Excavations at Francavilla Marittima 1991–2004: Finds Related to Textile Production from the Timpone della Motta. Volume 6: Loom Weights 9781407315423, 9781407344775

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Excavations at Francavilla Marittima 1991–2004 Finds Related to Textile Production from the Timpone della Motta Volume 6: Loom Weights

Marianne Kleibrink

BAR International Series 2848 2017

Published in by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series Excavations at Francavilla Marittima 1991–2004 © Marianne Kleibrink Trapezoidal loom weight of impasto clay, h. 15.3cm, weight 1108g. Decorated with an incised, complicated meander-swastika pattern and an incised horse in a reserved central area. From Building V.b, Timpone della Motta, 8th century BC (Catalogue no. 110). The Author’s moral rights under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reser ved. No par t of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any for m of digital for mat or transmitted in any for m digitally, without the written per mission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407315423 paperback ISBN 9781407344775 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407315423 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR titles are available from: BAR Publishing Banbury Rd, Oxford, [email protected] + ( ) + ( ) www.barpublishing.com

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Dedicated to Giuseppe Altieri and Tullio Masneri tireless promoters of Oenotrian archaeology at Francavilla Marittima and Broglio di Trebisacce, which among much else has resulted in some very interesting archaeological parks at these sites.

Preface

This is the sixth volume in a series of publications dealing with the excavations carried out by Groningen University in the period 1991-2004 on the Timpone della Motta, Francavilla Marittima, Calabria (Italy), under the direction of the author.1 It is preceded by BAR volumes on the Oenotrian production of Mattpainted pottery with undulating and cross-hatched band decoration (labelled ‘Undulating Band Style’ and ‘Cross-hatched Band Style’ respectively)2 that were followed by third and fourth volumes, describing ‘Fringe Style’ and ‘Miniature Style’ decoration as well as a fifth volume on spindle whorls.3 Pottery fragments decorated in these styles, together with a large quantity of impasto clay fragments,4 fragments of imported wares from Greece5 and of local Greek-style pottery,6 are found together with spindle whorls and loom weights used in textile production on the Timpone della Motta. Textile-related finds associated with the remains of an 8th-century BC apsidal building on top of the Timpone della Motta (a hill, 280m asl, circa 2km south of Francavilla Marittima) are sufficiently abundant to justify the name chosen by its excavators: Weaving House. Judging from the presence of an altar and a huge ash layer – with among the many bone fragments of adult and sub-adult domestic animals also those of fetal and neonatal specimens – was not only a residence of female spinners and weavers, but also fulfilled a sacred function. General information on the Timpone della Motta complex of buildings was presented in the first volume of this series and a number of other publications; short overviews are presented in Chapters I and III. The present volume largely consists of a catalogue of loom weights of various types and a description of their find circumstances. Together with the previous BAR volume on the spindle whorls it discusses in detail the available data pertaining to textile production at Francavilla Marittima from ca. 800BC to circa 650BC. The book also contains a description of the objects from the contexts of the weaving utensils (provided these contexts were undisturbed by the all too frequent looting on the hill), in order to answer some functional and chronological questions. The loom weights and spindle whorls and their provenances from the excavations Zancani Montuoro - Stoop 1963-’69 are included in this book as is a chapter on the iconology of the decorated loom weights. Unless stated otherwise, photographs and drawings (in this volume not to scale) are by the author. We are most grateful to the directors of the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Calabria and the National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Dott. Alessandro D’Alessio, Dott. Simone Marino and Dottoressa Adele Bonofiglio and their staff for the kind assistance rendered during our study sessions in the Museum. Without the constant support of the ‘Archaeological School Lagaria’ at Francavilla Marittima and particularly its director, Giuseppe Altieri, this book could not have been written. The English text was proofread by Gerre van der Kleij of GrondTaal VerTaalbureau, Elizabeth Weistra and Nicole Cuddeback. I extend my warmest thanks to everybody.

Marianne Kleibrink

1 For general information see Kleibrink 1993; 1996-1997; 2000a; 2000b; 2003; 2004; 2005; 2006a; 2010; 2011a; www.museumfrancavilla.com; De Lachenal 2007. 2 Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012; Kleibrink, Fasanella Masci & Barresi 2013. 3 Kleibrink 2015a; 2015b and 2016; other volumes are in preparation. 4 Colelli 2012. 5 Tomay 2002; 2005; Papadopoulos 2003; Jacobsen & Handberg 2010. 6 Van der Wielen van Ommeren & Kleibrink 2008; Tomay 2005.

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Contents PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER I 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Labyrinths ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Swastikas ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 Oenotrian solar symbolism and objects found at Francavilla Marittima .............................................................. 21 The role of the horse ........................................................................................................................................... 28

CHAPTER II 2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3. 2.3. 2.4.

SPINNING AND WEAVING UTENSILS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ZANCANI MONTUORO -STOOP 1963-’69..................................................................................................... 33

Objects from Macchiabate tombs excavated 1963-’69: introduction .................................................................... 33 Catalogue I: spinning and weaving utensils from Macchiabate ........................................................................... 34 Graves excavated by Zancani Montuoro containing spindle whorls and loom weights .......................................... 35 Clusters with loom weights listed by Zancani Montuoro under bis....................................................................... 41 Assemblages of textile utensil parts from among the stone cairns ......................................................................... 44 Textile-related objects from the Scavi Stoop 1963-’69: introduction .................................................................... 55 Catalogue II: weaving and spinning material found by M. W. Stoop ................................................................. 57

CHAPTER III 3.1. 3.2. 3.2.1. 3.2.2. 3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.3. 3.3.1. 3.3.2. 3.3.3.

LABYRINTHS OR SWASTIKAS? AN ICONOLOGY OF THE LOOM WEIGHTS FROM THE TIMPONE DELLA MOTTA ............................................................................................................... 7

CONTEXT OF THE LARGE TRAPEZOIDAL, DECORATED LOOM WEIGHTS .......................... 69

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 Short remarks on the successive Buildings V ...................................................................................................... 69 Building V.b (first threequarters of the 8th century BC)...................................................................................... 69 Building V.c (725-650 BC) ............................................................................................................................. 72 Building V.d (650/40-600 BC) ...................................................................................................................... 75 Building V.e (6th century BC) ........................................................................................................................... 76 Stratigraphic units with large trapezoidal loom weights ....................................................................................... 76 Catalogue III: finds from Stratigraphic Units AC02.30, .29, .31, .32 ............................................................. 86 Catalogue IV: finds from Stratigraphic Units AC04.30 and AC04.31........................................................... 94 Catalogue V: finds from Stratigraphic Units AC15.10, .20, .23, AC18.13, .14 and AC18A.14 ..............112

CHAPTER IV

WEAVING TECHNIQUE; TYPOLOGY AND CATALOGUE OF THE LARGE, DECORATED LOOM WEIGHTS............................................................................................................................123

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. 4.11.

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................123 The weights, the loom and weaving technique ....................................................................................................123 Typological analysis .........................................................................................................................................131 Type A. Meander-swastika with four arms .....................................................................................................138 Type B. Short hooks turning clockwise .............................................................................................................161 Type C. Two interlaced meandering arms .........................................................................................................173 Type D. Inscribed frames around a central reserved area...................................................................................177 Type E. A true meander framing a reserved area in the centre or rows of meanders around a centre...................192 Type F. Various patterns with a small reserved central area and a rectangular base composition underneath .....199 Large, plain trapezoidal loom weights ..............................................................................................................202 Specimens and fragments without typology ........................................................................................................203

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CHAPTER V 5.1. 5.2.

Introduction and find contexts ..........................................................................................................................216 Catalogue: cord-impression weights ...................................................................................................................219

CHAPTER VI 6.1. 6.1.1. 6.1.2. 6.2. 6.2.1. 6.2.2.

TRUNCATED-PYRAMIDAL AND PYRAMIDAL LOOM WEIGHTS .............................................235

With vertical suspension hole ...........................................................................................................................235 Introduction and find contexts ..........................................................................................................................235 Catalogue ........................................................................................................................................................236 With horizontal suspension hole ......................................................................................................................241 Introduction and find contexts ..........................................................................................................................241 Catalogue ........................................................................................................................................................242

CHAPTER VII 7.1. 7.2.

SMALL-SIZED TRAPEZOIDAL LOOM WEIGHTS .......................................................................216

CONICAL LOOM WEIGHTS.........................................................................................................249

Introduction and find contexts ..........................................................................................................................249 Catalogue .......................................................................................................................................................251

CHAPTER VIII SMALL PINCHED WEIGHTS ........................................................................................................259 8.1. 8.1.1. 8.1.2. 8.2. 8.2.1. 8.2.2. 8.3.

With horizontal suspension hole ......................................................................................................................259 Introduction and context ..................................................................................................................................259 Catalogue ........................................................................................................................................................265 Pinched weights, vertically and horizontally pierced ...........................................................................................282 Introduction and find contexts ..........................................................................................................................282 Catalogue ........................................................................................................................................................283 Pinched weights, large decorated specimens ........................................................................................................289

BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................................................................291

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CHAPTER I LABYRINTHS OR SWASTIKAS? AN ICONOLOGY OF THE LOOM WEIGHTS FROM THE TIMPONE DELLA MOTTA

1.1. Introduction The archaeological site ‘Timpone della Motta’ is located at a distance of circa 15km to the northwest of ancient Greek Sybaris and at 2km from today’s village of Francavilla Marittima (Calabria, South Italy).7 Because it overlooks the Sibari coastal plain, the Ionian Sea and the inland valley of the seasonal river Raganello it has an excellent strategic position. On the narrow hilltop (280m asl) an ancient Oenotrian centre with several, long timber buildings was in existence and on the lower terraces settlement remains have also been identified, while nearby a large Oenotrian necropolis is situated in the area called Macchiabate.8 In this vast necropolis circa 200 tombs were excavated between 1963-’69 by Paola Zancani Montuoro while more recently a team from Basel University continues the exploration.9 The majority of the stone-cairn tombs contains indigenous (Italic, Oenotrian) gravegifts and the rest, often in simpler graves, Greek imported or Greek-inspired pottery. Burial is continuous from the early 8th till circa the end of the 6th century BC. A late Middle Bronze Age building belongs to the earliest remains on the hill-top, which was named the ‘acropolis’ by its first excavators, Paula Zancani Montuoro and Maria W. Stoop. Here, in the late 9th and 8th centuries BC several Oenotrian long timber structures arose, an apsidal one - named the Weaving House and numbered V.b - stood at the same south side as the Bronze Age house (V.a), while another structure was in existence opposite, on the north side (Building complex I). A platform altar consisting of a low outcropping of bedrock, burnt purplish and covered by ash, was discovered inside a square formation of post holes, which once held the timber supports of a room, or more likely a courtyard, at the west side of the apsidal structure V.b. Its ash was originally stacked up against the south walls (in outline present because of rows of post holes) of the several successive buildings as well as dispersed over a later demolished temple (V.d) before the construction of a new one (V.e). The animal bones from the ash layers contained a relatively large percentage of young and embryonic domestic animals, which is interpreted as proof of ritual activities. In a number of aspects the apsidal building V.b resembles developments at Roca Vecchia of the Late Bronze Age and successive structures on that site.10 Greek apsidal residences attributed to rulers which are thought to have had also cultic functions may have influenced developments at Francavilla Marittima as well.11 In the last decades of the 8th century BC the apsidal longhouses were replaced by rectangular wooden buildings, constructed the same way as the earlier apsidal buildings, with sturdy posts placed in rock-cut holes. They are situated around a central piazza/plaza: Buildings I.c and V.c parallel to its length, on the north and south sides, and Building III.a on its short west side with an entrance facing east onto the piazza. Buildings III.a and V.c have a ‘Greek’ plan, i.e. a long rectangular central room and a smaller room

See Preface Note 1. The 1963-’69 excavations were published in Zancani Montuoro 1970-’71; id. 1974-’76; id. 1977-’79; id. 1980-’82; id., 1983-’84 (necropolis); Stoop 1970-’71 (sanctuary) and Maaskant-Kleibrink 1970-’71 (settlement). 9 FASTI - Record View Page: AIAC_2378; https://klassarch.unibas.ch/forschung/projekte/francavilla-marittima-italien/ 10 http://roca.unisalento.it : translated: 11 Further on the remains of the Timpone della Motta structures: Chapter III below. 7 8

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1a. Loom weight ‘A’ with incised meandering swastika decoration, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 (Stoop 1970-’71, 65f.).

2a. Silver stater struck at Knossos: obverse with Minotaur, reverse with multicursal labyrinth, ca. 450 BC (adapted after Kraay-Hirmer, Pl. 165, no. 541).

1b. Loom weight ‘Z’ with incised meandering decoration, Scavi Zancani Montuoro 1963-’69 (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 50ff., Pl. 27).

2b. Silver stater struck at Knossos: obverse with Minotaur, reverse with multicursal labyrinth, ca. 400BC (adapted after KraayHirmer, Pl. 165, no. 542).

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2c. Silver stater struck at Knossos, reverse with unicursal labyrinth, 350-325BC. 2d. Unicursal labyrinth, doodle by a scribe on a Mycenaean clay tablet found in the palace at Pylos, ca. 1200 BC.

in the east for III.a and for Building V.c one in the west as well. Perhaps we may call these structures the first known Greek temples in Italy, but we should bear in mind that we know hitherto very little about native Italic architecture of the 8th century BC and that the new information from Longola shows precisely what the Timpone della Motta also offers, i.e. rectangular buildings as successors to apsidal ones.12 Just as tricky as earmarking these buildings is the ethnic attribution of the material culture in evidence from the related contexts, because the latter show much handmade impasto and refined-clay, matt-painted pottery on the one hand and some turntable pottery inspired by Euboean ceramics on the other. There is no evidence to suggest that the site suffered a violent takeover, which makes it uncertain whether the builders were answering to the native elite, the first Greek settlers or a combination of both. In the second half of the 7th century BC the complex became a centre for large festivals, most likely celebrated by Sybarites. The post holes and other conspicuous elements of Building V.c were ritually sealed with a thin stratum of yellow soil and groups of votive gifts on top of that. Temple V.d (650-615 BC) was then still constructed in the same place and with the same plan of the older building, but with wall foundations of river cobbles. However, the datable pottery fragments in the ash deposits are suggesting that there was no longer an altar in this building. In the 6th century BC colonial houses were erected on all lower terraces and the sanctuary was rebuilt again: Temple V.d was demolished and a thick gravel foundation was used to bring the south site of the acropolis up to the height of the rest, after which a new temple, V.e, of which only roof tiles could be found was probably constructed. To the east of Building complex I, a small new temple, Temple II, was erected; here the bronze inscription plaquette of Kleombrotos, a Greek athlete dedicating a tenth of his prize at the Olympic games to the goddess Athena, was found.13 This inscription makes clear that in the 6th century BC Timpone della Motta must have been the location of a famous Athena sanctuary with a strong link to Sybaris, otherwise a renowned Sybarite athlete like Kleombrotos would never have chosen the place for his dedication.14 Because the first cultic development and spectacular textile production on the Timpone della Motta dates from sometime in the (later?)15 first half of the 8th century BC it is uncertain whether the site was an Athena sanctuary from the start, a mixed initiative of a native, Oenotrian aristocracy and Greek prospectors and/or immigrants or rather an Oenotrian cult place interpreted as an Athena sanctuary by prospecting or immigrant Greeks because characteristics of the indigenous rituals reminded them of Athena. The latter is the more probable interpretation as in the early cult iconography Levantine traditions are also present.16 The site must have been abandoned, probably when Bruttians conquered the region at some time in the 4th century BC. Because Timpone della Motta-Macchiabate was evidently an important Oenotrian centre with widespread contacts and with an Athena sanctuary - already at least since the 6th century BC surrounded by a high wall17 – it is clear that this site meets all facts mentioned by ancient writers on the legendary Albore Livadie et al. 2010, 1-13; Cicirelli & Albore Livadie 2012. Stoop 1983, 16 -52; Stoop & Pugliese Carratelli 1965-’66, 14-21; Mertens & Schläger 1981-’82, 143-171. 14 To which Maggiorino Iusi (Iusi 2014) adds that the Kleombrotos dedication must have been triggered by the Epeios legend, because of Epeios’ renown as a pugilist and founder of the Athena sanctuary and the settlement named Lagaria. 15 For the 8th century BC in South-Italy no certain dates are as yet available: scholarship offers a choice between high and low chronologies, an example of a high one is that by Cersozo & Vanzetti 2014, 16, with an Early Iron Age IA between 960-910; IB between 910-860; 2A between 860-790 (MG) and 2B between 790-720 (LG) BC. Yntema 1990 places the various periods lower: Early Geometric 900-875, Middle Geometric 875-750/40, Late Geometric I 750-720 and Late Geometric II 730/20-690/80 BC. The Middle Geometric period is much shorter in the Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014 hypothesis and a large part of Yntema’s Middle Geometric is Late Geometric in the view of Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014. As explained, for the latter two periods of the ‘acropolis’ of Timpone della Motta two successive building phases have been identified, which in the dating of Cerzoso & Vanzetti would both be Late Geometric, but in Yntema’s division Building V.b would be Middle Geometric to Late Geometric I and Building V.c would be Late Geometric II. 16 Brocato & Taliano Grasso 2011; Kleibrink & Weistra 2013; Kleibrink 2016a. 17 The so-called Muro Schläger, which had a stone foundation of more than 1m thick and was constructed with buttresses: Mertens & Schläger 1981-’82, 143-171. 12 13

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town of Lagaria. According to Strabo (6.1.14) Lagaria was a phrourion (fortification) located on the Ionian coast between Sybaris-Thurioi and Siris-Herakleia and founded by Epeios. From other sources Epeios is known as the sculptor of the Trojan horse, who, after his nostos, dedicated his tools to Athena in a sanctuary along the Ionian Coast.18

1.2. Labyrinths

3. Oval, unicursal labyrinth inscribed with the word TRUIA (Troy), accompanied by two riders on horseback and two copulating couples. Drawing after decoration on a wine jug from Tragliatelle, Etruria, ca. 630BC.

4. Unicursal, round labyrinth, part of an engraving on a steatite seal from Paros, 7th century BC (after Papadopoulou 2004).

5. Unicursal, square labyrinth, Roman mosaic, from a villa at Piadena, Augustan period (after Kern 1983, 130, Pl. 151).

In an article published in 1972 Elisa Lissi Caronna interpreted the incised decoration on weight ‘A’ from the Scavi Stoop 1963-69 as a labyrinth (Fig. 1a),19 comparing it to motifs found on a number of silver staters 18 Although I do not think that archaeologists have to prove the reliability of ancient written sources one cannot help being influenced by them and although the interesting archaeology of Francavilla Marittima with its preserved features of settlement, sanctuary and necropolis is certainly sufficient to consider this site (together with Torre del Mordillo, Broglio di Trebisacce and Amendolara) as a key site for our reconstruction of the development of European society in its proto-urban phase, it would be rather nice to know if Francavilla Marittima actually is the Lagaria of the written sources. Elsewhere I have lined up the main evidence for this identification: Kleibrink 1993; 2003 with references; 2010; 2011 with references; for new facts supporting the view: Paoletti 2014, 7-23; Colelli 2014, 285-329; Iusi 2014, 329-349; Iusi 2014-’15; Brocato 2015. 19 Lissi Caronna 1970-’71, 93-98. For the archaeological context of this particular weight, see Chapter II, section 2.3.

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struck at Knossos around 450-400BC (Figs. 2a-b)20 that carry a Minotaur on the obverse side, thus rendering it highly likely that the reverse motifs represent labyrinths. As Colin Kraay remarked: ‘The variety of the forms the labyrinth takes on these coins shows that no clear tradition of its shape had survived from Mycenaean times’.21 At a later date the Greek settlement near the site of the earlier Minoan-Mycenaean palace of Knossos was issuing coins carrying a more correct form of a labyrinth (Fig. 2c). Lissi Caronna, however, following a hypothesis proposed by others, saw the Knossos palace with its confusing layout of rooms and corridors as the prototypal labyrinth, with the motifs on coins and loom weights representing symbolic renderings of Knossian palatial architecture. In that hypothesis, the central reserved area on the loom weights would represent the large central courtyards which characterized Cretan Bronze Age palaces. Lissi Caronna also pointed to the iconography of Roman mosaics, which like the coins and the loom weights show meanders, four compartments, and often a reserved area at the centre (Fig. 5). Today, labyrinths with four or more entrances and exits are called multicursal and those with a single entrance/exit unicursal.22 Many scholars regard only the unicursal forms as true labyrinths, calling the other type a maze. This point of view is strengthened by the fact that the unicursal labyrinth appears to have been the only one known in the Mycenaean period. A square version of this type exists (Fig. 2d) in the form of a doodle by a scribe on the back of a clay tablet found in the Pylos palace archives (the palace burned down ca. 1200BC). A similar one-way labyrinth, this time oval, is engraved on a steatite pendant from ca. 700BC found on Paros (Fig. 4).23 In Italy the name ‘Troy’ was evidently also associated with unicursal labyrinths. An Etruscan wine jug from Tragliatella and dated to ca. 630BC shows a seven-course single-path labyrinth with the word TRUIA (Troy) written in the last course, perhaps referring to a game or cultic ceremony on horseback. On the left two armed horsemen are leaving the labyrinth while on the right two couples are copulating (Fig. 3). The Troy game mentioned by Virgil was evidently an important state cult honouring the allegedly Trojan roots of Caesar, Augustus and ultimately Rome itself (lusus troiae, Aeneid, Book 5, 545–603). The game involved an elite corps of young men on horseback, who, divided into formations, executed meandering manœuvres that reminded Vergil of the Cretan labyrinth.24 It is hard to imagine cavalry formations jostling along a unicursal path; four meandering formations congregating around a tomb or honoured obstacle in the centre is more easily imagined, but the illustration on the jug shows a unicursal labyrinth. The issue of the original form of the Cretan labyrinth is not easily settled, because it was also the sanctuary where Theseus was rescued by Ariadne. According to Greek myth, that particular labyrinth had been built by Daidalos for King Minos in order to restrain the Minotaur.25 Theseus killed the monster, guided by Ariadne’s thread, and rescued seven Athenian boys and girls that had been sent to their deaths there. It is again difficult to imagine this mythical labyrinth as being unicursal because it is impossible to become lost in a single-path labyrinth, which would make the thread as a device to find the exit quite unnecessary. Following the logic of the myth, one would expect the Minotaur to have been trapped inside Kraay & Hirmer 1966, 347, Pl. 165, 541-’42. Kraay & Hirmer 1966, 346. 22 Reed Doob 1990. 23 Papadopoulou 2004, 155-178. 24 Recent overviews with intriguing explanations and hypotheses: Lubtchansky 2005; Lubtchansky 2010. From the medieval period onwards, imitation-Troys with complex and confusing ‘walls’ like those of Troy were constructed in many places and used in dances and games (Kern 1982/2000; Reed Doob 1990), 25 The Cretan labyrinth has been interpreted as a dancing-ground made for Ariadne because of a passage in Homer (Iliad, Book 18, 590–593), who describes a choros (the word may be interpreted as a dancing-ground as well as a dance choreography) depicted on Achilles' shield, "like the one that Daidalos designed in the spacious town of Knossos for Ariadne of the lovely locks." (on Daidalos in Crete cf. Morris 1992, 14). The same shield also showed a labyrinth dance, where "youths and marriageable maidens were dancing on it with their hands around one another's wrists…circling as smoothly on their accomplished feet as the wheel of a potter...and there they ran in lines to meet each other." It is uncertain whether this Cretan dance was the same as the crane dance (geranos) described by Plutarch (a 1st-century AD Roman historian of Greek descent) as performed on Delos by Theseus, Ariadne and the freed maidens and boys for Aphrodite. Later but still early images often show two separate rows, one of girls and one of boys, which would be illogical in a single-path labyrinth (On the various aspects and problems of interpretation of the literary sources and iconography: Calame 2001). 20 21

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a multicursal labyrinth. In other words, ancient labyrinth iconography, which shows unicursal, often round or oval, labyrinths, does not tally with the myths. It is therefore more likely that the multicursal square labyrinth was a later invention, one precisely inspired by those myths. The square form of the labyrinths on the Knossos coins suggests that this form was invented on Crete, but in view of the dearth of extant representations it was never widespread. By the 1st century BC or earlier, however, the square multicursal version received new meaning, as its popularity in opulent Roman villas demonstrates (a typology of Roman mosaic labyrinths was drafted by Wiktor A. Dasewsky). Today, over 50 examples are still extant, proof that the motif must have been very common indeed in the period from ca. 100BC to ca. AD400.26 The majority of the Roman labyrinth mosaics are divided into four sectors and surrounded by walls and towers, thus resembling fortified cities. Although divided in this way, a mosaic labyrinth from Piadena is unicursal, as there is only one entrance and one unambiguous (albeit complex and meandering) path leading towards the centre (Fig. 5). As Theseus and the Minotaur often appear in these labyrinth mosaics, in Roman iconography at least the design seems to have symbolised the mythical prototypal labyrinth, in other words, the palace of Minos on Crete. Yet at the same time the labyrinth mosaics may have referred to the ideal city, from which all harm had been expelled by the hero Theseus.27 Designation of complex structures as labyrinths is a common feature in the ancient literary tradition. Virgil, Ovid and Pliny the Elder, for example, praise the artistic and complex design of labyrinths in Egypt, on Crete, on Lemnos and in Etruria.28 At some point in history the labyrinth with four compartments around a centre became a symbol of the ideal city, which in itself was seen as a reflection of the kosmos. Gianna Dareggi, who discusses the concept, points to the city of Ebla (Tell Mardik, Syria) which was built in four sectors around a centre, a physical manifestation of the formula ‘king of the four realms’.29 This cosmic concept seems, at various times, to have been connected in particular to the multicursal, square labyrinth. Another prominent association is that between labyrinths and movement, especially in the form of ceremonial games or dances. As already remarked, both the Etruscan/Roman ‘Troy’ labyrinth and the Cretan geranos involved dancing, whether by humans or by horses. This may mean that the different forms of the labyrinth represent different choreographies, each with its own background and meaning. In analogy with a large number of myths, rites, and ceremonies among both ancient and modern peoples, some scholars have concluded that these ‘Troy’ and labyrinth dances were specific expressions of a general set of very early and widely practiced ceremonies associated with the awakening of nature in spring after its winter sleep, or the release of the imprisoned sun after its long captivity in the bonds of the demon of winter.30 In her 1975 article on the veneration of Athena in the Francavilla Marittima sanctuary, Paola Zancani Montuoro elaborated on Lissi Caronna’s Knossos-labyrinth theory by pointing out that contact between the Aegean world and the Calabrian coast demonstrably existed in the Mycenaean period.31 Further it was believed that Linear-B tablets found in Mycenaean archives mention a potnia (goddess) of the labyrinth (da-pu-ri-to-jo po-ti-ni-ja) as well as a potnia linked to the name Atana (a-ta-na-po-ti-ni-ja). This in Zancani Montuoro’s opinion explicitly connects labyrinths and the veneration of the goddess Athena. Daszewski 1977. The labyrinth was a very popular philosophical, literary and artistic metaphor in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; garden mazes for the aristocracy (and less elaborate, turf ones for commoners) have been identified all over England, see e.g. Reed Doob 1990; Kern 1983/2000. 28 Reed Doob 1990, 17 ff. 29 Dareggi 1992, 281-292, 285 30 Sir James Frazer (Frazer 1922), for example, after discussing the significance of the labyrinth legends concluded that Ariadne's dance symbolized the sun's course through the sky, its purpose being ‘by sympathetic magic to aid the great luminary to run his race on high.’ He mentions a custom among the Chilcotin Indians of walking around a circle during solar eclipses, leaning on staves, as if to help the sun on its course. The sun dances of the Canadian and North American Indians, however, are explained in many different ways, e.g. Å Hultkrantz (2014) https://ojs.abo.fi/index.php/scripta/article/download/616/879 . 31 Zancani Montuoro 1975; Godart 1975, 141-152. 26 27

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The particular form of Francavilla Marittima loom weights like Stoop’s weight ‘A’, which is large, flat and almost square, reminded Zancani Montuoro of a pinax (dedication plaque) and led her to speculate that the Francavilla Marittima loom weights may derive from older such plaques which featured betterexecuted labyrinths. Zancani Montuoro did not regard the large loom weights produced by the Stoop excavation and the few specimens unearthed by herself in the Macchiabate necropolis as functional weaving utensils, but rather as votive offerings. In her opinion, the loom weights excavated by her on the Macchiabate necropolis and especially weight ‘Z’ (Fig. 1b) were the work of indigenous, Oenotrian craftspeople who did not fully understand the labyrinth motif. At the same time she did not consider these objects to have been burial gifts but believed instead that the weights and spindles, together with the impasto pottery, belonged to a pre-necropolis phase during which potters had been active in this particular area (compare further Chapter II for Zancani Montuoro’s approach). In 199232 Louis Godart confirmed Paola Zancani Montuoro in her opinion that the combination of the Athena cult and the labyrinth motive likely had its roots in Bronze Age contacts between the Oenotrian and Mycenaean civilisations in Calabria, although he described Mycenaean contacts with the West as having been far less intense than those with Eastern civilisations. Frederica Cordano accepted the hypotheses formulated earlier by Giovanni Pugliese Caratelli,33 Lissi Caronna and Paola Zancani Montuoro.34 She identified the labyrinth as the Knossos palace and a sanctuary of Athena and established associations with weaving and textile production as well. In a brief note published in 1992 Madeleine Mertens-Horn returned to Zancani-Montuoro’s idea that Oenotrian artists understood the labyrinth motif only imperfectly by asserting that weight ‘Z’ was an indigenous product while weight ‘A’ was the work of artists familiar with Greek artistic practices.35 The more probable explanation of the Mycenaean po-ti-ni-ja word is that it is a title, but opinions differ on the question whether it was applied to a single, omnipotent goddess with many different characteristics or rather used to indicate several different goddesses.36 Today A-ta-na is interpreted as a name for a location or a settlement, the residence of the potnia or of a potnia, because whether it already referred to the city of Athens or perhaps the goddess Athena in this early period is unknown.37 The ideograms da-pu-ri-to-jo po-tini-ja (on clay tablet Kn Gg 702) have been interpreted as referring to a potnia of the labyrinth because the word appears as such in later Greek.38 The u-po-jo po-ti-ni-ja at Pylos is thought to refer either to a goddess of the underground, because of the ancient-Greek word hypo = under39 or to a goddess of weaving (from the Greek hyphaino = to weave), but these words offer not very convincing links to the Mycenaean forms.40 Best attested is the Mycenaean religious offering of textiles (and oil, honey etc.). Quite a number of interesting clay tablets refer to that practice.41 Moreover, faience garments and faience sacral knots have been linked to the same practice, which together with painted scenes have been interpreted as evidence for a ritual dressing of priestesses.42

Godart 1992, 195-201. Pugliese Carratelli 1939, 285-300; 1959, 401-436, also in 1976, 99-134. 34 Cordano 1980, 7-15. 35 Mertens-Horn 1992b, 489f. 36 Boëlle 2001; Trumpy 2001. 37 Van Leuven 1979, 112-119. 38 Chantraine 1999, 610-611; Trumpy (2001), however, suggests that this could be a place name for places near Knossos. 39 Van Leuven 1979, 112-119. 40 Nosch 2009; Boëlle 2001, 2004. 41 Nosch & Perna 2001, 471-77; Nosch 2012b, 43-53; Weilhartner 2012. 42 Weilhartner 2012. 32 33

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6a. Loom weight ‘A’, with one of the meandering incised “paths” marked in white, in order to show that entrance and exit are not connected.

7a. Loom weight ‘A’, reconstructed as a two-colour pattern in dark-on-light, possibly the A-side of a double weave.

6b. Loom weight AC2751 with one of the meandering incised ‘paths’ marked in white, which shows that in this case entrance and exit are connected.

7b. Loom weight ‘A’, reconstructed as a two-colour pattern in light-on-dark, possibly the B-side of a double weave.

These more recent interpretations of the Mycenaean clay tablets with texts associated with Atana and weaving, make it much harder or even impossible to demonstrate continuity from Mycenaean culture to 8th c. BC Calabria for a potnia called Athena as the goddess of the labyrinth and of weaving. Sarah Morris identifies the tales and iconography on Daidalos and the labyrinth as principally Archaic and Classical Greek with a special role for Athens and places the invention of meander motifs as a reference to the labyrinth in that period.43 1.3. Swastikas Careful analysis of the incised motifs on the loom weights shows that it is unlikely that they represent labyrinths or mazes. With one exception, specimen AC2751 (Fig. 6b), the gaps - or in case of labyrinths possible ‘entrances’ - in each of the four sides do not lead to the centre, nor do those along the four sides 43

Morris 1992, 187ss.

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of the inner reserved square lead to the outside; instead, the paths run round the centre before ending parallel to one of the sides (Fig. 6a). This becomes obvious when one fills the ‘paths’ with two contrasting colours (Figs. 7a-b). The loom weights found during the Scavi Stoop 1963-69 and the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 represent the remains of actual vertical looms, not votive offerings as the scholars mentioned earlier evidently thought. This important observation receives additional weight by Margarita Gleba’s conclusion that although loom weights were indeed dedicated in the ancient sanctuaries of Italy, votive weights are never numerous and never found together in groups.44 By contrast, in cases where weights did cluster together, such as the sanctuary of Hera at Foce del Sele and the sanctuary of Minerva at Lavinium, they evidently reflect sacred weaving activities.45 Quite recently Gretchen Meyers compiled an impressive body of evidence of such activities in Etruscan sanctuaries,46 and they almost certainly also took place at Timpone della Motta. Another observation by Margarita Gleba is that votive offerings of loom weights and spindle whorls in sanctuaries only began after these objects had become symbolic for the - socially and economically important - production of textiles, as attested by their frequent presence as grave goods; and that this probably occurred under the influence of Greek votive practices. The Francavilla Marittima loom weights are too early in date to fit this profile. In the context of Italian archaeology the large, decorated loom weights from the Timpone della Motta are unusual, in the first place because grave gifts of weights in female burials provide evidence that in the majority of the surrounding cultures a quite different kind of weight was preferred as gravegift: the rocchetto or spool.47 However, in Oenotrian culture truncated pyramidal weights seem to have been more usual. Examples are for instance known from several tombs of aristocratic women at S. Maria d’Anglona and Incoronata/S. Teodoro.48 These small weights are decorated along the contours of all sides with bands filled with incised motifs – usually small dashes or hooks - which were filled out with a white paste, a technique also applied to the much larger Francavilla Marittima weights. The Incoronata/S.Teodoro weights date from the full 8th century BC and their type is also found at Timpone della Motta (see Chapter VI). A problem is the small size and low weight of the S. Maria d’Anglona and Incoronata/S.Teodoro specimens. This together with specimens which have the suspension holes only superficially indicated, point to the possibility that they are miniaturised versions especially made as grave gifts. A comparison with loom weights from the settlement area of Incoronata shows that no heavy loom weights were encountered.49 Which leads to the conclusion that it is unlikely that at Incoronata or S. Maria d’Anglona large, decorated weights like the FM specimens were ever used. Smaller, truncated-pyramidal weights, however, must have been similar in these sites. Another confirmation that the decorated weights from the Timpone della Motta must be loom weights is provided by the similarly, though less carefully, decorated weights from Macchiabate tombs (see Chapter II, cat. no. 12 - weight Z from the Scavi Zancani Montuoro of 1050grams and the weight from tomb Strada 4 of 627grams).50 Also, the Oenotrian timber dwelling IV on one of the lower terraces of the Timpone della Motta contained one complete (212grams) and one fragmented decorated, impasto loom weight (see Chapter V, nos. 186 and 187) in the company of spindle whorls and pottery fragments, which demonstrates that at Francavilla Marittima decorated weights were used on looms in households.51

Gleba 2008, 184. Gleba 2008, 185, 187. 46 Meyers 2013. 47 Gleba 2008, 140ff. 48 Frey 1991; Chiartano 1977; Chiartano 1994. 49 Greci sul Basento 1986, E. Franchi, p. 183: ‘pozzetto indigeno’ saggio D1: 5x impasto, truncated pyramidal loom weights (ranging from 30 to 80g); ‘fossa greca’ saggio D: 5x loom weights. 50 Guggisberg et al. 2011, 66-67: height 10.6cm. 51 The weights from from Canale Ianchina (see Fig. 9) and those from Amendolara (see Fig. 11), which constitute further proof are discussed below. 44 45

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8a. Loom weight excavated at Broglio di Trebisacce and decorated on each side with swastikas. Photo permission by A. Vanzetti, Broglio Excavations. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

8b. Loom weight found during the Scavi Stoop 1963-69, FM 64728, decorated with swastikas (cf. Chapter II, cat. no. 54). Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

8c. The loom weight of Fig. 8b, with incised horse on its top. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

As was explained above, the Groningen excavations in the ‘Area Chiesetta’ on the summit of the Timpone della Motta revealed that the decorated loom weights at Francavilla Marittima belonged to functional vertical looms. This alters our perception of their decoration from the more generic, as possibly religious motifs selected by women for dedication in a sanctuary, to the more specific, i.e. patterns incised on loom weights which were actually used. The implication is that these objects, like all other weights attached to vertical looms, were so far down to the ground that they were almost invisible to everyone but the weavers. This renders it likely that the motifs on them were associated with the weaving of these patterns, and that they also appeared on the actual textiles.52 The patterns make sense if yarn in two different colours was used. A two-colour exercise with loom weight “A” (Figs. 7a-b) reveals the motifs in fact to be four-arm swastikas with many meanders turning clockwise around a reserved centre of the same shape as the loom weight itself. Evidently the women who designed the motifs took great care to draw them so that the four arms meandered around the centre at 90-degree angles, while equal distances between the arms leave room for a counter motif of exactly the same design. The swastika is of course one of the best known sun symbols, and the many meanders in the rotating arms may have been intended to express the sun’s radiance, but in contrast to the sun-wheel symbol (Fig. 13a) the swastika is thought to refer to the movement of the orb across the sky.53 Yet another feature of the swastika motifs is enhanced when observed in contrasting colours: the complete complementarity of the two inscribed swastika motifs. In two contrasting colours a dark-on-light pattern (Fig. 7a) exactly mirrors a light-on-dark one (Fig. 7b). This is strikingly similar to textiles produced in techniques where one side, for instance the obverse, would show the dark-on-light pattern and the reverse its light-on-dark counterpart (for example double-weave or supplementary weft-float patterning).54 Such fabrics resemble others, as demonstrated e.g. by recent experiments conducted by Ellen Harlizius-Klück, who has woven cloth with meander and similar “double” motifs well-known from Greek vase-painting, with an obverse side in black on red and a reverse with red on black.55 Double-weaves made by, for example indigenous women of Peru and illustrated in pattern books are examples of similar “weaves without a wrong side”.56 52 Meyers 2013 lists decorated loom weights at e.g. Veii, Ardea (35 loom weights shaped like pyramids and parallelepipeds and decorated on top with rosette impressions, circles, and zigzags); Lavinium (a large number). Earlier, Di Giuseppe (1995) suggested that similar decorative patterns on loom weights from Armento may represent designs copied from finished textiles. 53 Green 1991, 48. 54 Barber 1992, 137f., 317-325. 55 Harlizius-Klück 2004, 113f.; 2015. 56 E.g. Bunt 1918.

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The production of such complex patterns probably required the weaver to be able to envision the textile in its finished form. The motifs incised on the FM loom weights are variations on six basic designs: compare the typology in Chapter IV. All these designs when filled in with two colours look like finished weaves. Having examples of the motifs at hand was perhaps helpful for the women weaving such intricate patterns, because in the process a meticulous threading of the loom and a correct selection of the various shafts is critical.57 But the reciprocity between the loom weights and the finished weaves may also lie elsewhere; the decoration on the weights may have served as an example in a discussion on what to weave, or to ‘fix’ a pattern already woven, so that it can be repeated. In addition, it may well be that the iconography was precise and that each pattern had a specific meaning, and that variation was consequently not allowed. All patterns hitherto found may be woven with a dark-on-light side, perhaps to be interpreted as a “day” side and a light on dark reverse, perhaps a “night” side. Evidence of sun symbolism in Oenotrian culture is perhaps not very abundant, but, as demonstrated in the next section it certainly exists and seems especially associated with aristocratic women. Simple incised swastikas occur on smaller truncated pyramidal weights, for example one from Broglio di Trebisacce (Fig. 8a) and one from the Scavi Stoop 1963-1991 at Francavilla Marittima (Fig. 8bc), the top of the latter carrying an incised horse.58 The symbolism on the latter small weight is very similar to that on the slightly later, heavier and more elaborately decorated loom weights from the Timpone della Motta. At Broglio another swastika is incised on a cup that was placed as a foundation offering at the entrance of an important Late Bronze Age building which may have combined ritual and domestic functions.59 The small truncated pyramidal loom weights provide evidence that weaving and sun-symbolism were linked by the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, at least at these sites.60 The swastika is also conspicuous as a decorative element on the famous loom weights from the necropolis at Canale Ianchina near Lokroi Epizephyrioi (Fig. 9).61 Like the weights from Francavilla Marittima, those from Canale Ianchina may also have had special functions since they, too, are lavishly decorated, which is unusual for large Early Iron Age weights.62 The Canale weights differ from the Francavilla Marittima specimens in that they are decorated on all sides except the base and not with incised motifs but with raised swastika’s; the backgrounds were

E.g. ‘A Reference Guide for Double Weave’, www.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/.../opr_rgdw.p... Cf. below Catalogue no. 54. 59 Peroni & Trucco 1994, 849. 60 Compare for a similar loom weight to the one from Broglio, Di Fraia 2007, Pl. 3. 61 Orsi 1926, Pl. 17; Benedetti 2002, 389-402. 62 Gleba 2008, 134 ff. 57 58

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9. Truncated pyramidal loom weights from Canale Íanchina, decorated with swastika and meander motifs (adapted after Von Matt & Zanotti Bianco 1964, pl. 4).

11a. Fragment of a loom weight from Amendolara; at the base or top an incised decoration of a tree and a sun-boat motif. Archaeological Museum, Amendolara (after Masneri 2012).

11b. Detail of the incised sunboat symbols on the same loom-weight fragment (after Masneri 2012).

10. Suspension vase, with incised decoration similar to that on loom weights from Francavilla Marittima; Tomb 6, Chiane necropolis, Serra Aiello, h. 8.5cm (after Agostino & Mollo 2007, Fig. 50).

11c. Bronze pendant with sun-boat motif; stray find, Paladino-West necropolis (after De La Genière 2012, 244, Fig. 6).

11d. Part of the carved decoration on a wooden throne found at Verucchio, showing a loom structure built out of sun-boat motifs, and a weaver at either side (after Von Eles 2002).

cut away, leaving the (rather coarse) motifs. They are probably later than the Francavilla Marittima weights, but perhaps only by one or two generations. Analysis of other objects retrieved from the same contexts could provide a more precise date; an example in point is the fragment of a similarly decorated loom weight that was found in a test pit at Ianchina.63 The width of at least two of the Canale Ianchina weights greatly exceeds their thickness,64 and in this they resemble the Francavilla Marittima weights, as Maria W. Stoop already noticed.65 A curious suspension vessel (Fig. 10), perhaps an incense burner, in shape and dimensions resembles the loom weights of the Francavilla Marittima type, in this case hollowed-out. It is possible that the vessel was intentionally shaped so as to look like a loom weight. This curious and unprecedented object was found in Tomb no. 6 of the Chiane necropolis at Serra Aiello, the grave of a woman buried with so many rich grave-goods that the authors of the catalogue call her ‘the Princess of Temesa’.66 Many of her grave-goods are extraordinary and some were clearly imported, such as a bronze censer with sun-boat decoration (from the Villanova area) and a bronze pectoral (from the Piceno area), but the woman’s involvement in textile production was expressed by six loom weights, four weaving-spools and a spindle whorl. Her funeral dress was adorned with six quadruple-spiral fibulae and many fibulae of other types, while her breast was covered by five bronze sun-wheel pendants and necklaces of amber and glass Cardosa 2004, 7. Orsi 1926, Pl. 17, nos. 4 and 7. 65 Stoop 1970-’71, 66. 66 Agostino & Mollo 2007, 37. 63 64

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beads. In the light of so many luxury objects the rather poorly executed, hollowed-out vessel with its rather clumsily incised decoration stands out. There must have been compelling reasons to include it in the tomb of this particular woman of high rank. In the absence of parallel finds we can only guess what they were. One reason may have been that the ‘Temesa princess’ originally came from Francavilla Marittima; however, with the exception of the quadruple-spiral and sun-wheel pendants her gravegoods differ from those hitherto found in contemporary female elite burials at Francavilla Marittima (e.g. Tombs 60 and 63 of the Temparella cluster at Macchiabate)67. Especially the weaving-spools (rocchetti) are items that are rarely encountered in Oenotrian funerary symbolism. An alternative explanation may be that the woman was an initiate in the special weaving techniques practiced at the Timpone della Motta, a fact important enough to be emphasized in her tomb. Two interesting loom weights were found at Amendolara between the ‘Case Cadute’ and the ‘Santo Cavalcatore’, a well-known Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age site destroyed by heavy erosion. One is an easily recognizable truncated pyramidal weight dated to the Early Iron Age, and the second a large deformed fragment which was identified as a burnt and discarded weight (showcase 3 at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale at Amendolara; Figs. 11a-b). The base (or top, it is not quite clear which is which) of the latter is decorated with a cross consisting of four sun-boat motifs with protomai of two water-birds.68 One side carries an incised tree with two more birds on its lowest branches. The motifs have been filled with tiny, punched-in dots, a Bronze Age technique which also appears, in a more ordered fashion, on the loom weights from Timpone della Motta. The motifs on this weight recall the pendant incised in an impasto figurine from Torre del Mordillo discussed below (Fig. 14c) and perhaps two curious, locally manufactured bronze pendants, both stray finds, one from the same Cavalcatore site and the other from the Paladino-West necropolis (Fig. 11c).69 The latter pendants differ from those commonly found in Italy and beyond70 in that the upper stylized sun-boat and the end knobs are connected by rigid bars instead of pliable chains, probably functional. The Amendolara loom weight with the sun-boats and the tree must have been a heavy specimen, as are the Francavilla Marittima weights. The sun-boat motifs on the Amendolara loom weight recall the powerful wood carving on the Verucchio throne, which shows a weaver at work on each side of a loom built out of sun-boat motifs (Fig. 11d). The scenes on the throne have been explained as ritual.71 The above types of decoration are linked to sun symbolism (the sun boat and the swastika symbolizing the voyage of the sun and the tree the sun’s daily blessing of nature),72 an association that may also be suggested for the Francavilla Marittima and Canale Ianchina weights. The Calabrian tradition of decorating heavy loom weights with such motifs may therefore have been linked to the production of special textiles. The hypothesis that the incised motifs on the frontal face of the loom weights from Francavilla Marittima represent multicursal labyrinths has thus been refuted. Nonetheless, the fact is undeniable that several of the motif’s elements, such as the reserved centre and the meandering arms or paths, do resemble labyrinths; otherwise the idea would never have come up in the first place. But the hypothesis proposed by Zancani Montuoro, Cordano and Mertens-Horn, that the Timpone della Motta weights

Tomb 60, Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, Fig. 4; Tomb 63, Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 31-38. Masneri 2012, 18-50. 69 De La Genière 2012; the object resembles functional weaving clasps (forcella da telaio, Gleba 2008, 150-’51), but if it is such a tool, it is a very ornamental variation. 70 Iaia 2004, 307-318; Nizzo 2007, 327-359. 71 Von Eles 2002, 354: “women (goddesses or priestesses) lead cults or ceremonies possibly developing in particular periods of the seasonal sequence.” 72 Kaul e.g. 1998; 2004. The relevant myths and belief systems are totally lacking in the cases of Villanovan and surrounding cultures. 67 68

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12a. Bronze birds, probably cast at Sparta; 2nd quarter of the 8th century BC, from Building V.b, T. della Motta. Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

12b.1. Matt-painted jug with swimming birds; 1st half of the 8th century BC; altar ash, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004). T. della Motta. National Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

12c. Amber waterbirds, 0.2/ 0.25cm, from funeral dress Tomb Uliveto 16, Macchiabate necropolis ( Zancani Montuoro 1974-76, Fig. 7). 12d. Fragment of a matt-painted closed vessel with swimming birds (Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

12b.2. Fragment of a matt-painted jug with birds of the leggy type and tree motifs, 8th century BC. Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

12e. Terracotta bird, Tomb Cerchio Reale 5 (Zancani Montuoro 1974’76, Fig. 15). 12f. Impasto loom weight with two incised birds of the leggy type; 8th century BC (Scavi Kleibrink 1963-69); cf. this book Catalogue, no. 156, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

represent faulty images of Aegean labyrinths, is at odds with the otherwise well-articulated, stylised accomplishments of 8th-century BC Oenotrian art. Until new evidence turns up this hypothesis is therefore not very likely. As we saw earlier, alternative explanations have involved comparisons with architectural designs, and the reserved centre on the weights admittedly does look like a representation of a spatial element; in addition there are the walls and towers of the Roman labyrinth mosaics, although these are much later. Whether meander swastika patterns like those on the Francavilla Marittima loom weights were ever actually laid out on the ground, e.g. for religious ceremonies, dances or horse dressage, is impossible to say.73 We must await new evidence. Meanwhile, the obvious similarities between the swastika with its meandering arms and the labyrinth surely originate in the fact that both were powerful cosmic and sun symbols.74 The presence of such symbols on the heavy loom weights from Francavilla Marittima connects the sun symbolism to weaving and women who, as we saw earlier, in all probability were producing textiles with a dark-on-light swastika pattern (=day?) mirrored on the reverse side by a light-on-dark one (=night?).

73 Intriguing is in this respect the fact that on Timpone della Motta’s summit all four building complexes are placed right against the edges of the available space so that a more or less trapezoid open central area remains. The test trenches dug through this area and probable piazza/plaza did not reveal any traces of other structures. 74 Kern 1982/2000; Reed Doob 1992; Goodison 1989.

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13a. Bronze sun-wheel pendants from Building V.b (Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

13b. One of four bronze quadruple-spiral fibulae found in Temparella T60 of the Macchiabate necropolis (Scavi

Zancani Montuoro 1963-69). National

Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari (Lo Schiavo 1974-’76, Fig. 4; 2010, 872-’74, 877-’78).

13c. Four bronze quadruplespiral fibulae from Temparella T63 of the Macchiabate necropolis (Scavi Zancani Montuoro 1993-96). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. (Lo Schiavo 1983-’84, Fig. 38, 2010, 864-’66, 877-’78).

13d. One of several ivory fibula elements associated with Building V.c. The design is composed of two larger and two smaller circles (Scavi Kleibrink 19912004). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

13e. Bronze quadruplespiral finger ring (Scavi

Kleibrink 1991-2004).

13f. Amber bead with sun rays, both from Building V.b. Museum Sibari.

1.4. Oenotrian solar symbolism and objects found at Francavilla Marittima In his publication on Italian protohistory, Renato Peroni began his inventory of iconographically important pre-and protohistoric motifs with the sun-wheel.75 Two such discs, cast in bronze, were found in contexts associated with the apsidal Building V.b on Timpone della Motta (Fig. 13a) and in female tombs at Macchiabate.76 At Francavilla Marittima the discs were worn as amulets by women, as is suggested by a specimen recently discovered, still attached to a long chain, in Burial 11 of the Strada group at the Macchiabate necropolis.77 The discs may also have served as pendants on other items of female apparel, as indicated by Oenotrian finds elsewhere.78 The burial of the woman in Tomb 11 of the Strada group is particularly intriguing in view of the symbolism of Oenotrian grave apparel. In addition to the bronze wheel pendant this woman wore a headdress79 covered with many small bronze studs as well as circular laminae decorated with concentric circles in relief, while the body was covered by a dress or shroud that must have radiated an amber sheen: over one thousand small amber beads were retrieved Peroni 1994, 146-147, Fig. 47, 5-12. Compare Chapter III, Catalogue IV. 77 Guggisberg, Colombi & Spichtig 2014, 82 with references; www.fastionline. Org/record Macchiabate. 78 E.g. attached to girdles, see burials at Incoronata/S. Teodoro: Chiartano 1994, T187, pl. 14D; T253, pl. 42C, T258, pl. 45G; T299, pl. 64C; T351, pl. 83L;T448B, pl. 111C; other sun-wheel discs are connected to each other by rings which results in belts: T235, pl. 32M; T239, pl. 36G; T240, pl. 38F; T282,pl. 53H1-3; T288, pl. 56G1-4; T382, pl. 94E; T403, pl. 99C, T405, pl.100F1-3; T410, pl.103E; T439, pl.106B; T441, pl.108H. 79 The headdresses reconstructed on the basis of grave goods found at Guardia Perticara show bronze buttons and other items sewn onto close-fitting skull caps: Bianco 2011a, 32, 33. 75 76

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from around the deposition.80 Special examples of pairs of sun-discs have been found at Roca Vecchia in the Hut-Temple.81 They are made of thin gold sheet and are thought to have been mounted onto discs of a more solid substance, like wood, ivory or bone.82 Whether such discs were originally placed on carts to symbolise the sun’s journey, like the famous Trundholm sun chariot, is unknown,83 but the finds from the Hut-Temple also included terracotta cart wheels.84 Moreover, stylised sun chariots and boats are common motifs in Italian Final Bronze/Early Iron Age art.85 A possible explanation for the sun-wheel pendant and the lavish amber decoration is that it evoked solar/cosmic association for the woman’s afterlife, or/and that it indicated her status as a priestess/magician who was in contact with the sun’s force. Compared to the appearance of amber grave-goods in the wealthier indigenous Italic graves of the 8th and especially the 7th century BC, written sources referring to amber as the substance of the sun, cooled in the Ocean at sunset, are rather late (Plin. XXXVII, 11, 36), but earlier tales allude to similar concepts.86 It is not difficult to see the link between amber and the sun, and specifically between the setting sun and the honeycoloured or red amber varieties which were popular in the Italic Early Iron Age.87 Stéphane Verger discovered that many other ornaments of Oenotrian women’s funeral apparel may have had similar cosmic-apotropaic, magic effects.88 He specifically mentions wealthy 7th-century BC female graves in Basilicata as containing grave-goods of amber and faience, but many earlier female graves elsewhere also included lavish specimens. He points to the fact that the scarabs which also appear in Oenotrian graves are originally images of Kephri, the Egyptian god who held the morning sun aloft. That, and the fact that these symbols reached Italy from the hot, bright countries in the south, may have been significant in cosmic terms, as may have been the observation that amber came from the opposite direction, the north and seems to have been associated with the setting sun. The foreign substance the scarabs were made of, usually vivid blue or green faience, also opposite to the mellow yellowish and brownish coloured amber, almost certainly also increased their magical potency. Such cosmic-magical thinking, in which the sun’s journey evidently played an important part, must have been widespread throughout Bronze Age and Early Iron Age northern, central and southern Europe including the Aegean. The latter region is not often mentioned in hypotheses on Italic solar religious aspects, but the discs and double-axe symbols at Roca as well as other objects found in Italy show nevertheless Aegean influence, which is important because of Lucy Goodison’s demonstration of links between the sun, goddesses, regeneration and women.89 Birds, whether attached as protomai to sun boats or carts,90 in flocks, or single, are also among the more common motifs associated with solar symbolism. The finds associated with the apsidal Building V.b emphatically illustrate this point as they include two bronze-bird stamp-seal pendants, most likely imported from Laconia in Greece (Fig. 12a). These birds add proof to the fact that Building V.b was considered sacred, because similar birds (18 specimens) are known from the Athena Alea temple at Tegea in Greece (8th century – first half 7th century BC).91 One was found in an area to the north of the temple together with pins, a double axe and the rim of a miniature bronze cauldron.92 Among the bronze 80 A stupendous apron with hundreds of amber and glass beads was found in Tomb 101 of the necropolis at Castel di Decima; cf. Bedini 1976, Cat. No. 92; see in general Bonfante 2012. 81 Cf. Chapter I, Note 10 and Maggiulli 2006. 82 Scarano & Maggiulli 2014, 505-525 with further references. 83 E.g. Kaul 1998; Kaul 2004. 84 Maggiulli 2006, 127-132 85 Note 70 above; Peroni 1994, 48, Fig. 47, 1-37. 86 Mastrocinque 1991, 22-27; Mastrocinqe et al. 2005; Verger 2011, 151-172. 87 Bianco 2005; ZAUBER 2011. 88 Verger 2011; Verger 2013, 176-181. 89 Goodison 1989; on the problem of Aegean influences cf. the paper by Marco Bettelli and the interesting discussion that followed: Bettelli 2004, 247-260; further Bettelli 2012. 90 Peroni 1994, 150, Fig. 48, 7-32. 91 Voyatzis 1998, 135: “The bulk of the material associated with the temple ranges in date from Late Bronze Age Mycenaean Greece (fourteenth century B.C.) through to the fourth century B.C. (…). The evidence indicates a flourishing cult in the eight century B.C., with at least two simple,

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14a-1. Bronze figurine, stray find, Macchiabate necropolis, Francavilla Marittima, private collection (figurine after De la Genière 1992, Pl. 13.3. 14a-2. 4-Spiral fibula Capua Tomb 363 (adapted after Babbi 2008).

14b. Fibula from Tomb 365, Capua (drawing Lo Schiavo 2010).

14c. Impasto figurine, stray find, Torre del Mordillo, private collection. (after De La Genière 1992, Pl. 14, 2).

dedications at the sanctuary itself Voyatzis mentions “a great variety of pendants, loom weights,93 jewellery, miniature arms, double axes, vessels and miscellaneous objects.” The objects indicate a strong and active cult over a long period of time with a concentration in the 8th and 7th century BC.94 Among the many Greek specimens six birds of the nine found in the sanctuary at Olympia resemble the birds from Francavilla Marittima, while the many other bronze birds from Greek sanctuaries offer parallels that are stylistically less close.95 Birds are also frequently painted in matt-paint on Oenotrian refined-clay pottery (Fig. 12b.1-2) and ivory and amber birds are sewn onto the funeral garments of women buried in Tomb 63 of the Temparella cluster of graves and Tomb 16 of the Uliveto cluster (Fig. 12c),96 and there is a terracotta bird from tomb Macchiabate Cerchio Reale 5 (Fig. 12e)97 and last but not least the incised bird figures on the central reserved area of a loom weight (Fig. 12f, cf. this book Catalogue no. 156). The combination of water birds of the leggy type and ‘trees’ on pottery fragments associated with the Weaving House (Fig. 12b.2) teaches us that similar motifs, incised in loom weights (compare the specimen this book Cat. no. 58) or painted on pots, are indeed trees and/or floral elements, similar to the Amendolara tree of Fig. 11a. The iconography of several matt-painted vessels, unfortunately known through only a few fragments,

consecutive, apsidal temples of wattle-and-daub. In front of the temples, and contemporary with them, are the remains of a simple metal workshop. There is also evidence for earlier cult activity from c. 900 B.C., based on material found inside a bothros (pit) below the metal workshop.” 92 Voyatzis 1990, 265. 93 Voyatzis remarks: “The offering of loom weights would be in keeping with an important aspect of Athena’s cult, her connection with weaving. Such votives may express the concern of local women to be skilled at weaving” (Voyatzis 1998, 140). 94 Voyatzis 1998, 136-37. 95 In the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Pherai, of Athena at Philia, in the Heraion at Argos and the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta. Furthermore 4 bronze birds at Lousoi (sanctuary of Artemis Hemerasia), 2 at Mavriki (sanctuary of Artemis Knakeatis) and one at Bassai (temple of Apollo Epikourios): cf. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1997; Voyatzis 1998, 148. 96 Zancani Montuoro 1977-’79, 72, Fig. 16. Amber bird-shaped beads are adorning a girdle from Oenotrian Tomb 83 at Latronico: Bianco 2005, 94-’96. 97 Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, Fig. 15.

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teaches us that compositions with abstract ‘tenda’ motifs and friezes of alternating reserved and hatched rectangular areas could combine figurative elements like birds, anthropomorphic elements and plants/trees.

15. Bronze anthropomorphic pendants, former Bern-Malibu collections, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari (adapted after Papadopoulos 2003, nos. 175-176).

16. Pair of ‘composite discs’, deposited on the abdomen of the body in many of the richer female burials; this specimen was found in Tomb 60, Macchiabate necropolis, 8th century BC (Scavi Zancani Montuoro 1974’76, 83 ff.). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Bronze quadruple-spiral fibulae were also part of the rich apparel of the women interred in the wealthiest tombs at Macchiabate. The woman from Temparella Tomb 60, for example, wore four such fibulae (one illustrated in Fig. 13b), two on each side of her head, presumably to fasten a veil attached to a diadem decorated with at least 5 bronze circular laminae.98 The quadruple-spiral pattern of the fibulae is very similar to the swastika pattern on the loom weights. That for the Oenotrian inhabitants of Francavilla this likeness was obvious and intentional is shown by the engraved decoration of the central decorative bronze squares and discs of many of these fibulae. Where present, lines engraved in these small bronze plaques suggest that the outer bronze wires of each spiral meet at the centre, creating a nexus from which the four spirals turn outwards; compare for instance the decoration on the fibula, already mentioned, from Temparella Tomb 60 (Fig. 13b). Today these objects are green and corroded, but at the time their bright sheen would have rendered the solar symbolism all the more obvious. The fibulae of the woman buried in T60 are part of a staggering number of bronze grave goods weighing well over 10kg in total and for the most part consisting of instruments interpreted as used in ritual, in magic, in dance and/or in musical

98

Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 13-50.

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performances.99 A particularly clear example of the association between quadruple-spiral fibulae and sun symbolism is the elite burial of a woman in Tomb 63 of the Temparella cluster of graves. According to Zancani Montuoros’s publication of this burial, two large (ca. 9cm) quadruple-spiral fibulae were pinned on each shoulder; in between were smaller fibulae and a breast piece consisting of drop-shaped amber beads.100 This arrangement suggests that the woman was buried in a light garment fastened on the breast with small fibulae and a heavier mantle fastened on each shoulder with two large quadruple-fibulae. Lo Schiavo’s 1983-1984 catalogue of the fibulae shows each quadruple-spiral fibulae to be decorated with a swastika (Fig. 13c).101 We still know only little about the meaning of the objects in Oenotrian graves, and it may therefore be over-imaginative to regard the position of the women of T60 and T63, placed as they were between four fibulae with quadruple spirals and swastikas – two fibulae on each side -, as a reference to their sun-oriented life and/or afterlife, but the iconographic consistency between such fibulae, loom weight decorations and other objects makes it certain that a sun- or cosmos- related symbolic language existed.102 In fact the quadruple-spiral fibula is much rarer outside the south of Italy, elsewhere a far more popular type being the double-spiral or spectacle type. In ancient Oenotria the quadruple-spiral fibula was especially popular in the Sibaritide, where it occurs from the Early Iron Age 1B period onwards.103 The vast majority of quadruple-spiral fibulae, over 150 specimens, come from the necropolis of Torre del Mordillo, excavated in 1888.104 Sadly, most of them are now without context, but Grave 36a, the contents of which are currently in the Pigorini Museum and catalogued, offers at least a glimpse of a female grave that included such fibulae. The three quadruple-spiral fibulae from Grave 36A are of the small type Fulvia lo Schiavo calls ‘Torre del Mordillo’.105 The production of bronze quadruple-spiral fibulae in the Sibaritide in general dates to the first half of the 8th century BC.106 It seems not to have been followed by a version in iron, as happened in, for instance, Basilicata.107 That shiny bronze and this specific fibula type were inseparably linked, at least in the Sibaritide, is also suggested by the fact that the production of another, contemporary fibula type, the serpentine fibulae,108 did continue in iron. The connection of the quadruple-spiral fibula and solar symbolism is also evident from a development that took place in Campania (Capua and Suessula) in the third quarter of the 8th century BC, where large specimens were adorned with stylised sun-boats placed on top of the centre, with in some cases a bronze bird and in others a bronze figurine or figurines (Figs. 14a-2, 14b). These figurines in the centre of the sunboat have been identified as female; both arms are loops, one is raised at her head and the other is down to the hip.109 The same type of bronze figurine is known to have been found at Macchiabate necropolis, but further indications are unfortunately totally lacking (Fig. 14a).110 Other such Campanian fibulae are adorned with small bronze birds (Fig. 14b) which makes it likely that

Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 13-50, Fig. 4; Bellia 2009a; 2009b. Bellia notes that the ladden sistrum among the instruments is documented for the first time in the ritual scene carved in an ivory ciborium from Nimrud in Iraq of the 9-8th centuries BC (British Museum, London). Two female musicians hold the instrument in their hands while they, together with other female musicians, form a procession heading toward a person sitting in front of a priestess. The ladden sistrum musicians are seen full faced, are taller and their dress is more sumptuous. Some of the other instruments found in T60 require movement or dance, such instruments were also known on Cyprus: Kolotourou 2007, 79-89. 100 Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 31-38, Fig. 7. 101 Lo Schiavo 1983-’84, 111-126, Fig. 38. 102 The woman buried in T63 received spindle whorls and decorated loom weights as gravegifts: see Chapter 2. 103 Lo Schiavo 2010. 104 Compare the specimens now catalogued in Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014. 105 Buffa 1994, 749 Note 384. 106 Lo Schiavo 2010; Quondam 2008, 146 f. 107 E.g. Ferranti 2005, 463. 108 Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 83 ff. 109 Cerchiai 2002, 143-48. 110 De La Genière 1992, Pl. 13, 2; no further information than that the object is a stray find from Macchiabate and in a private collection. 99

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the female figurine is an image of the goddess of regeneration who must have played an important role in solar iconography. 111 An impasto figurine from Torre del Mordillo, unfortunately without its head and only known as another stray find (Fig. 14c), confirms that quadruple-spiral fibulae, necklaces of amber, and elaborate, girdle pendants were highly conspicuous elements of Oenotrian elite female dress.112 The incised lines on the neck and shoulder of the figurine may be necklaces but could also represent a long veil stitched with amber beads, because originally in the central holes of the incised lines tiny pieces of amber were inserted. Because this item covers the shoulders the coroplast incised the two quadruple-spiral fibulae further down. Since a small, central swastika on the left fibula was apparently deemed to be insufficiently clear, a swastika – with only three arms – was added as an extra above the fibula. The figurine’s large incised girdle pendant may be a stylized sun-boat ornament of the type discussed next, as Juliette De La Genière already suggested,113 but it also resembles the as yet unidentified bronze pendants from Amendolara (above Note 69, Fig. 11c). The intriguing impasto figurine belongs, together with similar specimens, to the first manifestations of coroplastic art in the Sibaritide (dating from the 8th century BC), 114 all most likely associated with a veneration of a goddess of regeneration.115 Two bronze pendants, roughly trapezoid in shape with a wide, slightly rounded base and a smaller top with a ring in the centre for suspension, have horizontal, arm-like protruding elements that resemble bird protomai (Fig. 15).116 In earlier specimens the loop represented a stylized sun motif, but here it refers also to a human head. On the front and back of the bronze objects are incised circles in a pattern that is reminiscent of decorated garments. Valentino Nizzo is of the opinion that these anthropomorphic bronzes were produced in the Daunian-Lucanian culture area; comparable specimens are variations on pendants of the Vogelsonnenbarke (bird boat) type (e.g. objects from Ascoli and Lavello).117 Similar bronzes, although based on different iconographical concepts and to the modern eye more playfully anthropomorphic, were found in northern Italy but are also known from Central Europe and elsewhere.118 The bird protomai on these pendants show that the stylized, upright female figures originally derive indeed from pendants with the horizontal bird boat motif, of which also Picenaean and Daunian versions exist.119 A simplified version of these pendants is found throughout a large area, which suggests that it was a widely recognized religious symbol. Nizzo sees the pendants as a conflation of the bird-and-sun-boat motif and the mistress-of-animals motif known in the Aegean world but also in South Italy, pointing to for example the incised motifs on pottery from Pontecagnano. The pendants’ overall shape resembles that of the terracotta goddess’ figurines with uplifted-arms, and this may have been yet another source of inspiration. A pendant of the same type as the Francavilla ones was found in the Heraion at Cape Lacinia near Kroton,120 with suspension holes pierced along its base and chains pending from these. Another specimen with chains is the one from Alianello covering the pubic area of the skeleton in the grave of a richly dressed woman.121 These specimens with chains resemble the motif incised in the impasto statuette discussed above. The contamination of several iconographical elements Cerchiai 2002, 143-48; Lo Schiavo 2010, type 450; Bonghi Iovino 2016, 529-555. De La Genière 1992, Plate 14, 2. 113 De La Genière 1992, 110-120. 114 Compare e.g. Babbi 2009, nos 33, 34, 41. 115 Kleibrink & Weistra 2013; Kleibrink 2016a. 116 From the Bern-Getty collection of objects looted from the Temple Plateau of the Timpone della Motta; Papadopoulos 2003, no. 175 (max. height 10.2cm) and no. 176 (max. height 6.6cm); Fig. 88, described as ‘axe pendants’. 117 Nizzo 2007, 329-357. 118 Nizzo 2007, fig. 8 with comments and references. 119 Nizzo 2007, 337. This derivation is noted by Papadopoulos 2003 in his publication of the objects, but it is not accepted by Marina Martelli (Martelli 2003, 9-10) who seems to favour an Illyrian provenance for the type instead as suggested by S. Batovic (Batovic 1975, 245), something Nizzo considers to be unlikely. 120 Spadea 1996, no. 3. 121 Bianco & Tagliente 1985, 70-71. 111 112

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associated with the sun’s journey and with a goddess of regeneration into a wearable talisman or amulet is again proof of a belief with strong magical elements. The wide spread and long duration of this kind of belief is demonstrated by a similar image as that of the Francavilla Marittima pendants from a Minerva sanctuary at Breno in the Camonica valley.122

17a.

