The Middle Neolithic in Southern France: Chasséen Farming and Culture Process 9780860541738, 9781407328720

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The Middle Neolithic in Southern France Chasseen Farming and Culture Process

Patricia Phillips

BAR International Series 142 1982

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S142, 1982: 'The Middle Neolithic in Southern France'

© Pa tricia - Phill�ps,

1982

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541738 paperback ISBN 9781407328720 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541738 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

FRONT ISP IECE : C att le -bone c ar ry ing c ase c onta in ing s even f l int b l ades f ound a t t he o pp idum o f S a inte -Luce , B ez ignan , Dröme ( by k ind p erm is s ion o fM . R ene G ras )

i

S UMMARY

T h i sv o lume d ea l s w i th t he d eve lopmen t , s t eady s ta te a nd d ec l ine o ft he S ou the rn C ha s seen M idd le N eo l i th ic c u l ture o fS ou the rn F rance . U s ing d a ta e x t ra c ted f r om a S i te I ndex o fc i r ca 2 00 s i te s , t he m a in f e a ture so ft he c u l tu re a r e d e s cr ibed a nd a na ly sed i n aC ommen ta ry c on s i s t ing o fs i x c hap te r s . T he o ut s tand ing f e a ture so ft he S ou the rn C ha s seen c u l ture a r ei t se x tens ion o ve r a l o fS ou the rn F rance , f r om W e s te rn L anguedo c t oE a s te rn P roven ce ;i t ss t a tu sa st he f i r s tf u l ly p ea san tf a rm ing c u l tu re o ft he a r ea ;a nd i t sd ependence u pon c a t t le , as ub s i s t en ce p r ac t ice w h ich i n c rea s ing s umme rd e s icca t ion l a te rc au sed t ob ed ropped i nc oa s ta l z one so ft he M id i . T he C ha s seen p e r iod s aw t h e f i r s t f i rm c on ta c t sb e tween t he se S ou the rn F rench f a rme r sa nd t he i rN o r th F rench p ea san tn e ighbou r s . I n tens ive e x chang e n e twork sd u r ing t he p e r iod i n vo lved n o t o n ly t he se c on t inen ta l a r ea s b u t a l so n e ighbou r ing p a r t so ft h eW e s tM ed i te r ranean b a s in . T he S ou the rn C ha s seen c u l tu ra lp ackage i ss e en a st he c u lm ina t ion o fs ub t le c hange so ve r mo r et han am i l lenn ium i nb o th s ub s i s tence p ra c t ice s ( s to ck rea r ing a nd a g r i cu l tu re ) a nd i ns o c ia l b ehav iou r . S oc ia l f a c tor s p l ayed ama jo rr o le i nt he p e r s i s tence o fC ha s se en c u l tu re f o r mo re t han at hou sand y ea r s( c .3600 b . c . t oc . 2600 b . c . ) . T he e ven tua l t r an s fo rma t ion o ft he w ide sp read b u tr e la t ive ly c l os ed C ha s se en s y s tem i n to a s e r ie so f more r e g iona l ly b a sed u n i t si sp robab ly l i nked b o th t os o c ia l c hange s( i n crea se i np opu la t ion s i ze , a nd c oncom i tan t c hange si ns o c ia ls t ruc tu re )a nd e nv i ronmen ta l f a c to r s( on se to ft he S ub .bo rea l a nd c hange i nr a in fa l lr e g ime z ) .

1

RESUME

L ed e v e loppemen t ,l ap e r s i s tan ce e tl ed ec l in d el ac i v i l i sa t ion c ha s se enne d uM id i s on ta bo rde sd an sc et ex te . 1s ' ag i t d e s i x c hap i t r e sd e d e s c r ip t ion e td ' ana ly se b a s e ss u r l e sd onnee sd el ' Inv en ta i re 'de sS i te sq u ic ompo r te 2 00 g i semen t se nv i ron . T ro i sf a c teu r sd ec i s i f sd onnen t äl ac i v i l i sa t ion c ha s se enne s on c a ra c te re p a r t i cu l ie r : d 'une p a r t ,l ' ex ten s ion d es on t ype d es o c ie te d an st ou te l aF rance m e r id iona le ,d u L an g uedoc o cc iden ta l äl aP rov ence o r ien ta le ;d ' au t re p a r ts on s t a tu te nt a n tq ue l ap l u s a nc ienne s o c ie te e n t ie remen ta g r ico le d uM id i ;e te n f in l ef a i tq u 'e l le d e penda i t p ou ru ne b onne p a r t ie d es as ub s i s tance d er e levag ed u b e ta i l—m me l el ong d e s c a te s—une p ra t ique q u is e ra a bandonnee p a rl as u i te d an sl e sr e g ion sc o t ie re s äc au s e d el as e che re s se c r o i s san te e np e r iode d 'ke . A uc ou r sd el ap e r iode c ha s se enne l e sd eux c ou ran t sd ec i v i l i sa t ion n eo l i th ique— ce lu id el aM ed i te r ranee e tc e lu id uN o rd— s et r ouv er e un i s . L e sr e saux d ' e chang ee t ab l i sp endan tc e t te p e r iode i mp l iqua ien tn on s e u lemen tl ec on t inen tm a i s a u s s il e st e r r i to i r e sv o i s in sd u b a s s in o ue s td el a Med i te r rane . P a rm il e sp roce s su si n te rvenan t p ou rc r ee rr un i te c ha s s eenne d uM id i ,o nr e leve ra l e sc hangemen t ss ub t i l se f fec tue sp endan t p l u sd ' un m i l lena i re n on s e u lemen te nc eq u i c orce rne r econom i ep a s to ra le e ta g r ico le ,m a i sa u s s i l e sf a c teu r ss o c iaux . C e sf a c teu r s s o c iaux o n tj oue u nr o le p r imo rd ia ld an sl ap e r s i s tance d er un i te c ha s se enne . Q uand , a u b ou td ' au mo ms u n m i l lena i re ( 3600 a . J .C . a2 600 a . J .C . e nv i ron ) ,c e` s y s teme 'v a s te m a i sr e la t ivemen tc l o ss ed e fa i t e nf a veu rd e g r oupemen t sp l u sl o caux ,c ec hang emen t e s tl i e' al af o i sa ux c hang emen t ss oc iaux ( a cc ro i s s emen td el ap opu la t ion , c hang emen t s d es t ruc tu re s oc ia le )e tn a tu re l s ( c ommen cemen td uS ub -bo r ea l ,a l te ra t ion sd an sl er e g ime p luv ia l ) .

