Encyclopaedia Britannica [14, 3 ed.]

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ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA; O R, A

DICTION A R Y O F

ARTS, SCIENCES, AND

MISCELLANEOUS LITERATUREConftru£ted on a PLAN, BY WH IC H

THE DIFFERENT SCIENCES AND ARTS Are digefled into the FORM of Diftintt

TREATISES

SYSTEMS,

OR

COMPRKUENUINO

The

HISTORY, THEORY,

and

PRACTICE,

of each,

according to the Latefl Difcoveries and Improvements; AND

FULL

EXPLAN AT IONS

GIVEN OF

THE

VARIOUS DETACHED PARTS OF KNOWLEDGE, WHETHER RELATING’ TO

NATURAL

and ARTIFICIAL Obje&s, or to Matters ECCLESIASTICAL, CIVIL, MILITARY, COMMERCIAL,

Including

ELUCIDATIONS

&. C

of the moft important Topics relative to

MANNERS,

and the

OECONOMY

of LIFE

RELIGION, MORALS*

:

T O C E T H R R WITH

A

cf all the Countries, Cities, principal Mountains, Seas, Rivers, &c. throughout the WORLD; A General HISTORY, Ancient and Modern^ of the ditferent Empires, Kingdoms, and States* DESCRIPTION

AND

An Account of the LIVES of the moll Eminent Perfons in every Nation, from the earlieft ages down to the prefent times. ^umpiUdJrsm tht ivrrtugscf tt e brR Aul o,y, injrver. I languagtt ; the mop approved IVnionaru,, at toell of general fcieoce (n of it, parti* cular branebtt; the 'T, an fa ft,cm, Journal,, ami Mem,an, of Ltarred Societies, both at home'and abroad', the MS. l.etlure, of £m,

^nt Prcfejfor, on dtjerentjcience, ; and a variety of Original Material,, furnifhed by an F.xUnfve Conefponienoe.

THE THIRD EDITION, IN EIGHTEEN VOLUMES, GRE ATET IMPROVED.

ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED AND FORTY-TWO COTTERPLATE5.

VOL. XIV. INDOCrt D ISC ANT,

ET AMENT MKMINISS E PERIT1.

EDINBURGH. PRINTED FOR A. BELL AND C. MACFARQ^JHAR»

MDCCXCV1I,

in £§tfttionct#

in Ccrnt# nf t|)^

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E NCYCLOPvEDIA

IJRITANNIGA.

P A S daily on the fame plant.—This plant and flowers are Paflifiora, Paffiflora. T3ASSIFLOR A, or PASSION-FLOWER: A gf nus of 3 011 w—JL the pentandria order, belonging to the gynandria held in great veneration- in fome foreign Catholic coon- P ® * clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking-under tries, where the religions make the leaves, tendrils, '““’Y’—-' the 34th order, Cucurb'itacea. The calyx is pentaphyl- and diflerent parts of the flower, to reprefent the in* lous ; there are five petals ; the nectarium a crown ; ftruments of our blefi’ed Saviour’s pafiion ; hence the the berry is pedicillatcd. There are near 30 different name paffrflpra. 2. The.incarnnta, incarnated, orflefh coloured Itafpecies; all of them natives of warm foreign countries, only one of which is fuffieiently hardy to fucceed well lian paffion-tlower, hath a ftrong perennial root ; flenin the open ground here; all the others requiring the der, herbaceous llalks, rifing upon fupport four or five flicker of a green-houfe or (love, but chiefly the latter. feet high ; leaves compofed of three fa wed lobes, each leaf attended by a twining tendril; and at the axillas The moft remarkable are, long cserulea, flender pedunculi, terminate-! eachpalmated b.y one whitifh 1. The or blue-rayed common pafiion-flower, hath long, {lender, fhrubby, purplifh- flower, having a greenifh calyx, and n red liflr or purple green ftalks, branchy, and afcending upon fupport by tadjated nedaiium, futrounding the-column of the their clafpers 30 or 40 feet high ; with one large pal- frunification, whiph fucceed to a large, round, flefhy mated leaf at each joint, and at the axillas large fpread- fmit, ripening to a beautiful orange colour. —The ing flowers, with whitifh-green petals, and a blue ra- flowers of this fpecies are alfo very beautiful, though diated nedfirium ; fucceeded by a large, oval, yellow- of fhprt duration, opening in the morning, and night ifh fruit. - It flowers from July until Odtober; the puts a period to their 1 eauty ; but they are fucceeded flowers -.'V very large, confpicuous, and their compo- by a daily fupply of new ones—The fruit of this fort fition is exceedingly curious and beautiful. The gene- is alfo very ornamental, as ripening to a fine reddifh rr-.I ftrufture of fhe Angular flowers of this plant is, orange colour ; but thefe rar Jy attain perft&ion here, • they < onie out at the axillas on pedunculi about three unlefs the plants are placed in the ftove ; therefore inche* !o"g, which they terminate, each flower having when there is fuch accommodation, it highly merits juft dofc under the calyx a three-lobed involucrum-like that indulgence, where it will exhibit both flowers appendage ; a five-lobed calyx, and a five-petalous co- and green and ripe fruit, all at the fame time, in a / rollai the fize, figure, and colour of the calyx, &c. tl.e beautiful manner. 3. The vefpertilio, or bat’s-wing paffion-flower, hath petals arranging alternately with the calieinal lobes ; the whole, including the involucrum, calyx, and corol- flender, ftriated, branchy ftalks ; large, bilobate, or la, make juft 13 lobes and petals, all expanded flat : two-lobed leaves, the 1 afe roundifh and glandular, and'Svithin the corolla is the ne&arium, compofed of a the lobes acute, widely divaricated like a bat’s wings, multitude of thread-like fibres, of a blue and purple and dotted underneath ; and axillary flowers, havingcolour, difpofed in circular rays round the column of white petals and rays. The leaves of this fpecies have the fruftification ; the outer ray is the longeft, flat, a Angular appearance, the two lobds being expanded and fpreading on the petals ; the inner is fhort, erett, fix or feven inches .wide, jrefembling the wings of a bat and narrows towards the centre : in the middle is an upon fbght; hence the name wfpertilio. ereft cylindric Vlub-fliaped column or pillar, crowned As njl tfie-fpecies are natives of. warm climates, in with the roundifli germen, having at its bafe five hori- this counUy they arc rnoflly of a tender q-wality, except zontal fpreading filaments, crowned with incumbent the firit fort,which fucceeda very well in the full ground, yellow anthene, that move about every way ; and from in*a warm htuation ; only their young branches are the fide of the germen arife three flender fprtading Jorne times killed in very f vere winters; but plenty of ftyles, terminated by headed ftigmas : the gdrcritm new oner generally rife again in fpring following : the afterwards gradually becomes a large oval fleffiy fril'ty , trlhers^dciiomiHate&Jove iu,ch, muft always be retained ripening to a yellowifh colour.—'1 hefe' wonderfitl in that repofitory. flowers are only of one day’s duration, generally bpenPASSION, is a word of which, as Dr Reid ob* , iug about 11 or 12 o’clock, and frequently in hot ferves, the meaning is not precifely afeer ained either funny weather buvft open with clafticity, and continue in common difeourie br in the writings of philofophers. fully expanded all that clay : and the next they gradu- In its original import, it denotes every fee/ing of the ally dole, affuming a decayed-like appearance, and n ind oc«.fioned by an cxtrisfic caufe ; but it is genenever open any more ; the evening puts a period to rally ufed to fignify fome agUatwn of mind, oppoftd .fcheir txiflence, but they are fucceeded by new ones to that Rate of tranquillity in which a man is moft v ^ VOL. XIV. Part I. A in after PAS

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incited to cruffi to atoms. Such condud is certainly Pafllon. not rational, and !herefore it is fuppofed to be neceffarily inftindive. With refped to other paffions, fuch as the Juft of power, of fame, or of knowledge, innumerable inftances, fays Dr Reid, occur in life, of men who lacrifice to them their eafe, their pleafure, and their health. But it is abfurd to fuppofe that men Ihould facnfice the end to wffiat they defire only as means of promoting that end; and therefore he feems to think that thefe paffions muft be innate. I o add ftrength to this reafoning, he obferves, that we may perceive fome degree of thefe principles even in brute animals With refpeft to the number of paflions of which the of the more fagacious kind, who are not thought to mind is fufceptible, different opinions have been held delire means for the fake of ends which they have by different authors. Le Brun, a French writer on in view. , painting, juftly confidering the expreffion of the paiBut it is in accounting for the paffions which are fions as a very important as well as difficult branc o difinterefted that the advocates for innate principles his art, has enumerated no fewer than twenty, o feem moft completely to triumph. As it is impoffible which the figns may be exprefl'ed W the pencil on not to feel the paffion of pity upon the prqfped of a canvafs. That there are fo many different ffates ot fellow-creature in diftrefs, they argue, that the balls mind producing different effeas which are viiible on the featuies and the geftures, and that thofe features of that paffion muft be innate ; becaufe pity, being at all times more or lefs painful to the perlon by w'hora and geftures ought to be diligently ftudied by the artift, it is felt, and frequently of no ufe to the perfon who are truths which cannot be denied ; but it is abfurd t is its objed, it cannot in fuch inftances be the refult aonfider all thefe different ffates of mind wpaflions^nct of deliberation, but merely the exertion of an original tranquillity is one of them, which is the reverfe of inftind. The fame kind of reafoning is employed to prove that gratitude is the exercife of an innate prinP ‘'The* common divifion of the paffions into dejin and ciple. That good offices are, by the very conftitution averfton, hope and fear, jey and grief, love and hatred of our nature, apt to produce good will towards the has been mentioned by every author who has treated benefador, in good and bad men, in the favage and in of them, and needs no explication ; but it is a queftion the civilized, cannot furely be denied by any one in of fome importance in the philofophy of the human the lealt acquainted with human nature. We are gratemind, whether thefe different paffions be each a degree ful not only to the benefadors of ourfelves as indiviof an original and innate difpoiition, diftind from the duals, but alfo to the benefadors of our country ; and difuofitions which are refpeftivcly the foundations of that, too, when we are confcious that from our gratithe other paffions, or only different modifications of tude neither they nor we can reap any advantage. one or two general difpofitions common to the whole Nay, we are impelled to be grateful even when we h*ve reafon to believe that the objeds of our gratitude The former opinion is held by all who build their know not our exiftence. This pafiion cannot be the fyftem of metaphyfics upon a number of diflimft inter- effed of reafoning, or of affociation founded on reanal fenfes; and the latter is the opinion of thofe who, foning ; for, in fuch cafes as thofe mentioned, thergwith Locke and Hartley, refolve what is commonly are no principles from which reafou can infer the procalled inftinft into an early affociation ot ideas, (bee priety or ufefuluefs of the feeling. I hat public fpirii, That without deliberation mankind in- or the affedion which we bear to cur country, or to ftantly feel the paffion of fear upon the apprehenfion any fubordinate community of which we are members, of danger, and the pafiion of anger or refentment upon is founded on inftind ; is deemed fo certain, that the the reception of an injury, are truths which cannot be man deftitute of this affedion, if there be any fuch, denied : and hence it is inferred, that the feeds of thefe has been pronounced as great a monfter as he who ha» paflions are innate in the mird, and that they are not two heads. . , , , . generated, but only fwell to magnitude on the profpedt All the diftinterefted paffions are founded on what • of their refpeaive objeds. In fuppoit of this argu- philofophers have termed benevolent ciffettion. Inftead ment it has been obferved that children, without any therefore of enquiring into the origin of each paffioa knowledge of their danger, are inffindively afraid on feparately, which would fwell this article to no purbeing placed on the brink of a precipice; and that pofe, let us liften to one of the fineft writers as well as this paffion contributes to their fafety long before ableft reafoners of the age, treating of the origin of they acquire, in any degree equal to their neceffities, benevolent affedion, “We may lay it down as the exercife of their rational powers. Deliberite principle (fays Dr Reidf), that all benevolent affecanger, caufed by a voluntary injury, is acknowledged tions are in their nature agreeable ; that it is cfiential to be in part founded on reafon and reflection ; but to them to deiire the good and happinefs of their obwhere anger impels one fuddenly tQ return a blow, jeds ; and that their objeds muff therefore be bungs even without thinking of doing mifehief, the paffion capable of happinefs. A thing may be de fired either is inflindive. In proof of this, it is observed, that on its own account, or as the means in order to fomeinftindive anger is frequently raifed by bodily pain, thing elfe. That only can properly be called an ok©cc aliened even by a fleck or a Hone, which initant y tomes an of rtomeut, that we are Violently jed of defire which is defired upon its own account;

matter of himfelf. That it was thus ufed by the Greeks and Romans, is evident from Cicero s rendering v»S«, the word by which the philofophers of Greece exorefled it; by perturbatio in Latin. In this fenfc ot S word, paffioi cannot be itfelf a ^ and Wependent principle of a ft ion ; but only an occafional deirce of vehemence given to thofe difpofitions, defires, and affcaions, which are at all times prefent to the mind of man ; and that this is its proper fenfe, we need no other proof than that paffion has always been conceived to bear analogy to a ftorm at fea or to a tempe t

INSTINCT)

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paflion. and tlierefore I confider as benevolent thofe affedions 1 only which defire the good of their objeft ultimately, and not as means in order to fomething elfe. To fay that we defire the good of others, only to procure fome pleafure or good to ourfelves, is to fay that there is no benevolent affection in human nature. This indeed has been the opinion of fome philofophers both in ancient and in later times. But it appears as unreafonable to refolve all benevolent affedtions into felUove, as it would be to refolve hunger and thirft into felf-love. Thefe appetites are neceffary for the prefervation of the individual* Benevolent affedtions are no lefs neceflary for the prefervation of fociety amonr men; without which maa would become an eafy prey to the beads of the field. The benevolent affections planted in human nature, appear therefo*e no lefs neceffary for the prefervation of the human fpecies than the appetites of hunger and thirft.” In a word, pity, gratitude, friendfhip, love, and patriotifm, are founded on different benevolent. affeCtions ; which our learned author holds to be original parts of the human conftitution. This reafoning has certainly great force ; and if authority could have any weight in fettling a queftion of this nature, we know not that name to which greater deference is due than the name of him from whom it is taken. Yet it muft be confeffed that the philofophers, who confider the affeftions and pafllons as early and deep-rooted affociations,fupport their opinion with very plaufible arguments. On their principles we have endeavoured elfewhere to account for the paffions of fear and love, (fee INSTINCT and LOVE); and we may here fafely deny the truth of what has been ftated refpefting fear, which feems to militate againft that account. We have attended with much folicitude to the actions of children ; and have no reafon to think that they feel terror on the brink of a precipice till they have been repeatedly warned of their danger in fuch fituations hy their parents or their keepers. Every perfon knows not only that they have no original or inftinCtive dread of fire, whrch is as dangerous to them as any precipice; but that it is extremely difficult to keep them from that deftruCtive element till they are either capable of weighing the force of arguments, or have repeatedly experienced the pain of being burnt by it. With refpeA to fudden refcntment, we cannot help confidering the argument, which is brought in proof of its being inftin&ive, as proving th* contrary in a very forcible manner. Inftinft is fome myfterious influence of God upon the mind exciting to actions of beneficial tendency ^ but can any benefit arife from wrecking our impotent vengeance on a flock or a (tone ? or is it fuppofable that a Being of infinite wifdom would excite us to actions fo extravagantly foolifh ? We learn from experience to defend ourfelves againft; rational or fenfible enemies by retaliating the injuries which they inflict upon us; and if we have been often injured in any particular manner, the idea of that injury becomes in time fo clofely affociated with the means by which it has been conftantly repelled, that wc never receive fuch an injur}—a blow for inftance—■without being prompted to make the ufual retaliatien, without reflecting whether the objedt be fenfible or infenfible. So far from being inftinCtive does refentroent appear to us* that

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we think an attentive obferver may eafily perceive Paflion.^ v how the feeds of it are gradually infufed into the ' youthful mind; when the child, from being at firft a timid creature fhrinking from every pain, learns by degrees to return blow for blow and threat for threat. But inftead of urging what appears to ourfelves of moft weight againft the inftindlive fyftem, we (hall lay before our readers a few extra&s from a differtation on the Origin of the Paffions by a writer whofe elegance of language and ingenuity of inveftigation do honour to the fchool of Hartley. When an infant is born (fays Dr Sayers*), there * Dl/quiftis every reafon to fuppofe that he is born without ideas. Thefe are rapidly communicated through the/,^arj? medium of the fenfes. The fame fenfes are alfo the means of conveying to him pleafure and pain. Thefe are the hinges on which the paffions turn : and till the child is acquainted with thefe fenfations, it would appear that no paffion could be formed in his mind ; for till he has felt pleafure and pain, how can he defire any objeCt, or whh for its removal ? How can he either love or hate ? Let us obferve then the manner in which love and hatred are formed; for on thefe paffions depend all the reft. When a child endures pain, and is able to detedl the caufe of it, the idea of pain is conneded in his mind with that of the thing which produced it; and if the objeCt which occafioned pain be again prefented to the child, the idea of pain affociated with it arifes alfo. This idea confequently urges the •child to avoid or to remove the objeft; and thus arifes the paffion of diflike or hatred. In the fame manner, the paffion of liking or love is readily formed in the mind of a child from the affociation of pleafant ideas with certain objeCts which produced them. “ The paffions of hope and fear are ftates of the mind depending upon the good or bad profpeds of gratifying love or hatred ; and joy oC forrow arifes from the final fuccefs or difappointment which attends the exertions produced by love or by hatred. Out of thefe psffions, which have all a perceptible relation to our own good, and are univerfally acknowledged to be felfifh, all our other paffions are formed.” To account for the paffions called difintcrejled, he obferves, that in the hiftory of the human mind we find many inftances of our dropping an intermediate idea, which has been the means of our connecting two other ideas together; and that the affociation of thefe two remains after the link which originally united them has vanhhed. Of this faCt the reader will find fufficient evidence in different articles of this work (See INSTINCT, n°i9, and METAPHYSICS, n° IGI ) : and, to apply it to the difinterefted paflions, let us fuppofe, with Dr Sayers, that any individual has done to us many offices of kindnefi, and has confequently much contributed to our happinefs; it is natural for us to feek with fome anxiety for the continuance of thoic pleafures which he is able to communicate. But we foon difeern, that the fureftway of obtaining the continuance of his friendly offices ia to make them, as much as poffible, a fource of pleafure to himfelf. We therefore do every thing in our power to promote hi« happinefs in return for the good he has conferred upon us, that thus we may attach him to us as much as we are able. Hitherto all is plainly felfifh. We have been evidently endeavouring, for the fake of our own future ■A a grati-

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PalTin. Piifiion. gratification, to promote the happin & of thta pr. fon : in their minds painful feelings, from the remembrance ^ ' but obferve the confequence. We have thus, by con- of what they have fuffered, an l the appreheniion of templating the advantage to be derived to ourfelvea their fuffering it agdn. We have feen a chil l a year from promoting the profperitY of our If tend, learned old highly entertained with the noife and niggles to afloci -te a fet of pleaf mt ideas with his happtnefs ; made by its elder brother when plunged naked into a but the link, which has united them gradually efcapes us, vfflfcl filled with cold water. This continued to be while the union itfelf remains. Continuing to adbci- the cafe for many days, till it was thought proper to ate pleafure with the well-being of our friend, we plunge the younger as well as the elder ; alter which endeavour to promote it for the i dee of his immediate the daily entertainment was foon at an end. 1 lie little gratification, without looking fntther; and in this creature had not been itfelf plunged aoove tu ice till way his happinefs, which was fird attended to only as it ceafecl to find diverfion in its brother's fuffcricu>s. a means of future enjoyment, finally becomes an end. On the third day it cried with all the fymptoms of the Thus then the paffion which was origiitally feliii'h, is bittereft anguifh upon feeing its brother plunged, at length difmterejhd; its gratification being com- though no preparation was then made for plunging pleted merely by its fuccefs in promoting the happi- itfelf : but furely this was rot difinterefted fympathy, but a feeling wholly felfifh, excited by the rememnefs of another.” In this way does our author account for the origin brance of what it had fuftered itfelf, and was appreof gratitude ; which at la ft becomes a habit, and flows henfive of fuffering again. In a fhort time, however, fpontaneouily towards every man who has either been the painful feelings accompanying the fight of its broor intended to be our benefactor. According to him, ther’s ftrugglts, and the form ! of his cries, were dou .tit is eafy to obferve alfo, that from adheiating plea- lels fo aflbeiated with tnat light aud that found, that fure with the happinefs of an individual when we pro- the appearance of the latter would have brought the cure it ourfelves, it mall of courfe foon follow, that we former along with them, even though the child might fhould experience pleafure from a view of his happi- have been no longer under appreheniion of a plunging nefs any way produced ; fuch happinefs raifing at all itfelf. This affectation, too, would foon be transferred times pleafant ideas when it is prefented to our minds. to every boy in the fame circumftances, and to limilar This is another feature of a difinterefted afftAion, to founds and ftruggles, from whatever caufe they might feel delight from the mere increafe of happinefs in the proceed. Thus, as Dr Hartley obferves “ when feveral § Obfers been fo plentifully flocked with them as entirely wife it cannot be expedled the ground fhould continue to defiroy the grafs; therefore it is one of the princi- to produce good crops. Befides this, it will be necefpal parts of hufbandry never to fuffer weeds to grow fary to change the feafons of mowing, and not to mow on the land. the fame ground every year, but to mow one Eafoa If the ground is rolled two or three times at proper and feed the next; for where the ground is every year difiances a*tcr the grafs is up, it will prefs down the mown, it muft be conftantly dreffed, as are moflof the gnfs, and caufe it to make a thicker bottom : for, as grafs grounds near London, otherwife the ground will the Dutch clover will put out roots from every joint be foon exhaufted. of the branches which are near the ground, fo', by PAT/EC I, in mythology, images of gods which preffing down of the fialks, the roots will mat fo clofely the Phoenicians carried on the prows of their gallics. together, as to form a fward fo thick as to cover the Herodotus, lib. iv. calls them roclaiKott The word is whole furface of the ground, and form a green carpet, Phoenician, and derived from pethlca, i. e. tltulus. See and will better refill the diought. For if we do but Bocchart’s Chanaan, lib. ii. cap. 3. But Scalfger does examine the common paftures in fummer, in moft of not agree. . Morin derives it from r.9>.x@q monkey, this which there are patches of this white honeyfuckle grafs animal having been an objeft of worfhip among the growing naturally, we fhali find thefe patches to be the Egyptians, and hence might have been honoured by only verdure remaining in the fields. And this, the their neighbours. Mr Eifner has obferved, that Hef rmers in general acknowledge, is the fweeteft feed for rodotus does not call the patEeci gods ; but that they all •forts of cattle ; yet never had any notion of propa- obtained this dignity from the liberality of Hefychius gating it by feeds, nor has this been long prailifed in and Sindas, and other ancient lexicographers, who Enghnd. place them at the Item of fhips ; whereas Herodotus As the white clover is an abiding plant, fo it is certainly the very bell fort to fow, where paftures are placed them at the prow. Scaliger, Bochart, and laid down to remain ; tor as the hay-feeds which are Selden, have taken fotne pains about this fubjed t.sken from toe bell paftures will be compofed of va- Mr Morin has alfo given us a learned diftertation ou rious forts of grafs, fome of which may be but annual this head in the Memo ires de l’Acad, des Infaipt. & and others biennial; fo, when thofe go off, there will Belles Lettres, tom. i. ; but Mr Eifner thinks it debe many and large patches of ground left bare and na- fedive in point of evidence. PATAGONIA, a country of South America, ked if there 1S not a fufSdent quantity of the white comprehending all that country extending from Chili VpL. XIV. Part I. ^ x and

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] PAT PAT [ 2^ the Patagonians, by people of different nation®, and Paragon?*, Paraguay ta the utraofl extremity of South Aon various occafions. We {hall infert the following let-' 0 ' merica ; that id, from 35 almoft to 54^ Utitu.k : beino- furroim^ed by the countries juft mentioned, ter from Mr Charles Clarke, who was on board Byron’s {hip in 1764, and gave this account to Dr Matthe South and North Seas, and the Straits of Magel- ty. l?n which feparate it from the ifland called Terra del “ We had not got above 10 or 12 leagues Into the J'ueco, and extend about 116 leagues in length from ftraits of Magellan, from the Atlantic Ocean, before fea to fea, but only from half a league to three or four we faw feveral people, fome on horfeback, fome on foot, in breadth. This country had the name of Terra Magellanica, upon the north ffiore (continent), and with the help of from Ferdinand Magellan, a Portugucfe officer in tne our glaffes could perceive them beckoning to us to fervice of the Catholic king, who is reported to have come on ffiore, and at the fame time obferved to each failed through the lira its that alfo bear his name, from other, that they feemed to be of an extraordinary fize : However, we continued to ftand on, and fhoul i the North to the South Sea, in the year 1519. The lofty mountains of the Amies, which are co- have palled without taking the haft farther notice of vered with fnovv a great part of the year, traverling the pf them, could we have proceeded ; but our breeze dycountry from north la fouth, the air is fatd to be much ing away, and the tide making againft us, we were colder than in the north under the fame parallels of obliged to anchor ; when the Commodore ordered his latitude. Towards the north, h is faid to be covered boat of 12 oars, and another ot fnf, to be hoified out, wftb wood, and ftored witb an inexhauftiole fund of manned and armed. In the firft went the Commolarge timber ; whereas, to the fouthward, not fo much dore, in the other Mr Cummins, our fit ft lieutenant, as a fingle tree ut for any mechanical purpofe is to be and tnyfelf. At our firft leaving the {hip, their numfeen : yet there is good pafture, and incredible numbers ber did not exceed 40; but as we approached the ffiore, oerceived them pouring down from all quarters, of wiM horned cattle end horfes, which were firft we forne galloping, others running, all making ufe of brought hither by the Spaniards, and have inereafed their utmoft expedition. They collected themfelves amazingly. Freffi water, we are told by fome writers, into a body juft at the place we ileered off for. When is very fcarce ; but if that were really the cafe, it is difficult to conceive how the prefent inhabitants and fuch we had got within 12 or 14 yards of the beacn, we multitudes of cattle could fubbft.. I he call coaft is found it a difagreeable flat flrore, with very large ft ones, which we apprehended would injure the boats moftly low land, with few or no good harbours : one of fo looked at two or three different places to find the the heft is Port St Julian. Patagonia is inhabited by a variety of Indian tribes; moft convenient for landing. They fuppofed we deferred coming on ihore through apprehenfions of danas the ‘Patagons, from which the country takes its ger from them ; upon which they all threw open the name ; the Pampas, the Coffares, &c. of whom we {kins which were over their fhoulders, which was the know very little. Only it appears, from the accounts of formervoyagers, lately confirmed by Commodore Byron only clothing they had, and confequently the only thing they could fecret any kind ot arms With, and and his crew, and the teftimonies of other navigators, many of them lay down elefe to the water’s edge.— that fome of them are of a gigantic ftature, and clo- The Commodore made a motion for them to go a thed with {kins ; but it would feem that there are little way from the water, that we might have room others who go almoft quite naked, notwithftanding the land, which they immediately complied with, and inclemency of the climate. Some of them alfo, that to withdrew 30 or 40 yards; we then landed, and formlive about the Straits, if we may credit the navigators ed each man with his mufket, in cafe any violence who have paffed that way into the South Sea, are per- fliould be offered. As foon as we were formed, the fect favages : but thofe with whom Commodore Byron Commodore went from us to them, then at about 23 and his people corverfed, are reprefented as of a more yards diftance : they feemed vaftly happy at'his going gentle, humane difpofition ; only, like other favages, among them, immediately gathered round him, and they live on fifh and game, and what the earth pro- made a rude kind of noife, which I believe was their duces fpontaneoully. The Spaniards once built a fort upon the Straits, method-of fingmg, as their countenances befpoke it a fpecies of jollity. The Commodore then made a. momid left a garrifon in it, to prevent any other European nation paffing that way into the South Sea: but tion to them to fit down, which they did in a circle,, with him in the middle, when Mr Byron took fome moil of the men perilhed by famine, whence the place beads and ribbons; which he had brought for that purobtained the name of Port Famine; and no people have pofe, and tied about the womens necks, with which attempted to plant colonies here ever fince. About the middle of the Strait is a promontory call- they feemed infinitely pkafed. We were ftruck with the greateft aftonifhment at the fight of people of fuch ed Cape Froifard, which is the moft foutherly on the a gigantic ftature, notwithftanding our previous nocontinent of South America. tice with glaffes from the {hip. Their body wus inOn the ccafts of Patagonia lie a great number of creafed, by the time we got in there, to the number of i{lands, or clufters of iflands. On the weft coufts are the iftands Maidre de Dios, Santa Frtnidud, Santa Cruz, 500, men, women, and children. ^The men and wothe ifles of the Chunians and Huillans, the Sarmientos, men both rid in the fame manner ; the women had a and many others ; to the number of fto in all, as fome kind of belt to clofe their {kins round the waift, which men had not, as theirs were only flung over their fay. Of thofe on the fouth coaft, the molt confi. the durable are Terra del FuegO) and Staten Land. See {boulders, and tied with two little flips, cut from the {kin, round the neck. At the time of the Commodore’sthefe articles. A vaft deal has been faid refpeaing the ftature of motion for them to retire farther up the beach, they &U ' *

PAT [ 27 } PAT f*ati*8rla. all difmciunted, and turned their horfes loofe, which That the whole of this account is true, we cannot Patagofti*. were gentle, and ftood very quietly. The Commodore afiert; but that the writer has been milled in fome rehaving difpofed of all his prefents, and fatrefied his cu- fpefts, and mifinformed with regard to fome of his riofity, thought proper to retire ; tut they were vaflly facts, is at le.iff probable: for Captain Wallis, who anxious to have him go up into the country to eat went out to the Straits of Magellan after Byron’s rewith them. That they wanted him to go with them turn, gives a different turn to many of the obfervato eat, we could very well underftand by their motion, tions; and with refpeA to the flature of the people, but their language was wholly unintelligible to us.'— he differs very materially. We fhall give the following There was a very great fmoke to which they pointed epitome of his remarks on what occurred to him—He about a mile from us, where there mult have been ie- had three (hips with him, which entered the Straits on veral fires; but fome intervening hills prevented our the 16th December 1766, and came loan anchor in a feeing any thing but the finoke. Tlh? Commodore bay fouth of Cape Virgin Mary, where they were imreturned the compliment, by inviting them on board mediately accoiled by a whole troop of Patagonians, the ihip ; but they would not favour him with their who made figns for them to come on fhore. The Capcompany ; fo we embarkeds and returned to the (hip. tain, having made previous difpofitions for the fecurity We were with them near two hours at noon-day, of his men in cafe of an attack, manned all the boats within a very few yards, the’ none had the honour of belonging t© the three (hips, and with a party of maIhakiTig hands but Mr Byron and Mr Cummins; rines landed on the beach where thofe giants had afhowever, we were near enough, and long enough with fembled. The commanders of the three (hips, and them, to convince our fenfes, fo far as not to be cavil- mo(t of their officers, were of this party. On their led out of the very exiftence cf thofe fenfes at that leaping afhore, the Indians feemed to welcome them ; time, which fome of our countrymen and friends would and beinf by figns defired to retreat, they all feil back, abfolutely attempt to do. They are of a copper co and made room for the marines to form. When they lour, with long black hair, and lome of them are cer were drawn up. Captain Wallis advanced, and by figns tainty nine feet, if they do not exceed it. The Com- dire&ed the Indians to feat thernfelves in a femicircle, modore, who is very near fix feet, could but jult reach which they readily underftood and obeyed. He then the top of one of their heads, which he attempted on diftributed among them knives, fciflars, buttons, beads, tip-toes, and there were feveral taller than him, on combs, and particularly ribbons, with wffiich he comwhom the experiment was tried. They are pro-iigi-* plimented the women, who received them with a mixous ftout, and *s well and as proportionally made as ture of pleafure and refpeft. He then gave them to ever 1 faw people in my life. That they have fome underfiand that he had dill more valua’ le articles to ,,, kind of arms among them, is, I think, indilpuuble, beftow', and (bowed them axes and bill-hooks ; but, at from their taking methods to convince us they had none the fame time, pointed to fome gaunicoes and oftriches, at that time about them. The women, 1 think, bear intimating that he expeded fome of thofe in return : much the fame proportion to the men as our Europeans but they either did not, or would not, underftand him; do; there was hardly a m-n there lefs than eight feet, fo that no traffic took place. moft of them confiderabiy more. The women, I beThe whole company thit were a (Tern bled on this lieve, run from feven and an half to eight feet.— occafion, had each a horfe, with a fadJle and bridle. Their horfes were (font and bony, but not remarkably The fuddle hnd a fort of ftirrups, and the bridle wras tall; they are, in my opinion, from 15 to 154- hands. made of thongs of leather very well put together, for They had a great number of dogs, about the lize of the purpofe of guiding the horfes. The women, as well a middling pointer, with a lox nofe. They continu as the men, rode altride. The men, in general, wore ed on the beach till we got under way, which was each a wooden fpur ; but one of them had a large two hours after we got on board. I believe they pair of Spaniih Ipurs, brafs ftirrups, and a Spanilh feihad fome expe&atiofis of our returning again ; but as mitar. Their horfes were nimble and fpinted, but foon as they faw us getting off, they betook themfelves fmall in proportion to their riders, feemingly not above to the country. 14 hands high. Their dogs Were of the Spanifh breed. “ The country of Patagonia is rather hilly, though T he Captain, having purpofely provided hitnfelf with 1 not remarkably fo. You have he ^ and there a ridge meafuring rods, found that the called man among them of hills, but no very high ones. We lay fome time at measured only fix feet fevui inches high ; fevtral were Port Defire, which is not a great way to the north- within an inch or two as tali ; but the ordinary iize was ward of the Straits, where we traverfed the country from five feet ten inches to fix feet. It is pity that many miles round. We found fire-brands in different none of our voyagers thought of meafuiing the whole places, which convinced us there had been people, and fize of one of thofe gigantic men. They tell us, inwe fuppofe them to have been the Patagonians The deed, that they are well made, that they are proporfoil is iandy, produces nothing but a coarfe harfh grafs, tionally large, and that they are robuft and bony ; an a few fmall fhrubs, of which Sir John Naborough but they give us no criterion to judge of their bulk, remarked, he could not find one of iize enough to nor one inllance of their extraordinary drength. As aruke be helve of a hatchet; which obfervation we they are reprefeilted not only peaceable, but remark,ound very juft. It was fome time in the winter we ably tra&able, fome trials might have been made of made tnis vifit to our gigantic frien is. I am debarred the weight they could have lifted, and how much they being fo particular as I could wifh, from the lofs of exceed in that rcfpt£b the Itrongeft man in the «ny journals, which were demanded by their Lurd^ could fhips. This, in a great meafure, would have determimips cf the Admiralty immediately upo« our re- ned the point, which is yet (eft doubttul by the diffeturn.” rent relations that are given by the different voyagers D 3 who

PAT PAT [ 28 ] Thefe people certainly drefs differently as well as Fatagoni*. who have feen thefe people, no two of them agreeing paint differently ; for the drefs deferibed by Bougainin the fame defcripdon. AH agree, however, that ville is very unlike the drefs eh thofe feen by the Engtheir hair is black, an 1 harfh like bnftles ; that they liih voyagers. Captain Wallis invited fome of them are of a dark-copper colour, and that their features aie rather handfomc than ugly ; that they clothe them- on board his fliip : but, among all the wonders that felves decently with the flans of gaumcoes ; that they were ftiown them, none feemed to attraft their notice paint themfelves varioufly ; and there is reafon to fuf- fa much as the looking-glaffes : they looked in the pett, that by that variety they diftingnifh their tribes. glaffes and at each other ; they laughed and gazed, Thofe feen by Commodore Byron were painted round and gazed again and laughed ; in ihort, there was no both eyes, no two of them alike ; thofe feen by Cap- end to their merriment wnen in poffefiion of this article tain Wallis had only a red circle round the left eye ; of curiofity. They eat whatever was given them, but and thofe feen by Bougainville had no circle round would drink nothing but water. In this they differ the eyes, but had their cheeks painted red. This from ail the tribes of Indians in North America, who may account for the different reports of voyagers con- are immoderately fond oi fpintuous liquors. 1 hey cerning their flature : it is not impofiible, nay, it is admired the European fheep, hog^, and poultry ; but very probable, that they may vary in thh particular, did not feem over-defirous of any thing they faw exaccording to their tribes ; as is feen in the Highlands cept clothes. When the marines were exercifed to enof Scotland, where one clan of the Campbells is re- tertain t-hemi they appeared difconcerted ; an o:d man markably tall, and another of the Frafers remarkably among them made figns, by linking his bread, ana fhort. Were it not for fome fuch natural difcnmina- tumbling down and lying as if he had been dead upon tion, there could not be fo wide a difference in the de- deck, that he knew the tfk£l of their guns ; and none feriptions o: gentlemen, who, having no ends to ferve of them feemed eafy t 11 the firing was over. Whencither in falfifying one another’s reports, or in impofing the Captain had fatisfied his own curiofity, and, as he upon the public, ounnot be fuppofed to nultaKe will- imagined, theirs, he gave them to underftand; that he was going to fail, and that they mult cepart; Wiiicti fully. , , One remarkable obfervation made by our voyagers they were very unwilling to do. Plowever, having muff not he omitted ; and that is, that though our given each of them a canvas bag, with fome neecdes people could diftinguifh but one word of their language, ready threaded, a knife, a pair of feiffars, a lew bead-,, which the Englifh pronounce cbewotv, and the French a comb, and a looking-glafs, he difmilfed them, with Jhawa, yet the Patagonians could icpeat whole fen- great reluftance on their part, particularly on that oi tencee aher our men more diflindtly than almoft any the old man’s, who by very fignificant figns exprtffed European foreigner of what nation foever. This ap- his defire to flay till funfet. PATAGONULA, in botany ; a genus of the mopears the more lingular, as, among the iflanders between nogynia order, and of the peatandria clafs of plants. the Tropics, it was hardly poffiblc to make them artiThe charatflers are thefe: the cup is an extremely culate any of our words. Sydney Farkinlon, in a fpefmall psrianthium, divided into five fegrnents, and recimen he has given us, fays, that though the Englifh remained at Gtaheitee three months, the neareft the mains after the flower is fallen ; the flower confifts of natives could approach the found of Cooke was Toote ; a Angle petal, with almoft no tube, the margin of Banks, Opane ;• Solander, Bolano; Gore, Towara; Monk- which is divided into five acute oval fegments; the haufe, Mata ; and fo of the reft : whereas the Patago- ftatnina are five filaments of the length of the flower-; niana prefently got by heart this fentence of invitation, the antherse Ample ; the germen of the piftil is oval Come afhore, Englijbmen ! which they fhowed they well and pointed ; the ftyle is ftender and Hightly bifid, its underftood, by repeating it afterwards whenever the ramifications are alfo bifid ; this is of the feime length with the llamina, and remains when the flower is fallen; fliips came fo near the fhore as to be within call. Another very remarkable particular is, that they the fti ;mata are fitnple ; the fruit is an oval and pointhad none of the charafters of a ferocious people; there ed capfule, Handing on a large cup, made up of five was no offenfive weapon among them, except the fei- long fegments emarginated or rimmed round their mitar already mentioned. The men, indeed, had a edges ; the feeds of this plant are yet unknown ; but kind of fling, which they ufe in hunting, confiding of the conftruftion of the cup, in which the captule Hands, two round flones of about a pound weight each, con- is alone a fufficicnt diftindion for this genus. There ne&ed together by a thong. Thefe ftones were fa- is but a Angle fpecies. PATAN, a kingdom of Afia, in the Eaft Indies, llened to the extremities of the thong; and, when and in the peninfula of Malacca, and on the eaftern they threw them, they held one ftone in the hand, and coaft between the kingdoms or Siam and Pana. i he fwimg the other about the head. “ They are fo ex- inhabitants are partly Mahometans and partly Gentoos; pert in the management of this double-headed fliot but they are all very voluptuous. The air is wholefome, (fays the writer of the voyage), that they will hit a though very hot ; and they have no feaions but tire mark not bigger than a fhilling with both thefe ftones winter and fummer. The former is more properly the at the diftance of fifteen yards; but their method of rainy fcafon ; and contains the months of November, availing themfelves of their dexterity againft the guanicoe and oftrich is, to fling the ftones fo as to entangle December, and January. 1 he woods are full of eletheir legs, by which means they are retarded in then phants and many wild animals. Some voyagers preflight, and eafily overtaken. Bougainville fpeaks of tend that this country is governed by a queen, wiio thefe flings as common among, other Indian nations in never marries, but may have as many gallants as five South America ; but we do not remember to have feen pleafes. They have fome trade with the Chinefe ; and' the principal town is of the fame name, which is oae this affertion confirmed by any other voyager.