17b.

AC02.02.27+04.08, h. 15.3 x w. 14.5 x 3.2cm, weight 1108g. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

AC18.13.lw50, h. 10.5 x w. 8.4cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Impasto loom weight with swastika pattern and horse, Timpone della Motta, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004

Impasto loom weight with swastika pattern and horse, Timpone della Motta, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004

Indications are lacking as to the function of the enigmatic, large bronze discs, which recall the sun’s form. They are found in the richer Oenotrian tombs of women and on Timpone della Motta and are a type of object apparently limited to the Sibaritide and Sicily.123 Paola Zancani Montuoro called these discs dischi compositi, composite discs, because most of them consist of a smaller central conical element within a large bronze ring.124 The bronze discs are however called phalerae by Cristiano Iaia in his analysis of the female Iron Age costume.125 At Macchiabate the discs are found often near the skeleton’s hands and/or on the abdomen. Several of the larger specimens are decorated with small circles, a common motif in solar iconography. One practical function of these costly discs might be the decoration of a pregnant belly,126 but this does not preclude a solar-magical function as well, which would of course enhance the protective virtue of the discs. The discs are also interpreted as percussion instruments,127 the sound of which would drive away evil forces – again a function that would agree with both the hazards of pregnancy and with solar magic. Rossi 2005. References in Bellia 2009a, note 19. 124 Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 83-92; hitherto a total of 19/20 elements of composite discs have been found in the better outfitted female tombs: compare e.g. Chapter II, Vigneto T3 (Fig.19a), Temparella T67 (Figs 22b-c), Temparella T86 (Figs 24a-b); the bronze rings all have a diameter of around the 30cm and the smaller convex elements which is inserted in the rings measure around 11cm; from the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 a small conical element similar to the composite discs sets from the graves is known, which makes it likely that the composite discs from the Bern-Getty collections (Papadopoulos 2003, 112-13) were originally looted from the sanctuary. Many such discs from Macchiabate were donated by De Santis to the Cosenza Museum, cf. Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014, cat. nos. 152-163. 125 Iaia 2007a, 35; 2007b. 126 A similar function has been attributed by Gilda Bartoloni to the large bronze rings placed on the abdomen of deceased women Bartoloni 2003, 133–136, 153–154 and Bartoloni 2006. 127 Bellia 2009a, 9-55. 122 123

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18a. Terracotta horse from the Contrada Damale, Cerchiara, length 28.7cm, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari (adapted after De Neef 2013).

18b. Terracotta horse from Frattesina, length 18cm, Grandi Fiumi Museum, Rovigo.

18c. Terracotta horse fragment from Timpone della Motta, Scavi

Kleibrink 19912004, FM

spor.55, preserved length 7.3cm, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

18d. Terracotta wheel fragment Scavi

Kleibrink 1991-2004,

AC02.04.t02, preserved height 4.2cm National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. 11c. Terracotta wheel fragment Scavi Stoop 1963-69, no provenance, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

1.5. The role of the horse Two loom weights, no. AC04.08/02.02.27 (Fig. 17a)128 and no. AC18.13.50 (Fig. 17b)129 of the seven that carry an image of a horse are particularly well designed and carefully executed.130 The highly stylized images are far from primitive. They cannot have been created out of the blue; in this I agree with Paola Zancani Montuoro and Madeleine Mertens-Horn who felt that the loom weight decoration must havebeen inspired by other, sophisticated images. I disagree, however, in that I believe that the source of inspiration for the images need not necessarily have been Mycenaean or Greek art.131 Such meander swastikas with and also without a central horse design should rather be considered as part of an established Oenotrian artistic practice, one in all likelihood inspired by larger works of art; the motifs are particularly well-suited as painted (house) wall decoration132 or carved on wooden panels. The loom weights demonstrate that such motifs were also present on textiles and perhaps the textile motifs were the earlier development. The weights’ makers, however, are unlikely to have been uninterested potters from Macchiabate as Paola Zancani Montuoro believed, but were rather the more talented among the Timpone della Motta weavers, those who assisted their co-workers by providing examples. The two best-executed of the loom weights with a central horse show clearly that a sophisticated iconography existed. However, until these images can be interpreted and we understand why horses and birds were placed in the piazzalike reserved centres within intricate swastika-patterns, we will not fully understand this (branch of) Oenotrian (sun-)religion. A few tantalizing indications exist, however. The horse is present in Oenotrian iconography in the Sibaritide already in the Late Bronze Age; the Broglio excavations unearthed several fragments of a Catalogue no. 110. Catalogue no. 140. 130 Kleibrink 2006a, Fig. 49.7. 131 Complicated and well-executed meander patterns are known, for instance from several different household utensils found at Montagnana-Borgo S. Zeno, Este-Canevedo and other Late Bronze Age villages in north Italy: Bianchin Citton et al. 1998. 132 In fact a small fragment with such a decoration has been found at Satriano di Lucania. 128 129

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number of terracotta horse figurines, and others are known from Torre del Mordillo.133 Researchers from Groningen University also discovered a particularly interesting terracotta horse, decorated in matt-paint with Proto-Geometric motifs and dated to the Late Bronze Age and therefore older than the horses incised in the loom weights.134 This so-called ‘Cerchiara horse’ is part of terracotta’s of wheeled-horse figurines, for perforations in the legs indicate that wheels were once added. Wheels would certainly have normalized the horse’s proportions somewhat; as it is now, its sausage-like body is rather long and the blocks which stand in for legs are relatively short. The perforations for the axles are placed high, which means that the wheels must have been relatively large (Fig. 18a). With these features the horse resembles wheeled horses of an Italic type, for example specimens from Nicotera (stray find), Apulia (currently in the Vienna museum), Butera,135 Santa Maria d’Anglona,136 Perticara137 and Kommos.138 The body of the Cerchiara horse may be extra long to make room for an object on its back. Dr. Wieke de Neef, who discovered and published the figurine, is of the opinion that the horse carried a jar, and extant terracottas of wheeled horses carrying vessels may support this view. 139 Several such figurines come from children’s graves; they have often been interpreted as toys,140 and De Neef interprets the Cerchiara horse likewise. However, the surface of one of the sides of the ‘jar’ looks finished, which would make it a rather flat receptacle. A roughly similar horse, also dated to the Late Bronze Age, is known from Frattesina (Fig. 18b),141 while an Early Iron Age specimen was found at cremation burial 1290 of the Fiera necropolis, Bologna.142 A fragment of yet another wheeled horse was found on the acropolis of the Timpone della Motta; sadly it was damaged and a stray find (Fig. 18c).143 Fragments of terracotta wheels turned up in the Scavi Kleibrink and the Scavi Stoop (Fig. 18d) and still others are part of the former Bern-Getty collection of objects robbed from the South Fill (unpublished).144 Neither the Broglio figurine fragments nor the Cerchiara horse or the Timpone della Motta horses incised on loom weights derive from graves or can be directly linked to children. Although the proportions of the horses incised in the loom weights from the Timpone della Motta are more realistic than those of the Cerchiara figurine, their bodies are still long and their legs short.145 It seems that an iconographic tradition of wheeled horses developed before Italic horses were tall and strong enough to be mounted. Instead the images and figurines are associated with goods being carried on their backs, or in drawn carts. No doubt the coarsely stylized shapes of the Italic wheeled horses and the provenance of some of them from children’s graves gave rise to the idea that they are toys. Yet the objects are too fragile to be handled by small children, and horse figurines in sanctuaries are unlikely to be toys, 146 where other animal terracotta’s such as cows, oxen and bulls (never on wheels) represent farm animals. This leaves the possibility that the small wheeled horses represent large horses,

133 For a photo of some of the Broglio material, see www.trebisacce.info/.../Broglio-2011-Cavallini; for Torre del Mordillo, see Colburn 1977, 423-526, and the horse’s head in the Torre del Mordillo showcase in the Archaeological Museum, Sibari. 134 De Neef 2013, 51-59: measurements 28.7 x 9.2 x 4.4cm; dated to the Late Bronze Age because of its association with a layer containing pottery fragments from that period. 135 Woytowitch 1978, nos. 144-146. 136 Tomb 21 of the Valle Sorigliano necropolis, Gianfreda 1996, No. 1.5; attributed to a girl, based on the presence of a loom weight and spindle whorls as well as sets of finger spirals. 137 Damaged wheeled animal with a vessel on its back, from a child’s grave: Bianco 2011, 45 (6th century BC). 138 Shaw & Shaw 2000, 137f. 139 For horse askoi and horse figurines with vessels (LHIIIC and later) cf. Guggisberg 1996; the Greek specimens are more naturalistic than those from Italy. 140 Although there is often room for doubt: cf. e.g. Guggisberg 1996a, no. 442, found in a double burial of an adult and a girl, the position of the horse is unknown; and Guggisberg 1996a, no. 225 from Kerameikos tomb G50, Late Geometric Ib. The grave is attributed to a child based on the presence of only very few skeleton remains. 141 Woytowitsch 1987, No. 143, length 18cm. 142 Showcase Archaeological Museum Bologna. 143 Scavi Kleibrink 1999-2004, AC.spor55, height 6.7 x length 7.3 x thickness 1.4/3.8 cm. Identified by Elizabeth Weistra and to be published in her thesis “Archaic Terracotta Votive Offerings from the Athenaion at the Timpone della Motta, Francavilla Marittima, Calabria. From Collection to Context.” 144 Scavi Kleibrink 1999-2004, AC02.04.t02, height 4.1 x 3.7 x 1.3 cm, to be published by Elizabeth Weistra. 145 Early Italian horses were small and not suitable for riding, though useful as draft animals; Lubtchansky 2005, Chapter 1. 146 Guggisberg 1996a, 374.

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like the famous Trojan horse.147 Besides a possible similarity to the Trojan horse there is additional evidence that horse statues on wheels were part of cults. Fragments of terracotta, small horses on mobile platforms are known from, for example, the Athenian Acropolis.148 They include the hind quarters of an Early Geometric horse - decorated with a checkerboard pattern and a swastika - and with a wheeled platform; sadly, neither the archaeological context nor the exact dimensions of this and similar terracotta fragments of horses on a wheeled platform are known.149 Martin Guggisberg pointed to a parallel for the wheeled horses in the painted images of a wheeled goddess, which in a famous article by Coldstream are explained as an indication that cult statues could be rolled away while fulfilling certain functions in seasonal rituals.150 A function of terracotta wheeled horses in heroic funeral rites is a possible explanation for a find in the heroon at Lefkandi, where fragments of a leg (with a hole) of a horse figurine of at least 1m high as well as the hollow body of another animal were discovered in Middle Geometric contexts.151 Links between Francavilla Marittima and Euboea will have existed because imported pottery from Euboea and imitations thereof was found on Timpone della Motta152 and at Macchiabate.153 In the stratigraphic units of the large, decorated loom weights, a few small fragments of such pottery were present, probably dating from the start of the second half of the 8th c. BC, in conventional chronology (cf. Chapter III, Catalogue V, Figs 89c, d and Fig. 92a). That presence is interesting because at Eretria in a part of the Apollo sanctuary named by its Swiss excavators ‘L’Aire sacrificielle nord’ tall-necked libation vases, “tankards”, are decorated with women represented in the act of dedicating garments. These vases date from the end of the Geometric and the beginning of the Orientalising periods154 as do the majority of dedicated miniature hydriae, which items, however, continue till the end of the 6th century BC.155 Many layers containing this and other types of pottery, ash, metal objects and animal bones resulted from ritual activity at a cylindrical altar. The deity associated with this cult has been identified as Artemis. Not only the Oenotrian-Euboean pottery from Timpone della Motta points to contact with seafarers and perhaps settlers from Euboea, but also a few small finds among the material from the ‘Aire sacrificielle nord’ itself point to direct contact with Early Iron Age South Italy: a small bronze button (number 0105) of a generic type which was also present among the Timpone della Motta loom weights (cf. Chapter III, Catalogues III (Fig. 74b) and IV (Fig. 78b) and three fibula (nos. 047, 048 and 049).156 Moreover there are fragments of small bronze chains (nos. 050 -051)157 as well as two bronze rings (0052-053), which are rather common in Villanovan and precolonial Italy as the many parallels cited by Sandrine Huber demonstrate, and they are also found at Francavilla Marittima.158 Although the mentioned Eretria finds are from a slightly later period than the loom weight contexts associated with Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta, it seems not improbable that mutual cultural influences between the aristocratic Oenotrians and the Euboean seafarers/settlers had developed already by the middle of the 8th century BC (in conventional dating) and had resulted in an adoption of ritual expression.

In art, the Trojan horse is often represented as having wheels: Yalouris 1950, 74; the present author follows Yalouris 1950, 75 f. and Faraone 1992, 95 ff. The latter explains the Trojan horse as a talismanic statue, a wooden horse dedicated to Athena as a replacement for the stolen Palladion, yet another talismanic statue. 148 Guggisberg 1996a, cat. no. 214 and p. 346. Martin Guggisberg questions the suggestion that the fragments refer to large cult statues. 149 Gugggisberg 1996a, nos. 215-17. 150 Coldstream 1984, 93–104; cult apparel in the form of vessels in animal shapes in combination with wheels or carts is well known and comprises a surprising range of objects: Guggisberg 1996a, 303 ff.; Guggisberg 1996b, 175-195. 151 Guggisberg 1996a, cat. no. 290; Lemos 2002, 99. 152 E.g. Jacobsen & Handberg 2012; Jacobsen, Handberg & Mittica 2009 both with further references. 153 Krater Strada tomb 2: Guggisberg et al. 2010; Krater tomb De Leo 1: Guggisberg et al. 2015; krater Cerchio Reale Spor.: Quondam 2014, Fig. 8. 154 Huber 2003, 58ss. 155 Huber 2003, 48ss. 156 Huber 2003,78-79. 157 Huber 2003, 79-80. 158 Huber 2003, cf. 172 ‘occidentalia’. 147

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The stylized horses incised on the Francavilla Marittima loom weights resemble patterns woven into a weave, in double-weave or similar technique, that is, their shape has been adapted to the clearly defined grid of such weaves.159 This is a confirmation of the hypothesis that the patterns on the loom weights are associated with woven textiles. Such textiles must have been woven in Building V.b which contained an altar in its courtyard and thus must have had a cultic function. The presence of related motifs on other objects shows the iconography to be not accidental but a consistent expression of an important element of Oenotrian culture. But how to interpret it? The iconographic elements of the loom weight decoration lead to the following rather speculative reading.160 The meander swastika which surrounds the horses suggests movement, and movement is also the most pronounced feature of the terracotta horses, being placed on wheels as they are. The combination of those two elements leads to the hypothesis that horses may have been led along intricate meandering paths. We may perhaps imagine a real, sacred horse and/or terracotta or wooden horses on wheels in a collective game or dance that centred on a horse. Such acts may be perceived as originally having been linked to rites in a sun cult of the sympathetic-magical type: by mimicking the movement of the sun the participants feel connected to the cosmos.161 Works of art that carry such motifs may perhaps be interpreted as means to evoke the same sense of connection.162 Such powerful Oenotrian art forms (and the ritual, if that hypothesis is accepted) may have been the reason why immigrant Greeks saw a link with the Trojan horse and Epeios.163 Also, an extremely well-trained cavalry existed in Archaic Sybaris, as Natacha Lubtchansky has made clear, which suggests an earlier tradition of horse breeding and of horse dressage.164 This raises further questions on the origin and meaning of the lusus Troiae, 165 but in the context of this book exploring such issues would lead too far. Because contemporary Oenotrian texts are absent, rather similar interpretive problems exist in the case of the bronze amulets of the anthropomorphic couple type, found in Building V.b and in several Macchiabate graves. These pendants have a long pedigree because their iconography derives from Levantine couples, also found on Crete, interpreted as representing a goddess of regeneration and a mortal hero.166 The archaeological evidence shows that the Oenotrians used this iconographic formula and they must have had their own reasons for doing this, but unfortunately we do not know the local myths behind the images. That the imagery was connected with cultic behaviour is evident from two bronze ‘coppiette’ pendants found in the altar courtyard of Building V.b. In combination with Oenotrian images of a female figure with uplifted arms, in painted and in terracotta versions,167 the bronze coppiette amulets most likely are to be associated with the veneration of a goddess. A goddess connected with regeneration (because of the presence of the amulets in graves), of marriage (because of the representation of a human couple) and of cosmic elements (because of the swastika, bird, horse and tree iconographies). Elements of a solar iconography are also very much part of the decoration of the famous wooden throne Lippi 89 from Verucchio in which women are portrayed weaving at a monumental loom inside a timber building, as already remarked (Fig. 11d). In a number of graves from the Villanova period at Verucchio large fragments of red and blue mantles were found, some woven in twill fabric and with separately cardI owe this observation to Ellen Harlizius-Klück. Artistic expression is often related to cultural significant myths and belief systems; Emanuele Greco (Greco 2010), however seems to be of the opinion that Oenotrians did not possess religion or culture. 161 Sir James Frazer’s famous theories on sympathetic magic (Frazer 1922, Chapter 5 Section 3) include numerous rituals to influence the sun’s journey, compare Note 30 above; Miranda Green (Green 1991) remarked that sun-related concepts are a rather unpopular field of study, so that one is left with mere speculation. 162 Here I am only speculating on the possible roots of the works of art, of the origin of the patterns of the weaves and of possible sacred performances and not suggesting that the Oenotrians were actually executing primitive sun dances. 163 On Francavilla Marittima and Epeios cf. Note 18. 164 Lubtchansky 2005, Chapter 2. 165 Lubtchansky 2005; Reed Doob 1990. 166 For the types: Brocato & Taliano Grasso 2011; Babbi 2009; Kleibrink & Weistra 2013; Kleibrink 2016a. 167 Kleibrink 2010; 2011; Kleibrink 2015a. 159 160

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woven borders in different colours demonstrating sophisticated weaving and dying technique.168 Another scene, carved in the upper register of the throne’s decoration, shows two women stirring the contents of a large vessel,169 while in the central lower register two women are manipulating large objects,170 a scene explained as the cleaning, dying or handling of textile fibre,171 but which Patrizia Von Eles explains as the performance of a sacrifice, based on the knife in the hand of one of the women.172 The surrounding sunsymbolism suggests that the scenes carved in the throne had a ritual character. The strip of decorated loom weights associated with Building V.b contained fragments of large impasto vessels (Chapter III, Catalogue III Figs 82a-i, and of cooking stove elements (Chapter III, Catalogues IV, Figs 79a-g and V, Figs 88a-i), which, together with the altar in the courtyard of Building V.b, demonstrate parallels between the scenes carved in the Verucchio throne in which women are shown weaving, cooking and sacrificing and the finds associated with Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta.173 The Verucchio solar symbolism and that of the FM loom weights is proof of the Italic roots of the textile production at those sites. The solar symbolism of the objects made and used by the Oenotrian women in the Sibaritide (and elsewhere) leaves us with the impression that these women were involved in some kind of sun-related belief system. The many rattling bronze instruments174 and the bronze bowl in T60 of the Temparella graves at Macchiabate allows the hypothesis that some of them may have practiced sun or cosmos related acts, perhaps of a magic nature, which may have had to do more with a goddess and with regeneration than with a sun god. If parallels are at all helpful in such cases where legends and the written word are absent, the probably widespread tales concerning goddesses or heroines like Medea, Calypso and Circe may perhaps be considered as relevant and especially those concerning the latter whose several attributes and names like “round” and “Aiaia” (where the sun sets) indicate Circe’s connection with the sun, which is further established by her legends. Ulysses calls her goddess (11 times) and she is described as walking to and fro at her large loom while singing (Odyssey - book 10, line 221; further book 12). In the Odyssey she is strongly related to her house, to food, to magic and the Netherworld and a benign helper to Ulysses, after a few tricks which were evidently necessary to demonstrate her power.175 Another analogy that comes to mind is the house of the Vestals in Rome, where ritual and daily life must also have been combined. In Building V.b spinning and weaving obviously were daily practices as was perhaps the tending of the altar fire, while the preparation of festive meals was more likely a seasonal occupation.

168

Von Eles et al. 2015. Von Eles 2002, Fig. 126. 170 Von Eles 2002, Fig. 121. 171 E.g. the theories of Gentili and Torelli in Torelli 1997b. 172 Von Eles 2002. 173 Alexandra Sofroniew (Sofroniew 2011, 291-209) draws attention to the loom weights and pottery in the Square Building at Foce del Sele and later parallels, which she interprets as evidence of an Italic aspect of weaving and textile-related dedication. 174 Bellia 2009a and 2009b. 175 E.g. Bettini & Franco 2010. 169

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CHAPTER II SPINNING AND WEAVING UTENSILS FROM THE EXCAVATIONS ZANCANI MONTUORO-STOOP 1963-’69 2.1. Objects from Macchiabate tombs excavated 1963-’69: introduction1 In the period of the Italian fascist regime Paola Zancani Montuoro (1901-’87), a leading archaeologist originating from Naples, studied and promoted the heritage of Magna Graecia, in collaboration with the famous Umberto Zanotti Bianco but isolated from the mainstream of Roman archaeology.2 Later, in 1963, she began to explore the large necropolis of Macchiabate (>1.5km2) at Francavilla Marittima in Calabria.3 Paola Zancani Montuoro’s investigation of the necropolis went hand in hand with exploration of the nearby hilltop of the Timpone della Motta (280m asl), which already then was called ‘the acropolis’. Health problems, however, soon forced her to delegate this project to her younger friend and colleague, Maria Wilhelmina Stoop (1924-’98), who would later become lecturer of Classical Archaeology at Leiden University, the Netherlands.4 Paola Zancani Montuoro attributed the majority of the textile-related objects she found in the necropolis of Macchiabate to a production centre of impasto clay pottery, loom weights and spindle whorls.5 A trench filled with black soil mixed with charcoal discovered North-West of Tombs 1-3 of the “Temparella” cluster of graves and at a level of ca. 0.5m below Tomb 3 was attributed to the prefurnium of a pottery kiln.6 Earlier, kiln grate fragments found embedded in the stone cairns of Tombs 1 and 13 in the “Cerchio Reale” burial area had led Zancani Montuoro to suspect the nearby presence of a kiln.7 On the basis of the subsequent discovery between several Temparella graves of impasto potsherds and a small row of river cobbles - interpreted as a hut wall-foundation8 - the excavator concluded that Macchiabate had housed a number of hut-based pottery workshops (an indigenous Kerameikos, as it were) before it 1 After Paola Zancani Montuoro's death in 1987 her notebooks on the Macchiabate excavations were donated to the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome; Francesco Quondam obtained permission to access the documents. Analyses of the Macchiabate necropolis are De la Genière 1994; Vink 1994-’95; Kleibrink 2003; 2010; Quondam 2008; 2014; Ferranti & Quondam 2006; 2015; Brocato 2011; 2014. 2 Biography Zancani Montuoro by Licia Vlad Borelli http://www.brown.edu/Research/Breaking_Ground/bios/Montuoro_ ; Russo 2007 and articles in VIII Giornata Archeologica Francavillese 2010. On Zanotti Bianco: De Haan 2008, 233-249; De Haan 2009, 113-125;. De Haan: Anabases [En línea], 9 2009, Puesto en línea el 01 marzo 2012, consultado el 12 julio 2015. URL : http://anabases.revues.org/367. 3 For a complete bibliography see Vlad Borelli (above, Note 2). 4 A short biography can be found in Kleibrink 2011b; the present author was one of Dr Maria W. (Piet) Stoop's students at Leiden University and as such assisted both her and Zancani Montuoro in the period 1965-’69 before returning to Francavilla Marittima in 1991 for further excavations, leading a team from Groningen University (GIA). 5 Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 94 f., 98 f., 106; 1980-’82, 8-12; 1983-’84, 93-99. No exploration has yet been undertaken of a possibly older anthropogenic stratum at a deeper level below the tombs at Macchiabate. 6 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 9-10, Fig. 1; on this excavation plan of the Temparella tomb cluster the position of the praefurnium is marked by a star. The excavator identified further sections of a kiln drain between the grave clusters of Temparella and Cerchio Reale further east: “lo scavo (....) ha rivelato che il canale fra CR e T, precedentemente sfruttato per lo scolo della figulina, era (…..).” In English: “The excavation (…) has revealed that the trench between CR and T, earlier used as a drain to the pottery kiln, (….)”; cf. Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 98. The rest of the text describes a trench filled with black soil containing charcoal fragments and stones running between the two grave clusters. 7 Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 95. Floor fragments of pottery kilns, one of which was ca. 0.5m thick and contained ca. 5cm-wide heat openings, indeed suggest the presence of large kilns that could have been used to fire pottery of refined clay at high temperatures (compare Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci. 2012, 9, Fig. 6). Nowhere in her texts does Zancani Montuoro explain her assumption that this ‘fornace figulina’ (p. 95) was used to produce the impasto pottery, loom weights and spindle whorls among the grave goods that according to her belonged to the earlier Kerameikos. The poorly fired impasto spindle whorls and loom weights and most of the only slightly better-fired impasto vessels were not produced in kilns with a floor or a firing chamber but by other techniques involving exposure of the pottery to open fire, as is evident from the lower firing temperatures and the many colour variations on the impasto vessels. The kiln fragments may have belonged to the kiln remains found along the SP263 (compare Note 11 below), where fragments of refined matt-painted pottery but no impasto potsherds have been found: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, Cat. nos. 143-144, 212, 218-220, 258; Kleibrink 2015, Cat. nos. 72-76. 8 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 11-12; id. 1983-’84, 47-49.

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became a cemetery.9 The earliest tombs were dated to circa 800 BC, which gave a 10th/9th century date for the Kerameikos period. With respect to the date of an interesting deposit in the Cerchio Reale cluster of tombs (with an iron axe, a fragment of an iron dagger, a bronze scalpel, two bronze ‘olive’ beads, a couple of bronze rings, a small bronze disc and 11 fragments of an iron fibula wrapped in sheet bronze) found beneath or in the remains of a large, circular structure at “Cerchio Reale”, Paola Zancani Montuoro hesitated between an early (the Kerameikos period) and a later (the necropolis phase) date. Either way she interpreted the find as ritual and linked either to a god of handicraft, an indigenous version of Hephaistos (Kerameikos period) or to a cenotaph for an important chief, who - in her own words - may to the later Greek colonists have represented Epeios.10 No other kilns or hero tombs have yet been discovered at Macchiabate.11 2.2. Catalogue I: spinning and weaving utensils from Macchiabate At Macchiabate Paola Zancani Montuoro identified three different contexts that produced spinning and weaving utensils: 1. Female burials with spinning or/and weaving utensils (see section 2.2.1). 2. Those containing objects attributed to the Kerameikos period (9th century BC) and catalogued as bis-clusters, the date largely resting on the presence of bucket-shaped impasto storage vessels and their supposed pre-necropolis date (see section 2.2.2). 3. Objects found amongst the stones of the cairns of several burials and thought to have been dug up during the construction of those graves and distributed over them after completion; these are mostly impasto spindle whorls, a few loom weights and fragments of impasto pottery (see section 2.2.3).12 The total enumeration of this material results in spindle whorls in tombs V3, T8, T61-62, T63, T67, T76, T86, T88 and loom weights in V6, T3, T16, T63 and T88, a decidedly low score compared to female graves of the Early Iron Age elsewhere.13 9

Contrary to the fact that at Francavilla impasto pottery was made and used throughout the entire 8th and part of the 7th centuries BC (cf. Colelli 2012) during the Scavi Zancani Montuoro 1963-’69 it was generally thought that it antedated wares made of refined clay and was attributed to the 9th century BC. Evidently this was still Paola Zancani Montuoro’s opinion in the 1980’s, the time her excavation reports were published: the impasto pitcher illustrated in Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82 with a vertical handle and lugs below the rim is judged to show “particolari antropomorfi (...) e (un) gusto molto antico” in English “anthropomorphic details and a very antique flavour”. Much of the impasto found in the 1960s on Macchiabate and on the Timpone della Motta was immediately discarded (personal observation of the present author). Paola Zancani Montuoro herself often referred to the Oenotrians as indigeni or even ‘peppini’ (Peppino is nickname to Giuseppe, peppini thus illustrating possibly some indifference) a rather peculiar attitude which is illustrated by her introductory remarks on p. 8 of the 1974-’76 volume of the Atti e Memorie della Società Magna Grecia where she attributes an attitude to her Dutch assistants (Stoop and myself): “cito ad esempio l’aggettivo ‘indigeno’ usato dalle mie collaboratrici per definire la qualità scadente di un qualsiasi prodotto di qualunque età in opposizione a ‘greco’, che vuol sempre dire ‘bello e buono’; in English: "I refer for example to the adjective ‘indigenous’ used by my colleagues to define the poor quality of whichever product of whatever period in opposition to ‘Greek’ which always means ‘nice and good’.” By that time (i.e. since 1968) profound differences of opinion had arisen between Paola Zancani Montuoro and Maria W. Stoop, which induced Zancani Montuoro to deny Stoop further access to the Timpone della Motta or to the excavated material (it was later made available for study to a research group from the University of Salerno; cf. Luppino et al. 2005, 651-668). In 1979 Dr Stoop, who was distressed by the situation, stated that Zancani Montuoro's publication in the AMSMG 1974-’76, 107-167 had proceeded without her knowledge; cf. Stoop 1979, 77. 10 Zancani Montuoro 1974-’76, 94-106. 11 In the 1990s the remains of several kilns were identified along the SP263 at the foot of Timpone della Motta and near the border of the river Raganello during a survey conducted by B. J. Haagsma (Internal Report GIA 1991) and later by J. K. Jacobsen (2005). It seems likely that kiln fragments were transported from that site, together with the river cobbles that were used to construct the cairns or tumuletti covering the Macchiabate graves (Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, 9). Zancani Montuoro admitted that the original stratigraphy of her ‘village of potters’ was much disturbed by the construction and subsequent use of a road to Francavilla Marittima (in fact, the continuation of the ‘Strada’ path: Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 5657). 12 Paola Zancani Montuoro was confronted with this phenomenon so often that she became fed up with it: “Non era possible indicare e nemmeno posso qui menzionare le coperture dei tumuli dov’erano inclusi frr. o elementi di impasto nero (specie fuserole) provenienti dello strato del ceramico, intaccato nello scavo per i tumuli e poi rigettato con le pietre ed il terriccio nella costruzione."; in English: "It was impossible to indicate, nor can I mention here, the covering of the tombs, in which were included fragments of black impasto (especially spindle whorls) from the pottery stratum, affected by the digging [of soil] for the tumuli and then together with the stones and earth (from that layer, MK) thrown onto the structure.” (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 12, Note 8). 13 An overview on spindle whorls Gleba 2008, 171; Kleibrink 2016b.

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2.2.1. Graves excavated by Zancani Montuoro containing spindle whorls and loom weights

1.

Vigneto Tomb 3, no. 5 (Fig. 19b). Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, impasto, complete. (For the type compare Kleibrink 2016, chapter 4).Tightly flexed female burial (Fig. 19a). Spindle whorl found near the upper arm bone of the right arm (ulna), below two bone fibula discs, approximately the location where a spindle would be expected if it was held in the right hand. On the belly, clenched in the left hand, the ring element of a composite disc (disco composito) of bronze. These objects occur in the richer female burials at Macchiabate (compare Chapter I). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1977-’79, 76-77, Figs. 28-29.

19a. Burial Vigneto 3 and 19b. the spindle whorl from that grave (Zancani Montuoro 1977-’79, 76-77, Figs. 28-29).

Vigneto Tomb 6, no. 13, no illustration.

2. Vigneto Tomb 6, no. 13. Large impasto loom weight. Zancani’s remark “il tipo risulta a una fase anteriore alla necropoli” (see also Zancani Montuoro 1975, 4-9) suggests a ‘labyrinth’-type loom weight. The decoration induced Zancani Montuoro to question whether the weight was originally part of the grave assemblage. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1977-’79, 83; Zancani Montuoro 1975, 4-9.

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3. Spindle whorl of grey, fine impasto; Temparella Tomb 8, No. 3. Biconical, with concave top, the upper part decorated with an incised meander; complete (Fig. 20c). Dimensions: height 2cm x greatest diameter 2.8cm. (For the type compare Kleibrink 2016b, Chapter 2). Flexed female burial (Figs 20a-b). The spindle whorl found above and to the left of the skull. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 37, Figs. 13-14.

20a. Burial Temparella 8 and Fig. 20c. the spindle whorl from that same grave (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Figs. 13-14) and Fig. 20b. the present author’s reconstruction.

21a. Impasto spindle whorl Temparella Tomb 61-62. 21b. Steatite spindle whorl Temparella Tomb 61-62.

4. Spindle whorl Temparella Tomb 61/62.10 (Fig. 21a); black, completely burnished impasto. Biconical, pentagonal, complete. (For the type cf. Kleibrink 2016, Chapter 4). Height 1.7cm x maximum diameter 3cm, diameter vertical hole 0.7cm. Found above and to the left of skull B of this double or perhaps triple burial (identified as a family, Figs 21d-e). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Temparella Tomb 61+62, 30, Fig. 6. 5. Conical spindle whorl, Temparella Tomb 61/62.26, (Fig. 21b), black steatite (for the type compare Kleibrink 2016b, chapter 2). Height 1.9cm x base 2.3cm, diameter vertical perforation 0.8cm. Originally either behind the head of individual A or on the breast of individual B (Figs 21d-e). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 31, No. 26, Figs. 4 and 6.

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21e. Suggested reconstruction of the burials in T61-62.

21d. The burials in Temparella 61-62, and the spindle whorls from that same grave (Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Figs. 4-6, Pls. XIII-XIV).

22a. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, impasto clay, no. 40 of the contents of Tomb 67.

The tomb contained more pots than usual (Fig. 21e). These are not present in Zancani Montuoro’s drawing (Fig. 21d) but illustrated with photographs. The group of vessels of impasto and of refined clay are illustrated in the suggested reconstruction (Fig. 21e). Only the jug and cup at the legs of the female burial are in a usual position, which may be an indication that this woman was buried last. The position of the spindle whorls, one above the head of the upper burial and one where one would expect a spindle in one of the hands of the burial which may be identified as male because of the spear head does not help to understand the burial contents or sequence.

6. Spindle whorl Temparella Tomb 67, no. 40 (Fig. 22a), black impasto. ‘Prism’, complete, 1.9cm x 2.9cm. Original position not shown on a drawing of the grave goods in this rich female burial (Fig. 22b-c), but presumably above no. 41, a large impasto jar. The position of the whorl in that case would be where one would expect a spindle near the right hand. Zancani calls the impasto whorl a ‘prisma’ and judges it to be the oldest of the spindle whorl types. The photo on Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Pl. 29 shows the whorl to be of biconical pentagonal shape (cf. for this type Kleibrink 2016b, chapter 4). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 47, Fig. 10, Pls. XXVI-XXIX.

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22c. Suggested reconstruction of burial T67.

22b. The burial in Temparella 67, (after Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Fig. 10).

7. Spindle whorl Temparella Tomb 76, no. 4 of black impasto, probably pentagonal, decorated with four incised small circles, complete (for the type cf. Kleibrink 2016b, Chapter 4). Height 2cm x maximum diameter 2cm. The object was found above the head of individual B of this double female burial (Figs 23a-b). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 67, Fig. 20.

23a. The burials in Temparella 76. 23b. Suggested reconstruction (Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Fig. 20).

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8. Spindle whorl Temparella Tomb 86. no. 15 (Fig. 24c), black impasto, biconical and rounded, complete (for the type compare Kleibrink 2016, Chapter 2). Dimensions: height 1.3cm x maximum diameter 2.4cm. Found in the pelvis area, between the heads of the femora, of the skeleton in Tomb 86 (Figs 24a-b). Judging from the drawing of this burial the arms and hands were not found in their original position, which makes it likely that a spindle was placed near the right hand of the woman. The spindle whorl is assigned by Paola Zancani Montuoro to the grave gifts, on the grounds that it is a single object and of a type different from the whorls found among the river cobbles of the cairn (compare below section 2.2.3, nos. 42-46). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Tomb 86 No. 15, 93-99, Figs. 29, 32, Pl. 72.

24a. Drawing of the burial Temparella 86 and 24c. the spindle whorl from that grave. 24b. Proposed reconstruction (after Zancani Montuoro 1983’84, Figs. 29 and 32).

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The excavator mentions 20 complete, impasto spindle whorls and the fragments of 4 others, moreover fragments of at least 3 truncated pyramidal loom weights, a red fragment of a large jar and a small fragment of yellow refined clay (Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 93, 99). This enumeration resembles an earlier one (Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48), where in association with the spinning and weaving utensils, however, two impasto jugs are mentioned. Both enumerations seem to be associated with T86, or in Zancani-Montuoro’s opinion the soil T86 was placed in.

9. Biconical spindle whorl Temparella Tomb no. 88. no. 9, black impasto, pentagonal (for the type cf. Kleibrink 2016, Chapter 4). Complete, maximum diameter 4cm. The object was found to the right of the female skeleton (Figs 25a-b), probably at breast height, a position suggestive of a spindle held in the right hand. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 103, Fig. 33, no. 9.

25a. Drawing of the burial in Temparella 88 and 25b. a suggested reconstruction (Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Fig. 33).

Comments: The spindle whorls encountered by Zancani Montuoro are of the same types as specimens from Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta published in Volume V of the Francavilla Marittima excavations.14 Few of the female skeletons excavated by Zancani Montuoro at Macchiabate were accompanied by a spindle, and if tombs Temparella 3 and 16 are included with Vigneto Tomb 6 only three contained a loom weight, because the function of the clusters of small loom weights and spindle whorls Zancani Montuoro describes with Temparella Tombs 63 and 86 is not clear (see below). This is a decidedly low score for a total of circa 50 female burials of the Early Iron Age and one only in part corroborated by what OttoHerman Frey and Bruno Chiartano encountered at S. Maria D’Anglona and Incoronata/S.Teodoro where only the richer female burials contained loom weights but hardly any spindle whorls.15 The low amount of spindle whorls and loom weights found in female tombs of the South Italian fossa culture along the East coast makes clear that spindles were no longer part of female dress as was postulated for the first centuries of the Early Iron Age tombs along the West coast.16 The absence of spindles in quite a number of female graves and the presence in only some indicates a choice, in the sense that some women were characterised as spinners and others were not. A larger number of spindle whorls (and thus possibly of spindles) as grave gifts, accompanied by loom weights, concerns only two of the most wealthy graves, T63 and T86. Possibly these finds indicate a leading position in the organisation of spinning and weaving among the women buried at Macchiabate. However, the separation of these artefacts from the other grave gifts (compare the cluster claimed for Tomb 86, Catalogue no. 8 and Catalogue nos. 13-27) is as yet inexplicable. At Macchiabate, the tombs with spindle whorls are among the wealthiest, but since they are few no social pattern is readily evident. However, recent excavations at the site, directed by Martin Guggisberg of Basel University, have already altered this picture. Tomb 6 of the Strada group contained a loom weight decorated with a meander-swastika17 as well as a small pinched weight of refined clay,18 and at least three Kleibrink 2016b. Frey 1991, with loom weights (the small truncated pyramidal kind): t94, t97, t118, t134: Chiartano 1994, t141 spindle whorl; t209 loom weights and spindle whorls, T235 loom weights, t236 one loom weight, T253 loom weights, t255 loom weights, t258 loom weights, t275 loom weights, t308 loom weights, T426 spindle whorl. 16 Kilian 1970, 198; Kleibrink 2016b. 17 Excavation 2010, Tomb 4; Fasti online www.fastionline.org/record_view.php?fst_cd... AIAC_2378; Guggisberg et al. 2012b, 4-5. 14

15

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spindle whorls. Other female tombs brought to light by these recent excavations lacked textile-related artefacts. At Macchiabate spindles seem to have been deposited either near the hands of the deceased women or near the sets of pots – above the head or at the feet. Of particular interest are the spindle whorls from Temparella 8 and 88, because the same burials also contained objects that are Greek imports, which suggests that these women may have come from Greek households or households in which Greek contacts were considered important. However, the traditional style of the spindle whorls (the specimen from Temparella 8 carries an incised meander) in combination with the finger spirals in Temparella 8 are at odds with a purely Greek identity and rather suggests an Oenotrian one. 2.2.2. Clusters with loom weights listed by Zancani Montuoro under bis The objects listed under “bis”probably nevertheless derive from a number of different tombs in the Temparella grave cluster, specifically Tombs 3, 16, 17, 18, 55 and 86. Objects in the bis group were assigned by Zancani Montuoro to a pre-necropolis Kerameikos phase. Two assemblages in this group include spinning or weaving implements: T3bis and T16bis.

26a. Burial Temparella 3 (after Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Fig. 4). 26b. Proposed reconstruction.

18

Compare for these types of small pinched weights cf. Chapter VIII.

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10. Loom weight of black impasto with unidentified incised decoration. Height 13cm (measured in situ). The weight crumbled to pieces upon excavation. Found at the lowest level (“nel fondo”) of Tomb T3 (Figs 26a-b). Paola Zancani Montuoro did not include this weight with the gravegifts, but it is described as follows: “Il primo indizio della presenza di uno strato con materiale anteriore alla necropoli, quà e la salvatosi sotto i tumuli, si ebbe già scoprendo nel fondo della T.3 un fr. di peso d’impasto nero con decor. incisa (il lato misurava in situ 13 cm), che allora non conoscevamo e che si ridusse in poltiglia appena tentammo di rimuoverlo.” The grave has been identified as belonging to an adolescent girl buried with her sister and mother (presumably) in the Northeast corner of the Temparella tumulus (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Fig. 1), first half of the 8th c. BC. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 10, Fig. 4.

11. Loom weight Temparella 16bis, no. 21, of black impasto with incised decoration (Figs 27a, c-d). The only preserved original dimension is thickness: 3.3cm at the base. A drawing showing the position of this object in situ exists (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Fig. 20 = Fig. 27c): to the right of a large jar with dipper cup placed at the feet of a (presumably) female skeleton in Tomb Temparella 16 (see reconstruction Fig. 27d). However, the weight was included in the group of objects T16bis (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 56). Separating the object cluster catalogued by Zancani Montuoro under 16bis from the contents of T16 is difficult; the excavator herself admitted to a confusion of layers because of the presence of a road leading to Francavilla Marittima (Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 5657; see the next item). Zancani Montuoro placed this particular weight at the beginning of the Francavilla series because of its similarity to the weights found by Maria W. Stoop (Stoop 1970-’71, 65 ff., 95 ff., Pls. 26 and 40; see below Section 2.4) and its decoration, which is more carefully executed than that on the second weight (loom weight Z) from the same context (see no. 12 next). Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 10, 56, Pl. 27a on the right.

27a. Loom weight T16bis, no. 21 (Photo after Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Pl. 27a). 27b. Loom weight Z, the photo is published in Chapter I of this book (Fig. 1b ).

12. Loom weight of black impasto with incised decoration, complete (Fig. 1b). Dimensions: height 12cm, width at base 12cm, width at top 10cm, thickness at base 6cm and at top 4cm, diameter horizontal suspension hole ca. 1cm. Weight 1050g. This is the second loom weight from T16bis. Its original position is marked on the drawing Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Fig. 20, no. 22 = Fig. 27c, as between the jar with cup mentioned above and a cluster containing a large bucket-shaped jar, a bit further away from the feet. Thus the object was found together with the previous weight, a pithos with lid fragment and an impasto jar with four lugs. On separating the objects from T16 and those from T16bis, see the remarks above. This second weight is labelled loom weight ‘Z’ in Zancani Montuoro’s publications, who viewed its decoration as a sloppy Oenotrian imitation of the labyrinth motif (compare Chapter I). Ref.: Lissi Caronna 1970-’71, 93-98; Zancani Montuoro 1975; 1980-’82, 10, 56, Pl. 27a on the left; Mertens-Horn 1992b, 489f.

27c. Burial T16 of a woman; below the feet a set of vessels of refined clay (jar with cup inside) and below and next to it an impasto pithos, jar and loom weights (after Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, Fig. 20). 27d. Suggested reconstruction of burial T16, deposition of a woman and an enchytrismos of a small child (T16bis).

Comments: Zancani Montuoro identified some of the large impasto bucket-shaped vessels found in various contexts in the Macchiabate necropolis as storage jars used by local potters and their families who supposedly lived at Macchiabate in the 9th century BC, before it became a cemetery.19 Others she believed to be sèmata, an Oenotrian version of the Athenian grave markers of the Geometric period, likewise large vessels into which offerings could be placed. Occasionally Zancani Montuoro combined the two views, as when she 19

E.g. the explanation provided in the case of Tomb Uliveto 13: Zancani Montuoro 1977-’79, 47-49, Fig. 17.

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regarded sèma-pithoi placed on 8th-century BC graves (e.g. in T61-T62) as re-used remnants of earlier, prenecropolis pottery production.20 In accordance with Zancani’s notion that the pithoi were not belonging to burials, a bucket-shaped jar from Tomb 16 of the Temparella cluster (Figs 27c-d), probably the burial of a small child or infant, was deemed by her to have been placed too deep and too far away to belong to the woman buried in Tomb 16, and it was therefore recorded separately as 16bis and attributed to the Kerameikos phase. Also two loom weights which were found near the pithos and the feet of the skeleton were thus separated from the rest of the contents of T16 and ascribed to the 9th-century potters' settlement. Paola Zancani Montuoro considered the pithoi and especially those with preserved lids as “in uso per proviste fino al trasferimento della sede, come l’orcio per cuocere i cibi. (... questo, MK) contribuisce a provare che vi si cucinava e mangiava, ma non ad escludere che servisse in pari tempo da casa e da bottega"; in English: "...used for storage until being moved from the spot, like the small cooking jar (NB this is the jar in the T16bis cluster, MK)... this constitutes further proof that people cooked and ate here, which does not exclude [the possibility] that the place functioned simultaneously as a dwelling and a workshop.” By contrast, the present author is of the opinion that T16bis is a vessel-burial of a small child21 and that the loom weights with their engraved sun-symbols may have linked the woman buried in T16 and the little one buried in the pithos. Loom weights are rare grave gifts at Macchiabate and the fact that there are two decorated specimens with this burial may indicate the presence of two deceased individuals. That the woman in T16 and the child in T16bis belonged together is further attested by a small finger spiral found with the vessels and mentioned by Zancani Montuoro but omitted from the drawing.22 Nearby were several other bucket-shaped pithoi: “Erano interrate a breve distanza tante grosse bombarde a farne escludere il rapporto con le sepulture (emphasis MK) tanto più che erano piccole tombe infantile. In English: Nearby there were so many large pithoi as to exclude any possible connection to the burials (emphasis MK), especially since they were burials of small children.” It is clear from these remarks that several enchytrismoi (e.g. 16bis, 17bis and 18bis)23 had been placed next to a group of children's graves (who may have been slightly older at the time of their death and therefore too big for a pithos burial; e.g. Tombs 17, 18 and 19).24 Other bucket-shaped pithoi were not catalogued as bis finds: one near T41 found together with a wide bowl;25 three pithoi and fragments of lids, numbered 1-4 of T58; and two fragments of such vessels found near T65.26 The suggestion that stratigraphical data from Zancani's description confirm that the bucket-shaped pithoi were deposited deeper than the 8th-century BC burials and are thus of an older date must be rejected if no new data turn up, because neither from the descriptions by Zancani herself nor from the reconstructions of the Unical group such a stratigraphy is in evidence.27 Although their size certainly makes it tempting to identify bucket-shaped pithoi or pithoi a bombarda as storage jars, as Paola Zancani evidently did, the find contexts in the sanctuary and settlement areas of the Timpone della Motta do not unambiguously support that interpretation. Many large fragments of such vessels came from Building V.b (the Weaving House) on the Timpone della Motta, where they were accompanied by loom weights, spindle whorls, small bronze ornaments and fibulae parts as well as many fragments of cooking stoves and a quantity of animal bones (see the catalogue of these objects in Chapter 20

Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 25-26. The debate on the function of these vessels in funerary contexts in the Sibaritide involves several different opinions. De la Genière 1994, 155 (Macchiabate burials) and Carrara Jacoli 1994, 696 (Belloluco, Castrovillari) opted early on for enchytrismoi, which the present author followed, whereas Peroni (1994, 877) and Ferranti and Quondam (Ferrranti & Quondam 2006, 91) see ritual functions and sèmata. This also seems to be the position of the UNICAL group that evaluated the Macchiabate excavations (Brocato 2011). At least 15 large, bucket-shaped impasto vessels are known from the necropolis at Torre del Mordillo, excavated in 1888 (Pasqui 1888); 5 were excavated in what may be a settlement area. However, the circumstances in this case allow for various interpretations (cf. Arancio 2001, 275-276). The new excavations at Macchiabate undertaken by the University of Basel have so far produced one vessel-burial of a small child (Tomb 10 of the Strada group; see Fasti, on line, www.fastionline.org/record_view.php?fst_cd... AIAC_2378, Excavations 2013). In cemeteries along the Ionian coast the custom to inter small children in such vessels seems to have continued until ca. 650 BC: cf. for Amendolara, De la Genière 2012, 238; cf. for Siris-Herakleia, Berlingò 1986, Note 3. 22 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, no. 26. 23 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 57. 24 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 59-61. 25 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 92. 26 Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 49. 27 Muscetta 2014b, 117-121 and Unical reconstructions: Brocato 2011, 33-34. 21

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III). In other words: they were part of a female-oriented activity area.28 Objects like these from the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 attest to the contemporaneousness of the 8th-century BC burials at Macchiabate and the Weaving House on the Timpone della Motta, and also to the fact that they reflect similar activities of the women involved. That being said, the remains of timber dwelling IVA on Plateau I of the Timpone della Motta produced surprisingly few fragments of such vessels but many more of storage jars of refined clay and of impasto of altogether a different form: globular, with a relatively small opening and outcurved, flaring rim, which are also known from the Weaving House contexts.29 House remains at the socalled ‘Area Rovitti’ on Plateau I of the Timpone della Motta, excavated during the Scavi Attema-Jacobsen 2009-2010, contained many fragments of impasto bucket-shaped vessels, two of them even with a split lip to attach a lid, but most of these vessels were considerably smaller than those from the Weaving House on the Timpone della Motta or from Macchiabate and would hardly accommodate a child burial.30 Moreover, the Rovitti structures were interpreted as potters’ dwellings which again suggest an ‘industrial’ rather than a purely domestic function. Carmelo Colelli pointed out parallels to this vessel type - also called dolia, ziri or jars - from the Salento and elsewhere north of the Sibaritide, where they have been recorded as storage jars in domestic contexts and as burial containers, but not as sèmata.31 So far the evidence does not support Zancani Montuoro’s sèmata theory and poorly the storage jar theory but renders an interpretation of the pithoi at Macchiabate as containers for child burials quite likely.32 2.2.3. Assemblages of textile utensil parts from among the stone cairns The third assemblage from Macchiabate of objects that are related to textile production consists of spindle whorls and several loom weights. According to the reports these were found amongst the river cobbles in the cairns or ‘tumuletti’ erected over the graves, but Zancani Montuoro claimed that they originally derived from the underlying settlement layer. In 1993 Dr A. J. Nijboer described and drew a group of these objects after they were encountered by the GIA team in the Parco del Cavallo’s “Ristauro” storage room among material of the Scavi Stoop 1963-’69. These are obviously (some of) the objects referred to by Zancani Montuoro as having been found among the stones of Tombs 63 and 61/6233 and from the layer she identified as pre-necropolis. The finds were later attributed to T63 because the burial T61-62 was on top of T63.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

13. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw01 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 3.3cm x th. 1.9cm, diameter vertical perforation ca. 0.6cm, complete. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5). On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. Such whorls were in use in the Weaving House (Building V.b) on the Timpone della Motta; for the type cf. Kleibrink 2016b, Chapter IV. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’.

28

Chapter III, Catalogues III, IV and V. Kleibrink 2006; Elevelt 2002; Capriglione et al. 2012. 30 Colelli 2012, 54-55. 31 Colelli 2012, 54-55. 32 The author, who was present during a part of the Temparella excavations, recalls a debate between Paola Zancani Montuoro and herself regarding several small bones found by one of the workmen in a broken impasto pithos. Zancani believed that the bones were animal, specifically bird, while the author and the man were of the opinion that one of them was probably a small human bone. Although bones of animals such as cats and dogs are similar to those of humans, there are nonetheless differences, as the author was well aware at the time, and the bones in question were certainly not bird bones. 33 Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 24 (with T60); the tags the Groningen excavation team found with the spindle whorls read T63/62. In the publication (Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 25-31) burial T62 is associated with burial T61 and interpreted as a family grave (compare the data above in section 2.2.1, nos 4 and 5). These burials are below a probable enchytrismos and on top of T63. 29

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14. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw02 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 4.0/3.6 x th. 2.6cm, diameter vertical perforation ca. 0.6cm, one segment damaged. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5), clay porous and containing charcoal. On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. For the type see no. 13. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’. Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

15. Tetragonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw03 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 2.5cm x th. 3.4cm, diameter vertical perforation 0.6cm, one segment damaged. Outside black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5), clay porous and containing charcoal. On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. For tetragonal spindle whorls from Building V.b cf. Kleibrink 2016b, Chapter VI. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’.

16. Heptagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw04 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 2.2cm x th. 2.8cm, diameter vertical perforation 0.6cm, rim of one segment slightly damaged. Red porous clay containing charcoal (Munsell 10R 5/8), outside burnished to a lustre (Munsell 10R 2.5/1). For heptagonal spindle whorls from Building V.b cf. Kleibrink 2016b, Chapter II. Tag probably reads ‘T63/62’.

17. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw05 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 3.1cm x th. 2.7cm, diameter vertical perforation ca. 0.6cm, complete. Black burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2/), dark brown clay (Munsell 7.5YR 5/6). On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. For the type cf. no. 13 above. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’.

18. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw06 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 3.1cm x th. 3.2cm, diameter vertical perforation 1.1cm, complete. Exterior completely burnished, red (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6) shifting to black (2.5YR N2.5). For the type cf. no. 13 above. Tag reads ‘T63/T62.

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Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink .

19. Pentagonal. biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw07 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 3.6cm x th. 2.7cm, diameter vertical perforation 0.4cm, one segment damaged. Dark brown, porous clay containing charcoal (Munsell 7.5YR 5/6), Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

No illustration.

Very small fragment.

exterior black and completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5). On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. For the type cf. no. 13 above. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’.

20. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw08 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 2.5cm x th. 3.9cm, diameter vertical perforation 0.8cm, two segments damaged. Exterior completely burnished, black to dark reddish-grey (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5 to 10 YR4/1), reddish brown, porous clay (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4). On the exterior traces of a silicate deposit. For the type cf. no. 13 above. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’.

21. Fragment of pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw09 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, all sides severely damaged. Fragment of an asymmetrically placed perforation preserved. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5). On the exterior traces of brown deposit. For the type cf. no. 13 above. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’. 22. Fragment of a biconical spindle whorl, FM1048.sw10 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, diam. 2.1/1.7cm x th. 1.8cm, damaged. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5), yellowish-red clay (Munsell 7.5 6/8). On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. Tag reads ‘T63/T62. 23. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, FM1048.lw11 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, h. 5.0cm x w. 5.1cm x th. 4.2cm, damaged and mended in the past. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR 2.5/1); friable, reddish-brown, sandy clay containing organic material (Munsell 5YR 4/4). On the exterior traces of brown deposit.

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Front surface decorated with incised parallel lines

and punch marks, probably in a swastika-meander pattern. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’. Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Very small fragment

24. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, FM1048.lw12 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, h. 8.2cm x w. 3.1cm x th. 4.2cm, damaged. Probably with Nos. 11 and 14 part of the same weight. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR 2.5/1); friable, reddish brown, sandy clay containing organic material (Munsell 5YR 4/4). On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. Front surface decorated with incised parallel lines and punch marks, probably in a swastika-meander pattern. Tag reads ‘T63/T62’.

25. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, FM1048.lw14 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto, h.1.7cm x w. 1.6cm x th. 0.9cm, damaged and mended in the past. Black, completely burnished (Munsell 2.5YR 2.5/1); friable, reddish-brown sandy clay containing organic material (Munsell 5YR 4/4). On the exterior traces of a brown deposit. Front surface decorated with incised parallel lines and punch marks, probably in a swastika-meander pattern. Tag reads ‘T63/T62.

26. Fragment of a pyramidal small loom weight, FM1048.lw13 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto; height 4.1cm, 4.4 x 4.8 (base); vertical, off-centre perforation, diameter ca. 0.4cm, top part damaged. Handmade, somewhat irregular. Exterior burnished, dark reddish-brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/4); friable, porous, sandy red clay (2.5YR 4/8) containing organic material. Decorated with an incised band filled with oblique stripes (probably made with a stick) and filled with white paste. For the type cf. Chapter VI. Tag probably reads as ‘T63-62’.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

27. Very small fragment of a loom weight, FM1048/14 (number assigned by the GIA team). The tag probably reads as ‘T63/62’.

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28. Fragment of a fibula part or needle, FM1049/22 (number assigned by the GIA team), copper alloy. Diameter 0.3/0.4cm, at tip 0.15cm. Preserved length 6.5cm. Malachite-green colour. Tag reads ‘Fondo di capanna’. Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

29. Rim to lower body fragment of a carinated miniature cup, FM1045/01 (number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay (grey ware). Diameter lip ca. 6.0cm, preserved dimensions h.2.4cm x w. 2.6cm x th. 0.3 – th. 0.1cm (lip). Clay light grey to grey (Munsell 7.5YR N6). Carinated body, flaring wall, slightly outcurving rim with tapering, convex lip. On grey ware from Francavilla Marittima, this book Chapter III, stratigraphic units 13/14. Tag reads ‘Strato pre-necropoli’.

30. Rim to shoulder fragment of an open vessel, FM1049/08 (number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay. Diameter ca. 10cm, preserved dimensions h. 2.1cm x w. 2.6cm x th. 0.31 – th. 0.7cm (handle attachment). Exterior and interior a very dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N3) with black core (Munsell 2.5YR N2.5/0). Straight rim tapering towards a convex lip and thickening towards a handle attachment. The fabric resembles bucchero, which it almost certainly is not, but the vessel was definitely fired under reducing conditions, whether locally or elsewhere. Tag reads ‘Fondo di capanna.’

31. Wall fragment of a carinated cup, FM1049/11 (new number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay. Diameter impossible to establish; preserved dimensions h. 3.4cm x w. 4.7cm x th. 0.45/0.6cm (wall). Clay pink (Munsell 5YR 8/3). Carinated body, flaring wall. Tag reads ‘Fondo di capanna’.

32. Decorated wall fragment, FM1049/16 (number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay. Diameter impossible to establish, preserved dimensions h. 3cm x w. 1.8cm x th. 0.8/0.9cm. Clay pink (Munsell 5YR 8/3); decoration of bands applied in a grey wash (Munsell 5YR4/1). Tag reads ‘Fondo di capanna’.

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33. Rim to shoulder fragment of a closed vessel, FM1045/06 (number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay. Diameter ca. 17.7cm, preserved dimensions h. 5.5cm x w. 4.5cm x th. 0.6 – 0.7cm (lip). Pink clay (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). Outcurved rim with convex lip. Although most outcurving rims of the impasto vessels from Building V.b on the top plateau of the Timpone della Motta are generally shorter the type exists, cf. e.g. Colelli 2013, Pl. 38, nos. 126, 130, 131. Tag reads ‘Strato pre-necropoli.’

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

34. Rim to base fragments of an askos, FM1045/12 (number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay. Preserved dimensions h. 13cm x w. 16cm x th. 0.8 (base) – 0.8 (wall), inside diameter neck 4cm. Handmade from refined, yellow-firing clay (Munsell 10YR 8/6); decorated with a fringed frieze. The vessel is decorated in the “Fringe Style”, which is mainly dated to the second half of the 8th century BC and has parallels in askoi from other burials of the Macchiabate necropolis. It is especially a frequent gravegift in the burials of children. Compare for the style and the burials Kleibrink 2015, Chapters 1 and 2, with references. Tag reads ‘Strato pre-necropoli.’

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

35. Impasto rim fragment of a jar FM1049/06 (number assigned by the GIA team). Diameter 24cm. Preserved dimensions h. 4.7cm x w. 4.7cm x th. 1.3 to 2.4 – 0.8cm (lip). Handmade of reddish brown to dark reddish brown impasto (5YR 5/4 to 2.5/1), burnished. Slightly flaring wall, straight rim and flattened lip. Decorated with plain, horizontal cord. This type of vessel occurs also among the finds from Building V.b on the top plateau of the Timpone della Motta: cf. e.g. Colelli 2013, pl. 32, nos. 105, 106. Tag reads “sopra il battuto di pavimentazione, fondo di capanna fra T39 e T60”.

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36. Rim fragment of a matt-painted bowl, FM1049/09 (number assigned by the GIA team) of refined clay. Diameter ca. 20cm, preserved dimensions h. 2.5cm x w. 4.0cm x th. 0.8 - 0.8cm (lip). Pink clay (Munsell 5YR 8/3), dark grey decoration (Munsell 7.5YR 4/1). Flaring wall with convex lip, decorated, traces of black colour are still visible as four parallel, oblique stripes. Tag reads “Sopra il batuto di pavimentazione, fondo di capanna fra T39 e T60.”

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

37. Lower body fragment of a closed vessel, FM1048/09 (number assigned by the GIA team), description not available. Tagged “Sopra il battuto del pavimentazione ‘fondo di capanna’ fra T39 and T60”. Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

38. Wall fragment of a closed vessel (presumably), FM1049/07 (number assigned by the GIA team), impasto. Greatest diameter ca. 14cm, preserved dimensions h. 6.8cm x w. 5.1cm x th. 1.3 - 0.5cm (wall). Grey to dark grey clay (Munsell 5YR 6/1 to 2.5YR N4). Wall tapering towards base, thickening and with a pronounced inward curve towards the upper part of the vessel. Compare for impasto vessels with this shape Colelli 2013, pl. 6, no. 21; pl. 49, no. 179 (more globular); pl. 68, no. 279. Tagged “Sopra il battuto del pavimentazione ‘fondo di capanna’ fra T39 and T60”.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

39. Two rim fragments of a storage jar, FM 1045/13, matching FM 1045/14 (numbers assigned by the GIA team). Preserved dimensions no. 13: 9.9cm x 4.0cm x 3.2cm, diameter large but impossible to establish. No. 14 not available. Handmade of yellowish to red-firing clay (Munsell 5YR 5/8). Outcurving or outturning rim with flattened, faceted lip. This kind of dolium occurs in habitation levels and in the sanctuary at Timpone della Motta as well as elsewhere see an overview in Capriglione 2012. Tag reads ‘Stratum pre-necropoli’.

Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

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Drawing Nijboer-Kleibrink.

40. Rim fragment of a large jar, FM 1052/05 (number assigned by the GIA team). Diameter rim 20cm. Preserved dimensions h. 7.7cm x w. 7.1cm x th. 0.9cm (wall) and 0.7cm (lip). Handmade, impasto, fired to a light red (Munsell 2.5YR 6/6) shifting to reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4). Very slightly outcurved rim with convex lip, expanding on the outside. For the type of impasto vessel, which occurs frequently in the contexts associated with Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta, cf. Colelli 2013, Pl. 12, no. 35; pl. 14, no. 39; Pl. 15, no. 40; Pl. 16, no. 46Pl. 29, no. 99. Tag reads “Fra le pietre della tomba 62, probabilmente reste non di tomba”.

Comments: Paola Zancani Montuoro refers to the above material as follows:34 “T63 fu impostato in profondità così da investire gli avanzi del prec. Ceramico, distruggendoli in parte ed incorporandone nella costruzione una quantità forse maggiore, certo molto più significativa. Questo materiale d’impasto (specialmente notevoli per nummero le fusarole biconiche sfaccetate) scavato col ‘fondo’ delle botteghe, misto a terriccio e spezzoni di pietre dei muri, fu rimesso in opera nella copertura del tumulo che fu poi a sua volta sfruttata dai successivi seppellitori.” In English: “Tomb 63 was dug to such a great depth that the remains of the previous Kerameikos were affected, partially destroying them but perhaps incorporating a greater and certainly more significant part. This impasto material (because of their large number the biconical and facetted spindle whorls are especially noteworthy), dug up together with the ‘foundation layer’ of the workshops and mixed in with dirty soil and fragments of wall stone, was re-deposited in the tumulus cairn, which was in its turn scavenged by successive tomb builders.” After her description of Temparella Tomb 6835 Zancani Montuoro further mentions the presence of miniature vessels below the level of Temparella Tomb 63, which she regards as evidence for the presence of a potter’s workshop or deposit: “come i vasetti miniaturistici votivi, sotto il piano di deposizione nel tumulo T63, che dimostravano evidentemente l’incidenza sopra un magazzino o deposito dei ceramisti.” In English: “like the miniature votive vessels below the construction level of tumulus T63 which clearly demonstrate an impact above a storage area or a deposit of the potters”. Among the group of objects found among the Stoop material there is one miniature vessel (above Cat. no. 29) and a few fragments that may perhaps have been identified as such. It may be surmised that these objects are the ones mentioned by Paola Zancani Montuoro. It is unfortunate that the spindle whorls etc. catalogued by Nijboer ended up amongst the material from the Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, because their separation from the rest of the Macchiabate material may have been the reason why Paola Zancani Montuoro did not review them correctly in her publication; had she been aware of their location she would certainly have noticed the diverse nature of the assemblage. At T85-86

After Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A1.

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41. Spindle whorl from T85/86.bis.no.a1, black impasto, double conical and tetragonal, complete. Found among the stones of the cairn over Temparella T86, together with 19 more or less complete and 4 fragmentary specimens (see above Catalogue I, no. 8). Attributed by Paola Zancani Montuoro to a stratum pre-dating the construction of the tombs at Macchiabate and assigned by her to a pottery production centre. For the type Kleibrink 2016, Chapter II. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A1.

Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 24. Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48.

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After Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A2.

After Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A3.

After Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 48, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A4.

42. Truncated pyramidal loom weight from T86.a2, black impasto, complete, reconstructed out of several fragments. Decorated along the margins with bands filled with small incised hooks containing remnants of a white substance. For the find context see above Catalogue I, no. 8. Comparable loom weights from Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta cf. Chapter VI. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Tomb Temparella 86bis, 48, 99, no. 1 (presumably) 93, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A2.

43. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, T85/T86bis.a3, black impasto, only the square base (5cm x 5cm) has been preserved. Decorated along the margins with bands filled with small incised hooks. For the find context see above Catalogue I, no. 8. Comparable loom weights from Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta cf. Chapter VI. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Tomb Temparella 86bis, 3, 48, 93, 99, Pl. 72, Fig. A3.

44. Spindle whorl, T86bis.a4, black impasto, biconical, rounded and to judge from the photograph tetragonal, complete. For the find context see above Catalogue I, no. 8. For the type Kleibrink 2016b, Chapter II. Ref.: Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, Temparella T86bis, 48, 93, Pl. 72, Fig. A4.

45. Twenty-four biconical spindle whorls, impasto, 20 specimens complete and 4 fragmentary. From the cairn above T85/86. Ref.: Zancani 1983-’84, 48, 99, nos. 4-28.

Comments: The case of the tomb Temparella 86 (compare Figs. 24a-b) is similar to that of Tomb 63, although the finds are here judged to be in situ. Two impasto jars – associated with the spindle whorls - are described as: “capovolti ai due lati del tumulo 86, cioè dove gli affossatori non erano penetrati in profondità, lasciando indisturbato lo strato del Ceramico.” In English: ”upside down at the two sides of tumulus 86, that is where the trench diggers had not penetrated into deeper layers, leaving the stratum of the Kerameikos intact.” Temparella 85 and 86 are at some distance from the cluster around T63 and consequently the material found near these is thought to belong to another 9th-century potter’s workshop, specialised in truncated-pyramidal loom weights. Two decorated truncated pyramidal loom weights of the smaller kind, one damaged (above Cat. nos. 42-43), and more than 20 biconical spindle whorls were found near Temparella T86,36 two of these are illustrated (cf. above Cat. nos 41, 44). After listing several impasto objects from the vicinity of the small tomb T65, Paola Zancani Montuoro ventilates her opinion on the impasto material:37 “Ma sarebbe insensato continuare l’elenco di pezzi in se privo di ogni valore ed utile soltanto a provare la continuità dello strato primitivo sotto i tumuli.” In English: “But it seems senseless 36 The publication of the spindle whorls and loom weights near T86 is confusing; it occurs two times in Zancani Montuoro 1983’84, on pages 48-49 and on page 99; the description of the material is similar but not identical. 37 Zancani Montuoro 1983-’84, 49.