1 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS P ag e

L i s to fF igur e s

v i

L i s to fT ab le s

v i i

COMMENTARY C hap t er 1

I n t roduc t ion a nd H i s tory o fR e sea rch

C hap ter 2

S e t t lemen t P a t te rn a nd S e t t lemen tO rgan iza t ion

1 1

C hap t er 3

R aw M a te r ia l s : T echno logy a nd E xchange

2 7

C hap t er 4

R e sou r ce E xp lo i ta t ion

4 4

C hap te r5

P r e -Cha s seen a nd P o s t -Cha s seen Ma te r ia l C u l tu re ,a nd t h e

5 2

1

C u l tu re -H i s to r ica lV iew o ft he C ha s seen C hap t er 6

R ad ioca rbon D a t ing ,t he C ha s seen C u l tu ra l P a ckage ,a nd

5 6

P ro ce s sua lE xp lana t ion

S ITE I NDEX

6 7

B ib l iog raphy

1 88

I nd ex

2 02

L IST OF F IGURES P age F ront isp iece F igure 1

C at t le -bone c a rry ing -case c on ta in ing s even f l int b lades f ound a t t he o pp idum o fS a inte -Luce , B ez ignan , D röme ( by k ind p erm is s ion o fM . R ene G ras ) • Map o f S outhern F rench apartement s c overed i n S i te I ndex ( broken l i nes i nd icate b ounda r ies o fC irconscr ipt ion s o fP reh is tor ic Ant iqu it ies , e .g . M id i -Py r6ng es )

2

F igure 2

Nu mbe rs o fC hasseen s i tes f rom e ach dear tement d ea lt w ith i nt he S i te I ndex ( ha tched c o lu mns ) ,p lus a dd i t iona l s i tes q uo ted b y C ourt in ( 1974) , Vaguer ( 1975) a nd G . -B . A rna l ( 1976 ) ( c lea r c oh i mns )

3

F igure 3

C ha sseen c eram ic t ypes f rom t he L a Made le ine c ave , V i l leneuve les -Mague lonne , H 6rau lt : 1 ,s t ra ight -wa l led v a se , 2 ,g lobu la r n ecked v ase , 3 ,b r immed p la te , 4 ,s hou ldered b ow l w ith mu lt i -perfora ted l ug , 5 ,l ow o pen b ow lw ith i n terna l s cratched d ecorat ion ( by c our tesy o fJ .A rna l a nd L . B arra l)

5

F igure 4

C has seen c h ipped s tone a r t ifact s f rom t he L a Made le ine c av e : 1 -3 , p ierc ing a r rowheads , 4 ,5 ,8 , t r ansverse a r rowheads , 6 -7 , b orer s , 9 -11 , s c raper s , 1 2 -15 , b lades ( by c our tesy o fJ .A rna l a nd L . B a rra l)

6

F igure 5

' Cha sse-e n g round s tone a nd b one a r t ifact s f rom t he L a Made le ine c ave : 1 -3 , g round s tone c h ise ls a nd a xe , 4 -6 , s p l it b one a w ls , 7 ,b one s moother ( by c our tesy o fJ .A rna l a nd L . B a rra l)

7

F igure 6

P la in o fc obb le s t ructures a t V i l leneuve -To losane , H aute -Ga ronne ( a f ter C lot tes , G iraud , Rozaud , V aguer 1 979 , p p .10 -11)

8

F igure 7

Map o fs i x C ha s se-e n s i tes w ith c obb le s t ruc ture s i nT ou louse a rea : 1 ,V i l leneuve -To losane a nd F rouz ins , 2 ,S tM iche l -du -Touch , 3 ,C ha teau -Perc in , S e i lh , 4 ,L es Monge s , L aunaguet , 5 ,S a int -Capra i s , L 'Un ion , 6 , Empa lot , T ou louse ( af ter S imonnet 1 980b , f i g .1) . D is tance s b etween s i tes a re g i ven i n k i lo met res

1 0

F igure 8

S ca tter o f a r t ifact s a nd s tone s , C has s6en l e ve l 2 ,S i te A , C apdenac le -Haut , L ot . Upr ight s herds ( s t ra igh t l i nes ) ma rk t he e dge o ft he o ccupa t ion a rea . S herds a re ma rked b y b lack d ot s , b ones b y c ro s ses a nd f l ints b y t r iang les . T he h a tched a rea mark s t he c ave wa l l ( a f te r C lo ttes 1 973 , f i g .35)

1 2

F igure 9

S t V6r6de rne c ave , S an i lhac , Ga rdon v a l ley ( cour tesy J .P ey)

1 4

F igure 1 0a

S ket ,chp lan a nd s ect ion o fC has se-e n ' v i l lage ' o f Montbeyre , H erau lt , i nd icat ing s tone f ounda t ions ( l ines o f sma l l r ectang les ) a nd a reas u nder e xcava t ion ( do t ted l i ne s ) ( a f ter E sca lon d e F onton a nd E scuret 1 959 , f i g .19 )

1 5

F igure 1 0b

P a rt o f Ga rdon v a l ley , i nd ica t ing l oca t ion o fc aves a nd a reas o fl oe ss s o i l ( a f ter G asco 1 980a)

1 5

F igure 1 1

C ro ss -sect ion o fC ha ss6en p i t -hea rth , L a B er taude , L e G re s -d 'Orange , V auc luse

1 8

F igure 1 2a

C obb les tones o fs t ructures A58 -A ( top) a nd A58 -B ( bot tom r i ght ) a nd p a rt o f A59 ( bot tom l e f t ) , a t S t -M iche l -du -Touch , T ou louse , Haute -Garonne , a l l t hree d amaged b y c on s truct ion t r ench . The h a tched z one i nd ica tes h ea t r edden ing o ft he c lay wa l ls o f t he s t ructure ( a f ter S imonne t 1 980a , f i g .3)

2 0

F igure 1 2b

C ha rcoa l a nd l og sl y ing b e low c obb lestone l e ve ls i ns t ructure A58 -A a nd A58 -B , S t M iche l -du -Touch . P a rt o ft he c obb le l ayer r e ma ins i ns i tu o ver A58 -B a nd A59 ( a f ter S imonnet 1 980a , f i g .4 )

2 1

F igure 1 3

7 .50 m d eep c i rcu lar w e l l , V i l leneuve -To losane , H aute -Garonne ( C lot tes e ta l . 1 980 , p .62)

2 2

F igu re 1 4

B ur ia l o f t eenage g i r l ( F ina l C ha sse-e n o r E ar ly L a te N eo l ith ic ) , Aven d e L a B ouc le , C orconne , Gard ( a f ter Duday 1 980 )

2 6

F igure 1 5

C has s6en s i tes w ith o bs id ian a r t ifact s ( a f ter C our t in 1 967d , w ith a dd it ions )

2 8

F igure 1 6

S ources o f ' j ade ite ' ( sod ic p y roxen ite) i nt he I t a l ian A lps ( b lack c i rc les) . J ade ite a xes a re n ume rous i nE as tern P rovence , a nd a re f ound a sf a r w es t a . *t he Auss i kes s i te , C a rca s sonne , Aude , s hown b y as t a r ( af ter R icq 1 980)

2 9

F igure 1 7

D ist r ibut ion o fr ock s a nd m inera l r aw ma te r ia l s i n Med ite rranean L anguedoc a nd t he Montagne No ire ( a f ter B a rge 1 979 , f i g .6 )

3 2

•F igure 1 8

Exper imenta l f i r ing o f C hasseen type p o t tery ( a f ter G . -B . A rna l 1 976 , p 1 .35)

3 6

C ha sse-e n s i tes w ith s tone b race let s ( a f ter C ourt in a nd Gutherz 1 976 )

