; 4R.51 Pl. 12:23R.24; 24R.54; 25R.51 Pl. 13:15R.33; 16R.52 Pl. 16:19R.42; 20R.51 Pl. 17:10R.52 Pl. 18:9R.52; 10R.33; 11R.33; 12R.42; 13R.54; 14R.54 Pl. 19:5R.21 Pl. 20:1R.13; 9R.32; 10R.42; 11R.41; 12R.42 Pl. 23:3R.52; 5R.51 Pl. 25:8R.43 Pl. 26:1R.31; 2R.31; 3R.52; 3R.51 Pl. 27:1R.52; 2R.32; 3R.54; 4R.54; 5R.42 Pl. 28:8R.51 Pl. 31:5R.51; 6R.53; 7R.51 Pl. 33:9R.13; 14R.54 Pl. 37:13R.53; 14R.43 Pl. 40:9R.53; 10R.11; 11R.22 Pl. 43:9R.33; 10R.51; 11R.13; 12R.33; 19R.51 Pl. 44:10R.33; 11R.21; 12R.33; 13R.21; 14R.32; 15R.33; 16R.33; 17R.42; 18R.52; l9R.54; 20R.51; 2lR.52; 22R.52; 23R.51; 24R.53; 25R.54; 26R.54; 27R.54; 28R.52 Pl. 49:15R.42 Pl. 50:1R.13; 2R.52; 11R.31; 14R.54; 15R.51; 16R.31; 17R.32 Pl. 51:1R.54; 20R.42

SJ Comment The large corpus of storage-jar materials within the Stratum XVIIIA deposits serves to underscore the interpretation of the intramural rooms in Areas 5 and 6 as storage facilities. Notable within the assemblage is the appearance of signage in ProtoCanaanite letter-forms on the shoulders and bodies of some of these vessels (see Seger 1983; see also chap. V.K). In all other aspects, the collection provides a profile of forms typical for the MB IIB and C periods and into the early LB I period in the late sixteenth century. The vessels are large forms, with wide shoulders and ovoid bodies that taper gently

to slightly convex bases. Forms appear with and without pairs or sets of handles. Several are of the four-handled variety. Most of these vessels have relatively short necks and narrow mouths with a range of rim forms typical of later MB II types. However, a good sampling of higher-necked forms with slightly flaring rims is also present (see .5 rim types). Table IV.3 shows the distribution of rim types for Gezer Stratum XVIIIA in comparison with those from the MB IIB and C phases at Shechem (see Shechem I, 74, fig. 21, and 78, fig. 23; Seger 1965: pls. LVI– LXIV, LXVII–LXXX. Sherd counts are adjusted to match the revised typology used in the volume). While these data affirm the general continuity of SJ rim forms throughout the seventeenth and sixteenth centuries b.c.e., some trends in type developments are suggested. The appearances of the .1 plain everted types show a modest increase in the MB IIC phases. On the other hand, the percentages of the .51 and .52 upright-flaring types remains constant through both periods, but the percentages of the .53 sub-type with internal profiling and of the .54 type with both internal and external profiling rise deliberately in MB IIC phases. Conversely, the .4 types with both external and internal profiling diminish by over half in the MB IIC period. Also notable in Stratum XVIIIA at Gezer is the decrease of .2 types to just 7% and the increase of .3 types to 31%. These contrast with the percentages for the .2 and the .3 rims at Shechem, which remain fairly constant throughout the MB IIB and C phases. Notably, however, the .33 forms with tapered edge enjoy a particularly dramatic flourit in the late MB IIC assemblage at Gezer. In this, they represent another indication of the continuity in typological developments at Gezer where the late MB II phase of occupation persists to the end of the sixteenth century, half a century beyond its demise ca. 1550 b.c.e. in Stratum XV at Shechem. SJ Selected Comparanda .1 plain everted rims .11 rounded edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:9 (L. 4031). TBM IA (E), pl. 6:2; (D), pl. 14:6; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.25:51 (T. 33).

149

Pottery Megiddo II (X–IX), pl. 52:1 (T. 3024). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.14:5 (L. 3106); fig. 16.17:6 (L.  3125); fig. 16.18:3–5 (L.  3125); (P3), fig. 16.34:7 (L. 5094). .12 flattened top (not attested) .13 Tapered edge TBM Tombs, fig. 2.25:52 (T. 33). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 4), pl. C:24 (L. 9009). Megiddo II (XII–XI), pl. 35:5 (L. 4059). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.14:2 (L. 3106). .14 flattened edge (not attested) .2 external profiled rims .21 rounded edge Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9A = XVI–XV), fig. II.17:8 (L. 646). Lachish III (TA) (Area P, P-3), fig. 16:32:1 (L. 5050). Yoqneʿam III (XXII), fig. II.22:2 (L.  3013); (XXI), fig. II.27:2 (L. 2343b). .22 flattened top Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Glacis = XVIII), pl. 32:12 (L. 8010). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.18:2 (L. 3125). Yoqneʿam III (XXII), fig. II.22:3 (L. 3013). .23 Tapered edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:16 (L. 4032.1); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10B = XIX), pl. 8:20 (L. 13107). TBM IA (D), pl.14:5, 10. Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.14:4, 6 (L. 3106), fig. 16.22:13 and 15 (L. 5000); (P3), fig. 16.31:5 and fig. 16.32:2 (L. 5050). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.26:12 (L. 2340). .24 rilled top Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.18:6 (L. 3125).

.3 Internal profiled rims .31 rounded edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Glacis = XVIII), pl. 32:10 (L. 8010); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII), pl. 7:6–7, 9 (L. 35083). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.18:1 (L. 3125); fig. 16.19:3 (L. 3156); fig. 16.26:7 (L. 5105). .32 flattened top Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:11 (L. 4031), 17 (L. 4032.1). Hazor V (Area L, Ph. 6 = XVI), fig. III.11:4 (L. 1067). .33 Tapered edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Glacis = XVIII), pl. 32:14 (L. 8010); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10 = XIX–XVIII), pl. 7:8 (L. 35083); (Ph. 10B = XIX), pl. 8:19 (L. 13107). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.27:19 (L. 2349). .34 rilled top (not attested) .4 external and internal profiled rims .41 rounded edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:13 (L. 2041A); (Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:14 (L. 4032.1). Lachish III (TA) (P6), fig. 16.10:6 (L. 5203). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.24:1, 3 (L. 2348). .42 flattened top Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:17 (L.  1044A); (Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:15 (L.  4032.1); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 6:7 (L.  13104.1), 20 (L.  34103.1); (Ph. 10B = XIX), pl. 8:18 (L. 13101). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.24:5 (L.  2348), fig. II.26:11 (L. 2343b).

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.43 Tapered edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:8, 10 (L.  4031); (Field I, Glacis=XVIII), pl. 32:11 (L. 8010). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.24:2 (L.  2348), fig. II.29:18 (L. 2349). .44 rilled top Gezer II (HUC) (Field I, Glacis = XVIII), pl. 20:10 (L. 8017), 11 (L. 8013). Hazor V (Area L, XVI), fig. III.13:7 (L. 1164). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.24:6 (L.  2348), fig. II.36:14 (L. 2343b). .5 Upright flaring rim .51 rounded edge Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:10, 12 (L. 1037); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:3 (L. 13102), pl. 6:14 (L. 34085). TBM Tombs, fig. 2.26:53 (T. 333). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 4), pl. C:10 (L.  9010); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXIV:4 (L. 6192), 10 (L.  6205); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9b = XVI–XV), fig. II.12:26 (L. 657); (Area L, Ph. 9 = XVIIb), fig. III.8:15–17 (L. 1117). Megiddo II (X), pl. 43:3 (N = 5026). .52 Profiled externally Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:9 (L.  1037); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph 11/1 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:2, 4–5 (L.  13102), pl. 6:2, 5 (L. 13095.1); (Ph. 10B = XIX), pl. 8:1 (L. 4143.1). TBM Tombs, fig. 2.3:18 (T. 7). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 4), pl. C:9 (L.  9010); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXIV:12 (L. 6207), 14 (L. 6212); Hazor V (Area A, Phase 9b = XVI–XV), fig. II.12:28 (L. 657). Megiddo II (XI), pl. 35:1 (T. 2144), 3 (T. 3107); (XII–X), pl. 43:1 (T. 3070). Lachish III (TA) (P6), fig. 16.10:2–4 (L. 5203). Yoqneʿam III (XXII), fig. II.22.5 (L.  3013); (XXI), fig. II.24:9–10 (L. 2348).

.53 Profiled internally Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 10 = XIX– XVIII), pl.7:5 (L. 35083); (Ph. 10B = XIX), pl. 8:17 (L. 13101) .54 Profiled internally and externally Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX– XIX), pl. 5:6 (L. 1312); pl. 6:4 (L. 13095.1); (Ph. 10B = XIX), pl. 8:2 (L. 4143.1). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16:27:4 (L.  5269); (P3), fig. 16.29:4 (L. 5009). Yoqneʿam III (XXII), fig. II.22:4, 6–7 (L. 3013).

(j) Amphora Amphora Catalogue Code System: as for SJ Pl. 16:7S, Ho Pl. 34:10W.52,Ho, combed stripe around shoulder Pl. 38:2S, Ho Pl. 39:9W.52, Ho Amphora Comment Vessels catalogued as Amphora are smaller storage-jar types, generally less than 40 cm tall, with pairs of handles along the sides of the vessel bodies and often with narrow bodies and high necks. The form from Shechem Stratum XIX that Cole catalogues as a Js form (i.e., “Small Jar”; see Shechem I, 76–77 and pl. 39) is comparable, though its body is more bulbous than typical amphora types, and the rim is slightly spouted. The two complete vessels in the Gezer XVIIIA corpus (pls. 34:10; 39:9) both have SJ .52 type rims with slight external profiling, and both have simple, slightly convex bases. As the comparanda show, varieties of this vessel type are commonly found in MB burial contexts as well as, with slightly less frequency, in occupation deposits. Amphora Selected Comparanda Gezer III (PEF) (Second Semitic), pl. LXXI:18 (T. 1).

151

Pottery TBM Tombs, fig. 2.3:18 (T. 7), fig. 2.15:76–78 (T. 24), fig. 2.77:27 (T. 2). Hazor I (Area D5, Str. 3), pl. CXXIV:14 (L. 9024); (Area E, MB II), pl. CXXXII:7 (L. 7001); (Area E, LB I), pl. CXLI:11–12 (L. 7021); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXIV:8 (L. 6206 in T 33); Hazor III–IV (Area F, LB I), pl. CCXL:6 (L. 8112); Hazor V (MB II), fig. IV.9:1 (T. 1181). Megiddo II (XII), pl. 27:4 (T. 3137, second vessel T. 5067); (XI), pl. 34:17 (L.  4028), 18 (T. 3076); (XII–X), pl. 42:2 (T. 3070); (XI–VIII), pl. 34:19 (T. 3085, second vessel. T. 3075); pl. 52:2 (T. 2117). Lachish II (PEF) (Fosse Temple I), pl. LVII:390– 92; Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.13:4 (L.  3106), fig. 16.17:4 (L. 3125); fig. 16.22:14 (L. 5000); fig. 16.26:5 (L. 5105). Yoqneʿam III (XXV), fig. II.1:7 (L. 2489 = Burial Cave); (XXIVa), fig. 12:11 (L.  2453); (XXb), fig. III.3:3 (T. 2420a), 7 (T. 2420b).

(k) Jar Stands Jar Stand Catalogue Pl. 11:1; 2 Pl. 17:11 Pl. 18:18; 19

Jar Stand Comment The 5 examples of Jar Stands in Stratum XVIIIA are all of a standard variety with simple rims of the plain everted, SJ .11 rounded-edge type. Only 1 example with a complete profile is preserved (see pl. 11:1). It has an open bottom with a roughly finished lower rim. Presumably, when in use, the base of such stands would be nested at least slightly into a surface to provide stability. Of significance is the fact that none of these examples come from the storage rooms in Areas 5 nor were any found in direct association with a storage vessel. Three of them (pls. 17:11; 18:18–19) are from surface deposits in Courtyard 4020, and the other two are from L. 3012 debris deposits above Surface 3025.

Jar Stand Selected Comparanda Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 6 = XVIII), pl. 29:26 (L. 2018.P). Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXV:26 (L. 6207); Hazor III–IV (Area H, Str. 3), pl. CCLX:14, 16 (L. 2151), 15 (L. 2165); Hazor V (Area L, Ph. 5 = XV), fig. III.16:4 (L. 1177); (Area P, Ph. B = XIV), fig. V.3:4 (L. 1438), 5–6 (L. 1428). Megiddo II (X), pl. 47:17 (N = 5008); (IX), pl. 55:17–18 (L. 5014). Lachish II (PEF) (Fosse Temple Level II), pl. LIII:325 (L. 133), 326 (L. 250).

(l) Cultic Stands Cultic Stands Catalogue Code System: as for Bp Pl. 14:23S Pl. 33:16R.61, S, paint bands Cultic Stands Comment Sections of 2 vessels classed here as cultic stands were found in the Gezer Stratum XVIIIA deposits. Each was recovered from a debris locus. A pedestal section of one item (pl. 14:23) came from Area 3 in L.  3053 within a small enclosure against the corner of Wall 13004 and Tower 5017. A second more-complete form with its bowl and a long section of its pedestal intact (pl. 33:16) was recovered from the collapsed debris of L. 5024 in Room 5029. This vessel was decorated with parallel bands of red paint on the bowl’s rim and on the outside down its body around the pedestal. Parallels for such stands are limited within MB corpora but become more common in the LB period. Comparable forms from Megiddo and elsewhere are described as “Chalices” (see Ancient Pottery, pl. 28:16; AG I, pl. XXXVIII:17; and comparanda), but this does not seem to provide an apt description of the type. In general, their appearances tend to cluster near temple, shrine, or tomb structures, which suggests the cultic designation used here. (For further explication of such cultic vessels and their uses, see Gilmour, forthcoming.)

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Cultic Stands Selected Comparanda Hazor III–IV (Area H, Str. 1a), pl. CCLXXVI: 4–16. Megiddo II (XII–X), pl. 30:6 (Rm of T. 5232); pl. 47:14 (3057 plus seven others); (X), pl. 47:10 (S = 3032), 11 (N = 2032), 15 (N = 5026); (X–IX), pl. 47:18 (S = 2032 plus one other); pl. 55:19 (L. 2115); (IX), pl. 55:16 (L. = 5239). Lachish II (PEF) (Fosse Temple I), pl. LIIIB:321 (L.  256), 322 (L.  207,256); (Fosse Temple II), pl. XIIIB:327 (L. 188).

(m) Jugs (Jg) Jg Catalogue Code System: Jg A = shoulder-handled; Jg B = rim to shoulder-handled; W= whole vessel; R = rim (for types see SJ Code); S = side; H = handle; Ho = oval handle; Hbi = double coil handle; Htri = triple coil handle; B = base; Bd = disc base; Br = ring base; Bsc = simple convex base; Bcvd = convex disc base; nm = narrow mouth and neck; wm = wide mouth and neck Pl. 10:7Jg A, S, Ho, wm Pl. 13:5Jg B, R.52, Ho, wm Pl. 14:20Jg A, S, B, Hbi, Br, nm; 22Jg B, R.51, Ho, nm Pl. 16:13Jg A, W, R .51, Ho, Bsc, wm Pl. 29:3Jg A, W, R.53, Hbi with rivet, Bcvd, nm; 5Jg A, W, R.53, Ho, Bcvd, wm Pl. 37:12Br Pl. 38:3Jg A, W, R.53, Ho, Bcd, wm Pl. 39:7Jg A, W, R.53, Ho, Bd, wm Pl. 43:14Jg B, R.51, Ho, wm; 15Jg B, R.52, Hbi, nm; 17Htri with curl appliqué Pl. 51:3Bcvd; 9Bcvd

Jg Comment The Gezer Stratum XVIIIA corpus of jugs from Field IV includes two basic Jg types. (See Shechem I, 72 and pls. 29–30.) Those best represented in the Gezer group are the Jg A shoulder-handled forms with a semi-globular body, of which there are 7 examples, including 5 whole forms. Of these seven, 5 are of a wide neck, open-mouth variety with a single oval handle (pls. 10:7; 16:13; 29:5; 38:3; and 39:7),

while 2 have a narrow neck and mouth with bi-coil handles (pls. 14:20; 29:3). Rims are preserved on 5 of these vessels, and all are of the .5 upright-flaring variety. However, the forms vary considerably in size and with respect to base types. A smaller second group represents the type Jg B rim-to-shoulder handled varieties. These are represented by 4 partial forms, 2 with wide necks and oval handles (pls. 13:5; 43:14) and 2 with narrow necks (pls. 14:22; 43:15), the latter example with a bi-coil handle. All four forms have .5 flaring upright rims. Both types are well documented in MB IIB and IIC contexts. Jg Selected Comparanda Jg A Gezer IV (HUC) (Field IV, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 6:19 (L. 13095.1). TBM I (D), pl. 10:5; TBM IA (D), pl. 15:12; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.2:17 (T.7), fig. 2.14:72–75 (T. 24); fig. 2.23–24: 46–50 (T. 33). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 2), pl. CI:23–25 (L. 9008); (Area E, LB I), pl. CXL:12–13 (L. 7021); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXII:6 (L. 6191), 7 (L. 6203), 8 (L. 6103), 9 (L. 6175); Hazor III–IV (Area F, MB II), pl. CCXXXIX:9 (L. 8204); (Area H, Str. 3), pl. CCCX:1 (L.  2151); Hazor V (Area L, XVI), fig. III.13:6 (L. 1164). Megiddo II (XII), pl. 25:6 (T. 5106); (XII–X), pl. 31:12 (T. 2143, etc.); pl. 40:2 (T. 2028, one other T. 2140), 3 (T. 3066); (XI), pl. 31:2 (T. 5133); (X), pl. 39:3 (L.  3038), 4 (T. 3026), pl 40:1 (T. 5240); (X–IX), pl. 39:2 (T. 4022). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.21:1 (L. 3224); fig. 16.26:1, 3 (L.  5105); (P3), fig. 16.28:5 (L.  3480); fig. 16.31:4 (L. 5050). Jg B TBM Tombs, fig. 2.12–13:63, 66–71 (T. 24); fig. 2.23:42–44 (T. 33). Hazor II (Area C, MB II), pl. CXII:1 (L. 6205 = T. 23); Hazor V (MB), fig. IV.8:1–9 (T. 1181); Hazor III–IV (Area F, LB I), pl. CCXLI:12 (L. 8205), 13 (L. 8130).

153

Pottery Megiddo II (XII), pl. 24:5 (W = T. 2138, one other T. 2145); (XII–X), pl. 34:3 (T. 4055); (XI), pl. 32:4 (T. 3175); pl. 34:2 (T. 4055), 4 (T. 5243), 6 (T.  5234), 7 (T. 4056); (X), pl. 39:16 (T. 4013); (X–IX), pl. 39:17 (T. 3047); pl. 40:25 (T. 2074), 27 (T. 3070). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig. 16.21:2–3 (L. 3224), fig. 16.26:2 (L. 5105); (P4–3), fig. 16.35:5 (L. 3069); (P4), fig. 16.28:6 (L. 3480). Yoqneʿam III (XXa), fig. III.11:4 (T. 2405).

(n) Pitchers Pitchers Catalogue Code System: as for Bp Pl. 13:4W, Ho, Br Pitchers Comment Vessels classified as pitchers represent a distinctive subset of the shoulder-to-rim-handled Jg B forms. They usually have wide, flaring rims with slightly spouted mouths; gently carinated bodies; and concave disc or ring-type bases. The Gezer corpus includes only one certain example, but the type is otherwise fairly well represented in MB contexts. Cole cites one example from MB IIB Stratum XIX at Shechem (his type Jg C; see Shechem I, 72, pl. 31:a) and four examples are represented there in MB IIC phases (Seger 1965: 135, pl. LV:a–d). Pitchers Selected Comparanda TBM I (D), pl. 42:10; TBM IA (D), pl. 15:13–14; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.12:64–65 (T. 24). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 1), pl. CIII:15 (L. 9007); (Area E, LB I), pl. CXL:11 (L. 7021). Megiddo II (XII), pl. 24:34 (N = T. 3081), 36 (T. 5367); (XII–IX), pl. 25:4 (T. 3122), 5 (T. 4107), pl. 41:31 (T. 2027, etc.); (XI), pl. 34:1 (T. 3083). Lachish III (TA) (P3), fig. 16.29:2 (L. 5025). Yoqneʿam III (XXI?), fig. II.40:6 (T. 2595).

(o) Pots Pot Catalogue Code System: as for Bp

Pl. 38:7W, d, slip out and on rim in, incised bands around body Pl. 39:2W, r

Pots Comment Two vessels in this Gezer corpus are designated as pots. They have tall, cylindrical bodies and simple everted rims but no handles. One of these (pl. 38:7) is decorated with red slip and incised bands. Appearances of this type vessel in MB strata are limited, but they can easily be viewed as harbingers of the bi-conical jugs with a single handle that become common in the LB period (see Ancient Pottery, 147, pls. 35:4, 10; 47; photo 134). Pot Selected Comparanda Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 2), pl. CI:18 (L. O 17) Megiddo II (X), pl. 42:8 (L. 4031).

(p) Dipper Juglets (Jld) Code System: as for Jg Jld Catalogue Pl. 12:15B Pl. 14:24S,B,Ho; 25R,S,Ho Pl. 15:20S,B,Ho Pl. 16:12B; 14W,Ho Pl. 17:14W,Ho Pl. 20:5B Pl. 21:15S,Ho Pl. 23:9B Pl. 24:6B Pl. 34:2W,Ho; 6W,Ho Pl. 38:6W,Ho Pl. 43:16R,Hbi with rivet appliqué Pl. 50:25W,Ho

Jld Comment The Stratum XVIIIA dipper juglet repertoire includes 16 forms, including 6 whole vessels, 5 bases only, and 5 rim or side and handle sections. All are of a medium-size MB type with spouted mouths, rim-to-shoulder handles, and almond-shaped bodies tapering gently to a pointed base. All but one of the handles is of the simple oval or rounded strap type. The one exception

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(pl.  43:16) has a bi-coil handle with a rivet appliqué and seems to be from a fairly large vessel. No special surface treatment is evident on any of the forms except for pl. 38:6, which was finished with a pink slip. The distribution of Jld exemplars is quite even across the whole complex, with 1 whole vessel in each of Areas 3, 4, and 10, and 3 in the rooms in Area 5. Another whole form was found in Area 1 amidst disturbed debris on top of Tower 5017. It was sealed beneath Roman period Wall 1001 (pl. 4:1). Jld Selected Comparanda Shechem I (XX), pl. 27: b, f-g (L. 411 b); (XIX), pl. 27:h (L. 608); Seger 1965 (XVI–XV), pl. LXVII. Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:14, 16 (L. 2041A). TBM I (D, pl. 42:9, 11–14, pl. 43:5, 7; pl. 44:1–2; TBM IA (E), pl. 9:1; (D), pl. 15:7–11; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.2:14–15 (T. 7); fig. 2.11:57–62 (T. 24). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 1), pl. CII:14, 16 (L. 9007); (Area D5, Str. 4), pl. CXX:4–12 (L. 9024); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXI:1, 4 (L. 6192 = T. 31); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9b = XVI–XV), fig. II.12:23 (L. 657); (Area L, XVI), fig. III.13:5 (L. 1164); (MB IIB), fig. IV.6:1–9 (T. 1181). Megiddo II (XII–X), pl. 41:11 (T. 2140, one other S = 2032); (X), pl. 41:17 (T. 4106); (X–IX), pl. 41:19 (T. 3029); (X–VIII), pl. 50:11 (S = T. 2017); (IX), pl. 50:9 (T. 2127). Lachish III (TA) (P4), fig.16.21:4–6 (L.  5000); fig. 16.22:8 (L. 5000); (P3), fig. 16.30:5 (L. 5040); fig. 16.33:5 (L. 5078); fig. 16.34:5 (L. 5094). Yoqneʿam III (XXII), fig. II.22:16–18; (XXI), fig II.30:4 (L.  2349); fig. II.32:2 (T. 2439), 3, 6 (T. 2609); (XXI?), fig. II.40:2 (T. 2595); (XXb), fig. III.5–6 (T. 2420a).

(q)  Cylindrical Juglets (Jlc) and Piriform Juglets (Jlp) Code system: as for Jg Jlc and Jlp Catalogue Pl. 15:16R,Hbi Pl. 16:2Jlc,W,Hbi Pl. 19:15R,Hbi

Pl. 23:10Jlp,B Pl. 34:5Jlc,S,B,Hbi Pl. 43:13Jlc,W,Hbi with rivet; 20Jlc,B

Jlc and Jlp Comment The juglets in this grouping all represent common MB forms. Four of the 7 vessels are Jlc, flat-bottomed cylindrical types, while only 1 base sherd (pl. 23:10) is clearly of the Jlp, piriform—or so-called Hyksos— variety with a button base. The 2 others are rim and handle sections that could belong to either type. All the handles on these forms are of the bi-coil type. The Jlp base has a dark red slip, and the Jlc form on pl. 16:2 has traces of burnish. Otherwise, none of the forms displays a special finish. The preference for Jlc types corresponds to the MB pattern that shows a general tendency for the increasing presence of Jlc types in the later phases of the period. Jlc and Jlp Selected Comparanda Jlc Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 7 = XVIII), pl. 30:18– 19 (L. 3030.P). TBM IA (E), pl. 9:2, 5; (D), pl. 15:1–3, 5–6; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.11:52–56 (T. 24). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 1), pl. CII:12 (L.  P 16); Hazor II (Area A, Str. 3), pl. CXI:12 (L.  6152 = T. 26), 14 (6199 = T. 4), 15 (L. 6200 = T. 18) Megiddo II (XII–X), pl. 40:8 (T. 4022); (XII– IX), pl. 40:13 (T. 4043); pl. 50:4 (T. 3169), 5 (two examples T. 2165); (XI–X), pl. 32:13 (T. 5044), 16 (L.  3096, one other T. 3175); (X), pl. 40:10 (T. 4018); (IX), pl. 50:2 (E = T. 2004). Lachish III (TA) (P3), fig. 16.30:10 (L. 5048), 11 (L. 5049), fig. 16.34:10 (L. 5231). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.31:5 (T. 3025); (XXI?), fig. II.40:3–4 (T. 2595). Jlp Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Ph. 8 = XIX), pl. 31:24 (L. 2046); Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 11/10 = XX–XIX), pl. 5:26 (L. 13102).

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Pottery TBM I (E), pl. 41:7; TBM IA (E), pl. 9:6; (D) pl. 15:4; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.1:7–13 (T. 7), fig. 2.10:38– 51 (T. 24). Hazor I (Area D3, Str. 1), pl. CLII:13 (L.  P 18), pl. CIV:6 (L.  P 16); (Area D5, Str. 4), pl. CXXI:2–13 (L. 9024); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXI:11 (L. 6210 = T. 29); Hazor V (Area L, XVI), fig. III.13:3–4 (L.  1164); (MBIIB), fig. IV.4:1–23 (Tomb 1181). Megiddo II (XII–X), pl. 40:17 (T. 2029), pl. 41:3 (T. 2140); (XI–X), pl. 40:18 (T. 4106); pl. 41:5 (T.  3039); (X), pl. 40:20 (T. 4054), 21 (T. 3070); pl. 41:2 (T. 4067), 4 (T. 3070). Yoqneʿam III (XXI), fig. II.30:5 (T. 3021); fig II.31:2 (T. 2348), 6 (T. 3025); fig. II.32:1 (T. 2439), 4–5 (T. 2609); (XXI?), fig. II.40:5 (T. 2595); (XXb), fig. III.3:809 (T. 2420a).

(r) Imports and Import Types Imports and Import Types Catalogue Pl. 15:23 Milk bowl Pl. 22:3 Cypriot monochrome flask sherd; 10 Cypriot monochrome bowl Pl. 23:6 Cypriot WP IV jug neck Pl. 39:8 Milk bowl Pl. 43:1 Cypriot BR I jug neck

Imports and Import Types Comment Four of the vessels included in this small group are true Cypriot imports. The flask and bowl sherds on pl. 22:3 and 10 are both of Cypriot monochrome ware, and the jug or jar on pl. 23:6 is in the WP IV tradition. Such vessel types, while rare, are known from MB II contexts elsewhere (see comparanda). However, the jug neck on pl. 43:1 is a Base Ring I form. BR I wares are present only from the mid-sixteenth century and onward. Several BR I sherds were present in the final, Phase 9 levels of Stratum XVI at Shechem (Seger 1965: 150–51, items 6, 8, 11–13; for the distribution of BR I wares in selected Palestinian LB I period sites published before 1977, see Gittlen 1978: 106, Chart 25). At Gezer, a few additional Base Ring ware bowl fragments were recovered from destruction debris over Tower 5017 in Area 2 (see pls. 6:23; 7:22–23), but these are from disturbed loci assigned

to Stratum I. While imported Cypriot milk bowls are also found already in other late MB strata, the two forms in this Gezer corpus (pls. 15:23; 39:8) are both undecorated local imitations. While this corpus of imported materials is very limited, it nonetheless reflects the arrival of Cypriot wares and influences in Palestine by the sixteenth-century horizon and is another indication of the transitional MB/LB date of the Stratum XVIIIA occupation. Imports and Import Types Selected Comparanda Monochrome Wares Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 9 = XVI), pl. 10:22 (L. 24150). Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXV:7, 9 (L. 6207), 8 (L.  6200); (Area C, Str. 2), pl. CXVI:30–31 (L. 6183). Megiddo II (IX), pl. 54:21 (L. = 5239); (IX–VIII), pl. 54:22 (T. 2132). Yoqneʿam III (XXa), fig. III.6:15 (L. 2408). WP IV Wares Gezer I (HUC) (Field I, Glacis = XVIII), pl. 20:39 (L. 8010). Hazor I (Area D1, Str. 3), pl.XCIV:21 (L. 9037); (Area D5, MB II), pl. CXIII:6 (L. Q 14); Hazor II (Area C, Str. 3), pl. CXV:10 (L. 6212), 11 (L. 6205), 24 (L. 6243). Megiddo II (XI), pl. 34:8 (= 4093), 9 (T. 4109), 12 (T. 3076, one other T. 3110); (X), pl. 46:11 (N = 3174). Lachish III (TA) (P4–3), fig. 16.36:3–4 (L. 5251). Yoqneʿam III (XXIII), fig. II.36:11 (L. 2559). Base Ring I Wares Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 9B-A = XVI), pl. 9:23 (L. 34098). Hazor III–IV (Area F, LB I), pl. CCXL:4 (L. 8112), pl. CCXLIVK:3 (L. 8199), 4 (L. 8129); (Area H, Str. 2), pl. CCLXIX:39–40 (L. 2132), 41 (L. 2133). Megiddo II (IX-VIII), pl. 51:1 (T. 3027).

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Yoqneʿam III (XXa), fig. III.7:11 (L.  2408), fig. III.13:22 (L. 2331). Milk Bowl Wares Gezer IV (HUC) (Field VI, Ph. 9B-A = XVI), pl. 9:24 (L. 34098). Hazor I (Area D1, Str. 4), pl. XCIII:21 (L. 9043); Hazor V (Area A, Ph. 9a = XVI–XV), fig. II.14:31– 32 (L. 628). Megiddo II (X), pl. 45:21(L. 4021). Lachish III (TA) (P5), fig 16.12:8 (L.  3339), 9 (L. 5178).

(s) Miscellaneous Forms Miscellaneous Forms Catalogue Pl. 15:21 Crucible, W Pl. 16:11 Bg or Krater, W, Ho, Br Pl. 22:2 Lamp W

Miscellaneous Forms Comment Three other whole forms in the XVIIIA corpus deserve brief comment. The first (pl. 15:21) is a crude, hand-made, spouted cup that most likely was meant to serve as a crucible. However, no slag or metal residues were found with it, and it may as easily have functioned as a scoop or pitcher. Moreover, its shape is not like any of the several crucible fragments found in MB strata at Hazor (see Hazor I [Area D, Str. 5], pl. CXVIII:6–14). A closer, but still not exact parallel form is from an LB II context (see Hazor II [Area F, Str. 1], pl. CXLVII:11). The second vessel (pl. 16:11) has the body of a large globular bowl but with one handle from the rim to its upper body. No direct MB parallels for this form have been noted. The third item (pl. 22:2) is a lamp of ordinary MB type—remarkably, the only lamp found in the Stratum XVIIIA assemblage. Comparable varieties are found in MB contexts at Tell Beit Mirsim (TBM I, pl. 43:3–4; TBM Tombs, fig. 2.16:80–83), Megiddo (Megiddo II, pl. 47:1–8), and Hazor (Hazor I, pl. CXXII:21–25).

b.  Stratum XVIIIB1 and B2 (Field Phases 5B1 and B2) (pls. 52–53) (1)  Related Stratigraphy Phase 5B1 remains were identified only in Areas 4, 6, and 10. In Area 4, parts of two room units (Rooms 4102 and 4108) were exposed beneath the L.  4100, Phase 5A fill that served as preparation for Surface 4020 above it. Occupation materials are from related Loci 4102.1, 4106, 4108.1, and 4135 (see pl. 52:1–15). In Areas 6 and 10, probes reached only patches of Surfaces 6013 and 10012, respectively. Only L. 10012.1 yielded occupation remains (see pl. 53:14–20). Phase 5B2 was identified only in Area 4, where it was represented by Surface 4142, a sub-unit beneath Room 4108. Occupation remains were collected from the L. 4140 ash debris above the surface and from sub-surface Loci 4142.1 and 4146 (see pls. 52:16–20; 53:1–13).

(2)  Pottery Corpus These Stratum XVIIIB deposits add a small corpus of additional vessel forms with a late MB IIC profile. The main diagnostic types are enumerated in table IV.1. The only form of special significance is the Cypriot Monochrome ware bowl rim on pl. 52:18, which derives from the L. 4140 deposit of Phase 5B2 (see comparanda in chap. IV.A.5.a.(2)(r)) for Stratum XVIIIA). It provides another bit of data testifying to the late sixteenth-century date of Stratum XVIII. c.  Stratum XVIIIC1 and C2 (Field Phases 5C1 and 5C2) (pls. 54–60) (1) Related Stratigraphy Phase 5C1 is also represented only in Area 4. It consists of Room 4104 below Room 4102 to the south and a courtyard unit with Surfaces 4117 (of beaten earth) and 4147 (of cobblestones) below Room 4142 to the north. Occupation remains were collected from Loci 4104.1, 4117.1, and 4147.1, as well as from soil layer L. 4146 that rested on top of Surface 4117 and the L. 4147 cobbles (see pl. 54). Phase 5C2 represents the period of the founding and construction of Wall 13004, which is identified by fill loci in Areas 3, 4, and 6. Related loci include

Pottery L. 3025.1 and L. 3049 in Area 3 (see pl. 54), L. 4105 in Area 4 (see pls. 55–56), and L. 6015 in Area 6 (see pl. 57). Also associated with Phase 5C2 are the construction fills for Glacis 8012 in Area 16—that is, Loci 16005, 16006, 16023, 16024, 16025, 16035, and 16038 (see pls. 58–60).

(2) Pottery Corpus Only a small collection of sherds was recovered from the Phase 5C1 occupation soils in Area 4. Like the corpus from Phase 5B, these add only modestly to the assemblage of late MB types. However, materials from the deeper, founding level fills of Phase 5C2 and from the Area 16 glacis fills are more demonstrative and represent the majority of items enumerated in table IV.1 for the XVIIIC phase. Particularly notable is the appearance within the assemblage of more slip and burnish decoration on bowl forms (see pls. 54:1, 3; 55:21–23, 25–29; 56:2–5, 8–9; 57:12, 17, 20; 58:8, 22, 31–32; 59:2–3, 5–7, 16, 18, 21, 23; 60:1–2, 4). Statistically, 35 (56%) of 63 of the bowls in these deposits are slipped, and 29 (83%) of the 35 forms with slip are also burnished. This reflects patterns more common earlier in the MB. Also appearing within these deposits, and particularly within the glacis makeup fills from Area 16, are a few Early Bronze traces (see pls. 58:3; 60:8, 22). However, diagnostic forms of clear MB IIC date still predominate. These materials firmly establish an early sixteenth-century chronology for the addition of the glacis and for the Phase 5C2 founding of Connecting Wall 13004. Special comment is needed with respect to the L. 6015 deposits in Area 6, which provided one fully restorable storage jar (pl. 57:1) from Phase 5C2 and a number of small object finds (pl. 57:27–30). These materials were in soil deposits below Phase 5A2 Surface 6013 that were bounded by walls of Phase 6A (Stratum XIXA, see below). While no surface related to the Phase 6A walls was reached, it is possible that the assemblage from this locus includes remains of Phase 6A occupation (see also on L. 6017, below). However, no signs were detected indicating clear separations within the L. 6015 soil matrix or between it and the L.  6017 soils below, and they can only be assigned with absolute stratigraphic certainty to Phase 5C1.

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6.  City Stratum XIX (Field Phase 6, MB IIB–C) (pls. 61–67) Stratum XIX occupation represents the initial stage of the construction and use of the MB fortification elements found in Field IV. This includes the founding and first use of Tower 5017 and of connecting Wall 3097. In addition to the Wall 3097 construction phase (Field Phase 6C), two subsequent occupation sub-phases were identified inside of Wall 3097 (Field Phases 6B and 6A). a.  Stratum XIXA (Field Phase 6A) (pls. 61–62:8) (1)  Related Stratigraphy Phase 6A is represented by room elements in Areas 3, 4, and 6. In Area 3, below fill L.  3049, three Phase 6A room surfaces were identified (Loci 3033, 3057, and 3066). Associated occupation remains were collected as Loci 3059, 3057.1, 3061, and 3066.1 (see pls. 61; 62:8). In Area 4, below fill L. 4105 of Phase 5C2, evidence of two earlier room elements were exposed. These include Pit 4156 at the north end and Surface 4116 extending to the south against wall L. 4113, a segment of Wall 3097. Occupation remains associated with Surface 4116 were collected as L. 4116.1. (See pl. 62:1–4.) In Area 6, Phase 6A was represented only by Walls 6016 and 6025A–B. These structures bounded the Phase 5C2, L. 6015 fill and the L. 6017 deposits below (see pl. 62:5–7).

(2) Pottery Corpus Iteration of the forms represented in this small corpus is provided in table IV.1. Notable again is the slightly higher statistical presence of slip and burnish (on 3 of 8 bowls = 38%). Also, all of the Cp examples are of the Cpr .1 holemouth group. The group of SJ materials from L.  6017 (pl. 62:5–7) comes from the deepest levels reached below L.  6015. This deposit included many storage jar sherds from which one complete vessel was restored (pl. 62:5). Like the restored jar from L. 6015 (pl. 57:1), rims in this group are all of the .4, double-profiled type. While, as noted above, no clean separation could be made within L. 6015 soils, these lower materials appear more likely to

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be occupation remains and are accordingly assigned to Phase 6A. b.  Stratum XIXB (Field Phase 6B) (pl. 62:9–18) (1)  Related Stratigraphy Phase 6B was represented only in Area 3, where two patches of room surfaces were identified: Surface 3068 to the north, and Surface 3069 against Wall 3097 to the south. Associated occupation remains were collected as L.  3068.1 and L.  3069.1 (see pl. 62:9–18).

(2)  Pottery Corpus This small corpus provides another good assemblage of early MB IIC forms (see table IV.1). It is again distinguished by a higher percentage of slip and burnish on bowl forms (3 of 5 = 60%), and the cooking pots are again both of the Cpr .1 holemouth varieties. c.  Stratum XIXC (Field Phase 6C) (pls. 63–67) (1)  Related Stratigraphy Phase 6C represents the period of the founding and construction of Tower 5017 along with connecting Wall 3097 (Area 3), including segments L. 4113 (Area 4), L. 6018 (Area 6), L. 14012 (Area 14), and L.  16041 (Area 16). Related fill loci include Loci 3062, 3071, 3072, 3081, 3092, 3095, 3095.1, and 3096 in Area 3 (see pls. 63–66) and L. 4122 in Area 4 (see pl. 67).

(2)  Pottery Corpus This Stratum XIXC assemblage provides a somewhat larger corpus, still with a preponderance of transitional MB IIB/MB IIC vessel forms (see table IV.1). Again, the statistical presence of slip and burnish on bowl forms is high (on 29 of 47 rim forms = 62 %), and the Cpr .1 holemouth type of cooking pot rims are dominant (19 of 24 examples = 79%). Two examples of Cpf, flat-bottomed rims are also present (pls. 64:20; 66:7). Other special MB forms include 2 examples of cooking trays (pl. 63:26–27) and 2 examples of platter bowls with ledge handles (pls. 64:10; 67:13). A bowl with ledges of this sort from early MB Stratum XIV at Megiddo provides a good parallel (see Megiddo II, pl. 15:15 and the same in Ancient Pottery, 92, pl. 25:1). Another type with horizontal coil handles around the rim is attested in four examples from MB IIB phases at She-

chem (Shechem I, 46, pl. 3:m). For these examples, Cole sites parallels from Megiddo Strata XII–X (Megiddo II, pls. 30:1; 38:10; 45:17–18) and Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum D (TBM IA, pl. 13:2), demonstrating that they appear in a broad chronological range throughout the MB IIB and IIC periods. This same broader MB range is also suggested by 2 storage jar sherds from Locus 3072 with bi-chrome decoration in the MB “red, white, and blue” painted tradition (pl. 65:24–25). Examples of vessels from pre-MB periods include several holemouth jar rims (pls. 63:15; 66:12– 13, 16, 19) and a base (pl. 66:17) along with 2 platter bowls (pls. 64:13; 67:15) and 1 ledge handle (pl. 64:27), all of Early Bronze date. Also included are 2 cornet vase stems (pls. 64:28; 66:21), 1 flat cup base (pl. 66:11), and two deep bowl or jar rims (pl. 66:8, 18) of Chalcolithic origin. A decorated basalt rim fragment from a Chalcolithic or EB I type grinding bowl was also recovered (pl. 66:15). Like Trench 4168 in Field I (see Gezer II [HUC], 33– 34, pls. 15–19), these XIXC deposits represent the backfilling of the foundation trenches that were cut to bedrock for the construction of Tower 5017 and Wall 3097. It is thus not surprising that earlier traces are included. The high percentage of late MB  IIB and early MB IIC forms is notable, however, as it suggests that a thriving MB occupation preceded the establishment of the massive Inner Wall fortifications in the mid-seventeenth century.

B. Pottery Remains in Field II Areas 4 and 14 (See Chap III.B) Field II Area 4 compasses the southernmost, downslope area of Field II along the south perimeter of the mound where Phase I work was conducted in 1966. During Phase II operations in 1973 and 1974, new excavations were conducted in Area 4 and in adjacent Area 14 to the west. The Phase II work was designed to explore more fully the Phase I exposures of a putative glacis structure and of a segment of the Outer Wall. These features were identified in Areas 4 and 14, respectively, as Glacis 4020 and 14021 and Wall 4048 and 14003. A sequence of structures relating to City Strata II, XVI, and XVIII (Field Phases 2, 14, and 15) were identified.

Pottery

1.  City Stratum II (Field Phase 2, Hellenistic) (pls. 68–69:18) a. Related Stratigraphy Hellenistic period remains were identified all across Areas 4 and 14 in association with the final reconstruction and use phase of Outer Wall elements L. 4048 and L. 14003. This consisted of a series of buttressing walls (Walls 4025A–B/4059, 14004, 14005, and 14023) that ran from the inner face of the Outer Wall up to and against the face of the glacis slope. Except for a narrow patch of compacted soil between Walls 14004 and 14005 (L.  14015), no surfaces relating to these buttress structures were found. Related fills include L. 4055 in Area 4 (see pl. 68:4–12) and Loci 14011, 14014, 14015.l, and 14018 in Area 14 (see pls. 68:13–24; 69:1–18). b.  Pottery Corpus With the possible exception of materials from L. 14015.1 (see pl. 69:12), everything in this corpus derives from construction fills. It is thus not surprising to find representative sherds from a wide range of periods. MB forms include bowls of the Bp (pls. 68:9, 11, 19; 69:4, 14, 18), Bc (pls. 68:8; 69:5–7), and Bg (pl. 68:15) types along with storage jar rims (pls. 68:5, 13; 69:2, 13) and a bi-coil juglet handle fragment (pl. 69:11). The LB period is represented by several cooking pot rims (pl. 68:2–3, 12, 20–21). Iron Age materials include an Iron I krater rim with Philistine decoration (pl. 68:23), an Iron II jar rim (pl. 68:1), and two late Iron II cooking pot rims of Gitin’s type 106 (pls. 68:22; 69:9; see Gezer III [HUC], 219–21). Of most significance are the later Persian and Hellenistic forms that date the related architecture. These include a number of round-sided bowls with sharp everted rims of Gitin’s Persian type 139 (pls. 68:7, 10, 16–18; 69:3, 16; see Gezer III [HUC], 233–34), one example of a flanged rim from a short globular cooking pot of Gitin’s early Hellenistic type 234 (pl. 69:8; see Gezer III [HUC], 256), and several early Hellenistic jar rims (pl. 68:4, 6; Gitin Types 160B/C and 170D, respectively; see Gezer III [HUC], 238, 241). Later Hellenistic forms include 2 examples of bulbous jar rims, Gitin’s type 159 (pl. 69:1, 12; see Gezer III [HUC], 238); 1 example of his type 178 jug rim (pl. 68:14; see Gezer III [HUC], 242); and 1 example of a type 195B bowl (pl. 69:15;

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see Gezer III [HUC], 246). This last group, including the jar rim from L. 14015.1 (pl. 69:12), secures a second-century date for this field phase. The tiny fragment of stamped red ware from L.  14011 (pl. 68:24) may be of first-century origin and would accordingly need to be considered intrusive.

2.  City Stratum XVI (Field Phase 14, LB) (pls. 69:19–32; 70) a.  Related Stratigraphy In Area 4 Stratum XVI, Phase 14 is represented by the lower courses of Outer Wall segment L. 14003/4048 and by fill Loci 4056 and 4058. These lay against its inner face and under Wall 4059 and Fill 4055. At the extreme north end of the area, the stone-filled deposits of Loci 4041, 4043, and 4044 of the Post-15 horizon can also be associated with Phase 14. The most secure Phase 14 remains in Field II are identified in Area 14 by Wall 14017, which represents the earlier, original phase of the construction of the Outer Wall system (see chap III. B.2.b). This structure lies below Stratum II Wall 14003 and protrudes almost 1.5 m in width to the north of it. Buttressing Wall 14005 of Stratum II is founded on its top. Associated with Wall 14017 is Fill 14019 containing MB II and early LB remains. The upper courses of Wall 14017’s inner face are battered against and over this fill. b.  Pottery Corpus Within this Stratum 14 corpus, the materials from L.  14019 sealed against the face of Glacis 14020 behind Wall 14017 are most critical. All sherds in this small group represent terminal MB to early LB type vessels. These include 2 platter bowls with Bp .4 elongated inverted rims (pl. 70:16–17), 2 cooking pots of the Cpr .3 everted grooved type (pl. 70:20– 21), 1 carinated bowl (pl. 70:18), 1 storage jar rim of a plain everted type (pl. 70:19), and 1 shoulder fragment from a jar with incised and punctated decoration (pl. 70:22). The related deposits from fills against the lower foundations along the Outer Wall in Area 4 (L. 4026 and L. 4028) indicate a similar profile, albeit with mostly MB and a few even earlier forms. Platter bowls of the Bp .4 type are again present (pl. 70:4–5), along with 2 carinated bowls (pl. 70:8, 14), 1 globular bowl form (pl. 70:7), and 2

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Cpr .3 cooking pot rims (pl. 70: 9–10). EB forms are represented by 2 examples of simple, everted rims from short-necked jars (pl. 70:12–13). While these materials provide only a terminus a quo for the first phase construction of the Outer Wall line, it is of great significance that there are no materials later than LB I present. Materials from L. 4044 within the parapet structure at the north end of Area 4 again are mostly representative of similar late-sixteenth-century forms. Earlier forms include only 1 EB or earlier holemouth jar rim (pl. 69:30) and 1 shoulder fragment from a jar painted in the earlier MB “red, white, and blue” style. However, the presence of a rim and handle section from a cooking jar of the Iron I period coastal type (see Dothan and Zuckerman 2004: 28, 34, fig. 36) demonstrates that this locus was not securely sealed from later intrusion. Nonetheless, absent this later evidence, the assemblage in this locus is wholly consonant with occupation materials from the Stratum XVIIIA, local Phase 15A, deposits (see below).

3.  City Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 15, MB IIC/LB I) (pls. 71–72) Phase 15 in Field II is represented by Glacis 4060 and related structures in Area 4 and by Glacis 14021 in Area 14. In Area 14, only the face of the glacis slope was exposed, and associated materials were collected only from a small probe into it (L. 14021). In Area 4, the glacis was likewise exposed along its face but also up onto its summit, where three sub-phases of structures related to its use were identified as Phases 15 A–C. a. Related Stratigraphy (1)  Stratum XVIIIC (Field Phases 15C2–1) (pls. 72:2–27) In Phase 15C1, the earliest phase of the use of Glacis 4060 in Area 4, a mud-brick-and-stone parapet wall (Wall 4026A–B, see pl. 72:5–13) was mounted on its summit along the edge, just above its descending slope. Inside of this structure was a corridor or room crossed by a narrow, 1-course-high wall or step (Wall 4063). This structure was flanked to the west by a shallow fill of plaster lenses (L. 4061) (see pl. 72:2–4). These lenses are identified with the Phase 15C1 period of use, but it is equally possible that they are remnants of the prior, 15C2 construction phase of the glacis. Belonging more definitely to construc-

tion Phase 15C2 are the materials from the L. 14021 probe into the glacis in Area 14 (see pl. 72:14–27).

(2)  Stratum XVIIIB (Field Phase 15B) (pl. 72:1) Phase 15B is identified only by the addition of Surface 4053, which covers plaster layer L.  4061 and Wall 4063 in Area 4. This surface perhaps represents the principal phase of use for the parapet structure. The removal of this surface (as L. 4053.1) produced only a handful of sherds, including just 1 carinated bowl rim (pl. 72:1). (3)  Stratum XVIIIA (Field Phase 15A) (pl. 71) Phase 15A is represented by the addition of fill deposits above Surface 4053, i.e., L. 4051 (see pl. 72:5–31) and possibly L. 4044 (but see discussion with Phase 14 above). Surrounded by L. 4044 was Wall 4042, which butted parapet Wall 4026 on its inner face and crossed the corridor to the north balk. In the northeast corner, Wall 4042 formed the west wall of a small room associated with an earth surface (L.  4029A). On and above this surface was a layer of ash and bricky soil (L.  4049), and this deposit was covered by Post-15 Fill 4041. West of Wall 4042, the rocky fill of Post-15 L. 4043 lay immediately above Fill 4044. Of these loci, only the remains from L. 4051 and from Wall 4042 itself (see pl. 72:1–4) provide secure Phase 15A data. b.  Pottery Corpus Overall, the Phase 15 corpus in Field II clearly represents the MB IIC horizon and provides a direct complement to Stratum XVIII materials in Field IV (see table IV.1). With the exception of the one Phase 15B vessel from L. 4053.1 (pl. 72:1), all the pottery from these assemblages distributes between the Stratum XVIIIC and XVIIIA phases. (In table IV.1, this single Bc form is counted with the Phase 15A materials.) The Phase 15C2 sherd group from the Area 14, L. 14021 probe into the glacis shows a typical assortment of MB forms (see pl. 72:14–27), among which the most notable are the two clear MB IIC style cooking pot rims (pl. 72:26, 27). Materials from the other Phase 15C loci provide complementary data. Two of the sherds from L. 4061 are from EB period vessels (pl. 72:3–4), but the third is a rim from an SJ .21 MB storage jar. Early MB IIC nuances are also reflected

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in the assemblage retrieved by dismantling a section of Parapet Wall 4026. These are indicated by the 2 Cpr .12 cooking pot rims (pl. 72:9–11) and the presence of slip on 3 of the 4 bowl forms (pl. 72:12–13). The Phase 15A groups from L.  4042 (see pl. 71:1–4) and L. 4051 (see pl. 71:5–31) provide data wholly complementary to the corpus of Stratum XVIIIA materials from Field IV (see table IV.1).

senting EB (see pl. 73:22), MB (see pl. 73:2, 4–6, 11–15, 18–20), and LB (see pl. 73:3, 7) types as well as later Iron II (see pl. 73:10), Persian (see pl. 73:17), Hellenistic (see pl. 73:16), and Roman (see pl. 73:21, 23) materials.

C. Pottery Remains in Field VIII Area 1 (See Chap III.C)

Phase 2 in Field VIII Area 1 is represented by the edge of a substantial wall (L. 1020) that was exposed at the extreme north end of the Area. This wall was identified as part of the Outer Wall system. Excavations revealed several courses along the inner face of the wall where it was battered against the northern slope of Glacis 1017. The wall was not dismantled, and no remains from sealed loci relating to its use were identified.

Field VIII was located along the north central perimeter of the tell, north from Phase I (1968–1970) excavations in Field V (“The High Place”). New work during Phase II in 1973 expanded probe Area 10 of Field V, and this larger section was designated as Field VIII, Area 1. This new field lay off the northeast corner of a tower segment of the Inner Wall system that Macalister had plotted across his Trenches 18 and 19. This tower was identified as Tower 1007 in Field VIII Area 1, and this locus is used to describe the whole tower, including inside and outside wall elements L. 1002 and L. 1004 identified in the Field V plot. Work in Field VIII Area 1 was designed to expose features related to glacis construction associated with the Inner Wall system and to seek evidence of the Outer Wall on the north side of the site. The whole of Area 1 was cleared to bedrock, exposing five field phases relating to City Strata XXVI, XIX, XVIII, XVI, and II/I.

1.  City Stratum II/I (Field Phase 1, Hellenistic/Roman) (pl. 73) a.  Related Stratigraphy Fill 1011 represents the latest phase of original deposition in Field VIII Area 1 and covered over all earlier materials. Within it, the latest pottery was Hellenistic and Roman in date. Above were L. 1009 and L.  1005, which included materials datable to the modern era and associated with Macalister’s explorations. b.  Pottery Corpus The L. 1011 assemblage on pl. 73 illustrates the range of ceramic types recovered from these latest deposits. These include forms and wares repre-

2.  City Stratum XVI (Field Phase 2, LB)

3.  City Stratum XVIII (Field Phase 3, MB IIC) (pl. 74:1–18) a.  Related Stratigraphy Phase 3 in Field VIII Area 1 is represented by the construction of Glacis 1017 in association with a second phase of the use of Inner Wall Tower 1007. It consisted of a deposit of limestone chips and chalk that was laid to the north above Fill 1024 of Phase 4 and against and over Walls 1023 and 1015. This deposit continued to the south, spreading out on the slope over Phase 4 Fill 1012 and running up to Tower 1007. It thus created a wide platform outside the Inner Wall line. At the north end of the Area, at 7 m from Tower 1007, the face of this structure drops sharply away at a 45-degree pitch. This is similar to the formation of Glacis 8012 as observed in Field IV. Just as in Fields I, II, and IV along the south perimeter of the city, Outer Wall segment L. 1020 is battered against this descending slope. b.  Pottery Corpus The sherd assemblage collected from L.  1017 (see pl. 74:1–18) presents a profile consistent with groups recovered from the Stratum XVIIIC glacis removals in Fields IV (see above) and I (see Gezer II [HUC], 34–35, pls. 20–21) but includes a somewhat higher percentage of pre-MB materials (see pl. 74:6–7, 11, 16–18). However, the cooking pot

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forms in particular (see pl. 74:8–10) are diagnostic of an early MB IIC date.

4.  City Stratum XIX (Field Phase 4, MB IIB/C) (pls. 74:19–33; 75) a.  Related Stratigraphy Phase 4 represents the period of the construction and initial use of Tower 1007. The tower was founded on top of a platform of preparation fill (L. 1013 and L. 1016) (see pls. 74:27–33; 75:1) that was laid in over bedrock. This fill was contained downslope, to the north, by revetment Wall 1015. Farther north, beyond Wall 1015, other fills (L. 1021 and L. 1024) (see pl. 75:2–6; 10–23), supported by terrace Walls 1023 (see pl. 75:7–9) and 1027, covered the slope, smoothing over the irregularities in the bedrock below. Phase 4 construction was completed by the addition of an upper, stone-filled soil layer (L.  1012) (see pl. 74:19–26). The surface of this layer ascended at a 35-degree angle from the inside of the top of Wall 1015 to and against Tower 1007, covering the lower three of its four preserved courses.

b.  Pottery Corpus The pottery assemblage from Phase 5 is clearly complementary to the transitional MB IIB/IIC profile of Stratum XIX materials from Field IV (see table IV.1), with a few examples of pre-MB materials also present (see pls. 74:31; 75:2, 5–6, 8, 11). The greater presence of slip and burnish on the MB bowl forms in this group (11 of 16 examples = 69%) is again indicative of the earlier MB IIC and MB IIB date horizons.

5.  City Stratum XXVI (Field Phase 5, Chalcolithic) Phase 5 in Field VIII Area 1 is identified with several features in the underlying bedrock. These include 4 cup-marks (L. 1030A–D) and a putative water channel (L.  1031). No occupation or other sealed materials were collected in association with these features.

Chapter V

Objects

T

Pl. 2:7 (No. 1857) – faience, tubular, ribbed bead Pl. 3:3 (No. 1902) – faience, disc bead Pl. 3:6 (No. 1590) – carnelian, low cylindrical bead Pl. 3:9 (No. 1582) – faience, goose amulet (photo V.A) Pl. 3:10g (No. 631) – chalk or frit, spherical bead Pl. 3:11b (No. 282) – faience, cylindrical bead

his chapter deals only with the objects recovered from Field IV. Only a few small finds were recovered from the Phase II excavations in Fields II and VIII, and none were of stratigraphic or chronological importance (see references in Locus Lists). With the exception of a few fragmentary and/or redundant items, the complete repertoire of objects from stratified deposits in Field IV is illustrated and/or described on pls. 4–67. Plates 1–3 provide reference to the otherwise related materials from unstratified surface and disturbed deposits. These finds are displayed on the plates according to the loci from which they derive in company with the related pottery assemblage. All objects (including those few stratified items not illustrated) are referenced in the plate description lists where they are described via the system outlined in the “Plate and Description Conventions” section that introduces the plates. In the present chapter, these Field IV finds will be reviewed in groups by object type or by material, as deemed most appropriate. First, a catalogue of the items included in each group, sorted according to strata, will be provided. As in the pottery chapter, this will be followed by a comment section, including references to selected comparanda where appropriate.