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to continue a list of pieces that are without any value and only useful to demonstrate the presence of the primitive layer below the tumuli.” As was mentioned earlier, Zancani Montuoro assumed that the builders of T63 dug deep, resulting in a blending of objects from the lower stratum with the material of the cairn. Small fragments of wall foundations uncovered near the tombs and miniature pots found together with seven impasto spindle whorls were all attributed to the pre-necropolis stratum. Zancani Montuoro regards them as evidence not only of buildings but also of the production of votive objects by Macchiabate potters to accommodate the worshippers at the sanctuary on the Motta.38 The identity of the possible wall fragments (only a few stones), which were embedded in sterile soil as could be established in 2006, is not easily solved.39 They may indeed have belonged to an earlier settlement but they may also represent the remains of earlier or contemporary tombs at Macchiabate.40 Nonetheless I believe that Paola Zancani Montuoro was correct in her view that a large concentration of spindle whorls found together does not immediately suggest a grave context. The above re-examination of her publications amounts to two clusters, one at T63 and one at T86. Both contain, however, also a few truncated pyramidal loom weights, impasto pottery fragments and possibly other material. One spindle whorl per female burial may be reasonably expected,41 since in most cases the whorl will have been part of a spindle, which in all probability also held a skein of yarn. Direct evidence for wooden spindles is lacking because the material is highly perishable, but the position of spindle whorls in many graves ca. 15 to 20cm away from the right hand of the body is a strong clue.42 Elisabeth Barber proposed a possible explanation for the presence of large groups of conical ‘spindle whorls,43 suggesting that they could have been used as shuttles. However, the Macchiabate whorls are biconical and do not occur in such large groups as mentioned by Barber. Zancani Montuoro offers yet another explanation for the clustering of spindle whorls and loom weights by assuming that they were produced in potters’ workshops alongside pottery. However, both the spindle whorls and the loom weights seem to have been made by individuals who had spinning and weaving experience (while Zancani Montuoro assumed that the potters were male). The author’s own experiments have shown that these types of spindle whorls and loom weights are in fact fairly easy to make. The best method, which avoids also the problem of having to find a spindle that fits, is to take a small ball of clay, pierce it and stick it directly onto a spindle, then shape the whorl. In the case of a biconical object this is easily done by first forming one side and next, after turning the spindle upside down, the other. This enables the maker to control the central placement of the hole and the balance between spindle and whorl. The whorl’s shape would change slightly during firing, but not so much that an experienced spinner making her own whorls could not adapt. Of course, this is only a suggestion; spindle whorls may also have been made in bulk by potters, as the carefully decorated bucchero specimens found in Etruria show.44 So far, however, little evidence has been forthcoming for potters being responsible for the presence at Macchiabate of large concentrations of spindle whorls (and a few loom weights of a smaller type) in the stone cairns of for example T63 and T86. T63 and T86 are among the larger and more important female burials at Macchiabate, which suggests that there may be another reason for the presence of these textile-related tools, for example a post-burial ceremony. After discarding Zancani Montuoro’s bucket-shaped pithoi as storage vessels used by 9th-century BC potters and their families, and the loom weights and spindles as products of those same potters, and after moving the kiln structures from Macchiabate to another location slightly further south, along the Raganello, only the impasto pottery fragments remain as possible evidence for 9th-century BC occupation at Zancani Montuoro’s excavation area. That being said, the fragments catalogued above (nos. 13-40) are much too heterogeneous to allow an attribution to a settlement or production phase. The vessels in refined clay date from the second half of the 8th century BC or later, i.e. the necropolis phase, and there is 38

Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 12. For a map of the pre-necropolis remains mentioned by Zancani Montuoro, cf. Brocato 2011, Fig. 9. 40 Compare for example the ‘wall’ of Tomb 6 of the Chiane necropolis; Agostino & Mollo 2007, Fig. 6. 41 As for example in the necropolis of Torre Galli (Pacciarelli 1999). In the necropoleis of Santa Maria D’Anglona, S. Teodoro and Incoronata in Basilicata spindle whorls rarely occur as grave objects while loom weights appear in wealthy female burials; only one tomb, No. 209, contained four spindle whorls in addition to three loom weights (Chiartano 1994). 42 E.g. Pacciarelli 1999, 72. 43 See Barber 1992, 299ss. 44 For these spindle whorls see Meyers 2013. 39

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no reason to date the impasto fragments any earlier. The only possibly older fragment belongs to a greyware carinated cup (Cat. no. 29), a type that occurs in the Late Bronze Age. However, the fragment is rather small and depending on its manufacture could also be later, like the 8th century BC grey ware vessels found on the Timpone della Motta.45 In our opinion the material attributed to a Kerameikos phase must have belonged to tombs, because it is contemporary with the corredi published by Zancani Montuoro. This new attribution results in the possible presence of quite a few spindle whorls, perhaps associated with a special burial ritual, in some of the rich tombs of women, such as in the cases of T63 and T86.

28a. Plan of the “Area Chiesetta” 1963-’69 (after a pencil drawing by Maria W. Stoop in her personal Diary, dated probably 1991), adaption by the author. The crossed circles indicate loom weights, the squiggles areas with pottery and other finds.

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This book chapter III, Stratigraphic Units AC18A.13/.14.

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28b. The “oblique trench” from the north. In the foreground the “precinct foundation” is being cleaned; visible behind the pick-axe is part of the wall of the medieval church (Photo M.W. Stoop, 1968). 28c. The “oblique trench” from the north, detail of the area further south (photo M.W. Stoop 1968).

28d. Loom weight ‘A’ in situ in the “oblique trench”; unfortunately it was not possible to match this photo to others (photo M.W. Stoop, 1968).

2.3. Textile-related objects from the Scavi Stoop 1963-’69: introduction During the Scavi Zancani Montuoro/Stoop 1963-’69 at Francavilla Marittima, Dr Maria W. Stoop discovered her first decorated loom weight at the bottom of, or more likely beneath, the medieval cistern of the Medieval Chapel (Fig. 28a) a short distance to the north.46 In her documentation of the 1968 excavation she reports that more decorated loom weights and spindle whorls were uncovered in the last section (Fig. 28a, no. I) of her so-called “oblique trench” (1.60 x 17m) which was oriented at a circa 60-degree angle to the III.b-Building wall and ran from the south-east corner of Building III.b to the southern edge of the acropolis on the Timpone della Motta (Figs 28b-c).47 Excavation in this area was instigated by the discovery of 7th-century BC Greek potsherds in a nearby trench, leading Paola Zancani Montuoro and Maria W. Stoop to suspect that a Greek temple of that date might be discovered in this area. Their intuition was correct, but the remains of Building complex V.a-.e eluded them (they were later uncovered by the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004) because the “oblique trench” did not reach deep enough.48 Stoop’s previous 46 At the request of the present author Dr Maria W. Stoop handed over a diary of her Francavilla Marittima 1963-’69 excavations. She cautioned, however, that it was not the original diary but a revised version, for reasons unknown to the present author. In this Diary she reports on the various finds, for June 11th 1963: “Ho cominciato con lo scavo della piccola cisterna nella parte meridionale della cima, le misure sono irregolari e fra i 1,65 e 1,60 metri. Il fondo non è completamente conservato. L’altezza è conservata solo parzialmente, estimata su 30 a 40cm. L’intonaco è di una qualità abbastanza buona: ho preso campioni, che sono adesso a Reggio. Dentro non si trovava molto materiale: un peso da telaio, indigeno, con decorazione a meandro, come quelli di Orsi (MA XXXI, Pl. XVII da Canale).” In English: “I began to excavate the small cistern in the south of the plateau, its dimensions are irregular, between 1.65 and 1.60m. The bottom is not completely preserved. Its height, estimated at ca. 30/40cm, is only partially extant. The plaster is in reasonably good condition; I took some samples which at present are in Reggio Calabria. Not much material was inside the cistern: a loom weight, indigenous, decorated with a meander motif like those found by Orsi at Canale (MA XXXI, Pl. XVII.)”. 47 Stoop 1968: ”LA TRINCEA OBLIQUA: Dall’angolo sudest del IIIo Tempio al bordo meridionale dell’Acropoli una trincea da 1,60 x 17m è scavata per completare la sezione totale dal bordo settentrionale a quella meridionale. La trincea non poteva essere messa a piombo al bordo ma fu obliqua per evitare una casa dei carbonari accanto al Tempio III. Nella trincea si scopriva vari muri di sassi da fiume e una BASE DI RECINTO. Vicino al Tempio III, a solo poco distanza, e parallello si scopriva una fondazione di blocchi tagliati con un piccolo foro nei lati superiori misurando 4 x 5 cm. La Fondazione dei blocchi somiglia recinti intorno a altari all’agora di Atene. Vicino alla trincea c’era materiale del V secolo a. C. La parte centrale della trincea era disturbata ma la parte vicino al lato meridionale dell’Acropoli era un vero Fundgrube: con oggetti metallici, pesi di tipo Canale d’impasto, fusaruole d’impasto, pendenti a spirali di bronzo, fibule, anelli d’argento, ecc.” In English: “The Oblique Trench: from the south-east corner of the third temple to the southern edge of the acropolis a 1.60 x 17m-trench was excavated to complete the total section from north to south. The trench could not be perpendicular to the edge but was skewed to avoid a charcoal-burner’s cabin next to Building III. In the trench various walls of river cobbles as well as the ‘Precinct Base’ were discovered. Near Building III and parallel to it, a foundation of stone blocks was uncovered with small grooves of 4 x 5cm cut in the upper surfaces. This foundation resembles altar precincts on the agora in Athens. Near the trench, 5th-century BC material was revealed. The central section of the trench had been disturbed, but the section near the southern edge of the acropolis was a veritable treasure trove: metal objects, impasto loom weights of the Canale type, impasto spindle whorls, bronze spiral pendants, buckles, silver rings, etc.”. 48 The trenches dug under Maria W. Stoop’s direction as well as those dug later, in the 1980’s, under the direction of Silvana Luppino and Dieter Mertens were not deep enough to reveal the post-holes and other remains of the superimposed Buildings V.b-.e, most likely because the gravel layer beneath Building V.d was considered a natural geological phenomenon and not artificial fill, which as we later found out covered the remains of older buildings (structures V.a, V.b and V.c).

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excavations had already revealed the remains of three temples (I, II and III)49 with mudbrick walls placed on stone foundations. The date of the first phase of two of the temples (Temple I.c and III.b) has since been revised to the second half of the 7th century BC.50 Building I, along the northern edge of Timpone della Motta’s top plateau, was preceded by a late-8th-century timber building, as was Building V.c-.e which was discovered more recently in the south-west corner. These two long and narrow timber Buildings I.b and V.c were each erected on top of a demolished apsidal long house (I.a and V.b respectively) dating to ca. 800725BC.51 The investigation by Dr Stoop of the lower strata in the south-west corner of the upper plateau of the Timpone della Motta was greatly hampered by the presence of a small medieval chapel with an apse at each short end, and by its nearby cistern (Fig. 28a). Many of its roof tiles were mixed in with ancient wall stones and pottery fragments,52 clear evidence of all kinds of recent and sub-recent activities on the hill top. In her diary the excavator mentions remains of charcoal-burners’ cabins south of Building III; a corner of them, cutting across the chapel and the precinct base, is drawn in on her plan (Fig. 28a, see also the walls visible on the photos Figs 28b-c).53 Dr Stoop called this confusing south-west corner of her acropolis “Scavi Area Chiesetta”, a label retained by the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 (which following ongoing looting found the area to be far less covered with medieval and other remains but full of holes) by indicating finds from this area with the letters ‘AC’ (followed by a trench number, stratigraphic unit number and object number; e.g. a loom weight labelled AC04.30.lw02 is the second object from stratigraphic unit 30 in Trench 4 of the 1991-2004 Area Chiesetta excavation). The loom weights from Stoop’s “oblique trench” and other important 8th-century BC objects retrieved by her from that trench and from post-holes A and B (Fig. 28a)54 in the Area Chiesetta were the first items later to be associated with an important building in this area. The Groningen University excavations discovered more post holes and finds, especially items related to the textile production that took place in Building V.b. Today the loom weights and spindle whorls excavated during the Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 and rediscovered among the stored objects at “Riserva 2” of the National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide at Sibari only carry a Sibari Museum number beginning with FM (see Catalogue II below). Stoop’s drawing of the “oblique trench” (Fig. 28a) reveals that it ran past the precinct base, the chapel and the charcoal burner’s cabin towards the southern edge of the plateau. Dr Stoop labelled the section of the trench outside and south of the chapel as ‘I’; it did not extend much beyond the chapel’s western apse. We know that this is where the loom weights were found because Stoop added the following symbols to her drawing: 1) rows of drawn-out -s- signs, which presumably mark areas with significant quantities of pot shards; and 2) crossed circles, which we believe mark locations where loom weights were found. Section I of the “oblique trench” contains five such circles, and presumably the loom weights from this area were found there. If this interpretation is correct the weights were found just west of the courtyard of Building V.b (Fig. 63a). In fact, in a later publication Dr Stoop presented four complete, decorated loom weights labelled ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’ (Cat. nos. 46-49) as having been found together, and an additional three weight fragments labelled ‘E-F’, ‘G’ and ‘H’ (Cat. nos. 50-52). Two more weights were apparently found underneath the Chapel floor (Cat. nos. 53-54). We were unable to trace references to the spindle whorls or the other weight fragments (Cat. nos. 55-79)55 discovered among the Stoop finds in the storeroom at Parco del Cavallo (now in “Riserva 2” of the Sibari Museum) in either Stoop’s publications or her Diary. Although proven partially wrong by later excavations, both Zancani Montuoro56 and Stoop repeatedly mention the absence of a chronologically reliable stratigraphy for the Area Chiesetta. Certainly in the case of Stoop’s loom weights and spindle whorls it seems safe to assume that they were stray finds

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Stoop 1983, 16-39; Mertens & Schläger 1981-’82, 143-171. Kleibrink 2006a. 51 The history of archaeological research at Francavilla Marittima has been summarized in De Lachenal 2007, 16-81. 52 Stoop Diary 1963-’69. 53 Kleibrink 2011. 54 Stoop’s post-holes A and B are marked AB and AD respectively on the GIA drawing of the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 (Fig. 63a); compare Kleibrink 2005, Fig. 2. 55 Zancani Montuoro’s statement that Stoop found a cluster of seven loom weights (Zancani Montuoro 1975, 128) and another, No. 8, a short distance from that group has not led to an identification of no. 8. 56 E.g. 1975, 128. 50

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from an area severely disturbed by activities of shepherds and charcoal burners, the soil in Stoop’s “oblique trench” has a disturbed look (Fig. 28d). The four extraordinary loom weights discovered in the 1960s by Maria W. Stoop have the same characteristic shape as the Francavilla Marittima weights unearthed during the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004. They are large and trapezoidal and, with the exception of Stoop’s loom weight ‘D’, almost flat (e.g. loom weight ‘A’ is 3.5cm thick at both top and base). They are also much larger and heavier than those usually encountered elsewhere; the height of weight ‘A’, for example, is 14cm by a weight of 1230g, and the other three ‘Stoop’ loom weights are similar, whereas the ‘normal’ truncated-pyramidal weights are much lighter (ca. 60/80g) and no larger than 4cm. The large ‘Stoop’ weights are decorated with incised grooves into which regularly spaced small holes have been punched with a pointed stick to fix a whitish paste which once filled the grooves. 2.4. Catalogue II: weaving and spinning material found by M. W. Stoop

29b. Loom weight FM64721, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 14cm. For the photo see Fig. 1a; for the drawing Chapter IV, no. 46b.

46a. Large, slightly trapezoidal impasto loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 label ‘A’, FM64721 (Fig. 1a), complete. Dimensions: height 14cm x base width 14cm x top width 12.2cm, thickness 3.5cm throughout. At 2.5/2.6cm below the top is an oval suspension hole measuring 0.5/0.6cm. Burnished to a moderate gloss; brown to a dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 5/4 - 3/1). Weight 1230grams. No wear marks. Obverse side decorated with an incised meanderswastika motif around a reserved centre. Many punch marks are visible inside the grooves. Flat and square with three slightly convex sides and a more convex top. This loom weight is the best example of the type catalogued as A1.1, for further description and typology, cf. Chapter IV, no. 46b and compare Figs 1a, 6a, 7a-b. Publ.: Stoop, GdS 1986, 42; Stoop 1970-’71, 65, pl. 26, A; Zancani Montuoro 1975; Lissi Caronna 1970-’71, 93-98; Mertens-Horn 1992b; Kleibrink 1993, 15a.

47a. and Chapter III, no. 47b. Large impasto trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 label ‘B’, FM64720. Complete but broken, several chips are missing and there is substantial damage along the front top edge. Dimensions: height 13.2cm, width at base 12.6cm, thickness at base 4.2cm, thickness at top 3.2cm, width at top 11.6cm. Burnished to a moderate gloss. Colour: brown to very dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 5/4 to 3/1). Preserved weight 1026g, estimated original weight 1030g. Small, roundish suspension hole, diameter 0.8cm. The hole is off-centre in that it is nearer to the front, and placed ca. 2.4 to 2cm below the top. Obverse side decorated with a complex pattern in which two lines run down both right and left of the reserved quadrangle in the centre and

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three run down on the lower and upper sides. See for this B3 type Chapter IV. Incised with smooth, straight grooves to which only a few punch marks were added. Publ.: Stoop 1970-’71, Pl. 26 (weight B); Kleibrink 1993, 15b.

30a-b. Loom weight FM64720, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 13.2cm. For the drawing Chapter IV, no. 47b.

48a. Almost flat, trapezoidal impasto loom weight, Stoop label ‘C’, FM64727. Large central fragment missing. Dimensions: height 13.2cm, width at base 12.2cm, thickness at base 5.3cm, thickness at top 4cm, width at top 10.2cm, width at base 10.7cm. Preserved weight 1076g, estimated original weight 1200g. Well-burnished impasto fired brown to a very dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 5/3 to 3/1). Elongated oval, horizontal suspension hole, 0.9 to 1.3 cm in diameter, off-centre but closer to the front, ca. 2.2cm below the top. Obverse side showing a Type-B2 decoration – see Chapter IV - of meander hooks executed in straight, incised grooves containing many tiny punch marks (cf. Chapter IV, no. 48b). From their point of origin two grooves run down each side of the centre while the hooks rotate around a reserved trapezoidal central area. In the centre a four-legged animal, probably a horse, similar to animals incised on other loom weights from the Timpone della Motta. The animal figure is 3.3cm high from the ‘hooves’ to the top of the head. Stoop 1970-’71, 65, Pl. 26, no. C; Kleibrink 1993, 15c.

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31a-b. Loom weight FM64727, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 13.2cm. The drawing is published in Chapter IV, no. 48b.

32a-b. Loom weight FM64726, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 11.4cm. The drawing is shown in Chapter IV, under no. 49b.

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49a. Trapezoidal impasto loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 label ‘D’, FM64726, lower right and upper left corners and several fragments missing. Broad base. Height 12.9cm, preserved base width 11.4cm, thickness at base 7.2cm, thickness at top 3.3cm, width at top 8cm. Expanding for 1.5cm from top to base. Preserved weight 1043g, estimated original weight ca. 1200g. Well-burnished impasto, fired brown to a very dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 5/3 to 3/1). A relatively small, round horizontal suspension hole (diam. 0.8cm) ca. 3cm below the top in each side is centred between front and back. Obverse side decorated with Type-B1 decoration (cf. Chapter IV, no. 49b) with incised meander hooks with punch marks. From their points of origin along the sides the hooks rotate around a reserved trapezoidal central area. Depicted in Zancani Montuoro 1975, Pl. III, D and there mentioned as an example of sloppy Oenotrian workmanship from a time when the labyrinth motif was no longer understood Publ.: Stoop 1970-’71, 65, Pl. 26, D; Kleibrink 1993, 15d.

50a. Corner of a trapezoidal loom weight decorated on the front with a labyrinth pattern and on the back with diagonal lines. Preserved dimensions: height 7cm, width 9.5cm, thickness 3.8cm. Weight 122g. Not found. Ref.: Stoop 1970-’71, 66, Pl. 26, fragment E/F. 33. Loom weight no. E/F, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, preserved height 7cm (after Stoop 1970-’71, pl. 26).

51a. Top fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 label ‘G’. Decorated around a reserved rectangular centre with inscribed rectangles, no punch marks. A remnant of a large horizontal suspension hole, 1.2x1.1cm, is placed off-centre and nearer to the front, at 1.8cm below the top. A reddish brown in colour (Munsell 5YR 5/3), burnished impasto. Preserved dimensions: 8.1cm x 9cm, width at top 7.8cm, thickness at top 3.1. Preserved weight 306g. Because the lower part of the weight has not been preserved it is unclear what type of decoration was applied. Publ.: Stoop 1970-’71, 66, Pl. 26, G. 34a-b. Loom weight no. G, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, preserved height 8.1cm.

52a.1. Lower left corner of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, fragment ‘H’; in the left side a remnant of a horizontal suspension hole. Burnished impasto clay, fired to a brown colour. Preserved dimensions: height 9.3cm, width 5.6cm, thickness 3.7cm. Preserved weight 275g. Decorated with a frame of short meander hooks around a reserved area and long arms with meandering corners. Compare also the next fragment which perhaps is part of the same weight. Carefully executed. The loom weight is of the A2.1 type, compare Chapter IV, no. 52b. Publ.: Stoop 1970-’71, 66, Pl. 26, ‘H’.

36a-b. Loom weight H1, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, preserved height 9.3cm. For a drawing of the decoration compare Chapter IV, no. 52b.

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52a.2. Corner of a trapezoidal loom weight Found in the storeroom at Parco del Cavallo, Sibari; labelled Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, fragment No. 1, unpublished. Decorated with a finely executed meander pattern around a reserved centre. Burnished impasto clay, fired to a brown colour. Preserved dimensions: height 6.3 to 6.4cm, thickness 4.2cm. Preserved weight 239g. Possibly a fragment of the same loom weight as published in AMSMG 1970-’71, Pl.26, under letter ‘H’, because, like the previous fragment, the decoration consists of a frame with short hooks around a reserved central area. This is surrounded by a pattern of long straight arms with meandering corners. The loom weight is thus of the A2.1 type, compare Chapter IV, no. 52a.2. Publ.: the fragment is perhaps mentioned with the previous one: cf. Stoop 1970-’71, 66 Note 67. 36a-b. Loom weight Stoop spor.1, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, preserved height 6.3cm. For a drawing of the decoration compare Chapter IV, no. 52b.

53a. Trapezoidal impasto loom weight, FM64719, complete but for a section of the lower right corner. The weight probably came from Stoop’s ‘Area Chiesetta’ as the previous ones but not from the same cluster. Possibly it is the weight found beneath the corner of the chapel, compare Fig. 22a. Dimensions as recorded by Stoop: height 10.5cm x width at base 9.1cm, width at top 7.6cm. The loom weight may be classified as of Type B3, compare Chapter IV, no. 53b. Ref.: Stoop, Giornale di Scavo 1967, 65; Stoop 1970-’71, note 69; Stoop 1987, 23; Kleibrink 1993, Pl. 15, A24. 37a. Loom weight FM64719, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 10.5cm. A drawing of the decoration is published in Chapter IV, under no. 53b.

54. Truncated pyramidal impasto loom weight, FM64728, complete. Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, from beneath the floor of the medieval chapel (compare Fig. 8b-c). Measurements: 4.7 x 4.7 x 3.9cm. Ref: Stoop, Giornale di Scavo 1967, 13; Kleibrink 1993, 24, no. 61. 38. Loom weight FM64728, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 4.7cm.

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39. Loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, Stoop 4, preserved height 6cm.

40a-b. Loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, Stoop 3, preserved height 6.8cm. 44444444444

41a-b. Loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, Stoop 2, preserved height 4.7cm.

55. Corner, probably lower left or right hand corner, of a trapezoidal loom weight encountered in the storeroom, labelled Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, fragment No. 4. Decorated with a deeply incised pattern with 6 hooks, no punch marks. Well-burnished red impasto. Preserved dimensions: 6cm x 5.5cm, original thickness 2.7cm. Preserved weight 112g. Because the larger part is missing the type of decoration is not clear.

56a. Fragment of the decorated face of a trapezoidal loom weight, encountered in the storeroom, labelled Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, no. 3; front section in part secondarily burnt. Decorated with an incised complicated pattern around a reserved centre. Preserved dimensions 6.8 x 7.6cm, preserved thickness 2.5cm. Preserved weight 133g. The weight must have belonged to a complicated design grouped under type F (compare Chapter IV), which are unfortunately all, like this specimen, too much damaged to reconstruct.

57. Fragment of the decorated face of a trapezoidal loom weight, encountered in the storeroom, labelled Scavi Stoop1963-’69, no. 2. A remnant of a horizontal suspension hole has been preserved, ca. 1.1cm in diameter. The fragment has not been cleaned. Decorated with an incised meander pattern around a reserved rectangular centre. Burnished impasto. Preserved dimensions 4.7cm x 7.2cm, preserved thickness 3.5cm. Preserved weight 147g. Because the decoration of this loom weight is not near a corner but seems to be more or less in the middle of the weight the specimen presumably belongs to the C-types (compare Chapter IV), which often have a decoration in the centre. This weight has a vertical ridge which may have framed a decoration.

58. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM65541. Complete. Dimensions: height 6.7cm, base 6 x 5.9cm, top 3.2 x 3.8cm, a suspension hole of 0.7cm at 1.5cm below the top. Weight 251g. Refined clay fired a reddish yellow colour (Munsell 7.5YR 6.6). The top is decorated with a lozenge motif while all four sides carry ‘trees’. Found by the GIA team in “Riserva 2”, National

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Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari, among objects from the Scavi Stoop. The ‘trees’ or floral elements incised in this loom weight have painted equivalents on Oenotrian matt-painted pottery, where the motif in one case is combined with a bird (cf. Chapter I, Fig. 12b.2). The motif is also incised in a loom weight from Amendolara (compare this book Chapter I, Fig. 11a). 42a-b. Loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM65541, height 6.7cm.

59. FM64694. Showcase National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Conical weight. Weight 27g.

60. Pyramidal loom weight, complete; FM64723, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, from the fill south of Buildings I or the South Fill at Buildings V. Completely burnished impasto. Decorated on all four sides with an incised band following the outer contours and filled inside with small oblique lines protruding from both sides. In each reserved centre a small motif: a cross in a square, and a cross in what looks like a quatrefoil motif. Vertically pierced. Signs of wear along the sides and at the top. Dimensions: base 4.8cm x 4.5cm, height 3.9cm. Preserved weight 67g. For comparable loom weights from Building V.b cf. Chapter VI. Ref. Kleibrink 1993, Pl. 17.

43a-b. Loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64723, height 3.9cm.

44. Small finger-shaped weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64710, height 3.5cm.

Spindle whorls

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61. Small pinched, finger-shaped weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64710. Pinched upper section with horizontal hole; height 3.5cm, weight 35g. The weight belongs to the types of small weights of refined clay associated with the Building V.b of the Timpone della Motta (see this book Chapter VIII).

45. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64743, height 2.7.

46. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64736, height 2.2cm.

47. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64740, height 2.1cm.

48. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64747, height 2.9cm.

62. Round spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64743, decorated with eleven grooves running from one hole to the other. Medium-refined clay; complete. Dimensions: diameter 2.6cm, height 2.7cm; diameter hole 0.5cm; slightly worn. Weight 19g. Probable provenance Building I, eastern lower fill. Type C in Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a, further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, 59-61. Ref.: Stoop GdS 1968, 5; Kleibrink 1993, no. 89, Pl. 17.

63. Compressed globular to biconical spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64736, plain. Medium-refined clay, complete. Dimensions: diameter 3.3cm, height 2.2cm; diameter hole 0.6cm, slightly worn. Weight 22g. Type B2, Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos. 29-43.

64. Round, biconical spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64740, complete, decorated with many short grooves over the widest section. Medium-refined clay, top section secondarily burnt. Dimensions: diameter 3.4cm, height 2.1cm; diameter hole 0.8cm and worn to a slightly oval shape. Weight 23g. Slight wear around the bore ends. Variation of Type B2, Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos. 29-43. Ref.: Kleibrink 1993, Fig. 17.

65. Round, biconical spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64747, complete, the upper part decorated with many grooves radiating from the centre. Mediumrefined clay. Dimensions: diameter 3.4cm, height 2.9cm; diameter hole 1.0cm, slightly worn. Weight 34g. Variation of type B1, Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos. 17-28. Ref.: Kleibrink 1993, Fig. 17.

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66. Conical spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64744, complete, concave at the top. Medium-refined clay. Dimensions: diameter 2.8, height 1.9cm; diameter hole 0.8cm, slightly worn. Weight 13g. Type A2, Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos 3-8. Ref.: Kleibrink 1993, Fig. 17. 49. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64744, height 1.9cm.

67. Rounded biconical, hexagonal spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64739, complete. Refined clay. Dimensions: diameter 3.0, height 2.2cm; diameter hole 1.1cm, much worn. Weight 23g. Type D Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos. 54-72.

50. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64739, height 2.2cm.

68. Pentagonal, biconical spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64745. Incomplete; perhaps secondarily burnt. Dimensions: diameter 2.8cm, height 2.0cm; diameter hole 0.6cm with wear marks. Weight 12g. Type E, Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos 73-178.

51. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop

1963-’69, FM64745, height 1.9cm.

52. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64742, height 2.3cm.

69. Round, slightly biconical spindle whorl, FM64742, complete, upper part decorated with hatched segments. Impasto. Dimensions: diameter 2.7cm, height 2.3cm; diameter hole 0.5cm, worn. Weight 19g. Type B1, Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15a. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos 16-26. Ref.: Kleibrink 1993, Fig. 17.

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70. Pentagonal spindle whorl, plain. FM64737. Damaged at one of the corners. Dimensions: diameter 3.7cm, height 2.4cm. Weight 25g. Type E. Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 15A. Further parallels Kleibrink 2016b, nos 73-178. 53. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64737, height 1.9cm.

71. Pentagonal, star-shaped, biconical spindle whorl, FM647446. Impasto. Dimensions: diameter 3.5cm, height 2.1cm, weight 15g. Type F, see Kleibrink 201b6, Fig. 15A. Chapter V, nos 179-240. Ref.: Kleibrink 1993, Fig. 17. 54. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64737, height 2.1cm.

72. Pentagonal, star-shaped, biconical spindle whorl, FM647438. Impasto. Dimensions: diameter 3.8cm, height 2.5cm, weight 25g. Worn around the bore ends. For the type see previous specimen.

55. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64738, height 2.5cm.

56. Spindle whorl, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, height 1.5cm.

73. Scavi Stoop 1963-’69. Steatite, truncated-conical spindle whorl. Height 1.5cm. For this type A3 Kleibrink 2016b, Fig 15A. Similar Kleibrink 2016b, nos 9-11. Ref.: Stoop 1974-’76, Pl.. 71, No 4a ‘grano di collana.’

Another batch of loom weights encountered in the storeroom at Parco del Cavallo, Sibari and carrying a Stoop label consists of very badly fired round weights, drawings of which are presented here. During a revisit to the storeroom the next year these specimens could not be found again.

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74. Lenticular loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64592, a small vertical suspension hole through the upper part. Poorly fired impasto. For the type Gleba 2008, Fig. 93, H. 57. Loom weight FM64592, Scavi Stoop

1963-’69.

58. Loom weight FM64588, Scavi Stoop

75. Compressed globular/lenticular loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64588, a small vertical suspension hole through the upper part. Poorly fired impasto. Lower part missing. For the type see no. 74.

1963-’69.

59. Loom weight FM64589, Scavi Stoop

76. Compressed globular/lenticular loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64589, a small vertical suspension hole through the upper part. Poorly fired impasto. Could not be traced during a revisit. For the type see no. 74.

1963-’69.

60. Loom weight FM64590, Scavi Stoop

1963-’69.

61. Loom weight FM64593, Scavi Stoop

1963-’69.

62. Loom weight FM64591, Scavi Stoop

1963-’69.

77. Compressed globular/lenticular loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM84590, a small vertical suspension hole through the upper part. Poorly fired impasto. Could not be traced during a revisit. For the type see no. 74.

78. Compressed globular/lenticular loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM84593, a small vertical suspension hole through the upper part. Poorly fired impasto. Could not be traced during a revisit. For the type see no. 74.

79. Compressed globular/lenticular loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, FM64591, a small vertical suspension hole through the upper part. Poorly fired impasto. Could not be traced during a revisit. For the type see no. 74.

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63a. ‘Area Chiesetta’, excavation plan of the southwest part of the summit of the Timpone della Motta (Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004) with rows of post holes of the various buildings. The area south of the remains of the Byzantine Chapel was excavated in trenches of 1 x 1m; the one to the east in 4 x 4m trenches (preliminary1 drawing M. Kleibrink).

63b. Southwest part of the top of the Timpone della Motta at bedrock level after the Scavi Kleibrink 19912004. The green posts are in post holes attributed to Building V.a, the blue ones are in post holes attributed to Building V.b and the orange ones in post holes attributed to Building V.c.

1 In this drawing the post holes of the apsidal area are about in the right places, however, they have to be integrated anew in the excavation plan 2003-’4. That plan has not been effectuated because adequate instruments and draughtsmen were not available.

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CHAPTER III CONTEXT OF THE LARGE TRAPEZOIDAL, DECORATED LOOM WEIGHTS 3.1. Introduction In the lower stratigraphic units of the trenches dug in the Area Chiesetta, the southwest part of the level summit of the Timpone della Motta (indicated on the pottery fragments and other finds as AC) heavy decorated loom weights were encountered. The loom weights occurred mainly in trenches AC02 and AC04 excavated in 1995/’96, less in the main north-south baulk of the excavation to the west of those trenches (1998) and further in trenches AC15 (1998), AC18 (2000) and AC18A (2002) to the south of trenches AC02-AC04 (Fig. 63a), while fragments of other specimens were found dispersed, mainly in disturbed stratigraphic units. In this chapter first a short overview of the various successive construction phases of the ‘Buildings V-complex’ will be presented (Section 3.2); next the find circumstances of the loom weights and associated objects in trenches AC02- AC04 and the baulk west of these are discussed (Section 3.3), followed by catalogues of the main finds from these areas: Catalogues III and IV). The stratigraphic units (in the texts SU) with loom weights of trenches AC15, AC18 and AC18A are discussed and illustrated in Section 3.4, followed by a catalogue of objects from these contexts (Catalogue V). 3.2. Short remarks on the successive Buildings V In the following a closer look at the various construction phases of the ‘Buildings-V complex’ is offered, because these may help to explain the seriation of the loom weights. As already stated in Chapter I, Building V.b - the Weaving House in the terminology of Groningen University’s excavation team - must have been a large, presumably apsidal, timber structure erected in the southwest part of the summit of the Timpone della Motta, Francavilla Marittima (Figs 63a and 63b, blue posts). An earlier, probably horseshoeshaped, dwelling (V.a) dating from the late Middle Bronze Age had preceded this structure (Fig. 63a and 63b green posts).2 Post holes of another building (Building I.a, probably contemporary with Building V.b), were extant opposite Complex V, on the northwest part of the summit’s level area and more to the east other contemporary structures must once have been present.3 3.2.1. Building V.b (first threequarters of the 8th century BC) As stated in Chapter I, the apsidal Building V.b (Figs 63a and 63b, blue posts) dating to the first three quarters of the 8th century BC, seems to combine two important Mediterranean cult traditions: the apsidal Greek residences attributed to rulers which had also cultic functions4 and the timber buildings at Broglio’ di Trebisacce5 and Roca Vecchia of the Later Bronze Age6 and successive structures on those sites.7 The current, unfortunately still limited, knowledge on Italic, proto-urban settlement makes it difficult to precisely define the function of the buildings on the Timpone della Motta. In order to encourage further interpretation the excavation results associated with the loom weight strip are presented as complete as possible. 2

Kleibrink 2006a, 138, 140-144. Kleibrink 2006a, 164-171, Fig. 50. 4 Greek apsidal buildings from the Protogeometric and Geometric period are many, e.g. Antissa, building III A; Asine, building C; Assiros, Toumba; Koukounaries, building A; Lefkandi, Toumba building; Mitrou, building A; Nichoria, III-1, IV-1b and curved wall H; Poseidi, building ΣT; Tiryns, curved wall B; Tarsos, building U2; Thermon, megaron A; Thessaloniki, Toumba (see Mazarakis Ainian 1989; 1997; 2001, 139-161; 2007; 2012, 73-99 (with further references). Further the new buildings on the Peloponesos: cf. Kolia, 2011, 201-246 and at Mitrou cf. Van de Moortel & Zahou 2003-04; 2011. 5 Peroni & Trucco 1994. 6 E.g. Malorgio & Maggiulli 2011, 123–156; Maggiulli & Malorgio 2012, 88-99; Guglielmino & Pagliara 2012, 65-72. 7 Chapter I, Note 10. 3

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The platform altar in the highest part of the complex in combination with the large amounts of ash, animal bones, cooking stand fragments, pithoi and other pottery fragments may be interpreted as proof of ritual activities involving considerable quantities of meat and so of offering and feasting.8 The presence of an altar makes it likely that these large scale feasts did not serve solely to establish aristocratic power but also to provide links to a (protective?) divinity. That the precolonial timber buildings on the summit of the Timpone della Motta will have been erected by an elite of the Oenotrian population may be concluded from the fact that many finds associated with these buildings can be compared to grave-gifts in the Oenotrian, female aristocratic burials at Macchiabate.9 Considering the function of the buildings there is the choice between a ruler’s dwelling, which scholars like for instance Alexander Mazarakis Ainan10 and Massimo Osanna11 prefer in the cases of respectively apsidal buildings in Greece and at Satriano di Lucania or a public function postulated for the Hut-Building at Roca Vecchia by its excavators.12 Apart from this problem, which involves all kinds of interpretative nuances of the finds related to the structures, there is the degree of ritual and/or cultic functionality to consider. For Building V.b a cultic function is ascertained by a platform-altar in a room or (more likely) courtyard added to the west end of the structure (Fig. 63a) and furthermore by a thin ash layer found on and around it, while huge amounts of more ash were found in three secondary positions. The first concerns a large amount of pure ash, piled up south of the southernmost row of post holes of the western part of the ‘Buildings-V complex’, excavated in 1995 (MS2), in 1998 (AC06), and in 2000 (AC19-20); mixed in are bones of embryonic/just born, young and adult domestic animals13 and pottery fragments, both mostly unburnt. A second deposit of ash - this, however, not pure but mixed with soil was dumped also south of the southernmost post holes but more to the east at the level of the cooking area of trenches AC2 and AC4 and a third layer of ash was found dispersed over the area of the demolished Temple V.d and its surroundings (and deposited at the time of the construction of Temple V.e), containing among pottery fragments again a relatively high percentage of embryonic/just born and young domestic animals.14 The view that Building V.b fulfilled a special ritual function is also strengthened by the fact that in the successive periods new structures with similar, cultic functions were erected on the very same spot: Temples V.c, V.d and V.e. Associated with all structures of this ‘Buildings-

8

As e.g. defined by Dietler 1999, 135-152. See e.g. Chapter II; the graves are published in Zancani Montuoro 1970-’71, 1974-’76, 1980-’82, 1983-’84; and by the team of excavators from Basel: Guggisberg et al. on line https://www.unibas.ch/.../Ausgrabungen-in-Francavilla-Marittima 10 See Note 4 above. 11 Osanna 2014 with references to earlier publications. 12 See Note 6 above. 13 Elevelt 2012. Bones mixed with pure ash e.g. Table 6 below. 14 Elevelt 2012, 196-197, and Tables 1-5 below. Ritual feasting is a subject that recently received welcome attention: e.g. Hayden 2014; Dietler & Hayden 2010; 2015; On Mediterranean offering practice e.g. Van Straten 1995; Georgoudi et al. 2005 with further references. 9

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64. All objects, except 64f, are in the National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. 64a. Red impasto jar, AC17.19B.ij19, h. 16cm. 64b. AC17.19B.ij22, impasto jar, h. 14.4cm.

64c. Red impasto goblet, AC17.19B.im195, h. with handle 13.5cm. 64d. AC17.19B.ij98, impasto goblet (boccale ) rim diameter 10cm.

64e. Refined clay foot –presumably of a krater - decorated in Cesnolapainter style. 64f. Decoration on a krater from the apsidal Mazzola house (after Coldstream 1998). 64g. AC17.19B.gw01, neck to shoulder fragment of a grey-ware conicalnecked vessel.

24h. Bronze serpent-shaped fibula, AC17.19B.bb04, 7.2cm. 64i. Dipper cup (attingitoio) of red impasto AC17.19B.irc02, h. 6.3cm. 64j. Miniature impasto goblet, Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, h. 3.8cm.

V complex’ (c. 800-500 BC) large amounts of ritual pottery and - from V.d onwards - terracotta pinakes and frieze plaques15 have come to light.16 As already remarked, a noteworthy element in the case of Building V.b is the fact that the metal objects and pottery found in its stratigraphic units (cf. Catalogue III below) seem to be exclusively of the kind found in the graves of aristocratic women in the Macchiabate necropolis.17 Also, finds of objects used in 15

Cf. Kleibrink 2016a. Many of the objects discussed here were illegally excavated on the Timpone della Motta in the 1970s and 1980s (or in some cases already before the 1960s), and sold to dealers in Italy and Switzerland, whence they eventually ended up in museums and private collections (e.g. the Getty Museum, the Ny Carlsberg Museum in Copenhagen and the Institute for Classical Archaeology in Bern). For the dealers and unfortunate itinerary of the objects compare Paoletti 2014 and the sources there mentioned. Professor Hans Jucker from the institute in Bern himself acquired objects and also advised other collectors and museums (oral communication by one of Jucker’s contemporary colleagues). He published (Jucker 1982) a terracotta pinax with an enthroned Athena and a pyxis now known as the one by the Francavilla Marittima painter (Martelli 2012), giving a false provenance for the objects by stating that they derived from a hill near Metaponto (later placed near Policoro), both in Basilicata (actually describing the situation of the Timpone della Motta quite well, but of course it was the wrong site). This has been a source of much confusion in subsequent attempts to localise the material and it has delayed the recognition of the importance of the site of Francavilla Marittima and initially led to disbelief when the present author began to study the looted material. However, because many recently excavated fragments from the buildings of the Timpone della Motta could be fitted to illegally traded objects, it could be made clear that, in fact, all of these looted items originally came from here. The ‘confession’ of a curator from the Getty Museum that the finds in that collection indeed came from Francavilla and that they were mar ked FM (Papadopoulos 2003, note 11) confirmed this suspicion. After Mertens-Horn (Mertens Horn 1992a) and the present author (Kleibrink 1993) made the thefts public, thanks to the cooperation of a number of archaeologists and politicians, the material from Francavilla in the former BernGetty collections was returned to Italy and is since 2001 housed in the National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide at Sibari. In the meantime three of the planned publications on the returned material have appeared: Papadopoulos 2003; Van der Wielen van Ommeren - De Lachenal 2007; Van der Wielen van Ommeren - De Lachenal 2008. 17 Besides e.g. bronze fibulae, spiral pendants, fragments of ear-rings and braid-fasteners (cf. Kleibrink 2006a, 2011a with references). See also Pace & Verger 2012, 12-13. Furthermore, the graves as well as Building V.b rendered a number of bronze pendants of an anthropomorphic, divine couple, presumably of a goddess and her hero. These amulets are influenced by 16

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textile production are in this area very abundant in comparison to the other areas excavated on the Timpone della Motta, which may be the result of the presence in this Building V.b of almost exclusively women and which – with the altar in the courtyard - most likely is associated with the veneration of a goddess.18 In view of the fact that from the last quarter of the 8th century BC onwards iconographical evidence associated with Building V.c (see below) shows that one of its functions will have been to serve coming-out/coming-of-age rituals for pre-nuptial girls and boys and in view of the textile production in a building with an altar it seems likely that Building V.b functioned among other things as a temporary domicile for girls/young women in order to learn to weave patterned textiles. The relevant stratigraphic units of the Weaving House contained other than pottery fragments and the loom weights published in this book also more than 300 spindle whorls,19 an indication that the yarn used on the looms must have been spun in the Weaving House itself or at least nearby. The area of the Timpone della Motta is small (circa 2ha) and not easily reached, in other words it is not at all a logical place to set up a loom or spend days on end spinning. The archaeological situation leaves an impression of deliberate seclusion: perhaps young women, prior to their marriage, were kept apart and instructed in special spinning, pattern-weaving and other important skills and practices that befitted married women. Another model to interpret the archaeological data would be a domicile of priestesses, who, like the Vestals in Rome would be responsible for the altar and other sacred tasks.20 Of course these are only hypotheses, based also on the fact that the stratigraphic units of V.b totally lack implements similar to the ones found in the male graves at Macchiabate. Another argument may be gained from the ash and animal bones in combination with the cookery equipment, which we interpret as evidence of feasts, because the presence of young women in Buildings V.b and its successor V.c. would see to the work force necessary for the preparation and serving of large quantities of food. 3.2.2. Building V.c (725-650 BC) Building V.c (Fig. 23a, Fig. 23b orange posts) was built exactly on the same spot as Building V.b, using some of the post holes of the older building after it had been taken down.21 From 7th –century BC potsherds and objects mixed in with the ash deposits it is evident that the previous ritual activities and festivities must have continued to function. The composition of the animal-bone remains also point to continuity of the same practices over a long period.22 Because the rows of post holes indicate a structure with a rectangular plan, the altar may now have been incorporated in the building or have ceased to function. On the eastside of the rectangular room Building V.c had a porch resting on a row of small posts (like the contemporary Building III.a), 23 while in the west a back room was added. The complicated stratigraphy caused by the various construction phases demonstrates that the contents of V.c were leveled and for the larger part removed prior to the construction of Building V.d. In combination with the robberies of the 1950 and ’70 this left not much of the contents of V.c in situ. Its rectangular plan, however, is clear from the many deep and fairly regularly dug post holes, which held the Levantine, Cypriote and/or Cretan imagery and demonstrate that the 8th-c. BC Oenotrians living at Francavilla Marittima cherished magical-religious concepts connected with heterosexual coupling/marriage (Kleibrink & Weistra 2013; Kleibrink 2016a). Other images, painted and in terracotta, depict a goddess with uplifted arms, cf. Fig. 14c above (Kleibrink 2016a). 18 Kleibrink & Weistra 2013; Kleibrink 2016a. 19 Published in the 5th BAR volume on the Francavilla Marittima excavations: Kleibrink 2016b. In relation to weaving the preparation of raw wool and spinning are activities that consume much more time; in urban societies it is left to young girls and slaves (Håland 2006). 20 Beard, North & Price 2012. 21 Nowhere any baked elements of pisée walls or of mud bricks have surfaced on the west end of the top plateau of the Timpone della Motta demonstrating that the buildings were not destructed by fire. The melted bronze objects attributed by Maria W. Stoop (Stoop 1983, 29; 1985, 7; 1987, 21, 31) to a destruction by fire must be attributed, together with large amounts of bronze scrap, to a 6th century BC bronze workshop associated with Building V.e (examination by Dr. A.J. Nijboer). 22 Elevelt 2012. 23 Kleibrink 2005.

72

thick (circa 50cm in diameter) wall post of a monumental timber building (Fig. 63a). The bases of large fixed cooking stoves (see AC04.13, Figs 72a-b) in the same area as the cooking stands of Building V.b makes one suppose that Building V.c may have had a function similar to Building V.b. A helpful situation was encountered in Trench AC17, where on top of post holes of the apse of Building V.b Stratigraphic Unit AC17.19B contained pottery and objects associated with Building V.c. A refined-clay stand of a large vessel (presumably a krater or a large pyxis-krater) decorated in Cesnola-style was present among a number of almost completely preserved pots of brown and impasto rosso clays, grey ware, a bronze serpentine fibula and bronze rings (Figs 64a-i).24 The decoration of the stand has a parallel in a large krater found in the apsidal building of the Mazzola site at Pithekoussai (identified as an import from Euboea, Fig. 64f) and a similar sherd from a large amphora (also from Pithekoussai but a stray find), published by Coldstream.25 A tall krater decorated in Euboean style and locally produced was recently found at Macchiabate necropolis in the so-called Tomba De Leo 1, it is associated with a large bronze cauldron and a smaller bronze omphalos bowl. These vessels, testimony to dining and drinking ceremonies known from the Eastern Mediterranean, demonstrate that contact between the local Oenotrian elite and aristocratic families from that area must have been intense.26 The tomb, disturbed before excavation, contained an iron axe and a serpentine fibula indicating that the deceased was male. The horse-decorated foot from AC17.19A may have belonged to a vessel of the De Leo tomb type, which symbolize dining and wine-drinking habits of male aristocrats. Stratigraphic Unit AC17.19 was in part disturbed and next to a large ‘clandestini’ pit, a reason to separate the undisturbed part (AC17.19b) from the rest (AC17.19). Sherd AC17.19.10 is an interesting fragment of a matt-painted pyxis-krater lid decorated with a dancing couple (Fig. 65a). This lid must, because of its style and iconography, have belonged to a pyxis-krater known as the Ticino vessel (Figs 65b-d).27 Its decoration shows a girl who with her left hand offers a mug - evidently just filled from a jug in her right hand - to an enthroned woman. The girl is in front of two other girls and a line of boys, the latter dancing and the first standing with raised arms (Fig. 65b-d). The seated woman, who may be identified as a goddess because of the raised arms of the girls and boys, reaches out for the mug. Unfortunately, the painting of the A-side of the Ticino vessel is much less defined in the case of the type of jug in the hands of the girl on the lid and on the vessel and can be interpreted as either a hydria or an oinochoe. A hydria is, however, the more likely choice, because thousands of hydriskai fragments and hundreds of complete specimens have come to light in this ancient sanctuary. The context suggests that the liquid involved may have been water; the fact that it is served and carried by girls instead of boys would point to this.28 As a result we are able to suggest that the Ticino pyxis-krater together with other

24

Cf. Jacobsen e.a. 2009, 212-’13 with references; on the style Kourou 1998, 167-177 with references. Coldstream 1998, 309, Fig. 4; the correspondence between the Cesnola-type fragments from the area north of the Apollon Daphnéphoros sanctuary in Eretria (Huber 2003 pl. 71, nos. H93-H98) and the Timpone della Motta stand is also noteworthy; Francesca Mermati (Mermati 2012, 196ss) discusses the vessels decorated in this style paying special attention to the curious motifs placed on the ground between the legs of the horses, which do not find an easy explanation. Coldstream (Coldstream 1981, 244-45) explained the Cesnola-style horses as referring to ‘real time’ horse raising and dressage (see also Lubtchansky 2005), which would make the objects painted between their legs part of their daily environment. 26 Guggisberg et al. 2015. 27 Which must have been part of the objects looted from the Timpone della Motta, cf. Note 16 above. The name became attached to the vessel because in Hans Jucker’s time it was in the possession of a dentist from that Swiss region. The measurements of the lid would fit the vessel. The vessel has been attributed to the Francavilla Marittima painter by Marina Martelli (Martelli 2012); his oeuvre comprises a similar krater with dancing youths, now in Basel (CVA Basel I, no. 8) and a krater in Toledo (USA): CVA Toledo II, pl. 66. The birds (courting?) on the latter krater are a well-known subject on Euboean-style vessels from several stratigraphic units of the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta: cf. Jacobsen 2007. 28 In ancient Greece women and water were strongly associated, especially during the passage of life’s important moments, and gathering water was seen as a woman's task: Ginouvès 1962; Håland s.d. ; with respect to the cultic importance of water in Oenotria sources are available from the 7th c. BC onwards. 25

73

65a. Lid of a large vessel AC17.19.gs10, executed in bichrome matt-paint. 65b. Side A of a pyxis-krater – the so-called Ticino vessel, attributed to the Francavilla Marittima painter - Late Geometric (Kleibrink 1993).

65c, d. Sides A and B of the ‘Ticino’ pyxis-krater.

vessels by the Francavilla Marittima painter may have been containers of a liquid used in rituals, presumably water.29 The iconographical association of a goddess with dancing adolescents and water - in combination with the archaeological context - offers us in all likelihood a rare insight into a special marriage ritual performed on the Timpone della Motta. The iconography and the types of the vessels dedicated in the sanctuary after the ritual, suggest that marriage assemblages contained a krater-type vessel as symbol of male elite role as well as a pyxis-krater symbolising female elite role. Several other deposits related to Building V.c (e.g. stratigraphic units AC16A.29; AC21.03 and 10; AC22A.11, 15;30 AC23.08 and AC24.03-0531) although situated on the outside of it, were relatively well preserved, because covered by remains of a pebble pavement and by foundation blocks of a wall, presumably a temenos wall, both associated with Temple V.d (see below). In these areas large fragments of impasto and coarse ware pottery (mostly dolia, Figs 66a-b)32 mixed with stones were spread out in order to level the uneven parts of the bedrock. This fill of older pottery (belonging to either V.b or V.c or both), protected V.c deposits, which - together with a number of objects in the post holes33 of Building V.c indicate a date between 730/’25-650 BC for this rectangular structure. The above mentioned V.c deposit AC22A.11, 15 for instance,34 contained refined-clay pottery decorated in various Oenotrian styles in fashion during the last part of the 8th and the first decades of the 7th c. BC in combination with a Late Geometric/Early Proto Corinthian pyxis35 and a kyatos fragment.36 Together with the above pots an 29 In Greece the lebetes gamikoi (marriage vessels) of the classical period were tall lidded pots; earlier prototypes may have existed. Susan Langdon attributes a similar function to the famous lebes with the abduction scene from the British Museum and discusses the phenomenon extensively (Langdon 2008, 31). In all likelyhood, the tall standed vessel and the small painted mug from burial Strada 2, identified as the tomb of a woman because of the hundreds of small bronze buttons near her cranium - (cf. Guggisberg et al. 2012b, fig. 4b) may then perhaps be interpreted as a ‘marriage set’ for women. 30 In part published in Kleibrink 2006b, 2006c and see Kleibrink 2016a. 31 These stratigraphic units are all just south of Building V.c. 32 The dolia are of types labeled 3, 4 and 5 in Capriglione et al. 2012 and, because of the associated material may be attributed to Building V.b and V.c. 33 Post-hole objects: Kleibrink 2005, 763. 34 See Note 30. 35 Kleibrink 2006b.

74

amount of impasto fragments was also numbered AC22A.11/15; however, it is not always clear whether these sherds belong to the secondary stratum of dolia fragments or to the V.c deposit itself.

3.2.3. Building V.d (650/40-600 BC)

66a. Rim fragments AC16A.29.dol250 of a globular, coarse ware dolium, rim diameter 54cm (drawing by Stefan Elevelt).

66b. Base fragments AC23.06.dol01 of an ovoid, coarse ware dolium, diam. base 20cm (drawing by Stefan Elevelt).

Building V.d was the first structure erected with wall foundations of local conglomerate blocks and river stones, but these have only been preserved for a few short stretches. The plan of this building is also evident from trenches cut in the natural conglomerate (where the bedrock was too high up) to place wall blocks in. The trench of the west wall of Building V.d cuts right through the post holes of the west wall of Building V.c. The most notable feature of this phase is a stratum of yellowish loamy soil which was deposited in and around the post holes and cooking features of the older structures together with assemblages of pottery and other votive gifts. The Corinthian pottery from these yellow-clay assemblages dates to the Late ProtoCorinthian and Transitional phases (second half of the 7th-century BC), which must be the date also for the associated, locally produced Greek-style pots. The assemblage SU AC01.27-35, found at post hole M, may serve as an example (Fig. 67).37 Noteworthy is the fact that in these dedications only a few faience or glass spindle whorls are present and no clay loom weights or spindle whorls at all. On the other hand kalathiskoi are frequent additions and the terracotta pinax of a seated Athena Ilias with a rolled garment in her lap38 is contemporary with this Building V.d. These elements demonstrate that veneration of a goddess associated with textile production, as postulated for the earlier Buildings V.b and .c, continued but that textile production in Building complex V had altogether ceased.

36

Jacobsen & Handberg 2010, no. A859. Not all objects in this photograph had patches of yellow soil attached, which makes the separation of intentionally deposited pots from objects belonging to the temple phase somewhat uncertain. However, the good preservation of the pots and especially of the larger ones among them is an indication that they must belong to the deposit, because the pottery associated with the temple fills was much more fragmentary. The better conservation is due to the fact that the objects were deposited in post hole M’s top and the cavity surrounding it. The Corinthian imports are published in Jacobsen & Handberg 2010. 38 Kleibrink 1993, 2003, 2006a with further references. 37

75

67. Assemblage of finds from a ‘yellow soil’ votive deposit placed at post hole M, related to Temple V.d.

The acropolis must have received its first surrounding wall, built on a foundation of blocks roughly fashioned out of the local conglomerate bedrock, at the same time as the construction of Temple V.d. The foundation blocks were placed on a leveling layer of large dolia sherds (Fig. 66), all broken and mixed with stones, already mentioned above. The layer of sherds was on top of yellow patches of loam and in some cases also coated with this material. Finds in this leveling layer of re-used dolia, and especially an almost intact broad-bottomed oinochoe dated to the Middle Proto-Corinthian phase of circa 670/’50 BC39 found immediately underneath the wall blocks and its rim sherd from underneath the dolia fragments, ascertain the early date of this first monumental wall (cf. Fig. 63a). 3.2.4. Building V.e (6th century BC) Building V.d must have been leveled and presumably rebuilt, but hitherto the only evidence of the existence of a 6th-century BC Building V.e in this area is the huge amount of gravel – and the 6th-century BC fragments of hydriskai, bronze paterae and a votive assemblage40 in it - that was dumped over the earlier features, after ash and other remains of earlier structures had been dispersed over the surfaces of V.b-.d and a wide area of the southwest part of the acropolis first. This gravel ‘podium’ evidently was a means to rigorously level the uneven southwest part of the acropolis (sloping strongly to the south and east) so that placing a building with stone foundation walls and a tiled roof would be possible. The gravel stratum – in places 2m in thickness (Fig. 68a, SU 4) - separates rather rigorously 7th century and earlier features from the 6th-century BC ones. During this same phase the 7th-century BC precinct wall was also removed and completely covered and a new temenos wall erected slightly lower down. This early 6th century wall, known as the “Muro Schläger”, probably encircled the entire acropolis and must have been rather high.41 3.3. Stratigraphic units with large trapezoidal loom weights The large and decorated loom weights from the lower stratigraphic units of Trenches AC02 and AC04 were found in a strip of circa 2.50 x 1.0m, in an oblique position to the south brink of the acropolis, which is consistent with the direction of the partition walls of the successive timber Buildings V.b and V.c erected in this area (Fig. 69, 70a-b). The position of the weights is only vaguely similar to that of loom weights fallen in much neater rows after sudden destruction – by fire or otherwise -, as famous examples from Troy and elsewhere show.42 The row on the Timpone della Motta is likely to have been either the 39

AC26.15.10+AC26.18.10+AC17A.16.6x: Kleibrink & Jacobsen 2003, 12; Jacobsen & Handberg 2010, cat. no. A791. Kleibrink 2006a, 120-22. 41 Mertens & Schläger 1981-’82, 143-171; Kleibrink 2005,768-69. 42 Barber 1992, 93-94. 40

76

result of slow decay or of a deliberate demolishing of an upright loom with a weave. The latter for instance, by a leveling of the weaving equipment by pulling down the vertical beams of the loom while nearby impasto vessels and cooking stands, of which fragments were found mixed in with the loom weights, were similarly flattened (Sections 3.3.1 and .2 below Catalogues III and IV). Near the loom, spindles with yarn must have been present because spindle whorls, with traces of wear from use, were found underneath, on top and near the row of loom weights (SU AC04.38 under, SU AC04.31 near, SU AC04.30 on top of). As a working hypothesis a deliberate demolishing of the loom is preferable over one by slow decay, because the dates of the archaeological finds from Building V.b (the Weaving House) and Building V.c (the first structure with a rectangular plan built over the remains of V.b) or V.d (on top of V.c) leaves hardly any time between the construction of these structures.

topsoil

AC2 AC4 W profile FM 1996 10YR5/2 greyish brown 1

1

2.5YR7/4 pale yellow 3

whitish layer

3

whitish layer

white

4 10YR6/4 light yellowish brown gravel deposit

4 4

AC2 hoekpunt + Elma

9

2.5YR8.3 pale yellow

ash V.b -V.c, deposited V. by V.e

ash 7.5YR5/6

2.5YR6/2 light brownish grey terra rosiccia ash

ash ash V.b -V.c, deposited by V.c

V.e

gravel deposit

V.b

V.b V.b

ash terra rossa yellow

greyish soil

red red

red

30 \ b.a

ash

big pebbles

yellow

ash hole

5YR6/8-5/8 reddish yellow-yellowish red

V.d V. c

17 = thin yellow layer

V.a

bedrock

grey with charcoal channel

2m

68a. Drawing of the West section of Trenches AC04 and AC02 (from left to right).

68b. Photograph of the West section of trenches AC02, AC04 during excavation, the two archaeologists on the right (M. Sangineto and M. C. Galestin) are looking at the conglomerate bedrock in the northeast corner of trench AC02; to the left the almost sterile dark soil of the lowest stratigraphic unit of AC04 and I. Diakonoff cleaning part of the loom weight strip. On top H. J. Waterbolk (†), draughtsman to the excavation.

77

Drawing

grey shapes grey shapes with dark border pointed shapes circles with small circles small circles halve moons S Ovals white angular shapes AC02.20; AC04.32 AC04.30 AC04.31 AC04.34 AC04.14, 37 AC02.26, AC02.36; AC04.33, 35, 36

Explanation

decorated loom weights plain weights cooking-stand fragments refined-clay cups spindle whorls animal bones impasto sherds impasto jars, smaller kind pithoi of the bucket-shape type red gritty layer and red soil ashy soil with loom weights etc. cavity of an older post-hole filled with loom weights etc. fornello foundation? trench in conglomerate post holes in conglomerate

69. Plan of the finds in trenches AC02 and AC04, showing impasto pottery fragments, cooking stove parts and loom weights concentrated in an area of circa 2.50 x 1m with a depth of circa 2.30 - 2m from the top soil. The conglomerate block in the south is situated on bedrock and may have been associated with a wall, the fragments drawn on the block were positioned below it.

78

70a. Surfacing strip of loom weights and fragments of cooking stands and impasto pottery, photographed from the south.

70b. Stratigraphic unit AC02.31, group of loom weights and fragments of impasto pots.

AREA CHIESETTA Ac03, N SECTION topsoil

gravel

ash

pit

ash reddish-brown soil ash

ash

dark soil with charcoal bedrock 0

71. Drawing of the North section of Trench AC03, showing from the bottom up: layer of dark soil associated with Building V.b; cut through it post hole AN of Building V.c, coated with red gritty soil. Above the post hole the yellow layer of V.d and the secondary ash-deposit and gravel layers of V.e.

1m

post hole AN

yellow layer

red gritty soil

72a-b. Base of cooking stove SU AC04.13a on ring of river cobbles, in ashy soil.

79

72c. Leg of a cooking stand, AC04.13.cs01a.

The conglomerate rock in excavation trenches AC02 -AC04, an area of 8m (north to south) x 4m (east to west), was covered by circa 2.50 to 3m of soil (Figs. 68a and b), from the bottom up consisting of: • a stratum of brown to very dark greyish brown soil (Munsell 7.5YR 4/2, 10YR 3/2). It consists of friable, non-plastic material with 40-50% pebbles of < 15cm, with a maximum thickness of circa 0.50m, which on top of the conglomerate bedrock remained wet. It is attributed to Building V.b. • a layer consisting of ash mixed with light brown soil (dry: Munsell 7.5YR 6/3-6/4; wet 7.5 YR 4/3) with a maximum thickness of circa 25cm and containing loom weights, spindle whorls, cooking-stove fragments, animal bones, fragments of large, bucket-shaped jars and other vesselshapes made of impasto clay and several fragments of matt-painted, refined-clay pots and a few bronze objects. This stratum is attributed to Building V.b (SU AC02.29, 30, .31, .32 and SU AC04.30. 31). For the objects see Catalogues III and IV below. • a thin (maximum thickness of 15cm) horizontal stratum of weak red to red (Munsell 10R 5/2 and 2.5R 6/8) gritty soil (SU AC02.20; part of SU AC04.27 and 29 and SU AC04.32), covering the stratum of dark soil in AC02 and ashy layers in AC04 (SU AC04.29). It was found also as a coating of two post holes (SU AC02.26 = post hole AI and SU AC03.33/34 = post hole AN, see Fig. 69a and especially Fig. 71) and was mostly underneath a yellow layer with 7th century BC pottery. In several places the pale yellow soil (Munsell 2.5Y 7/2), which is fine-grained and contained small pebbles and grit, was underneath the more compact red one. During excavation we, at first tried to pry the yellow soil loose from the red soil in order to better understand what the red layer was: this proved to be impossible, especially during the autumn rain; the mixture of red and yellow soils was consistent and not easy to separate. This results in the observation that the red and yellow portions of the layer belong together (during excavation the composite red and yellow layer was known as “lasagna layer”). The hard, compact, red layer itself did not contain pottery fragments or objects, a few must, however, perhaps be attributed to it, because they were immediately on top of the layer. The red layer and the yellow/red layer are attributed to Building V.c and in some places it is associated with features we came to understand as the remains of substructures of relatively large fixed cooking stands. Stratigraphic unit AC04.13 (Fig. 72a), for instance, contained scattered remains of a round structure of reddish gritty soil, empty at the centre and with a 2-5cm thick wall. Another such structure was encountered in baulk AC02/04 (SU 7).The presence of fragments of supports and grills makes it possible to identify these features as the remains of large fixed cooking stands, successors to the fornelli that had functioned in Building V.b. The fixed base AC04.13b is of the same mix of refined clay and organic material as the dispersed supports and grill parts. Unfortunately no vertical wall fragments could be discerned among this material, which renders reconstruction impossible. The surfaces of a number of fragments of the object were glazed / cindered. A leg of a cooking stand, AC04.13.fs01 (Fig. 72b), was found against the remains of the cooking facility.43 -

43

Fixed base AC04.13b of a cooking stand (Fig. 72a-b). Preserved measurements: 1.80 x 90 x height 12cm, the inner rounded, reserved area has a diameter of circa 20cm, the northern border is not preserved. The object consisted of small layers of refined, fired clay (thickness 0.1/0.2cm) alternating with vegetal matter, like straw etc. (burned away); examined by naked-eye the clay contained also grog. Fine grained and firm, colour: pale red (Munsell 10R6/4 to 2.5YR 7/4).

See for comments on cooking stands and animal bones Catalogue III, added to this Chapter.

80

-

Support of a cooking stand, AC04.13.cs01a (Fig. 72c), l. 12.5 x w. 4.3/1.2cm. Towards base almost circular in section with a diameter of circa 5cm. Colours: pink (Munsell 5YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 7/6), core: reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 7/6) to reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 6/3). Weight: 437g. Flat on top and strongly tapering towards the base. More or less circular in section. Refined clay with organic matter, which disappeared during firing and leaving cavities which promoted firing resistance. Fused due to excessive heat. Harder than most of the other fragments from the same fabric due to exposure to excessive temperatures. Roughly modelled by hand. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A.J. Nijboer.

Stratigraphic unit 13b continued in SU 13a (circa 35cm thick), which is a grey ashy area, related to the layer AC02.18. The number of fragments of animal bones mixed in with these stratigraphic units is not very high (Tables 1,2),44 many fragments were moreover too small for identification. AC04.13

head

AC04.18

head

legs

cattle

1

cattle

1

2

horse

1

size horse/cattle

2

3

1

size horse/cattle size ovic

2

10, 2 inf 4

size ovic

2

2

1

legs

body f

sheep pig

body b

other

1

sheep

1

pig

2

other

•

•

body b 1

other

2 1 1

1

1 embr, 2

15

50

Table 1. Animal bone fragments45 from AC04.13.

•

other

body f

Table 2. Animal bone fragments from AC04.18.