3 8

F igure 1 9

V i

P age F igure 2 0

C ha s sgen s i tes w i th b i l les

4 0

F igure 2 1

D eco ra ted s herds , b aked c l ay a nd s tone : 1 ,s he rd b ea r ing P an -p ipe a nd e ng raved s un d es ign ( G rande G ro tte , C heva l -B lanc , V auc luse) , 2 ,s t ra ine r f ro m l e ve l 8 B , G rot te d e l ' Eg l ise , B aud ina rd , V a r ( a f ter C our t in 1 974 , f i g .40 ) , 3 ,s cra tched s un a nd l a t t ice d es igns o n S -wa l l b ow l , G rande G ro t te , 4 ,c ar ina ted v a se w ith mu lt iperforated c o rdon ( Fontbregoua c ave , S a le rnes , Va r) , 5 ,l imes tone a r t ifact ( anthropomorph ic f i gu r ine?) , G rot te d e l ' Eg l ise ( a f ter C our t in 1 974 , f i g .33 :1) , 6 a , b i l le i na n t ler h o lder , S tV eredeme c ave , S an i lhac , G a rd ( a f te r S a l lus t ien -Joseph 1 904 , p 1 .1:33) , 6 b , p o ss ib le r econ s t ruc t ion o fb i l le h o lder , 7 ,f ema le s t atuet te i n a rkose , C apdenac le -Haut , L ot ( a f ter C lot tes a nd C a r r ie re 1 976 , f i g s .4 ,5 ) , 8 ,c l ay a r t ifact ( f igur ine?) f r om E scan in 2 ,L es B aux , B ouche s -du -Rhöne , 9 ,h a l f k idney -shaped l oomwe ight f rom P er tus 2 , Mea i l les , A lpe s d e H aute P rovence , 1 0 , c l ay a r t ifact ( f igur ine?) f rom O rgon , B eau rega rd , B ouches -du -Rhöne

4 1

F igure 2 2

C hasseen s i tes w i th ' v ase suppo rt s ' ( a f te r Gu i la ine e ta l . 1 976 , f i g .5)

4 2

F igure 2 3

C o mpa r ison o fC hasS een a nd p o s t -Cha sseen c eram ic a s semb lages i n L anguedoc ( Aur iac , Aude a nd Avenca s , Hg rau lt ;a f ter Gutherz 1 980 , f i g .2)

5 4

F igure 2 4

P log ' s mode l o f as t ab le b ehav ioura l s ys tem ( P log 1 977 , f i g .2 :9)

6 0

F igure 2 5

Emergence o ff a rm ing i nr e sponse t o s oc ia l p res sure s ( a f te r B ender 1 978)

6 3

F igure 2 6

D is tr ibut ion o fS outhern C ha sseen s i te s n amed i nS i te I ndex

F igure 2 7

C ha s seen n ecked g lobu lar v a se s : 1 , Aven d e V auc la re , E spa r ron -de -Verdon , A lpes d e H aute P rovence , 2 ,P er tus 2 , W af f l es , A lpes d e H aute P rovence , 3 , Roucadou r ( l eve l B 1) , T he-m ines , L ot , 4 ,E sp ina s sous , L anue jo ls , G a rd

8 7

F igure 2 8

C ha s sgen o pen b ow ls : 1 ,G rande G rotte , C heva l -B lanc , V auc luse , 2 ,P ou jo l , Meyrue is , L ozere , 3 ,L a C abra , Meyrue is , L ozere , 4 ,G rot te C , B aud ina rd , V a r , 5 , Roucadour ( l eve l B i) , T he in ines , L ot , 6 ,C a rbon ie s , Nant , A vey ron , 7 , F on t -Ma r the , S a lernes , V a r , 8 ,L es F ays ses , L e C re s , H erau lt

8 8

F igure 2 9

C ha s seen s t ra igh t -wa l led j a r s : 1 ,E g l ise S uper ieu re , L eve l 8 ,B aud ina rd , V ar , 2 ,L es F ays ses , L e C res , Hg rau lt , 3 ,G ro t te C , B aud ina rd , Var , 4 ,L e L uc , L anue jo l s , Ga rd , 5 ,6 , F ontbregoua ,S a lernes ,Va r , 7 ,8 , Roucadour ( Leve ls B 1 a nd B 2 r e spect ive ly) , Them ines , L o t

8 9

F igure 3 0

C ha s seen c ar ina ted a nd s hou ldered b ow ls : 1 ,P er tus 2 , Mga i l les , A lpes d e H au te P rovence , 2 ,B au me d es E nfer s , C heva l -B lanc , V auc luse , 3 ,L a C abra , Mey rue is , L oze re , 4 ,P er tus 2 , Mean ie s , A lpes d e H au te P rovence , 5 ,6 , G rande G ro t te , C heva l -B lanc , V auc luse , 7 ,B ord d e l ' Eau , E venos , V ar, 8 ,S t J o seph , D ions , G ard ( note mous tache d eco ra t ion )

1 30

6 8 -69

L IST OF TABLES P age T ab le 1

S izes o f 5 1 S outhe rn C has seen s i tes

1 3

T ab le 2

B u r ia ls i nS outhe rn C has seen c ontex ts

T ab le 3

A spects o fv a r ia t ion i nS outhern C ha s seen c h ipped s tone i ndus t r ies

3 3

T ab le 4

S outhern C ha sseen c eram ics a nd l oca l g eo logy

3 5

T ab le 5

F auna l r e ma ins f r om C has sgen s i tes i ns i x a rea s o fS outhe rn F rance

T ab le 6A

E v idence o f p lan t f oods f rom S outhern Cha sseen s i tes

4 8

T ab le 6B

E v idence o f ma r ine mo l luscs , f i sh a nd b i rds f rom S outhe rn C ha s seen s i te s

5 0

T ab le 7

D a tes o fi nnova t ion a nd ` a dop t ion i nf lec t ion ' o fs i gn if icant f ea ture s o f S outhern C has seen c u lture

5 6

T ab le 8

R ad ioca rbon d a tes f o r S outhern C has seen s i tes

v i

2 4 -25

4 6 -47

5 8 -59

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

T he S i te I ndex i sb a sed i np a r t o nd a ta o r ig ina l ly c o l lec ted f o rt he w r i te r ' sP h .D . t he s i s( Un ive r s i ty o fL ondon 1 971 ) . T h i sd a ta w a sc o l lec ted w i th t h e a i d o fg r an t sf r om t he U n ive r s i ty o fL ondon C en t ra lR e sea rch F und a nd I n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy R e sea r ch F und , a nd f r om t he F rench G ove rnmen t . S ub sequen tr e sea r ch a nd e xcava t ion i nS ou the rn F rance d u r ing t h e 1 970 sw a ss uppo r ted b yg r an t sf r om t he U n ive r s i ty o fS he f f ie ld R e sea r ch F und , t he B r i t i sh A cademy , a nd t he F rench M in i s t ry o fE duca t ion . T he w r i te rw i she st oa cknow ledg e t he r e cen tg ene ro s i ty o ft he U n ive r s i ty o f S he f f ie ld R e sea r ch F und , a nd o ft he B r i t i sh A cademy ,i ns uppor t ing f i e ldwo rk i nF rance t oo b ta in u p to -da te i n fo rma t ion o nS ou the rn C ha s s een r e sea rch . T h i sf i e ldwork w a s c a r r ied o u td u r ing t he t e nu re o fs abba t ica l l e ave f r om A p r i lt oJ une 1 981 . T he c ou r te sy a nd a s s i s tance o fn ume rou sF rench a r chaeo log i s t s , a nd o ft he D i rec to r so ft h eC i rcum s c r ip t ion so fP reh i s to r ic A n t iqu i t ie sa tT ou lou se , Mon tpe l l ie ra nd A ix -en -P roven ce w e re a ni mpo r tan tf a c to ri nt he a c comp l i shmen to ft he r e sea r ch . I nt he p repa ra t ion o ft he S i te I ndex a nd t he C ommen ta ry t hank sa r e d ue t o C a the r ine H igg inbo t tom f o rt yp ing f i r s td ra f t s , a nd t oP e te rH e r r ing f o rc omp le t ing a l t he d raw ing s . T he f i na l t ex th a sb een t yped b y P e ta J one s , t ow hom w a rm t h ank sa r e a l so e x tended f o rh e rp a t ience a nd e f f ic ien cy .