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 15:12 (No. 1306) – glass, spherical bead Pl. 16:5 (No. 2081A) – ostrich egg shell, disc bead Pl. 16:6 (No. 2081B) – ostrich egg shell, disc bead Pl 16:25a (No. 1017) – faience, spherical bead Pl. 17:6 (No. 1267) – glass, low cylindrical bead Pl. 21:1 (No. 1530) – ceramic, low cylindrical bead Pl. 23:12 (No. 1560A) – shell, natural bead Pl. 23:13 (No. 1560B) – shell, natural bead Pl. 23:13a–d (Nos. 1560C–F) – shells, natural beads Pl. 23:14 (No. 1560G) – faience, spherical bead Pl. 23:15 (No. 1560H) – faience, spherical bead Pl. 23:16 (No. 1560K) – faience, spherical bead Pl. 23:17 (No. 1560I) – faience, spherical bead Pl. 23:18 (No. 1560J) – faience, disc bead Pl. 24:15 (No. 1889) – faience, tubular bead Pl. 26:21 (No. 2322) – faience, collared, grooved bead (see Spear 2001: 63, No. 13) Pl. 26:22 (No. 2325A) – faience, spherical, grooved bead Pl. 26:23 (No. 2325B) – ceramic, disc bead Pl. 33:5 (No. 1939) – shell, natural bead Pl. 33:17 (No. 1922) – limestone, bi-conical, flat bead Pl. 36:2 (No. 2014A) – ivory, button/whorl Pl. 36:3 (No. 2014B) – ivory, button/whorl

A. Adornments (Beads, Buttons, and Amulets) Catalogue Nil Pl. 1:8 (No. 2105) – faience, tubular bead Pl. 1:11 (No. 1909) – amethyst, spherical bead Pl. 2:4 (No. 1113) – glass, low cylindrical bead Pl. 2:6 (No. 1855) – faience, oblate, grooved bead

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Stratum XVIIIB Pl. 52:15 (No. 2406) – limestone, low cylindrical bead

Stratum XVIIIC Pl. 57:28 (No. 2410) – shell, natural bead Pl. 58:10 (No. 325) – faience game piece

Stratum XIXA Pl. 61:8 (Object No. 769) – siltstone, ovoid bead, button or scraper

Comment This collection of adornments includes 39 items: 34 beads, 1 bead or game-piece, 1 bead or scraper, 2 buttons or whorls, and 1 amulet. Of the beads, 15 are faience or frit, 8 seashell, 4 stone, 3 glass, 2 ostrich-egg shell, and 2 ceramic. The bead/gamepiece and the amulet are also faience. The bead/ scraper is stone. The two buttons are ivory. It is perhaps not unexpected that a large percentage (44%, 15 of 34) of the beads, and especially of those stratified in MB loci (36%, 9 of 25), are faience. Included are examples of ordinary tubular, spherical, and disc types along with more elaborated grooved and ribbed forms. All are either rodformed or mold-made. They appear in a variety of hues typical for faience materials, including whites, grays, greenish-grays, and light blues. However, several beads are pale brown, and one is black. This perhaps reflects experimentation in the use of new silicates that had begun by 1600 b.c.e. (McGovern, Fleming, and Swann 1993: 1). This same circumstance may be reflected in the spherical glass bead of brown color from Stratum XVIIIA on pl. 15:12. Of special significance is the fact that a majority of the stratified beads (16 of 25) were found in occupation debris in Room 5013 (Loci 5007, 5013.P, and 5013.1), where a hoard of gold jewelry was also located (see chap.  V.B). The same room produced most of the seashell beads in the collection. Six of them were found together, proximate to several faience items (see pl. 23:12–18). Two other such shell beads (pls. 33:5; 57:28) were found in adjacent rooms. Analysis by Graduate Research Assistant

Photo V.A.1:  Faience goose amulet (Object 1582, pl. 3:9).

Jennifer Seltzer of the Cobb Institute at Mississippi State University indicates that all these shells are of the widely distributed Eastern Mediterranean variety Nassarius (Plicarcularia) circumcinctus (see Cernohorsky 1986; Poppe and Goto 1991). All are approximately 14 mm in length and were secondarily perforated for stringing. Of the stone beads, only the two crude limestone pieces (pls. 33:17; 52:15) and the siltstone ovoid (pl. 61:8) are from stratified locations. The latter is somewhat larger but has a drilled perforation. It may have served first as a “toggle button” and then, once broken, as a scraping tool. However, carnelian beads (as pl. 3:6), both in low cylindrical and other forms, are known from other MB–LB sites (e.g., see Lachish III [TA], table 23.33:4–5, 11, 59, 61). On the other hand, disc beads from ostrich egg shells (pl. 16:5–6) are common through all ages, at least from the Early Bronze forward. Parallels from the EB III, MB I, and MB II periods are found, for example, at Lachish (Lachish III [TA], table 23.33:1, 15, and 29). Two other items (pls. 3:9; 58:10) deserve special comment. Object No. 325 (pl. 58:10) comes from Stratum XVIIIC brick remains atop the West Gate Tower. It is a small pyramidal form for which close

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Objects size and shape parallels are found in what Maud Spaer describes as “Pyramidal Spacers” (Spaer 2001: 73, nos. 53–54). These are fashionable in the Late Roman/Byzantine period, as illustrated by a collection from a mausoleum at Gush Halav (Spear 2001: 65, fig. 37). However, these spacers differ from our Gezer piece in having double perforations for stringing at their bases. They are also usually glass and often have gold-leaf coverings. Our pyramid is of faience and is not perforated. Its identification as a game-piece is a more likely alternative. Albright recovered a set of five similar faience pyramids, albeit of tetrahedral form, in his Stratum D “palace” at Tell Beit Mirsim (TBM II, 48 and pl. 21:b). They belonged to a game set that also included a teetotum and five faience, cone-shaped pieces. According to Albright, game-pieces in the tetrahedron shape are rare, though he cites a sixth example from Tell Beit Mirsim in blue frit from an adjacent house in Stratum D and others from Egypt from the Saite Period (TBM II, 48, section 50: British Museum nos. 14348–51). From upper, unstratified deposits in Area 11 comes Object No. 1582 (pl. 3:9, photo V.A.1), the only amulet in the group. It is faience of a typical light greenish hue and is pierced for stringing across its axis. This small zoomorphic piece was described in the field as a salamander or crocodile. However, after careful analysis, specialist Christian Herrmann has suggested that it may represent a sacrificial goose (2005: Catalogue No. 264). While he cites no evidence for the use of this motif from Israel/Palestine sources, he refers to an alabaster model of “einer dressierten Gans” with similar characteristics from the Louvre, which is attributed to the Old Kingdom period (Germond 2001: 64, pl. 64). However, this alabaster figure is a larger sculpted piece measuring 13.5 × 5 cm. Another suggestion is that the bird depicted by the amulet is a duck. In her discussion of amulets as funerary offerings, Carol Andrews indicates that duck amulets occur for the first time in the Eighteenth Dynasty. She describes one type (British Museum Catalogue EA 66117) where “the head of the bird is twisted right back to rest on its wings, a posture which implies that it is dead and serving as a food offering” (1994: 91–92, illustration 54d). This is similar to the hieroglyphic “trussed goose or duck” (Gardiner 1957: 457, sign G54) used as a de-

terminative in offering phrases. Such duck images are also “carved and painted in offering scenes on tomb and temple walls” (Andrews 1994: 92). Andrews’s observations lend support to Herrmann’s suggestion that the amulet should be dated to the LB II period. The use of the two ivory items, nos. 2014A–B (pl. 36:2–3), is not entirely certain. They are included in this group by virtue of their material composition. They could have been used as some sort of button or adornment on clothing or furniture, or simply as beads. However, the more usual identification of such items is as whorls for spinning. Albright provides a description of how they may have been employed for this purpose and indicates that eleven such whorls in ivory were found in Stratum D at Tell Beit Mirsim (TBM II, 35–36 and pl. 38:1–7, 27–28, 30–31.) A few more items of similar shape in stone and bone, also from MB levels, were also found there (TBM II, pl. 38:33–34, 36). A similar group of objects is also reported from Lachish (Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.12:8–24). However, this assemblage includes only one ivory piece (fig. 23.12:24; table 23.21:9) that is of a slightly different shape and comes from LB levels. Stone and bone parallels are also found in MB–LB Strata XXI– XIXa at Yoqneʿam (Yoqneʿam III, figs. V.8:17–19; V.12:1–4).

B.  Jewelry (Gold and Silver) Catalogue Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 24:5 (No. 1581) – gold ring Pl. 26:13 (No. 2293) – gold foil figurine (photos V. B.1–2) Pl. 26:14 (No. 2292) – gold foil figurine (photos V. B.1 and 3) Pl. 26:15 (No. 2294A–C) – silver foil figurine (photo V.B.4) Pl. 26:16 (No. 2296) – gold ring (photos V. B.1 and 6) Pl. 26:17 (No. 2297) – gold ring (photos V. B.1 and 6) Pl. 26:18 (No. 2295) – gold ring (photos V. B.1 and 6) Pl. 26:19 (No. 2298) – gold bezel (photos V. B.1 and 5)

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Photo V.B.1:  6 gold pieces from jewelry hoard group (Objects 2292–93, 95-98; pls. 26:13–14, 16–18).

Comment This collection of gold jewelry was recovered from on and within the surface lamina in Room 5013 of the storage complex. The assemblage was described and reviewed in detail in an article in BASOR 221 (Seger 1976: 133–40). Notes here will accordingly be brief. Included are 4 nose or ear rings, 2 gold foil figurines, fragments of 1 silver foil figurine, and 1 gold bezel. All items but ring No. 1581 (pl. 24:5) were found sequestered just below the floor of Room 5013 (L. 5013.1) (see pl. 26:13– 19 and photos V. B.1–6) in a back corner against the inner stone foundations of fortification Wall 13004. With the materials in L. 5013.1 was an amethyst scarab without design (No. 2299, pl. 26:20) (see chap. V.C). The gold bezel is of a common form for scarabs on necklaces and finger rings. The nose or ear rings,

Photo V.B.2:  Close-up of large gold foil figurine (Object 2293, pl. 26:13).

however, are all of the distinctive “mulberry cluster” type. The granulation technique used for producing them was the innovation of the Canaanites. This technology was first introduced into Egypt in the late stages of the Twelfth Dynasty and became common there only during the New Kingdom. But comparable materials of Canaanite origins are found widespread during the mid-second millennium. Examples can be cited from Tell el-ʿAjjul, Megiddo, Enkomi on Cyprus, Byblos, and Mari (Seger 1976: 133–40). The figurines are cut from gold and silver foil and decorated with repoussé patterns. They all belong to

Objects

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Photo V.B.4:  Detail of the silver foil figurine fragment (Object 2294, pl. 26:15).

Photo V.B.3:  Close-up of small gold foil figurine (Object 2292, pl. 26:14).

Ora Negbi’s “Woman Figurine Pendant” class, with tall crowns that can be curled over for stringing on a necklace (1970: 30–31). As opposed to a related “Plaque Pendant” type, most examples of which come from sites in Syria, virtually all examples of these Woman Figurines come from sites in Palestine. The only other examples in gold come from Tell el-ʿAjjul (AG IV, pls. 13–14:6, 10). However,

other examples in silver and bronze are found at Gezer (Gezer II [PEF], 434, fig. 515) as well as at Hazor (Hazor III–IV, pl. CCCXXXIX:3–4, 7–10). In addition, 8 examples in bronze are found, 4 each at Megiddo (Megiddo II, pls. 233:3, 9; 239:25, 29) and Nahariyeh (Dothan 1956: 20–21, pl. 5:F–I). The stylized pubic triangle on No. 2293 and the draped “sari-like” garb on No. 2292 (pl. 26:13–14 and photo V.B.1) are common markers on such plaques and figurines for females. Both Gezer objects have broad pectoral collars on the neck and shoulders, which suggest Egyptian influences. However, the most definitive ethnic marker is represented by the thin strip of foil with curled ends found around the neck of figurine No. 2293 (photo V.B.2). This is similar to bronze “torque” necklaces found in Middle Bronze graves at Ugarit and other Syrian

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Photo V.B.6:  Three gold “mulberry cluster” rings (Objects 2295-97, pl. 26:16–18).

Photo V.B.5:  Gold bezel (Object 2298, pl. 26:19).

sites (see Schaeffer 1949: 85–95). Such “torques” are also shown on statuary and stellae there (Schaeffer 1949: 71–85, 95–103). This makes identification of the figurines with the Canaanite goddess Astarte/ Ashtoreth virtually certain.

C. Scarabs and Scarab Stamps

Photo V.C.1:  Scarab stamp on handle (Object 1779, pl. 32:9).

Catalogue Nil Pl. 1:1 (No. 1504) – steatite Pl. 1:2 (No. 1509) – faience

Stratum I Pl. 8:18 (No. 301) – steatite

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 11:26 (No. 322) – jade

Pl. 21:2 (No. 642) – amethyst with gold bezel Pl. 26:20 (No. 2299) – amethyst Pl. 32:9 (Jar IV.5.132–35, No. 1; Obj. 1779) – stamp on handle (photo V.C.1) Pl. 33:3 (No. 1998) – steatite Pl. 37:1 (No. 2301) – steatite (photo V.C.2) Pl. 37:2 (No. 2300) – glass with gold bezel Pl. 49:5 (No. 2281) – steatite (photo V.C.3) Pl. 49:6 (No. 2302) – faience

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Photo V.C.2:  Steatite scarab (Object 2301, pl. 37:1).

Comment The editors of this volume are pleased to acknowledge that the following notes are based in main on research and analysis by Professor Othmar Keel of the University of Freibourg, Switzerland, which he provided for more detailed presentation in Gezer VI, on the objects from the HUC Phases I and II Gezer excavations. His comments have been edited and abbreviated for presentation here. Professor Keel should of course not be held responsible for any errors found in these renderings. Following Professor Keel, the notations of the types describing the head, back, and side of the scarabs follow the classification system of Tufnell (1984: 31–38) and Keel (1995: §§74–114). Comparanda are indicated with place: site name and number following Keel (e.g., Afek no. 45, see Keel 1997) or otherwise via the bibliography in this volume. Notations with a letter plus a number (e.g., M16) refer to the “List of Hieroglyphic Signs” in Gardiner’s Egyptian Grammar (1957: 438–542). Catalogue items will be reviewed here seriatim. It is notable that all of these items, including those from unstratified deposits and Stratum I, can be dated to the LB IA period or earlier. From Nil (unstratified) debris loci come two items. No. 1504 (pl. 1:1) A steatite scarab of type D8/0/d5. The base shows a striding lion. Above the back is a branch,

Photo V.C.3:  Steatite scarab (Object 2281, pl. 49:5).

and in front is a triangle within which are three parallel lines. Comparable items are found at Tell el ʿAjjul (Ajjul nos. 619, 1134: 1135), Tell el-Farʿah South (Beth-Pelet I, pl. 7:53), and Lachish (Lachish IV [PEF], pl. 35/36:217). This item dates to MB IIB–LB IA, ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e. No. 1509 (pl. 1:2) A faience scarab of type undetermined.* This scarab is chipped on both sides. To the lower right on the base is a cartouche with the prenomen mnhpr-rʿ of Tuthmosis III. From the top and down the left side is a series of hieroglyphs: a flowering reed (M17); a bird, perhaps either a vulture (G1), a falcon (G5), or a pintail duck (G39); a conical loaf (X8); fox skins (F31); a heart (F34); and two flowering reeds. These signs are of uncertain meaning, perhaps rendering some aspect of the Dhwty-ms nomen of the pharaoh. Parallels to the cartouche and prenomen of this king are replete, but none have been found for the rest of the inscription. This item dates to the LB I period or later. *Professor Keel did not study this object. From Stratum I deposits comes a single item. No. 301 (pl. 8:18) A steatite scarab with traces of blue glaze of type head unknown /0/e10. The lower part of the base shows a nfr (F35) flanked by two forearm signs (D36). In the middle of the upper third of the base is an oval flanked by diagonal lines, with triangles to

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the right and left and with two more within the frame above. A comparable item comes from the Jericho Tombs (Jericho II, 663, fig. 296:6) from backfill in a pit in Area 3 at Jericho with Chalcolithic to Iron I period pottery. The type here, however, dates to MB IIB–LB IA, ca. 1700–1500 b.c.e. From Stratum XVIIIA comes a collection of 9 items, including 1 stamped jar handle. No. 322 (pl. 11:26) A jade scarab of type D8/0/flat. The base is blank. This item comes from the Area 3, L. 3012 brick destruction debris. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/ LB IA period of the late sixteenth century. No. 642 (pl. 21:2) An amethyst scarab mounted in a gold bezel of type D8/0/not visible. The base is blank. This item comes from Area 5, L. 5002 upper brick destruction debris. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century. No. 2299 (pl. 26:20) An amethyst scarab of type D8/0/flat. The base is blank. This item comes from Area 5, L. 5013.1 in sub-surface sediments along with gold jewelry Objects Nos. 2292–2298 (see chap. V.B). It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century. No. 1779, Stamp on Jar Handle IV.5.132–35, No. 1 (pl. 32:9, photo V.C.1) A scarab base impression showing a standing human male figure with head in profile, looking right and arm extended palm up also to the right.* In front of the face, above the arm, is an uncertain hieroglyph, perhaps a flowering reed (M17). The figure is flanked by palm fronds along the torso and legs on both sides. This impression was made by a scarab stamp of Hyksos type (see scarabs with similar standing figures in Hayes 1959: 36, fig. 11 and Rowe 1936: pl. VII, nos. 285–97). The handle is from a jar associated with surface L. 5021.P in Area 5. The jar is dated by context to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period. *Professor Keel did not study this object. No. 1998 (pl. 33:3) A pale brown steatite scarab of type D6/0/d6 (the forelegs are, however, without hair). At the top, the

base shows an fd-pillar (R11) flanked by two schematized red-crowns (S3, see ʿAjjul no. 390) or inverted nṯr signs (R8). The lower two-thirds of the plinth are occupied by an oval (V9 or V10), open at the lower end. The oval contains anra signs. Similar anra signs flank the oval with nṯr signs below. Ovals with anra signs and flanked by the same are found on scarabs at Tell el-ʿAjjul (ʿAjjul no. 390), Beth-Shan (Oren 1973: 246, fig. 51:7), and Lachish (Lachish IV [PEF], pl. 34:159). A scarab of very similar type and design was found within the LB II upper phase burials in Tomb I.10A at Gezer (Gezer V [HUC], pl. 22:10). Object No. 1998 comes from within brick debris L. 5024 in Area 5. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century. No. 2301 (pl. 37:1, photo V.C.2) A pale brown steatite scarab of type D5/0/e11. The base shows a standing female figure with head in profile and excessively long arms hanging down on both sides. The hatched hair is shoulder length. The body is crosshatched and the legs are hatched. This hatching gives the impression that the figure wears fishnet type hair and body dress and stockings. The figure, which most likely represents a vegetation goddess, is flanked by branches whose stem is part of the border. Parallels come from Jericho (no. 3), Tell el-Farʿah South (nos. 11, 22–23), and Lachish (no. 16). This scarab comes from the lamina of surface L. 5029.1 in Area 5. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century. No. 2300 (pl. 37:2) A glass scarab with gold bezel of type B2/0/not visible. The base is blank. This scarab comes from the lamina of surface L. 5029.1 in Area 5. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century. No. 2281 (pl. 49:5, photo V.C.3) A steatite scarab with remains of glaze of type A6/0/d5. The base is framed with three sets of joined spirals on each side, with loops top and bottom. At top is a wꜢh sign (V29), below which is an n (N35). A parallel is found at Tell el-ʿAjjul (no. 35). The lower two-thirds are filled with four nfr signs (F35) in two sets of pairs, with the upper set in-

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Objects verted. This scarab comes from remains on surface L. 6010.P in Area 6. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century. No. 2302 (pl. 49:6) A faience scaraboid that is only one-third preserved. The base has the head of a goddess with two unidentifiable elements flanking a flower. Comparable images come from Tell el ʿAjjul (nos. 339, 599, 965–66). This item comes from remains on surface L. 6010.P in Area 6. It dates to no later than the MB IIC/LB IA period of the sixteenth century.

D. Bone and Horn Tools Catalogue Nil Pl. 3:1 (No. 1873) – awl

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 11:26a (No. 632) – animal tooth Pl. 11:26b (No. 633) – polishing tool? Pl. 16:21 (No. 1132) – awl Pl. 24:3 (No. 1904) – knapping horn Pl. 24:4 (No. 1901) – awl Pl. 33:6 (No. 1951) – scraper or loom shuttle Pl. 33:15 (No. 2000) – knapping horn Pl. 36:1 (No. 1999) – awl Pl. 36:4 (No. 2206) – knapping horn Pl. 41:14 (No. 2241) – polishing tool Pl. 49:8 (No. 2079) – polishing tool?

Comment This small group includes 3 knapping or polishing horns, 4 bone awls, 1 bone scraper or loom shuttle, 3 bone segments with patina suggesting they were used for burnishing or polishing, and 1 animal tooth. All but one of these come from stratified contexts in Stratum XVIII, where they form part of an otherwise ordinary domestic assemblage. Such tools and remains are quite common in the Bronze Age as well as in earlier and later assemblages at ancient Near Eastern sites, and none provide us with any special cultural or chronological reference. For groups of similar bone objects from Middle Bronze strata, see Yoqneʿam III, fig. V.12:7–14 and TBM II, pl. 40:13–22.

Photo V.E.1:  Figurine plaque (Object 1508, pl. 1:3).

E.  Ceramic, Clay, and Faience Objects Catalogue Nil Pl. 1:3 (No. 1508) – figurine plaque (photo V.E.1) Pl. 1:10a (No. 1633) – kernos ring fragment Pl. 1:10 (No. 196) – whorl Pl. 1:15a (no. 2402) – figurine, animal horn Pl. 2:3 (No. 1966) – figurine, anthropomorphic torso (photo V.E.3) Pl. 2:10 (No. 1852) – figurine, bird’s tail Pl. 2:11 (No. 1853) – figurine, anthropomorphic head (photo V.E.2) Pl. 3:5 (No. 1709) – figurine, zoomorphic body Pl. 3:10e (No. 636) – figurine, animal horn

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 11:23 (No. 644) – figurine plaque fragment Pl. 40:12 (No. 2253) – jar stopper Pl. 40:13 (No. 2159) – jar stopper Pl. 42:1 (No. 1773) – game piece/stopper Pl. 45:4 (No. 2191) – game piece/stopper Pl. 45:5 (No. 2353) – jar stopper (photo V.E.4) Pl. 49:2 (No. 2126) – faience flask (photo V.E.5)

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Photo V.E.3:  Figurine torso (Object 1966, pl. 2:3).

Photo V.E.2:  Figurine head (Object 1852, pl. 2:11).

Comment This small grouping includes several types of artifacts, including a whorl, a kernos-ring fragment, figurines of several varieties, a number of jar stoppers, and a faience flask. The single whorl (pl. 1:10), the kernos fragment (pl.1:3a), and all but one of the figurines come from disturbed surface contexts. The whorl is of an ordinary sort (see, e.g., Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.13:4–11), and the kernos piece is just a tube fragment. The figurine group, however, presents an interesting variety of types. Included are segments of 2 plaques (pls. 1:3; 11:23), 4 zoo­ morphic pieces (pls. 1:15b; 2:10; 3:5, 3:10e), and 2 anthropomorphic images (pl. 2:3, 11). Both of the plaques are fragments. The fragment included with Stratum XVIIIA remains (pl. 11:23) comes from within the upper brick destruction debris (L. 3012) in Area 3. It is a severely eroded remnant of uncertain type, and its identification as a plaque figurine remains questionable. However, the second plaque (pl. 1:3, photo V.E.1), though from an unstratified context, is better preserved, with the image on the remnant lower third well articulated. Preserved are the lower legs of a human figure with

feet pointed to the left and with the ankles adorned with three sets of bracelets. The stalk of a plant presumably held in the left hand is seen at the right. The anklets suggest that the figure is a deity (see Cornelius 2004: 74). Close parallels are found in other examples from Gezer, one published by Macalister (Gezer III [PEF], pl. CCXX:21), and another, a fragment of a plaque showing only ankles and feet with similar imagery (Object No. 2354), which was recovered from Macalister backfill in Field VII (Area 45, L. 45004.1) during Phase II HUC excavations in 1973 (see Cornelius in press). Pritchard assigns this style of plaque to his Type IIC (Pritchard 1943: 13, fig. 7). This is a “mixed type” that he describes as a composite of his Type I, Qadesh, form and his Type II image of a nude female with each hand holding a breast (Pritchard 1943: 43; Holland 1975: Types CXIb and CXII). The only other parallel cited by Pritchard is also from Gezer (see Gezer III [PEF], pl. CCXXI:5). This plaque shows the female with a Hathor coiffure and with sets of long stemmed lotus blossoms forming the frame. A similar plaque with a single set of lotus stems forming the frame and with feet turned to the right was recovered by Kaplan from LB levels at Jaffa (NEAEHL, 656). A plaque fragment from Stratum S-2 (LB) levels at Lachish (Lachish III [TA], 1573, no. 8; figs 23.53:8 and 23.56:8), again with only the bottom third of the image preserved, also shows the stemmed lotus frame and left-turned feet. However, it depicts

Objects

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Photo V.E.4:  Jar stopper (Object 2353, pl. 45:5).

only a single set of ankle bracelets. Another fragment, showing only the lower legs, is attested at Hazor from Stratum V in Area G (Hazor III–IV, pl. CCLIII:11). This shows a set of four ankle bracelets with feet apparently turned right. The four fragments of zoomorphic images also derive from unstratified loci and are of fairly common types. Plate 2:10 is the tail of a bird figure, possibly from a bird-headed bowl such as one from Strata XI–X at Tell Qasile (see Mazar 1975: pl. 7:D). However, its red slip decor may better suggest identification with bird effigies such as are found in Iron  I levels as separate forms (see Lachish III [PEF], pls. 28:12; 30:25; Gezer II [PEF], fig. 389) or on kernos vessels (see Megiddo Cult, pl. XVI; Gezer II [PEF], fig. 390:1; for another example from Tell Sasa, see NEAEHL, 452). Plates 1:15b and 3:10e are horn fragments, presumably from bull figurines. On the other hand, No. 1909 on pl. 3:5 is the body of some sort of equid or bovid. Parallels from MB and LB contexts are represented at Lachish (Lachish III [TA], 1575, no. 17, P4–3, L. 3069, fig. 23.55.1; and no. 18, P2, L. 3376, fig 23.55:2) Of more interest are the two anthropomorphic images. Plate 2:11 (photo V.E.2) is the head of a beak-nosed figure with punctations all across the pate, perhaps for the attachment of wig hairs. Simi-

Photo V.E.5:  Faience flask (Object 2126, pl. 49:2).

larities to Syrian and Cypriot type figurines are suggested, but no definitive parallels have been found. The head of a Syrian type figurine is attested at Hazor in LB Stratum 1a of Area H (Hazor III–IV, pl. CCLXXVII:1). The image on pl. 2:3 (photo V.E.3), on the other hand, is clearly the torso of a Mycenaean IIIC type “mourning figurine” (see Dothan 1982: 242–47). Female images of this type are shown with arms bowed and hands placed on top of the head. They appear both as separate pillar figurines and in figurine groups on the rims of lekane. Painted images of such mourning figures also appear on larnakes (Iakovidis 1966). Such figurines in local wares are known from various Palestinian sites including Tell ʿAitun, Tell Jemmeh, and Azor, as represented by items in the collections of the Israel Antiquities Authority and the Israel and British Museums (Dothan 1982: 240–41, pls. 23–27). However, the ware of our fragment identifies it as an imported Mycenaean item, and the striped paint decor is similar to seated

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Mycenaean figurines found in the National Museum of Athens (see Mylonas 1956, pls. XIII and XV:1.7) and in the Nir David Museum (see Dothan 1982: 238, pl. 21:1). Similar imported figurines are attested in LB II, Stratum 2 levels in Area F at Hazor (Hazor II, pl. CXLVIII:7–8). The small collection of jar stoppers all, appropriately enough, come from stratified locations within the storage rooms of the Stratum XVIIIA intramural complex. Three of these items (pls. 40:12–13; 45:5) are roughly formed of unfired clay, while the other two (pls. 42:1; 45:4) are secondarily carved discs from bowl or jar bases. By size and form, the clay stoppers can easily be seen to associate with storage jars in the related assemblages. As indicated by traces of fingerprints seen on photo V.E.4 of stopper No. 2353 (pl. 45:5), these clay plugs were formed of semi-wet clay. Unbaked clay stoppers of a similar sort were found in MB levels P3 and P4 at Lachish (Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.1:1–2). One of the ceramic discs (pl. 45:4) is of a diameter similar to the clay stoppers (ca. 7.5 cm). However, the other (pl. 42:1) is only 3.4 cm in diameter. While it could have served as a stopper for smaller jugs or juglets, it might also have served a tool for other functions or perhaps as a gaming piece. A collection of similar, secondarily shaped ceramic discs was also recovered from MB levels at Lachish (Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.2:1–19). These represent a wide range of sizes ranging from 2.4 to 6.4 cm in diameter. The remaining item in this group is a small faience flask (pl. 49:2, photo V.E.5) reassembled from fragments collected off of the primary surface (L.  6010.P) in Room 6010. A decorated vessel of similar shape and size and of roughly similar date comes from the Middle Minoan IIIb Temple Repository at Knossos (Evans 1935: 2:1, fig. 121:b, c). Another, slightly later parallel was found in the LB II Structure III of the Fosse Temple at Lachish (Lachish II [PEF], pl. XXII:56, pl. XXI:48). However, the most instructive parallels come from Stratum E rooms at Tell Beit Mirsim where Albright found two such vessels (TBM IA, 83, pl. 11:1–2). Both are decorated with floral leaf designs. No trace of such decoration was detected on the Gezer flask, but its presence with Stratum XVIIIA materials helps confirm that the vessel type is at home in Palestinian sites during the mid-second millennium.

F. Loom Weights Catalogue Nil Pl. 2:5 (No. 1606) – clay ball Pl. 2:13 (No. 1869) – clay ball Pl. 2:14 (No. 1870) – clay ball Pl. 3:2 (No. 1899) – clay ball Pl. 3:13a (No. 1747) – clay ball

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 11:24 (No. 648) – limestone disc Pl. 19:2 (No. 1239) – clay cone fragment Pl. 32:8 (No. 1800) – clay cone Pl. 37:4 (No. 2336A) – limestone cone Pl. 37:5 (No. 2336B) – limestone cone Pl. 40:15 (No. 2161) – limestone disc Pl. 45:1 (No. 2086) – clay cone Pl. 45:2 (No. 2030) – clay cone Pl. 45:3 (No. 2111) – clay cone Pl. 47:6 (No. 2096) – biotite dome Pl. 48:1–15 (Nos. 2223A-LL) – 15 of 38 clay cones Pl. 49:1 (No. 2117) – clay cone

Stratum XVIIIB Pl. 53:2 (No. 2414) – limestone disc Pl. 53:3 (No. 2415) – limestone cone

Stratum XVIIIC Pl. 57:27 (No. 2407) – clay cone

Stratum XIXC Pl. 64:30 (No. 802) – limestone disc

Comment The loom weights in this assemblage have been described by shape—as balls, cones, (elongated forms, tapering from base to top and pierced at the top), and discs—and by material of manufacture— clay or stone. Clay is preferred for describing the ceramic items, as it is suggestive of the fact that most of these loom-weights are poorly fired and/ or secondarily baked. It is notable that the ceramic and clay balls, which emulate the usual Iron Age type, were all retrieved from unstratified loci. The clay cones, on the other hand, all come from strati-

175

Objects fied MB levels. That these cone types are the more typical Middle Bronze forms is indicated by collections from Yoqneʿam Strata XXIVb to XXa (see Yoqneʿam III, 275 and fig. V.10:1–8) and Tell Beit Mirsim Stratum D (see TBM II, pl. 45:108). The in situ presence of 39 cone-shaped weights among surface deposits in Room 6010 (L. 6010.P) clearly suggests that weaving activity was carried on in that room. With one exception, all of the stratified stone items represent cone-like or disc shapes. They are crude forms distinguished as loom-weights by their perforations and contexts. A comparable cone-like stone form is found in Stratum XXI at Yoqneʿam (Yoqneʿam III, fig. II.28:5). The exception in the Gezer group is No. 2096 (pl. 47:6), which is a carefully formed dome of biotite. It is drilled through its vertical axis and might have served as a whorl, pommel, or mace-head rather than as a loomweight. It is etched with scratched markings on one side of its upper face, but the pattern is random and it is impossible to discern any meaningful design or to know if the scratches were purposeful. Stone mace-heads of slightly different shapes are attested in MB and LB levels at Lachish (Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.16:1–3, table 23.28:1–3).

G. Flint Blades Catalogue (Blade typology references are from Rosen 1997, see below. Items marked “Nav” were either “not available” or too fragmentary for type identification.) Nil Pl. 1:10b (No. 1866) – blade point – Nav Pl. 2:1 (No. 2142) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 2:14a (No. 1876) – fan scraper – F:4 Pl. 3:4a (No. 1860) – blade – Nav Pl. 3:4b (No. 1908) – blade end fragment – Nav Pl. 3:10a (No. 1571) – blade fragment – Nav

Stratum I Pl. 4:27 (No. 353) – sickle blade – B:1.a Pl. 8:18a (No. 638) – blade – Nav Pl. 8:30a (No. 1653) – blade – Nav

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 10:12a (No. 1727) – blade – Nav Pl. 10:24a (No. 1617) – blade – Nav Pl. 11:25 (No. 643) – sickle blade – B:2.a Pl. 11:25a (No. 635A) – blade – Nav Pl. 11:25b (No. 635B) – blade – Nav Pl. 11:25c (No. 637) – blade – Nav Pl. 17:15a (No. 2099) – fan scraper – F:4 Pl. 20:28 (No. 2403) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 20:29 (No. 2170) – sickle blade – B:1.a Pl. 21:1a (No. 1511) – blade – Nav Pl. 21:1b (No. 1547) – end scraper – I:1.a Pl. 22:5 (No. 1894) – bladelet – D:1 Pl. 22:6 (No. 1879) – sickle blade – B:2.a Pl. 22:7 (No. 1559) – sickle blade – B:4.c Pl. 25:17 (No. 1905) – sickle blade – B:4.a (photo V.G:A) Pl. 25:18 (No. 1893) – sickle blade – B:4.a (photo V.G:B) Pl. 25:19 (No. 1888A) – sickle blade – B:4.a (photo V.G:C) Pl. 25:20 (No. 1888B) – sickle blade – B:4.a (photo V.G:D) Pl. 28:1 (No. 1578) – sickle blade – B:2.b Pl. 33:18a (No. 2142) – blade point – B:4.d Pl. 35:2 (No. 2209) – sickle blade – B:2.b Pl. 37:6 (No. 2318) – sickle blade – B:4.c Pl. 37:8 (No. 2335) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 40:16 (No. 2190) – sickle blade – B:4.a Pl. 40:17 (No. 2245) – sickle blade – B:4.a Pl. 40:18 (No. 2107) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 40:19 (No. 2242) – sickle blade – B:4.a Pl. 42:2a (No. 1782) – blade – Nav Pl. 45:7 (No. 2153) – sickle Blade – B:4.a Pl. 49:9 (No. 2195) – sickle blade – B:4.a Pl. 49:10 (No. 2246) – sickle blade – B:4.a Pl. 49:11 (No. 2237) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 49:12 (No. 2238) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 49:13 (No. 2192) – sickle Blade – B:4.a. Pl. 51:7a (No. 2413) – blade point – Nav Pl. 51:7b (No. 2422) – blade – Nav

Stratum XVIIIB Pl. 52:11 (No. 2405) – sickle blade B:4.a Pl. 53:13 (No. 2412) – endscraper I:1.a Pl. 53:20a (No. 2423) – blade – Nav

Stratum XVIIIC Pl. 56:27 (No. 2243) – sickle blade – B:2.a

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Chapter V 1.  Non-Canaanean prismatic blade technology

a.  Backed truncated segments (Stratum I = 1, XVIIIA=1) b.  Simple truncated segments (Nil = 1; XVIIIA = 5; XVIIIC = 1)

2.  Canaanean technology

a.  Truncated segments (XVIIIA = 2; XVIIIC = 2) b.  Reaping knives (XVIIIA = 2)

3.  Simple blade technology (None attested) 4.  Flake-blades (Large Geometrics)

a.  Parallelograms (XVIIIA = 11; XVIIIB = 1; XIXA = 1) b.  Rectangles (None attested) c.  Trapezoids (XVIIIA = 2) d.  Triangles (XVIIIA = 1) e.  Quadrilaterals (None attested)

Photo V.G:  Four sickle blades (Objects 1888A–B, 1893, and 1905; pl. 25:17–20).

Pl. 56:28 (No. 2416) – sickle blade – B:2.a Pl. 57:29 (No. 2401) – sickle blade – B:1.b Pl. 59:14a (No. 1546) – ax blade/celt – L:1.a

Stratum XIXA Pl. 62:4 (No. 2418) – sickle blade – B:4.a

Comment Although during Phase II excavations at Gezer every effort was made to recover all of the identifiable flint artifacts, and especially those within stratified loci, procedures for the total recovery of all related lithic debitage were not yet in vogue. Nonetheless, the collection catalogued here can be taken as providing a fairly reliable sample of the flint tools associated with the Middle Bronze phases. With only a few exceptions, all of the items recovered are sickle blades and blade segments. The exceptions include Nos. 1876 (pl. 2:14a) and 2099 (pl. 17:15a), which are fan scrapers (Rosen type F:4); Nos. 1547 (pl. 21:1b) and 2412 (pl. 53:13), which are end scrapers (Rosen type I:1.a); No. 1894 (pl. 22:5), a bladelet (Rosen type D:1); and No. 1546 (pl. 59:14a), an ax blade or celt (Rosen type L:1.a). Unfortunately, 16 of the items (9 from Stratum XVIIIA loci) were either not available or too fragmentary for typological determination. All the remaining items sort into Rosen’s “Type B: Sickle Blades and Segments” as follows (see Rosen 1997: 40):

Rosen indicates that these blade types represent discrete groups “utilizing different techniques of core preparation, different raw materials, and perhaps different forms of percussion” (1997: 50). Types B.1 and B.2 reflect pre-second-millennium lithic technologies, from the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze periods, respectively (Rosen 1997: 44–48). Type B.4, however, represents a technology that emerges in the Middle Bronze Age and becomes diagnostic for the Late Bronze and Iron I periods. Several caches of such large geometric blades, representing the mature stage of this industry, were recovered from Iron I Phases 6 and 5 (Strata XIII–XI) in Field VI at Gezer (see Rosen 1986). Another collection of such large geometric blades was found in MB levels at Yoqneʿam (Yoqneʿam III, 371–73, fig.V.9:1–10). The statistical dominance of these geometric flake blades in the combined Stratum XVIII deposits at Gezer (15 of 27 = 56%) is notable. When materials only from the Stratum XVIIIA surface deposits (i.e., .P and .1 loci; see pls. 25, 37, 40, and 49) are considered, this dominance increases to 61% (11 of 18 items). All 11 of these Stratum XVIIIA in situ flake blades come from rooms in the storage area. Photo V.G illustrates a set of these blades from Room 5013 (pl. 25:17–20).

H. Stone Vessels and Implements Catalogue (See also Scale Weights, chap. V.I) Nil Pl. 1:4 (No. 1715) – net weight, basalt

Objects

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Pl. 1:15 (No. 1892) – saddle quern, basalt Pl. 2:8 (No. 1877) – tournette base/grinding wheel? basalt Pl. 2:9 (No. 1867) – knob, alabaster Pl. 3:4 (No. 1868) – tournette base/grinding wheel? basalt Pl. 3:8 (No. 1645) – bowl, basalt Pl. 3:8a (No. 1644) – bowl, basalt, grooved Pl. 3:10d (No. 627) – vessel fragment, alabaster

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. l0:7a (No. 1630) – ballista, limestone? 191 gr Pl. 15:23a (No. 908) – quern, basalt, 3 fragments Pl. 16:4 (No. 958) – pestle, basalt, 117 gr Pl. 21:13 (No. 1649) – chisel, basalt, 50 gr Pl. 32:6 (No. 1776) – pestle, basalt, 255 gr Pl. 32:7 (No.1777) – pestle? basalt, 530 gr Pl. 33:2 (No. 1708) – quern fragment, basalt Pl. 35:8 (No. 2221) – tripod mortar, basalt Pl. 36:5 (No. 1972) – tripod mortar, basalt Pl. 36:6 (No. 2023) – quern, basalt Pl. 40:14 (No. 2177) – dibble weight, biotite Pl. 41:13 (No. 2289) – palette, alabaster Pl. 45:6 (No. 2156) – chopper, limestone Pl. 45:8 (No. 2155) – tripod mortar, basalt Pl. 45:9 (No. 2012) – whetstone, siltstone (photo V.H.2) Pl. 45:9a (No. 2166) – whorl, limestone Pl. 47:4 (No. 2340) – table/stool, limestone Pl. 47:5 (No. 2225) – tripod mortar, basalt (photo V.H.3) Pl. 47:6a (No. 2244) – vessel fragment, alabaster Pl. 49:7 (No. 2328) – lid, alabaster (photo V.H.1) Pl. 51:7 (No. 2420) – vase fragment, alabaster

Stratum XVIIIB Pl. 52:10 (No. 2181) – grinding bowl base, basalt

Stratum XIXA Pl. 61:8 (No. 769) – chopper/scraper, siltstone

Stratum XIXC Pl. 64:29 (No. 1345) – dowel, limestone Pl. 66:15 (No. 1374) – grinding bowl rim, basalt

Comment This grouping includes a number of artifact types, most of which (20 of 33) are manufactured

Photo V.H.1:  Alabaster lid (Object 2328, pl. 49:7).

from basalt or biotite. Of the others, 6 are alabaster, 5 limestone, and 2 siltstone. The alabaster pieces include several interesting items. From unstratified deposits in Area 9 (No. 1867, pl. 2:9) comes an item variously described as a knob or saddle boss (see Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.15:11–12 and table 23.29:2–3; Oates and Oates 1997: 88). A similar alabaster item designated simply as a “Perforated Object” is attested at Hazor in LB II Stratum 1 of Area F (Hazor II, pl. CL:9). A second item, No. 627 (pl. 3:10d), is a nondescript vessel fragment. The four other alabaster pieces come from floor deposits of Stratum XVIIIA. Object No. 2289 (pl. 41:13) is a rectangular palette from on Surface 5033 in the storage complex. Parallels from Lachish Phase P-4 include two items, one sandstone and the other slate (Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.21:9–10, table 23.35:2–3). A fragment of a larger rectangular limestone palette is found in LB Stratum 2 deposits in Area K at Hazor (Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXC:12). Object No. 2328 (pl. 49:7, photo V.H.1) is a circular jar or box lid. It was reconstructed from fragments found on the surface near the skeletal remains in Room 6010. While no decorative traces were preserved on it, it is similar to decorated limestone lids found at Lachish from Areas P and D of LB Stratum VI (see Lachish III [TA], figs. 21.20:3; 23.2:23,

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Photo V.H.3:  Basalt tripod mortar (Object 2225, pl. 47:5).

Photo V.H.2:  Siltstone whetstone (Object 2012, pl. 45:9).

table 23.3:3). Slightly smaller alabaster lids of similar design are attested at Hazor from MB Stratum 3 of Area C (see Hazor II, pl. CXXCVI:15) and from LB Stratum 2 of Area K (see Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXC:11). The third item (No. 2420, pl. 51:7) is a side section of a small bottle or vase, and No. 2294 (pl. 47:6a) may be from a similar vessel. Parallels for these vessels include items from Yoqneʿam Stratum XXI (see Yoqneʿam III, fig. II.28:12), the Fosse Temple at Lachish (see Lachish I [PEF], pl. XXV:4), Tell Beit Mirsim Strata E and D (see TBM IA, 82, fig. 2:b, d–e; pls. 9:9–11; 86, pl. 15:17), and Hazor Stratum 3 of Area C (see Hazor II, pl. CXXVI:13–14).

The five limestone pieces all come from stratified deposits. Item No. 1630 (pl. 10:9a) is a ballista or weight stone from upper brick debris. However, three other items are from Stratum XVIIIA surface deposits in Room 6010. Object No. 2156 (pl. 45:6) is a chopping tool and No. 2166 (pl. 45:9a) is a whorl. No. 2340 (pl. 47:4) is a small table or stool. The fifth item, No. 1345 (pl. 64:29), is a small plug or dowel from the Stratum XIXC foundation trench backfill in Area 3. Only the table, No. 2340, deserves special comment. It was part of the furnishings in Room 6010. While it was displaced by the conflagration and subsequent collapse of materials into the room, it clearly functioned as part of the room’s domestic enterprise, probably in company with the use of Bench 6011. One of the siltstone items (No. 2012, pl. 45:9, photo V.H.2) also comes from Room 6010. Scratches and abrasions on both its upper and lower surfaces clearly attest to its use as a whetstone. The presence of a shale/greywacke whetstone or rubbing stone is attested at Lachish in Level VIIa (LB II) of Area S (Lachish III [TA], 469). It is described as a “pebble” but not illustrated. No other parallels from MB or LB contexts have been noted. The other siltstone object (No. 769, pl. 61:8) comes from L. 3057.1 of Stratum XIXA in Area 3. It is an ordinary chopping or scraping tool.

Objects All of the remaining items are from basalt or biotite. Coming from unstratified deposits are 1 net weight, 1 saddle quern, fragments of 2 tournette bases, and 2 bowl or mortar fragments. Net weights and similar stone rings like No. 1715 (pl. 1:4) are commonly found in third millennium and earlier periods (see examples from Arad in Early Arad, pl. 76). However, A. Eran has suggested that in later contexts such items also served as scale weights (Eran 1974). The saddle quern is also a common implement in earlier cultures, but No. 1892 (pl. 1:15) is a good example of a second-millennium type (see below). Both of the putative tournette bases or grinding wheels (pls. 2:8; 3:4) are fragments. However, second-millennium potter’s wheel types appear to be of a different order (see the basalt potter’s wheel assemblage from LB II Stratum Ia in Area C at Hazor [Hazor II, pls. CXXVII:22 and CLXXXII]), and third-millennium parallels to such disc shapes are usually not pierced through as are both of these Gezer pieces (see examples from Arad in Early Arad, pl. 77:5–11). On the other hand, the Gezer items may be taken to be fragments of grinding wheel types from later periods (see Gezer II [PEF], 37, fig. 229). Shallow basalt bowls or mortars with beveled rims similar to the two Gezer fragments are attested at Hazor from MB and LB I Strata 3 and 2 of Area C (see Hazor II, pl. CXXVI:11, 26) and in LB Strata XXb–XIXa at Yoqneʿam (see Yoqneʿam III, fig. V.7:1–4, 6–7). Coming from Stratum XVIIIA deposits are 1 chisel, 3 pestles, 4 saddle querns, 1 dibble weight, and 4 tripod mortars. The pestle or chopper (No. 1649, pl. 21:13) has a good parallel from Lachish in Phase P4 (see Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.7:10, table 23.12:1). This item is described as a reused leg of a tripod bowl, which is probable also for the Gezer tool. The Gezer item is distinctive, however, in that it has two parallel lines etched across its top. Pestles of a truncated cone shape like Nos. 958 (pl. 16:4), 1776 (pl. 32:6), and 1777 (pl. 32:7) are common in MB phases. Examples are attested at Tell Beit Mirsim in Stratum D (see TBM II, pl. 44:12, 15), at Lachish from MB levels P4 and P3 (see Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.7:1–5, table 23.11:1– 5), and at Yoqneʿam in Stratum XXI (see Yoqneʿam III, fig. II.28:4). An added assortment at Yoqneʿam

179

comes from LB Strata XXa–XIX (see Yoqneʿam III, fig.V.7:8–20). Baruch Brandl (1993: 245) has suggested the possibility that some truncated coneshaped pestles might have also been used as scale weights. The weights of these objects have accordingly been measured and they are considered again in the discussion of scale weights (see chap. V.I). Querns or “millstones,” both the upper “rider” and lower “saddle” parts, are also common in the second millennium. No. 2023 (pl. 36:6) is almost intact. Like the unstratified item No. 1892 (pl. 1:15), it is a “saddle” stone. Objects Nos. 908 (pl. 15:23a) and 1708 (pl. 33:2), however, are only fragments and may have been part of upper “rider” stones. MB examples of such quern pieces come from Lachish in levels P4 and P3 (Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.8:1–6, table 23.13: 4, 5, 8, 10–12), from Yoqneʿam Stratum XXI (Yoqneʿam III, fig. II.28:1–2), and from Hazor in Stratum 3–2 of Area C (Hazor II, pl. CXXVI:8). No. 2177 (pl. 40:14) is a dibble weight of biotite. Similar “digging stick weights” made from flint and basalt are attested in Stratum VIIa of Area S at Lachish (see Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.12:14–15, table 23.20:3–4), and an example in limestone is attested in Stratum XXI at Yoqneʿam (see Yoqneʿam III, figs. II.28:7, V.8:21). The four tripod mortars are perhaps the most interesting artifacts in the group. Each comes from deposits on or near surfaces in the storage area. Two of these (No. 2221, pl. 35:8 and No. 1972, pl.  36:5) come from Room 5029, and the other two from Room 6010. No. 2155 (pl. 45:8) is a smaller bowl found in L. 6006 deposits above Surface 6010. Only half of the bowl was found. However, Bowl No. 2225 (pl. 47:5, photo V.H.3) is a larger complete vessel. It was nested in situ in the mid-section of the skeleton of a female found on Surface 6010.P and was likely being carried by the woman at the time of her demise (see photo III.47). Such tripod mortars are in vogue from the early second millennium forward, but the MB form is usually taller and more graceful than the later varieties. MB parallels to these Gezer forms are attested in Strata E and D deposits at Tell Beit Mirsim (see TBM II, pl. 38:39–40), at Hazor in Stratum 3–2 of Area C (see Hazor II, pl. CXXVI:12), and in Stratum IV of Area G (see Hazor III–IV, pl. CCLVI:14).

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The two remaining items represent secondary deposits in lower phase fills. Both are fragments of Chalcolithic/EB I period grinding vessels. No. 2181 (pl. 52:10) appears to be a base section of a pedestalled bowl. The notched decoration along the bottom rim is seen on ceramic vessels of the type (see Epstein 1998: pl. XXII:23), but no parallels on stone vessels have been noted. No. 1374 (pl. 66:15) is the flaring rim of a typical wedge, or “V” shaped, mortar bowl with incised pendant chevrons on the inside (see Megiddo II, pl. 262:3 from Stratum XX; Gezer II [PEF], 254, fig. 401a “with cream ware vessels;” Perrot 1961, fig. 43:2 from Azor; Perrot 1968: fig. 849 from Tell Abu Matar; and M. Dothan 1959: figs. 11:18, 19:1 from Horvat Beter Strata I–III).

I.  Scale Weights Catalogue Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 16:4 (No. 958) – basalt, pestle? 117 gr Pl. 17:5 (No. 2108) – barite, 9 gr Pl. 17:15 (No. 2097) – basalt, 206 gr Pl. 21:9 (No. 1903) – hematite, 6 gr Pl. 21:10 (No.1604A) – chert, 28 gr Pl. 21:10a (No. 1604B) – hematite, 85 gr Pl. 21:11 (No. 1562A) – chert, 12 gr Pl. 21:12 (No. 1562B) – chert, 24 gr Pl. 21:13 (No. 1649) – basalt, chisel? 50 gr Pl. 24:11 (No. 1891B) – chert, 6 gr Pl. 24:12 (No. 1891A) – chert, 13 gr Pl. 24:13 (No. 1880) – chert, 8 gr Pl. 24:14 (No. 1881) – hematite, 21 gr Pl. 24:17 (No. 1890A) – hematite, 8 gr Pl. 24:18 (No. 1890B) – hematite, 6 gr Pl. 25:11 (No. 1733A) – chert, 9 gr Pl. 25:12 (No. 1733B) – chert, 8 gr Pl. 25:13 (No. 1885) – hematite, 13 gr Pl. 25:14 (No. 1882) – hematite, 16 gr Pl. 25:15 (No. 1887A) – chert, 69 gr Pl. 25:16 (No. 1887B) – basalt, 58 gr Pl. 25:16a (No. 1887C) – chert, 3 gr Pl. 32:6 (No. 1776) – basalt, pestle? 255 gr Pl. 32:7 (No.1777) – basalt, pestle? 530 gr Pl. 33:4 (No. 2235) – chert, 4 gr Pl. 35:3 (No. 2186) – chert, 64 gr Pl. 35:4 (No. 2001) – chert, 58 gr

Photo V.I.1:  Scale weights (Objects 2342A–H, pl. 37:7a–h).

Pl. 35:5 (No. 2240) – chert, 11 gr Pl. 35:6 (No. 2204) – chert, 27 gr Pl. 35:7 (No. 2200) – limestone, 195 gr Pl. 37:7 (No. 2316) – limestone, pestle? 560 gr Pl. 37:7a–h (Nos. 2342A–H) – a. basalt, 7gr; b. limestone, 19 gr; c. chert, 25 gr; d. limestone, 52 gr; e. limestone, 85 gr; f. limestone, 95 gr; g. chert, 110 gr; h. limestone, 133 gr (photo V.I.1) Pl. 41:1 (No. 2106) – chert, 6 gr Pl. 41:2 (No. 2189) – limestone, 4 gr Pl. 41:3 (No. 2145) – goethite nodule, 9 gr Pl. 41:4 (No. 2146B) – chert, 10 gr Pl. 41:5 (No. 2173) – trachyte, grinder? 106 gr Pl. 41:6 (No. 2165A) – chert, 56 gr Pl. 41:7 (No. 2146A) – chert, 50 gr Pl. 41:8 (No. 2165B) – chert, pounder? 109 gr Pl. 41:9 (No. 2147) – chert, 62 gr Pl. 41:10 (No. 2184) – greenstone, pestle? 112 gr Pl. 41:11 (No. 2267) – chert, grinder? 190 gr Pl. 41:12 (No. 2288) – chert, pounder? 508 gr Pl. 47:1 (No. 2239) – chert, 25 gr Pl. 47:2 (No. 2248) – limestone, 45 gr Pl. 47:3 (No. 2247) – greenstone, pestle? 214 gr

Comment During excavations in Field IV (especially as work reached deposits on Stratum XVIIIA room surfaces), a sizeable number of smoothed and rounded erstwhile “wadi pebbles” were found, leading to the conclusion that they most likely represented stones used as scale weights. None of these items bore markings, but their presence within the otherwise finer chalky and loess surface soils was exceptional, identifying them as purposeful imports. Most of them are too small to be considered ballistae. All

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Table V.1 – Scale Stones by Weight in Stratum XVIIIA Rooms Courtyard 4020 9 gr, 2108, barite 117 gr, 958, basalt 206 gr, 2097, basalt

Room 5013 Room 5021 3 gr, 1887C, chert 255 gr, 1776, basalt 6 gr, 1903 530 gr, 1777, basalt 6 gr, 1891B, chert 6 gr, 1890B, hematite* 8 gr, 1880, chert 8 gr, 1890A, hematite 8 gr, 1733B, chert 9 gr, 1733A, chert 12 gr, 1562A, chert* 13 gr, 1891A, chert 13 gr, 1885, hematite 16 gr, 1882, hematite 21 gr, 1881, hematite 24 gr, 1562B, chert* 28 gr, 1604A, chert* 50 gr, 1649, basalt* 58 gr, 1887B, basalt 69 gr, 1887A, chert 85 gr, 1604B, hematite*

Room 5029 4 gr, 2235, chert** 7 gr, 2342A, basalt 11 gr, 2240, chert* 19 gr, 2342B, limestone 25 gr, 2342C, chert 27 gr, 2204, chert* 52 gr, 2342D, limestone 58 gr, 2001, chert 64 gr, 2186, chert 85 gr, 2342E, limestone 95 gr, 2342F, limestone 110 gr, 2342G, chert 112gr, 2184, greenstone 133 gr, 2342H, limestone 190 gr, 2267, chert 195 gr, 2200, limestone 508 gr, 2288, chert 560 gr, 2316, limestone

Room 5033 4 gr, 2189, limestone 6 gr, 2106, chert 9 gr, 2145, goethite 10 gr, 2146B, chert 50 gr, 2146A, chert 56 gr, 2165A, chert 62 gr, 2147, chert 106 gr, 2173, trachyte 109 gr, 2165B, chert

Room 6010 25 gr, 2239, chert 45 gr, 2248, limestone 214 gr, 2247, greenstone

All 4020.P

5013.P, * = 5007

5029.1 * = 5029.P, ** = 5024

All 5033.P

All 6010.P

All 5021.P

of them are recorded seriatim in table V.1, including some enigmatic items that may in fact (or also) have served as pestles, pounders, or grinding implements (see Catalogue). As the table shows, most of these items were found among the storage vessels in Rooms 5013 and 5029. Especially illustrative is a set of stones found together in L. 5029.1 (Object Nos. 2342A–H, see photo V.I.1). These have weight gradations of 7, 19, 25, 52, 85, 95, 110, and 133 gr, respectively. Stones with similar weights from MB and LB strata at Lachish are also reported as scale weights or possible scale weights (see Lachish III [TA], tables 23.16–17, fig. 23.11:1–11), but none were found in graded groups. A number of shaped, mostly limestone objects from MB–LB levels at Yoqneʿam are also identified as possible weights (Yoqneʿam III, fig. V.8:1–14). However, all of these were secondarily worked and represent weights on the heavier end of the scale (i.e., from 98 to as much as 1245 gr). Only one set of these five Yoqneʿam stones was grouped. They were from Stratum XIXa loci with weight gradations of 98.84, 249.97, 363.03, and 603.99 gr. (Yoqneʿam III, figs. III.22:31–35, V.8:1, 5, 7, and 13). The fifth stone from Yoqneʿam is designated as a pestle for which no weight is given (Yoqneʿam III, figs. III.22:34, V.7:11). A single stone of 10.454 gr, found in LB

Stratum XVII deposits in Tomb I.10A at Gezer, was analyzed by A. Eran who cites other examples from Macalister’s Second Semitic levels (1988: 112–13).

J.  Bronze Tools Catalogue Nil Pl. 1:12 (No. 1864) – pendant? Pl. 1:13 (No. 1863) – coin Pl. 1:14 (No. 2009) – fibula Pl. 2:12 (No.1900) – arrowhead Pl. 3:7 (No. 1666) – pin Pl. 3:11 (No. 1769) – needle Pl. 3:12 (No. 630) – pin

Stratum I Pl. 8:28 (No. 1804) – needle

Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 17:7 (No. 1213) – arrowhead Pl. 18:24 (No. 2169) – pin/needle? Pl. 18:25 (No.1336) – chisel Pl. 22:9 (No. 1897) – pin Pl. 24:10 (No.1886) – pin Pl. 28:12 (No.1594) – toggle pin

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Chapter V Pl. 33:18 (No.1944) – needle Pl. 36:7 (No. 2017) – pin/needle? Pl. 49:3 (No. 2168) – chisel Pl. 49:4 (No. 2321) – toggle pin Pl. 49:4a (No. 2231) – pin fragment Pl. 51:8 (No. 2419) – toggle pin

Stratum XVIIIB Pl. 53:1 (No. 2409) – pin

Stratum XVIIIC Pl. 57:30 (No. 2404) – toggle pin

Stratum XIXA Pl. 62:3 (No. 2417) – pin

Comment This grouping provides a fairly ordinary collection of bronze implements. From unstratified loci are several items of clearly later date, including a badly corroded coin or coin blank (pl. 1:13) and part of a fibula (pl. 1:14). Along with these is a triangular fragment (pl. 1:12), which was possibly part of a pendant of some sort. Samples of the remaining items – 2 pins, 1 needle, and 1 arrowhead – are also found in stratified contexts. Object No. 1804 (pl. 8:28) from Stratum I is presumed to be a needle, although the head is badly corroded obscuring the putative eye. From Stratum XVIIIA deposits come 1 arrowhead, 2 pins, 1 needle and 2 pin/needles, 3 toggle pins, and 2 chisels. The arrowhead (No. 1213, pl. 17:7) was found on the surface in Courtyard 4020. It is of the leaf shape variety typically found in second millennium contexts (see Object No. 1900, pl. 2:12; see also Gezer V [HUC], pls. 27; 28; Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXC:19–20; TBM II, pl. 41:20–21). However, it tapers slightly more to the point than is usual. It has a raised mid-rib, a rectangular shank, and was cast all in one piece. A similar arrowhead was found in Tomb 510 at Tell Beit Mirsim (see TBM Tombs, 95, fig. 2.65:50), and a larger point of similar shape, described as a spear-head, is attested at Hazor from MB Stratum 3 in Area C (see Hazor II, pl. CXXVI:18). All of the toggle pins, including the fragment from Stratum XVIIIC (pl. 57:30), are of the shorter

MB variety (see TBM II, pl. 42:2, 4–6; TBM Tombs, 94, fig. 2.63:41–44 from Tomb 510; Hazor I, pl. CXVIII:16–20 from Stratum 5 in Area D; Lachish III [TA], fig. 23.211–6, table 23.34:1–6 from MB graves in Area 9000). The needles and pins, including No. 1804 (pl. 8:28) from Stratum I and the items from Strata XVIIIB (pl. 53:1) and XIXA (pl. 62:3), are of ordinary kinds. Needles are distinguished from toggle pins by having the eye at the top of the pin. Nos. 1769 (pl. 3:11) and 1944 (pl. 33:18) provide good examples (see also TBM II, pl. 42:1, 3; Hazor III–IV, pls. CCXLIV:19, CCLXX:23–24). Nos. 2169 (pl. 18:24) and 2017 (pl. 36:7) may also be needles, but the eye is not preserved for either. Pins, of course, are not distinguishable from erstwhile segments of either toggle pins or needles. Somewhat more notable are the two chisels, Nos. 1336 (pl. 18:25) and 2168 (pl. 49:3). No. 1336 is fairly large (63 mm long). It is a well-shaped tool for which parallels of similar size are attested at Hazor in Stratum 2 of Area K (see Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXC:18) and in Stratum Ia in Area H (see Hazor III–IV, pl. CCLXXXIII:35), as well as at Tell Beit Mirsim in Strata E–D (see TBM II, pl. 42:10–11). Albright considers these to be woodworkers’ tools (TBM II, 53). A much larger example comes from Lachish in Area P Stratum VI (Lachish III [TA], fig. 21.18:27). No. 2168, on the other hand, is diminutive ( just 4.4 cm long). Another small, but slightly longer, tool (7 cm) is attested at Tell Beit Mirsim from Stratum D or C. Albright considers this smaller item as a stoneworkers’ tool (TBM II, 53, pl. 41:14), and it may have served as a stylus for engraving. The larger chisel, along with the arrowhead and one needle, was found on the courtyard Surface in L. 4020.P and L. 4020.1, while the smaller one was part of the Surface 6010.P assemblage.