A horizontal layer of yellow soil (Munsell 2.5Y 8/4 for example SU AC02.15, .17, .18, .21, .24; AC04.27, .28), which covered the red layer while patches of it were found also as a fill of cavities in the red stratum. This yellow layer is not the same as the one mixed in and below the red gritty soil, it is more compact and softer while it contains no pebbles or grit. The softer yellow layer is attributed to Building V.d because it occurred in the upper sections of several post holes of Building V.c and covered the majority of these. In this yellow soil groups of small vessels, often imports from Corinth, occurred together with Greek-style, locally manufactured pottery (SU AC02.22, .24, .25; AC04.20, .25 and .26). These objects were often placed at the top and around post holes or the remains of fixed cooking stands and other now unclear features of Building V.c. A secondary ash deposit (SU AC02.16; AC04.18 and 23), which filled the south dip of the bedrock from circa the spot where the small east-west trench o is cut in the bedrock. This fill takes care of a horizontal level at the height of the pebble floor of Building V.d and will have been deposited by the constructors of that building. The ash must have belonged to earlier deposits built up during activities in Buildings V.b and V.c. Another secondary ash deposit, pinkish grey in colour (Munsell 5YR 6/2) covering the earlier ash deposit as well as a small part of the upper yellow stratum. This is also the case in other trenches of the excavation where a secondary ash stratum of similar composition and containing pottery fragments of the same period (first three-quarters of the 8th century BC) was found to have been deposited over the upper yellow layer. This secondary ash deposit is attributed to the builders of Temple V.e, who then prior to the construction of their temple must have spread it out over a large part of the southwest area of the ‘acropolis’, before covering the area with the next layer.

44 AC04.13 is part of the secondary ash-layer dispersed over the structures before V.e was constructed. AC04.18 is a sandy layer mixed with ash. 45 See for the terminology used in the Tables with animal bone fragments p. 87.

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•

A thick (maximum almost 2m) 6th-century BC stratum of gravel (AC04.04), attributed to Building V.e and top soil covering the ash layers.

The loom weight strip (Fig. 69) contained in total 46 decorated loom weights, complete and fragmented, plus 2 undecorated specimens which were excavated together with fragments of cooking stands (fornelli), refined-clay dipper cups (attingitoio type), and fragments of large impasto clay pots (Catalogue IV). As already stated, vertically the weights were based in compact brown-to-black soil with a loose sandy, brown soil mixed with much ash and containing charcoal particles between them. Horizontally, this soil and associated objects were situated between stretches of a thin layer of red gritty and firmer soil (Fig. 69, SU AC04.32, .29). This gritty soil must be attributed to Building V.c because it was present as a coating of post holes associated with this structure (AI and AN). The red, gritty soil was present on both sides of the strip of loom weights which were thus situated in a kind of slit between thin layers of red soil. The position of the post holes (AI, AJ and AK) of the dividing wall of Building V.c shows that this slit in the red soil occurs precisely where this wall once must have stood. But the position of the loom weights and that of the fragments of cooking stands, impasto pottery and animal bones (Fig. 69) shows that the post holes of Building V.c itself are not filled with any of these objects. However, other cavities and post holes in the conglomerate bedrock, SU AC02.31 (Fig. 70b), AC04.36 (=AM), AL1, AL2 (Fig. 69) of the area in question are covered by loom weights, fornelli and impasto pottery fragments, which must mean that the fill was deposited after a wall constructed with posts placed in these latter, earlier cuts was taken out, i.e. prior to the construction of Building V.c. After the loom weights, cooking stand and pottery fragments were dumped in the discarded, older wall trench, a layer of red gritty soil was deposited not only as a floor level, but also used to consolidate sub-structures for several cooking stands and newly cut post holes before the walls of V.c were erected. Red gritty soil was missing in the Building V.b wall trench i.e. on top or below the loom weight strip. A similar action must have occurred prior to the construction of Building V.d, when the posts of the division wall of Building V.c were taken out and the resulting holes were covered with a layer of yellow soil. A difference, however, between the two construction periods is that during the demolishing of Building V.c and the re-dedication of Building V.d votive gifts were placed in the yellow soil in and around the previous post holes, while this cannot be established for the preconstruction phase of Building V.c for the trenches here discussed: it can, however, for Trenches of the apsidal area (see the discussion of assemblage AC17.19b, Figs 64a-i and 65a-b). The yellow soil was always covering post holes and their fills, while the red soil was found underneath several post hole fills, coating the bottom and sides of the holes of Temple V.c. The earlier wall, perhaps only a simple timber partition, must have divided this part of Building V.b in two separate rooms or areas. The one to the west must have contained cooking stands, as many fragments were found in trench AC15 and the section baulk of AC02/04 and none in trenches AC18 or AC03. The area east of the partition may have contained the loom of the large weights, because weights were also found in the lower layers of trench AC18, which are in situ strata - although shifted to the south along the strong slope dip - and in trench AC03 (in SU 40 on top of the conglomerate bedrock).46 The loom may have stood against the postulated north/south partition wall, another possibility could be the small east/west trench p in this area (SU AC04.14, 37). An important observation to consider the row of heavy loom weights as resulting from an actual working loom is the fact that many loom weights survived in one piece, which with these badly-fired specimens can only be explained by an almost in situ position of this material; in fact the cooking stand fragments are rather more damaged. Also, in the same stratigraphic units only two weights of much smaller and lighter

46 Stratigraphic Units AC18.15, .17 and AC03.38, .40 are not incorporated in this book because they are in situ fills associated with Building V.b comprising many objects, which will be published in the excavation report.

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type were present (Catalogue IV, no. AC04.30.lwc08 of the cord decoration type47 and no. AC04.30.wfp09a of the pinched type48), while other remains of Building V.b, for example in stratigraphic units AC03.38 and AC18.15 contain a mixture of different kinds of loom weights and spindle whorls. Another fact relevant to the non-randomness of the row of weights is the presence of two plain and heavier weights of respectively 1350g and 1472g (Chapter IV, section 4.8, nos. 183, 184) - which likely were attached to the warp threads of the selvedges. Elizabeth W. Barber49 reports an observation of Marta Hoffmann50 regarding the weights of a loom setup in a Scandinavian farm, where the inner weights were of 400grams, but the outer weights ‘‘tied to each end of the shed was much heavier, about 850g. This feature was clearly part of an attempt to strengthen the side selvedges, which get a lot of wear.” The remains of the loom and the cooking area, with its related ash, pottery fragments and animal bones (SU AC02.29-31/AC04.30 of Building V.b) were levelled before the construction of Building V.c, built over it in 725/700BC because post holes AC02.26, 33, 36 belong to the more recent structure. In the period 650/’30BC for the construction of Building V.d on the same spot, a new floor was laid out, the horizontal stretch of pebbles of SU AC02.09 is the best preserved part of it (Figs. 68a-b). The interpretation of the activities at the time of the use of the new Building V.d, which was the first with wall foundations constructed with river stones like Buildings I, II and III from the Scavi Stoop 1963-’69, depend on the fact that not only the surfaces of the post holes of the previous Building V.c were filled with yellow soil and material at hand mixed with votive gifts but also that around those old post holes groups of dedications dated to circa 650/600 BC were buried in shallow holes marked with yellow soil. These groups consist predominantly of various kinds of cups and lekythoi, aryballoi, alabastra and pyxides. The act of this pious sealing of the previous buildings with yellow soil-with-votives shows a respectful treatment of the older features and explains why some of these 7th-century BC votives could be found in some of the deeper layers. In AC02/AC04 only one pottery fragment (of a Middle Proto-Corinthian pyxis lid among the finds is related to Building V.d.51 The excavations of trenches AC21 to AC28 which concerned the area South-East of the “Buildings V complex” turned up no further evidence relevant to textile manufacture. Compared to the finds associated with Building V.b and that of Corinthian and Greek-style local pottery associated with Building V.d the finds associated with Building V.c are rather scarce, in all likelihood this points to a smaller or poorer community than earlier and later. To construct Building V.c a red gritty layer was laid over the ashy/sandy remains of V.b. And, as said above, a bright yellow soil was used to coat parts of this layer before Building V.d was constructed. The top of the post holes of Building V.c and of relatively small holes dug into the previous layers of Buildings V.b and V.c or already present in the conglomerate were coated with yellow soil. This practice could be noted over the entire stretch of Building V.d. Building V.d, built in the second half of the 7th century BC was, as said, the first structure with walls of stone and roof tiles and therefore in need of completely level floors. The previous post holes, trenches and other cavities, used to lodge the timber struts of the previous Buildings - no longer needed - were filled in, often with material at hand from V.b and subsequently coated with thin layers of the above substances; an example of this practice could be observed at post hole SU AC02.36 which contained a stone of almost the same dimensions as the hole and over it a top coating of yellow loam. But, because the pithos and cooking stove fragments were found in clusters with joining pieces and moreover in ashy soil, and the loom weights more or less in a row, it seems that the vessels and the weights were left still more or less in situ, which perhaps may be seen as an act of reverence. 47

Cf. Chapter V, no. 276. Cf. Chapter VIII, no. 368. 49 Barber 1992, 96. 50 Hoffmann [1964] 1974, 42. 51 Jacobsen & Handberg 2010, no. A228. 48

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The covering with coloured layers (presumably to interpret as pious burial) of the post holes and other features of Buildings V.b and V.c was not the only time such ceremonies occurred, because Building V.d itself was also covered in an unusual way. The builders of V.e first took amounts of altar ash, which during the previous periods had been piled up to the south of the altar area, to cover the demolished remains of Vd and subsequently deposited a very thick stratum of gravel (which in AC01, for example, after all these ages still had a thickness of over 2m)52 in order to level the descending southern area of the acropolis for once and for all. Their Building V.e may have perched on this platform of gravel, but no structural remains were found of this 6th- century BC structure during the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, only small pits with votive objects dug into the gravel and a large amount of bronze scrap. As already remarked above, the orientation of the strip with loom weights, cooking stoves and bucketshaped pithoi is roughly that of the north-south dividing walls, in evidence by the post holes of their supports, of the long timber structures V.b and V.c built in succession in this southwest area. Here, cuts in the conglomerate bedrock are evidence of the plan of Building V.b, but they are partly obliterated by or enlarged for the successive structure V.c. The smaller post hole AL2 belonged probably to the Bronze Age III structure V.a. Several loom weights belonging to the strip also covered the north/south trench p, of 0.60m in width and 3.80 m in length, which contains the post holes (AL1 and AM) of 0.35/0.30m in diameter and 2m apart. At a point 0.10cm north of post hole AL1 the 0.15m wide and 1m long rock cut trench o occurs, set perpendicular to trench p. Since trenches p and o do not seem to serve any other purpose in this area, trench p may belong to the division wall of Building V.b. An earlier hypothesis that post holes AL1 and AM may have contained supports of the loom must perhaps be abandoned because of the fill with loom weights of the old post hole AC02.31. The smaller and shorter trench o in both hypothetical reconstructions may have held a perpendicular support. A considerable amount of fragments of cooking stands and impasto pottery is present in the ‘AC02-04 loom weight strip’. The deposit contains abundant ash and charcoal while fragments of animal bones are mixed in (Tables 1-5), which indicates the stands as the producers of the ash. The overall similarity between these bone fragments and those from the courtyard altar-ash (Table 6) establish a connection between the altar and the cooking area, which makes it likely that the meat of some of the animals killed in the courtyard was prepared in this area. A step towards a confirmation of this idea is the conclusion of scientists from the Moesgård Museum at Aarhus after analysis of a very large amount of ash - both from the altar zone and from the cooking area - that other than animal bones and pottery fragments no microfossils of vegetal origin were present.53 What was consumed therefore must have been meat, and that this meat came from domestic animals has become clear from the analyses of the bone fragments mixed in with the ash. The mix of loom weights, cooking-stand and large bucket-shaped jars may, however, also point to the cleaning and dying of unspun wool in periods in between the festivities. The cooking activities apparent from the remains of objects and animals in Building V.b are evident already in the lowest layers on top of the conglomerate bedrock: see for example the large fragment of a bucket-shaped pithos AC04.36 (cf. Catalogue IV and the loom weight fragment in SU AC03.40 and AC18.15 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 104). The preparation of meat must have continued in Building V.c because the red gritty soil is associated with cooking stand foundations and the ash layers contain a few pottery fragments datable to last part of the 8th/early 7th c. BC. We cannot further establish this fact, because we are not yet able to discriminate impasto pottery dating to the first three quarters of the 8th c. BC of that from the last quarter or for that

52 This thick layer of gravel deposited by the constructors of Building V.e (see for instance Figs. 68a-b stratigraphic unit 4) is the reason the trenches dug by excavators prior to the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 missed the structures V.a etc. because the pebble layer was judged to be a natural geological stratum. 53 Peter Mose Jensen and Peter Hambro Mikkelsen, archaeobotanici, from the laboratory at Aarhus (2004).

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matter from the 7th c. BC, nor did the light ash layers allow to obtain any certainty on whether objects were secondarily buried or already present. In Building V.b cooking stands of the torchis kind of material must have been considerable as the number of non-fitting preserved pieces is already relatively large while crumbs of such stoves were almost omnipresent in the associated layers. The use of the refined clay mixed with organic matter continued in Building V.c as is evident from the remains of features AC02.13b (Fig. 72a-c) and AC W02-04.07. These were very badly preserved in the first place and very difficult to clean from the thick patches of yellow soil that had been deposited around and on top of them by the builders of Temple V.d. The stratigraphic position of the cooking elements indicates a development from smaller movable cooking stoves in Building V.b to larger fixed fornelli in Building V.c. -

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73. Some of the finds from the strip of loom weights in trenches AC02 and AC04 after excavation and cleaning in 1999: in the back the fragmented, bucket-shaped impasto pithos AC04.30.108 (upside down); in middle ground fragments of cooking stands; in front and on the sides loom weights and supports of cooking stand grills.

3.3.1. Catalogue III: finds from Stratigraphic Units AC02.30, .29, .31, .32 Stratigraphic Unit AC02.30 This Stratigraphic Unit (Fig. 69)- circa 30cm thick - consists of ashy brown soil with charcoal for 18cm and almost sterile, brown and slightly wet, loose soil for circa 13cm; the level is given as -2.11m. It is a layer stretching for 2.50m from the north border of the trench, where the conglomerate bedrock surfaces, in southerly direction, up till the dipping central part of the trench and occurring only in its western half. The dipping part in the south has been marked SU 2.29, a large part of it is similar to SU AC02.30. In SU 2.30, next to fragments of animal bones (Table 3), two fragments of loom weights were found and several bronze buttons and a tiny double-spiral pendant. Objects • AC02.30.lwg140, fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 122). • AC02.30.lwg14, fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 111). •

•

Copper alloy miniature pendant (Fig. 74a), AC02.30.bsp10, with double spirals (so-called spectacle pendant). Corroded. Complete. Preserved measurements, 0.7 (loop), 0.5 (spirals) x 1.1 x 0.05 – 0.1 cm. Ø spirals 0.5 cm. Weight, less than 1g. Restored. Colour greenish black (Munsell 10GY 2.5/1). Symmetrical miniature pendant of copper-alloy wire, round in section. Two spirals are connected by a high central loop in between. The spirals contact in the centre and have three loops, the left clockwise, the right anticlockwise. Only in the very centre does the wire become thinner. (Description by Edmee Sleijpen). Four small copper alloy buttons (Fig. 74b), measurements: AC02.30.a, diameter 0.5 x height 0.3cm; AC02.30.b, diameter 0.7 x height 0.3cm; AC02.30.c, diameter 0.8 x height 0.4cm; A02.30.d, diameter 0.9 x height 0.5cm. All corroded. The buttons are round and consist of a thin piece of copper alloy sheet bent into a semi-circular hollow shape in which a small eye of copper wire is fastened. (Description by Edmee Sleijpen).

Comments In the Early Iron Age quite a few indigenous women of a certain standing along the Adriatic and Ionian coasts must have been wearing double-spiral pendants of bronze wire as part of their head and dress adornment, because they were buried with these ornaments.1 Hitherto in female tombs of the necropolis at Macchiabate double-spiral pendants occur singly or in a few specimens (e.g. in T19, T21,2 Strada 4, Strada 83), while in the Early Iron Age graves at Incoronata/San Teodoro they were present in one to twelve specimens, mostly placed near the heads or in the position of girdle pendants.4 Pendants encountered in the graves of Valle Sorigliano are also attributed to belts.5

Iaia 2007b, 25–36. Zancani Montuoro1980-’82. 3 Strada 4: Guggisberg et al. 2011; Guggisberg et al. 2013 (Strada 8). 4 Chiartano 1977, 33, 42-43; Chiartano 1994, 51. 5 E.g. Frey 1991, no. 29. 1 2

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Small, convex bronze buttons cut out of copper alloy sheet are also frequently encountered in Oenotrian female graves, for instance at Torre del Mordillo 6 and S. Maria d’Anglona.7 In the latter graves such buttons are often found near the skull, which suggests that they were sewn onto skull caps.8 A similar use can perhaps be postulated for the 475 specimens found in tomb Strada 4.9 The buttons occur also on the Timpone della Motta and are among the robbed material.10 At Pontecagnano the buttons are rare in phase IA but more frequent in phase IB and phase II.11

74a. Copper alloy miniature pendant, AC02.30.bsp10. Diameter spirals 0.5cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

74b. Copper alloy buttons, AC02.30.bb06. Diameters 0.5-0.9cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

AC02.30 06

legs 4

08 other

2, 1inf 1embr

body 10 (1b, 1c)

other

15b

Table 3. Animal bones from SU AC02.30.

Animal bones The stratigraphic units which contained loom weights contained also a relatively large number of animal bones, which must be attributed to cooking activities associated with the stands, fragments of which were encountered in the same stratigraphic units, but more in ash-layers to the south. Of interest as to the cultic practices is that the composition of the animal bones in the several layers shows no major differences, it concerns small fragments of bones with only few burnt, cut or gnawed pieces. Bones from all parts of the usual domestic animals are present (head, legs, frontal (body f.) and backhand (body b.) body), thus cattle, ovicaprine and pig bones. The percentage of embrionic/just-born or very young to young animals (embr, inf, sub-ad) is considerable through all layers, horizontal and vertical. The analyses by Stefan Elevelt12 and Tanja van den Bergh (internal GIA report) of the generally very fragmented bone remains (the average weight per bone fragment being only 3.6g) collected during the excavations 1991-2004 by hand or on the sieve pertain to some 10.000 fragments. The number of bone fragments attributed to the phase of Building V.b is circa half: “of which circa 30% could be identified on the species level, which comprises circa half of sheep/goat (and size 08=sheep/goat size) bones, while of Frey 1991, 25-26, note 6; Torre del Mordillo: cf. Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014, cat. no. 584 with references. E.g. Frey 1991, 2nd and/or 3rd quarter of the 8th century: Tomb 93, 20, Pl. 2B2 (50 specimens near head); Tomb 96, 21, Pl. 3B (146 specimens near head); Tomb 97, 21, Pl. 4.2 (27 specimens); Tomb 99, 21, Pl. 8.4 (5 specimens on the upper body); Tomb 124, 27, Pl. 30.1 (411 specimens on head); Tomb 131a, 29, Pl. 39A (17 specimens on and near head); Tomb 137, 30, Pl. 43A2 (36 specimens at the head); Tomb 150, 32, Pl. 49A5 (80 specimens). 8 Iaia 2007, 31. 9 Guggisberg et al. 2012, 5 with references; the earlier excavations by Paola Zancani Montuoro rendered 1020 of such buttons from Tomb 60 (Zancani Montuoro 1977, 23-24, note 42. 10 Papadopoulos 2003, 86. 11 Pontecagnano II.2 1988, type 39C, Pl. 21, p. 66, rare in the fase IA, spread from the fase IB and continue in the fase II. These bottoncini occur in 29 tombs. 12 Elevelt 2012. 6 7

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the other half cattle (and size 06 = cattle/horse size) and pig bones constitute each about a quarter. These domestic animal categories were exploited in different ways: almost a quarter of all ovicaprines (sheep more often than goats) were butchered at birth or in the earliest stages of their life (pre-juvenile). In the case of pigs, a significant number of embrionic pig bone remains were found, suggesting that even pregnant sows were butchered and also just born animals. In contrast, the youngest cattle were slaughtered between 3 and 5/6 month old.”13 Stratigraphic Unit AC02.29 SU AC02.29, a soil deposit of circa 1 x 1m horizontally with a lower level of - 2.78m consisted of three layers of circa 10cm: 1. loose brown soil with charcoal, 2. ash, 3. loose brown soil without charcoal. It was situated in the southwest corner of the trench and the lower soil was almost sterile. The stratigraphic unit contained animal bone fragments (Table 4), three fragments of decorated loom weights, a refined-clay cup (Fig. 75a), two fragments of decorated mugs (Fig. 75b-c), a fibula plaque (Fig. 75d) and two small bronze rings. Objects • • • • • • •

•

Fragment of trapezoidal, decorated loom weight AC02.29.lwg15 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 115). Fragment of a trapezoidal, decorated loom weight AC02.29.lwg05 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 164). Small fragment of a trapezoidal, decorated loom weight AC02.29.LWG06 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 190). AC02.29.01 (Fig. 75a), miniature cup of refined clay. Ref.: Kleibrink 2015b, no. 214. AC02.15.ubs01 + AC02.29.ubs27 + a fragment without number (Fig. 75b), of the rim, shoulder and body of a mug/juglet. Preserved height 7.5cm. Ref.: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012a, cat. no. 23. Rim to body fragment of a drinking mug/juglet, AC02.29.mp02a (Fig. 75c). Preserved height 4.8cm. Ref.: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012a, cat. no. 93. Bone fibula ornament of an a plaquetta type (Fig. 75d). Decorative bone plaque, AC02.28/9.bf02, originally attached to a copper alloy object by means of a nail, complete. Preserved measurements: 2.35 x 2.16 x 0.35cm measured at the corners, 2.2 x 2.09 x 0.35cm measured in the concavity of the sides, substratum 2.4 x 0.67 x 0.15cm, hole Ø 0.23cm, concentric incisions Ø 0.25cm. Colours: Munsell 2.5Y 8/4 (pale yellow) with 5GY 7/1 (light greenish gray) towards the centre. Weight 4g. The almost quadrangular plaque has slightly concave sides, inside the contours double lines are incised. Each pair of lines starts at the inner line of double engraved lines. Incised from all corners inwards are three circles with a point in the centre, ending in the centre of the plate at an aperture, within which is a nail, visible both from the front and the back (description by Edmee Sleijpen). two copper-alloy rings AC2.29. 06b (Fig. 35b, small ring, < 1g., oval in section, probably forged; AC2.29.06a, dark grayish green, Munsell 5G 3/2, long oval in section, Ø ext. 2.22/.28 x 0.32/.38, wire 0.11/ 0.18 x 0.32/0.38 cm, weight 1g (description by Edmee Sleijpen).

Comments The complete refined-clay cup of compressed globular shape (It. attingitoio) may, because of its small dimensions, perhaps be considered a miniature. Cups from the Macchiabate graves have an average height of 7cm and a rim diameter of 7/8cm and this specimen is only half that size. The cups from the Area Chiesetta (compare the specimens from SU AC02.31 and SU AC04.30 below) and those from tombs T3, T15, T41, T86 of the Temparella cluster, from tomb C of the Lettere cluster and from tombs Cerchio Reale 6, 7 and 8 at Macchiabate may originally have been decorated.14 Special cases are the Oenotrian Euboian-type cup from Tomb 5 of the Strada cluster of graves15 and the impasto cup found in Lettere tomb G. In Calabria this cup type starts in the 2A phase of the Early Iron Age16 and has a wider distribution in the more recent phases of that era.17 The fragments of two further small decorated vessels from AC02.29 belong to an attingitoio type that may be classified as drinking mug.18 At Macchiabate the type occurs in tombs V3, V5 of the Vigneto Elevelt 2012, chapter 3. Salmena & Scavello 2014, 136ss. 15 Guggisberg et al. 2013, 7. 16 Salmena & Scavello 2014 mention a cup from tomb 1 of the Torre Galli necropolis (Pacciarelli 1999, 145) as the earliest known example hitherto (960-900 BC). 17 Chiartano 1994, pl. 2 no. 2; Frey 1991, Pl. 2 no. 11, Pl. 16 no. 7, pl. 31 no. 47. 18 Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, 34-42. 13 14

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cluster of tombs, in tomb CR10 of Cerchio Reale and in T27, T63, T66 of the Temparella cluster19 and it is for instance also known at S. Maria d’Anglona.20 On rim fragment AC02.29.02 a row of pending dots is articulating the band painted around the rim, which is with South Italian matt-painted vessels a stylistic feature of Middle Geometric decoration.21 The other mug with its bands of undulating lines dates from the Middle Geometric period too,22 although not from its initial phases.23 The decorated bone plaque AC02.29.bf02 of a bronze fibula was only separated by a thin layer of soil from the conglomerate bedrock in Trench AC2.24 Fulvia Lo Schavo’s hypothesis25 that bronze fibulae adorned with small rectangular plaques of ivory or bone are a specialty of Francavilla Marittima seems to hold, hitherto they occurred in several female graves at Macchiabate (tombs CR2, V3 (2 specimens), T16 (two specimens), T17, T27, T63, T67 (2 specimens) and in T69, T76),26 another fibula of this type was found in dwelling IVA on Timpone della Motta’s Terrace I and several others occurred in stratigraphic units of the excavations on the ‘Acropolis’. Parallels to the type in copper alloy exist.27 The two, probably forged, rings are small in size and parallels are very, very frequent. These rings are found in many Italian graves of the Early Iron Age, and were suspended from fibulae, pendants, weaponry, etc.28 Among the illegally retrieved bronze rings from the Timpone della Motta some are also of this smaller type.29 AC02.29 cattle ovicap 06 pig

head 5 2 3ju 1

other

1

legs 12, 3ju 1ju 16 6, 1 c, 2embr

body f 3 2, 1b

body b

other

1 1ju 3embr

34

Table 4. Animal bones from SU AC02.29.

Salmena & Scavello 2014, 151. Frey 1991, Pl. 1 no. 16, pl. 11 no. 15, pl. 29 no.21. 21 MG dotted lines Yntema 1990. 22 Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, no. 23. 23 Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, 14-23. 24 Quondam (Quondam 2008, 149) dates the type in the periods Early Iron Age 2A and 2B. 25 Lo Schiavo 1983-84, 144. 26 See now Lo Schiavo 2010, 830-832. 27 Chiartano 1994: T226, Pl. 25, p. 181 type A3a; Chiartano 1996: T481, 40, Pl. 9. 28 Frey 1991, 25; Chiartano 1994, 95, 97; Pontecagnano II, 1988, 135 type 3; Iaia 2007, 34. 29 Papadopoulos 2003, 106/7. 19 20

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75a. Miniature cup AC02.29.ref01 (attingitoio type) height 4.4 cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

75b. Fragments AC02.15.ubs01 + AC02.29.ubs27 of a mug/juglet, preserved height 7.5cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

75c. Fragment of a mug/juglet, AC02.29.mp02, preserved height 4.8cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

75d. Bone plaque, AC02.29.bf02, of a copper alloy fibula, 2.35 x 2.16 x 0.35cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Stratigraphic Unit AC02.31 This stratigraphic unit of circa 0.30 x 0.50m (horizontal) and of circa 0.30cm thick at a level of -2.30m, consists of a fill of ash mixed with brown soil and objects in this round cavity southwest of post hole AJ (AC02.31, Figs 69a and 70b). The conglomerate rock of this cavity and that around it was abraded and is therefore attributed to a post hole associated with a structure or structures prior to Building V.c. The soil and objects in and immediately around the cavity are similar to those from the “loom weight fill AC0204”. The abandoned post hole contained animal bone fragments (Table 5), 6 loom weights – fragmentary and complete -, an iron knife, a teglia fragment a refined clay cup fragment and a bowl also of refined clay. • • • • • • • •

• • •

Objects AC02.31.lwg0 trapezoidal loom weight, with wading birds (Chapter IV, cat. no. 156). AC02.31.lwg06, trapezoidal loom weight, both sides decorated with incised horses in the centre (Chapter IV, cat. no. 88). AC02.31.lwg01, trapezoidal loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 83). AC02.31.lwg05, fragment of a large loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 84). AC02.31.lwg07, fragment of a large loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 138). AC02.31.lwg10, fragment of a large loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 191). Impasto mug AC02.31.ij21 (Fig. 76a), complete. Iron knife, AC02.31.ik04 (Fig. 76b), almost complete, convex at the tip and rectangular at the tang. Preserved measurements: l. 16.3 x h. 0.2 (tip) x 1.9 (knife) x 1.0 (tang) x thickness 0.1 (cutting edge) to 0.5. Nail: l. 0.4 x thickness 0.3cm. Weight: 39g. The tip gradually curves towards the end while the tang is almost rectangular in section. The handle of the knife was attached to the iron by nails, one of which is preserved at the transition from knife to tang. This nail is square in section. Technique: forged iron. (Description by Edmee Sleijpen). Ref. : Knife from the Scavi Stoop (Stoop 1979, fig. 26, 30 and the specimens found in 5 male (T20, T.40, T41, T61/62, T87), three female (T8, T61/62, T630) and one child’s burial (Strada 8). AC02.31.it09, impasto tray (teglia) fragment (Fig. 76c). Diameter circa 12cm, preserved measurements: h. 5.2cm, wall 0.8/1cm. Surfaces ranging from a dusky red to a reddish black (Munsell 10R 3/3 to 2.5/1), core a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/4). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 1, no. 3. Rim to lower body fragment, AC02.31.ref.no. 22 or 02 (Fig. 76d), with vertical handle of a cup of the dipper (attingitoio) type, handmade. Preserved measurements: height with handle 7cm. For the type cf. Kleibrink 2015, Chapter IV. Hemispherical bowl, AC02.31.mp20 (Fig. 76e), handmade of refined clay, matt-painted. Height 5.5 x height with handle 8.8 x max. diam 14.1, thickness lip 0.6, thickness handle 1.4 cm. Colour: core, a reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 7/6), external slip, a very pale brown (Munsell 10YR 8/3), paint brown (Munsell 7.5 YR3/2). Hemispherical body on flat base with a single semi-circular, flattened handle, placed at an upwards angle to the rim, rim convex. The rim and the handle are decorated in matt-paint with sets of tiny dashes and stripes. Ref.: Kleibrink & Sangineto 1998, 29.

Comments The iron knife (Fig. 76b) was reasonably well preserved and almost complete. It is convex at its tip and the tang is rectangular. The Scavi Stoop 1963-’69 produced another knife30 and further specimens were found at Macchiabate in five male tombs (T20, T.40, T41, T61/62, T87), three female tombs (T8, T61/62, T630) and one child’s burial (Strada 8).31 A ritual use is postulated for the knives found in the graves of women at Torre Galli32 and the one from tomb T8 at Macchiabate.33 Another not-so-frequent object (hitherto 8 Stoop 1979, Fig. 26, 30 Guggisberg et al. 2013, 62-71. 32 Pacciarelli 1999, 59-60. 33 Zancani Montuoro 1980-’82, 29-31. 30 31

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specimens from the Area Chiesetta)34 is the impasto tray of which a fragment was encountered in the cavity (Fig. 76c). Large trays with low lugs as feet, known in Italian archaeological literature as teglie, occur infrequently among the impasto clay pottery of Timpone della Motta.35 The form is better known from Early Iron Age Central Italy but seems there to have become popular only later, from the Orientalising period onwards.36 At Francavilla Marittima four of the eight specimens catalogued hitherto are from unreliable topsoil stratigraphic units or from disturbed ones. This single specimen from the loom weight context may therefore be considered to have had a special function. Generally, low trays with low lugs or handles at their bases are considered to have been used for baking bread or pizza, but the sturdy base and lugs are also handy to crush herbs or mix sauces. The refined-clay cup no. 2 or 22 (Fig. 76d) is a more carinated variation of the type discussed with SU stratigraphic unit AC02.29 above and the cups in SU AC04.30 below; these cups are a presence that is not yet well-understood, in the sense that one has the choice between a utensil to ladle contents out of large vessels or to drink from, but both functions are not very compatible with the small sizes and the narrow rims of the specimens. Of the matt-painted bowl of refined clay no. 20 (Fig. 76e), which is smaller than the category of wide bowls with in-turned rim that are a frequent presence in the Area Chiesetta,37 only a few specimens were hitherto found on Timpone della Motta. The rim decoration with sets of dashes is, however, ‘normal’ for vessels dated to the late Middle Geometric period. With closed vessels such decoration occurs usually earlier than that those with filled triangles. AC02.31

legs

body (costulae)

06

1

2

08

2

other

76a. Impasto mug AC02.31.ij21. with horizontal handle, Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

Other

1

Table 5. Animal bones in SU AC02.31.

Colelli 2012, 61-62. Colelli 2012, 273. 36 In Lazio e.g.: Brandt 1996, 246 (with further references): e.g. hut A from Ficana’s first phase; later specimens mentioned in Maaskant Kleibrink 1987, 117 (with further references). 37 E.g. Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, Chapter IV. 34 35

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76b. Iron knife, AC02.31.ik04, almost complete, length 16.3cm. D Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk. 76c. Base fragment of an impasto tray, AC02.31.it09. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

76d. Cup, AC02.31.refno. 22 or 02, with vertical handle, height with handle 7 cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk

76e. Hemispherical bowl, AC02.31.mp20, matt-painted, diameter 14.1cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

Stratigraphic Unit AC02.32 Stratigraphic Unit .32 is a mixed deposit of red, gritty soil with patches of soft yellow soil in the holes of the red layer, stretching out for circa 1.50m over the east part of the trench. The layer is circa 6/7cm thick and its levels were -2.35 in the centre and -2.47m in the south. There was a clear boundary with SU AC02.29 and .30 in the west. The objects and animal bones catalogued with the layer were mostly on top of it and not in it, which makes their association with the layer dubious. The impression exists that the objects catalogued below are spilt from the ashy layer with loom weight etc. fragments. Another attribution is vessel AC02.32.ij05, which in the opinion of the excavator belongs rather to the group found in the adjacent SU AC03.38 (to be published in a later volume).38

77a. Rim fragment of an impasto situla AC02.32.ij98. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

77c. Partially preserved impasto jar AC02.32.ij05, diameter rim circa 14cm, diameter base 9cm, height 22cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

77c.

77b. Shoulder fragment, AC02.32.fs02, of a cup, matt-painted. Preserved height 3.2cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Objects    

38

AC02.32.lwg60 rim fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 170). AC02.32.lwg01 upper part of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 85). AC02.32.lwg60, fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 192). AC02.32ij98 (Fig. 77a) rim, probably of a situla, preserved height 3.3cm, thickness with relief band 2.1cm, core a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/3), external surface a reddish black (Munsell 2.5YR2.5/1). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 1, no. 5 (identified as a probable bucket-shaped pithos with a rim diameter of circa 20cm).

Colelli 2012, cat. nos. 16-18.

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• •

AC02.32.fs06 (Fig. 77b), wall fragment of a refined clay cup, maximum diameter circa 16/18cm, preserved height 3.4cm. Handmade of refined clay decorated with a frieze in Fringe Style. Ref.: Kleibrink 2015, cat. no. 32. AC02.32ij05 (Fig. 77c), partially preserved impasto jar, complete. Rim diameter 15cm, height circa 22cm, base 9cm, wall 0.9/1.4cm. Core a yellowish brown (Munsell 10R 3/4), surfaces ranging from a very dark grayish brown to a yellowish brown (Munsell 10R3/2-4). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 1, no. 4.

AC02.32 cattle 08 ovic 06 pig elaphus shell marine gastropod, other

head 2 4 12 3

legs 5 13 1b 16, 1embr 1 radius embr, 1 P2

3

body f 4

body b

other

2 74

2 1embr, 7

15

pelvis embr.

8 1 106, 3b

Table 6. Animal bones from SU 2.32.

Stratigraphic Unit AC02.33 There is no description of this stratigraphic unit; a level was taken at -2.39m, which is bedrock level (see below) and the reference “assemblage of objects”, but hitherto the only object inscribed with this number is the weight below. Object •

AC02.33. lwg01, unadorned trapezoidal loom weight (Chapter V, cat. no. 184).

Stratigraphic Unit AC02.36 Is the conglomerate bedrock at a level of -2.39m. Object •

Biconical spindle whorl AC02.36.csw26. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 4.

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3.3.2. Catalogue IV: finds from Stratigraphic Units AC04.30 and AC04.31 Stratigraphic Unit AC04.30 Stratigraphic Unit AC04.30 consists of a circa 50cm-thick deposit of sandy soil mixed with ash, animal bones, loom weights, spindle whorls and impasto pottery fragments; at a point in the south its level is 2.86m. The Stratigraphic Unit is situated more or less diagonal through trench AC04 from south to north in an easterly direction with a width of circa 1.50m. The deposit continued eastwards in the AC02-04 section baulk (Stratigraphic Unit ACW02-04.7) and to the south in trenches AC15 Stratigraphic Units 20 and 23 and trenches AC18-18A Stratigraphic Units 13/14 and 14 (see Catalogue V). Objects Heavy, decorated loom weights:  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg06a, burnished impasto, preserved height 5.1cm; preserved weight 117g. (Chapter IV, no. 86).  Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg09, burnished impasto, height 10cmm5.1cm; preserved weight 880g. (Chapter IV, no. 87).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg47, burnished impasto, preserved height 8.2cm; preserved weight 118g. (Chapter IV, no. 89).  Trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg05, burnished impasto, height 10cm; weight 485g. (Chapter IV, no. 90).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg69, burnished impasto, preserved height 3.3cm; preserved weight 79g. (Chapter IV, no. 91).  Two fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg20+ AC15.20,lwg128, burnished impasto, preserved height6.5cm; preserved weight 514g. (Chapter IV, no. 92).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg36, burnished impasto, preserved height 3.3cm; preserved weight 59g. (Chapter IV, no. 93).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg39, burnished impasto, preserved height 8.5cm; preserved weight 107g. (Chapter IV, no. 94).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg57, burnished impasto, preserved height 6.2cm; preserved weight 98g. (Chapter IV, no. 95).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg61, burnished impasto, preserved height 3.5cm; preserved weight 42g. (Chapter IV, no. 96).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg00, burnished impasto, preserved height 5.1cm; preserved weight 74g. (Chapter IV, no. 97).  Trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg12+AC02.15.lwg02, burnished impasto, height 16.5cm; preserved weight 1421g. (Chapter IV, no. 109).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg30, burnished impasto, preserved height 3.9cm; preserved weight 128g. (Chapter IV, no. 113).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg03+38, burnished impasto, preserved height 8.7cm. (Chapter IV, no. 116).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg12, burnished impasto, preserved height 7.8cm; preserved weight 348g. (Chapter IV, no. 117).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg40, burnished impasto, preserved height 9.5cm; preserved weight 176g. (Chapter IV, no. 120).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg07+15.23, burnished impasto, preserved height 11.8cm; preserved weight 606g. (Chapter IV, no. 125).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg28, burnished impasto, preserved height 6.4cm; preserved weight 231g. (Chapter IV, no. 128).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg35, burnished impasto, preserved height 8.1cm; preserved weight 331g. (Chapter IV, no. 137).  Loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg29, burnished impasto, preserved height 10.8cm; preserved weight 533g. (Chapter IV, no. 145).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg06B, burnished impasto, preserved height 10.4cm; preserved weight 727g. (Chapter IV, no. 146).  Fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg32-33+AC02.32, burnished impasto, preserved height 10cm; preserved weight 377g. (Chapter IV, no. 157).  Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg0, burnished impasto, preserved height 3.3cm; preserved weight 107g. (Chapter IV, no. 171).

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• Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg29a, burnished impasto, preserved height 4.9cm; preserved weight 101g. (Chapter IV, no. 172). • Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg15, burnished impasto, preserved height 10.2cm; preserved weight 200g. (Chapter IV, no. 178). • Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg38, burnished impasto, preserved height 7.5cm; preserved weight 117g. (Chapter IV, no. 182). • Trapezoidal loom weight of the larger variety, AC04.30.lwg11, refined clay, height 5.1cm; weight 1443g. (Chapter IV, no. 183). • Small fragments of trapezoidal loom weights of the larger variety: Chapter IV, cat. nos. 201-230. Small loom weights: • Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC04.30.lwc08, burnished impasto, height 6.8cm; weight 209g (Chapter V, no. 277 (Ref.: Kleibrink 2006a, erroneously published under no. AC03.40.10). • Pinched weight, AC04.30.wfp09, with conical top, height 2.6cm, weight 35grams (Chapter VIII, no. 368). Spindle whorls: • Conical, steatite spindle whorl, AC04.30.csw78, height 1.2cm, weight 5g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 9. • Conical, steatite spindle whorl, AC04.30.csw91, height 1.4cm, weight 12g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016bb, cat. no. 10. • Bi-conical, hexagonal spindle whorl, AC04.30.140, height 2.1cm, weight 14g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 59. • AC04.30.sqw105a, biconical, square spindle whorl Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 244.* • AC04.30.sqw100 biconical, square spindle whorl, height 2.7cm, weight 30g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 244. • AC04.30.sqw108, biconical, square spindle whorl , ca half missing, estimated weight 22g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 245. • AC04.30.sqw138, biconical, square spindle whorl, height 3.1cm, weight 41g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 246. • AC04.30.swp101, height 2.0cm, weight 19g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 95. • AC04.30.swp105b, height 2.0cm, weight 17g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 97. • AC04.30.stw106, h. 1.9, weight 18g. Ref.: Kleibrink 2016b, no. 184.

78a. AC04.30.bb08, olive-type pendant of bronze wire, length 1.73cm, Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

78b. AC04.30.bb09, convex bronze button, diameter circa 1.0cm, Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. 78e, f. Two steatite beads AC04.30.sb87 and sb91, Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

78c. Copper alloy ring, Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

78d. ‘Wheel’ pendant AC04.30.bp01, internal diameter 2.1cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

Metal objects and two steatite beads • Copper alloy spiral bead AC04.30.bb08 (Fig. 78a). Conical spiral bead or pendant, tapering toward the ends, made of copper alloy wire, which is round in section. The spiral, which is hollow, shows 14 loops, in which the far ends of the wire become thinner. Corroded. Complete. Measurements: 0.33 – 0.74 x 1.73cm, diameter wire 0.12/.16cm. weight: 1g. Colours: ranging from a pale green (Munsell 5G 6/2) to a greenish black (Munsell 10GY 2.5/1). The wire, which has been hammered thinner toward the ends, has been bent into the shape of the spiral (description by Edmee Sleijpen). • Small button of bronze sheet (bottoncino) AC04.30.bb09 (Fig. 78b); round, convex button, made of copper alloy plate, with small eye in the concave side, made of copper alloy wire. Corroded. Complete. Colours: grayish green (Munsell 5G 5/2), measurements 1.0 x 0.75 x 0.35 cm, diameter eye 0.25cm, thickness plate and wire 0.05cm. Weight 1g. Disks have been cut out and hammered convexly. The eye has been soldered into the concavity (description by Edmee Sleijpen). Copper alloy ring, AC04.30.br0, Symmetrical. Corroded. Complete. Preserved measurements: external diameter 2.5/2.6 x nd 0.3/ 0.4cm, internal diameter 1.25/1.35cm. Colour: pale green (Munsell 5G 7/2) to greenish black (Munsell10GY 2.5/1). Weight 5g. Cast in open mould. Residue of the casting visible at inner and outer rim on the flat side. The ring is

95

•

•

•

flat on one side, tapering on the other. Very small casting ridge visible at inner and outer rim on the flat side of the ring. (Description by Edmee Sleijpen). Copper alloy ring, AC04.30.br0 (Fig. 78c), Symmetrical. Corroded. Complete. Preserved measurements: external diameter 2.5/2.6 x 0.3/ 0.4cm, internal diameter 1.25/1.35cm. Colour: pale green (Munsell 5G 7/2) to greenish black (Munsell10GY 2.5/1). Weight 5g. Cast in open mould. Residue of the casting visible at inner and outer rim on the flat side. The ring is flat on one side, tapering on the other. Very small casting ridge visible at inner and outer rim on the flat side of the ring. (Description by Edmee Sleijpen). Copper alloy wheel pendant (pendaglio a rotella a raggi), AC04.30.bp01(Fig. 78d) , small part of the outer ring now missing. Consisting of three rings of three different sizes, which have been placed inside each other. Preserved measurements: external diameter outer ring 4.8 x 0.3 – 0 33cm, external diameter central ring 3.7cm, external diameter inner ring 2.8cm, internal diameter 2.1cm. Colour: grayish green (Munsell 5G 4/2 ), weight 13g. The rings are triangular in section and are connected to each other by four small bars. The edges of the rings show small ridges, residue of the casting. Corroded and complete. Cast in an open mould. The ridges formed during the casting have not been removed (description by Edmee Sleijpen). Steatite beads AC04.30.sb78 and AC 04.30.sb94 (Figs 78e-f) respective diameters of 2.2 and 2.7cm.

Comments: metal finds The bronze wheel pendant is a frequently encountered element of the Iron Age female costume not only in use in Proto-villanovan Italy but also in Calabria and Basilicata.1 Klaus Kilian was of the opinion that this kind of pendant only occurred in the later phases of the Early Iron Age.2 From graves in the Macchiabate necropolis nine bronze pendants of this type have been retrieved (T16, T60, T66, T67, T81, CR12, V3, V6 Strada 6(a), Strada 6(b)3. The type of ornament and the Strada grave with such an ornament on a long chain is discussed in Chapter I (cf. Fig. 13a). In Calabria further examples are known e.g. from Torre del Mordillo (Tombs 30, 134, 34, 191, 73, 101 and 12/13 with bibliographies,4 from Chiane di Serra d’Aiello,5 and from Torano.6 At S. Maria d’Anglona in Basilicata only examples cast in an open mould are found, which is why these pendants have one flat side.7 The interesting bronze belt from T97 at S. Maria d’Anglona shows 21 such wheel pendants interconnected by iron nails. In the pendants are other pendants of copper alloy rings with an occasional biconical wire-bead or an iron ring. Tomb 120 contained 11 specimens attached to a bronze belt.8 In the graves at Macchiabate and those known from Basilicata bronze rings are frequently found, evidently they were used as pendants and for other purposes (see Cat. III Notes 28-29). From the Timpone della Motta many such bronze rings in ‘standard size’ (ca 1.9/2.7cm) were illegally retrieved together with larger and smaller specimens.9 In Macchiabate graves small pendants made of copper alloy wire which is bent into double conical spirals, in the form of olives, are often present in pairs (Cerchio Reale deposit, tomba A and tombe U15, T14, T20, T21, T57 and T87). In the graves of S. Maria d’Anglona they are used as pendants to belts together with bronze wheel-type pendants and rings and dated to the 2nd and/or 3rd quarter of the 8th century BC.10 The ornaments are quite common in the tombe a fossa culture and at Pontecagnano seem to appear not before phase IB and to continue in phase II; 11 at Sala Consilina the type is also present.12 At Torre del Mordillo a specimen was present in tomb 49.13 Small, convex bronze buttons have been commented upon in Catalogue III.

Iaia 2007b. Kilian 1970, N4a-b, 181, Beilage 16. 3 Scavello 2014, 209. 4 Vanzetti & Cerzoso 2014, 227-228. 5 La Rocca 2009, 68. 6 De la Genière 1968, 83. 7 Frey 1991, 21, 97, Pl. 5. 8 Chiartano 1994, Pl. 29.8. 9 Papadopoulos 2003, 103-5, also for parallels. 10 Frey 1991: Tomba 97, 21, Pl. 5; tomba 131a, 29, Pl. 39A; tomba 135, 29, Pl.. 39B3. 11 Pontecagnano II.2 1988, type 37E2 saltaleone fusiforme, 65, Pl. 21, p. 65. 12 Kilian 1970, 188, Beilage 15R1b. 13 Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014, no. 945 with references. 1 2

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79a. Part of a red impasto cooking stand, AC04.30.ics65 (Type IA). Height 27.5cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. WaterbolkM. Kleibrink.

79b. Impasto fragments of a more or less horseshoe-shaped cooking stand AC04.30.ics03+AC15.18.ics161. Height 18. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk - M. Kleibrink.

79c. Cooking stove on low stand, AC04.30.ics07, upper part missing. Preserved measurements: h.15.5. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk - M. Kleibrink.

97

79d. Internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, AC04.30.cs01b/15.07.158, preserved length 12.5cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

79e. Internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, AC04.30.cs02. Preserved length 23.8cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

98

79f. Internal support of a cooking stand, AC04.30.cs64, preserved length 20.1cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

79g. Base support of cooking stand, AC04.30.cs63, preserved length 15.5cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

80a. AC04.30.ics02/AC15.10.cs04, fragment of internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, preserved length 17.2cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

80b. AC04.30.nn.cs03 Fragment of internal floor of a cooking stand, preserved length 14.8cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

Cooking stands:

•

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Part of a cooking stand, AC04.30.ics65 (Fig. 79a). Preserved measurements: diam. 13.2cm; h. 27.5 x w. 5.9 (max.) x thickness wall 1.0 / 1.8cm; arms of grill 2.7cm; base 2.3cm thickening towards the porch to 5.9cm. Colours: the interior is ranging from a red (Munsell 10R 4/6) to a dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N/4); the exterior is ranging from a red (Munsell 10R 5/8) to a dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N/4). Impasto with moderately sorted inclusions of quartz and rock fragments. Strong traces of excessive heat in the firing chamber. Modelled by hand, roughly smoothened on the exterior. Fabric similar to AC04.30.ics03. Weight: 1460g. Two fragments: 1. part of stand and wall reassembled from 3 shards. 2. shard of base, which belongs to the same object but which cannot be reassembled to 1. The upper rim of the stand is not preserved though the profile of the upper part denotes a circular vessel with flaring walls. The grill is positioned on the transition from the upper vessel to the firing chamber. There are three attachment points positioned along the interior wall which indicate that the grill had at least 4 arms like AC04.30.cs03. The lower part of the fornello is a semi-circular tube, which thickens towards the porch. The porch consists of a band: 2 vertical and 1 horizontal. Vertically the porch widens towards the base and is marked at the top by a horn-like protrusion, a tapering point, similar to the low fornello AC04.30.cs07. Another distinction is the indentation near the base on the outer wall. The base of the fornello is flattened and not worked as if modelled and fired in the same position. It would have stood on a flat surface. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A.J. Nijboer. Ref.: Moffa 2002, Fig. 53, type 1A. Part of a more or less horseshoe-shaped cooking stand AC04.30.ics03+ AC15.18.cs161 (Fig. 79b). Preserved measurements: diam. of semicircular tube from 27.6 (base) to 31.4 (top); h 18.3 x th. 1.3/2.1 (wall); from 3.2 /4.2 cm (grill); 3.5/5.1 (porch) cm. Weight: 1400 g. Colours: interior: 10R4/6 red to 7.5YRN/4 dark grey; exterior: 2.5YR 4/2 weak red to 7.5YR N/4 dark grey; core: 7.5YR N/6 light grey to grey to 7.5YR N/4 dark grey. The stove is constructed like a semicircular tube, which is separated by a grill. The grill consists of a circular platform in the centre from which four supports depart. The supports are attached to this circular platform and the tube. The bottom front of the stove is constructed like a porch with two bases, which are significantly wider than the wall fragments. The top of the porch indicates the position of the grill and is marked by a slightly profiled band. Breaks indicate that there had been a small vessel on top of the grill. It also appears that the base of the stove had been placed on a flat floor since it is not worked and level. The top of stove is not preserved. Clay: impasto with moderately sorted inclusions, quartz and rock fragments. The interior of the stove indicates excessive temperatures, which led to vitrification. Because excessive temperatures do not mark the exterior, this may indicate metalworking or other industrial activities, which require temperatures above 1000ºC. The grill and its support are made by coiling. Apart from the porch the object is coarsely made by coiling and plastering with many imprints of fingers. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A.J. Nijboer. Ref.: Kleibrink 2006a, Fig. 49.12. The stand resembles Moffa 2002, Fig. 53, type 1E, although the fuel chamber of the specimen from Broglio di Trebisacce there illustrated is more or less square and not horseshoe-shaped. Cooking stove on low stand, AC04.30.ics07 (Fig. 79c), upper part missing. Preserved measurements: diam. 21cm; h.15.5 x th. walls 0.9/1.5cm; diam. of attachment marks on support 7.1cm; th. support 2.5/ 5.5 x l. 14.5 x w. 6.3cm. Colours: the interior ranges from a very dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N3) to red (Munsell 10R 4/6), the exterior ranges from a very dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N3) to red (10R 4/6); the core ranges from a very dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N3) to red (Munsell 10Y 4/6). Weight 1414grams. Semicircular body, open towards the front and closed towards the back, subdivided by an internal support. The rim is missing while the upper part of the fornello is made from a nearly circular

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vessel, which is flattened, towards the front. Two pedestals which widen towards the base and which form a kind of flattened band along the opening of the fornello flank the porch. There are traces of decoration on the porch. Made from impasto with well sorted inclusions of quartz and small rock-fragments. The vessel is slightly burnished at the interior and has a typical fatty touch. Modelled by hand with coils. Remarks: this is the third fabric of the stoves found in AC04.30 and distinctive from the other two fabrics. From this fabric also jars are known. The upper left side is pointed which is marked by a circular indentation. The support itself seems to be too heavy in relation to the rest of the stand. The support is more or less oval and crudely modelled with many irregularities and finger prints. It is has a strong indentation on the lower side as if it had to be supported itself. Moreover the upper side is marked by attachment marks of almost circular form. It appears as if the support had to hold another vessel. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk/M. Kleibink; description by A.J. Nijboer. Ref.: Moffa 2002, Fig. 53, type 1F seems the closest parallel, although reconstructed with a four-armed grill.

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Internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, AC04.30.cs01b (Fig. 79d) , l. 12.5 (max.) x w. 5.6 /7.8 x thickness 3.1/5.2cm. Preserved measurements 12.5 (max.) x w. 5.6 /7.8 x thickness 3.1/5.2cm. Colours: exterior and core: ranging from a pink (Munsell 5YR 8/3) to a dark reddish grey (Munsell 5YR 4/2). Weight: 370g. Refined clay with organic inclusions, which have disappeared during firing thus leaving cavities promoting fire-resistance of the fabric. Similar to the fabric of some of the other fragments though darker in colour due to reducing atmosphere. The fragment represents a quarter of an internal floor, with a diameter of c. 25/30 cm. On one side a circular depressed platform is created by coiling, with a diameter of c. 10 cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A.J. Nijboer. Ref. Kleibrink 2006a, Fig. 49.12; Moffa 2002, Fig. 53, type 1F, which is a cooking stand of square form, which may be postulated also for the type this fragment belongs to because of the straight end at its wall side.

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Internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, AC04.30.cs02 (Fig. 79e). Preserved measurements: th. 4.0/5.8 x l. 23.8 (max.) x w. 5.4/7.3cm. Diam. hole 1.8/2.8cm. Colours: exterior: and core pink (Munsell 5YR 8.3) to reddish grey ((Munsell 5YR 5/2). Weight 856g. Of refined clay with organic inclusions, which disappeared during firing, thus by leaving cavities increasing the fire resistance of the fabric. Made by hand. Bar-shaped support of the grill of a cooking stand, a hole is pierced through the centre from which probably four arms protruded, like the grill of AC04.30.ics03. The stand will have had a diameter of circa 25 to 30cm. On the upper side, a circular depressed platform indicates that this cooking stand may have been intended to hold a vessel with a base of only about 8 to 9cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A.J. Nijboer. Ref. Kleibrink 2006a, Fig. 49.12 . Internal support of a cooking stand, AC04.30.ics64 (Fig. 79f). Preserved measurements: diam. hole 1.4cm; l. 20.1 x w. 5.3/9.6 x th. 1.8/4.8cm. Colours exterior: ranging from a pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4) to a reddish yellow (Munsell 7.5YR 8/6). Core: ranging from a pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4) to a dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR N/4). Discoloration: from brown (Munsell 7.5YR 5/2) to a dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR N/4). Refined, powdery clay, mixed with organic material; modelled by hand. Coarsely made like other stands from AC04.30. Weight: 675g. With central hole, the upper side of the fragment is marked by a nearly circular discoloration similar to marks on other supports from the Weaving House V.b. The cooking stand this support belongs to contained only this single support because there are no areas of attachment of another support. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A.J. Nijboer. Base support of cooking stand, AC04.30.ics63 (Fig. 79g). h. 3/5.1 x length 15.5 x w: 6.7/7.8cm. Diam. internal support 8/9cm. Colours: exterior: pink (Munsell 5YR 7/3) to reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 7/6); core: pink (Munsell 5YR 8/4) to a light reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 6/3). Refined clay mixed with organic matter, which disappeared during firing thus leaving cavities promoting fire-resistance of fabric. Fused and therefore harder than most of the other fragments of the same fabric on account of exposure to excess heat. Weight: 472 g. Flat band-like base protruding at the back into wall fragment. Left side smoothened while the right side indicates the existence of a plate due to break all along this side. In the centre of the plate another break indicates a circular support with a diameter of about 8 to 9cm. The size of fragment indicates a cooking stand of about 25/30cm in diameter. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A. J. Nijboer. AC04.30.cs.nn02 +AC15.10.cs04 (Fig. 80a), fragment of internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, th. 6.4 / 7.8 x l. 17.2 (max.) x w 11 (max.). Diameter hole 1.9/3.4 cm. Fragment of internal support of the grill of a cooking stand. Preserved measurements: th. 6.4 / 7.8 x l. 17.2 (max.) x w 11 (max.). Diam hole 1.9/3.4 cm. Weight: 1244 g. Colours: exterior: 5YR 8/3 pink to 5YR 7/8 reddish yellow, core: 5YR 7/6 reddish yellow to 5YR 5/2, a reddish-grey. Substantial fragment of grill of a forno/fornello with four attachments from the central part. This results in a grill similar to the grill of AC04.30.03. In the centre a hole was pierced through the grill. The stand when reconstructed would have had a diameter of about 40 cm, unless the grill is part of a larger construction. Clay: depurated clay with organic inclusions. Torchis-like material fired into a hard fabric. The type is similar to Moffa 2002, Fig. 51, type 1C, although the parallel is not precise the fornello from S. Maria di Ripalta illustrated in the publication is different from the above types in that the central hole is small but the four heat openings surrounding it much larger and oval in shape. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk; description by A. J. Nijboer. AC04.30.nn.cs03 (Fig. 80b). Fragment of an internal grill of a cooking stand, preserved measurements: length 14.8 x width 11.5 x thickness 9cm. The paste consists of refined clay with particles of vegetal matter mixed in, the colour is pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). The grill plate is composed of two strata, placed on top of each other and smoothed. The

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circa 8cm wide sides of the heat openings are only slightly concave which means that they were relatively large (because oval in shape no diameter can be calculated). The type must be similar to the cooking stand from S.Maria di Ripalta illustrated by Claudio Moffa under type 1C. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

Comments: cooking stands As elsewhere14 the fragments of cooking stands found in trenches AC04 and AC15 of the apsidal Weaving House V.b are made of two kinds of clay: A. A red or dark grey burnished impasto clay of the same kind as the Francavilla Marittima handmade jars and jugs. Red impasto seems especially to have been liked for the manufacture of double-conical (hourglass-type) cooking stands. In this same material a number of large bucket-type pithoi and smaller jars were present in the same stratigraphic units, which makes one suppose that these cooking stands and cooking pots of red impasto formed originally sets. In that case the upper conical and widening parts of the stands, which have a vase form must have supported the large bucket-type vessels. This is actually quite possible because the bucket-shaped pithoi are narrowly tapering towards their bases, the diameter of which often does not exceed the 10/14cm, whereas the diameter of the rims may range from 25 to 35cm. Another possible ‘cooking set’ of impasto clay is the grey-burnished bucket-type pithos AC04.30.108 with cooking stand AC04.30.03 of the same material. B. Layered, refined clay alternating with organic material (which mostly was burned away and left vacuities). The organic material could be identified as mostly existing of finely chopped straw and technically the paste is close to torchis.15 The colour of the material is pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). A large percentage of the cooking stoves from the Broglio di Trebisacce excavation consists of similar material and it occurred evidently also among the cooking-related finds at Satriano di Lucania.16 The widely dispersed dates of these cooking stoves (from the Late Bronze Age to the late Archaic period) demonstrates that in South Italy fornelli were very traditional in construction and form. Only a rough estimate of a number of diameters of the B-type of cooking stoves is possible by doubling the measurements of the grill supports and adding 4cm for central holes and 2cm for walls. This exercise results in the presence of stoves with a larger diameter of their grills – ranging from circa 40 to circa 20cm - and smaller grills, down to circa 12/10cm. Even the latter specimens may have been used with the tall bucket-shaped pithoi because – as already remarked - the bases of those vessels usually taper towards relatively small diameters. The bad conservation of the cooking stands made of a mix of refined clay and organic matter does only allow a partial reconstruction of their types. Fragments of internal floors show that the majority of the grills of these cooking stands had a central hole and four supports forming a cross and often placed in semicircular, and perhaps also in circular formations. With her typology of cooking stands Charlotte Scheffer expanded previous research on the subject and described as a first type a biconical stand of hour-glass model in which the narrowest part constitutes the grill. A ‘floor’ which is supported by a conical structure with an aperture for inserting fire wood and attending the fire and a vase-like superstructure.17 This is also Claudio Moffa’s first type in his discussion of the cooking material found at Broglio di Trebisacce. Moffa noted at Broglio other types of cooking stoves, which do not have the vase-like superstructure but are truncated conical hollow bases in which a fire can be kept going underneath a grill which is often made of four cruciform supports surrounding a simple centre on which the cooking pot could be placed. In view of the presence of many fragments of grill supports, some showing a part of their circular centre, it seems hat this kind of cooking stand which fed heat to a cooking pot which was standing on a grill was the main type in Building Vb.

E.g. Broglio di Trebisacce: Moffa 2002; Satriano di Lucania: Garaffa 2009, 83-93. On torchis Moffa 2002. 16 Moffa 2002. 14 15

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Scheffer 1982, 18-22.

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Pottery

81a. Rim fragment of a mattpainted mug/juglet, AC04.30.it146. The drawing of the badly eroded decoration is an interpretation. Diameter rim 8cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81e. AC04.30.tj05 wall fragment of a jar/jug decorated in Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) Style decoration, h. 2.9 cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81b. AC04.30.it61 fragment of mattpainted vessel, decorated in the Inscribed Triangles (a tenda ) Style, diameter rim c. 22cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81f. AC 4.30ubs11 wall fragment of a mug/juglet decorated in Undulating Bands Style, h. 4.2cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81c. Miniature dipper cup, AC04.30.mc20, h. 4.5cm. Drawing B.L. Hijmans, H.J. Waterbolk. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81g. AC04.30.ubs/wt22, neck to shoulder fragment of a conical neck vessel, decorated in Undulating Bands + Inscribed Triangles (a tenda ) Style, h. 11.6cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81d. Miniature dipper cup AC04.30.mc141, h. 3.8cm. Drawing B.L. Hijmans, H.J. Waterbolk. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

81h. AC04.30.tj06, fragment of mattpainted vessel, decorated in the ‘Inscribed Triangles’ (a tenda ) Style, h. 4.2cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Matt-painted: • AC04.30.t146 (Fig. 81a), rim fragment of matt-painted mug/juglet, out-curved rim with convex lip and compressed globular body. Decorated with a frieze of horizontal bands and triangles around the shoulder (either Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) Style or Cross-hatched Bands Style: the decoration is corroded), the inside rim is adorned with zigzag lines. Diameter at transition from rim to neck 8cm, preserved measurements: h. 5.7 x 8.4 x 1.0/0.3cm. Pink-fired paste (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), both surfaces are covered with white slip, the matt-paint of the decoration has been applied only thinly • AC04.30.t61 (Fig. 81b, rim fragment of a bowl with slightly out-turned rim, expanding at the inside; tapering lip and compressed globular body. The fragment is heavily eroded. Decorated in the Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) Style, presumably in the ‘elegant tent’ variety. The inside of the rim is decorated with triangles described by double lines

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(presumably). Diameter at transition from rim to shoulder circa 22cm, preserved height 7.3 x 11.1 x 1.0/0.7cm.The clay is fired to a very pale brown (Munsell 10YR 8/2). Dipper cup, AC04.30.fc20 (Fig. 81c), complete but for the missing upper part of the handle, height 4.5cm. Ref.: Kleibrink 2015b, cat. no. 152; Dipper cup AC04.30.ref141 of the attingitoio type (Fig. 81d), height 3.8. Ref.: Kleibrink 2015b, cat. no. 153. AC04.30.ubs/wt22, neck to shoulder fragment of a conical neck vessel (Fig. 81g), decorated in Undulating Bands + Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) Style, diameter at the transition from neck to shoulder circa 24cm. Preserved measurements: 11.6 x 12.9 x 0.4cm. The paste is fired to a reddish yellow (Munsell 7.5YR 7/6). Ref.: Kleibrink et al. 2012, cat. no. 117. AC04.30.tj05 wall fragment of a jar/jug decorated with Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) decoration (Fig. 81e). Preserved measurements 2.9 x 4.4 x 0.7cm, the refined clay is fired to a pink shade (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). AC04.30ubs11, wall fragment of a globular mug/juglet (presumably) (Fig. 81f), preserved measurements 4.2 x 3 x 0.3cm. Fired to a shade of yellow (Munsell 10YR 7/6). Decorated with three horizontal undulating lines between plain ones. Ref.: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, cat. no. 36. AC04.30.ubs/wt22 (Fig. 81g), neck to shoulder fragment of a conical neck vessel, decorated in Undulating Bands + Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) Style, h. 11.6cm. Ref. Kleibrink et al. 2012, cat. no. 117. AC04.30.06 wall fragment of a closed vessel (Fig. 81h), decorated with Inscribed Triangles (a tenda) motif and a dot rosette. Preserved measurements h. 4.2 x 4.3 x 0.7cm. Both surfaces are covered with a whitish slip.

