The Neolithic Settlement of Southern Poland 9780860541073, 9781407352879

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The Neolithic Settlement of Southern Poland Janusz Kruk edited by J.M. Howell and N. J. Starling translated by M. Hejwowska

BAR International Series 9 3 1980

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D. Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. I nternational Series 93, 1980: "The Neolithic Settlement of Southern Poland". © Polish Apademy of Sciences, 1980.

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541073 paperback ISBN 9781407352879 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541073 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page Preface Aclmowledgements Editors' Note Introduction

iv V vi vii

Problems of the Data in Settlement Archaeology

1

II.

The Spatial Analysis of Neolithic Settlement

8

III.

Reconstruction of the Natural Environment

34

IV.

Changes in Settlement Types and the Use of the Environment

I.

V.

The Anthropogenic Transformation of the Neolithic I..oess Landscape

63

Tables

67

Maps ancl Ftgu:r;es

82

Bibliography

112

PREFACE TO THE ENGL ISH EDITION

S tudies i n n eo l i th ic s e t t le men t g eography were t he f i rs t s tage o f ac o mp lex r esearch p rogra m me a i med a t t he r econs truc t ion o f a n thropogen ic e nv ironmen ta l c hanges o n t he l oess u p lands o f s ou thern P o land .

I t was u nders tood

t ha t t hey were o n ly a n i n troduc t ion t o t he s tudy o fn eo li th ic e cono my .

Th is

work n ecess i ta t ing d e ta i led j o in t a rchaeo log ica l a nd n atura l h is tor ica l s tudies , was s tar ted i n 1 967, a nd c o mp le ted i n 1 971 .

I t s r esu lts were p ub l ished u nder

t he t i t le ' S tudia O sadn icze n ad n eo li te m wyzyn l essowych ' ( Osso lineu m , 1 973) . N ow , s even y ears af ter t he P o lish e di t ion , Ih ave t he o ppor tun i ty , d ue t o t he a dvances o f B r i t ish Archaeo log ica l Repor ts , t o p resen t my b ook t o t he E ng l ish s peak ing r eader . D ur ing t hese l as t y ears t here h as b een a v ery d is t inc t a dvance i n s e t t lemen t g eography i n s outhern P o land .

Th is p rogress h as a d ua l n a ture —f irs t ly ,

t he f i e ld o f r esearch n ow embraces p reh is tor ic p er iods l a ter t han t he n eo l i th ic , a nd s econd ly , r esearch me thods h ave b een i mproved .

I n t h is l as t r espec t

t he a ch ieve men ts o f Br i t ish workers h ave b een o ft he g rea tes t i mpor tance . O ur p resen t k now ledge o f t he s ub jec t i s , t o s o me d egree r ef lec ted i n my r ecen t b ook G ospodarka w P o lsce p oY udn iowowschodn ie j wV II I t ys iac lec iu p .n .e . ( Econo my i n s outh-eas t P o land i n t he 5 th-3rd mi l lenn ia B . C . )( Osso lineu m , 1 980 ) . S e t t le men t g eography s ee ms t o b e a n impor tan t f ac tor i n t he p rogress o f t he s c ience o f a rchaeo logy .

Th is b e lief i s c onf ir med b y t he i n tens if ica t ion o f

t h is k ind o f work e ven i n c oun tr ies where t radi t iona l a rchaeo logy h as s o f ar b een p referred .

Ih ope t ha t t he E ng lish e di t ion o f my b ook w i l l c ontr ibu te , t o

s o me d egree , t o t he f ur ther d eve lop ment o f s tudies o n t he s e t t le men t g eography o f t he p as t .

J anusz K ruk I gor om ia , P o land May 1 980 .

i v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Ih ave p leasure i n a cknow ledg ing e veryone c onnec ted w i th t he a dvance men t o f t h is b ook .

My s pec ia l t hanks g o t o J ohn M . H owe l l a nd N icho las J . S tar ling

( S t . J ohn 's C o l lege , O xford ) who a s e di tors h ave s acr i f iced s o much o f t he ir t ime i n i t s p repara t ion , a nd a lso M iss M. He jwowska f or t ransla ting t he t ex t . Iwou ld a lso l ike t o men t ion J erzy K opacz PhD. whose k ind h e lp i n p repara t ion Ih ave f ound o f g rea t v a lue . If ee l g ra tefu l ly o b l iged t o men t ion t ha t my work h as b een c onduc ted i n t he I ns t itu te o f t he H is tory o f Ma ter ia l C u l ture , t he P o l ish Acade my o f S c iences , u nder t he i nsp ira t ion a nd g u idance o f P rof . Dr . Wi to ld H ense l a nd P rof . Dr . J an Machn ik .

ED ITORS ' NOTE

The t rans la ted t ex t f o l lows t ha t o ft he f i rs t e di t ion ( 1973) .

One o r t wo

minor c hanges h ave h owever b een i ncorpora ted t o make i te as ier f or t he E ng l ish r eader .

F oo tno tes h ave b een c hanged t o H arvard n o ta t ion t hroughout ,

a nd where p oss ib le p u t i nto t he t ex t i n o rder t o c u t d own t he n o tes a t t he e nd o f c hap ters .

E x tens ive n o tes r eferr ing i n d e ta i l t o r eferences i n P o lish h ave

b een c ut d own a s f ar a s p ossib le .

I n o rder t o i ncrease t o f l uency o f t he t ex t ,

t he a dm in is tra t ive d is tr ic t n orma l ly a dded t o a l l p lace n a mes ( as i n , f or e xa mp le , S zczepanow ice p ow . Miech6w ) h as b een l ef t o u t .

Wi th t he e xcep t ion

o f t he V istu la ( Po lish WisA r ) a nd C racow ( Po l ish K ra l