K. Signs, Marks, and Letterforms Catalogue (PC = Proto–Canaanite. Transliteration of letterform names follows Hamilton 2006.) Stratum XVIIIA Pl. 18:22 (IV.4.25, No.3) – jar handle with incised star

183

Objects Pl. 18:23 (IV.4.88, No. 5) – bowl base with incised tāw Pl. 21:1c (IV.5.24, Object No. 1523) – sherd incised on rim Pl. 22:1 (IV.5.70, Nos. 63 and 65) – storage jar with incised PC mêm (fig. V.K.2:13, photos V.K.22–23) Pl. 23:1 (IV.5.48, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC mêm (fig. V.K.2:14, photos V.K.24–25) Pl. 23:2 (IV.5.70, No. 1A) – storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:8, photos V.K.12–13) Pl. 24:1 (IV.5.162, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC mêms (fig. V.K.2:15, photos V.K.26–27) Pl. 24:2 (IV.5.95, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC dāg (fig. V.K.1:4, photos V.K.4–5) Pl. 24:7 (IV.5.122, No 1) – storage jar with incised line around shoulder Pl. 24:9 (IV.5.184, No. 1) – storage jar sherd with incised PC gîmel or pê (fig. V.K.1:2, photo V.K.2) Pl. 24:16 (IV.5.90, No. 1) – storage jar body sherd with incised PC harm (fig. V.K.1:3, photo V.K.3) Pl. 28:3 (IV.5.98, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:9, photos V.K.14–15) Pl. 32:9a (IV.5.61, Object No. 1805) – sherd with incised line Pl. 34:3 (IV.5.239–249, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC yôd (fig. V.K.1:6, photos V.K.8–9) Pl. 34:4 (IV.5.249, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC kapp (fig. V.K.1:7, photos V.K.10–11) Pl. 34:10 (IV.5.245, No. 1) – amphora with incised combed band along shoulder Pl. 37:3 (IV.5.373, Object No. 2351) – jar handle with incised tāw Pl. 38:5 (IV.5.315, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:11, photos V.K.18– 19) Pl. 38:8 (IV.5.314, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:12, photos V.K.20– 21) Pl. 39:1 (IV.5.265, No. 2) – storage jar with incised PC dāg (fig. V.K.1:5, photos V.K.6–7)

Pl. 39:3 (IV.5.265–66, 270, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC nûn and tāw (fig. V.K.2:19– 20, photos V.K.30–33) Pl. 40:6 (IV.5.312, No. 1) – storage jar with incised line at shoulder Pl. 43:18 (IV.6.50, No. 8) – jar base with incised markings Pl. 44:29 (IV.6.89, No. 1) – jar shoulder with incised design Pl. 46:2 (IV.6.134, No. 1) – jar sherd with incised PC mêm? (fig. V.K.2:17, photo V.K.29) Pl. 46:3 (IV.6.134, No.2) – jar sherd with incised PC ʿayin? (fig. V.K.2:21, photo V.K.34) Pl. 46:4 (IV.6.144, No. 1) – jar sherd with incised mêms? (fig. V.K.2:16, photo V.K.28) Pl. 46:5 (IV.6.134, No. 3) – jar sherd with incised PC bêt (fig. V.K.1:1, photo V.K.1) Pl. 46:6 (IV.6.78 and 130, No. 1) – storage jar with incised PC mêms (fig. V.K.2:18) Stratum XVIIIC Pl. 57:1 (IV.6.150, No. 1A) – storage jar with incised PC lamd at shoulder (fig. V.K.1:10, photos V.K.16–17)

Comment

1.  Miscellaneous Signs and Marks Except for two incised sherds that come from L. 4020.1 surface lamina in Courtyard 4020 Area 4, all of the other signs and marks included in this group were found on storage jars and jar sherds in the rooms of Areas 5 and 6. The two sherds from L. 4020.1 include a jar handle fragment marked with a star pattern (pl. 18:22) and the base of a carinated bowl with an inscribed cross or tāw sign (pl. 18:23). An inscribed cross or tāw was also found on a jar handle fragment from surface lamina in Room 5029 (No. 2351, pl. 37:3). While such cross marks are commonly found potters’ or owners’ marks (see TBM I, 88; Hazor I, pl. LXXXIV:12–16, 21), it remains possible that they may also represent PC tāws and are related to the corpus of other signs on jars (see chap.V.K.2). All of the remaining markings are on the shoulders and bodies of storage vessels. They all consist of linear designs etched in the clay of the vessels prior to firing, using either a crude stylus or reed, or a narrow comb or brush. All of these inscribed materials

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Fig. V.K.1:  ProtoCanaanite Jar Signs (photos V.K.1-21).

1.  bêt (G73.IV.6.134, No. 3; pl. 46:5; photo V.K.1). 2.  gîmel/pê (G72. IV.5.184, No. 1; pl. 24:9; photo V.K.2). 3.  harm (G72.IV.5.90, No. 1; pl. 24:16; photo V.K.3). 4.  dāg (G72.IV.5.95, No. 1; pl. 24:2; photos V.K.4–5). 5.  dāg (G73.IV.5.265, No. 2; pl. 39:1; photos V.K.6–7). 6.  yôd (G73.IV.5.239, No. 1; pl. 34:3; photos V.K.8–9). 7.  kapp (G73.IV.5.249, No. 1; pl. 34:4; photos V.K.10–11). 8.  lamd (G72.IV.5.70, No. 1A; pl. 23:2; photos V.K.12-13). 9.  lamd (G72.IV.5.98, No. 1; pl. 28:3; photos V.K.14–15). 10.  lamd (G74.IV.6.150, No. 1A; pl. 57:1; photos V.K.16–17). 11.  lamd (G73.IV.5.315, No. 1; pl. 38:5; photos V.K.18-19). 12.  lamd (G73.IV.5.314, No. 1; pl. 38:8; photos V.K.20–21).

come from Stratum XVIIIA loci with the exception of a single jar found with a collection of other storage jar remains in L. 6015 of Stratum XVIIIC (pl. 57:1). For completeness, the catalogue of materials

for this section refers to all items with etched markings that are included in the assemblage. However, a number of these represent only single horizontal lines (pls. 21:1c; 24:7; 32:9a; 40:6) or combed bands (pl.

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Objects

Fig. V.K.2:  ProtoCanaanite Jar Signs (photos V.K.22–34).

13.  mêm (G72.IV.5.70, 63, and 65; pl. 22:1; photos V.K.22–23). 14.  mêm (G72.IV.5.48, No. 1; pl. 23:1; photos V.K.24–25). 15.  mêms (G72.IV.5.162, No. 1; pl. 24:1; photos V.K.26–27). 16.  mêms? (G73.IV.6.144, No. 1;  pl. 46:4, photo V.K.28). 17.  mêm? (G73.IV.6.134, No. 1; pl. 46:2, photo V.K.29). 18.  mêms (G73.IV.6.78 and 130, No. 1; pl. 46:6). 19.  nûn (G72.IV.5.265– 66, 70, No. 1; pl. 39:3; photos V.K.30–31). 20.  tāw (G73.IV.5.265– 66, 70, No. 1; pl. 39:3; photos V.K.32–33). 21.  ʿayin? (G73.IV.6.134, No. 2; pl. 46:3, photo V.K:34). 22.  tāw (G73.IV.5.373, Obj. No. 2351; pl. 37:3). 23.  tāw  (G71.IV.4.88, No. 5; pl. 18:23)

34:10) around the shoulders or on the rims of vessels. Such line features were also found on jars with other markings (pls. 24:1; 34:4; 38:5; 39:3). The jar on pl. 34:4 has a horizontal combed band above which is

a vertical combed stroke. The jar on pl. 44:29 has a pattern around its shoulder with two parallel lines framing a wavy one. The jar base on pl. 43:18, on the other hand, shows a confluence of vertical and

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Chapter V

Photo V.K.1:  Jar sherd with incised PC bêt (fig. V.K.1:1, pl. 46:5).

Photo V.K.3:  Storage jar body sherd with incised PC harm (fig. V.K.1:3, pl. 24:16).

Photo V.K.2:  Storage jar sherd with incised PC gîmel or pê (fig. V.K.1:2, pl. 24:9).

horizontal lines from which no pattern of significance can be discerned. Also enigmatic are the markings on three of the sherds on pl. 46. All are storage jar shoulder fragments. Marks on the sherds on pls. 46:2 and 46:4 may be remnants of PC mêm signs (see pl. 46:6 and below), and that on the fragment on pl. 46:3 may show the remnant of a PC yôd (see pl. 34:3) or

of an ʿayin with an open corner and without a pupil (see Hamilton 2006: 183). But these identifications remain speculative. All such speculations are indicated with question marks (?) in the catalogue above and in the citations and lists below.

2.  Proto–Canaanite Letterforms The remaining marks can all be more or less definitively identified as Proto-Canaanite letter-forms. This set of letter-forms clearly represents the most significant group of artifact remains discovered in Field IV. These materials were first published in the

Objects

Photos V.K.4 (above) and 5 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC dāg (fig. V.K.1:4, pl. 24:2).

Photos V.K.6 (above) and 7 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC dāg (fig. V.K.1:5, pl. 39:1).

187

188

Photos V.K.8 (above) and 9(below):  Storage jar with incised PC yôd (fig. V.K.1:6, pl. 34:3).

Chapter V

Photos V.K.10 (above) and 11 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC kapp (fig. V.K.1:7, pl. 34:4).

Objects

189

Photos V.K.12 (above) and 13 (right):  Storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:9, pl. 23:2).

sixtieth birthday festschrift for David Noel Freedman in 1983 (Seger 1983). However, considering their historical importance, a further summary and update in this volume is warranted. Credit for the retrieval, if not exclusively for the discovery of these signs, is due Gezer staff formator Moshe Ben Ari.* It was he who first brought the presence of these materials to our attention during the processes of sorting through the mass of sherd materials in the course of restoration work. As referenced in the catalogue above and in figs V.K.1–2, the corpus is made up of 20 complete letter-forms and 3 putative * Sadly, Mr. Ben Ari passed away on December 18, 2012, even as proofs of these materials were being read. May he rest in peace.

fragments. Seventeen of these signs appear on the shoulders of storage jars that were able to be completely restored (see photos V.K.4–27, 30–33). The others, including the 3 putative signs, occur on side and shoulder fragments (photos V.K.1–3, 28–29, 34). These signs represent a possible total of twelve different letter-forms and variants. Seven of these (bêt, dāg, kapp, lamd, mêm, nûn, and tāw) can be easily recognized as letter-forms within the early alphabet with good parallels in the Proto-Canaanite corpus from Serabiṭ el-Khadim (Seger 1983a: 478– 79). In the 1983 study, a case was also made for five other signs (gîmel and a gîmel variant, yôd, ḥet, and pê) (Seger 1983a: 479–80). The variant gîmel (see pl. 57:1 and photos V.16–17) comes from Stratum

190

Chapter V

Photos V.K.14 (above) and 15 (right):  Storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:8, pl. 28:3).

XVIIIC and is the only letter-form formed with a combed marking. In his recently published comprehensive study of the West Semitic alphabet, Gordon Hamilton provides further support for the identification of the yôd (2006: 108–116) and assembles data indicating that we should interpret the sign shown on pl. 24:16 (photo V.3) as most likely a harm (57–60). In addition, his review of early pê forms indicates a different morphology (188–96), and he interprets the erstwhile pê forms on the Gezer jars as apocopated lamd signs (132). The gîmel variant (pl. 57:1) is accordingly now also better seen as a short-tailed lamd. Meanwhile, parallels from Hamilton’s corpus for the remaining gîmel sign (see pl. 24:9 and photo V.K.2) are also uncertain. All of his examples of gîmels show forms each with one long and one shorter arm (53). Marks with arms of similar length,

such as that for the sign on pl. 24:9, do, however, characterize forms for the letter pê (190). This now seems the best interpretation for that sign. As indicated in figs. V.K.1–2, this reduces to 10 the number of separate signs that can now be securely identified. While the case for identifying this signage with the Proto-Canaanite alphabet can readily be made, what exactly the letters on these Gezer jars signify remains a mystery. Efforts to associate the markings with contents of the jars, for example, mêm for water, etc., languish as one probes options for the other letters. The lack of a complete run of alphabetic signs and the repetition of several, along with the presence of a large number of unmarked jars, diminishes speculation on any enumerative or

Objects

191

Photos V.K.18 (left) and 19 (below): Storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:11, pl. 38:5). Photos V.K.16 (above) and 17 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC lamd at shoulder (fig. V.K.1:10, pl. 57:1).

192

Chapter V

Photos V.K.22 (above) and 23 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC mêm (fig. V.K.2:13, pl. 22:1). Photos V.K.20 (above) 21 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC lamd (fig. V.K.1:12, pl. 38:8).

Objects

193

Photos V.K.26 (above) and 27 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC mêms (fig. V.K.2:15, pl. 24:1). Photos V.K.24 (above) and 25 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC mêm (fig. V.K.2:14, pl. 23:1).

194

Chapter V

Photo V.K.28:  Jar sherd with incised PC mêms? (fig. V.K.2:16, pl. 46:4).

inventory system. Neither is there any pattern to be found in the distribution of the letterforms among the several rooms of the complex. Perhaps the best we can do is to infer that they represent some sort of ownership or distribution regimen. Accumulating evidence suggests that the alphabetic signage on these Gezer jars is not entirely unique. In addition to Late Bronze and Iron Age inscriptions that were newly found at the time these Gezer materials were first published in 1983 (see Seger 1983a: 482 nn. 4, 5), a limited survey of MB materials mostly from within the pottery assemblages selected as comparanda (see table IV.2) provides the following instances of probable letterforms. All are incised on jars with a stylus, unless otherwise indicated. gîmel/lamd? City of David I, 18 and pl. 21:1 from Str. 18a (MB II)* dāg  Hazor I, pl. CIII:27 from Area D, Str. 1 (or possibly an ʿayin)

Photo V.K.29:  Jar sherd with incised PC mêm? (fig. V.K.2:17, pl. 46:2).

hê  Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXLV:20 (on jar handle), 21 from L. H3, 22 from L. L5 (MB II) yôd  Hazor I, pl. CIII:28 from Area D, Str. 1 (on a bowl bottom) yôd  Hazor I, pl. CXII:28 from Area D3, Str. 1 yôd?  Lachish III (TA), fig. 16.18:1 from Str. P4, L. 3125 (or possibly kapp) têt  Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXLV:35 from L. 8196 (MB II), 36 from L. O6 (MBII–LBII) (on bowl bases) têt  Doumas 1998: 133–35, figs. 1 and 3 from Akrotiri, Thera têt  Kaplan 1955: 4, fig. 1:1 from Tel Aviv (in white paint) (MB II) lamd  Hazor V, fig. III.13:13 from Str. XVI, L. 1164 (combed) mêm  Lachish III (TA), fig. 16.18:7 from Str. P4, L. 3125 mêm  Lachish III (TA), fig. 16.27:5 from Str. P4, L. 5269 (or possibly nûn) mêm  Lachish II (PEF), pl. XXX:36 from L. 216, 247 ʿayin  Megiddo II, pl. 45:15 from Str. XI–X (on a bowl)

195

Objects

Photo V.K.34:  Jar sherd with incised PC ʿayin? (fig. V.K.2:21, pl. 46:3)

Photos V.K.30 (above) and 33 (below):  Storage jar with incised PC nûn and tāw (fig. V.K.2:19-20, pl. 39:3).

ʿayin  Hazor I, pl. CIII:27 from Area D3, Str. 1, L. O18 sādê  Hazor I: pl. CXII:8 from Area D3, Str. 1 sādê  Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXLV:37–39 from MB II Str. (on bowl bases) sādê  Hazor V, fig.III.12:5 from Str. XVI, L. 1164 (combed, on outside of platter bowl) sādê  Megiddo II, pl. 16:10 from Str. XIIIB sādê  Megiddo II, pl. 45:14 from Str. XII–X (on inside of platter bowl) sādê  TBM Tombs, fig. 2.3:18 from T. 7 sādê  TBM Tombs, fig. 2.24:49 from T. 33 sādê  TBM Tombs, fig. 2.26:53 from T. 37 sādê/kapp? Doumas 1998: 133, fig. 2 from Akrotiri, Thera tāw  Yoqneʿam III, fig. III.9:1 from Str. XXa (painted?) tāw  Yoqneʿam III, fig.35:4 from Str. XXIII (on a jar handle) tāw  Hazor I, pl. CXIII:7, 9 from Area D, Str. 1 (on bowl bases) tāw  Hazor I, pl. CXXII:15 from Area D, Str. 1 (on bowl base) tāw  Hazor III–IV, pl. CCXLV:33–34 from MB II– LB I Str. (on bowl bases) * From a drawing of the vessel provided in a private communication by Yigal Shiloh in 1983.

While there seems little doubt that such signs served varied and possibly random purposes, remaining enigmatic in their insular occurrences, the affinities to letter-forms support other available evidence that attests to the emergence of alphabetic usage in Palestine already in the Middle Bronze period. The history of the recovery of sherds with early alphabetic signage at Palestinian sites began with the

196

Chapter V

pioneering excavations of Bliss and Petrie at Tell elHesi in 1891 when the Tell el-Hesi Sherd was found (Bliss 1892: 109–10; 1894: 88–89, 133). With Petrie’s discovery of the mine inscriptions at Serabiţ el-Khadim in the Sinai in 1905, and their subsequent partial decipherment (see Albright 1966), the wider context of early alphabetic usage in the southern Levant was established. At first, the evidence seemed to suggest a narrow chronological window for the invention of the alphabet at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 b.c.e. As late as 1998, speculation still included the possibility that its origin had an Aegean background in the Linear A and B scripts (Doumas 1998: 135). However, the recent discovery of alphabetic texts in the Wadi el Hol in Egypt’s western desert has forced a reassessment, extending the threshold back into the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (Darnell 2003: 165; Darnell et  al. 2005: 74; Hamilton 2006: 295). A similar date has likewise been assigned to a small-scale heddle jack from Lahun, Egypt, inscribed with Proto-Canaanite letters (Cartwright, Granger-Taylor, and Quirke 1998:

92; Hamilton 2006: 330–31). Accordingly, with respect to materials from Palestinian sites, typological studies by Sass (1988: 54–57) and Hamilton (2006: 307–10) now suggest MB dates for the Lachish Dagger and the Tell en-Nagila Sherd, as well as possibly for the Gezer Sherd and the Shechem Plaque. Each of these presents short or fragmentary, but nonetheless important, inscriptional evidence. However, except for the Lachish Dagger, which is dated by Jonathan Tubb on ceramic evidence to ca. 1725 b.c.e. (see Hamilton 2006: 303 n. 37), none of these derive from deposits with fully secure dates. The Gezer jar signs, however, are located within the well-sealed, late-sixteenth-century context of Stratum XVIIIA. This makes them the earliest corpus of securely datable witnesses to West Semitic alphabetic signs yet to be discovered in Palestine. As such, they provide a firm chronological anchor for some Proto-Canaanite paleographic developments in the Syro-Palestinian region (see Hamilton 2006: 18 n. 30; Cross 2003: 319 n. 14; Lemaire 2000: 113 n. 58; for a dissenting view, see Sass 1988: 98).

Chapter VI

Special Studies

A

A.  Carbon 14 Assays

2.  Material Culture Sample No. 38—G74, IV.4.252, L. 4111 (Stratum XVIIIC)**

number of samples for C-14 analysis were collected from Stratum XVIII loci in Field IV during excavations. Four of these were ultimately submitted for analysis, and three provided reliable assays. The fourth, a leather fragment collected at the start of spring work in 1973 (Material Culture Sample No. 106 from Area 5, assigned to L. 5013.P), proved to be a modern remnant, intruded perhaps from Bedouin sheep and goat traffic across the tell between excavation seasons. Analytical data for the other three samples is as follows.

(Charred olive pits from inside of Oven 4111 of Surface 4104) The sample was collected with a clean kitchen spoon, placed in a plastic bag, and wrapped and stored in an aluminum foil package. Analysis: AMS Standard delivery** Material/Pretreatment: (charred material), acid/ alkali/acid Conventional radiocarbon age = 3290 +/- 40 years B. P. 1 Sigma calibration result (68%) = 3570 to 3460 B. P. (1620–1510 bce) 2 Sigma calibration result (95%) = 3620 to 3440 B. P. (1670–1490 bce)

1.  Material Culture Sample No. 410—G73, IV.5.221, L. 5024 (Stratum XVIIIA)* (Burned material, probably charred grain, from debris above Surface 5029) “Selected charcoal fragments were cleaned of foreign matter including rootlets or other contaminating material that could be observed. They were then digested in hot dilute MCl and in hot dilute NaOH to remove chemical contaminants prior to combustion and analysis.”*

**Analysis by Beta Analytic, Inc., Miami, Florida, Beta Sample 203500, Report of May 4, 2005

3.  Material Culture Sample No. 40 – G74, IV.4.356, L. 4105 (Stratum XVIIIC)*** (A pig mandible from fill Locus 4105 below Surface 4104) The sample was collected with clean tweezers, placed in a plastic bag, and wrapped and stored in an aluminum foil package. Analysis: AMS Standard delivery*** Material/Pretreatment: (bone collagen), collagen extraction, with alkali

Age = 2980 +/- 105 C-14 yrs B. P. (1030 +/– 105 b.c.e.) “The charcoal sample submitted . . . has an age of 2980 +/- 105 C-14 years B. P. This is considerably younger than 3450 years B. P. . . . expected. It is possible that most of the discrepancy is due to isotopic fractionation. Since the grain has a C-13 value of -11 per mille, not uncommon for some grain, the measured age would be almost 250 years too young.”*

Conventional radiocarbon age = 3570 +/- 40 years B. P. 1 Sigma calibration result (68%) = 3900 to 3830 B. P. (1950–1880 bce) 2 Sigma calibration result (95%) = 3970 to 3720 B. P. (2020–1770 bce)

*Analysis by Krueger Enterprises, Inc., Geochron Laboratories Division, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Sample GX3206, Report of November 6, 1974 197

198

Chapter VI

***Analysis by Beta Analytic, Inc., Miami, Florida, Beta Sample 203501, Report of May 4, 2005 Comment Both of the samples from the Stratum XVIIIC loci provide calibrated dates consistent with the MB IIB to early MB IIC dates estimated for that stratum based on pottery analysis and stratigraphic factors. However, the assay from Stratum XVIIIA is too late, even with the adjustment of 250 years suggested by the Geochron analysts. Since the sample was collected from within the more porous matrix of brick detritus that covered the room, some contamination must be suspected.

B.  Shell Remains Samples of shell remains (mollusks) were collected only from a few stratified locations during excavations in Field IV. The catalogue is as follows. Analysis is based on research by Jennifer Seltzer, M.A. Graduate Student in Anthropology, Mississippi State University. All samples are bivalves. Glycymeris lividus Habitat: lives in shallow water sands Current Distribution: Suez, restricted to the northern part of the Red Sea

Remarks: closely resembles G. violascens, Mediterranean a.  Material Culture Sample No. 99a: G72, IV.5.22 b.  (larger of three samples with identifiable grooves on the inside edge of the shell) Provenance: L. 5002 (in upper level brick and destruction debris above Rooms 5013 and 5021 in Area 5, Stratum XVIIIA) c.  Material Culture Sample No. 845: G72, IV.5.98 d.  (one valve and a small fragment) Provenance: L. 5008 (in lower level brick and destruction debris in Room 5021 in Area 5, Stratum XVIIIA)

Cardium sp. a.  Material Culture Sample No. 1740: G72, IV.2.91 (one complete and one partial shell) Provenance: L. 2006A–C (within walls forming Pit 2019 in Area 2, Stratum XVIIIA)

Unidentified shells and fragments a.  Material Culture Sample No. 99b–c: G72, IV.5.22 (the smaller two of three sample fragments) Provenance: L. 5002 (in upper level brick and destruction debris above Rooms 5013 and 5021 in Area 5, Stratum XVIIIA) b.  Material Culture Sample No. 1322: G72, IV.5.108 (one valve) Provenance: L. 5016 (Wall 5018 collapse and brick debris in Room 5029 in Area 5, Stratum XVIIIA)

Locus Lists Field II Area 4 Field II Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

4001–7 4008

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 107 nil

Stony scree and dump over slope. Includes cancelled Loci 4036–37 and 4047 (see also 1966 Lists in Gezer I [HUC], 107). Sections: East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II. 4.61–63, 65, 75, 78, 81–82.

4009–24 4025

Chalco–Hell

See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 107 2

II

Buttress wall of medium-sized boulders with mud mortar built in two stages (A and B), running between Walls 4026 and 4048. Average width is 1 m, with its east face at 75 cm west of the east balk. Plan: Fig. III.40

4025A

2

II

The upper phase of buttress Wall 4025, 2 stone rows wide, preserved 1 course high at the north against the upper remains of Wall 4026 and extending 1.75 m south to the line of Wall 4048’s north edge where it is 3 courses high. Top levels are at 214.72 (n) and 214.32 (s). Bottom is on 4025B at 214.30 (n) and 213.59 (s). Basket: II.4.90A Photos: FP #4611–14; TxP III.59, 65

4025B

2

II

The lower preparation phase of buttress Wall 4025, made of small boulder sized stones wet laid with mud mortar. Below L. 4025A from 214.30 (n) and 213.59 (s). Bottom is in L. 4055 and on L. 4059 at 214.07 (n) and 213.37 (s). Basket: II.4.90B

4026

15

XVIII

Iron I (to 11th/ 10th century)

MB II, LB II

Slumped remains of a mud-brick and stone parapet wall along the crest of chalk Glacis 4060. It was 1.5 m wide, crossing the entire area. Its south edge was at 1.5 m north of Wall 4048. Plan: Fig. III.40 Sections: East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Photos: FP #4611–14, 4734–38, 4775, 4777; TxP III.55–56, III.58–59, III.64–65

4026A

15

XVIII

Upper stone and mud courses of Wall 4026 that were slumped south over and/or provided a rebuild or facing for the wall’s mud-brick foundation courses (4026B). Its preserved top was at 214.42 (w) and 214.44 (e), with a high point at 214.74 in the east center. Wall section 4026A rests on and against in situ brick of L. 4026B at levels of 214.14 at top and 213.55 on base. A mud-plaster facing was preserved on the north face of the fallen stones. A similar mud facing was observed behind the stones on the north side of the in situ brick of L. 4026B. Baskets: II.4.100

MB IIB, MB IIC/LB I

199

200

Locus Lists

Field II Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4026B

15

XVIII

Lower in situ and slumped mud-brick foundations of Wall 4026. These lay behind and below L. 4026A stones. The top is preserved at levels of 214.19 (e) and 214.87 (w). L. 4026B rests on Glacis 4060 at 212.77 (e) and 212.77 (w). The average measurement of the bricks was 10 × 40 × 40 cm. Baskets: II.4.104–6, 110, 112

4027

1?

I?

15A

XVIIIA Layer of dark brown soil with bricky debris and ash against the north side of Wall 4026 and the east side of Wall 4042 (see 1966 Lists in Gezer I [HUC], 108)

4028 4029

Field Reading

EB, MB IIA/B, MB IIC

See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 108 See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 108

Sections: North Fig. III.41; East Fig. III.42 4029A

15A

XVIIIA Surface below L. 4029 with lenses of grey ashy soil above L. 4044 fill from 214.36. Runs to the east face of Wall 4042. Sections: North Fig. III.41; East Fig. III.42

4030 4031

Not assigned 15A

XVIIIA See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 108. Same as 1973 L. 4044.

4032 4033

Not assigned 15A

XVIIIA See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 108. Same as 1973 L. 4051.

15

XVIII

4034 4035

Not assigned See 1966 Lists in Gezer I (HUC), 109. Same as 1973 L. 4026B.

4036–37 nil

Surface debris. Same as 1966 L. 4004/4008.

4038

Stone spill at surface in northwest corner of area. Limits are 1.5 m south of north balk and 30 cm east of west balk. Top level at 216.63 and bottom at 215.53. Possible fall from post-1966 collapse of Wall 4001.

nil

Section: West. Fig. III.43 4039 4040

Not assigned nil

Surface debris. Same as 1966 L. 4004/4008. Section: West Fig. III.43 Basket: II.4.64

4041

post-15

EB–Iron II

Fill of cobble-sized stones in the northwest corner of the area below L. 4040 from top levels of 215.88 (n) and 214.37 (s) down to L. 4043 at 215.21 (n) and to L. 4051 at 213.97 (s). It spills against Wall 4042 to the east and Wall 4026 to the south. Sections: North Fig. III.41; West. Fig. III.43 Basket: II.4.66

4042

15A

Chalco, EB, MB IIB–C/LB I

XVIIIA Wall of roughly hewn boulders, wet-laid with mud-chalk mortar. One row (40 cm) wide, preserved to 8 courses (1.75 m high) at north balk. Wall 4042 runs parallel to the west balk at between 1.25 and 1.65 m to the east and extends to 1.75 m from the north balk to the south where it butts against Wall 4026. Top levels are 215.98 (n), 215.49 (mid-point), and 215.85 (s). It is founded in L. 4044 fill at 214.25 (n), 214.02 (mid-point), and 214.45 (s). On its west side, it retains fill L. 4041 and L. 4043. On its east side, it retains fill L. 4024 (1966) and L. 4029. Surface 4029A runs against its east face. Plan: Fig. III.40 Section: North Fig. III.41 Basket: II.4.77 Photos: FP #4611–14; TxP III.59, 65

MB IIB/C, LB

Field II Area 4

201

Field II Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

4043

post-15

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Layer of small to medium boulders splayed against the west side of Wall 4042. Below L. 4041 from top levels of 215.21 (n) and 213.97 (s). Above L. 4044, with bottom levels at 214.26 (n) and 213.97 (s). Sections: North Fig. III.41; West Fig. III.43

4044

post-15 XVI

Layer of occupation debris with pebbles and charcoal across the whole northern 1.5–1.75 m of the area from the north balk south to the north face of Wall 4026. To the west it lays below L. 4043 at 214.48 (n) and 213.97 (s), and to the east below L. 4029 at 214.37. Wall 4042 is founded in this layer at 214.25 (n), 214.02 (midpoint), and 214.45 (s). Bottom levels above L. 4051 are 213.94 (n) and 214.04 (s). Same as 1966 L. 4031. Sections: North Fig. III.41, East Fig III.42; West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.67, 71, 73, 86a

4045

nil

4046

nil

Chalco, EB, MB IIB, MB IIC/LB I

Fill of debris in east central part of area between Walls 4026 and 4048, and from Wall 4025 to the east balk. Top level at 213.26 below L. 4037. Bottom level 212.83 above L. 4062. Locus consists of mixed debris re-deposited by erosion between the 1966 and 1973 seasons. Same as 1966 L. 4004/4008. Baskets: II.4.68, 76, 79

Chalco–Iron II

Surface debris across southern 1.75 m of area above Wall 4048. Same as 1966 L. 4004/4008. Includes cancelled L. 4054. Baskets: II.4.72, 82

MB–Hell, NS

Object: No. 2104 iron rod (pl. 71:4a) 4047 4048

Cancelled: Included with 4046 14

XVI

Wall of very large boulder-sized stones with semi-dressed, ashlar-type stones in the upper 2–3 courses. Built with an internal matrix of large and small boulders, mud mortar, and debris fill. Wall 4048 is 3.5–3.75 m wide, crossing the whole southern end of the area, with its inner edge at 4.25 north of the south balk. Its outer edge was traced to the west another 2 m in a probe that extended 1.5 m north from the south balk. Top levels along the outer edge were 213.72 (w) in the probe extension, 213.40 (w), 213.36 (mid-point), and 213.18 (e). Only 2–3 irregular courses of the outer face were exposed down to 212.87 (w) and 212.80 (e). Ten full courses (2.5 m) of the inner face of the wall were exposed down to a juncture with Glacis 4060 at 211.37. Top levels were 213.84 (n), 213.05 (mid-point), and 212.67 (s). Wall 4048 is part of Macalister’s Outer Wall system, elements of which also were reexamined as Wall 9011 in Field I; Wall 13014, Wall 15026, and Tower 16053 in Field IV; and Wall 14003 in Field II Area 14. Plan: Fig. III.40 Sections: East Fig. III42; West Fig. III.43 Photos: FP #4737, 4774–76, 4874A-B; TxP III.54–55, 58, 60–61, 64–65

4049

nil

Scree layer of cobble to boulder-sized stones and mud-brick debris above the upper south face of Wall 4026, tipping from the west balk to 1.25 m to the east. Upper levels were exposed by excavation of L. 4008 in 1966. Contaminated by materials from Loci 4041 and 4008 redistributed by erosion. Section: West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.64, 74

4050

Cancelled: Included with 4055

LB II–Hell with modern contamination

202

Locus Lists

Field II Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4051

15A

XVIIIA Layer of pale to dark brown soils with pebble to cobble-sized stones across the whole area north of Wall 4026 to the north balk. Below L. 4044 at the east balk from 213.94 (n) and 213.50 (s). Above L. 4053 at the west balk at 213.17 (n) and 213.35 (s). Same as 1966 L. 4033 (Gezer I [HUC], 108).

Field Reading

Sections: North Fig. III.41; East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.57, 59–60, 66, 70, 80, 87–88, 99

Chalco, MB IIA–C

Object: No. 2036 ostracon? (in II.4.70 probable contamination from post 1966) (pl. 71:21a) 4052 4053

Pit disturbance post-1966. Cancelled. 15B

XVIIB

Surface, metaled by small cobble-sized stones, across whole north end of area from the North balk to Wall 4026. Below L. 4051 at 213.26 (nw), 213.44 (ne), 213.23 (sw) and 213.30 (se). Wall 4063 was founded on this surface. Sections: North Fig. III.41; East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Photos: FP #4737, 4773, 4776; TxP III.55, 58, 64

4053.1

15B

XVIIIB Removal of Surface 4053 and sub-surface of laminated soils in section in northeast corner of area to 1.25 m west of east balk and from the north balk south to Wall 4026. Down to L. 4061 at 213.21 (nw), 213.19 (ne), 213.18 (sw), and 213.22 (se). Basket: II.4.107

4054 4055

MB IIA/B

Cancelled: Included with 4046 2

II

Trench with coarse granulated soil across the whole area along the upper courses of the inner face of Wall 4048 and to 1.5 m north down the south face of the Wall 4026 slump. Top levels at 214.00 (w) and 214.10 (e) below L. 4008. Bottom at 212.90 above L. 4056 (w) and at 212.25 above L. 4058 (e). The lower phase of buttress Wall 4025 sits in this trench and is bounded on the east and west by trench fill. Includes cancelled Loci 4050 and 4057. Sections: East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.68, 76, 79, 85–86, 89, 91, 96, 103

Chalco–Iron I/II

Photos: FP #4737–38, 4774; TxP III.56, 58, 60 4056

14

XVI

Trench with fill of loose soils and stones up to large cobble size below L. 4055 in west 2.5 m of area. Top at 213.75 (n) and 212.90 (s). Bottom at 211.48 against the face of Wall 4048. This was the stopping point of excavation. L. 4056 lenses over and against fill L. 4058 to the north and east. Section: West. Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.93–98

EB–MB IIC, LB II? Iron I?

Photos: FP #4738, 4774; TxP III.56, 60 4057 4058

Cancelled: Included with 4055 14

XVI

Layer of dark brown compact soil with some small to large pebbles on the east side of the area below L. 4055 at 213.40 (n) and 212.25 (s), and on the west below and behind L. 4056 at 213.00 (n) and 211.70 (s). L. 4058 soils rest on glacis L. 4060 on the east at 212.75 (n) and 211.30 (s), and on the west at 212.70 (n) and 211.70 (s). L 4058 is cut by trenches L. 4055 and L. 4056. At its north perimeter, it lies below the slumped bricks of Wall 4026. Includes cancelled L. 4062. Sections: East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.111, 113

EB–MB IIC, LB II

203

Field II Area 4 Field II Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4059

2

II

Buttress wall of medium-sized boulders, 2 rows wide, 2 courses high. Its south end butts against Wall 4048 and it extends 80 cm north to the slumped south face of Wall 4026. It lies below L. 4025B and within L. 4055 from 213.54 (n) and 213.37 (s) down to a bottom in L. 4055 at 212.97 (n) and 212.93 (s).

Field Reading

Plan: Fig. III.40 Basket: II.4.102

MB IIC/LB I

Photos: FP #4737; TxP III.58 4060

15

XVIII

Compacted chalk glacis exposed sloping down to the south at a 40-degree pitch below L. 4058 from levels of 212.70 (nw) and 212.75 (ne) down to 211.70 (sw) and to 211.37 (se) where it meets Wall 4048. Glacis 4060 was also exposed in a 1.25 m wide section along the east balk, extending under Wall 4026 north to the north balk. Here the glacis plateaus, with levels below Wall 4026 at 212.76 and below L. 4061 at the north balk at 212.81. Plan: Fig. III.40 Sections: North Fig. III.41; East Fig. III.42; West Fig. III.43 Photos: FP #4738, 4773–76, TxP III.55–56, 60, 64

4061

15C

XVIIIC Layer of laminated brick and plaster lenses in a 1 m-wide section in the northeast corner of the area. It is contained by Wall 4063 to the west and Wall 4026 to the south. Below L. 4053.1 at 213.10 (nw), 213.05 (ne), and 213.00 (s). Down to Glacis 4060 at 212.81 (n) and 212.75 (s). Sections: North Fig. III.41; East Fig. III.42 Baskets: II.4.108–9

EB–MB IIC, LB I

Photo: FP #4738; TxP III.56 4062

Cancelled: Included with 4058

. 4063

15C

XVIIIC Dry-laid wall of medium-sized boulders 1 row wide, preserved 1 course high. It runs n–s at 1.25 m west of the east balk and from the north face of Wall 4026 to 1.25 m north. It does not reach the north balk. It retains L. 4061 laminated fill to the east. Plan: Fig. III.40 Section: North. Fig. III.41 Photos: FP #4737, 4775–76; TxP III.55, 58, 64

4064

nil

Surface debris over Wall 4048 in a 2 m (e–w) × 1.5 m (n–s) extension from the southwest corner of Area. Includes cancelled L. 4065. Same as Loci 4004 and 4008. Section: West Fig. III.43 Baskets: II.4.114–122 Object: No. 2400 gold wire or earring? (pl. 72:4a)

4065

Cancelled: Included with L. 4064

Iron II–Hell/ Rom NS

204

Locus Lists

Field II Area 14 Field II Area 14 Locus

Field Phase

14001

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Surface debris removal over whole excavated area. Includes cancelled Loci 14002, 14006–10, 14012–13, 14016, and 14020. Sections: North Fig. III.44; West Fig. III.45 Baskets: II.14.1–22, 24–27, 30–33, 35, 37–38, 41, 45, 52, 54

14002 14003

EB–Rom, NS

Cancelled: Included with L. 14001 2

II

Wall of very large boulders up to 3.35 m wide, forming another segment of Macalister’s Outer Wall, continuing Wall 4048 from Area 4 across Area 14. Its south edge was exposed at 75 cm north of the south balk, with top levels at 214.08 (w), and 213.85 (mid-point). The south face was exposed down to the stopping point of excavation at 213.34. The northern edge was exposed at 4 m north of the south balk, with top levels at 215.03 (w), 215.01 (mid-point), 214.69 (e), and at 214.38 in Probe #1 between Areas 4 and 14. Its north face was exposed down 3–4 courses to the top of Wall 14017 at 213.60 (w) and 213.48 (mid-point), and 2–3 courses to Surface 14015 at 214.09 (mid-point), 214.42 (e), and to 213.87 in Probe #1. Walls 14004 and 14005 abut Wall 4048’s north face. Surface 14015 between these walls runs to Wall 14003’s north face. Wall 4048 sits on lower Wall 14017. Plans: Fig. III.39–40 Section: West Fig. III.45 Photos: FP #4855, 4857, 4869–73, 4874A-B; TxP III.54, 57, 61–63, 66, 68

14004

2

II

Dry-laid wall of medium-sized boulders, running from north balk 1.8 m south to abut the north face of Wall 4048 on a line between 75 cm and 1.25 m west of the east balk. Wall 14004 was 2 rows (50 cm) wide and was preserved to 6 irregular courses at the north end and to 3 courses at the south end. Its top levels were at 215.40 (n) and 214.76 (s). It was founded on and against Glacis 14021 at 214.12 (n). Surface 14015 runs against its west face. Wall 14023 abuts it to the east. Plan: Fig. III.39 Section: North Fig. III.44 Photos: FP #4854–55, 4870–71, 4873; TxP III.57, 62, 66–68

14005

2

II

Dry-laid wall of medium-sized boulders and large cobble stones, running from the north balk 2 m south to abut the north face of Wall 4048 on a line between 1.25 m and 2.25 m east from the west balk. Wall 14005 was 2–3 rows (1 m) wide and was preserved in 8–12 irregular courses. Top levels were 215.76 (n) and 215.20 (s). It was founded on Glacis 14021 at 213.44 (n) and on Wall 14017 at 213.60 (s). Surface 14015 runs against its east face. Plan: Fig. III.39 Section: North Fig. III.44 Photos: FP #4852–53, 4855, 4857, 4865, 4870–71; TxP III.57, 62–63, 66, 68

14006–10 14011

Cancelled: Included with L. 14001 2

II

Layer of compact light brown soil with chalk inclusions in a section bounded by Walls 14004, 14005, 4048 and the north balk. Top levels were at 215.55 below L. 14001 with a bottom level on Surface 14015 at 214.09. Section: North Fig. III.44 Baskets: II.14.23, 28–29, 34, 36, 39, 42–43

14012–13

Cancelled: Included with 14001

EB–Hell

205

Field II Area 14 Field II Area 14 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

14014

2

II

Layer of compact, medium brown soil with pebbles and charred remains in the northwest corner, bounded by the north and west balks and Walls 14005 and 4048. Its top was at 213.85 with bottom levels on Wall 14017 at 213.60 (s) and on L. 14019 fill at 213.29 (n).

Field Reading

Sections: North Fig. III.44; West Fig. III.45 Baskets: II.14.40, 44, 48–49, 51

EB, MB IIB-C, LB, Iron I

Object: No. 2408 flint blade (pl. 69:11a) 14015

2

II

Surface of compact medium brown soil with small stones and sherds between Walls 14004 and 14005, and from Wall 4048 north 1.40 m where it lenses onto Glacis 14021 at 60 cm south of north balk. Below L. 14011 at 214.09. Plan: Fig. III.39 Photo: FP #4855, #4871; TxP III.66, 68

14015.1

2

II

Sub-surface of L. 14015 from 214.09 down to L. 14018 at 213.98. Excavated in a section from the west face of Wall 14005 to 1 m east. Baskets: II.14.46, 50

MB, LB II

Object: No. 2411 flint blade (pl. 69:12a) 14016 14017

Cancelled: Included with L. 14001 14

XVI

Wall of medium boulders and large cobbles protruding from below and along the northern edge of Wall 14003/4048. Exposed in a section 3–5 rows (1.5 m) wide, running from the west balk 3.5 m to the east. Top levels were at 213.60 below L. 14014 (w) and 213.48 below L. 14018 (e). Four irregular courses were exposed down the inner face to 212.73 where excavations stopped. Wall 14017 is semibattered against fill layer 14019. The southern part of Wall 14005 is founded on L. 14017. Plan: Fig. III.39 Section: West Fig. III.45 Photos: FP #4857, 4865, 4872; TxP III.57, 63

14018

2

II

Layer of dark brown rubble soil with limestone chips and chalk below L. 14015.1. Top at 214.00 down to Wall 14017 at 213.48. Includes cancelled L. 14022. Baskets: II.14.47, 53, 59, 60

MB, LB II, Iron I/II, Hell

Photos: FP #4865, 4871; TxP III.57, 68 14019

14

XVI

Layer of brown soil with cobbles and boulders and mud brick fragments in the northwest corner of the area, down the north face of Wall 14017. Below L. 14014 from 213.60 down to 212.73 where excavations stopped. Runs under the uppermost course of Wall 14017 and against the receding lower courses. Sections: North Fig. III.44; West Fig. III.45 Baskets: II.14.55, 57

14020

Cancelled: Included with L. 14001

MB IIB– MB IIC/LB I

206

Locus Lists

Field II Area 14 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

14021

15

XVIII

Compact chalk glacis, exposed along the north balk across the whole area from Wall 14005 to the east balk and 60 cm to the south, sloping at a 30-degree pitch. Top levels were 214.97 below L. 14011 at the north balk and 214.09 to the south where Surface 14015 lenses up onto it. Walls 14005 and 14004 are built against the glacis south face. Wall 14023 runs along its face from Wall 14004 to the east. The glacis sub-surface was excavated in a section extending 1.25 m to the east from Wall 14005 and 65 cm to the south from the north balk. It lay below L. 14011. Excavation stopped at 213.39.

Field Reading

Plan: Fig. III.39 Section: North. Fig. III.44 Baskets: II.14.56, 58 Object: No. 2421 flint blade (pl. 72:27a) Photos: FP #4852, 4854, 4856, 4865, 4871; TxP III.57, 67–68 14022 14023

Cancelled: Included with 14018 2

II

Wall section of medium boulders, 2–3 rows (75 cm) wide, running along the north balk from east face of Wall 14004 to the east balk. Top at 215.42. Four courses were exposed down to 214.42 where the excavation stopped. It is built up against the south face of Glacis 14021. Plan: Fig. III.39 Section: North Fig. III.44

MB IIC/LB

207

Field IV Area 1

Field IV Area 1 Field IV Area 1 Locus

Field Phase

1000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill and disturbed surface Baskets: IV.1.1–2

1001

1

I

1001.1

1

I

EB–Hell/NS

Terrace/retaining wall, one row (35 cm) wide, up to two courses high, in the sw corner of the area, presumed to be the continuation of Wall 6009 from Field I Area 6. Top at 221.48 (w) and 221.31 (e). Founded above and on Wall Tower 5017 and across L. 1022 at 221.07. It merges to the southeast with Wall 11008 in Area 11. Plan: Fig. III.2 Founding soils for Wall 1001 Basket: IV.1.20

1002

1

I

EB–Hell, Rom

Occupation and destruction debris over whole area; disturbed by late period pitting and robbing. Includes cancelled Loci 1003, 1005–6, 1008–11, 1014–16. Baskets: IV.1.3–9, 11–16, 19, 21–29, 31–31A, 33, 35–36

EB–Hell

Object: No. 281 painted sherd (pl. 4:2) 1003 1004

Cancelled: Included with L. 1002 5

XVIII

Compact, stone filled soil layer in patches on Wall Tower 5017 above L. 1022. Includes cancelled Loci 1018, 1020–21. Baskets: IV.1.10, 40–41, 46, 48–50

1005–6 1007

Chalco, EB, MB IIC

Cancelled: Included with L. 1002 1

I

Pit in the center of the area. Top at 221.84 down to bottom on Wall Tower 5017 at 221.28. Plan: Fig. III.2 Baskets: IV.1.17–18, 30

1008–11

MB II, LB II B

Cancelled: Included with L. 1002

1012

1

I

Compact, chalky surface patch in the ne part of the area at 221.53

1012.P

1

I

Pottery on Surface 1012 Baskets: IV.1.31B, 34

LB I

Object: No. 353 flint blade (pl. 4:27) 1012.1

1

I

Removal of Surface 1012 and sub-surface down to L. 1013 at 221.43. Basket: IV.1.37

1013

1

I

MB IIC–LB II

Pit on the east side of the area below L. 1012.1. Top at 221.43. Bottom on Wall Tower 5017 at 220.85. Plan: Fig. III.2 Basket: IV.1.32

1014–16 1017

Cancelled: Included with L. 1002 1

I

Brown soil layer below L. 1012.1 Baskets: IV.1.38–39, 47

1018

LB I

Cancelled: Included with 1004

MB, LB, Hell, Arab?

208

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 1 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

1019

1

I

Pit, 2 m (e–w) × 2.5 m (n–s) above small stone section of Wall Tower 5017 (L. 1022) in the south center of the area. Top at 221.20 down to bottom on L. 1022 at 220.35.

Field Reading

Plan: Fig. III.2 Baskets: IV.1.42–45 1020–21 1022

Cancelled: Included with L. 1004 6

XIX

Irregular fill section of small boulders in the matrix of Wall Tower 5017. Remnants of original 3 m (n–s) × 6 m (e–w) section running across the south part of Area 1. Plans: Figs. III.2, 5; Plans I-II Photos: FP #1138–39; TxP III.2

MB IIA–LB II

209

Field IV Area 2

Field IV Area 2 Field IV Area 2 Locus

Field Phase

2000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill and disturbed surface debris Section: West Fig. III.3 Baskets: IV.1–12, 18, 20–21, 23–25, 27–28, 65, 67

EB–Hell/Rom/ NS

Object: No. 1715 basalt net weight (pl. 1:4) 2001–2 2003

Cancelled: Included with L. 2013 5

XVIII

Surface patch of chalk plaster lenses, 10 cm thick, 1.2 m (e–w) by 1.5 m (n–s) along the west side of Wall 2006C at its northern end. Top at 221.46 (n) and 221.34 (s). Possibly was originally connected with Surface 2007. Plans: Figs. III.2, 4

2003.P

5

XVIII

Material on Surface 2003 Basket: IV.2.15

MB IIC

Object: No. 1630 stone ballista/weight? (pl. 10:9a) 2003.1

5

XVIII

Removal of Surface 2003 and sub-surface down to 221.12 Basket: IV.2.61

MB IIC–LB I

Object: No. 1727 flint blade (pl. 10:12a) 2004

Cancelled: Included with L. 2013

2005

6

XIX

Tower 5017 in Area 2. Includes cancelled Loci 2022–24.

2006

5

XVIII

Walls 2006A–C provide superstructure related to pit installation L. 2019. The wall segments sit astride the Areas 2/12 balk at its e–w center and extend to 4 m north from the Area 2 south balk. Includes cancelled Locus 2021.

2006A

Wall of medium boulders, two rows (75 cm) wide, running n–s 2 m, forming the west side and extension north of Installation 2019. Top at 221.27 (s) and 221.35 (n). Founded on Wall Tower 5017 (L. 2005) along west side of L. 2010 at 221.01. Bonded (e) with Wall 2006B.

2006B

Wall of medium boulders, one row (50 cm) wide, running e–w 1.5 m, forming the north side of Installation 2019. Top at 221.35 (w) and 221.31 (e). Founded on matrix L. 2010 of Wall Tower 5017 (L. 2005) at 221.01 (w) and 220.82 (e). Bonded (w) with Wall 2006A and (e) with Wall 2006C.

2006C

Wall of medium boulders, one to two rows (50–75 cm) wide, running n–s 5 m, forming the east side of Installation 2019 and a wall extension north. Top at 221.17 (s), 221.36 (mid-point) and 221.33 (n). Founded on Wall Tower 5017 (L. 2005) along the east side of L. 2010 at 220.82 (s) and 220.99 (w). Bonded (w) with Wall 2006B. Surface 2003 abutted the west side of its northern 1 m. Plans: Figs. III.2, 4 Baskets: IV.2.13, 17, 19, 75, 91 Object: No. 1617 flint blade (pl. 10:24a)

2007

5

XVIII

Surface patch of chalk plaster lenses, 10 cm thick, 1 m wide astride the west balk line from 50 cm north of south balk to 2.25 m north. Top at 221.35. Possibly was originally connected with Surface 2003. Plans: Figs. III.2, 4 Section: West Fig. III.3

2008–9

Cancelled: Included with L. 2013

MB IIA–C

210

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 2 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

2010

6

XIX

Fill section of small boulders in matrix of Wall Tower 5017, 1 m wide, running n–s adjacent to and under Installation 2019 to 4 m north of the Area 2 south balk, and to 3 m south of the Area 12 north balk

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. III.4–5; Plans I-II Photos: FP #4382; TxP III.2 2011–12 2013

Cancelled: Included with 2013 1

I

Occupation and destruction debris over whole area; disturbed by late period pitting and robbing. Includes cancelled Loci 2001–2, 2004, 2008–9, 2011–12, 2013a, 2014, 2016–18 and 2020. Section: West Fig. III.3 Baskets: IV.2.14, 16, 22, 26, 29–35, 37–38, 40–60, 62–63, 68–72, 74, 77–90

2013a

Cancelled: Included with 2013

2014

Cancelled: Included with 2013

2015

1

I

EB–Hell/Rom

Pit, 2 m wide (e–w), astride the west section line to 1 m west and 1 m east, and from 1.9 m north of the south balk to 3.9 m north. Top at 221.66. Bottom on Wall Tower 5017 (L. 2005) at 220.87. Plans: Figs. III.2, 4 Section: West Fig. III.3 Baskets: IV.2.36, 39

2016–18 2019

MB IIC–LB II

Cancelled: Included with L. 2013 5

XVIII

Pit installation, 1 m square, lined with eight courses of medium boulders within the L. 2010 matrix of Wall Tower 5017. Top course formed by Walls 2006A–C at 221.27 (sw), 221.35 (nw), 221.36 (ne) and 221.17 (se). Two meters deep, with bottom formed of large boulders at 219.59. Plans: Figs. III.2, 4; Plans I-II Baskets: IV.2.64, 66, 73, 76

2020

Cancelled: Included with L. 2013

2021

Cancelled: Included with L. 2006A–C

2022–24

Cancelled: Included with L. 2005 (5017)

2025

6

XIX

Fill section of small boulders in matrix of Wall Tower 5017, 1 m wide, running n–s parallel and 1.75 m to the east of L. 2010 from 2.5 m south of the Area 12 and 13 north balk lines to 1.75 m north of the Area 2 south balk. Plan: Fig. III.5 Photos: FP #4382; TxP III.2

EB–MB IIA–C

211

Field IV Area 3

Field IV Area 3 Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

3001

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 3002–7, 3010, 3013, 3035–36, 3040. Sections: East Transverse Figs. III.14–15; South Fig. III.18 Baskets: IV.3.1–20, 23–27, 33, 35–38, 47, 49, 72, 101–5, 107, 126, 139, 143, 145, 148, 152, 166

Chalco–Hell/ NS

Object: No. 755 bronze pin (pl. 1:5a) Photos: FP #887, 984 3002–7 3008

Cancelled: Included with L. 3001 5A

XVIIIA Wall, running e–w one row (.75 m) wide, four courses high, with top level at 219.20. Founded at 218.16. Plans: Figs. III.1, 13, 16; Plans I, IV Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Photos: FP #981–82; TxP III.22

3008.1

5A

XVIIIA Soil layer below the foundations of Wall 3008 Plan: Fig. II.1 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III

3009

nil

Trench with Macalister backfill running e–w south of Wall 3008 and along the north edge of brick fall L. 3012. Bottom at 219.05. Includes cancelled L. 3037. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.21–22, 31, 106, 108–112, 114–20, 122–23, 125, 127–30, 133, 188

3010 3011

EB–Hell

Cancelled: Included with L. 3001 nil

Trench with Macalister backfill 50–75 cm wide running n–s along the east edge of Wall Tower 5017 down to 218.66 (s) and 218.11 (n) Plans: Figs. III.1, 13, 16 Section: South Fig. III.18 Baskets: IV.3.28–30, 45, 48

EB–Iron I

Photo: FP #875 3012

5A

XVIIIA Tumble of mud brick and mud-brick detritus with boulders, ash, and plaster lenses, 4 m wide north of Wall 13004. From top level at 220.65 down to Surface 3025 at 218.75. Includes cancelled Loci 3015 (with 3015.P and 3015.1), 3016, and 3020. Plan: Fig. III.1 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.32, 34, 41, 43, 45–46, 48, 50, 53, 59, 61, 64, 71, 113, 124, 131–32, 134, 137–38, 141–42, 144, 151, 154, 156, 159, 163, 166A, 170, 177, 180–83, 189, 191–92, 194, 197, 199–201

Chalco–MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 322 scaraboid (pl. 11:26), 632 animal tooth (pl. 11:26a), 633 bone tool (pl. 11:26b), 635A-B flint blades (pl. 11:25a-25b), 637 flint blade (pl. 11:25c) 643 flint blade (pl. 11:25), 644 ceramic figurine fragment (pl. 11:23), 648 limestone loom weight (pl. 11:24) Photos: FP #886, 909, 946–47, 980–81, 1021–22, 1928–29, 2188 3013 3014

Cancelled: Included with L. 3001 nil

Backfill at south end of Macalister’s Trench 30 in the north 4 m of Area 3 below L. 3001 down to bedrock L. 3034. Includes cancelled L. 3017. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.39–40, 42, 44, 46, 54–57, 60, 65, 69–70, 74, 76, 79, 81–82, 85, 88

UD/NS

212

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

3015

(With 3015.P and 3015.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 3012

3016

Cancelled: Included with L. 3012

3017

Cancelled: Included with L. 3014

3018

1

I

Field Reading

Packed soil layer with bricks butting the north side of Wall 3008 at 219.30. Cut at north by L. 3014. Plan: Fig. III.1 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.47, 49

MB II

Photos: FP #981–82; TxP III.22 3019

1

I

Hard packed soil lens below L. 3018 at 219.00. Includes cancelled L. 3021. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.51, 58

MB–LB II

Photo: FP #981–82; TxP III.22 3020

Cancelled: Included with L. 3012

3021

Cancelled: Included with L. 3019

3022

5A

XVIIIA Surface of beaten earth abutting the north face of Wall 3008 at 218.88. Cut at 1.25 m north by L. 3014. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.13; Plans I, IV Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Photos: FP #981–82:TxP III.22

3022.1

5A

XVIIIA Ashy sub-surface makeup for Surface 3022 down to 218.73. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.52, 62–63, 66–67

3023

5A

Chalco–MB IIC

XVIIIA Wall, 2 rows (75 cm) wide of medium boulders, running e–w parallel to Wall 3008 at 2.5 m south. Butted along south face by Surface 3025. Preserved 2–3 courses from top levels at 219.22 (e) and 218.91 (w). Founded at 218.55 (center east). Abuts Wall Tower 5017 (w) at a founding level of 218.43. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.1, 13 Sections: East Transverse Fig III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.95, 219

EB–MB IIC

Photos: FP #981, 1154–55, 1929; TxP III.3, 20–21 3023.1

5A

XVIIIA Foundation soils below Wall 3023 Section: Fig. III.15 Basket: IV.3.221

3024

5A

MB IIC–LB I

XVIIIA Putative stone circle installation on Surface 3022 Plan: Fig. III.13 Basket: IV.3.68

3025

5A

XVIIIA Surface of packed rust colored soils below L. 3012 at 218.65. Abuts Walls 3023 (n), 3044 (s), and 4022 (e). Cut by Trench 3011 (w). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.13; Plans I, IV Sections: East Transverse Fig III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Photos: FP #1931, 1941–42, 1959; TxP III.20–21

MB IIC

213

Field IV Area 3 Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

3025.P

5A

XVIIIA Materials on Surface 3025. Includes cancelled L. 3047. Baskets: IV.3.73, 198, 203–6, 208

3025.1

5A

Field Reading MB II– MB IIC/LB I

XVIIIA Soil and pebble makeup below Surface 3025. Includes cancelled L. 3048. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.75, 77–78, 80, 84, 87, 209, 212–13

MB IIC/LB I

Photos: FP #2019, 2026; TxP III.21 3026

1

I

Pit with backfill, 3 m in diameter, below and north of Trench 3009 and against the south face of Wall 3008. Bottom Level at 217.78. Includes cancelled Loci 3028, 3030, 3038–39, 3051–52, 3058, and 3060. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.1, 13, 16–17, 20 Sections: East Transverse Figs. III.14–15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.83, 89, 91, 135–36, 140, 214–18, 236, 240, 242–43, 245–247, 249

Chalco–Iron I

Objects: No. 301 steatite scarab (pl. 8:18); 638 flint blade (pl. 8:18a) 3027

5A

XVIIIA Rocky fill below L. 3022.1 north of Wall 3008. Includes cancelled Loci 3029, 3031–32. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.86, 90, 92–94, 96–99

Chalco–LB I

Photos: FP #981–82; TxP III.22 3028

Cancelled: Included with L. 3026

3029

Cancelled: Included with L. 3027

3030

Cancelled: Included with L. 3026

3031–32

Cancelled: Included with L. 3027

3033

6A

XIXA

Plaster surface patch below L. 3027 at 217.97 Plan: Fig. III.16 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.14

3034

8

XXVI

Bedrock below L. 3014 at 215.00 and below L. 3096 at 214.37 (n) and 213.87 (s). Plan: Figs. III.1 Sections: East Transverse Figs. III.14–15: South Fig. III.18; South Transverse Fig. III.19; Plan III

3035–36

Cancelled: Included with L. 3001

3037

Cancelled: Included with L. 3009

3038–39

Cancelled: Included with L. 3026

3040

Cancelled: Included with L. 3001

3041

5A

XVIIIA Tumble of boulders, mud brick, charred beams, and ash from collapse of Walls 3044 (s) and 4022 (e) below L. 3012 and north over Wall 3023. Includes cancelled Loci 3042–43. Section: South Fig. III.18 Baskets: IV.3.146–47, 149–50, 153, 155, 157–58, 160–62, 164–65, 168–69, 171–76, EB–LB I 178–79, 184, 186, 193, 196, 207

3042–43

Cancelled: Included with L. 3041

214

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

3044

5A

XVIIIA Wall, one row (45 cm) wide of field stones running e–w along the line of the Area 3/13 balk. Abuts Wall Tower 5017 (w) and is bonded to Wall 4022 (e). Preserved 8–10 courses with top levels at 219.66 (w) and 220.13 (center). Founded at 218.50.