Comment: refined-clay vessels In South Italy the production of refined-clay vessels, fired at high temperatures but mainly made by hand18 is thought to have developed during the Late Bronze Age out of a pottery production inspired on imported decorated Mycenaean pottery.19 This Italic, indigenous production of the Protogeometric period has been encountered in Sicily (Milazzo and Lipari), Apulia, Basilicata and Calabria.20 In those regions during the next Early Geometric period standard vessel forms and ditto decorative motifs were developed. In the Middle Geometric Period the Sibaritide developed its own regional style, with a limited repertoire of vessel forms (mainly conical neck jars and jugs, dipper cups and wide bowls) and a decoration of Undulating and Crosshatched Bands and Inscribed Triangles (a tenda). The latter style was more popular in Puglia and Basilicata but knew its own Sibaritide variant in what Francesca Ferranti calls the “tenda tipo Torre del Mordillo”, a stiff arrangement of inscribed triangles which developed into a variety of sub-styles during the Late Geometric period.21 The Late Geometric is a period that sees the birth of other more original regional styles as for instance the Sibaritide Fringe Style and the Miniature Style, while also redand black decoration starts to occur together with the use of the fast wheel.22 The few fragments of refined clay pottery from SU AC04.30 are decorated in the a tenda (Inscribed Triangles), Undulating Bands and Cross-hatched Bands Styles. Three fragments are extremely worn and their decoration not easily read, but no. 146 seems to carry a frieze of relatively small inscribed triangles with straight sides, as does bowl fragment no. 61, but here the triangles seem more widely placed. The jug/jar fragment no. 6 decorated with inscribed triangles alternating with dot rosettes belongs, to the same category of a tenda decoration of the Middle Geometric period because of the straight, even slightly convex lines. Fragment no. 22 of a much larger jug or jar with undulating band decoration painted over the transition from neck to shoulder belongs in a later category of Inscribed Triangles decoration because the lines of the triangles are more widely placed and slightly concave, it may be considered a variation of the Middle Geometric ‘a tenda elegante’ style from Basilicata.23

Fasanella Masci 2016. Yntema 1990; Bettelli 2009. 20 Ferranti 2009, 37-74 21 Ferranti 2009. 22 Fringe Style: Kleibrink 2015a; Miniature Style: Kleibrink 2015b; Black-and Red Style and Inscribed Triangles Styles: Kleibrink in preparation. 23 Compare e.g. the jug Ferranti in Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014, no. 979. 18 19

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Impasto vessels: Rim fragment AC04.30.ip nn01 (Fig. 82a). Three rim to body fragments, of a bucket-type (a bombarda) pithos in coarse impasto rosso, handmade. Preserved measurements: rim diameter 30cm, height 11.8 x width 15.5 x th. 1.1/1.3cm. Colour paste: a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3.2), surfaces ranging from a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/2) to a dark red (Munsell 10R 3/6). Impasto with quartz, coarse quartz and calcareous inclusions, slightly burnished red (especially at the inside), crackled. Cylindrical body with slightly in-turning opening and flat lip, horizontal, half-ovoid lug placed at a short distance below the rim, which is in-turned and flattened, slightly worked at by pinching. Ref. : Kleibrink 2006, fig. 49.13; Colelli 2012, Pl. 14, no. 39. Rim fragments AC04.30.ip105 (Fig. 82b) of a bucket-shaped pithos. Rim diameter 25/28cm, preserved height 11cm, thickness of wall 1.4/1.5cm. Colours ranging from a reddish dark grey to a very dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR 4/1 to 4/2. Cylindrical jar with convex lip, rectangular lugs are placed at a small distance from the rim. Ref.: Colelli 2012, pl. 14, no. 38. Rim to body fragment, AC4.30.ij49 (Fig 82c), of a large jar of the bucket-shaped type, handmade. Preserved measurements: diameter 25/40cm, h. 17.6 x th. 1.3/1.6cm. Colours: exterior ranging from a very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1) to a reddish grey (Munsell 5YR 5/2), interior from a very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1) to a light grey (Munsell 5 YR 6/1), the core is ranging from a weak red (Munsell 10YR 5/4) to a very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1). Weight 920gr. Impasto with poorly sorted coarse inclusions from pebble size to sand; quartz and rock fragments. Possibly washed on exterior. Sherds somewhat cracked due to excessive heat. Coarse impasto similar to AC04.30.i108. Lip slightly bevelled towards interior and flaring, straight wall. Ref.: Kleibrink 2006b, fig. 49.15. Large rim to lower body fragment, AC04.30.ip108 (Fig. 82d), of a pithos of the bucket-shaped (a bombarda) type. Preserved measurements: diameter rim 28cm, preserved height 39cm, thickness wall 10/13cm. Colour: a dark reddish grey (Munsell 10R 3/1). The vessel is cylindrical, tapering towards its base. With in-turned rim and beveled lip, small pointed lugs are attached beneath the rim. Ref.: Kleibrink 2006, 158, fig. 49.14; Colelli 2012, Pl. 9, no. 27. Fragments belonging to a bucket-shaped pithos AC04.30.ip01 (Fig. 82e), diameter rim 26.5cm, preserved height 33cm, wall thickness 0.8/1.6cm. Burnished red impasto (Munsell 10R 3/6). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 8, no. 26. Rim to shoulder fragments (3x, and 2 non-fitting), AC04.30.ip07 (Fig. 82f), of a large pithos of the bucket (a bombarda) type. Preserved measurements: height 14 x rim diameter 35cm. Colours ranging between a yellowish brown (Munsell 10YR 5/6) and a dark yellowish brown (Munsell 10YR 3/4). Cylindrical body with in-turned rim with flat lip, slightly expanding to the outside. A horizontal plastic ridge is added at a short distance from the rim. On the outside the surface is smoothened. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 10, no. 28 (numbered AC04.30.02). Rim to shoulder fragment, AC04.30.ij106 (Fig. 82g), of a cylindrical-ovoid impasto jar. Preserved measurements: height 6.6 x rim diameter 18 x thickness 8/9cm. Colours: the core is a dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2), the surface a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/2-1). Ovoid/cylindrical jar with in-turned rim and convex slightly expanding lip. Two horizontal indented bands are incised in the sherd, one just below the rim and the other at some distance from it. The outside surface is burnished, the inside surface rather rough. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 15, no. 40. Rim to shoulder fragment of a large jar, AC04.30.ij104 (Fig. 82h), presumably of the bucket type. Preserved measurements: diameter rim circa 25cm, height 8 x 7.5 x thickness 0.85cm. Colours: the core is a dark reddish grey (Munsell 10R 3/1), the surfaces are a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3.4), the inside is slightly shiny. Large jar with cylindrical to ovoid body and gently out-curving rim with convex lip. Surfaces smoothened with a spatula – in oblique strokesRef.: Colelli 2012, Pl.14, no. 37. Rim to shoulder fragment, AC04.30.ij107 (Fig. 82i) of an impasto jar. Preserved measurements: height 15.9 x rim diameter 19 x thickness 8/10cm. Colours: the core is a dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/6), the surface a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/4) and secondarily burned to a reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/1). Cylindrical/ovoid jar with in-turned rim and beveled lip, with a fingerprinted horizontal decorative band at a short distance underneath the rim. The outside and inside surfaces are smoothened. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 15, no. 41. Rim fragment of a bucket shaped pithos AC04.30.ip21 (Fig. 82j).Preserved height 4.5cm x thickness0.6/0.9cm, diameter rim circa 25cm. The colur of the paste is a dark yellowish brown (Munsell 10YR 4/4), the burnished exterior is a reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/4). Ref: Colelli 2012, Pl. 7, no. 25. Rim to body fragment, AC04.30.ij101 (Fig. 83a), of a large situla, diameter rim circa 30cm, height 13 x width 13.2 x th.1.5/1.8cm. Colours: core red (Munsell 10R 4.8), surfaces a weak red (Munsell 2.5YR 5.3) external surface in part secondarily burnt . Large jar with convex shoulder and beveled rim expanding towards the outside. Conical lugs placed at 3.2cm underneath the rim. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 12, no. 34. Rim to body fragment, AC04.30.is15, of an impasto situla (Fig. 83b). Preserved measurements: rim diameter circa 22cm, height 9 x thickness 0.9/1.0cm. Colours: the core is red (Munsell 10R 5/8), the surfaces are a weak red to red (Munsell 10R 5/4 – 5/8). Surfaces smoothened. With slightly flaring, convex shoulder with convex lip. A horizontal, flat plastic band is placed beneath the rim. A fragment of a staff handle (round in section) rises from the rim.f.: Colelli 2012, Pl.11, no. 31. Rim to shoulder fragments, AC04.30.ij10-14 (Fig. 83c), of a cylindrical-ovoid impasto jar. Preserved measurements: height 20 x rim diameter 25 x thickness 10/12cm. Colours: the core is a dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/6), the surface a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/4). Ovoid/cylindrical jar with slightly out-turned rim and convex lip. Decorated with a horizontal plain plastic band at a short distance underneath the rim. On the outside the surface is smoothened with a spatula/stick. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 7, no. 23. Rim to shoulder fragments (3x), AC04.30.ij102 (Fig. 83d), of a cylindrical-ovoid impasto jar. Preserved measurements: height 9 x rim diameter 19/20 x thickness 10/12cm. Colours: the core is a dark yellowish brown (Munsell 10R 4/6), the surface a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/3-2). Ovoid/cylindrical jar with slightly in-turned rim and convex lip. Decorated

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with a horizontal plain plastic band at a short distance underneath the rim. On the outside the surface is smoothened with a spatula/stick. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 12, no. 35. Rim fragment, AC04.30.ij25 (Fig. 83e), of a cylindrical impasto jar. Preserved measurements: rim diameter 17cm, height 7.8 x thickness 0.7/0.9cm. Colours: the core is red (Munsell10R 4/8), the surface a reddish black (Munsell 2.5YR 2.5/1). Cylindrical body, convex lip. Smoothened surfaces. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 7, no. 24. Fragments of an ovoid impasto jar, AC04.30.ij50 (Fig. 83f), section complete. Preserved measurements: diameter at rim 16.5cm; h. 18.5/19.5 x th. 0.6/1.4cm (base: 1.3 /2.6 cm). Colours: exterior ranging from a light grey (Munsell 5YR 7/1) to a dark grey (Munsell 5YR 4/1), interior: from a dark grey (Munsell 2.5YR N/4) to a weak red (Munsell 10R 4/2), the core is red (Munsell10R 5/6) to a dark grey (Munsell 5YR 4/1). Weight: 1102 gr. Slightly convex shoulder and convex rim. Flat base, concave on the inside. The shoulder of the jar is decorated with four lugs and has a handle attachment. Impasto with poorly sorted coarse inclusions from pebble size to sand; quartz and rock-fragments (possibly carbonates). The vessel may have had a wash on interior and exterior and was probably made in the coiling technique and finished on a slow wheel. Coarse impasto similar to AC04.30.i108 and AC04.30.i49. Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 6, no. 21 (drawing slightly incorrect). Rim to body fragment AC04.30.im16 (Fig. 83g) of a situla. Preserved height 13.5 x thickness 07 x 1.2cm, diameter at rim 23cm. The exterior colour is a dark yellowish brown (Munsell 10R 4/4). Ref. Colelli 2012, Pl. 11.no. 30. AC04.30.ig144 + AC03.23+ AC02.31.21(?) fragments of an impasto goblet (Fig. 83h). Diameter rim 11cm, h. 11.3cm x thickness 0.45/1cm. The core is red (Munsell 10R 4/6) and the surfaces ranging from a weak red to red (Munsell 10R 4/4 to 4/6). Ovoid body with in-turned, convex rim and horizontal staff handle at largest diameter (broken and missing). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 4, no. 14. Rim to base fragment of an impasto mug, AC04.30.im10 (Fig. 83i), rim diameter 9cm, preserved measurements h. 11.5 x wall thickness 0.7/1.6cm. Paste fired to a bright red (Munsell 10R 4/8). Ref. : Colelli 2012, pl. 12, no. 33. Rim to shoulder fragment, AC04.30.ij30, of a cylindrical impasto jar. Preserved measurements: rim diameter 12cm, preserved h. 4 x thickness 8/10cm. Colours: the core is red (Munsell 10R 4/8), the surfaces a very dark gray (Munsell 10Y 3/1). Cylindrical body with slightly convex wall; with convex lip and a small pointed lug added at a short distance underneath the rim. Surface smoothened. Ref..: Colelli 2012, Pl. 6, no. 22. Rim to lower body fragments of a cooking lid or large bowl AC04.30.ib16 (Fig. 83j). Preserved height circa 12cm, diameter 34cm, thickness wall 0.9/1.5cm.The colour of the impasto is a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/2-3/4. Ref. Colelli 2012, Pl. 10, no. 29.

Comment: impasto pottery By far the larger part of the 8th c. BC pottery fragments present on the Timpone della Motta site belongs to hand-made impasto clay pottery. The defining characteristic of this pottery is that its clay ‘fabric’ contains a variety of non-plastic inclusions which are visible with the naked eye because approximately granule- to medium-size (4 to 1.4mm in diameter). Pastes with a considerable amount of inclusions of this size are usually not suitable for throwing on a potters-wheel.24 The majority of the impasto fragments from the Area Chiesetta excavation are thick-walled (up to 2cm with the tall bucket-type pithoi) and poorly or not at all refined. Usually, however, the surfaces are burnished or smoothed, which, judging from preserved traces, was done with flat stones or spatulas. In his publication of a large part of the impasto fragments from the site Carmelo Colelli identifies 33 different impasto fabrics,25 while laboratory research directed by Eliana Andaloro makes it likely that the raw material came from a site near Timpone della Motta named Pietra Catania, where Miocene clays are present.26 At Timpone della Motta, the repertoire of vessel forms of impasto pottery is limited to 6 main types: bucket-type jars (pithoi a bombarda), jars (olle) – usually oval with inturned rims, but quite a few of the wider-mouthed situla type -, deep bowls (coppe), mugs (bicchieri), goblets (boccali) and wide bowls (scodelle), while impasto cooking stands and trays (teglie) or small cups are only very occasionally present and sophisticated forms are extremely rare. Within this repertoire the relatively high quantity of fragments of bucket-shaped pithoi is noteworthy; they come from almost all stratigraphic units associated with Building V.b,27 but those from the stratigraphic units under discussion are the best preserved items.

Nijboer 1998, 102. Colelli 2012, 334-337. 26 Andaloro & De Francesco 2013, 291-319. 27 For comments on this kind of pottery see Chapter II. 24 25

105

82a. Three rim to body fragments, AC04.30.ip. nn01, of a bucket-type pithos in coarse impasto rosso, rim diameter 35cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

82b. Rim to body fragments (2x), AC04.30.ip105 of a bucket-type pithos, rim diameter 26cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

82c. Rim to body fragment, AC4.30.ip49, of a pithos of the bucket type, a rim diameter could not be established. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

82d. Rim to lower body fragment, AC04.30.ip108, of a grey impasto pithos of the bucket (a bombarda) type, rim diameter 28cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

106

82e. Rim to lower body fragments AC04.30.ip01, of a red impasto pithos of the bucket type, rim diameter circa 30cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

82f. Rim to shoulder fragments AC04.30.ip07 etc., of a red impasto pithos of the bucket type, rim diameter 35cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

82g. AC04.30.ij106, cylindrical-ovoid impasto jar, rim diameter 18cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. 82h. Rim to shoulder fragment of a pithos , AC04.30.ij104, presumably of the bucket type, rim diameter 26cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

107

82i. Rim fragment AC04.30.ij107 of a bucket-type pithos , a rim diameter could not be established. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83a. AC04.30.ij101, of a large impasto situla , diameter rim circa 30cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

82j. Rim fragment AC04.30.ip21 of a bucket-type pithos , diameter rim circa 25cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83c. Rim to body fragments, AC04.30.ij10-13, of a red impasto jar, rim diameter 25cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83d. Rim fragment AC04.30.ij102 of a jar, rim diameter circa 20cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

108

83b. Rim to body fragments, AC04.30.ij15, of a red impasto situla, rim diameter 22cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83e. Rim fragment AC04.30.ij25 of a jar, rim diameter circa 17cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

.

83f. Fragmented ovoid impasto jar, AC04.30.ij50. Diameter rim 16.5cm. Drawing B. L. Hijmans/H. J. Waterbolk. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83i. Rim to base fragment AC04.30.im10, of a mug, rim diameter 9cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83g. Red impasto situla AC04.30.im16, h. 13.5cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83h. Red impasto mug AC04.30.im144+03.im23, with horizontal staff handle (kotyle ?), rim diameter 11cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

83j. Cooking lid?, AC04.30.Iib16, in coarse impasto rosso, diameter circa 36cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

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84a. Braid fastener, (fermatreccia) AC04.31.bft05, external diameter 2.0cm44b. 84b. Braid fastener, AC4.w-sect 1.10.bft0, external diameter 3.15cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Stratigraphic Unit AC04.31 A triangular patch of dark soil immediately to the west of AC04.30 and descending below it. Objects

copper alloy • Braid fastener (fermatreccia) AC04.31.bft05 (Fig. 84a), small copper alloy ring of thin double wire with 1.5 turns. One ring of double wire has been placed inside the other. The wires have been hammered thinner towards the end. The ends are wrapped around each other. Colour: grayish grren (Munsell 5G 5/2 (grayish green) to dark grayish green (Munsell 5G 2.5/1). External diameter 2.0 x 0.45 – 0.8 cm, diameter wire 0.1 (end) – 0.19 (beginning), weight 1g. (Description Edmee Sleijpen). • Braid fastener (fermatreccia) AC04.w02-4.bft07(Fig. 84b) which unit is in the excavation baulk AC02/04 but at the same level as AC04.31), medium copper alloy ring of double wire turning 1.5 time. Complete. Colour: pale grren (Munsell 5G 8/2 to dark grayish green (Munsell 5G 3/1). External diameter 3.15-3.25 x 0.32 – 0.85 cm, internal diameter 2.5cm, wire 0.05 (end) – 0.18 (beginning), weight 6g. Hammered wire, bent into shape. (Description Edmee Sleijpen). refined clay • Wall fragment AC04.31.tj02 (Fig. 85a) of a closed vessel decorated with inscribed triangles (tenda), the clay is fired to a pink colour (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), external slip of a very pale brown colour (Munsell 10YR ), internal preserved maximum diameter 15cm, preserved mesurements4.3 x 5.8 x 1.0cm. The soft-fired clay is a pink shade (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), the external suface is covered with a pale brown slip (Munsell 107.5YR 8.2). • Wall fragment AC04.31.tj15 (Fig. 85b) of a closed vessel decorated with Inscribed Triangles (tenda), preserved maximum diameter presumably 14cm, the clay is fired to a reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 7/6), preserved measurements 4.4 x 6 x 0.7cm. • Wall fragment AC04.31.bj03 (Fig. 85c), presumably of a bowl. Description not available.

85a. Wall fragment AC04.31.tj02 of a closed vessel decorated with Inscribed Triangles (tenda ), h. 4.6cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

85b. Wall fragment AC04.31.tj15 of a closed vessel decorated with Inscribed Triangles (tenda ), preserved maximum diameter 15cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

85c. Wall fragment with horizontal staff handle AC04.31.bj03 of a bowl. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Comments Two spiral braid fasteners are of a type that is very common in female burials from the Early Iron Age. They occur mostly in pairs, at Macchiabate e.g. in tombs CR11, G, I, V2, V6, T1, T4, T8, T16, T22, T27, T39, T57, T60, T63, T67, T82 and T86.28 Christiano Iaia points to the similarity between these objects and those from Vergina, Macedonia29 and their use as hair fasteners, which demonstrates an early and probable transadriatic origin. The type is popular among Oenotrian women, compare the female burials at S. Maria d’Anglona (Frey 1991, e.g. T140) and S. Teodoro/ Incoronata (Chiartano 1996, T. 505).

28 29

Scavello 2013, 207. Iaia 2007b, 27-34.

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impasto pottery  Fragment AC04.31.is01 (Fig. 86a), of a large red impasto, bucket-shaped jar, diameter rim circa 32cm, height 12cm. Core: red (Munsell 10R 5/6) surfaces a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/2-3). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 16, no. 45.  Rim to body fragments, AC04.31.ij24 (Fig. 86b) of a large impasto jar of the bucket-shape type. Preserved measurements: rim diameter 24cm, height 11 x wall thickness 0.9/1.2cm (2.2cm with band). Core and surfaces a weak red (Munsell 10R 4/2-3). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. Pl. 15, no. 44.  Rim to body fragments, AC04.31.ij13b (Fig. 86c) of a large impasto jar, probably of the situla type. Preserved measurements: rim diameter circa 25cm, preserved height 12 x 13 x wall thickness 2.0/1.8cm, 362g. Core: a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/3), surfaces a very dusky red (Munsell 10R 2.5-2). Ref. Colelli 2012, cat. no. 46.  Rim to shoulder fragment AC04.31.ij12a (Fig. 86d) of an impasto jar, preserved height 7cm, diameter at rim 14cm, thickness of wall 0.6/0.8cm. The paste is a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3/3), the burnished exterior too (Munsell 10R 3/2). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 15, no. 43.  Rim to shoulder fragment AC04.31.ip12b (Fig. 76e) of a large bucket-shaped pithos, rim diameter circa 33cm, preserved measurements 15.2 x 13.1 x 1.2/0.8cm, weight 380g. Ovoidal jar, the tip of the rim slightly out-curving, lip tapering convex. Underneath the rim at the outer surface horizontal incisions.

86a. Rim to body fragment AC04.31.is01, of a large impasto, bucket-type pithos. Rim diameter circa 32cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

86c. Rim to body fragment, AC04.31.ij13b, of an impasto situla, rim diameter 26cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

86b. AC04.31.ij24 impasto jar. Rim diameter 24cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

86d. AC04.31.is12a, impasto jar, rim diameter circa 15cm. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

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86f. Rim fragment AC04.31.ipl2b of a bucket-shaped pithos. Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

conglomerate bedrock

25

24

AC15

AC15.20b-23

head

legs

body, f

cattle

1

3, 1ju

1

size 08

2

sheep/goat

1

size 06

2

pig

23

1s-ad, 1

5, 1c

2 1 s-ad

gold foil object

5/10cm deeper 23 turns into 24

loose soil from clandestini pit

87. AC15, Stratigraphic Units AC15.23-25.

Table 7. Animal bone fragments in AC15.20b and 23b.

3.3.3. Catalogue V: finds from Stratigraphic Units AC15.10, .20, .23, AC18.13, .14 and AC18A.14 Trench AC15, situated at the brink of the south slope, was partly disturbed by illegal digging which evidently stopped after very ashy soil was met. 1 In this ashy, still rather disturbed soil, fragments of cooking stands were present, many made of the same friable fabric with organic matter added to its paste as already known from trench AC04. Fragments of this same material must have belonged to a larger cooking facility, a stove with a thick grill plate with round heat openings in it, in the manner of a kiln plate. A preserved part of the grill support next to the fuel opening makes it likely that this cooking stand could have been of a type 4 in the publication of the fragments of the stands from the Broglio di Trebisacce excavation. 2 At a level of -1.01m SU 7 and SU 10 provided evidence of a fixed cooking stove, comparable to SU AC04.13 (see section 3.3). The circle of pulverized cooking stand material and mixed-in river cobbles must have been the base of a cooking facility with a holed grill plate. This concotto of SU AC15.07 and .10 was not placed on red gritty soil as was the case with SU AC04.13. What was similar however, was the presence of patches of yellow soil around and on top of the fragmented cooking facility and the small vessels dating from the second half of the 7th century BC attached to these (SU AC15.08 = a piriform aryballos; SU AC15.11 = a hydriska; SU AC15.11 = a kotyle, a krateriskos and a small cup). Stratigraphic Unit AC15.15 is the yellow layer further away from the cooking stand, it was identical to the layer encountered in almost all ‘Area Chiesetta’ trenches and it could be attributed to Building V.d because of the presence of the small vessels dating from the second half of the 7th century BC placed in it. On top of the yellow layer was SU AC15.16, consisting of soil layered with ash in a secondary position, whether put there by the builders of later temples as a fill or auto-collapsed could not be established. A continuation of the “loom weight strip AC02/04” could be recognized in SU AC15.20b and SU AC15.23b, but not during excavation and therefore these Stratigraphic Units are separated by b numbers from SU AC15.20a, which is the red gritty layer and SU AC15.23a with more compact and darker soil. In trench AC15, the red gritty layer was very thin (< 5cm). It was surrounded by yellow soil patches (with a lekythos = SU AC15.21). Stratigraphic Unit AC15.20b and its continuation SU AC15.23b are ashy layers with fornello fragments, bordering to SU 23a, which was a more compact layer on top of SU AC15.24, the soil on the conglomerate bedrock (SU 25) and blackish brown in colour (Fig. 87). 0F

1F

1 2

In drawing Fig. 63a the southern border of the trench is not correct, it should be 2m more to the south. Claudio Moffa discerns the larger forni from the smaller cooking stands, the fornelli: Moffa 2002, 78-79.

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Stratigraphic Units 10 and 20 Loom weights • Loom weight fragment AC15.20b.cs149 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 101). • Loom weight fragment AC15.20b.cs14 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 180). • Loom weight fragment AC15.20b.cs06 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 132). • Small loom weight fragment AC15.20b.cs10 (Chapter VI, cat. no. 312). • Loom weight fragment AC15.20b.cs09 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 243). • Loom weight fragment AC15.20b.cs150 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 244). Spindle whorls • Spindle whorl AC15.20b.cs558 (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 50). Cooking stands • Part of the fuel opening of the grill support of a cooking stand, AC15.10.cs10 (Fig. 88a). Preserved measurements: h. 12 x 14 x 5.5/5cm. Colour: pink (Munsell YR7.4 7/5). Refined, powdery clay, mixed with organic material, modeled by hand. The front side of the porch is modelled into a convex edge, the underside is simply sliced, which makes it possible that it was mounted onto a base. Although the element is of a torchis-like fabric the modelling resembles the stands made of burnished impasto found in Trench 4 SU 30. Presumably the type of this stand is the same and close to the one published by Moffa (Moffa 2002) under type IA. • Part of a grill plate of a cooking stand, AC15.10.cs11 (Fig. 88b). Preserved measurements: 11 x 8 x 6.5cm. Colour: pink (Munsell YR7.4 7/5), refined powdery clay mixed with organic material. One side of the plate is very slightly convex, the other flat. The fragment shows parts of two holes, one with a diameter of circa 8cm, the other is perhaps not intentional. The type of cooking stand may have resembled Moffa 2002, 1C. • Fragment of the grill support of a cooking stand AC15.20b.f160 (Fig. 88c). Preserved measurements: length 12 x width 9.5/6 x 8.2/5.2cm. The fragment has concave sides and widening ends. It is more or less round in the centre, with a diameter of 5.6cm, although somewhat flattened on top. The other side is roughly modeled into a convex shape. At one of the ends the fragment shapes towards a small hole. The fragment must have belonged to the grill of a cooking stand composed of several more of these elements. The type of cooking stand may have resembled Moffa 2002, 1C. • Internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, AC15.20b.cs10b (Fig. 88d). Preserved measurements: length 16cm, width 6/4.5cm, thickness 3.5/2cm. Colour: burnt black by use, the unburnt parts are red (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6). The central part of the support contains a plate which is more or less circular with a diameter of 8cm, at the lower side a ring of impasto seems to have broken away. From the central plate two quarter supports must also have broken off. The fragment represents the diameter of an internal floor of a cooking stove, which then must have been circa 18cm. Roughly modeled by hand. Although this fragment seems rough it may have belonged to the same fornello as the next element, because the colour of the finish is the same. • Part of a wall of the firing chamber of a cooking stand, AC15.20b.cs10a (Fig. 88e), of red impasto. Preserved measurements: height 18.5 x width 15.5 x thickness 1.8cm, thickness at the base 4.3/.2cm. Colour: weak red (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4).This arched left hand side (presumably, if the support was closed at its backside) fragment of the porch of a fuel opening consists of a slab with a moulded base. The front side is simply sliced and not embellished. On the outside diagonal traces of modeling with the fingers. The fragment does not curve horizontally, which indicates that the stand must have been more than 20cm deep. The type of cooking stand may have resembled type 1E discerned by Claudio Moffa (Moffa 2002, Fig. 53) from other types because of a square shape. • Part of an ornamental left hand upper corner of the fuel opening of a cooking stand AC15.23.00 (Fig. 88f), h. 9.0 x 6.8 x 4.0cm. The paste is pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), the finish is red (Munsell 2.5YR 5/6). The fragment contains a frame of 3cm in width which widens at the corner to 3.5cm. Behind this list the fragment curves. The lower side is not finished so probably a part is missing from it. The impasto is relatively coarse grained but the red finish is relatively thick and slightly shiny. Weight 88g. Compare the cooking stand from Trench 4, SU.30 illustrated in Fig. 79a above. • Fragment of the grill-support of a cooking stand (?) AC15.10.cs05 (Fig. 88g). Preserved measurements: length 6.8 x 7.5 x 5.5cm. The fragment is broken at one end the other end is relatively flat and may have been attached to the wall of a cooking stand, although traces of attachment are not in evidence. • Fragment of the grill support of a cooking stand AC15.20b.f08, with slightly concave sides. Preserved measurements: length 11.5 x 8.5/7.0 x 5.5cm.The fragment is broken at its two ends, one is relatively flat and may have been attached to the wall of a cooking stand. • Fragment of the grill support of a cooking stand AC15.20b.f159 (Fig. 88h). Preserved measurements: length 12.5 x width 11/7 x height 5.2 cm. The fragment has concave sides and a flat, oval end at one side, the other end consists of a protruding centre part around which the rest of the element was moulded but has now broken off. The fragment must have been attached to the wall of a large cooking stand, its sides are slightly concave. • Fragment of the grill support of a cooking stand AC15.20b.f13 (Fig. 88i). Preserved measurements: length 11.5 x width 8.5 x 5.5cm. The fragment is broken at both ends, one is relatively lat and may have been attached to the wall of the stand. • Fragment of the grill plate of a cooking stand AC15.10.f09 (Fig. 88j), underside broken away. Preserved measurements: 9.9 x 10.5 x 3.8cm.The fragment is broken all around, except for a small convex part of its side, which has no diameter. The top is flattened. Almost certainly part of a thinner plate than the other fragments.

113

•

Fragment of the grill support of a cooking stand AC15.20b.f06. Preserved measurements: length 9cm, width 7.1 x 5.8cm x thickness 4cm, a small part of what I take to be the underside is missing though. The fragment is broken at one end, the other much widening end seems finished (the fragment could not be cleaned). The upper and lower surfaces are partly finished as is one side, which is concave, the other side is broken. The fragment must have belonged to a cooking stand composed of more of such elements.

88a. AC15.10.cs10, preserved height 12cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88b. AC15.10.cs11, preserved width 11cm, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

114

88c. AC15.20b.f160, preserved width National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88d. AC15.20b.10b. Internal support of the grill of a cooking stand, length 16cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88e. AC15.20b.f10a. Wall fragment of a firing chamber of a type IA cooking stand, height 18.5cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

115

88f. AC15.23.00. Decorative fragment of cooking stand porch, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88g. Fragment of the grillsupport of a cooking stand, AC15.10.cs05, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88h. Fragment of the grill-support of a cooking stand, AC15.20b.f159. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88i. Fragment of the grillsupport of a cooking stand, AC15.10.cs13, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

88j. Fragment of the grill plate of a cooking stand AC15.10.f09, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Impasto vessels • • •

Rim fragment AC15.20b.ij01 (Fig. 89a) of an impasto jar, diameter rim 18cm, preserved height 9.3cm. Core ranging from a dusky red (10YR ¾) at the upper part to a reddish black (Munsell 10R 2.5/1) at the lower part; surfaces a dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/1). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 20, no. 61. Rim fragment AC15.20b.ij02 (Fig. 89b) of a red impasto jar, rim diameter 13cm, preserved height7.4cm. Core and surfaces are a red colour (Munsell 10R 4/6). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 20, no. 62. Rim fragment AC15.20b.is02 (Fig.89c) of a wide impasto bowl, rim diameter rim 17cm, preserved height 5.2cm. Core is a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/4) and its surfaces are ranging from the latter colour to a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/2). Ref.: Colelli 2012, Pl. 20, no. 63.

89a. Rim fragment AC15.20b.ij01 of an impasto jar, diameter rim 18cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. (Adapted after Colelli 2012, no. 61).

89b. Rim fragment AC15.20b.ij02 of an impasto jar, diameter rim 13cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. (Adapted after Colelli 2012, no. 62).

89c. Rim fragment AC15.20b.is02 of an impasto bowl, diameter rim 17cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. (Adapted after Colelli 2012, no. 63).

Stratigraphic Unit AC15.23b Loom weights AC15.23b.lwg20 fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 159). AC15.23b.lwg09 fragment of a loom weight. (Chapter IV, cat. no. 125). AC15.23b.lwg00 fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 244). Pottery Refined ware AC15.23b.eu01 (Fig. 89d) rim fragment of an Euboean skyphos, Late Geometric, 2nd-3rd quarter 8th c. BC. Diameter rim 14cm, preserved measurements h3.4, wall th. 0.5cm, refined reddish-yellow fired clay (Munsell 5YR7/8), surfaces pink (Munsell 5YR 8/4). Decorated on exterior rim with vertical dashes between horizontal lines, along the interior lip a horizontal line with dashes, the remaining interior painted. AC15.23b.cbs84 (Fig. 89e) refined-clay wall fragment of a matt-painted vessel, decorated with cross-hatching. Diameter circa 23cm (Kleibrink, Fasanella Masci & Barresi 2013, cat. no. 180).

116

AC15.23b.fs01 (Fig. 89f), rim fragment of a cup with one or with two handles, diameter at transition from rim to shoulder circa 14cm, preserved measurements h. 4.3 x 2.8 x 0.5cm. The colour of the clay is pink (Munsell 7.5 YR 7/4). Ref.: Kleibrink 2015a, cat. no. 46. Objects AC15.23b.gb01 (Fig. 89g) glass bead. AC15.23/24.00 (Fig.89h) gold foil fragment, 5 x 1.6cm. This gold foil ornament must have been attached to another more solid object as is clear from the cut border and the punched holes by which it must have been fastened. The many wrinkles look like the result of folding. The foil is cut in the form of an olive leaf, but it is not certain that this was its original form, especially because a rib is not present. The decoration consists of larger punched inscribed circles and many tiny ones. It looks to me as if the leaf was originally part of a larger ornament, because it recalls Geometric period gold foil discs that covered spectacle fibulae and round gold foil pendants: e.g. L’oro dei Greci 1992, 246, no. 61 and 248, nos. 73-74.

89d. Rim fragment AC15.23b.eu01, of an imported skyphos. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. 89e. Wall fragment AC15.23b.cbs84, of a mattpainted vessel. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

89f. Rim fragment AC15.23b.fs01, of a matt-painted cup. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

89g. Glass perl AC15.23.gb01. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

89h. AC15.23/24.00. Gold foil ornament. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Stratigraphic Units AC18.13-.14 The larger part of the soil accumulated in trenches AC18 and 18A, both of 2m (N/S) x 4m (E/W) and excavated during the Scavi Kleibrink in 2000 (AC18) and 2002 (AC18A), consisted of ashy layers, a continuation of AC15 in easterly direction. AC18 (Fig. 90)consisted of topsoil and a thick layer of gravel with underneath the secondary ashy layer (context 5) deposited underneath the gravel, presumably by the constructors of Temple V.e before depositing the gravel. Underneath this ashy layer the familiar thin red stratum filled with yellow patches and ash occurred (contexts 6, 7, and part of 9). Stratigraphic Unit 10 was a second yellow layer with second half 7th c. BC objects attached to it. Beneath 10, contexts 13 and 14 occurred, both with fine-grained soft brown soil mixed with ash, animal bones, pottery fragments and loom weights. One of the loom weight fragments fits to a fragment from Stratigraphic Unit AC02.29 (Chapter IV, cat. no. 115). Stratigraphic Unit 15 was below SU 13/14 and immediately on the conglomerate bedrock; Stratigraphic Unit AC18.17 was of the same, fairly compact composition, but separated from AC18.15 by the excavators because it filled a cavity in the bedrock (context AC18.16). The soil of Stratigraphic Units AC18.15 and 17 resembled SU 38 of trench 3 to the north, but it contained a few items slipped in from above because of the strong inclination of the bedrock.

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The stratigraphic sequence of trench AC18A was similar to AC18, with the important difference that 5 post holes cut into the conglomerate bedrock were in existence in this trench. Their presence caused accumulations of yellow soil in the top parts of the holes and around and on top of them. Contexts AC18A.14 is considered to be an extension of the “AC02-04 loom weight fill”, possibly interfering with an earlier deposit of grey ware. Pit AC18 East section

topsoil with ash gravel

gravel ashy gravel

dry soil

dry soil

pit

llo il l ye t so we eti ca poth hy

llo ye w la

w la

r ye

r ye

-1.98 m ashy soil

conglomerate bedrock ashy soi

1m

-2.49 m

90. Drawing of the East section of AC18.

92a. Shoulder fragment of an Euboean skyphos AC18.13.eu200. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

91. Drawing of contexts AC18.contexts 13 and 14. The drawn objects are loom weights.

92b. AC18.13.csk101, rim fragments of a Corinthian kotyle, diameter rim 15cm. (Adapted after Jacobsen & Handberg 2010, no. 878a). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Pottery Imported • AC18.13.cs200 (Fig. 92a), wall fragment with handle root of an Euboean imported skyphos. Preserved measurements: h. 3.7 x 3.4 x 0.25/ 0.5cm. Clay, a light brown (Munsell 7.5YR 6/4), at exterior a pink slip (Munsell 7.5 YR 8/3). The monochrome interior is a very dark grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 3/2).The decoration consists of a horizontal band at the lower part, single cross hatched lozenges with interspaced dots surrounded by another band and three vertical bars on the right. Late Geometric, 2nd quarter of the 8th century BC. Ref.: Jacobsen 2007, cat. no. 16. • AC18.13.ck101 (Fig. 92b), rim fragments of a Corinthian kotyle, diameter rim 15cm, h. 2.9 x th. 0.2/0.4cm, the colour of the core ranges from a pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/3 ) to a very pale brown (Munsell 10YR 8/3). The exterior is decorated with a hatched meander, the interior is painted a dark brown except for a white horizontal band beneath the rim. Ref.: Jacobsen et al. 2010, no. 878a.

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Loom weights large

• • • • • •

AC18.13.lwt50, loom weight (Chapter V, cat. no. 140). AC18.13.lwg52, loom weight (Chapter V, cat. no. 139). AC18.13.lwg51, loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 247). AC18.13.lwg56, fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no 248). AC18.13.lwg54, fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 134). AC18.13.lwg57, fragment of a loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 115).

• • • • • • • •

AC18.13.lwk101, loom weight (Chapter VI, cat. no. 388). AC18.13.lwg102, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 389). AC18.13.lwg112, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 394) AC18.13.lwg113, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 395). AC18.13.lwg105, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 390). AC18.13.lwg106, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 391). AC18.13.lwg108, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 392). AC18.13.lwg109, loom weight (Chapter VIII, cat. no. 393).

small

Spindle whorls • AC18.13.sw100, spindle whorl (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 65). • AC18.13.sw103, spindle whorl (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 66). • AC18.13sw104, spindle whorl (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 141). • AC18.13.stw104, spindle whorl (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 217.) • AC18.13.sw107, spindle whorl (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 142). • AC18.13.sw110, spindle whorl (Kleibrink 2016b, cat. no. 143).

Stratigraphic Unit AC18A.14 Loom weights large

small

• • • • • •

AC18A.14.lwg102, loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 121). AC18A.14.lwg103, loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 175). AC18A.14.lwg108, loom weight (Chapter Vi, cat. no. 315). AC18A.14.lwg109, loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 253). AC18A.14.lwg111, loom weight (not in Catalogue). AC18A.14.lwg09, loom weight (Chapter IV, cat. no. 252).

• • • • •

AC18A.14.lwg104, loom weight (Chapter VII, cat. no. 425). AC18A.14.lwg114, loom weight (Chapter VI.1, cat. no. 305). AC18A.14.lwg107, loom weight (Chapter VII, cat. no. 349). AC18A.14.lwg108, loom weight (Chapter VI, cat. no. 315). AC18A.14.lwg110, loom weight (Chapter V, cat. no. 296).

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93a. Rim fragment AC03.38.ubs06 + AC18A.14.ubs20 of a deep bowl, rim diameter 15cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

93d. Rim fragment of a kantharos or dipper cup, AC18A.14.cbs01, lip diameter 13/14cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

93b. Fragments AC18a.14.ubs26 etc. of a jug or jar, preserved height 13cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

93e. AC18A.14.cbs11, muglet, diameter rim 4.5cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

93c. Rim fragment AC18A.14.cbs10, lip diameter 14cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

93f. Fragments of a jug/jar AC18A.14.cbs07+22.04.163 maximum diam. 16cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Pottery Matt-painted • Rim fragment AC03.38.ubs06+AC18A.14.ubs20 (Fig. 93a), lip diameter 15cm, preserved measurements h. 5.5 x thickness 0.7cm, the colour of the clay is a reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR7/6 that of the slip a pink (Munsell 7.5YR 74). The shoulder of this handmade vessel in the coiling technique is decorated with a frieze filled with horizontal undulating bands placed between plain bands. Ref: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, cat. no. 65. • Several fragments of the rim, neck and shoulders of a conical necked jar or jug AC16A.09.UBS21, 22, CLEA+ 13.04.ubs500, ubs615 + AC18a.14.ubs26 +AC22.02.ubs4A+AC25.02.ubs24 (Fig. 93b). The preserved height is 13cm, the thickness of the wall 0.9, of the lip 0.7cm. The colour of the clay is a reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 6/6), the slip is a very pale brown (Munsell 10YR 7/3). The vessel is decorated with a broad undulating bands frieze over the transition from neck to body and a smaller one over the transition from rim to neck. Ref.: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012, cat. no. 106.

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• • • •

Rim fragment AC18A.14.cbs10 (Fig. 93c), of a cup, lip diameter 14cm, preserved measurements 3.8 x 5.9 x 0.7/0.5cm. The neck is decorated with a frieze consisting of alternating cross-hatched and reserved panels. Ref.: Kleibrink, Fasanella Masci & Barresi 2013, cat. no. 110. Rim fragment AC18A.14.cbs01(Fig. 93d), of a dipper cup or kantharos, lip diameter 13/14cm, preserved measurements 3.7 x 9.7 x 0.5/0.3cm. The shoulder is decorated with a frieze consisting of alternating cross-hatched and reserved panels. Ref.: Kleibrink, Fasanella Masci & Barresi 2013, cat. no. 79. Rim to body fragment of a small drinking mug/juglet AC18A.14.cbs11 (Fig. 93e), lip diameter 4.5cm, preserved measurements 3.9 x 5.7 x 0.3/0.2cm. The colour of the clay is pink (Munsell 7.5 7/4). The faded decoration consists of a continuous frieze filled with cross-hatching lines. Ref.: Kleibrink, Fasanella Masci 2013, cat. no. 72. Rim to body fragment of a jar/jug AC18A.14.cbs07+ AC22.04.cbs163 (Fig. 93f), maximum diameter 17cm, preserved measurements 6.3 x 11 x 0.5cm. The colour of the clay is pink (Munsell 7.5 7/4). The decoration consists of a continuous frieze filled alternating reserved and cross-hatched panels. Ref.: Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2013, cat. no. 100.

Grey ware • Grey ware wall fragment, AC18A.14.gw01 (Fig. 94a),. Preserved measurements 6.8 x 4.9 x 0.4cm. External surface is a glossy grayish-brown (Munsell 2.5Y 5/2) the inside is the same colour but dull. The fabric contains mica particles of a ‘gold’ colour, which indicates a non-local clay. • Grey ware neck fragment AC18A.14.gw06? (Fig. 94b). Grey ware wall fragment, the last number became unreadable. Diameter neck perhaps 24cm. Preserved measurements 4.1 x 4.1 x 0.9cm. The internal surface is a light brownish grey (Munsell 2.5Y 6/2), the external one ranges from grey to dark grey (Munsell 2.5Y 5/1-4/1). • Grey ware horizontal handle fragment AC18A.14.gw07 (Fig. 94c). Shiny. Diameter 1.6cm, length 6.5cm. External surface is a very dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 3/1), inside grey (Munsell 7.5 YR 5/1). • Grey ware rim fragment, AC18A.14.gw09 (Fig. 94d) of a closed vessel. Diameter at lip 7cm, at belly 16cm, preserved measurements 5.2 x 8.4 x 0.6cm. The fabric contains many gold coloured mica particles, the colour ranges from grey to greyish brown on the outer surface faint traces of a painted decoration with parallel bands. • Grey ware vertical handle, AC18A.14.gw11 (Fig. 94e). Preserved measurements 6.5 x 3cm. • Grey ware rim fragment AC18A.14.gw13 (Fig. 94f) of an unidentified vessel. Lip diameter between 12 and 14cm. Preserved measurements 2 x 2.8 x 0.5cm. Shiny surface, the colour is a grey (Munsell 2.5YR 5/1). • Grey ware neck fragment AC18A.14.gw14 (Fig. 93g). Diameter neck circa 6cm. Preserved measurements 2.3 x 3.4 x 0.5/0.3cm. External surface dark grey and glossy (Munsell 2.5YR 4/1) internal surface dull and grey but dirty (Munsell 2.5YR 6/1).

Comment: Grey Ware Grey Ware is a common denominator for a pottery class, which is made on the fast potter’s wheel or in coiling technique and fired in an oxygen-poor atmosphere. In the Sibaritide the production of Grey Ware pottery starts in the Late Bronze Age and its shapes are often similar to pottery made in burnished impasto in that period. 3 The production is known from Torre del Mordillo and especially from Broglio di Trebisacce where producing techniques probably resulted from Mycenaean contacts. The local production continues in the Early Iron Age with new pot forms characteristic of that period. 4 The finishing of the local Sibaritide Grey Ware in question is not uniform, for instance silver-grey highly burnished surfaces occur but also dull bluish-grey ones. The presence of relatively many Grey Ware fragments in SU AC18A.14 has not yet become clear. 2F

3F

E.g. Bettelli 2009a, 21-24; Bettelli 2009b, 95-101. Grey Ware from the Timpone della Motta has been discussed and published by Colelli 2012, sections 6.5.2 and .3; Ippolito 2016, 174-175. 3 4

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94a. AC18A.14.gw01, wall fragment in grey ware, h. 6.0cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

94b. AC18A.14.gw06, neck fragment in grey ware. H. 4.1cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

94e. AC18A.14.gw11, handle fragment in grey ware. Height 6.5cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Impasto • • • •

94c. AC18A.14.gw07, handle fragment in grey ware. Length 6.5cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

94f. AC18A.14.gw13, rim fragment in grey ware, h. 2cm, diam. 14cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

94d. AC18A.14.gw09,neck fragment in grey ware, h. 5.2cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

94g. AC18A.14.gw14, shoulder fragment in grey ware, diam. neck circa 6cm. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

94h. AC18A.14.gw15, neck fragment in grey ware. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Impasto goblet, complete, AC18A.14.im101, lip diameter 7.7cm (Fig. 95a). Height 9.3cm, with handle 11cm, thickness wall 0.65/1.0cm. The colour of the core is a reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/1), that of the surfaces ranges from a dusky red to a dark reddish grey (Munsell 2.5YR 4/2 and 5/1). Ref.: Colelli 2012, cat. no. 226. Rim fragment of a bucket-type pithos, AC18A.14.im34 (Fig. 95b), lip diameter 34cm. Preserved height 8cm x thickness of wall 0.8/0.9cm. The colour of the core is a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/2), that of the surfaces ranges from a dusky red to a dark reddish grey (Munsell 2.5YR 4/2 and 5/1). Ref.: Colelli 2012, cat. no. 227. Rim fragment AC18A.14.im05 (Fig. 95c) of a large globular jar, lip diameter 22cm. Preserved measurements 8.3 x 1.0/1.2cm. The colour of the core and the internal surface ranges from a dusky red to a reddish black (Munsell 2.5YR 4.2 and 2.5/1); the external surface is a reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/1). Ref.: Colelli 2012, cat. no. 225. Rim fragment AC18A.14.im03 (of a bucket-type pithos, lip diameter 26cm. Preserved measurements 9.4 x 0.6/0.9cm. The colour of the core is a dusky red (Munsell 10R 3.3); the surfaces are ranging from a dark red to red (Munsell 10R 3/6 and 4/6). Ref.: Colelli 2012, cat. no. 228. This is a fragment of a jar of which other rim fragments were present in trench AC4, context 31, nr. 24.

95a. AC18A.14.im101, lip diameter 7.7cm (adapted after Colelli 2012, no. 226).

95b. AC18A.14.im34, lip diameter 34cm (adapted after Colelli 2012, no. 227).

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95c. AC18A.14.im05, lip diameter 22cm. (adapted after Colelli 2012, no. 225).

CHAPTER IV WEAVING TECHNIQUE; TYPOLOGY AND CATALOGUE OF THE LARGE, DECORATED LOOM WEIGHTS 4.1. Introduction In this chapter the weights and dimensions of the loom weights are used to calculate1 the number of warp threads per loom weight and further suggestions are offered for the reconstruction of the loom (s) the weights may actually have been part of. A catalogue of the complete and fragmented loom weights from the contexts of Building V.b is further presented. The catalogue is ordered according to the type of decoration, because analysis of the incised patterns showed them to belong to several rather complicated variations on meander swastika motifs. The seriation of the loom weights in the stratigraphic units of the various contexts will be listed in a next volume in this series of publications. 4.2. The weights, the loom and weaving technique During the first millennium BC trapezoidal weights were the preferred weight type for vertical looms in Italy. In South Italy they have been found in many excavations.2 The weights vary greatly and loom weights of one kilo or more, like quite a number among the Francavilla Marittima specimens, are known from several sites in Italy, for instance Narce, Acquarossa, Ficana, Monte Savino and Cetamura.3

96a. Loom weights from the excavations at Broglio di Trebisacce. National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari. Photo published with permission by Dr A. Vanzetti, Broglio excavations.

96b. Loom weights and spindle whorls from Torre del Mordillo, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

Using the method developed by the Copenhagen Centre for Textile Research (CTR): cf. Mårtensson et al. 2009. Gleba 2008: Fig. 93 type F1 and p. 131 with a list of sites. 3 Gleba 2008, Table 6. 1 2

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Closer to Francavilla Marittima are the Late Bronze/Early Iron Age loom weight finds from Broglio di Trebisacce 4 and Torre del Mordillo,5 which are less heavy and single finds which are not directly associated with functional looms. In contrast to the almost flat slabs like the majority of the Francavilla Marittima weights, the weights found at those sites usually have a square or broad rectangular base and if with a rectangular base the weights are expanding from top to base (Figs. 96a-b).

97. Penelope with Telemachos at her loom, Attic red-figure cup, circa 440 BC, National Archaeological Museum, Chiusi (image in the public domain).

Loom weights were used on warp-weighed looms in order to hold the warp threads under tension.6 Tabby is the most common weaving technique.7 When producing a tabby, the loom weights are attached to two warp thread layers: the two sheds with a front and a back row. Every other thread is attached to a weight that belongs to the front layer and the others are attached to the weights of the back layer.8 Greek vase paintings of vertical looms, like the famous mid-5th c. BC red figure cup with Penelope at her loom (Fig. 97), show the two separate rows of loom weights, one weight painted alternatingly above the other to show the difference between the front and back layers. The front and back warp threads of a tabby need to be under the same tension. The weight is consequently the most important element of a loom weight. During the Early Iron Age twill techniques spread (probably from the north, like sun-symbolism).9 It involves passing the weft alternately over two and under two warp threads. On a warp-weighted loom, because one set of threads rests on an immovable shed bar, only three heddle bars are needed to produce a twill weave.10 The pseudomorphs of weaves found in the South-Italian Early Iron Age contexts suggest that weaving with several shafts was known.11 The material - in the case of the Francavilla Marittima weights impasto (= unrefined clay) - and the measurements of a weight determine its weight (Table 10). The shape of the weights and the way they are pierced are relevant to their use. The Francavilla Marittima weights are more or less trapezoidal in form, which leaves room for fastening warp threads through the suspension hole in the upper part. The large 4

Late Bronze Age: Claudio Giardino in Peroni & Trucco 1994, pl. 32, 7 (large, impasto, form 138; pl. 33, 29 (refined clay, form 139; pl. 43, 12 (impasto, the top decorated with a cross, form 138); pl. 50, 25 (form 140); Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age: Vittoria Buffa in Peroni & Trucco 1994, pl. 93, 8 (impasto, form 93a); pl. 93, 14; pl. 97, 27 (impasto, form 92b) pl. 100, 11-13, 35); Ric. 3, 209, pl. 51, 19 from sector B, level H decorated with incised swastika’s. 5 Vittoria Buffa in Peroni & Trucco 1994 (Torre del Mordillo tomb 36: two small impasto weights and one in refined clay, pl. 156, 11-13); Trucco & Vagnetti 2001, pl. 45, 10, impasto type 530; pl. 52, 23, refined clay, type 121. 6 Barber 1992, 82 with lit.; Gleba 2008, 122 with lit. 7 Mårtensson et al. 2009, 374. 8 Mårtensson et al. 2009, 374. 9 Compare Barber 1992, 186-194; Gleba 2008, 45-63. 10 Barber 1991, 187. 11 Gleba 2008.

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trapezoidal weights from the Timpone Motta are above average in weight12 and also not of the same weight, but could nevertheless have been used with a single warp-weighed loom. Barber refers to the experience written down by Marta Hoffmann,13 who, while investigating modern Scandinavian use of a warp-weighed loom in a farm, found that ‘’the women simply tied proportionally more warp threads to the heavier weights, and fewer to the lighter ones. In one case, the weights hung onto a single loom at one time weighed anywhere from 1.25 to 4.50 kilos! (They were made of shaped field stones, and were heavy expressly for weaving heavy woolen bed spreads)’’. 14 To this another useful observation may be added: “In practice, an experienced weaver weighs the loom weight by hand and estimates how to obtain the optimal tension” (of the warp, MK).15 The loom weights found more or less in a circa 2.50m long strip associated with Building V.b on the top of the Timpone della Motta are trapezoidal in form and mostly not very thick in relation to their width (Table 11a), nor is their height very much greater than their width. They are horizontally pierced through their width at 0.7 to 3cm (Table 9) from their tops and never through their thicknesses. This means that the weights must have been attached to the warp threads in such a way that the decorated broad sides were to front. This position is confirmed by the facts that the weights are usually decorated only on one of their broad sides and that only a few of the lower corners of these weights show a bit of wear, presumably the spots where the corners rubbed against each other during use. In the case of these large trapezoidal weights, tying a bundle of warp threads to a weight is a solution to the problem of obtaining the right tension on the warp threads without breaking them, but as remarked above it asks for a lot of experience, especially when – as is the case here – the loom weights are of different weight (Table 11). Three ways of tying warp threads to loom weights are generally discussed in the available literature:16 1) a bundle of threads directly tied through the hole in the weight, 2) warp threads attached to an intermediary like a loop of cord or a metal ring, 3) a small rod – of metal or wood - put through the weight as intermediary to which the threads could be attached. The second way is shown on a vase painted in the period 550-530BC by the Amasis painter in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York;17 the third method is known from the Hellenistic period at Corinth and Nemea18 and the much earlier example from Fratte.19 The trapezoidal shape of the weights from Francavilla Marittima would leave room for a small stick through the holes of the loom weights, which, if not protruding from the lower corners of the weights, would not get in the way of the next specimen and if the weights were used with the thicknesses against each other could have had any length. The sticks, however, cannot have been thicker than the holes, which 18 x have a diameter of more than 1cm, but 22 x are of circa 0.5/0.7cm, and 9 x with a diameter of only 0.8/0.9cm (Table 8). One would have to find the right kind of wood that with such a small diameter would not break; no metal rods of the required length have been found. Moreover the space for tying warp threads to each end of a stick, if the weights were used with their width to the front, is with the Francavilla Marittima weights often not more than 0.3/0.5cm at each side, which, however, is probably enough to attach bundles of warp threads. The use of sticks would offer an explanation for the fact that the holes through the majority of the FM weights show only slight wear. However, against the use of sticks in the case of the FM weights, is the fact that it

See the list in Barber 1992, 387. Hoffmann [1964] 1974, 42. 14 Barber 1992, 96. 15 Mårtensson et al. 2009, 378. 16 Gleba 2008. 17 Amasis vase: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/31.11.10 . 18 McLauchlin 1981, 79-81 and Carroll 1983, 96-86 with a different interpretation, see Gleba 2008, 128. 19 Illustrated in Gleba 2008, fig. 92. 12 13

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98. Loom weight AC10.01.lw09 (compare Catalogue, no. 136 below) with incisions over the top and in the backside probably to better hold a suspension cord.

2x 0.5cm, 2x 0.5/0.6cm

5x 0.6cm, 2x 0.6/0.7cm, 2x 0.6/0.8cm.

6x 0.7cm, 1x 0.7/0.8cm

5x 0.8cm, 1x 0.8/1.0cm, 1x 0.8/1.3cm.

4x 0.9cm

8x 1.0cm, 1x 1.0/1.1cm 3x 1.0/1.3cm, 1x 1.0/1.9cm.

2x 1.1cm 1x 1.1/1.3cm.

1x 1.8cm

4x 2cm.

Table 8. Diameters of the suspension holes of the Francavilla Marittima large, decorated loom weights.

1x 0.7cm, 1x 0.7/0.9cm.

4x 1.0cm, 1x 1.0/1.2cm.

2x 0.1cm.

1x 1.3cm, 1x 1.2/1.3cm, 2x 1.2/1.6cm.

1x 1.9cm, 1x 1.9/2.5cm.

2x 2cm.

2x 2.2cm.

2x 2.5cm 1x 2.5/3cm.

1x 1.3cm.

2x 2.6cm.

1x 2.7cm.

1x 1.4/2.2cm.

1x 1.5cm, 1x 1.5/1.7cm, 1x 1.5/1.8cm.

1x 2.8cm, 2x 2.8/3.2 1x 2.8/4cm.

2x 3cm.

Table 9. Suspension hole distances from the top of the large, decorated loom weights.

does not allow for even spaced layers of warp threads because it would leave spans of 8 to 11cm – the front sides of the weights - unused. Metal rings of sizes large enough to have passed the wide span of the suspension holes of the trapezoidal loom weights have not been found on the acropolis of the Timpone della Motta. All in all loops of cord through the holes therefore seems the only feasible way of suspension of this kind of weights. The space resulting from the difference between the upper and the lower corners of the weights would guarantee that the loops would not become entangled. Anyway, the cord must have been tied almost flat against the weight, otherwise the bundles of threads will engage with movement. Cord impressions found on the weights from the Timpone della Motta themselves are a reason to suppose that the cords used to tie bundles of warp threads to, went all the way around the weights. A number of specimens among the larger trapezoidal weights from FM show an incised groove over the centre of their tops as well as incisions or cord impressions over the faces of the weights, which may indicate such a manner of attaching an intermediate cord (Fig. 98). A smaller kind of impasto weight in use at Francavilla Marittima, probably of slightly earlier date than the large decorated loom weights, is more often decorated with such cord impressions (Fig. 99 and see Chapter V). The cords, which consist of two strands, can be reconstructed from the imprints on loom weights of the ‘cord impression’ type. The thicknesses of the cords range from 0.3 to 0.5cm because the diameters are close to 0.6cm, which is the measurement of the evidently supple cord pressed in the semi-dry clay of the loom weights. The cords are consequently small enough to pass two times through the suspension holes of the trapezoidal loom

126

99. A smaller (h. 5.75cm) variety of trapezoidal loom weight with cord impressions cf. Chapter V, cat. no. 293), used for experimental suspension from a cord. A cord loop obtained this way may have been used to tie warp threads to loom weights.

weights. In principle, the use of a cord loop could also allow for a use of the weights with their thicknesses against each other, the way in which the majority of the known ancient weights were probably tied and which is preferable.20 But against this solution counts the perfect condition of the decorated faces of the FM weights, which are made of burnished low-fired impasto and would certainly have shown wear if they had been rubbing against each other, especially because most weights expand slightly in thickness towards their bases. The above reasoning leads to the conclusion that the weights must have been positioned side by side with their decorated faces to front and presumably suspended for each shed at the same level, because if large weights hang at different levels the upper ones cause damage to the warp threads.21 When thus positioned, side by side, the width of the loom weights defines the width of the weave. Tests in the Danish Centre for Textile Research of the Copenhagen University resulted in the fact that the total width of the loom weights should be identical or only slightly wider than the fabric to be produced.22 The total width of the row of weights from the Weaving House measures 2.30/2.50m, which would have produced a cloth of more or less similar width.23 The two plain loom weights of the selvedges are circa 2m apart. They will have been found in a position only roughly related to the selvedges of the cloth. The weaves produced on the Timpone della Motta then may have been between the 2 and the 2.50m wide. The width of the bases of the loom weights is circa 10/12cm, which means that the loom had circa 20 weights for each shaft. In contexts AC2.31 and 32- AC4.30 a total of 21 more or less complete loom weights have been found and in related Stratigraphic Units several more (see Catalogues III-V) and there are many fragments of large trapezoidal weights in these same contexts. A weave of more than 2m is too wide for a single weaver, but there is proof that more weavers were working together at a single loom passing the bobbin to each other.24 This means that if at Francavilla Marittima the women had to create the shed with one hand while passing the bobbin with the other (see below) some 4 or 5 were working in a row. Reconstructing the use of a vertical loom with the large and almost flat FM weights facing frontal for a weave makes one uneasy; each shift would cause a lot of movement of the weights (the fact that in the above mentioned example of the bedspread in Norway weights as indestructible as stones were used is telling in my opinion). Unless this is in some way prevented, for instance by having very short warp threads or not using heddle bars. Without heddles the weaver or weavers would need to create the counter shed by hand each time she put a new weft thread through and she would not have been able to use a bobbin of some size. If the heddles consisted of strings tied to the different warp threads the pattern demanded and were controlled by a stick the difference with the use of mechanical heddle bars is not considerable enough. The thickness of the weight or in the FM case the width of the loom weight decides the amount of threads applied to the weight. The calculation of the most suitable number of threads for a heavy weight of 910g and 9.6 wide at the suspension hole (AC2751-2, from the courtyard, this Chapter, cat. no. 108)

Mårtensson et al. 2009, 383ss. Mårtensson et al. 2009, 384. 22 Mårtensson et al. 2009, 383ss. 23 As explained in Chapter III, stratigraphic unit AC4.30 in which the majority of the loom weights were found, gives reason to assume that these originally belonged to a loom standing near a division wall of Building V.b. 24 Gleba 2008, 123. 20 21

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results in 23 to 30 threads per weight, which is 6 to 5 per centimetre with respectively 30g and 40g warp tension per thread. Loom weight AC2751.lwg02: weight 910g, width at suspension hole 9.6cm A

B

C

D

warp threads requiring

10g warp tension

20g warp tension

30g warp tension

40g warp tension

numbers of threads per loom weight

91

45.5

30

23

numbers of threads per two loom weights (one in front layer one in back layer)

182

91

60

46

warp threads per cm

circa 18

circa 10

circa 6

circa 5

evaluation of suitability of the tool

unlikely

unlikely

possible

possible

Table 10, threads per centimeter in the case loom weight AC2751.02 is used with a weight of 910gram and a width of at the suspension hole of 9.6cm.25

(Table 10). Which means that for a tabby weave of 2m 1200/1000 warp threads would be needed and 600/500 still for a 1m piece of cloth (two sheds) and even more for a double weave for which more thread has to be used. If these calculations can be accepted, they, even if variations are allowed, give some idea of the size and importance of the production of cloth on the Timpone della Motta and the extend of related sheep husbandry. Another possibility is that the weights were used for a kind of tapestry weaving which does not need heddles. Usually tapestry is woven on a frame to which even spaced warp threads are tied from the top to the base bars - a so-called vertical two-beam loom -26 and a ruler is used to create a flat plane for the weaver who operates a bobbin with thread, or more bobbins when a coloured pattern is created, with the one hand while opening the shed with the other. But an arrangement with heavy loom weights tied to the lower ends of the warp threads which are fastened to a high horizontal beam would also work. The permanent tension to the warp threads would be crucial as well as an even spacing of those threads, but with weights instead of bars this can be freely adjusted.. In view of the uneven weight distribution among the weights found in the strip with loom weights (Table 11) and the considerable difficulty of using these weights with their frontal and largest sides to front on sheds separated by heddles, perhaps this was how the loom weights were used. number

weight in grams

AC2813

700

AC2930

1026

AC7251

911

AC02.02.27 +04.08

25 26

1108

AC02.15.01

950

AC02.15.02

1490

Calculation according to Mårtensson et al. 2009, 393ss. Barber 1992, 113ff.

128

AC02.29.15+18.1.57

1100

AC02.31.01

900

AC02.31.05

700

AC02.31.06

700

AC02.32.01

1100

AC02.31.07

850

AC02.31.08

1150

AC03.15.01

1088

AC04.07.26

715

AC04.09.36

500

AC04.30.05

485

AC04.30.06

900

AC04.30.07+15.23.09

900

AC04.30.09

1050

AC04.30.12

900

AC04.30.15

600

AC04.30.20+15.20.128

750

AC04.30.35

850

AC10.01.96

740

AC10.01.117

800

129

AC10.16.09

1000

AC18.SEC.55

1024

AC18.08.61

950

AC18.13.50

943

AC18.13.51

1135

AC18.13.52

402

Ac18.15.363

950

AC18A.14.102

650

AC18A.14.103

900

Ac22.04.04

800

AC22.05.04

1112

Table 11a. Weights of the complete trapezoidal loom weights from the strip in AC2 and AC4.

1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

2623 2813 2930 7251 02.02.27 +04.08 AC02.15.01 AC02.15.02 AC02.29.15+18.1.57 AC02.31.01 AC02.31.05 AC02.31.06 AC02.32.01 AC02.31.07 AC02.31.08 AC03.15.01 AC04.07.26 AC04.09.36 AC04.30.05 AC04.30.06 C04.30.07+15.23.09 AC04.30.09 AC04.30.12 AC04.30.15 AC04.30.20+15.20.1… AC04.30.35 AC10.01.96 AC10.01.117 AC10.16.09 AC18.SEC.55 AC18.08.61 AC18.13.50 AC18.13.51 AC18.13.52 Ac18.15.363 AC18A.14.102 AC18A 14 103

weight

TABLE 11b. Weights of the complete trapezoidal loom weights from the strip in AC2 and AC4.

Because a large percentage of the loom weights is fragmentary and the better preserved weights are also damaged perhaps no valid conclusions can be drawn from the material. Table 11 with the weights of the large trapezoidal weights is largely based on estimations calculated from the preserved parts of the weights. Leaving out the few lighter weights of around the 600g, it seems possible that a loom was set up with weights weighing between the circa 800 and 1000g.

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4.3. Typological analysis The incised patterns on the loom weights reveal their true nature only when the individual courses (the spaces between two incised lines) are filled in with contrasting colours. With two added colours the compositions are spectacular (see for example Fig. 100, type A1), and the effect is enhanced when more colours are applied (see for example Fig. 100, type B1) for one example out of many possibilities). It is likely that in most cases only two colours were used, because – as explained in Chapter I - only then does a specific feature of these motives stand out. In the most common or ‘classical’ pattern (Type A) the incised arms or courses combine to form a swastika and its reverse the negative shape. This is our main argument to interpret these motifs as patterns for woven cloth, since nearly all of them can be woven in such a fashion that the main pattern in the first colour always has an exact counterpart in the second colour on the reverse side, with the infill on each side also changing colour. In Chapter 1 an identification of the patterns on the loom weights as solar symbols was proposed. This opens the possibility that the patterns woven on the loom in the Timpone della Motta Weaving House were deliberately designed so as to show a ‘day’ and a ‘night’ side. The interpretation of the loom decorations as weaving patterns is also motivated by the apparent frontal position of the decorated sides of the weights, as indicated by the horizontal, sideways piercing of the weights’ narrow side instead of the more common front-to-back piercing – as explained above. Because such wide but thin weights are difficult to control when moving the shafts (despite a special suspension system to stabilize them, see the previous Section), there must have been an urgent reason to keep the decorations visible at all times, one which evidently superseded technical inconvenience. Weights of a standing loom are usually suspended just above the ground, in order to allow for the manufacture of a reasonable length of cloth. Thus, the weights would have been quite far below the normal field of view, rendering a purely aesthetic function of the decorations on them unlikely. The frontal position of the patterns on these weights must therefore have had a specific function for those who were in a position to see them well: the women busy at the loom. The only meaningful function of these intricate designs would be as patterns of woven fabrics. Having such patterns constantly in view may have been desirable, since weaving these intricate designs requires a complex threading of the loom. With a lot of counting and shafting, the compositions on our weights can be woven on a loom with multiple sheds as well as in a number of other techniques.27 An additional argument to explain the decorations as patterns designed by weavers are the stylised figures of the horses and birds in the central reserved areas and the relatively large number of different patterns. With the exception of a number of repetitions of the Type-A motif, all identified designs on the weights differ from each other, but equally all may be regarded as variations on only a few basic themes. All designs are composed of angular arms milling around a trapezoidal reserved central area. The first group of compositions can be viewed as swastika variations (Type A1-2, Fig. 100), with arms that start halfway up one of the four sides of a reserved central area, or - if there are multiple arms – which begin somewhere along the four sides of that centre and rotate clockwise around it, like angular mill-sails. The swastika motif is still present on another group of weights (Type B1-3, Fig. 100) but here the four arms are shorter and attached to an outer frame that follows the contour of the weights. On the weights attributed to group C (Types C1-2. Fig. 100) however, that also carry a reserved central trapezoidal area with arms rotating around it, the arms are more loosely placed; there are usually two, each rotating in an opposite direction. Although both the zone around the reserved centre and the centre itself are similar in shape and clearly related to the other design types, they are less dynamic and consistent. Type D shows decorations with inscribed frames around a reserved central area (Types D1-D4, Fig. 100), in some cases L-and Ushaped elements have been added. Type-E designs consist of meanders, whether a single one incised along the outer contour or a field filled with a large number of small meanders and/or hooks. Finally, type F are intricate compositions of which too little is preserved to understand the design. It is highly unlikely that the cloth woven on these looms with trapezoidal weights was also trapezoidal. The shape of the weights was dictated by their function. With the threads of the warp fastened to a loop led through the piercing in the narrow side, a broader bottom section was necessary to prevent the strands from touching and becoming entangled. The almost square shape of some of the weights reflects the 27

Personal communication by Professor Eva Andersson Strand of the CTR in Copenhagen.