Un iver s ity o fS heff ie ld May , 1 982

v i i

C hap t e r 1 I NTRODUCT ION AND H ISTORY OF RESEARCH

I NTRODUCT ION

T he S i te I ndex o ft he v o lume d e s c r ibe st he a s semb lag e sa nd f e a tur e sw h ich c ha rac te r ize o v e r am i l lenn ium o fM idd le N eo l i th ic h ab i ta t ion i nS ou the rn F rance . T he a s semb lag e sb e long t ot h e S ou the rn C ha s s öen c u l tu re g r oup , a nd a r ef ound i n2 1 d g pa r te m ent sf r om t he P y renee st o t h eA lp sa nd a sf a rN o r th a sH au te -Lo i re ,I s&e a nd H au te s A lpe s( F igu re 1 ) . At o ta l o f1 37 s i te sa r e d e s c r ibed i nd e ta i l ,w i th o v e r 6 0o the r s b e ing m en t ioned mo re b r i ef ly . A l though a l r e cen t ly e x cava ted a nd s u r v eyed s i te sa r ei n c luded i nt h i sS i te I ndex , i t mus tb e b o rne i nm ind t ha t C ha s sgen p o t she rd so rf l in tt oo l sh ave b een f ound a t many o the rl o ca t ion s ,a nd c an s ome t ime sb e t r aced t h rough o l d p ub l ica t ion sa nd mu s eum a nd p r iva te c o l lec t ion s . T h ree r e cen tt he se sp roduced i nS ou the rn F rance l i s ts ome o ft he se a dd i t iona ls i te s( Cou r t in 1 974 ,V ague r1 975 ,G . -B .A rna l1 976 ) . F igure 2i lu s t ra te st he n umbe r so fs i te sf r om e a ch dea r t ement d ea l tw i th i nt he p re sen ts t udy a nd c ompa re s t hem w i th t he n umbe r so fs i te sq uo ted b y t h e a bove a u thor s . I n t h i sc ommen ta ry ( Chap te r s 2 4 ) , i n fo rma t ion f r om t h e S i te I ndex i su s ed t oo u t l ine t he ma in c ha rac te r i s t ics o ft he se C ha s söen a s s emb lage sa nd s i te s ,a nd t oi d en t i fy s ome o ft he r e g iona l a nd c h rono l o g ica ld i f fe rence si nt h ea r ea u nde rs t udy . A rchaeo log i s t sa r e i n te re s ted i nt he t wo f o r ce sa tw o rk i nh uman s o c ia ls y s tems— t h ef o rce o fs t ab i l i ty ,e ven i n e r t ia ,a nd t he f o r ce o fc hange . T hey i d en t i fy p e r iod so f s t ab i l i ty a nd c hang ei nt he s ub s i s tence e conomy o ri nt h e ma te r ia l c u l ture o fp a s ts o c ie t ie s , a nd a t temp t t oa ccoun tf o rt he se p henomena . Whe re s ub s i s tence i sc once rned ,t h e d a ta a r ep r ima r i ly a n ima lb ones ,s e ed s ,p o l len s po re s ,m ac ro -p lan tr ema ins a nd t h el i ke . Whe re m a te r ia l c u l tu re i sc once rned ,t he d a ta a r e mo s t o f ten t oo l si ns t one , b one o rm e ta l ; f a c i l i t ie ss u ch a sp o t so ro the rf o rms o fs t o rag e ;o rh ou s e a nd s e t t lemen tp l an s . I n t h e a r ea u nde rr e v iew t he r e a r e r ema rkab le s im i la r i t ie sf r om t h eP y renee st ot h eA lp s c . 3600 b . c .t oc . 2600 b . c . i na r t i fac t si n mo s tr aw m a te r ia l sa nd i ne v idence f o rs ub s i s tence p ra c t ice s . I nt he r e a lm o f ma te r ia l c u l tu r et h e re i saw ide sp read u s e ,f r om t he P y renee s t ot he A lp s , o fs im i la rb ow l sa nd j a r si nd a rk ,t h in -wa l led f ab r ic s ,a nd o fa ppa ren t ly i d en t ica lh oney co lou red f l in tb l ade s . E xo t ic r aw m a te r ia l ss uch a sP i edmon tj a de i te a nd S a rd in ian o b s id ian a l so a ppea rt h roughou tt he a r ea ,t hough t h ey a r er e la t ive ly mo re n ume rous i nP rovence t han L anguedoc . S tudy o ft h ef auna la nd f l o ra la s s emb lage s r e v ea l s amuch g r ea te rg ene ra l c omm i tmen t t of a rm ing t han b e fo re a nd ama rked e mpha s i s o nc a t t le rea r ing . S im i la rs o r t so ff e a tu re so ccu rb o th i nc ave a nd o pen a i rs i te s . T he o r ig in so ft he se s im i la r i t ie sc an b et r aced b ack t oa tl e a s t4 000 b . c . I nt h e c ommen ta ry ( Chap te r s 5a nd 6 ) ,t h eS ou the rn C ha s söen i se xam ined i nt he f r amewo rk o fN eo l i th ic d eve lopmen ti nt he S ou th o fF rance ,a nd i nt he l i gh to fc u r r en t mode l sf o rs t ab i l i ty a nd c hang e . T he s oc ie t ie sp roduc ing t he se a s s emb lage s mu s th ave h ad s o c ia lr e la t ionsh ip sw i th m any n e ighbou r ing a r ea s . E ven t h en omenc la tur e o ft he c u l tu re g roup i st a ken f r om o u t s ide t he M ed i t e r ranean c l ima t ic z one— f rom t h e d e fended s pu rs i te o fC ha s s ey le -Camp , S äone e t -Lo i re , p a r t ly e xcava ted i nt he 1 9 th c en tu ry a nd p ub l i shed b yD ö che le t te i n1 908 . L ink sw e re e s tab l i shed b o th w i th c on t inen ta lz one ss u ch a sC en t ra l a nd N o r the rn F rance , 1

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S w i tze r land a nd N o r the rn I t a ly ,a nd w i th t he c oa s ta la nd i s l and p opu la t ion s o ft h eW e s t M ed i te r ranean ,f o ri n s tance i nC a ta lon ia ,L igu r ia a nd S a rd in ia . T he s l i gh tb u tc on s i s ten t v a r ia t ion si nC ha s s een a s s emb lag e sf r om S ou th -Ea s ta nd S ou th -We s tF rance p robab ly r e f le c ti n f luence sf r om b eyond t he A lp sa nd P y renee sr e sp ec t ive ly . W ea v ing ,f o ri n s tan ce , s e em st oh av e b een p ra c t i s ed r e gu la r ly i nt h eS ou th -Ea s tb u tv e ry r a re ly i nt h eS ou th -We s t . D e sp i te p o in t so fd i f fe rence ,h owev e r ,t h eC ha s seen M idd le N eo l i th ic r ep re s en t s ap e r iod w hen P rov ence a nd L anguedo cw e re f o r o nce c l o s e ly l i nked ,r e su l t ing i nw ide s p r ead s im i la r i t ie si na r t i f a c tua l a nd s e t t lemen te v iden ce . T h i ss im i la r i ty c on t r a s t sw i th mo re d i ve rg en tb ehav iou ri nt h e p r eced ing E a r ly N eo l i th ic a nd i nt h es u cceed ing L a te N eo l i th i c , a nd t hu sr e qu i r e se xp lana t ion . DEF IN IT ION OF THE CHASSEEN ASSEMBLAGE: H ISTORY OF RESEARCH