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.13; Plans I, IV Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Photos: FP #1928–29, 2017–19, 2026; TxP III.20–21 3044.1

5A

XVIIIA Trench below Surface 3025 and along foundation stones of Wall 3044 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.190, 313

MB IIC

Objects: No. 1306 glass bead (pl. 15:12) Photos: FP #1928–29, 2017–19, 2026; TxP III.21 3045

5A

XVIIIA Trench or pit of loose fill in corner juncture of Wall Tower 5017 and Wall 13004 south of Wall 3044. May include some Macalister backfill. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Basket: IV.3.185

3046

5A

Chalco–LB I

XVIIIA Rocky fill in corner of Wall Tower 5017 and Wall 13004 below L. 3045 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.187, 195, 202

3047

Cancelled: Included with L. 3025.P

3048

Cancelled: Included with L. 3025.1

3049

5C

MB IIC–LB I

XVIIIC Layer of chalk filled soil below Loci 3023.1, 3025.1, 3044, and 3053. Abuts Wall 13004 (s) and Wall Tower 5017 (w). Runs over Wall 3067. Includes cancelled Loci 3050, 3054, 3054.1 and 3056. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.210–11, 224, 231, 233–34, 238, 253

3050

Cancelled: Included with L. 3049

3051–52

Cancelled: Included with L. 3026

3053

5A

EB–LB I

XVIIIA Layer of compact soil below L. 3046 from 219.20 down to L. 3049 at 218.58. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.13 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.220, 222–23, 225–30, 232, 235, 237

MB IIC–LB I

Photo: TxP III.21 3054

(With 3054.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 3049

3055

(With 3055.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 3059

3056

Cancelled: Included with L. 3049

3057

6A

XIXA

Surface of compact ash and occupation debris below L. 3049 north of and abutting Wall 3067 at 218.10. Cut at north by Trench 3026. Plan: Fig. III.16 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III

3057.1

6A

XIXA

Removal of Surface 3057 and sub-surface Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.254–57 Object: No. 769 stone bead/button/scraper? (pl. 61:8)

Chalco–MB IIB

Field IV Area 3

215

Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

6A

XIXA

3058 3059

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Cancelled: Included with L. 3026 Layer of grey soil with small to medium boulders below L. 3049 south of Wall 3067. Contains collapsed debris from Wall 3067. Includes cancelled Loci 3055, 3055.1, 3065, and 3065.1. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.239, 248, 251, 271

Chalco–MB IIC

Photos: FP #2017, 2027 3060 3061

Cancelled: Included with L. 3026 6A

XIXA

Buildup of plaster lenses on Surface 3066 against Wall 3097C Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.241, 244

3062

6C

XIXC

EB–MB IIC

Upper layers of foundation trench backfill for Wall Tower 5017 and Wall 3097. Spills against the east face of Tower 5017 and the north face of Wall 3097. Below Loci 3008.1 (n) from 217.75 and 3072 (s) from 217.00. Includes cancelled Loci 3064, 3075, 3078–80, 3088–91 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14–15; South Fig. III.18; South Transverse Fig. III.19; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.250, 252, 258–70, 272, 287, 289, 291, 296–308, 322–29, 335–38

Chalco–MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 802 limestone loom weight (pl. 64:30); 1345 limestone dowel (pl. 64:29) Photo: FP #2365–66 3063

Cancelled: Included with L. 3068

3064

Cancelled: Included with L. 3062

3065

(With 3065.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 3059

3066

6A

XIXA

Surface of compact soil below L. 3059 at 218.14. Abuts Wall 3067 (n), Wall Tower 5017 (w), and the preserved brick superstructure (L. 3097C) of Wall 3097 (s). Plan: Fig. III.16 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Photos: FP #2253, 2294–95

3066.1

6A

XIXA

Removal of Surface 3066 and sub-surface down to Surface 3069 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.273

3067

6B

XIXB

MB II– MB IIC/LB

Wall of fieldstones, two rows (40 cm) wide running e–w. Exposed from EastTransverse balk west to 50 cm from Tower 5017 where it ends forming a jamb for a doorway. Preserved up to 5 courses high with top levels at 218.27. Founded at 217.53. It is abutted by Surfaces 3066 and 3069 to the south and by Surfaces 3059 and 3068 to the north. Plans: Figs. III.16–17 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Basket: IV.3.288 Photos: FP #2128–29, 2253, 2294–95, 2336; TxP III.23

MB II–MB IIB

216

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

3068

6B

XIXB

Surface of compact soil and flagstones abutting and running north from Wall 3067 between Wall Tower 5017 and the East Transverse balk at levels 218.05 (n) and 217.86 (s). Cut at north by Trench 3026. Includes canceled L. 3063.

Field Reading

Plan: Fig. III.17 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Photos: FP #2128–29; TxP III.23 3068.1

6B

XIXB

Removal of Surface 3068 and sub-surface down to L. 3072 at 217.78 (n) and 217.55 (s). Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.274–77

3069

6B

XIXB

EB–MB IIB

Surface of compact soil with occupation debris below L. 3066.1 at 217.67. Abuts the foundations of Wall 3067 (s) and Wall Tower 5017 (w). Runs across the top of the foundation stones of Wall 3097A up to its L. 3097C mud-brick superstructure. Plan: Fig. III.17 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Photos: FP #2128; TxP III.23

3069.1

6B

XIXB

Removal of Surface 3069 and sub-surface down to L. 3071 at 217.63. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3. 278

3070 3071

MB IIB

Cancelled: Included with L. 3072 6C

XIXC

Layer of dark grey soil below L. 3069.1. Includes cancelled Loci 3071.1 and 3085. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.279–80, 315–21

3071.1 3072

EB–MB IIB/C

Cancelled: Included with L. 3071 6C

XIXC

Layer of light brown soil with cobblestones below L. 3068.1 (n) and 3071 (s). Includes cancelled Loci 3070, 3073–74, 3076–77.1, 3086–87. It is upper leveling fill for Foundation Trench 3062. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; South Transverse Fig. III.19; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.281–86, 290, 292–95

3073–74

Cancelled: Included with L. 3072

3075

Cancelled: Included with L. 3062

3076

(With 3077.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 3072

3078–80 3081

Chalco–MB IIB

Cancelled: Included with L. 3062 6C

XIXC

Layer of ponded mud brick with chalk lamina below L. 3066 and L. 3066.1 above the foundation stones of Wall 3097. Includes cancelled Loci 3082–84. It is the slump from mud brick super-structure L. 3097C. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.307A-12, 314

3082–84

Cancelled: Included with L. 3081

3085

Cancelled: Included with L. 3071

3086–87

Cancelled: Included with L. 3072

3088–91

Cancelled: Included with L. 3062

EB–MB IIC

Field IV Area 3

217

Field IV Area 3 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

3092

6C

XIXC

Lower layers of foundation trench backfill for the Wall Tower 5017 and Wall 3097 construction. Below L. 3062 from 217.00 (n) and 215.25 (s). Spills under the founding stones of Wall Tower 5017 (w) and against the lowest stones of Wall 3097B (s). Includes cancelled Loci 3093–94.

Field Reading

Sections: East Transverse Figs. III.14–15; South Fig. III.18; South Transverse Fig. III. 19; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.330–34

Chalco-MB IIB

Object: No. 1374 basalt vessel rim (pl. 66:15) 3093–94 3095

Cancelled: Included with L. 3092 6C

XIXC

Construction surface features at base of the foundations of Wall 3097 and Wall Tower 5017 at bottom of Trench 3062 3095 A Compact soil layer with up to cobble-sized stones at 215.25 (n) and 214.90 (s), running below L. 3092 and up to L. 3095C at 1.5 m north of Wall 3097 3095 B Platform structure of 1–3 courses of flagstone-like boulders, 2–3 rows (75 cm) wide, running ne-sw across corner juncture of Wall 3097 and Wall Tower 5017 in L. 3096 to and against the upper levels of L. 3097C at 215.03 3095 C Rough surface layer of compact brown-yellow soil and stones below L. 3092 at 215.14 and against the bottom stone course of Wall 3097. Running to 2.5 m north of Wall 3097and west beneath the foundations of Wall Tower 5017. 3095 D Patch of chalk plaster 50 cm in diameter in Surface 3905C Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14–15; South Fig. III.18; South Transverse Fig. III.19; Plan III Photos: FP #2839–40

3095.1

6C

XIXC

Removal of Surface 3095A-D features and sub-surface down to L. 3096 at 214.67 (n) and 214.18 (s). Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; South Fig. III.18; Plan III Basket: IV.3.339

3096

6C

XIXC

Chalco–EB I

Layer of dark brown soil and stone below L. 3095A and 3095.1, and above bed rock L. 3034, at 214.05 (ne), 214.57 (nw), 213.80 (se), and 214.04 (sw). Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.14–15; South Fig. III.18; South Transverse Fig. III.19; Plan III Baskets: IV.3.340–44

3097

6C

XIXC

Wall of very large boulders with mud-brick superstructure, exposed in a 1.25 m wide section down its north face below Wall 13004 from the East Transverse balk to its juncture with Wall Tower 5017 with which it is bonded. The top level of its in situ brick is 218.53. The top of its stone foundations is at 217.77. It is founded on L. 3095 soils at 214.65.

3097A

Upper seven courses of the stone foundations of Wall 3097

3097B

Lower four courses of the stone foundations of Wall 3097 below 3097A at 216.12 and set forward (north) by 25 cm.

3097C

Seven preserved courses of in situ mud bricks of the super-structure of Wall 3097 Plans: Figs. III.16–17 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.15; Plan III

Chalco–EB II

218

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 4 Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

4000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 4001, 4001.1, 4003, and 4018. Sections: West Fig. III.22; West Transverse Fig. III.23 Baskets: IV.4.1A, 3A-5A, 53–54, 58, 62

UD/NS

Objects: Nos. 196 ceramic spindle whorl (pl. 1:10); 1633 ceramic kernos ring fragment (pl. 1:10a) Photo: FP #2588 4001 4002

(With 4001.1) Cancelled: Included with 4000 5A1

XVIIIA1 Upper layer of mud brick and brick debris. Same as L. 3012 in Area 3. Top at 220.71 to bottom above L. 4007 at 219.30. Includes cancelled Loci 4004–6, 4013, and 4019. Sections: West Fig. III.22; West Transverse Fig. III.23 Baskets: IV.4.2A, 1–9, 33–37, 55–57, 59, 61, 63–64

Chalco– MB IIC/LB I

Object: No. 908 basalt grinding stone fragments (pl. 15:23a) Photos: FP #2159, 2189, 2292–93, 2588, 2614; TxP III.16 4003

Cancelled: Included with L. 4000

4004–6

Cancelled: Included with L. 4002

4007

5A1

XVIIIA1 Lower layer of brick debris with charred beams and occupation remains beneath L. 4002 from 219.30 down to Surface 4020. Includes cancelled Loci 4008–10, 4012, 4014–17, 4027, and 4032. Sections: West Fig. III.22; West Transverse Fig. III.23 Baskets: IV.4.10–24, 26–32, 38–52, 103–04, 113, 116–18, 121, 126 Objects: Nos. 958 basalt pestle (pl. 16:4); 1017 faience bead (pl. 16:25a); 1132 bone awl (pl. 16:21); 2081A-B ostrich egg shell beads (pl. 16:5–6) Photos: FP #2350, 2369, 2567–68, 2830; TxP III.24–25

4008–10

Cancelled: Included with L. 4007

4011–11.1

Cancelled: Included with L. 4020

4012

Cancelled: Included with L. 4007

4013

Cancelled: Included with L. 4002

4014–17

Cancelled: Included with L. 4007

4018

Cancelled: Included with L. 4000

4019 4020

Cancelled: Included with L. 4002 5A1

XVIIIA1 Surface of indurated soil and ash across area abutting Walls 4022 and 4034(w), 4037 (nw), 4028 (e), and 13004 (s). Levels against Wall 13004 at 219.02 (at West balk), 218.88 (at West Transverse balk adjacent to Oven 4025) and at 218.65 (at East Transverse balk). Level in middle is 218.60, sloping to the north to 216.48. Includes cancelled Loci 4011–11.1 and 4033. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20–21; Plans I, IV Sections: West Fig. III.22; West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Photos: FP #2567–68, 2710–13, 4694–95; TxP III.24–28

Chalco– MB IIC/LB I

219

Field IV Area 4 Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4020A

5A1

XVIIIA1 Platform-table formed by a 1 m diameter × 25 cm thick stone slab raised on Surface 4020 against Wall 13004 in the Areas 4/14 balk at the Area 4 west balk line. Top at 219.25.

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20; Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.22 Photos: FP #2567–68, 2613–14, 2668, 2680, 2694, 2696, 2710–13; TxP III.24–25 4020.P

5A1

XVIIIA1 Material culture on Surface 4020 in southwest section and northern half of the area. Same as L. 4007 in southeast half of the area. Includes cancelled Loci 4021 and 4033.P. Baskets: IV.4.65–78, 130–33, 135, 139

MB IIC/LB I

Objects: Nos. 1267 glass bead (pl. 17:6); 1213 bronze arrowhead (pl. 17:7); 2099 flint scraper (pl. 17:15a); 2108 stone weight (pl. 17:5); 2097 pounder/scale weight (pl. 17:15) Photos: FP #2630, 2668–69, 2680; TxP III.25–28 4020.1

5A1

XVIIIA1 Removal of Surface 4020 and sub-surface in west half of area down to 218.59(s) and 218.56 (n). Baskets: IV.4.25, 84, 88, 91, 95, 97, 99, 218

MB IIA–LB I

Objects: Nos. 1336 bronze chisel (pl. 18:25); 2169 bronze needle (pl. 18:24) Photos: FP #2756, 2784 4021 4022

Cancelled: Included with L. 4020.P 5A1

XVIIIA1 Wall of large field stones, one row (50 cm) wide, running 4.25 m n–s along the west side of the Areas 4/3 balk into Area 3. Abuts Wall 13004 (s), bonds with Wall 3044 forming a corner and a door jamb at 1 m north, continues north beyond a 1 m wide opening to bond with Walls 3023 and 4037. Top preserved at 219.98 (s), 219.93 (mid-point), and 219.84 (n). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20; Plans I, IV Baskets: IV.79–83

MB IIC–LB I

Object: No. 1239 clay loom weight (pl. 19:2) Photos: FP #2690, 2693–96; TxP III.20–21 4023–24 4025

Cancelled: Included with L. 4100 5A1

XVIIIA1 Oven 1 m (e–w) × 60 cm (n–s), straddling the West Transverse balk against Wall 13004 on Surface 4020 at 218.85 Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20–21; Plans I, IV Section: West Transverse Fig. III.23 Baskets: IV.4.90, 93

MB IIC

Photos: FP #2567–68, #2613; TxP III.24–25 4026

5A1

XVIIIA1 Pit, 86 cm in diameter, lined on sides with two courses of cobble-sized stones at top levels between 218.59 and 218.69, with one large flat stone forming the bottom with a top level of 218.40. Located l.75 m northwest of Oven 4025 and 2.7 m east of Wall 4022. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20–21; Plans I, IV Baskets: IV.4.94, 102 Photos: FP #2755, 2829, 2833; TxP III.26

4027

Cancelled: Included with 4007

MB IIB–LB I

220

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4028

5C1

XVIIIC1 Wall of fieldstones, one row (45 cm) wide, running n–s for 6 m in the Areas 4/5 balk. Abuts 13004 (s) and bonds (e) with Wall 5018 at 2.50 m north and (w) with Wall 4158 at 6 m north. Preserved top at 219.70 (s), 218.41 at Wall 5018, and 217.79 (n). Includes cancelled L. 5037.

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.21, 24, 26; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #2827–28, 4832; TxP III.34 4029

nil

Cleanup of wash from between seasons in south half of the area. Includes cancelled L. 4030. Baskets: IV.4.105–7, 130

MB IIC–LB I

Objects: Nos. 1863 bronze coin (pl. 1:13); 1864 bronze pendant (pl.1:12); 1866 flint blade (pl. 1:10b) Photos: FP #4508, 4511 4030 4031

Cancelled: Included with L. 4029 nil

Macalister backfill and disturbed upper brick debris in the northern 4 meters of the area. Bottom at 218.64. Baskets: IV.4.108–112, 114–15, 119–20, 122–25, 127, 134, 137–38, 141, 144–54, 156

MB-Hell

Objects: Nos. 2105 faience/frit bead (pl. 1:8); 1892 basalt saddle quern (pl. 1:15); 1909 amethyst bead (pl. 1:11); 1993 steatite button or whorl (pl. 1:9); 2009 bronze fibula fragment (pl. 1:14) 4032

Cancelled: Included with L. 4007

4033

Cancelled: included with L. 4020

4033.P

Cancelled: Included with L. 4020.P

4034

5A1

XVIIIA1 Wall of fieldstones, one row (40 cm) wide at south (= 4034A), 2–3 rows (75 cm) wide at north (= 4034B). 4034A runs north from a bonded juncture with Wall 4037 1.25 m to a 50 cm wide doorway opening and 4034B continues north another 1.25 m. Top levels 219.23 (on 4034A) and 218.95 (on 4034B). Founding level against east face of 4034B at 218.43. Doorway threshold is at 218.78. Surface 4020 abuts Wall 4034’s east face and Surface 4038 runs to it from the west. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20; Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.22 Photos: FP #4694–95; TxP III.27–28

4035

5A1

XVIIIA1 Collapsed debris and burnt dung ash deposits against and east of Wall 4034B on Surface 4020. Same as 4020.P. Includes cancelled L. 4036. Plans: Figs. III.20–21 Baskets: IV.4.128, 135, 140, 142–43 Photos: FP #4662, 4694–95; TxP III.27–28

4036 4037

Cancelled: Included with L. 4035 5A1

XVIIIA1 Wall of fieldstones, 2 rows (69 cm) wide, continuing the line of Wall 3023 from the junction with Wall 4022 east for 2 m to a bonded corner junction with Wall 4034A. Top preserved level of 219.51 with a founding at south face (L. 4040) at 218.58. Surface 4020 abuts the wall from the south, and Surface 4038 runs to its north face. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20; Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.22 Photos: FP #4694–96; TxP III.27–29

MB–LB I

221

Field IV Area 4 Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4038

5A1

XVIIIA1 Surface of compacted ash and marl running north and west from Walls 4037 and 4034 with top at 218.81. Same as Surface 3025 in Area 3. Oven 4039 sets on this surface in the corner junction of Walls 4037 and 4034A.

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #4695–96; TxP III.28–29 4039

5A1

XVIIIA1 Oven, 1 m in diameter, in the corner juncture of Walls 4037 and 4034A. On Surface 4038 at 218.78 with top preserved at 219.23. Plans: Figs. II.1; III.20; Plans I, IV Photos: FP # 4694–96; TxP III.27–29

4040

5A1

XVIIIA1 Probe through Surface 4020 against south face of Wall 4037 to its founding level at 218.58. Basket: IV.4.158

4041–99

No pottery

Locus Numbers not used Baskets: IV.4.160–199 not used.

4100

5A2

XVIIIA2 Soils below Surface 4020 (4011/4033) in east 2.5 m of area to 4.5 m north of Wall 13004. From top at 218.68 down to 217.70 (s) and 218.10 (n). Includes cancelled Loci 4023–24, 4101, and 4131. Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.85–87, 89, 92, 96, 98, 100–1, 200–4, 206–7, 216, 224–25, 227–28, 231, 239, 245, 248, 300–1, 304–5, 308, 311, 313–18, 320

Chalco–MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 2170 flint blade (pl. 20:29); 2403 flint blade (pl. 20:28) Photos: FP #2831–33 4101 4102

Cancelled: Included with L. 4100 5B1

XVIIIB1 Surface with laminae of occupation soils below L. 4100 between Wall 13004 (s) 4028 (e) and 4106 (n at 2.25 m from Wall 13004) at level of 218.10. Runs to Wall 13004 (s) at 218.13 (w) and 218.05 (e). Plan: Fig. III.24 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Photos: FP #4726, 4741; TxP III.30

4102.P

5B1

XVIIIB1 Material culture on Surface 4102 Basket: IV.4.205

4102.1

5B1

MB II

XVIIIB1 Removal of Surface 4102 and sub-surface down to Surface 4104. Includes cancelled L. 4103. Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.206, 208–12, 230, 232, 236, 322, 325, 328, 333 Objects: Nos. 2181 basalt grinding bowl base (pl. 52:10); 2405 flint blade (pl. 52:11)

4103 4104

Cancelled: Included with L. 4102.1 5C1

XVIIIC1 Surface of compact occupation soils running between Walls 13004 (s) and 4028 (e), and to the south face of Wall 4119. Slopes s to n from 218.00 (sw) and 217.89 (se) to 217.55 (nw) and 217.85 (ne). Runs to Wall 4119 at 217.55. Oven 4111 is set into it. Plan: Fig. III.26 Photos: FP #4726, 4741; TxP III.30

EB–MB IIC

222

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4104.1

5C1

XVIIIC1 Removal of Surface 4104 and sub surface down to L. 4105. Includes cancelled Loci 4154.1, 4157.

4105

5C2

XVIIIC2 Fill layer below Loci 4104.1 and 4117.1 down to Surface 4116. Runs against Wall 4113 (s). Includes cancelled Loci 4110, 4112, 4115, 4118, 4125–26, 4128, 4145, 4152–53, 4161–62, and 4164–64.1.

Baskets: IV.4.213, 229, 263, 335, 360, 364–65

Field Reading

EB II–MB IIB

Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.214, 217, 219–22, 223, 234, 238, 240, 243A-44, 246–47, 249, 251, EB–MB IIC 254–62, 264–65, 268, 277–78, 280, 283, 287–89, 291, 338, 340, 342–44, 351, 356, 359, 361, 366–67B Objects: Nos. 2243 flint blade (pl. 56:27); 2416 flint blade (pl. 56:28) MC Sample No. 40 pig bone for C-14 assay 4106

5B1

XVIIIB1 Wall of fieldstones, 2 rows (50 cm) wide. Exposed in a 2.5 m e–w section on a line 2.5 m north of Wall 13004. Bonded at east with Wall 4028. Abutted by Surfaces 4102(s) and 4108 (n). Preserved 1–2 courses high from founding at 217.94 (w) and 217.88 (e) to top at 218.34. Plan: Fig. III.24 Sections: West Transverse Fig III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Basket: IV.4.222

4107

5B1

MB IIA–C

XVIIIB1 Wall of fieldstones, 2 rows (40 cm) wide. Exposed in a 1.65 m section running north from Wall 4106 to a corner with e–w Wall 4141. Bonded at south with Wall 4106. Top at 218.59. Founded at 218.19 on Surface 4108. Includes cancelled L. 4137. Plan: Fig. III.24 Basket: IV.4.237

4108

5B1

MB/NS

XVIIIB1 Surface of compacted soil and ash running to 1.9 m north of Wall 4106 at 218.18. Abuts Wall 4106 (s). Surface covers Oven 4111. Wall 4107 is founded on it. Includes cancelled L. 4139. Plan: Fig. III.24 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25

4108.1

5B1

XVIIIB1 Removal of Surface 4108 and sub-surface down to 217.90. Includes cancelled L. 4109. Section: West Transverse Fig. III.23 Baskets: IV.4.233, 235, 241–42

4109

Cancelled: Included with L. 4108.1

4110

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4111

5C1

XVIIC1

EB–MB IIC

Oven, 50 cm in diameter, on Surface 4104 (below the line of Wall 4106) at the east end of Wall 4119. Top at 218.07. Founded in Surfaces 4104 and 4117, and set into L. 4105 at 217.70. Includes cancelled Loci 4114 and 4151. Plan: Fig. III.26 Section: East Transverse Fig. IIII.25 Baskets: IV.4.250, 252 MC Sample 38 Charred Olive pits for C-14 assay Photos: FP #4726, 4741; TxP III.30

4112

Cancelled: Included with 4105

MB/NS

223

Field IV Area 4 Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4113

6A–C

XIXA–C Wall of medium to large boulders lying below and on the line of Wall 13004, topped with 3–5 course of preserved mud bricks. Five stone courses were exposed down the north face to 216.75 (e) and 216.55 (w). The three bottom courses below 217.25 are set forward (northward) 75 cm from the line of Wall 13004’s north face. Top of the stone foundations is 217.62(e) and 217.60 (w). Top of the preserved brick is 217.85 (e) and 217.95 (w). Is the same wall as Walls 3097 in Area 3, 14012 in Area 14, 6012 in Area 6, and 16041 in Area 16.

Field Reading

Plan: Fig. III.27 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Photos: FP #4741, 4835; TxP III.32–33 4114

Cancelled: Included with L. 4111

4115

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4116

6A

XIXA

Surface of cobbles and pebbles below L. 4105. Abuts Wall 4113 (s) at 217.75, dips to 216.87, and rises to 217.15 against Pit 4156 (n and ne), Wall 4129 (nw), and Wall 4158 (ne). Continued as Surface 4130. Plan: Fig. III.27 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Photos: FP #4741–42; TxP III.33

4116.1

6A

XIXA

Removal of Surface 4116 and sub-surface materials down to 216.75 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.270, 273, 290

4117

5C1

EB–MB IIB

XVIIIC1 Surface of compact soils north of Wall 4119 and Oven 4111 up to Cobbles 4147. Top at 217.80 (w) and 217.70 (e). Ovens 4111 and 4120 sit on this surface. Plan: Fig. III.26 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25

4117.1

5C1

XVIIIC1 Removal of Surface 4117 and sub-surface Baskets: IV.4.263

4118 4119

MB IIA–B

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105 5C1

XVIIIC1 Wall of fieldstones, one row (40 cm) wide. Exposed running e–w in a 1.5 m segment below the line of Wall 4106 west of Oven 4111. Preserved 2–3 courses (63 cm) high. Top at 217.90 down to founding at 217.26 in L. 4105. Surface 4104 runs to its south face at 217.55 and to its north face at 217.27. Plan: Fig III.26 Section: West Transverse Fig. III.23 Baskets: IV.4.269, 279, 281

4120

5C1

MB IIB

XVIIIC1 Oven, 50 cm in diameter, on Surface 4117 at 217.71 located 4.10 m north of Wall 13004 and 1.35 m west of the east balk. Top at 217.90. Includes cancelled L. 4121. Plan: Fig. III.26 Baskets: IV.4.266–67

4121 4122

MB/NS

Cancelled: Included with L. 4120 6C

XIXC

Fill layer below L. 4116.1. Includes cancelled Loci 4123–24, 4127, 4156.1, 4166–66.1 Sections: West Transverse Fig III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.271–72, 274–76, 282, 292–98, 368–69

4123–24

Cancelled: Included with L. 4122

EB–MB II B/C

224

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4125–26

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4127

Cancelled: Included with L. 4122

4128

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4129

6A

XIXA

Field Reading

Wall of fieldstones, 1–2 rows (50 cm) wide running along and in the West Transverse balk from a point 3 m north of Wall 4113 to the north balk where it bonds (e) with Wall 4158. It forms the west side of Pit 4156 where it is preserved 1–2 courses high. Top at 217.71 (s) and 217.81 (n). Founded at 217.10 (s) and 217.21 (n). Includes cancelled L. 4159. Plan: Fig. III.27 Section: West Transverse Fig. III.23

4130

6A

XIXA

Surface of large cobbles forming the east rim of Pit 4156 and extending along the East Transverse balk from the south face of Wall 4158 to 3.50 m south. Exposed to 3–4 rows (40 cm) wide. Top at 217.20. Founded as continuation of Surface 4116 at 217.02. Includes cancelled L. 4163. Plan: Fig. III.27 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25

4131 4132

Cancelled: Included with L. 4100 nil

Upper layer of disturbed soil and stone, including collapse from Wall 4028 in northeast corner of area. Includes cancelled Loci 4133–34. Baskets: IV.4.302–3, 306–7, 309–10, 312, 314A, 319, 321, 323

EB–Hell

Object: No. 2402 animal figurine horn (pl. 1:15a) 4133–34 4135

Cancelled: Included with L. 4132 5B1

XVIIIB1 Layer of fine soil north of Wall 4106 down to Surface 4108 at 218.17. Includes cancelled L. 4136 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.324, 326–27, 329–32, 349

MB IIC

Object: No. 2406 stone bead (pl. 52:15) Photo: FP #2720 4136

Cancelled: Included with L. 4135

4137

Cancelled: Included with L. 4107

4138

Cancelled: Not used

4139

Cancelled: Same as L. 4108

4140

5B2

XVIIIB2 Layer of fine soil with ash below Surface 4108 down to Surface 4142 at 218.10. Runs against Wall 4028 (e). Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.334, 336–37 Objects: 2409 bronze toggle pin (pl. 53:1); 2414 limestone whorl or weight (pl. 53:2); Nos. 2415 limestone loom weight (pl. 53:3)

4141

5B1

XVIIIB1 Wall of fieldstones, one row (35 cm) wide, running west from bonded junction with Wall 4107 at its north end. One course high with top at 218.53 and founding at 218.11.

4142

5B2

XVIIIB2 Surface of chalky soil north of Oven 4111 at 218.10

Plan: Fig. III.24 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25

EB–MB IIC/ LB

225

Field IV Area 4 Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4142.1

5B2

XVIIIB2 Removal of Surface 4142 and sub-surface down to L. 4146 at 217.90. Includes cancelled L. 4150.

Field Reading

Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.339, 353, 355, 357 4143–44

Cancelled: Not used

4145 4146

MB IIB

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105 5B2

XVIIIB2 Layer of fine soil below L. 4142.1 down to L. 4147 at 217.80 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25 Baskets: IV.4.341, 345

MB II

Object: No. 2412 flint scraper (pl. 53:13) 4147

5C1

XVIIIC2 Surface of cobbles across north 2 m of area with three shallow mud-rimmed pits (4147A–C) at 217.90. Runs to Wall 4158 (n), 4028 (e), and 4129 (w). Installation 4155 is set into this surface. 4147A Pit 29 cm in diameter, with 6 cm mud rim, 16 cm deep in west center of Surface 4147 4147B Pit 20 cm in diameter, with 6 cm mud rim, 16 cm deep in northeast part of Surface 4147 on line of the east transverse balk 4147C Pit 27 cm in diameter, with 6 cm mud rim, 16 cm deep in the southwest part of Surface 4147 Plan: Fig. III.26 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25 Photos: FP #4858; TxP III.31

4147.P

5C1

XVIIIC2 Material culture on Surface 4147 Basket IV.4.352

4147.1

5C1

XVIIIC2 Removal of Surface 4147 and sub-surface down to L. 4152 at 217.82 Baskets: IV.4.346, 348, 354

4148–49

Cancelled: Not used

4150

Cancelled: Included with L. 4142.1

4151

Cancelled: Same as L. 4111

4152–53

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4154

Cancelled: Included with L. 4104

4154.1 4155

MB II MB IIA–B/C

Cancelled: Included with L. 4104.1 5C1

XVIIIC1 Installation of two rectangular stone blocks, 25 × 50 × 25 cm on 4147 northeast of the east end of Wall 4119 on the line of the east transverse balk. Founded in Surface 4147 at 217.83. Top at 218.06. Plan: Fig. III.26 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.25

4156

6A

XIXA

Shallow pit, formed with stone-lined sides, 75 cm wide (e–w) and 1 m long (n–s) in the nw corner junction of Walls 4129 (w) and 4158 (n). Bounded by cobble Surface 4116/4130 to the east. Top at 217.65 down to L. 4122 at 217.35. Plan: Fig. III.27 Baskets: IV.4.350, 362–63 Objects: Nos. 2417 toggle pin (pl. 62:3); 2418 flint blade (pl. 62:4)

4156.1

Cancelled: Included with L. 4122

MB IIB

226

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 4 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

4157

Cancelled: Included with L. 4104.1

4158

Wall of fieldstones, 2–3 rows (50–75 cm) wide, exposed along the north balk, representing two phases, i.e., L. 4158A and L. 4158B Plans: Figs. III.26–27 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.23; East Transverse Fig. III.25

4158A

5C1

XVIIIC1 An upper, 1–2 row (50 cm) wide wall bonding with Wall 4028 (e). Top at 218.02 (w), 218.12 (middle at east transverse balk), and 217.77 (e at the east balk). Cobbles 4147 run to its south face. Founded on Wall 4158B at 217.62 (w) and 217.55 (e at East Transverse balk).

4158B

6A

XIXA

A lower, 3 row (75 cm) wide wall bonding with Wall 4129 (w). Top at 217.62 (w) and 217.55 (at East Transverse balk). Founded at 217.14. Pit 4156 (w) and Surface 4116/4130 (e) run to its south face.

4159

Cancelled: Same as Wall 4129

4160

Cancelled: Not used

4161–62

Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4163

Cancelled: Included with L. 4130

4164

(With 4164.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 4105

4165

Cancelled: Not used

4166

(With 4166.1) Cancelled: Included with L. 4122

Field Reading

227

Field IV Area 5

Field IV Area 5 Field IV Area 5 Locus

Field Phase

5000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Disturbed surface debris and Macalister dump. Includes cancelled Loci 5001, 5023, 5030, and 5032. Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.1–18, 190–97, 227–229, 232, 264

UD/NS

Object: Nos. 1504 steatite scarab (pl. 1:1) Photos: FP #1925, 4552–53A 5001 5002

Cancelled: Included with L. 5000 5A

XVIIIA Upper level of collapsed mud-brick debris. Includes cancelled Loci 5003–06, 5014–15. Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.8, 19–37, 102–6

Chalco– MB IIC/LB I

Objects: Nos. 642 amethyst scaraboid with gold bezel (pl. 21:2); 1511 flint blade fragment (pl. 21:1a); 1523 incised ceramic rim (pl. 21:1c); 1530 ceramic bead or whorl (pl. 21:1); 1547 flint blade (pl.21:1b) Photos: FP #4094, 4097, 4101, 4103–04; TxP III.41 5003–6 5007

Cancelled: Included with 5002 5A

XVIIIA Bottom layer of collapsed mud brick debris in Room 5013. Includes cancelled L. 5009 Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.38–39, 41, 43, 45–47, 48 (fig. V.K.2:14; TxP V.K.24–25), 49–53, EB–MB IIC/ 56–57, 59–60, 62–63, 65 (fig. V.K.2:13;TxP V.K.22–23), 67–69, 70 (fig. V.K.1:8; TxP LBI V.K.12–13), 71, 73, 75–82, 84–85, 87–91, 165–75, 177–83 Objects: Nos. 1559 flint blade (pl. 22:7); 1560A-F shell bead group (pl. 23:12–13d); 1560G-J faience bead group (pl. 23:14–18); 1562A-B stone weights (pl. 21:11–12); 1604A-B stone weights (pl. 21:10, 10a); 1649 stone chisel or weight (pl. 21:13); 1879 flint blade (pl. 22:6); 1894 flint blade (pl. 22:5); 1897 bronze rod (pl. 22:9); 1903 hematite weight (pl. 21:9)

5008

5A

XVIIIA Bottom layer of collapsed mud brick in Room 5021. Includes cancelled L. 5022. Baskets: IV.5.40, 42, 44, 54–55, 58, 61, 64, 66, 72, 96–97, 98 (fig. V.K.1:9; TxP V.K.14–15), 99, 128–29, 164 Objects: No. 1578 flint blade (pl. 28:1)

5009 5010

Cancelled: Included with L. 5007 5A

XVIIIA Wall of fieldstones with mud plaster facing, 1 row (35 cm) wide, running n–s at 2.85 m west of the East balk. South end abuts Wall 13004. Exposed 6 m to the North balk. Top levels at 218.89 (s), 219.31 (mid-point), and 219.00 (n). Bonded at mid point with cross Wall 5018 (w). Abutted to the east by the L. 5036 mud-brick blockage of doorway in Wall 5020. Abutted by Surfaces 5029 (nw), 5033 (ne), 5013 (sw), and 5021 (se). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #4097, 4101, 4104, 4150, 4153, 4445, 4832, 4840; TxP III.34, 36, 39, 41–42, 45, 48

5011

5A

XVIIIA Curving wall of fieldstones, 1 row (35 cm) wide, forming a 1x 1 m silo in the southwest corner of Room 5021. Bonded with Wall 5010 (w) and butted against Wall 13004 (s). Top at 218.96 (nw) and 218.53 (s). Butted by Surface 5021 (ne). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28, 30 Photos: FP #4097, 4101, 4104–6, 4832, 4840; TxP III.34, 39

Chalco–MB IIC

228

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 5 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

5012

5A

XVIIIA Collapsed mud brick and debris inside of Silo 5011. Top at 218.17 down to 216.99.

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28, 30 Baskets: IV.5.74, 83, 86, 92–93, 100–1

Chalco–MB IIC

Object: No. 1594 bronze toggle pin (pl. 28:12) 5013.P

5A

XVIIIA Material on Surface 5013 Baskets: IV.5.90 (fig. V.K.1:3; TxP V.K.3), 91, 94–95 (fig. V.K.1:4; TxP V.K.4–5), 114–15, 117–23, 125, 162 (fig. V.K.2:15; TxP V.K.26–27), 163, 176, 184 (fig. V.K.1:2; TxP V.K.2), 185–89

MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 1581 gold ring (pl. 24:5); 1733A-B stone weights (pl. 25:11–12); 1800 globular flint weight (pl. 24:13); 1881 hematite weight (pl. 24:14); 1882 hematite weight (pl. 25:14); 1885 hematite weight (pl. 25:13); 1886 bronze pin (pl. 24:10); 1887A–C pebble weights (pl. 25:15–16a); 1888A-B flint blades (pl. 25:19–20; TxP V.G:C-D); 1889 faience bead (pl. 24:15); 1890A-B hematite weights (pl. 24:17–18); 1891A-B pebble weights (pl. 24:11–12); 1893 flint blade (pl. 25:18; TxP V.G:B); 1901 horn awl (pl. 24:4); 1904 horn knapping tool (pl. 24:3); 1905 flint blade (pl. 25:17; TxP V.G:A) MC Sample No. 106 organic scrap for C-14 assay 5013

5A

XVIIIA Surface of beaten earth in Room 5013. Abuts Walls 13004 (s), 5010 (e), 5018 (n), and 4028 (w). Top levels 217.97 (s), 217.83 (w), 217.75 (n), and 217.71 (e) Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28; Plans I, IV Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Photos: FP #4094, 4101, 4103–4, 4110, 4445, 4537; TxP III.34, 36, 39, 41–42

5013.1

5A

XVIIIA Removal of Surface 5013 and sub-surface laminae in Room 5013 down to levels 217.60 (ne), 217.63 (se), 217.63 (nw), and 217.62 (sw). Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.370–372

MB IIB–C

Objects: Nos. 2292 gold foil figurine (pl. 26:14; TxP V.B.1, 3); 2293 gold foil figurine (pl. 26:13; TxP V.B.1–2); 2294 silver foil figurine fragments (pl. 26:15; TxP V.B.4); 2295 gold ring (pl. 26:18; TxP V.B.1a and f); 2296 gold ring (pl. 26:16; TxP V.B.1, 6); 2297 gold ring (pl. 26:17; TxP V.B.1, 6); 2298 gold bezel for scarab (pl. 26:19; TxP V.B.1, 5); 2299 amethyst scarab (pl. 26:20); 2322 faience bead (pl. 26:21); 2325A faience bead (pl. 26:22); 2325B ceramic bead (pl. 26:23) Photos: FP #4754–55, 4759; TxP III.43 5014–15 5016

Cancelled: Included with L. 5002 5A

XVIIIA Collapsed top of Wall 5018 and brick debris in Room 5029 Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.107–8, 110–13

MB IIA–C

Object: No. 1708 basalt quern fragment (pl. 33:2) 5017

5A

XVIIIA Collapsed brick debris in Room 5033 Baskets: IV.5.109, 116, 124, 126–27

5018

5A

XVIIIA Wall of fieldstones 1 row (45 cm) wide, running e–w parallel to Wall 13004 at 2.4 m north. Bonded to Walls 4028 (w) and 5010 (e). Top level at 219.47. Door opening 50 cm wide between 50 cm and 1 m from east end. Abutted by Surfaces 5013 (s) and 5029 (n). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28; Plans I, IV Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Photos: FP #4445, 4832, 4840; TxP III.34, 36, 39, 42

EB–MB IIC

229

Field IV Area 5 Field IV Area 5 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

5019

5A

XVIIIA Wall of fieldstones 1 row (38 cm) wide with mud plaster facing running n–s in the Area 5/6 balk. South end abuts Wall 13004 where it forms a narrow 25 cm jamb for a 60 cm wide × 1.4 m high doorway between Rooms 5021 and 6010. Exposed 5.35 m to another doorway between Rooms 5033 and 6010 just inside the north balk. Top at 219.08 (s), 219.23 (mid-point), and 218.86 (n). Bonded with Wall 5020 (w). Abutted by Surfaces 5021 (sw), 5033 (nw), and 6010 (e)

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28, 30; Plan IV Photos: FP #4398, 4400, 4832, 4840; TxP III.34–35, 39–40, 45, 48 5020

5A

XVIIIA Wall of fieldstones, 1 row (40 cm) wide, running e–w parallel to Wall 13004 at 2.6 m north. Bonded to Wall 5019 (e). Top at 219.06. Door opening 75 cm wide at extreme west end, secondarily blocked by L. 5036 bricks. Abutted by Surfaces 5021 (s) and 5033 (n). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28, 30; Plans I, IV Basket: IV.5.263

MB IIC

Photos: FP #4402, 4832, 4840; TxP III.34, 37–39, 45 5021.P

5A

XVIIIA Material on Surface 5021 Baskets: IV.5.130–161

MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 1776 basalt pestle/weight (pl. 32:6); 1777 stone pestle/weight (pl. 32:7); 1779 stamped handle (pl. 32:9; TxP V.C.1); 1800 clay loom weight (pl. 32:8); 1805 incised store jar sherd (pl. 32:9a). Photos: FP #4398, 4400, 4402, 4832; TxP III.34, 38, 40 5021

5A

XVIIIA Surface of beaten earth in Room 5021. Abuts Walls 5020 (n), 5019 (e), 5010 (w), 5011 (s), and 13004 (s). Top levels at 216.85 (nw), 216.64 (ne), 216.87 (mid-point), and 216.79 (sw). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28, 30; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #4832; TxP III.34, 39–41

5022

Cancelled: Included with L. 5008.P

5023

Cancelled: Included with L. 5000

5024

5A

XVIIIA Mud brick collapse and debris in Room 5029. Includes cancelled Loci 5025–28, and 5034. Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.198–221, 223–25, 231, 235–38, 271, 287, 331–34, 337, 341, 358, 375

MB–LB I

Objects: Nos. 1922 stone bead (pl. 33:17); 1939 shell bead (pl. 33:5); 1944 bronze needle (pl. 33:18); 1951 bone scraper fragment (pl. 33:6); 1998 steatite scarab (pl. 33:3); 2000 horn knapping tool (pl. 33:15); 2142 flint blade (pl. 33:18a); 2235 pebble weight (pl. 33:4) MC Sample No. 410 charred grain for C-14 assay Photos: FP #4522–22A, 4553–53A, 4573–75, 4580, 4582 5025–28 5029.P

Cancelled: Included with L. 5024 5A

XVIIIA Material on Surface 5029 Baskets: IV.5.222, 226, 233–34, 239–49 (figs. V.K.1:6–7; TxP V.K.8–11), 250–58, 278, 318–19, 335–36, 338–40, 342–49, 351–55, 357, 361, 367 Objects: Nos. 1972 basalt three-footed bowl (pl. 36:5); 1999 bone awl (pl. 36:1); 2001 pebble weight (pl. 35:4); 2014A-B ivory buttons or whorls (pl. 36:2–3); 2017 bronze needle (pl. 36:7); 2023 basalt saddle quern (pl. 36:6); 2186 chert pounder/ weight (pl. 35:3); 2200 stone pestle or weight (pl. 35:7); 2204 pebble weight (pl. 35:6); 2206 horn knapping tool (pl. 36:4); 2209 flint blade (pl. 35:2); 2221 basalt three-footed bowl (pl. 35:8); 2240 pebble weight (pl. 35:5) Photos: FP #4573–75, 4580–82, 4585–90, 4708; TxP III.44, 46

MB IIC/LB I

230

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 5 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

5029

5A

XVIIIA Surface of beaten earth in Room 5029. Abuts Walls 5010 (e), 5018 (s), and 4028 (w). Top levels at 217.65 (nw), 217.44 (ne), 217.64 (sw), and 217.35 (se).

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28; Plans I, IV Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Photos: FP #4573–75, #4580–82, #4585–90; TxP III.34, 39, 44, 46 5029.1

5A

XVIIIA Removal of Surface 5029 and sub-surface laminae in Room 5029 down to 217.38 (ne), 217.35 (se), 217.49 (nw), and 217.43 (sw). Section: West Transverse Fig. III.29 Baskets: IV.5.368–69, 373

MB IIB– MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 2300 glass scarab (pl. 37:2); 2301 steatite scarab (pl. 37:1; TxP VC.2); 2316 stone pestle or weight (pl. 37:7); 2318 flint blade (pl. 37:6); 2335 flint blade (pl 37:8); 2336A-B stone loom weights (pl. 37:4–5); 2342A-H pebble weights (pl. 37:7a–h; TxP V.I:A-H); 2351 ceramic handle incised with tāw (pl. 37:3). 5030 5031

Cancelled: Included with L. 5000 5A

XVIIIA Mud-brick collapse and debris in Room 5033. Includes cancelled L. 5035. Baskets: IV.5.230, 259–62, 267–69, 285, 317

5032 5033.P

EB–MB IIC

Cancelled: Included with L. 5000 5A

XVIIIA Materials on Surface 5033 Baskets: IV.5.265–66 (figs. V.K.1:5 and 2:19–20; TxP V.K.6–7 and 30–33), 270, 272–77, 279–84, 286, 288–314 (fig. V.K.1:12; TxP V.K.20–21), 315 (fig. V.K.1:11; TxP V.K.18–19), 316, 320–30, 350, 356–57, 360, 362–66

MB IIC/LB I

Objects: Nos. 2106 pebble weight (pl. 41:1); 2107 flint blade (pl. 40:18); 2145 pebble weight (pl. 41:3); 2146A-B pebble weights (pl. 41:4 and 7); 2147 pebble weight (pl. 41:9); 2159 clay jar stopper (pl. 40:13); 2161 stone loom weight (pl. 40:15); 2165A-B pebble weights (pl. 41:6 and 8); 2173 stone pounder or weight (pl. 41:5); 2177 stone dibble weight (pl. 40:14); 2184 stone pestle or weight (pl. 41:10); 2189 pebble weight (pl. 41:2); 2190 flint blade (pl. 40:16); 2241 bone polishing tool (pl. 41:14); 2242 flint blade (pl. 40:19); 2245 flint blade (pl. 40:17); 2253 clay jar stopper (pl. 40:12); 2267 stone grinder or weight (pl. 41:11); 2288 stone pounder or weight (pl. 41:12); 2289 alabaster palette (pl. 41:13) Photos: FP #4645, 4647–49, 4665; TxP III.37–38, 45 5033

5A

XVIIIA Surface of beaten earth in Room 5033. Abuts Walls 5019(e), 5020 (s), and 5010 (w). Levels 216.72 (nw), 216.73 (sw), 216.62 (ne), 216.57 (se), and 216.70 (mid-point.) Plans: Figs. II.1; III.28, 30; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #4647, 4665; TxP III.37–39, 45

5034

Cancelled: Included with L. 5024.

5035 5036

Cancelled: Included with L. 5031 5A

XVIIIA Mud-brick blockage of 75 cm-wide doorway at west end of Wall 5020. Abuts east side of Wall 5010. Founded on juncture of Surfaces 5033 and 5021 at 216.70. Top at 217.92. Plan: Fig. III.28 Basket: IV.5.359 Photos: FP #4648, 4665; TxP III.38

5037

Cancelled: Same as Wall 4028

No Pottery

231

Field IV Area 6

Field IV Area 6 Field IV Area 6 Locus

Field Phase

6000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister dump Sections: West Transverse III.31; North III.33; Plan V Baskets: IV.6.1–7

UD/NS

Objects: Nos. 1966 ceramic figurine fragment (pl. 2:3; TxP V.E.3); 2166 limestone whorl or net weight (pl. 2:2) 6001

1

I

Upper layer of disturbed mud-brick collapse Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.31; North Fig. III.33; East Transverse Fig. III.32; Plan V Baskets: IV.6.8, 10–11, 13–25

Chalco–Hell

Objects: Nos. 1653 flint blade (pl. 8:30a); 1804 bronze toggle pin (pl. 8:28) 6002

5A2

XVIIIA2

Mud-brick northwest section of the West Tower of the Southern Gate. Contiguous with L. 7002 in Area 7, L. 16002 in Area 16, and L. 17002 in Area 17. Top level at 219.36. Bottom at 216.98 (n) and 216.72 (s) on Socle 6014. Plans: Figs. III.7, 30, 34; Plans IV, VI Sections: East Transverse Fig III.32; North Fig. III.33 Basket: IV.6.9

EB, MB IIC

Photo: FP #4350 6003 6004

Cancelled: Included in 6004 5A1

XVIIIA1

Middle layer of collapsed mud brick and stone debris. Includes cancelled Loci 6003 and 6005. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.32; North Fig. III.33 Baskets: IV.6.27–47

MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 1773 ceramic gaming piece (pl. 42:1); 1782 flint blade (pl. 42:2a). Photos: FP #4350, 4353 6005 6006

Cancelled: Included in 6004 5A1

XVIIIA1

Lower layer of collapsed mud-brick debris above L. 6010.P. Includes cancelled Loci 6007–6009, 6012. Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.31; East Transverse Fig. III.32; North Fig. III.33; Plan V Baskets: IV.6.26, 50–74, 76–77, 79–80, 85, 89, 91–104, 107–9, 142 Objects: Nos. 2012 whetstone (pl. 45:9; TxP V.H.2); 2030 clay loom weight (pl. 45:2); 2086 clay loom weight (pl. 45:1); 2111 clay loom weight (pl. 45:3); 2353 clay jar stopper (pl. 45:5; TxP V.E.4); 2155 three-footed basalt bowl (pl. 45:8); 2156 limestone pounder or chopper (pl. 45:6); 2153 flint blade (pl. 45:7); 2191 ceramic stopper or gaming piece (pl. 45:4); 2166 limestone whorl (pl. 45:9a)

6007–9

Canceled: included with Locus 6006

EB, MB IIC

232

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 6 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

6010.P

5A1

XVIIIA1

Material on Surface 6010 Baskets: IV.6.75, 78, 81–84, 86–88, 90, 105–6, 110–127, 129, 132–33, 134 (figs. V.K.1:1 and 2:17, 21; TxP V.K.1, 29, and 34), 135–36, 138–141, 143, 144 (fig. V.K.2:16; TxP V.K.28), 147–48

Field Reading MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 2079 bone tool (pl. 49:8); 2096 stone whorl, loom weight, or mace head (pl. 47:6); 2117 clay loom weight (pl. 49:1); 2126 faience lentoid flask (restored) (pl. 49:2; TxP V.E.5); 2168 bronze chisel (pl. 49:3); 2192 flint blade (pl. 49:13); 2195 flint blade (pl. 49:9); 2223A-LL clay loom weights (pl. 48:1–15); 2225 three-footed basalt bowl (pl. 47:5; TxP V.H.3); 2231 bronze pin fragment (pl. 49:4a); 2237 flint blade (pl. 49:11); 2238 flint blade (pl. 49:12); 2239 pebble weight (pl. 47:1); 2244 alabaster fragment (pl. 47:6a); 2246 flint blade (pl. 49:10); 2247 greenstone pestle/scale weight (pl. 47:3); 2248 pebble weight (pl. 47.2); 2281 steatite scarab (pl. 49:5; TxP V.C.3); TxP V.H.1); 2302 faience scarab (pl. 49:6); 2321 bronze toggle pin (pl. 49:4); 2328 alabaster lid (pl. 49:7; 2340 chalk table (pl. 47:4) MC #812 Skeletal Remains Photos: FP #4690–93; TxP III.47 6010

5A1

XVIIIA1

Surface of indurated marl and field clay, with impacted occupation debris in Room 6010. Abuts Bench 6011 and Wall 5019 (w), Wall 13004 (s), and Tower 6002 (e). Runs up to and over Socle 6014. Levels at 216.78 (nw), 216.65 (ne), 216.60 (center), 216.58 (sw) and 216.56 (se). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.30; Plans I, IV Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.31; East Transverse Fig. III.32; North Fig. III.33; Plan V Photos: FP #4620–22

6010.1

5A1

XVIIIA1

Removal of Surface 6010 and sub-surface lamina down to Surface 6013 at 216.60 (nw), 216.55 (ne), 216.52 (center), 216.58 (sw), and 216.56 (se). Sections: West Transverse Fig III.31; East Transverse Fig. III.32; North Fig. III.33; Plan V Baskets: IV.6.128, 130, 131, 137

6011

5A1

XVIIIA1

Bench/shelf of small fieldstones, 3–4 rows (75 cm) wide along the east side of Wall 5019 from its south doorway extending n/ne for 2.25 m. Preserved 4–5 courses (36–53 cm) high with founding on Surface 6013 at 216.54. Top levels at 216.90 (n) and 217.17 (s). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.30; Plans I, IV Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.31; Plan V Photos: FP #4760–61; TxP III.48

6012 6013

Cancelled: included with Locus 6006 5A2

XVIIIA2

Surface of indurated field clay, nari chunks, and chalk cobblestones in Room 6010 below L. 6010.1. Levels at 216.55 (nw), 216.60 (ne), 216.52 (center), 216.56 (sw), and 216.58 (se). Abuts Socle 6014 and Tower 6002 (e) and runs under Bench 6011 (w). At the south end it merges with Surface 6010 against Wall 13004. Plan: Fig. III.30 Sections: West Transverse Fig. III.31; East Transverse Fig. III.32; North Fig. III.33; Plan V

MB IIC

233

Field IV Area 6 Field IV Area 6 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

6014

5A2

XVIIIA2

Stone socle for mud-brick Tower 6002 and threshold for a doorway opening into the Western Gate Tower. Up to 40 cm of its width was exposed from the north balk southward for 3.25 m along the east transverse balk. Top levels at 216.98 (n) and 216.72 (s). Abutted by Surfaces 6013 and 6010, with 6010 running to the top and over it at the doorway threshold.

Field Reading

Plans: Figs. III.30, 34 Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.32; North Fig. III.33 6015

5C

XVIIIC

Layer of dark brown soil below Surface 6013 in the south half of Room 6010 down to stopping point of excavations at 215.16. Laid against Walls 6002 (e) and 13004 (s) and over and against Walls 6025 (n), 6016 (e,) and 6018 (s). Forms the matrix surrounding the smashed store jars of Loci 6017, 6019–6021. Includes cancelled L. 6022. Plan: Fig. III.34 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.32 Baskets: IV.6.A1-A5, 150 (fig. V.K.1:10; TxP V.K.16–17), 151–57, 159,163, 171b

EB–MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 2401 flint blade (pl. 57:29); 2404 bronze pin fragment (pl. 57:30); 2407 clay loom weight (pl. 57:27); 2410 shell bead (pl. 57:28). Photos: FP #4850–51; TxP III.50 6016

6A

XIXA

Wall of fieldstones, 1 row (40 cm) wide, running n–s parallel at 65 cm west to the line of the east face of Wall 6002. Abuts Wall 6018 (s) and is abutted by Walls 6025a (w) and 6025b (e) at 2.0 m to the north. Top at 216.04 (s), 215.99 (midpoint), and 215.58 (n). Covered by L. 6015 soils. One course exposed down to 215.17. Plan: Fig. III.34 Photos: FP #4850–51, 4875; TxP III.49, 50

6017

6A

XIXA

Smashed storage jar remains in L. 6015 soils against Wall 6018. Top level at 215.63 and bottom at 215.22. Baskets: IV.6.158, 160, 164, 171

6018

6A

XIXA

MB IIB/C

Wall of fieldstones, 1 row exposed running e–w parallel along and below the foundation stones of Wall 13004. Protruding 50 cm wide to the north. Top at 216.00 (e) and 216.16 (w). Runs under L. 6002 (e) and Bench 6011 (w). Wall 6016 abuts it from the north on its east end. It was covered by L. 6015 soils. Two to three courses were exposed down to 215.22. Same foundation structure as Wall 4113 in Area 4, Wall 3097A in Area 3, and Wall 16041 in Area 16. Plan: Fig. III.34 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.32 Photos: FP #4850–51, 4875; TxP III.49, 50

6019

6A

XIXA

6020

6A

XIXA

Smashed storage jar remains north of L. 6017 in L. 6015 soils. Top level at 215.47 and bottom at 215.22. Baskets: IV.6.161, 165, 168–9

Baskets: IV.6.162, 167, 174–176 6021

6A

XIXA

MB IIB/C

Smashed storage jar remains east of L. 6019 and north of L. 6017 along Wall 6016 in L. 6015 soils. Top level at 215.45 and bottom at 215.21. Baskets: IV.6.166, 170 Photos: FP #4850–51; TxP III.50

6022

MB IIB/C

Smashed storage jar remains west of L. 6017 in L. 6015 soils, along and partly below foundations of Bench 6011. Top at level at 215.67 and bottom at 215.42.