PAT [ 29 ] PAT of the ftrongeft in thefe parts, having a well defended Columna diftinguiflies four forts of the lepas or lim- Patella, pets : /epas vulgaris, a fort very common at Naples, of -\r—" harbour. ?atcI a ‘ , Patan, a town of Afia, and capital of a province of an oval figure and afli-colour. Lepas major exotica, the fame name, in the dominions of the Great Moguls which comes from Spain, the fliell is hard, thick, and it is very little known. It. Long. 109. o. N. Lat. 27. 30. ribbed in angles, and the rim is denticulated. The PATAV1NL'TY, among Clitics, denotes a peculi- lepas agrea, or fylvejlris, which is a fmall fliell, irreguarity of Livy’s diclion; derived from Patavium or Pa- larly oval, of an alh colour, m rked with radii and dua, the place of his nativity ; but wherein this pata- zones crofling each other, and perforated at the top by an aperture which ferves the filh for a vent. And vinity confifts, they are by no means agreed. Afinius Pollio, according to Quintilian, taxed Livy the patella regalis, quia regis menfa fit rligna; this is of a with patavinity. But what he meant by this cenfure mother-of-pearl colour within, and is ribbed and perwe believe no man can fay. Morhof believes it to be forated in many places : thefe fhelis have been found a lingular turn of expreffiun, and Lme phrafes peculiar on the back of the fea tortoife, or turtle, and on a to the Paduefe. All we certainly know about it is, large pinna marina. The diftinguifhing mark or characthat it w .& a fault in the language of Livy, not in the teriftic of the lepas is 10 have but one convex fliell, which fentiments or manners. In all probability, it is one of adh eres by its rim to a rock, or fome other hard fubthofe delicacies that are loft in a dead language. Dan. ftance. There are 36 fpecies of this genus, which are Georg. MorKof published a treatife De Patavii.Uate !*:• principally diftinguifhed by peculiarities in their iheils. vtenn, ac Kiel, in 168 5, where he explains, very learned- Of tome of thefe ftiells we have given engravings in Piate CCCLXXXII. of which we add the following ly, the urbanity and peregrinity of the Latin tongue. PATAKA, (Livy, Mela) ; the capital of Lycia, defeription : The limpet marked x. has large yellow furrows to the eaft of ihe mouth of the river Xsnthus ; famous for a temple and oracle of Apollo, thence called Pa- and ridges from the centre to the circumference, which tareus, three fyllables on'y ; but Pataraus, (Horace). is indented; the eye is perfectly white, and fhaped Tor the fix winter months, Apollo gave anfwers at Pa- liked a nipple. That marked 2. is perfectly fmooth, but radiated tara ; and for the fix fummer at Delos, (Virgil, Servius): thefe are the Lycite Sortei of Virgil The town with brown ilreaks, and perforated in the fummit. Fig. 3. is ribbed, and indented at the circumfewas iituated in a peninfula, called Liaorum Cherfonefus, (Stephanus). Adfs xxi. 1. St Paul in his pafi'age rence ; its coat is fpotted with brown, in a zig-zag tiom Philippi to Jerufalem, came to Miletus, hence to form, and its eye is of a ruby colour. Fig. 4. is a fmall brown fheil, the ribs or ftriae of’ Coos, then to Rhodes, and from Rhodes to Patara ; * where having found a fhip that was bound for Phoeni- whicli are armed with fmall white points. I‘ig. 5. is ftriated with radii, reaching from the eye — cia, he went on board and arrived at Jerufalem, to be to the circumference, which are crofled by other at the feaft of Pentecoft. PATAVIUM (Tacitus, Strabo), a town of the breaks nearly parallel to the circumference ; it is of* Tranfpadana, fituated on the left or north bank of the the uiual colour, and its eye is perforated. Fig. 6. This is white, lliaped fomething like an Medoacus Minor; founded by Antenor the Trojan, (Mela, Virgil, Seneca); Patavini, the people, (Livy); hand-bell, and has within a protuberance fomewhat who himfelf was a native, and by Afinius Pollio char- refembling a clapper. Fig. 7. is a feven-fiJed limpet, divided at each angle ged with pauvinity. KowPadua, in the territory and to the weft of Venice. E. Long. 1 2. 15. N. Lat. 45. 30. by ridges from the fummit, which form a itar on a PATAY, ajown of France, in the province of Or- white ground, vai legated with black fpots. leannois, remarkable for the defeat of the Englifh in big. 8. is a fmall ribbed Ihcll, of a brown colour, 1429, and where Joan of Arc did wonders. E. Long. and rough; it. has a chamber, and a bcak-fafhioncd eye 1.43. N. Lat. 48. 5. placed at one of its extremities. PATE, in fortification, a kind of platform, refemFig. 9. is the fineil fliell of this fpecies : its fize, hling what is called an horfe's Jhoe. the fine mother-of-pearl colour on the inlide, and the PATEE, or Pattee, in heraldry, a crofs, fmall in beauty of its red fpots without, which have the ap‘ the centre, and widening to the extremities, which are pearance of toitoife-lheb, give it the pre-emience over very broad. all others. It is called the Tortoife jLll luckier. The wild limpet, or patella fera, is a name very imPATELLA, or Knee-pan, in anatomy. See there, n° 59. properly applied by Rondilitius and Aldrovand to the Patella, or Limpet, a genus of infers belong- cures marine, or concha veneris, which certainly is not of ing to the order of vermes teilacea ; the animal being the patella kind. of the fnail kind. The fhells are of that clafs which Patella, in the Hifiory of Infedls, a name given is called univalves; they have no contour, and are in by Lifter and other authors to a little hufk or ftielb, the form of little pointed cones. They are always at- found on the bark of the cherry, plum, rofe, and tached to feme hard body. Their fummit is fome- other trees, containing an animal within, and ufeful times acute, fometimes obtufe, flatted, turned back, in colouring. Thefe patellae are of the form of globes, or perforated. rl he rock or other hard body to which except when they adhere to the tree, and are for the they are always found adhering, ferves as a kind of moft part of a fhining cheftmt colour. The hufk itfecond or under fnell to preferve them from injury ; felf ftrikes a very fine crimfon colour on paper, and and for this reafon Aldrovandus and Rondelet have within it is found a white maggot which is of no vaclafled tnem among the bivalves; but in this error they lue : this, in time, hatches into a very fmall but beau* have not been followed by any other writer. Eabius tii'ul bee. The fize of this bee is about half that of an ant,. Fatan 3 II

PAT PAT T 30 ] deities: and frequently in the hands of princes, to Patemihs, Patella ant. They have a fting like bees, ani three fpots placed mark the facerdotal authority joined with the impe-' It Patera. in a triangle on the forehead, which are fuppofed to be rial, &c. eyes. They are of a block colour, and have a large round Hence F. Jouberi: obferves, that befide the patera, whitifh or pale yellow foot on the back. The upper pair of vvino-s are fhad«d and fpotted, but the under pair are there is frequently an altar upon which the patera feenvs clear. It might be worth while to try the ihells or hulks to be pouring its contents. The patera was of gold, filver, marble, brafs, glafs, in order to thfeover w hether thecolour they yield might not be ufcful. It is to be remarked, that the deepcit or earth ; and they ufed to inclofe it in urns with the coloured hulks afford the fined; and deeped purple : alhes of the deceafed, after it had ferved for the libathey mull be uted while the animal in them is in the tions of the wine and liquors at the funeral. The patera is an ornament in architecture, frequentmaggot form ; for when it is changed into the bee date the Ihell is dry and colourlefs. Lider, who fird ly feen in the Doric freeze, and the tympans of obferved thefe patellae, went fo far on comparing ar. hes ; and they are fometimes ufed by themfelves, to them with the common kermes, as to affert that they ornament a fpace ; and in this cafe it is common to were of the far^e nature with that produftion : but his hang a firing of hulks or drapery over them : fomeaccount of theii being the workmanlhip of a bee, to times they are much inriched with foliage, and have a 'preferve her young maggot in, is not agreeable to mafk or a head in the centre. PATERCULUS (Caius Velleius), an ancient Rothe true hi dory of the kermes ; for that is an infect man hiilorian, who flourilhed in the reign of Tiberius of a very peculiar kind. He has in other indances been too jultly cenfured for his p?edpit*ncy of judg- Caefar, was born in the year of Rome 735. His anceing of things, and perhaps has fallen into an error by flors were iliuftrkms for their merit and their offiHis grandfather efpoufed the party of Tibemeans of it here. It is very polfible that thefe patellae may be the fame fort ol animals with the kermes. but rius Nero, the emperor's father; but being old and then it produces its young within this fliell or hulk, infirm, and not able to accompany Nero when he rewhich is no other than the ikin of the body of the tired from Naples, he ran hiuvielf through with his mother animal ; but as there are many flics whole fword. His father was a foldier of rank, and fo was worms or maggots ate lodged in the bodies of other Paterculus hirnfelf. He was a military tribune when animals, it may be that this little bte may love to lay Caius Ccslar, a grandfen of Augufius, had an interview its egg in the body of the proper infedf, and the mag- with the king of the Parthians, in an ifland of the river got hatched from that egg may eat up the proper pro- Euphrates, in the year 753. lie commanded the ca geny, and, undergoing its own natural changes there, vahy in Germany under iT erms ; and accompanied blue out at length in form of the bee. This may that prince for nme years fuccefiively in all his expehave been the cafe in fome few which Dr Lifter ex- ditions. He received honourable rewards from him ; amined ; and he may have been milled by this to fup- but we do not find that he was preferred to any higher dignity than the praetorfhip. The praifes he bellows ■pofe it the natural change of the infed. PATENT, in general, denotes fomething that upon Sejanus give fome probability to the conjedlure, Hands open or expanded : thus a leaf is faii to be pa- that he was looked upon as a fru nd of this favourite, tent, when it Hands almolt at right angles with the and couftquently that he was involved in his ruin. His death h placed by Mr Dodwel! in the year of Rome dlalk. 784, when he was in his 50th year Patkxt, or Letters Patent. See Letter. He wrote an Abridgement of the Roman Hiftory in PATER NOSTER, the Lord's Prayer, fo called from two books, which is very curious. His purpofe was the two firfi words thereof in Latin. Nojier, ifLnds of Alia, in the Eaft Indian only to deduce things from the foundation of Rome to fea fo called becaufe of the great number of rocks, the time wherein he lived ; but he began his work with which failors have likened to the beads with which things previous to th.-t memorable era: for, though -the Papjfts tell their patcr-ngfter. They abound in corn the beginning of his firft book is wanting, we yet find in what remains of it, an account of many cities more and fruits, and are very populous. Pate*. Patmtus, was the name of the firft and prin- ancient than Rome. He promifed a larger hiftory; cipal perfon the co’hge of heralds called Feciales. Some and no doubt would h»vt exetuttd it well: for daring fay tee Pater Patratus was a conftant officer and per- his rm> tary expeditions he had feen, as he tells us, the petual chief of that body ; and others fuppofe him to provinces of l brace. Macedonia, Achaia, Afia Minor, have been a temporary minift.tr, elected upon account and other more eafterly regions ; efpecialiy upon the of making peace or denouncing war, which were both {bores of the Euxtne fea, which had furnifhed his mind with much entertaming and ufetul knowledge, in the done by him. See Feciales. PATERA, among antiquaries, a goblet o veffel Abridgement which we have, many particulars are relaufed by the Romans in their fa rifices ; wherein they ted tiiat arc nowhere elfe '« be found ; and this makes offered th ir tonfeerated meats to the go-T, and where- it the more valuable. The ftyle of Paterculus, though with they made libations. See Sacrifice and Liba- miferably ■iifguifed through the carelefintfs o tranf ribers, and unpolfible to be reltored to purhy for want tion The word is Latin, fornird from pateo, “ I am of manuscripts, is yet rminifefifty worthy of his a^e, which was the time of pure Latinity. The greateft open; quod patent, ‘‘btcauie it has a great aperture; in contradiftin&ion to bottles, &c. wh'ch have only ex. ellence of this 'hiftomn lies in his manner of comnarrow necks, or whofe aperture is lels than t ic body mending and blaming thofe he {peaks of; which he dots in the fineft term* and moft delicate expreffions. of the vtflel. On medals the pattra is ieen m the h« nL of itvcral He is, however, condemned, and indeed with the greatefi

PAT C : [i 1 PAT t^rruliis greatefi reafon, for his partiality to the houfeofAu- The chromatic genus, with its greater and Lifer ferni- Patkogno* U U8 anc or tones, either afeending or defending, is very proper inj):ac P th t'&' ^ ’ ^ ^ the moli.extravagant eulogies, . not only upon Tiberius, but even upon his favourite Se~ tor the pathetic; as is alfo an artful management of patj[!nce janus : whom, though a vile and cruel monder, Pater- difeords; with a variety of motions, now briik, now 1 - -t— x culus celebrates as one of the moft excellent perfons the languiihing, now fwift, now flow. Roman commonwealth had produced. Upfiua, though Niemventyt fper.ks of a mufieian at Venice who fo he praifes him in other refpe&s, yet cenfutes him moil excelled in the pathetic, that he was able to pby any Severely for his infincerity and partiality. “ Velleius of his auditors into diilraclion : he fays alfo, that the Paterculus (fays he) raifes my indignation : he repre- great means he made ufe of was the variety of mosents Sejanus as endowed with all good qualities. The tions, &c. * impudence of this hiftorian ! But we know that he was PATHOGNOMONIC, among phyficians, r.n apborn, and died, to the deftruftion of mankind. After I>ellfttion for a fymptom, or eoiKourfe of fymptoms, that many commendations, he concludes, that Livia was a are infeparable from a diitemper, and are found in that woman more refembling the gods than men: and as to only, and in no other. Tiberius, he thinks it a crime to fpeak otherwife of him PATHOLOGY, that part of medicine which exthan as of an immortal Jove. What fincere and honed plains the nsture of difeafes, their caufes and fympmind can bear this ? On the other hand, how artfully toms. See Medicine. does he everywhere conceal the great qualities of CaePATHOS, a Greek term, literally fignifying paffar Germanieu1) ! how obliquely does he ruin the repu- fion. tation of Agrippina and others, whom Tiberius was PATHROS, a city and canton of Egypt, of which thought to hate ! In faort, he is nothing hut a court- the prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel make mention ; prodicute. You will fay, perhaps, it was unf.fe to Jerem. xiiv. 1. 15. Ezek. xxix. 14. xxx. 14. We do fpeak the truth at thofe times: I grant it; but if he not very well know its fit nation, though Pliny and could not write the truth, he ought not to have writ- Ptolemy the geographer fpeak of it !>y the name of ten lies : none are called to account for Silence.” La Phaturis ; and it appears to have been in Upper Egypt. Motlie le Vayer has rruide a very juft remark upon this If.aiah (xii. 2.) calls it Pathros ; and L is the country cccafion : “ The fame fault (fays he) may be obferved of the Pathrulim, the pofterity of Mizraim, of whom in many others, who have written the hiftory of their Mofes fpeaks, Gen. x. 14. Ezekiel threatens therrv own times, with a delign to be published while they vrhh an entire ruin. The jews retired thither notlived.” withftanding the remonftrances of Jeremiah ; and the It is ftrange, that a work fo elegant and worthy to Lord fays by Ifaiah, that he will bring them back be preferved, and of which, by reafon of its ftiortnefs, from thence. copies might be fo eafily taken, ihould htve been fo PATIENCE, that calm and unruffled temper with near being loft. One rnsnufeript only has had the luck which a good man bears the evils of life, from a conto be found, as well of this author among the Latins viction that they ffre at leaft permitted, if not fent, by as of Hefychius among the Greeks : in which,.fays a the heft of Beings, who makes all things work togegreat critic of our own nation, “ TJie faults of the ther for good to thofe who love and fear him. feribes are found fo numerous, and the defc&s fo beThe evils by which life is embittered may be reduyond all redrefs, that notwithftanding the pains of the ced to thefe four : 1. Natural evils, or thofe to winch r learned and moft acute critics for tw o whole centuries, we are by nature fujijedl as men, and as perifltable thefe books ftill are, and are like to continue, a mere animals. The greateft of thefe are, the denth of thofe heap of errors.” No ancient author but Prifcian makes whom we love, and of ourfelves. 2. Thofe from which mention of Paterculus : the moderns have done him in- we might be exempted by a virtuous and prudent finitely more juftice, and have illuftrated him with notes conduct, but which are the infepareble confequeniea and commentaries. He was firft published, from the of imprudence or vice, which we fhall callpunifhments ; manufeript of Morbae, by Rhenanus, at Bafilin 1520: as intamy proceeding from fraud, poverty from prodigaafterwards by Lipfius at Leyden in 1581 ; then by lity, debility and difeafe from intemperance. 3. Thofe Gerard Vofiius in 1639; next by Boeclerusat Straiburg by which the fortitude of the good are exercifed ; fuch in 1642 ; then by Thyfius and others; and, hilly, by as the perfecutions raifed againil them by the wicked. Peter Butman at Leyden, 1719, is 8vo. To the Ox- To thefe may be added, 4. The oppofition againit ford edition in 1693, 8vo, were prefixed the J?armies which we mull perpetually ftruggle, arifing from the Velleiani of Mr Dodwell, which ihow deep learning and diverfity of fentiments, manners, and chara&ers of the a great knowledge of antiquity. perfons among whord we live. PA FH, in general, denotes the courfe or track markUnder all thefe evils patience is not only neceflary ed out or run over by a body in motion. but ufcful: it is neeeflary, becaufe the laws of nature For the path of the moon, &c. fee Astronomy, have made it a duty, and to murmur againft natural 3 360. events is to aftront providence ; it is ufeful, becaufe ic PATHE FIG, whatever relates to the paflions, or renders our fufferings lighter, fliorter, and Id's danthat is proper to excite or awake them. The word gerous. comes fiom the Gretk paffion ox emotion. See Is your reputation fullied by invidious calumnies ?• Passion. rejoice that your charatler cannot fuffer but by falfe Pathetic, m mufic, fomething very moving, ex- imputations. You are arraigned in a court of judipreflive, or p;»fIionate ; capable of exciting pity, com- cature, and are tmjuftly condemned : pallion has inpanion, anger, or other paffions. Thus we fpeak of fluenced both your profecutor and your judge, and you the pathetic ilyie, a pathetic figure, pathetic fong, &c. cannot forbear repining that you fuffer although in8 nocent,.

] r A r , . Pati erica pat [ ,r )Att!eni'e, poesnt. T>ut would it have been better thnt you maintain the dignity of their nature. To feel for !| fhould have buffered being guilty ? Would the greateft others, difpohs us to exercife the amiable virtue of Pit in. misfortune that can befal a virtuous man be to you a charity, which our religion indifpenfably requires., confolation ? The opulence of a vilL'-in* the eUvated It conflitutes that enlarged benevolence which phi{lation to which he is raifed, and the honours that lofophy inculcates, and which is indeed compreare paid to him, excite your jealoufy, and fill your hended in ChriHian charity. It is the privilege bofom with rcpinings and regret. What ! fay you, and the ornament of man; and the pain which it are riches, dignity, and power, referved for Inch caufes is abundantly recompenfed by that fvvect fenfawretches as this ? Ceafe tl ' fe groundlefs murmurs. Tf tion which ever accompanies the exercife of benethe poffeffions you regn t wore real benefits, they would ficence. To feel our own mifery with full force is not to be he taken from the wicked and transferred, to you. Whit would you fay of a fuccefsful hero, who, having deprecated. Affli&ion fifftens and improves the heart. delivered his country, fhould complain that his fervices Tears, to fpeak in the Hyle of figure, fertilize the foil were ill requited, bccaufe a few fugar plums were dif- in which the virtues grow. And it is the remark of tributed to fome children in his preftnee, ot which they one who underfiood human nature, that the faculties liad not offeied him a (hare ? Ridiculous as this would of the mind, as well as the feelings ot the heait, are . appear, your complaints are no better founded. His meliorated by adverfity. But in order to promote thefe ends, our fuffenngs the Lord of all no reward to confer on you but perifhmuff not be permitted to overwhelm us. We muff able riches and empty precarious honour ? It is fancy, not the reafon o! things, that makes orpofe the* with the arms of reafon and religion ; and life fo uneafy to us. It is not the place nor the con- to expreis the idea in the language of the philofopher, dition, but the mind alone, that can make any body as well as the poet, of Nature, every one, while he is compelled to feel his misfortunes like a man, fhould happy or miferable. _ x . He that vrdues himfelf unon confidence, not opinion, refolve alfo to bear them like a man.' RefignM in ev’ry Hate, never heeds reproaches. When wc are evil fpoken of, if we have not deferved it, we are never the worfe ; if With patience bear, with prudence puft, your fate ; we have, w’e fhould mend. By fuffering well our fortune we fubdue, Tiberius the Roman emperor, a* the beginning of Hy when Hie frowns, and when fine calls purfuc. his reign, a&ed in rooft things like a truly generous, PATIGUMO (a corruption of the words pate-de* good natured, and clement prince. All fhnderous reports, libels, and lampoons upon him and his admi- guimauvt) ; the name of a fort of pafte or cakes much niftration, he bore with extraordinary patience ; faying, ufed on the continent as an agreeable and ufeful “ That in a free ftatc the thoughts and tongues of remedy for catarrhal defluxions, and fupjiofcd by every man ought to be free:” and when the fenate Dr Percival to confift of gum-arabic combined with and the whites of eggs (fee the article Hunghr, would have proceeded again!! fome who had publifiled fugar p/7 l^> col. It) But we have been informed that the libels again!! him, he would not confent to it ; faying, “ We have not time enough to attend to fuch tufies. powdered fubHance of the marfhmallow is the chief if you once open a door to fuch informations, you will ingredient of the compofition. (Guy), profeffor of phyfic in the royal co!be able to do nothing tile ; for under tnat pretence l rrPATIN of P aris, was born in 1602. He made his way every man will revenge himfelf upon his enemies oy C e accufing them to you.” Being informed that one hau into the world merely by tne force of his genius, being at firi! correftor of a printing-houfe. He was a man fpoken detrafkingly of him : “ If he fpeaks ill of me, of great wit and erudition : he fpoke with the gravity lays ho, “ I will give him as good an account of my words and actions as I can ; and if th .t is not fufft- of a Stoic, but his expreffions were very fatirical. He •cient, I will fatisfy myfelf with having as bad an opi- hated bigotry, fuperhition, and knavery ; had an upnion of him as he has of me.” Ihus far even i ibe- right foul, and a well-difpofed heart. He was a mod tender father, courteous to every body, and poiite in rius may be an example to others. Men will have the fame veneration for a perfon that the high eft degree. He died in 1672, and did not fafftrs ariverfity without dejeblion, as for demohfhed owe his rei utation to any writings publiflied in his Retemples, the very ruins whereof are reverenced and time upon phyfic ; but his letters which appeared a ter his death have rendered his name very famous. He adored. , A virtuous and well-difpofed perfon, is like to good left a ion mentioned in the enfuing article. Pat in (Charles), who made a great figure in the metal; the more he is fired, the more lie is rtfinei. ; world, and excelled rn the knowledge of rTuurm. He the more he is oppofed. the more he is approved : aR wrong's an ay well try him and touch him, but cannot was born in Paris in 1633 » d made fo furpnfiug a proorefs, that he maintained thtfes in Greek and Laimprint in him any faife llamo. The man therefore who poffeffes this virtue (patience), tin,°on all parts of philofophy, in 1647. He fludied in this ample ftnfe of it, Hands upon an eminence, and the law in compliance to an uncle, and was admitted fees human things below him : the temped inde^» m,iy an advocate in the parliament of Paris ; but could not reach him ; but he Hands fecure and colletfcd again!! lay afide that of phyfic, for which he always had an it upon the balls of conlcious virtue, which tne feveiet! inclination. He therefore quitted the law, and devoted 1 forms can feldom fhake, and never ovcrtlirow'. ^ ^ himfelf to phyfic ; in which, after taking the doctor’s Patience, however, is by no means incompatib.e degree, he applied himfelf to praftice with great lucwith fenfibility, which, with all its inconveniences, cefi. He afterwards travelled into Germany, Holland, Switzerland, and Italy. In \6]6 he was ■is to be cLeriihed by thofe who underlland and wiin to England, * appointed

PAT PAT [ 33 ] Auguftus was foon after reduced to beg a peace of Patluri. appointed proft-nbr of phyfic in Padua ; and three v'"" years after was created a knight of St Mark. He died Charles at any rate ; and Charles granted it upon cerin that city in i 694. His works are many, and well tain conditions, one of which was, that be fhould deknown to the learned world. His wile too, and his liver up Patkul. This condition reduced Auguftus to a very diftrefsfiil dilemma : the Czar, at this very time, daughters, were authoreffes. PATKUL (John Reinhold), was 1 orn of a noble recLiimed Patkul as his ambaffador; and Charles defamily in Livonia, a northern province belonging to manded, with threats, that he fhould be put into his the crown of Sweden. The Livonians having been hands. Auguftus therefore contrived an expedient by ftript of their privileges, and great part of their eHates, which he hoped to fatisfy both: he fent fome guards by Charles XI. Patkul was deputed to make their to deliver Patkul, who was prifoner in the caftle of complaint; which he did with fuch eloquence and Konigftein, to the Swedifh troops; but by fccret orcourage, that the king, laying his hand upon his ders, privately difpatched, he commanded the governor Ihoulder, faid, ‘ You have fpoken for your country as to let him efcape. The governor, though he received this order in time, yet difappointed its intention by hi« a brave man fhould, and I efteem you for it.’ Charles, however, who added the bafenefs of hypo- villainy and his avarice. He knew Patkul to be very crify to the ferocity of a tyrant, was determined to rich ; and having it now in his power to fuffer him to punilh the zeal and honefty which he thought fit to efcape with impunity, he demanded of Patkul a large commend ; and a few days afterwards caufed Patkul fum for the favour: Patkul refufed to buy that liberty to be declared guilty of high treafon, and condemned which he made no doubt would be gratuitoufly reto die. Patkul, however, found means to efcape into ftored, in confequence of the Czar’s requifition and rePoland, where he continued till Charles was dead. He monftrance ; and, in the mean time, the Swedifh guards hoped that his fentence would have been then reverfed, arrived with the order for his being delivered up to as it had been declared unjuft even by the tyrant that them. By this party he was firft carried to Charles’s procured it: but being difappointed in this expecta- head quarters at Albranftadt, where he continued tion, he applied to Auguftus king of Poland, and fo- three mouths, bound to a flake with a heavy chain of licited him to attempt the conqueft af Livonia from iron. He was the^ conducted to Cafimir, where the Swedes; which, he faid, might be eafily effedted, Charles ordered him to be tried ; and he was by his as the people were ready to ftrake off their yoke, and judges found guilty. His fentence depended iqron the the king of Sweden was a child incapable of compel- king; and after having been kept a prifoner fome months, under a guard of Mayerfeldt’s regiment, unling their fubjedtion. Auguftus poffeffed himfelf of Livonia in confequence certain of his fate, he wa«, on the 8th of September ©f this propofal; and afterwards, when Charles XII. 1707, towards the evening, delivered into the cuftody entered the province to recover it, Patkul commanded of a regiment of dragoons, commanded by Colonel in the Saxon army againft him. Charles was victori- Nicholas Hielm. On tjre next day, the 29th, the coous ; and Patkul, fome time afterwards, being difgurt- lonel took the chaplain of his regiment afide, and telled at the haughty behaviour of General Fleming, Au- ing him that 1’atkul was to die the next day, ordered guftus’s favourite, entered into the fervice of the Czar, him to acquaint him with his fate, and prepare him for with whom Auguftus was in ftriCt alliance, and a little it. About this very time he was to have been married before Charles compelled Auguftus to abdicate the to a Saxos lady of great quality, virtue, and beauty ; a throne of Poland, and his fubjeCts to eleCt Staniftaus circumftance which renders his cafe ftill more affefting. in his ftead. The Czar fent Patkul, with the title of Whst followed in confequence of the colonel’s order his ambaflador, into Saxony, to prevail with Auguftus to the minifter (a) will be related in his own words. “ Immediately after evening fervice I went to his to meet him at Grodno, that they might confer on the ftate of their affairs. This conference took place ; and prifon, where I found him lying on his bed. The firft immediately afterwards the Czar went from Grodno compliments over, I entered upon the melancholy duty to quell a rebellion in Aftracan. As foon as the Czar of my profefiion, and turning to the officer who had was gone, Auguftus, to the furprife of all Europe, or- him in charge, told him the colonel’s orders were, dered Patkul, who was then at Drefdcn, to be feized that 1 fhould be alone with his prifoner. The officer as a ftate criminal. By this injurious and unprece- having withdrawn, Patkul grafping both my hands dented a&ion, Auguftus at once violated the law of in his, cried out with moft affe&ing anxiety and dinations, and weakened his own intereft ; for Patkul ftrefs, My dear paftor! what are you to declare? was not only an ambaffador, but an ambaffador from what am I to hear ? I bring you, replied I, the fame the only power that could afford him protection. The tidings that the prophet brought to king Hezekiah, caufe, however, was this: Patkul had difeovtred that Set thine boufe in order, for thou mujl die. To morrow by Auguftus’s minifters were to propofe a peace to Charles this time thou fhalt be no longer in the number of the upon any terms ; and had therefore formed a defign to living! At this terrible wirning he bowed himbe beforehand with them, and procure a feparate peace felf upon his bed, and burft into tears. I attempte i between Charles and his new mafter the Czar. The to comfort him, by fayffig that he mull, without all defign of Patkul was difeovered ; and, to prevent its doubt, have often meditated on this fubjeft : Yes, fuccefs, Auguftus ventured to feize his perfon, affuring cried he, I know, alas 1 too well, that we muft all the Czar that he was a traitor, and hacl betrayed them die ; but the death prepared for me will be cruel and both. infupportable. I affured him that the manner of hhi Vol. XIV. Part I. E deatk (a) The name of this clergyman was Lorens Hagar.

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PAT [ .H ] PAT Patfcu’. death was to me totally unknown; but, believing afliftance, andTntreated me, for the love of Go-'l, to bor« —*—> t^t he would be prep ared for it, I was fare his foul row whatever fum I-could. I procured him 400,000 would be received into the number of happy fpirits. crowns ; 50,000 of which, the very next day, he Here he rofe up, and folding his hands together, fquandtred on trinkets and jewels, which he gave in Merciful Jtfus ! let me then die the death of the pnfents to fome of his women. I told him plainly my righteous'! A little after, with his face inclined to tbe thoughts of the matter; and by my importunity prewall, where Hood his bed, he broke out into this fo- vailed, that the Jews fhould take back their toys, and liloquy : Auguftus ! O Auguftus, what mull be thy return the money they had been paid tor them. The lot one day ! Mufl. thou not anfwer for all the crimes ladies were enraged ; and he fwore that 1 fhou’d one thou haft committed ? He then obferved that he was time or other fuffer for what I had done : there indriven out from his country, by a fentence againft his deed he kept his word ■, would to God he had always life, pronounced for doing what the king himfelf en- done fo with thofe he employed !’ 1 now left him for courap-ea him to do, faying to him one day in terms a (hort time, and at ftven in the evening I returned ; of much kin ’.nefs, ‘ Patkul, maintain the rights of and the officer being retired, he acccfted me with a your country like a man of honour, and with all the fmiling air, and an appearance of much tranquillity, fpirit you are capable of,’ That flying into an ene- ‘ Welcome, dear fir, the weight that lay heavy on my my’s country was alfo unavoidable, as the country of heart is removed, and I already feel a fenftble change an ally would not have afforded him protection ; but wrought in my mind. I am ready to die : death is that he was in S.txony a wretched exile, not a coun- more eligible than the folitude of a long imprifonment. fellor or advifer ; that before his arrival every thing Would to heaven only that the kind of it were lefa was already planned, the alliance with Mufcovy figned, cruel. Can you, my dear fir, inform me in what maisand the meafures with Denmark agreed upon. * My ner I am to fuffer ? i anfwered, that it had not beeir inclination (faid he, after a paufe) were always to ferve communicated to me ; hut that I imagined it would Sweden, though the contrary opinion has prevailed, pafs over without noile, as only the colonel and myThe ele&or of Brandenburg owed his title of king of felf had notice of it. ‘ That (replied he) 1 efteem as 23rujfia to the fervices I did hhn; and when, in re- a favour ; but have you feen the ientence ? or muft f compenfe, he would have given me a confiderable fum die, without being either heard or condemned ? My of money, I thanked him, and reje&ed the offer; apprehenfions are of being put to intolerable tortures.* adding, that the reward 1 moll wilhed for was to re- 1 comforted him in the kindeft manner I could ; but gain the king of Sweden’s favour by his interceffion. he was his own beft comforter from the Word of God, This he promifed, and tried every poffible method to with which he was particularly acquainted ; quoting, fucceed, but without fuccefc. After this I laboured among many other paffages, th? following in Greek, fo much for the intereft of the lace emperor in his We mujl enter into the kingdom of heaven through many tri* Spanifh affairs, that I brought about what fcarce any halations. He then called for pen and ink, and inother man could have effected. The emperor as an treated me to write down what he fhould didate. I acknowledgment gave me an affignment for 50,000 did fo, as follows : crowns, which I humbly laid at his feet, and only im‘ Tefamentum, or my lajl avill as to the dfpofttion of plored his imperial majefty’s recommendation of me to my ejfetfs after my death.—i. His majefty King Aumy king’s favour : this requeft he immediately grant- guftus, having firit examined his confcience thoroughly, cd, and°pave bis orders accordingly, but in vain. Yet, will be fo juft as to pay back to my relations the fum not to lofe any opportunity, I went to Mofcow while he owes me ; which,, being liquidated, will amount to the Swedilh ambaffadors were at that court; but even 50,000 crowns; and as my relations are here in the the mediation of the C/.ar had no effed. After that ferviee of Sweden, that monarch will probably obtain I diftributed among the Swedilh prifoneis at Mofcow it for them.’ at leaft 100,000 crowns, to (how the ardent defire I “ At this he faid, let us flop here a little ; I will had, by all ways, to regain the favour of their fove- quickly return to finilh this will; but now let us adreign. Would to heaven I had been equally in earneft cirefs ourfelves to God by prayer. Prayers being endto obtain the grace of God.’—At thefe words another ed, ‘ Now (cried he) I find my felf jet better, yet in ffiower of tears fell from his eyes, and he remained a quieter frame of mind: Oh! were my death lefs for fome moments filent, and overwhelmed with grief, dreadful, with what pleafure would i expiate my guilt 3 ufed my beft endeavours to comfort him with the by embracing it!—Yes (cried he, after a paufeb I affurance that this grace would not be denied him, have friends in different places, who will weep over provided he fpent the few hours Hill left in earneftly my deplorable fate. What will the mother of the kingimploring it; Vor the door of heaven’s mercy was never of Pruffia fay ? What will be the grief of the Counted fnut, though’that of men might be cruelly fo 4 This Levolde who attends on her ? But what thoughts muft (replied he), this is my confolation ; for thou art God arife in the bofom of her to whom my faith is plighted ? and not man to be angry for ever.’ He then inveighed Unhappy woman 1 the news of my death will be fatal bitterly againft Auguftus, and reproached himfelf for to her peace of mind. My dear pallor, may I venhaving any conneaion with a wretch who was wholly ture to beg one favour ot you ?’ I affured him he deftitute of all faith and honour, an atheift, without might command every fervice in my power. ‘ Have piety, and without virtue. 4 While he was at War- the goodnefs then (faid he, preffing my hand), the faw (faid he), and heard the king was advancing to at- moment I am no more, to write—Alas ! how will you tack him, he found himfelf extremely diftreffed. He fet about it ? a letter to Madam Einfeidelern, the lady was abfolufely without money, and therefore obliged I am ptomifed to—Let her know that I die her’s ; to difmift fame of his troops. He had recourfe to my inform her fully of my unhappy fate! Send her n\y