I nt h e 1 950 sD rJ .A rna l d r ew a t ten t ion t ot h es im i la r i t ie so ff i nd sf r om t h e L aM ade le ine c ave t ot h e S ou th o f Mon tpe l l ie rw i th t h em a te r ia l p ub l i shed b yD e che le t te a sc om ing f r om t he C amp -de -Cha s s ey ,S äone e t -Lo i re ( A ra ! 1 953 ;1 956 ) . A rna le mpha s i zed t h a tv e s s e l d eco ra t ion sa nd s hape sf r om t h e t wo s i te sw e re a l ike ,a nd g av et h e t ype n ame S ou the rn C ha s s een t ot h ea s semb lag ef r om t h eL aM ade le ine c ave . S ome o ft he f i ne s t o ft h eh i gh ly b u rn i shed ,t h in -waled C ha s s een c e r am ic sk nown c ome f r om t h i s l a rg ec av e ;l ow o pen b ow l s , b ow l sw i th as hou lde r o rc a r ina t ion , b r immed p l a t e s ,g l obu la r v e s s e l sa nd s t ra igh t -wa l led j a r sa r e r e p re s en ted . T hey a r e d eco ra ted w i th i n c i s ed a nd c o lou r f i l led g eome t r i c d e s ign so rw i th p l a s t ic b u t ton s ,l u g so rc o rdon s( e .g .F igu r e 3 ) . T he n ea th o le sd r i l led ( p robab ly w i th ab one a w l )t h rough m any o ft he s ec l ay a pp endag e s , o f ten c u t t ing i n to t h eu nde r ly ing p o tw a l l ,a r et yp ica l o ft h ep o t te ry t r ad i t ion . T og e the rw i th t h ep o t te ry a tL aM ade le ine w a sf ound ac h ipped s t one i n du s t ry , e s sen t ia l ly o n b l ade si n ap a r t icu la rh oney co lou r ed f l i n t . T he m a in t oo l t ype sw e re p i e r c ing a nd t r an sve r s ea r rowheads ,b o re r sa nd b u r in s( F igur e4 ) . S ome b l ade sw e re d en t icu la ted , o rh ad b roken a nd r e touched ( t runca ted )e nd s , o rn ea t ly r e touched n o t che s . T he L aM ade le ine s i te a l so p rodu ced an umbe r o fo the ra r t i fa c t sa nd s p e c ia lr aw m a te r ia l sw h ich w e re t ob ecome mo re s i gn i f i can tl a te r : s ma l ln ea r ly s phe r ica lb a l l si n l i me s tone a nd g r een s tone s l le s 'i nF rench ) ;g r een s tone b ead s ;a x e sa nd c h i s e l sm a in ly i ng r een s tone s ;b one a w l s ;q ue rn sa nd g r ind s tone s( F igu r e 5 ) . I nb o th A rna l ' se x cav a t ion s a nd i nt ho s ec onduc ted b yB a r ra lo ft he Mona co mu s eum ,h ea r th sw e re n o ted i nt h e s t ra t ig raphy . E x cava t ion so n o the rs i te sp rov ided t h e o ppo r tun i ty f o r amo re i n -dep th p i c tu r e o ft he S ou the rn C ha s sg en a s aw ho le b y 1 970 . A t ac on f e rence t h a ty ea r ,h e ld i nN a rbonne , s pe c i f ic s i te sa nd s t ra t ig raph i e sw e re d e s c r ibed a nd mo re g ene ra l s yn the s e sp roduced ( e .g . M e roc a nd S immone t , C o s tan t in i , C ou r t in i nG u i la ine 1 970a ) . D u r ing t h e 1 970 s ,C ou r t in ' s t he s i s( s ubm i t ted 1 969 , p ub l i shed 1 974 ) ,t he p r e sent w r i t e r ' st h e s i s( p a r t -pub l i shed i n 1 971 a nd 1 972 ) , a nd V aque r ' st h e s i s( 1975 ) a l d ea l te x ten s ive ly w i th t h eS ou the rn C ha s seen , t he l a s t -named e x c lu s iv e ly s o . D u r ing t he 1 970 sa nd 1 980 s , af ew n ew d e ta i led s i te r epo r t sa ppea r ed ( c once rn ing G ro t te C : C ou r t in a nd P e loua rd 1 972 ;t h e S tM i t re r o ck s h e l te r s : C a lv e t 1 970 ;F ran c in : M a len fan te ta l . 1 970 ;M iouv in : d 'Anna e ta l . 1 977 ;L aB e r taude : P h i l l ip sa nd C ou r t in 1 982 ) . I na dd i t ion t ot h el i m i t ed n umbe r o ff i na lp ub l i ca t ion s ,t h es ho r tr epo r t si nG a l l i aP r bh i s to i r e b y t h ed i r ec to r so ft h e C i r con s c r ip t ion sd e sA n t iqu i td sP reh i s to r ique s c an b e u s ed t oi d en t i fy C ha s s een s i te s c u r r en t ly a nd r e cen t ly u nde re x cava t ion . I nt he m a in ,h owev e r ,r e cen tt r end si ne x cav -

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F IGURE 3 : C ha s seen c e ram i c t ypes f ro m t he L a Made le ine c ave , V i l leneuve les -Mague lonne , Hi rau l t : 1 s t ra ight -wa l led v a se 2 g lobu la r n ecked v a se 3 b r i mmed p la te

4 s hou lde red b ow lw i th mu l t i -pe rfora ted l ug 5 l ow o pen b ow l w i th i nt e rna ls c ra tched d eco ra t ion

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C ha s sg en c h ipped s tone a r t if act sf rom t he L a Made le ine c ave : 1 -3 p ierc ing a r rowheads 4 ,5 ,8 t r ansve rse a r rowheads 6 -7 b o re rs

9 -11 s c raper s 1 2 -15 b lades

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C has seen g round s tone a nd b one a rt if act sf rom t he L a Made le ine c ave : 1 -3 g round s tone c h ise l s a nd a xe 4 -6 s p l it b one aw l s 7 b one s moo ther