131

shape of the final cloth more accurately. In fact, all the designs encountered on the weights are more pleasing when ‘stretched’ into a square shape. The strip of ground where the remains of the loom were encountered was ca. 2.302.50m long, which – if the weights were buried where they had functioned - makes it likely that the cloth produced on the loom measured ca. 2.20 x 2.20m. This is still a fairly common size for blankets, but in the Oenotrian past it may well have been applied to a wider range of items, for example cloaks or blankets or funerary bier covers.28 A conspicuous element on most of the weight decorations is the empty centre; in only a few cases is the centre filled with motifs. If our hypothesis regarding the great effort that went into the creation of striking central panels is correct, it stands to reason that the textiles woven on this loom likewise had decorated central areas. Only highly stylized motifs, such as the water birds built up out of triangles (AC02.31.lwg01), or horses constructed out of horizontal rectangles and with L-shaped legs (AC04.08.+02.02.lwg27; or AC18.15.lwg01) would be feasible; more complex motifs quickly become impossible to recognize. It is therefore not unlikely that the decoration of the central panel was applied in embroidery after the weaving had been completed. The decoration of weight AC2813.lwg01 (catalogue no. 167) may indicate such an added embroidery. The many incised designs and variations encountered on the loom weights of the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta lead to the conclusion that familiarity with the swastika motifs was widespread in the first three quarters of the 8th century BC. The decorated pottery excavated from the same contexts29 shows that the weight decoration is completely unrelated to those encountered on the pottery.30 Clearly, a familiarity with, and the imagination evident from the designs on the loom weights was the product of experience with other, perishable, materials, in view of the association with the loom weights almost certainly patterned cloth. The swastika motif also easily lends itself to wood-carving, another Oenotrian craft (evident from the Epeios legend, the monumental timber buildings, and the presence of axes and chisels in the tombs of Oenotrian men),31 but the actual use of these motifs on wood is hard to prove. What can be stated, though, is that buildings were decorated with them, as shown by house models and the chests inspired on these from Sala Consilina and Guardia Perticara,32 and also by a pisé fragment with a meander deriving from a structure at Satriano di Lucania. The following catalogue lists, subdivided by decoration type, all large, decorated loom weights found during the Scavi Zancani/Stoop 1963-69 and the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004.

28 On multifunctional prestigious woven items (e.g. a cloak, a (bridal) bed-cover, or a funerary shroud), see Scheid & Svenbro 1996. 29 Kleibrink, Barresi & Fasanella Masci 2012; Kleibrink, Fasanella Masci & Barresi 2013; Kleibrink 2015a; Kleibrink 2015b. 30 Among the circa 4,000 fragments of matt-painted pottery only three have a simple meander motif. 31 Kleibrink 2011, 2012. 32 Damgaard Andersen & Horsnaes 2002, 101-125; Bianco 2011, 205-262.

132

A1.1 A1.2 A2.1 100. Type A1.1, swastika, with four arms (in purple) turning clockwise around a reserved trapezoidal central area.

100. Type A1.2, swastika, with four arms (in brown) turning clockwise around a reserved trapezoidal area.

100. Type A2.1, swastika pattern with multiple arms turning around a reserved and trapezoidal central area.

The ‘classical’ type. See e.g. loom weight ‘A’. (Chapter II, no. 46) with four arms, each beginning halfway one of the sides of a reserved central area, forming a cross. The cross has clockwise turning arms with four angles and two staggered double turns each. The arms are separated by spaces (or interspaces) of equal width, each starting to the right of the central arms and also continuing for an equal number of single and double turns.

The ‘classical’ type; loom weight AC2751.lw02 (Compare Cat. no. 108) forms an exception in that the arms, starting halfway each side of the reserved area, turn four times around and end at the sides. By imagining the arms as paths, the design could also represent a multi-course labyrinth.

E.g. loom weight AC02.15.lwg01 + AC04.30.lwg12 (Cat. no. 109). In the description of this decorative pattern the term ‘arms’ has been maintained because the motif resembles the classical pattern, even though the swastika effect is rather obscured due to the large number of arms. Three arms start from each of the two long sides and two from each of the short sides. They rotate clockwise around the trapezoidal reserved centre, in staggered turns. The arms are exactly mirrored by interstices, forming a counter pattern.

133

A2.2

B2

B1 100. Type A2.2, swastika pattern with multiple arms turning around a reserved and trapezoidal central area. The centre is large in order to accommodate the incised horse figure. E.g. loom weight AC04.08+AC02.02.lwg27, compare Cat. no. 110. Three arms start from each of the two long sides and two from each of the short sides. They rotate clockwise around the trapezoidal central area.

100. Type B1, swastika pattern with four short arms starting halfway one of the sides of a reserved central area, in between infill motifs (in red), which are attached to an outer framing band. E.g. loom weight FM64726 (Chapter II, no. 49).

134

100. Type B2, short staggered arms, interlaced or simple. E.g. loom weight AC18A.14.lwg102 (Cat. no. 121). The decoration is composed of four swastika arms, each starting halfway one side of a central reserved area and following the outline along one side before terminating after the next corner. The negative is formed by four counterlines. The central space in this specimen contains an incised, highly stylized animal figure, probably a horse.

B3

B4

100. Type B3 swastika pattern which for the top part resembles B2.1 but lower down is decorated with incised lines which form frames in the manner of the types placed under F1. E.g. loom weight FM64719 (compare Chapter II, no. 53). The pattern consists of hooks in the upper half and a u-shaped element in the lower one.

100. Type B4, swastika pattern with four short arms (in grey) attached to an outer frame incised along the contour, in between infill motifs (in rosa). E.g. loom weight AC15.23lwg09 (Cat. no. 125). These specimens are nicer in three colours than in two. They have four short arms, each starting halfway one of the sides of the reserved central trapezium, and attached via three turns to the incised contour arm. Four freestanding arms (in orange) fill the spaces between these arms. The intermediate space between the

C1

135

100. C1, two interlaced meandering arms (here in two different shades of green). E.g. loom weight AC10.01.lwg96 (Cat. no. 136). This pattern consists of two arms, each starting halfway one long side of the centre and revolving around each other. The arm starting on the inner right side turns downwards to the left, making four single and one staggered double turn before terminating opposite the starting point. The other arm mirrors these turns exactly, starting on the inner left before turning upwards.

C2 100. Type C2, meandering arm and loose elements arranged around a reserved central area. E.g. loom weight AC18.15.lwg01 (Cat. no. 140), the centre decorated with a figure of horse. The main element is a meandering arm rotating clockwise around the reserved central area, starting halfway the inner right hand side and terminating, after five single turns and three staggered double turns, below its starting point. An incised reverse U-shape

two types of arms is subdivided into an inner and an outer zone (in yellow).

Both arms rotate around a reserved trapezoidal centre.

encompasses the upper, smaller section of the arm while an isolate L-shape has been placed in the inner left hand corner of the main arm.

D2

D1 100. Type D1, inscribed frames with isolated elements around a reserved central area. E.g. loom weight AC03.15.lwg02 (Cat. no. 142). The motif consists of an incised double frame with a staggered double turn two-thirds up each long side (from the base up). A reverse U-shape encompasses the upper, smaller section while an upright U-shaped element is placed inside the frames at the base, resulting in a trapezoidal reserved central area.

100. Type D2, L-shaped and U-shaped frames around a reserved central area. E.g. loom weight AC2930 (Cat. no. 154) with a reserved trapezoidal centre, two opposed L-shaped elements at the base and a reversed U-shaped element at the top

136

D3 100. Type D3, inscribed frames around a reserved central area. E.g. loom weight AC02.31.lwg01 (Cat. no.156). The motif consists of a series of concentric incised frames, with a staggered double turn halfway up each long side. In this case the reserved central area carries a smaller (the upper, narrow section) and a larger (the broader, lower section) incised bird.

F1

E1

E2 100. Type E1, a true meander framing a reserved area in the centre, containing two nested squares. E.g. loom weight AC18.sec.lwg05 (Cat. no. 165). An incised true meander runs around a reserved central area. One turn has been deliberately omitted at the base in order to allow for a trapezoidal, reserved centre.

100. Type E2, pattern composed of concentric rows of short hooks. E.g. loom weight AC02.31.lwg03 (Cat. no. 175). The design consists of nested, closed lines running all around the outer contour. Each line turns so as to form a series of closely spaced, identical, short hooks and counter-hooks. Presumably the (now damaged) centre originally carried a reserved area.

137

100. Type F various patterns around a small reserved central area. E.g. loom weight AC04.30.lwg15 (Cat. no. 178) of unclear design, because the specimen is severely damaged

4.4. Type A. Meander-swastika with four arms. The ‘classical’ type of meander-swastika, a decoration with four arms, each beginning halfway one of the sides of a reserved trapezoidal central area and turning clockwise around it. A1.1 46b. Almost square loom weight FM64721 (Fig. 7a-b, Scavi Stoop 196369), for a description, photos and drawings, cf. Catalogue 2, no. 46a. Comments on the decoration (Figs. 101a-b): This weight is the most elaborate specimen of the A1 Type. It has an incised swastika decoration with 4 arms, which, starting each at the centre of one of the four sides of the reserved centre, turn around it with 14 corners/meanders. Each arm moves towards the outside with a turn the width of two arms and ends against the border with a short hook after having passed the side of the starting point. The motif has a closed character because the short hooks at the start and the end at one side are parallel. Arms of equal width and with equal turns start to the right of the central arms to end against the border with a horizontal hook. The motif is at its most effective when rendered in two contrasting colours (Fig. 101a-b). In a double-weave it would result in ‘cloth without a wrong side’, for example with an A-side with a light-coloured centre and a dark-coloured centre at the Bside.

101a-b. Proposal for a double weave reconstruction, the A side in dark on light and the reverse in light on dark.

80. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC2623.lwg02 (Figs. 102a, 102b-c) of well-burnished impasto, large part of the lower left corner missing. Base expanding for only 0.1 cm (almost flat). Elongated oval and horizontal suspension hole of 0.8 to 1.1cm in diameter. The hole is not in the centre and positioned more to the back than the front. Height 12.9 x width of base 9.4cm, thickness top 2.4cm. Preserved weight 560g. estimated weight 780/800g. Colour: from grey to dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 3/3 to 6/1). Found in courtyard context H13 with a mattpainted handle. Obverse decorated with a Type A1 decoration with meander hooks, executed in angular, straight grooves, with many small punch marks.

102a. Loom weight AC2623, lwg01, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, height 12.9cm.

138

From four starting points at the sides of a reserved trapezoid area in the centre, four meandering arms mill clockwise around it.

102b. Loom weight AC2623, lwg01, drawing by Huib Waterbolk.

102c. Proposal for a double weave, with an A-side in dark on light and a B-side in light on dark.

81. Lower left hand corner of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC2030, lwg01 (Fig. 103a-b). Preserved height 2.8 x width 3.9 x thickness 2cm, weight 97g. The motif is incised with deep grooves, inside these almost invisible punch marks. Well-burnished to a dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 2.5/2). The preserved decoration with many corners and the one straight end of an arm parallel to the left hand corner of the weight shows the motif to be of the A1 type. Stray find in the higher layers above Temple V.b. front

side

base

103. Loom weight AC2030, lwg01, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, height 2.8cm.

82. Corner fragment of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC2636, lwg01 (Fig. 104). Preserved height 3.7 x thickness 2.3, weight 123g, well-burnished dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 2.5/2). The preserved decoration with the corners and the one straight end of an arm against the corner

139

shows the weight to be of (a small) A1 type. Found in the altar courtyard of Temple V.b, in Trench I8 in sandy soil mixed with ash.

front

side

base

104. Loom weight AC2636, lwg01, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, height 3.7cm.

83. Trapezoid loom weight, AC02.31.lwg01(Figs. 105a-c), broken and mended; fragments of the lower left part missing. Made by hand of impasto and well-burnished. Almost flat, with relatively sharp corners and sides, convex base. Suspension hole of 0.8cm in diameter, horizontal and parallel to the top at 2.2cm below it. Preserved measurements: height 12.4 x width base 11.9 x width top 9.7 x thickness base 4.2 x thickness top 3.1cm, expanding for 1.1cm towards the base. Preserved weight: 805g., estimated weight 900 grams. Clay: sandy impasto containing small stones, surfaces well burnished. Colour: surfaces dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3.2), paste dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 4/1). No wear marks around the holes, at the surfaces or the corners. On the obverse a Type A1 decoration, with eight incised meander hooks which turn around a reserved central area. In the incised grooves many punch marks. Found in stratigraphic unit AC02.31, a post hole of Building V.b. Comments on the decoration: Decorated with four arms of a swastika which start each in the centre of four sides of a reserved central area to mill with a short hook clockwise around it with 8 corners/meanders each, and moving two times the width of the arms towards the outside, to end there below

105a. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.31.lwg01, height 12.4cm.

105b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

140

the corner of the 4th side. These central arms are separated by four other arms which start at the left sides of the central arms and also turn with 8 hooks. Although the hooks at the beginnings and at the ends of each arm run parallel, because of the even number of turns and the symmetry of the pattern, the impression is dynamic because between the start and the end points of the arms one and a half side are open. The decoration of this weight is very similar to the specimen AC04.30.lwg05 (below cat. no. 90). There is, however, no evidence for the use of a stamp or matrix for the design because, for instance, the measurements are different.

105c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

84. Trapezoid loom weight, AC02.31.lwg05 (Figs 106a-b), damaged at the right hand upper corner. Handmade of impasto and well-burnished. Suspension hole of 1.3/1.0cm in diameter, oval in vertical direction, horizontal and parallel to the top, respectively at 1.9 and 2.5cm below it. Measurements: height 10.5 x width of base 8.75, width of top estimated at 6cm, thickness base 4.7 x thickness top 3.6cm, expanding for 1.1cm towards its base. Preserved weight, 601grams; estimated weight circa 700 grams. Clay: impasto including quartz, coarse quartz and occasionally small stones. Colour: brown to dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/4-3/4). The obverse is decorated with a Type A1 motif with six incised meander hooks milling clockwise around a small reserved trapezoid central area (see reconstruction Fig. 100b). The start of the hooks is asymmetrical: two begin off-centre at the long sides of the central area, two in the corners of the short sides. The top is decorated with an incised branch. On the

106a. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.31.lwg05, height 10.5cm.

141

reverse three incised lines of a second, unfinished meander-hook pattern in the lower right corner and one horizontal incised line underneath the top. Few punch marks in evidence. In the grooves on the front side the remains of a whitish filling paste are in evidence. The weight was found in a post hole of Building V.b.

106b. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

85. Upper part of a trapezoid loom weight, AC02.32.lwg01 (Fig. 107a-c), handmade of wellburnished impasto. Preserved measurements: top h. 6.3 x 10.2 x thickness 2.3/2.5cm – one of the thinnest weights. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.7cm in diameter, at one side at only 1.4cm below the top, the other at 2.2cm. Preserved weight 193grams, estimated total weight 1100 grams. The weight was of the large, flat type with relatively sharp sides and corners and a large reserved central area. Decorated on the obverse with a Type A1 motif (presumably), three incised meander hooks milling clockwise around a reserved, trapezoid central area. In the incised grooves punch marks at regular distances.

107a. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.32.lwg01, preserved height 6.3cm.

107b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

.

108. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg06a, preserved height 5.1cm.

142

86. Fragment of the left long side of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC04.30.lwg6a (Fig 108), preserved measurements h. 5.1 x 4.3 x thickness 3.3cm, weight 117g. Handmade of impasto and lightly burnished. The firing is very uneven resulting in colours from dark reddish brown to light brown (Munsell 5YR 6/4 to 2/2). Small meandering arms with many hooks which mill around a reserved centre (presumably). A small part of a horizontal suspension hole, placed at only 0.9cm from the backside and 1.9cm from the front side, has been preserved. The decoration is presumably of the A1 type.

109. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC04.30.lwg09, decorated on top (a) and on all four sides (b, c, d and e), Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, height 10cm.

109.1a. The top of the four-sided, truncated pyramidal loom weight AC04.30.lwg09, 5.7 x 5cm.

87. Truncated, four-sided, pyramidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg09 (Figs 109) , with a broad base and a small top; heavily damaged on two sides and parts missing. Measurements: h. 10 x w. base 9.2/9.7 x w. top 5.7 x 5cm. Local impasto, exterior nicely burnished. Colour: of impasto weak red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/4), of burnish dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/2) to very dusky red (Munsell YR2.5/2). Preserved weight 879g., estimated weight 1050g. The weight is decorated on all sides except for its base. All decorations have a reserved trapezoid central area, which is surrounded by motifs with hooks on two opposed sides and the top (Type A1 decoration, nos. 87.1-.3), and complex zigzag hooks on the other two opposed sides (Type E2 decoration, see nos. 87.4 and .5). A small horizontal suspension hole (0.6cm in diameter) is in evidence. No wear marks. Found in trench AC04, SU 30 and thus part of the strip of weights. 87.1. The top of weight AC04.30.lwg09.a (Fig. 109.1a-b) is decorated with a basic type A1 decoration consisting of a swastika motif with arms turning 5 times with 90 degrees hooks and with equal spaces in between. Four arms, each starting at the centre of the sides of a reserved square turn clockwise with five hooks around it, each making three turns. These arms are separated from each other by an equal amount of interspaces of equal width starting at the left of the main arms. Because in this case the arms turn with an odd number of hooks the short ends at the start and at the end are not parallel which gives the pattern a dynamic character.

109.1b. The top of the four-sided loom weight reconstructed.

143

87.2. On side 2 of this weight the arm that with the other weights of this type of decoration starts in the centre of the top side of the reserved central area has been moved to the corner in order to make room for a horizontal suspension hole in such a way that the equilibrium of the composition is not disturbed. This solution testifies to a careful treatment of the problem caused by the hole in a case like this where all sides of the truncated pyramid are decorated.

109.2a. Side b of the four-sided, truncated pyramidal loom weight AC04.30.lwg09. 109.2b. Reconstruction of the motif, in red the arm with the shift, because of the presence of the suspension hole.

109.2c. Reconstruction as a double weave with a dark on light front side and a light on dark reverse.

87.3. (Fig. 109.3) On the opposite side of 87.2, the side 87.3, which is, unfortunately, much damaged, is just about well enough preserved of the central reserved area to suppose that the solution to create room for a suspension hole is designed in the same way as at the opposite side. In this case, however, the adaptation of the motif confused the artist because she introduced one arm to many (cf. the black arm in Fig. 110.3.b).

144

109.3.a The 3rd side of the four-sided, truncated pyramidal loom weight AC04.30.lwg09. 109.3.b. Proposal for a reconstruction.

110a. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.31.lwg06, height 12cm.

88. Flat trapezoidal loom weight; AC02.31.lwg06 (Fig. 110), expanding 0.5 cm towards the base. One of the long sides is severely damaged. Hole parallel to the top. Very irregular punch marks. Meas.: height 12 x base 9.0 x top 7.7, thickness base 3.8/3.5 x preserved width of top 5.9, thickness top 3.0 cm. Preserved weight: 600grams, estimated weight 700g. Clay: impasto including quartz, coarse quartz and occasionally a small stone. Colour: burnish, brown (Munsell 7.5YR 5/3-5/4). Suspension hole of 0.9/0.6 |(oval in vertical direction) at 0.8cm from the top some wear on top of the right hand hole none at surfaces perhaps slightly at lower corners. Decorated on both sides with a type A1 motif with on both sides hooks milling around a trapezoidal reserved area in which on each side a quadruped animal is engraved, presumably horses. The one side is decorated with three arms milling around a trapezium-shaped reserved centre, with three turns each. From the top no arm has been incised. The other side is irregular. From SU AC02.31, a post hole of Building V.b.

110b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

110c. Proposal for a weave.

145

110d. Details of the incised stylized horses.

111. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg47, height 8.2cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

89. Upper left corner and part of left side of a flat, trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg47 (Fig. 111), hand-made of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements: height 8.2 x 4cm; top 4.8 x 2.4cm; lower down the thickness is 3cm. Colour: ext. very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1), int. dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 3.6), weight 118g. The horizontal suspension hole is elongated oval, diam. 1.1cm, at 1.9cm below the rounded top. Front decorated with a type A1 or A2 decoration with hooks. Large punch marks in the incised grooves. From the strip of loom weights.

112a. Almost flat, trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC04.30.lwg05, height 10cm.

90. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg05 (Fig. 112a-c), made by hand of wellburnished impasto. The suspension hole of 0.8cm in diameter is not quite horizontal and at 1.6-1.2cm below the top. Measurements: height 10 x width base 8.5 x width top 7.8 x thickness 3.1cm, its base is 0.7cm wider than the top. Weight 485g. Burnished impasto, colour weak red (Munsell 2.5 YR4/2). No wear marks. Almost rectangular form with rounded corners and slightly convex sides. Front decorated with Type A1 motif. This weight is incised with a very similar decoration to the specimen AC02.31.lwg01 (Cat. no. 83). There is, however, no evidence of the use of a matrix for the design, because, for instance, the arms of this weight are shorter than those of that other weight.. From the strip of loom weights

112b. Drawing by Huib Waterbolk.

146

112c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

91. Fragment of one of the long sides of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC04.30.lwg69 (Fig. 113), handmade of burnished impasto. Preserved height 3.3 x width 3.3 x thickness 3.6cm. Horizontal suspension hole of circa 0.8cm. Weight 79g. Colours: not clean. The preserved part of the decoration, makes one suppose that the decoration was of type A1 because of the swastika arm end parallel to the side. From the strip of loom weights. front

side

113. Almost flat, trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg69, height 3.3cm.

92. Two fragments of the lower part of a trapezoid loom weight, AC04.30.lwg20+AC15.20.lwg128 (Fig.114a-c), broken at the suspension hole, burnished impasto. Front decorated with a Type A1 pattern of incised hooks divided in four sections around a reserved trapezoid central area. Horizontally pierced by a hole of circa 1.0cm in diameter. Preserved height 6.5, base 10.3 x 1.8cm. Preserved weight 514grams; estimated weight circa 750grams. Colour: exterior brown (Munsell 7.5 YR 5/2); core dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1). The fragments of this weight were found in SU 30 of Trench 4 with the other loom weights as well as in Trench 15 SU with fragments of impasto jars, loom weights and cooking stoves.

114a. Two fragments of the lower part of a loom weight, AC04.30.lwg20+15.20.lwg128, height 6.5.

147

Comment on the decoration Although damaged the preserved fragments indicate that the arm starting at the right hand side of the reserved centre ends against the left hand long side of the weight above the corner, which shows that the decoration was of the A1 type. 114b. Drawing by H.J. Waterbolk and reconstruction by the author.

114c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

115a-b. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg09/60 or 69, height 3.3cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

93. Upper right corner of a flat trapezoidal loom weight AC04.30.lwg36 (Fig. 115), handmade of burnished impasto. Fine punch marks. The horizontal suspension hole is at 2 cm below the top. Measurements: thickness top 1.9cm, max. preserved width 6.2 x max. thickness 2.4cm, weight 59g. Suspension hole of circa 1cm in width, at 2cm from the top. Colours: ext. very dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 2/); int. dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/6). Front decorated presumably with a type A1 decoration of small meander hooks turning around a reserved central area.

94. Corner fragment, AC04.30.lwg39 (Fig. 116), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, handmade of wellburnished impasto. Clear punch marks in the grooves. Meas.: preserved width 6.6 x 5.1cm; max. height 8.5 x thickness 3.5cm. Colours: ext. very dark grey (Munsell 5YR 3/1), int. dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3-4). Weight 107g. Both front and back sides decorated with incised hooks, presumably with a type A1 decoration on the obverse, for the few hooks incised on the reverse there are many possibilities as to the rest of

148

the motif. Perhaps with AC10.08.

116a-b. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg39 height 8.5cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

95. Badly damaged upper right hand corner, AC04.30.lwg57 (Fig. 117), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight and a larger fragment without number. The fragment on the right is the one with the number: max. height 6.2 x 4.4cm., max. thickness 3.3cm, weight 98g. The other fragment, which seems to belong to the same loom weight, is an upper left hand corner of a large trapezoid loom weight without number, preserved measurements h. 7 x width 6 x thickness 3.4cm. Suspension hole of 1.3cm in diameter at 2.8cm from the top. Colours of both fragments: ext. grey (Munsell 10 YR 5/1), int. dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3-4). Front with remains of incised decoration of meander hooks, presumably parts of an A1 type of loom weight. Irregular punch marks, much abraded. 117a-b. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg57, preserved height

.

6.2cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

118a-b. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg61, preserved height 3.5cm.

96. Corner fragment, AC04.30.lwg61 (Fig. 118), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, handmade of wellburnished impasto. The backside is missing. Measurements: 3.5 x 5cm preserved (no reverse surface) x 2.3cm, weight 42g. Colours: external dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), internal yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6). With incised decoration of meander hooks. Clear punch marks. The fragment presumably stems from a loom

149

weight with type A1 decoration.

119a-b. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg00, preserved height 5.1cm.

97. Fragment of the right hand long side, AC04.30.lwg00 (Fig. 119), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, handmade of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements: 5.1 x 3.8 x 3.7cm, weight 74g. Part of the suspension hole which had a diameter of 0.9cm is preserved too. Colours: external dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), internal yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6). With incised decoration of meander hooks. No punch marks. The fragment presumably stems from a loom weight with type A1 decoration.

120a-b. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC09.31.lwg05, preserved height 2.7cm.

121. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.03.lwg01, preserved height 4cm.

98. Left hand corner of a loom weight, AC09.31.lwg01 (Fig. 120), of wellburnished impasto. Preserved measurements: h. 2.7 x 2.5 x 4cm, preserved weight 65g. Part of the horizontal suspension hole has been preserved at the underside. Colours: external dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), internal yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6). No punch marks. The fragment presumably stems from a loom weight with type A1 decoration.

99. Corner fragment, AC10.03.lwg01 (Fig. 121), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, handmade of wellburnished impasto. 4 x 3.4 x 2.6cm. Colours: external dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), internal yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6). With incised decoration of meander hooks, partially damaged. Clear punch marks. The fragment presumably stems from a loom weight with type A1 decoration.

150

side

100. Fragment of one of the long sides of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC11.01.lwg09 (Fig. 122), preserved measurements h. 6.2 x width 5.2 x thickness 3.1cm, weight 143g. Handmade of wellburnished impasto, colour dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/3). Small ‘paths’ with deeply incised grooves and with many small punch marks. The central reserved area of this weight must have been rather large, because the swastika-arms turning around it are compressed into an outer band. The classical motif A1, comprising less hooks.

122a-b. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC11.01.lwg09, preserved height 6.2cm.

101. Fragment of one of the long sides of a very large trapezoidal loom weight, AC15.20.lwg.r149 (or AC15.20.lwg09), (Fig. 123) preserved height 6.5 x preserved w. 4.2 x thickness 5.0cm!, weight 158g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto. Colour: dark reddish grey (Munsell 5YR 4/2). The preserved part of the decoration makes it likely that the weight was of type A1.

front

side

123a-c. Fragment of a large trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.20.lwg.r149, preserved height 6.5cm.

102. Lower corner fragment of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC17a.01.lwg221 (Fig. 124), preserved measurements h. 7.5 x 7.9 x 4cm. Suspension hole of circa 1.2cm at 7.3cm from the corner of the base. Weight 312g. Handmade from nicely burnished impasto, colour dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR3-4). 151

124a-c. Sides a and b of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC17a.01.lwg221, preserved height 7.5cm.

deco side A

side

The weight is decorated at both sides, both with a type A1 motif. The weight was large with a low suspension hole and decorated with a large reserved central area with around it a relatively small band with swastika pattern of the A1 type.

deco side b

base

front

side

103. Top right hand corner of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC18.09.lwg29 (Fig. 125), preserved measurements h. 3.0 x width 3.9 x thickness 3.6/4cm, weight 65g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto, colour dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3-4) The finely executed motifs (engraved in a layer of clay which has been added probably to avoid the inclusions in the impasto), are part of an A1 composition.

top

125a-c. Top right hand fragment of a trapezoid loom weight,

Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.09.lwg29, preserved height 3.0cm.

104. Two lower corner fragments, AC18.15.lwg363 (Fig. 126) of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, well burnished impasto. Upper part missing, part of the suspension hole already present at 7cm above the base. Horizontally pierced with hole of 1.2cm. Preserved height 9cm x base 13.3/3.6cm. The colour is brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2). Preserved weight 455g. (with restauration 515g.), estimated weight 950g.

152

Flat trapezoid, expanding relatively much towards its base and relatively low of form. Decorated with an incised swastika pattern around a reserved centre. Type A1 decoration.

front

126a-c. Fragments of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.lwg363, preserved height 9.0cm.

127. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.10.lwg20, preserved height 6.0cm.

128. Fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.16.lwg02, preserved height 4.0cm.

left hand side

base

105. Fragment AC18.10.lwg20 (Fig. 127), of one of the corners of a large trapezoid loom weight, handmade of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements h. 6 x width 4.6 x thickness 2.4cm (the backside is missing), weight 66g. Unevenly fired light to dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 6/4 to 3/4). Decorated with an incised pattern on the front side, of the A1 type.

106. Fragment AC18A.16.lwg02 (Fig. 128), of one of the long sides of a large trapezoid loom weight, handmade of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements h. 4.0 x width 5.4 x thickness 4.7cm, weight 149g. Unevenly fired light to dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 6/4 to 3/4). Decorated with an incised pattern on the front side, possibly of the A1 type.

107. Lower right hand corner (presumably) of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC.spor.25.lwg01 (Fig. 129). Preserved measurements 6.4 x 4.5 x 3.3/3.5cm, weight 195g. Handmade from wellburnished impasto. With flat arms and many punch marks in deep grooves. Firing uneven resulting in colours ranging from from reddish grey to very dark grey (Munsell 5YR 5/2 to 3/1).

153

129a-c. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC.spor.25.lwg01, preserved height 6.4cm.

A1.2

130a. Loom weight AC2751. lwg02, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, height 12cm.

130b. Drawing H. J.Waterbolk.

108. Flat trapezoidal loom weight AC2751.lwg02 (Fig. 130), well-burnished impasto, almost complete. Measurements: h.12 x top 9.4/2.9cm x base 11/4cm. Horizontal suspension hole of 1.0cm in diameter at 1.9cm from the top, convex top base flat. The weight expands for 0.7cm towards its base. Weight 911g. The colour of the clay is a weak red (Munsell 10R 4/4), the burnish is black (Munsell 5YR 2.5/1). Obverse decorated with type A1 motif of meander hooks. Starting halfway each side of the reserved central trapezoid area, four meander arms of a swastika turn four times clockwise around the centre and end at the sides. A second set of meander arms follows the first set. This weight is an exception to the classical A1 specimens in that by imagining the arms as paths, the design could also represent a multi-course labyrinth. Found in the courtyard of Building V.b, in trench D15.

130c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

154

A2.1. Swastika pattern with multiple arms turning around a reserved and central trapezoidal area 109. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.15.lwg02 +04.30.lwg12 (Fig. 131), complete but cracked and small parts missing. Made by hand of impasto and well-burnished. Measurements: maximum height 16.5 x maximum width of base 13.8 x thickness 3.9/4.8, top 11.1 x 2.4/2.9cm, expanding for 0.9 cm towards the base. Preserved weight 1421grams, estimated weight 1490grams.. Burnished on all sides; inside the incised grooves of the hooks small, irregular punch marks picked with a pointed stick. In a number of the punch marks rests of a white filling paste are still in evidence. Clay: soft impasto with quartz/feldspar inclusions and small stones, colour: surfaces dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/2-7YR 2); paste dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 2.5/2). No wear marks at the hole ends or at the surfaces, perhaps slight use wear at the lower back corners. The round suspension hole is horizontal but oblique, placed at 3.8cm on the left, and 2.9cm on the right from the top corners, which are rounded; diameter of hole 0.6/ 0.7cm. Almost flat with convex top and base. Obverse decorated with Type A2.1 motif of many short incised and staggered hooks starting from three gaps in the long sides and two gaps in the short sides of the reserved, trapezoidal central area. The hooks mill clockwise around the central area. Fragments were found in AC02 as well as in AC04, once more demonstrating that these contexts with the strips of weights belong together.

131a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.15.lwg02+04.30.lwg12*, height 16.5cm.

131b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

Comments on the decoration Type A2.1 with multiple, short and angular incisions. For the decorative elements of this pattern the term ‘arms’ is maintained because the same incised hooks as with the previous specimens are involved, but because here the hooks are short and multiple the swastika-like character is less evident. Three arms start from the two long sides and two from the short ones and these have 6 outward bending angles each and rotate clockwise around the trapezoidal reserved center. The arms are separated from each other by equally wide spaces starting on the left, which may also be interpreted as arms. Without colour infill the

131c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

155

composition seems close to those of Type A1, but in two contrasting colours the much more dynamic character becomes evident.

110. Trapezoidal loom weight broken in two parts at its horizontal suspension hole, AC04.08 + west-section AC02.02.lwg27 (Fig. 132). Handmade of local impasto, nicely burnished. Measurements: height 15.3 x width base 15 x thickness 3.0, width top 11.3 x thickness 3.1cm, weight 1108g. Horizontal suspension hole of 1.3/1.0cm (oval in vertical sense) at 3.2/2.8cm below the top. No wear marks. At the back diagonal lines, presumably caused by the surface the weight was pressed into during its manufacture.

132. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.08.+ westsection AC02.27, height 15.3 x 14.5cm.

x x

x x

132b. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave in a two-colour schema with a dark on light side (dayside) and a light on dark side (nightside); for the interpretation cf. Chapter I.

156

Almost flat with rounded corners, the base and top sides convex. Front decorated with a Type A2.2 motif with many small incised zigzag hooks, starting at the sides of the central reserved trapezoidal area. They turn clockwise around it. In the reserved area a quadruped is incised, presumably a horse (compare for the motif Chapter I). The fun of this motif very much is the way in which at the outside corners as well as the inside ones the staggered lines start with one hook, then become two, then three. The larger part of this weight was found in trench AC04 stratigraphic unit 8 and the top came to light when the section baulk AC2/AC4 was excavated.

111. Upper left hand corner (presumably) of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.30.lwg14 (Fig. 133), preserved measurements 3.9 x 4.9 x 3.1/3.4cm weight 60g. handmade of well-burnished impasto. Decorated (presumably) with A2 motif, compare the previous specimens.

top

front

side

133a-c. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.30.lwg14, preserved height 3.9cm.

112. Flat trapezoidal loom weight, AC22.05.lwg04 (Fig. 134), complete, nicely burnished impasto. Tiny punch marks, and a very careful work. In the centre slightly swollen and the sides are somewhat convex. Measurements: height 12.6 x base 13.1/4.1 x top 10.1/3.4cm. Expanding 1.3cm towards its base, weight 1112gr Horizontally pierced with hole of 0.6cm at 3.0 and at 2.5cm from the top, placed in the centre. Colour: dark reddish grey (Munsell 5YR 4/2 to reddish brown -3/2). The front is decorated with an A2 type of decoration. It is, however, a variant because here only a single swastika arm starts at long sides of the reserved central area and not two as with the loom weights above. The second arm is present but starts from the first after the first hook of the latter.

157

top

front

right hand side

base

134a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC22.05.lwg04, preserved height 3.9cm.

134b. Proposal for a double weave with the motif.

135a-b. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg30, preserved height 3.9cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

113. Lower left hand corner of flat ornamental loom – weight, AC04.30.lwg30 (Fig. 135). Handmade of local well-burnished impasto, small slightly convex lanes and small grooves and very small punch marks. Meas.: max. width 6.3 x thickness 3.4cm; max. height 5.7cm. Weight 128g. Colours: ext. light reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 6/3); int. dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/6). The small lower hooked ends demonstrate that the weight must have been of type A2.

52.b.2 Corner fragment of a large trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, no. H2 (Fig. 136). Compare for a description and the drawing and photograph Chapter II no. 52. Comments on the decoration: The decoration is of the A2 type, with multiple staggered arms which are turning around a reserved central area. It is a variation on the previous ones though,

158

because of the frame with short hooks incised around the central area. The decoration contained at least one staggered arm more than the previous specimens because the augmenting hooks at the corner go from one to four. 136. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, H2, proposal for a double weave with the motif.

. 137. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, H1, proposal for a double weave with the motif.

52.b.1. Left hand corner (presumably) of a large trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, H1 (Fig. 137). For a description and the drawings and photograph cf. Chapter II, no. 52a.1. The fragment belongs probably to the same weight as the previous fragment. This weight makes particularly clear that often the more precisely executed patterns are incised in a thin stratum of refined clay which is attached to the surface of the impasto weight.

114. Lower left corner AC13.15.r118 (Fig. 138) of a flat ornamental loom weight. Handmade of local, slightly burnished impasto, small slightly convex lanes and very small grooves without punch marks. Preserved measurements: max. width 7.8 x thickness 3.6cm; max. height 6.8cm. Preserved weight 242g. Colours: ext. dark reddish grey (Munsell 2.5YR 5/1). The decoration of the front consists of finely incised hooks presumably turning around a reserved central area. There is a concentration of staggered hooks at the corner which makes one suppose that the weight must have been of the A2 type. 138a-c. Fragment of a large trapezoidal loom weight,

Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC13.15.lwg.r118, preserved height 6.8cm.

.

159

top

side

front

139a-c. Fragment of a large trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.29.lwg15 + AC18.13.lwg57, preserved height 11.5cm 6.8cm.

weave with the motif.

139b. Proposal for a double

160

115. Fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight, broken at the horizontal suspension hole and much of the lower part missing, AC02.29.lwg15 + AC18.13.lwg57 (Fig. 139ac). Handmade of local impasto, nicely burnished. Measurements: preserved height 11.5 x width base 10.4 x 2.5cm, preserved weight 383, estimated total weight 1100g. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.6cm in diameter at 2.6cm below the top. No wear marks. Almost flat with rounded corners, the base and top sides slightly convex. Front decorated with a Type A2 motif with many small incised zigzag hooks, starting from the sides around the reserved central area. At the back diagonal lines, presumably caused by the surface the weight was pressed into during its manufacture. Comment on the decoration Variant on the A2 compositions with a complicated asymmetric top, similar compositions with many interlocking corners on one side and long smooth arms on the connecting side are AC13.15.r118 and AC22.04.lwg05 and AC04.30.lwg30. These weights have also in common that they are finely incised with narrow grooves and moreover very well finished.

4.5. Type B. Short hooks turning clockwise B1

140. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-1969, FM64726, height 12.9cm. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

49b. (Cf. Chapter II, no. 49a) Trapezoidal impasto loom weight, FM64726 (Fig. 140), Scavi Stoop 1963-69. For a description and photographs see Chapter II no. 49a. The decoration has two frames around the reserved central trapezoidal area and two around the outer contour. In between four hooks starting halfway the centre of the second frame around the central area turn around that centre (in red), while four other hooks starting halfway the second outer frame (in grey) form the interlacing pattern. It is a classic specimen of the kind classified as B1 types of hooks turning around a reserved central area. ,

left hand side

front

top

141. Loom weight fragment AC04.30.lwg03, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, height 8.7cm.

161

116. Part of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg03 (Fig. 141). Broken at suspension hole. Preserved measurements: height circa 8.7, top 10.3 x 2.2/2.4cm. Max. thickness 3.2cm. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.9cm in diameter, at 2.7cm below the top. Colour: surfaces very dark grey to 6/2 pinkish grey (Munsell 7.5YR 3/1); core dark brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/3). The fact that at the top the hooks each turn to the right make it probable that it is a B1 decoration with hooks turning clockwise around a reserved central area, interlaced with counterhooks.

117. Upper part of a trapezoid loom weight, AC04.30.lwg12 (Fig. 142), made by hand of burnished impasto. Measurements: maximum preserved height 7.8 x top 8.8; thickness top 3cm. Local impasto, including quartz and coarse quartz and occasionally small stones, smoothened. Colour: dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2). Horizontal suspension hole of 0.7cm in diameter, at 0.7-0.9 below top. Preserved weight 349grams, estimated weight 900 grams. Front decorated with a incised lines, most likely a Type B1 motif, consisting of hooks turning anticlockwise around a reserved central trapezoid area filled in with counter hooks turning clockwise, was 142a-c. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, meant. AC04.30.lwg12, height 7.8cm. From the strip of weights associated with Building V.b.

front

118. Top fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC10.16.lwg09 (Fig. 143), broken at the suspension hole. Lightly burnished impasto clay. Measurements: h. 3.9 x 9.6 x 3.5cm. Preserved weight 206g, estimated weight 1000g. Suspension hole of 1.1cm at 2.9/3cm from the top. Colour: reddish brown (Munsell 5YR4/4). Decorated with incised hooks which mill clockwise around a reserved trapezoidal centre (presumably a B1 type). In the grooves small punch marks.

right hand side

top

143a-c. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.16.lwg09, height 3.9cm.

162

119. AC18.08.lwg61 (Fig. 144), many fragments of partly decomposed trapezoid loom weight, preserved measurements: height 14.1, width base: 11.9, thickness base 3.9cm, preserved weight 658g (with restauration 761g.), reconstructed weight 950g. Nicely burnished dark brown impasto clay (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2). Front decorated with incised meander hooks. The centre is completely disintegrated, but the outer arms with the ends ending below the upper right hand corner and above the lower left hand corner makes one suppose that the decoration must have been of the B1 type.

144a-c. Fragments of a trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08.lwg61, preserved height 14.1cm.

righthand side

backside

base

120. Fragment of the right hand long side of a loom weight, AC04.30.lwg40 (Fig. 145). Height 9.5 x width 4.2 x thickness 3.6g. With horizontal suspension hole of 1cm in diameter. Weight 176g. Fired to a dark red brown (Munsell 5YR3/4). The fragment presumably belongs to a weight decorated with a B1 type of motif.

145a-b. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC04.30.lwg40, height 9.5cm.

163

B2. Short staggered arms, interlaced or simple 48.b (Cf. Chapter II, no. 48a) Trapezoid loom weight FM64727 (Fig. 146), Scavi Stoop 1963-69, (weight C). For a description and photo see Chapter II, no. 48.a.

146. Loom weight Scavi Stoop 1963-1969, FM64727, height 13.2cm, proposal for a double weave.

Comments on the decoration The central reserved area is surrounded by two frames, an outer and an inner one which accentuates the engraved horse in the reserved central field. In between there is a narrow strip with an ingenious pattern of alternating short arms which are fastened at the outer frame. The encircling elements are placed in such a manner that two alternating identical parts are extant as each other's contrast, which makes the pattern suitable for a double weave.

121. Loom weight AC18A.14.lwg102 (Fig. 147), impasto, upper part missing, broken at the horizontal suspension hole, wellburnished. Preserved measurements: h. 6.9 x width 5.6 x thickness 3.3/ 3.7cm, preserved weight 359g, estimated weight 550g. Damaged at the base. Colours: uneven firing but brown (Munsell 7.5YR 5/4 to 4.2). The weight is decorated with an B2 motif; on the front four swastika arms start from the centre of each of the four sides of a reserved central rectangular area, following the outline for one side to end after the next corner (here in grey). Four counter arms fill the spaces in between (in red). A simple animal figure is engraved in the centre, presumably a horse.

x

147. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.lwg102, height 6.9cm.

164

B3. Short hooks and frames incised around a reserved centre

47.b (cf. Chapter II, 47.a). Large impasto trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-69 label ‘B’, FM64720 (Fig. 148). Complete but broken. Height 13.2cm. For further description, drawings and photographs cf. Chapter II, no. 47.a. Obverse side decorated with a very complicated pattern in which there are three frames around the reserved centre: the inner one plain, the central one staggered and the outer one again plain.In the upper part there are two hooks between the central and the outer frame, whilein the lower pat there is a kind of box.. Colour reconstruction of the weight’s decoration as a double weave.

148. Loom weight FM64720, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, proposal for a double weave with the pattern of this loom weight.

53.b (Cf. Chapter II, no. 53a). Loom weight FM64719 (Fig. 149), Scavi Stoop 1963-69. For a description and photographs see Chapter II, no. 53a. Incised with a B3 type of decoration. The pattern is a variation on the B2 type, with a frame around the central reserved area and the outer contour and with interlaced hooks for the top part but a continuous element at the bottom. 149. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-1969, FM64719, height 10.5cm. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave.

122. Lower right hand corner AC2.30.lwg140 (Fig. 150), of a flat, trapezoidal loom weight. Impasto, well burnished. Preserved meas.: max. height 8.0 x max. width 6.7cm; bottom 6.3 x 3.8cm, weight 241g. Clay: local impasto with relatively large stones. Colour: the exterior burnish is a reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/3); the paste is fired to grey (Munsell 5YR 5/1). Shallow punch marks inside the incised hooks. The obverse is decorated with several hooks, broken at the onset. Because the usual angle composition of type A1 is not present the loom weight may be of the B3 type, for example similar to no. 53 of the Scavi Stoop.

150a-b. Loom weight fragment AC02.30.lwg140, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, height 8cm.

165

151a. Trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.14.lwg26, preserved height 5.2cm.

123. Lower part and upper right corner of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC03.14.lwg26 (Fig. 151). Handmade of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements: width 10.1 x 2.0-3.5cm in thickness, maximum height 7.9cm; the upper fragment attributed to this weight measures: height 5.2 x 3.0 x 2.2cm. Clay: local impasto with many small stones. Colour: of burnish a very dark grey (Munsell 5YR 3/1); of the paste a dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/23/3). Underneath the base an oblong finger impression is in evidence. Fine punch marks are visible in the incised hooks. The front is decorated with incised meander hooks turning clockwise around a reserved central area. The decoration at the base is of the classical A1 type but does not show the usual pattern of decoration at the lower left hand corner. The weight is therefore more likely of the B2 type of decoration, but misunderstood.

151b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

166

B4. Meander-swastika with four short arms attached to an outer frame incised along the contour; in between infill motifs 124.

152a. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.31.lwg08, height 13.5cm.

152b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

152c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a weave in weft-float technique.

Trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.31.lwg08 (Fig. no. 152), expanding 0.15 cm towards the base, complete, handmade of impasto. Suspension hole of 0.8/1.3 cm (oval in vertical direction) parallel to the top and 4 / 2.8cm below it. Measurements: height 13.5 x width base 13.3 x top 10.8 cm, thickness base 3.75 x top 3.9 cm. Fine, clear punch marks in the incised grooves. Weight: including plaster bandage around the object 1223 grams, estimated weight 1150grams. Clay: sandy impasto including occasionally a small stone. Colour of surfaces: dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2). Comments on the decoration Obverse decorated with Type B4 decoration with staggered hooks turning around a reserved trapezoidal central reserved area. Type B4, which differs from the compositions of Type A1 in that the swastika-like pattern with the four arms with 5 hooks is filled with multiple swastika-hooks filling the interspaces. With this loom weight with a B4 pattern the four arms start each halfway one of the sides of the reserved trapezoidal-shaped central area and turn clockwise around it; the arms are short and with only three corners each (blue arms). But because the arms turn around within the contour it is possible to read the pattern so that the outer band also plays a part. The elements placed between the central arms and starting to their left are because of the even number of corners self-contained forms. The decoration on this weight is a more comprehensive version of the B1 type of decoration. The decoration is nicer in three or four contrasting colours than in two, which is perhaps an indication that other weaving techniques than double-weave were used. In for example four-colour weft-float technique the pattern would look spectacular. From post hole SU 2.31 of Building V.b.

125. Several fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight: AC04.30.lwg07 = the lower left hand corner and AC15.23.lwg09 = the right hand part (Fig. 153). Made by hand of

167

left hand side

front

153a. Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, lower left hand corner AC04.30.lwg07 and AC15.23.lwg09 right hand part, of a broad, flat and slightly trapezoidal loom weight, estimated height 11.8cm.

impasto. Maximum preserved height 11.8 x max. preserved width of the base 7.7 x thickness 2.1cm. Preserved weight 606grams, estimated weight 900grams. Nicely burnished and fired to a reddish black (Munsell 10R 2.5). The weight is broad and flat and only slightly of trapezoidal form, made of well-burnished impasto. The front is decorated with a Type A3 motif with 4 hooks milling clockwise around a central reserved rectangular area. Comments on the decoration The B4 pattern is similar to that of the previous specimen, here it is executed very carefully and a bit wider. In two colours the main motif of the four arms in a dark colour against a light background, results in a light-coloured central area (Fig. 153a). Woven in doubleweave technique the back side will show the colours in reverse order. With arms in three or more colours (Fig. 153b) weavers may achieve a large number of variations. Fragments of this loom weight were found in different contexts: the strip with loom weights and cooking stoves in Trench AC04 and the more westerly Trench 15, context 23, which contained elements of the above strip but downwards.

153b. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave in a two-colour and a three-colour scheme.

154a. Loom weight fragments Scavi Kleibrink

126. Left hand side, composed of fragments AC22.04.lwg04-05 (Fig. 154), of a large trapezoidal loom weight, of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements h. 11 x 6.0 x 2.8/2.0 (top) cm. With a horizontal suspension hole of 0.6/0.7cm at 2.5cm from the top. Preserved weight 292g, estimated weight 800grams. The decoration of the front side of this loom weight must be of the B4 Type. Because the right hand part of the weight is not preserved it is unclear whether the application is more complicated or simply garbled. Two ends of two

168

AC22.04.lwg04/05, height 11cm.

left hand side

arms of possibly four attached to an outer frame are preserved (Fig. 154b, dotted lines) and three ends of the four infill hooks (Fig. 154b, grey lines inside black ones). An indication of a reserved central area, however, misses and what looks like a framed arm is in an unexpected place (Fig. 154b, area without lines).

front

154b. Reconstructed patterb of the loom weight in Fig. 154a.

127. Two fitting fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.06/07.lwg01 (Fig. 155), made by hand of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements: height 9.5, base 5.5 x 4.5cm, preserved weight 359g. Clay: impasto, lightly burnished, with calcareous inclusions, brown surfaces (Munsell 7.5YR 5/4); paste dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/6). It seems a mistake was made and corrected, because a space for the tiny hook is incised in the arm with a u-form. The fragment seems to have been decorated with a B4 decoration. But an A1 pattern is also possible, because at the right hand lower corner one of the arms finishes against another which is connected with the outer framing band.

155a. Two fitting fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.06-07, preserved height 9.5cm.

155b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

155c. Possible patterning of the loom weight of Fig. 157a.

128. Right hand top corner of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg28 (Fig. 156), preserved measurements, height 6.4 x width 7.9 x 3.3/3.7cm. Suspension hole of 0.8 at 2.4cm, weight 231g. Made by hand from well-burnished impasto with small and deep incisions with many densely 169

placed punch marks. Colour: dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/2). The weight is decorated presumably with an elaborate B4 pattern with a framed end hook in the upper right hand corner and another, small one, which must be the start of another hook lower down. Between these the corners of four arms. 156a-b. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg28, preserved height 6.4cm. drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

left hand side

front

157a. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.baulk 04.lwg02, preserved height 5.8cm.

129. Left hand fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight: AC04.baulk 04.lwg02 (Fig. 157), made by hand of well-burnished impasto. Maximum preserved height 5.8 x 5.9 x thickness 4.3cm. Preserved weight 183grams. Suspension hole of 0.9cm in diameter, placed more or less in the centre of the left hand side. Most of the back side missing. Nicely burnished and fired to a dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/2), some white fill in the grooves has been preserved. Because of the missing parts of this fragment it is unclear whether it is decorated with a type A1 or a B4 pattern, because the end hook (Fig. 157b, letter a) is framed like the B4 hooks, but the start of the arm next to it (Fig. 157b, letter b) is not, which is the case with the Type A1 loom weights. Below the suspension hole on the side there is a slight, diagonal impression of a cord.

157b.

130. Lower right hand corner (presumably) of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC10.08.lwg29 (Fig. 158). Preserved measurements: h. 4.2 x 5.7 x 4cm, weight 123g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto. Decorated presumably with a motif of the B4 type, because the hook of the arm ending at the corner is placed between another hook.

170

basis

side

At the reverse the ends of two parallel diagonal incisions have been preserved. The technique and the width of the incisions is similar to the fragment AC04.baulk.

158a-c. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.08.lwg29, preserved height 4.2cm.

159. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC13.15.lwg09, preserved height 2.1cm.

160. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.20.lwg06, preserved height 4.1cm.

131. Upper right hand corner of a large trapezoidal loom weight AC13.15.lwg09 (Fig. 159). Preserved measurements h. 2.1 x 5.1 x 2.6cm. Suspension hole of 0.5cm at 1.8cm from the top. Weight 49g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto. Colour of burnish: dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/4). With incised swastika motif of variant B4, which is clear from the end hook between two hooks in the upper right corner. The arms of the swastika motif in this weight are relatively small and rounded and there are small punch marks in the grooves.

132. Left hand top corner of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC15.20.lgw06 (Fig. 160), preserved measurements, h. 4.1 x 3.8 x 2.5cm (doubtful if backside present), suspension hole of 0.6cm at 1.4cm from the top, weight 35g. The decoration includes a hook with a short end placed in two other hooks, which may be an indication that the weight belongs in the series with B4 motifs.

133. Corner fragment, AC18.08.lwg200 (Fig. 161), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, handmade of wellburnished impasto. Preserved measurements: 3.9 x 4.3 x 2.7cm. Colours: external dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), internal yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6). With incised decoration of meander hooks. Clear punch marks. The fragment presumably stems from a loom weight with type B4 decoration. The decoration resembles AC10.08.lwg29a, but this pattern is larger. To the front and backsides of this loom weight plaques of more refined clay than the

171

impasto core were attached before the decoration and burnishing took place.

161. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08.lwg200, preserved height 3.9cm.

134. Left upper corner fragment of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC18.13.lwg54 (Fig. 162). Preserved measurements: h. 5.2 x 8 x 3.7cm. Horizontal suspension hole of circa 0.9cm in diameter at 2.4 from the top. Weight 161g. The decoration may have been of the B4 type. left hand side

front

162. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.lwg54, preserved height 5.2cm.

135. Left hand top corner of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC17.15.lwg03 (Fig. 163), preserved measurements h. 3.6 x 4.3 x 2.4/2.8cm. Suspension hole of 0.6cm in diameter at 3.2cm below the top. Weight 57g. Nicely made with many small, slightly convex arms and densely placed punch marks inside the grooves. Colour of the burnish is a very dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 2.5/2). The decoration may have been of the B4 type. left hand side

front

163. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC17.15.lwg03, preserved height 3.6cm.

172

4.6. Type C. Two interlaced meandering arms. C1. Two interlaced meandering arms, starting halfway the long side of a reserved central area

See Fig. 98.Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC10.01.lwg96, height 11.7cm

164b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk

164c.1. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave in a two-colour scheme, one side in dark on light and the other in light on dark. A three colour weave may be realized in weft-float technique.

136. Trapezoidal loom weight AC10.01.lwg.96 (Figs 98 and 164), complete. The front is decorated with a Type C1 motif of meandering arms engraved around a reserved central area, on the reverse a X-shaped incision has been applied and on the top a linear incision. Height 11.7, width of top: 8.3, width of base: 10.4, thickness top 2.7/ cm, thickness base 4.5cm, expanding 1.8cm towards its base. Suspension hole of 0.6cm at 1.2 and 1.0 from the top. Weight 740g. The clay is of the so-called impasto rosso variety: reddish brown in colour (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4). Comments on the decoration The nicely controlled decoration of trapezoidal weight AC10.01.lwgr96 consists of a pattern composed of two arms. The arm starting on the inner right side turns downwards to the left, making four single and one staggered double turn before terminating opposite the starting point. The other arm mirrors these turns exactly, starting on the inner left before turning upwards. Both arms rotate around a reserved trapezoidal centre. The X-shaped incision on the back and the line incised over the length of the top are probably indicating a cord attached to the loom weight in order to fasten the warp wires (see the introduction to this Chapter).

137. AC04.30.lwg35 (Fig. 165), upper half of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, with slightly convex sides. Front decorated with incised hooks around a reserved central area. No punch marks present. Preserved meas. top 9.0 x 3.1/4cm; max. height 8.1cm. Diam. of the horizontal suspension hole 0.8 at 2.8cm below top, preserved weight 331g, estimated weight 850g. Well-burnished impasto clay, extremely flaky; colour black (Munsell 7.5 YR 2.5); at core brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/2). The preserved part of the decoration shows that the fourth arm (from the reserved central area is finished at circa one third of the height

.

165a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg35, preserved height 8.1cm

173

of the loom weight (from the top). This is an indication that it was part of a meandering arm or an isolated U-shaped element like the ones incised in the other specimens described in this chapter. Possibly a C1 type of decoration.

165b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

138. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.31.lwg07 (Fig. 166), handmade of well-burnished impasto, the top and lower corners are missing. Preserved measurements: height 15.2 x base 12.5cm x top 8cm, thickness base 2.8 x thickness top 2.7cm. Preserved weight 662grams; estimated weight circa 850grams. Clay: impasto including quartz/feldspar, coarse quartz and occasionally a small stone. Colour: of burnish a dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2); of paste a dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/2). No wear marks at surfaces. Front decorated with a Type C1 motif of incised meandering hooks. Deep punch marks in the incised grooves. Horizontal suspension hole of circa 1.0cm in diameter, parallel to the top. Comments on the decoration This loom weight has an elongated trapezoidal form. The front side is decorated with two interlaced meandering arms starting halfway the long sides and turning around an extremely elongated trapezoidal reserved centre. From SU 2.31, a post hole of Building V.b.

166a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.31.lwg07, preserved height 15.2cm.

166b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

166c. Reconstruction of the motif on the loom weight in two and in three colours. 2c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave, in a two-colour pattern in dark on light and light on dark and in a three-colour pattern.

174

139. Flat, slightly trapezoidal loom weight, AC18.13.lwg52 (Fig.167), complete Height 10.3, width of top: 8.2, thickness of top 2.5cm, width of base 9.3, thickness of base 3cm, suspension hole of 1.8cm in diameter at 1.2 from the top, at one side not central. Weight 402g. Colour reddish yellow (Munsell 7.5YR 6/6). 167a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.lwg52, height 10.3cm.

Decorated on two sides: a) with two interlaced meandering arms turning around a reserved central area. The central area has a frame with four ‘arches’ at the centers of each of the sides. The lower right hand corner has a reversed lshape in order to balance the motif. b) The reverse side is decorated with the same pattern but does not have the frame with the arches.

167b. Drawings.

167c. The motifs of loom weight AC18.13.lwg57 as double weaves.

175

C2. Meandering arm and loose elements arranged around a reserved trapezoidal central area 140. Flat trapezoidal loom weight AC18.13.lwg50 (Fig. 168), Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, refined clay, complete. Refined clay, reddish yellow in colour (Munsell 7.5YR 6/6); small fragments missing, height 10.5, width top: 8.4, base 10.7, thickness top: 4.8, thickness base 6.2cm. Centrally placed suspension hole of 1.3 /1.0cm, oval in vertical sense, at 1.8 and 1.5 from the top. Weight 943g. The main decorative element is the horse figure engraved in the centre of the reserved central area. The frame around it consists of a meandering arm rotating clockwise around the reserved central area, starting halfway the inner right hand side and terminating, after five single turns and three staggered double turns, below its starting point. An incised reverse U-shape encompasses the upper, smaller section of the arm while an isolate L-shape has been placed in the inner left hand corner of the main arm. The reverse large side is decorated with inscribed rectangles around a reserved centre in which three parallel and vertical palms are engraved. The top surface is decorated with the same three parallel palms (made by impression with a stick). The sides are decorated with lozenge motifs with a separate palm on top of the suspension hole.

168a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.31.lwg07, height 10.5cm.

168b. Drawings.

Comments on the decoration. The front side of this loom weight is decorated with a quadruped in a reserved centre, around which an open meander arm has been incised. It starts in the centre of the right hand long side of the reserved centre and ends after five turns and 11 hooks at the centre of the base of the loom weight. An upside down u-shape has been placed around the uppermost, smallest part of the meander arm and a reversed l-shape has been placed inside the meander arm in such a way that an interesting equilibrium results between the long meander arm and the short elements. The motifs may be compared with those on the Amendolara loom weight decorated with stylized tree motifs, sun-boat elements and birds (cf. Chapter I), although the ones from this Francavilla weights are stylized in 176

a different way. Here a horse has the central place and it is surrounded by vegetal and swastika elements, which may be seen as symbols of the sun’s journey across the orb. 168c.1 Reconstruction of the motif on the loom weight and 170c.2. proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave in a two-colour pattern, in light on dark on one side and in dark on light on the other. In a three colour composition the motif becomes unbalanced (166c.3).

4.7. Type D. Inscribed frames around a reserved central area D1. Inscribed frames with isolated elements around a reserved central area

169a. Loom weight AC02.15.lwg1, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, preserved height 7.4cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

169b. Reconstruction of the decoration.

141. Right hand corner fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.15.lwg01b (Fig. 169), handmade of well-burnished impasto. Preserved measurements 7.4 x 6.4cm, preserved weight 149g, estimated weight 950g. Colour: dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/3); paste brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/4). The suspension hole of 0.7cm in diameter is horizontal and more or less round, but off centre and placed more to the front than the back. The front was presumably decorated with incised frames with staggered turns two-thirds up each long side (from the base up). A reverse U-shaped element encompassed the upper smaller section of the frames and an upright U-shaped element may have been placed inside the base of the frames. This type of decoration has been labeled D1. The incised grooves do not carry punch marks.

169c. Proposal for a double weave.

177

170a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.15.lwg1, height 14 x 12.1cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk. x

x

x x

170b. Reconstruction of the pattern on the loom weight. 170c. Proposals for a reconstruction as a double weave in a three-colour and in a four-colour scheme.

178

142. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC03.15.lwg1, (Fig. 170), complete but for the lower left corner and broken in three parts. Handmade of impasto, which is burnished on the surfaces. Almost flat, only slightly swollen at the centre, sides slightly convex, corners slightly rounded. Expanding towards the base for only circa 0.5cm. Measurements: height 14 x width base 12.1 x top 9.1cm, thickness base 4.3 x thickness top 3.8cm. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.9cm in diameter, at 1.1cm below the top. Weight: 1088 grams. Clay: sandy impasto with small stones, well-burnishes very uneven firing.. Front decorated with a Type D1 decoration around a reserved trapezoidal central area. The hooks are open at each centre of the long sides of the reserved area because unlike similar decorations the lower hook is interrupted and encompasses only the bottom. No punch marks visible inside the relatively wide incised grooves. Comments on the decoration The pattern engraved in loom weight AC15.lwg01 is the same as that of AC10.01.lwg117. Both have two closed frames around a reserved trapezoidal central area (type D1). The narrower top is surrounded by a reversed u-shaped element while inside the wider base of the trapezium another u-shaped element is engraved. These elements cleverly balance the frames around the centre. Because there are two closed frames around the central area the pattern may be filled in in two colours and be woven in double-weave. But three contrasting colours (Fig. 170b-c) or four are more fascinating and such decoration is possible in supplementary weft-patterning.

171a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.07.lwgr26, height 9.8cm

171b. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

143. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.07.lwg.r26 (Fig. 171), complete, handmade of burnished impasto. At base small fragments missing. Horizontal suspension hole of circa 0.5cm in diameter at 2.5cm from the top, expanding for 2cm towards the base. Height 9.8 x base 10 x top 7.5; top width 3.5, base width 5.5cm. Weight 715g. Local impasto with small stones and quartz/feldspar and calcareous/limestone inclusions. Colour: dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/2 to reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/1). No punch marks in the incisions. Damaged along the frontal edge of the base, perhaps use wear. Comments on the decoration. Front decorated with a Type D1 motif consisting of 3 inscribed concentric forms, with a rectangular upper part widening into a larger rectangle towards the base. The top is filled with a separate U-shaped element. The centre is a reserved area with a smaller top and a larger base compartment. Weight AC 04.07.lwgr26 has the same D1 decoration as the previous specimens with a closed frame around the reserved center, but here the Ushaped element within the central frame is omitted.

171c.1 Reconstruction of the motif on the loom weight. 173c.2. Proposal for the reconstruction as a double weave in a two-colour scheme in dark on light and in light on dark.

144. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.09.lwgr37 of 98 (Fig. 172) broken through at the suspension hole and a large part of the right hand border missing. Handmade of well-burnished impasto. Decorated on the front and back sides. The

179

172a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.09.lwg37, height 9.9 x 7.8cm.

172b. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

172c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave in two-colour and in three-colour schemata.

front is decorated with incised lines, showing a division in an upper and a lower section which are both filled with hooks, the incised line connecting both halves is a running meander. Rests of a white paste are preserved in the grooves. The reverse shows double, and in one compartment triple, disorganized, obliquely crossing rope impressions. Slightly oval, horizontal suspension hole of 0.5/06cm in diameter (damaged). Height 9.9 x base 7.8 x top 6.75 x width base 3.3cm. Preserved weight 365grams, estimated weight circa 500grams. Local impasto clay with small stones and calcareous/limestone inclusions. Comments on the decoration Loom weight AC04.09.lw37 looks at first impression very different from the previous specimens but is on closer inspection closely related, because the pattern is made up of U-shaped elements. In this case one is engraved at the bottom and another within a larger pattern that consists of a frame that fits the U-shape at the top and then down into the U-shape of the bottom (from the preserved lines it is – I think – not possible to construct a running meander). In three colours this D1 pattern is much nicer than in two. The intersecting diagonal lines on the back of the weight refer to the way in which warp threads were fastened, see the introduction to this Chapter).

145. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg29* (Fig. 173), broken in two, part of the left border missing. Measurements: preserved height 10.8, top 6.3 x 2.9cm, bottom 9.4 x 3.9 - 4.5cm. Diameter of horizontal suspension hole 0.6 - 0.8cm, at 1.2 -1.3cm from the top, expanding for 1.6cm towards its base. Colours: surfaces light yellowish brown (Munsell 10YR 4/4-3.2); paste dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/4). Preserved weight 533g, estimated weight circa 600g. The incisions are still partly filled with a white paste. No punch marks present, the incisions are uneven. The very many different 180

173a. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg29*, height 10.8cm.

colours of this weight point to the fact that it was fired in an open fire. Front decorated with 3 concentric incised lines, delineating a rectangular upper part widening into a larger rectangle towards the base. The centre is a reserved area with a smaller top and a wider base compartment. Comment on the decoration To AC04.30.lwg29 about the same D1 pattern as on other weights has been applied, with a frame surrounding a central, empty reserved area with a narrower upper part and a wider bottom. Here, however, the staggered corners point downwards instead of up. An inverted U-shape closes the composition at the top. As a two-coloured double weave the pattern is too simple to be attractive; it may however have been woven in three colours, which gives it more effect. *Because of a double number this specimen has an asterics.

173b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

173c. Reconstruction of the motif in two and in three colours.

174a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg06, height 10.4cm.

146. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg06 (Fig. 174); the weight misses its top which was broken off at the horizontal suspension hole, which must have been round and of circa 0.6cm in diameter. Made by hand of impasto. Measurements: preserved height 10.4 x width base10.3 x thickness base 5.1cm. Preserved weight 727grams, estimated weight circa 900grams. Colour: paste dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/2); well-burnished almost black surfaces (Munsell 2.5YR 2.5). The weight is relatively pyramidal in form because it expands for more than 2cm towards the base. Front decorated with a Type D1 motif of concentric incised lines, consisting of a rectangular upper part widening into a larger rectangle towards the base, but here the centers of the long sides of

181

the reserved areas are ‘open’ because they start with a separate hook. The centre is a reserved area with a smaller top and very slightly wider base section. The outer hooks angle somewhat obliquely.

174b. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

174c.1 Reconstruction of the motif in a double weave with two colours. 174c.2. Reconstruction in three colours.

175a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.01.lwg117, presered height 9.2cm.

147. Trapezoidal loom weight AC10.01.lwg.r117 (Fig. 175), top missing. Handmade of lightly burnished impasto clay. Decorated with a variant of the Type 2 motif. The incisions are reworked with tiny punch marks. An X-shaped impression of 3mm in width was made on the reverse. Preserved height 9.2cm, base: 5.3/9.6cm. Preserved weight 662g – estimated weight 800g. Comments on the decoration The D1 pattern of loom weight AC 10.01.lwg117 seems at first glance very similar to the previous one, especially because of the trapezoidal frame, which at the top borders a narrower area of the central reserved area than at the bottom. But in this case it is a frame, not two interlaced open arms. An open composition is only suggested by two ushaped elements, one of which is placed inside and at the bottom of the frame and the other outside the top and reversed. The cross-shaped incision on the back may refer to the way the warp threads were fastened to the weight (see the introduction to this Chapter).

175b. Reconstruction of the motif on the loom weight.

182

175c.1. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave, in a two-colour scheme. 177c.2. The motif in a hreecolour scheme.

148. Lower left hand corner of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC10.a1.lwg11 (Fig. 176), preserved measurements h. 5 x width 4.1 x thickness 5.2cm, weight 145g. Handmade of lightly burnished impasto, greyish brown (Munsell 10YR 5/2). The front side possibly decorated with a D1 motif. 176a-b.Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-

2004, AC10.a1.lwg11, height 5cm.

149. Top fragment of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC10.08.lwg09 (Fig. 177), preserved measurements h. 4.2 x width 3.1 x thickness 3.7cm, A suspension hole of 0.6/0.8cm (slightly oval in a vertical direction) is in evidence at 1cm from the top, weight 65g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto, reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/3). The front side decorated with a D1 motif, at the backside the top ends of diagonally crossing incisions. 177a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.08.lwg09, preserved height 4.2cm.

177c. Proposed reconstruction of the decoration.

177b. Drawing.