P A T [ 35 1 PAT ■patkul. bft and eternal farewei' My death is in truth dif* join with me in prayer for this unhappy man. * Yes Parkid, graceful*} but my manner of meeting it will, I hope, (cried he), affift me all of you with your fupplications latinos. by heaven’s and your afliilance, render it holy and to heaven.’ Here the executioner gave him the firft blefied. This news will be her only confoiation. Add ftroke. His cries were terrible : ‘ O Jefus ! Jefus ! farther* dear S'r, that 1 thanked her with mv lateit have mercy upon me.’ This cruel feene was much 1 resth for the iincere affedfion flic bore me : May fhe lengthened out, and of the utmoft horror ; for as the live long and happy : Tim is my dying wilh ’—I gave headfman had no fkill in his bufinefs, the unhappy him my hand in promife that 1 would faithfully per- vidtim received upwards of 15 feveral blows, with each of which were intermixed the moft piteous groans and form all he defired. “ Afterwards he took up a book : ‘ This (faid he) invocations of the name of God. At length, after two is of my own writing. Keep it in remembrance of ftrokes given on the breaft, his ftrength and voice failme, and ra a proof of my true regard for religion. I ed him. In a faltering dying tone, he was juft heard could wifh it might have the good fortune to he pre- to fay, ‘ Cut off my head!’ and the executioner flit fentrd to the king, that he may be convinced with lingering, he himfelf placed his head on the fcaffold : what little foundation I have ^een accufed of atheifoi.’ After four ftrokes with an hatchet, the head was feTaking it from his hand, 1 afTured him that my colonel perated from t! e body, and the body quartered. Such would not fad to prefent it as foon asopportunityoffered. was the end of the renowned Patkul.” Charles XII. has been very generally and feverely “The reft of his time was employed in prayer, which ht went through with a very fervent devotion. On the cenfured for not pardoning him, and we are not in^cth of September I was again with him at four in clined to vindicate the fovereign. Yet it mull he rethe morning. The moment he heard me he arofe, membeted, that Patkul was guilty of a much greater and rendering thanks to God, aflured me he had not crime than that which drew upon him the difpleaftire fnpt fo foundiy for a long time. We went to prayers; of Chatles XI. He incited foreign powers to attack his and in truth his piety and devout frame of mind were country when under the government of ahoy, hoping, worthy of admiration. Ah,out fix he faid he would as he faid himftlf, that it would in fuch cireumftances begin his confeffion, before the din and clamour of the become an eafy conqueft. Ho was therefore a rebel people without could rife to difturb his thoughts. He of the worft kind ; and where is the abfolute monarch then kneeled down, and went through his confeflion that is ready to pardon fuch unnatural rebellion ? Let in a manner truly editying. The fun beginning to ap- it be remembered, too, that Charles, among whole pear above the horizon, he looked out of the window, faults no other inftance of cruelty has been numbered, faying, Salveffla dies! ‘ This is my wedding-day. I certainly thought that, in ordering the execution of looked, alas! for another, but this is the happier ; for Patkul, he was difebarging his duty. That monarch, to-day (hall my foul be introduced by her heavenly it is known, believed in the pr 1 fiibllity of difeovering bridegroom into the aflembly of the blefled!’ He then the philofopher’s ftone. Patku , when under fentence afktd me, whether I yet knew in what way' he was of death, contrived to impofe fo far upon the fenate at to die ? I anfwered, that I did not. He conjured me, Stockholm, as to perfuade them that he had, in their by the facred name of Jefus, not to forfake him ; for prefence, converted into gold a qu mtky of bafer methat he fhould find in my company fome confoiation tal. An account of this experiment was tranfmittel even in the midlt of tortures. Catting his eye on the to the king, accompanied with a petition to his mapaper that lay on the table, « This will (faid he) can jefty for the life of fo valuable a fubjedft ; but Charles, never be finiftiecld I afked him, whether he would blending magnanimity with his feverity, replied with put his name to what was already written ? ‘ No ( re- indignation, that he would not grant to intereft what plied he, with a deep hgh), I will write that hated he had refufed to the calls ol humanity and the intreaname no mote. My relations will find their account ties of friendlhip. in another place ; falute them from me.’ He then adPATMOS (anc. gcog.), one of the Spora ’es (Diodrefled himfclf again to God in prayer, and continued nyfius) ; 30 miles in compafs (Pliny ; concerning which his devotions till the lieutenant entered to condudlhim we read very little in authors. It was rendered famous to the coach. He wrapped himfelf up in his cloak, by the exde of St John and the Revelation ihowed him and went forward a great pace, guarded by too horfe- there. The greateft part of interpreters think that men. Being arrived ct the place of execution, we St John wrote them in the fame place during the two foend it furrounded by 300 foot foldiers ; but at the years of his exile ; but- others think that he did not fight of the flakes and wheels, his horror is not to be commit them to writing till after his return to Ephedeicribed. Clafping me in his arms, ‘ Beg of God (he fus. The ifland of Patmos is between the ifland of Icaexclaimed) that my foul may not he thrown into de- ria and the promontory of Miletus. Nothing lias done Ipair amulft thefe tortures! 1 comforted, I adjured it more honour than to have been the place of the bahim, to fix his thoughts on the death of Jefus Chrilt, nifhment of St John. It is now called Patino, or Pac» who for our fins was nailed to a crofs. lino, or Pat mol, or Pahnofa. Its circuit is five and ‘‘ Being now on the fpot where he was to fuffer, twenty or thirty miles. It has a city called Pathe bid the executioner to do his duty well, and put mos, with a harbour, and forne monafteries of Greek into his hands fome money which he got ready for monks. It is at prefent in the hands of the Turks. that purpofe. He then ftretched hirrdelf out upon It is confiderable for its harbours ; but the inhabitants the wheel ; and while they were ftripping him naked, derive little benefit from them, becaufe the corfairs he begged me to pray that God would have mercy have obliged them to quit the town and retire to a hill on him, and bear u-p his foul in agony. I did fo; and on which St John’s convent ftands. This convent is a turning to all the fpettators, faid to them, 15rethren} citadel cocfifting of feveval irregular towers, and is a E 2 fub-

PAT [ pat The nate, reduced to extreme poverty, and almoft abanfuhftantial building feated on a very ft«ep rock, whole illand is very barren, _ and without wood; doned. Auguftus Caefar reunited the fcattered citihowever, it abounds with partridges, rabbits, quails, zens, and made it a Roman colony, fettling a portion turtles, pigeons, and fnipes. Ail their corn does of the troops which obtained th« viftory of A&ium, with other inhabitants from the adjacent places. Panot amount to 1000 barrels in a year. In the irs reflourifhed and enjoyed dominion over Naupadfus, whole ifland there are fcarce 300 men : but there are above 20 women to one man, who expert that CEanthda, and feveral cities of Achaia. In the time all ft rangers who land in the ifland fhculd carry of Paufanias, Patrx was adorned with temples and porfeme of them away. To ihe memory of St John is an ticoes, a theatre, and an odeum which was fuperior to hermitage on the fide of a mountain, where there is a any in Greece but that of Atticus Herodes at Athens. chapel not above eight paces long and five broad. In the lower part of the city was a temple of Bacchus Over head they fhow a chink in the rock, through YEfymnetes, in which was an image preferved in a which they pretend that the Holy Ghoft dilated to cheft, and conveyed, it was faid, from I roy by Eurypylus; who, on opening it, became difordered in his St John. E. Long. 26. 84. N. Lat. 37. 24^ PATNA, a town of Afia, in the dominions of the fenfes. By the port were temples; and by the fea, Great Mogul, to the north of the kingdom of Bengal, one of Ceres, with a pleafant grove and a prophetic where the Englifh have fadfories for faltpetre, borax, fountain of unerring veracity in determining the event and raw filk. It is the capital of the province of Ba- of any illnefs. After fupplicating the goddefs with har, a dependency of Bengal, in the empire of Indo- incenfe, the lick perfon appeared, dead or living, in a Han, fituated in a pleafant country, 400 miles eaft of mirror fufpended fo as to touch the furface of the waIn the citadel of Patrae was a temple of Diana Agra. It extends feven miles in length on the banks ter. Laphria, with her ftatue in the habit of a huntrefs of of the Ganges, and is about half a mile in breadth.— ivory and gold, given by Auguftus Ccgfar when he Mr Rtnnel gives ftrong reafons for fuppofing it to be the ancient Palibothra. The town is large and laid wafte Calydon and the cities of TEtolia to people populous, but the houfes are built at a diftance from Nicopolis. The Patrenfians honoured her with a yearly feftival, which is deferibed by Paufanias who was a each other. E. Long. 85. 40. N. Lat. 45. 25. PATOMACK, a large river of North America, in fpedtator. They formed a circle round the altar with Virginia, which rifes in the Alleghany mountains, fe- pieces of green wood, each 16 cubits long, and w’ithin dry fuel. The folemnity began with a molt parates Virginia from Maryland, and falls into Chefn- heaped magnificent proceflion, which was clofed by the virginpeak bay. It is about feven miles broad, and is naprieitefs in a chariot drawn by (tags. On the followvigable for near 200 miles. PATONCE, in heraldry, is a crofs, flory at the ing day, the city and private perfons offered at the alends; from which it difters only in this, that the ends, tar fruits, and birds, and all kinds of vidtims, wildflags, deer, young wolves, and beafts full grown ; inftead of turning down like a fleur-de-lis, are extend- boats, after which the fire was kindled. He relates, that a ed fomewhat in the pattee form. See Plory. PATRyE, a city of Achaia. This place was vifit- bear and another animal forced a way through the fence, but were recondufted to the pile. It was not ed by Dr Chandler, who gives the following account remembered that any wound had ever been received at of it' It has been often attacked by enemies, taken, this ceremony, though the fpedtacle and facrifice were and pillaged. It is a confiderable town, at a diftance dangerous as favage-. The number of women at. from the fea, fituated on the fide of a hill, which has as Patrae was double that of the men They were em^ its fummit crowned with a ruinous caftle. This made ployed chiefly in a manufa&ure of flax which grew in, a brave defence in 1447 againft Sultan Moral, and Elis, weaving garments, and attire for the head.” held out until the peace was concluded, which firit PATRANA, or Pastrana, a town of New Carendeied the Morea tributary to the Turks. A dry ftile in Spain, with the title of a duchy. It is feated flat before it was once the port, which has been cho- between the rivers Tajo and Tajuna, in W. Long. ked with mud. It has now, as in the time of Strabo, 45. N. Lat. 40. 26. only an indifferent road for veflels. Ihe houfe of Ni- 2. PATRAS, an ancient and flourifhing town of Eucholas Piiul, Efq; the Englilh conful, flood on part of ropean Turkey, in the Morea, capital of a duchy, with the wall either of the theatre or the odeum. By a a Greek archbifhop’s fee. It is pretty large and pofountain was a fragment of a Latin infeription. e pulous ; and the Jews, who arc one-third part of the faw alfo a large marble bull much defaced ; and the inhabitants, have four fynagogues. d here are feventl french conful fhowed us a colleftion of medals. We handfome mofques and Greek churches. The Jews found nothing remarkable in the citadel. It is a place carry on a great trade in filk, leather, honey, wax, of fome trade, and is inhabited by Jews as well as by and cheefe. There are cyprefs trees of a prodigious Turks and Greeks. The latter have feveral churches. height, and excellent pomegranates, citrons, and oranOne is dedicated to St Andrew the apoftle, who fut- ges. It has been feveral times taken and retaken, and fered martyrdom there, and is of great fandity. It it is juft now in the hands of the Turks. It is feated had been recently repaired. The file by.the fea is in E. Long. 21. 45. N. Lat. 38. 17. fuppofed that of the temple of Ceres. By it is a founPATRICA, a town of Italy, in the territory of the tain. The air is bad, and the country round about church, and in the Campagaa of Rome, towards the over-run with the low fhrub called glycyrrhiva or lifea-coaft, and eight miles eaft of Oftia. About a quorice.” Of its ancient ftate, the fame author fpeaks thus . mile from this place is a hill called Monte de Liyano, « Patrae affifted the iEtolians when invaded by the which fame have thought ta be the ancient Lavinium founded by PAXRES Ga.ul$ under Brennus; but sfterwurda was unfbrtu-

PAT [ 37 1 PAT bable that the patriarchs were of the Aaronic or Le- Patriarchy T»atre*, PATRES cons«ripti. See Conscript and Sevitical race; the tribe of Judah being at that time too ' Patriarch. natOr. » ' PATRIARCH, Patriarcha, one ©f thofe firft much deprelfed, and too obnoxious to the Romans to fathers who lived towards the beginning of the world, be able to alfume any external power. But of whatand who became famous by their long lines ofdefcend- ever tribe they were, their authority came to be very ants. Abraham, Ifaac, and Jacob, and his twelve confiderable. Their principal bufinefs was to in{lru£t fons, are the patriarchs of the Old Teftament; Seth, the people ; and for this purpofe they inftituted fchools in feveral cities. And having gained great reputation Enoch, &c. were antediluvian patriarchs, The authority of patriarchal government exifted in for their extraordinary learning, zeal, and piety, they the fathers of families, and their firft-born after them, might, in time, not only bring a great concourfe of othv r cxercifing all kinds of ecclefiaftical and civil authority Jews from other parts, as from Egypt and other weftin their refpeftive houfeholds ; and to this govern- ern provinces of their difperfion, but likewife prove the ment, which lafted till the time of the Ifraelites dwell meansoftheirpatriarchal authority's being acknowledging in Egypt, fome have afcribed an abfolute and de- ed there. From them they ventured at length to levy a fpotic power, extending even to the pur.ifhment by kind of tribute, in order to defray the charges of their death. In proof of this, is produced the curfe pro- dignity, and-of the officers (a) under them, whofe bunounced by Noah upon Canaan (Gtn. ix. 25.); but it linefs it was to carry their orders and. decifions through mull be obferved, that in this affair Noah feems to have the other provinces of their difperfion, and to fee them a£ted rather as a prophet than a patriarch. Another puE&tially executed by ©11, tint fome ffiadowof union inftanceof fuppofed defpotie power is Abraham’s turn- at leaft might be kept up among the weftern Jews. ing Hagar and Iflunael out of his family (Gen. xxi. 9, They likewife nominated thedo&ors who were to pre&c.); but this can hardly be thought to Jurnifh evidence fide over taeir fchools and academies; and thefe were of any lingular authority veiled in the patriarchs, as in procefs of time ftylcd chiefs and princes, in ©rder to fuch, and peculiar to thofe ages. The third inftanee raife the credit of that dignity, or to imply the great brought forward to the fame purpofe is that of Jacob’s regard which their difciples were to pay to them. Thefe denouncing a curfe upon Simeon and Levi (Gen. xlix. chiefs became at length rivals of the patriarchs ; and 7.), which is maintained by others to be an inftance of fome of them pofTeffed both dignities at once; an ufurprophetic infpiration more than of patriarchal power. pation which caufed not only great confufion amongft The fourth inftance is that of Judah with regard to them, but oftentimes very violent and bloody contefts. Tamar (Gen. xxxviii. 24.) ; with regard to which it is However, as the Jewifti Rabbies have trumped up a remarked, that Jacob, the father of Judah, was ft ill much older era for this patriarchal dignity, and have living; that Tamar was not one of his own family ; given us a fucceffion of them down to the fifth cenand that Ihe had been guilty of adultery, the punilh- tury, in which it was abolifned, it will not be amifs to ment of which was death by burning ; and that Judah give our readers the fubftance of what they have written of the rife and progrefs of this order of men; and at ©ITthis occalion might fpeak only as a profecutor. On the whole, however, it is difficult to lay which the fame time to ffiow them the abfurdity and falfehoei of thefe opinions are molt agreeable to truth. Men of that pittended fucceffion to this imaginary dignity. who believe the origin of civil government, and the According to them, the firft patriarch was Hillel,. obligation to obedience, to arife from a fuppofed 01 i- furnamed the Babylonian, becaufe he was ftnt for from ginal contradl, either real or implie'd, will be naturally thence to Jerufalem about 100 years before the ruin led to weaken the authority of the patriarchs : and of their capital, or 30 years before the birth of Chrift, thofe again who efteem government to be a divine in- to decide a difpute about the keeping of Eafter, which llitution, will be as apt to raife that authority to the on that year fell out on the Sabbath-day ; and it was higheft pitch that either reafon or feripture will per- on account of his wife decifion that he was raifed to mit them. It cannot be denied, that authority exifted that dignity, which continued in his family till the in fathers, and defeended to their firH-born, in the ftrft faid fifth century. He was likewife looked upon as a ages of the world ; and it is neither unnatural nor im- fecond Mofes, beeaufe he lived like him years in obprobable to imagine, that the idea of hereditary power feurity, 40 more in great reputation for learning and and hereditary honours was firft taken from this cir- fandity, and 40 more in poffiffion of this patriarchal cumftance. But whether authority has defeended dignity. They make him little inferior to that lawthrough father and fon in this way to our times, is a giver in other of hi* excellencies, as well as in the groat circumftance that cannot in one inftance be aflertgd, authority he gained over the whole Jewiffi nation. The and can be denied in a thoufind. The real fource of wonder will be, how Herod the Great, who was fo the dignity and of the authority of modern times jealous of his own power, coulcj fuffer a ftranger to be feems to have been, Ikill in the art of war, and fuccefs raifed to fuch a height of it, barely for having decided in the conduct of conquefts. a difpute which mutt in all likelihood have been adJenvi/h Patriarch, a dignity, refpefting the origin judged by others long before that time. of which there are a variety of opinions. The learned However, Hillel was fucceeded by his fon Simeon, authors of the Univerfal Hiltory think, that the firft whom many Chriftians pretend to have been the veneappearance and inftitution of thofe patriarchs happened rable old perfon of that name, who received the diatader Ncrva the fucceffbr of Domitian. It feems pro- vine infant in his arms. The Jews give him but a very* (a) Thefe were called Jpoftoli or Legqti.i.

PAT PAT [38 1 patriarch, very obfcure patriarchate ; though the authors above people fo regretted hi# death, that an order was given, Patriarch, 1 v ' quoted make him, moreover, chrcf of the fanhedrim ; in Head of 10 bumpers of wine, which were ufualiy at the funeral of a faint, to drink f 3 at his, on and Epiyhanius fays, that the prieftly tribe hated him drank account of his martyrdom. Thefe bumpers were in fo much lor giving fo ample a tellimony to the divine child, that they denied him common burial. But it time multiplied, they tell us, to fuch ftiameful height, is hardly credible that St Luke fhould have fo care- that the fanhedrim was forced to make fome new relefsly palfed over his two-fold dignity, if he had been gulations to prevent that abufe. Thefe are the patriarchs which, the Rabbies tell us, realb' pofTclTed of them, and have given him no higher preceded the deftru&ion of the temple } and we need title than that of a juft and devout man. He was fucceeded by Jochanan, not in right of de- no farther confutation of this pretended dignity, than fcent, but of his extraordinary merit, which the Rah- the filence of the facred hiftorians, who not only make hies, according to cuftom, have raifed to fo furprifing not the lead mention of it, but affure us all along that a height, that, according to them, if the whole heavens they were the high-priefts who prefi xed in the fanhewere paper, all the trees in the world pens, and all the drim ; and before whom all cafes relating to the Jewifh men writers, they would not fuffice to pen down all religion were brought and decided. It was the highhis lelfons. He enjoyed his dignity but two years, prieft who examined and condemned our Saviour; that according to fome, or five according to others : and condemned St Stephen ; that forbad the apoftles to was the perfon who, obferving the gates of the temple preach in Chrift s name ; and who fat as judge on the to open of their own accord, cried out, “ O temple, great apoftle at the head of that fupreme court. The temple ! why art thou thus moved ! We know that fame may be urged from Jofephus, who mull needs thou art to be deftroyed, feeing Zechariah hath fore- have known and mentioned this pretended dignity, if told it, faying, ‘ Open thy gates, O Lebanus, and let any fuch there had been ; and yetis fo far from taking the flames confume thy cedats.” Upon this he is fur- the leaft nobce of it, that, like the evangelifts, he plather reported to have complimented Vefpalian, or ra- ces the pontiffs alone at the head of all the Jewifti afther, as fome have correfted the ftory, Titus, with the fairs ; and names the high-prieft A nanus as having the title of ling, affuring him that it was a royal perfon care and direftion of the war againft the Romans ; — who was to deftroy that edifice ; on which account which is an evident proof that there were then no fuch they pretend that general gave him. leave to remove patriarchs in being. To all this let us add, that if there had been any the fanhedrim to Japhne. The Jewilh writers add, that he likewife crefted an fuch remarkable fuccefiion, the 1 almudifts would have academy there, which fubfifted till the death of Aki- preferved it to future ages ; whereas, neither they, nor ba ; and was likewife the feat of the patriarch ; and any of the ancient authors of the Jewifh church, make confifted of 300 fchools, or clafies of fcholars. Ano- any mention of it ; but only tome ot their dodftors, ther he ere&ed at Lydda, not far from Japhne, and who have written a conliderable time after them, as of where the Chriftians have buried their famed St writers to whom little credit can be given in points of George. He lived 120 years, and being afleed, what this nature; tfpecially as there are fuch unfur mounthe had done to prolong his life ? he gave this wife an- able contradictions between them, as no authors eifwer ; I never made water nearer a houfe of prayer than ther Jewifh or Chriftian have, with all their pains, been four cubits : I never difguifed my name : I have taken hitherto able to reconcile. Their fuccefiion, according to the generality of care to celebrate all feftivals : and my mother hath thofe rabbies, Hands as follows : even fold my head ornaments to buy wine enough to 1. Hillel the Babylonian. 2. Simeon the fon of make me merry on fuch days ; and left me at her Hillel. 3. Gamaliel the fon of Simeon. 4. Simedeath 300 hogfheads of it, to fandlify the Sabbath. on II. the fon of Gamaliel 5. Gamaliel II. the fon The deftors that flourifhed in his time were no lefs cenliderable, both for their number and chara&er; of Simeon II. 6. Simeon III. the fon of Gamaliel II. particularly the famed Rabbi Chanina, of whom the 7. Judah the fon of Simeon III. 8. Gamaliel III. Bath Col was heard to fay, that the world was pre- the fon of Judah. 9. Judah II. the fon of Gamaliel ferved for the fake of him ; and R. Nicodemus, whom III. 10. Hillel II. fon of Judah II. 11. Judah III. of Hillel II. 12 Hillel III. fon of Judah III. they pretend to have flopped the courfe of the fun, like fon 13. Gamaliel IV. fon ot Hilkl ill. another Joftnta. According to Gants i /.emach David, who hath He was fucceedcd by Gamaliel, a -man, according them to 10, they are, to them, of unfufferable pride ; and yet of fo univer- reduced 1. Hillel the Babylonian. 2. Simeon the fon of fal authority over all the Jews, not only in the weft, Hiliel. 3. Rabb Gamaliel Rebona. 4. R. Simeon but over the whole world, that the very monarch# luffered his laws to be obeyed in their dominions, not the fon of Gamaliel. 5. Rabban Gamaliel his fon. one of them offering to obftrua the execution of them. 6. R. Jehudah the prince. 7. Hillel the prince, his In his days flourilhed Samuel the Lefn, who compofed fon. 8. Rabban Gamaliel the Old. 9. Simeon III. a prayer full of the bittcreft curfes againft heretics, to. R. Judah, Nafii or prince. On the v/hoie, it cannot be doubted but that their 1 y which they mean the Chriftians ; and which are tirft life was rn Nerva’s time, however much Jewith Bill in ufe to this day. Gamaliel was no lets an enepride may have prompted them to ialfily, and to affert my to them ; and yet both have been challenged, the former as the celebrated matter ot our great apollie, their origin to have been rnpve ancient than it really was. Nor have the Jews been faithful in giving an account the other as his dife pie in his unconverted ftate. Simon II. his fon and fucceffbr, was the firll mar- of the authority of thefe men. They have exaggeraof tvr who died during the ficg£ of Jerufalem. ihe ted their power beyond all bounds, for the purpofe repelling

PAT t 30 f PAT Fatrfarchi. repelling the arguments of Chriftians: for their power not appear that the dignity of patriarch was appro- Patriarchs; J 'r~—J ^ was certainly more fhowy than fubftantial. In time, pn'ated to the 6ve grand fees of Rome, Conftantinople, however, they certainly impofed upon the people { Alexandria, Antioch* and Jerufalem, till after the and what power they did pofiefs (which the Romans council of Chaleedon in 451 ; for when the council of only allowed to be in religious mntters, or in fuch as Nice regulated the limits and prerogatives of the three were connected with religion i they exerciied with great patriarchs of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, it did rigour. Their pecuniary demands, in particular, be- not give them the title of patriarchs, though it allowed came very exorbitant; and was the caule ot their fup- them the pre-eminence and privileges thereof; thua when the council of Conflantinople adjudged the fepreflion in the year 429. Patriarchs, among Chriftians, are ecclefiaftic l cond place to the biPnop of ConlUntinople, who till dignitaries, or bifhops, fo called from their paternal then was only a fuffragan of Heraclea, it laid nothing authority in the church. The power of patriarchs was of the patriarchate. Nor is the term patriarch found not the fame in all, but differed according to the dif- in the decree of the council of Chalcedou, whereby ferent cuftoms ofcountries, or the pleafurea of kings and the fifth place is affigned to the biftfop of Jcrufalem ; councils. Thus the patriarch of Conftantinople grew nor did thefc five patriarchs govern all the churches. There were befides many independent chiefs of dioto be a patriarch over the patriarchs of Ephefus and Caefarea, and was called the acumtnical and vmrerful cefes, who, far from owning the jurifdidlion of the patriarch; and the patriarch of Alexandria had fome grand patriarchs, called themfelves patriarchs ; fuch as prerogatives which no other patriarch but himfelf en- tht.t of Aqnileia ; nor was Carthage ever fubjeft to the joyed, fuch as the right of confecrating and appro- patriarch of Alexandria. Molheim * imagines that the * Ecckf. vo ving every fingle bifhop under his jurifdi&ion. bifhops, who enjoyed a certain degree of pre-eminence *’ lg4 The patriarchate has been ever efleemed the fupreme over the reft of their order, were diilinguifhcd by the ' dignity in the church : the bifhop had only under him Jtwiih title of patriarchs in the fourth century. The the territory of the city of which he w as bifhop ; the authority of the patriarchs gradually increafed, till, metropolitan fuperintended a province, and had for about the clofe of the fifth century, all affairs of moment fuffragans the bifhops of his province ; the primate was within the compafs of their patriarchate came before the chief of w'hat was then called Tcdmefe^K)^ and had them, either at firtl hand or by appeals from the metrofeveral metropolitans under him ; and the patriarch had politans. They confecraied bifhops; affembled yearly under him feveral diocefes, compoiing one exarchate, in council the clergy of their refpeftive diftridts; proand the primates themfelves were under him. nounced a decifive judgment in thofe cafes where acUfher, Pagi, De Marca, and Morinus, attribute the cufations were brought againfl bifhopj; and appointed eftablifhment of the grand patriarchates to the apoflles vicars or deputies, clothed with their authority, for themfelves; who, in their opinion, according to the the prefervation of order and tranquillity in the remoter defcription of the world then given by geographers, provinces. In fhort, nothing was done whthout conpitched on the three principal cities in the three parts iulting them; and their decrees were executed with the of the known world; viz. Rome in Europe, Antioch lame regularity and refpedt as thofe of the princes. in Afia, and Alexandria in Africa: and thus formed It deferves to be remarked, however, that the authoa trinity of patriarchs. Others maintain that the'name rity of the patriarchs was not acknowdedged through patriarch was unknown at the time of the council all the provinces without exception. Several dilhids, of Nice ; and that for a long time afterwards patriarchs both in the eaftern and weftern empires, were exempted and primates were confounded together, as being all from their jurifdi&ion. The Latin church had no patriequally chiefs of diocefes, and equ. l!y fuperior to me- archs till the fixth century ; and the churches of Gau', tropolitans, who were only chiefs of provinces. Hence Britain, &c. were never iubjed to the authority of the Socrates gives the title patriarch to all the chiefs of patriarch of Rome, whofe authority only extended to the diocefes, and reckons ten of them. Indeed, it dees fuburbicary provinces. There was no primacy, no cx1 archate (a) The wordediocefe was then of very different import from what it bears . is now. Under the article Episcopacy, opacy, it was o Terved, that the firft founders of churches regulated their exl extent and the jurifdi&ion of their bifhops by the divifions of the Roman empire into civil jurifdiaions. One of thefe divifions was into provinces and diocefes. A province comprifed the cities of a whole region fubje&ed 10 the authority of one chief magiftrate, who refided in the metropolis or chief city of the province. A diocefe was a ftill larger diftrict, comprehending within it feveral provinces, fubjed to the controul of a chief magiftrate, whofe refidence wan 1 thc n etr0p c i of the dl0ctfe " J , |!l * The jurifdidion of the bifhops of the Chriftian church was eftablifhed upon this model.1 Ibe authority of a private bifhop extended only over the city in which he refided, together with the adjacent villages and furrounding tra& ot country. This diftrift was called xugoty.icty though it compreman y Parifhe8 jn the modern fenfe of that word. Under Arcadius and Honorius the empire was divided into thirteen diocefes; 1. The Oriental diocefe, containing fifteen provinces; 2. The diocefe of Tgyptj fix provinces; 3. The Afiatic diocefe, ten provinces; 4. The Pontic diocefe, ten provinces 1 c. The diocefe of f brace, fix provinces ; 6. The diocefe of Macedonia, fix provinces ; 7. The diocefe of Becia, five provinces ; o. J he Italic diocefe, feventeen provinces; 9. The dtocefe of Illyncum, fix provinces; 10. The thocefe of Africa, provinces ; 11. The Spanifh diocefe, feven provinces ; 12. The Gallican diocefe, feveneen province, , 13. ie Britannic diocefe, five provinces. Each of thefe provinces comprehended many sKpouji.j anion. lib. differ fed more cattle about the country than they had ■viii. p. 57° ginius, had feveral wars to fuftam, lefs dangerous tlian and Rdlin's trou{ lefome, againft the ^Equi, Volfci, and Veientes. done before. The Fabii being apprized that the Jiom. Hijl ^ a to t^e ;ncur{ion8 of the laft, it would plains were covered v/ith flocks and neids, a^d defendV 1 ‘ have been nectffary to have eftablifhed a good garrifon ed by only a very fmall number of troops, they quitted upon their frontiers to keep them in awe. But the their fort, leaving in it only a fufficient number to commonwealth, exhaufted of money, and menaced by guard it. The hopes of a great booty quickened their abundance of other enemies, was not in a condition to march. They arrived at the place in order of battle ; provide for fo many different cares and expences. The and were preparing to attack the advanced guard of family of the Fabii (bowed a generofity and love cf the enemy, when the latter, who had their orders, fled their country that has been the admiration of all ages. without (laying till they were charged. The Fabii, They applied to the fenate, and by the mouth of toe believing themfelves fecure, feized the (hepherds, and conful demanded as a favour that they would be pleafed were preparing to drive away tne cattle. I he Hei.ruto transfer the care and expences of the garrifon ne- rians then quitted their ikulking places, and fell upon ceffary to oppofe the enterprizes of the Veientes to the Romans from all fides, who were moft of them difptrfed in pur fait of their prey. All they could do their houfe, which required an affiduous rather than a numerous body, promifing to fupport with dignity was to rally immediately ; and that they could not without great difficulty. They foon (aw themthe honour of the Roman name in that poll. Every effecl feives furrouaded on all (ides, and fought like lions, body was charmed with fo noble and unheard-of an felling their lives very dear. But finding that they could offer; and it was accepted with great acknowledgment. fuftain this kind of combat long, they drew up in a The news fpread over the whole city, and nothing was "not wedge, and advancing with the utmoft fury and impetalked of but the Fabii. Every body praifed, every body admired and extolled them to the Ikies. “ If tuofity, opened themlelves a paffage through the enemy there were two more fuch families in Rome, laid they, that led to the fide of the mountain. When they thither, they halted, and fought with freffi cou« the one might take upon them the war againft the came racre, the enemy leaving them no time to rtfpjre. As Volfci, and the other againft the JEqui, whilft the commonwealth remained quiet, and the forces of par- they were upon the higher ground, they defended themfelvea with advantage, notwithftanding their fmall ticulars fubdued the neighbouring dates. Early the next day the Fabii fet out, with the con- number; and beating down the enemy, who fpared no ftfl at their head, robed, and with his infignia. Never p ins in the attack, they made a great (laughter of was there fo fmall, and at the fame time fo illuftrious, them. But the Veientes having gained the top of the an army feen ; for which we have the authority of' mountain by taking a compals, fell fuddenly upon and galled them exceedingly from above with a Livy. Three hundred and fix foldiers, all patricians, them, continual (hower of darts. I he Fabu defended themand of the fame family, of whom not one but might to their laft breath, and were all killed to a man. be judged worthy ©f commanding an army, march felves againft the Veii full of courage and alacrity, under a The Roman people were highly affe&ed with the lofs captain of their own name, Fabius. Fhey were fol- of this illuftrious hand o': patriots. The day of their lowed by a body of their friends and clients, animated defeat was ranked amongft their unfortunate days, called nefaft, on which the tribunals were (hut up, and by the fame fpirit and zeal, and aftuated oaly by no public affair could be negociated, or at leaft congreat and noble views. The whole city (locked to fee cluded. The memory of thefe public fpirited patrifo fine a fight; ptaifed thore generous foldiers in the cians, who had fo generoufly facriiiced their lives and higheft terms; and promifed them confufthips, tri- fortunes for the fervice of the (late, could not be too umphs, and the moft glorious rewards. As they honoured. . paffed before the capitol and the other temples, every much PATRIPASSIANS, patripassiani, m churchbody implored the gods to take them into their proteftion ; to favour their departure and undertaking, hiftory, a Chriftian fed, who appeared about the latand to afford them a fpeedy and happy return. But ter end of the fecond century ; fo called, from their thefe prayers were not heard. When they arrived aferibing the paffion to the Father; for they afferted all dinear the river Crimera* which is not far from \ eiij the unity* of God in fuch a manner as to deftroy fhnaiors

PAT F 45 ] PAT ipatroclus, ftlndlions of p^rfons, and to make tlie Father and Son to prevent diforders, or any number of people from Patu nugC, ’ l precifely the iame ; in which they were followed by affembling together: they are to fee the lights in the L ’""'v the Sabellians and others. The author and head of foldi-rs barracks put out, and to take up all the foldiers the Patripafii '.ns was Praxeas, a philofopher of Phrygia they find out at their quarters. Sometimes patrols in Alia. Swredenbourg and his followers feem to hold con fill of an officer and 30 or 40 men, as well infantry as cavalry ; hut then the enemy is generally near at the fame faith. PATROCLUS, a Grecian chief at the Trojan hand, and confequently the danger greater. PATRON, among the Ro nans, was an appellation war. He was the fon of Mencctius, by Sthenele, given to a matter who had freed his fl ‘.ve. As foon as whom feme call Philomela or Polymela. i he murder of Clyfonymus, the fon of Amphidamaa, by accident, the relation of maflcr expired, that of patron began: in the time of his youth, made him fly from Opus, for the Romans, in giving their flaves tneir freedom, where his father reigned. He went to the court of did net defpoil themiclves of all rights and privileges Peleus king of Phthia. He was cordially received, and in them; the law fiill ihbjcdted them to coufidciaUe contra&ed the moll intimate friendfliip with Achilles fervices and duties towards their patron*, tire neglect the king’s fon. When the Greeks went to the Trojan of which was very ieverely punifned. Patron was alfo a name which the people of Rome war, Patroclus went with them at the exprefs defire of his father, who had viiited the court of Peleus ; and he gave to fome great man, under whofe protection they accordingly embarked with ten fhips from Phthia. He ufually put themlelves ; paying him all kinds of honour was the conftant companion of Achilles ; lodged in the and refpeift, and denominating themfetves his clients; fame tent; and when he refufed to appear in the field while the patron, on his lide, granted them his credit of battle, becaufe he had been offended by Agamemnon, and oroteCtion. They were therefore mutually attachPatroclus imitated his example, and by his abfence ed and mutually obliged to each other; a.;d by this was the caufe of much evil to the Greeks. At lafi, means, in confequence of reciprocal ties, all thofe fedihowever, Neflor prevailed upon him to return to the tions, jealoufies, and animofitks, which are fo.netimes war, and Achilles permitted him to appear in his ar- the effect of a difference of rank, were prudently mour. The bravery of Patroclus, together with the avoided : for it was the duty ot the patron to advife terror which the fight of the arms of Achilles infpired, his clients in points of law, to manage their fuics, to foon routed the victorious armies of the Trojans, and take care of them as of his own children, and fecure obliged them to fly to the city for fafety. He would their peace and happinefs. The diems were to aflift have broken down the walls ; but Apollo, who inte- their patrons with money on feveral occalions ; to ranveiled himfelf for the Trojans, oppofed him ; and Hec- fom them or their children when taken in war; to tor, at the inftigation of that god, difmounted from contribute to the portions of their daughters ; and to his chariot to attack him as he attempted to (Irip one defray, in part, the charges of their public employcf the Trojans whom he had llain. ’Phis engagement ments. They were never to accufe each other, or take was obliinate ; but Patroclus was at length over- contrary fides ; and if either of them was convidled of powered by the valour of Hedtor, and the interpofition having violated this law, the crime was equal to that of Apollo. His arms became the property of the ot treafon, and. any one was allowed to kill the offenconqueror; and Hedfor would have fevered his head der with impunity. This patronage was a tie as effecfrom his body had not Ajax and Menelaus prevented tual as any confanguinity or alliance, and had a wonit. His body w. s at lad recovered, and carried to the derful effect towards maintaining union and concord Grecian camp, tvhere Achilles received it with the among the people for the fpace of 600 years; during loudett lamentations. His funerals were obferved with wdiich time we find no difftnfions nor jealoufies bethe greatefl folcmnity. Achilles facrificed near the tween the patrons and their clients, even in the times burning pile twelve young Trojans, four of his horfes, of the republic when the populace frequently mutinied ?.nd two of his dogs ; and the whole was concluded by againff thofe who were moil powerful in the city. the exhibition of funeral games, in which the conquePatron, in the church of Rome, a faint whofe rors were liberally rewarded by Achilles. The death name a perfon bears, or under whofe prote&ion he is of Patroclus, as deferibed by Plomcr, gave rife to new put, and whom he takes particular care to invoke; or events. Achilles forgot his refentment againft Aga- a faint in whofe name a church or order is founded. memnon, and entered the field to avenge the fall of Patron, in the canon or common law, is a perhis friend ; and his anger was gratified only by the fon who, having the advowfon of a parfonage, vicaflaughier of Heflor, who had mere powerfully kindled rage, or the like fpiricual promotion, belonging to his his wrath by appearing at the head of the Trojan armies manor, hath on that account the gift and diipofition in the armour which had been taken from the body of of the benefice, and may prefent to it whenever it bePatroclus. The patronymic of Addorides is often appli- comes vacant. The patron’s right of difpofing of a ed to P?,trocluF, fcecaufe A£lor was father to Menoetius. benefice originally arifes either from the patron ©r PA i ROL, in war, a round or march made by the his anceftors, &e. being the founders or builders of guards or watch in the night time, to obferve what the church ; from their having given lands for the pafles in the ftreets, and to fecure the peace and tran- maintenaace thereof; or from the church’s being quillity of s city or camp. The patrol generally cen- built on their ground ; and frequently from all three filts of a body ot five or fix men, detached from a body together. on guard, and commanded by a ferjeaot. PATRONAGE, or Aovowson, a fort of incor1 hey go every hour of the night, from the beating poreal hereditament, confiding in the right of prefeaof the tattoo until the reveille: they are co walk in the tation to a church or ecckfiaftical benefice. Ad-Greets in garrifons, and all over the camp in the field, votvfon, advocation fignifiea in client dam recipere, the taking