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F IGURE 6 : P lan o fc obb le s t ructure sa t V i l leneuve -To losane , H aut e -Garonne

a t ion t e chn ique sh ave t ended t os l ow t he p ace o fs i te p ub l i ca t ion . O n c av e s i te s ,t h e se t r ends i n c lude t h ree -d imen s iona l r e co rd ing o fa l a r t i fac t sa nd b y -p roduc t so fp r eh i s to r ic o ccupa t ion , p l us b o th w e t -a nd d ry s iev ing f o re nv i ronmen ta l a nd p a laeobo tan ica l d a ta . O n t he o ne l ong te rm a nd p rope r ly f unded o pen -a i r e xcava t ion , o n al o e s st e r ra ce t h rea tened w i th b u i ld ing d ev e lopmen ta tV i l len euve -To los ane t ot h eS ou th o fT ou lou s e , t he t e chn ique si n c lude ma ch ine c l ea r ing o ft op so i l a nd e xcava t ion o fv a s ta r ea sd own t o t he C ha s sg en o ccupa t ion l e ve l , w he re i tr ema in s , o rt ot h e c obb le f i l led l e ve l s o fp i t s t ruc tu re sw he re i td oe sn o t . O ne o ft he mos t n o tab le i l u s t ra t ion so ft h ec omp lex i ty a ch ieved d u r ing t he C ha s sen o ccupa t ion i st h ep l an o ft h es er e c tangu la ra nd r ound c obb le f i l led s t ruc tu re s( C lo t te se ta l . 1 979 ) ( F igu re 6 ) . C omp lemen ta ry t ot he w o rk o fe x cava t ion h a sb een i n c rea s ing i n te re s ti nt he p r eh i s to r ic e nv i ronmen t , b o th i nt he s e n se o fg ene ra l c l ima t i c t r ends a nd i nt e rm s o f c i rcum s i te i n v e s t iga t ion s( e .g .M i l l s1 975 ; R enau l t -M i skov sky 1 976 ;T r ia t -Lava l 1 978 ; G a sco 1 980a ;C lu t ton a nd P h i l l ip s 1 981 ;d 'Anna a nd M i l ls 1 98 1; M i l l s 1 981 ) . I n c rea s ing w o rk i np o s t -ex cava t ion a na ly s i sh a sa l so a dded t ok now ledg e o f S ou the rn C ha s s&n e conomy . T echno log ica la nd s ou r c ing s t ud ie so n p o t te ry , o b s id ian a nd f l in t w e re i n i t ia ted a bou t 1 970 , a nd r e cen t ly a x e r aw ma te r ia l sh ave a l so b een i n ve s t iga ted . T he r e levance o ft he se s t ud ie sw i l l b ea s se s sed i n al a te rc hap te r .

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t ructures i nT ou louse a rea : F IG URE 7 : Map o fs i x C hass6 en s i tes w i th c obb le s 1 V i l leneuve -To losane , a nd F rouz ins 2 S t M iche l -du -Touch 3 C hä teau -Pe rc in , S e i lh D istances b etween s i tes i nk i lometres

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4 L es Monge s , L aunague t 5 S a int -Cap ra is , L 'Un ion 6 Empa lo t , T ou louse

C hap te r 2 S ETTLEMENT PATTERN AND S ETTLEMENT ORGAN IZAT ION

CAVES AND OPEN -A IR S ITES

O ccupa t ion o fo pen -a i rs i te sa ppea r s t ob e amo re f r equen t p henomenon d u r ing t he C ha s seen p e r iod t han d u r ing t he p r eced ing t wo m i l lenn ia o fN eo l i th i c s e t t lemen t . H oweve r ,o u rp e rcep t ion o ft he r e la t ive n umbe r so fc ave a nd o pen -a i rs i te sd a t ing t ot he C ha s seen i sp robab ly s t i l l b i a s ed . M any o ft he r e cen t ly d i s cove red o pen -a i rs i te sl a yu nde r c ons ide rab le d ep th s o fa luv ium , a nd w e re o n ly d i s cove red b ecau se o ft r ench ing ,d i gg ing o fh ous e f ounda t ion so ro the re a r th -mov ing o pe ra t ion s . I nt he p a s t ,t he u sua l me thod f o rt he d i s cove ry o fs u ch s i te sw a st h eu p roo t ing o fo l dv i neya rd sw i th t h e i rd eep t a p roo t s . I ti sc e r ta in t ha to pen -a i rs i te sa r er e la t ive ly u nde r rep re sen ted ,b o th i nt he S i te I ndex a nd i nt he n umbe r so fs i te sm en t ioned i nt he p ub l ica t ion so fC ou r t in ,V ague ra nd A ra ! f o r P rovence a nd L anguedoc r e spec t ive ly . T he se t he se s( Cou r t in 1 974 ;V ague r 1 975 ;G . -B . A ra ! 1 976 )a r eu se fu l i nt ha tt hey m ake a n e xhau s t iv e i n qu i ry i n to o ld s i te r e po r t sa nd a s semb lag e s , b u t t h i se f fec t ive ly i n c rea se st he b i a st owa rd sc ave s i te s . D e l ibe ra te s u rvey ing ( p ro spe c t ion )f o ro pen -a i rs i te sh a sp robab ly g i ven ar e la t ive l ya ccu ra te v i ew o ft h en umbe ro fC ha s seen s i te st ha t e x i s ted i np a r t i cu la re nv i ronmen t s . F o ri n s tance ,M i l l sh a sc on f i rmed t he p re sence o ff ou r o pen -a i rC ha s seen s i te si nt he V aunag e b a s in t ot he E a s to fN ime sd u r ing a ni n ten s ive s u r face s u rvey ,f o l low ing e a r l ie r w o rk b yl o ca l a r chaeo log i s t s ( 1981 ) . I np a r t i cu la ra r ea st h ei n ten s i ty o fl o ca lw o rk i s p robab ly p roduc ing av e ry a ccu ra te e s t ima te o fo pen -a i r C ha s seen o ccupa t ion ;f o ri n s tance , P rade sa nd h i sc o l league sh ave r epo r ted f i v eC ha s seen o pen -a i rs i te si nt he 1 0 km2 o f c oa s ta lf l a t sa tL ansa rgue s ,H ö rau l t ( De lano -Sm i th 1 979 , p . 343 ) . I nt he T ou lou se r e g ion , s u r face s u rv ey sa nd s ome a e r ia l p ho tog raphy a r er e vea l ing r i ve r s ide a nd l o e s st e r race s e t t lemen t sa t an umbe r o fl o ca t ion s ;F igu re 7i l u s t ra te st he l o ca t ion o fs i xC ha s sben s i te s n ea rT ou lou se ,a nd t he d i s tance s e pa ra t ing t hem ,v a ry ing f r om 2km t o1 7 km . T he a d jo in ing s i te so fV i l leneuve -To lo sane a nd F rouz in sm ay h ave f unc t ioned a s as i ng le u n i t ( S immone t 1 980b ,f i g .1 ) . T he c onc lu s ion mu s t t he re fo re b et ha t o pen -a i rs i te so ft he C ha s seen p e r iod a r e mo re n ume rou s t han i sa tp r es en tr e cogn ized , a nd t ha t t he i rd i s cove ry i nt h ef u tu re w i l l c oun te r -ba lance t he a ppa ren t i mpo r tance o fc ave l o ca t ion sd u r ing t he C ha s seen . Af ew c ave ss e em t oh av e b een u sed p r ima r i ly f o r b u r ia l a tt h i sp e r iod ,b u ta ta n umbe ro ft hem t he m a in f e a tu re sa r es im i la rt ot ho se f ound o n o pen -a i rs i te s— c i rcu la r p i t -hea r th s ,h ea r ths ,p o s t -ho le sa nd p i t s . O n ly t he e l onga ted p i t -hea r th so ft h eT ou lou se a r ea a r e n o tr epea ted i na ny c ave s e t t ing . Af u r the rs t r ik ing s im i la r i ty i st h ea s soc ia t ion o fa r t i fac t sa nd b one d eb r i sw i th l a rge n umbe r s o fc obb le so ro the r p i e ce so fs t one i n b o th t ype so fl o ca t ion ( F igu re 8 ) . As t a t i s t ica lt e s to nt he d eb r i sa tt he o pen -a i rs i te o fL aB e r taude ,O range ,V auc lu se , c on f i rmed t ha tt he l a rg e s t n umbe r so fc obb le sp er s qua re m e t re c o r re la ted c l o se ly w i th t h e max imum w e igh t si nk i lo so fp o t te ry d eb r i sp e rs qua re m e t re ,t ha ti s ,t h ed ense s t a r ea so fp o t te ry s c a t te ra l so c on ta ined t he l a rge s tn umbe r o fs p l i to r who le c obb le s tone s ( Ph i l l ip sa nd C ou r t in 1 982 ) . T h i ss e ems t os ugge s t t ha t t he s t one s c a t te r sr e p re sen ts ome s pec i f ic b ehav iou ri nt he p a s t . 1