Cancelled: Included with Locus 6015

MB IIB/C

234

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 6 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

6023

5A

XVIIIA

Balk trim and clean up over Wall 13004 foundations. Includes cancelled L. 6024 Baskets: IV.6.171c, 172, 173

6024 6025A

Field Reading MB IIB/C

Cancelled: Included with 6023 6A

XIXA

Wall of fieldstones, 1–2 rows (65 cm) wide, running e–w parallel to Wall 6018 at 1.75 m to the north. Abuts the west face of Wall 6016 and runs under Bench 6011 to the west. Top level at 215.77. Exposed two full courses down to 215.16. Plan: Fig. III.34 Photo: TxP III.50

6025B

6A

XIXA

Extension of Wall 6025A to the east of Wall 6016 and under the Socle 6014 foundations for Wall 6002. Abuts Wall 6016 with 3 courses of mud-brick superstructure preserved to a top level of 215.90. Three courses of foundation stones were exposed down to 215.25. Plan: Fig. III.34 Section: East Transverse Fig. III.32 Photos: FP #4850–51

Field IV Area 7 Field IV Area 7 Locus

Field Phase

7000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Baskets: IV.7.1–21

7001 7002

Cancelled: Included in L. 7000 5

XVIII

Northeastern mud brick remains of the West Tower of the Southern Gate. Contiguous with L. 6002 in Area 6, L. 16002 in Area 16, and L. 17002 in Area 17. Top levels at 219.32 (s and e), 218.34 (n and w). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: West Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #1937, 4830, 4833A, 4873C, 4876; TxP III.7–9, 12

7003

5?

XVIII?

Pit A in Tower 7002, 1.5 m in diameter. Bottom level at 218.61. Plans: Figs. III.6–7; Plans I, VI

7004

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 7001and 7004.

Cancelled: Included in L. 7000

Chalco–Hell/ NS

235

Field IV Area 8

Field IV Area 8 Field IV Area 8 Locus

Field Phase

8000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 8001–02, 8004, 8007–9, 8012, and 8012–17 Baskets: IV.8.1–24, 28–32, 41–46

Chalco–Hell/ NS

Objects: Nos. 1113 glass bead (pl. 2:4); 1606 ceramic loom weight (pl. 2:5) Photos: FP #2757, 2762–63, 2766, 2888, 2907–10 8001–2 8003

Cancelled: Included in L. 8000 5

XVIII

Middle orthostat of local limestone on east side of gateway with associated stones on top. This orthostat is 2.75 m long, 75 cm wide, and 1.25 m high. Levels on top of the orthostat are 216.50 (n) and 216.20 (s). It is founded at Surface 8006 at 214.95 (n) and 214.82 (s). Levels on top of stones above are 217.25 (s) and 216.75 (n). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: East Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #2905, #4032, #4830; TxP III.7, 11

8004 8005

Cancelled: Included in L. 8000 5

XVIII

Middle orthostat of local limestone on west side of gateway with associated stones on top. This orthostat is 2.5 m long, 75 cm wide, and 1.75 m high. Levels on top of the orthostat are 216.95 (n) and 216.75 (s). It is founded above Surface 8006 at 215.20 (n) and 215.40 (s). Level on top of stones above is 217.25. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: West Elevation Fig. III.11 Photos: FP #2391, 2742, 2906, 4830; TxP III.7

8006

5

XVIII

Irregular surface of granular soil between Orthostats 8003 and 8005 at 214.79 (n) and 215.40 (s). Photo: FP #2765

8006.1

5

XVIII

Removal of Surface 8006, sub-surface soils, and stone rubble down to 214.23. Baskets IV.8.25–57

Chalco–MB II

Photo: FP #2777 8007–9 8010

Cancelled: Included with L. 8000 5

XVIII

Probe through compact soil filled with cobbles and boulders below L. 8006.1 down to 211.69. Includes cancelled L. 8011. Baskets: IV.8.33–40 Photo: FP #2889

8011

Cancelled: Included with L. 8010

8012–17

Cancelled: Included with L. 8000

8018

5

XVIII

Northeastern mud-brick face of the West Tower of the MB Southern Gate. Same as L. 7002. Section: West Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #4476–77, 4479, 4830, 4833A; TxP III.7, 12

8019

Cancelled: Included with L. 8025

Chalco– MB IIA/B

236

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 8 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

8020

5

XVIII

North orthostat of local limestone on west side of gateway with associated stones on top. This orthostat is 2.07 m long, 67 cm wide, and 1.36 m high. The level on top of the orthostat is 217.11. It is founded at 215.75 (n) and 215.82 (s). Levels on top of the stones above are at 217.75 (s) and 217.35 (n). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: West Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #4476–77, 4479, 4830, 4833A; TxP III.7, 12

8021

5

XVIII

North orthostat of local limestone on east side of gateway. This orthostat is 2.05 m long, 55 cm wide, and 1.36 m high. Its top level is 217.11. It is founded at 215.90 (n) and 215.75 (s). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: East Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #4476, 4479, 4830, 4833A; TxP III.7, 12

8022

5

XVIII

Wall or fill of boulders between Orthostats 8020 and 8005 on the west side of the gateway. Plan: Fig. III.7 Section: West Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #4476–77, 4479, 4830, 4833A; TxP III.7, 12

8023

5

XVIII

Wall or fill of boulders between Orthostats 8021 and 8003 on the east side of the gateway. Plans: III.7; Plans I and VI Section: East Elevation Fig. III.10 Photo: FP #4476, 4830, 4833A; TxP III.7, 12

8024

5

XVIII

Irregular surface of compact earth, cobbles, and small boulders throughout the gate passageway. Levels at 215.60 (n) to 214.92 (s). Contiguous with L. 8006 (n) and L. 18004 (s).

8025

5

XVIII

Northwestern mud-brick section of the East Tower of the Southern Gate. Contiguous with L. 9003 in Areas 9 and 19 and L. 18001 in Area 18. Top level at 219.02. Includes cancelled L. 8019. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: East Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #4830, 4833A; TxP III.7, 11–12

Field Reading

Field IV Area 9

237

Field IV Area 9 Field IV Area 9 Locus

Field Phase

9000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Baskets: IV.9.1–61 Objects: Nos. 1852 ceramic bird figurine (pl. 2:10); 1853 ceramic figurine head (pl. 2:11; TxP V.E.2); 1855 faience bead (pl. 2:6); 1857 faience bead (pl. 2:7); 1869 clay loom weight (pl. 2:13); 1867 alabaster knob (pl. 2:9); 1870 clay loom weight (pl. 2:14); 1876 flint fan scraper (pl. 2:14a); 1877 basalt tournette base (pl. 2:8); 1900 bronze arrowhead (pl. 2:12)

9001 9002

Cancelled: Included in L. 9000 5?

XVIII?

Pit H, 1.6 m in diameter, 1.45 m deep in the mud brick of the East Gate Tower L. 9003. Top level at 219.50. Bottom level at 218.05. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Photos: FP #4830; TxP III.7

9003

5

XVIII

Mud-brick remains of the East Tower of the Southern Gate in Areas 9 and 19. Contiguous with L. 8025 in Area 8 and L. 18001 in Area 18. Top levels are at 219.21 (nw), 219.32 (ne), 219.72 (sw), and 218.47 (se). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Photos: FP #4830; TxP III.7

9004

5?

XVIII?

Wall fragment, 1.1 m long, consisting of 2 rows of boulders 2 courses (60 cm) high on L. 9003. Top level at 219.40. It is unclear whether this is an MB or post-MB remnant. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Photos: FP #4830, 4833A, 4873C; TxP III.7–8, 12

9005

5?

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled L. 9001.

XVIII?

Wall or installation adjunct to L. 9002 (Pit H), 1.6 m long, consisting of 1 row of boulders, 1 course high on L. 9003. Top level at 218.95. It is unclear whether this is an MB or post-MB remnant. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Photos: FP #4830, 4833A, 4873C; TxP III.7–8, 12

MB–Hell/NS

238

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 10 Field IV Area 10 Locus

Field Phase

10000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill and disturbed debris. Includes cancelled Loci 10001–2, 10004, 10008–10. Baskets: IV.10.1–28, 30–31, 33–36, 38, 40, 42–45, 46, 48–49, 52–53, 55–57, 66–68, 70

Chalco–Rom/ NS

Objects: Nos. 1860 flint blade (pl. 3:4a); 1868 basalt tournette base (pl. 3:4); 1873 bone awl (pl. 3:1); 1899 clay loom weight (pl. 3:2); 1902 faience bead (pl. 3:3); 1908 flint blade (pl. 3:4b). 10001–2 10003

Cancelled: Included with L. 10000 5?

XVIII?

Wall or platform, 3 rows (1.4 m) wide, of stones to boulder size, running e–w from the west balk to 4 m east, with south face at 3.25 m north of south balk. One course preserved with top at 218.73 (nw), 218.70 (ne), 218.72 (sw), and 218.57 (se). Founded on east mud brick collapse from Gate Tower L. 9003 and Wall 10005 at 218.17. It is unclear whether this is an MB or post-MB remnant. Photos: FP #4833A; TxP III.12

10004 10005

Cancelled: Included with L. 10000 5

XVIII

Wall of medium to large boulders that extends the MB fortification line east from the eastern face of the East Gate Tower L. 9003. Exposed in a 3.5 m long section to 1.5 m west of the Area’s east balk. Wall is 3.25 m wide with its south edge at the line of the Area 20 north balk. Top levels at 218.33 (nw), 218.24 (ne), 217.63 (w– center), 218.31 (center), 217.80 (sw), 218.23 (s–center), and 218.00 (se). Eight to ten irregular courses were exposed down the north face to Surface 10007 at 215.87 and below to L. 10012 at 215.69. Exposed down the south face to 216.59 on Glacis 10006. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plan I, VI Photos: FP#4873 A–E, 4877; TxP III.8

10006

5

XVIII

Chalk-plaster glacis exposed in a 2 m (n–s) x 1 m (e–w) section south of Wall 10005 at 216.59. Abuts south face of Wall 10005 and extends to east face of the mud brick of Gate Tower L. 9003. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI

10007

5A

XVIIIA

10007.1

5A

XVIIIA

Surface of compact soil exposed in a 2.25 m (n–s) x 3.25 m (e–w) section north of Wall 10005 at 215.87. Abuts north face of Wall 10005 and extends to the east brick face of Gate Tower L. 9003. Baskets: IV.10.29, 32, 37, 39, 41, 45, 47, 50–51, 54

MB IIC

Removal of Surface 10007 and sub-surface soils down to 215.75. Includes cancelled L. 10011. Baskets: IV.10.58–59, 61–65

MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 2413 flint point (pl. 51:7a); 2419 bronze toggle pin (pl. 51:8); 2420 alabaster vase fragment (pl. 51:7); 2422 flint blade (pl. 51:7b) 10008–10

Cancelled: Included with L. 10000

10011

Cancelled: Included with L. 10007.1

10012

5B

XVIIIB

Surface of compact soil below L. 10007.1 at 215.69. Abuts the face of Wall 10005 and runs to the brick face of Gate Tower L. 9003. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI

10012.1

5B

XVIIIB

Sub-surface makeup for L. 10012 down to 215.60. Baskets: IV.10.60, 69, 71–72 Object: No. 2423 flint blade (pl. 53:20a)

MB IIB–C

Field IV Area 11

239

Field IV Area 11 Field IV Area 11 Locus

Field Phase

11000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Disturbed surface soils and Roman period backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 10001–3, 10005–6. Baskets: IV.11.1–52, 54–63

Chalco–Rom/ NS

Objects: Nos. 1582 faience amulet (pl. 3:9; Photo V.A); 1590 carnelian bead (pl. 3:6); 1644 basalt bowl fragment (pl. 3:8a); 1645 basalt bowl (pl. 3:8); 1666 bronze pin (pl. 3:7); 1709 ceramic figurine fragment (pl. 3:5) 11001–3 11004

Cancelled: Included with L. 11000 1

I

Terrace/retaining wall of cobbles and small boulders with intermittent very large boulders, 1.3 m to 75 cm wide, running nw to se across the area with the south face at mid-point 5.4 m south of the north balk. Top at 221.25 (w), 221.17 (mid-point), and 221.03 (e). Founded on top of Wall Tower 5017 at 220.17 (w) and 220.06 (e). Same as Wall 7004 from Field I Area 7 (w) and Wall 12005 in Area 12 (e). Plan: Fig. III.2 Baskets: IV.11.49, 65–66, 68

Iron II–Rom

Photo: FP #4200 11005–6 11007

Cancelled: Included with L. 11000. 1

I

Terrace/retaining wall of cobbles and small boulders, 75 cm wide, running nw to se across areas, with south face mid-point at 2 m south of north balk. Top at 221.18 (w), 221.26 (mid-point), and 221.07 (e). Founded on top of Wall Tower 5017 at 220.66 (w) and 220.27 (e). Same as Wall 6006 from Field I Area 6 (w). It terminates in Wall 12006 at the east balk and in Area 12 (e). Plan: Fig. III.2 Baskets: IV.11.53, 67

Chalco–Hell/ Rom

Photo: FP #4200 11008

1

I

Terrace/retaining wall of small to very large boulders, 50 cm-1 m wide, running nw to se across area, with south face at mid-point at 40 cm south of north balk. Top at 221.73 (w), 221.50 (mid-point), and 221.16 (e). Founded on Wall Tower 5017 at 221.10 (w) and 221.05 (e). Same as Wall 6003 from Field I Area 6 (w). It terminates in Wall 12006 at the east balk and in Area 12 (e). Plan: Fig. III.2 Basket: IV.11.64 Photos: FP #4200

11009

6

XIX

Fill section of small boulders in matrix of Wall Tower 5017. Running 3 m n–s and 6 m e–w across the north central section of Area 11. Plans: Figs. III.2, 5; Plans I, II

11010

5

XVIII

Chalk-plaster Glacis 8012 continuation in Area 11. Same as L. 8012 in Field I Area 8 (w) and L. 12008 in Area 12 (e). Plans: Plans I–II

Chalco–Hell/ NS

240

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 12 Field IV Area 12 Locus

Field Phase

12000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Baskets: IV.12.1–46 Objects: Nos. 1534 incised jar handle (pl. 3:10b); 1549 incised jar handle (pl. 3:10c); 1571 flint blade (pl. 3:10a); 1601 basalt bowl base (pl. 3:10)

12001–4 12005

Cancelled: Included with L. 12000 1

I

Terrace/retaining wall of cobbles and small boulders, including 2 cyclopean boulders displaced from the south edge of Wall Tower 5017; 75 cm wide running nw to se across the area, with its south face mid-point at 7 m south of north balk. Same as Wall 11004 from Area 11 (w). Ends in a small boulder pile at the area’s east balk. Top at 220.78 (w), 220.44 (mid-point), and 220.75 (e.). Founded on Wall Tower 5017 (w) at 220.06 and on Glacis 12008 at 220.03 (mid-point-n), 219.77 (mid-point-s), and 220.13 (e). Plan: Fig. III.2 Section: West Fig. III.3 Photos: FP #4184, 4187, 4200

12006

1

Field Reading

Disturbed surface soils and Roman period backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 12001-04.

I

Terrace/retaining wall of cobbles and small boulders, running e-w into the area from the west balk to 1.85 m east. Width tapering from 1.8 m (w) to 60 cm (e), with its south face at 3.6 m south of the north balk. Top levels at 221.14 (nw), 221.08 (sw), and 221.05 (e). Founded on Wall Tower 5017 at 220.95 (nw), 220.45 (sw), and 220.90 (e). This structure is the eastern termination of Walls 11007 and 11008 from Area 11 (w). Plan: Fig. III.2 Section: West Fig. III.3 Photos: FP #4183-84, 4200

12007

6

XIX

12008

5

XVIII

Wall Tower 5017 in Area 12 Plans: Figs. III.2-3, 5; Plans I-II Chalk-plaster Glacis 8012 continuation in Area 12. Butts against the south face of Wall Tower 5017 at 219.90 (w), 220.03 (mid-point), and 220.13 (e) and runs below Wall 12005. Same as L. 11010 in Area 11 (w) and L. 13012 in Area 13 (e). Plans: Plans I-II

EB–Hell/Rom/ NS

Field IV Area 13

241

Field IV Area 13 Field IV Area 13 Locus

Field Phase

13000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Baskets: IV.13.1–31 Object: No. 627 Alabaster fragment (pl. 3:10d)

13001–3 13004

Cancelled: Included with L. 13000 5A

XVIIIA

Connecting wall extending 18 m across Areas 3/13, 4/14, 5/15, and 6/16, linking Wall Tower 5017 (w) and Tower 6002/16013 of the Southern Gate (e). Foundations are 3 m wide at west end and 3.5 m wide at east, built with large boulders on the faces and with smaller boulders and rubble in the core. Several patches of mudbrick superstructure were preserved in situ in Areas 3/13 and 4/14. Top levels w to e along the north edge were 220.74 (Area 3), 220.62 (Area 4), 219.73 (Area 5), and 219.35 (Area 6). Top levels w to e along the south edge were 220.68 (Area 13), 219.97 (Area 14), 219.70 (Area 15), and 218.93 (Area 16). The wall was exposed in 10+ irregular courses down the north face to a founding on Wall 3097A (Area 3) at 217.94, on Wall 4113 (Area 4) at 217.62, and on Wall 6018 (Area 6) at 216.16 (w) and 216.00 (e). It was exposed 7+ courses down the south face to a founding on Wall 14012 (Area 14) at 217.97 and on Wall 16041 (Area 16) at 217.05. Wall 13004 abuts Wall Tower 5017 (w) and is bonded with the stones and mud brick of Gate Tower 6002/16013 (e). Inside, along its north face, it is butted against by room Walls 4022, 4028, 5010, 5011, and 5019. Outside, along its south face, it is butted against by Glacis 8012 (i.e., by Loci 13012, 14010, 15008, and 16005). Plans: Figs. II.1; III.2, 5, 7, 13, 20–21, 24, 26–28, 30, 34; Plans I-II, IV, VI Sections: Area 14 West Fig. III.11; Area 16 West Transverse III.12; Areas 3/13 East Transverse Fig. III.15; Area 4 West Fig. III.22; Area 4 West Transverse Fig. III.23; Area 4 East Transverse Fig. III.25; Area 5 West Transverse III.29; Area 6 West Transverse Fig. III.31; Area 6 East Transverse Fig. III.32; Plans III, V Photos: FP #1906, 1930–31, 1940–41, 2219, 2330, 2349, 2420–23, 4475 4833A; TxP III.2a, 5, 12, 15, 17–18, 20, 25, 34, 49

13005–10

Cancelled: Included with L. 13000

13011

6

XIX

Wall Tower 5017 in Area 13

13012

5

XVIII

Chalk-plaster Glacis 8012 continuation in Area 13. Abuts the south face of Wall 13004 and the se corner of Wall Tower 5017 (L. 13011). Top levels at 220.17 (against Wall 5017), 220.24 (at the juncture of Walls 5017 and 13004), and 220.00 (east against Wall 13004). Exposed to 6 m south of Wall 13004 at 219.75 where it slopes off at a 40-degree angle for another 2 m south down to 217.90 against the north face of Wall 13014 (the Outer Wall 9011 continuation in Area 13). Same as L. 12008 in Area 12 and L. 14010 in Area 14. Plans: Plans I and IV Sections: Area 13/23 East Transverse Fig. III.35; Plan III Photos: FP #1931, 1940–41, 2003, 2420–23; TxP III.2a, 5, 15, 18

13013 13014

Cancelled: Included with L. 13000 4

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 13001–3, 13005–10, 13013.

XVI

Continuation of Wall 9011 in Areas 13–23. Foundation wall built of small to medium-size boulders exposed across a 2 m wide probe section. The wall segment is 4.5 m wide with top levels of 219.20 in the north central section and 218.85 at the outer, south edge. Six to eight irregular stone courses were exposed down its inner, north face to the intersection with Glacis 13012 at 217.90. Only the upper stones of the outer, south edge were exposed. Plans: Plans I, IV Sections: Area 13/23 East Transverse Fig. III.35; Plan III Photo: FP #2219

Chalco–Rom/ NS

242

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 14 Field IV Area 14 Locus

Field Phase

14000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 14001–2, 14008. Section: West Fig. III.11 Baskets: IV.14.1–6, 15–16

Chalco–Rom/ NS

Object: No. 636 ceramic animal figurine horn (pl. 3:10e) Photos: FP #2287–88 14001–2 14003

Cancelled: Included with L. 14000 5A

XVIIIA

Screen wall, 1 row (50 cm) wide, of boulders, preserved 1–2 courses high in a 2.25 m segment running e–w with north edge at 1.5 m south of Wall 13004. Top at 220.15. Founded on Glacis 14010 at 219.62. It is the western continuation of Wall 15004 in Area 15. Plans: Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.11

14004

5A

XVIIIA

Black soil layer on Glacis 14010 between Walls 13004 and 14003. Top level 219.88 down to the glacis surface at 219.70. Baskets: IV.14.7–8

14005

5A

XVIIIA

Chalco, EB, MB IIC

Surface of chalk-plaster south of Wall 14003, running against its founding course. Top at 220.01 down to 219.98. Section: West Fig. III.11

14005.1

5A

XVIIIA

Removal of Surface 14005 and sub-surface soils down to Glacis 14010 at 219.59. Includes cancelled Loci 14006–7. Section: West Fig. III.11 Baskets: IV.14.9–14

14006–7

Cancelled: Included with L. 14005.1

14008

Cancelled: Included with L. 14000

14009

5

XVIII

Chalco–EB, MB IIC

Probe through Glacis 14010 from the west balk to 75 cm east and from Wall 13004 to 2.8 m south. Top at 219.77 (n) and 219.52 (s) down to 217.92. Includes cancelled L. 14011. Section: West Fig. III.11 Baskets: IV.14.17–22 Photo: FP #2288

14010

5

XVIII

Chalk plaster Glacis 8012 continuation in Area 14. Top levels against Wall 13004 at 219.77 (w) and 219.54 (e). Exposed to 3.65 m south of Wall 13004 at 219.52. Same as L. 13012 in Area 13 and L. 15008 in Area 15. Plans: Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.11 Photos: FP #2287–88

14011 14012

Cancelled: Included with L. 14009 6

XIX

Mud bricks of Wall 3097 below founding stones of Wall 13004 from 217.97 down to 217.80. Same as Wall 4113 in Area 4. Section: West Fig. III.11

Chalco–MB IIA–B

Field IV Area 15

243

Field IV Area 15 Field IV Area 15 Locus

Field Phase

15000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 15001–2, 15005, 15007, 15009–17, 15019–25, 15027–31, 15033–34, 15038–52. Baskets: IV.15.1–16, 18, 20–69, 71–75, 77–94

EB–Rom/NS

Objects: Nos. 629 bronze fragment (pl. 3:10f); 631 chalk bead fragment (pl. 3:10g) Photo: FP #957 15001–2 15003

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000 5

XVIII

South edge of connecting Wall 13004 in Area 15. Top at 219.70. Includes cancelled L. 15006. Plans: Plans I, IV Photos: FP #955, 963, 1861, 1865–66; TxP III.19

15004

5A

XVIIIA

Screen wall, 1 row (50 cm) wide, of boulders preserved 2 courses high in a 3.25 m segment, running e–w, with north edge at 1.5 m south of Wall 13004. Top level at 219.79. Founded on Glacis 15008 at 219.02. It is the eastward continuation of Wall 14003 in Area 14. Plans: Plans I, IV Photos: FP #955; TxP III.19

15005

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000

15006

Cancelled: Included with L. 15003

15007 15008

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000 5

XVIII

Chalk-plaster Glacis 8012 continuation in Area 15. Top levels against Wall 13004 are 219.20 (nw) and 218.63 (ne). It runs under Wall 15004 at 219.01 and slopes irregularly to the south and east. It was exposed to 2 m south of Wall 15004 at 218.66 (w) and 218.61 (e). Includes cancelled Loci 15018, 15032, and 15036. Same as L. 14010 in Area 14 and L. 16005 in Area 16. Plans: Plans I, IV Photos: FP #963; TxP III.19

15009–17

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000

15018

Cancelled: Included with L. 15008

15019–25 15026

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000 2

II

North edge of a stone tower segment of the Outer Wall 9011 system in Area 15. Is the same as L. 16053 in Area 16 (see L. 16053 for description detail). Plans: Fig. III.37; Plans I, IV Sections: Area 16 West Transverse Fig. III.38; Plan V

15027–31

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000

15032

Cancelled: Included with L. 15008

15033–34

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000

15035

2

II

Buttress wall 1.5 m wide of 4 rows of medium-size boulders. Runs 1.75 m north from Tower 15026/16053 to the face of Glacis 15008. Top levels are at 219.00 (w) and 218.58 (e). The wall’s east face is at 3.5 m west of the tower’s ne corner. Two courses down this east face were exposed down to 217.84. Plans: Fig. III.37; Plans I, IV

15036 15037

Cancelled: Included with L. 15008 nil

Fill of grey-brown soils mixed with patches of chalk lenses in the section between Tower 15026/16053 and Glacis 15008. Located west of Wall 15035 from 218.51 down to 218.33 and east of the wall from 218.51 down to 217.73. Baskets: IV.15.70, 76

15038–52

Cancelled: Included with L. 15000

MB–Roman

244

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 16 Field IV Area 16 Locus

Field Phase

16000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 16001, 16004, 16008, 16010–11, 16014, 16016, 16021. Sections: Area 26 West Fig. III.38; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.1–61, 65–116, 122–28, 131

Chalco–Hell/ NS

Objects: Nos. 282 faience bead (pl. 3:11b); 630 bronze pin (pl 3:12) Photos: FP #956, 958, 1024, 1033–34, 1081 16001 16002

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000 5

XVIII

Southwest section of the West Tower of the Southern Gate. Contiguous with L. 6002 in Area 6, L. 7002 in Area 7, and L. 17002 in Area 17. Includes cancelled Loci 16003, 16009, 16013, and 16018 (and L. 17006 in Area 17). The L. 16006 remains of associated brick in the Area’s northeast corner are preserved to 219.43. A stone core formed by lines of large boulders is exposed to the south and west. The top at the southwest corner is 216.77, rising east to 218.53 and north, at corner junction with Wall 13004, to 218.95. Brick facing L. 16038 is preserved to a height of 217.00 to the west and to 217.25 to the south. The tower is built against, but not bonded to Wall 16041. It is founded on L. 16039 at 215.45 (nw) and 214.90 (s). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Sections: South Transverse and South Facade Fig. III.8; East Transverse Fig. III.9 Photos: FP #1037, 1080, 1082, 1109, 1112, 1935

16003

Cancelled: Included with L. 16002

16004 16005

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000 5

XVIII

Chalk-plaster Glacis 8012 continuation in Area 16. Locus represents the 30 cm-deep capping layer of huwwar. Top levels at west balk 218.85 (n) and 218.25 (s). Same as L. 15008 in Area 15 and L. 17007 in Area 17. Includes cancelled L. 16012, 16019, 16022. Plans: Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.12 Baskets: IV.16.117, 132–135, 170

Chalco–MB IIC

Photos: FP #1033–36, 1081 16006

5

XVIII

Probe in brick on Tower 16002 in northeast corner of Area. Top 219.45 down to 219.37. Baskets: IV.16.62, 64

Chalco–MB IIC

Object: No. 325 faience game piece (pl. 58:10) Photos: FP #1109, 1112 16007

5

XVIII

Stony rubble below L. 16006 down to 219.27 Basket: IV.16.63

16008

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000

16009

Cancelled: Included with L. 16002

16010–11

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000

16011A

Cancelled: Included with L. 16030

16012

Cancelled: Included with L. 16005

16013

Cancelled: Included with L. 16002

Chalco–MB IIC

245

Field IV Area 16 Field IV Area 16 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

16014

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000

16015

Cancelled: Included with L. 16036

16016

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000

16017

4

XVI

Field Reading

A segment of the Outer Wall 9011 system in Areas 16/26 and 17/27, 5.25 m long and 4.5 m wide. Top levels (w to e) along the north edge are 218.10, 217.84, and 217.32; (w to e at mid-line) 217.93, 217.64 and 217.49; and (w to e along the south edge) 217.47, 216.81, and 216.02. Two to three courses of medium to large boulders were exposed down the north face to 215.80; fifteen irregular courses of small to large boulders were exposed down the south face to levels (w to e) at 213.65, 215.35, and 215.84. Founding levels down the outer face were not reached. At its western end, Wall 16017 butts against the east face of Wall Tower 16053. A probe down the north face of this tower revealed 15 stone courses and exposed a putative founding level at 214.50. Bastion Wall 16050 batters against the southeastern juncture of Wall 16017 and Tower 16053. Plans: Fig. III.37; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #4859–62, 4868A-68B; TxP III.51–53

16018

Cancelled: Included with L. 16002

16019

Cancelled: Included with L. 16005

16020

Cancelled: Included with L. 16036

16021

Cancelled: Included with L. 16000

16022

Cancelled: Included with L. 16005

16023

5

XVIII

Fill lens of yellow-brown clay and silt with pebbles and cobble stones in Glacis L. 16005 down to 218.08. Sections: West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.136, 175

16024

5

XVIII

EB–MB IIC

Huwwar plaster lens in Glacis 16005 below L. 16023 down to 217.86. Sections: West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.137–45, 172

Chalco–MB IIC

Object: No. 1546 flint celt blade (pl. 59:14a) 16025

5

XVIII

Fill lens of yellow-brown soil with occasional stones to boulder size in Glacis 16005 below L. 16024 down to 217.38. Sections: West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.146–48, 173–74, 176, 178–79

EB–MB IIC

Photo: FP #4063 16026

5

XVIII

Fill lens of dark brown soil with frequent pebble to boulder size stone in L. 16005 below L. 16025 down to 216.75. Contaminated by Macalister trench L. 16036 at north. Includes cancelled L. 16027. Sections: South Transverse Fig. III.8; West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.149–50, 152–54, 157, 180–81

Chalco– Iron II/NS

Photos: FP #4062–63 16027

Cancelled: Included with L. 16026

16028–34 16035

Cancelled: Included with L. 16036 5

XVIII

Probe through lenses of Glacis 16005 adjacent to the north face of Tower 16053 of Wall 16017. Top at 217.62 down to bottom at 213.35. Sections: West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.182–83, 185, 187, 189–91, 193, 195–97, 207, 215–19

Chalco-MB IIC

246

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 16 Locus

Field Phase

16036

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Backfill in Macalister trench along the south face of Wall 13004 and the east and south faces of Tower 16002; below and contiguous with L. 16000 down to 217.02 (at west along Wall 13004), 216.90 (at the corner junction of Wall 13004 and Tower 16002/17002), and 214.83 (at south corner of Tower 16002/17002). Includes cancelled Loci 16011A, 16015, 16020, 16028–34. Sections: West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16, 117–121, 129–30, 151, 155–56, 158–69, 171, 177, 184, 186, 188, 192, 198

Chalco–Rom/ NS

Objects: Nos. 1575 incised sherd (pl. 3:12b); 1576 incised sherd (pl. 3:12c) 16037

nil

Fill lens of dark brown soil with stones to boulder size in L. 16005. Below L. 16026 down to L. 16039 at 215.45. Contaminated by L. 16036 intrusion at north edge. Sections: South Transverse Fig. III.8; West Fig. III.12; Plan V Baskets: IV.16.194, 199–206, 208–14, 229–30

EB–Hell/Rom

Object: No. 1636 iron nail/rod (pl. 3:12a) Photos: FP #4264, 4268–69, 4276–77, 4323 16038

5

XVIII

Section of in situ brick from the facing on the west side of Tower 16002/17002. Top at 217.00. Founded in L. 16005 above the upper chalk lens of L. 16039 at 216.00. Isolated from the Tower 16002 stones by Trench 16036. Section: South Transverse Fig. III.8 Baskets: IV.16.220–228

16038A

5

XVIII

EB–MB IIC

Section of in situ mud-brick facing on the south side of Tower 16002. Top at 217.20. Bottom at 215.88. Section: East Transverse Fig. III.9

16039

nil

Fill lenses of huwwar and dark brown soils with sand and pebbles and occasional stones to boulder size below L. 16037 and 16038 down to 213.90. Contaminated by L. 16036 intrusion in the northeast corner against Wall 13004 and Tower 16002. Section: South Transverse Fig. III.9 Baskets: IV.16.231–245

EB–Hell/NS

Object: No. 1747 clay loom weight fragment (pl. 3:13a) 16040

nil

Layer of coarse dark red-brown soil with stones to boulder size below L. 16039 down to 213.45. Contaminated by intrusion of L.16036 north in the corner at the junction of the sub-foundations of Wall 16041 and Tower 16002. Section: East Transverse Fig. III.9 Baskets: IV.16.246–53

Chalco–MB IIC

Objects: Nos. 1769 bronze needle (pl. 3:11); 1802 bronze column (pl. 3:11a) 16041

6

XIX

Wall consisting of 7–8 courses of boulders topped with 2–3 courses of mud bricks below Wall 13004. Top level at 217.05. Founded at 214.40 (w) and 213.90 (e). Same as Wall 3097A (Area 3), 4113 (Area 4), 14012 (Area 14), and 6018 (Area 6). This wall continues east where it is enveloped by, but not bonded with, the stone foundations of West Gate Tower 16002. Sections: East Transverse Fig. III.9; West Fig. III.12; Plan V Photo: FP #4391

16042

nil

Macalister backfill over Outer Wall 9011 segment L. 16017. Includes cancelled Loci 16043–49. Baskets: IV.16.254–84

16043–49

Cancelled: Included in L. 16042

LB–Hell/NS

Field IV Area 16

247

Field IV Area 16 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

16050

2

II

Bastion wall of battered stone laying at a 70-degree angle against the east face of Wall Tower 16053 and butting the south face of Wall 16017. Top level 216.93. Exposed down to 213.63. Founding levels were not reached.

Field Reading

Plans: Fig. III.37; Plans I, IV Photos: FP #4859–62, 4868–68B; TxP III.51–53 16050.1

2

II

Soils in the matrix of a dismantled section of Bastion 16050. Baskets: IV.16.285, 290–92

16051

2

II

Probe down the east face of Bastion 16050 at the juncture will Wall 16017 from 215.56 down to 213.69. Includes cancelled L. 16052. Baskets: IV.16.286–89, 293–94

16052 16053

Cancelled: Included in L. 16051 2

II

Iron II–Hell

Stone tower segment in the Outer Wall 9011 system in Areas 15/25 and 16/26, first identified in Area 15 as L. 15026; 7 m wide at its east face, which is formed by a line of ashlar and ashlar-like stones. Wall 16017 butts up to it from the east and Bastion 16050 is also battered against its east face. At its southeast corner, 6 tiers of ashlar blocks were exposed from a top level of 217.35 down to 214.74 on the top of the lowest exposed stone (a founding level was not reached). At this depth, several ashlar headers forming the structure’s southeast corner and south face were exposed running 1.5 m to the west. The tower’s northern edge was exposed in an 8 m long section across Areas 15 and 16. Levels (w to e) along this edge were 219.29, 219.01, 218.88, and 218.45, with the northeast corner at 217.93. In Area 15, Buttress Wall 15035 runs from this north edge to the face of Glacis 8012 (L. 15008) at the proximate center of the tower. In Area 16, probe L. 16035 through Glacis 8012 (L. 16005) down the tower’s north face exposed 15 courses of small to large boulders laid with a slight south to north batter. A putative founding level was reached at 214.50. Plans: Fig. III.37; Plans I, IV Section: West Fig. III.12 Photos: FP #4859–62, #4868A-68B; TxP III.51–53

Iron II–Hell

248

Locus Lists

Field IV Area 17 Field IV Area 17 Locus

Field Phase

17000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Baskets: IV.17.1–64 Photos: FP #873–74

17001 17002

Cancelled: Included in L. 17000 5

XVIII

Southeastern corner remains of the West Tower of the Southern Gate. Contiguous with L. 6002 in Area 6, L. 7002 in Area 7, and L. 16002 in Area 16. Top levels at 219.12 (ne), 219.29 (nw), 218.36 (se), and 218.48 (sw). An interlacing wall of small undressed boulders was exposed down the south and east sides of the tower corner. Includes cancelled L. 17006. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: West Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #1079, 1932–33, 4830, 4833A, 4873C, 4876; TxP III.7–9, 12, 17

17003–5

Cancelled: Included in L. 17000

17006

Cancelled: Included in L. 17002

17007

5

XVIII

Eastern terminus of chalk-plaster Glacis 8012. Same as L. 16005. Top levels at 218.13 (n) and 217.90 (at 1 m s), dropping off to the south and east at 70 degrees. The lowest point exposed was at 217.45 (e). The formation drops off abruptly north down to L. 17008 at 216.75, forming a perpendicular face opposite West Gate Tower 16002/17002. This is now seen to be the north face of a trench cut along the West Gate Tower by Macalister’s workers Plans: Plans I, VI Photos: FP #4833A, 4876; TxP III.9, 12, 17

17008

5

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 17001 and 17003–5.

XVIII

Surface of chalk-plaster between and contiguous with the respective faces of Glacis 17007/16005 and West Gate Tower 16002/17002. Levels are at 216.75 (w) and 216.35 (e). Is the compacted chalk bottom of the Macalister trench along the south face of West Gate Tower 16002/17002.

Chalco–Hell/ NS

Field IV Area 18

249

Field IV Area 18 Field IV Area 18 Locus

Field Phase

18000

nil

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Baskets: IV.18.1–43 Photos: FP #2764–64A, 2778, 2796

18001

5

XVIII

Southwestern mud brick remains of the East Tower of the Southern Gate. Contiguous with L. 8025 in Area 8 and L.9003 in Areas 9 and 19. Top level at 219.42. Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Photos: FP #2290–91, 4830, 4873C; TxP III.7–8

18002–3 18004

Cancelled: Included with L. 18000 5?

XVIII?

Surface of loose soil with cobbles and boulders between Orthostats 18007 and 18008. Top levels at 214.63 (nw), 214.51 (ne), and 214.60 (s). Contiguous with L. 8024 (n). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Photos: FP #2321, 2740–41; TxP III.6

18005–6 18007

Cancelled: Included with L. 18000 5

XVIII

South orthostat of local limestone on east side of gateway with associated stones on top. This orthostat is 2.6 m long, 75 cm wide, and 1.45 m high. Levels on top of the orthostat are at 216.05 (n) and 215.80 (s). It is exposed to level of Surface 18004 at 214.45. Levels on top of the stones above are at 216.98 (n) and 216.86 (s). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: East Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #2290, 2738, 2740, 4830; TxP III.6–7

18008

5

Field Reading

Macalister backfill. Includes cancelled Loci 18002–3 and 18005–6.

XVIII

South orthostat of local limestone on west side of gateway with associated stones on top. This orthostat is 2.65 m long, 75 cm wide, and 1.5 m high. Levels on top of the orthostat are 216.20 (n) and 215.98 (s). It is exposed to level of Surface 18004 at 214.65 (n) and 214.60 (s). Levels on top of the stones above are at 217.00 (n) and 216.28 (s). Plans: Fig. III.7; Plans I, VI Section: East Elevation Fig. III.10 Photos: FP #2290, 2738, 2740, 2742, 4830; TxP III.6–7

Chalco–Hell/ NS

250

Locus Lists

Field VIII Area 1 Field VIII Area 1 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

1000–04 1005

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

Field Reading

Loci excavated in 1970 in Field V Area 10. Now combined with Field VIII Area 1 L. 1005. nil

Redistributed Macalister backfill and surface debris. Excavated as Loci 1000–04 in 1970. Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; South Fig. III.51; North Fig. III.52 Baskets: VIII.1.1–35

1006 1007

EB–Byz/NS

Canceled: Included with L. 1011 4

XIX

The northeast corner of a stone tower of the Inner Wall system plotted first by Macalister in his grid section 2/18 (see frontis) and again exposed as L. 4004 in 1970 during HUC Phase I clearance and excavation work in Field V Area 4. From its south balk, Wall segment 1007 protruded just into the southwest corner of Field VIII, Area 1, extending 30 cm north and 37 cm east. Four courses of roughly hewn, boulder-size stones were exposed from a top level below fill L. 1009 at 218.31 down to a founding level on fill L. 1013 at 216.80. Fill Loci 1011 and 1012 lay up against its north and east faces. Plans: Figs. III.46, 48, 53; Plan VII Sections: West Fig. III.49; South Fig. III.51 Photos: FP #4551, 4637–39, 4837–39; TxP III.69–70, 74

1008 1009

Canceled: Included with 1011 nil

Layer of soil over the whole area below L. 1005, representing backfill from Macalister’s excavations. Above L. 1011 fill and over Tower 1007 with bottom level at 218.31 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; South Fig. III.51; North Fig. III.52 Photo: FP #4550; TxP III.70, 74

1010 1011

Canceled: Included with 1011 1

II?

Layer of fill below L. 1009 over the whole area. Fill runs against the uppermost north and east faces of Tower 1007 and down slope over the remains of Glacis Fills 1012 and 1017. To the west, it fills a pitted section in L. 1017 down to L. 1024 with a level at the deepest point at 215.30. At the north, it runs against and over the top of the upper courses of stones of Wall 1020. Includes cancelled Loci 1006, 1009–10, 1018. Plan: Fig. III.53 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; South Fig. III.51; North Fig. III.52 Baskets: VIII.1.36–37, 41–50, 52–53, 55, 60–63, 73–75

EB–Hell

Objects: Nos. 1973 limestone mortar fragment (pl. 73:23a); 1992 flint blade (pl. 73:23b); 2007 jar handle with scarab shaped impression (pl. 73:23c) Photos: FP #4551, 4637–38; TxP III.74 1012

3

XVIII

Layer of fine silt to granule size sediment containing a large number of pebble to boulder-size unhewn fieldstones used as preparation fill for glacis construction. From the south balk it extended north, down slope for 3.5 m along the west balk and for 3 m along the east balk. Top levels below fill L. 1011 were 218.25 (s), 216.50 (nw), and 217.75 (ne). Bottom levels above fill L. 1013 were 216.95 (s), 216.00 (nw), and 216.50 (ne). It lay up against the north and east faces of Tower 1007. At its northern limit, it sloped off at a 35-degree angle and was contained by Wall 1015. The chalk of Glacis 1017 lensed up and upon its sloping north face. Plans: Figs. III.48, III.53 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; South Fig. III.51 Baskets: VIII.1.38 and 51 Photos: FP #4637–38; TxP III.74

EB, MB IIA–C

251

Field VIII Area 1 Field VIII Area 1 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

1013

3

XVIII

Layer of construction fill below L.1012. Extended under the founding stone of Tower 1007 at 216.80 and ran north to the inner, south face of Wall 1015. Its top levels below fill L.1012 were 218.25 (s), 216.75 (nw), and 216.50 (ne). Bottom levels on L. 1016 were 216.90 (s), 216.00 (nw), and 216.12 (ne). Includes cancelled L. 1014.

Field Reading

Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; South Fig. III.51 Baskets: VIII.1.39–40, 56

EB, MB IIA–C

Photos: FP #4637–38; TxP III.74 1014 1015

Canceled: Included with 1013 4

XIX

Revetment wall of small to large fieldstones. Built across the face of the slope at between 3.25 and 3.75 m north of the south balk. It was founded on bedrock at 215.22 (w) and 215.68 (e) and was preserved 3–7 courses high. Top levels were at 216.19 below L. 1011 (w), and at 216.50 below L. 1017 (e). Fill L. 1021 was laid in against its north face. It retained fills of Loci 1012, 1013, and 1016. It extended beyond the area to the west into Field V Area 3, where it was exposed as Wall 3006 in 1970. Plan: Fig. III.48 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50 Baskets: VIII.1.98, 102, 104–5

MB II

Objects: No. 2277 flint blade (pl. 74:33a) Photos: #4670–72, 4724–25, 4727, 4757; TxP III.71–73 1016

4

XIX

Layer of fill below L. 1013 and over bedrock with many small to medium boulder inclusions. It is retained by Wall 1015 at the north and covers the whole area to the south balk. Includes cancelled L. 1019. Plan: Fig. III.48 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; South Fig. III.51 Baskets: VIII.1.57–59, 87–88

1017

3

XVIII

EB–MB IIA/B

Glacis cover layer of compacted limestone chips and chalk above fill L. 1024 and terrace Wall 1027. It lenses up over revetment Wall 1023 and onto the face of fill L. 1012. Top levels below fill L. 1011 along its east half were 217.65 (se) and 216.25 (ne), which complemented the gradual 15-degree slope of the fill L. 1012 surface to the north. To the west, its top was preserved to 216.10 (nw) but was pitted out to the south down to the level of fill L. 1024 at 215.30 (lowest point). At its northernmost extension, 7 m from the south balk, its face sloped off abruptly at an angle of 45 degrees. Wall 1020 was subsequently built in a batter against this north face. Includes cancelled L. 1022. Plan: Fig. III.53 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50 Baskets: VIII.1. 64–71, 76–77, 79–80, 90–92, 107 Objects: No. 2053 flint blade (pl. 74:18a) Photos: FP #4724; TxP III.72

1018

Canceled: Included with 1011

1019

Canceled: Included with 1016

Chalco, EB, MB IIA–C

252

Locus Lists

Field VIII Area 1 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text)

1020

2

XVI

Wall of medium to large boulders across the northern width of the area. The three top rows were exposed protruding out to 1 m south from the north balk. Top levels below the L. 1011 fill were 216.22 (w) and 216.42 (e). It was built on a batter against the face of Glacis 1017 and was preserved in 5 irregular courses to 1 m high. It was founded in fill L. 1024 just above bedrock at levels 215.22 (w) and 215.50 (e). It is identified at part of the Outer Wall system along the northern slope.

Field Reading

Plan: Fig. III.54 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; North Fig. III.52 Photos: FP #4757–58, 4838; TxP III.70, 73 1021

4

XIX

Layer of compacted soil and occupation debris on top of bedrock between Walls 1015 and 1023. Top levels were 216.43 (e) below fill L. 1017 and 216.32 (w) below L 1011. Stones of Wall 1023 contained it on the north and were battered over onto its face. Plan: Fig. III.48 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50 Baskets: VIII.1.67, 72, 78, 89, 93, 95–96, 99

EB, MB IIA–C

Photos: FP #4672A, 4724–25; TxP III.72 1022 1023

Canceled: Included with L. 1017 4

XIX

Revetment wall of small boulders and cobble-size stones crossing the area at 3 m south of the north balk. Founded on bedrock at 215.40 (ne) and 215.20 (nw). Battered against and over fill L. 1021 to the south, with top preserved stones below Glacis 1017 at 216.45 (se) and 215.75 (ne), and below L. 1011 at 215.62 (w). It extended beyond the area to the west into Field V Area 3, where it was exposed as Wall 3009 in 1970. Plan: Fig. III.48 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East III.50 Baskets: VIII.1.97, 100–101, 103

Chalco, EB, MB II

Photos: FP #4670–72A, 4724–25, #4839; TxP III.71–72 1024

4

XIX

Layer of silt and small stones over bedrock, extending north from the face of Wall 1023 to the north balk. Top levels below Glacis 1017 were at 215.60 (se) and below fill L. 1011 at 215.60 (sw). At the north balk, Wall 1020 was founded on this layer at 215.37. Terrace Wall 1027 was set into this layer across the area at 1.5 m from the north balk. Included cancelled Loci 1026, 1028–29. Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50; North Fig. III.52 Baskets: VIII.1.83–86 94, 106, 108–9 Objects: No. 2255 stamped jar handle (pl. 75:23a) Photos: FP #4725, 4757–58; TxP III.73

1025

Canceled: Included with L. 1027

1026

Canceled: Included with L. 1024

1027

3

XVIII

Terrace wall of small to medium boulders, 1 row wide and 1 course high, angling slightly se to nw across the area at 1.5 m south of the north balk. Set into L. 1024 with top levels at 215.55 (e) and 215.37 (w). Includes cancelled L. 1025. Plan: Fig. III.48 Section: East Fig. III.50 Photos: FP #4756–58; TxP III.73

Chalco, MB IIA–B

Field VIII Area 1

253

Field VIII Area 1 Locus

Field Phase

Tell Str.

5

XXVI

1028–29 1030A–D

Description Plans, Sections, Baskets, Objects, Photos (FP = Field; TxP = Text) Canceled: Included with L. 1024. A series of four cupmarks cut into the bedrock. L. 1030A was under wall 1015. Plan: Fig. III.47 Photos: FP #4756–57, 4838; TxP III.70, 73

1031

5

XXVI

A water channel cut into the bedrock, extending slightly se-nw across the area at 2.75 m north of the south balk. Bottom levels were at 215.50 (e) and 215.12 (w). Plan: Fig. III.47 Sections: West Fig. III.49; East Fig. III.50 Photos: FP #4670, 4672–72A, 4757, 4838; TxP III.70–71, 73

Field Reading

Plate and Description Conventions The materials that follow in Plates 1–75 are organized by fields and are in stratigraphic sequence from latest to earliest dated collections. Pottery and object materials are presented together in locus groups. The individual line-drawings of pottery and objects on the plates are referenced throughout this volume by plate numbers (Arabic) followed by a colon and the item number (also Arabic), e.g., pl. 12:6. Items described but not illustrated are indicated by

item number followed by a lower case letter, e.g., pl. 48:7a. The drawings are all presented at a scale of 1:5 unless otherwise noted on the plates. The conventions for pottery descriptions are substantially those used in Gezer II (HUC) as outlined more fully in chapter 5 of A Manual of Field Excavation (Dever and Lance 1978). Pottery descriptions are all presented in the following pattern:

A.  Technique: (handmade, wheelmade, etc.) B.  Ware Paste: 1.  Color (of sherd section in a fresh break using Munsell Soil Color Charts) 2.  Inclusions (sometimes called “temper” or “grit,” measured according to standard type groups as observed by the naked eye) a. “Sand” – appearing as sand particles; a subgroup of this category, involving larger particles, is noted as “wadi gravel” b. “Lime” – appearing as white chalky limestone particles c. “Ceramic” – appearing as angular red or black particles of ground pottery (sometimes called “grog”) d. “Crystal” – appearing as angular translucent or “sparkling” particles e. “Organic” – appearing as straw, or as remnant patterns of straw in the fabric, or as striated black carbon deposits f. “Shell” – appearing as shell particles or scales (rare since shell bits regularly degrade in firing, appearing as “Lime”) g. Indications as to the size (small, medium, large) and frequency of appearance (few, some, many) of inclusions are provided according to established standards. 3.  Firing (described according to the observable remnant carbon discoloration at the center of the sherd section as either “no core,” “light grey core,” “grey core,” or “dark grey core”) 4.  Hardness (measured as “soft,” “hard,” or “metallic,” using Moh’s Scale scratch tests) C.  Ware Surface: (Interior and Exterior use the same conventions) 1.  Color (Munsell) 2.  Treatment (“wash,” “slip,” “burnish” [including type and decoration], “paint” [including type, either “oxide” or “organic”], and color [using Munsell]) a. “As paste” (the color and appearance are the same as the paste)

Thus, e.g., Technique: Wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some medium to large lime; grey core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/6 “red” slip, burnished on rim. 255

256

Plate and Description Conventions

Identifications of vessel forms and types relate to discussions in chapter IV. References to sub-type elements in pottery descriptions are provided only for Middle Bronze Age forms or forms with presumptive Middle Bronze ancestry. Most specifically, these include rim types on platter bowls, cooking pots, and storage jars. Details related to these subtypes can be found in chapter IV.5.a (2) sections (a), (f), and (i), respectively.

Object descriptions follow conventions developed for the Lahav Research Project. Details of this system are presented in Appendix 27 of its Field Operations Guidebook (Seger 1980). Object descriptions are presented in the following pattern:

A.  Composition: Material or materials from which the object is made; Ceramic materials are further described using the pottery conventions. B.  Color: Color or colors using Munsell charts. C.  Dimensions: Three-dimensional measurements in millimeters; Abbreviations used include: L. = length, W. = width, Th. = thickness, H. = height, D. = diameter, mm = millimeters. D.  Condition: Explicit statement of the completeness and stability of the object.

Thus, e.g., Composition: Bone. Color: 7.5 YR 6/4 “light brown.” Dimensions: L. 20 mm, W. 6 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: top broken off; very fragile. Where appropriate, Israel Department of Antiquities (now Israel Antiquities Authority) registration numbers are given for objects, e.g., IDA 74-255. Photos found in the main body of text are referenced “TxP” (text photo).

Plates

257

258

Plate 1 Plate 1.  Field IV – Nil

Plate Number 1.

Object, (Object Number) Scarab, 1504 (IDA 1974810)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) G72, IV.5.227, L. 5000

2.

Scarab, 1509 (IDA 1974770)

G72, IV, Macalister backfill

Composition: faience. Color: white with azure tinges. Dimensions: L. 14 mm, W. 10 mm, Th. 7 mm. Condition: good, broken on sides.

3.

Figurine Plaque, 1508

G72, IV, Macalister backfill (TxP V.E.1)

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 6/2 “pink” with red paint. Dimensions: H. 31 mm, W. 41 mm, Th. 11 mm. Condition: good, half fragment.

4.

Net Weight, 1715

G72, IV.2.65, L. 2000

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 5/0 “gray.” Dimensions: D. 45 mm, Th. 26 mm. Condition: good.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.22, Nos. 10 and 11, L.3009

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small quartz, few large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5a.

Pin, 755

G70, IV.3.2, L. 3001

Composition: bronze. Color: dark green. Dimensions: L. 113 mm, D. 3 mm. Condition: fragile.

6.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G70, IV.3.22, No. 7, L.3009

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large ceramic, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Krater (Kr)

G73, IV.4.110, No. 1, L. 4031 Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some large lime, many large wadi gravel, few large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Bead, 2105

G73, IV.4.134, L. 4031

Composition: faience/frit. Color: 5Y 7/1 “light gray.” Dimensions: L. 33 mm, D. 10 mm. Condition: good.

9.

Button/Whorl, 1993

G73, IV.4.108, L. 4031

Composition: steatite. Color: 10YR 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: D. 23 mm, H. 1 mm. Condition: good.

10.

Spindle Whorl, 196

G67, IV.4.5, L. 4001

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 7/5 “pink.” Dimensions: D. 55 mm, Th. 10 mm. Condition: good, reused bowl base.

10a.

Kernos Ring, 1633

G72, IV.4, Macalister backfill

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7/3YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: L. 112 mm, W. 77 mm, Th. 7 mm. Condition: good, fragment.

10b.

Blade Point, 1866

G72, IV.4.105, L. 4029

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 45 mm, W. 2 mm. Condition: good.

11.

Bead, 1909

G73, IV.4, Macalister backfill

Composition: amethyst. Color: translucent violet. Dimensions: D. 7 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

12.

Pendant?, 1864

G73, IV.4.130, L. 4030

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L/W. 14 mm. Condition: slightly corroded.

13.

Coin, 1863

G73, IV.4.130, L. 4030

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: D. 18 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: corroded.

14.

Fibula, 2009

G73, IV.4.108, L. 4031

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 53 mm, W. 19 mm. Condition: corroded.

15.

Saddle Quern, 1892

G73, IV.4.108, L. 4031

Composition: basalt. Color: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 349 mm, W. 125 mm. Condition: good.

15a.

Animal Figurine Horn, 2402 G74, IV.4.314A, L. 4132 (IDA 1974-1852)

Description Composition: steatite. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 15.6 mm, W. 11 mm, Th. 7.5 mm. Condition: good.

Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 42 mm, W. 11 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good, fragment.

Plate 1

259

260

Plate 2 Plate 2.  Field IV – Nil

Plate Object, Number Object no. 1. Blade, 2142

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) G73, IV.5.271, L. 5034

2.

Spindle Whorl/Net Weight, 2166

G73, IV.6.4, L. 6000

Composition: limestone. Color: 5Y 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 40 mm, Th. 11 mm. Condition: good, half fragment.

3.

Figurine (Mycenaean), 1966

G73, IV.6.7, L. 6000 (TxP V.E.3)

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 50 mm, W. 40 mm. Condition: good, body fragment.

4.

Bead, 1113

G71, IV.8.10, L. 8000

Composition: glass. Color: white with red bands. Dimensions: L. 3.5 mm, D. 10 mm. Condition: good, broken corner.

5.

Loom Weight, 1606

G72, IV.8.30, L. 8000

Composition: clay. Color: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown.” Dimensions: D. 90mm, Th. 79mm. Condition: good.

6.

Bead, 1855

G73, IV.9.20, L. 9000

Composition: faience. Color: azure. Dimensions: D. 9 mm, H. 9 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Bead, 1857

G73, IV.9.27, L. 9000

Composition: faience. Color: azure. Dimensions: D. 4 mm, H. 9 mm. Condition: good.

8.

Tournette Base, 1877

G73, IV.9.37, L. 9000

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 3/0 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 145 mm, Th. 50 mm. Condition: good, quarter fragment.

9.

Knob, 1867

G73, IV.9.30, L. 9000

Composition: alabaster. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray.” Dimensions: D. 56 mm, H. 36 mm. Condition: fragment.

10.

Bird Figurine, 1852

G73, IV.9.6, L. 9000

Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 24 mm, W. 21 mm. Condition: good, tail fragment.

11.

Figurine, 1853 (IDA 1974709)

G73, IV.9.21, L. 9000 (TxP V.E.2)

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 5/6 “red.” Dimensions: L. 31 mm, W. 32 mm. Condition: good, head fragment.

12.

Arrowhead, 1900

G73, IV.9.61, L. 9000

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 65 mm, W. 15 mm. Condition: corroded.

13.

Loom Weight, 1869

G73, IV.9.31, L. 9000

Composition: clay. Color: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: D. 76 mm, H. 50 mm. Condition: good.

14.

Loom Weight, 1870

G73, IV.9.31, L. 9000

Composition: clay. Color: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: D. 65 mm, H. 46 mm. Condition: good.

14a.

Fan Scraper, 1876

G72, IV.9.30, L. 9000

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 70 mm, W. 31 mm. Condition: good.

Description Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 4/3 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 68 mm, W. 25 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 2

261

262

Plate 3 Plate 3.  Field IV – Nil

Plate Object, Number Object no. 1. Awl, 1873 (IDA 1974713)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) G73, IV.10.8, L. 10000

2.

Loom Weight, 1899

G73, IV.10.17, L. 10000

Composition: clay. Color: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: D. 90 mm, H. 65 mm. Condition: fractured, but mended.

3.

Bead, 1902

G73, IV.10.18, L. 10000

Composition: faience. Color: blue. Dimensions: D. 5 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: good.

4.

Tournette base, 1868

G73, IV.10.8, L. 10000

Composition: olivine basalt. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 110 mm, Th. 19 mm. Condition: good, quarter fragment.

4a.

Blade, 1860

G72, IV.10.4, L. 10000

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 53 mm, W. 14 mm. Condition: good.

4b.

Blade, 1908

G72, IV.10.19, L. 10000

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown. Dimensions: L. 70 mm, W. 24 mm. Condition: good, end fragment.

5.

Animal Figurine, 1709

G72, IV.11.47, L. 11000

Composition: ceramic. Color: 1.5YR 5/6 “red.” Dimensions: L. 99 mm, W. 58 mm, Th. 36 mm. Condition: good, body fragment.

6.

Bead – Object No.1590 G72, IV.11.9, L. 11000

Composition: carnelian. Color: 10YR 4/8 “red.” Dimensions: D. 7 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Pin, 1666

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 52 mm, W. 5 mm. Condition: corroded.