PAT PAT [ 46 1 'Patn™''*'*. talcing into protection ; an 1 therefore is fynonymous who was at liberty to examine and refufe him : but Pafrony. nne ' with patronage, patronaius: and he who has the right where the clerk was already in orders, the living was , ufually veiled in him by the foie donation of the paTUaclponc's °f advowfon is called the patron oj the church.. 1'or Commeuta- when lords of manors firll built churches on their own tron ; till about the middle of the rath century, when ■rim. deatefnes, and appointed the tithes of thofe manors to the p^pe and his bifhops endeavoured to introduce a be paid to the officiating minifters, which before were kind of feudal dominion over ecclefiaftical benefices, given to the clergy in common (from whence arofe the and, in confeqnence of that, began to claim and exerdivifion of parifhes), the lord who thus built a church, cife the right of inftitution univerfally, as a fpecies of and endowed it with glebe or land, had of common fpiritual inveftiture. However this may be, if, as the law now ftands, right a power annexed of nominating fuch minifter as he pleafed (provided he were canonically qualified) to the true patron once waves this privilege of donation, officiate in that church, of which he was the founder, and prefents to the bifhop, and his clerk is admitted and inftituted, the advowfon is now become for ever endower, maintainer, or, in one word, the patron. Advowfons are either advowfons appendant, or ad- prefentative, and fhnll never be donative any more. vowfons in grofs. Lords of manors being original.y For thefe exceptions to general rules and common the only founders, and of eourfe the only patrons, of right are ever looked upon by the hw in an unchurches, the right of patronage or prefentation, io favourable view, and conllrued as ftriclly as pollible. long as it continues annexed to the poffieffion of the If ihcrefote the patron, in whom fuch peculiar right manor, as feme have done from the foundation of the refides, does on e give up that right, the law, which church to this day, is c died an advewfon appendant: lov‘9 uniformity, will interpret it to be done with an and it will pafs, or be conveyed, together with the intention of giving it up for ever; and will therefore livings. manor, as incident and appendant thereto, by a grant reduce it to the ftandard of other ecclefiaftical J of the manor only, without adding any other words. Set further, Law, Part III. Se£t. v. N clix. 5 —10. /}rms of P.itronagf., in heraldry, are thofe on the But where the property of the advowfon has been top of which are fome marks of fubjedlion and depenonce leparated from the property of the manor ! y legal conveyance, it is called an advoufon ingrofs, or at large, dence : thus the city of Paris lately bore the fleurs-de-lis and never can be appendant any more ; but it is for in chief, to (how her fubjedftion to the king : and the the future annexed to the perfon of its owner, and not car finals, on the top of their arms, bear thofe of the pope, who gave them the hat, to fhow that they are to his manor or lands. Advowfons are alfo either prefentative, ccllativey or his leatures. PATRONYMIC, among grammarians, is applied donative. An advowfon prefentative, is where the patron hath a right of prefentation to the biffiop or to fuch names of men or women as are derived from ordinuy, and moreover to den.and of him to inftitute thofe of parents or anceftors. Patronymics are derived, 1. From the father; as ln> clerk if he finds him canonically qualified : and this is the mod ufual advowfon. An advowfon colla- Pelides, e. Achilles the fon of Pcieus. 2. From tive, is where the biffiop and patron are one and the the mother ; as Philyrides, i. e. Chiron the fon of fame perfon : in which cafe the biffiop cannot prefent Philyra. 3. From the grandfather on the father’s to himfelf; but he does, by the one a& of collation, fide ; as iEacides, i. e. Achilles the grandfon of /Eaor conferring the benefice, the whole that is done in cus. 4. From the grandfather by the mother’s fide ; common cafes, by both prefentation and inftitution. as Atlantiades, i. e. Mercury the grandfon of Atlas. An advowfon donative, is when the king, or any fub» And, 5. From the kings and founders of nations ; as jedl by his licence, doth found a church or chapel, Romulidae, i. e. the Romans, from their founder king and ordains that it fiiall be merely in the gift or dif- Romulus. The termination of Greek and Latin patronymics pofal of the patron ; fubjeft to his vifitation only, and are chiefly four, viz. des, of which we have examples not to that of the ordinary ; and veiled abfolutely in ; as, as Thaumantias, /. e. Iris the daughter of the clerk by the patron’s deed of donation, without above Thaumas ; is, as Atlantis, /. e. Eleclra the daughter prefentation, inftitution, or induaion. I his is faid to have been anciently the only way of conferring of Atlas ; and ne, as Nerine, the daughter of Nereusecclefiaftical benefices in England ; the method’ of in- Of thefe terminations des is mafeuline ; and as, is, and ftitution by the bifhop not being eftabliffied more tie, feminine : des and ne are ot the firft declenfion, as is of the thirdearly than the time of Archbiffiop Bccket in the andThe Ruffians, in their ufual mode of add refs, never reign of Henry II. and therefore, though pope Alex- prefix any title or appellation of refpeft to their names; under III. in a letter to Beckct, feverely inveighs perfons of all ranks, even thofe of the firft diftinca gain ft the prava confuetudo, as he calls it, of invefti- but tion, call each other by their Chriftian names, to ture conferred by the patron only, this however (hows which they add a patronymic. Thefe patronymics what was then the common ufage. Others contend are formed in fome cafes by adding Vitch (the fame that the claim of the bithops to inftitution is. as old as our Fitz, as Fitzherbert, or the fon of Herbert) as the firft planting of Chriftianity in this ifland ; to the Chriftian name of the father; in others by Of and in proof of it they allege a letter from the Eng- or Ef; the former is applied only to perfons of condiliffi nobility to the pope in the reign of Henry the tion, the latter to thofe of inferior rank. I hus, third, recorded by Matthew Pans, which fpeaks. of Ivan Ivanovitch, Ivan Ivanof,is Ivan the fon of Ivan; prefentation to the bifhop as a thing immemorial. The truth feems to be, that, where the benefice was Peter Alexievi ch, Peter Alexeof, Peter the fon of to be conferred on a mete layman, he was firft pre- Alexey. The female patronymic is Efua or Ofna, as Sophia feoted to the bifhop in order to receive ordinatioiij Alex-

PAT T 47 ] P A U Patros Alexeefna, or Sophia the daughter of Alexey; Maria which children have to a parent; and his government, Pattan$, 11 though fevere, partakes more of the rigid difeipline of Ivanofna, or Maria the daughter of Ivan. Pattans. Great families are alfo in general diftinguilhed by a general than the caprice of a defpot. Rude, like a furname, as thofe of Romanof, Galitzin, Shereme- the face of their country, and fierce and wild as the tof, &c. ftorms which cover their mountains, they are addicPATROS, mentioned by Jeremiah and Ezekiel, ted to incurfions and depredations, and delight in appears from the context to be meant of a part of E- battle and plunder. United firmly to their friends in gypt. Bocchart thinks it denotes the Higher Egypt: war, to their enemies faithlefs and cruel, they place the Septuagint trandate it the country of Pathure; in julliee in force, and conceal treachery under the name Pliny we have the Nemos Phaturites in the Thebais ; in of addrefs.” Ptolemy, Pathyris, probably the metropolis. From the The empire, which took its rife from the revolt of Hebrew appellation Patros comes the gentilitious name the Pattans, under a fuccefiion of warlike princes rofe to a furprifing magnitude. In the beginning of the Pathrti/im, Mofes. PATRU (Oliver), a counfellor in parliament^ and nth century, it extended from Ilpahan to Bengal, dean of the French academy, was Lorn at Paris in and from the mouths of the Indus t« the banks of the 1604. He had an excellent faculty both of fpeaking Jaxertes, which comprehends at lead half of the conand writing. Upon his admiffion into the French tinent ol Alia. I hey had fled to the mountains on academy in 1640, he made an oration of thanks, that the borders of Perfia, that they might tfcape the gave rife to the cultom of admifl'ory fpeeches, which fword, or avoid fubmitting to the conquerors of Inare Ifill in ufe in that fociety. Mr de Vaugilas owns dia ; and there they formed their ftate, which the Mohimfelf much indebted to him for his afiiftance in com- guls were never able thoroughly to fubdue. Indeed pofmg his remarks on the French tongue, of which they fometimes exercifed depredations on the adja* he was by far the greateft matter in France 5 fo that cent countries ; nor was it pofiible for the Moguls eihe was confulted as an oracle by all the belt writers of ther to prevent it or to extirpate them. They were that nation. fenfible that the climate and foil of the delicious plains Patru was eftimable for the qualities of his heart, would only ferve to rob them of that hardinefs they as well as for thofe ‘of the head : was honert, generous, contra&ed in the hills to which they were confined ; fmcere ; and preferved a gaynefs of character, which they, thetefore, for a long time gave no indications of no ill-fortune could alter or affeft. For this famous a defire to exchange them for more pleafing abodes, or advocate, in fpite of all his great talents, lived almolt a more accefiible fituation. This enabled them to in a ftate of indigence. The love of the belles lettres brave the victorious army of Nadir Shah, whofe troops made him negledt the law ; and the barren glory of they quietly fuffered to penetrate into Hindoltan, and being an oracle to the belt French writers had more waited his return with the fpoils of that country charms for him, than all the profits of the bar. Hence They then harafled his army in the ftraits and defiles he became fo poor, as to he reduced to the neeeflity of the mountains, and proved themfelves inch abfolute of felling his books, which feemed dearer to him than mafters of the pafles, that they forced him to purchafe his life ; and would adtually have fold them for an from them his paffage into Perfia. under-price, if Boileau had not generoully advanced In the beginning of the prefent century, they had him a larger fum, with this further privilege, that lie fpread themfclves over the adjoining province of KanIhould have the ufe of them as long as he lived. His dahar ; and fuch was the imbecility of the Perfian emdeath was preceded by a tedious illnefs, during which pire at that time, that many other provinces and trihe received a prefent of 500 crowns from Colbert, as butary Hates were alfo induced to revolt. When the a mark of the efttem which the king had for him. king or (hah of that time, whofe name was Hujfeiny He died the 16th of January 1681. The prodigious oppofed the growing power of this warlike people, care and exactnefs with which he retouched and fimlhed he was totally defeated, and Ifpahan was befieged and every thing he wrote, did not permit him to publifh obliged to furrender, after having fuffered dreadful camuch. His mifcellaneous works were printed at Paris lamities, to an army confifting of only 30,000 men. hi 1670,410; the third edition of which, in 1714, In confequence of this, they brought about a revolu4to> was augmented with feveral pieces. They con- tion in Periia, and fubjeCted it to themfdves. This fiit of Pleadings, Orations, Letters', Lives of fome fovereignty, however, they only held for feven years of his Friends, Remarks upon the French Language, and 21 days, having fallen a facrifice to the enterprifing fpirit of Kouli Khan, or Nadir Shah. See PerATTANS, Patans, or Afghans, a very war- sia, and in the Appendix Afghans. like race of men, who had been fubjefts of the vail PAU, a town of France, in the province of Gafempire of Boehara. They revolted under their go- cony and territory of Bearne, with a parliament, a vernor Abftagi, in the 10th century, and laid the mint, and a cattle. “ The city of Pau (fays Wraxal*) * Ttur ,w foundation of the empire of Ghizni or Gazna. In the will be for ever memorable in hiltory, fince it was the France. Diliertation prefixed to vol. III. of Dow’s Hifiory, birth-place of Henry IV. That immortal prince was we h^ve this account of the Pattans. born in the caftle, then the ufual refidence of the kings 1 hey are divided into diftinft communities, each of Navarre. It Hands on one of the moll romantic , which is governed by a .prince, who is confidered and fingular fpots I have ever feen, at the weft end of by his fubjedls as the chief of their blood, as well as their fovcretgn. They obey him without reluftance, the town, upon the brow of a rock which terminates « they derive credit to their family by his greatuefs. perpendicularly. Below runs the Gave, a river or raihey attend lum in his wars with the attachment ther a torrent which rifes in the Pyrenees, and empties itfelf into the Aeovir, On the other fide, about two • miles

P A V r 4® 1 P A U and the king being called on the fir ft nows of her IU- PdfSi mSa off. Is a ridge of hills covered with vineyards, nefs, (he immediately fung a Bearnois fong, beginning, U which produce the famous Vin de Jorengon, fo much ‘ Notre Dame du bout du pont, aidez moi en cette Pavia. admired; and beyond all, at the diftance of mu; As fbe finifhed it, Henry * was born. The■ * See Hen. leagues, appear the Pyrenees themfelvcs, covering the heure.’ king inftantly performed his promife, by giving her IF. Ktngej horizon fiom eaft to wcft? and bounding the profpedt. the box, together with a golden chain, which he tied^r^. 'i'hc caflle, though now in a flate of decay, is fbh habitable ; rnd the apartments arc hung with tapeftry, about her neck ; and taking the infant into his own faid to be the work of Jane queen of Navarre, and apartment, began by making him fwaliow fome drops mother of Henry IV. Gafton IV. Count dc Foix, of wine, and rubbing his lips with a root of garlic. who married Leonora heirefs of the crown of Navarre, They ftill thow a tortoife-fhtll which ferved him tor a Fegan the edifice in 14^4? ^'s Hcceffor Henry cradle, and is preferved on that account. Several of , , 5 9» wben he made choice of the city refidence, and where, during the remainder of hm Teign, he held his little court. In a chamber, which by its fize was formerly a room of Hate, is a fine whole length portrait of that'Jane queen of Navarre whom I have juft mentioned. Her drefs is very fplendid, and referubles thofe in which our Elizabeth is ufually painted. Her head-drefs is adorned with pearls; round her neck ftie* fa^’her ar.,^ wbih Utewife covered with pearls, are concealed by her habit quite down to the wrift. At her waiil hangs by a 'chain 3 miniature portrait. The fingers of her right hand play on the firings of a guittar; and in her left fhe holds an embroidered handkerchief. The painter has drawn her as young, yet not in the firft bloom „r youth. Her /«'““ thm, but rather inclining to long, tae e>e8 "3Z the eye-brows finely arched. Pier nofe is well foimed though large, and her mouth pretty. She was a great princefs, of high fpirit, and undaunted magnanimity. Her memory is not revered by the French hiftonans, beenufe fhe was the proteefrefs of the Huguenots and the friend of Cologni; but the a&ions of her life evince her diftinguifhed merit. “ In one of the adjoining chambers, is another portrait of Henry IV. himfelf when a boy; and on the f-cond floor is the apartment in which he was born. The particulars of his birth are in themfelves fo curious, and as relating to fo great and good a prince arc fo peculiarly intereding, that 11 °u t not you wi or give my enumerating them, even though you flioulJ have feen them elfewhere.^His mother Jane had already loft two fons, the Hukcc-e eau^^ atllx;{,us count de Marie. Henry d Albret, _ _ ’ . , to fee an heir to his dominions, enjoine. icr (w (lie accompanied her hulband Anthony o °” l °

the war. of Picardy aga.nft the Spamard.) if ft provcd with child, to return to Pan, and to he-m there, as'he would hi’mfelf fupeiintend the education of the infant from the moment of its birth. He threatened ,0 difinherit her if fte failed to comply w.th this iniunaion. The princefs, m obedience to the kmg s command, being in the ninth month ot her pregnancy quitted Compiegne in the end of November, traverfed all France in 15 days, and arrived at Pau, where (he was delivered of a fon on the nth December..5;;. She had always been defn s ■ tone nao r.iways ^ ous to -- lee her fathe, . which he kept in a golden box , an ^.P lilOW ntlj provided ftc ^mttted »f, h» Wag^re• r ftow IL it lU to her, fent at her delivery, and would during the p uns of her labour fing a fong in the Bearnois language. Jane anad courage enough to perform this unufual requeft , 4

the throne in 1479’ Hied here in 1483* pau Js a handfome city, w'ell built, and contains near 6000 inhabitants. It is a modern place, having owed its exiftence entirely to the caftle, and to the refidence of the kings of Navarre. W. Long. o. 4. N.Lat. 43. VaVAN, or Pavaxe, a grave dance ufed among ‘^Spaniards, anda S-owed tan them., whereineach the performers made kind of wheel or tail before other, like that of pavo, “ a peacock from whence the name is derived. The pa vane was formerly m great repute ; and was danced by gentlemen with cap and fword ; by thofe of the long robe in their gowns, by princes with their mantles, and by the ladies with their gown tails trailing on the ground. It was called the S' M, ft™ the with which It wa. per‘ ”, from the (oiemulty fokrrmity wit! V. ^derate its gravity, it was was ufual formed. To moderate its gravity, it ufual to to inintroduce fevcral ilouriihes, paffides, capers, &c. by way of epifodes. Its tablaturc or fcore is given at large by T hoi not Arbeau in his Orchefographia. PAVETTA, in botany: A genus of the monogynra order, belonging to the tetrandria clafs of plants ; and in the natural method ranking under the 47th order, Stellate. The corolla is monopetalous and funnetfhnped above : the ftigma carved ; the berry difpermous. ., . PAVIA, an ancient and celebrated town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan, and capital of the Pavtfan, with an univerfity and bifhop’s fee. It was anciently ” u ‘J'idnum, from its fituation on that river, and lies fouthward of Milan. It was formerly ^Ongobardic k and is ftiU remarkable for the broadnefs of its ftreets, the beauty ?nd richnefs of fome of its churches, and for its uniby Charlemagne, and for feveral K rv founded inftitutiens. Here is a biihop’s feep whichother was tera

L lHrUalv. but is is now now dependent dependent on the once the richeft in Italy, but on the pope ; and upon the whole the city is gone to decay, its trade being ruined through the exaftions of the government. The few objefts within it worth the public attention belong to the clergy or monks , and the church and convent of the Carthufians are inexpreflibly noble, the court of the convent being one of the finefl in the world, and furrounded by a portico fupported by pillars, the whole a mile in circumference. It is defended by ftrong walls, large ditches, good ramparts, pYrellert baftions, and a bridge over the river Tafin. j ^ centre of the town is a ftrong caftle, where the was „ont refide. °There ere a great number of magnificent caltbs, and fome colleges. It was taken by the duke of Savoy in 1706; by the French

PAY PAY [ 49 ] ’avilion, French in 1733; by the French and Spaniards in 1745} and whence they derive the name by which they are Pavtaef. but retaken by the Auftrians in 1746. E. Long. 9. 5. diftinguifned ; as, N. Lat. 4\ to. l. Pebble-paving, which is done with (tones collected PAVILION, in archite&ure, fignifies a kind of from the fea-beach, moftly brought from the iflands of turret or building, ufuaily infulated, and contained un- Guernfey and Jerfey; they are very durable, indeed der a fmgle roof; fometimes fquare, and fometimes in the moft fo of any ftone ufed for this pupofe. They are form of a dome: thus called from the refemblance of its uled of various 1-zes, but thofe which are from fix to roof to a tent. nine inches deep, are efteemed the moft lerviceable. Pavilions arc fometimes alfo projefting pieces, in the When they are about three inches deep, they are denofront of a building, marking the middle thereof; fome- minated holders or bowlers ; thefe are ufed for paving times the pavilion flanks a corner, in which cafe it is court-yards, and other places not aceuftomed to receive called an angular pavilion. The Louvre is flanked carriages with heavy weights; when laid in geometriwith four pavilions : the pavilions are ufually higher cal figures, they have a very pleafing appearance. than the reft of the building. There are pavilions built 2. Rag-paving was much ufed in London, but is vein gardens, commonly called fummer-houfes, pleafure- ry inferior to the pebbles ; it is dug in the vicinity of houfes, 8cc. Some caftles or forts confift only of a fingle Maidftone in Kent, from which it has the name of Renpavilion. s ii/h rag.Jlone ; there are fquared (tones of this material Pavilion, in military affairs, fignifies a tent raifcd for paving coach-tracks and foot-ways. on polls, to lodge under in the fummer-time. 3. Pur beck pitchens } fquare (tones ufed in footways ; Pavilion, is alfo fometimes applied to flags, colours, they are brought from the iflund of Purbeck, and alfo enligns, ftandards, banners, &c. frequently ufed in court-yards; they are in general Pavilion, in heraldry, denotes a covering in form from fix to ten inches fquare, and about five inches of a tent, which inverts or wraps up the armorfes of deep. divers kings and fovereigns, depending only on God 4. Squared paving, for diftinftion by fome called and their fword. Scotch paving, hecaufe the firft of the kind paved i* The pavilion confifts of two parts ; the top, which the manner that has been and continues to be paved, is the chapeau, or coronet; and the curtain, which came from Scotland ; the firft was a dear clofe (tone, makes the mantle. called blue wbynn, which, is now difufed, becaufe it has None but fovereign monarchs, according to the been found inferior to others fince introduced in the French heralds, may bear the pavilion entire, and in order they are hereafter placed. all its parts. Thofe who are elective, or have any 5. Gr nite, a hard material, brought alfo from Scotdependence, fay the heralds, muft take off the head, land, of a leddiih colour, very fuperior to the blue and retain nothing but the curtains. whynn quarry, and at prefent very commonly ufed in Pavilions, among jewellers, the underfides and London. corners of the biilhants, lying between the girdle and 6. Guernfey, which is the beft, and very much in the collet. ufe ; it is the fame ftone with the pebble before fpoken PAVING, the conftruftion of ground-floors, flreets, of, but broken with iron hammers, and fquared to any or highways," in fuch a manner that they may be con- dimenfions required of a prifraoidical figure, fet with its veniently walked upon. In Britain, the pavement of fm a lie ft bafe downwards. The whole of the foregoin >• the grand flreets, &c. are ufually of flint, or rubble- paving ftiould be bedded and paved in fmali gravel. ^ ftone; courts, (fables, kitchens, halls, churches, &c. 7. Purbeckpaving, for footways, is in general got in are paved with tiles, bricks, flags, or fire-ftone; fome- large furfaces about 2f inches thick ; the blue fort is times with a kind of free-ftone and rag-ftone. the hardefl and the beft of this kind of paving. In fome ftreets, e.gr. of Venice, the pavement is of 8. 7 orkjhire paving, is an exceeding good material brick: churches fometimes are paved with marble, and for the fame purpofe, and is got of aimoft any dimenSometimes with mofaic-work, as the church of St Mark fions of the fame tht'cknefs as the Purbeck. This ftone at Venice. In France, the public roads, ftreets, courts, will not admit the wet to pafs through it, nor is it afSee. are all paved with gres or gritt, a kind of free- feffed by the froft. ttone. 9. Ryegate, or firejlone paving, is ufed for hearths, In Amftefdam and the chief cities of Holland, they (loves, ovens, and fiich places as are liable to great C avement j-a*ir the or burgher-majlcrs pavement. to diltinguifh it Pfrom the ftone flint pavement, which heat, which does not affed the ftone if kept dry. 10. Newcajlleflags, are ftones about two feet fquare, uiually takes up the middle of the ftreet, and which and 14 or two inches thick; theyanfwer very well for leryes for carriages ; the brick which borders it being' paving out-ofiices : they are fome what like the Yorkdertmed for the paffage of people on foot. (hire. avements of free-done, flint, and flags, in ftreets, Portland paving, with ftone from the id and- of &c. are laid dry, in a bed of fand; thofe of courts, (tables, ground-rooms, &c. are laid in a mortar of lime Portland ; this is fometimes ornamented with black and fand; or in lime and cement, efpecially if there be marble dots. 12. Swedland paving, is a black (late dug in Lei* vaults or cellars underneath. Some mafons, after laying a floor dry, efpecially of brick, fpvead a thin mor- cefterfliire, and looks well for paving halls, or in partyar over it; fweeping it backwards and forwards to fill coloured paving. J 3. Marble paving, is madly variegated with diffeup the joints. The feveral kinds o£ pavement are as rent marbles, iometimes inlaid in mofaic. 14. Flat brick paving, domt with Itrick laid in fand, Tot xit p“Tla ofthcy “c G -mortar.

Paul.

Saul was not onmortar, or groute, a,'^hon UquH limo i. pooretfioto protomartyr St S.ophrn ^ ftoned fy confenting to his* death, but he even flood by and ~ took care of the clothes of thole that ftoned him ne with br!ck laid edg£ '^V^Brid on.'Jg' p«™s> ‘> (Afts vii. 58, 59-) Tllis haPPenedp in thc 33d.y63,1* wife in the fame manner. • .r . , . of the common era, fome time after our Saviours 16. Bricks are alfo laid flat or edgewife in herringde At the time of the perfecution that wasraifed againfl: b T7. Bricks are -alfo fometime# fet endwife in fand, the church, after the death of St Stephen, Saul was mortar, or groute. . . , one of thofe that (bowed moft violence in diftreffing iS. Paving is alfo performed vmh paving bricks. the believers (Gal. i. 13. and Aasxxvi. 11.) He en19. With ten inch tiles. tered into their i.oufes, and drew out by force both 20. With foot tiles. men and women, loaded them with chains, and fent 21. With clinkers for ftables and outer offices. them to prifon (Aas viii. 3. and xx>..4.) He even 22. With the hones of animals, for gardens, &c. entered into the fymgogues, where he caufed thofe to And, 23. We have knoh-pavfng, with large gravel- be beaten with rods that believed m Jefus Chnfl, conaftones, for porticoes, garden-feats, &c. ptlling them to blafpheme the name of tae Hord. Payments of churches, &c. frequently confffi of And having got credentials from the h'gh-pneft Caiaftones of feveral colours ; chiefly black and white, and phas> and the elders of the Jews, to the chief Jews of of feveral forms, but chiefly fquares and lozenges, art- Damafcus, with power to bring to Jerusalem all the fully difpofed. Indeed, there needs no great variety Ghriftians he ftiould find there, he went away full of #f colours to make a furprifing diverfuy of figures and threats, and breathing nothing but blood (Atts ix. 1, arrangements. M. Truchet, in the Memoirs of the 2 2 &c.) But as he was upon the road and now T French Academv, (hown by of cojnbinacombina3. ') DarrafcUS> all on a hidden about noon /• has Ihown r» J * the .T A. rules ^ 10 rfr\n2» 11 v TfltO ^ dra tion, that two fquare-ftones, d.vided diagonally rnto ^ ^ eat li ht to camefrom heaven, which t two coiouroj * 1 # ^ encompaffcd him 0 and'all that were were With with him.and »U thofe h°re that h,m different ways: which appears furprifing enough; Once This fplendorhi threw them on the ground ; and haul two letters or figures can only be combined two ways. heard a voice that faid to him, “ Saul, Saul, why perThe reafon is, that letters only change their fituation fected thou me ?” It was Jefus Chrift that fpoke tc> with regard to the firft and fecond, the top and hot- him. T® whom Saulanfwered, “Who art thou, Lord. tom remaininq the feme, but in the arrangement of And the Lord replied to him, « I am Jefus ot Nazathefe ftones. each admits of four fe.eral fituatrons, m reth whom thou perfecuteft; it is hard for thee to kick each whereof the other fquare may be changed 16 againfl the pricks.” Saul, all in confternacion, afleecT, times, which gives 64 combinations. , “ Lord, what is it that thou wouldft have me do. Indeed, from a farther examination of thefe 64 com- Jefus bid him arife and go to Damafcus, where the will binations, he found there were only 32 different figures, of the Lord (hould be revealed to him. each figure being repeated twice in the Saul then rofe from the ground, and fek that ne though in a different combination ; fo that the two was deprived of fight; but his companions led him by only differed from each other by the tranfpofilion of the hand, and brought him to Damafcus, where he th any PAUL,0formerly named Sant was of the tribe of continued three days blind, and without taking nourifliment. He lodged at the houfe of a Jew na™? Benjamin, a native of Tarfus in Cilicia, a Phanfee by Tildas. On the third day, the Lord commanded a diiproftffion ; firft a perfecutor of the church, and after- ciple of his, named Ananias, to go to find out Saul, to wards a difciple of Jefus Chnfl, and apoftle of the Gen- lay his hands upon him, and to cure his bhndnefs. dles It is fhoug^t he was bom about two years be- And as Ananias made excufes, faying that this man fore our Saviour, fuppofmg that he lived 68 yeais, as was one of the moft violent perfecutors of the church, we read in a homily which is in the fixth volume of the Lord faid to him, Go and find him, becaule thisSt Chrv’foftom’s works. He was a Roman citizen man is an inftrument that I have chofen, to carry my fAtfsxxii. 27,28.), becaufe Auguftws bad given the name before the Gentiles, before kings, and befoie the iidom of til; city to all the freemen of Tar us in children of Ifrael; for I will ffiow him how many thingsconfideration of their firm adherence to his ‘^refts. he muft fuffer for my name. Ananias went therefore, His parents fent him early to Jerufalem where heftu- and found Saul, laid his hand upon him, and reftored died the law at the feet of Gamaliel a famous doftor him to his fight; then rifing^ he was baptized, and fillrid xxii. 3.) He made very great progrefs in his ed with the Holy Ghoft. After this he contmued fludies, and his life was always blamelefs before men ; fome days with the difciples that were at Damafcus, being very zealous for the whole ebfervation of the preaching in the fynagogues, and proving that Jefus hls . . * hw of Mofes {id. xxvi. 4, 5-) fal TrfrT was the Meffiah (a) -00 far • he perfecuted the church, and infulted Jeffis From Damafcus he went into Arabia (Gal.probably" u 17. , Ghrift ill hi/membera (1 Tim. i. 13.) 1 -d when the r 1, and bv fuch means, furnifhes one of the moft complete U) Thc converfion of fuch a mau at fuch a , rei;gion. That Saul, from being a zealous proofs that have ever been given hUfe!.', is a faft .inch cannot be contro perfecutor of the difciplefi ofCrn . all hitlorv He nuift therefore have been converted in the mi verted without overturning the credit of all hiftory. ne mmt £l!lolfa

P A U C 5« J P A U ¥au]. probably into the neighbourhood of Damafcus, being ftine, front whence he came, probably by fea, Into hia -'v'"—-' then under the government of Aretaa king of Arabia; own country Tarfus in Cilicia. and having remained there for a little while, he returnThere he continued about five or fix years, from ed to Damafcus, where he began again to preach the the year of Chrift 37 to the year 4.3 ; when Barnagofpel. The Jews could not bear to fee the progrefs bas coming to Antioch by the order of the apoftles, that the gofpel made here; and fo refolved to put him and there having found many Chriltians, went to Tarto death : and they gained to their fide the governor fus to lee Saul, and brought him with him to Antiof Damafcus, who was to apprehend him, and to de- och (A6ts xi. 20, 25, 26.) ; where they continued toliver him to them. Of this Saul had early notice ; and gether a whole year, preaching to and inftru&ing the knowing that the gates of the city were guarded night faithful. During this time, there happened a great and day to prevent him from making his efcape, he famine in Judea {id. ib. 27, 28, &c.), and the Chriwas let down over the wall in a bafket. And coming ftians of Antioch having made fome colledtions to sfto Jeruflem to fee Peter (Gal. i. 38.), the difciples were filt their brethren at Jerufalem, they made choice of afraid te have any correfpondence with him, not believ- Paul and Barnabas to go thither with their offering. ing him to be a convert. But Barnabas having brought They arrived there in the year of Chrift 44; and hahim to the apoftles, Saul related to them the manner ving acquitted themfelves of their commiffion, they reof his converfion, and all that had followed in confe- turned again to Antioch. They had not been there quence of it. Then he began to preach both to the long before God warned them by the prophets he had Jews and Gentiles ; and fpoke to them with fuch in this church, that he had appointed them to carry ftrength of argument, that not being able to withftand his word into other places. Then the church betook him in reafoning, they refolved to kill him. For this themfelves to fading and praying, and the prophets reafon, the brethren brought him to Ctefarea of Pale- Simeon, Lucius, and Manaen, laid their hands on « G 2 them. culous manner in which he himfelf faid he was, and of courfe the Chriftian religion be a divine revelation » or he muft have been either an impoftor, an enthufiaft, or a dupe to the fraud of others. There is not another alternative poffible. If he was an impoftor, who declared what he knew to be falfe, he muft have been induced to aft that part by fome motive : (See Miracle ). But the only conceivable motives for religious impofture are, the hopes of advancing one’s temporal intereft, credit, or power; or the profpeft of gratifying fome paflion or appetite under the authority of the new religion. That none of thefe could be St Paul’s motive for profefiing the faith of Chrift crucified, is plain from the ftate of Judaifm and Chriftianity at the period of his forfaking the former and embracing the latter faith. Thofe whom he left were the difpofers of wealth, of dignity, of power, in Judea : thofe to whom he went were indigent men, opprefled, and kept from all means of improving their fortunes. The certain confeqirmce therefore of his taking the part of Chnftianity was the lofs not only of all that he poffefled, but of all hopes of acquiring more ; whereas, by continuing to perfecute the Chriftians, he had hopes riling almoft to a certainty ov making his fortune by the favour of thofe who were at the head of the Jewifh ftate, to whom nothing could fo much recoiumend him as the zeal which he had ftiown in that perfecution. As to credit or reputation, could the fcholar of Gamaliel hope to gain either by becoming a teacher in a college of fifhermen ? Could he flatter himfelf, that the doftrines which he taught would, either in or out of Judea, do him honour, when he knew that “ they were to the Jews a Humbling b!ock^ and to the Greeks foolifhnefs ?” Was it then the love of power that induced him to make this great change ? Power! over whom ? over a flock of fheep whom he himfelf had aflifted to deftroy, and whofe very Shepherd had lately been murdered ! Perhaps it was. with the view of gratifying fome licentious paflion, under the authority of the new religion, that he commenced a teacher of that religion 1 This cannot be alleged ; for his writings breathe nothing but the Arifteft morality, obedience to magiftrates, order, and government, with the ytmoft abhorrence of all licentioufnefs, idlenefs, or bofe behaviour, under the cloke of religion. We nowhere read in his works, that faints are above moral ordinances ; that dominion is founded in grace ; that monarchy is defp@tifm which ought to be aboMhed ; that the fortunes of the rich ought to be divided among the poor; that there is no difference in moral actions ; that any impulfcs of the mind are to oh ft us againft the light of our reafon and the laws of nature ; or any of thofe wicked tenets by which the peace of foeiety has been often difturbed, and the rules of morality often broken, by men pretending to act under the fanftion of divine revelation. He makes no diftinftions like the impoftor of Arabia in favour of himfelf; nor does any part of his life, either before or after his converfion to Chriftianity, bear any mark of a libertine difpofition. As 6 lWSother ’ ^ i'mon S t^e by Chriftians, his were convrrfation weretheir Uamelefs.—It been fometimes objected to the apoftles, thofe who refolvedand notmanners to credit teitimony, has that, having been deep y engaged with Jefus during his Jife, they were obliged, for the fupport of their own credit, and from return to cont nu f of bt !°nraul. p t(l° On the ’ ‘ e theforce famethere profeflions his way death; but this can by tends no means be laid contrary, whatever may beafter in that of reafoning, it all to convince us, that bt Faul muft naturally have continued a Jew, and an enemy to Chrift Jtfus. If they were engaged on one iide, he was as ftiongly engaged on the other If fhame withheld them from changing fides.

ff.UCkl to that k kind i^j t0 !j.aVe fto PPC(the * lliin » who, his fifhermen fuperior education, more ienuble ofr fhame than mean and from illiterate of Galilee. muft Thehave onlybeen othervaftly difference •was

P A U P A U [5 2 ] memory of his converting Sergius Paulus. Some be- Puul. tkem, ami fent them t« preach whit tier t''e Holy lieve that he changed his name upon his own converGhoft fhould condua them. And it was probably about this time, that is, about the year of Chnft 44, fion ; and Chryfoftom will have this change to take at his ordination, when he received his miflion at that P^ul bein^ wrapt up into the third heaven, faw place Antioch ; while others fay, he took the name Paul there ineffable things, and which were above the comprehenfion of man (2 Cor. xii. 2, 3, 4, and A ccau e of verv^Iitfl 7V* k f they don’t choofe to lofe a workwoman. Thtfe premature marriages are 0, for anrt I n r att’i ^or wkicb reafon, methods to get the better of this cultom have been fought and* have of Fte IW-r > ^ U^C ^a.CC : t^ie ^lfhoP8 are attentive to prevent thefe marriages as much as poffible, e d ,ours ,he " “ - 11 i! only the “lhjbitan,s >"otLs diair lhort^C ^u^ians ^ave Senera^y dark complexions and hair: they alfo wear their beards, and cut thei

PEA PEA [ 76 1 the fide of the river feveral femicircular ridges are Peat. The peafants of Holland and Switzerland are all in drawn round the hill, with trenches between thema very tolerable condition; not fubje£t to the undifpuThe urn was broken to fhivers by the peat-diggers ted controul ol a hireling matter, they are freemen, and enjoy in their feveral ftations the bleffings of free- who found it, fo that it could not be critically examidom. In Bohemia, Hungary, and a great part of ned ; nor can it be known whether any thing was conGermany, they are legally flaves, and fuffer all the tained in it. With peat alfo may be claffed that fubftance called miferies attending fuch a condition. In Spain, Savoy, and Italy, they are little better. In France, ia England ftone-turf; which hardens after its iirft extheir fituation was fuch as to warrant the firil Re- pofure' to the air, but afterwards crumbles down.— volution ; but by carrying matters too far, they are The other common turf confifts only of mould internow infinitely worfe than they were at any former woven with the roots of vegetables ; but when thefe roots are of the bulbous kmd, or in large pioportion, period. PEAT, a well known inflimmable fubftance, ufed they form the worft kind of turf. “ Although it may in many parts of the world as fuel. There are two appear inctedible (fays M. Magellan), it isneverthelefs a*real fadt, that, in England, pit-turf is aIvantageoufly fpecies : 1. A yellowifh-brovvn or black peat, found in moor- employed in Lancafhire to fmek the iron-ore of that ifh grounds in Scotland, Holland,, and Germany.—■ county. Mr Wilkinfon, brother in law to Dr PrieftWhen frefh, it is of a vifcid confidence, but hardens ley, makes ufe of pit-turf in his large fmelting furby expofure to the air. It coniids, according to Kir- naces. I have feen in the pofleflion of Mr S. More, wan, of clay mixed with calcareous earth and pyrites ; fecretary to the Society of Arts, a kind of black talfometimes alfo it contains common fait. While foft, low, extraded by the faid Mr Wilkinfon from pitit is formed into oblong pieces for fuel, after the py- turf. It was very foft, and nearly of the fame conritaceous and deny matters are feparated. By diiltl- fiftence with butter. It burnt very rapidly, with a Ltion it yields water, acid, oil, and volatile alkali ; fmoky flame in the fire ; but the Imell was very difathe afhes containing a fmall proportion of fixed alkali ; greeable, like that of pit-turf.” I he great caufe ot and being cither white or red according to the pro- the differences of peat moft likely antes from the different mineral admixtures. Some forts of peat yield portion of pyrites contained in the fubdance. The oil which is obtained from peat has a very pun- in burning a very difagreeable fmell, which extends gent tafte; and an empyreumatic Imell, lefs fetid to a great diftance ; whilft others are inoffenfive.— than that of animal fubltances, more fo than that Some burn into grey or white, and others into red ferof mineral bitumens : it congeals in the cold into a rugineous afhts. The afhes yield, on ehxation, a [mall pitchy mafs, which liquefies in a finall heat: it readily quantity of alkaline fait, with fometimes one and fomecatches fire from a candle, but burns lefs vehemently times another fait of the neutral kind. The fmoke of peat does not preferve or harden flefhthan other oils, and immediately goes out upon removing the external fl une : it diffolves almoft totally in like that of wood ; and the foot, into which it conrectified fpirit of wine into a dark brownith red li- denfes, is more difpofed to liquefy in moift weather. Peat afhes, properly burnt for a manure, are noble quor. 2. The fecond fpecies is found near Newbury is improvers bo:h of corn and grafs land : but the fubBerkfhire. In the Philofophical Tranfa&ions for the ftance from which they fhould be got is an under ftrayear i75i 7> have an account of this fpecies j the tum of the peat, where the fibres and roots of the earth, &c. are well decayed. Indeed the very heft are fubdance of which is as follows : Peat is a compofitton of the branches, twigs, leaves, procured from the luweft ftratum of all. I his will and roots of trees, with grafs, draw, plants, and yield a large quantity of very ftrong afhes, in colour weeds, which having lain long in water, is formed into (when fir ft burnt) like vermilion, and in tafte veiy fait a mafs fo foft as to be cut through with a fharp fpade. and pungent. Great care and caution fhould be uied The colour is a blackifh brown, and it is ufed in many in burning thefe afhes, and alfo in preferving them afplaces for firing. There is a dratum of this peat on terwards. The method of burning them is much the each fide the Kennet, near Newbury in Berks, which fame as burning charcoal. 'The peat muft be colleiTis from about a quarter to half a mile wide, and many ed into a large heap, and covered fo as not to flame miles long. The depth below the furface of the out, but fuffered to confume flovvly, till the whole ground is^from one foot to. eight. Great numbers of fubftance is burnt to an afh. The afhes thus burnt are entire trees are found lying irregularly in the true peat. held in moft efteem ; but the peac-afhes burnt in comThey are chiefly oaks, alders willows, and firs, and mon firing are in many places ufed for the fame purpoappear to have been torn up by the roots t many horfes fes, and fold at the fame prices. Peat allies are found excellent in fweetening four heads, and bones of feveral kinds of deer ; the horns meadow land, deftroying rufhes, and other bad kinds of the antelope, the heads and tufks of boars, and tne heads of beavers, are alfo found in it. Not many of grafs, and in their ftead producing great quantities years ago an urn of a light brown colour, large enough of natural grafs, They burn great quantities of peatto hold about a gallon, was found in the peat-pit in afhes in fame parts of Berkfhire and Lancafhire, and Speen moor, near Newbury, at about 10 feet from efteem them one of the beft dreffings for their fpring the river, and four feet below the level of the neigh crops. The fulphureous and faline particles with which the touring ground. Jnft over the fpot where the urn was afhes abound have a moft happy effeft in promoting found, an artificial hill was raifed about eight feet high; and as this hill confided both of peat and earth, it is vegetation ; and if ufed with diferetion, the increafe evident that the peat was older, than the urn. Frona procured by them is truly wonderful. ill!