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F IGURE 8 : S cat ter o fa rt if act sa nd s t ones , C has sgen l e ve l 2 ,S ite A , C apdenac le -Haut , L ot . Up r igh t s herds ( s tra igh t l i ne s ) mark t he e dge o f t he o ccupat ion a rea . S herd s a re marked b y b lack d o ts , b one s b y c ro sse s a nd f l ints b y t r iang le s . The h atched a rea marks t he c ave wa l l .

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T he s im i la r i ty o fa r t i fa c t t ype s ,i n c lud ing h eavy i t em sl i ke q ue rn s ,a tt h et wo l o ca t ion s ,c oup led w i th t h i sd epo s i t ion b ehav iou r ,s ugg e s t t h a tt h es ame a c t iv i t ie st ook p l a ce a ts ome o ft he o pen -a i rs i te sa nd s ome o ft h e c av e s i te s ,a nd t h a t an umbe r o ft he l a t te r w e r e o ccup ied f o rr e la t iv e ly l ong t ime p e r iod s , f o ri n s tance s e ve ra l mon th sp e ry ea r . T h i si mp re s s ion o bv iou s ly n e ed st ob ec he cked b yd e ta i led c ompa r i son o fd eb r i s p a t te rn ing a t an umbe ro fs i te si nt he f u tu r e . L o ca l a r chaeo log i s t ss ug ge s ti ns e ve ra l i n s tance st ha tc ave o c cupa t ion m ay o n ly h av e b een s e a sona l ( e .g .a tD ou rgne ,F on tane sd e -Sau l t ,P y rene e sO r ien ta le s ;a nd a tG ro t te C ,B aud ina rd ,V a r ) . I na n e f fo r tt od e te rm ine h ow f a rp o s t -depo s i t iona l f a c to r sc an a f f e c td eb r i s p a t te rn ing , t r amp l ing e xpe r imen t sh ave r e cen t ly t a ken p l a ce a tt he F on tb regoua c a v e , S a le rne s ,V a r ( Cou r t in a nd V i l la ,i np re s s ) . S of a rt he se h av e o n ly i n vo lved f l in ta nd p o t te ry d eb r i s , s ot ha tp o s s ib le f a c tor sa f fe c t ing t he mov emen t o fh e av ie r e l emen t ss u ch a sc obb le so rs t one f r agmen t sr ema in t ob ed e te rm ined . S i te No .

S ite

A rea s q .m

S it e No .

S ite

1 7 9 8 4 0 1 14 1 2 1 00 4 1

B ize , s ma l l c ave ( Aude) F ontbreioua ( Va r) L abe i l ( H6 rau lt ) B a r r ie ra ( A lpes Ma r it ime s ) Noyer ( Lot ) V ieux Mouno r( Va r) L a Made le ine ( Herau lt )

C ave/Rock S he lter 3 9 1 09 9 5 7 9 2 8 1 1 9 0 1 10 9 4 1 10 1 0 1 07 1 4 1 11 1 13 6 5 2 1 6 3 0 1 30 6 2 3 3 1 29 6 3 1 10 2 6

C laux ( Herau lt ) P ont d e Qu inson ( A lpe s d e H .P rov .) G rot te G ( Va r) D e lubre ( Bouches -du -Rhöne) D eves -de -Ga ly ( Lozere) C apdenac le -Hau t ( Lo t ) Unang ( Vauc luse ) S t M it re 3 ( A lpe s d e H au te P rovence ) E g l ise , u ppe r n e twork ( Var ) S t M itre 2 ( A lpe s d e Haute P rovence ) P y ram ide ( Ta rn ) Mu rge ( A lpe s d e H aut e P rovence) P e rte d u C ros ( Lot ) P er tus 2 ( A lpes d eH aute P rGvence ) P end imoun ( A lpes Ma r i t i me :) S t J oseph ( Gard ) L a C hance ( Pyrenee s O r ienta le s ) F ont J uvgna l ( Aude ) P eyroche 2 ( A rdeche) F ournet ( Drö me ) L a trone ( Gard) S ou la tget ( Hg rau lt ) A rnaud ( Dröme ) H ironde l le ( Ga rd) S t M it re 1 ( A lpe s d e Hau te P rovence) S arge l 1( Avey ron)

C ave/Rock S he l ter 8 9 1 0 1 5 1 5 2 0 2 7 3 0 3 0 3 3 3 6 5 0 5 5 5 6 8 0 9 0 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 32 1 77

A rea s q .m 2 00 2 80 3 00 4 80 5 00 6 00 6 00

Open -A i r L a C aucade ( A lpes Ma r i t ime s ) E scan in 2 ( Bouches -du -Rhbne ) Ma leca s te l ( Ga rd) B eau rega rd ( Bouches -du -Rhöne ) Goudet ( Hau te -Lo i re ) F ont d eT rou i l ly ( Herau lt ) 4 3 re ( Herau lt ) 4 5 Montbey Lot ) 1 5 Roucadour ( aB er taude ( Vauc luse ) 8 3 L a Rober te ( Dr ' öme ) 1 23 L L e C re s ( He rau l t ) 4 7 a Condam ine ( He rau l t ) 5 0 L edon ( He rau lt ) 4 9 R S er ve d es Mou rges ( Ga rd) i l les sur -Auzon ( Vauc lu se ) 8 5 V ont Mar s ( Herau lt ) 4 4 F t M iche l -du -Touch ( H . Ga ronne) 5 S i l leneuve -To losane ( H . Ga ronne) 6 V

1 15 7 3 5 2 7 5 2 5

7 00 8 00 2 ,800 4 ,000 4 ,400 5 ,000 7 ,500 8 ,400 1 0 ,000 1 5 ,000 2 0 ,000 2 5 ,000 2 8 ,000 3 0 ,000 4 0 ,000 5 0 ,000 2 00 ,000 3 00 ,000