8.

Bowl – Object No.1645 G72, IV.11.28, L. 11000

Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5Y 2/0 “black.” Dimensions: L. 95 mm, W. 60 mm, Th. 38 mm. Condition: good, half fragment.

8a.

Bowl, 1644 (IDA 1974- G72, IV.11.28, L. 11000 911) (TxP V.A)

Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5Y N4/ “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 100 mm, W. 110 mm, Th. 30 mm. Condition: good, grooved.

9.

Amulet, 1582 (IDA 1974-863)

G72, IV.11.5, L. 11000 (TxP V.A)

Composition: faience. Color: 10Y 7/1 “light greenish gray.” Dimensions: L. 36 mm, W. 24 mm, Th. 10 mm. Condition: good.

10.

Bowl base, 1601 (IDA 1974-863)

G72, IV.12.39, L. 12000

Composition: basalt. Color: Color: 2.5Y 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: D. 40 mm, Th. 19 mm. Condition: good.

10a.

Blade, 1571

G72, IV.12.29, L. 12000

Composition: flint. Color: 5 YR 5/3 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 45 mm, W. 23 mm, Th. 9 mm. Condition: good, fragment.

10b.

Incised Handle, 1534 (IDA 1974-825)

G72, IV.12.6, L. 12000

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10 YR 8/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 98 mm, W. 32 mm, Th. 54 mm. Condition: good, incised X.

10c.

Incised Handle, 1549 (IDA 1974-815)

G72, IV.12.8, L. 12000

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10 YR 7/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: good, incised X in a circle.

10d.

Vessel, 627

G70, IV.13.3, L. 13000

Composition: alabaster. Color: 10 YR 8/1 “white.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: good, fragment.

10e.

Animal Figurine Horn, 636

G70, IV.14.2, L. 14000

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10 R 5/6 “yellowish brown.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: good, fragment.

10f.

Pin?, 629

G70, IV.15.55, L. 15000

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: NA. Condition: corroded fragment.

10g.

Bead, 631

G70, IV.15.57, L. 15000

Composition: chalk or frit? Color: 10 YR 8/1 “white.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: good, fragment.

11.

Needle, 1769

G72, IV.16.249, L. 16040

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 74 mm, W. 2 mm. Condition: corroded

11a.

Leg/Column, 1802 (IDA 1974-892)

G72, IV.16.246, L. l6040

Composition: bronze. Color: dark green. Dimensions: L. 337 mm, W. 68 mm, Th. 11. Condition: good, slightly corroded

11b.

Bead, 282

G68, IV.16.37, L. 16000

Composition: faience. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA, cylindricaL. Condition: fragile.

12.

Pin, 630

G70, IV.16.71, L. 16000

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 53 mm, D. 4 mm. Condition: corroded.

12a.

Nail/Rod, 1636

G72, IV.16.206, L. 16037

Composition: iron. Color: rust-red. Dimensions: L. 155 mm, D. 20 mm. Condition: corroded.

12b.

Inscribed Sherd?, 1575

G72, IV.16.151, L. 16036

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5 YR 7/4 “pink.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: good.

12c.

Inscribed Sherd?, 1576

G72, IV.16.163, L. 16036

Composition: ceramic. Color: 10 YR 8/2 “white.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: good.

13.

Lamp

G72, IV.16.205, No.1, L. 16037

Technique: wheel and handmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; very many small to large lime, very many very small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13a.

Loom Weight, 1747

G72, IV.16.236, L. 16039

Composition: clay. Color: 5 YR 5/4 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 32 mm, W. 28 mm, Th. 18 mm. Condition: good, half fragment.

14.

Lamp

G72, IV.16.257, No.1, L. 16040

Technique: moldmade. Paste: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip, 10YR 2/1 “black.”

G72, IV.11.42, L. 11000

Description Composition: bone. Color: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 63 mm, D. 7 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 3

263

264

Plate 4 Plate 4.  Field IV – Stratum I

Plate Object, Number Object no. 1. Dipper Juglet (Jld)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.1.3 (Balk), No.1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal, ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) L. 1002 as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Krater sherd (Kr), 281

G68, IV.1.23, No. 281, L. 1002

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime, some small crystal, some ceramic and some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, (Ext.) slip 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown,” organic painted fish – 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red” and 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.”

3.

Mortoria base

G68, IV.1.31A, No.1, L. 1002

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small to large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.1.17, No. 4, (SJ .51) L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.1.18, No. 9, (SJ .52) L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; some small and few medium ceramic, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.1.18, No. 15, (SJ .52) L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large organic, few medium to large ceramic, some medium to large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G68, IV.1.18, No. 4, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very many small to large lime, some large wadi gravel, some small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

8.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G68, IV.1.18, No. 5, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime, many medium to large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G68, IV.1.18, No. 2, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large lime, some medium organic, some small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G68, IV.1.17, No. 5, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many medium to large lime, few medium ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow,” incised grooves around shoulder.

11.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G68, IV.1.17, No. 8, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium ceramic, few large organic, some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Carinated Bowl G68, IV.1.18, No. 14, (Bc) L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp. 43)

G68, IV.1.17, No. 3, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large organic, some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” on rim with horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G68, IV.1.18, No. 6, L. 1007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large ceramic and organic, many medium to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp .43)

G68, IV.1.31B, No. 4, L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some large organic, some medium to large ceramic, some medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G68, IV.1.31B, No. 2, L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large ceramic, some large lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G68, IV.1.31B, No. 9, L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large organic, some small ceramic, some medium to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Platter bowl (Bp .53)

G68, IV.1.34, No. 1, L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

19.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G68, IV.1.31B, No. 3, L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium ceramic, some small to large lime, some large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

20.

Vase base

G68, IV.1.31B, No. 1, L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small and large ceramic, some small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 7.5YR 8/4 “pink” in spiral pattern; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Carinated Bowl G68, IV.1.31B, No. 7, base (Bc cd) L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; few small ceramic and crystal, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Carinated Bowl G68, IV.1.31B, No. 8, (Bc) L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small lime, few large lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

23.

Carinated Bowl G68, IV.1.31B, No. 15, (Bc) L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small ceramic, few large organic, many medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Globular Bowl G68, IV.1.31B, No. 10, (Bg) L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small lime, few large lime, some medium ceramic, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 5/8 “red”; (Ext.) as interior, horizontal burnish.

25.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.1.31B, No.6, (SJ .41) L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to large lime, some medium to large wadi gravel, few small and large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

26.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.1.31B, No.12, (SJ .52) L. 1012.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large lime, many very small lime, few small ceramic, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Blade, 353

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; Dimensions: L. 68 mm, W. 33 mm, Th. 6 mm; Condition: good.

G68, IV.1.34, L. 1012.P

Plate 4

265

266

Plate 5 Plate 5.  Field IV – Stratum I

Plate Number Object 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G68, IV.1.37, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium to large lime, some large wadi L. 1012.1 gravel, few large organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G68, IV.1.37, No. 8, L. 10121.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium to large wadi gravel, few small to medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.1.37, No. 6, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many small to medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G68, IV.1.37, No. 19, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; some small ceramic, few large lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) slip 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” horizontal burnish.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.1.37, No. 17, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some very small lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray.”

6.

Jug base (Jg)

G68, IV.1.37, No. 14, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; few large, some small lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Vase base

G68, IV.1.37, No. 21, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and sand, few medium organic, few medium and large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Vase base

G68, IV.1.37, No. 5, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large ceramic, few medium to large wadi gravel and lime, many very small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white” with organic paint 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown” in spiral pattern. (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal burnish.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .23)

G68, IV.1.37, No. 3, L. 1012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many small to medium lime, few medium wadi gravel, some small sand, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G68, IV.1.32, No. 1, L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium organic, few large ceramic, some small and medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G68, IV.1.32, No. 4, L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

12.

Krater (Kr)

G68, IV.1.44, No. 4, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip bands 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip bands 5YR 7/3 “pink,” horizontal burnish.

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp. 11)

G68, IV.1.44, No.1, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small lime, few small ceramic, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/6 “yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp. 12)

G68, IV.1.44, No. 5, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium ceramic, some medium lime, few large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp. 21)

G68, IV.1.44, No .14, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, many small to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.)as paste, slip bands 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp .51)

G68, IV.1.43, No. 1, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small to medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

17.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G68, IV.1.44, No. 9, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, few large lime, wadi gravel and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G68, IV.1.43, No. 8, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many small to large lime, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G68, IV.1.44, No. 11, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G68, IV.1.45, No. 2, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; very many small to large lime, few large ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 4/2 “dark reddish gray.”

21.

Cooking Pot

G68, IV.1.44, No. 13, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; some very small to small lime, some medium wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G68, IV.1.45, No. 4, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; very many small to medium wadi gravel and lime, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .11)

G68, IV.1.44, No. 15, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Krater sherd (Kr)

G68, IV.1.43, No. 4, L. 1019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, slip 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown” with oxide paint 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red” and 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red” in broad horizontal and vertical bands over diamond-shaped reserve slip pattern and 10R “dark reddish gray” vertical border bands.

Plate 5

267

268

Plate 6 Plate 6.  Field IV – Stratum I

Plate Number Object 1. Krater sherd (Kr)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.2.59, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small lime, some very small to small L. 2013 ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, slip 2.5Y 8/2 “white” with organic paint 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown” and 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” in horizontal decorative bands and bird tail design.

2.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.2.56, No. 6, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; some small ceramic, some small to medium lime; light gray; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.2.43, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G72, IV.2.31, No. 8, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G72, IV.2.49, No. 2, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small to medium ceramic, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” horizontal groove incised below rim; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.”

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G72, IV.2.42, No. 8, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Platter Bowl

G72, IV.2.72, No. 12, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small lime, many small wadi gravel, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G72, IV.2.47, No. 4, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small-to-small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.2.56, No. 256, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; very many small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as paste, incised mark below rim.

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G72, IV.2.54, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G72, IV.2.55, No. 2, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.2.88, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some small lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink,” organic paint 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint as interior on rim.

13.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.2.71, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small to small lime, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown” with organic paint 7.5YR 4/2 “brown” and 2.5YR 5/6 “red” in alternating horizontal bands.

14.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.2.56, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 10YR 8/2 “white” with organic paint 7.5YR 5/4 “brown” in decorative lines.

15.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G72, IV.2.47, No. 6, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many very small to medium lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G72, IV.2.49, No. 4, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small to small ceramic, some small wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint 7.5YR 5/2 “brown” in horizontal band below rim.

17.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G72, IV.2.85, No. 5, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small to large lime, few medium to large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .14)

G72, IV.2.43, No. 5A, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; few medium ceramic, some small to large lime, few small to large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G72, IV.2.78, No. 2, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G72, IV.2.50, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some very small-to-small ceramic, some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .14)

G72, IV.2.32, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small-to-small lime, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/6 “yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G72, IV.2.70, No. 5, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small to small ceramic, some small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red” in horizontal bands.

23.

Bowl (Cypriot G72, IV.2.32, No. 16, monochrome) L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime; gray core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Krater sherd (Kr)

G72, IV.2.47, No. 9, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” alternating with 5YR 3/3 “dark reddish brown” forming decorative horizontal and vertical bands.

25.

Krater sherd (Kr)

G72, IV.2.71, No. 3, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 7/2 “light gray”; very many small lime, some small wadi gravel, many very small sand, many small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, with organic paint 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown” and 10YR 4/1 “dark gray” in vertical bands and wavy lines.

26.

Krater sherd (Kr)

G72, IV.2.55, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many very small to small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Ext.) as paste, with organic paint 10R 4/3 “weak red” and 10R 5/1 “reddish gray” in horizontal bands, incised rope impression.

Plate 6

269

270

Plate 7 Plate 7.  Field IV – Stratum I

Plate Registry No., Number Object Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Carinated Bowl G72, IV.2.55, No. 7, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few medium lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; (Bc) L. 2013 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.2.16, No. 3, (Bc) L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Flaring G72, IV.2.50, No. 9, Carinated Bowl L. 2013 (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip on rim 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow,” horizontal burnish. (Ext.) 10YR “very pale brown,” horizontal burnish.

4.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.2.40, No. 6, (Bc) L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some very small lime and small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.2.82, No. 7, (Bc) L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste:5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” on rim; (Ext.) as paste, slip as interior on rim and body, horizontal burnish.

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .42)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.2.38, No. 8, (Bc) L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some very small-to-small wadi gravel, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” on rim; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink” slip, as interior on rim edge.

8.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.2.16, No. 2, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G72, IV.2.84, No. 13, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown.”

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G72, IV.2.59, No. 3, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime, few small wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

11.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G72, IV.2.33, No. 7, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many small to large lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red.”

12.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G72, IV.2.56, No. 8, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many small to large lime, few small to medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.2.46, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to large lime, many medium wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G72, IV.2.69, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many small to medium wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

15.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.2.70, No. 2, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small lime, many small to medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Storage Jar base

G72, IV.2.57, No. 3, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small lime and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/1 “gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G72, IV.2.35, No. 1, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Bowl base

G72, IV.2.47, No. 3, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G72, IV.2.47, No. 10, L. 2013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

20.

Platter Bowl

G72, IV.2.36, No. 6, L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; many small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 8/4 “pink.”

21.

Flaring G72, IV.2.36, No. 10, Carinated Bowl L. 2015 (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Bowl (Cypriot monochrome)

G72, IV.2.36, No. 12, L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many very small-to-small lime; gray core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) slip 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as interior, vertical fluting below carination.

23.

Bowl (Cypriot monochrome)

G72, IV.2.36, No. 3, L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime; gray core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) slip 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.2.39, No. 1, (SJ .51) L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime, few small wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

25.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.2.39, No. 6, (SJ .52) L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small wadi gravel, some small lime and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

26.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.2.36, No. 7, (SJ .13) L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

27.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.2.39, No. 3, L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown”; very many small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

28.

Jug base (Cypriot BR I)

G72, IV.2.36, No. 14, L. 2015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/1 “gray”; many very small to small lime; no core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red.”

G72, IV.2.82, No. 11, L. 2013

Plate 7

271

272

Plate 8 Plate 8.  Field IV – Stratum I

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Platter Bowl (Bp .13)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G68, IV.3.47, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; some small lime, few very small to small ceramic; no core; L. 3018 hard. Surface: (Int.)10YR 8/2 “white,” horizontal burnish”; (Ext.) as interior, horizontal burnish on rim.

2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.49, No. 2, L. 3018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime and wadi gravel, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.245, No. 6, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small to large crystal, few small sand, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G70, IV.3.246, No. 3, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small sand, some small organic, crystal, and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Platter Bowl

G68, IV.3.91, No. 5, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small to small lime and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .63)

G68, IV.3.83, No. 7, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

7.

Bowl (Cypriot G70, IV.3.135, No. 5, monochrome) L. 3026

Technique: handmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many small crystal and lime; no core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) slip 10R 5/4 “weak red.”

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.246, No. 10, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; many very small to small crystal, many very small organic, few very small ceramic and small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, traces of burnish.

9.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G68, IV.3.91, No. 9, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70.72, IV.3.242, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small organic and very small to small crystal, few L. 3026 very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.83, No. 23, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; very many very small to small lime, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Cooking Tray (Ct)

G70, IV.3.135, No. 1, L. 3026

Technique: handmade and wheelmade. Paste: 10R 6/4 “pale red”; some large lime and sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.3.83, No. 3, (SJ .41) L. 3026

14.

Storage Jar rim G70.72, IV.3.242, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small and small to few medium lime, some small L. 3026 organic and crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

15.

Jug base G70, IV.3.246, No. 9, (Cypriot BR I) L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, few small lime; no core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) slip 10R 4/6 “red” with irregular horizontal burnish.

16.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G70, IV.3.240, No. 9, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; many small to medium wadi gravel and ceramic, some small organic, some very small to small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

17.

Lamp

G70, IV.3.135, No. 2, L. 3026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Scarab, 301

G68, IV.3.83, L. 3026

Composition: steatite, traces of blue glaze. Color: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.” Dimensions: L. 12 mm, W. 9 mm, Th. 6.5 mm. Condition: good.

18a.

Blade, 638

G70, IV.3.40, L. 3039

Composition: flint. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: good.

19.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.6.10, No. 14, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large lime and sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Platter Bowl (Bp .63)

G72, IV.6.11, Nos. 1 and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small ceramic, many small to medium lime, many small 2, L. 6001 to medium wadi gravel, few small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Platter Bowl (Bp .21)

G72, IV.6.10, No. 1, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium wadi gravel, some small organic, few small ceramic, few small to medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste. (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.6.19, No. 1, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small ceramic, few very small lime, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Lamp

G73, IV.6.8, No. 1A and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small ceramic, very many very small sand, some medium IV.6.10, No. 7A, L. 6001 lime, ceramic and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Chalice body

G72, IV.6.15, No. 9, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; very many very small crystal, some very small organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; (Ext.) slip 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.”

25.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G72, IV.6.8, No. 11, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; many very small to small lime, crystal and organic, some small and few large wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

26.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G72, IV.6.8, No. 1, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many very small and medium crystal, some small organic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Sherd lug handle

G72, IV.6.15, No. 6, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small organic, many very small to small crystal, some very small to small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” ledge handle.

28.

Needle, 1804

G72, IV.6, L. 6001

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 86 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: corroded.

29.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.6.15, No. 12, (SJ .51) L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/4 “yellowish brown”; many very small lime and organic, many small wadi gravel, some small crystal, few medium wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

30.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.6.15, No. 8, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to medium crystal and lime, few large wadi gravel, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

30a.

Blade, 1653

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 32 mm, Th. 4 mm, W. 22 mm. Condition: good.

G72, IV.6.11, L. 6001

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 8

273

274

Plate 9 Plate 9.  Field IV – Stratum I and Stratum II

Plate Registry No., Number Object Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G72, IV.11.65, No. 10, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; some small to medium ceramic and wadi gravel; no core; rim (SJ .11) L.1004 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Storage Jar rim

G72, IV.11.65, No. 2, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime, many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim

G72, IV.11.66, No. 5, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

4.

Storage Jar rim

G72, IV.11.68, No. 6, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small to small lime, few medium organic and small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Storage Jar G72, IV.11.66, No. 2, rim (SJ .24) L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small ceramic, very many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.”

6.

Jug base

G72, IV.11.68, No. 7, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; some small lime, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 7.5YR 6/0 “gray”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

7.

Jar sherd

G72, IV.11.65, No. 12, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, finely shingled surface.

8.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.11.49, No. 2, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; very many very small lime, few small to medium lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

9.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.11.65, No. 7, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown”; some very small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

10.

Bowl rim

G72, IV.11.68, No. 8, L. 11004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.11.67, No. 1, L. 11007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Jar sherd

G72, IV.11.67, No. 6, L. 11007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; some very small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, broadly shingled surface.

13.

Storage Jar G72, IV.11.67, No. 5, rim (SJ .53) L. 11007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; some very small to small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Jar sherd

G72, IV.11.49, No. 3, L. 1107

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, broadly shingled surface.

15.

Jug/Bowl base

G74, IV.16.291, No. 9, L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic, some very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown,” circular burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Jar

G74, IV.16.291, No. 13, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10R 5/2 “weak red”; very many very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 6/1 L. 16050.1 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

17.

Jug rim

G74, IV.16.291, No. 11, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; L. 16050.1 (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red.”

18.

Storage Jar rim

G74, IV.16.292, No. 3, L. 16050.1

19.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.291, No. 4, (Bp. 61) L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium ceramic, some small to medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.292, No. 4, L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 5/1 “gray.”

21.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.290, No. 7, (Bp .61) L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small ceramic and wadi gravel, some very small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

22.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.290, No. 9, (Bp .53) L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small ceramic, very many small lime, few large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.291, No. 15, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small ceramic, many very small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) L. 16050.1 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Bowl

25.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.290, No. 3, (Bp .13) L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic, few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

26.

Jar/Bowl rim

G74, IV.16.291, No. 3, L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime, few medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G74, IV.16.291, No. 7, L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip on rim 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow,” slip on rim as interior.

28.

Cooking Pot G74, IV.16.292, No. 4, L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 5/1 “gray.”

29.

Bowl base

G74, IV.16.286, No. 3, L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small wadi gravel, few small and large ceramic, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

30.

Krater (Kr)

G74, IV.16.287, No. 1, L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many small to large lime, few small ceramic, some medium wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, as interior over rim.

G74, IV.16.290, No. 4, L. 16050.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small lime and ceramic, some small wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown”; many very small lime, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

Descriptions continue on p. 276, below.

Plate 9

275

276

Plate 9 Plate 9.  Field IV – Stratum I and Stratum II (cont.)

Plate Number Object 31. Storage Jar body

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, IV.16.293, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime, some small ceramic, some L. 16051 large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, oxide paint 10R 5/6 “red” in horizontal bands.

32.

Storage Jar base

G74, IV.16.286, No. 1, L. 16051

33.

Storage Jar G74, IV.16.293, No.7, rim (SJ .54) L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small wadi gravel, many small lime, few large lime, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

34.

Bowl rim

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, some small ceramic, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

35.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.287, No. 2, (Bp .53) L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 8/2 “white,” 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white” on rim; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow.”

36.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.16.288, No. 3, (Bp .41) L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small wadi gravel, few small ceramic, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

37.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G74, IV.16.288, No. 2, L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some small ceramic and lime, some large organic, many very small crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

38.

Lamp

G74, IV.16.287, No. 3, L. 16051

Technique: moldmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few large ceramic, some small ceramic and lime, many small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G74, IV.16.288, No. 4, L. 16051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small to large ceramic, many medium to large wadi gravel, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 10

277

Plate 10.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA (cont.) Plate Registry No., Number Object Locus (see Locus Index) Description 25. Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.76, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small to large lime, some small wadi .12) L. 2019 gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 26.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.73, No. 10, .41) L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; few very small to small ceramic, many small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink,” slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.76, No. 12, .41) L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

28.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.76, No. 12, .11) L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small lime, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

29.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small lime, few very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red.”

30.

Storage Jar base G72, IV.2.73, No. 1, (SJ) L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

31.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G73, IV.2.73, No. 8, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

32.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .34)

G72, IV.2.73, No. 2, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

33.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G72, IV.2.73, No. 3, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, many small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

34.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G72, IV.2.76, No. 7, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

35.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G72, IV.2.76, No. 11, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

36.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .11)

G72, IV.2.73, No. 4, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; very many small lime and wadi gravel, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/3 “pink.”

37.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G72, IV.2.73, No. 10, L. 2019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

G72, IV.2.76, No. 8, L. 2019

278

Plate 9 Plate 10.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Number Object 1. Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G68, IV.1.41, No. 3, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel, few small L. 1004 ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Platter Bowl (Bp G68, IV.1.10, No. 2, .12) L. 1004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .31)

G68, IV.1.40, No. 1, L. 1004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel and lime, some medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G68, IV.1.41, No. 4, L. 1004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; many medium to large lime and wadi gravel, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G68, IV.1.41, No. 2, L. 1004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel, some small to medium lime and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G68, IV.1.10, No. 1, L. 1004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; some medium organic and lime, many small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Jug handle (Jg A)

G68, IV.1.41, No. 1, L. 1004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime, few small ceramic, some large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

8.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.15, No. 4, .11) L. 2003.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large ceramic, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.2.15, No. 3, L.2003.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9a.

Ballista/ Weight?, 1630

G72, IV.2.15, L. 2003.P Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 8/1 “white.” Dimensions: L. 62 mm, D 49 mm, Weight 191 gr. Condition: good, faceted.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.2.61, No. 2, L. 2003.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.61, No. 8, .13) L. 2003.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/8 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.2.61, No. 14, L. 2003.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; some small crystal, ceramic, and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12a.

Blade, 1727

G72, IV.2.61, L. 2003.1 Composition: flint. Color: 5 YR 4/3 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 47 mm, W 22 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G72, IV.2.13, No. 2, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium wadi gravel, many very small to small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G72, IV.2.91, No. 2, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small wadi gravel; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G72, IV.2.91, No. 6, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl base (Bp d)

G72, IV.2.19, No. 2, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime, some small to medium ceramic, few small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.13, No. 3A, .61) L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.91, No.1, .11) L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large lime, few small wadi gravel, few medium crystal; 5YR 7/4 “pink” core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.13, No. 3, .11) L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/8 “red” on and below rim, horizontal burnish on rim; (Ext.) as paste, slip as interior on and below rim, horizontal burnish on rim edge.

20.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.2.17, No.1, .12) L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G72, IV.2.91, No. 4, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G72, IV.2.91, No. 10, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large wadi gravel, many small to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G72, IV.2.17, No. 7, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

24.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G72, IV.2.17, No. 2, L. 2006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some small wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

24a.

Blade, 1617

G72, IV.2.17, L. 2006

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 46 mm, W. 24 mm, Th. 4 mm; Condition: good. Descriptions continue on p. 277, above.

Plate 9

279

280

Plate 11 Plate 11.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Jar Stand

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G68, IV.3.48, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, some very small L. 3012 to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Jar Stand

G68, IV.3.53, No.1, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.3.34, No. 2, (SJ .31) L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Storage Jar rim G68, IV.3.50, No. 21, (SJ.51) L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel and sand, few small crystal, ceramic, and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Flaring Carinated Bowl body (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some very small to small ceramic, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR6/8 “light red,” horizontal burnish.

6.

Carinated bowl G68, IV.3.43, No. 2, (Bc) L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.59, No. 7, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.43, No. 11, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 8/3 “pink.”

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.71, No. 12, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and sand, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.61, No. 2A, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.71, No. 6, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; many very small sand, few small crystal and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G68, IV.3.45, No. 7, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G68, IV.3.59, No. 21, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip 10R 6/6 “light red” on rim.

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp .43)

G68, IV.3.45, No. 6, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp .43)

G68, IV.3.53, No. 3, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) a paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G68, IV.3.43, No. 7, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to large lime, few small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray.”

17.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G68, IV.3.50, No. 2, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

18.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G68, IV.3.50, No. 29, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Krater body sherd (Kr)

G68, IV.3.41, No. 4, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small to small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 2.5Y 8/0 “white,” organic paint 10R 5/4 “weak red” and 10R 6/1 “reddish gray” in horizontal bands.

20.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G68, IV.3.61, No. 2, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small sand, many small lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Cooking Tray (Ct)

G68, IV.3.45, No. 5, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many small to medium lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Storage Jar (SJ)

G68, IV.3.61, No. 1, L. 3012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; few medium and small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Figurine fragment, 644

G70, IV.3.197, L. 3012

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 7/5 “pink.” Dimensions: L. 32 mm, W. 18 mm, Th. 10 mm. Condition: broken and degraded.

24.

Loom Weight, G70, IV.3.200, L. 3012 648

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.” Dimensions: D. 32 mm, Th. 12 mm. Condition: good.

25.

Blade, 643

G70, IV.3.183, L. 3012

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 45 mm, W. 18 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good.

25a.

Blade, 635A

G70, IV.3.134, L. 3012

Composition: flint. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: NA.

25b.

Blade, 635B

G70, IV.3.134, L. 3012

Composition: flint. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: NA.

25c.

Blade, 637

G70, IV.3.138, L. 3012

Composition: flint. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: NA.

26.

Scaraboid, 322 G68, IV.3.71, L. 3012 (IDA 1974-6)

Composition: jade. Color: translucent green. Dimensions: L. 17 mm, W. 12 mm, Th. 8 mm. Condition: good.

26a.

Animal Tooth, G70, IV.3.113, L. 3012 632

Composition: tooth. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: burned.

26b.

Polishing tool?, 633

Composition: bone. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: burned fragment.

G68, IV.3.50, No. 10, L. 3012

G70, IV.3.113, L. 3012

Plate 11

281

282

Plate 12 Plate 12.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Number Object 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G68, IV.3.63, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 L. 3022.1 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G68, IV.3.67, No.1, L. 3022.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many small to medium lime, few small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red.”

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.66, No. 2, L. 3022.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small sand, some small lime and organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.52, No. 3, L. 3022.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small lime and small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G68, IV.3.62, Nos. 2 and 4, L. 3022.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and wadi gravel, few small sand and ceramic, some small to medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G68, IV.3.62, No. 7, L. 3022.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; many small lime, some small organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.3.219, No. 30, L. 3023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 13, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few large calcite and some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) slip 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.”

9.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 10, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime, some small ceramic, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 12, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G70, IV.3.205, No. 18, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to medium crystal, many very small to small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G70, IV.3.203, No. 6, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small crystal, some small lime and ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown.”

13.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G70, IV.3.202, No. 26, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to large crystal, many very small to small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

14.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 1, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small crystal; light gray core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 8, L.3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “very pale brown.”

16.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 9, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 4, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 3, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few medium sand; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.73, No. 2, L. 3025.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

20.

Cooking Tray G68, IV.3.92, No. 1, (Ct) L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small to large lime, some small to medium organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown,” punctation on plate surface; (Ext.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray.”

21.

Cooking Tray G68, IV.3.92, No. 2, (Ct) L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime, some small to large wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, punctuation on plate surface; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Cooking Tray G68, IV.3.92, No. 1, (Ct) L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to large lime, few large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” punctation on plate surface; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .24)

G68, IV.3.93, No. 18, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small lime, few medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G68, IV.3.92, No. 8, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; many very small to small wadi gravel and lime, few very small crystal and small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

25.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G68, IV.3.99, No. 1, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small to large lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

26.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G68, IV.3.99, No. 3, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G68, IV.3.93, No. 8, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small lime, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

28.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .31)

G68, IV.3.90, No. 1, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small to large lime, few small to medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

29.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.86, Nos. 9, 11, and 14, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime, some small organic, few small ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

30.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.92, No. 7, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small lime, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior, horizontal and diagonal burnish.

31.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G68, IV.3.90, No. 2, L. 3027

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small organic and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 12

283

284

Plate 13 Plate 13.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Number Object, 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G68, IV.3.75, No. 6, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime, few small L. 3025.1 ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

2.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G68, IV.3.84, No. 1A, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; few medium and some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) slip 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

3.

Chalice

G70, IV.3.272, No. 11, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; many small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, continuous burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Pitcher

G68, IV.3.78, No. 2, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, traces of continuous burnish.

5.

Jug (Jg B)

G68, IV.3.78, No. 5 and IV.3.80, No. 4, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade and handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.212, No. 32, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium crystal, many small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.80, Nos. 1 and 6, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR “light brown”; some small ceramic and calcite; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Carinated bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.272, Nos. 8, 13, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large wadi gravel; no core; and 14, L. 3025.1 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.213, No. 10, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, sand, and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.212, No. 33, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large crystal, many small lime, some small organic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.3.78, No. 9, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large wadi gravel, many small to medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Carinated bowl base (Bc cd)

G68, IV.3.78, No. 4, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small sand, few very small ceramic and crystal, some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.”

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G68, IV.3.75, Nos. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic and calcite; no core; hard. Surface: 12-13; IV.3.78, No. 3; and (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as interior. IV.3.80, Nos. 2, 10, and 18, L. 3025.1

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp .13)

G68, IV.3.78, Nos. 11 and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small calcite; no core; 16, L. 3025.1 hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior, horizontal burnish.

15.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G68, IV.3.80, No. 24, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G68, IV.3.80, No. 2, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G68, IV.3.80, No. 6, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime, few small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Vase

G68, IV.3.84, No. 8, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10R 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to small lime, few small ceramic, some small to medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) slip 2.5Y 8/2 “white,” horizontal burnish.

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.212, No. 31, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior, traces of burnish.

20.

Storage Jar (SJ)

G68, IV.3.78, No.1, L. 3025.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

Plate 13

285

286

Plate 14 Plate 14.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Number Object 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.225, No. 15, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many small quartz and lime; dark gray core; L. 3053 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 13A, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some small to medium lime and crystal; no core; L. 3053 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.220, No. 5, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to medium lime, many large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip band 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” on rim; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 5, L.3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” and 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; some small quartz, few very large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 8, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium ceramic, few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.223, No. 34, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small ceramic and organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste to 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 11, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.223, No. 35, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime and organic, some very small to small wadi gravel and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 10, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small quartz; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.220, Nos. 1, 4, and 8, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium lime, some small sand and wadi gravel, few small ceramic, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.223, Nos. 5, 6, and 8, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small crystal, few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 9, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink” to 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small ceramic and crystal, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Flaring Carinated G70, IV.3.225, No. 4, Bowl (Bfc) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, few very small ceramic and wadi gravel, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

14.

Flaring Carinated G70, IV.3.223, No. 32, Bowl (Bfc) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, few small wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow,” burnish traces.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.220, No. 9, .41) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” vertical burnish; (Ext.) as paste, as interior on rim.

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.225, No. 2, .23) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, some large lime, few medium to large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.225, No. 1, .12) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink” to 7/1 “reddish yellow”; many small ceramic and crystal, few very small to small lime, some large stone; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/1 “gray”; very many very small to small lime, some very small crystal and organic, many small to medium and few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.223, No. 31, .61) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, few very small to small ceramic, many small to medium wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

20.

Jug (Jg A)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/6 “red” slip.

21.

Platter Bowl base G70, IV.3.225, No. 6, (Bp d) L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Jug neck (Jg B)

G70, IV.3.223, No. 33, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small lime, some very small to small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Cultic Stand Pedestal

G70, IV.3.225, No. 12, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small lime and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G70, IV.3.225, No. 7, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some to many small crystal, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

25.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G70, IV.3.225, Nos. 1 and 2, L. 3053

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G70, IV.3.225, No. 9A, L. 3053

G70, IV.3.225, No. 73, L. 3053

Plate 14

287

288

Plate 15 Plate 15.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object no. 1. Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.196, No. 26, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal, some very small L. 3041 organic and very small to small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G70, IV.3.158, No. 1, L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to few medium lime, many very small to small organic, some small to large wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Platter Bowl (Bp .61)

G70, IV.3.196, No. 25, L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, some very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Carinated Bowl G70, IV.3.196, No. 27, (Bc) L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small sand, few large wadi gravel, some small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G70, IV.3.171, No. 1, L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small sand and crystal, many very small to small and some medium organic, few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Krater sherd (Kr)

G70, IV.3.162, No. 12, L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime and crystal, some small wadi gravel, some very small to small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/1 “gray”; (Ext.) wash 5YR 8/1 “white” with organic paint lines of 10YR 3/4 “dusky red” and dot of 7.5YR N4/0 “dark gray.”

7.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G70, IV.3.196, No. 4, L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown”; many small to medium crystal, some very small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Carinated Bowl G70, IV.3.162, No. 7, (Bc) L. 3041

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small to small and few medium crystal, many very small to small organic, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/2 “white”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Flaring G70, IV.3.190, No. 1, Carinated Bowl L. 3044.1 (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, many very small ceramic and organic, some very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” horizontal burnish on rim; (Ext.) as interior, horizontal burnish above shoulder.

10.

Krater (Kr)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic, some small lime, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 4/8 “red,” traces of burnish; (Ext.) as paste, traces of slip over rim.

11.

Carinated Bowl G70, IV.3.190, No. 2, base (Bc r) L. 3044.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, some very small ceramic, some very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Bead, 1306

G71, IV.3.313, L. 3044.1

Composition: glass. Color: Brown. Dimensions: D. 12 mm, H. 11 mm. Condition: good.

13.

Krater (Kr)

G70, IV.3.195, No. 8, L. 3046

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small organic and crystal, some small ceramic, some large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip traces 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G70, IV.3.195, No. 6, L. 3046

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to large crystal, some very small to small organic, some large wadi gravel, few medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp.12)

G70, IV.3.195, No. 96, L. 3046

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and organic, few medium lime, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

16.

Juglet (Jlc/p)

G70, IV.3.202, No. 23, L. 3046

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G70, IV.3.187, No. 1, L. 3046

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Platter Bowl (Bp .52)

G71, IV.4.64, No. 33, L. 4002

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium and some large wadi gravel, some small lime and organic, very small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Carinated Bowl G71, IV.4.61, No. 2, (Bc) L. 4002

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to large lime, many very small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G71, IV.4.61, No. 1, L. 4002

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; many small to large wadi gravel, few medium lime, no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Crucible

G71, IV.4.56, No. 1, L. 4002

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to medium lime, few large lime and wadi gravel; dark gray core; soft. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

22.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G71, IV.4.57, No. 61, L. 4002

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many small to large lime, very many large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, incised groove on shoulder.

23.

Milk Bowl

G71, IV.4.59, No. 1, L. 4002

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; some medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23a.

Quern, 908

G70, IV.4.9, L. 4002

Composition: basalt. Color: Black. Dimensions: L. 470 mm, W. 407 mm, Th. 100 mm. Condition: broken in three fragments.

G71, IV.3.313, No. 2, L. 3044.1

Plate 15

289

290

Plate 16 Plate 16.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object no. 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.4.79, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some to many small to large limestone; no L. 4007 core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Cylindrical Juglet (Jlc) G70, IV. 4.15, No. 30, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; many very small to small lime, some very small crystal; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown,” horizontal burnish.

3.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G71, IV.4.47, No. 25 and IV.4.49, No. 1, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small to medium wadi gravel, small organic, some small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown.”

4.

Pestle, 958

G71, IV.4.16, L. 4007

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 49 mm, H. 38 mm. Condition: gooD. Weight: 117 gr.

5.

Bead, 2081A (IDA 1974-743)

G73, IV.4.126, L. 4007

Composition: ostrich egg shell. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: D. 7 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: good.

6.

Bead, 2081B (IDA 1974-743)

G73, IV.4.126, L. 4007

Composition: ostrich egg shell. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: D. 7 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Amphora

G71, IV.4.27, No. 1, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; many medium to large lime, few large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.4.76, No. 7, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.4.20, No. 14, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.4.18, No. 3, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Krater/Globular Bowl (Kr/Bg)

G71, IV.4.26-28, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime L .4007 and wadi gravel, some small ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G71, IV.4.103, No. 7, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some very small wadi gravel, some small organic, few large to some very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

13.

Jug (Jg A)

G71, IV.4.52, No. 1, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray”; very many small to large lime, few large and medium ceramic, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray.”

14.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G70, IV.4.16, No. 20A, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp .61)

G70, IV.4.77, No. 1, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large lime, many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G70, IV.4.20, No. 7, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime, some small crystal and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G71, IV.4.47, No. 2, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 2.5/1 “black”; very many very small crystal, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.4.13, No. 12, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small wadi gravel and lime, few medium crystal and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42) G71, IV.4.39, No. 2, L .4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small organic, some large lime, few small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51) G71, IV.4.88, No. 32, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; very many very small crystal, some small lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; (Ext.) 10YR 5/1 “gray.”

21.

Awl, 1132

G71, IV.4.51, L. 4007

Composition: bone. Color: dark brown. Dimensions: L. 65 mm, D. 6 mm. Condition: worn.

22.

Storage Jar (SJ)

G70, IV.4.16, No. 20, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Vase base

G73, IV.4.118, No. 1, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many small lime, few small crystal, some small ceramic and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown,” organic paint 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” in circular bands around base center; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Chalice base

G71, IV.4.103, No. 6, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small crystal and wadi gravel, some very small organic and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

25.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G71, IV.4.50, No. 1, L. 4007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime, few large lime, few large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown,” incised groove on upper shoulder.

25a.

Bead, 1017

G70, IV.4.22, L. 4007

Composition: faience. Color: NA. Dimensions: L. 2.1 mm, W. 0.85 mm. Condition: fire blackened.

Plate 16

291

292

Plate 17 Plate 17.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Platter Bowl (Bp .23)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G71, IV.4.72, No. 33, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal, some L. 4020.P small to medium lime, medium to large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21) G71, IV.4.72, No. 31, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small crystal and small wadi gravel, some small organic and medium to large wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray.”

3.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32) G71, IV.4.69, No. 31, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many very small crystal, some medium wadi gravel and small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22) G71, IV.4.64, No. 31, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, some small to large wadi gravel, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Scale weight, 2108

G73, IV.4.130, L. 4020.P

Composition: barite. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 20 mm, W. 15 mm, Th. 15 mm. Weight: 9 gr. Condition: good.

6.

Bead, 1267

G71, IV.4.76, L. 4020.P Composition: glass. Color: Translucent white. Dimensions: D. 9 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Arrowhead, 1213

G73, IV.4.70, L. 4020.P Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 80 mm, W. 20 mm, Th. 5 mm. tang D. 4 mm. Condition: corroded.

8.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G71, IV.4.72, No. 1, L. 4020.P

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11) G71, IV.4.65, 72, and 78, No. 1, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/1 “gray”; many large lime and sand; dark gray core; soft. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G71, IV.4.69, No. 35, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic and wadi gravel, some very small to small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

11.

Jar Stand

G71, IV.4.72, No. 32, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many small lime and organic, some small to few large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.72, No. 37, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many very small to small organic, some very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

13.

Carinated Bowl Base (Bc cd)

G71, IV.4.72, No. 38, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many very small to small organic, some very small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

14.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G71, IV.4.67, No. 1, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few to some small to medium lime, many small to medium ceramic, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Pounder/Scale Weight, G73, IV.4.130, 2097 (IDA 1974-795) L. 4020.P

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 165 mm, W. 105 mm, Th. 70 mm. Weight: 206 gr. Condition: good.

15a.

Scraper, 2099

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 61 mm, W. 60 mm. Condition: good.

G70, IV.4.130, L. 4020.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many large lime and wadi gravel, few medium ceramic; gray core; soft. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow,” groove incised around shoulder.

Plate 17

293

294

Plate 18 Plate 18.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Cooking Pot G71, IV.4.99, No. 33, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many small to some large wadi gravel, some very (Cpr .21) L. 4020.1 small to medium crystal, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown.” 2.

Cooking Pot G71, IV.4.91, No. 35, (Cpr .21) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many very small to many medium to small large crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Cooking Pot G71, IV.4.97, No. 1, (Cpr .32) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/3 “brown”; many very small to small crystal and organic, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

4.

Cooking Pot G71, IV.4.95, No. 12, (Cpr .32) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; very many very small to some medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Cooking Pot G71, IV.4.91, No. 36, (Cpr .22) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many very small to some medium crystal, many very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 5/4 “weak red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

6.

Cooking Pot G71, IV.4.99, No. 14, (Cpr .32) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small organic, some small to large wadi gravel, few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Cooking Pot G70, IV.4.25, No. 5, (Cpr .22) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small to few large wadi gravel and lime, some very small crystal and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.”

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.97, No. 6, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many very small organic, some very small to small crystal and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G71, IV.4.99, No. 31, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium and few large wadi gravel, very small organic, some small lime and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G71, IV.4.95, No. 31, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; many very small to small lime, many very small to medium crystal, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown.”

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G71, IV.4.88, No. 34, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small and few small crystal, some very small to small organic, few small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G70, IV.4.25, No. 10, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some very small to small crystal, few large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G741, IV.4.88, No. 33, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to few large lime and crystal, some small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G71, IV.4.91, No. 34, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small and few large crystal, few small organic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl G71, IV.4.99, No. 4, (Bp .53) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to few medium wadi gravel, many very small to small organic, some very small crystal, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G71, IV.4.88, No. 6, (Bp .23) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, some small crystal, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard; Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

17.

Krater (Kr)

G71, IV.4.99, No. 35, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; very many very small and some medium to large crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown.”

18.

Jar Stand

G70, IV.4.25, No. 15, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium wadi gravel and crystal, small lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

19.

Jar Stand

G71, IV.4.97, No. 7, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and organic, some very small to small lime, few medium wadi gravel, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Krater sherd G71, IV.4.91, No. 31, (Kr) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many very small crystal, some small lime, many very small and few large organic, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) wash 5YR 8/1 “white,” organic paint bands 5YR 5/1 “gray” and 10R 4/6 “red.”

21.

Krater sherd G71, IV.4.91, No. 32, (Kr) L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; many very small to small crystal, some very small organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Ext.) slip 5YR 8/1 “white” slip with organic paint in straight bands 10R 4/8 “red” and in straight and wavy bands 2.5Y 4N “dark gray.

22.

Storage Jar handle (SJ)

G70, IV.4.25, No. 3, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium wadi gravel, many small organic, many very small to medium crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior, incised star.

23.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G71, IV.4.88, No. 5, L. 4020.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small and some small to large lime, some medium wadi gravel, some very small to medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior, incised tāw on base.

24.

Needle 2169 G73, IV.4.218, L. 4020.1 Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 64 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: corroded.

25.

Chisel 1336

G71, IV.4.99, L. 4020.1

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 63 mm, top W. 7 mm, blade W. 12 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: corroded.

Plate 18

295

296

Plate 19 Plate 19.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G71, IV.4.80, No. 31, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 4/4 “dark brown”; many small and some medium to large crystal, L. 4022 some very small sand; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 5/4 “brown.”

2.

Loom Weight, 1239

G71, IV.4.79, L. 4022

Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 50 mm, W. 45 mm. Condition: degraded fragment.

3.

Platter Bowl (Bp .61)

G71, IV.4.80, No. 2, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic, many small to medium and some large wadi gravel, some very small crystal, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

4.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G71, IV.4.80, No. 3, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; many small crystal and small to medium lime, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; (Ext.) 10YR 4/1 “dark gray.”

5.

Storage Jar rim G71, IV.4.80, No. 4, (SJ .21) L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; many small to large wadi gravel, some very small organic, few small crystal, few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .23)

G71, IV.4.80, No. 5, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, some very small to small organic, crystal, and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

7.

Platter Bowl (Bp .43)

G71, IV.4.79, No. 1, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some medium to large lime, very many large wadi gravel, few large organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.80, No. 7, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small organic and wadi gravel, some very small crystal, some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.80, No. 1, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; many small to large lime, some small to medium ceramic, some medium to large sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.79, No. 2, L. 4022

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; many medium to large lime, some large wadi gravel, few medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

11.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G71, IV.4.102, No. 5, L. 4026

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small to medium and few large crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.”

12.

Platter Bowl (Bp .13)

G73, IV.4.142, No. 5, L.4035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; many small lime, few small to medium ceramic, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” horizontal burnish.

13.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G73, IV.4.142, No. 7, L. 4035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to small lime; some small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, IV.4.128, No. 2, L. 4035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime, few small ceramic and organic, some small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Juglet neck and G73, IV.4.142, No. 3, handle (Jlc/p) L. 4035

Technique: wheel and handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many small lime, very many very small sand, few small wadi gravel and organic, some very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G73, IV.4.142, No. 1, L. 4035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime, some small ceramic, few small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G73, IV.4.142, No. 2, L. 4035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, few small ceramic and organic, some small wadi gravel, few very small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 19

297

298

Plate 20 Plate 20.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .13)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, IV.4.317, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium lime, some small ceramic, few L. 4100 medium to large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G71, IV.4.100, No. 21, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small sand, some small to few large organic, some small lime, some very small to small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Platter Bowl (Bp .61)

G71, IV.4.85, No. 12, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal and organic, many very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip traces 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” burnished; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, IV.4.200, No. 1, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small sand and lime, few small organic and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G73, IV.4.201, No. 5, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small sand, some very small lime, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.100, No. 9, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; very many very small crystal, some very small organic and sand, few very small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.100, Nos. 4 and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to large wadi gravel, some very small to 5, L. 4100 small organic, some very small crystal, some very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.”

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.4.100, No. 13 and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many small organic, some very 17, L. 4100 small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G73, IV.4.201, No. 9, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small sand, very many very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, IV.4.207, No. 5, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many very small to medium wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) wash 10YR 8/2 “white’; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G74, IV.4.317, No. 7, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many very small to large lime, few medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G74, IV.4.311, No. 1, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G73, IV.4.201, No. 12, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G73, IV.4.203, No. 13, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown”; very many small to medium lime, some very small and large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp .61)

G74, IV.4.315, No 5, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small sand and very small to small lime, few small organic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, horizontal burnish on rim.

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp .23)

G74, IV.4.315, No. 12, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to medium lime, few small organic and ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, IV.4.202, No. 1, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and wadi gravel, some small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 5/6 “red,” vertical burnish with horizontal burnish on rim; (Ext.) slip as interior, burnished over rim.

18.

Platter Bowl (Bp .23)

G73, IV.4.201, No. 10, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to large wadi gravel, some small lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G74, IV.4.304, No. 1, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small sand and lime, some small wadi gravel, few medium lime, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Platter Bowl (Bp .51)

G74, IV.4.305, No. 2, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand and lime, few small ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G71, IV.4.101, No. 14, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small and few medium to large crystal, some very small to small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray.”

22.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G74, IV.4.308, No. 4, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.305, No. 6, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small to medium lime, many very small to small sand, few small wadi gravel, ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.308, No. 3, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; many very small sand, some very small lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

25.

Krater (Kr)

G73, IV.4.231, No. 1, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small sand, some small lime, few very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

26.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G73, IV.4.224, No. 19, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small sand, some small lime, very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .33)

G73, IV.4.202, No. 17, L. 4100

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

28.

Blade 2403 (IDA 19741853)

G74, IV.4.320, L. 4100

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray.” Dimensions: L. 14 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

29.

Blade2170

G73, IV.4.216, L. 4100

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 115 mm, W. 25 mm, Th. 8 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 20

299

300

Plate 21 Plate 21.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Bead/Whorl, 1530

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.26, L. 5002 Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.” Dimensions: D. 9 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

1a.

Blade, 1511

G72, IV.5.28, L. 5002

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 32 mm, W. 17 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: fragment.

1b.

Blade, 1547

G72, IV.5.32, L. 5002

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 27 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: fragment.

1c.

Sherd, 1523

G72, IV.5.24, L. 5002

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 7/1 “pink.” Dimensions: NA. Condition: fragment, incised on rim.

2.

Scaraboid with G72, IV.5.8, L. 5002 Bezel, 642

Composition: amethyst. Color: violet. Dimensions: L. 18.3 mm, W. 13 mm, Th. 8.2 mm, gold bezel, H. 4 mm. Condition: good.

3.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.73, No. 1, (Bc) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.89, No. 1, (Bc) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium lime, many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Globular Bowl G72, IV.5.76, No. 44, (Bg) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Flaring G72, IV.5.76, No. 64, Carinated Bowl L. 5007 (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.75, No. 1, (Bc) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large lime, many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Scale Weight, 1903

G73, IV.5.180, L. 5007

Composition: hematite. Color: 10R 3/6 “dark red.” Dimensions: D. 17 mm, Th. 10 mm. Weight: 6 gr. Condition: good.

10.

Scale Weight, 1604A

G72, IV.5.85, L. 5007

Composition: chert pebble. Color: 5YR 3/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 46 mm, W. 38 mm, Th. 34 mm. Weight: 28 gr. Condition: slight fracture lines.

10a.

Scale Weight, 1604B

G72, IV.5.85, L. 5007

Composition: hematite pebble. Color: 5YR 3/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 24 mm, W. 20 mm. Weight: 85 gr. Condition: slight fracture lines.

11.

Scale Weight, 1562A

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: chert pebble. Color: 10YR 2/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 28 mm, W. 31 mm, Th. 15 mm. Weight: 12 gr. Condition: good.

12.

Scale Weight, 1562B

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: chert pebble. Color: 10YR 2/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 19 mm, W. 20 mm, Th. 15 mm. Weight: 24 gr. Condition: good.

13.

Chisel/ Weight?, 1649

G72, IV.5.90, L. 5007

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 62mm, W. 29mm, Th. 18mm. Weight: 50 gr. Condition: good.

14.

Storage Jar (SJ) G72, IV.5.69, No. 13, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large ceramic and lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, many small sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

G72, IV.5.76, No. 69, L. 5007

G72, IV.5.76, No. 10, L. 5007

Plate 21

301

302

Plate 22 Plate 22.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar (SJ .33)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.70, Nos. 63 Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium to and 65, L. 5007 (TxP large lime, few medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, Proto-Canaanite V.K.22-23) letterform mêm on shoulder.

2.

Lamp

G72, IV.5.50, No. 1, L. 5007

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; few large lime; dark core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Flask sherd (Cypriot G72, IV.5.49-69, Nos. 2 Technique: handmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small lime; no core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) monochrome) and 3, L. 5007 as paste; (Ext.) slip 5YR 5/1 “gray,” 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” decorative lines in relief.

4.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G72, IV.5.51, No. 1, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, very many very small lime, few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

5.

Blade, 1894

G73, IV.5.183, L. 5007

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 25 mm, W. 11 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

6.

Blade, 1879

G73, IV.5.180, L. 5007

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 6/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 28 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Blade, 1559

G72, IV.5.39, L. 5007

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 34 mm, W. 22 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

8.

Storage Jar (SJ .53)

G72, IV.5.70, No. 1B, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large lime and sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Rod, 1897

G73, IV.5.183, L. 5007

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 25 mm, W. 5 mm. Condition: corroded.

10.

Bowl (Cypriot monochrome)

G72, IV.5.76, No. 31, L. 5007

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; few very small lime, few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, base slip (reserve) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” partially covered by 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown,” treatment leaves vertical lines; (Ext.) as interior, treatment leaves diagonal lines.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc) G72, IV.5.76, No. 83, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; many small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, rim as exterior; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red,” continuous horizontal burnish.

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc) G72, IV.5.76, No. 39, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Carinated Bowl (Bc) G72, IV.5.76, No. 86, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 22

303

304

Plate 23 Plate 23.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar (SJ .33)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.48, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; many medium to large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: L. 5007 (TxP V.K.24-25) (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, Proto-Canaanite letterform mêm on shoulder.

2.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G72, IV.5.70, No. 1A, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many large wadi gravel, some medium lime; no L. 5007 (TxP V.K.12-13) core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow, Proto-Canaanite letterform lamd on shoulder.

3.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.76, No.11, (SJ .52) L.5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; some large lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.76, No. 41, (Bc) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/1 “white”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.76, No. 58, (SJ .51) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some large ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Jug neck (Cypriot WP IV)

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5Y 7/2 “light gray”; (Ext.) 2.5Y 7/2 “yellow” with 10YR 4/1 “dark gray” lines.

7.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.76, No. 49, base (Bc d) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.76, No. 19, base (Bc d) L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; many small sand and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Dipper Juglet base (Jdl)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

G72.IV. 5.76, No. 50, L. 5007

G72, IV.5.76, No. 43, L. 5007

10.

Periform Juglet G72, IV.5.76, No. 78, base (Jlp) L. 5007

Technique: handmade. Paste: 2.5YR “light reddish brown”; many small sand and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 10R 3/6 “dark red.”

11.

Storage Jar (SJ .51)

G72, IV.5.56-57, No. 1, L. 5007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large lime, few small sand; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Bead, 1560A

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: shell. Color: 5Y 7/3 “pale yellow” to 5Y 4/3 “olive.” Dimensions: H. 14 mm, W. 9 mm. Condition: good, intentionally perforated, charred.

13.

Bead, 1560B

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: shell. Color: 5Y 7/3 “pale yellow” to 5Y 4/3 “olive.” Dimensions: H. 13 mm, W. 9 mm. Condition: good, intentionally perforated, charred.

13a-d.

Beads, 1560C-F G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

(Descriptions as Objects Nos. 1560A-B above)

14.

Bead, 1560G

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: faience. Color: 2.5Y 8/1 “white.” Dimensions: H. 5 mm, W. 7 mm. Condition: good.

15.

Bead, 1560H

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: faience. Color: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: H. 5 mm, W. 6 mm. Condition: good.

16.

Bead, 1560K

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: faience. Color: 10YR 8/2 “very pale brown” with 10YR 4/1 “dark gray” discoloration. Dimensions: H. 8 mm, W. 6 mm. Condition: good, charred.

17.

Bead, 1560I

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: faience. Color: 10YR 8/2 “very pale brown” with 10YR 2/1 “black” discoloration. Dimensions: H. 5 mm, W. 6 mm. Condition: good, charred.

18.

Bead, 1560J

G72, IV.5.47, L. 5007

Composition: faience. Color: 5Y 7/2 “light gray” with 5Y 4/1 “dark gray” discoloration. Dimensions: H. 2 mm, W. 8 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 23

305

306

Plate 24 Plate 24.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar (SJ .11)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.162, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium to large wadi gravel, many medium to large L. 5013.P (TxP V.K.26- lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” incised groove around shoulder, Proto27) Canaanite letterforms mêm and mêm on shoulder.

2.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G72, IV.5.95, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many large wadi gravel, some medium to large lime, few L. 5013.P (TxP V.K.4-5) medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, Proto-Canaanite letterform dāg on shoulder.

3.

Knapping Tool, G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: horn. Color: 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 48 mm, W. 14 mm. Condition: 1904 good.

4.

Pin/Awl, 1901

5.

Ring, 1581 G72, IV.5.90, L. 5013.P Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: D. 22 mm, crown H. 5 mm. Condition: good. (IDA 1974-887)

6.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

7.

Storage Jar (SJ) G72, IV.5.122, No. 1, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; some large lime, some medium to large wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/1 “light gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow,” incised groove around shoulder.

8.

Cooking Pot (Cpr. 22)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small ceramic, few large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as ext.; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

9.

Storage Jar (SJ) G72, IV.5.184, No. 1, L. 5013.P (TxP V.K.2)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many large wadi gravel, many medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, Proto-Canaanite letterform gîmel or pê below rim.

10.

Pin, 1886

G73, IV.5.185, L. 5013.P

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 28 mm, W. 4 mm. Condition: corroded.

11.

Scale Weight, 1891B

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: chert. Color: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray.” Dimensions: L. 27 mm, W. 23 mm. Weight: 6 gr. Condition: good.

12.

Scale Weight, 1891A

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: chert. Color: 7.5YR 3/0 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 18 mm, W. 15 mm. Weight: 13 gr. Condition: good.

13.

Scale Weight, 1880

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: D. 18 mm. Weight: 8 gr. Condition: good.

14.

Scale Weight?, 1881

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: hematite. Color: 5YR 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: D. 18 mm. Weight: 21 gr. Condition: good.

15.

Bead, 1889

G73, IV.5.188, L. 5013.P

Composition: faience. Color: Gley G/5G “greenish gray.” Dimensions: L. 19 mm, D. 10 mm. Condition: good.

16.

Storage Jar body (SJ)

G72, IV.5.90, No. 1, L. 5013.P (TxP V.K.3)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some large ceramic and lime, some large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” Proto-Canaanite letterform harm on lower body.

17.

Scale Weight, 1890A

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: hematite. Color: 10YR 2/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 23 mm, D. 11 mm. Weight: 8 gr. Condition: good.

18.

Scale Weight, 1890B

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: hematite. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 20 mm, W. 12 mm, H. 10 mm. Weight: 6 gr. Condition: good.

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: horn. Color: 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 75 mm, W. 6 mm. Condition: cracked.

G72, IV.5.91, No. 8, L. 5013.P

G72, IV.5.91, No. 2, L. 5013.P

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 24

307

308

Plate 25 Plate 25.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.120, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to large lime and ceramic; no core; L. 5013.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G72, IV.5.119, No. 1, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many small crystal, some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G72, IV.5.123, No. 1, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some to many large lime, many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .21)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 26, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 23, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small sand, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.91, No.13, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; some to many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 22, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; many small sand and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 24, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; some small ceramic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 16, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large and small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 20, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; some small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Scale Weight, 1733A

G72, IV.5.122, L. 5013.P

Composition: chert pebble. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 23 mm, W. 20 mm, Th. 4 mm. Weight: 9 gr. Condition: good.

12.

Scale Weight, 1733B

G72, IV.5.122, L. 5013.P

Composition: chert pebble. Color: 5YR 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 21 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 10 mm. Weight: 8 gr. Condition: good.

13.

Scale Weight, 1885 G73, IV.5.184, (IDA 1974-732) L. 5013.P

14.

Scale Weight, 1882 G73, IV.5.197, L. 5013.P Composition: hematite. Color: 5YR 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: D. 21 mm, H. 17 mm. Weight: 16 gr. Condition: good.

15.