150. Fragment of the left side of a trapezoid loom weight, AC18.03.lwg.r164 (Fig. 178), at the broken top part the remains of the suspension hole of 0.9cm in diameter. Handmade of local, burnished impasto. Relatively flat form without expansion. Preserved height 5.1cm, width 6.7 x thickness 3.1cm, weight 136g. Colour: brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/4-4/3). 183

No wear marks. Front decorated with a variation on a swastika hook pattern (Type D1). See previous specimen.

178a-b. Fragment of a loom weight, AC18.03.lwg164, preserved height 5.1cm.

151. Side fragment of a large Trapezoidal loom weight, AC17A.01.428 (Fig. 179), preserved height 6.8 x 3.7 x 3.6cm, weight 116g. Handmade of nicely burnished impasto decorated with fine deep grooves, no punch marks. Colour: strong brown (Munsell 7.5YR 5/6). The motif is presumably that of the D1 type, because there are no endings of swastika arms at the lower right hand corner. Perhaps with AC15.20.lwg.r150 (because of the same kind of grooves, without punch marks and with the same clay colour); the combination does not make sense however.

179. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC17A.01.lwg428, preserved height 6.8cm.

180a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.sec.lw02, preserved height 7.8cm.

152. Loom weight AC18.sec.lw2 (Fig. 180), of unburnished impasto, complete but chips missing from the sides and with abraded areas at the front. Height 7.8cm, weight 303g; top 5.1 x 3cm, base 7.5 x 3.9. Suspension hole of 1.3/1.0cm oval in vertical direction at 1.0 and 1.5cm from the top. The weight is decorated with a Type D1 pattern consisting of inscribed frames around a reserved trapezoidal area and two isolated U-shaped elements. Fig. 180b shows the motif in a reconstruction as a double weave.

184

180b. Reconstruction of the motif in a double weave.

181a. Fragment of a truncated pyramidal (presumably) loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, CA - spor, presered height 9.1cm.

front

right hand side

base

181b. Drawings. 183c. Reconstruction of the decoration.

185

153. Fragment CA.-spor. (Fig. 181), because the number became unreadable of a truncated pyramidal (presumably) loom weight, preserved measurements 9.1 x 6.3 x thickness 5.4/6cm, preserved weight 340g, estimated weight 500g. Much damaged but the central motif is more or less preserved. Handmade of non-burnished impasto, decorated with deep and relatively broad grooves with punch marks. Part of a horizontal suspension hole of circa 1cm, at 9cm from the base. The decoration consists of two incised inscribed frames with smaller top and broader base parts. The frames are equilibrated by a reversed U-shaped element placed around the top and a regular U-shaped element inside the base frames.

D2. Connected L-shaped and U-shaped frames around a reserved central area 154. Trapezoidal loom weight AC2930.lwg01- FM147900 (Fig. 182), wellburnished impasto. Expanding towards the base for 1.5cm. Measurements: height 12.3 x width at base 10cm, at top 9.3cm. Thickness at base 4.7, at top 3.2cm. Preserved weight 1026g. Horizontal and round suspension hole of circa 0.8cm in diameter, positioned slightly more to the front than the back at 1.3cm from the top. The weight has a central reserved area with an incised line around it and two opposed L-shaped elements at the base and a reversed Ushaped element at the top. These are connected half way the loom weight which separated the motif from the above group and places it in a D2 category. Rows of tiny punch marks are in evidence in the grooves. The decoration is not easily turned into an example for a weave, because the lines inside the U- and L-shaped elements are not connected.

182. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2930.lwg01, preserved height 12.3cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

155. Loom weight fragment AC04.20.lwg.r33 (Fig. 183). Upper part of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, lower part missing. Handmade of impasto, burnished on the exterior. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.6/0.5 cm, slightly elongated, at 1cm from the top. Preserved weight 441g, estimated weight 600g. Preserved height 8.6, width top: 5.7 x thickness 3.5cm. Colour: brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/4-4/3). Front decorated with a variation on a meander hook pattern. In fact the weight is divided into four areas, which are filled with incised hooks. The line dividing the compartm4nts is probably a running meander. The centre is a reserved, slightly trapezoidal, area. The weight is best placed in the D2 category together with the previous one. 183. Threequarter of a trapezoidal loom weight,

Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.20.lwgr33,

preserved height 8.6cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

186

D3. Inscribed frames around a reserved central area 156. Trapezoidal weight, AC02.31.lwg0 (Fig. 184), handmade of impasto and wellburnished; cracked and part of lower right corner missing, a large hole in the front. Rounded corners and convex base, lower centre part slightly swollen. Measurements: height 10.6 x estimated width of base 9.2 x top 6.2cm, thickness at the top 2.9cm, expanding downwards for 0.4cm. Suspension hole of 1.1cm at 1.9cm from the top. Preserved weight: 418g; estimated weight 550grams. Surface a grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 5/27.5YR 2/0); paste a yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6). No wear marks on the surfaces, the lower corners probably damaged by use. The obverse decorated with a D3 motif of 5 inscribed, incised lines, which encompass a rectangular upper part widening into a larger rectangle at the base. In the centre a reserved area with 184a. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, two engraved wading birds; in the top’s AC02.31.lwg0, height 11cm. smaller area a smaller bird and in the larger area at the bottom a larger one. The impression given is that of a precinct or lake with birds. Compare for similar birds as decoration of Matt-painted pottery or bronze pendants Chapter I. In the engraved grooves irregular punch marks are in evidence, in some a whitish paste has been preserved. Horizontal hole of 1.0cm at 1.3cm from the top, irregular position and form, but no evident wear marks. Comments on the decoration Loom weight AC02.31.lwg0 is different from the majority of the loom weights in that the central reserved area, which has a smaller upper and a broader lower section 184c.1. Reconstruction of the motif on the weight in three colours. 184c.2. Proposal for a reconstruction of the motif in a double weave in like the other specimens in this category, is decorated with two long-legged birds. a two-colour scheme in dark on light and in light on dark. This ‘picture style’ weight is similar to other Type D3 patterns because the hooks which surround the central area are closed frames and not open, interlaced hooks.

187

*

185a. Three large fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.32+ AC04.30.32+33.22a, preserved height

10cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

185b. Reconstruction of the motif on the weight as a two-coloured double weave and a reconstruction in four colours.

186a. Lower left side and corner of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.14.lwg27, preserved height 9.6cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

188

157. Three large fragments of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.32+ AC04.30.32+33 (Fig. 185), handmade of well-burnished impasto. Both long sides slightly convex. Preserved measurements: height 10.0 x base width 11cm. Thickness at base 2.7cm. Preserved weight 377g. (with restauration); estimated weight 750g. Impasto clay, fired to reddish brown to dark reddish brown (5YR 5/4 to 3/3). The obverse decorated with a Type D3 motif, consisting of hooks which delineate a smaller rectangular upper part widening into a larger rectangle towards the base. The centre is reserved. Towards the outer edge the hooks of the widening base are incised with sharp upturned angles. Comments on the decoration The front of weight AC 02.32 /AC04.30 is over a relatively large area decorated with multiple inscribed frames around a trapezoidal central area with a narrower upper side and a wider bottom (Type D3).

158. Lower left side and corner of a Trapezoidal loom weight, AC03.14.lwg27 (Fig. 186), handmade of burnished impasto. Preserved measurements: max. height 9.6 x 7.9 max. width x 3.2cm thickness at bottom, 2.9cm at upper break. Preserved weight 203g., estimated weight 750grams. Clay local impasto with small stones. Colour: external burnish is black (Munsell 7.5YR 2/0); paste dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/3). The front is decorated with a type D3 pattern of 5 concentric incised lines, framing a reserved central Trapezoidal area with a smaller rectangular upper part which widens into a larger rectangle towards the base. Remains of the groove of the horizontal suspension hole are visible in the upper break: circa 0.4 cm in diameter. Some punch marks. The incisions are somewhat sloppy and one

seems unconnected (in the reconstruction the line is connected).

186b. Mirrored motif and proposal for a two-coloured double weave with this motif.

187a. Lower left side and corner of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.23.lwg20, preserved height 11cm. top

left hand side

right hand side

front

base

187b. Reconstruction of the motif. 9c. Proposal for a reconstruction as a double weave in a two-colour scheme in dark on light and in light on dark and in a three-colour scheme.

189

159. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC15.23.lwg20 (Fig. 187), Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, complete with small fragments missing and broken at suspension hole, handmade of impasto, misformed. Measurements: height 11.0, width top 8.5, width base 10.5, uniform thickness 3.2cm. Large suspension hole of 1.2cm at 1.1cm from the top. Preserved weight 622g, estimated weight 750grams. Slightly burnished impasto, colours varying from dark to light brown (Munsell 7.5YR 6/4 to 2.5/2). Flat with rounded corners, fired in several colours due to an open kiln. Decorated on one of the broad sides with a Type D3 motif consisting of many frames around a reserved central area, while at the top a reversed u has been added. Incised and reworked with irregularly placed punch marks. Comment on the decoration The form of the weight is intact and the decoration complete, the deformity of the motif on the left hand side most likely occurred when the clay surface was still semidry. A clumsy movement or placing an object against the surface may have caused the damage. The composition of this motif consists of four frames containing a reserved center in such a way that a narrower top and a wider base is created (type D3). A loose, inverted u-shape is engraved to balance the difference in space at the top. The motive is closely related to the other motives in this category but has more frames. In two contrasting colors the composition works in a double weave (Fig. 187b), but the composition becomes vibrant with three or more different colours.

160. Trapezoidal loom weight, AC27.11.lwg09 (Fig. 188), Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, broken at suspension hole, upper part missing. Handmade of lightly burnished impasto. Flat with rounded corners. Measurements: height 11.0, width top 8.5, width base 10.5, uniform thickness 3.2cm. Large suspension hole of 1.2cm at 1.1cm from the top. Preserved weight 639g, estimated weight 800 grams. Slightly burnished impasto, colours varying from light yellowish brown (Munsell 10YR 6/4 to 5YR 4/2). Decorated on one of the broad sides with a Type D3 motif consisting of many frames around a reserved central area, incised and reworked with punch marks.

188a. Threequarter of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC27.11.lwg09, preserved height 11cm.

188b. Proposal for a two-colour double weave, the reversed Ushaped element in a different colour may have been added in weft-float technique.

189. Top fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, ACspor24, preserved height 4.5cm.

161. Top fragment of a truncated pyramidal loom weight (presumably), AC.spor24 (Fig. 189) , preserved measurements 4.5 x 5.8 x 3/3.5cm, suspension hole of 0.7/0.8cm at 2cm from the top. Nicely burnished impasto decorated with slightly concave grooves with punch marks. The decoration is presumably of type D3. The back shows diagonally crossing rope impressions. The cords were circa 0.3/0.4cm in diameter.

Possible tops of D types 162. Fragment AC05.16.lwg15 (Fig.190), preserved height 4.1 x 6.9, top 6.4 x 3.8cm, suspension hole of 0.7cm in diameter at 1.7/1.5cm below the top. Weight 157g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto, pink in colour (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). The preserved decoration of the two larger sides consists of three plain grooves following the contour of the weight. On the top a cross has been incised with small holes at the ends.

190

190. Top of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwg1533, preserved height 4.1cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

163. Fragment AC17.02.lwg01 (Fig. 191). Measurements: h. 2.8 x 8.2 x 4.6cm; weight 176g. Top part of a trapezoidal loom weight broken at the suspension hole, which has a diameter of 1cm and is 2.2cm from the top. The decoration of the front side consists of 5 incised lines following the contours. The incised lines contain small, closelyplaced punch marks.

right hand side

top

191. Threequarter of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.20.lwgr33, preserved height 2.8cm.

164. Top of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC02.29.lwg05 (Fig. 192). Preserved measurements: top 2.9 x 7.5cm, thickness 3cm. Weight 94g. Local impasto with quartz/feldspar and stones, colour Munsell ext. 2.5YR N4, int. 2.5YR 4/6. The weight is broken at the horizontal suspension hole, which has a diameter of 0.7cm and is at 0.7cm from the top. The top is slightly convex and in it a cross has been incised. Frontal decoration of three incised concentric rectangles.

192. Threequarter of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.29.lwg05, preserved height 2.4cm.

191

4.8. Type E. A true meander framing a reserved area in the centre or rows of meanders around a centre E1. True meander framing a reserved area in the centre

193. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.sec.lwg501, preserved height 12cm.

1.

165. Flat trapezoidal loom weight, AC18.sec.lwg501, (Fig. 193) well burnished, complete but small fragments missing. Height 12cm, width of top 8.6, width of base 10.6, thickness of top 4.4, thickness of base 5.9cm, expanding 1.5cm towards its base. Weight 1024g. Badly fired impasto with calcareous and blackish inclusions, also a few small stones, reddish brown at core (Munsell 2.5YR 5/4). The horizontal suspension hole is very large (diameter 1/9/1.0cm) and is eroded to an oval towards the top; it is also not completely horizontal and ending at respectively 1.2 and 1.6cm from the top. Decorated on both larger sides: the frontal side with a meander running around a reserved central area (type E1 decoration); in this centre the motif of a small square inside a larger square. The reverse side shows three concentric trapezoidal rectangles framing the reserved centre.

166. Lower left hand corner (presumably) of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC10.04.lwg03 (Fig. 194), preserved measurements 4.9 x 3.8cm (no backside), weight 51g. Handmade of well- burnished impasto. Colours: paste reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 5/3), somewhat darker outside. Punch marks in the incised grooves. Decorated (presumably) with a true meander (Greek key pattern) around a large reserved central area (type E1).

194a-b. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.04.lwg03, preserved height 4.9cm.

192

195a. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2813.lwg01, height 9.15cm.

167. Trapezoidal loom weight, expanding for 1.3 cm towards its base, AC2813.lwg01 (Fig. 195). Measurements: h. 9.15, base 5.5 x 7.5 x top 6.2/4cm, horizontal suspension hole of circa 1cm at 1cm from the top. Preserved weight 589g., estimated weight 700g. Colour of burnish a very dark brown (Munsell 10 YR 2/3). Decorated on its two larger faces, side A with meander hooks milling around a reversed centre in which a warrior is engraved. He is rendered frontally and dressed in a kilt, his head is in profile to the left, looking at his raised left arm. He carries a sword in a belt at his right side (unfortunately now damaged). Side B is decorated with not very carefully executed meander hooks turning around a central reserved area in which a deer is engraved. The meander patterns are of the E1 type but are not carefully incised.

195b. Loom weight AC2815, drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

E2. Pattern composed of concentric rows of hooks 168. Corner fragment, AC2714.lwg01 (Fig. 196), of a trapezoidal loom weight. Preserved measurements 3.5 x 4 x 3.3cm. Local impasto, exterior very well burnished. Colour: paste a weak red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/4), burnish dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/2) to a very dusky red (Munsell YR2.5/2). Preserved weight 61g. The preserved part of the frontal decoration consists of small interlaced hooks (type E2), which are presumably grouped concentrically around a reserved central area. Compare the next specimens.

193

196a. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2714.lwg01, preserved height 4.9cm.

87.4. Side d of a truncated, four-sided pyramidal loom weight is decorated with a pseudomeander pattern engraved around a reserved trapezium-shaped area. Compare for this truncated pyramidal loom weight AC04.30.lwg09, the description and photographs above under cat. no. 87. The weight is decorated on all sides except for its base. All decorations have a reserved trapezoidal central area, which is surrounded by motifs with hooks (Type A1 decoration) on two opposed sides and the top, and complex zigzag hooks on the other two opposed sides d and e (type E2 decoration). Comments on the decoration There is similarity with the patterns of Type A1 because of the reserved centre and the hooks starting from its sides; from top, bottom and left side one and two from the right side. These hooks are – apart from the one at the top -, however, connected with the outer frame and not with the double hooks that fill them. This means that the pattern is not continuous. For the rest, the attempt to discover regularity in the composition failed.

197a. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004,

AC04.30.lwg09.

197b. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg09, side 4 in a coloured reconstruction.

87.5. Side e of truncated, four-sided pyramidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg09 (Fig. 198). See for the description of this weight cat. no. 87 and previous weight. Two sides of this weight and the top are decorated with the Type I motif and this side e 194

and the former side c are decorated with a meander pattern engraved around a reserved trapezium-shaped area. Comments on the decoration This side of the weight is too damaged to discover any regularity. 198. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg09, side 5.

169. Fragment of a truncated pyramidal loom weight, AP06.lwg10 (Fig. 199), of well-burnished impasto. Maximum preserved height 8cm, maximum width of base 5.7cm; the face with the small meanders measures 6.5 x 5.5 cm, that with the large meanders 6.9 x 5cm. Weight 270grams. External colour reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/3, internal paste somewhat lighter. The weight is decorated with on its two preserved sides with a Type E2 decoration consisting of patterns of alternating hooks which give the impression of meanders.

199. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AP06.lwg10, maximum preserved height 8cm.

170. Rim fragment AC02.32.lwg60 (Fig. 200), of a trapezoidal loom weight. Preserved measurements 4.5 x 2.9cm. Weight 38g. Local impasto, well burnished. No backside preserved. The front is decorated with incised hooks with punch marks forming a motif which presumably is a variant with many hooks like the E2 types of loom weights.

200. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.32.lwg60, preserved height

195

4.5cm. Drawing by H. J. Waterbolk.

171. Upper left hand corner of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.00 (number not clear, Fig. 201), preserved measurements 3.3 x 8.7 x 2.7cm, evidence of the suspension hole of 0.6cm in diameter and at 3.3cm from the top. Weight 107g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto, firing uneven. Decorated (presumably) with an E2 motif with many hooks along all sides. The left hand corner of the reserved centre is preserved and from it an unusual diagonal pattern resembling a fork is visible.

top

left hand side

front

201. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg00, maximum preserved height 3.3cm.

left hand side

front

202. Loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg29, preserved height 4.9cm.

172. Left hand upper corner (presumably) of a trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.lwg29a (Fig. 202), handmade of impasto. Preserved measurements: height 4.9 x width 4.5 x thickness top 2.9/3.4cm. Fine, clear punch marks in the incised grooves. Weight: 101g. Clay: sandy impasto including occasionally a small stone. Colour of surfaces: dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2). Weight 101g. The incisions are executed in a layer of clay that was added to the surface and caused a slightly concave upper side. The weight is incised in the same, fine style as the previous specimen, but is too different from it to be part of the same loom weight. The hooks alternate in the manner of the type B decoration but are much smaller than in the case of loom weights with that type of decoration. Presumably this decoration is a variation of the small hooks type E2.

173. Right hand corner fragment AC14.spor.02 (Fig. 203), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight, with finely incised decoration.. Clear, small and regularly placed punch marks. Measurements: 3.4 x 7.1 x 3.3/3.1cm weight 103g. Colours: burnish very dark grey (Munsell 5YR 3/1), paste reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/3). Horizontal suspension hole of at least 1cm in diam. At 196

2.5cm from the top. The decoration is hitherto unique, but it probably belongs to a variation of the E2 types and is classified under E2 because of its small meanders. 203. Upper part of a trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC14.spor.lwg02, height 3.4cm.

front

174. Left hand upper corner AC16A.26.lwg06 (Fig. 204) of a large trapezoidal loom weight. Preserved measurements 3.2 x 5.7 x 2.5cm, suspension hole of circa 0.5cm in diameter at 2.6cm from the top, weight 67g. Handmade of lightly burnished impasto . Decorated (presumably) with E2 motif with many hooks along all sides.

top

left hand side

204. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.26.lwg06, preserved height 3.2cm.

175. Flat trapezoidal weight AC18A.14.lwg103 (Fig. 205), impasto, large part of the lower right part missing. Preserved measurements: height 11.8, width top 10.1, thickness of top 3.2x thickness base 4.0cm, suspension hole of 0.7cm not quite in the centre at 3.1cm from the top. Preserved weight 653g, estimated weight 900g. top

Front decorated with meander hooks around a reserved centre.

front

left hand side

base

205. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.lwg103, height 11.8cm.

base

side

176. Lower corner of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC14.08.lwg06 (Fig. 206), preserved measurements 3.0 x 4.7 x max. thickness 4.5cm. Weight 75g. Handmade of well-burnished impasto. Decorated on both larger sides of the weight with a

197

motif of opposed hooks ? and inscribed frames.

206. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC14.08.lwg06, preserved height 3cm.

E3. Unicum, complicate pattern of meanders 177. Flat trapezoidal loom weight, AC18.13.lwg51 (Fig. 207), left lower corner missing and with damaged decorated face.. Measurements.: height 14.5cm x top 12.5, thickness 3.9/4cm, preserved weight 1135g, reconstructed weight 1300g. Horizontally pierced with large hole of 1cm which is in the centre, one of the hole ends seems enlarged by rubbing. Expanding circa 1.5cm towards its base. The incised lines of the decoration contain punch marks. The incised decoration of this loom weight is not found on other specimens. It consists of zigzags in a complicated pattern and seems to be without a reserved centre. 207. Loom weight fragment Scavi

Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.lwg51, preserved height 14.5cm.

198

4.9. Type F. Various patterns with a small reserved central area and a rectangular base composition underneath 178. Fragment of a large trapezoidal loom weight, AC04.30.15 of 13 (Fig. 208), preserved measurements: h. 10.2 x 7.1 x 3.3cm. The backside is only partially preserved. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.5cm at 3cm from the top. Preserved weight 200g, estimated weight 600g. Colour of exterior burnish: dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/2). The incised motif consists of a combination of the D1-type of composition with reversed l-shapes in the corners and an ornate centre composed of a small trapezoid reserved area with a kind of base composition underneath, which seems to include a rectangle with a horizontal line inside.

208. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg15, preserved height 10.2cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

209. Loom weight fragment Scavi Stoop 1963-69, Stoop no. 3, preserved height 6.8cm.

199

Chapter II, no. 56. Right hand side fragment of a large trapezoid loom weight, Scavi Stoop 1963-69 (Fig. 209), Stoop 3. Preserved measurements 6.8 x 7.7 x 2.5cm. Preserved weight 133g. The fragment has not been cleaned because of its bad condition; it seems secondarily burnt and thereby deformed.

front

right hand side

210. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.20.lwg09, preserved height 6.2cm.

211. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.20.lwg14, preserved height 6.4cm.

179. Fragment of the right hand side of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC15.20.lwg09 (Fig. 210). Preserved measurements: 6.2 x 4.8 x 2.8cm. The mark of a horizontal supension hole of 0.8cm in diameter is preserved. Colour of the exterior burnish is a reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/3). Deep grooves and small, deep punch marks. Flat and broad arms.

180. Fragment of a large trapezoid loom weight, AC15.20.lwg.r14 (Fig. 211). Preserved measurements: h. 6.4 x 10.3 x 4.3cm, weight 456g. No suspension hole. The front is decorated by means of incised broad meander arms, no punch marks. The decoration consisted of a centre with a small reserved trapezoid area placed on top of a kind of base composed of horizontal rectangular elements which comprise hooks.

181. Left lower corner fragment of a trapezoid loom weight, AC17.19b.lwg09 (Fig. 212). Preserved measurements: h. 9.5 x 4.8 x 3.4g, with suspension hole of circa 0.7cm in diameter. Weight 167g. Handmade of local impasto well-burnished to dark reddish brown and yellowish red in uneven firing (Munsell 5YR 3/2 to 5/6). Deep grooves with only a few punch marks and somewhat rounded arms.

200

left hand side

front

212. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC17.19b.lwg09, preserved height 9.5cm.

182. Corner fragment, AC04.30.lwg38 (Fig. 213), max. height 7.5 x max. width 7.2cm, thickness 3.4 - 3.7 at base, weight 260g. Colour: exterior, a very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1); interior dusky red (Munsell. 2.5YR 4/4). 213. Loom weight fragment Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwg38, preserved height 7.5cm.

201

4.10. Large, plain trapezoidal loom weights 183. Trapezoid loom weight, AC04.30.lwg11 (Fig. 214), complete and of refined clay, handmade. Plain. Suspension hole of 1.8cm, not quite horizontal or parallel to the top but at 1.9cm below it. The form expands 1.3cm towards its base. Measurements: 14.5 x base 12.2 x top 7.7cm. Thickness top 5.5 x 6.6 cm. Weight: 1443 grams. Colour

external surface reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 7/4-5/3); core pinkish grey. (Munsell 7.5YR 6/2).

214. Plain loom weight AC04.30.lwg11, height 14.5cm.

184. Trapezoid loom weight, AC02.33.lwg01 (Fig. 215), complete and of refined clay, handmade. Suspension hole of 2.1cm, horizontal and parallel to the top. The form expands 1.2cm towards its base. Measurements: height 14 x base 11.5 x top 8.2 x thickness 6/7.2cm. Weight: 1350grams. Colour pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), core not exposed. 215. Plain loom weight AC02.33.lwg01, height 14cm.

base

front

185. AC18A.12.lwg13a (Fig. 216) lower part of a large plain loom weight. Preserved measurements 6.6 x 9.5 x 4.1cm, preserved weight 426g. Colour pink (Munsell 7.5 7/4).

216. Plain loom weight AC18a.12.lwg13a, height 6.6cm.

202

4.11. Specimens and fragments without typology 186. Impasto loom weight CE.A2.4.27 (Fig. 217). Preserved measurement: height 7.8 x top preserved 4.2 x 2.2, base 7.4 x 3.7cm. Preserved weight 212g. Secondarily burnt, fragments missing. Suspension hole of 0.8cm in diameter at 1.2cm from the top. Decorated with simple grooves with punch marks. From the timber dwelling IVA on terrace I of the Timpone della Motta. Ref.: Kleibrink 2006a. 217. Loom weight CE.A2.4.27, height 7.4cm.

187. Fragment of an impasto loom weight CE.A2.2.R15 (Fig. 218). Preserved measurements: height 3.4 x top preserved 3.5 x 2.3cm. Preserved weight 49g. Secondarily burnt. Suspension hole of 0.8 cm, placed towards the backside, at 2.1cm from the top. Decorated with simple grooves with punch marks. From the timber dwelling IVA on terrace I of the Timpone della Motta.

218. Fragment of a loom weight CE.A2.2.R15, height 3.4cm.

219. Fragment of a loom weight AC02.15.1B, height 3.1cm.

188. Small rim fragment AC02.15.lwg1b (Fig. 219) of a flat trapezoid loom weight. Preserved measurements 3.1 x 2.5cm. The obverse side is decorated with incised hooks deepened by rows of punch marks.

189. Small rim fragment AC02.16.lwg1(Fig. 220) of a trapezoid loom weight, Remaining measurements 4.5 x 3.5 cm. The large obverse side is decorated with incised hooks with punch marks.

203

220. Fragment of a loom weight AC02.16.lwg01, height 4.5cm.

221. Fragment of a loom weight AC2.29.lwg06, height 3.4cm.

190. Corner fragment AC02.29.lwg06 (Fig. 221), of a flat trapezoidal loom weight. Preserved measurements 3.9 x 4.7, thickness 4.0cm, preserved weight 40g. Local impasto. The colour of the external, lustrous burnish is very dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR N2/), of the paste reddish brown Munsell 5YR 4/4). Decorated presumably with a pattern of complicated hooks. In the incisions a few small, irregular punch marks.

191. AC02.30.lwg14 (Fig. 222), corner fragment of a thick trapezoidal loom weight, impasto, well burnished. Decorated with incised lines, the part where they turn an angle has been preserved. Punch marks visible and some white paste in the incisions. Preserved measurements: max. height 4.6 x width 3.4 x thickness 4.2cm (reverse surface broken away). Colour of burnish weak red (Munsell 2.5YR ¾); paste dark red Munsell 2.5YR 4/8). 222. Fragment of a loom weight AC02.30.lwg14, height 3.4cm.

192. Upper part AC02.31.10 (Fig. 223) of a large trapezoid loom weight h. 6.7 x 4.8 x top 6.9/5cm. A suspension hole of 1.6cm at 2.6 from the top. The colour is a dark reddish brown. Decorated on the obverse and reverse, on the obverse presumably with three simple incised frames, the reverse shows the remains of three incised lines in the right hand corner. No punch marks present. Preserved weight 309 gr. Clay local impasto with small stones. The colour of the external, burnished surface ranges from brown to black (Munsell 7.5YR 4.2/5-2 to 7.5YR 2/0; the paste is dark brown (Munsell 7.5YR 3/2-2.5YR 2.5/4).

223. Fragment of a loom weight AC02.31.lwg10, height 6.7cm.

204

193. AC02.32.lwg05, side fragment, preserved measurements 2.2 x 3.6 x 3.6cm. Preserved weight 39g., no backside. 194. Fragment of a corner of a large loom weight, AC02.32.lwg60, preserved measurements 2.2 x 5 x 3.2cm, preserved weight 38g. The obverse decorated with three incised hooks.

224. Fragment of a loom weight AC03.38.lwg471, height 6.5cm.

195. Fragment of the side of a large loom weight, AC03.38.lwg471 (Fig. 224), preserved measurements 6.5 x 2 x 4.3cm, preserved weight 64g. The obverse decorated with three angular hooks.

196. Corner fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight AC03.37.lwg63 (Fig. 225). 225. Fragment of a loom weight AC03.37.lwg63.

197. Fragment of the upper right hand corner of a large loom weight, AC04.03.lwgn8 (new number), 5.8 x 9 x 3.0cm, weight 116g. The suspension hole of 0.6cm in diameter and at 3cm from the top is in part preserved. The obverse is decorated with six angular incised hooks. 198. Fragment of the upper right hand corner of a large loom weight, AC04.09.lwg01, preserved measurements 3.5 x 4.1 x 3.5cm, preserved weight 82g. The suspension hole of 0.5cm in diameter is at 1cm from the top and in part preserved. The obverse and reverse are both decorated with three angular incised hooks.

226. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.09.lwg35, height 3.0cm.

199. Fragment of the upper right hand corner of a large loom weight, AC04.09.lwg35 (Fig. 226), preserved measurements 3.0 x 7 x 2.8 (thickness top), preserved weight 120g. The suspension hole of 0.7cm in diameter at 2.5cm from the top is in part preserved. The surface colour ranges from black to dark reddish grey (Munsell 10YR2/1 to 5YR4/2); the core is, dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR3/3).

The obverse decorated with six angular incisions.

200. Corner fragment of a loom weight AC04.17.lwgr196. Preserved measurements 5.8 x 6.1 x 3.1, preserved weight 132g.

205

227. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg02, height 4.2cm.

201. Upper right hand corner fragment of a loom weight, AC04.30.lwg, perhaps 02 (Fig. 227); later on the fragment got the number spor.17, which must be canceled. Preserved measurements: h. 4.2 x 3.4 x 3cm. Well-burnished impasto. A horizontal suspension pension hole of 0.9cm in diameter at 1.8cm from the top is placed more to the back than the front. The decoration of the front consisted of a meander around a reserved area. On the backside the end of a diagonal incision and an incised line following the top contour of the weight have been preserved.

202. (Fig. 228)

228. Fragment of a loom weight CE.A2.2.R15, height 3.4cm.

203. AC04.30.lwg08, fragment, preserved measurements 5 x 3.2cm, preserved weight 82g.

204. Corner fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg16 (Fig. 229) 229. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg16, height 3.4cm.

230. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg27, height 3.4cm.

205. AC04.30.lwg27 (Fig. 230), lower left or right corner of a flat trapezoidal loom weight. Incised decoration of 6 hooks bordering a reserved central area in the corner a small hole, 1.1 cm deep. No punch marks present. Preserved measurements: width 9.2 x 8.1 max. height x thickness 3.1-3.3cm.. The colour of the well-burnished exterior is dark reddish brown (Munsell. 5YR 3/1) of the core dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/4).

206

206.

231. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg28, height 6.1cm.

Upper part of a flat trapezoid loom weight, AC04.30.lwg28 (Fig. 231) obverse decorated with small incised meander. In the incised grooves punch marks.. Incomplete, preserved height 6.1, preserved width 8, thickness 3.4cm. Preserved weight 233g. Surface colours ranging from black to dark reddish grey (Munsell 10YR2/1 to 5YR4/2) core

dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR3/3).

207. Lower right hand corner AC04.30.lwg34 (Fig. 232). of flat ornamental loom weight with finely incised decoration of which presumably five hooks have remained. Very fine punch marks. Preserved measurements 5.7 x 3.7 x 3.2cm. Preserved weight 83g. Exterior dusky red (Munsell, 2.5YR 4/2); core dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/6).

232. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg34, height 5.7cm.

208. 233. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.31lwg, height 3.7cm.

Upper right or left corner AC04.30.lwg31 (Fig. 233) of a flat ornamental loom weight with remains of hooks. Fine punch marks. Burnished; no backside preserved. Preserved measurements: 3.7 x 2.4 x 2.4cm. External colour light reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 6/3); interior dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 3/6).

207

209.

234. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg37, height 5.1cm.

AC04.30.lwg37 (Fig. 234). Upper left corner of flat trapezoid loom weight, broken at the suspension hole. Obverse decorated with incised hooks. Carefully smoothed; no punch marks present. Preserved measurements: 5.1 x 3.8 x thickness at top 3.2; maximum thickness 3.5 cm. The horizontal suspension hole is at 3cm from top, with a diameter of circa 0.8cm. Preserved weight 89g. External colour very dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR N3); internal paste yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6).

210.

235. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg41, height 6.3cm.

Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC04.30.lwg41 (Fig. 235), preserved measurements 6.3 x 4.3 x 3cm, preserved weight 98g. Well burnished impasto, colour ranging from dark red to brown (Munsell 7.5YR 2/; int. 5YR ¾).

211.

236. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg42, height 5.5cm.

Corner fragment of a large impasto loom weight AC04.30. lwg42 (Fig. 236), no backside. Preserved measurements 5.5 x 4.7 x 3.7cm, preserved weight 89g. Obverse decorated with incised hooks. External colour dark grey (Munsell 5YR 4/1); core dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/3).

212.

237. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg43, height 4cm.

AC04.30.lwg43 (Fig. 237). Upper left hand corner of flat trapezoid loom weight. Obverse decorated with incised lines forming hooks. Punch marks present. The corner is rounded and broke away at the horizontal suspension hole, diameter circa 0.7cm and 3.1cm from top. Preserved measurements h. 4.0 x w. 7.6cm. Preserved weight 74g. External colour reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 4/3); core dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/3).

208

213. Corner fragment of a large impasto loom weight AC04.30.lwg44 (Fig. 238). Preserved measurements 3.6 x 3.9 x 2.6cm, preserved weight 45g. 238. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg44, height 3.6cm.

239. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg45, height 3.7cm.

214. AC04.30.lwg45 (Fig. 239), corner fragment of a flat trapezoid loom weight. Obverse decorated with incised hooks. Clear punch marks. Preserved measurements 3.7 x 2.7 cm, no backside preserved. Preserved weight 10g.

215. AC04.30.lwg46 (Fig. 240). 240. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg46.

216. Corner fragment of a large impasto loom weight AC04.30.lwg48 (Fig. 241), no backside. Preserved measurements 3.8 x 3.6 x 4cm, preserved weight 81g. .Colours: exterior dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 4); core brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/4). Obverse decorated with hooks. Deep punch marks in the narrow grooves.

241. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg48, height 3.8cm.

242. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg51, height 5.4cm.

217. AC04.30.lwg51 (Fig. 242) Lower right hand corner of a flat trapezoid loom weight. Obverse decorated with incised hooks. Clear punch marks. Preserved measurements: h. 5.4 x 3.6 x thickness 2.4-2.7cm. Preserved weight 72g. Colours: external surface brown (Munsell 7.5YR 4/2); core dark red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/8).

209

218. Rim fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg53 (Fig. 243). 243. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg53, height 3.4cm.

219. AC04.30.lwg52 (Fig 244).

244. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg52, height 3.4cm.

220.

245. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg55, height 3.1cm.

Corner fragment AC04.30.lwg55 (Fig. 245) of a flat trapezoid loom weight with incised decoration of presumably meander hooks. Punch marks in the incisions. Preserved measurements of 3.1 x 2.8 cm, thickness preserved 2.1cm (back side broken). Preserved weight 12g.

221. Rim fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg56 (Fig. 246)

246. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg56.

247. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30lwg57, height 6.2cm.

222. AC04.30.lwg57 (Fig. 247, Badly damaged lower left (?) corner of a flat trapezoid loom weight. Obverse with remains of incised decoration of meander hooks. Irregular punch marks. Max. height 6.2 x 4.4 cm., max. thickness 3.3 cm. Preserved weight 98g. Colours: external surface grey (Munsell 10YR 5/1) core dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR ¾).

210

248. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg58, height 5.1cm.

223. AC04.30.lwg58 (Fig. 248) Lower corner of flat trapezoid loom weight. Obverse incised with a decoration of hooks. Clear punch marks. Measurements of 5.1 x 4.0 cm, present thickness 3.7 cm (no backside preserved). Preserved weight 73g. Colours: external surface dark grey (Munsell 5YR 4/1), core dark red (Munsell 2.5 YR 4/8).

224. Corner of an impasto loom weight, AC04.30.lwg60 (Fig. 249). 249. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg60, height cm.

225.

250. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg61, height 5cm.

Corner fragment AC04.30.lwg61 (Fig. 250) of flat trapezoid loom weight with incised decoration of meander hooks. Clear punch marks. Measurements 5.0 x 3.5 cm preserved (no reverse surface) Preserved weight 42g. Colours: external surface dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), core yellowish red (Munsell 5YR 4/6).

226. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg62 (Fig. 251).

251. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg61, height 5cm.

227.

252. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg66.

Corner fragment of a large impasto loom weight AC04.30.lwg66 (Fig. 252). Preserved measurements 3.6 x 3.9 x 2.6cm, preserved weight 45g.

211

228. Rim fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg68 (Fig. 253), rim fragment.

253. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg68.

229. Corner fragment of a loom weight, AC04.30.lwg73 (Fig. 254). Preserved weight 84g. 254. Fragment of a loom weight AC04.30.lwg73.

230. AC04.30.lwg74, side fragment of a loom weight, preserved measurements 4.2 x 2.3 x 2.1cm, preserved weight 22g.

231. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC05.13.lwg790+792 (Fig. 255) .

255. Fragment of a loom weight AC05.13.lwg790-92.

232. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC05.16.lwg04 (Fig. 256).

256. Fragment of a loom weight AC05.16.lwg04..

212

233. 257. Fragment of a loom weight AC05.16.lwg04.

Corner of an impasto loom weight AC10.a1.lwg11 Fig. 257).

234. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC10.03.lwgr197, rim fragment of an impasto loom weight, decorated at the two larger faces, preserved measurements 3.8 x 4.3cm, preserved weight 46g. 235. Corner fragment of an impasto loom weight AC10.08.lwg64 (Fig. 260), preserved measurements 4.2 x 4.8 x 2.7cm.

236.

258. Fragment of a loom weight AC10.08.lwgr39, height 3.5cm.

Corner fragment of an impasto loom weight AC10.08.lwgr39 (Fig. 258), preserved measurements 3.5 x 6.2 x 3.1cm (no backside).

237. Fragment of the lower right hand corner of a large loom weight, AC10.10.lwg30 (Fig. 259), preserved fragments h. 5.8 x 3.6 x 4cm, preserved weight 98g. The obverse decorated with three angular grooves. 259. Fragment of a loom weight AC10.10.lwg30, height 5.8cm.

238. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC10.08 of 18.lwg09 (Fig. 260).

260. Fragment of a loom weight AC10.08./18.lwg09.

239. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC10.15.2lwg05 small side fragment, no backside. Preserved measurements 5.2x 3 x 2.3cm.

213

240.

261. Fragment of a loom weight AC10.15.lwg42, height 4.2cm.

262. Fragment of a loom weight AC10.39.lwg 144, height 6.5cm.

Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC10.15.lwg42 (Fig. 261), preserved measurements 4.2 x 4.6 x 2.8cm, preserved weight 60g. no backside. Suspension hole of 0.6cm in diameter.

241. Fragment of the upper back part of a large loom weight, AC10.39.lwg144 (Fig. 262), Preserved measurements 6.5 x 10.5cm, preserved weight 239g. Part of the suspension hole is preserved, it has a diameter of 0.8cm. The reverse decorated with three diagonally crossing grooves.

242. Fragment of the upper right hand corner of a large loom weight, AC14.A2.1.lwg54, Preserved measurements 3 x 5 x 3.0 (thickness top), preserved weight 73g. Part of the suspension hole is preserved, it has a diameter of 0.6cm at 2cm from the top. The reverse decorated with three diagonally crossing grooves. 243. Fragment of the upper part of a corner of a large loom weight, AC15.20.lwgr150 (Fig. 263). Preserved measurements 6 x 5.9cm, preserved weight 90g. no backside The obverse decorated with ten angular grooves.

263. Fragment of a loom weight AC15.20.lwgr150, height 6cm.

244. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC15.23.lwg09?lower right hand corner? Preserved measurements 3.3 x 4.8 x 4.1cm, preserved weight 80g. 245. Fragment of a corner (most likely the lower right hand one) of a large loom weight, AC16a.25.lwg01. Preserved measurements, 5.5 x 7 x 2.5cm, preserved weight 111g. The obverse decorated with two grooves. 246. AC18.10.lwg01, left hand upper corner, preserved measurements 3.5 x 5 x 2.7cm, preserved weight 55g., suspension hole 0.8 at 1.7 cm 247. Fragment of a corner of a large loom weight, AC18.13.lwg51. Preserved measurements 5 x 6 x 3.5cm, preserved weight 142g. The obverse decorated with three grooves.

214

248. Fragment of a corner of an impasto loom weight AC18.13.lwg56 (Fig. 264). Preserved measurements 4.3 x 4.1 x 3cm. Preserved weight 55g. 264. Fragment of a loom weight AC18.13.lwg56, height 4.3cm.

. 249. Corner fragment of an impasto loom weight AC18.15.lwg09. Preserved measurements 5.6 x 3.7 x 4cm, preserved weight 78g. 250. Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC18.15.lwg01, preserved measurements 4.1 x 3.1 x 3.3cm, preserved weight 42g. 251. Fragment of the right hand upper corner of a large loom weight, AC18a.03.lwg111, preserved measurements 3.6 x 7 x 2.7cm, suspension hole of 0.5cm at 3cm from the top. Preserved weight 120g.The obverse decorated with five angular grooves.

252.

265. Fragment of a loom weight AC18A.14.lwg09, height 8cm.

266. Fragment of a loom weight AC18A.14.lwg109, height 5.2cm.

Fragment of an impasto loom weight AC18A.14.lwg09 (Fig 265) backside with three diagonally crossing rope impressions, no front side, preserved weight 92g. Preserved measurements 8 x 5 x 2.7cm.

253. Fragment of a corner of a large loom weight, AC18A.14.lwg109 (Fig. 266), preserved measurements 5.2 x 3.9 x 4.5cm, preserved weight 116g. The obverse decorated with three grooves.

254. AC18a.16.lwg02 fragment of an upper right hand corner of a large truncated pyramidal loom weight. Preserved weight 96 g, preserved dimensions 4.3 x 4 x 4cm, suspension hole of 1.5cm abraded into an oval, at 1.9cm from the top. 255. Lower corner fragment AC18A.16.lwg09 of an impasto loom weight. Preserved measurements 4.7 x 4.9cm, base 4.6 x 5.6cm, preserved weight 158g. 256. Corner fragment of an impasto loom weight AC21.07.lwg103. Preserved measurements 2.9 x 2.9 x 2.9cm, preserved weight 30g. 257. Fragment of the upper right hand corner of a large loom weight, AC22.04.lwg06, preserved measurements 5.3 x 4.2 x 3 (thickness side). The obverse decorated with two grooves. 258. Spor 24, top of an impasto loom weight with rope imprint, preserved measurements 4.4 x 5.3 x 3cm. The suspension hole has a diameter of 0.9cm and is at 1.8cm from the top. Vacat: Nos 253-’58, Figs 266-’69.

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CHAPTER V SMALL-SIZED TRAPEZOIDAL LOOM WEIGHTS

270. Trapezoidal loom weights of the smaller variety decorated with cord imprints and a few other motifs, Building V.b. The weights vary between 50 and 100g, only one weight is considerably taller than the rest but is not heavier.

5.1. Introduction and find contexts As has been explained in Chapter IV, a few trapezoidal loom weights of the larger and heavier type are decorated with cord imprints. For instance the back side of loom weight AC04.09.lwg37 (Chapter IV, Cat. no. 144), made of nicely burnished impasto, has on its reverse side a decoration of diagonally-crossing, impressed cords and on its front a swastika-inspired motif.1 The cord imprints of this weight are made with a supple cord of circa 0.4cm in diameter. The double imprints from the left hand lower corner to the right hand upper corner are continuous as is one of the imprints from the lower right hand corner to the upper left hand corner; three short imprints are pressed along the sides of these longer ones. A smaller trapezoidal variety of loom weights from the Timpone della Motta is more often decorated with impressed cord motifs.2 For instance AC18.10.lwk803 (Chapter IV, Fig. 99; this Chapter, Cat. no. 293), of lightly burnished impasto and weighing 62grams, is on all sides decorated in such a way; on its frontal broad face with three inscribed rectangles incised around diagonally crossing cord imprints; on its reverse broad face by diagonally crossing cord imprints and along the sides with a pattern of cord imprints, one impression in the centre of the long side and three at equal distances across. The imprints in this weight are used for experimental suspension from an actual cord, because in the opinion of the author this type of decoration originated from the use of tying strings around the loom weights in order to be able to fasten a bundle of warp threads to the string loops. The smaller, trapezoidal loom weights with cord impressions show that for the application of double diagonally crossing ones thinner cords - with a diameter of circa 0.25/ 0.3cm - were used, while thicker cords - of circa 0.5/0.6cm in diameter - were applied to obtain single diagonally-crossing imprints. The latter variety must have been especially supple because these cords broadened at being pressed into the clay and it was evidently difficult to keep them straight while pressing. These imprints make it likely that The motif is also found on larger loom weights. The type of loom weight is the same as the large, decorated kind of Chapter IV and labelled type F1 in Gleba 2008, Fig. 93. The type of decoration seems rare in Italy: there is a cord impression in the base of a loom weight from Tomb 308 at Incoronata-S. Teodoro, cf. Chiartano 1994.

1 2

216

the cords were of a supple, soft fibre, perhaps wool mixed with another kind of animal hair. Also the plying of the cords was none too tight and probably done with a spindle whorl of medium size and weight. A number of loom weights have diagonally crossing incised straight grooves of smaller dimensions than the cord imprints; e.g. loom weight AC18.13.lw52 with grooves of 3.5/4mm (this Chapter, Catalogue no. 295). Weight AC10.01.lwg09 (Chapter IV, Catalogue no. 136) has also a groove incised lengthwise over the top, an indication that this kind of weights was also tied up in the manner of smaller weights like AC18.10.lwk803. In Chapter IV the current knowledge on the suspension of loom weights in antiquity has been reviewed and mention made of the small trapezoidal weights associated with Building V.b, catalogued here, which are decorated with cord imprints in such a consistent manner that by following the impressions with a small cord, a hypothetical reconstruction of such a suspension could be arrived at. The different decorations on the A-sides of a number of the weights demonstrate perhaps why such a suspension was preferred above tying the warp threads to a loop fastened through the suspension hole of the weights. Suspension from a crossing cord protects the weight against damage by its neighbours and reduces the noise of weights clanging onto each other at shed change. Also the decoration on the front of the weights is preserved much better than in case the warp threads are tied through the weight’s suspension hole. However, the most important reason to tie a suspension cord around the weights must have been the unusual custom of suspending the loom weights with their broad faces to front (compare Chapter IV, section 4.2). Archaeological experiments by the CTR-researchers have shown that to a weight suspended the normal way, with its small side to front, a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 30 warp threads can be attached to loom weights of 2 and 4m thick without the danger of too much stress to the weave.3 This amount may be at least doubled when the broad side of the weight is put to front, which has the advantage of less weights being necessary for setting up a weave on a loom. However, calculations of the amount of threads per weight do not bear out a necessity to attach a large quantity of warp threads to a weight (cf. Tables 1 and 2), because of the low amount of treads resulting from the relatively low weight of the smaller variety of the cord-impressed specimens (cf. Tables 12 and 13). All weights catalogued in this Chapter are associated with Building V.b. The groups of cordimpressed, small weights from stratigraphic units AC05.16 and from AC03.38, 03.40 and AC15.24 are from undisturbed - although shifted and truncated - layers. The weights found in these units, ranging from 50 to 100g in weight in the case of AC03.38, .40 and from 56 to 94g in the case of AC05.16 and .24 (except for one weight of 200g which has an anomalous decoration and may, for instance, have belonged to a selfedge) are evidencing a number of weights with double the weight of others. This means that one could tie up double the amount of warp threads to the heavy weights in comparison to the lighter kind. There is, however, no good reason to do this and perhaps there was some other system in the threadling. In any way the weights of this class are of relatively low weight and therefore only fit to accommodate a reasonable amount of thin threads or a few thick ones and at first sight there seems no reason to have used the front sides of the weights to accommodate more threads than if the weights were ordered with the small side to front. To tie the weights to a cord which is tied around the weight then may have been a custom taken from heavier decorated weights. What the similarity between the cord-impressed decorations of these smaller weights and the larger heavier type suggests is that both categories of weights must have been used in the same way. There is one plain small weight, AC16A.29.lwk 04 (Cat. no. 289), which with a weight of only 28grams and a nicely-proportioned shape gives the impression of being a miniature imitation of the much heavier 3

Mårtensson et al. 2009, 392.

217

loom weighs. Because of its provenance from a stratigraphic unit with dedicated objects it could very well be a dedication too. Calculations: weight of whorl thread warp tension needed 4 grams thin, smaller than 0.3mm 10 grams 8 grams thin, 0.3-0.4mm 15 to 20 grams 18 grams medium, 0.4-0.6mm 25 to 30 grams 44 grams thick, 0.8-1.0mm 40 grams Table 12. CTR- calculations for warp tension per thread for hand spun yarn with clay spindle whorls.

Table 13a.

loom weight 03.38.lwk404: weight 50g, width 3.4cm warp threads requiring

5g warp tension

10g warp tension

number of threads per loom weight

10

5

number of threads per two loom weights (one in front layer one in back layer) warp threads per cm

20

10

circa 6

circa 3

Table 13b.

loom weight AC03.38.lwk08, weight 99g, width 3.5cm warp threads requiring

5g warp tension

10g warp tension

20g warp tension

number of threads per loom weight

20

10

5

number of threads per two loom weights (one in front layer one in back layer) warp threads per cm

40

20

10

circa 12

circa 6

circa 3

number AC2777/2/9 AC03.40.lwk02 AC03.40.lwk07 AC03.40.lwk08 AC03.40.lwk09 AC03.40.lwk13 AC03.40.lwk14. AC03.38.lwk05 AC03.38.lwk11 AC03.38.lwk403 AC03.38.lwk404 AC03.32/38.lwk04 AC03.14.lwk18 AC04.06.lwk07 AC04.06.lwk31 AC04.16.lwk38 AC05.16.lwk06 AC05.16.lwk09 AC05.15.lwk416 AC05.16.lwk02

Number of threads per centimeter in case of tabby woven with the small cord-impressed loom weight AC03.38.lwk404 (according to the calculations proposed by the CTR, cf. Mårtensson et al. 2009).

Number of threads per centimeter in case of tabby woven with small cord-impressed loom weights (according to the calculations proposed by the CTR (Mårtensson et al. 2009). .

width in cm 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.7 4.1 -3.3 4.0 3.2 3.4

thickness in m

weight in grams

height in cm

decoration

1.9 2.6 2.4 3.3 -2.7 -2.0 3.8 2.0 2.2

4.3 4.4 5 (3) 5.3 5.2 (2.2) 3.7 5.6 5 (3.3)

3.5 3.5 4.4 3.9

2.7 2.2 2.9 2.9

3.7 3.9 3.8

2.1 2.2 2.5

37 74 70 99 70 85 110 (80) 70 47 45 50 52 70 54 101 94 62 65 73 70

cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. frames cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. plain cord impr. cord impr. Meander cord impr. meander cord impr. cord impr. cord impr.

218

4.4 4.8 4.2 3.5 4.4 7.4 5.3 3.9 5.5 5.5 5.7

AC05.16.lwk03 AC05.16.lwk06a AC05.16.lwk07 AC15.21.lwk01 AC15.21.lwk02 AC16A.29.lwk04 AC15.24.lwk09 AC18.08.lwk212 AC18.10.lwk803 AC18.15.lwk205

-4.6 4.2 4.0 3.8 2.8 -5 3.8 4.2

-4.2 2.6 2.7 2.1 1.8 -2.6 1.9 2.2

200 56 97 87 70 28. 90 229 62 54

6.8 4.6 5.6 5.2 5.5 4 8 5.5 5.75 4.2

AC18A.14.lwk110 AC. spor.lwk09

4.2 2.5

2.3 2.5

78 74

5.6 5.2

anomalous figure cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. plain cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. meander, cord impr. cord impr. cord impr. + graffiti

Table 14a. Dimensions and weights of the smaller cord-decorated, trapezoidal and truncated pyramidal weights (in italics the estimated weights).

250 200 150 100 50

number AC2777/2/9 AC03.40.lwk02 AC03.40.lwk07 AC03.40.lwk08 AC03.40.lwk09 AC03.40.lwk13 AC03.40.lwk14. AC03.38.lwk05 AC03.38.lwk11 AC03.38.lwk403 AC03.38.lwk404 AC03.32/38.lwk04 AC03.14.lwk18 AC04.06.lwk07 AC04.06.lwk31 AC04.16.lwk38 AC05.16.lwk06 AC05.16.lwk09 AC05.15.lwk416 AC05.16.lwk02 AC05.16.lwk03 AC05.16.lwk06a AC05.16.lwk07 AC15.21.lwk01 AC15.21.lwk02 AC16A.29.lwk04 AC15.24.lwk09 AC18.08.lwk212 AC18.10.lwk803 AC18.15.lwk205 AC18A.14.lwk110 AC. spor.lwk09

0

Table 14b. Dimensions and weights of the smaller cord-decorated, trapezoidal and truncated pyramidal weights (in italics the estimated weights).

AC04.30.lwm08 6.9 3.5 250 9 cord imprint AC18.13..lwm52 7.6 1.9 178 6.8 grooves Table 15. Dimensions and weights of the taller cord-decorated, trapezoidal weights.

5.2. Catalogue: cord-impression weights

259. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC2797 (erroneously given as either 2779 or 2772, Fig. 271). Nicely burnished impasto. Measurements: height 4.3 x

219

base 3/1.9cm x top eroded. Slightly oval, horizontal suspension hole of 0.6/04cm. Preserved weight 37g. The frontal broad side decorated with incised diagonally crossing cord imprints; width of cord 1.9cm. 271. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2797, height 4.3cm.

272. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.14.lwk18, height 3.5cm.

273. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.32.lwk04, height 4.2cm.

260. AC03.14.lwk18 (FM147909, Fig. 272). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety), damaged at the lower right side. Nicely burnished impasto with secondarily fired backside. Measurements: height 3.5 x base 3.5/2.7cm x top 3/2cm. Preserved weight 63grams, estimated weight 70g. Horizontal suspension hole. The frontal broad side decorated with incised diagonally crossing lines, which in view of the cord-impressed decorations of the other weights may have been incised in order to hold a cord better than a plain surface.

261. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC03.32 or 38.lwk04 (Fig. 273). Burnished impasto, underside broken away and hollowed out. Measurements: preserved height 4.2 x top 2.4/2cm. Preserved weight 52g, estimated weight 65g. Plain.

262. AC03.38.lwk05 (Fig. 274). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Burnished impasto, upper side broken away. Colour: dark grey (Munsell 10YR4/1). Measurements: preserved height 3.3 x base 3.3/2.0cm. Preserved weight 32grams

220

estimated weight 70g. The two larger faces decorated with diagonally crossing, impressed, cords.

274. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.lwk05, height 3.3cm.

Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.lwk119, height 4.4 x width of base 3.8cm.

275. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.lwk403, height 4.4cm.

263. AC03.38.lwk119. Complete trapezoidal weight, base width 3.8 x 4cm x height 4.4cm. Beneath the top horizontal hole through short sides with rope cross on obverse, reverse plain. Weight 47g. Not found (2015).

264. Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety), AC03.38.lwk403 (Fig. 275). Burnished impasto, complete, but chips missing from the lower edges. Front side very dark grey (Munsell 10YR3/10 rest very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 5/2). Measurements: height 4.4 x base 3.2/2 x top 2.8/1.7cm, horizontal hole 0.6 x 0.5 (long oval) at 0.5cm from the top. Weight 45g. Very slight wear around the hole. Decorated with diagonally crossing cord (presumably) of ca. 0.45 in width, which has gone in deeply.

265. AC03.38.lwk404 (Fig. 276). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Burnished impasto, complete, colour very dark grayish brown (10YR3/2). Measurements: height 4.8 x base 3.4/2.2 x top 2.6/1.4cm. Weight 50g. On its broad faces decorated with diagonally crossing cord imprints. The cords were circa 2.5mm wide. The top of this weight has rounded corners, which are damaged. Horizontally pierced at ca. 0.8cm from the

221

top, the horizontal hole is relatively small at one side, only 2mm.

276. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.lwk404, height 4.8cm.

266. Trapezoidal loom weight (smaller variety), AC03.40.lwk02 (FM147024, Fig. 277). Lightly burnished impasto, complete, but for a cracked lower right hand corner. Obverse and reverse decorated with two diagonally crossing cord imprints. Measurements: height 4.4 x width of base 3.8 and thickness of base 2.6 x width of top 3.5 and thickness of top 2.5cm. Weight 74grams The cords were circa 2.5 mm wide. Horizontal suspension hole of 0.5cm.

277. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk02, height 4.4cm.

267. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC03.40.lwk05 (Fig. 278, FM147921). Lightly burnished impasto, complete. Measurements: height 6.2 x base 4.2/2.7 x top 3.8/2cm. Weight 106grams. Obverse decorated with an incised meander along the contours of the object and four vertical impressed circles in the center, reverse decorated with an incised rectangle inside the contour and impressed dots placed in the corners and one in the center. The short sides are also decorated with impressed dots and the top carries an incised swastika. The incisions are partly filled with the original white paste.

222

278. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk05, height 6.2cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

268. AC03.40.lwk07 (Fig. 279). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Burnished impasto, upper part broken away at suspension hole. Preserved measurements: height 3.0 x base 3.4/2.4 cm. Colour grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 5/20). Preserved weight 42g, estimated weight 70g. On the obverse and reverse sides decorated with diagonally crossing cord imprints. The cord was circa 3mm wide.

279. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk07, height 3.0cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

269. Truncated pyramidal loom weight (smaller variety), AC03.40.lwk08 (Fig. 280). Impasto, nicely burnished, very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1), complete but with lower corner severely chipped. Height 5.3 x base 3.3/3.5 x top 3.3/2.2cm. Horizontally pierced at 0.9cm from the top by a hole of 0.7cm in diam. No wear marks around it. Weight 99g. On the obverse and reverse sides decorated with diagonally crossing cord imprints; the cords forn an hourglass motif. 280. Truncated pyramidal loom weight (smaller variety), Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk08, height 5.3cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

223

270. AC03.40.lwk09 (Fig. 281). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Nicely burnished impasto, grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 5/2), less than a quarter has been preserved, preserved measurements height 2.2 x width 3.7 x thickness 1.8, cord width 4mm cm; preserved weight 18grams, estimated weight 70g. Decorated on obverse and reverse with diagonally crossing cord imprints.

281. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk09, preserved height 2.2cm.

271. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC03.40.lwtk13 (Fig. 282). Burnished impasto, the top broken away above the horizontal piercing. Preserved measurements, preserved height 3.7, base 4.1/2.7 cm; preserved weight 63grams, estimated weight c. 85g. Obverse decorated with two inscribed incised rectangles, in which with a pointed stick small holes have been punched at regular intervals. The reverse broader edge is beveled with a tool leaving oblique incisions. 282. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk13, preserved height 3.7 x width of base 4.1cm.

272. AC03.40.lwk14 (Fig. 283). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Nicely burnished impasto, very dark grey on the outside (Munsell 10YR 3/1), inside dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR4/3), less than half is preserved. Preserved measurements 5.6 x thickness base 3.5cm. Horizontal suspension hole at 0.5 x0.5cm at 1.15cm from the top. Preserved weight 78grams, estimated weight 110g. On obverse and reverse decorated with two diagonally crossing cord imprints. 283. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lw14, height 5.6cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

224

273. AC04.06.lwk07 (Fig. 284). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Nicely burnished impasto. Measurements: h. 4.4cm, base 3.5/2.2cm (a chip missing from one corner), top 2.7/1.4cm. Oval, horizontal suspension hole of 0.6/0.4cm at 0.8cm from the top. Weight 54grams. On obverse and reverse decorated with two diagonally crossing cord imprints

284. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.06.lwk07, height 5.6cm.

274. Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety) AC04.06.lwk31 (Fig. 285). Impasto, originally burnished but abraded. At backside damaged. Measurements: height 7.4cm x top 3/2.3cm, base 4.4/2.9cm; weight 107grams. The front side of the weight is decorated with an incised meander, which follows the outer contours of the object. 285. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.06.lwk31. Height 7.4cm.

275. Fragment of a trapezoidal loom weight AC04.08. lwk00 (Fig. 286) of the smaller variety, broken at the suspension hole. Preserved measurements 4 x 6.2 x 3.6, weight 127g. Broken at suspension hole, which has a diameter of 0.8cm and is in evidence at 2cm from the top. The frontal decoration consists of 5 inscribed grooves following the contour of the weight, on the top diagonally crossing cord imprints. The cords have a width of 0.4cm. The weight was found together with the top fragment of the ‘horse weight’, compare the Catalogue in Chapter

286. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.08.lwk00, preserved height 4cm.

225

IV, no. 110 in a disturbed part during the baulk AC02/AC04 excavation.

287. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.16.lwk38, height 5.3cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

276. AC04.16.lwkR38 (Fig. 287). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Burnished impasto in various shades, from dusky red (Munsell 2.5YR 4/3) to reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR 3/1|), complete. Horizontally pierced. Measurements: height 5.3 x base 3.9/2.9 x top 3.4/2.2cm; weight 94grams. Horizontally pierced at 0.6cm from the top by a hole of 0.8cm in diam. Wear marks around the hole. The weight is slightly abraded at all four lower corners. The obverse and reverse sides decorated with diagonally crossing cord imprints, these are 3.5 to 5mm in width. The cord must have been made of a supple material, because where it was pressed slightly deeper into the material the imprint broadens.

277. AC04.30.lwk08 (Fig. 288). Trapezoidal loom weight. Burnished impasto, very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1), the top broken away at the horizontal suspension hole. Preserved measurements: preserved height 6.8cm, estimated weight 9cm, base 6.3 x 3.5cm; preserved weight 210grams, estimated weight 250g. The broad faces are decorated with incised diagonally crossing lines. The weight is, together with AC18.13.lwm52 (cf. cat. no. 295 below) heavier than the other specimens with cord-impressed decoration.

288. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.30.lwk08, height 6.8cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

226

XX XX

XX

289. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwk09, height 4.2cm.

290. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.15.lwk416, height 5.5cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

278. AC05.16.lwk09 (Fig. 289), lightly burnished impasto, dark grayish brown (Munsell 10YR4/2), trapezoidal loom weight (smaller variety), preserved height 4.2 x base 3.7/ 2.1, top broken away at the horizontal suspension hole. The base is slightly thicker than the top. Preserved weight 52grams, estimated weight 65g. The wide sides decorated with double parallel diagonally crossing cord imprints. The cord must have been 1.5mm. The weight is slightly abraded at the lower corners.

279. AC05.15.lwk416 (Fig. 290), trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Burnished impasto, very dark grey (Munsell 10YR3/1), one lower corner broken away. Measurements height 5.5 x base 3.9/2.2 x top 3.1/1.7cm; preserved weight 62grams, estimated weight 73g. Horizontally pierced at 1.0cm from the top by a hole of 0.5cm in diam. No wear marks around it. The obverse and reverse faces of the weight are decorated with diagonally crossing cord imprints, which are also imprinted over the top. The cord must have been circa 3mm wide.

280. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC05.16.lwk06 (Fig. 291). Impasto, lower part broken away. Preserved measurements: height 3.9 x top 2.6/2.4cm; weight 36grams, estimated weight 62grams. One broad side decorated with an incised meander motif, the other side with complicated graffito signs.

291. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lw06, height 3.9 x width of top 2.6cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

227

281. AC05.16.lwk06a (Fig. 292). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Nicely brown burnished impasto, very dark grey (Munsell 10YR 3/1). Complete. Measurements: height 4.6 x base 4/2 x top 3.1/1.2cm; weight 56grams. Base slightly thicker than the top. Horizontally pierced at 1.3cm from the top by a hole of 0.5/0.35cm. No wear marks around it. Horizontal suspension hole is not in the centre but very close to one of the broad sides. Both broad faces are decorated with two parallel diagonally cord imprint, of circa 3mm in width. The base of the weight is slightly convex.

292. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwk06a, height 4.6cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

293. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwk03, height 6.8cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

282. Part of a pyramidal loom weight AC05.16.lwk03 (Fig. 293). Refined clay, light grey (Munsell 10YR 7/2). Broken and only the upper right hand part remaining. Preserved measurements: height 6.8 x top 3.2/3.3cm; preserved weight 102grams, estimated weight 200g. Horizontally pierced at 1.5cm from the top by a hole of 0.9/0.7cm. No wear marks around it. One broad side incised with a motif composed of a triangle and pending lines, of the decoration on the other side only a short oblique line has been preserved, both motifs are placed inside incised inscribed rectangles. On the top a cross with diagonal lines, which may indicate that the weight was tied in a cord.

283. AC05.16.lwk02 (Fig. 294, FM147925). Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Lightly burnished impasto, the top broken away. Preserved measurements: preserved height 4.2, estimated height 5.7 x base 3.8/2.5cm. Preserved weight 60grams, estimated weight 70g. Both broad faces are decorated with diagonally 228

crossing cord imprints; the cord was circa 3mm wide.

294. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwk2, height 4.2cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

284. AC05.16.lwk07 (Fig. 295).Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety). Burnished impasto, dark grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 4/2), complete but for a hole near one of the ends of the horizontal suspension hole and broken through along that hole. Measurements: height 5.7 x base 4.2/2.6 x top 3.6/1.8cm; preserved weight 96grams, estimated weight 97g. Horizontally pierced at 1.0cm from the top by a hole of 0.7cm in diameter. The weight is decorated on both broad faces with two parallel diagonally crossing cord imprints, these are circa 2.5mm in width. 295. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwk07, height 5.7cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

285. Fragment AC11.12.lwk.r49 (Fig. 296) of a truncated pyramidal loom weight, with incised meander, only the top part and no backside have been preserved. Burnished impasto reddish brown (Munsell 2.5YR3/1). Preserved height 4.5cm, preserved weight 20g. Incised with a meander turning around a reserved centre. Unicum with incised meander. 296. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.lwk07, height 5.7cm.

229

286. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC15.21.lwk02 (Fig. 296). Burnished impasto, dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), complete. Measurements: height 5.5 x base 3.8/2.1 x top 3.2/1.9 cm; weight 71grams. Horizontally pierced at 1.0cm from the top by a hole of 0.6cm. The weight is very slightly abraded at all four lower corners. Decorated on one of the broad faces with double diagonally crossing cord imprints and on the other broad face with single diagonally crossing cord imprints, the cords were circa 3mm in width. Side with xx= double cord decoration.

xx

x

xx

xx

xx

296. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.21.lwk02, height 5.5cm.

287. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC15.21.lwk01 (Fig. 297). Complete, of impasto, reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 5/4). The brown burnished outer layer is almost completely abraded away; it seems one of the hole ends turned into an oval of 0.6/0.4cm by use. One of the broad sides abraded at the lower edge (x-side on drawing). Measurements: height 5.2 x base 4.0/2.7 x top 3.2/2.3cm; weight 87grams. Horizontally pierced at 1.0cm from the top by a hole of 0.6/0.4cm. The hole is placed asymmetrical. The broad faces are decorated with diagonally crossing incised lines of circa 2.5mm in width.

x x

x

x

297. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004,. AC15.2l.ciw01, height 5.2cm.

230

298. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.24.lwk09, height 4cm.

299. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.29.lwk04, height 4.0 x width of base 2.8cm.

288. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC15.24.lwtk09 (Fig. 298). Well-burnished impasto, lower part broken away. Preserved measurements: preserved height 4cm, estimated height 8cm x maximum width 4.6 x thickness 1.3cm, preserved weight 42g, estimated weight 90g. Horizontally pierced at 0.8cm from the top by a hole of 0.6cm, slight wear marks around it. Both sides decorated with diagonally crossing cord imprints, cord circa 5mm in width.

289. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC16A.29.lwk04 (Fig. 299). Impasto clay, smoothed, complete. Measurements height 4 x base 2.8/1.8 x top 1.8/1.5 cm; weight 28grams. Plain.