Peat.

PEA [ 77 j P E B All afhesare of a hot, fiery, cauftic nature: they muft fcarcely in any inftance to exceed thirty Wincliefter therefore be ufed with caution. With refpeil to peat* buftiels. Clover, with the help of this manure, grows aihes, almoft the only danger proceeds from laying them with great luxuriance, infomuch that there have often on in too great quantities at improper feafons. No- been two large crops of hay from the fame field in a thing can be better than they are for drefling low damp year, and good autumn feed afterwards. They have an meadows, laying to the quantity of from fifteen to excellent effedf on tares or vetches: to peafe they twenty Winchefier bufhels on an acre : it is heft to fow feem to be hurtful. them by hand, as they will then be more regularly The effedfs of this manure will be vifible at leaft fpread. This Ihould be done in January or Februaty three years, nor does it, like fome others, leave the pi lateft, that the afhes may be wafted in towards the land in an impoverifted ftate, when its virtues are exroots of the grufs by the iirft rains that fall in the haufted and fpent Peat-aftes are not, however, fo certain a manure for barley and oats as for the winter fpr.ng. If they were fpread more forward in the year, and corn : for as thefe are quick growers, and occupy the aT; ^eedy rain fhould not fucceed, being hot in their land but a few months, this warm manure is often apt nature, they would be apt to burn up the grafs, in- to puft them forward too fait, and make them run too ftead of doing it any fevvuce. The damper and differ much to'coarfe ftraw, yiel ling only a lean immature the foil, the more peat-alhes fhould be Lad on it ; but gram. Oats, however, are not fo apt to be damaged in grafs lands the quantity fhould never exceed thirty by it as bailey. Winchefter buftels, and on light warm lands lefs than Peat-aftes approach, in their effects on the feveral half that quantity is fully fufiL lent. crops on which they are laid, to coal-foot ; but twoOn wheat crops thefe aftes are of the greateft fer- thirds of the quantity that is ufed of foot will be fufvice, but th y muff be laid on with the utmoil difcre- iicient of the aftes, as they are in a much Itronger detion. Were they to be fpread in any quantity before gree impregnated with a vegetative power; and they the winter, after the Lowing the corn, they would make are befides in moft places eafier procured in quantities, the wheat too rank, and do more harm than good ; and at a cheaper rate. was the fpreading this manure, on the contrary, deferPeat-alhes are almoft, as we have already obferved, red ull the fprino-, the corn could not poffibly during a general manure fuited to every foil. On cold clay the winter feafon be benefited by it._ About the be they warm the too compadt particles, difpofe it to ferginning of November, before the hard frofts let in, ment, crumble, and of courfe fertilize, and, in fine, fee ms to be the proper fcafon for this purpofe : and ic not only aflift it in difclofing and difpenfing its great wdl be found necefLiy to fow on every acre of heavy vegetative powers, but alio bring to its aid a coniiderclayey wheat land about eight Winchefter fcttftels of able proportion of ready prepared aliment for plants. On thefe aftes; on lighter warmer lands in wheat, four light lands thele aftes have a different effect: here the will be fufhcieiit for this feafon- The winter drelling pores are too large to be affected, or farther feparated is thought by practical farmers to be of great fervice : by the ialts or fulphur contained in them ; but, being trifling as the quantity may fecm, it warms the root clofely attached to the furfacts of the large particles of the plants, brings it moderately forward, prefcrves of which this earth is generally compofed,; this manure its verdure, and difpofes it to get into a growing ftate dilpoles them, by means of its fairs, to attract the the firft fine weather after Chnllmas. moifture contained in the air : by this operation, the About the latter end of February, or the beginning plasts which grow on thefe porous foils are prevented of March, on heavy lands in wheat, another drefiing from being fcorched up and burnt ; and if they want, of afhes, by fowing of them on every acre eight bufhels which they generally do, more nourilhment than the more, u'iil do much good ; on light lands, in this fe- land is of itfslf capable of affording, this is.readily cund drefiing, fix bufhels may be allowed. and abundantly fupplied by this uleful manure. la Thele aftes laid on in the fpring are of the greatefl: large farms it is very ufu-ft to fee all the home-fields fervice, without any probability of danger : if rain rich and well mended by th* yard dung, See- whereas falls within a few days after the drefiing is laid on, it the more diftant lands are generally poor, impoverilhed, is wafted in, and has a happy effect on the fuceeeding and out of heart, for want of proper manure being apcrop, co-operating with the manure that was laid on plied in time. See Chemistry, n’*' 1448. m November ; if, ©n the contrary, dry weather for a PEft UCIER, in anatomy, a name given by Winlong continuance fucceeds, the ftrlt winter-drefling has flow, in his Treatife on the Head, and by fome of the its full effect, and the quantity laid on in the fpring is Irench writers, to the mufcle called by Albinus latiffiin fadt fo fmall, that there is very little probability of mus colli ; and by others detrahens quadratics^ and quadraits burning or hurting the crop, fhisexcellent manure tus gerue. Santorini has called the part of this which is alfo of great ufe in the turnip hufbandry on many ariles from the cheek mufculus rifot ius nevus j and fome accounts, particularly as it much contributes to preferve call the whole platyjma myoides. the young crop from being devoured by the fly. PEBBLES, the name of a genus of foffils, diftinBut one of the principal advantages derived from guifted from the flints and homocroa by their haihefe aftes, not yet mentioned, is the very great fer- ving a variety of colours. Thefe are defined to be vice they are or to every kind of artificial pafture. Hones compofed of a cryftalline matter debated by Sonitfoin receives great benefit from this manure, earths of various kinds in the fame fpecies, and thenand fo does clover, rye-grafs, and trefoil, provided it fubjedt to veins, clouds, and other variegations, ulually is .»id on with diferetion : the proper feafon is about formed by incruftation round a central nucleus, but tie month of February. The quantity muft be regulated by the nature of the crop and foil j but it ought fometimes the effebt of a fimple concretion ; and veined like the agates, by the difpofitioo which the motion of the;

i

Peat II * ^ eS'

PEC FEB r 73 1 pebbles as are found in ftrata near the furface of the Pebblet PiVfctcs. the fluid they were formed In gave fteu differently co1 earth, are much more brittle than thofe which lie in II loured fubftances. _ Pec ant deeper ftrata ; and the more clear and tranfparent the ^ t The variety ot pebbles is fo irrent, tout an bally de* fcriber would be apt to make almoft as many fpecies as fand is which is found among pebbles, the more beauhe faw fpecimeno. A careful examination will teach tiful the pebbles are generally obfenved to be. The ufe of thefe ftones, and their difpofition in the lis, however, to didinguifh them into a certain number of'effentially different fpecies, to which all the reft may earth, is a fubjeOt of great wonder ; and may ferve be referred as accidental varieties. When we find the as one of the numerous proofs of an over-ruling Profame colours, or thofe rcfulting from a mixture of the vidence in the difpofition of all natural bodies. i he fame, fuch as nature frequently makes in a number of furface of the earth is compofed of vegetable mould, ftones, we ftudl eaffty be able to determine that thefe made up of different earths mixed with the putrid reare all of them the fame fpecies, though of different mains of animal and vegetable bodies, and of the proappearances ; and that whether the matter be difpofcd per texture and compages for condudfing the moifture of in one or two, or in 20 crufts, laid regularly round to the roots of trees and plants. Under this are laid a nucleus ; or thrown irregularly, without a nucleus, the hands and pebbles which ferve a" a fort of drain to unto irregular lines £ or laixly, if blended into an uni- carry eff the redundant moifture deeper into the earth, ■Vvhere it may be ready to fupply the place of what is form mafs. Thefe are the three ftates in which every pebble is conftantly riling in exhalations ; and left the ftrata of found ; for if it has been naturally and regularly form- fand fhould be too thick, it is common to find thin ed by incruftation round a certain nucleus, we find that ones of clay between, which ferve to put a ftop to tne ^ always the fame in the fame fpecies, and the crufts not defeent of the moifture, and keep it from pafling off lefs regular and certain. If the whole has been more too foon ; and left thefe thin ftrata of clay fhould yield haftily formed, and the refult only of one fimple con- and give way, and by their foftnefs when vvctced give cretion, if that has happened while its different fub- leave to the particles of land to blend themfelves with, ftances were all moiil and thin, they have blended to and even force their way through them, there are found gether and made a mixed mafs of the joint colour of in many places thin coacs of a poor iron ore, placed them all. But if they have been fomething harder regularly above and below the clay; and by theie means when this has happened, and too far concreted to dif- not only ftrengtheuing and fupporting the clay, but fufe wholly among one another, they are found thrown effectually keeping the fand from making its way into too ether into irregulai veins. T. hefe are the natural it. There are many people of opinion, that the fwal* differences of all the pebbles ; and having regaid to lowing of pebbles is very beneficial to health, in helpthefe in the feveral variegations, all the known pebbles ing the flomach to digeft its food; and a pebble-poffet is an old woman’s medicine in the colic in many parts may be reduced to 34 fpecies. In all the ftrata of pebbles there are confiantly of England. They ufuaily order the fmall white ftones found feme which «re broken, and of which the pieces to be picked out of gravel walks for this purpofe, and lie very near one another ; but as bodies of fuch uard- eat them in large quantities in fome fort of fpoon meat, nefs could not be broken without feme confiderable of which milk is an ingredient. The thing that has given oceafion to this practice violence, their prefent fituation feems to indicate that, feems to have been, that people obferve the biids to they have fuffered that great violence in or near the places where they now lie. Bcfide thefe, we often pick up the gravel, and that they are never well unlefs meet with others which have as plainly had pieces b.o- they have frequent recourfe to this to help their di« ken off from them, though thofe pieces are nowhere geftion : but this is no ftmilar cafe at all, tor the gizto be found ; whence it feems equally plain, that what- * rd 01 ftomach of a bird is made very ftrong, becaufe ever has been the caufe of their fracture, they have the creature hath no teeth to chew its food ; and this Been brought broken, as we find them, from feme gizzard is lined with a rough coat, by the help ot which other place, or elfe that the pieces broken from and thefe ftones the food they fwallow whole is fo them muft at fome time or other have been caiiied ground as to yield its juices to the nourifhment ot the animal. But the ftornach of msn is formed fo very from this place to fome other diftant one. . Several of thefe broken pebbles have their edges and differently, that it can never require thofe afiiftances to the comminution of food. Many people have, however, corners fo (harp and even, that it feems evident they accuftomed themfelves to fwallow not only thefe fmall never can have been toffed about or removed itnee the fra&ure was made 5 and others have their fide* and white ftones, but large pebbles, even to the fize of a corners fo rounded, blunted, and worn away, that they walnut each ; and theie will often pafs fafely ; and peofeem to have been roughly moved and rolled about ple who have long accuftomed themfelves to fwallow among other hard bodies, either with great violence, them, boaft of receiving no injury from them : we can never know, however, that the death of fuch perfons cr for a very long continuance ; fince fuch hard bodies is not owing to them at iaft ; and as they can do no could not have been reduced to the condition in which we now fee them without long friftion. It may be good, it is beft always to avoid them. There are, infuppofed by forne, that thefe ftones never were broken, deed, inftances on record in which they have undone much nfifehief. but have been naturally formed of this fhape ; but it doubtedly PECARY, in zoology. See Tajacu. will be eafily feen, by any one who accurately furveys PECCANT, in medicine, an epithet given to the their veins or costs, which furround the nucleus, like, humours of the body, when they offend either in quanthe annular circles of a tree, that they muft have been originally entire; and this will be the more plain 1 tity or quality, i. e. when they are either morbid, or in peccant they are compared with a ftone broken by art. ouch too great abundance. Moft diieafts aide fromHumoursj

PEC [ 79 ] PEC humours, which are either to be corre&ed by altera- Pieces relating chiefly to Matters of English Piiflory ; confiding of choice tracts, memoirs, letters, wiils, tives and fpeeifics, or elfe to be evacuated. PECHEM, in the materia medica, a name given by epitaphs, &e. tranferibed, many of them, from the the modern Greek writers to the root called behem by originals themfelves, an l t!>e reft from divers ancient Avicenna and Serapion. Many have been at a lofs to MS. copies, or the MS. collations of fundry famous know what this root peehem was ; but the virtues antiquaries and other eminent perfons, both of the afcribed to it are the fame with'thofe of the behem of Is ft and prefent age : the whole, as nearly as poffible, the Arabians ; its defeription is the fame, and the divi- digeftedinto order of time, and riluftrated with ample fion of it into white and red is alfo the fame as that of notes, contents, additional difeourfes, and a complete rEff urm-,1 pechm he. hem is nnlv the behem. XTav Nay, the word only formed nf of indexd’ Tois volume was dedicated to Lord William behem by changing the b into a/>, which is very com- Manners, and was followed, in 1735, by a fecond vomon, and the afpirate into or c/>, which is as com- lume, dedicated to Dr Reynolds bilhop of Lincoln. mon. Myrcpfus, who treats of this root, fays the In 1735 Mr Peck printed in a qto pamphlet, “ A fame thing that the Arabian Avicenna fays of behem, complete catalogue of all the difeourfes wiitten bot7; namely, that it was the fragments of a woo ly root, for and againft popery in the time of King James II. much corrugated and wrinkled on the furface, which containing in the whole an account of 457 books and was owing to its being fo moift vvhiiil freih, that it al- pamphlets, a great number of them not mentioned in the three former catalogues ; with references after ways Ihrunk greatly in the drying. PECHYAGRA, a name given by authors to the each tide, for the more fpeedy finding a further ac; gout affe£i ng the elbow. count of the faid difeourfes and their authors in funPECHYS,a name ufed by fome anatomical writers dry writers, and an alphabetical lift of the writers for the elbow. on each fide.n In 17 39 he was the editor of “ NinePECHY I’YRBE, an epithet ufed by fome medi- teen Letters of the truly reverend and learned Henry cal writers for the feurvy. Hammond, D. D (author of the Annotations on the PECK, a meafure of capacity, four of which make New Teftament, &c.) written to Mr Peter Staina bulhel. nough and Dr Nathaniel Angelo, many of them on Peck (Francis), was born at Stamford in Lin- curious in je&s, &c.” Thefe were printed from the cobilhire, May 4th 1692, and educated at Cambridge, originals, communicated by Mr Rmbert Marfden archwhere he took the degrees of B. and M. A. He deacon of Nottingham, and Mr John Worthinutou. was the author of many works, of which the firft is Ja The next year, 1740, produced two volumes in qto, poem, intitled, “ Sighs on the Death of queen Anne ; ’ one of them intitled, ‘‘ Memoirs of the Life and Acprinted p"* bably about the time of her death in 1714. tions of Oliver Cromwell, as delivered in three pane-, Two years afterwards he printed ‘ to T'EOS 'afion ; gyrics of him written in Latin ; the firft, as faid, byor an Exercife on the Creation, and an Hymn to Don Juan Roderiguez de Saa Menefes, Conde de the Creator of the World ; written in the exprefs Penguito, the Portugal ambaffador; the fecond, as words of the facred text, as an Attempt to fliow affirmed by a certain jefuit, the lord ambaffador’s the Beauty and Sublimity of the Holy Scriptures, chaplain ; yet both, it is thought, compofed by Mr 1716, Svo.” In 1721, being then curate of King’s John Milton (Latin fecretary to CromwJl), as was Clifton iii Northamptonfhire, he ifl'ued propofals for the third, ; with an Englifh verfion of each. The printing the Hiftory and Antiquities of his native wnole illuftrated with a large hiftorical preface ; many town, which was publilhed in 17iy, in folio, under fimilar paffages from the Psradife Loft, and other the title of “ Academia tert'ia Anglic ana ; or the An- works of Mr John Milton, an 1 notes from the bell tiquarian Annals of Stamford in Lincoln, Rutland, hiftorians. To all which is added, a colledlion of diand Northamptonlhires ; containing the Hiftory of the vers curious hiftorical pieces relating to Cromwell, Univerfity, Monafteries, Gilds, Churches, Chapels, and a great number of other remarkable perfons (afHofpitals, and School-* there, &cc.” inferibed to John ter the manner of Defiderata Curiofa, v. i. and ii.)” Duke of Rutland. This work was haftened by “ An I he other, “ New Memoirs of the Life and poetical Eflay on the ancient and prefent State of Stamford, Works of Mr John Milton ; with, firft, an examination 1726, qto,” written by Francis Hargrave, who, in his of Milton’s ft vie; and fecondly, explanatory and preface, mentions the difference which had arifen be- critical notes on divers paffages in Milton and Shaketween him anj Mr Peck, on account of the former’s fpeare, by the editor. Thirdly, Baptiftcs; a facrei publication unKirly foreftalling that intended by the dramatic poem in defence of liberty, as written inlatter. Mr I ’eck is alfo therein very roughly treated Latin )y Mr George Buchanan, tranflated into Enghill by Mr John Milton, and firft publilbe l in xhqu, by order of the houfe of commons. Fourthly, the y Parallel, or Archbifhop Laud and Cardinal Wolfey r of Godeby near Melton in Leicefferfhire, the only compared, a Vificn by Milton. Fifthly, the Legend preferment he ever enjoyed In 1729, r printed on of Sir JNiciiUiao Nicholas Throckmorton, knt. CJ chief butler of r \ meet,_ (U Lt r\ • concerning . ' ytheheNatural J. illof KIUDICOn, KI1E. a fingJe queries Hi- England, who died poifon, anno ic570, an hiftoflory an.. Antiquities of Leicefterfhire and Rutland,” rical poem by his nephew Sir Thomas which were aiterwatus renr:nfp4 in 1740; 1^a O * a L T_T. .1 Great, /'*'< 1by Throckmoriterwards reprinted but al- ton, knt. Sixth, Herod1 the the editor. though the progrefs he had made in the work was Seventh, the Relurreftion, a poem in imitation of very confiderable, yet it never made its appearance. Milton, by a friend. And eighth, a Difcourfe on the In 1732 he publilhed the firft volume of “ Defiderata Harmony of the Spheres, by Milton ; with prefaces, Cunoja i or, a Collection ef divers fcarce and curious and notes.” TUefe were the laft publications whigh

Peck.

■ P E C r 80 ] PEC •Pecora he tlie world. When thefe appeared, he had in of the peften, we have already treated under the ar- Pc&en. Ii contemplation no lefs than nine different works ; but tide Animal Motion, which fee p. 411. col. 2. rPe&en. whethe^ he ha^ nGt met with encouragement for thole The peAens, fuch as the foie peAen^ the ducal man•—v which he had already produced, or whether he was tie peAen, the knotted, and others, feem to be in gerendered incapable of executing them by reafon of his neral inhabitants of the Indian leas; fome of them fredeclining health, is uncertain ; but none of them ever quent thofe of Africa and the South Seas. The mod were made public. He concluded a laborious, and, rem rkable fpecies is the maximus or great fcallop, belt may be affirmed, an ufeful life, wholly devoted to ing the fame with what Barbut calls the ducal-mantle antiquarian purfuits, Aug. 13th 1743, at the age of petkn. It has .4 rays, very prominent and broad, and {trialed both above and below. They are rugged and 6l ^ears> PECO RA, in zoology, the fifth order of the clafs imbricated with feales. They grow to a large fize ; mammalia, in the Linnean fyftem. See Zoology. are found in beds by themfelves ; are dredged up, and PECQUET (John), was a phyfician in Dieppe, barrelled for fale. 'I he ancients fay that they have a and died at Paris in 1674. Pie was phyfician in or- power of removing themfelves from place to place by dinary to the celebrated Fouquet, whom he entertain vaft. fprings or leaps. This (hell was ufed both by the ed at his fpare hours with fome of the molt amufitig Greeks and Eatins as a food. When (..refled withp^pexperiments in natural philofophy. Pie acquired im- per and cummin, it was taken meaicinaiiy. L he fcalraovtal honour to himfelf by the difeovery of a laAeal lop was commonly worn by pilgrims on their hat, or ve;r, which conveys the chyle to the heart ; and the cape of their coat, as a mark that they had eroded which from his name is called le Refervoir de Pecquet, the fea in their way to the Holy Land, or fome diftant Th:s difeovery was a freffi proof of the truth of the objeA of devotion. circulation of the blood : though it met with oppofition The name petten feems to have been given to thefe from many of the learned, particularly from the fa- animals, from the longitudinal ftrue with which their mous Riolan, who wrote a treatife againft the author furface is covered, which refemble fomewhat the teeth of it, with this title : Adverfus Pecquetum iff Pecquet’- of a comb ; and hence alfo the Greek name By anus * The only works which we have of Pecquet, the general charaAer of this (hell, it evidently includes are," 1. Expcrlmenta nova Anatomica, publiffied at Paris, cockles as well as fcallops, which are the peAens with16 U ' 2- A Differtation. De Thoracis Ladeis, pub- out ears, and having lefs flat or elated {hells. They are liflied at Arr.fterdam, 1661. He was a man of a called by all authors by a name which is only a dimilively and aAive genius; but his fprightlinefs fomeof peden, pedunculus. The having ears indeed times led him to adopt dangerous opinions. He re- is the common mark of diftinAion between the peAens commended, as a remedy for all difeafes, the ufe of and the cockles, which laft ufually have none ; yet the brandy. This remedy, however, proved fatal to genera are not diilinA, as fome have imagined: for himfelfj and contributed to ffiorten his days, which there are IheUs univerfally allowed to be peAens or he might have employed to the advantage of the fcallops, which have no ears, and others as univerfally , 1• " allowed to be peAuncles or cockles which have. Hence ^ PECTEN the Scallop ; a genus of ftieU-fifh, the then appears the error of Lifter, who made them two charaAers of which are thefe : The animal is a tethys ; diftinA genera, and gave the ears and the equal conthe (hell bivale and unequal; the hinge toothlefs, ha- vexity of both {hells as the great charaAenfticsofthem: ving a fmall ovated hollow. This {helPfifh is one of the which, though they be good marks to diftingmffi the -Jpinners, having the power of fpinning threads like the fpecies by, are far from being fo unalterable as to found ' niufcles • but They are much ftiorter and coarfer than different genera upon, even thofe of that fifti; fo that they can never be Barbut, we have ieen, ranks the peAens under the wrought into any kind of work like the longer and genus oftrea ; but he fays, that though the generic finer threads of the pinna marina. The ufe of the threads charaAer of the hinge agrees in both, the animal inha. which are fpun by the fcallop is to fix the creature to biting the peAens is very different from that of the any folid body near its fliell. All thefe proceed, as in oyfter ; for which reafon Linnseus has divided the gethe rmifcle, from one common trunk. It is an evident nus into feAions. The peAines by fome.are efteemed proof that the fifli has a power of fixing itfelf at plea- as delicious a food as the oyfter. They differ very mafure to any folid body by means of thefe threads, that terially in a variety of circumftances. The peAens, as after {forms the fcallops are often found tolled upon we have already obferved, lail on the furtace of the rocks, where there were none the day before ; and yet water; and befides, if they are attacked by a foe, they thefe are fixed by their threads, as well as thofe which let down the membrane which nature has provided them had remained ever fo long in their place. They form for a fail, and drop to the bottom. “ Behold (fays Bartheir threads in the very fame manner which the mufcle; but) thefplendor of the peAines, which rival the glowing ' on|y tpeir organ which ferves for fpinning is Ihorter, colours of the papilionaceous tribe, as numerous as arad has a wider hollow, whence the threads are necef- they are beautiful, flirting from place to place, and farily thicker and (horter. _ may well be called the paplliones of the ocean. What Mr Barbut divides the genus oftrea into four fami- fuperior qualities does not the peAines enjoy above lies* which he thus names according to their charac- the oftrea edulis, which, conftantly confined to its nat'ers.’ 1. The winged equilateral peAens. 2. The pec- live bed, feems wholly deftined to afford food to other tens' that have one ear inwardly, fpring by being ci- creatures, not having any means of defence, hut its Hated. 3 The peAens that have their valves more ffielly caftle, which is frequently attacked and ftormed gibbous on one fide than on the other. 4. The rough by its numerous enemies? This «eature 18 not only .ones, commonly called oyjlers. Of the locomotive powers ufeful to man as a dainty food, but the ihell being le-

P E C PEC [ Si 1 IV&en. tinted into a ftibtle powder, is employed as an abfor- motion, are exerted in vain. It is probable, however Pedte*. bent in heart burns anti other like complaints arifmgr that they have the faculty of operating their own refrom acidities in the firft padages ; the hollow fheils lief from thefe circumfiances, and that they may be acare generally made choice of, as containing more than cidentally affifted by other bodies. It muft, however, the thinner fi it ones, of the fine wliite earth, in pro- be acknowledged, that the means of relief c-mnot be portion to the outer rough coat, which lafi is found numerous or confiderable in fuch as are attached to other oyfters, to a body heavier than themfelves, or to to be confiderably impregnated with ^ea•faIt.’, 'I'he grand mark of diilin&ion between the pedbens a rock ; but fuch fituations are the moft uncommon and oyfter feems to be the locomotive faculty. It m the oyfter-beds thtt I am acquainted with on the was long fuppofed: that the oyfier poITcfred no power French coafts in the Channel. Perhaps, indeed, a very of motion, that it always remained in the place in angular or heavy ftiell may be fufficient to render an which nature or accident had placed it, and that oyfter immoveable. This is undoubtedly the cafe with its life differed little from that of vegetables. Expe. fuch of them as have been obliged by worms, or other rience, however, ha» taught us to rejedb thefe prema- more formidable enemies, fo to increafe their fheils as ture conclufions. We ihall here lay before our read- to make them thick aed unwieldy. But we do not ers at length, though perhaps a little out of its place, know whether thefe animals, in unfavourable circumwhat Abbe Dicquemare has obferved with refpeeb to iia rices, may not be able to fupply thole manoeuvres this circurnftance, the conclulions of whofe remarks we that I have mentioned by others that I have not as have given in another place. See Animal Motion, yet been able to obferve. An - oyfter that has never p 41 i. col. 2. been attached, may fix itfelf by any part of the mar“ Paffing one day (fays the Abbe) along the fea gin of either of its valves, and that margin will become ’fmrnal ie fly/tyue. ffiore, I obferved an oyfter lying in a {hallow place, the middle, or nearly fo, if the oyfier is young. I and ejecting with confiderable force a quantity of vva- would not be furprifed that oyfters^ which have "been ter. It immediately occurred to me, that, if this hap- fixed to a rock from the beginning, fhouid be able to pened at a fufficient depth, the refills nee of the water detach tnemfelves. I have feen them operate upon would have forced the oyfter from its place To be their fhelis in fo many different ways, and with fuch Xatisfied of this, I took feveral tniddle-fized oyfters admirable contrivance, when thole ffiells have been with a light fhell, cud placed them on a fmooth hori- pierced by their enemies (among whom 1 muft be -zontal furface, in a iufficient quantity of pure fea-wa- ranked), that I do not think it at all impoffible for ter. Some hours eiapfed, and the night came on be- them to quit the place to which they are attached. It fore any thing remarkable appeared ; but next day I will eafily be imagined how delicate and difficult fuch found one of the oyfters in a place and fituatfon diffe- obfei vations and experiments muft be, confidering the rent from that in which I had lert it ; and as nothing fenfibiiity of the animal, the delicacy of its organs, the could luve difeompofed it, I could not doubt but that tranfparency of the matter that forms the layers of its it had moved by its own powers. I continued, how- fheils, the opacity of the fhelis themfelves, the viciffiever, to attend my charge ; but, as if they meant to tudes of the fea, and the feafons, See. But it was of conceal their fecret, the oyfters always operated in my ufe to fnow, that, contrary to the opinion generally sbfence. At laft, as I was exploring the coaft of Lower entertained by the learned as well as by fifhermeii, Normandy, I perceived in an oyfter-bed one of them oyfters are endowed with a locomotive faculty, and by changing place pretty quickly. On my return, there- what means that faculty is exerted. I muft add, that fore, to Havre, I made new difpofitions to difoover tnofe which firft ffiowed me thefe motions, were brought the means by which the motions of oyfltrs are per- from the coafts of Bretagne, put into a bed at La formed, and I fucceeded. This animal ejeefts the wa- Hogue, then at Courfeulle, whence they were carried ter uy that part of the fheii which is diametrically op- to Havre; and that, as all thefe tranfportations were pefite to the hinge; it csft alfo throw it out at the lides, made in a dry carriage, the oyfters could not be in at each extremity of the hinge, or even from the whole perfedl vigour. It was neceffary alfo to ffiow, that -opening at once. For this purpofe, it can vary the thtle animals have much more fenfacion and more inaftion of its internal mechanifm ; but the foft parts dultry than is generally attributed to them. are not the only organs that perform this function ; It is not orten that a fagacious obferver of nature in certain cafes the fheils affiit in forcing out the is feduced from his objeH by the pride of appearing water. n thus fuddenly, , and re- grafping above it, the or the defire generalization. Tounable think to of r , , , r “ When n oyf.er forcibly, whole of of nature, when we are ■peatedy, fquirts forth a quantity of water, it repulfes confidcr in the whole the firft and moll in ter effing of ttiofe of its enemies that endeavour to infinuate them- her kingdoms, is a vain illufton. Yet fame have enfekes within the fhelis wdrile they are open : but this deavoured to confound tne kingdoms, while they have is cut Anal only againft its weakeft foes; for there are fprr.e fo formidable by their ftrenpth or their addrefs, taken the liberty of dividing the higheft of them into .1 . „ . o - —..v-xo, beipgs differently animalized. Under the 1nretem-e nf that a great number of oyfters perifh in this way. The having a better idea of it, th ‘ iey lopped oft' all the exanimal, therefor ' endeavourswuth all its force to repel' tremities; that is to fa they rid themfelves of every tUm; it c.oes more, it retreats backwards, or ftarts thing they were not well acquainted with, or that afide in a l iteral diredion. All of them, however, are threw difficulties in their way. This, to be fure, was not placed in circunvftances favourable for thefe movery convenient, but very unfuitable to the proceedtions. 7 hey are often fituated in the crevices of rocks, ing of an enlarged mind, and very unfit to inform us between it ones, or among other oyfters, feme in fan cl, with regard to the ceconomy of nature. The organian,! Come ,n raurf; fo that their Sragft, or powers of zation of the oyfter, though very different from that Vol. XIV. Part I. k with

P E D t 82 1 are derived from the bifhop, who may vifit them, and Peculmm Peroral with which we are beft acquainted, may be compreto whom there lies an appeal. II bended under our confiderations of the animal ecoCourt of Peculiars, is a branch of, and annexed to, Pedantry, Peculiar. nomy in general. Thole authors are not fo enhght' eneti as they imagine, who reprefent the oyfter as an the court of arches. It has e. jurifdiftion over all ’ animal deprived of fenfation, as an intermediate being thofe parilhes difperfed through the province of Canbetween animals and vegetables, as a plant, and even in terbury in the midft of other diocefes, which are exempt the ordinary’s jurifdiAion, and fubjeft to the mefome refpefls as inferior to a plant. It is thus that from tropolitan only. All ecclefiaftical caufes, arifmg withthe oyfter has been made a foundation for many an abthefe peculiar or exempt jurifdi&ions, are originally furd hypotheiis with refpeft to the nature of animals. in But let us quit the confideration of thefe faithlefs pic- cognizable by this court: from which an appeal lay formerly to the pope, but now by the ftac. 25 H. VIII. tures, and attend to the original. “ The oyfter is confcious of its exiftence, and con- c. 19. to the king in chancery. PECULIUM, the ftock or eftate which a perfon, feious alfo that fomething exiils exterior to itfelf. It choofes, it rejeAs ; it varies its operations with judge- in the power of another, whether male or female, either ment, according to circutnftances ; \t defends itfelf by as his or her Have, may acquire by his induftry. Roman frequently amaffed confiderable fums in this way. means adequate and complicated ; it repairs its Ioffes ; Haves The word properly fignifies the advanced price which and it can be made to change its habits. Oyfters newly taken from places which the fea had never left, in- a Have could get for his mafter’s cattle, &c. above the confidewately open their ihells, lofe the water they con- price fixed upon them by his matter, which was the tain, and die in a few days : but thofe that have been Have’s own property. In the Romilh church, peculium denotes the goods taken from the fame place, and thrown into beds or which each religious referves and poffeffes to himfelf. refervoirs from which the fea occafionaily retires, where PEDALS, the largefl pipes of an organ, fo called they are incommoded by the rays of the fun, or by the becaufe played and flopped with the foot. I he pedaiS cold, or where they are expofed to the injuries of man, are made fquare, and of wood ; they are ufually 13 in learn to keep themfelves clofe when they are abandonnumber. They are of modern invention, and ferve to ed bv the water, and live a much longer time.” See carry the founds of an oftave deeper than the reft. S T R. E A • PECTORAL, a facerdotal habit or veftment, worn See Organ. PEDAGOGUE, or Pedagogue, a tutor or maby the Jew ilia high-prieft. The Jews called it Hhojthtn, tter, to whom is committed the difeipline and dire&ion the Greeks the Latins rationale and peSoraley a Lholar, to be inftruded in grammar and other and in our verfion of the Bible it is called breajlplate. of arts. The word is formed from the Greek uyayo;, It confided of embroidered fluff, about a fpan fquare, puerorum duftor, “ leader of boys.” and was worn upon the breaft, fet with twelve precious M. Fleury obferves, that the Greeks gave the name Hones, ranged in four rows, and containing the names pcedagogus to Haves appointed to attend their children, of the twelve tribes. It was failened to the fhoulder lead them, and teach them to walk, &c. The Romans by two chains and hooks of gold. God himfelf pre- gave the fame denomination to the Haves who were fcribed the form of it. See Breastplate. Pectorale, a breaftplate of thin brafs, about 12 lin- intrufted with the care and inilrudion of their children. gers fquare, worn by the poorer foldiers in the RoPEDANT, afchoolmafter or pedagogue, who proman army, who were rated under 1000 drachmae. See feffes to inftru&and govern youth, teaeii them the huLoricA. , • it r and the arts. See Pedagogue. . Pectoral, an epithet for medicines good in oileales manities, Pedant is alfo ufed for a rough, unpoliihed man of of the breaft and lungs. PECTORALIS, in Anatomy. See there, Table letters, who makes an impertinent ufe of the fciences, and abounds in unfeafonable criticifrns and obferraof the Mufcles. . . tions. PECULATE, in civil law, the crime of embezzling Dacier defines a pedant, a perfon who has more readthe public money, by a perfon intrufted with the re- ing than good fenfe. See Pedantry. ceipt, management, or euftody thereof. This term is Pedants are people ever armed with quibbles and alfo ufed by civilians for a theft, whether the thing be fyllogifms, breathe nothing but difputation and chipublic, tlfcal, facred, or religious. PECULIAR, in the canon law, fignifks a particu- canery, and purfue a propofition to the laft limits of logic. lar pari Hi or church that has jurifdi&ion within itfelf Malebranche deferibes a pedant as a man full of falfe for pranting probates of wills and adminiftrations? ex- erudition, who makes a parade of his knowledge, and empt from the ordinary or bilhop’s courts. The king’ is ever quoting fome Greek or Latin author, or huntchapel is a royal peculiar, exempt from ail fpiritualju- ing back to a remote etymology. rifdi&ion, and referred to the vifitation and immediate St Evremont fays, that to paint the folly of a pedant, government of the king himfelf. There is likewife the^ rouft reprefent him as turning all converfation to fome archbilhop’g peculiar : for it is an ancient privilege ot we one fcience or fubjeA he is beft acquainted withalthe fee of Canterbury, that wherever any manors or There are pedants of all conditions, and a!l robes. advowfons belong to it, they forthwith become exempt Wicqucfort fays, an ambaffador, always attentive to from the ordinary, and are reputed peculiars: there formalities and decorums, is nothing elfe but a politiare cy fuch peculiars in the fee of Canterbury. pedant. Belides thefe, there are fome peculiars belonging to calPEDANTRY, or Pedantism, the quality or mandeans, chapters, and prebendaries, which are only exner of a pedant. See Pedant. ^ empted from the jurifdiAion of the archdeacon, thefe PEC

1

P E D P E D [ 83 ] Per.U'Un ’So fwell up little and low things, to make a vain of the hill, Diacviaits; and thofe of the ffiore, Pa- Ped il Pcdic Oiow of feienee, to heap up Greek and Latin, without ralians. Pedisan. judgment, to tear thofe to pieces who differ from us Thefe quarters ufually compofed fo many different about a pafTage in Suetonius or other ancient authors, faftions. Pififtratus made ufe of the Pedfseans againft or in the etymology of a word, to ftir up all the world the Diacrians. In the time of Solon, when a form againft a man for not admiring'Cicero enough, to be of government was to be chofen, the Diacrians chofe interefled for the reputation of an ancient as if he were it demociatic; the Pediasans demanded an ariftocraour next of kin, is what we properly call pedantry. cy ; and the Paralians a mixed government. FED A RIAN, in Roman antiquity, thofe fenators PEDICLE, among botanifts, that part of a ftalk. who fignified their votes by their feet, not with their which immediately fuftains the leaf of a flower ora tongues ; that is, fuel) as walked over to the fide of fruit, and is commonly called a fuotjlalli. thofe whofe opinion they approved of, in divifions of PEDICULUS, the L ouse, in zoology, a genua the lenate. of infe&s belonging to the order of aptera. It has fix Dr Middleton thus accounts for the origin of the feet, two eyes, and a fort of fling in the mouth ; the word. He fays, that though the magiflrates of Rome feelers are as long as the thorax; and the belly is dehad a right to a place and vote in the fenate both du- prefled and fublobated. It is an oviparous animal. ring their office and after it, and before they were put They are not peculiar to man alone, but infell other upon the roll by the cenfors, yet they had not pro- animals, as quadrupeds and birds, and even fiffies and bably a right to fpeak or debate there on any queflion, vegetables ; but thefe are of peculiar fpecies on each at lead in the earlier ages of the republic. For this animal, according to the particular nature of each, fome leems to have been the original diftin&ion between them of which are different from thofe which infeft the huand the ancient fenators, as it is plainly intimated in the man body. Nay, even infefts are infijfted with vermin formule of the confular edift, fent abroad to fummon which feed on and torment them. Several kinds of the fenate, which was addreffed to all fenators, and to beetles are fubjed to lice ; but particularly that kind all thofe who had a right to vote in the fenate. From called by way of eminence the/ow/y beetle. The lice on this diftindtion, thofe who had only a right to vote this are very numerous, and will not be fliook off The were called in ridicule pedarian ; becaufe they fignified earwig is often infefted with lice, juft at the fettheir votes by their feet, not their tongues, and upon ting on of its head : thefe are white, and fhining like every divifion of the fenate went over to the fide of mites, but they are much fmaller ; they are round*) thofe whofe opinion they approved. It was in allu- backed, flat-bellied, and have long legs, particularly fion to this old cuflom, which feems to have been the foremolt pair. Snails of all kinds, but efpeckilly wholly dropt in the latter ages of the republic, that the large naked forts, are very fubjed to lice; which the mute part of the fenate continued ftill to be called are continually feen running about them, and devourby the name of pedarians, as Cicero informs us, who ing them. Numbers of little red lice, with a very iu giving an account to Atticus of a certain debate fmall head, and in fhape refembling a tortoife, are ofand decree of the fenate upon it, fays that it was ten feen about the legs of fpiders, and they never leave made with the eager and general concurrence of the the animal while he lives ; but if he is killed, they alpedarians, though againft the authority of all the con- moft inftantly forfake him. A fort of whitiffi lice is fular s. found on humble-bees ; they are alfo found upon ancs ; PEDATURA, a term ufed, in Roman antiquity, and fiftres are not lefs lubjed to them than other anifor a fpace or proportion of a certain number of feet mals. fet out. This word often occurs in writers on miliKircher tells us, that he found lice alfo on flies, and tary affairs: as in Hyginus de Caftrametatione we meet M. de la Hire has given a curious account of the creawith meminerimus itaque ad computatlonem cohortis equitate ture which he found on the common fly. Having ocmUliaria pedaturam ad ntillelrecentos fexaginta dart debere; calion to view a living fly with the microfcope, he obwhich is thus explained : The pedatura, or fpace al- ferved on its head, back, and ffioulders, a great numlowed for a cohors equitata or provincial cohort, con- ber of finall animals crawling very nimbly about, and fifting of both horfe and foot, could not be the fame often climbing up the hairs which grow at the origin as the pedatura of an uniform body of infantry, of the of the fly’s legs. He with a fine needle took up. one of fame number, but muft exceed it by 360 feet; for the thefe, and placed it before the microfcope ufed to view proportion of the room of one horfeman to one foot the animalcules in fluids. It had eight legs ; four oh ioldier he affigns as two and a half to one. each fide. Phefe were not placed very diftant from PEDERAS TS, the fame with Sodomites. each other ; but the four towards the head were fepaPEDESTAL, in architecture, the loweft part of rated by a fmall fpace from the four towards the tail. an order of columns, being that part v/hich fuftains the The feet were of a particular ftrudure, being compocolumn, and ferves it as a foot or ftand. See Cofed of feveral fingers, as it were, and fitted for taking lumn. faft hold of any thing ; but the two neareft the head PLDIiEAN, in Grecian antiquity. The city of Athens was anciently divided into three different were aftb more remarkable in this particular than thofe parts ; one on the defeent of an hill ; another on the near the tail; the extremities of the legs for a little lea-more ; and a third in a plain between the other way above the feet were dry and void of flefh like the two The inhabitants of the middle region were legs of birds, but above this part they appeared plump called Pedueans, formed*from W'fovj « plain ” and flefliy. It had two finall horns upon ita head, or “ flat;” or as Anliotle will have it, Pediaci; thofe formed of feveral hairs arranged clofely together ; and there were fomeother clufters of hairs by the fide of thefe J-1 2 horns.