Scale Weight, 1887A

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: chert pebble. Color: 2.5YR 3/2 “dusky red.” Dimensions: L. 50 mm, W. 33 mm. Weight: 69 gr. Condition: good.

16.

Scale Weight, 1887B

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dusky red.” Dimensions: L. 36 mm, W. 37 mm. Weight: 58 gr. Condition: good.

16a.

Scale Weight, 1887C

G73, IV.5.1.l87, L. 5013.P

Composition: chert pebble. Color: 5YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: L. 12 mm, W. 13 mm. Weight: 3 gr. Condition: good

17.

Blade, 1905

G73, IV.5.184, L. 5013.P (TxP V.G:A)

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/2 “very dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 76 mm, W. 35 mm. Condition: good.

18.

Blade, 1893

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 54 mm, W. 29 mm, Th. 10 mm. (TxP V.G:B) Condition: good.

19.

Blade, 1888A

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: chert. Color: 7.5YR 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: L. 66 mm, W. 25 mm. Condition: good. (Txp V.G:C)

20.

Blade, 1888B

G73, IV.5.187, L. 5013.P Composition: flint. Color: 2.5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 59 mm, W. 26 mm, Th. 5 mm. (TxP V.G:D) Condition: good.

Composition: hematite. Color: 5R 2/1 “reddish black.” Dimensions: L. 21 mm, H. 16 mm. Weight: 13 gr. Condition: repaired break.

Plate 25

309

310

Plate 26 Plate 26.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .31)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.91, No. 6, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as L. 5013.P paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .31)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 11, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; some large ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 3, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 18, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, lime and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 10, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small and few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .23) G72, IV.5.91, No. 4, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41) G72, IV.5.91, No. 5, L. 5013P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large ceramic, many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 25, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Vase

G72, IV.5.91, No. 27, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; some small lime and sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

10.

Platter Bowl base (Bp f)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 12, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small sand and crystal, few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 7, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand and crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Platter Bowl base (Bp f)

G72, IV.5.91, No. 9, L. 5013.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; many small to large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Foil Figurine, 2293 (IDA 1974-877)

G73, IV.5.371, Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: L. 156 mm, W. 26 mm, Th. 1 mm, gold torque, loop L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.1-2) D. 12 mm. Condition: good.

14.

Foil Figurine, 2292 (IDA 1974-878)

G73, IV.5.371, Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: L. 109 mm, W. 21 mm, Th. 1 mm. Condition: good. L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.1, 3)

15.

Foil Figurine, 2294A- G73, IV.5.371, C (IDA 1974-886) L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.4)

16.

Ring, 2296 (IDA 1974-885)

G73, IV.5.371, Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: loop D. 24 mm, Th. 2 mm, crown 4 mm. Condition: L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.1, 6) good.

17.

Ring, 2297 (IDA 1974-881)

G73, IV.5.371, Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: loop D. 24 mm, Th. 2 mm, crown 4 mm. Condition: L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.1, 6) good.

18.

Ring, 2295 (IDA 1974-884)

G73, IV.5.371, Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: loop D. 20 mm, Th. 2 mm, crown 5 mm. Condition: L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.1, 6) good.

19.

Bezel, 2298 (IDA 1974-888)

G73, IV.5.371, Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: L. 22 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 1 mm. Condition: good. L. 5013.1 (TxP V.B.1, 5)

20.

Scarab, 2299 (IDA 1974-882)

G73, IV.5.370, L. 5013.1

Composition: amethyst. Color: dark green. Dimensions: L. 12 mm, W. 8 mm, H. 5 mm. Condition: good.

21.

Bead, 2322

G73, IV.5.370, L. 5013.1

Composition: faience. Color: grayish white. Dimensions: L. 13 mm, D. 12 mm. Condition: weathered.

22.

Bead, 2325A

G73, IV.5.370, L. 5013.1

Composition: faience. Color: 7.5YR 2/0 “black.” Dimensions: H. 13 mm. Condition: good, charred.

23.

Bead/Whorl, 2325B

G73, IV.5.370, L. 5013.1

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.” Dimensions: D. 24 mm, Th. 12 mm. Condition: good.

Composition: silver. Color: silver. Dimensions: A. (Head and neck) H. 26 mm, W. 15 mm, Th. 1 mm; B. (Middle) H. 14 mm, W. 12 mm; C. (Foot) H. 17 mm, W. 4 mm. Condition: fragile, corroded, three fragments.

Plate 26

311

312

Plate 27 Plate 27.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 7, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (SJ .52) L. 5008 (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.55-58, No. (SJ .32) 12, L. 5008

3.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR “light reddish brown”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as (SJ .54) L. 5008 paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.99, No. 2, (SJ .54) L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large wadi gravel, many large lime, few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.40, No. 16, (SJ .42) L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Storage Jar (SJ G72, IV.5.99, No. 1, .51) L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small lime and some large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Storage Jar (SJ G72, IV.5.58, No. 1, .53) L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small sand, few large lime; no core; base (Bc cd) L. 5008 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G72, IV.5.40, No. 15, L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small sand, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Bc) L. 5008 (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G72, IV.5.44, No. 5, L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small sand and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Platter Bowl (Bp .63)

G72, IV.5.40, No. 4, L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G72, IV.5.72, No. 1, L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Krater (Kr)

G72, IV.5.44, No. 2, L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand and crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Cooking Pot (Cpf)

G72, IV.5.44, No. 4, L. 5008

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, thumb impressed appliqué.

Plate 27

313

314

Plate 28 Plate 28.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Blade, 1578

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.44, L. 5008 Composition: flint. Color: 2.5YR 5/0“gray.” Dimensions: L. 46 mm, W. 24 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

2.

Flaring G72, IV.5.44, No. 3, Carinated Bowl L. 5008 (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar (SJ G72, IV.5.98, No. 1, .33) L. 5008 (TxP V.K.1415)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large wadi gravel, some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow,” Proto-Canaanite letterform lamd on shoulder.

4.

Krater sherd G72, IV.5.44, No. 16, (Kr chocolate L. 5008 on white ware)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 8/7 “white,” organic paint 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown” band.

5.

Cooking Pot base (Cpr)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, hatched appliqué band.

6.

Storage Jar (SJ G70, IV.5.54, No. 1, .51) L. 5008

7.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 6, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink” to 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small ceramic; no core; (Bc) L. 5008 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.5.40, No. 5, (SJ .51) L. 5008

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many small to large lime; dark gray core; L. 5008 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G72, IV.5.44, No. 15, L. 5008

11.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G72, IV.5.55-58, No. 9, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small sand and lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: L. 5008 (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Toggle Pin, 1594

G72, IV.5.86, L. 5012

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 99 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: slightly corroded.

13.

Vase

G72, IV.5.92, No. 1, L. 5012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, continuous burnish.

G72, IV.5.40, No. 7, L. 5008

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small crystal, few medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 28

315

316

Plate 29 Plate 29.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1.˘ Storage Jar (SJ .54)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.151, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small ceramic and sand; gray core; L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G72, IV.5.136-159, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some to many large lime; gray core; 1, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Jug (Jg A)

G72, IV.5.148, No. 1, L. 5021.P

4.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22) G72, IV.5.157, No. 1, L. 5021.P

5.

Jug (Jg A)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some to many medium lime and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink” to 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; some large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G72, IV.5.135-139, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime and sand; light gray; 1, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 29

317

318

Plate 30 Plate 30.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar (SJ .52)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.149 and 151, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as No. 1, L. 5021.P paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G72, IV.5.144, Nos. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime and sand; no core; 5, and 8; IV.5.150, Nos. hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 3 and 8, L. 5021.P

3.

Storage Jar (SJ .54)

G72, IV.5.159, No. 2, L. 5021.P

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12) G72, IV.5.157, No. 2, L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12) G72, IV.5.157, No. 3, L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; many small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small sand, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, burnish, centripetal pattern; (Ext.) as paste.

G72, IV.5.145, No. 3, L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; few to some large lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 30

319

320

Plate 31 Plate 31.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G72, IV.5.159, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/3 “pink”; some medium to large lime, many medium to large wadi gravel; (SJ .21) L. 5021.P no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.” 2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.157, No. 4, L. 5021.P

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.131-160, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; many small and few large lime, few small crystal; gray 3, L. 5021.P core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.5.136, 143-144, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium to large lime, many small sand; light gray core; No. 3, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 7/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar G72, IV.5.131-160, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic and few large lime; no core; rim (SJ .51) 2, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Storage Jar G72, IV.5.145, No. 2, rim (SJ .53) L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; some small to medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Storage Jar G72, IV.5.140, No. 3, rim (SJ .51) L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Cooking Pot G72, IV.5.138-139, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as (Cpr .31) 1, L. 5021.P paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Storage Jar (SJ .53)

G72, IV.5.144, No. 1, L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small ceramic and sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

Plate 31

321

322

Plate 32 Plate 32.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar (SJ .51) G72, IV.5.135-134, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand and ceramic; dark gray core; 1, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

G72, IV.5.136, 143-144, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small crystal, ceramic and sand; no core; No. 2, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G72, IV.5.145, No. 1, L. 5021.P

4.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc d)

G72, IV.5.131-160, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 1, L. 5021.P 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

5.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G72, IV.5.136, 143-144, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small sand, few small crystal, few large ceramic; No. 1, L. 5021.P gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Pestle/Scale Weight, 1776

G72, IV.5.151, L. 5021.P

Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: H. 48 mm, D. 57 mm. Weight: 255 gr. Condition: good.

7.

Pestle?/Scale Weight, 1777

G72, IV.5.140, L. 5021.P

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: H. 80 mm, D. 74 mm. Weight: 530 gr. Condition: good.

8.

Loom Weight, 1800 G72, IV.5.156, (IDA 1974-868) L. 5021.P

9.

Storage Jar (SJ)

G72, IV.5.132-135, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime and ceramic; no core; 1, L. 5021.P hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, seal impression on handle (Object No. 1779; IDA 1974850; TxP V.C.1).

9a.

Sherd, 1805

G72, IV.5.161, L. 5021.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium lime and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 97 mm, W. 69 mm. Condition: good.

Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR N7/6 “reddish yellow.” Dimensions: L. 425 mm, W. 296 mm, Th. 13 mm. Condition: good, with incised line.

Plate 32

323

324

Plate 33 Plate 33.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar (SJ .33)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.5.110, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, some L. 5016 large lime, few medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Quern, 1708

G72, IV.5.112, L. 5016

3.

Scarab, 1998 G73, IV.5.225, L. 5024 (IDA 1974-718)

Composition: steatite. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 21.7 mm, W. 15.5 mm, Th. 9.1 mm. Condition: good.

4.

Scale weight, 2235

G73, IV.5.358, L. 5024

Composition: chert. Color: 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 19 mm, D. 14 mm. Weight 4 gr. Condition: good.

5.

Bead, 1939

G73, IV.5.205, L. 5024

Composition: shell (marine gastropod). Color: 10YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: L. 12 mm, W. 7 mm. Condition: good.

6.

Scraper, 1951 G73, IV.5.218, L. 5024 (IDA 1974-715)

Composition: bone. Color: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 45 mm, W. 25 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G73, IV.5.203, No. 1, L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; many very small lime and organic, many medium to large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11)

G73, IV.5.203, No. 6, L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/1 “gray”; many small and some medium to large crystal, few small ceramic, many small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Storage Jar rim G73, IV.5.215, No. 1, (SJ .13) L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many large wadi gravel, some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Carinated Bowl G73, IV.5.203, No. 11, (Bc) L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and wadi gravel, few very small ceramic, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Platter Bowl (Bp .13)

G73, IV.5.203, No. 15, L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small to some small organic, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown” with random burnish, slip 2.5 YR 5/6 “red” with wheel burnish on rim; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” as interior on rim.

12.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, IV.5.203, No. 10, L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small crystal and wadi gravel, many small to medium lime, few small ceramic, some small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, IV.5.237, No. 1, L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

14.

Storage Jar rim G73, IV.5.203, No. 9, (SJ .54) L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small crystal, some small organic, some medium lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Knapping Tool, G73, IV.5.235, L. 5024 2000

Composition: horn. Color: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 59 mm, top D. 11 mm, bottom D. 6 mm. Condition: good.

16.

Cultic Stand

G75, IV.5.375, L. 5024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “brown”; some small ceramic, few small-medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray” organic paint 2.5YR 5/8 “red” band on rim; (Ext.) as interior, organic paint bands down body.

17.

Bead, 1922

G73, IV.5.199, L. 5024

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.” Dimensions: L. 11 mm, D. 5 mm. Condition: good.

18.

Needle, 1944 G73, IV.5.205, L. 5024 (IDA 1974-738)

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 106 mm, W. 3 mm. Condition: good.

18a.

Blade, 2142

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 4/3 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 68 mm, W. 25 mm. Condition: good, distal end serrated.

G72, IV.5.271, L. 5024

Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5YR 3/0 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 132 mm, W. 91 mm, Th. 36 mm. Condition: cracked fragment.

Plate 33

325

326

Plate 34 Plate 34.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G73, IV.5.335, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; very many small to large lime, few large organic, few (SJ .34) L. 5029.P medium to large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior. 2.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G73, IV.5.234, No. 1, L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/6 “yellow”; many small to medium wadi gravel and lime, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G73, IV.5.239-249, No. 1, L. 5029.P (TxP V.K.8-9)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “light red”; many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow,” Proto-Canaanite letterform yôd on shoulder.

4.

Storage Jar (SJ .23)

G73, IV.5.249, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some large organic, few large wadi gravel and lime, few small L. 5029.P (TxP V.K.10- ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, Proto-Canaanite letterform kapp on shoulder, 11) bands of horizontal grooves combed down and around shoulder.

5.

Cylindrical Juglet (Jlc)

G73, IV.5.244, No. 1, L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium ceramic and wadi gravel, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G73, IV.5.336, No. 1, L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic, few small crystal and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.5.353, No. 2, L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some large wadi gravel, many small to large lime, few large organic; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.5.353, No. 1, (Bp .11) L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small lime, few medium to large lime, many very small sand, few large wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Storage Jar (SJ .22)

G73, IV.5.342, No. 1, L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large ceramic, very many small lime, few large lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Amphora

G73, IV.5.245, No. 1, L. 5029.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many small to large lime, many medium to large wadi gravel, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” horizontal combed grooves incised around shoulder.

10.

Plate 34

327

328

Plate 35 Plate 35.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Platter Bowl (Bp G73, IV.5.222, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few .23) L. 5029.P large wadi gravel, some medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Blade, 2209

G73, IV.5.339, L. 5029.P

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: L. 37 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 7 mm. Condition: good.

3.

Pounder/Scale Weight, 2186

G73, IV.5.319, L. 5029.P

Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: H. 45 mm, D. 85 mm, Weight: 64 gr. Condition: good.

4.

Scale Weight, 2001

G73, IV.5.222, L. 5029.P

Composition: chert. Color: 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 55 mm, W. 35 mm, Th. 19 mm. Weight: 58 gr. Condition: good.

5.

Scale Weight, 2240

G73, IV.5.355, L. 5029.P

Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 25 mm, W. 20 mm, Th. 12 mm. Weight: 11 gr. Condition: good.

6.

Scale Weight, 2204

G73, IV.5.338, L. 5029.P

Composition: chert. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.” Dimensions: L. 33 mm, W. 24 mm, Th. 25 mm. Weight: 27 gr. Condition: good.

7.

Pestle/Scale Weight, 2200

G73, IV.5.339, L. 5029.P

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 67 mm, D. 45 mm. Weight: 195 gr. Condition: good.

8.

Tri-footed Grinding Bowl, 2221

G73, IV.5.335, L. 5029.P

Composition: basalt. Color: 10YR 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: D. 313 mm, H. 140 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 35

329

330

Plate 36 Plate 36.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Awl, 1999 (IDA 1974- G73, IV.5.233, L. 5029.P Composition: bone. Color: 2.5YR 3/2 “dusky red.” Dimensions: L. 80 mm, W. 22 mm, Th. 5 mm. 720) Condition: good. 2.

Button or Whorl, G73, IV.5.239, L. 5029.P Composition: ivory. Color: 10YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: D. 23 mm, Th. 8 mm. Condition: good. 2014A (IDA 1974-727)

3.

Button or Whorl, G73, IV.5.239, L. 5029.P Composition: ivory. Color: 10YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: D. 25 mm, Th. 7 mm. Condition: good. 2014B (IDA 1974-728)

4.

Knapping Tool, 2206

G73, IV.5.338, L. 5029.P Composition: horn. Color: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.” Dimensions: L. 85 mm, top D. 21 mm, bottom D. 7 mm. Condition: good.

5.

Tri-footed Grinding Bowl, 1972 (IDA 1974-897)

G73, IV.5.226, L. 5029.P Composition: basalt. Color: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 245 mm, H. 125 mm. Condition: good.

6.

Saddle Quern, 2023 (IDA 1974-870)

G73, IV.5.252, L. 5029.P Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 410 mm, W. 134 mm, Th. 55 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Needle, 2017

G73, IV.5.239, L. 5029.P Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 84 mm, W. 3 mm. Condition: corroded.

Plate 36

331

332

Plate 37 Plate 37.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Scarab, 2301 (IDA 1974-879)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.5.369, Composition: steatite. Color: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 21.3 mm, W. 14.2 mm, Th. 8.6 mm. L. 5029.1 (TxP V.C.2) Condition: good.

2.

Scaraboid with Bezel, 2300 (IDA 1974-883)

G73, IV.5.369, L. 5029.1

Composition: glass. Color: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 15.3 mm, W. 10.9 mm, Th. 6.4 mm, gold bezel H. 2 mm. Condition: good.

3.

Storage Jar G73, IV.5.373, handle (SJ), 2351 L. 5029.1 (IDA 1974-803)

Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red.” Dimensions: L. 65 mm, W. 35 mm. Condition: good, with incised tāw.

4.

Loom Weight, 2336A

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 105 mm, D. 75mm. Weight: 903 gr. Condition: good.

5.

Loom Weight, 2336B

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 100 mm, D. 75 mm. Weight: 733 gr. Condition: good.

6.

Blade, 2318

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 65 mm, W. 30 mm, Th. 7 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Pestle/Scale Weight, 2316

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: L. 55 mm, D. 75 mm. Weight: 560 gr. Condition: good.

7a.

Scale Weight G73, IV.5.368, from Set, 2342A L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:A)

Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5YR 3/0 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: H. 12 mm, D. 20 mm. Weight: 7 gr. Condition: good.

7b.

Scale Weight G73, IV.5.368, from Set, 2342B L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:B)

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: H. 18 mm, D. 31 mm. Weight: 19 gr. Condition: good.

7c.

Scale Weight G73, IV.5.368, from Set, 2342C L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:C)

Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: H. 17 mm, D. 34 mm. Weight: 25 gr. Condition: good.

7d.

Scale Weight G73, IV.5.368, from Set, 2342D L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:D)

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/1 “light gray.” Dimensions: H. 27 mm, D. 40 mm. Weight: 52 gr. Condition: good.

7e.

Scale Weight from Set, 2342E

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:E)

Composition: limestone. Color: 5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray.” Dimensions: L. 54 mm, W. 45 mm, H. 24 mm. Weight: 85 gr. Condition: good.

7f.

Scale Weight from Set, 2342F

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:F)

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5YR 7/1 “light gray.” Dimensions: L. 46 mm, W. 40 mm, H. 37 mm. Weight: 95 gr. Condition: good.

7g.

Scale Weight G73, IV.5.368, from Set, 2342G L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:G)

Composition: chert. Color: 7.5 YR 6/4 “light brown.” Dimensions: L. 54 mm, W. 43, H. 35 mm. Weight: 110 gr. Condition: good.

7h.

Scale Weight G73, IV.5.368, from Set, 2342H L. 5029.1 (TxP V.I:H)

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5 YR 6/0 “gray.” Dimensions: L. 46 mm, W. 42 mm, D. 51 mm. Weight: 133 gr. Condition: good.

8.

Blade, 2335

G73, IV.5.368, L. 5029.1

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 110 mm, W. 23 mm, Th. 12 mm. Condition: good.

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G72, IV.5.126, No. 5, L. 5017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large lime and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.5.126, No. 4, .63) L. 5017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium organic, few small ceramic, few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.5.124, No. 4, .11) L. 5017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small sand, few medium lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on and over rim; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip as interior, horizontal combed band.

12.

Jug base (Jg)

G72, IV.5.124, No. 8, L. 5017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many medium wadi gravel, some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G72, IV.5.124, No. 6, L. 5017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G72, IV.5.126, No. 7, L. 5017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many medium to large lime, few large ceramic and wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

Plate 37

333

334

Plate 38 Plate 38.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G73, IV.5.290, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many medium to large wadi gravel, very many very (SJ .34) L. 5033.P small lime, some large lime, few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.” 2.

Amphora body

G73, IV.5.270, No. 3, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium lime, few large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Jug (Jg A)

G73, IV.5.291 and 330, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; few large ceramic, few medium lime, some large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 7.5YR 8/4 “pink” burnished.

4.

Storage Jar (SJ .11)

G73, IV.5.309 and 326, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium to large lime, few medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow.”

5.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G73, IV.5.315, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; some small lime, few medium wadi gravel and L. 5033.P (TxP V.K.18- ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow,” Proto-Canaanite letterform 19) lamd incised on neck, horizontal grooves around shoulder.

6.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G73, IV.5.265, No. 3, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red.”

7.

Pot

G70, IV.5.265, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to medium crystal and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 7.5YR 7/4 “pink” on rim; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 5/8 “red,” incised bands around upper body.

8.

Storage Jar (SJ .33)

G73, IV.5.314, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium to large lime, some medium to large L. 5033.P (TxP V.K.20- lime, some medium to large wadi gravel, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as 21) paste, Proto-Canaanite letterform lamd on shoulder.

Plate 38

335

336

Plate 39 Plate 39.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G73, IV.5.265, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, (SJ .33) L. 5033.P (TxP V.K.6-7) some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” Proto-Canaanite letterform dāg on shoulder. 2.

Pot

G73, IV.5.281, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; many medium to large wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar (SJ .52)

G73, IV.5.265-66, 270, No. 1, L. 5033.P (TxP V.K.30-33)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; many small to large wadi gravel, many small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” Proto-Canaanite letterforms nûn and tāw incised on neck, incised groove around shoulder.

4.

Storage Jar (SJ .52)

G73, IV.5.305, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small lime, some medium lime, few large wadi gravel and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as paste, 2 handles stamped with scaraboids.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.5.307, No.1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; many medium to large lime, some small sand, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.5.284, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

7.

Jug (Jg A)

G73, IV.5.291, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many large wadi gravel, some medium to large lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

8.

Milk Bowl

G73, IV.5.297, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; many small lime, some large wadi gravel and lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as interior, wish bone handle remnants.

9.

Amphora

G73, IV.5.277, No. 1A, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, few medium to large ceramic, some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 39

337

338

Plate 40 Plate 40.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.5.272, No. 3, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some large organic, few small ceramic, some large lime L. 5033.P and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Carinated Bowl G73, IV.5.301, No. 2, base (Bc cd) L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; some medium lime, many small sand, few medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Carinated Bowl G73, IV.5.350, No. 1, base (Bc r) L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some large wadi gravel, few medium ceramic, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

4.

Carinated Bowl G73, IV.5.272, No. 1, (Bc) L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large crystal, many medium wadi gravel and lime, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp .52)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “brown”; many small to large lime, some small ceramic, few small crystal; no color; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 5YR 5/3 “red brown.”

6.

Storage Jar (SJ) G73, IV.5.312, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium to large lime, some small organic, few small ceramic and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, incised groove around shoulder.

7.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G73, IV.5.277, No. 2, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large wadi gravel, some small ceramic, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Platter Bowl (Bp .21)

G73, IV.5.301, No. 4, L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium organic, few large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown,” slip 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Storage Jar rim G73, IV.5.277, No. 1, (SJ .53) L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small lime, some large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior, incised groove around upper shoulder.

10.

Storage Jar rim G73, IV.5.301, No. 1, (SJ .11) L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Storage Jar rim G73, IV.5.322, No. 1, (SJ .22) L. 5033.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime, very many large wadi gravel, few large ceramic, very many very small sand, some small organic; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Jar Stopper, 2253

G73, IV.5.356, L. 5033.P

Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 3/2 “very dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: D. 75 mm, Th. 30 mm. Condition: good.

13.

Jar Stopper, 2159

G73, IV.5.300, L. 5033.P

Composition: clay. Color: 5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: D. 90 mm, Th. 55 mm. Condition: good.

14.

Dibble Weight, G73, IV.5.300, 2177 L. 5033.P

Composition: biotite. Color: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: D. 160 mm, Th. 55 mm. Condition: good.

15.

Loom Weight, 2161

G73, IV.5.300, L. 5033.P

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 6/1 “gray.” Dimensions: L. 90 mm, W. 75 mm. Condition: good.

16.

Blade, 2190

G73, IV.5.313, L. 5003.P

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 41 mm, W. 23 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

17.

Blade, 2245

G73, IV.5.356, L. 5033.P

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 62 mm, W. 32 mm, Th. 8 mm. Condition: good.

18.

Blade, 2107

G73, IV.5.265, L. 5033.P

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 67 mm, W. 27 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

19.

Blade, 2242

G73, IV.5.356, L. 5033.P

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 59 mm, W. 26 mm, Th. 7 mm. Condition: good.

G73, IV.5.280, No. 1, L. 5033.P

Plate 40

339

340

Plate 41 Plate 41.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Scale Weight, 2106

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.5.265, Composition: chert. Color: 5YR 3/3 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 21 mm, D. 16 mm. Weight: L. 5033.P 6 gr. Condition: good.

2.

Scale Weight, 2189

G73, IV.5.310, L. 5033.P

Composition: limestone. Color: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 14 mm, D. 10 mm. Weight: 4 gr. Condition: good.

3.

Scale Weight, 2145 (IDA 1974-765)

G73, IV.5.277, L. 5033.P Composition: goethite nodule. Color: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 15 mm. Weight: 9 gr. Condition: good.

4.

Scale Weight, 2146B G73, IV.5.274, (IDA 1974-768) L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 2.5Y 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: L. 24 mm, D. 20 mm. Weight: 10 gr. Condition: good.

5.

Grinder/Scale Weight, 2173

G73, IV.5.300, L. 5033.P

Composition: trachyte. Color: 7.5YR 2/0 “black.” Dimensions: L. 52 mm, D. 45 mm. Weight: 106 gr. Condition: good.

6.

Pounder/Scale Weight, 2165A

G73, IV.5.281, L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 5Y 2.5/1 “black.” Dimensions: H. 32 mm, W. 30 mm. Weight: 56 gr. Condition: good.

7.

Scale Weight, 2146A G73, IV.5.274, (IDA 1974-767) L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 47 mm, D. 40 mm. Weight: 50 gr. Condition: good.

8.

Pounder/Scale Weight, 2165B

G73, IV.5.281, L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: H. 61mm, W. 39 mm. Weight: 109 gr. Condition: good.

9.

Scale Weight, 2147

G73, IV.5.274, L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 50 mm, D. 40 mm. Weight: 62 gr. Condition: good.

10.

Pestle/Scale Weight, G73, IV.5.314, 2184 L. 5033.P

Composition: greenstone. Color: 2.5YR 3/0 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 60 mm, W. 43 mm. Weight: 112 gr. Condition: good.

11.

Grinder/Scale Weight, 2267

G73, IV.5.356, L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: D. 75 mm, Th. 30 mm. Weight: 190 gr. Condition: good.

12.

Pounder/Scale Weight, 2288

G73, IV.5.364, L. 5033.P

Composition: chert. Color: 7.5YR 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 90 mm, D. 65 mm. Weight: 508 gr. Condition: good.

13.

Palette, 2289 (IDA 1974-799)

G73, IV.5.366, L. 5033.P

Composition: alabaster. Color: 5Y 6/1 “gray.” Dimensions: L. 55 mm, W. 45 mm, Th. 20 mm. Condition: good.

14.

Polishing Tool, 2241 G73, IV.5.360, L. 5033.P

Composition: bone. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 32 mm, W. 28 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 41

341

342

Plate 42 Plate 42.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Game G72, IV.6.43, L. 6004 Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 8/3 “white.” Dimensions: D. 32 mm, Th. 12 mm. Condition: slightly Piece/ fractured. Stopper, 1773 2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.6.43, No. 1, L. 6004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many very small to small crystal, few medium to large crystal, few very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) as interior, wash 2.5YR 8/2 “white.”

2a.

Blade, 1782 G72, IV.6.32, L. 6004

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 71 mm, W. 23 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: friable.

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.6.56, No. 13, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal and lime, some very small organic, some medium to large wadi gravel and crystal, few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.6.95, No. 1, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to very small ceramic, very many very small wadi gravel and organic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5 YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” traces over rim; (Ext.) as interior, slip on upper body.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 21, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small and some medium to large lime, ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 22, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium crystal, lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.85, No. 1, (Bp .63) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some large lime and wadi gravel, many small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.104, No. 47, (Bp .61) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; very many very small lime and crystal, few medium lime, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.”

9.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.26, No. 1, (Bp .23) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel, some medium to large lime, many very small to small lime, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.104, No. 41, (Bp .63) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small crystal, some small lime, few small ceramic, few large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.72 and 80, (Bp .61) No. 1, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; some very small ceramic, many very small sand, some very small to small wadi gravel, some small crystal, many small and few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnishing on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.104, No. 65, (Bp .41) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, many small organic, few very small lime and ceramic, some medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.55, No. 4, (Bp .23) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small crystal, some very small wadi gravel, few small lime, few medium crystal and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.95, No. 4, (Bp .22) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown”; very many small to medium lime, many medium to large wadi gravel, some small to medium ceramic, some small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.104, No. 18, (Bp .22) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small lime, many small to medium crystal, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.69, No. 12, (Bp .41) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; many very small to small wadi gravel, some very small crystal and lime, some small organic, some medium to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.56, No. 10, (Bp .43) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, some very small ceramic, few medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip traces 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.69, No. 1, (Bp .43) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal and organic, few small lime, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

Plate 42

343

344

Plate 43 Plate 43.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Jug neck G73, IV.6.91, No. 1A, Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown; some very small to small organic and lime, few (Cypriot BR L. 6006 small wadi gravel; no core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 2/0 “black.” I bilbil) 2.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.70, No. 2, (Cpr .33) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 4/4 “dark brown”; many medium to large wadi gravel, many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 5/2 “brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.100, No. 14, (Cpr .33) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many small to medium sand, some medium to large wadi gravel, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.100, No. 9, (Cpr .31) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many very small lime and crystal, very many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.100, No. 18, (Cpr .31) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small lime and crystal, many very small to small organic, some medium to large wadi gravel, crystal and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/6 “red.”

6.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.104, No. 48, (Cpr .21) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small to small crystal, many small to medium wadi gravel, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.69, No. 15, (Cpr .21) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/1 “gray”; many very small to small crystal, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.6.104, No. 29, (Cpr .32) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small to medium lime, some medium crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

9.

Storage Jar G73, IV.6.51, No. 11, rim (SJ .33) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small ceramic and lime, very many small to medium wadi gravel and crystal, some large wadi gravel and lime, few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown,” incised bands around shoulder.

10.

Storage Jar G73, IV.6.94, No. 1, rim (SJ .51) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, many medium wadi gravel, some small to medium lime, few small ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Storage Jar G73, IV.6.51 and 69, rim (SJ .13) No. 1, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic, some very small crystal, some medium to large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Storage Jar G73, IV.6.104, No. 58, rim (SJ .33) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small and some medium wadi gravel, some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.”

13.

Cylindrical Juglet (Jlc)

G73, IV.6.70, No. 1, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; some small lime, many small wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/1 “gray”; (Ext.) as paste, double handle with molded rivet at rim.

14.

Jug (Jg B)

G73, IV.6.100, No. 5, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; very many very small to small lime, many very small crystal, many small to medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Jug (Jg B)

G73, IV.6.94, No. 2, L. 6006

Technique: wheel and handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic and lime, few small organic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) slip 10R 6/6 “light red” slip, random vertical burnish.

16.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G73, IV.6.69, No. 6, L. 6006

Technique: wheel and handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and ceramic, many very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” molded rivet on handle.

17.

Jug handle (Jg)

G73, IV.6.69, No. 5, L. 6006

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal and organic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip patches 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” with cyma-shaped appliqué.

18.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G73, IV.6.50, No. 8, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; very many very small lime, some medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown,” vertical and horizontal incised markings.

19.

Storage Jar G73, IV.6.69, No. 20, rim (SJ .51) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; very many very small lime, many small organic, some medium to large lime and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Cylindrical Juglet base (Jlc)

G73, IV.6.91, No. 14, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small organic, many very small to small crystal and ceramic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” burnished.

21.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G73, IV.6.100, No. 20, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small organic and lime, many small ceramic and wadi gravel, some very small crystal, many medium to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

Plate 43

345

346

Plate 44 Plate 44.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.6.52, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; very many very small wadi gravel and crystal, some L. 6006 very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown,” slip on rim 5YR 5/6 “yellowish brown.” (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.142, No. 1, (Bp .21) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, few very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, radial burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

3.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.52, No. 1, (Bp .11) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.104, No. 3, (Bp .61) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; some small crystal and organic, many very small to small lime, few medium crystal and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.56, No. 11, (Bp .12) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small ceramic, some very small organic and wadi gravel, few small to medium ceramic; 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown” core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.52, No. 6, (Bp .12) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many small crystal, some small to medium lime and ceramic, some medium to large crystal, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.50, No. 6, (Bp .11) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small organic and lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red,” bands of horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.50, No. 12, (Bp .11) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, some very small to small wadi gravel, very many very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.55, No. 6, (Bp .12) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, organic, and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 4/6 “red,” continuous burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip and burnish on rim as interior.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G73, IV.6.51, No. 10, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, some small lime, organic and ceramic; some medium to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G73, IV.6.100, No. 17, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small lime, wadi gravel, organic and crystal, many medium to large lime and wadi gravel, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G73, IV.6.95, No. 2, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, many small to medium lime, some large wadi gravel, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G73, IV.6.65, No. 3, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime and organic, many small to medium crystal, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 62, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; very many very small crystal and wadi gravel, many small crystal, many very small to small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 8, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel, some very small to small lime, some medium to large crystal, many medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

16.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G73, IV.6.95, No. 3, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/6 “yellow”; very many small to large wadi gravel, many medium to large lime, some small to medium crystal, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, IV.6.55, No. 11, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small lime and crystal, many very small organic, few very small ceramic, some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, IV.6.95, No. 5, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium to large lime, few medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G73, IV.6.91, No. 6, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; very many very small lime, many very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 43, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small wadi gravel, some medium to large lime, few small ceramic, few medium crystal and wadi gravel, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, IV.6.91, No. 15, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small lime and organic, some small to large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, IV.6.55, No. 5, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and lime, few very small ceramic and organic, some medium to large crystal, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G73, IV.6.50, No. 9, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to medium lime, few small ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

24.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G73, IV.6.69, No. 16, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to medium lime, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

25.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G73, IV.6.69, No. 22, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime, many very small to small wadi gravel, some small crystal, few large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

Descriptions continue on p. 348, bottom.

Plate 44

347

348

Plate 45 Plate 45.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Loom Weight, 2086

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.6.71, L. 6006 Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 100 mm, D. 55 mm. Condition: good.

2.

Loom Weight, 2030

G73, IV.6.60, L. 6006

Composition: clay. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.” Dimensions: L. 100 mm, top D. 55 mm, bottom D. 75 mm. Condition: good.

3.

Loom Weight, 2111

G73, IV.6.85, L. 6006

Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: H. 100 mm, top D. 65 mm, bottom D. 80 mm. Condition: good.

4.

Game Piece/Jar G73, IV.6.107, L. 6006 Stopper, 2191 (IDA 1974-757)

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.” Dimensions: D. 32 mm, Th. 8 mm. Condition: good.

5.

Jar Stopper, 2353

G73, IV.6.92, L. 6006 (TxP V.E.4)

Composition: clay. Color: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.” Dimensions: D. 70 mm, Th. 30 mm. Condition: good.

6.

Pounder/ Chopper, 2156

G73, IV.6.98, L. 6006

Composition: limestone. Color: 2.5YR 3/6 “dark red.” Dimensions: L. 110 mm, W. 85 mm, Th. 40 mm. Condition: good.

7.

Blade, 2153

G73, IV.6.100, L. 6006

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 80 mm, W. 32 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

8.

Tri-footed G73, IV.6.98, L. 6006 Grinding Bowl, 2155

Composition: basalt. Color: 5Y 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 220 mm, H. 50 mm. Condition: good, half fragment.

9.

Whetstone, 2012 (IDA 1974-726)

G73, IV.6.60, L. 6006 (TxP V.H.2)

Composition: siltstone. Color: 5YR 2/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 14 mm, W. 30 mm. Condition: good, broken in three pieces.

9a.

Whorl, 2166

G73, IV.6.104, L. 6006

Composition: limestone. Color: 5YR 4/1 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 40 mm, W. 25 mm. Condition: burned half fragment.

Plate 44.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA (cont.) Plate Object, Number Object No. 26. Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.6.104, No. 23, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small wadi gravel and crystal, many small L. 6006 organic, few medium lime, crystal and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

27.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 12, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small lime, some small crystal, many medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

28.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, IV.6.104, No. 46, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small wadi gravel and crystal, some very small ceramic and organic, some medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior, incised design around shoulder.

29.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G73, IV.6.89, No. 1, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to medium and few very large lime, some small sand and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

30.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.100, No. 10, base (Bp cd) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and ceramic, some small to medium wadi gravel and crystal, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

31.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.142, No. 3, base (Bp r) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, radial burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.”

32.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.100, No. 8, base (Bp cd) L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; very many very small to small lime, many medium to large lime, some very small crystal, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.”

33.

Cooking Pot base (Cpr)

G73, IV.6.91, No. 8, L. 6006

Technique: handmade, base reworked on slow wheel. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to few large wadi gravel, many very small to small lime, some very small crystal, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior, incised starburst decoration.

34.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G73, IV.6.100, No. 7, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, some small lime and wadi gravel, some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

35.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G73, IV.6.65, No. 2, L.6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; many small lime, some small organic and crystal, few small ceramic, many small to medium and few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as exterior; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

36.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G73, IV.6.70, No. 7, L. 6006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium crystal, some medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

Plate 45

349

350

Plate 46 Plate 46.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Krater (Kr)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.6.124-125, No. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel, 1, L. 6010.P many large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

G73, IV.6.134, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, lime, and L. 6010.P (TxP lV.K.29) organic, few very small ceramic, some medium to large wadi gravel and lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste, incised Proto-Canaanite letterform mêm?

3.

Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

G73, IV.6.134, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, L. 6010.P (TxP V.K.34) few large wadi gravel, some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown,” incised Proto-Canaanite letterform ‘ayin?

4.

Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

G73, IV.6.144, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small crystal, some medium to large L. 6010.P (TxP V.K.28) crystal, few medium to large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” incised Proto-Canaanite letterform mêms?

5.

Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

G73, IV.6.134, No. 3, L. 6010.P (TxP V.K.1)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large wadi gravel, few small to medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” incised ProtoCanaanite letterform bêt.

6.

Storage Jar (SJ)

G73, IV.6.78 and 130, No. 1, L. 6010.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium and few large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” incised ProtoCanaanite letterform mêms around body.

7.

Platter Bowl/ G73, IV.6.143, No. 2, Vat (Bp .63) L. 6010.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, some small and many medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

8.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.6.44, No. 4, (Bp .11) L. 6010.P

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many medium to large lime, many medium to large wadi gravel, some small lime, very many very small wadi gravel, few small crystal, few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium to large lime, some large wadi gravel, few large organic, few medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

G73, IV.6.106, No. 1, L. 6010.P

Plate 46

351

352

Plate 47 Plate 47.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Scale Weight, 2239

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.6.136, Composition: chert. Color: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 30 mm, D. 25 mm. L. 6010.P Weight: 25 gr. Condition: good.

2.

Scale Weight, 2248

G73, IV.6.122, L. 6010.P

3.

Pestle/Scale Weight, 2247 G73, IV.6.127, L. 6010.P Composition: greenstone. Color: 7.5YR 4/0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 90 mm, W. 43 mm, Th. 25 mm. Weight: 214 gr. Condition: good.

4.

Sculptured Table, 2340

5.

Tri-footed Grinding Bowl, G73, IV.6.127, L. 6010.P Composition: basalt. Color: 10YR 5/1 “gray.” Dimensions: D. 264 mm, H. 120 mm. Condition: 2225 (IDA 1974-896) (TxP V.H.3) good.

6.

Loom Weight/Whorl/ Mace Head, 2096

G73, IV.6.84, L. 6010.P Composition: biotite. Color: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 52 mm, H. 31 mm. Condition: good, inscribed.

6a.

Vessel?, 2244

G72, IV.6.127, L. 6010.P Composition: alabaster. Color: 2.5YR 8/2 “white.” Dimensions: L. 59 mm, W. 15 mm. Condition: fragment.

G73, IV.6.148, L. 6010.P

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 6/2 “very dark grayish brown.” Dimensions: H. 23 mm, D. 27 mm. Weight: 45 gr. Condition: good.

Composition: chalk. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: W. 335mm, H. 150 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 47

353

354

Plate 48 Plate 48.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1–15. Loom Weight Collection Sample G73, IV.6.45 and Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: small cobble 2223A-O, (15 of 38 examples registered IV.6.122, L. 6010.P size. Condition: stable but fragile. (See also pl. 49:1, Object No. 2117.) as Object Nos. 2223A-LL)

Plate 48

355

356

Plate 49 Plate 49.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Loom Weight, 2117

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.6.87, L. 6010.P Composition: clay. Color: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: H. 95 mm, top D. 65 mm, bottom D. 75 mm. Condition: good.

2.

Flask, 2126

G73, IV.6.88, L. 6010.P Composition: faience. Color: gray-green. Dimensions: W. 60 mm, Th. 30 mm, H.83 mm. Condition: fragile, (TxP V.E.5) 5 fragments, repaired.

3.

Chisel, 2168 G73, IV.6.105, (IDA 1974-755) L. 6010.P

4.

Toggle Pin, 2321

G73, IV.6.147, L. 6010.P Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 65 mm, top D. 4 mm, bottom D. 2 mm. Condition: corroded.

4a.

Pin, 2231

G73, IV.6.132, L. 6010.P

5.

Scarab, 2281 G73, IV.6.141, (IDA 1974-758) L. 6010.P (TxP V.C.3)

6.

Scarab, 2302 G73, IV.6.147, L. 6010.P Composition: faience. Color: azure. Dimensions: L. 13.5 mm, W. 6.2 mm, Th. 7.5 mm. Condition: degraded, (IDA 1974-889) half fragment.

7.

Lid, 2328 (IDA G73, IV.6.144, 1974-761) L. 6010.P (TxP V.H.1)

8.

Polishing Tool, 2079

G73, IV.6.75, L. 6010.P Composition: bone. Color: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 55 mm, W. 10 mm. Condition: good.

9.

Blade, 2195

G73, IV.6.110, L. 6010.P

Composition: flint. Color: 2.5Y 2/0 “black.” Dimensions: L. 31 mm, W. 22 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

10.

Blade, 2246

G73, IV.6.129, L. 6010.P

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 47 mm, W. 23 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

11.

Blade, 2237

G73, IV.6.113, L. 6010.P

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: L. 67 mm, W. 20 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

12.

Blade, 2238

G73, IV.6.121, L. 6010.P

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 25 mm, W. 14 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

13.

Blade, 2192

G73, IV.6.110, L. 6010.P

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 2.5/l “black.” Dimensions: L. 70 mm, W. 34 mm. Condition: good, backed.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G74, IV.6.171C, No. 1, L. 6023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Storage Jar rim G74, IV.6.173, No.1, (SJ .42) L. 6023

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 44 mm, top D. 10 mm, bottom D. 2 mm. Condition: corroded.

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 41 mm, D. 7 mm. Condition: corroded fragment. Composition: steatite. Color: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 2.4 mm, W. 15.1 mm, Th. 9.2 mm. Condition: good.

Composition: alabaster. Color: 5Y 8/1 “white.” Dimensions: D. 177 mm, Th. 19 mm. Condition: fractured, four fragments.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime, some small wadi gravel, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 49

357

358

Plate 50 Plate 50.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G71, IV.8.56, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic, many small to few rim (SJ .13) L. 8006.1 medium lime, some small ceramic and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Storage Jar G71, IV.8.35, No. 1, rim (SJ .52) L. 8010

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small and few large gravel and lime, some very small to small organic, some very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G71, IV.8.36, No. 1, L. 8010

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic and very small sand, some very small crystal, few small wadi gravel, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 2.5 YR 5/8 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Jar/Bowl base

G71, IV.8.33, No. 2, L. 8010

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, many small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Jar/Bowl base

G71, IV.8.34, No. 1, L. 8010

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to some small crystal and organic, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Ext.) as paste, slip 10R 4/6 “red,” continuous vertical burnish.

6.

Jar/Bowl base

G71, IV.8.33, No. 3, L. 8010

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; many small wadi gravel, some very small lime and crystal, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray.”

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.10.47, No. 1, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small to large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int. as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.10.37, No. 2, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel, some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G74, IV.10.54, No. 1, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Cooking Pot G74, IV.10.50, No. 2, (Cpr .12) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Storage Jar G74, IV.10.51, No. 1, rim (SJ .31) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime, many small to large wadi gravel, few medium ceramic, few large organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.10.45, No. 4, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.10.50, No. 1, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; some small ceramic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Storage Jar G74, IV.10.29, No. 1, rim (SJ .54) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic, many small to medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Storage Jar G74, IV.10.32, No. 2, rim (SJ .51) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic, few medium wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Storage Jar G74, IV.10.45, No. 1, rim (SJ .31) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large wadi gravel, some small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext) as paste.

17.

Storage Jar G74, IV.10.32, No. 1, rim (SJ .32) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium lime, few small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.10.41, No. 1, (Bp .21) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many very small to small lime, some small ceramic and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.10.39, No. 2, (Bp .41) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many small to large wadi gravel, some small to large lime, few large organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext) as interior.

20.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.10.45, No. 3, (Bp .12) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime, many small to medium wadi gravel, no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext) as paste.

21.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.10.39, No. 1, (Bp .41) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime, few small to medium wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Krater (Kr)

G74, IV.10.37, No. 1, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

23.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G74, IV.10.37, No. 3, L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small ceramic, few medium wadi gravel, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Cooking Pot G74, IV.10.29, No. 3, base (Cpr) L. 10007

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

25.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; very many very small to small sand, some small to medium wadi gravel, few small to medium ceramic; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G74, IV.10.60, No. 1, L. 10007

Plate 50

359

360

Plate 51 Plate 51.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, IV.10.58 and 65, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; many very small to small crystal, many very No. 5, L. 10007.1 small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.10.58 and 65, No. 6, L. 10007.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and organic, many very small ceramic, some very small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10R 8/4 “very pale brown.”

3.

Jug base (Jg)

G74, IV.10.58 and 65, No. 4, L. 10007.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to large lime, some small wadi gravel, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11)

G74, IV.10.58 and 65, No. 2, L. 10007.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some small to medium wadi gravel, many medium to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp G74, IV.10.58 and 65, .23) No. 3, L. 10007.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small organic, many small to medium crystal and wadi gravel, some medium lime, few small ceramic; dark gray core; soft. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp G74, IV.10.58 and 65, .63) No. 8, L. 10007.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime, many very small to small wadi gravel, some medium to large wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ex.t) as paste.

7.

Vase, 2420 (IDA G74, IV.10.64, 1974-1872) L. 10007.1

Composition: alabaster. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 75 mm, W. 40 mm, Th. 8 mm. Condition: good, half fragment.

7a.

Point, 2413 (IDA G74, IV.10.62, 1974-1865) L. 10007.1

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 113 mm, W. 55 mm, Th. 9 mm. Condition: good.

7b.

Blade, 2422 G74, IV.10.63, (IDA 1974-1872) L. 10007.1

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 4/3 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 38 mm, W. 17 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

8.

Toggle Pin, 2419 G74, IV.10.64, (IDA 1974-1869) L. 10007.1

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 83 mm, D. 3 mm. Condition: corroded, broken in three fragments.

9.

Jug base (Jg)

G70, IV.14.8, No. 2, L. 14004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and wadi gravel, some small to medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.14.8, No. 1, .12) L. 14004

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small sand and crystal, many very small and few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red” on rim, horizontal burnish.

11.

Krater (Kr)

G70, IV.14.12, No. 1, L. 14005.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small organic, some very small and few large crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, traces of horizontal burnish on rim; (Ext.) slip 5YR 8/1 “white.”

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.14.11, No. 16, L. 14005.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small sand and organic, some very small to small crystal, some small and few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.14.14, No.1, .41) L. 14005.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, some small lime, some very small to small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Flaring Carinated G70, IV.14.11, Nos. 3 Bowl body (Bfc) and 10, L. 14005.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very many very small to small lime and organic, few medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown,” slip, 2.5YR 8/2 “white” traces; (Ext.) slip as interior, horizontal burnish.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.14.11, No. 11, .22) L. 14005.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small crystal and organic, many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip 2.5YR “red” 4/6 on rim, continuous burnish.

16.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium crystal, some small organic, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown,” incised hatching around shoulder.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.14.17, No. 22, .11) L. 14009

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small and few medium organic, some very small to small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Ledge handle

G70, IV.14.18, No. 6, L. 14009

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small ceramic, some small to few large crystal, few very small organic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

19.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G70, IV.14.18, No. 16, L. 14009

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small and few medium crystal, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G70, IV.14.17, No. 14, L. 14009

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and organic, some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Platter Bowl base G70, IV.14.17, No. 6, (Bp r) L. 14009

G70, IV.14.18A, No. 9, L. 14009

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many very small crystal, some very small to small organic, few small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

Plate 51

361

362

Plate 52 Plate 52.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIB

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.4.208, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, L. 4102.1 some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G73, IV.4.210, No. 3, L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large wadi gravel, many very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G74, IV.4.325, No. 14, L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many very small to small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/6 “yellow”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp G73, IV.4.208, No. 6, .22) L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small ceramic, few small lime, some very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 2.5YR “light red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp G73, IV.4.211, No. 12, .11) L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small and few small wadi gravel and ceramic, few very small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.”

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.325, No. 4, L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime, some very small crystal, few medium organic; 7.5YR 8/4 “pink” core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.”

7.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, IV.4.209, Nos. 2 and 3, L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small organic, many small lime, few small ceramic, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior on rim.

8.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

G73, IV.4.210, No. 1, L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; many small to large sand, some small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G73, IV.4.209, No. 9, L. 4102.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Grinding Bowl base, 2181

G73, IV.4.209, L. 4102.1

Composition: basalt. Color: 7.5YR 4/ 0 “dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 182 mm, H. 80 mm. Condition: fragment.

11.

Blade, 2405 G74, IV.4.322, (IDA 1974-1855) L. 4102.1

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 39 mm, W. 19 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

12.

Platter Bowl (Bp G73, IV.4.222, No. 3, .11) L. 4106

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime, some small ceramic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small to large organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Platter Bowl base G73, IV.4.233, No. 6, (Bp r) L. 4108.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

15.

Bead, 2406

G74, IV.4.326, L. 4135

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray.” Dimensions: D. 11 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: fragment.

16.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G74, IV.4.336, No. 7, L. 4140

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime, few large crystal, many small wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G74, IV.4.334, No. 2, .11) L. 4140

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; very many very small sand, many small lime, few small ceramic and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Bowl (Cypriot Monochrome)

G74, IV.4.334, No. 8, L. 4140

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime, few very small ceramic; no core; metallic. Surface: (Int.) slip 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Lamp

G74, IV.4.334, No. 5, L. 4140

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/1 “gray”; very many very small to small lime, many very small crystal, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Jug base (Jg)

G74, IV.4.334, No. 6, L. 4140

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; some small lime and organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” burnished.

G73, IV.4.235, No. 2, L. 4108.1

Plate 52

363

364

Plate 53 Plate 53.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIB

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Pin, 2409 (IDA 19741859)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, IV.4.336, L. 4140 Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: D. 5 mm. Condition: corroded.

2.

Whorl or Weight, 2414 G74, IV.4.336, L. 4140 (IDA 1974-1864)

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray.” Dimensions: D. 100 mm, Th. 60 mm. Condition: fragment.

3.

Loom Weight, 2415 (IDA 1974-1865)

G74, IV.4.336, L. 4140

Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray.” Dimensions: L. 108 mm, W. 94 mm, Th. 64 mm. Condition: good.

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G74, IV.4.355, No. 2, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few large crystal, very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G74, IV.4.339, No. 5, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic, few small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G74, IV.4.339-341, Nos. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime and wadi 6 and 8, L. 4142.1 gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G74, IV.4.355, No. 12, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Jug (Jg B)

G74, IV.4.339, No. 3, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small ceramic and lime, few small organic, many very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G74, IV.4.355, No. 9, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small sand, many small lime, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G74, IV.4.339, No. 1, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some small crystal, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.355, No. 4, L. 4142.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, many very small to small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21) G74, IV.4.341, No. 3, L. 4146

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to medium wadi gravel, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Scraper, 2412 (IDA 1974-1862)

G74, IV.4.341, L. 4146

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 38 mm, W. 25 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good.

14.

Platter Bowl/Krater (Bp .63)

G74, IV.10.69, No. 2, L. 10012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many medium to large wadi gravel, many medium lime, some small ceramic and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp .51)

G74, IV.10.71, No. 1, L. 10012.1.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime, some small crystal, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.10.71, No. 1, L. 10012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to large wadi gravel, some small lime, crystal and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G74, IV.10.69, No. 1, L. 10012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime and organic, some very small wadi gravel and crystal, few very small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G74, IV.10.71, No. 5, L. 10012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

19.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .24)

G74, IV.10.72, No .4, L. 10012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; very many very small wadi gravel and crystal, few small wadi gravel, few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) wash 5Y 8/2 “white.”

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11) G74, IV.10.71, No. 9, L. 10012.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small crystal, some very small to medium ceramic, few very small lime, many small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20a.

Blade, 2423

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 3/3 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 74 mm, W. 18 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good.

G74, IV.10.71, L. 10012.1

Plate 53

365

366

Plate 54 Plate 54.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Krater (Kr) G70, IV.3.211, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some very small to L. 3049 small organic and ceramic, some small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior. 2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.233, No. 5, L. 3049

3.

Platter Bowl G70, IV.3.224, No. 4, (Bp .11) L. 3049

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 10R 5/8 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Cooking Pot G70, IV.3.211, No. 12, (Cpr .23) L. 3049

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium to some large crystal, few medium wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Pot/Pitcher

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some small wadi gravel, some very small to small organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Storage Jar G70, IV.3.224, No. 8, rim (SJ .13) L. 3049

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to some small crystal, some small to few medium to large wadi gravel and some small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.4.335, No. 7, (Bp .21) L. 4104.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and wadi gravel, few very small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Krater (Kr)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.4.365, No. 1, (Bp .23) L. 4104.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, few small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.213, No. 17, rim (SJ .43) L. 4104.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.231, No. 3, rim (SJ .52) L. 4104.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.335, No. 5, rim (SJ .32) L. 4104.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.213, No. 4, (Cpr .12) L. 4104.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small to large lime, few small ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.250, No. 1, (Bp .51) L. 4111

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some small lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

16.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.269, No. 3, (Bp .53) L. 4119

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime, few large organic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 5/8 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip and burnish on rim as interior.

17.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.279, No. 1a, rim (SJ .43) L. 4119

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Cooking Pot G74, IV.4.348, No. 8, (Cpr .12) L. 4147.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime, few medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.354, No. 4, rim (SJ .52) L. 4147.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.354, No. 6, rim (SJ .52) L. 4147.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small to medium ceramic, many very small to small lime, few small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.346, No. 2, rim (SJ .42) L. 4147.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G70, IV.3.231, No. 1, L. 3049

G73, IV.4.229, Nos. 1, 4, and 5, L. 4104.1

G74, IV.4.365, No. 2, L. 4104.1

G73, IV.4.279, No. 1, L. 4119

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand and crystal, many very small organic, few small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown.”

Plate 54

367

368

Plate 55 Plate 55.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, IV.4.342, No. 15, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small L. 4105 ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G74, IV.4.356, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, IV.4.221, No. 9, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small to large lime, few small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G73, IV.4.246, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .23)

G73, IV.4.220, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; very many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel, few small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G73, IV.4.246, No. 5, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G74, IV.4.366, No. 14, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

8.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G74, IV.4.366, No. 18, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, IV.4.254, No. 12, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, IV.4.277, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .23)

G74, IV.4.367A, No. 3, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime, some small to medium wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .13)

G73, IV.4.256, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G73, IV.4.262, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium lime and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, IV.4.254, No. 16, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to large lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

15.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G73, IV.4.258, No. 13, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, some medium wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G74, IV.4.366, No. 9, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G74, IV.4.361, No. 7, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G74, IV.4.340, No. 16, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.4.246, No. 9, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; few very small ceramic, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.4.258, No. 15, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.4.217, No. 12, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small sand, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip on rim as interior.

22.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.366, No. 7, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip on rim as interior.

23.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.367A, No. 11, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; few small lime and ceramic, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior on entire body.

24.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.4.217, No. 6, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small lime, some small lime and ceramic, few medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, horizontal burnish at carination.

25.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.4.361, No. 12, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small lime, many very small sand; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior on entire body.

26.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, IV.4.238, No. 20, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small ceramic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/4 “weak red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G74, IV.4.344, No. 5, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 7.5YR 5/4 “brown” on rim; (Ext.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, burnished.

28.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, IV.4.258, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; few medium organic, some small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

29.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.246, No. 3, (Bp .12) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic and organic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red” on and below rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

30.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.271, No. 1, (Bp .11) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to large lime, few large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 55

369

370

Plate 56 Plate 56.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.4.221, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; few small organic, very many very small sand, some L. 4105 small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G73, IV.4.249, No. 7, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small sand, few small wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on and below rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G74, IV.4.367A, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime, some small wadi gravel, light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, IV.4.280, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, few very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, horizontal burnish on rim.

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G73, IV.4.246, No. 28, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small sand, some very small to small lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip on rim as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G74, IV.4.344, No. 26, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G74, IV.4.344, Nos. 12 and 13, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as paste, ledge handles.

8.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G74, IV.4.340, Nos. 2 and 5, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small lime, few small wadi gravel and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Globular Bowl G74, IV.4.338, No. 8, (Bg) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small ceramic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 6/8 “light red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11)

G74, IV.4.338, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown”; very many very small to medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G74, IV.4.356, No. 5, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G73, IV.4.214, No. 5, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many small to large lime, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G73, IV.4.256, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G73, IV.4.288, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small wadi gravel, some small lime, few very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G74, IV.4.366, No. 15, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown.”

16.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G74, IV.4.344, No. 8, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very many very small to small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G73, IV.4.243B, Nos. 2 and 3, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Cooking Pot (Cpf)

G73, IV.4.264, No. 2, L. 4105

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, some small to medium wadi gravel, few medium organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, molded knobs.

19.

Carinated Bowl G74, IV.4.361, No. 2, base (Bc r) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, few small wadi gravel and ceramic, few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G74, IV.4.346, No. 1, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small wadi gravel and lime, few very small to small ceramic, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

21.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G73, IV.4.258, No. 9, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; some small sand, some small to medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Carinated Bowl G73, IV.4.221, No. 1, base (Bc r) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small lime, very many very small sand, few small wadi gravel and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Periform Juglet G73, IV.4.238, No. 4, base (Jlp) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small wadi gravel, some small lime and ceramic, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red,” burnished.

24.

Periform Juglet G73, IV.4.280, No. 3, base (Jlp) L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, few very small ceramic, few small to medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 5/8 “red,” burnished.