290. Trapezoidal/truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC18.08.lwtk211 (Fig. 300). Well-burnished impasto, upper part broken away. Preserved measurements: preserved height 3cm, base 4.5/3.2cm, the horizontal suspension hole was 0.4cm in diameter. The cord impression is badly executed and hallow; the imprint has a width of 0.45/0.15cm. Weight 74g.

300. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08..lwk211, preserved height 3cm.

291. Trapezoidal/truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC18.08.lwtk212 (Fig. 301). Well-burnished impasto, complete. Measurements: height 5.5cm, base 5/2.6cm, top 4.2/1.7cm. 231

Horizontal suspension hole at 1cm from the top and not in the centre of the side of 0.5cm in diameter. The cord has been impressed rather deeply, it was circa 0.3cm in width. Weight 229g.

301. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08.lwk212, height 5.5cm.

302. Loom weight of medium type, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC18.08.lwkr213, height 6.9.

292. AC18.08.lw213 (Fig. 302), rectangular weight, complete. Impasto, burnished brown. Two holes horizontally through the thinnest side, both circa 0.7cm in diameter, and circa 3.1cm apart. Height 6.9 x top and base 3.3 x 2.3cm, weight 96g. Over one of the broader sides an incised cross. Because of the two borings the weight may have been used in a different way from the other ones. There are, however, two trapezoidal weights of the smaller variety in the same Stratigraphic Unit (see previous numbers).

293. Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety), AC18.10.lwk803 (Fig. 303), horizontally pierced. Lightly burnished impasto, dark grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 4/2), complete. Measurements: height 5.75 x base 3.8/1.9 x top 3.1/1.1cm; weight 62grams. Horizontally pierced at 0.5cm from the top by a hole of 0.45cm. Decorated on one broad face with three inscribed rectangles engraved and dotted around diagonally crossing cord imprints, on the other by diagonally crossing cord imprints. The weight is abraded along the long sides.

232

(Used for experimental suspension, compare Chapter IV section 4.2, Fig. 99).

303. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.10.lwk803, height 5.75cm.

294. Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety), AC18.15.lwk205 (Fig. 304), horizontally pierced. Lightly burnished impasto, dark reddish grey (Munsell 5YR 4/2) with reddish yellow streak (Munsell 5YR 6/6), complete but chipped along one long side. Measurements: height 4.2 x base 4/2.25 x top 3.5/2.8 cm; weight 54grams. Horizontally pierced at 0.75cm from the top by a hole of 0.3cm. The weight is abraded along one of the long sides. Decorated on one broad face with an incised meander motif and on the other by diagonally crossing cord imprints.

304. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.lwk205, height 4.2cm.

295. Complete impasto loom weight AC18.13.lwt52 (Fig. 305), well-burnished. Measurements: height 7-4 cm, top 6.5/1.9cm, base 7.6/1.9cm. A horizontal suspension hole at 1.5cm from the top and of 0.5cm in diameter. Weight 178g. The weight is, compared to other larger loom weights, rather thin but well-made with slightly convex sides. The decoration consists of diagonally incised grooves over the two broad faces of the object. The grooves measure 0.5cm in width.

305. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.lwk52, height 7.4cm.

233

296. Trapezoidal loom weight (the smaller variety), AC18A.14. lwk110 (Fig. 306). Lightly burnished impasto very dark grayish brown (Munsell 10YR 3/2) to dark grey (Munsell 10YR 4/1), complete but chipped at one upper corner and along the lower side. Measurements: height 5.6 x base 4.2/2.3 x top 3.6/2.7 cm; weight 78grams. Horizontally pierced at 0.7cm from the top by a hole of 0.5cm in diam. Decorated on both broad faces with diagonally crossing cord imprints.

306. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.lwk110, height 5.6cm.

297. Trapezoidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC. Spor09 (Fig. 307). Smoothed impasto, the lower corners missing. Measurements: height 5.2 x base preserved 2.5/2.5 x top 3.1/2.0 cm; preserved weight 68grams, estimated weight 74g. Horizontal hole of 0.5cm at 1.0 from the top. Decorated on one broad face with a sloppily incised meander and on the other by diagonally crossing incised lines (xx-side on drawing).

xx

xx

xx

307. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, ACspor.lwk09, height 5.2 x width of base 2.5cm.

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CHAPTER VI TRUNCATED-PYRAMIDAL AND PYRAMIDAL LOOM WEIGHTS 6.1. With vertical suspension hole

308. In the front rows truncated-pyramidal loom weights with vertical suspension hole from the Timpone della Motta.

6.1.1. Introduction and find contexts The pyramidal form of these loom weights is usually truncated at the top because of the necessity to leave some space around the vertical hole.1 Another feature of a number of these weights is the extra broad base. The vertical suspension holes are of small or ‘normal’ size with a diameter of 0.5/0.7cm, only a few are somewhat wider. Not all holes are central. Most weights are somewhat worn around the lower corners, which indicates that they must have been used, presumably on a loom. The fact that many of these weights are in shape and decoration similar to the horizontally pierced specimens of the same form, presented in the next section, may count as another indication to such a use. Vertical suspension is not common and one imagines it to work only if a bundle of warp threads is led through the hole and fastened by tying them into a knot underneath the weight. But around the suspension holes of the weights very little wear could be detected, which makes it difficult to see how these weights were used. Two of the decorated weights of this group are from stratigraphic units associated with Building V.b, and one specimen is from a settlement context of Terrace I of the Timpone della Motta. Comparable truncated-pyramidal loom weights decorated with bands – filled with small incised hooks along the contours were found also at Macchiabate necropolis, compare this book Chapter I nos 26, 4243. These small weights, however with horizontal suspension holes, have parallels in similar weights, which were placed as grave gifts in 8th-century BC female burials at Incoronata and S. Teodoro.2 The same type of weight occurs also in a number of 8th-century BC graves at S. Maria d’ Anglona, where for instance

The type is the same as that of horizontally pierced loom weights: cf. Gleba 2008, type F2. The graves (e.g. T209, T253, T255, T258, T275, T308) often contain a single decorated loom weight and a small group of plain weights of the same form: Chiartano 1994. 1 2

235

six such decorated weights were found in Tomb 134.3 The weights encountered in Tomb 94 of that cemetery may have been made especially as grave gifts, because the horizontal holes are only indicated and not through and through.4

excavation number

base in cm

height in cm

difference in cm

3.9 4.0 3.6 4.2 4

weight in grams 67 70 66.7 73 90

FM64723 AC15.ms.spor09 CA.E3.lwk.R68 AC01.21.lwk.68 AC03.14.lwk12 (FM147910) AC16a.22.lwk03 AC18.15.lwk214 AC18.09.lwk01 AC18A.14.lkw114 AC22A.10.lwk09 AC25.07.lwk03 AC25.07.lkw04 average

4.8 x 4.5 4.2 x 4.2 4.5 x 4.8 4.5 x 4.5 4.8 x 4.8 1.1 x 2.7 5.1 x 4.9 3.4 x 4.9 5 x 4.9 4.7 x 4.5 4.1 x 4.0 4 x 3.7

4.2 3.0 4.3 3.8 3.6 4.75 3.4 3.9

40 72 78 80 75 101 60 72.7

1.5 2.1 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.65 0.6

0.7 0.2 1.2 0.3 0.8

Table 16a. Truncated-pyramidal loom weights with vertical piercing.

Table 16b. Truncated-pyramidal loom weights with vertical piercing.

6.1.2. Catalogue Cf. Chapter II, no. 60. Pyramidal loom weight FM64723, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, well-burnished impasto, complete. Measurements: base 4.8 x 4.5, height 3.9cm. Weight 67grams. Vertically pierced, hole 0.5cm. Worn along the sides and at the top.

Pyramidal loom weight FM64723, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, h. 3.8cm.

311. Decoration of one of the sides of a truncated, pyramidal loom weight AC15.ms.spor09, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, h. 4cm.

3 4

Frey 1991. Frey 1991.

236

298. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC15.ms.spor09 (Fig. 311), burnished impasto, completely burnt, damaged at the top and at two of its sides. Base 4.2 x 4.2 (corners rounded), height 4.0cm, hole of 0.7cm. Weight 70grams. Vertically pierced. Worn along the sides and at the top. Decorated on all four sides with two incised inscribed trapezia which follow the contours.

299. Pyramidal loom weight CA.E3.lwk.R68 (Fig. 312), well burnished impasto, mended from three parts, one lower corner broken and partially missing. Base 4.5 x 4.8, top 1.2 x 1.2cm, height 3.6cm. Weight 66.7grams. The weight is somewhat worn around the lower corners. Vertically pierced. Decorated on all four sides with an incised band, composed of small incised hooks protruding inwards from both sides. This weight was found on Plateau I of the Timpone della Motta in a stratum with settlement remains underneath the 6th-century BC ‘Casa Aperta’ house.

312. Truncated pyramidal loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, CA.E3.lwkR68, height 3.6 x base 4.5/4.8cm.

300. Pyramidal loom weight AC01.21.lwk.68 (Fig. 313), well burnished impasto, lower part broken and partially missing. Base 4.5 x 4.5 cm, top 1.5 x 1.5cm x height 4.2 cm. hole 0.7cm. Weight 73g. Vertically pierced. Decorated on all four sides with an incised band, composed of small incised hooks protruding inwards from both sides.

313. Truncated pyramidal loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC1.lwk21.68, height 4.2cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

237

301. Pyramidal loom weight AC03.14.lwk12 (Fig. 314, FM147910), well burnished impasto, complete. Base 4.8 x 4.8 x height 4cm, hole 0.9cm. Weight 90grams. Vertically pierced. The sides are slightly concave. Plain.

314. Truncated pyramidal loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.14.lwk12 (FM14710), height 4cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

315. Truncated pyramidal loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.22.lwk03, and drawing of one of the decorated sides, height 4.2cm

302. Slightly pyramidal loom weight AC16a.22.lwk03 (Fig. 315), complete, nicely burnished. Base 112.7 x 2.7, height 4.2cm, weight 40g. Vertically pierced, hole not central. Slight wear at the hole. Decorated on all four sides with three vertically incised panels.

303. Pyramidal loom weight AC18.15.lwk214 (Fig. 316), complete, nicely blackburnished red impasto. Base 5.1 x 4.9, height 3.0cm, weight 72g. Vertically pierced. Slight wear at the lower edges. Decorated on all four sides with a double incised striped band along the long sides. 316. Truncated pyramidal loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.lwk214, height 3.0cm.

238

304. Pyramidal loom weight AC18.09.lwk01 (Fig. 317) , complete. Burnished brown impasto. Base 3.4 x 4.9, height 4.3cm; weight 78g. Vertically pierced. The weight is somewhat worn around the lower corners and the hole. Plain.

317. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.09.lwk01, height 4.3 x base 3.4/4.9cm.

305. Pyramidal loom weight AC18A.14.lkw114 (Fig. 318), complete. Brown burnished impasto. Base 5 x 4.9, height 3.8cm; weight 80gram. Vertically pierced. The weight is somewhat worn around the lower corners and the top end of the hole. Plain. 318. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.lwk114, height 3.6cm.

306. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC22A.10.lwk09 (Fig. 319), complete. Presumably impasto. Base 4.7 x 4.5, height 3.6cm; weight 75gram. Vertically pierced. Decorated on all four sides with an incised band along all sides, decorated with small s motifs protruding inwards. Rests of a white filling paste still in evidence in the incised motifs.

319. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC22A.10.lwk09, height 3.6 x base 4.5/4.7cm.

239

307. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC25.07.lwk03 (Fig. 320), complete. Burnished black impasto. Base 4.1 x 4.0, height 4.75cm, weight 101g. Vertically pierced. Decorated on all four sides with a double incised striped band along all sides.

320. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC25.07.lwk03, height 4.75 x base 4.1/4.75cm.

308. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC25.07.lkw04 (Fig. 321), complete, burnished brown impasto. Base 4 x 3.7, height 3.4cm, weight 60g. Vertically pierced. Plain. The weight is somewhat worn around the lower corners.

321. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC25.07.lwk04, height 3.4cm.

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6.2. With horizontal suspension hole 6.2.1. Introduction and find contexts The difference between the truncated pyramidal and trapezoidal loom weights is seen from the base which is more or less square with the pyramids and rectangular with the trapezoidal specimens. The pyramids are decorated usually on all four sides, but the horizontal piercing through two opposed side shows which sides were in a frontal to backside position. The trapezoidal weights are usually decorated at these front and back sides only and will have been used with one of these sides to front. The tops of the pyramidal loom weights are between 2.2 and 5cm, which measurements are relevant to the amount of warp threads that could be tied to this kind of weights. In a row of such loom weights the bases will always touch and the bundle of warp threads tied at the top will have some room to spread out. From the specimens catalogued below it is evident that the type was used at Francavilla Maritttima, but it can’t have been popular because not many weights of this type have hitherto been found. With the impasto specimens there is no regularity in the weight range, but the six loom weights made of refined clay are all around the 50g, unfortunately their amount is too low to base conclusions on, but future research could change that. excavation number impasto: FM64728 AC03.21.lwk01 AC03.40.lwk05 AC06.10.lwk07 AC11.22.lwkr86 AC15.20.lwk10 AC18.08.lwk201 AC18.15.lwk213 AC18A.14.lwk108

base in cm

height in cm

weight in grams

difference

3.8 x 2.2 7.3 x 6.8 4.2/2.7

7.2 8 6.2

46 250 106

3.5 x 3.6 5.6 x 5.7 5.5 x 4.0 4.1 x 4.0 4 x 3 (top)

4.3 5.8 4.1 4.3 4.8

74 213 120 91 125

3.4 0.2 1.8 damaged 0.7 0.1 1.4 (91) 0.2 (62)

refined clay: AC03.10.lwk09 3.9 x 3.9 4.3 49 0.4 AC03.32 or 38.lwk04 2.4 x 2 (top) 4.5 0 AC03.40.lwk05 4.2 x 2.7 6.2 106 2.0 AC16A.09.lwk256 3.7 x 3.7 4.5 50 0.8 AC03.SPOR 4x4 3.8 52 0.2 AC16A.08.lwk118 4 x 4.3 4.2 50 0.1 AC16A.08.lwk119 4.1 x 3.8 4.2 47 0.1 AC.SPOR44 4x4 4.5 49 0.5 Table 17a. Dimensions and weights of the horizontally pierced truncated pyramidal weights.

weight in grams

weight in grams

300 200 100 0

150 100 50 0

Table 17b. Dimensions and weights of the horizontally pierced truncated pyramidal weights: the left hand impasto group without standardization of weight and the right hand refined clay group with standardization around the 50grams.

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6.2.2. Catalogue

For more illustrations cf. Chapter I, Fig. 8. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, Scavi Stoop 1963-69, FM64728, height 7.2cm.

See Chapter II, no. 54. Small trapezoid to truncated pyramidal loom weight, FM64728, Scavi Stoop 196369, impasto, complete but abraded at all sides. Measurements: h. 7.2 x top 2.3/1.5 x base 3.8/2.2cm. Weight 46g. Wellburnished impasto, hole 0.5cm at 0.5cm from the top. Decorated on the larger sides with two incised, inscribed trapezium lines which follow the contours. Inside, in the centre, incised swastika’s. On the shorter sides incised crosses. In the base an incised swastika and in the top an incised horse.

309. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, AC03.21.lwk01 or 5 (Fig. 321, FM147904), fairly complete, mended from several parts; a large fragment from one of the upper corners missing. Measurements: height 8 x base 7.3/6.8 – top 5/4.7cm. Weight 250g. Horizontally pierced. Brown burnished impasto. Decorated on all four sides with an incised striped band along all sides and one side with a horizontal band as well, dividing the reserved centre in two halves.

321. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.21.lwk01, height 8cm.

242

322. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC06.10.lwk07, height 3.8cm.

310. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC06.10.lwk07 (Fig. 322), upper part, lower part missing. Burnished brown impasto. Plain. Horizontally pierced. Preserved height top 2.2 x 2.6, height 2.8cm, preserved weight 41g.

311. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC11.22.lwkr86 (Fig. 323), complete but chipped at a lower corner. Nicely burnished brown impasto. Decorated on all four sides with an incised striped band along all sides from which rows of tiny hooks protrude inwards. Horizontally pierced. Base 3.5 x 3.6, top 1.6 x 1.6cm, height 4.3cm, weight 74g.

323. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC11.22.lwkr86, height 4.3 x base 3.5/3.6cm.

312. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, AC15.20.lwk10 (Fig. 324), complete. Burnished impasto. Decorated on all four sides with an incised band, from which small incised hooks protrude inwards. The top is decorated with an incised cross, the parts of which are filled with inscribed triangles. Horizontally pierced. Base 5.6 x 5.7, top 3.2 x 2.9, height 5.8cm, weight 213g. The weight is worn around the lower corners.

243

324. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.20.lwk10, height 5.8 x base 5.6/.7cm.

313. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC18.08.lwk201 (Fig. 325), broken at the horizontal hole. Brown burnished red impasto. Decorated on the two larger sides with two inscribed incised lines which follow the outer contour. From the innermost ones small incised hooks are incised. In the two sides of the weight diagonal crosses were incised. Horizontally pierced. Base 5.5 x 4.0cm, preserved height 4.1cm, preserved weight 91g, estimated weight 120g.

325. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08.lwk201, height 4.1cm.

314. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC18.15.lwk213 (Fig. 326), almost complete, chipped at one corner. Brown burnished red impasto. Decorated on all four sides with an incised band, from which small incised stripes with dots protrude inwards. The top is decorated with an incised cross, the legs of which are embellished with stripes/ or leaves. Horizontally pierced. Base 4.1/4.0 x top 2.2 x 2.2cm, height 4.3cm, weight 91g.

244

326. Truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.lwk213, height 3.6 x base 4.1cm.

327. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of medium type, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.lwkr108, height 4.7cm.

245

315. AC18A.14.lwk108 (Fig. 327), truncated pyramidal loom weight, lower part missing. Burnished in brown. Horizontally pierced with a hole of 0.5cm in diameter at 1.8cm from the top. Preserved height 4.8 x top 4.1 x 3.3cm, weight 95g, estimated weight 125g. Decorated with incised inscribed rectangles on one broad side, on the next small side balls on short strokes inside two incised rectangles. On the top crossing branches. This weight, of medium size, shows a combination of the decoration often used on the smaller variety of truncated pyramidal loom weights on its side and the incised inscribed rectangles which are often found on the larger specimens. An unusual decoration is the crossed branches engraved in the top.

Refined clay: 316. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller variety, AC03.40.lwtk03 (Fig. 328). Refined clay, a large part of an upper corner missing. Not found.

328. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.lwk03.

317. AC03.10.lwk09 (Fig. 329), truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 top missing. Refined clay. Horizontally pierced. Height 4.3 x base 3.9/3.9cm, weight 49g. *

329. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.10.lwk09, h. 4.3cm.

318. AC03.spor (Fig. 330), truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, top broken. Refined clay. Horizontally pierced. Base 4.0 x 4.0 x height 3.8cm, weight 52g.

330. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.spor, h.3.8cm.

319. AC16A.08.116 (Fig. 331), truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, complete. Refined clay. Horizontally pierced. Base 4.1 x 3.8, top 0.9 x 0.9cm, height 4.2cm, weight 47g. The weight is somewhat worn around the lower corners. 331. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.08.116, h. 4.2cm.

246

332. Truncated pyramidal loom weight AC16a.08.lwk118, h. 4.2cm.

320. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, AC16a.08.lwk118 (Fig. 332), complete. Refined clay. Plain. Horizontally pierced. Base 4 x 4.3, top 1.0 x 1.0, height 4.2cm, hole 0.6 x 1.1cm (turned oval in vertical direction), weight 50g. The weight is worn around the hole.

321. Truncated pyramidal loom weight of the smaller type, AC16A.09.lwk256 (Fig. 333), top missing, broken at the horizontal hole. Refined clay. Plain. Base 3.7 x 3.7, preserved height 4.5cm, weight 50g. The weight is much worn around the base.

333. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.09.lwk256, height 4.5cm.

322. Spor. 44, truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 (Fig. 334) complete. Refined clay. Horizontally pierced. Base 4 x 4 x height 4.5cm, weight 49g. The weight is somewhat worn around the lower corners.

334. Trapezoidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, 331. ACSPOR44, height 4.5cm.

Severely damaged specimens: 323. AC04.30.0, probably part of a truncated pyramidal loom weight rim, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004.Burnished in brown. One broad side with small incised meander, the other with the deeper one of the large loom weights. Preserved height 4.2cm, weight 36g. 324. AC16a.cl.03, truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, upper part. Burnished in brown. 247

Decorated with incised inscribed rectangles on one broad side, on the reverse incisions preserved height 2.4cm, top 3.6 x 2.0cm. Horizontally pierced. Preserved weight 26g. 325. AC16.01.lwl7, truncated pyramidal loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, lower part and in half, upper part missing. Burnished in brown. Plain, horizontally pierced. Preserved height 6.2 x width base 5.6cm, weight 115g.

248

CHAPTER VII CONICAL LOOM WEIGHTS

335. Conical weights from various contexts associated with the Weaving House, Building V.b, National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

7.1. Introduction and find contexts The conical shape for loom weights is met in all cultures, as it is in pre-Roman Italy.1 Margarita Gleba, while providing a list of sites where conical loom weights occur, is of the opinion that the type starts in the 6th century BC.2 At Timpone della Motta, the specimens found in the contexts of Buildings V.b and V.c are relatively few, but in the undisturbed stratigraphic units AC03.38-.40 and AC18.15 of Building V.b from the 8th century BC, broad-based and small-based conical weights are present. There is a difference in weight between the specimens with a broader base and those with a smaller one (Table 18a). At Timpone della Motta two conical weights are associated with Building V.c. (Catalogue nos 346 and 352) and eight with Building V.b. (Catalogue nos 332, 334-337, 349-351) and five with Building V.e (Catalogue nos 340344). In Greece the conical form is known as specific for Corinth. However, the Corinthian specimens are heavier and usually of a later date than those found on the Timpone della Motta.3 A conical weight decorated with an incised meander around its base is known to have been donated by De Santis to the Cosenza Museum, it may, however, not have come from Francavilla Marittima but from S. Maria del Castello at Castrovillari.4 Among the conical weights are several specimens with ‘ears’, funny small protrusions at their tops, which, perhaps, made it easier to handle these weights, since they are of relatively low weights and small in size. The weights in this category range from 15 to 135g (see Table 18a-b) and are on average definitely of a low weight compared to the larger trapezoid, decorated loom weights. The weight of the conical weights In Gleba 2008, Fig. 39 pointed, conical weights are labelled type G1 and specimens with flattened top are G2. Gleba 2008, 231-232. 3 Lawall 2014. 1 2

4

Cerzoso & Vanzetti 2014, no. 151.

249

from the Timpone della Motta varies widely, which makes it difficult to see how these specimens may have been used. Or in other words, a vertical loom with such weights attached to the warp threads cannot be postulated for this group of weights. Mark Lawall suggests that weights of this type may have been used in stacked formations.5 The fact that there are a number of clusters, e.g. the weights from stratigraphic units AC03.38 and AC18.15 associated with Building V.b, may perhaps be regarded as an indication that these weights were indeed used in that way. It will be difficult, however, to tie the conical weights with ‘ears’ in a stacked formation, because the small protrusions would be in the way.

context number

AC2708.09 AC2751.01 AC2768 AC02.08.11(52) AC02.08.12(38) AC02.08.13 AC03.40.01 AC03.21.01 AC03.38.09a AC03.38.09b AC03.38.10 AC03.38.11 AC05.05/6.04 AC05.16.01 AC13.15.139 AC13.15.140 AC13.15.202 AC15.21.01 AC15.21.03 AC16.12.11 AC16a.29.01 AC18.08.02 AC18.13.111 AC18a.14.107 (41) AC18.15.202 AC18.15.229 (33) AC22a.15.06 AC24.05.09 (28) AC27.01.10 average

weight in grams 44 47

diameter base in cm 3.5 3.6 5.8 3.5 3.35 4.25 4.3 3.5 5.1 3.2 3.7 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.2 4.3 3.8 3.2 3.5 3.6 2.5 3 2.8 3.8

height in cm

45 50

3.8

4.7 5.6

37 35

3.5 3.1

4.3 4.8

25 41.55

3.2 4.50

5

55 43 44 55 46 89 28 35 24 27 38 64 70 37 35 28 15 28 28 50

5 4.3 6.8 4.0 3.8 4.3 5.0 4.5 5.2 4.2 4.9 4.9 3.5 4 5.2 4.3 4.6 3.7 4.5 4.3 3.5 4.5 4.4 4.3

Table 18a. Weights and measurements of conical loom weights from the Timpone della Motta, Area Chiesetta.

5

Table 18b. Weights and measurements of conical loom weights from the Timpone della Motta, Area Chiesetta

Lawall 2014.

250

7.2. Catalogue 326. Conical loom weight, AC2708.clw09 (Fig. 336), pierced horizontally, refined clay, complete. Measurements: height 5.0 x diameter base 3.5cm, weight 44g. Conical with convex top. 336. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2708.clw09, height 4.3cm.

337. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2751.clw01, height 4.3cm.

327. Conical loom weight, AC2751.clw01 (Fig. 337), pierced horizontally, burnished impasto, complete, but broken at piercing and mended. Conical with convex top. Measurements: height 4.3 x base 3.6 x, top 1.8/1.0cm, weight 47g. Found in trench D15.

328. Conical loom weight, AC2768.clw09 (Fig. 338), pierced horizontally, refined clay, complete, but the point of one of the top extensions missing. Measurements: height 6.8 x base 5.8 x, top 2.9/2.2cm. Conical, the top worked into two extensions, like animal ears. Decorated with a cord impression which goes crosswise around the object. The cord was circa 4mm wide. Found in trench H17. 338. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2768.clw09, height 6.8cm.

329. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC02.08.clw11 (Fig. 339), well-burnished impasto, dark reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 3/3), top broken. Measurements: preserved height 4.0 x max. diameter 3.5 x diameter base 251

2.7cm, weight preserved 52g, estimated weight 55g.

339. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.08.clw11, height 4.0cm.

330. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC02.08.clw12 (Fig. 340), refined clay, top broken and base cracked. Refined local clay: pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4). Preserved measurements: height 3.8 x max. diameter 3.35 x diameter base 2.8cm, preserved weight 38g, estimated weight 43g. 340. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.08.clw12, height 3.8cm.

331. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC02.08.clw13 (Fig. 341), refined local clay (pink, Munsell 7.5YR 7/4), complete. Measurements: height 4.3 x diameter base 4.25cm, weight 44g.

341. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC02.08.clw13, height 4.3cm.

332. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC03.40.clw01 (Fig. 342), refined clay, complete. Measurements: height 5.0 x diameter base 4.3cm, weight 55g.

252

342. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.clw01, height 4.7cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

333. Conical loom weight, AC03.21.clw01 (Fig. 340, FM147922), pierced horizontally. Refined clay, complete. Measurements: height 4.5 x diameter base3.5cm, weight 46g.

343. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.21.clw01, height 4.5 x diam. base 3.5cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

334. Conical loom weight, AC03.38.clw09a (Fig. 344), pierced horizontally, complete, refined clay. Height 5.2 x maximum diameter 5.1cm, weight 89g. Decorated with 5 vertical bands composed of parallel diagonal incised dashes, radiating from top to base. 344. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38, clw09, height 5.2cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

335. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally. A03.38.clw09b (Fig. 345), weight 28grams. Measurements: h. 4.2 x maximum diameter 3.2cm, weight 28g.. 345. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.clw09, height 4.2cm.

336. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC03.38.clw10 (Fig. 346), refined clay, complete. Measurements: h. 4.9 x maximum diameter 3.7cm, weight 35g. 346. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38. clw10, height 4.3cm. Drawing H. J. Waterbolk.

253

337. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC03.38.clw11 (Fig. 347), refined clay, complete. Measurements: height 4.9 x maximum diameter 2.6cm, weight 24g. 347. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.clw11, height 4.9cm.

338. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC05.56.clw04 (Fig. 348), refined clay, pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4 ) complete. Measurements: height 3.5 x maximum diameter 3cm, weight 27g. 348. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.56.clw04, height 3.5cm.

339. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC05.16.01 (Fig. 346, FM147922), refined clay, complete. Measurements height 4 x base diameter 3.4 x top 2.1/1cm, weight 38g. The top carries pointed protrusions, almost like animal ears. At the base a cross has been incised.

349. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC05.16.clw01, height 4.0cm.

340. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC13.15.clw139 (Fig. 350), refined clay, complete. Measurements: height 5.2 x diameter base 4.2cm, weight 64grams. 350. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC13.15. clw139, height 5.2cm.

254

341. Conical weight, AC13.15.clw140 (Fig. 351), pierced horizontally. The lower side is broken away and smoothened, of refined clay. Preserved measurements: height 4.3 x maximum diameter 4.3cm, preserved weight 46g, estimated weight 70g. 351. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC13. 15.clw140, height 4.7cm.

342. Conical weight, AC13.15.clw202 (Fig. 352), pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 4.6 x maximum diameter 3.8cm, weight 37g. Complete and of refined clay. 352. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC13.15. clw202, height 4.3cm.

343. Conical weight, AC15.21.clw01 (Fig. 350), pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 3.7 x maximum diameter 3.2cm. 353. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.21. clw01.

344. Conical weight, AC15.21.clw03 (Fig. 354), pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 4.5 x maximum diameter 3.5cm, weight 35grams. Complete, base chipped in two places, a sort of outer skin partly peeled off, of refined clay. 354. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.21.clw03, height 4.5cm.

345. Conical loom weight, AC16.12.clw11 (Fig. 355), pierced horizontally. Complete and of refined clay. Height 4.3 x base 3.6cm, weight 28g. The top has been adorned with two protrusions, resembling animal ears.

255

355. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16.12.clw11, height 4.3cm.

346. Conical loom weight, AC16A.29.clw01 (Fig. 356), pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 3.5 x maximum diameter 2.5cm, weight 15grams. Complete and of refined clay. The top has been adorned with two protrusions almost like animal ears.

356. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.29.clw01, height 3.5 x maximum diameter 2.5cm.

347. Conical loom weight, AC18.08.clw02 (Fig. 357), pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 4.5 x maximum diameter 3cm, weight 15grams. Complete and of refined clay, pink (Munsell 7..5 7/4). Horizontal hole 0.7cm. Weight 28g.

357. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08.clw01, height 3.5 x maximum diameter 2.5cm.

348. Conical loom weight, AC18.13.clw111 (Fig. 358), pierced horizontally. Complete and of refined clay. Diameter base 2.8 x height 4.4cm, weight 28g.Top with two protrusions. 358. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.08.clw111, height 4.4cm.

349. Conical impasto loom weight, pierced horizontally AC18A.14.clw107 (Fig. 359). Measurements: height 4.3 x maximum diameter 3.8cm, preserved weight 41g, estimated weight 50g. Broken and of impasto clay. 256

359. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.clw107, height 4.3cm.

350. Conical loom weight, pierced horizontally AC18.15.clw202 (Fig. 360). Measurements: height 4.7 x maximum diameter 3.8cm, weight 45grams. Complete, somewhat worn around the base, and of refined clay. 360. Conical loom weight Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.clw202, height 4.7 x diam. base 3.5cm.

361. Conical loom weight .Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.clw229, height 4.7cm.

351. Conical loom weight, AC18.15.clw229 (Fig. 361), pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 5.6cm, preserved weight 33g, estimated weight c. 50g. Lower part broken away and of refined clay. This weight demonstrates the general technique of manufacture of the weights: a ball of refined clay was pressed into the required form (perhaps even in a mould), next a smooth outer layer of circa 0.1cm was brushed over that rougher core.

352. Conical loom weight, AC22A.15.clw06 (Fig. 362), pierced horizontally Measurements: height 4.3 x maximum diameter 3.5cm, weight 37grams. Complete, abraded at a part of the base, and of refined clay. 362. Conical loom weight .Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC22A.15.clw06, height 4.7cm.

353. Conical loom weight, AC24.05.clw09 (Fig. 363, FM64694), pierced horizontally, refined clay, complete, but damaged at the top. Measurements: 257

height 4.8 x base 3.1cm, preserved weight 28g, estimated weight 35g. Conical, the top worked into two slight extensions with a vertical hole in between, which however is not through and through. The weight is decorated with vertical incisions around the lower part.

363. Conical loom weight. Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC24.05.clw09, height 7.3cm.

354. Conical weight, AC27.01.clw10 (Fig. 364). pierced horizontally. Measurements: height 5 x maximum diameter 3.2cm, weight 25g. Complete, two small holes in base and of refined clay.

364. Conical loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC27.01.clw10, height 5.0cm.

355. Conical weight, AC.Spor.20 (Fig. 365), pierced horizontally. Refined clay. Height 3.8 x diameter base 3.7cm. ? 365. Conical loom weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, Spor.20, height 3.5cm.

258

CHAPTER VIII SMALL PINCHED WEIGHTS

366. Small biconical, pinched weights with finger prints and horizontal holes, Timpone della Motta. The handmade specimens of refined clay range in colour from reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR 6/6) to light reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 6/4); the impasto specimens from pink (Munsell 7.5YR 7/4) to very dark grey (Munsell 7.5YR 3/1). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

8.1. With horizontal suspension hole 8.1.1. Introduction and context

367a. Round, biconical weight of refined clay (AC03.14.sw70) with two finger prints and conical top, through the pinched part a horizontal hole: type A.

367c. Decorated round, biconical impasto weight with two pinched concavities with a horizontal hole (AC18.15.pw215).

367b. Round, biconical weight of refined clay (AC2014.sw01) with four finger prints and conical top with a small concavity, through pinched part a horizontal hole: type B.

259

Small, finger-shaped, pinched weights occur in Stratigraphic Units AC03.38, AC04.30, 31 and AC18.17, 15 associated with Building V.b and will have belonged to the textile production that took place in that building. There are three different types: A. Round, biconical weights with two finger prints and a conical top (Fig. 367a). B. Round, biconical or squarish specimens with four finger prints and a conical top which in some specimens has a small concavity (Fig. 367b). C. The B-type exists also with two borings, with horizontal and vertical piercing. This type is catalogued separately because the two borings may indicate a different use from the specimens with only one boring (cf. Section 8.2). The A-type exists in refined clay and in impasto (e.g. AC18.15.sw212), the B and C types are exclusively found in refined clay.

context number

weight in grams

diameter in cm

AC2824.01

32

3.8

AC03.14.09

28

3.7

AC03.14.70

27

3.6

AC03.37.85

20

2.8

AC03.38.02

42

3.9

AC03.38.83

24

3.4

AC03.38.469

33

4.2

AC03.40.04

40

4.1

AC03.40.06

34

3.9

AC03.40.12

28

3.2

AC03.40.21

22

2.9

AC03.40.37

37

2.9

AC04.02.01

109

5.5

AC04.30.09

35

4.5

AC10.01.95

35

4

AC10.08.176

59

3.9

AC10.08.177

28

4.6

AC10.15.59

16

2.9

AC13.15.90

19

260

AC16A.18.107

29

3.4

AC16A.22.17

25

3.4

AC18.13.101

32

3.8

AC18.13.102

27

3.1

AC18.13.105

38

3.9

AC18.13.106

23

4.3

AC18.13.108

20

3.1

AC18.13.109

26

3.8

AC18.13.112

31

3.9

AC18.13.113

32

3.7

AC18.15.200

22

3.3

AC18.15.201

40

3.8

AC18.15.206

32

3.6

AC18.15.210

22

3.6

AC18.15.212

21

3.2

AC18a.14.105

51

4

AC18a.18.107

28

3.3

AC20.27.09

25

3.4

AC21.10.01

28

4.5

AC22A.15.05

26

3.9

AC25a.01.01

14

2.7

AC25.26.02

35

3.3

ACSPOR27

28

3.6

AC.SPOR30

30

3.3

average

31.46

3.57

Table 19a. Dimensions and weights of the pinched weights with horizontal suspension hole.

Table 19b. Dimensions and weights of the pinched weights with horizontal suspension hole.

261

There are two A-type weights which are much larger and heavier than the ‘normal’ small specimens (Section 8.3); the impasto specimen is nicely burnished and both are lavishly decorated (e.g. Fig. 367c). No other weights of such heavy type have been found in the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta or are known to me from elsewhere. The weights have no wear marks, which makes it difficult to understand how they could have been used. Because of their unique size and decoration the weights may have been used for a special task or may have been models. There are no wear marks to be found on the smaller pinched weights either, which makes it hard to detect the function of these objects. To Joanne Cutler I owe the knowledge that pinched weights of this type occur in excavations at the moment carried out in northern Greece; she informed me that she had encountered unpublished specimens there and kindly directed me also to the British School publication of the “Unexplored Mansion” excavation report at Knossos, where a number of small biconical pinched weights are published.1 The diameters of these small weights vary from 2.8 to 5cm, which means that they belong to roughly the same category as the ones from Francavilla Marittima, although 2 published specimens are – with 45 and 50g – a little heavier than the ones from the Timpone della Motta (see Table 19). At Knossos a total of 24 specimens surfaced and these occurred in a great variety of stratigraphic deposits dating from the Late Archaic to the Severan period. These dates are far later than the ones that can be attributed to the pinched weights published in this book. During the Scavi Zancani Montuoro 1963’69 small, pinched weights seem not to have been found in the Maccchiabate graves, but a more recent excavation there by a team from Basel University under the direction of Martin Guggisberg uncovered a specimen in Tomb 4 of the Strada burials.2 It is of refined clay and has similar dimensions to the specimens from Building V.b (h. 2.9cm, diameter 3.2cm). The woman buried in this grave must have been renowned for her textile production, because instead of the more usual grave gift of a single spindle whorl, she was buried with three specimens and apart from the pinched weight in discussion, also a trapezoidal impasto weight decorated with a meander-swastika motif was placed in her grave. Her special position among the Oenotrian elite of Francavilla Marittima/Lagaria is further evident from the gilded silver cup that must have been deposited in her grave, unfortunately only a small fragment of it could be retrieved by the experienced Swiss excavators.3 The contents of Tomb 4 demonstrate that this textile producer of great renown used two different types of loom weights: heavy, trapezoid ones for warp thread suspension at a vertical loom and of light, pinched weights used in a hitherto unknown weaving activity. The pinched weights were also used in the Oenotrian timber dwelling IVA unearthed by the Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004 on terrace 1 of the Timpone della Motta (see Catalogue nos 356-358). The presence of the pinched weight in Tomb Strada 4, which dates from the second half of the 8th century BC and the many, similar specimens associated with Building V.b on the Timpone della Motta establishes a reliable date for the Francavilla Marittima specimens, which suggests that the weights from the “Unexplored Mansion’’, found in stratigraphic units dating to various widely different periods, perhaps all in secondary positions. Nevertheless the Greek parallels are very interesting because, if further Italic parallels remain absent, they establish proof of reciprocal influences in textile production between Oenotrian and Greek women. In a number of undisturbed stratigraphic units several of the pinched weights have come to light in small groups, for instance those of SU AC03.37, .38 and .40 (Catalogue nos. 363-373), of SU AC18.13 (Catalogue nos 388-395) and of SU AC18.15 (Catalogue, nos. 396-401). There is, however, only one Sacket 1992, 401, Pl. 333. Type p, numbers W22-W28. Guggisberg et al. 2012, 5, note 23. 3 Guggisberg et al. 2012, 5, Fig. 5c. 1 2

262

specimen from the context of the strip with heavy, decorated loom weights in the trenches AC02/AC04 (Catalogue no. 375 and perhaps no. 402).

Context number

height in cm

weight in grams

AC03.37.85

2.4

18

AC03.38.02

2.9

43

AC03.38.83

2.2

24

AC03.38.55

2.3

29

AC03.38.489

2.6

33

AC03.40.04

3.2

37

AC03.40.06

3

34

AC03.40.12

2.7

28

AC03.40.18

4.2

79

AC03.40.21

2.5

22

AC03.40.17

2.9

28

Average

2.8

34.09

Table 20. Pinched weights from stratigraphic units AC03.37, .38 and .40

context number

diameter in cm

heigh t in cm

weight in grams

Typ e

AC18.15. 200

3.3

2.6

22

B

AC18.15.2 01

3.8

3.4

40

B

AC18.15.2 06

3.6

3.5

32

B

AC18.15.2 08

3.6

2.6

23

B

AC18.15.2 10

3.6

2.1

22

B

AC18.15.2 12

3.2

2.7

22

A

AC18.15.2 08

3.6

2.5

23

C

AC18.15.2

3.9

3.4

39

C

context number

diameter in cm

height in cm

weight in grams

type

AC18.13.101

3.8

2.7

32

A

AC18.13.102

3.1

2.6

27

A

AC18.13.105

3.9

2.6

39

B

AC18.13.106

4.3

2.8

23

B

AC18.13.108

3.1

2.3

21

B

AC18.13.109

3.8

2.5

28

A

AC18.13.112

3.9

2.1

32

B

AC18.13.113

3.7

2.7

32

B

263

09 AC18.15.2 11

3.7

2.6

32

C

Table 21. Pinched weights from SU AC18.13, .15.

Because of the predominantly round, biconical form of these small weights their rotation or spinning may have been important, but, because the type exists also in a square form it does not seem to be the main factor. These pinched objects are all of relatively low weight (between 20 and 40g) and it is uncertain if they could have functioned on a vertical loom, because a thin warp thread of circa 0.4mm in diameter requires already 15 to 20 grams tension in order to function well.4 This means that only one thicker or two to three thinner threads can be under sufficient tension by these pinched weights, which would require an awful lot of small weights for a tabby. These light weights could however function on a vertical loom with extremely thin warp threads, with diameters around the 0.2cm or even below that one could ty a small bundle of yarn to the weights. Archaeological experiments by the CTR-team have shown that such thin yarn can be produced with spindle whorls of 8grams or less.5 However, not many spindle whorls with weights below 8gram have been found on the Timpone della Motta.6 In our opinion the few spindle whorls of such low weight do not match the much larger amount of small, pinched weights, which makes it unlikely that the latter were used to keep warp threads of a vertical standing loom tight. This makes us look around for other possibilities, which nevertheless have to have a relation with textile production because the small pinched weights are found in the same stratigraphic units as loom weights and are also associated with spindle whorls of all types. The case of the above-mentioned burial in Tomb Strada 4 is also proof that these three classes of textile-related utensils were used together. A well-known, relatively light-weight class of weights, found in pre-Roman contexts all over Italy, are the so-called spools (rocchetti). These small impasto objects, circular in section and with thick ends, are thought to have been used as small weights for weaving decorated side-selvages in tablet-weaving technique,7 a weaving technique in which tablets or cards are used to create the shed. Also, spools may have been used for the weaving of the starting borders of weaves.8 From an Oenotrian tomb in Basilicata evidence for tablet

Mårtensson et al. 2009. “According to our results a thread spun with a 4g spindle whorl requires a tension of 10g per warp thread and a thread spun with the 8g requires 20g”, Strand & Nosch s.d, 8. 6 There is the conical steatite spindle whorl AC0430.78 (Kleibrink 2016, Cat. no. 9) of 5g, the multi-facetted impasto whorl AC16.18.09 (Kleibrink 2016, Cat. no. 49) of 9g and the hexagonal spindle whorl AC2635.01 of 6g (Kleibrink 2016a, Cat. no. 56). Among the pentagonal whorls there is a small group of 5 specimens weighing from 5 to 9g (Kleibrink 2016, Introduction to Chapter IV). Among the star-shaped spindle whorls only one weighs less than 10g ( Kleibrink 2016, Introduction to Chapter V). 7 Raeder Knudsen 2002, 228–229; Gleba 2008, 141. 8 Lipkin 2012, 62. 4 5

264

368. Pottery fragment with four holes, two finished and two unfinished, possibly adapted to be used in card-weaving.

weaving exists,9 for Francavilla Marittima there is, however, only one pierced potsherd from an Oenotrian dwelling on Plateau I, which is perhaps not even admissible as proof, because of the unfinished holes (Fig. 368).10 But, tablets are best made of leather or wood and may have perished. Spools are almost totally lacking among the textile related finds at Francavilla Marittima (only one specimen was found in settlement context) and this - together with the shared low weight of many rocchetti – is perhaps indications that the pinched weights may have been used in tablet-weaving, in a similar way as suggested for the clay spools. If this can be accepted then small pinched weights were possibly used to weave decorated bands to cloth produced on the vertical looms postulated for Building V.b, because they occur in groups in stratigraphic units of Building V.b. 8.1.2. Catalogue 356. Round, biconical weight with conical top, CE.4A1.7.1 (Fig. 369); with two fingerprints in which horizontal hole. Impasto, complete, maximum diameter 3.5 x height 2.9cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 32 grams. Base strongly convex, sides rounded, top convex. 369. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, CE.4A1.7.11?, height 2.9 x maximum diameter 3.5cm.

357. Round, biconical weight with conical top, CE.4A1.7.72 (Fig. 370), with four cavities, through two of these a horizontal hole. Impasto, complete, maximum diameter 3.8 x height 2.5cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 29grams. Base slightly convex, sides rounded, top convex. 370. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, CE.4A1.7.72, height 2.5 x maximum diameter 3.7cm.

9

Tomb 343 at Incoronata contained a so-called divider, an implement necessary in tablet-weaving: Gleba 2008. Kleibrink 2016b, Fig. 19.

10

265

358. Round, biconical weight with conical top, CE.4A2.7.166 (Fig. 371), with four cavities, through two of these a horizontal hole. Impasto, complete, maximum diameter 3.8 x height 2.5cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 29grams. Base slightly convex, sides rounded, top convex. 371. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, CE.4A2.7.166, height 2.5 x maximum

diameter 3.2/3.5cm.

359. Small round, biconical weight with conical top, AC2024.fpw01 (Fig. 372), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.8 x 2.6cm height, hole 0.5cm. Weight 35. Formed by hand, with four finger prints, through two of these a horizontal hole, convex base, sides rounded, top flattened with tiny hole.

372. Round, biconical weight with conical top Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC2024.fpw 01, height 2.6cm.

373. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC2640.fpw01, height 2.8 x maximum diameter 3.5cm.

360. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC2640.fpw01 (Fig. 373), with two fingerprints with horizontal hole. Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 3.5 x height 2.8cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 29grams. Base almost flat, sides rounded, top convex.

266

361. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.14.fpw09 (Fig. 374), with four fingerprints, through two of these a horizontal hole. Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 3.7 x height 2.7cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 29grams. Base almost flat, sides rounded, top flat with a shallow fingerprint. 374. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.14.fpw09, height 2.7cm.

362. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.14.fpw70 (Fig. 375), Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Maximum diameter 3.6 x height 3.6cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 29grams. Refined clay, complete. Base almost flat, sides rounded, top convex. 375. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.14.fpw70, height 3.6cm.

363. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.37.fpw85 or 65 (Fig. 376). Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 2.8 x height 2.4cm, hole 0.4cm. Weight 18g. Base flat, sides rounded, top flat. 376. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC03.37.fpw85, height 2.4cm.

377. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.fpw 02, height 2.9cm.

364. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.38.fpw02 (Fig. 377). Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of these a horizontal hole. Impasto, almost complete, maximum diameter 3.9 x height 2.9cm, hole 0.45cm. Weight 43grams. Base convex, top flattened.

267

Decorated with two rows of tiny punches along the sides of the conus.

378. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.hw83/88, height 2.2 x maximum diameter 3.4cm.

379. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.38.hw55, height 2.3 x maximum diameter 4.1cm.

365. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.38.fpw83 (Fig. 378) also 88. Refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.4 x height 2.2cm, hole circa 0.5cm. Weight 24grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of these a horizontal hole; base convex, top flattened and with another shallow finger print.,

366. Small weight AC03.38.hw55 (Fig. 379), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 4.1 x 2.3cm, weight 29. With slightly convex base, round sides and conical top, concavity in flattened top. With four finer imprints, through two of these a horizontal hole of 0.4cm.

380. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC03.38.fpw 469/489, height 2.7cm.

367. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC03.38.fpw469/489 (Fig. 380). Refined clay, complete but cracked, maximum diameter 4.2 x height 2.6cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 33grams. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole; base flat, sides rounded, top convex.

368. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.40.fpw04 (Fig. 381). Refined clay, small part missing, maximum diameter 4.1 x height 3.2cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 37grams. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole; base flat with convex center, sides rounded, top convex. 381. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.fpw 04, height 3.2 x maximum diameter 4.1cm.

268

369. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.40.fpw06 (Fig. 382). Maximum diameter 3.9 x height 3.0cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 34g. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole; base flat, sides rounded, top convex.

382. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.fpw06, height 3.0 x

maximum diameter 3.9cm.

370. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.40.fpw12 (Fig. 383, FM147916). Maximum diameter 3.2 x height 2.7cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 28grams. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole; base flat, sides rounded, top convex. 383. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.fpw12, height 2.7 x maximum diameter 3.2cm.

371. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC03.40.fpw12 (Fig. 384, FM147916) with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides round, top convex, maximum diameter 4.4 x height 4.2 cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 79 gram. 384. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.fpw`, height 2.5 x maximum diameter 2.9cm.

269

372. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.40.fpw21 (Fig. 385, FM142913). Maximum diameter 2.9 x height 2.5cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 22ram. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top convex.

385. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.fpw21, height 2.5cm.

Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.fpw37.

373. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC03.40.fpw37 (Fig. 386). Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole.

374. Large round, biconical weight with conical top, AC04.02.fpw01 (Fig. 386) Refined clay, maximum diameter 5.5 x height 4.25cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 108g. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole; base flat, sides rounded, top convex.

386. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC04.02.fpw, height 4.25 x maximum diameter 5.5cm.

270

375. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC04.30.fpw09 (Fig. 387). Impasto, circa 1/3 missing, maximum diameter 4.5 x height 3.3cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 35grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, flattened top. 387. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC04.30.fpw09, height 4.65 x maximum diameter 4.3cm.

388. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi

Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC09.14.fpw09.

376. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC09.14.fpw09 (Fig. 388) Measurements, not available, hole 0.5cm. Weight 35grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base slightly convex, sides rounded, top flattened.

377. Round, biconical weight with conical, convex top, AC10.A1.fpw09 (Fig. 389). Maximum diameter 3.8 x height 3.3 cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 44grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat with concave centre, sides convex.

389. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.A1.fpw09, height 3.3 x

maximum diameter 3.8cm.

378. Round, biconical impasto weight with conical, convex top, AC10.A1.fpw10 (Fig. 390), with damaged side. Maximum diameter 4 x height 3.4 cm, hole 1.0cm. Preserved weight 61grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded. 390. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi

271

Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.A1.30.fpw10, height 3.4 x maximum diameter 4.0cm.

379. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC10.01.fpwR95 (Fig. 391). Maximum diameter 4.0 x height 3.5cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 35grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, flattened top. 391. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.01.fpw R95, height 3.5 x maximum diameter 4.0cm.

380. Round, biconical weight with conical, rounded top, AC10.08 or 09.fpw177 (Fig. 392). Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 3.9 x height 2.5cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 28grams. Formed by hand, with four finger prints, through two of which a horizontal hole; base convex, sides convex.

392. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.08.fpw 177, height 2.5 x maximum diameter 3.9cm.

381. Round, biconical weight with conical, round, biconical top, AC10.08 or 03.fpw176 (Fig. 393). Impasto, complete but with damaged top, maximum diameter 4.6 x height 3.6cm, hole damaged. Weight 59 grams. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded.

393. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.08 or 03.fpw176, height 3.6cm.

272

394. Round, biconical weight with concave top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.09 or 03.fpw177, height 3.7cm.

382. Weight with conical top, AC10.09.fpw177 (Fig. 394), refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 4.5 x h. 3.7cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 59g. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Convex base, sides rounded, top flattened.

383. Weight with conical top, AC10.09.fpw179 (Fig. 395). Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 3.4 x height 2.7cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 28g. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Convex base, sides rounded, top flattened. 395. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC10.09.fpw 179, height 2.7 x maximum diameter 3.4cm.

396. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC10.15.fpw 57, height 2.0 x maximum diameter 2.9cm.

384. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC10.15.fpw57 (Fig. 396). Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 2.9 x 2.0 height cm, horizontal hole of 0.5cm. Weight 16grams. Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Convex base, sides rounded, top flattened.

385. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC15.M5of 15.fpwr66 (Fig. 397). Refined clay, complete, maximum diameter 3.9 x height 3cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 54grams. Formed by hand with four finger prints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top flattened. 397. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC15.M5.fpwr66, height 3.0cm.

273

386. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC16A.18.fpw107 (Fig. 398). Refined clay, maximum diameter 3.4 x height 2.6cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 30. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole; base flat, sides rounded, top convex.

398. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.18.fpw107, height 2.6cm.

387. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC16A.22.fpw17 (Fig. 399). Refined clay, top and part of one side missing, maximum diameter 3. 4 x preserved height 2.5cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 25grams. Secondarily burned. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole; base flat, sides rounded, top broken. Decorated with radial lines from the top down punched in with tiny holes.

399. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.22.fpw17, height 2.5cm.

400. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC18.13.fpw101, height 2.7 x maximum diameter 3.8cm.

388. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw101 (Fig. 400), refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.8 x 2.7cm, hole 0.5cm. Estimated weight 32 grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top slightly convex.

389. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC18.13.fpw102 (Fig. 401). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.1 x height 2.6cm, hole 0.4cm. Weight 27grams. 274

Formed by hand, with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole, base almost flat, sides rounded, top slightly convex. Over the base parallel scratches. 401. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.fpw102, height 2.6cm.

402. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.fpw105, height 2.6 x

maximum diameter 3.9cm.

390. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw105 (Fig. 402), Refined clay, complete, underside with firing marks, maximum diam. 3.9 x height 2.6cm, hole 0.4cm. Weight 39grams. Formed by hand, with four finger prints, through two of which a horizontal hole; convex base, top with concavity.

391. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw106 (Fig. 403). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 4.3 x 2.8cm, hole 0.4cm. Weight 23grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top convex.

403. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.fpw106, height 2.8cm.

392. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw108 (Fig. 404). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.1 x 2.3cm, hole of 0.4m. Weight 21grams. Formed by hand, with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top convex. 404. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.fpw108, height 2.3 x maximum diameter 3.1cm.

275

405. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC18.13.fpw109, height 2.7cm.

393. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw109 (Fig. 405). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.8 x height 2.5cm, hole of 0.5cm. Weight 28grams. Formed by hand with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base flat with a concave centre, sides rounded, top slightly convex.

394. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw112 (Fig. 406). Impasto, complete but chipped underneath. Maximum diameter 3.9 x 2.1cm. Weight 32 grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of these a horizontal hole. Base with concavity, top flat. 406. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.13.fpw112, height 2.4cm.

395. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.13.fpw113 (Fig. 407). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.7 x 2.7cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 32. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top slightly convex. 407. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-

2004, AC18.13.fpw113, height 2.7cm.

396. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.15.fpw200 (Fig. 408). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.3 x height 2.6cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 22grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base flat, sides rounded, top slightly convex.

408. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.fpw200, height 2.6cm.

276

409. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.fpw201, height 3.4 x maximum diameter 3.8cm.

397. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.15.fpw201 (Fig. 409), Perhaps secondarily burned. Complete, maximum diam. 3.8 x 3.4cm, hole of 0.4cm. Weight 40grams. Formed by hand with four sliht fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole, base flat, sides rounded, top convex. Presumably impasto.

410. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.fpw206, height 3.5cm.

398. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.15.fpw206 (Fig. 410). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.6 x 3.5cm, hole of 0.5cm. Weight 32grams. Nice. Formed by hand with four finger prints, through two of which a horizontal hole, base flat, sides rounded, top convex. A cross incised on the base.

399. vacat

400. Round, biconical weight with conical top, AC18.15.fpw210 (Fig. 412). Impasto, complete, maximum diam. 3.6 x height 2.1cm, hole 0.6cm. Weight 22grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, a flat rectangular top with a shallow print.

412. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink

1991-2004, AC18.15.fpw210, height 2.1cm.

277

401. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18.15.fpw212 (Fig. 413). Impasto, complete, maximum diam. 3.2 x 2.7cm,. hole of 0.5cm. Weight 22grams. Formed by hand with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top convex.

413. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink

1991-2004, AC18.15.fpw212, height 2.7cm.

402. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18A.14.fpw105 (Fig. 414). Impasto, complete, maximum diam. 4.0 x 3.2cm,. hole 0.5cm. Weight 53grams. Formed by hand with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top convex. 414. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-

2004, AC18A.14.fpw105, height 3.2cm.

Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.18.fpw107.

403. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC18A.18.fpw107. Impasto, complete, Weight 28grams. Formed by hand with two finger prints, through which a horizontal hole, base convex, sides round, biconical, top convex. Not found (2015)

278

415. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC20.27.fpw09, height 2.2cm.

404. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC20.27.fpwR42 (Fig. 415). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.4 x height 2.2cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 25grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top with concavity.

405. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC21.10.fpw01 (Fig. 416). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 4.5 x 2.5cm, hole 0.4cm. Weight 30grams. Formed by hand with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top convex. 416. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC21.10.fpw01, height 2.5cm.

406. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC22A.15.fpw05 or 15 (Fig. 417). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.9 x 2.3cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 26grams. Formed by hand with two finger prints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top convex.

417. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC22A.15.fpw05, height 2.3cm.

279

418. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC21.10.fpw01, height 2.2cm.

407. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC25A.01.fpw01 (Fig. 418). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 2.7 x 2.2cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 16. With square, conical top with four finger prints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top flattened with concavity.

408. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC25A.05.fpw17 (Fig. 419). Maximum diameter 3.4 x height 2.9cm. Weight 35 grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of these a horizontal hole. Impasto, complete. With flat base, rounded sides and conical top, concavity in flattened top.

419. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC25A.05.fpw17, height 2.9cm.

409. Round, biconical weight with conical top AC25.26.fpw02 (Fig 420). Impasto, severely chipped, maximum diam. 3.3 x 2.6cm, hole of 0.5cm. Weight 35grams. Formed by hand with two fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top convex. 420. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC25.26.fpw01, height 2.6cm.

410. Round, biconical weight with conical top SPOR.fpw27 (Fig. 421). Refined clay, somewhat chipped, maximum diam. 3.6 x 2.5cm, hole of 0.5cm. Weight 28 grams. with four finger prints, through two of which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top flattened. 421. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, SPORfpw27, height 2.5cm.

280

422. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, SPOR.fpw30, height 2.3 x maximum diameter 3.3cm.

423. Round, biconical weight with conical top, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, SPOR.fpw42, height 2.0cm.

411. Round, biconical weight with conical top, SPOR.fpw30 (Fig. 422). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.3 x 2.3cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 30grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top flattened with concavity.

412. Round, biconical weight with conical top, SPOR.fpw42 (Fig. 423). Refined clay, complete, maximum diam. 3.3 x height 2.0cm, hole 0.5cm. Weight 20grams. Formed by hand with four finger prints, through which a horizontal hole. Base convex, sides rounded, top flattened with concavity.

281

8.2. Pinched weights, vertically and horizontally pierced

424a. Pinched weights of refined clay, vertically and horizontally pierced, Timpone della Motta. Colours varying from reddish yellow (Munsell 5YR6/6) to light reddish brown (Munsell 5YR 6/4). National Archaeological Museum of the Sibaritide, Sibari.

8.2.1. Introduction and find contexts These small, pinched weights have the same characteristics as the specimens described in the previous section, they differ only in that together with a horizontal hole a vertical one is also present. A further difference is a more square shape for many. Groups of these weights come from stratigraphic units AC18.09 (Table 23a-c) and AC18.15. The latter group is associated with Building V.b, while the presence of the group of four of these weights in US AC18.09 (Fig. 424b) is perhaps an indication that this type continued somewhat longer than types with only a horizontal hole. The pinched weights with double borings are in the same weight class as the ones with a single one, which may be an indication that they were used in a similar way, but precisely how is not clear. excavation number

diameter in cm

height in cm

AC03.40.htaw17 AC08.09.htaw01 AC09.28.htaw09 AC13.15.htawr90 AC15.ms.htawr65 AC16a.18.htaw231

3.7 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.5

2.9 3.2 2.8 2.2 2.5 2.3

weight in grams 28 42 19 20 19 12

difference -0.8 -0.6 -0.8 -1.1 -0.4 -0.2

282

AC16a.25.htaw02 AC16.10.htaw46 AC16.20.htaw552 AC17A.01.htaw330 AC17a.12.htaw449 AC18.09.htaw02 AC18.09.htaw03 AC18.09.htaw04 AC18.09.htaw06 AC18.15.htaw208 AC18.15.htaw209 AC18.15.htaw211 AC18A.cl.htaw01 AC18A.14.htaw104 AC23.04.htaw02 average

4 4.4 2.8 2.5 3.9 4.2 3.9 3.7 4 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.6 2.7 2.5

2.5 2.7 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.5 3.4 2.7 2.8 2.2 1.9 2.53

28 39 12 10 26 33 41 41 34 23 39 32 28 13 11 26.19

-1.5 -1.7 -1.0 -0.7 -1.5 -1.6 -1.0 -1.0 -1.6 -1.1 -0.5 -1.0 -0.8 -0.5 -0.6

Table 22a-b. Dimensions and weights of pinched weights with horizontal and vertical suspension hole.

context number 18.09.02*

weight in grams 43

18.09.03*

46

18.09.04*

41

18.09.06*

34

Table 23a-c. Weights and dimensions of the group of pinched weights from stratigraphic unit AC18.09.

8.2.2. Catalogue

425. Small weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC03.40.htaw17, height 2.9cm.

283

413. Biconical, pinched weight, AC03.40.htaw17 (Fig. 425). Maximum diameter 3.7 x height 2.9cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Preserved weight 28g., estimated total weight 31grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from the top to the base. Refined clay, circa 1/10th missing. With convex base and conical/square top. No wear marks.

414. Biconical, pinched weight, AC08.09.htaw01 (Fig. 426), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.8 x height 3.2cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Preserved weight 42g. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from the top to the base. With convex base and conical/square top. No wear marks.

426. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC08.09.htaw01, height 3.2cm.

415. Biconical, pinched weight, AC09.28.htaw09 (Fig. 427). Refined clay, complete. No wear marks. Maximum diameter 3.6 x height 2.8cm. Holes circa 0.4cm. Weight 19grams. Formed by hand with convex base and conical to square top and with four deep fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole, a vertical hole from the top to the base.

427. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC09.28.htaw09, height 2.6cm.

416. Biconical, pinched weight, AC13.15.htawr90 (Fig. 428). Refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.3 x height 2.2cm. Weight 20g. Formed by hand with four fingerprints and a vertical hole from top to base. With slightly convex base, rounded sides and conical top, concavity in flattened top. 428. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC13.13.htaw09, height 2.2cm.

429. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15.ms05.htawr65, height 2.3cm.

417. Biconical, pinched weight, AC15.ms.htawr65 (Fig. 429). Refined clay, complete. Formed by hand with convex base and conical to square top. No wear marks. Maximum diameter 2.9 x height 2.5cm. Holes circa 0.4cm. Weight 19gram Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole, a vertical hole from the top to the base.

284

418. Biconical, pinched weight AC16a.18.htaw231(Fig. 430). Refined clay, almost complete (chipped underside). Wear marks at the sides? Maximum diameter 2.5 x height 2.3cm. Holes circa 0.4cm. Weight 12grams. Formed by hand with convex base and conical, squared top and with four fingerprints through two of which a horizontal hole, a vertical hole from top to base.

430. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.18.htaw231, height 2.3cm.

431. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16A.25.htaw02, height 2.2cm.

419. Biconical, pinched weight AC16a.25.htaw02 (Fig. 431). Refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 4 x height 2.5cm. Holes circa 0.4cm. Weight 28grams. Formed by hand slightly convex base and conical, squared top and with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base.

420. Biconical, pinched weight AC16.10.htaw46 (Fig. 432), refined clay, circa 1/9th missing. Maximum diameter 4.4 x height 2.7cm. Holes circa 0.8cm. Weight 39grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base and with slightly convex base and conical top.

432. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16.10.htaw46, height 2.7cm.

421. Biconical, pinched weight, AC16.20.htaw552 (Fig. 433), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 2.8 x height 1.8cm. Holes circa 0.65cm. Weight 12grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole; a vertical hole from top to base and with slightly convex base and conical to square top.

433. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC16.20.htaw552, height 1.8cm.

285

434. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC17A.01.htaw330, height 1.8cm.

435. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC17A.12.htaw449, height 2.4cm.

436. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 19912004, AC18.09.htaw02, height 3.0cm.

422. Biconical, pinched weight AC17A.01.htaw330 (Fig. 434). Refined clay, complete. Wear marks at the sides? Maximum diameter 2.5 x height 1.8cm. Holes circa 0.4cm. Weight 10grams. Formed by hand with flat base and conical, squared top and four fingerprints at the sides; a vertical hole from top to base.

423. Biconical, pinched weight AC17a.12.htaw449 (Fig. 435). Refined clay, circa 1/8th missing. Maximum diameter 3.9 x height 2.4cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 26grams. Formed by hand with slightly convex base and conical, squared top; wit four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base.

424. Biconical, pinched weight AC18.09.htaw02 (Fig. 436), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 4.2 x height 2.6cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 33 grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base, with slightly convex base and conical to square top.

437. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink

1991-2004, AC18.09.htaw03, height 2.7cm.

286

425. Biconical, pinched weight, AC18.09.htaw03 (Fig 437). Refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.9 x height 2.9cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 41grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base; with slightly convex base and conical, squared top.

426. Biconical, pinched weight, AC18.09.htaw04 (Fig. 438). Refined clay, small part missing and cracked. Maximum diameter 3.7 x 2.7cm. Holes circa 0.5cm. Weight 41grams. Formed by hand into slightly convex base and conical top with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole; a vertical hole from top to base.

438. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi

Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.09.htaw04, height 2.7cm.

439. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.09.htaw06, height 2.4cm.

427. Biconical, pinched weight AC18.09.htaw06 (Fig. 439). Refined clay, complete but cracked. Maximum diameter 4.0 x height 2.4cm. Holes circa 0.5cm. Nice. Weight 34grams. Formed by hand with slightly convex base and conical to square top; with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base.

428. Biconical, pinched weight/spindle, AC18.15.htaw208 (Fig. 440), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.6 x height 2.5cm. Holes circa 0.6cm, weight 23grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base; with flat base and conical to square top.

440. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.htaw208, height 2.5cm.

287

441. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink

1991-2004, AC18.15.htaw209, height 3.4cm.

442. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi

Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.htaw211, maximum diameter 3.7 x height 2.6cm.

429. Biconical, pinched weight, AC18.15.htaw209 (Fig. 441), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.9 x height 3.4cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 39grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base; with slightly convex base and conical to square top.

430. Biconical, pinched weight, AC18.15.htaw211 (Fig. 442). Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base. Refined clay, complete. Formed by hand with slightly convex base and conical to square top. Maximum diameter 3.7 x height 2.7cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 32grams.

431. Biconical, pinched weight AC18A.cl.htaw01 (Fig. 443) , refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 3.6 x height 2.8cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 28grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base; with slightly convex base and conical to square top.

443. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.cl.htaw01, height 2.8cm.

444. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18A.14.htaw104,

288

432. Biconical, pinched weight, AC18A.14.htaw104 (Fig. 444), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 2.7 x height 2.2cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 13 grams.

Formed by hand with slightly convex base and conical, squared top. Four finger imprints, through two of these a horizontal hole; a vertical hole from top to base.

height 2.0cm.

433. Biconical, pinched weight, AC23.04.htaw02 (Fig. 445), refined clay, complete slightly chipped. Maximum diameter 2.5 x height 1.9cm. Holes circa 0.6cm. Weight 11grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole and a vertical hole from top to base; with slightly convex base and conical to square top

445. Biconical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC23.04.htaw02, height 1.9cm.

8.3. Pinched weights, large decorated specimens

434. Conical, rounded, pinched weight, AC15.spor (Fig. 446), refined clay, complete. Maximum diameter 6.5 x height 4.2cm. Hole circa 0.8cm. Weight 320grams. Formed by hand with four fingerprints, through two of which a horizontal hole; with flat base and conical top with a concave fingerprint. The weight is decorated with vertical rows of small holes.

446. Conical, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC15,spor, height 4.2cm.

289

447. See Fig. 367d for a photo, globular, pinched weight, Scavi Kleibrink 1991-2004, AC18.15.lw215, height 6.2cm.

290

435. Globular, pinched weight, AC15.18.lw215 (Fig. 447), impasto, complete. Maximum diameter 6.7 x height 6.2cm. Hole circa 0.8cm. Weight 650grams. Formed by hand with two fingerprints, through them a horizontal hole; with convex base and top.. The weight is decorated with incised meandering lines and a row of hooks hanging from an incised line which encircles the object.

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