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P E D [ 84 ] P E D horns, but they h*i not the fan-.e figure ; and to^ris upper part of *VT^>SsT.rn3'feS.T.n; to v—- ti,e or;p.;n 0f the hinder le^s there were two other fuch tioned, the propelled blood ftands fti.l, and iee cl after s of hairs which took their origin at the middle undergo a feparation, fome of it becoming clear and of the back The whole creature was of a blight yel- waterifh, while other black particles are punnd 01lowifti red ; the legs, and all the body, except a large ward to the amis. If a loufe is placed on bac^ fnot in the centre, were perfeftly tranfparent. In fize, two bloody darKifta fpots appear : the larger 1 h "computed it to be about ^th part of the head of middle of the body, the le.Ter towards He tad; the «V. By , and h. o*™. that fuch kind of are -tions of wluch are ” tL “Cfewhfclt infefts the human body make, a fern, to lie. 'This motion of the fyilcle and diaitoie very curious appearance through a microfcope. It has is bed feet, when the "eatu.r" |?hgc™ m, t'0 ^ fuch a trauTparcnt (I,ell or (kin, that we are able to and on prickmg the wh,te bl lder we,._h The ieem^t^^ lower dark d if'over more ©f what paffea within its body that 111 the heart, the creature inftantly dies. fpot is fuppofed to be the excrement in the gut. im ft trier living creatures. It has naturally three diLice have been fuppofed to be hermaphrodites : but vifions, the head the breaft, and the tail part. In the head appear two fine black eyes, with a horn that this is erroneous ; for Mr Lieuwenhoeck obferved, that has five joints, and is furrounded with hairs Handing the males have flings in their tails, witch me females before each eye ; and from the end of the nofe or fnout have not. And he fuppofes the fmarting pain which there is a pointed projefting part, which ferves as a thofe creatures fometimes give, to be owing to their fheath or cafe to a piercer or fucker, which the crea- flinging with thefe flings when made uneafy by preiture thrufts into the flein to draw out the blood and fure or otherwife. He fays, that he felt litde or no humours which are its deftined food ; for it lias no pain from their fuckers, though fix of them were f eedmouth that opens in the common way. This piercer ing on his hand at once. In order to know the true hiflory and manner ot or fuck er is judged to l>e 700 times fmaller than a hair, and is contained in another cafe within the firft, breeding of thefe creatures, Mr Lieuwenhoeck put two and ran be drawn in or thruft out at pleafure. i he female lice into a black flocking, which he wore night breaft is very beautifully marked in the middle ; the and day. He found, on examination, that in fix days flcin is tranfparent, and fall of little pits : and from one of them had laid above 50 eggs ; and,, upon difthe under part of it proceed fix legs, each having five fering it, he found as many yet remaining in toejoints, and their flein all the way refembling fhagreen, ovary : whence he concludes, thac in 12 days.it would except at the ends where it is fmoother. Each leg is have laid ico eggs. Thefe eggs naturally hatch m terminated by two claws, which are hooked, and are fix days, and would then probably have produced 5and as many females ; and thtfe females coming of an unequal length and fize. Thefe it ufes as we males, to their full growth in 18 days, might each of them would a thumb and middle finger ; and there are hairs between thefe claws as well as all over the legs. On be fuppofed after 12 days more to lay 100 eggs £ the back part of the tail there may be difeovered fome which eggs, in fix days more, might produce a young ring-like divifions, and a fort of marks which look brood of i;ooo : fo that in eight weeks, one loufe may 5000 of its own defeendents. like the ftrokes of a rod on the human {kin ; the belly fee Signior Rhedi, who has more attentively obferved looks like fha?reen, and towards the lower end it is very clear, and full of pits: at the extremity of the thefe animals than any other author, has given fever d eiit'ravings of the different fpecies of lice foun .on diitail there are two femicircular parts all covered over with hairs, which ferve to conceal the amis. When ferent animals. Men, he ooferves, are fubjeeft to two the loufe moves its legs, the motion of the mufcles, kinds ; the common loufe and the crabdoufe.. He which all unite in an oblong dark fpot in the middle of obferves alio, that the fize of the lice is not at all prothe breaft, may be diftinguifhed perfe&ly, and to may portioned to that of the animal which they infeft ; the motion of the mufcles of the head when it moves fince the ftarling has them as large as the fwan. Some kinds of conftitutions are inoie apt to hievd its horns. We may likewife fee the various ramificalice others : and in fome places of different uetions of the veins and arteries, which are white, with greesthan of heat, they are certain to be deflroyed upom the pulfe regularly beating in the arteries. But the molt furprifing cf all the fights is the periftalcic motion peoole who in other climates are over-run w.th. t ie. 1. It is an obferration of Oviedo, tout tue Spamfh i.niof the guts, which is continued ail the way from the ors, who are generally much afflicted with lice, always, itomach down to the anus. lofe them in a certain degree of latitude in their voyIf one of thefe creatures, when hungry, be placed ages to the Eaft Indies, and have them again on their on the back of the hand, it will thruft its fucker into returning to the fame degree. This is not only true of the fkin, and tfte blood which it fucks may be ften patling in a fine flream to the fore-part of the head ; the Spaniards, but of all other people who make the where°, falling into a roundifh cavity, it paffes again in fame voyage ; for though they fet out ever fo louiy* they have notone of thofe creatures by tlie time.they a fine ftream to another ciicular receptacle in the come to the tropic. And in the Indies there is no middle of the head ; from thence it runs through a thing as a loufe about the body, though the fmall veffel to the breaft, and then to a gut which fuch reaches to the hinder part of the body, where in a curve people be ever fo nafty. The faiiors continue free it turns again a little upward ; in the brcai. and gut tne from thefe creatures till their return ; but in going blood is moved without inter million, with a gicat back, they ufually begin to be ioufy after they arrive force ; efpecially in the gut, where it occaficns inch a at the latitude of the Madeira iilands. i he extreme r the working people naturally rail into ^ontr&^lion of the gut aa is very furpriiing. In the fweats, which between

PHD [ 85 ] FED pofiible to give a renfon why fome families of the PediluviPetiictlu^ between the latitude of Madeira and tne inch'es; di own u—v— and dedroy the lice ; and have the fame effeft as the fame fpecies flick to the head and others to the rubhm.r over the loufv heads o children with butter clothes, &c it would alfo in all probability be pofand od. The fweat, in thefe hot cl mates, is not rank Able to underiland the nature of many contagious as in Europe, 'md therefore it is not apt to-oreed lice ; difeafes. PEDILUVIUM, or Bathing of the Feet. The but when people return into latitudes where they f,veaf rank again, their naflinefs fubjefts them to the ufes of warm bathing in general, and of the pedilufame vifitations of thefe vermin as before. L he people vium in particular, are fo little underftood, that they in general in the Indies are very fubjeof to lice in their are often prepofteroufly ufed, and fometimes as injudibeads, tho’ free from them on their bodies, i he re a fori cioufiy abftained from. In the Edinburgh Medical Efiays, we find an inof this is, that their heads fweat lefs than their bodies, and they take no care to comb and clean them. The genious author’s opinion of the warm pediluvium, notSpanifh negroes, walh their heads thoroughly once every withftanding that of Bordli, Boerhaave, and Hoffweek with fosp, to prevent their being loufy. This man, to the contrary, to be, That the legs becoming makes them efcape much better than the other ne- warmer than before, the blood in them is warmed : gioes who are flaves there; for the lice grow fo nu- this blood rarifying, diftends theveftels ; and in circumerous in their heads, that they often eat large holes lating imparts a great degree of warmth to the reft of the mafs ; and as there is a portion of it conftantly in them. Cteanlinefs is doubtlefs the grand fecret by which palling through the legs, and acquiring new heat to keep clear from lice, efpecially when we wear there, which heat is in the courfe of circuhtiomcomwoollen clothes. It is alfo neceffa'-y where there is any municated to tire reft of the blood, the whole mafs radanger, to take nouriihing, fucculent food, and to ufe rifling, occupies a largerfpr.ee, and of confequencj wholefome drink J Mercurial advifes frequent circulates with greater force. The volume of the purges as a cure in the pedicular difeafe : it is necef- blood being thus increrifed,.every veffel is diftendel, fery alfo to rub with garlic and milliard, to take and every part of the body feels the effects of it; the treacle inwardly, alfo Irked as 1 acid food, to bathe, diftant parts a little later than thofe firft heated. The and to foment the body with a decoftion of lupines, or of benefit obtained by a warm pediluvium is generally atg ul nuts i but the mod effedlml remedies are fulphur tributed to its making a derivation into the parts imand tobacco, mercurial ointment, black pepper, arid merfed, and a revulfion from thofe affected, becaufe vinegar. Monkeys and feme Hottentots, we are told, they are relieved ; but the cure is performed by the dimethod of operating, viz. by a greater eat lice ; and are thence denominated phthirophages. redt contrary r On the coaft of the Red Sea it is reported, that there force o circulation through the parts affected, remois a nation of fmull fiature and of a black colour, ving what was ftagn uit or moving too fluggiihly there. who ufe locufls for the greateft part of their food, Warm bathing is of no fervice where there is an irrej repared only with fait. On fuch food thofe men fiftuble obftruftion, though, by its taking off from a live till 40, and then die of a pedicular or loufy d f- fpafm in general, it may feem to give a moment’s eafe; eafe. A kind of winged lice devour them, their nor does it draw from the diftant parts, but often body putrefies, and they die in great torment. It is hurts by pufhing againft matter that will not yield aifo a fa£t chat the negroes on the weft coaft of Africa with a ftronger impetus of circulation than the ftretchtake great delight in making their women char the'r ed and difeafed veffels can bear : fo that where there bodies of lice, and thofe latter devour them with giee- is any fufpicion of fcirrlntq warm bathing of any fort fhould never be ufed. On the other hand, where obdinefs as fall as they find them. In ancient medicine lice were efteemed aperient ftnrclians are not of long Handing, and the impacted febrifuge, and proper for curing a pale complexion. matter is not obftinate, wa m baihs may be of great The natural repugnance to thofe ugly creatures (fays ufe to refolve them quickly. In recent colds, with Jjemery) perhaps contributed more to baniih the fever flight humoral peripn .-umonies, they are frequently an Man the remedy itfelf. la the jaundice five or fix immediate cure. This they effect by increafing the were fwallowed in a foft egg. In the fuppreffion of force o: the circulation, opening the {kin, and driving urine, which happens fiequently to children at their freely through the lungs that lentor which ftagnated birth, a living loufe is introduced into the urethra, or moved flowly in them. As thus conducing to the which, by the tickling which it occafions in the ra- refolution of obflrudtions, they may be confidered as il?.!, forces the fphinhter to relax, and permits the {hurt and fafe fevers; and in ufing them we imitate urine to flow. A bug produces the fame effeil. Far- nature, which by a fever often carries off an obftrudtriers have alfo a cuftom (fays M. Bourgeois) of in- ing caufe of a chronical ailment. Borelli, Boerhaave, troducing one or two lice into the urethra of horfes and Hoffman, are all of opinion, that the warm pediluwhen they t.re ftized with a retention of urine, a dif- vium acts by driving a larger quantity of blood into eafe pretty common among them. But, according to the parts immerftd. But' arguments muft give way the Continuation of the Materia Medica, to ufe the to fadts : the experiment# related in the Medical pedicular medicine with the greateft advantage, one Effays feem to prove to a demonftratiun, that the would need to be in Africa, where thofe infebts are ,warm pediluvium acts by rarifying the blood. carefully fought after and fwallowed as a delicious A warm pediluvium, when rightly tempered, may lie morfel. The great dittinflion between thofe which ufed as a iafe cordial, fey which circulation can be infeft mankind is into the head and bo !y loufe. The roufed, or a gentle fever raifed ; with this advantage former is hard and high coloured, and the latter lefs over the cordials and fudorifics, that the effedt of them compact and more of an ufhen colour. If it were may be taken off at pieafure. PeJiluvu

P E D [ 86 ] FED Pcdiluvia are fometimes ufed in the fmall-pox ; but of learned men. It was chiefly with a view to im- Pelro, Dr Stevenfon thinks their frequent tumultuous optra- prove his knowledge that he fpent four years in trations render that fufpefted, and at bell of very doubt- veiling through different countries in Europe, Alia, ^ ful effect; and he therefore prefers Monf. Martin of and Africa, with a train fuitabie to his quality; of Laufinne’s method of bathing the (kin, not only of the which travels there is a relation ftili extant, but fo * legs, but of the whole body, with a foft cloth dipped loaded with fabulous circumfiances, that it wounds in warm water, every four hours, till the eruption ; by the reputation it was defigned to raife. At his rewhich means the puftules may become univerfally turn he efpoufed Ifabella, daughter to the count of Urgel, and grand-daughter to Don Pedro, the fourth higher, and confequently more fafe^ PEDIMENT. See Architecture, p. 240, &c. kir^g of Portugal, which was efteemed a very great PEDLAR, a travelling foot-trader. See Haw- advancement of his fortune. He was eledled into the moft noble order of the Garter, April 22. 1417, in kers. In Britain (and formerly in France) the pedlars are the fifth year of the reign of his coufin Henry V. defpifed ; but it is otherwife in certain countries. In grandfon of John of Gaunt, by the father’s fide, as Spaniih America, the bufinefs is fo profitable, that it our duke of Coimbra was by the mother. In 144a is thought by eo means difhonourable ; and there are he was declared regent during the minority of hi6 many gentlemen in Old Spain, who, when their cir- coufin Don Alonfo V. fon of king Edward, who died cumftances are declining, lend their fons to the In- by the plague. He found fome difficulty at firft in dies to retrieve their fortunes in this way. Almofl the difeharge of his office, both from the queen-moall the commodities of Europe are diftributed through ther and others. But upon the whole, his adminiftrathe fouthern continent of America by means of thefe tion was fo mild and fo juft, that the magiftrates and pedlars, 'i'hey come from Panama to Paita by fea ; people of Lifbon concurred in demanding his leave to and in the road from the port laft mentioned, they erect a fiatue to him. The regent thanked them, faid make Peura their lirft voyage to Lima. Some take the he ftiould he unwilling to fee a work of their’s demo* road through Caxamalia; others through Truxillo, lilhed ; and that he was fufficiently rewarded by this alosg fliore "from Lima. ’I'hey take their pafiage back public teftimony of their affections. The queen dowto Panama by fea, and perhaps take with them a little ager wifhed to raife difturbances in Portugal by aiming cargo of brandy. At Panama they again ftock them- to recover the regency to herfelf; but the fteadintfs felves with European goods, returning by fea to Paita, of the regent’s adminiftration, the attachment of the where they are put on {bore ; there they hire mules belt part of the nobility to him, and his enjoying, in *nd load them, the Indians going with them in order fo abfolute a degree, the confidence of the people ; to lead them back. Their travelling expences are next not only fecured the interior tranquillity of the ftate, to nothing ; for the Indians are brought under fuch but raifed the credit likewife of the crown of Portugal fubjedtion, that they find lodging for them, and pro- to a very great height in the fentirnents of its neighvender for their mules, frequently thinking it an bours : for in the courfe of his regency he h made it honour done them for their guefts to accept of this for his continual ftudy to purfue the public good ; to eafe nothing, unlefs the flranger now and then, out of ge- the people in general, and the inhabitants of Lifbon in particular, of feveral impofitions ; to maintain the laws r.erofity or compaffion, makes a fmall recornpence. In Poland, where there are few or no manufactures, in their full vigour ; to give the king an excellent edualmoft all the merchandife is carried on by pedlars, who cation ; and if that had been at all practicable, to difare faid to be generally Scotfmen, and who, in the fufe a perfeft unanimity through the court, by afreign of king Charles II. are faid to have amounted to fuaging the malice and envy of his enemies. The king when he came of age, and the cortes or parliament, no fewer than y^coo. PEDOMETER, or PodometEr, formed from exprefled their entire fatisfaclion with the regent’s ad,: /w, “ foot,” and meafure,” way-wifer; miniftration ; and all parties entirely approved of the a mechanical inftrument, in form of a watch, confsft- king’s marriage with Donna Ifabeila, the regent’s ing of various wheels with teeth, catching in one ano- daughter, which was celebrated in 1446. The enmither, all difpofed in the fame plane ; which, by means ty of his enemies, however, was not in the leaft abated of a chain or firing faftened to a man’s foot, or to the by the regent’s being out of office. They ftili perfewheel of a chariot, advance a notch each ftep, or each cuted him with their unjuft calumnies, and unforturevolution of the wheel; fo that the number being nately made the king hearken to their falfehoods. The marked on the edge of each wheel, one may number unfortunate duke, when ordered to appear before the the paces, or meafure exa£Ily the difiance from one king, was advifed to take with him an efcort of horfe place to another. There are forne of them which mark and foot. In his paffage he was proclaimed a rebel, and the time on a dial-plate, and are in every refpeft much quickly after he was furrounded by the king’s troops. like a watch, and are accordingly worn in the pocket Soon after he was attacked, and in the heat of adfion he was killed : nor was the envy of his enemies even like a watch. PEDRO (Don) of Portugal, duke of Coimbra, then fatiated ; his body was forbid burial ; and was was the fourth child and fecond furviving fon of King at length taken away privately by the peafants. His John of Portugal, and was born March the 4th 1394. virtue, however hated in courts, was adored by the unElis father gave him an excellent education, which, corrupt part of his countrymen. At length, tho’, by an joined to ftrong natural abilities and much application, infpeftion of his papers, the king faw, when it was too rendered him one of the moft accomplifiied princes late, the injuftice that had been done the man who had of his time. He was not only very learned himfelf, behaved fo well in fo high and difficult an office; and -but a great lover of learning, and a great patron whole papers only difeovered figns of further benefit

rFetlmiefit4 ^

\ PEE [ 87 1 PEE PfduncJe, to tbe kfrg and his dominions. In confequence of of the Hay family, the famous Merlin is fuppofed to .Peebles^ tjiefe djfcoverieS) the duke’s adherents were declared lie buried. There was an old traditional prophecy, J _y " loyal fubjedts, all profecutions were ordered to ceafe, that the two kingdoms (hould be united when the'waand the king defined the body of Coimbra to be tranf- ters of the Tweed and the Panfel (hould meet at his ported with great pomp from the caftle of Abrantes grave. Accordingly, the country* people obferve to the monaftery of Batalha ; where it was interred in that this meeting happened in confequence of an inunthe tomb which he had caufed to be ere died for hitnfe'lf. dation at the acceffion of James VI. to the crown of The royal name of Don Pedro eccurs often in the hh England. PEEK, in the fea-language, is a word ufed in vafiory of Portugal, and many who bore the name were fingularly diftinguifhed either for internal abilities, or rious fenfes. Thus the anchor is faid to be a-peek, when the (hip being about to weiglrcomes over her external fplendor. See Po-rtugal. anchor in fuch a manner that the cable hangs perpenPEDUNCLE, in botany. See Pedicle. PEEBLES, crTwEEDALE, a county of Scotland, dicularly between the haufe and the anchor. To heave a-peek, is to bring the peek fo as that the extending 2,5 milts in length and 18 in breadth. It is bounded on the eaft by Ettrick Forell, on the fouth anchor may hang a-peck. A (hip is faid to ride aby Annandale, on the well by Glydefdale, and on the peek, when lying with her main and for e-yards hoiftnorth by Mid Lothian. Tweedale is a hilly country, ed up, one end of her yards is brought down to the well watered with the Tweed, the Yarrow, and a (hrouds, and the other raifed up on end ; which is great number of fmaller ftreams that fertilize the val- chiefly done when (he lies in rivers, left other (hips leys, which produce good harvefts of outs and barley, falling foul of the yards (hould break them. Riding with feme proportion of wheat. All the rivers of any a-broad peek, denotes much the fame, excepting that confequence abound with trout and falmon. The lake the yards are only raifed to half the height. called Wejl-Water Loch fwarms with a prodigious Peek is alfo uied for a room in the hold, extending number of eels. In the month of Auguil, when the from the bitts forward to the (lern : in this room men weft wind blows, they tumble into the river Yarrow in of war keep their powder, and merchant-men their fuch ftioals, that the people who wade in to catch vidftuals. them run the rifle of being overturned. There is anoPEEL, in the Ifle of Man, formerly Holm-tewn, has ther lake on the borders of Annandale, called Loch- a fort in a fmall ifiand, and a garrifon well fupplied with gennen, which fovms a cataraft over a precipice 250 canijon In it are the ancient cathedral, the lord’s paces high : here the water falls with fuch a momen- houfe, with fome lodgings of the bifltops, and fome tum as to kill the fifh underneath. About the middle other remains of antiquity. of this country is the hill or mountain of Braidalb, PEER, in general, fignifies an equal, or one of the from the top of which the fea may be feen on each fide fame rank and ftation: hence in the adls of fome counof the ifland. Tweedale abounds with limeftone and cils, we find thefe words, ivith tie covfent of our peersy freeflone. The hills are generally as green as the bijhops, abbots, Sec. Afterwards the fame term was downs in Suffex, and feed innumerable flocks of fheep, applied to the vaflals or tenants of the fame lord, who that yield great quantities of excellent wool. The were called peers, bt caufe they were ail equal in concountry is well (haded with woods and plantations, dition, and obliged to ferve and attend him in his abounds with all the necefiaries of life, and is adorned couits; and peers in fefs, becaufe they ail held fiefs with many fine feats and populous villages. The earls of the fame lord. of March were hereditary fheriffs of Tweedale, which The term peers is now applied to thofe who are imbeftows the title of marquis on a branch of the an- pannelled in an inqueft upon a perfon for convidling cient houfe of Hay, earls of Errol, and hereditary or acquitting him o( any offence laid to his charge high conftables ®f Scotland. The family of Tvveedale and the realon why the jury is fo called, is becaufe, is, by the female fide, defeended from the famous Si- by the common law and the cuftom of this kingdom, mon de Frafer, proprietor of great part of this coun- every perfon is to he tried by his peers or equals ; a try, who had a great flnare in obtaining the triple vic- lord by the lords, and a commoner by commoners. tory at Roflin. The chief, and indeed the only town See the article Jury. of confequence in Tweedale, is Peebles, a fmall inPekr of the Realm, a noble lord who has a feat and confiderable royal borough, and feat of a prefbytery, vote in the Houfe of Lords, which is alfo called the pleafantly fituated on the banks of the Tweed, over Houfe of Peers. which there is at this place a (lately (lone bridge of Tilde lords are called peers, becaufe though there five arches. In the neighbourhood ef Peebles, near is a diftin£lion of degrees in our nobility, yet in public the village of Romans, on the river Lene, we fee the adlions they are equal, as in their votes in parliament, veftiges 01 two Roman caflella, or ftationary forts ; and in trying any nohleman or other perfon impeached and a great many terraces on the neighbouring hills, by the commons, &c. See Parliament. which perhaps have ferved as itinerary encampments. Houfe of Peeks., or Houfe of Lords, forms one of the In the (hire of Fweedale there are many ancient and three eftates of parliament. See Lords and Parliahonourable families of the gentry. Among thefe, ment. Douglas of Cavers, who was hereditary (herift of the In a judicative capacity, the houfe of peers is the county, dill preferves the ftandard and the iron mace fuprerne court of the kingdom, having at prefent no of the gallant lord Douglas, who fell in the battle of original jurifdiclion over caufes, but only upc.n appeals Otterburn, juft as his troops had defeated and taken hts; garly called pTeffing to death. See Arraignment. and fo much labour and attention, as he was naturally PEIRCE (James), an eminent diffenting miniffer, of a tender constitution, increated the weaknefs of his was born at Wapping, in London, in the year 1674 and was educated at Utrecht and Leyden ; after which ftomach formerly contradted, and for which he had he fpent fome time at Oxford, in order to enjoy the uted a kind of digeftive powder. Being recalled by ^euefit of frequenting the Bodleian library. He then his uncle in 1597, he returned to Aix, and entered tor two years preached the Sunday-evening’s teaure at there upon the ftudy of the law ; which he protecuted however, fo as to find leifure co vifit and converte frethe meeting houte in Miles-Lane, London, and then quently with Peter A. R. Bagarr, a moft ikilful antirettled at Cam’ridge. In 17 13 he was removed to a congregation at Exeter, where he continued till the quary, who was afterwards made mafter of the jewels year 1718 : when the Calvinifts among the diffenterg to Henry IV. The following year he went again to Avignon, to propoung a fm.tenption to articles of faith to be figned by all the diflenting minifters in the kingdom, te- carry on his courfe of law under one Peter^David ; veral articles were propoted to him and Mr John Hal- who, being well fkilled iikewife in antiquities, was kt, another diffenting minifter at Exeter, in order to pleated to tee Peirefc join this ftudy to that of the law. herr fubfcnbmg them, they both refuted, imagining But Ghibertus of Naples, auditor to Cardinal Aquaus proceeding of their diffenting brethren to be £ viva, fed his curiofity the moft, in fliowing him fome unworthy unpofition on religious liberty and private 1 an ties, fuch as he had never teen before. "Ghibertus aEo km him Galtrius’s Trcatife upon Coins, and advited.

P E I [ 94 1 p E I croffed the water, in company with the king’s ambaf- ^ Peirclc. Peirefc. vifed him to go into Italy, efpccially to Rome, where fador, 1606, to England. Here he was very graoihe would meet with curiofities to latisry his molt ar- ovifiy received by king James I.; and having feen Oxdent wi(hes. Accordingly, his uncle having procured ford, and vifited Camden, Sir Robert Cotton, Sir a oroper governor, he and his brother fet out upon that Henry Saville, and other learned men, he palled over tour Sept 1599 ; and paffing through Florence, Lo- to Holland ; and after vifiting the feveral towns and nonia, and Ferrara, when he had ftayed a few days at univerfities, with the literati in each, he went through Venice, he fixed his refidence at Padua, in order to complete his courfe of law. But once a quaiter, go- Antwerp to Bruffels, and thence back to Pans, to lee the ceremony of the Dauphin's bapt.fm ; which being ing to Venice to get cafh for bills, of exchange, he folemnized Aug. 24. he returned home in Septemtook~ thefe. opportunities of introducing himfelf tmnieit to the tne ^;aed for the ordering of the fa•n i . * aL V moli diftinguilhed literati there ; and was particularly beruy 1606, being expected 6 aiicuis. cf carefled by of St Mark,' who mily anairs. -. ,- •, •, ’, CrtlviiCvl U j F. X • Contarin, procurator ^ Prefently after this, he purchafed the barony of was poffeffed of a curious cabinet of medals, and other Rians; and at the folicitation of his uncle, having apantiquities, without knowing the value of them. This proved himfelf before that affembly, he was recclveJ was fully Ibown to him by Peirefc, who likewufe ex8 plained the Greek inicriptions upon his medals, and a fenator on the til of July 1607. Jan- 160 he his uncle; and the following year, falling himfeli inthe monumental ftones. Afteqa year’s Hay at 1 adua, to a dangerous fever, recovered by eating mufk-melons he fet out for Rome, and arrived there Oft. 1600, in before fupper, for which he had conceived a longing. order to be in time for feeing the jubilee ; to.celebrate He was ordered by his phyfician to eat them before which, the Porta Sanfta would be opened in the bemeals without bread, and to drink a glufs °r P1”'.6 ginning of the next year. He palfed fix months in his wine upon them. He continued this method all his this city, viewing the numberlefs curiolities there, and life afterwards ; and grew fo fond of them, that, though in cultivating the friendfnip of GMileo, by whom he he could abftain from any other meat as he lifted, yet was much beloved. This Iriendthip led him to carry towards them he profeiTed he was unable to m^ter his refearches into aftronomy and natural philofophy ; himfelf. He frequently experienced, that in the muikand he was prefent when Fabricius ab Aqunpendente, melon feafon he was never troubled with the gravel. out of a parcel of eggs upon which a hen was fitting, In 1618, having procured a faithful copy of the took one every day, to obferve the gradual formation Adis of the Monaftery ol Maren in Switzerland, he of the chick from firft to lait. From this time it was publilhed a fecond edition of that work. As it was generally acknowledged, that he had taken the helm written in defence of the royal line ol France againtt of learning into his hand, and began to guide the Theodoric Piefpordius, who had attempted to prove commonwealth of letters. . , , the title of the Auftrian family to the French crown Having now fpent almoft three years in Italy, he be- by right of fucceffion, he was, upon this publication^, gan to prepare for his departure ; and in the end of nominated the fame year, by Louis XIII. abbot ot ,602, having packed uP all the rarities, gems, &c San&a Maria Aquiftrienfis. He ftayed in France till which he had procured, and put them into the road 1623 ; when, upon a meflage from his father now to Marfeilles, he left Padua, and, croffing the Alps grown old and fickly, he left Paris, where he had fpent to Geneva, went to Lyons ; where receiving money, feven years and fome months. He arrived at Aix he made a handfome prefent to his governor, who took in October ; and not long after prefented to the the route of Paris. From Lyons he went Mont- court a patent from the king, permitting him to conpellier to improve himfelf in the law under Julius Pa- tinue in the fundion of his ancient dignity, and. to rius‘ From Montpellier he difpatched more rarities to exercife the office of a fecular or lay perfon, natwithhis uncle, who fending for him home, he arrived at Aix ftanding that, being an abbot, he had a {fumed the chain November; but, bringing Farms along with him, rader of a churchman. To this the court of parliahe obtained leave to return to Montpellier m a few ment not affenting, decreed unammoufly, that, being davs. He waited upon Parius back again, under whom already admitted into the firft rank, he ffiould abide be continued purfuing his law ftud.es till the end of perpetually therein ; not returning, as the cuftom of 1602, when he returned to A.x, at the earneft requeft the court was, to the inferior auditory, wherein trials of his uncle, who, having refigned to him his fenato- are ufual!y had of criminal cafes. In 162.5, he buried rial dignity, had ever fince the beginning ol the year bis father, who had been long afflided with the gout. laboured to get the king’s patent. The degree of In 1627, he prevailed with the archbiffiop of Aix to doftor of law was a neceffary qualification for that dig- elHabiifh a poll thence to Lyons, and fo to Paris and nitv. Peirefc, therefore, having kept the ufual exer- ail Europe ; by which the corrtfpondence conftantly cife, took that degree Jan. 18. 1604, when tne afore- held with the literati everywhere was much facilitated. faid patent v as given in to the lenate, and ordered to be In 1629, he began to be much tormented with the recorded : yet Peirefc procured leave not to be prefently ftrangury and haemorrhoides ; and in 1631, having emcred into the lift of fenators. The bent of his in- completed the marriage of his nephew Claudius with clination was not fo much to bufmefs as to advance arts Margaret Alrefia, a noblewoman of the county ot and feences. and to affift all the promoters of learning. Avignon, he bellowed upon him the barony of Kianty, For this purpefe, he refolved to lead a fingle life , fo together with a grant of his fenatonal dignity, only that when his father had concluded a match for him with referving the fundion to himfelf for three yeats. But a refpe&able lady, he begged to be e.xcufed. the parliament not waiting his furrendry ol it, he reIn 1605, he accompanied G. Varius, firft prefioent fented that affront fo heinoufly, that he procured, in ef the fenate at Aix, who was very fond ot him., to Paris ; whence, having viiited every thing curious, he 1635, letters2patent from the king to be reftoree, and

i

P E K P E K r 95 i Peirefc, to ^xercifc the office for five years longer, which hap- the new city, or, ns it is called, the Tartar’s city, be Pekin, Pekin. pened to be till his death : for being feized, June 1637, caufc it is inhabited by Tartars ever fincethey conquer* "■"•“v—■“ with a fever that brought on a ftoppage of urine, this ed this empire ; the other, called the Old City, is inhabiput an end to his life on the Z4th of that month, in ted hv the Chinefe. The circuit of both thefe toget her his 57th year. is 52 Chinefe lys, each of which contains 240 geometriThe chara&er of Peirefc may be fummed up in a cal paces; being, without the fuburbs, full fix leagues few words. His perfon was of a middle fize, and of a in circumference, according to the moft accurate meathin habit: his forehead large, and his eyes grey ; a furement made by order of the emperor. little hawk-nofed ; his cheeks tempered with red ; the Thole who have paid attention' to the population hair of his head yellow, as alfo his beard, which he of this place, reckon the number of inhabitants at ufed to wear long ; his whole countenance bearing the 2,000,000, though there are others that double that marks of uncommon and rare courtefy and affability. number. In his diet he affefted cleanlinefs, and in all things Grofier tells us, “ that the height and enormous Grower's about him ; but nothing fuperfluous or coftly. His thicknefs of the walls of the Tartar city excite admi- ^fription clothes were fuitable to his dignity ; yet he never wore ration ; twelve horfemen might eafily ride abreaft up- ^ Cbina‘ filk. In like manner, the reft of his houfe was adorn- on them ; they have fpacious towers raifed at intervals, ed according to his condition, and very well furnifhed ; a bow-fhot diftant from one another, and large enough but he negle&ed his own chamber. Inftead oftapeftry, to contain bodies of referve in cafe of neceffitv. The there hung the pidtures of his chief friends and of fa- city has nine gates, which are lofty and well arched. mous men, befides innumerable bundles of commenta- Over them are large pavilion-roofed towers divided inries, tranferipts, notes, colleftions from books, epiftles, to nine ftories, each having feveral apertures or portand fuch like papers. His bed was exceeding plain, holes : the lower ftory forms a large hall for the ufe of and his table continually loaded and covered with pa- the foldiers and officers who quit guard, and thofe appers, books, letters, and other things ; as alfo ail the pointed to relieve them. Before each gate a fpace is feats round about, and the greateft part of the floor. of more than 360 feet: this is a kind of place of Gii/Jendi's Thefe were fo many evidences of theturn of h-s mind ; in left arms, inclofed by a femicircular wail equal in height Life of j Feirefc, in refpedt to which, the writer of his euloge compares him and thickuefs to that furrounding the city. The Mnglijb. to the Roman Atticus ; and Bayle, confidering his uni- great road, which ends here, is commanded by a pal.ond. verfal correfpondence and general affiftance to all the vilion roofed tower like the firft, in fuch manner, that, s6j;. literati in Europe, dafhed it out luckily enough, when as the cannon of the former can batter the houfes of he called him “ the attorney general of the literary re- the city, tnofe of the latter can fweep the adjacent public.”^ The works which he publifhed are, “ Hifto- country. The ftreets of Pekin are ftraight, about ria provincise Gallias Narbonenfis “ Nobilium ejuf- 1 20 feet wide, a full league in length, and bordered' dem provincise familiarum Origines, et feparatim Fa- with drops. It is aftonifhing to fee the immenfe conhnciae “ Commentary rerum omnium memoria dig- courfe of people that continually fills them, and the narum fua aetate geftarum “ Li!.er de ludieris na- confufion caufed by the prodigious number of horfes, tursc operibus j 4 Mathematica & aftronomica vans camels, mules, and carriage^ which crofs or meet Obfervationes mathematicse “ Epiftols ad S. P. each other. Befides this inconvenience, one is every Urbanum VIII. cardinales Barberinos, &c. “ Au- now and then (topped by crowds, who (land liftening tbores ant;qiu Grseci et Latini de ponderibus et men- to fortune tellers, jugglers, ballad-fingers, and a thoufuris “ Elogia et epitaphia “ Infcriptiones aa- fand other mountebanks and buffoons, who read and tiquas et novae “ Genealogia domus Aufiriacse erlate ftories calculated to promote mirth and laugh“ Catalogus librorum ! il lioth reg.“ Poemata va- ter, or diftribute medicines, the wonderful effe&s of ria “ Nummi Galiici, Saxonici, Brit nnici, &c. which they explain with all the eloquence peculiar ‘‘ Linguae orien^ales, Hebraea, Samaritana, Arabica, to them. Egyptiaca, et Indices librorum harum linguarum I eople of diftindtion oblige all their dependents “ Obfervationes in varies au&ores.” It is remarkable, to follow them. A mandarin of the firft rank is althat though Peirefc bought more books than any man ways accompanied in his walks by his whole tribunal; of his time, yet his colleftion left was not large. The and, to augment his- equipage, each of the inferior reafon was, that, as raft as he purchafed, he kept conmandarins in his fuit is generally attended by feveral tinually making prefents of them to fuch learned men domeftics. The nobility of the court, and princes of as he knew they would be ufeful to. the blood, never appear in public without being furPEKIN, the capital city of the empire of China, in Alia, where the emperor generally refides. It is fitu- rounded by a large body of cavalry ; and, as their ated in a very fertile plain, 20 leagues diftantfrom the prefence is required at the palace every day, their train great wall. Ibis name, which fignifies the northern alone would be fufficient to create confufion in the court, !3 given to it, to diftinguifh it from another con- city. • It is very lingular, that in all this prodigious fiderable city called Nanking, or the fiulhnn court. concourfe no women are ever feen : hence we may Hit emperor formerly refided in the latter ; but the judge how great the population of China muft be, ,he number of females f ales in this country, as well as fince Tartars, a reftlefeTnY “Tt , T h • S iln “ the ™ (hi* country, as well prince to remove pnnee relvel:!: h,» conn ,he northern provinces, d ! elfe. Is fupenor to that of the other f„. As there is a continual influx of the riches and that he might more effeanall, repel the ineurfions of thole barbanans, by oppoftng to them a numerous merchandize of the whole empire into this city, tire number of ftrangers that reforc hither is immenfe. w c h he 2s ant aexadi b' fquare, generally keep,Into around perfon. 11 They are carried in chairs, or ride on horfebaek ; the f and dmded two h,s parts; namely, that which contains the emperor’s palace, which is in latter is more common : but they are always attended by a guide, acquainted with the ftreets, and who know® s