25.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G73, IV.4.262, No. 4, L. 4105

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

26.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G74, IV.4.343, No. 24, L. 4105

Technique: wheel and handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small to small sand, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

27.

Blade, 2243

G73, IV.4.246, L. 4105

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 2/0 “black.” Dimensions: L. 21 mm, W. 17 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

28.

Blade, 2416

G74, IV.4.356, L. 4105

Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 4/3 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 25 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 2 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 56

371

372

Plate 57 Plate 57.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar (SJ .43)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, IV.6.150, No. 1A, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many medium to large lime, many medium to large wadi gravel, L. 6015 (TxP V.K.16-17) some small ceramic and medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior, Proto-Canaanite letterform lamd on shoulder.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G74, IV.6.154, No. 3, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, many small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G74, IV.6.154, No. 6, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime, many small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G74, IV.6.156, No. 2, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, many very small to small ceramic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G74, IV.6.151A, No. 7, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

6.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G74, IV.6.150, No. 3, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G74, IV.6.156, No. 7, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many small to large lime, some small to medium wadi gravel, few small to medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G74, IV.6.157, No. 3, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium lime, some very small to small ceramic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G74, IV.6.151A, No. 5, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small to medium ceramic, many small lime and wadi gravel, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G74, IV.6.150, No. 11, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to large lime, many very small to small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.6.151A, No. 1, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some very small to small ceramic, few small lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.6.157, No. 5, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime, many very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior on entire body.

13.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, IV.6.151B, No. 1, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to medium lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G74, IV.6.151A, No. 8, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

15.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G74, IV.6.154, No. 13, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large lime, few small wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 10R 5/6 “red.”

16.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G74, IV.6.156, No. 10, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime, few small wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G74, IV.6.150, No. 1, .12) L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small to small ceramic, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red” over rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow,” slip and burnish on rim as interior

18.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G74, IV.6150, No. 8, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

19.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G74, IV.6.159, No. 1, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to large lime, some small wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc d)

G74, IV.6.151B, No. 3, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to small ceramic, some small to medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) slip 5YR 7/4 “pink,” horizontal burnish.

21.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G74, IV.6.150, No. 6, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime, some medium wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Platter Bowl base (Bp d)

G74, IV.6.151A, No. 2, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to large lime, some small to large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

G74, IV.6.151A, No. 4, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime, few small ceramic and large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G74, IV.6.156, No. 3, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

25.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G74, IV.6.153, No. 5, L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small ceramic, few medium to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 10R 6/6 “light red,” vertical burnish.

26.

Storage Jar sherd G74, IV.6.150, No. 9, (SJ) L. 6015

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large wadi gravel, many very small large lime, some small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, appliqué band with incised pattern.

27.

Loom Weight, G74, IV.6.151, L. 6015 2407 (IDA 19741857)

Composition: clay. Color: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 70 mm, top D. 48 mm, bottom D. 47 mm. Condition: good.

28.

Bead, 2410 (IDA G74, IV.6.171b, L. 6015 Composition: shell. Color: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown.” Dimensions: L. 28 mm, W. 16 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: 1974-1860) good.

29.

Blade, 2401 G74, IV.6.A1, L. 6015 (IDA 1974-1851)

Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 2.5/2 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 46 mm, W. 15 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

30.

Toggle Pin, 2404 G74, IV.6.151, L. 6015 (IDA 1974-1854)

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 43 mm, D. 4 mm. Condition: corroded fragment.

Plate 57

373

374

Plate 58 Plate 58.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.16.134, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime, some very small L. 16005 to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G72, IV.16.134, No. 1, L. 16005

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Jar/Bowl base

G72, IV.16.117, No. 1, L. 16005

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G72, IV.16.134, No. 6, L. 16005

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; few small ceramic, some medium to large wadi gravel, some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red.”

5.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G72, IV.16.135, No. 1, L. 16005

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small ceramic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” string cut base.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.16.64, No. 21, L. 16006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, few large wadi gravel, some small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Dipper Juglet handle (Jld)

G68, IV.16.64, No. 6, L. 16006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small wadi gravel, few medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR “red” 5/6.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G68, IV.16.62, No. 3, L. 16006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; very many very small lime, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/4 “weak red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Platter Bowl (Bp G68, IV.16.64, No. 19, .11) L. 16006

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Game Piece, 325 G68 IV.16.64, L. 16006

Composition: faience. Color: 7.5YR 7/8 “strong brown.” Dimensions: H. 16 mm, W. (at base) 18 mm. Condition: Good, degraded glaze.

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G72, IV.16.136, No. 9, L. 16023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G72, IV.16.175, No. 5, L. 16023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small to large wadi gravel and lime, some small to medium ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .44)

G72, IV.16.175, No. 2, L. 16023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic, few large crystal, many small to large lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G72, IV.16.136, No. 6, L. 16023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, some very small to small ceramic, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G72, IV.16.136, No. 2, L. 16023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many small to medium lime, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

16.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.16.136, No. 10, L. 16023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

17.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.16.141, No. 15, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very many small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

18.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.16.143, No. 9, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many small to large lime, some small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

19.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.16.140, No. 9, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; very many very small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G.72, IV.16.141, No. 5, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; very many small to large wadi gravel, some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G72, IV.16.141, No. 2, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G72, IV.16.140, No. 19, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small lime and ceramic, very many very small ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray,” slip 7.5YR 4/2 “dark brown” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior, slip and burnish traces.

23.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G72, IV.16.140, No. 15, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, very many very small to medium wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G72, IV.16.138, No. 10, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/1 “gray”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/1 “light gray/gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.”

25.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G72, IV.16.137, No. 22, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

26.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G72, IV.16.145, No. 3, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small to large wadi gravel, some small to medium lime, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” incised groove around neck.

27.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G72, IV.16.137, No. 3, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some small to medium ceramic, very many very small to large lime, very many small to medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

28.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G72, IV.16.137, No. 15, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

29.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G72, IV.16.145, No. 4, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic, many small to large lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

30.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G72, IV.16.141, No. 3, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, many small ceramic, few large organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

31.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G72, IV.16.143, No. 2, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) slip as interior.

32.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.144, No. 10, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, 10R 6/6 “light red” slip on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

Plate 58

375

376

Plate 59 Plate 59.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.16.141, No. 7, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large wadi gravel and lime; dark gray core; L. 16024 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.141, No. 1, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, few large ceramic and lime, many very small to medium lime, no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.143, No. 7, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 6/8 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip traces and burnish as interior.

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.16.140, No. 3, .21) L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small ceramic, some medium wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.16.145, No. 8, .22) L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR “very pale brown”; many very small to small wadi gravel, few medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 5YR 7/4 “pink” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.16.140, No. 20, .22) L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small ceramic, some very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish, vertical burnish on surface below rim; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium lime, very many small to large wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.16.140, No. 5, .11) L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, combed grooves below rim.

9.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.16.143, No. 5, .11) L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, very many very small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

G72, IV.16.143, No. 15, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small ceramic, many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G72, IV.16.141, No. 13, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small ceramic, wadi gravel and lime, few large ceramic and lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

G72, IV.16.137, No. 14, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic, many very small to small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext) 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow.”

13.

Platter Bowl base (Bp d)

G72, IV.16.137, No. 2, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium lime, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G72, IV.16.137, No. 6, L. 16024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small ceramic, some small ceramic, some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14a.

Ax blade?, 1546 G72, IV.16.141, L. 16024 Composition: flint. Color: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown.” Dimensions: L. 40 mm, W. 29 mm, Th. 6 mm. Condition: good.

15.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.147, No. 3, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; some small ceramic, many small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR “reddish yellow” 7/6.

16.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.178, No. 1, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small ceramic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 7.5YR 6/8 “reddish yellow” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.174, No. 6, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

18.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.174, No. 5, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small ceramic and lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.176, No. 4, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.148, No. 3, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; very many small wadi gravel, few small ceramic, some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G72, IV.16.178, No. 3, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small ceramic and organic, some small to medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 2.5 YR 5/8 on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Platter Bowl (Bp G72, IV.16.147, No. 1, .23) L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small to medium wadi gravel and lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G72, IV.16.176, No. 2, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small lime, few medium lime, many small wadi gravel, some very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior.

24.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G72, IV.16.178, No. 4, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, few very small to small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

25.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G72, IV.16.146, No. 4, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; few small ceramic, some small to medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

26.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

G72, IV.16.173, No. 7, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to medium lime, very many very small to large wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

27.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G72, IV.16.148, No. 4, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to large wadi gravel, very many very small to medium lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

28.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G72, IV.16.173, No. 3, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many small to large lime, some small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

29.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G72, IV.16.178, No. 5, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime, some small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

G72, IV.16.145, No. 1, L.16024

Descriptions continue on p. 378, below.

Plate 59

377

378

Plate 60 Plate 60.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Globular Bowl G72, IV.16.195, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small ceramic, few small organic; no core; (Bg) L. 16035 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior. 2.

Globular Bowl G72, IV.16.207, No. 1, (Bg) L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small to small ceramic, some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Platter Bowl (Bp .22)

G72, IV.16.215, No. 3, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium wadi gravel and lime, few large organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G72, IV.16.183, No. 2, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small ceramic, few small crystal, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip and burnish on rim as interior.

5.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.16.187, No. 1, (Bc) L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small wadi gravel, few medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.16.183, No. 10, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, (Bc) L. 16035 few small ceramic, few large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Globular Bowl G72, IV.16.187, No. 2, (Bg) L.16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white”; very many small to large lime, many very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Bowl/Jar

G72, IV.16.190, No. 1, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small to medium lime, some medium crystal, many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11)

G72, IV.16.187, No. 3, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red.”

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .33)

G72, IV.16.191, No. 10, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to large lime; gray core; L. 16035 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/6 “red.”

11.

Jug (Jg B)

G72, IV.16.191, No. 1, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium ceramic, few medium to large ceramic and wadi gravel, some medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” vertical burnish.

12.

Jug rim (Jg B)

G72, IV.16.197, No. 4, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small to small ceramic, some medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip as interior, vertical burnish on neck.

13.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.16.191, No. 4, (SJ .23) L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many small to large lime, some small to large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.16.182, No. 2, (SJ .51) L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium organic, some small to large ceramic; very many small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/3 “pink.”

15.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.16.216, No. 8, (SJ .23) L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small to medium lime and ceramic, few large ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

16.

Storage Jar rim G72, IV.16.187, No. 4, (SJ .54) L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G72, IV.16.182, No. 1, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown”; some small ceramic, few large lime, some medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

18.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G72, IV.16.182, No. 3, L. 16035

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium lime, few small ceramic and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Globular Bowl G72, IV.16.225, No. 3, (Bg) L. 16038

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small crystal, many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to large lime, some small to medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

20.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some small lime, few small ceramic and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.16.227, No. 2, (Bc) L. 16038

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/3 “pink”; some small lime and ceramic, many small to medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Ledge Handle

G72, IV.16.225, No. 2, L. 16038

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many small to large wadi gravel, very many large lime, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Carinated Bowl G72, IV.16.220, No. 2, base (Bc cd) L. 16038

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, few small ceramic, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

G72, IV.16.227, No. 1, L. 16038

Plate 59.  Field IV – Stratum XVIIIC (cont.) Plate Object, Number Object No. 30. Platter Bowl base (Bp f)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G72, IV.16.146, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large wadi gravel and lime, some small to L. 16025 medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

31.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G72, IV.16.147, No. 7, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, many small to large wadi gravel, few small crystal and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

32.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G72, IV.16.178, No. 8, L. 16025

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small ceramic, few small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” vertical burnish.

Plate 59

379

380

Plate 61 Plate 61.  Field IV – Stratum XIXA

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.254, No. 12, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small crystal and lime, some very small L. 3057.1 organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .32)

G70, IV.3.255, No. 2, L. 3057.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to some medium crystal and lime, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G70, IV.3.254, No. 20, L. 3057.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; very many very small to large crystal, many very small to small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Globular Bowl G70, IV.3.254, No. 1, (Bg) L. 3057.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, many very small organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow,” slip traces 10R 4/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip over rim as interior, burnish traces.

5.

Cooking Tray (Ct)

G70, IV.3.254, No. 10, L. 3057.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small and few medium crystal, many very small to small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G70, IV.3.254, No. 4, L. 3057.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10R 5/6 “red”; very many very small to small lime, some very small organic, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G70, IV.3.254, No. 21, L. 3057.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic, some small wadi gravel, some very small crystal and ceramic, very many very small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

8.

Bead/Button/ Scraper?, 769

G70, IV.3.255, L. 3057.1

Composition: siltstone. Color: 5BG 4/1 “dark greenish gray”; Dimensions: L. 27 mm, W. 10 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G70, IV.3.248, No. 2, L. 3059

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .33)

G70, IV.3.248, No. 13, L. 3059

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small wadi gravel, some small to medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G70, IV.3.271, No. 19, L. 3059

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small lime, many small to medium wadi gravel, few large wadi gravel and lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.248, No. 19, L. 3059

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small and some large wadi gravel, few small and few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G70, IV.3.271, No. 13, L. 3059

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small crystal, some very small to small organic, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray,” irregular burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.271, No. 33, L. 3059

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to small and some medium to large crystal, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .13)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 8, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal and lime, some small to medium wadi gravel, few medium ceramic, some large crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

16.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .31)

G70, IV.3.244, No. 3, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small, some medium crystal, some medium to large lime, many very small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

17.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .23)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 17, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small lime, few small ceramic and wadi gravel, some very small to small crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 12, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some very small wadi gravel, ceramic and organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.241, Nos. 23 and 28, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small to small crystal, some very small to small lime and organic, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/2 “white,” slip 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 15, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and organic, some very small ceramic and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip traces 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

21.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 27, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium wadi gravel, some small to medium organic and lime, few medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 1, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, few very small ceramic, some very small to small wadi gravel and organic; 7.5YR 7/4 “pink” core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Krater (Kr)

G70, IV.3.244, No. 2, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium to large wadi gravel, many very small to small crystal, some very small to small lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

24.

Krater (Kr)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 10, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small lime, many small to medium wadi gravel, some very small organic, few very small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

25.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G70, IV.3.241, No. 19, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to large lime, few very small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

26.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G70, IV.3.244, No. 1, L. 3061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many small to medium wadi gravel, some very small crystal, many very small organic, some small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

Plate 61

381

382

Plate 62 Plate 62.  Field IV – Stratum XIXA and Stratum XIXB

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, IV.4.273, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to medium lime, some small L. 4116.1 ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G73, IV.4.273, No. 2, L. 4116.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small to small sand, some small to medium lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Pin, 2417 (IDA 1974-1867)

G74, IV.4.362, L. 4156

Composition: bronze. Color: blue-green. Dimensions: L. 67 mm, D. 7 mm. Condition: corroded.

4.

Blade, 2418 G74, IV.4.362, L. 4156 (IDA 1974-1868)

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 4/2 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 48 mm, W. 24 mm, Th. 5 mm. Condition: good.

5.

Storage Jar (SJ .41)

G74, IV. 6.160, No. 1, L. 6017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to some large lime, many very small to some large wadi gravel, few small to medium ceramic, few large organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G74, IV.6.164, No. 1, L. 6017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime, very many medium to large wadi gravel, few large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G74, IV.6.162, No. 3, L. 6017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small to medium ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Platter Bowl base G70, IV.3.273, No. 9, (Bp r) L. 3066.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic, some small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small organic and lime, some very small to small wadi gravel and ceramic, few medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

G70, IV.3.276, No. 4, L. 3068.1

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.274, No. 10, .11) L. 3068.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small organic, some small lime, few large lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10YR 5/8 “red,” horizontal burnish on rim, radial burnish below; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” slip and burnish as interior on rim.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.277, No. 23, L. 3068.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small lime, many very small to small organic, few small lime and wadi gravel, gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

12.

Flaring Carinated G70, IV.3.275, No. 12, Bowl (Bfc) L. 3068.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small to small crystal, many very small to small organic, some small lime, few medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip as interior, vertical burnish.

13.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.277, No. 29, L. 3068.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; very many very small to large crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11)

G70, IV.2.3.275, No. 4, L. 3068.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many very small crystal, some medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Platter Bowl base G70, IV.3.275, No. 11, (Bp d) L. 3068.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; some very small to small crystal and organic, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

16.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, many very small to small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.278, No. 4, .13) L. 3069.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 6/8 “light red” traces on rim; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many small organic, some very small lime, few very small ceramic, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown,” slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip and burnish on rim as interior.

G70, IV.3.275, No. 6, L. 3068.1

G70, IV.3.278, No. 3, L. 3069.1

Plate 62

383

384

Plate 63 Plate 63.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.298, No. 4, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small lime, some very small crystal, some L. 3062 small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G70, IV.3.250, No. 9, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small and few large lime, many very small to small sand and wadi gravel, some small and few large ceramic, some very small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G70, IV.3.250, No. 2, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small and few large crystal, many very small to small organic, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G71, IV.3.337, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime and organic, some small wadi gravel, few medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .23)

G70, IV.3.304, No. 16, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and organic, many very small to small and few medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G70, IV.3.301, No. 8, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some very small organic, few very small lime and ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G70, IV.3.301, No. 15, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/2 “dark grayish brown”; many small to medium lime and wadi gravel, some small organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .22)

G70, IV.3.266, No. 10, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; very many small and some medium to large lime, some very small crystal and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G71, IV.3.322, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; many very small to small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G70, IV.3.262, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many very small to small crystal and small to medium lime, some medium to large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

11.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G71, IV.3.335, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; many very small crystal, some small to medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

12.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G70, IV.3.299, No. 14, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to small lime and organic, few medium lime, some very small to small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G71, IV.3.335, No. 8, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small to few medium crystal, many very small to small organic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G71, IV.3.327, No. 17, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, some small wadi gravel, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Holemouth Jar

G70, IV.3.267, No. 4, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very small to small to medium crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 4/1 “dark gray.”

16.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.262, No. 7, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: (outer) 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red” (inner) 7.5YR 4/2 “brown”; very many very small to small too many medium to large crystal, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.302, No. 15, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many small to medium crystal, some very small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

18.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.259, No. 10, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many small to medium crystal, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G71, IV.3.327, No. 7, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to small and some medium crystal, many very small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.”

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G71, IV.3.322, No. 16, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; very many very small to small and some medium crystal, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

21.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.298, No. 19, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to small and some medium to large crystal, few medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.291, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many small to medium crystal, some medium wadi gravel, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .11)

G71, IV.3.307A, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many small crystal, many medium to large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.263, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small to small and some medium to large crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

25.

Krater (Kr)

G71, IV.3.338, No. 7, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small to small lime and very small organic, few small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/1 “light gray”; (Ext.) wash 5YR 8/1 “white.”

26.

Cooking Tray (Ct)

G70, IV.3.266, No. 4, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; very many very small to small crystal, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Cooking Tray (Ct)

G71, IV.3.337, No. 6, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small to small, many medium and few large crystal, many very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/2 “reddish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

Plate 63

385

386

Plate 64 Plate 64.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.269, No. 8, Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, few very small lime; no core; L. 3062 hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.270, No. 12, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; very many very small sand and crystal, few small to medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” on rim; (Ext.) as paste, slip on rim as interior.

3.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.263, No. 2, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small crystal, some small ceramic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.337, No. 13, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to small crystal, wadi gravel, and ceramic, few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.300, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic, some small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.296, No. 10, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small wadi gravel and organic, some very small crystal, some small lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.289, No. 6, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and organic, some very small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.308, No. 3, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small organic, few very small to small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.324, No. 5, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small organic, some very small crystal and small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 5/8 “red” on rim, continuous burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.300, No. 18, .11) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic, few small wadi gravel and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior, ledge handle.

11.

Platter Bowl (Bp G71, IV.3.328, No. 3, .41) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small crystal, many very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 4/6 “red” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.299, No. 18, .22) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to medium wadi gravel, many very small to small lime, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Platter Bowl

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small wadi gravel, many very small to small ceramic and lime, some very small to small organic and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” horizontal and radial burnish; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red,” horizontal burnish.

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.264, No. 12, .12) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, few medium lime, some very small organic and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.264, No. 3, .11) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and many very small to small organic, some very small ceramic and small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.302, No. 17, .11) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal and organic, few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl (Bp G71, IV. 3.337, No. 26, .53) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small crystal, lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 3/6 “dark red,” vertical burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip and burnish on rim as interior.

18.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.268, No. 1, .12) L. 3062

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small wadi gravel, ceramic and lime, some very small to small organic and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” traces; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Platter Bowl (Bp G70, IV.3.302, No. 11, .11) L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small sand, very many very small to small organic, few small lime and wadi gravel, few very small ceramic and crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip 10R 4/6 “red” traces, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpf)

G70, IV.3.268, No. 14, L. 3062

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small organic, some very small to small crystal, many small to medium ceramic, some large ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Ext.) as paste, wash 10YR 8/1 “white” traces.

21.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G70, IV.3.266, No. 10, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small and few large organic, many small lime, some very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/2 “white.”

22.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G70, IV.3.296, No. 16, L. 3062

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small crystal, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/1 “gray”; (Ext.) slip 5YR 3/2 “dark reddish brown,” continuous burnish.

23.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G71, IV.3.327, No. 10, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small to small crystal, many very small and few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Dipper Juglet base (Jld)

G70, IV.3.300, No. 7, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small and few medium to large crystal, few medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

25.

Vase base

G70, IV.3.260, No. 1, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime, some very small crystal and organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

26.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

G70, IV.3.298, No. 5, L. 3062

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

G70, IV.3.267, No. 1, L. 3062

Descriptions continue on p. 388, below.

Plate 64

387

388

Plate 64 Plate 64.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC (cont.)

Plate Object, Number Object No. 27. Ledge Handle

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.269, No. 3, Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small wadi gravel and ceramic, some medium ceramic, some L. 3062 very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/1 “gray”; (Ext.) slip 10R 4/6 “red.”

28.

Cornet base

G70, IV.3.272, No. 5, L. 3062

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; many very small and few medium wadi gravel, few very small crystal and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) NA. (Ext.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/6 “light red” traces.

29.

Dowel, 1345

G71, IV.3.224, L. 3062

Composition: limestone. Color: 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white.” Dimensions: L. 22 mm, D. 9 mm. Condition: good.

30.

Loom Weight, 802

G70, IV.3.262, L. 3062

Composition: limestone. Color: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.” Dimensions: H. 85 mm, W. 45 mm, Th. 30 mm, hole D. 7 mm. Condition: good.

Plate 65

389

Plate 65.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC (cont.) Plate Object, Number Object No. 24. Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G70, IV.3.285, No. 9, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; very many very small lime, some very small crystal, many L. 3072 very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/2 “pinkish white,” organic paint 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray” bands, organic paint 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray” and 2.5YR 4/6 “red,” straight and wavy lines.

25.

Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

G70, IV.3.295, No. 7, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small and few large crystal, many very small to small organic, few small wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) slip 5YR 8/1 “white,” organic paint 5YR 2.5/1 “black” band, organic paint 10R 4/6 “red” line.

26.

Platter Bowl G71, IV.3.310, No. 2, (Bp .11) L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many small to medium wadi gravel, some small to large crystal and very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Platter Bowl G71, IV.3.312, No. 3, (Bp .11) L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very many very small crystal, many very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 6/8 “light red” on rim, continuous burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip and burnish on rim as interior.

28.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G71, IV.3.308A, No. 5, L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small wadi gravel and organic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

29.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.312, No. 4, L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small and few large crystal, many very small to small organic, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

30.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.310, No. 3, L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to medium to few large wadi gravel, very many very small organic and lime, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

390

Plate 64 Plate 65.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Platter Bowl G71, IV.3.320-321, Nos. Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal and organic, few very (Bp .11) 5, 11, and 16, L. 3071 small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red,” vertical burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink” to 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown,” slip on rim as interior, horizontal burnish. 2.

Platter Bowl G70, IV.3.280, No. 3, (Bp .21) L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small and some medium organic, some small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Platter Bowl G71, IV.3.320, No. 18, (Bp .11) L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” horizontal and vertical burnish; (Ext.) as paste.

4.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G71, IV.3.319, Nos. 3 and 10, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; many very small lime, some small to medium lime, crystal and organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 4/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip over rim as interior, vertical burnish.

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .21)

G71, IV.3.319, No. 9, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/1 “gray”; many very small to small crystal and organic, many small, some medium and few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.319, No. 12, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small organic, some very small crystal and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown,” slip 2.5YR 4/8 “red” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior.

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G71, IV.3.320, No. 13, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic, few very small ceramic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.280, Nos. 2, 6, and 8, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; many very small wadi gravel and ceramic, some small organic and wadi gravel, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G70, IV.3.279, No. 4, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small and some medium to large crystal, some very small to small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 5/4 “brown.”

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G71, IV.3.318, No. 7, L. 3071

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/8 “yellowish red”; very many very small to small and few large crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “dark gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/4 “ reddish brown.”

11.

Platter Bowl G70, IV.3.286, No. 2, (Bp .12) L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small crystal, some small wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, radial burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip 10R 4/6 “red” on rim, continuous burnish.

12.

Platter Bowl G70, IV.3.282, No. 10, (Bp .12) L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; very many very small crystal, some small organic, many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 4/6 “red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow,” slip and burnish on rim as interior.

13.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G70, IV.3.281, No. 6, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small crystal, some small organic, few small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) slip 10R 5/8 “red,” horizontal burnish.

14.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G70, IV.3.295, No. 4, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to small organic, some small to medium lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, slip 10R 4/6 “red” traces over rim with horizontal burnish.

15.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.295, No. 13, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small and some medium wadi gravel, some small crystal and organic, few medium lime, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior, burnish.

16.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G70, IV.3.283, No. 4, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small wadi gravel, lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) slip 10R 5/6 “red,” continuous burnish.

17.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G70, IV.3.285, No. 8, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small organic and lime, some small to medium wadi gravel and crystal, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G70, IV.3.281, No. 2, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small crystal, some very small ceramic, few small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G70, IV.3.293, No. 2, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small and some medium to large crystal, some small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G70, IV.3.286, No. 4, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium crystal, some very small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Dipper Juglet G70, IV.3.293, No. 3, base (Jld) L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small crystal, few very small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G70, IV.3.292, No. 26, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small wadi gravel, some small crystal, many small organic, few very small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc cd)

G70, IV.3.295, No. 14, L. 3072

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, some small to medium organic, few medium wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior. Descriptions continue on p. 389, above.

Plate 64

391

392

Plate 66 Plate 66.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G71, IV.3.308A, No. 19, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to small to some medium to large L. 3081 crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.”

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G71, IV.3.314, No. 3, L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many very small and some medium to large crystal, some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

3.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .12)

G71, IV.3.311, No. 1, L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many very small to medium crystal and very small to small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Jug rim (Jg)

G71, IV.3.311, No. 5, L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5 YR 7/6 “red”; some small to medium lime, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste. (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Dipper Juglet G71, IV.3.309, No. 3, base (Jld) L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; many very small to small organic, some small wadi gravel and lime, few large crystal, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Dipper Juglet G71, IV.3.310, No .7, base (Jld) L. 3081

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to few small organic, some very small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10 YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste, vertical burnish.

7.

Cooking Pot (Cpf)

G71, IV.3.330, No. 9, L. 3092

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small crystal and organic, some small to medium ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, molded appliqué band.

8.

Jar/Bowl

G71, IV.3.332, No. 8, L. 3092

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium and some large crystal, few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior, appliqué band at rim.

9.

Platter Bowl (Bp .12)

G71, IV.3.331, No. 12A, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, many very small to L. 3092 some medium lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 5/6 “red,” burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip and burnish on rim as interior.

10.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G71, IV.3.334, No. 6, L. 3092

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many very small to small organic, some very small to small crystal, few small ceramic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” to 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

11.

Cup base

G71, IV.3.331, No. 16, L. 3092

Technique: handmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; many very small to small lime and organic, some very small to small crystal, wadi gravel and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior, continuous vertical burnish.

12.

Holemouth Jar

G71, IV.3.331, No. 12, L. 3092

Technique: handmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small to small crystal and ceramic, some medium to large ceramic, few medium crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

13.

Holemouth Jar

G71, IV.3.330, No. 7, L. 3092

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown”; very many very small to small and some medium to large crystal, some small to large ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray.”

14.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G71, IV.3.330, No. 16, L. 3092

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small to medium and some large crystal, many small and few medium organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Grinding Bowl, 1374

G71, IV.3.334, L. 3092

Composition: basalt. Color: 2.5 YR 3/0 “very dark gray.” Dimensions: D. 175 mm. Condition: fragment.

16.

Holemouth Jar

G71, IV.3.339, No. 14, L. 3095.1

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; many small to large crystal, some very small organic, few very small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray.”

17.

Jar/Bowl base G71, IV.3.339, No. 25, L. 3095.1

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large wadi gravel, some very small ceramic and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Jar rim

G71, IV.3.340, No. 4, L. 3096

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many small to large wadi gravel, few small to large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Holemouth Jar

G71, IV.3.343, No. 6, L. 3096

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to small crystal, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .44)

G71, IV.3.344, No. 3, L. 3096

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small crystal, some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Cornet base

G71, IV.3.341, No. 7, L. 3096

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; very many small to medium, some large wadi gravel, some small to few large ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) NA. (Ext.) as paste, vertical wet smoothed.

22.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G71, IV.3.341, No. 1, L. 3096

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior, slip 10R 5/6 “red” band.

23.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G71, IV.3.340, No. 21, L. 3096

Technique: handmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; many very small to small organic, wadi gravel and crystal, some very small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 4/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

Plate 66

393

394

Plate 67 Plate 67.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G72, IV.4.295, No. 19, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to small lime, some small wadi rim (SJ .54) L. 4122 gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.297, No. 6, rim (SJ .52) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to large lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste.

3.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.369, No. 4, rim (SJ .52) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel, few small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.293, No. 13, rim (SJ .42) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to small lime, few small ceramic and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

5.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.293, No 11 rim (SJ .43) and IV.4.298, No. 22, L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to large lime, few small ceramic and wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

6.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.276, No. 16, rim (SJ .42) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.369, No. 5, rim (SJ .52) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; very many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

8.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.369, No. 2, rim (SJ .42) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many very small to small lime, few small sand, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.298, No. 11, rim (SJ .54) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few medium ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

10.

Storage Jar G74, IV.4.368, No. 14, rim (SJ .43) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

11.

Storage Jar G73, IV.4.292, No. 7, rim (SJ .43) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very many very small to medium lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.271, No. 3, (Cpr .21) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small to small lime, many small ceramic, few small organic and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

13.

Bowl (Bp .11)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown”; many very small sand, some small lime, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, horizontal burnish, ledge handle.

14.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.296, No. 11, (Bp .42) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small organic, many very small to small lime, some small sand; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 7.5YR “brown” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.297, No. 20, L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; some small ceramic and sand, very many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish from rim to carination; (Ext.) as paste, burnish as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.276, No. 8, (Bp .11) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish gray”; many very small to small lime and wadi gravel, few small ceramic and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.294, No. 37, (Bp .11) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; many very small to medium lime, few small sand; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

18.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.4.369, No. 1, (Bp .22) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small sand, some small wadi gravel, few small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.293, Nos. 1 (Bp .22) and 2, L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; very many small sand, some small lime and wadi gravel; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 5/8 “red,” horizontal burnish; (Ext.) as paste, slip and burnish as interior on rim.

20.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.298, No. 12, (Bp .22) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many very small sand, some small wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” on rim, vertical burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior.

21.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.275, No. 10, (Cpr .13) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray”; some small sand and lime, few very small crystal and small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

22.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.296, No. 8, (Cpr .12) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very many very small to medium lime, few small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.293, No. 20, (Cpr .12) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many very small to medium lime, many very small crystal, few small ceramic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) as paste.

24.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.298, No. 6, (Cpr .32) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; very many very small to medium lime, few small crystal and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

25.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.295, No. 21, (Cpr .12) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; very many very small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small ceramic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray.”

26.

Cooking Pot G73, IV.4.369, No. 3, (Cpr .13) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; very many very small to medium lime, some very small crystal, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Dipper Juglet (Jld)

G73, IV.4.275, No. 8, L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; very many small sand, some small ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

28.

Periform Juglet base (Jlp)

G73, IV.4.276, No. 4, L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “white”; some very small to small ceramic, many very small to small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

29.

Jug base (Jg)

G73, IV.4.275, No. 15, L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/8 “light red”; many very small sand, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10R 6/6 “light red.”

G73, IV.4.276, No. 1, L. 4122

Descriptions continue on p. 396, below.

Plate 67

395

396

Plate 68 Plate 68.  Field II – Stratum II

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Jar

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, II.4.90A, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small lime and organic, no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) L. 4025A 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G73, II.4.90B, No. 5, L. 4025B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some large lime, many large gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G73, II.4.90B, No. 8, L. 4025B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some large gravel, many medium and large lime, some small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, II.4.86, No. 8, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some small organic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

5.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .23)

G73, II.4.86, No. 4, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/3 “brown”; few small lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .31)

G73, II.4.96, No. 3, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some medium lime and gravel, many small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

7.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .43)

G73, II.4.85, No. 3, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/2 “grayish brown”; some large lime, some very large organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.86, No. 12, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 4/6 over rim; (Ext.) paste as interior.

9.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.76, No. 1, (Bp .43) L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/3 “pink”; few large lime, few medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 8/3-7/3 “very pale brown.”

10.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.86, No. 4A, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.91, No. 1, (Bp .11) L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some small lime and organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/5 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G73, II.4.91, No. 5, L. 4055

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small organic and medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .34)

G74, II.14.39, No. 15, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime, small organic and medium gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

14.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .51)

G74, II.14.42, No. 2, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/8 “red”; some very small and small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G74, II.14.39, No. 12, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; very few very small lime, organic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.23, No. 5, (Bp .13) L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small and large lime, some small wadi gravel, some very small crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

17

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.23, No. 2, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small and medium lime, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.43, No. 2, (Bp .63) L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.39, No. 14, (Bp .61) L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; many very small lime, some very small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/1 “gray,” burnished; (Ext.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray.”

20.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G74, II.14.23, No. 1, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown” few small lime, medium gravel and large ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G74, II.14.23, No. 8, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some very small to small lime, few medium gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

22.

Cooking Pot G74, IV.14.34, No. 4, rim (Cpr .23) L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small to large lime and wadi gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

23.

Krater (Philistine ware)

G74, II.14.43, No. 1, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very few very small lime and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, organic paint 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint bands as interior, painted 5YR 4/2 “dark reddish gray” line decoration.

24.

Sherd

G74, II.14.43, No. 13, L. 14011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; very few very small lime; no core, hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 6/6 “light red,” sintered, stamped decoration; (Ext.) as interior.

Plate 67.  Field IV – Stratum XIXC (cont.) Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 30. Carinated G73, IV.4.294, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; many small lime and wadi gravel, some small sand Bowl base L. 4122 and organic, few small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.” (Bc cd) 31.

Platter Bowl G74, IV.4.292, No. 12, base (Bp r) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red,” horizontal burnish.

32.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.274, No. 12, base (Bp r) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel, few small ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

33.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.4.282, No. 1, base (Bp r) L. 4122

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small to medium organic, many very small to small lime, some small wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

Plate 67

397

398

Plate 69 Plate 69.  Field II – Stratum II and Stratum XVI

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Storage Jar rim (SJ .54)

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G74, II.14.49, No. 9, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small lime and organic, some large wadi gravel; no core; L. 14014 hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .53)

G74, II.14.40, No. 14, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; few small lime, some medium and large gravel, some small ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink.”

3.

Moratoria

G74, II.14.40, No. 2, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; some small organic and wadi gravel, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink.”

4.

Platter Bowl (Bp .43)

G74, II.14.48, No. 7, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small organic, large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, II.14.48, No. 1, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small wadi gravel and medium organic, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, II.14.48, No. 8, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “pale brown”; some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

7.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, II.14.40, No. 7, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G74, II.14.51, No. 2, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many small and medium lime, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .23)

G74, II.14.48, No. 11, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many small and medium lime, many large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .13)

G74, II.14.40, No. 4, L. 14014

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; many small and medium lime and wadi gravel, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Juglet handle G74, II.14.48, No. 16, L. 14014

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) NA; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown.”

11a.

Blade, 2408

G74, II.14.40, L. 14014

Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.” Dimensions: L. 57 mm, W. 34 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good.

12.

Jar/Jug rim

G74, II.14.46, No. 1, L. 14015.1

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small organic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

12a.

Blade, 2411

G74, II.14.46, L. 14015.1 Composition: flint. Color: 2.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray.” Dimensions: L. 31 mm, W. 14 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good.

13.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .34)

G74, II.14.47, No. 22, L. 14018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium wadi gravel and organic, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Platter Bowl (Bp .41)

G74, II.14.60, No. 3, L. 14018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow,” burnish traces; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

15.

Bowl/Lamp

G74, II.14.53, No. 2, L. 14018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

16.

Platter Bowl (Bp .13)

G74, II.14.47, No. 14, L. 14018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small organic and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

17.

Moratoria

G74, II.14.53, No. 4, L. 14018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small crystal and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G74, II.14.59, No. 1, L. 14018

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .34)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 14, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many large wadi gravel, organic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .52)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 7, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium organic, few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .41)

G73, II.4.71, No. 3, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many large wadi gravel and ceramic, few large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .34)

G73, II.4.71, No. 11, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

23.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, II.4.73, No. 5, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to large lime, few large organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Platter Bowl (Bp .13)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 5, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

25.

Platter Bowl (Bp .11)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 3, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink,” rim as interior.

26.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 22, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many medium lime, many very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.”

27.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .22)

G73, II.4.73, No. 2, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; many small, medium and large lime, many large wadi gravel, few small organic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 5/1 “gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 5/2 “brown.”

28.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .32)

G73, II.4.71, No. 7, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; many small to large lime, few small organic; no core; hard; Surface: (Int.) 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

29.

Cooking Pot (Cpr .21)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 13, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many large wadi gravel, many small lime, few small crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 4/3 “reddish brown.”

30.

Holemouth Jar

G73, II.4.71, No. 9, L. 4044

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; many large wadi gravel and lime, many medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/2 “reddish gray.”

31.

Platter Bowl base (Bp r)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 9, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/1 “gray”; few small lime and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

32.

Platter Bowl base (Bp cd)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 1, L. 4044

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; many large lime and wadi gravel, many small organic and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

Plate 69

399

400

Plate 70 Plate 70.  Field II – Stratum XVI

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Dipper G73, II.4.86A, No. 8, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; some very small lime and small gravel; no core; Juglet (Jld) L. 4044 hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/3 “pink.” 2.

Jug (Jg B)

G73, II.4.86A, No. 17, L. 4044

3.

Storage Jar sherd (SJ)

G73, II.4.73, Nos. 1 and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 3, L. 4044 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior, organic paint 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray” and 10YR 8/2 “very pale brown” wide bands, painted 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown” lines, painted 7.5YR 2/0 “black” wavy lines.

4.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.95, No. 2, (Bp .43) L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small and medium lime, large gravel and small to medium organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow.”

5.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.94, No. 2, (Bp .43) L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many medium lime, some medium organic and ceramic, few large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.97, No. 1, (Bp .41) L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some large lime, some medium gravel and organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

7.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, II.4.93, No. 3, L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small and medium lime, many small organic, some large wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.98, No. 9, L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small and medium lime, few medium ceramic, some small and medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.98, No. 3, (Cpr .32) L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many medium and large lime, some medium crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.98, No. 14, (Cpr .32) L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small and medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Krater (Kr)

G73, II.4.93, No. 1, L. 4056

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many medium and large lime, gravel and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Jar

G73, II.4.111, No. 4, L. 4058

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small to large lime, some large organic, few small gravel, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, slip 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow” over rim.

13.

Jar

G73, II.4.113, No. 8, L. 4058

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium wadi gravel, some small lime, some medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.113, No. 1, L. 4058

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown over rim; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.111, No. 7, (Bp .11) L. 4058

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/3 “pink”; many large and small wadi gravel, few medium organic, ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) slip as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.55, No. 8, (Bp .43) L. 14019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; some very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” burnished; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.55, No. 7, (Bp .41) L. 14019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; some large lime, few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Storage Jar G74, II.14.55, No. 5, rim (SJ .13) L. 14019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown ”; many medium and large wadi gravel, some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Cooking Pot G74, II.14.57, No. 15, (Cpr .32) L. 14019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many medium and large lime, some medium gravel and crystal, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Cooking Pot G74, II.14.55, No. 4, (Cpr .32) L. 14019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many medium to large wadi gravel, some medium crystal, few small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

22.

Jar sherd

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many large wadi gravel, some medium lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown,” incised hatch marks and wavy line.

G74, II.14.57, No. 2, L. 14019

G74, II.14.57, No. 14, L. 14019

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many medium organic and ceramic, some medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

Plate 71.  Field II – Stratum XVIII (cont.) Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 28. Carinated G73, II.4.99, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime, organic, and crystal; no core; Bowl base L. 4051 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. (Bc cd) 29.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.80, No. 1, base (Bp cd) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 ‘light brown”; few very large wadi gravel, few large ceramic and organic, few small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink.”

30.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.87, No. 1, base (Bp d) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some medium lime and organic, few medium crystal; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

31.

Storage Jar handle (SJ)

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; many large lime, many medium to large wadi gravel, many small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

G73, II.4.88, No. 7, L. 4051

Plate 70

401

402

Plate 71 Plate 71.  Field II – Stratum XVIII

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Storage Jar G73, II.4.77, No. 11, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; few small and large lime, few small crystal, few rim (SJ .52) L. 4042 medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 4/1 “dark gray.” 2.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.77, No. 6, rim (SJ .52) L. 4042

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many large organic and wadi gravel, some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

3.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.77, No. 10, (Bp .21) L. 4042

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/3 “pink”; many very small organic, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2-“light gray”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.77, No.7, (Bp .52) L. 4042

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few large lime, ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4a.

Rod, 2104

Composition: iron. Color: 7.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 49 mm, W. 15 mm. Condition: corroded.

5.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.70, Nos. 4 and Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; few large lime, few medium organic; no core; rim (SJ .13) 5, L. 4051 hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

6.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.80, No. 6, rim (SJ .52) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small to large lime, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink.”

7.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.67, No. 7, rim (SJ .52) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many medium wadi gravel and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.87, No. 4, rim (SJ .53) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; some medium wadi gravel and organic, few small lime; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.88, No. 5, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime, few very small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.67, No. 2, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; few small lime and organic, some medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.88, No. 3, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime and organic, many small to medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.66, No. 9, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Flaring Carinated Bowl (Bfc)

G73, II.4.66, No. 11, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few small organic, very few very large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 8/2 “pale yellow.”

14.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.68, No. 5, (Bp .61) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few very small crystal, few small ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.67, No. 1, (Bp .23) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; many very small lime, small organic and ceramic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.87, No. 3, (Bp .53) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/3 “brown”; few very small to large lime, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; (Ext.) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown.”

17.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.66, No. 4, (Bp .41) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some large lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/3 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Platter Bowl G73, IV.II.4.88, No. (Bp .63) 12A, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; very few very small lime and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

19.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.67, No. 5, (Bp .11) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; many small to large lime, wadi gravel and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.68, No. 2, (Bp .63) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/3 “brown”; few small lime, few very small crystal, some medium ceramic and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown” slip 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.88, No. 9, (Bp .12) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many medium to large lime and wadi gravel, some small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

21a.

Ostracon?, 2036 (IDA 1974-784)

G73, II.4.70, L. 4051 (Post 1966 contamination)

Composition: ceramic. Color: 7.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 47 mm, W. 34 mm. Condition: good, incised sherd.

22.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.67, No. 6, (Cpr .21) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; some small lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown.”

23.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.99, No. 3, (Cpr .33) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many medium and large lime, some small crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.67, No. 10, (Cpr .12) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many small wadi gravel, some large lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/1 “dark gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 3/1 “very dark gray.”

25.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.88, No. 12, (Cpr .13) L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 3/1 “dark reddish gray”; many small crystal, some small organic and lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown.”

26.

Jug (Jg B)

G73, II.4.80, No. 5, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few large wadi gravel, many small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

27.

Juglet rim and neck (Jlc/p)

G73, II.4.88, No. 11, L. 4051

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/3 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

G73, II.4.82, L. 4046 (= nil locus)

Descriptions continue on p. 400, above.

Plate 71

403

404

Plate 72 Plate 72.  Field II – Stratum XVIII

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Carinated G73, II.4.107, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime, some large wadi gravel; dark gray Bowl (Bc) L. 4053.1 core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste. 2.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.108, No. 12, rim (SJ .21) L. 4061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small lime and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Holemouth Jar

G73, II.4.109, No. 6, L. 4061

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small lime, organic and ceramic, some small to medium wadi gravel, some very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 5/1 “gray.”

4.

Jar/Bowl base

G73, II.4.108, No. 4, L. 4061

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many large lime, ceramic, wadi gravel and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/2 “light gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/4 “pink.”

4a.

Wire or Earring?, 2400

G74, II.4.114, L. 4064

Composition: gold. Color: gold. Dimensions: L. 14 mm, W. 2 mm. Condition: fragment, good.

5.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.100, No. 1, rim (SJ .13) L. 4026A

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small lime and organic, few small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.100, No. 4, (Bp .63) L. 4026A

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.110, No. 4, rim (SJ .42) L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some large wadi gravel; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Storage Jar G73, II.4.105, No. 4, rim (SJ .41) L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many medium to large lime, some medium ceramic, few medium organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink.”

9.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, II.4.105, No. 5, L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/8 “reddish yellow”; few very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

10.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, II.4.105, No. 13, L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few medium lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Platter Bowl G73, II.4.105, No. 6, (Bp .13) L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small lime; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/8 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

12.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.106, No. 9, (Cpr .12) L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many large lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Cooking Pot G73, II.4.105, No. 11, (Cpr .12) L. 4026B

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown”; many small lime, few small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/2 “weak red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown.”

14.

Carinated Bowl base (Bc r)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

15.

Storage Jar G74, II.14.56, No. 6, rim (SJ .41) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many large wadi gravel, some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Storage Jar G74, II.14.58, No. 3, rim (SJ .33) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many medium to large lime, many medium wadi gravel, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.58, No. 4, (Bp .11) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 6/4 “light yellowish brown”; some small lime and ceramic, many very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

F74, II.14.56, No. 4, L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some small organic, few medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/2 “pinkish gray.”

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, II.14.58, No. 1, L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown.”

20.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, II.14.56, No. 21, L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G74, II.14.58, No. 2, L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; some small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

22.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G74, II.14.56, No. 17, L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as paste.

23.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.56, No. 7, (Bp .53) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/3 “pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

24.

Platter Bowl G74, II.14.56, No. 2, (Bp .61) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” burnish traces; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

25.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

26.

Cooking Pot G74, II.14.56, No. 18, (Cpr .22) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many small to large lime and wadi gravel, some small organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 4/2 “dark reddish gray”; (Ext.) 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown.”

27.

Cooking Pot G74, II.14.56, No. 9, (Cpr .22) L. 14021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red”; many large lime and wadi gravel, some medium organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

27a.

Blade, 2421 G74, II.14.56, L. 14021 Composition: flint. Color: 7.5YR 3/2 “dark brown.” Dimensions: L. 62 mm, W. 20 mm, Th. 3 mm. Condition: good, serrated.

G74, II.14.58, No. 5, L. 14021

G74, II.14.56, No. 1, L. 14021

Plate 72

405

406

Plate 73 Plate 73.  Field VIII – Stratum II/I

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Krater (Kr) G73, VIII.1.47, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium crystal, some very small crystal, many L. 1011 very small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior. 2.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.49, No. 9, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small gravel, ceramic and lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red” horizontal burnish.

3.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.37, No. 12, (Cpr .23) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many medium and large gravel, some small organic, some medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

4.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.53, No. 6, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 7/6 “light red”; few small ceramic and lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) slip 10R 5/6 “red,” burnished.

5.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.47, No. 1, (Cpr .22) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown”; many medium and large lime, few large gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

6.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.73, No. 2, (Cpr .22) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small gravel, lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.61, No. 8, (Cpr .23) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few small lime, many small and medium ceramic, some medium gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.47, No. 9, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7/5YR 4/1 “dark gray”; some small gravel and lime, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 5/3 “brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

9.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.52, No. 5, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red,” slip 10R 5/6 red” on rim; (Ext.) slip as on interior rim, vertical burnish.

10.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.50, No. 4, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; many very small to small lime, few small organic and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10R 5/6 “red,” traces of burnish; (Ext.) 5YR 5/3 “reddish brown”

11.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.60, No. 3, (Bp .12) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; many very small to small lime and organic, few very small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red,” horizontal burnishing; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow,” slip and burnish on rim as interior.

12.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.52, No. 2, (Bp .12) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 7/4 “very pale brown; (Ext.) as interior.

13.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.53, No. 3, (Bp .12) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; few small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.52, No. 6, (Bp .52) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; few small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.44, No. 5, (Bp .11) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 4/4 “reddish brown” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.48, No. 1, base (Bp r) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small wadi gravel and very small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

17.

Mortarium

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small ceramic and some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

18.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.53, No. 5, rim (SJ .41) L. 1011

19.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.773, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small and medium gravel, some small lime and organic, rim (SJ .23) L. 1011 some small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 10YR 8/4 “very pale brown.”

20.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.62, No. 1, rim (SJ .42) L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; some small organic, lime, and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste.

21.

Jar sherd

G73, VIII.1.47, No. 4, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some very small lime, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown,” ribbed.

22.

Jar ear handle

G73, VIII.1.74, No. 1, L. 1011

Technique: handmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; many small and medium gravel, some medium ceramic and some small lime; gray core; soft. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red” lines.

23.

Jar sherd

G73, VIII.1.52, No. 11, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some very small lime, ceramic, and crystal; no core; L. 1011 hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7/5YR 8/4 “pink,” ribbed.

23a.

Mortar, 1973

G73, VIII.1.49, L. 1011 Composition: limestone. Color: 10YR 8/2 “white.” Dimensions: L. 245 mm, W. 125 mm. Condition: good, fragment.

23b.

Blade, 1992 G73, VIII.1.50, L. 1011 Composition: flint. Color: YR 3/4 “dark reddish brown.” Dimensions: L. 63 mm, W. 18 mm, Th. 4 mm. Condition: good

23c.

Jar Handle, 2007

G73, VIII.1.37, No. 7, L. 1011

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 4/3 “reddish brown”; many small and medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

G73, VIII.1.49, L. 1011 Composition: ceramic. Color: 10YR 7/2 “light gray.” Dimensions: L. 60 mm, W. 65 mm. Condition: good, with scarab impression.

Plate 73

407

408

Plate 74 Plate 74.  Field VIII – Stratum XVIII and Stratum XIX

Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 1. Carinated G73, VIII.1.67, No. 6, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR Bowl (Bc) L. 1017 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as on interior rim. 2.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.66, No.1, (Bp .41) L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium lime, some small gravel and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

3.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few small lime and crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 10R 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip as interior on and over rim, burnished.

4.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.107, No. 6, (Bp .11) L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 5YR 4/6 “yellowish red” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Jar/Bowl base

G73, VIII.1.90, No. 7, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 7/6 “light red”; some medium lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red,” traces of burnish.

6.

Holemouth Jar

G73, VIII.1.67, No. 3, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many medium wadi gravel and crystal, few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

7.

Holemouth Jar

G73, VIII.1.67, No. 4, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; many medium lime and gravel, some small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

8.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.90, No. 14, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; some small lime, organic and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Cpf) L. 1017 (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior, thumb impressed band appliqué.

9.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.91, No. 1, (Cpf) L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many medium and large gravel and lime, many small and medium organic, few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 6/2 “pinkish gray”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown,” thumb impressed band appliqué.

10.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.77, No. 2, (Cpr .12) L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/6 “red”; many small and medium lime and few very small crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

11.

Jar/Jug rim

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some very small lime and few small organic; no core; soft. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 7/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as paste.

12.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.80, No. 7, rim (SJ .23) L. 1017

13.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.90, No. 11, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many very small gravel and small to medium lime; no rim (SJ .52) L. 1017 core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

14.

Jug (Jg B)

G73, VIII.1.71, No. 6, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; many medium ceramic, some small and large lime, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

15.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, VIII.1.77, No. 17, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; some very small to medium lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Ledge Handle

G73, VIII.1.90, No. 9, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small and medium gravel and organic, some medium lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) as interior, thumb impressed ledge handle.

17.

Ledge Handle

G73, VIII.1.90, No. 13, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small and medium lime and crystal; no core; L. 1017 hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior, wavy ledge handle.

18.

Ear Handle

G73, VIII.1.80, No. 3, L. 1017

18a.

Blade, 2053 G73, VIII.1.66, L. 1017 Composition: flint. Color: 5YR 5.2 “reddish gray.” Dimensions: L. 33 mm, W. 20 mm. Condition: good

19.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.38, No. 3, rim (SJ .42) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium and large gravel, some medium lime and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

20.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.51, No. 7, rim (SJ .42) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small lime and some medium and large gravel, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.51, No. 5, rim (SJ .42) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small lime, some large gravel, some small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

22.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.51, No. 9, rim (SJ .41) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many small and medium lime, some medium organic and gravel; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

23.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.51, No. 4, (Bp .11) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some very small lime, gravel and organic, some small ceramic and crystal; 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown” light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 10R 4/6 “red,” horizontal burnishing; (Ext.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown,” slip and burnish on rim as interior.

24.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.51, No. 10, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; few very small lime, few small wadi gravel; no core; (Bp .12) L. 1012 hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 10R 4/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

25.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.51, No. 1, (Bp .23) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/3 “pink”; many small and medium gravel and organic, some small lime and ceramic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

26.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.51, No. 3, (Bp .23) L. 1012

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) 7.5YR 8/4 “pink,” slip on rim as interior.

27.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.37, No. 9, rim (SJ .42) L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many medium ceramic, few medium and large lime, some medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as interior.

28.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.56, No. 3, rim (SJ .54) L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; some small and medium lime, few small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

29.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.56, No. 6, rim (SJ .54) L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/4 “yellowish brown”; some small lime, few very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

30.

Storage Jar G73, VIII.1.40, No. 5, rim (SJ .32) L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many medium gravel, some small crystal, some small organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 6/6 “light red.”

G73, VIII.1.91, No. 3, L. 1017

G73, VIII.1.90, No .6, L. 1017

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small lime and medium organic; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 7/4 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small lime, some very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 6/2 “light brownish gray”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red.”

Descriptions continue on p. 410, below.

Plate 74

409

410

Plate 75 Plate 75.  Field VIII – Stratum XIX

Plate Object, Number Object No. 1. Holemouth Jar

Registry No., Locus (see Locus Index) Description G73, VIII.1.87, No. 1, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 8/2 “very pale brown”; many small and medium gravel, many small L. 1016 crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/3 “very pale brown”; (Ext.) as interior.

2.

Bowl

G73, VIII.1.96, No. 2, L. 1021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 5/8 “red”; some small organic, lime, and crystal, some medium wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown” on rim, burnished; (Ext.) slip and burnish as on interior rim.

3.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.89, No. 2, (Cpr .12) L. 1021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 5/6 “red”; some small and medium lime; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 4/0 “dark gray”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

4.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, VIII.1.93, No. 4, L. 1021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; some small and medium lime, few medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown; (Ext.) as interior.

5.

Holemouth Jar

G73, VIII.1.72, No. 8, L. 1021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 7/4 “pink”; many small and medium gravel, some medium ceramic, some small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

6.

Ledge Handle

G73, VIII.1.96, No. 1, L. 1021

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; some medium lime and wadi gravel; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” thumb impressed ledge handle.

7.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.97, No. 1, (Bp .12) L. 1023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some medium lime and few small gravel and organic; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

8.

Bowl/Jar base

G73, VIII.1.97, No. 3, L. 1023

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small lime, organic and ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red.”

9.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, VIII.1.97, No. 3A, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; many small and medium gravel and lime, some L. 1023 medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown.”

10.

Cooking Pot G73, VIII.1.83, No. 5, (Cpr .12) L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 4/8 “red”; many large lime and few small crystal; dark gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 2.5YR 5/2 “weak red”; (Ext.) 2.5YR 5/4 “reddish brown.”

11.

Holemouth Jar

G73, VIII.1.83, No. 1, L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some very small lime; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim, traces of burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as on interior rim.

12.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.84, No. 4, (Bp .11) L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” over rim, burnished; (Ext.) 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow.”

13.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.83, No. 1, (Bp .22) L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; few very small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; slip 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow” over rim, horizontal burnish; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.”

14.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.85, No. 2, (Bp .11) L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; very few very small crystal and organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink,” traces of burnish, incised line group.

15.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.106, No. 9, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; few very small lime and organic; no core; hard. Surface: L. 1024 (Int.) as paste, slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim; (Ext.) as interior.

16.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.85, No. 5, L. 1024

17.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, VIII.1.106, No. 5, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; few small lime and ceramic; no core; hard. L. 1024 Surface: (Int.) 10YR 8/4 very pale brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 2.5YR 5/6 “red” on rim.

18.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, VIII.1.86, No. 5, L. 1024

19.

Carinated Bowl (Bc)

G73, VIII.1.106, Nos. 3 Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 10YR 7/3 “very pale brown”; few small organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) and 10, L. 1024 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow,” slip 10R 4/6 “red” above carination, burnish traces.

20.

Storage Jar rim (SJ .42)

G73, VIII.1.83, No. 3, L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 5/4 “brown”; some small lime, some very small ceramic, organic, and crystal; gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as interior.

21.

Carinated Bowl sherd (Bc)

G73, VIII.1.84, No. 6, L. 1024

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 8/4 “pink”; some medium organic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; (Ext.) as paste, organic paint 2.5YR 5/6 “red” lines.

22.

Storage Jar base (SJ)

G73, VIII.1.83, No. 13, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 5/6 “yellowish red”; many medium lime, many medium and large wadi L. 1024 gravel, some small organic, some medium ceramic; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/4 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/3 “pink.”

23.

Juglet handle G73, VIII.1.83, No. 8, (Jlc/p) L. 1024

23a.

Jar Handle, 2255

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; very few small lime and few small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 6/3 “light reddish brown”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 5/8 “red.”

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 5YR 6/6 “reddish yellow”; many small lime, wadi gravel and organic, some very small crystal; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) as paste.

Technique: handmade. Paste: 5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; very few small lime; no core; hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red,” burnished, bi-coil.

G73, VIII.1.83, L. 1024 Composition: ceramic. Color: 5YR 54/6 “light gray.” Dimensions: L. 40 mm, W. 85 mm. Condition: good, stamped.

Plate 74.  Field VIII – Stratum XVIII and Stratum XIX (cont.) Plate Object, Registry No., Number Object No. Locus (see Locus Index) Description 31. Holemouth G73, VIII.1.40, No. 2, Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 7/4 “pink”; many medium lime, some medium crystal; no core; Jar L. 1013 hard. Surface: (Int.) 7.5YR 7/6 “reddish yellow”; (Ext.) 7.5YR 7/4 “pink.” 32.

Globular Bowl (Bg)

G73, VIII.1.39, No. 1, L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 2.5YR 6/6 “light red”; some small organic and lime; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) as paste; slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red” on rim, burnish; (Ext.) slip and burnish as interior.

33.

Platter Bowl G73, VIII.1.40, No. 4, (Bp .23) L. 1013

Technique: wheelmade. Paste: 7.5YR 6/4 “light brown”; some very small to small lime, some small organic; light gray core; hard. Surface: (Int.) slip 2.5YR 4/6 “red,” burnished; (Ext.) as paste, slip and burnish on rim as interior.

33a.

Blade, 2277 G73, VIII.1.105, L. 1015

Composition: flint. Color: NA. Dimensions: NA. Condition: NA, serrated edge.

Plate 75

411