Pekin,

r e k P E K [ 9^ 1 Pekiu. ance in the day-time, or walk abroad during the night • ^ knows the houfes of the nobility and pnneipal people they muff alfo take care that the ftreets are kept clean of the city. They are aifo provided with a book, con- and fwept every clay ; that they are watered morning taining an account of the different quarters, fquares, and evening in time of dry weather ; and that every remarkable places, and of the refidence of thofe in nuifance is removed. 'They have orders alfo to affift public offices. In fummer there are to be feen fmall in this labour themfelves; and to clear the kennels, temporary (hops, where people are ferved with water that the water may have a free courfe.”_ cooled by means of ice ; and one finds everywhere The walls of the emperor’s palace, including that eatintf-houfes, with refreffiments of tea and fruits. and the gardens, are about two miles in length. Each kind of provifion has a certain day and place “ Although (fays Grofier) the Chinefe archite&ure appointed for its being expofed to fale. has no refemblance to that of Europe, the imperial “ The governor of Pekin, who is a M.mtchew Tar- palace of Pekin does not fail to (Irike beholders by its tar, is ftyled Governor of the Nine Gates. His junf- extent, grandeur, and the regular difpofition eft its dietion extends not only over the foldters, but alto apartments, and by the fingnlar ftrudlure of its pavilionover the people in every thing that concerns the police. roofs, ornamented at each corner vyith a carved platNo police can be more a&ive ; and it is furpriiing to band, the lower extremity of wtiich is turned upwards. fee, among an infinite number of Tartars and Chinefe Thefe roofs are covered with varniffied tiles of fo beaumixed together, the greateft tranquillity prevail, it tiful a yellow colour, that, at a diitance, they make as is rare, in a number of years, to hear of houfes being fplendid an appearance as if they were gil’ed. _ Below robbed, or people affaffinated. All the principal Itreets the upper roof there is another of equal brilliancy, have guard-rooms, and foldiers patrol night and day, which hangs (loping from the wall, fupported by a each having a fabre banging from his girdle, and a great number of beams, daubed over with green varwhip in his hand, to correa, without diilinaion, thofe ni(h, and interfperftd with gilt figures. This fecond who excite quarrels or caufe diforder. The lanes are roof, with the projeftion of the firlt, forms a kind of guarded in the fame manner ; and have latticed gates, crown to the whole edifice. The palace is a fmall which do not prevent thofe from being feen who walk diftance from the fouth gate of the Tartar city. The in them: they are always kept (hut during the night entrance to it is through a fpacious court, to which and ft Ido m opened even to thofe. who are known ; it there is a defeent by a marble ftaircafe, ornamented they are, the perfon to whom this indulgence is granted with two large copper lions, and a baluftracle of white muff carry a lanthorn, and give a fufficient reafon for marble. This baluftrade runs in the form of a horfehis uoing out. In the evening, as foon as the foldiers (hoe, along the banks of a rivulet, that winds acrofs are warned to their quarters fey beat of drum, two the palace \vith a ferpentine courfe, the bridges over centinels go and come from one_ guard-room to ano- which are of marble. At the bottom of this firft ther making a continual noife with a kind of caftanet, court arifes a fa9ade with three doors: that in the r lava which forms the fubflance of thi& ved by John bifhop of Jerufalem. In the fame year with his creed, and abfolved him ot nereiy.

x .

-

f

,

i{|and

perhaps we might then

or if we ought to believe it the top of fome ancientr!hgi;t’«oueht tobel:eve 11 the top of f-m-e a"-,ent' excommunicated ; and all the bifltops who refufed to volcanic mountain, of which the roots and fides have fubferibe the condemnation of the Pelagian herefy were been covered by the waters, which divided Africa immediately deprived. What became of him after this from Spain, forming the firaits of Gibraltar ; an invafion that no one can doubt of who has examined period is entirely unknown ; but it feems very probable the bottoms and (bores of our fea. The Lilian fisherthat he retired to Banchor, and died abbot of that men fay, that Pelagofa is fubjea to frequent and viomonaftery. He wrote, l. Expofitianum in epijl. Paulinas, lent earthquakes ; and the afpeA of the ifland proves. lib. xiv. 2. Epiflola ad Demetriadem de virginitate.

before they ^covered the hereueel iome time vented his peculiai :‘0XI'y At length, however ^

as

,

, ,-n’d

.ty w“ iT^ ) defended his doftrines at Rome about Ld drew upon him the indignation

Jeromeyand St Angnftin ndio -ouagainft him knowledged, even by his adverfanes, to iav,£ , i,f f l,i« abufe of thefe talents. His perfonal mc 8 or putant, though they load h.m with the mol ^‘^fe good fathers, in the heat of their blemiflies are painted in very^ftrong ^“jed tHck neeked, fat headed, lame of a leg, and blind of an eye.’ czcal, as a very ugly fellow, broad’ orod'iced fome men of learning in this period. Celeftms, the Even the mod northern parts of Uns “"digTa, noife in fhe woi.d" by his writing, and thfcsple and friend of Pelagius, wa ’ tt gpfenaed and propagated the peculiar opinions of difputations about the beginning of the fifth cent ,r>';,"eAXXt thofe who embraced thefe opinion, were zcal his' matter Pelagius with fo much learning, - “fdoftrTnes he wrote feveral books, which frequently called Celeftians. Before he b£oame acquainted ““““ After he had fpent his youth were univerfally ^mired for their ort od„xy, e^^g,^ > ^ further ;mprovsnient to Rome, where he becamejn his own country in a itudious pr y, , , infedfed with their herefies. From that time he acquainted with Rufinus and e agms, an w I ^ ^ j. herefies, and thereby brought upon himfelf e became the moft indefatigable and nndaun ed champion °f ,e bad „yamM f„ th^ writingJ. fa h y the indignation of the orthodox * “ 7“ t0 critJife, caU> him ‘ an ignoraSt, St Jerome, ^ Celled" and diftended with Scots pottage i a great, corpulent, barking dog, who ftupid fool, having hist) y KltP with his teeth • a Cerberus, who, with his mailer Pluto (Pelagius), e was fitter to kick with heels " bl th J'* put to e ernal filence.’ Such were the flowers of b£ deferred to he knocked on the head, . “‘“J P" ‘ hodox fai;h , But candour obliges rhetoric which thefe good Both 0f the age in whlii they lived than of the men. us to obferve, 27^^ ^were Jeryy great traveUers i having vifited many different countries of Afia and Africa, Peiagms ‘";t"" t® elude the perfecutions of their enemies, and to propagate their opinions U b noi^eonfjei’able evidence of their fuptrior learning and

Srs!

Lud^thetoeeToT m^'y' c^uneik againVJhem! < The Pelagian and Cektthin herefy (fays Photiu.) noEonly ftourilbed k great vigour in the Weft, but was alfo propagated mto the Laft. ,

pel r 99 1 PEL Helaiah at firfl; that it has fufFered many revolutions ; defigns againft this city, faying; Have not the houfes Pcle il. for it is rugged, ruinous, and fubverted.” been built a long time ? Jerufalem is the pot, and we 11 , PELA1AH, a Levite (Nehem. viii. 7. x. 10.) are the flelh. Thus faith the Lord : You have made Pelethroniuin. He was one of the principal Levites that returned great havock in this city, and have filled its ftreets from captivity, and was one of thofe that figned the with dead bodies. Thefe men are the flefh, and the covenant that Nehemiah renewed with the Lord. city is the pot. But as for you, I will make you PELALIAH,fon ofAmazi and father of jeroham, come forth from the middle of this city, and I will of the family of Paihur fon of Malchiah, of all whom make you perifh by the hand of your enemies.” As mention has been made: he was of the race of the he was prophecying in this manner, Pelatiah the fon priefts (Nehem. xi. 12.) of Benaiah died. PELASGT. See Pelasgiotis. PELL (Stephauus). There were two towns of thij PELASGIA (Pliny); the ancient name of Z,#/". name in i heffaly ; the one fubjedt to Eurypylus, the los; fo called from the Pelafgi, its firft inhabitants other to Achilles; both extinct. Pcleus the gentilitiou* (Diodorous Siculus.) Alfo the ancient name of Pdo- name (id.) ponnefus, from Pelafgius, a native of the country (NicoPELEG, fon of Eher, was born in the year of the laus Damafcenus, Ephorus). world 1757. The fcripture fays his father gave him PELASGICUM (Paufanias, Pliny) ; the north the name of Peleg, fignifying divifion, becaufe in his wall of Athens; fo called from the builders, the Pe- time the earth began to be divided (Gen. xi. 16. x. lafgi. There was an execration pronounced on any 25. that fhould build houfes under this wall ; becaufe the bute the earth among his defcendants, fome years bePelafgi, while dwelling there, entered into a confpiracy fore the building of Babel; or that Peleg came into the againft the Athenians (Thucydides). world the fame year that Babel was begun, and at the PELASGIOTIS, a third't art of Theffaly, (Stra- divifion of languages; or that Eber by a fpirit of probo) ; fo called from a very ancient people, the Pelaf- phecy gave his fon the name of Peleg fome years before gi, called PelafgioU (Ptolemy) ; who formerly, to- the tower of Babel was begun, is not abfolutely certain. gether with the ZEolians, occupied Thelfaly, and That which here perplexes the interpreters is, firft, that thence that part was called Pelafgicum Argos ; befides Peleg came into the woild not above 100 years after the many other parts of Greece. Their name Pelafgi, or deluge. But it fhould feem, that the number of men Pelargi, denoting iforks, was given them from their was not then fufficient for fuch an undertaking as that wandering roving life (Strabo). The poets extend of Babel. Secondly, Joktan the brother of Peleg the appellation to Greeks in general. Ptlafgus, the had already thirteen fons at the time of this difperfion, epithet. Some of the inhabitants of Crete were called which happened after the confufion of Babel (Gen. x. Pelafgi (Homer) ; who thus alfo calls the neighbour- 26, 27, 28, &c.) Peleg being born in the thirty-fourth ing people to the Cilicians in Troas. The Pelafgi year of Eber (Gen. xi. 16.), it is impoffible his browere originally of Arcadia, (Hefiod); but ZEfchylus ther Joktan ftiould have fuch a number of children at makes Argos, near Mycenas, their country. The the birth ot Peleg. It feems therefore that he was Pelafgiotis was fituated between Pieria and Macedonia not born at the time of the difperiion. To this may to the north and weft, Theffaliotis to the fouth, and be anfwered, that Mofes has there enumerated the Magnefm to the eaft, (Strabo, Pliny.) names of the thirteen fons of Joktan (in Gen.’x. 26.) PELATiE, were free-born citizens, among the A- by way of anticipation, though they were not born thenians, wha by poverty were reduced to the necef- till a good while after the confufion at Babel; but as fity of ferving for wages. During their fervitude they they poffeffed a very large country, it was convenient had no vote in the management of public affairs, as to take notice of them, and to name them among the having no eftate to qualify them; but this reftri&ion other defcendants of Noah, who divided the provinces was removed whenever they had releafed themfelves of the eaft among themfelves. However this may from their fervile fituation, which they were allowed have been, at the age of thirty years Peleg begat Reu : to do when able to fupport themfelves. While they and he died at the age of 239. continued fervants, they had alfo a right to change PELE PHI PES. The Pelethites and Cherethite* their mafters. We find them fometimes diftinguifhed were famous under the reign of Ring David. They by the name of Thet*. were the moft valiant men in the army of that prince, PEL ATI AH, fon of Hananiah, and father of and had the guard of his perfon. See Ezekiel xxv. 16. Iftti, of the tribe of Simeon. He fubdued the Ama- Zephanmh 11. 5. 1 Samuel xxx. 14. 2 Samuel xv. 18. lekites upon the mountain of Seir (1 Chron. iv. 42.) xx. 7. Patrick's Comm. Pool’s Annot. and Delanv's Hid 1 he time of this aftion is unknown. of the Life of David. Pelatiah, fon of Benaiah, a prince ef the people, PELE THRONII, a name or epithet given to the who lived in the time of Zedekiah king of Judah, and Lapithae, either becaufe they inhabited the town of oppofed rhe wholefome advice given by Jeremiah, to Pelethronfum at the foot of mount Pelion in Theffubmit to king Nebuchadnezzar. Ezekiel (xi. 1, z, 3, faly, or becaufe one of their number bore the name of 4.) being a captive in Mefopotamia, had a vifion, in Pelethronius. It is to them, we are told, that manwhich he mw five and twenty men at the door of the temple of Jerufalem, among which were Jaazaniah kind are indebted for the invention of the bit with the ion of Azur, and Pelatiah the fon of Benaiah, which they tamed their horfes with fo much dexwho were tne moft remarkable. Then the Lord faid terity. PELE PHRONIUM (Nicander and Scholiaft) ; to him ‘ Son of man, thefe are the men that have thoughts of iniquity, and who are forai!% pernicious a town of 1 heffaly, fituated in a flowery part of mount ielios; and hence the appellation fignifying N 2 “ flowexs.,,

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PEL pel r too ] tion was early entruffed to the Centaur Chiron, and PsW Peleus. “ flowers.” Lucan fays the Centaurs v/ere natives of afterwards to Phcsnix, the fon of Amyntor. Achil- I if arils, 1 —v that place; to whom Virgil affens mount Othrys. it is well known, went to the Trojan war, at Moft authors, however, afcribe the breaking of hnries les, to the Centaurs. Some make the Lapithae anc- Cen- the head of his lather’s troops ; and Peleus gloried in taurs the f-;me ; others a different people; allowed having a fon v/ho was fuperior to all the Greeks in however to be both of Theffaly. Their ftory is great- v lour and intrepidity. His death, however, was the fource of great grief to Peleus ; but Thetis, to ly involved in fable. See Laptthus. ' PELEUS, in fabu'ous hiftory, a king of Theffaly, comfort her hufbsnd, promifed him immortality, and fon of /Eacus and Endeisp the daughter of Chi- ordered him to retire into the grottcesof the ifland of ron. He married Ttietis one of the Nereids, and Leuce, where he fliould fee and converfe with the was the only mortal man who ever married an manes of his fon. Peleus had a daughter called Polyimmortal. He was concerned in the murder of his dorn^ by Antigone. PELEW Islands, a clufter of fmall Hands fitubrother Phocus, and was therefore obliged to leave his 0 0 father’s dominions. He fltd to the court oi Eurytus ated between the 0latitudes of 5 and 7 north, and. the fon of Veter, who reigned at Phtbia, or according the longitudes 134 and 136; call. Various conjecto the opinion of Ov:d, the truth of which is cjueltion- tures have been formed refpetting the time of their firfl ed, to Ceyx king of Trackinia. He was purified of difeovery by Europeans. Mr Ee%te, the editoi 01 the his murder by Eurytus, with the ufual ceremonies, only voyage in which we have any account of their and the king give him his daughter Antigone in mar- climate, foil, and produce, together with the manners riage. After this, as Peleus and Eurytus went to of their inhabitants, thinks they were firft noticed by the chace of the Calydonian boar, the father-in-law the Spaniards from the Philippines, and by them nawas accidentally kiiied by an arrow which his fon-in- med Palos from the number of trees growing in them law had aimed at the beafi. This unfortunate acci- refembling the mafts Of fhips. This conjeaure has dent obliged him to banifh himfelf from the court of been vehemently oppofed by a critic, who afinms that Phthir, and he went to lolchos, where he was alfo the whole of Mr Keate’s introduaion is erroneous, purified of the murder of Eurytus by Acaftus the and that the iflands in queftion were firft difeoyered, king of the country. His refidcnce at lolchos was by a French Jefuit named Pere Papin. The Jeiuit, fie ffrort : Aftydamia the wife of Acaftus fell in love with imagines, was diredfted to them by one of the inhabihim ; but when fire found him infenfible to her pal- tants, who had found his way to the Moluccas, where fionate declarations, fire accufed him of attempts upon he was baptized. They are faid to have been again her virtue. The king her hufban J partly believed the noticed by P. Centova in 1724, who faw at Agdane, accufations of his wife ; but not willing to violate the the capital of the Merian iflands, fome of the inhabilaws of hofpitality, by putting him inftantly to death, tants ; and from their account gives a defeription not he ordered his officers to conduft him to mount Pe- very favourable of theie harmlefs iflanders. Centova’s lion, on pretence of hunting, and there to tie him defcription is to be found in the iytti volume, and the to a tree and to leave him a prey to the wild beafts relation of the difeovery by P. Pepin in the nth voof the place. The orders of Acaftus were faithiul- lume, of Lettres Edifiantes et Curieux, publiflied at Paris ly obeyed; but Jupiter knowing the innocence of 1781. The late ft and mofl authentic account of them, his grandfon Peleus, ordered Vulcan to fet him at liberty. As foon as he had been delivered from dan- however, is given from the Journals ef Captain Wilger, Peleus affembled h:s friends in order to punilh the fon of the Antelope, a packet belonging to the Eaft was wrecked upon one of them ill treatment which he had received from Acaftus. India company, which r He took lolchos by force, drove the king from his in Auguft 1783. l his Hup was fitted out in England poffeffions, and put to death the wicked Aftydamia. by the court or directors in the fummer 1782, as was On the death of Antigone, Peleus made love to The- then generally underftood, for a fecret expedition. tis, of whofe fuperior charms Jupiter himfelf had Whatever may have been her deftination, as (he was been enamoured. His pretenfions were rejected ; for proceeding from btacao in iqually weather, the man as he was but a mortal, the goddeis fled from him who, on the night of the 10th of Auguft, had the with the utmoft abhorrence, and the more effeftua’ly look out, fuddenly called out Breakers ! But the found to evade his inquiries, ffie generally affumed the ftiape of the word had fcarce reached the ears of the officer of a bird, or a tree, or of a tygrefs. Peleus’s paf- on deck, before the fhip ftruck and ftuck faft ; and fion was fanned by refufal; he offered a facnfice to the in lefs than an hour bulged and filled with water. gods; and Proteus informed him, that to obtain Thetis Having fecured the gunpowder, fmall arms, bread, theiiiorcs of ThefTaly. This «!«««»».. mediately attended to ; and Thetis, unable to efcape from the grafp of Peleus, at laft confented to many him. Their nuptials were celebrated with the greateft foiemnityrall the gods attending and making them , each trie eacn the^moft muu valuable prefents. 0 - * i •.*^The igoddefsof -vrDif— »■ . cord was the only one of the deities who was abient; and fhe puniflied this feeming negledf by throwing an apple into the midii of the afiembiy of the gods, with the infeription IDctur pulchriori. 1 he celenrats-d Achilles was the fruit of this msrriage, whofe educa*

by -ter, Captam »jte a^a«. dffefted a landing. The crew of the Antelope confiftei of 33 Europeans befide the captain, and 16 Chinefe j and the only pcffible mieans by which they could be delivered from an ifland, which at firft appeared to them uninhabited, building a (hip capable of tranfportmg them towasthebyneareft European fettlement in that quaiter of the globe. Whillt they were meditating upon this undertaking, the natives appeared on the fecond day after their arrival; and their intercourfe with them was facilitated by means which nppear

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PEL [ jot ] PEL P lew pear as fiagular as they were providential. Captain This buflnefs was allotted to the captain’s brother; I Hands. lilands. Wiifon had a fcrvant recommended to him at Macao, and during his abfence, R.aa Kook, the king’s brother, —V * who fpcke both the Malay and Engliih languages per-* and feveral of the natives, remained with our people. fedliy well ; and they had" not been long at Pelew be- This amiable chief feemed to place an entire confifore they had the good fortune to meet with a Malay, dence in thole he was among ; he endeavoured to acwho had been thrown by a temped upon this very fpot commodate himfelf to their manners ; would fit at about a year beiore, and had made himftif acquainted table as they did, inftead of fquatting on his hams; and with the language of the country ; fo that by this ex- inquired particularly into the principles and caufes of traordinary event each party had an interpreter who every thing he obferved about him, lending his perfocould readily explain their wants and dtfires, and by nal afiiftance in all that was going forward, and even that means prevent a number ot miiconceptions which defiring the cook to let him aid him in blowing the might have arifen from making ufe of ligns and gef- fire. In order to conciliate their affe&ions, Captain Wiiturea only. The natives are all of a deep copper colour, going fon had prefented Arra Kooker, another ot the king’s brothers, with a pair of trowfers; but having conyerfedly naked. They are of a middling dature, very ttraight, mufcular, and well formed ; but their legs, ceived a greater paflion for a white Ihirt, one was imfrom a little above their ancles to the middle of their mediately given to him ; which he had no fooner put thighs, are tatooed fo very thick, as to appear dyed qf on, than he began to dance and jump about with fo a far deeper colour than the reft of their /kin. Their much joy, that every body was diverted by his linguhair is of a fine black, long, and rolled up behind, in a lar gedures, and the contrail which the linen formed limple manner, dole to the back of their heads, which with his ficin. This prince was about 40, of a Ihort appeared both neat and becoming ; but few of them llature, but fo plump and fat that he was nearly att hid beards, it being the general cuftom to pluck them broad as he was long. He poffefled an abundant lhare of good humour, and a wonderful turn lor mimickry ; out by the roots. They began by ftroking the bodies and arms of the and had befides a countenance fo lively and exprefiive, Engliih, or rather their waiftcoats and coat fieeves, as that though our people at this time were ftrangers to if they doubted whether the garment and the man almoft all he faid, yet his face and geftures made were not of the fame fubftance ; and as the Malay ex- them accurately comprehend whatever he was de» plained the circumftances to them, our people were feribing. After three or four days, Abba Thulle the king greatly furprifed at the quicknefs with which they fcemeJ to comprehend every information he gave them. arrived with a great retinue. He was received with The next thing they noticed was our people’s white every mark of refpedt by the Ihip’s company, who were hands, and the blue veins of their wrifts ; the former exercifed before him, and fired three volleys in diffeof which they feemed to confider as artificial, and the rent poficions. The furprize of the natives, their other as the EngliOr manner of tatoofng. After being hooting, hallooing, jumping, and chattering, produced fatisfied in this particular, they exprefied a further wifli a noife almoft equal to the difeharge of the mulkets ; to fee their bodies; and, among other things, were and when one of the men Ihot a bird, which was done greatly furprifed at Ending hair on their breads, it be- to difplay the effe£l of their arms, the furprize it ocing confidered by them as a great mark of indelicacy, cafioned was wonderful. Some of the natives ran for as it is their cudom to eradicate it from every pait of it, and carried it to the king, who examined it with the body in both fexes. great attention, but was unable to comprehend how it They afterwards walked about, tedifying great cu~ could be wounded, not having feen any thing pafs out riofity at every thing they faw, but at the fame time of the gun. exprefling a fear that they might be thought too inRaa Kook exprefled great impatience to Ihow the truding. As our people were condudtiisg them to the king whatever had imprefled his own mind ; and tatents, one of the natives picked up a bullet, which king his brother by the hand, led him to a grindftone had 1 jeen cafually dropped on the ground, and imme- which was fixed behind one of the tents. He immediately exprefled Ins furprize, that a fubftance fo finall diately put it in motion, as he had frequently done beto the eye fhould be fo very ponderous to the touch ; fore ; at the rapidity of which the king was greatly and on their entering the tent, a large Newfoundland aftonifhed, particularly when he was informed that it dog, and a fpaniel which had been tied up there to would lharpen iron. Captain Wiifon ordered a hatchprevent their being loft, fet up a moft violent barking, et to be brought and ground, that they might more and the natives a noife but little lefs loud, which at readily perceive its operation, when Raa Kook eagerf'rft it was not eafy to account for. T hey ran in and ly feized the handle, and began turning it, appearing out of the tent, and feemed to wifn that they might highly delighted to let his brother fee how well he unbe made to bark again. This the Malay foon explain- derftood it. The whole appeared like fomething fued to be the effect of their joy and furprife, as thefe pernatural ; but the dvcumftance which moft bewilwere the-firft large animals they had ever feen, there dered their ideas was, how the fparks of fire could being no quadrupeds of any fpecies on thefe iflands, come, and how u ftone fo well wetted could become fo except a very few grey rats in the woods. foon dry. Alter fome time it was agreed on by Captain WiiThe king then vlfited the different tents, and infon and his people, that fome of the crew fhould be quired about every thing he faw : all was novelty, and fent to the king of the place, in order to folicit his of courfe interefted bis attention. When he got to friendfhip, and intreat his peimiflion to build a veffel the tent where the Chinefe men were, who had been that might carry them back to their own country. brought with them from Macao, Raa Kook, whofe retentive . v.

PEL PEL [ is* ] Pctew wx In juftification of their conducl, they al- Ifland*. ■pelew1 Mtl.e mind never loll a Angle trace of any thing he of no avail leged the neceflity of doing it for their own fecurity, , .Ilian i .'. had been informed of, acquainted the king that thefe ■^declaring that they had formerly only detained them ' were a people quite different from the EngMi* and as menial fervants, but that they always found means that he had learnt there were many other nations be- to get back to their own country, and return with fuch fides thefe interfpetfed through the world, fome ot a force as frequently made great depredations. •which fought with guns and other with boarding-pikes, Having given this general account of the chara&er an inftrument which he held very cheap in compan- and condud of thefe' hitherto unknown people, we fon with the former. . , , , . r proceed to lay before our readers what we have When the king heard his brother difeourfing ‘‘bout now learned of their government, cuftoms, manners, and a variety of nations, who all fpoke differently, and had arts, together with a defeription of the face of their before him the exampfe of the Chinefe, whofe language country? In this the editor of Captain Wilfon’s voywas not the fame with the Englifh, he appeared in- age muft be our guide; and if our narrative do not faftantly thoughtful and ferious, as if tlruck by concep- tisfy the man of fcience, it is to be obferved, that the tions which had never before croffed his mind. He re- Antelope was not a fhip fent out purpofety to explore mained a while penfive and bewildered ; and this cir- undifeovered regions, nor were there people on board cumftanccimpreffed on every one at the time an idea properly qualified to eftimate the manners of a new that there was every reafon to imagine that there had race of men; they had amongft them no philofopher^, never been a communication between thofe people and botanifts, or draughtfmen, experienced in fuch fcientiany other nation : and indeed it is evident, that if Pere fic purfuits as might enable them to examine with Papin did really vifit them in 1710, they had before judgment every objed which prefented itfelf. Diftrefs 178 ; loft the remembrance of every trace of European threw them upon thefe iflands ; and while they were manners. This indeed is not furprifmg, as they had there, all their thoughts were occupied on the means no other record than knots fimilar to the quipes ot of liberating themfelves from a fituation of all others Peru at the landing of the Spaniards. moft afRiding to the mind, that of being cut oft Raa Kook would now fhow his brother the kitchen, the gver from the fociety of the reft of the world. which was in the hollow of a rock, a little above the foi It, however, clearly appears, from their uniform tecove It was at the time when the cook was preparing ftimony, that at Pelew the king was confidered as the dinner ; and though the implements were exceedingly fir ft perfon in the government. fcanty, an iron pot, a tea kettle, a tin fauce-pan, with “ He was looked up to as the father of his people ; a poker, a pair of tongs, and a frying-pan, were here ot and though divefted of all external decorations of royalfufficient confequence to excite admiration ; nor were ty, had every mark of diftindion paid to his pafon. the bellows now forgotten by Raa Kook, who taking His rupacks or chiefs approached him with the greateft them up, as he explained their ufe to the king, feem- refped ; and his common fubjeds, whenever they pafed ambitious to let his brother fee what an adept he fed near him, or had occafion to addrefs him, put their was at blowing. The little bald cook, who was al- hands behind them, and crouched towards the ground* ways clofe (haven, and never wore any thing on his Upon all occurrences of moment, he convened the ruhead, was likewife pointed out to the king as an ob- packs and officers of date ; their councils were always ie£l of merriment and curiofity. _ f n held in the open air, where the king firft ftated the Sometime after this the king requefted five of Cap- bufinefs upon which he had affembled them, and nibtain Wilfon’s men to attend him in a war he was go- mitted it to their confideration. Each rupack delivering to make againft the inhabitants of a neighbouring ed his opinion, but without riiing from his feat; and ifland called Oroolong, who, as he faid, had done him when the matter before them was fettled, the king an injury. But before this requeft was made known, ftanding up put an end to the council.. , he had long ftruggled with a delicacy of fentiment “ When any meffage was brought him, whether in which no one would have expefted to find in regions council or elfewhere, if it came by one of the common fo disjoined from the reft of mankind. This was no peoole, it was delivered at fome diftance in a low voice other than that it might prove a temporary inconve- to one of the inferior rupacks, who,, bending in an nience to the unfortunate ftrangers who had fought humble manner at the king’s fide, delivered it m the his proteftion, and might be confidered by them as an fame manner with his face turned afide. His comungenerous proceeding. It was, however, no fooner mands appeared to be abfolute, though he afted in no made known, than Captain Wilfon inftantly complied ; important bufinefs without the advice of his chiefs ; and every face, which had before been clouded with and every day in the afternoon, whether he was at redoubt and apprehenfion, became immediately bright- lew or with the Englifh, he went to fit in public for purpofe of hearing any requefts, or of adjufting any ^ llAhls^nterprife little more was done than braving the difference or difpute which might have anfen among their enemies, ftripping fome cocoa-nut trees of their his fubje&s.” . fruit and carrying off a number of yams and other But thefe, according to our editor, feldom happenprovifions ; but in another, which was undertaken a- ed; for as their real wants were but few, and they faw gainft the ifland of Aitingall, they were more fuccefs- nothing to create artificial ones, every one was chiefly ful, and fhowed figns of the fame fangumary difpofi- occupied with his own humble purfuits ; and as far as tion which fome demon has infufed into the whole hu- the fhip’s crew, who remained among them about three man race. Nine prifoners of war who had been taken months, could decide, they appeared to cond.uft themupon this occafion were cruelly put to death ; and not- felves towards each other with the greateft civility and withftauding the Englifh ftrongly remonftrated againft benevolence ; never wranglingor entering into quarre ibis proceeding, all the arguments they cou u e were

PEL [ i 03 ] PEL Pelew fome contentions, as is cuflomary among thofe who the tone (a) they wore: they generally attended the Pelew Iflaiide. call themidves a polifhed and enlightened people. king, and were always reffiy at his command to ac- Iflaiids.? Even when children fhoived a difpoiitioa of this kind, company him on any expedition with a number of ca-' v——J they ftrongly marked their difpleafure, by {tilling with nees properly manned, and armed with darts and foears, rebuke their little animofities. who were to remain with him till they had his perThe charafter of the king is thus drawn by the edi- milfion to return home with their dependents. In this tor : “ The excellent man who reigned over thefe fons part of their.government we may trace an outline of of nature, (howed himfelf in every part of his conduit the feudal fyitem ; but from the few opportunities our firm, noble, generous, and benevolent ; there was a peopie had of invelligating points of internal governdignity in all his deportqaent, a gentlenefs in all his ment, it appeared that the titles of rupacks were perfomanners, and a warmth and fenfibility about his heart, nai badges of rank and difiin£tion ; nor did they apprethat won the love of all who approached him. Nature hend they were hereditary honours, unlefs in the reignhad bellowed on him a contemplative mind, which he ing family, who mull of neceffi y be of this ciafs.” ° * had improved by thofe refleitions that good fenfe dicAs to property,.it was underftood, “That the peotated and obfervation .confirmed. The happinefs of his ple poffeHed only fuch as arofe from their work and lapeople feemed to be always in his thoughts. In order bour, but no abfolute one in the foil, of which the king more effeitually to ftimulate them to ufeful labour, he appeared to be general proprietor. A man’s houfe, had himfelf learnt all the few arts they poflelfed, and furniture, or canoe, was copfidered as his private prowas looked on in fome of them to be the bell workman peity, as was alio the land allotted him, as long as ho in his dominions. Placed as he was by Providence in occupied and cultivated it 1 but whenever he removed its obfeurer feenes, he lived beloved by his chiefs, and with his family to another place, the ground he held revered by his people; over whom, whillt he preferved reverted to the king, who gave it to whom he pleafed, a dignity which diftinguilhed his fuperior llation, he or to tuofe who folicited to cultivate it.” reigned more as the father than the fovereign. The All that part of the illand which they had an opeyes of his fubje&s beheld their naked prince with as portunity ol feeing is faid to have been well cultivated. much awe and refpeft as thofe are viewed wnth who It was covered with trees of various kinds and fizes, govern polilhed nations, and are decorated with all the many of which mull have been very large, as they dazzling parade and ornaments of royalty ; nor was made canoes of their trunks, fome of which were cathe purple robe or the folendid diadem neceffary to pable of carrying § or 30 men. Among the timber 2 point out a character which the mafterly hand of na- trees was noticed the ebony, and a tree which when ture had rendered fo perfect” pierced or wounded yielded a thick white liquor of the r Next in power to the king w as his brother Raa confluence of cream. “ They had alfo a fpeeics of Kook, who was official general of all his forces. It the manchineel tree, in cutting down of which our was his duty to fummon the rupacks to attend the people frequently got bliilered and fwelled ; the inhaking for whatever purpofe they were wanted. He was buarits pointed out the caufe, faying it was owing to alfo his prefumptive heir ; the fucceffion of Pelew not their being fpnnkled by the fap. This they reckongoing to the king’s children till it had pafied through ed among the unlucky trees, and advifed our people v his brothers; fo that after the demife of Abba Thulle, againll the ufe of it.” the f»vereignty would have defeended to Raa Kook But the moll lingular tree noticed at Pelew, was on his demife to Arra Kooker ; and on the death of one in its fize and manner of branching not unlike this laft it would have reverted to Qui Bill, the king’s our cherry-tree, but in its leaves refembling the myreldeit fon, when Lee Boo, his fccond fon, of whom tle. Its peculiarity was, that it had no bark, but onir we have much to fay, would have become the heredi- an outward coat of about the thicknefs of a card, which tary general. ine office cf firll minifier is deferibed as follows : was darker than the infiJe, though equally clofe ia The king was always attended by a particular chief texture. Its colour was nearly that of mahogany, and or rupack, wh© did not appear to polfefs any heredi- the wood was fo extremely hard, that few of the tools tary office, but only a delegated authority. He was which the Enghlh had could work it. They alfo found always near the king’s perfon, and the chief who was ca ibage-trees, the wild bread-fruit, and another tree always firft confulted ; but whether his office was whofe fruit fomething refembled an almond. But religious or civil, or both, our people could not learn yams and cocoa nuts, being their principal articles of with any certainty. He was not confidered as a war- laltenance, claimed their chief attention. ld ^ndCoor©oraa, of which Pelew is the capital; rior, or ever bore arms, and had only one wife, where- ... as the other rupacks had two. The Englilh were never likewife produced plantains, bananas, Seville oranges mvi ed to his houfe, or introduced into it, although and lemons, but neither of them in any confiderable quantity. None of the illands which the Englilh vihief^ere Con^u^s^ to thofe of almolt every other , d bad any kind of grain. As to birds, they had plenty ol common cocks and hens, which, though not onNh?6 rUP!CV lt Isobferv«d» “That they could doreeliicated, kept running about near their houfes ar ei as or nf the tf nffame , ^ were not all of degree, as was nobles; plain by they a difference in and plantations ; and what appears extremely Angular is, that the natives had never made any ufe of them, till but Jhat anS it Mmef^ourp”opr”0uld rot karT*h

Wl Ch Capti

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Wilfon was in ,efcd b

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3' ^ king,.

PEL f 104 ] L E L Ft-lew . ,, th, , 11 'Rnf thmiP’h there was not fonnd on any of the iflamls Wand*, h r5 Vt'lfw r *® «»■ P^T'o ‘»M ™ ‘ ‘r T , r , „nt' ui fheT vmtfd 'ny place approp.la.ed to religious rites, Tflan U, Pigeons they accounted a great dainty; but none ut ^ $ t/0 tar t0 dtcii,re ,hat the thofe of a certain dignity were permitted to eat ot it w““‘d P'™ P b .f , , y of relj„i()„. them. The EngHflt left them two geefe, which were Spento of eatefnal SmTuy! there may belucl, th

From r d^!r^ttntry I, appear, to ^ as «..e religion^ ^ ^ be very mountainous ; but fome of the valleys are it- mind may in _ thousHi unbleffed bv thofe prefented as extenfive and beautiful, atfordmg many the God o auir , tn the Chrillian world art delightful profpeas. The foil being very rich, pro- lights which have pomted duces a great abundance of grab, which, as there are hJt dib’overed the efficano cattle to eat it, grows very high, and was fcorched ty tht hto ; 1 advantages ariiin from b and burnt up by the fun. Our people faw no river at cy of v.rtue, and tne temporal advantages animb irom Pelew ; their fupplies of frefh water being obtained mora* rectitute “ Suoerftition is a word of great latitude, and vaguefrom fmall ftreams and ponds, of which there are a ly defined : though it hath in enlightened ages been great many. From this, account of the fcanty produce of thefe called the offspring of ignorance, yet m no time hath iflands, it is evident that no luxury reigned among it exifted without having fome connexion with relitheir inhabitants, whofe principal article of food ap- gion Now the people of Pelew had beyond all doubt pears to he fiflr ; they had no fait, nor did they make fome portion of it, as appeared by the wi(h exprefitd rife of fauce or any feafoning in any thing they eat. by the k ng when he favv the (hip building, that the Their drink was alfo as fimple as their diet ; it prin- Ens?li(h would take out of it fome particular wood, cipally con lifted of the milk of the cocoa nut; but up- which he perceived they had made uie of, and which was deemed an ill omen, or unpropstious. on particular occafrons they ufed a kind of fweet drink he “obferved They had alfo an idea of an evil fpint, that often and fherbet, which latter had the addition of fome juice cownteraaed human affairs. A very particular inftancc of orange. The'' i(lands appeared to be populous,^ though to of this was feen when Mr Barker, a moft valuable what extent could not be afeertained Their houfes member in the Englifh fociety, fell backwards from were raifed about thiee feet from the ground, upyn the (ide of the veffel, whilft he was on the (locks': ilones which appeared as if hewn from the quarry. Raa Kook, who happened to be prefent, obferved that was owing to the unlucky wood our people had fufThe interior part of them was without any divifion, it fered to remain in the veffel, that the evil fpint bad the whole forming one great room, which rofe in a occafioned this mifehief to Mr Barker.” ridge like our barns, the outfide being thatched thick They likevvife appeared to entertain a ftrong idea and clofe with bamboos or palm leaves. All their of divination, as was evident from the ceremonies they implements, utenfils, weapons of war, and canoes, are praaifed before they undertook any enterprife of momuch of the fame kind with thofe which were found ment. A few occurrences, which are mentioned in in the South Sea iflands. _ . courfe of the narrative, would alfo lead us to beIn their marriages they allow a plurality of wives, the that thev could not be altogether unaequa nted though in general not more than two. . When a wo- lieve with the nature of religions vvorfnip » kr w'n' n they man "is pregnant, the uemoft attention is paid to her; were prefent at the public prayers of the Englifh, they but upon other occalions no more refpeft is (hown to expreffed no furprife at what was doing, but feemed one fex than the other. “ One of our people endea- deilrous to join in them, and conftantly prekrved the vouring to make himfelf agreeable to a lady belonging moft profound fiknee. The general even refufed to to one of the rupacks, by what we (hould call a mark- receive a meffage from the king which arrived dating ed affiduity, Arra Kooker, with the greateft civility, divine fervice. And upon another occafion, when gave him to underftand that it was not right to do Captain Wilfon told Lee Boo, that good men would fo.” . , , aim in above, he replied, with great earneftnefs, They have places particularly appropriated to ie- live “ All fame Pelew ; bad men flay in earth ; good men pulture ; their graves being made nearly the fame as fro into fky ; become very beautiful;” holding his they are in our country churchyards. The corpfe is hand up, and giving a fluttering motion to his fingers. attended only by women, who at the place of inter- Some later voyagers, however, have affirmed, that thefe inent make a great lamentation. The men, however, people, notwithftanding their fuperftition, have no noafiembk round the body before it is carried to the tion whatever of a Deity; a circumftance to which it is grave,-on which occafion they preferve a folemn fiknee; extremely difficult to give full credit their minds, from principles of fortitude or phnofoThe moft wonderful circumftance in the hiitory ot phy being armed to meet the events of mortality with this people, except that lafl mentioned, are the acutemanly fubmiffion, ciivefted of the external teftimony ot nefs of their umkrftanding, their hofpitality, and thst human weaknds.” implicit confidence which they placed in utter ftranOn the article of religion our editor ookrves, gers. That their manners were pleaiing, and their fo* “ That, among all the race of men whom navigation ciety not difagreeable*. is evident from the conductor has brought to our knowledge, few appear to be with- Madan Blanchard, one of the feamen, who, when the out a fenfe of fomething like religion, however it may veffel was built and ready to take her departure wita _* . «*• * 1 . . f 4. i-. ¥ rii(2 be mixed with idolatry or. fuperftition. And yet our

PEL

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105

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is. r“ s*v'r r, 5*? ^ ^ 4« «« -V- Kook fol,cited hie brotherSpentiffio^to aototr.p^ny Sid th™ wfth°a/,'r" e™, T “ ^: he ■ the Englifh, but from prudential motives was refufeZ bee^exceeded bv the ■ f^a A^^liT^r n0t haV£ The fovereign, however, refolved to entruft his fecond orTental pea Is 7 hI I?tere?ed Poflfe/or ^ ftnng of t0 hmi fon Lee Boo to Captain Wilfon’s care, that Ire might that he held in his h'Z^1^ ^ improve his mind, and learn fuch things as at his re- could afford him h|rh nd al! ^he weaIth the world S tnm h.-o country. could affordfx him.. . Hfc Captain turn would benefit his xxrir : . ran *7* with -i-wn eagernefs to ro v^Tptam 1 he inftrudhions which he gave the young man, and Wnfon to firow him h.s riches, and begged he would the fortitude which he (bowed upon this occafion, get Lima Chinefe veffel to carry them" to the king father, that he might fee what the Engii/h had dont would have done honour to the moft enlightened mind! his ■or ; adding, that if the people faithfully exeUpon delivering him to Captain Wilfon, he ufed thefe" cutedhimtheir charge, he would at their return prefent expreffions: “ I would wifh you to inform Lee Boo them with one or two beads as a reward for their of all things which he ought to know, and make him iervices. an Enghlhman. The fobjeft of parting with my fon no quadrupeds at Pelew, the fheep, goat?, l.have frequently revolved ; I am well aware that the andHaving other cattle, which he met with at Macao Were diibant countries he muft go through, differing much from his own. may expofe him to dangers, as well as viewed with wonder; but foon after, feeing a man p?Js difeafes, that are unknown to us here, in confequence the fcoufe on horfeback, he was fo much aftonifhed, ! or wnich he may die.; I have prepared my thoughts to that he wanted every one to go and look at the ftrange this: 1 know that death is to aM men inevitable ; and ight. After the matter, however, was explained to whether my fon meets this event at Pelew or elfewhere him he was eafily perfuaded to get upon horfeback is immaterial. I am fatisfied, from what 1 have ob- nimicir; and when he was informed what a noble, doierved of the humanity of your charter, that if he is cile, and ufeful animal it was, he befought the can lick you will he k.nd to him; and (hould that happen, tain to fend one to his uncle Raa Kook, as he was him. wh.ch your utmoft care cannot prevent, let it not him Erne it would be of great for vice atoticulars of der you, or your brother, or your fon, or any of your which'excited 7^7 P [ b f 0 he a rtiC or his ^ ,?ch''SSd T "l r .‘ ' ? „ “fo . ‘ k.«d. countrymen, returning here ; 1 fhall receive you, or “g I fel. receive yj, or di/poWo. 'of ht ^ ^ any of your people, in friendfhip, and rejoice to fee difpofition of his heart, we fhall follow him toWyou again.” How noble ! This is the language of a C try r m Wh,ch he was never hTd> fheheihad Tnot [ ° long before he was font ^ return been to an king, a father and a philofopher, who would have Heie academy to oc inftruaed in reading and writing, which fc n c eIl r.; - ghted to fee his fon with Eurepean accompiiihments. But, alas ! the fubfequent hiftory of this t0 h"67 ^ ^ Cous in acia! le you,!, mu!l force a tear d'; h y7„f v„y learmW be StftT ^ V^ Pe WaS m,Id and conrpaffiona.e „ high eft degree; at all compaffionate times the dhiXft^ / it" was in reader whole heart is no, callous the genuine S by I rein fnd •, but /' ff ?“ ^ £governed r and judgment. If the mgs of nature and humanity. As fcon as thev ar- by difcretion ' W he faw ’ younm rived at Macao, the houfe into which he firft entered, aficing relief he would rebuke them with whJlittle jnd the different articles of furniture, fixed him in Enghftr he had, telling them it was a foame o beg fiUtadm,ration; but what ftruck his imagination moff when they were able to work ; but the intreaties of *as the upright walls and flat ceilings of the rooms old age he could never withftand, faying, « Muff SIve being utterly unable to comprehend how they could be poor old man, old man no able to work ” 11100 b io formed. When he was introduced to the ladies of CanP tain WW Y the name of s 7'"" Vf 'T, the family, his deportment was fo eafy and oolite that WZ::z ’ L , CVer wouId Mrs »y^—of Wilfon by anv on that could be exceeded by nothing but hi theZrZVr? - a ZkZ an 3t df arture his * ItT ° one3 prefent P » impreffion behaviour that left onhow the mind ofF every the ever great the furprife might be which the feenes of a new world had awakened In him, i could Udl ! e ^ j i. , , it coma narcliv t c h 0”" ™'abk manner, and BMivc'ooldb' ‘id excite 7 hi8 “ ^ native pobfh would in others. They were now condufted to the houfe of an Enm hfo gentleman, who introduced them into a lar e haft

«r"d ted. ftlrveyed Well ft ,hc haI1’ St™“*•"

w th 8

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d fu h was th his heart forlhelZ fcfs ^ c gratitude Z r 1 kndn they fhovved him, that of if fanid were ^ ° if y iH, t0 he always appeared unhao 1™^°" , ^ Camber, and fitll

mov,„g, peeping gently from ,imeto ^ ,4e between the Witt! curtains, to fee if they fiept or lay ftift.

8 prOCeed,n with h inotlT f.7)language, Swriting, and ^y accounts, ftrides in when gainng the Enghfti - the m'dX.M: he was overtaken by that fatal difeafe, the fmall-nox

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‘S- a,tftion * pit when be of the human racer’5"' ' '£l1 2 V'a'm *° ,h'! fcourg= fnVtu^“hbheedePfeptfond . U!«"'fo‘m"? occafion, b.VfpW, wn^bove com. - —vs sraftiat-arars fes*

f5 > obferving p muc force,down that runs •T • eggs . i and *».u a. in „fkor. them t e from moifture. i *=> «■ , at the hazard of their lives, either by climbing the moll difficult and narrow paths, where (to appearance) they can barely elmg, and that too at an amazing height over the raging fea; or elle, being lowered down from above, they colka their annual provifion, thus hanging in midway air ; placing them whole dependence on the uncertain footing of one perfon, who holds the rope by which they are fufpended at the top of the precipice. The young birds are a favourite diffi with the North Britons in general -. during the feafon, they are conftantly brought from the Bafs Ifle to Edinburgh, fold at zod. a piece, are roatted, and ferved up a little before dinner as a whet. Mr Macaulay, miffionary from the general allembiy to St Kilda, gives the following account of them in that ifland : “ Thefe rocks are in fummer totally covered with folan geefe and other fowls, and appear at a dittance like fo many mountains covered with fnow. The nefts of the folan geefe, not to mention thole of other fowls, are fo clofe,that when one walks between

"b^Th^foiantceftrepair to St KMa in the month of March, and continne there till after the beginmng ©f November. Before the middle of that month they, and all the other fea-fowls that are fond of this coait, retire much about the fame time into fome other ^ vourite regions ; fo that not a Angle fowl belonging o their element is to be feen about St Kilda from toe beginning of winter down to the middle of February. Before the young folan geefe fly off, they are arge than their mothers, and the fat on their breads is fometimes three inches deep. Into what quarter o. w world thefe tribes of wild fowl repair, after winter fets in whether into the northern ocean, tne native country and winter quarters of herrings in general, or into iome other region near the fun, or whether they be ot tuc fleeping kind, they who pry into the myftenes of natural hiftory, or have converfed much with writers of voyages, can belt explain (a). I lhall only pretend to fay, that thefe different nations of the feathered

(A) The continuance of thefe birds is longer or ffiorter in the ifl^ cleave their firft egg; but, in general the time f bre\dl^ 8 tier principal food) out of thofe ^ide with the arrival of the herring, and the migration of that filh‘ th but foUovr, near the Ihore ; but never croft over the Und, even when a Day P Ma of the p5„ies made a ula at an equal diftance, the coorfe of the bay, and «E y b y p » ;nto the fca, made the fort of halt for the take of filhtng: they f-jd ‘o a jaft he.ght, ^ 8pnrfued their route. Our author in thefpring!butwass

Sit appears that they annually encircle the whole ifland.

"in

,iesM!,ei

pel r 109 ] PEL IMicanus. kind are taught to choofe the propereft habitations to us through St George’s Channel from the northern Pelicama, i —■“■V—-"' and feeding places, and to fhift their quarters feafon- fea. The gannet feldom comes near the land, but is v ^ ably, by the unerring hand of God. conftant to its prey, a fare fign to the fifhermen that “ From the account given above of the multitudes the pilchards are on the coafts ; and when the pilof Tea-fowls that feek their food on this coaft, we may chards retire, generally about the end of November, juftly conclude that there mutl be inexhauftible ftores the gannets are feen no more. The bird now fent of firti there. Let us for a moment confine our at- was killed at Chandour, near Moiintfbay, Sept. 30. tention to the confumption made by a fingle fpecies 1762, after a long ftruggle with a water-fpaniel, afof fowls. The folan goofe is almoft infatiably voraci- fifted by the boatmen ; for it was ftrong and pugnaous ; he flies with great force and velocity, toils all the cious. The perfon who took it obferved that it had day with very littie intermiflion, and digefls his food a tranfparent membrane under the eye-lid, with which in a very fliort time; he difdains to eat any thing it covered at pleafure the whole eye, without obfeuring warfe than herring or mackarel, unlefs it be in a very the fight or fhutting the eye-lid ; a gracious provifion hungry place, which he takes care to avoid or aban- for the fecuricy of the eyes of fo weighty a creature, don. We fliall take it for granted that there are whofe method of taking its prey is by darting head100,000 of that kind around the rocks of St Kilda ; long on it from a height of 150 feet 01 more into the and this calculation is by far too moderate, as no lefs water. About four years ago, one of thefe birds flythan 20,000 of this kind are deftroyed every year, in- ing over Penzance, (a thing that rarely happ-ns), and cluding the young ones. We fliall fuppofe, at the feeing fome pilchards lie on a fir plank, in a cellar fame time, that the folan geefe fojourn in thefe feas ufed for curing fifh, darted itfelf down with fueh viofor about feven months of the year ; that each of lence, that it {truck its bill quite through the board them deftroys five herrings in a day ; a fubfiftence in- (about an inch and a quarter thick), and broke its finitely poor for fo greedy a creature, unkfs it were neck.” more than half fupported at the expence of other Thefe birds are fonaetimes taken at fea by a decepfiflies. Here we have 100,000,000 of the lineft fifh tion of the like kind; the fi{hermen fattening a pilchard in the world devoured annually by a Angle fpecies of to a board, as in St Kil la they faften herrings, and the St Kilda fea-fowls. which in the fame manner decoys the unwary gannet “ If, in the next place, it be confidered, that much to its own deftruStion. the greateft part of the other tribes have much the In the Catarada of Juba may be found many cha#fame appetite for herring, and purfue it from place to rafters of this bird : he fays, that the bill F toothed ; place, in the feveral migrations it makes from one fea that its eyes are fiery ; and that its colour is white : to another, the confumption mull be prodigioufly great. and in the very name is exprefled its furious defeent Taking thefe into the account, and allowing them the on its prey. The reft of his accounts favour of fable. fame quantity of food, and of the fame kind, by rea- —We are uncertain whether the gannet breeds in any fon of their vaft fuperiority in point of numbers, tho’ other parts of Europe bftides our own iflands ; except, their ftomachs are confiderabiy weaker; we fee there as Mr Ray fufpefts, the fula (deferibed in Ciufius’s are no lefs than 200,000,000 of herrings fwallowed Exotics, which breeds in Ferot Ifles) be the fame bird. up every year by the birds of a very fmall diftrift of 4. The fula, or boohy, is fomevvhat lefs than a rocks, which occupy fo inconfiderable a fpace in the goofe ; the bafis of the bill yellow, and of bare feathers; Deucaledonian ocean. the eyes of a light-grey colour; the lower part of tiie “ Should all the articles of this account be fuftain- bill of a light brown. The colours of the body are ed, articles which feem no lefs juft than plain, and brown and white ; but varied fo in different indivifhould our curiofity lead us into a new calculation, al- duals, that they cannot be deferibed by them. 1 heir lowing between 600 and 700 to every barrel, it is wings are very long ; their legs and feet pale yellow, evident that more than 330,00s barrels are annually flraped like thofe of corvorants They frequent the tarried away by fuch creatures.” Bahama iflands, where they breed all- months in the Thefe birds are well known on moft of the coafts of year, laying one, two, or three eggs, on the bare England, but not by the name of the Solan gooje. In rock. While young, they are covered with a white Cornwall and in Ireland they are called gannets ; by down, and continue, fo till they are almoft ready to the Wtllh, gan. Mr Ray fuppofed the Corni/h gan- fly. They feed on filh like the reft of this genus ; Jiet to be a fpecies of large gull: a very excufable but have a very troublefome enemy of the man-of-war JTuftake ; for during his fix months refidence in Corn- bird, which lives on tne fpoils obtained from otherwall, he never had an opportunity of feeing that bird, fea-birds, particularly the booby. As fuon as this except flying ; and in the air it has the appearance of rapacious enemy perceives that the booby has taken a 3 t lat *u * ^ fuppofition he gave oui fkiu the fiih, he flies furioufly at him, upon which the former title of catarafta, a name borrowed from Ariftotle, and dives to avoid the blow ; but as he cannot fwallow his which ad mil ably exprefles the rapid defeent of this below water, he is foon obliged to come up again bird on its prey Mr Moyle firft deteded this mif- prey with the fifh in his bill as before, when he fuffers a take ; and the Rev. Dr William Borlafe, by prefenta {fault; nor does his enemy ceafe to perfecute mg us with a fine fpecimen of this bird, confirms the new him till he lets go the fifh, which the other immediopinion of Mr Moyle; at the fame time giving the ately carries off. iollowing natural hiftory of the bird. 5. ! he great boohy, called by Linnaeus pelicani “ The gannet comes on the coafts of Cornwall in Baljiini puffuS)' frequents the rivers and fea coafts of the latter end of fummer or beginning of autumn; ttovermg over th# fhoals of pilchards that come down Florida, purfuing and devouring fiflies like others of the genu», Mr Catelby informs us, th.at he has fever aL

[ no ] PEL P E I, PeUcwuu, veral tlweg found them difabkd. and fometimes dead, birds which have caught a fi(h, when it oblige? them PeHcami* on the fhove ; whence he thinks tnat they meet with to difgarge it, and then take care to feize it before it (harks or other voracious fiihes, which deftroy them. falls into the water. It is an enemy to the flying-fiih ; The bird is about the frze of a goofe ; the head and for, on their being attacked beneath by the dolphin neck remarkably prominent; the back of a brown and other voracious fivh, to efcape their j.lws, thefe fecolour; the belly dufity white; the feet black, and mi-volatiles leap out of the water in clutters, making draped like thofe of a cwrvorunt ; the head elegantly ufe of their long fins as wings to buoy them up in the fpotted with white ; the wings extend feet when air, which they are enabled to do fo long as they refpread. Both this fpecies and the lad have a joint in main wet ; but the moment they become dry are ufethe upper mandible -of the bill, by which they can lefs, and drop into their proper element again : during raife it confiderably from the lower one without open- their flight, the frigate darts in among the (hoal, and feizes one or two at lead. Thefe birds know the exing the mouth. 7 ethanr s 6. The aquilns, or man-of-war bird, is in the body adt place where the fifh are to rife from the bubbling i-ynop/is of about the hze di a large fowl; in length three, feet, of the water, which diredls them to the fpot ; in this Joints. and in breadth 14. (he bill is (lender, five inches they are accompanied by gulls and other birds, who long, and much curved at the point ; the colour is act in concert with them. Thefe birds, which, though not uncommon everydulky ; from the bafe a reddifh dark coloured (kin fpreads on each fide of the head, taking in the eyes : where within the tropics, yet are Jefs frequent in fome from the under mandible hangs a large membranace- places than others, were feen by Cook in 30r deg. In ous bag attached fome wsy down the throat, as in the old route of navigators, they are mentioned frethe pelican, and applied to the fame ufes; the colour quently as being met with at Afcenfion Ifland, Ceylon, of this is a fine deep red, fprinkled cn the fiJea with a Taft Indies, and (Jhina(c). Dampierfaw them in great few fcattered feathers:, the whole plumageisbrownhh- plenty in the idand of Aves in the Weft Indies. Our black, except th e w ih g covert s, which have a rufous tinge: later navigators talk of them as frequenting various the tail is long, and much forked ; the outer feathers places of the South Sea, about the Marquefas, Eafter are 18 inches "or more in length; the middle ones from 1(1 es, and New Caledonia, alfo at Otaheitee, though at feven to eight: the legs are fmall, ail the toes are this Isft place not in fuch plenty as in many others. webbed together, and the webs are deeply indented; They are faid to make neils on trees, if there be any within a proper diltance; otherwife on tire rocks. They the colour of them is dulky red. The female differs in wanting the membranaceous lay one or two eggs of a flelh colour, marked with crimpouch under the chin ; and in having the belly white . fon fpots. The young birds are covc-red with greyifh white down : the legs are of the fame colour, and the in other things is greatly like the male. The frigate pelican, or man-of-war bird (b), as. it bill is white. There is a variety of this fpecies, which kfs, meafuring only two feet nine inches in length s is by fome°called, is chiefly, if not wholly, met with is between the tropics, and ever out at fea, being only the extent from wing to wing i& five feet and a half. The is five inches long, and red; the bafe of it, and bare feen on the wing. It is ufual with other birds, when bill fatigued with flying, to reft themfelves on the furface fpace round the eye, are of the fame colour; the noftrils are fufficiently apparent, and appear near the bafe ; the of the water ; but nature, from the exceeding length (hape of the bill is as in the larger one : the head, hind of wing ordained to this, has made the rifing there- part of the neck, and upper parts of the body and wings, from utterly inipofiible, at lead writers not only fo in- are ferruginous brown ; the throat, fore part of the form us, but every one whem we have talked with neck, and bread, are white ; the tail is greatly forked as avers the fame ; though perhaps this is no defeft of in the other; the legs are of a dirty yellow. nature, as it fcarcely feems to require much reft ; at “ In my collection (fays Latham) is a bird very filead, from the length of wing, and its apparent eafy milar to this, if not the fame : general colour of the gliding motion (much like that of the kite), it appeals plumage full black ; breaft and belly mottled with a(hcapable of fuftaining very long flights ; for it is often colour ; the inner ridge of the wing the fame ; the bill feen above 100, and not unfrequently above 200, has the long furrow, as is feen in the greater one; but leagues from land. It has indeed been known to the noftrils are fufficiently apparent, being about half fettle on the mafts of (hips ; but this is not a frequent an inch in length, rather broader at that part near the circmnftance, though it will often approach near, and bafe. This has a large red pouch at the chin and hover about the top-maft flag. Sometimes it foars io throat, as in the former fpecies. It is moft likely that high in the air as to be fcarcely vifible, yet at other- mine is the male bird, as others, fufpedfed to be of times approaches the furface of the fea, where, hover- the oppofite fex, have little or no traces of the jugular ing at fome diftance, the moment he fpies a fiflr, it pouch. This fuppofition feems juftified from a pair darts down on it with the utmoft rapidity, and feldom in the Hunterian mufeum, in both of which the pluwithout fuccefs, (lying upwards again as quick as it mage is wholly black; the one has a large pouch, the *■ See the defeended. It is alfo feen to attack* gulls and other other aacoimt of the fula or booby ipecies above. (Bl It is alfo called taiUeur, or tailor, by the French, from the motion of its tail reprefenting a pair of (hears when opened ; and when on the wing, it opens and (huts them frequently, in the manner of ufing that Ofbcck*to*be°wie of the forts of birds ufed in fitting by the Chinefe.

PEL [ , PEL PEkamis. other deaitute of .. Some have fuppofed that the i* 3 ^V greater and kffer frigates are the fame bird, in diffe- equally well acquainted with the fingular circumftance Peliean«f, o. its affifting the fick or hurt of its own fpecies ; a rent periods of srge 7. T he onocrotalus, or pelican of Afia, Africa, and circumftance which the Amencms fometimes take adof to procure fifh. without troi - ’c. They take America j though Linnaeus thinks that the pelican of avantage ivt pelican, break its wing, and after tying it to a America rrny poifibly be a diftinft variety. This crea ture, in Africa, is much larger in the body than a rce, conceal thcmfelves in ti e neighbourhood ; there Plate fvvan, and fomewhat of the fame fhape and colour. Its they watch the coming of the other pelicans with their CCCLXXX four toei are all webbed together ; and its neck in fome provihons and as foon as they fee tlul? throw up the meafure refembles that of a fwan : but that iingularitv h.h from their pouch, run in, and after leaving a little in which it differs from all other birds is in the bill and for die captive bird, they carry off the reft.” ° Phis amazing pouch may be confidered as analogous, the great pouch underneath. This enormous bill is to the crop in other birds ; with this difference, that aa 15 inches from the point, to the opening of the mouth, which is a good way back behind the eves. At the theirs he at the bottom of the gullet, fo this is placed bafe the bill is fomewhat greenifh, hut varies towards at e top. } hus’ 38 pigeons and other birds rnacethe end, being of a reddifh blue. It is very thick in rate their food for their young in ti eir crops, and then the beginning, but tapers off to the end, where it hooks lupply them; fo the pebcan fupplies its young by a ready contrivance, and macerates their food m its downwards. The under chap is ftill more extraordi- moie nary; for to the lower edges of it hang a bag, reach- biJft or icores it for its own particular fuftenance xhe ancients were particularly fond of giving this ing the whole length of the bill to the neck, which is laid to be capable of containing 15 quarts of water. bud admirable qualities and parental affedtions : ftruck I his bag the bird has a power of wrinkling up into perhaps, with its extraordinary figure, they were wilthe hollow of the under-chap ; but by opening the bill, ling to fupply it with as extraordinary appetites; and and putting one’s hand down into the bag, it may be having found it with a large refervoir, they were pleadiftended at pleafure. I he fkin of which it is formed fed with turning it to the moft tender and parental will then be feen of a biuifh afh colour, with many ufes. But the truth is, the pelican is a very heavy, fibres and veins running over its furface. It is not co- lluggifh, voracious bird, and verv ill fitted to take thofc vered with feathers, but with a fhort downy fubtlance aUtK>ns rovifions a di>have fbeen toldPthey do. as fmooth and as foft as fattin, and is attached all along itant time, which we^ to the under edges of the chap, is fixed backward to fayS L bat has rtrong wings ’ Rurniffied t ' ^ick plumage ofr an ’afh-colour, as are the reft of H aments and ihc feathers over the whole body. Its eyes are very nearTfdf ^ ^ ^ S > caches f wa down Pn ;hfbut y the- bird When bagwith is empty, it isitnot feen when hasthis fifhed fuccefs, is .mall, wnen compared with the fize of its head ; there en incredible to what an exteut it is often feen dila- is a iadnefs in its countenance, and its whole air is meF r tlie firft th,n th in fifhing A is ? f ff." and K. motion, f. l he flamingo fpnghtly and aaive. It1"is flow of flighta,* to fill up° the bag ; and gthen eitPelican returns does to digeft its bur-is rted den a leifure. When the bill is opened to its widelt no when ,t nfes to fly, performs it with difficult v^and extent, a petfon may run his head into the bird’s mouth and conceal it in this monftrous pouch, thus neceffity, wmld rmikelthefe'^birds chamge^their^fitu^ion^ L

f gUlar ur 1 tS towht! to what Ruyfch Rr 77 affures m us, P who P° ' avers - Yetthat this ais man nothing has been feen to hide his whole leg, boot and all, in the monftrous jaws of one of thefe animals. At firft appearance this would feem impoffible, as the fides of the under chap, from which the bag depends, are not above an inch afunder when the bird’s bill is firft

thC ehher ftLveTr fl;31’"^ ^ = but the^ I hey are torpi4 and inaftive to the laft deoree, f© that nothing can exceed their indolence but thAir gluttony ; it is only from the ftimulations of hunger W they are excited to labour ; for otherwife they would continue a ways m fixed repofe. When they have nff-

d VCS ab U t feet above th CapaHle of great . °r 40with furface of lea, they turn° their head one eyethe downwards “ m thity be ,arefo, r am. u muftrneceffanly as the bird Reparation preys upon; th £ and continue to flv in that ppfture. As foon as they and ,dcs t!:iern ^ it will hide by dozens its pouch i ertre affirms, that as manyin fifh as will perceive a fifh fufficiently near the furface, they dart down upon it w.th the fvviftnefs of an arroW, feize it ferve 60 hungry men for a meal. * with unerring certainty, and (tore it up in their pouch. hey then rife again, though not without great labour, cularlv8WaSi_°nCe a^° known in Europe, partibu t it CO y Thn£r,a,V , . , havedetoedow and contmue hovermg and fiffiing, with their head on accoom.L k ,he b'r (Holftenius).' PelUus, the gentilitious name and the epithet the pelicans there are as large as fwans, of a white colour, with exceeding long bills ; and M. Thevenot (Lucan, Juvcnaj, Martial.)-Another Pella^ (Pom his travels to the Levant, obferves, that the pelicans ‘ 3 T" ?.f tht D«'aP“li». on the other about fome part of the Nile near the Red Sea fwim „fidelthe 7 Jordwi; abounding in water, like its cogno. by the bank fide like geefe, in fuch great numbers that fStrioT-”!"1 Sel ?I1acedon,a ! b"7 by Macedonians, they cannot be counted. Father Morolla, in his voy- fjfll 7 ',ucu!Ap«mea, i (Enftbtus) ; anciently called Buns, (Stephanus); (Strabo); fituated age to Congo, fays pelicans are often met with in the road to Smga, and are all over black, except on their n rth eaft f Gerafa th the nl a * juft °before the> fiege (P^Rmy). ThiChnftiana, of Jerufalem breaft, which is of a flefh colour like the neck of a ther turkey. He adds further, that father Francis de Pa- by Titus, were divinely admonilhed to fly, (Eufevia informed him, that on his journey to Singa he obbounda, Tran’- ^ W3S ^ 1111X10/1 of the Penea, or country tp the north,7 (Jofephus). ierved certain large white birds, with long beaks, necks Tra^jordan and feet, which, whenever they heard the leaft found an TELLE PIER (James), a doftor of phvfic and enunent mathematician, was born at Manser" ot an inftrument, began immediately to dance, and leap about the rivers, where they always refide, and 1810 I582 He Was an eKcelie F "b poet, »t gramLati; a good‘ orator, phyfician, and whereof they were great lovers : this, he faid, he took and French a great pkafure to contemplate, and continued often C ^7r —™ upon the banks of the rivers to obferve. It would extend our article beyond all proportion, the were we to touch on each individual fpecies of this ex- black ; called alfo" 7 tfte en ive g^nus, together with their accidental varieties French torteaux de fable. L LICLE e U8 f ’ ofrm0nff r^yficians, denotes a thin him ny or fragment a membrane. AmongehemlfE v fiTll h th,C,?oin P Is unqueftionably very curious, we film 3 heie , ^ a lift of books, which fuch of our figmfies a thin furf.ee ofcryftal, uniformly rpr«i over readers as defire it may have recourfe to for further information : Sard’s Hijlory of Birds ; Natural Hf. rei taTVaP°ra''d ,0 a «rta;" drgrL. " top of Jamaica ; Mem. de l'Academie Roy ale des Sciences 0 3 3 (PaU one^fin^^u^^yfXf, ,^; ; "’ '> Td ' troifiem e Pattie, 00. S Wl! Willoughby} Pennant'st0m Britijh and Artlic Zoologyp.■ fon of JnmM P^lfon ron^fdl'oL C and Latham s Synopfts of Birds ; the laft of which iafhe born at Bezier, ,624, a„d educated in the ProtelCr religion. He Sudied with fuecefs the La i„ 0^7 n et PFT rOM (Diodorus Siculus WeSeehave 1KLION \ yP^/v. JiSftfT^ad-t l^rr-and’ linderft^d, (Mela, V,Vgil, tan of Theffaly near Offa, and hanging over the Sinus S Pelafgicus, or Pegaficus ; its top covered with pines rej^ma^ion^'lni)'^ be lludied thelai^at Callres with C W (0vid Said alfo to abc S]/ /v Fraccus). ^From >«»dwas in v d afiio! (VaL this mountain

but reMPfCaf u 4^lllIles’

calied

pelias, which none from whence he was not difeharged till four yearfafter

of F^7eA (an^Se°ff•)’ a town fituated on the confines .tr^r-odt 7 Sinus Thermaicus.^Uwas^lTe

“voux/vX! t ^

CirCUmflue,:t

;

t0 tl C ft ,d ; M eTnioverfyfaTd'To^fi^'t„' ' > religion. Louis XIV. bellowed mpon hta™Innu”i peii K.n of 2oo0 ctoxn,, anJ he iikew|r . f

Z rP S‘- In r’676 he had "‘e abbey of &ment He d "d" r.fi b S' Pr,'0ry. °f St at Auchl tT n 73* His principal works are, i The f A :ad m ^."n' £,FrT‘‘' ' ^ 2' RefleSions on C in 4 V 3 12m Of Louis XIV ? H ‘ff - ,1Le m°-and 3-The Hiftory M:fc in 3 vols tTmo'. 5' “ 'l‘ani«; a , aP1£LCof7I!')’ by theonThe Elem. honour I'elops. lelbral A ramobferved was facrifieed occiin fio», which both prieUs and people were prohibited P

from-

, ] PEL which covered Pelufrum, did not ftop Cambyre., who Mto. attacked it with a formidable army. The feEb ~ ‘ f ihire. ^ 5ars w't^ thofe of Philip, and to aifift him in per- fuch flocks of birds, of feveral forts, refort to thefe . Arming the laft offices to the manes of his general.— rocks, as appear incredible to thofie who have not feen > Pelufium was often taken and pillaged during the wars them. They come to them in the night-time, and alfo of the Romans, the Greeks, and the Arabs. But in leave them then ; for, in the evening, the rocks may ipite of fo many difafters, (he preferved to the time of be feen covered with them, and the next morning not the Crufades her riches and her commerce. The one be feen at all. In like manner, not a fingle Chriftian princes having taken it by ftorm, facked it. bird (hall appear in the evening, and the next morning It never again rofe from its ruins; and the inhabitants the rocks ftiall be covered with them. They alfo went to Damietta.” See Damietta. ge nerally make a vifit about Chriftmas, Haying a week PELVIS, in anttomy. See there) n° 2—42. or longer; «nd then take their leave till breeding-time. PEMBROKE (Mary Countefs of). See PIer. Among thefe birds are the eligug, razor-bill, puffin, BERT. and harry-bird. The eligug lays only one egg, which, Pembroke,in Pembroke/hire, in England, is the prin- as well as thofe of the puffin and razor-bill, is as big as cipal town in the county. It is fituated upon a creek of a duck s, but longer, and fmaller at one end. She Milford-Haven, and in the moft pleafant part of Wales, never leaves it till it is hatched, nor then till the young beingabout 256 miles diftant from London. It is the one zs able to follow her; and ffie is all this time fell county-town, and has two handfome bridges over two by the male. T. his and the razor-bill breed upon the itnall rivers which run into a creek,forming the weft fide bare rocks, without any kind of neft. The puffin and o a promontory. It is well inhabited, has feveral good han-y-bird breed in hoks, and commonly in the holes houfes,. and but one church. There is alio a cultom- of rabbits; but fometimes they dig holes for themhoufe in it. . There are feveral merchants in it, who, felves with their beaks. Phe harry-birds are never avoured by its fituation, employ near 200 fail on their feen on land but when taken. All the four kinds canown account; fo that, next to Caermarthen, it is the not raife themfelves to fly away when they are on largeft and ncheft town in South Wales. It has one land, and therefore they creep or waddle to the cliffs, long ftraight ftreet, upon a narrow part of a rock; and and throwing themfelves off, take wing. The eligug the two rivers feem to be two arms of Milford-Haven, is the fame bird which they call in Cornwall a kiddaiu, which ebbs and flows clofe up to the town. It is and in Yorkfture zjeouf. The razor-bill is the tnerre governed by a mayor, bailiffs, and burgeffes ; and was ot Cornwall. The puffin is the arttic duck of Clufius, in former times fortified with walls, and a magnificent and the hart the Jhire-water of Sir Thomas caftle feated on a rock at the weft; end of the town. • Brown. The7;bird inhabitants of this county make a verv in t 8 rock » under the chapel, is a natural cavern pleafant durable fire of culm, which is the duft of coal 1, j railed IVogan, remarked for having a very fine echo : made up into balls with a third part of mud. The this is fuppofed to have been a ftore-room for the garnfon, as there is a ftaircafe leading into it from the county is weU watered by the rivers Clethy, Dougledye, Cledhew, and Teive; which laft part? it from 11 as alfo a " wide mouth towards the river. Cardiganfture. There is a divifion of the county ftyle4 1 his ftru&ure being burnt a few years after it was Bhos in the Welch, by which is meant a large green erected, it was rebuilt. It is remarkable for being plain., i his is inhabited by the defendants of the the birth-place of Henry VII. and for the brave deFlemings, placed there by Henry I. to curb the Welch, lence made by the garrifon for Charles I. who were never able to expel them, though they often PEMBROKESHIRE, a county of Wales,bound- attempted it. On the coafts of this county, as well as ed on all fides by the Iriffi fea, except on the eaft, on thofe of Glamorganffiire and the Severn Sea, is where it joins to Caermarthenffiire. and on the north■eait to Cardiganlhire. It lies the neareft to Ireland of fund a kind o* alga or Ever, the lacluca marina of any county in Wales ; and extends in length from Eamoen, being a marine plant or weed. It is gaport to outh 35 miles, and from eaft to weft; 29, and thered in fpring ; of which the inhabitants make a fort is ajout 140 in circumference. It is divided into of food, called in Welch lhavan, and in Engliffi blackeven hundreds, contains about 420,000 acres, one city, butter. Having wafhed it clean, they lay it to fweat between two fiat ftones, then ffired it fmali, and kned eight market-towns, two forefts, 145 pariihes, about it well hke dough for bread, and then make it up into 300 boufes, and 25,900 inhabitants. It lies in the great halls or rolls, which is by fome eat raw, and by V1 ce of ?.r0fui " s three . Canterbury, diocefe viz. of Sc members to and parliament, oneDavid’s, for the others fryed with oatmeal and butter. It is accounted excellent agamft ail diftempers of the liver and 0 Haverfordweft and one Ipleen ; and foine affirm that they have been relieved by Pembroke^ " > f°r the town of it in the fharpeft fits of the ftone. Pe nbroke PEN, a town of Somerfetftiire, in England, on the is ! ^ii‘e, confidering its fituation, 1 better ’ As 18remare ST™ farther from north-eaft fide of Wincaunton, where Kenwald a Weft but ew n fruitful r • rf efpecially on ^ the mountains, foilare is *-