TABLE 1 : S IZES OF 5 1 SOUTHERN CHASSEEN S ITES

T he s im i la r i t i e sa nd d i f fe rence sb e tw een o pen -a i r a nd c av es e t t lemen t sa r e b rough t s ha rp ly i n to f o cu sb yt he d i f fe rence si ns i te s i ze o ft he t wo t ype so fl o ca t ion ( Tab le 1 ) . I n1 972 i tw a sp o s s ib le t og i ve s i te s i ze sf o r 2 1 C ha s seen s i te s( Ph i l l ip s 1 972 ) . I nt h e p r e sen tS i te I ndex ,t h e re a r ea c tua l o re s t ima ted s i ze sa va i lab le f o r5 1 s i te s( j u s t o ve r4 0% o ft he t o t a l ) . T h i r ty th ree o ft he 6 9 c av es i te si nt he S i te I ndex h av e e s t ima ted s i ze s , w i th am ean s i ze o f 1 40 m 2 a nd ar ang ef r om 8m 2 t o6 00 m2 ( one o ft h el a rg e s tb e ing t h eL aM ade le ine c av ei t s e l f ) . I n af ew c a s e sw ek now t ha to ccupa t ion d eb r i se x tend s b eyond t he c ave o rs h e l te r o n t ot he p o r ch o rt a lu sa r ea ,w h i ch c ou ld e n la rg et h e p o ten t i a ls e t t lemen ta r ea a nd t hu st h es i ze o ft he h uman g roup i n vo lved ( a tL aM ade le ine ; P e r te d u C ro si nt he L o t ;a nd G aze l i nt h eA ude ) . O n ly 1 8o ft h e 6 8o pen a i rs i te sh av ee s t ima t ed s i ze s ,a nd t h e se r a ng ef r om 7 00 m2 f o rL a C aucade , n ea rN ice , t o 3 00 ,000 m2 f o rV i l leneuve -To lo s ane ,n ea rT ou lou s e . T he 1 3

F IG URE 9 : S t V ü-rdj .me c ave , S an i lhac , G ardon v a l ley .

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F IGURE 1 0a : S ketch p lan a nd s ect ion o fC has s en ` v i l lage 'o f Montbeyre , IMrau lt , i nd icat ing s tone f oundat ions ( l ine s o f sma l l r ec tang les )a nd a reas u nder e xcavat ion ( dotted l i ne s) F IGURE 1 0b : P art o ft he G ardon v a l ley , i nd icat ing l ocat ion o fc aves a nd a reas o fl oes ss o i l

1 5

p rob lem i ne s t ima t ing s i ze sf o rt he se o pen -a i rs i te si st h a t , a sm en t ioned a bove ,t hey a r e u sua l ly b u r ied u nde rs e ve ra l me t re so fl a te rd epo s i t . A e r ia l p ho tog raphy a nd g eophy s i ca l s u rvey a r e b e ing u sed c ur r en t ly b yS ou the rn F rench a r chaeo log i s t st ot e s t t h e e x ten t o f t he i rs i te sw he re f e a tu re sc an b es e en ( Vague r ,f o ri n s tance , i sl ook ing a tt h e d i tched s e t t lemen t s o ft he T ou lou se a r ea ,B eech ing i ss e a rch ing f o rp i t sa nd p i t -hea r th si nt he D röme dea r t ement ) . E l sewhe re t h e e x ten to fs e t t lemen t sc an o n ly b e e s t ima ted , a nd o f ten s e r iou s ly u nde r e s t ima ted , n od oub t , b y i n spe c t ion o ft r enche sw he re t h e se a r e a va i lab le , a nd b y i n spe c t ion o fs u r face s c a t te r so fa r t i fac t sw he re d eep p lough ing o rv i ne r emova l h a sr e vea led t hem . T he a r ea s g i ven f o rm any o pen -a i rs i te s may t hu sb e c on s ide r a b ly u nde r -e s t ima ted . T he se f i gur e si n d ica te t ha t o ccupa t ion a r ea si nc ave sw e re b o th s ma l le ra nd i n s ome c a se s o n ac omp le te ly d i f fe ren ts c a le f r om o pen -a i rs i te s i ze s . F rom t h es i te s i ze s i nT ab le 1i tc ou ld b ei n fe r red t ha t p opu la t ion sr anged f r om ad ozen i n d iv idua l so ccupy ing as ma l l c ave t os e ve ra l t hou sand p eop le o n al a rg e o pen -a i rs i te . H oweve r ,t he q ue s t ion r ema in sa st ow he the r o ccupa t ion o ve ra ny o pen -a i rs i te w a sc on tempo raneou s , o rw he the r t h e i n hab i tan t sr e tu rned s e a sona l ly o re ve ry f ew y ea r st oo ccupy ar e la t ive ly r e s t r ic ted a r ea . T he r ad ioca rbon d a te sf o rt he o n ly o pen -a i rs i te w i th n ume rou sd a te s—S tM iche l -du T ouch , T ou lou se— sugg e s t t ha t o ccupa t ion l a s ted f o rs e ve ra lh und red y ea r sa tl e a s t , a nd t ha t e ne rgy -demand ing s t ruc tu re ss u ch a sl o ng d i tche sa nd c obb le f i l led p i t sw e re s p read w ide ly ( t hough n o t n e ce s sa r i ly d en se ly ) o v e r much o ft he p romon to ry f r om t h ef i r s t . A rea s o ft he se s i te sm ay h av e s e rved t oc o r ra l a n ima l h e rd s . T he e v idence i mp l ie sa p opu la t ion o f ,s ay ,s e ve ra l h und reds ,a ta ny o ne t ime . T he s o c ioeconom i c r e a sons f o rt he v a r ie ty i ns i ze o fC ha s sden s i te l o ca t ion sc an b e h ypo the s ized . T he s im i la r i t ie sa l ready men t ioned i na s s emb lag e sa nd d epo s i t ion b ehav iou r b e tween c ave sa nd o pen -a i rs i te ss ugg e s tt ha tt he s ame p opu la t ion sw e re i n vo lv ed a tt h e t wo l o ca t ion s( i nc on t ra s tt ot he mo re c l ea r cu tc av ev e r sus o pen -a i rp a t te rn so ft h e E p iCa rd ia l ) . T he w ide d i f fe rence si ns i te s i ze o ccup ied b y t h e C ha s sd en p robab ly r e la te t os ome f o rm o f mob i l i ty ,w i th s ome s i te sb e ing s e t t led o n amo re r e gu la r b a s i sa nd o the r s u s ed s po rad ica l ly o rf o r ap a r t icu la rp u rpo se ( sma l l sca le s hephe rd ' sc amp s— a ss ugge s ted f o rt he f i na l C ha s sden o ccupa t ion a tB aume d eR onze ,O rgnac l ' Aven ,A rdkhe—o rl a rg e s c a le s e a sona lr a l ly ing p o in ts f o re xchang e sa nd f e s t iv i t ie s ) . I ti ss ugge s ted h e r et ha t o pen -a i rs i te s may w e l lh ave b een t he s c ene f o rl a rg e s ca le s e a sona lr a l ly ing ,b u t t h a t s ome o ft he l a rg e rc ave sc ou ld a l so h ave b een t he f oc if o r as im i la rr o le ( e .g . t he S tV d rdddme c ave , S an i lhac ,G a rd , i nt h eG a rdon v a l ley ,s hown i nF igu re 9 ) . T he p re sence o fl o e s sa nd o the rl i gh ts o i l ss u r round ing t he G a rdon v a l ley h a sb een i d en t i f ied b yG a s co a so ne o ft he r e a son sf o rt he e x ten s ive N eo l i th ic o ccupa t ion o fc ave s i te si nt he v a l ley ( Ga s co 1 980b ) F igu re 1 0b ) . T hu st h e c on t inua t ion o ft h e u se o fc ave sm ay b e l i nked t o av a r ie ty o f e conom ic a nd s o c ia l c ause s : p rox im i ty a nd p r ac t ica l i ty ,t op rov ide a c ce s st os t reams o r s p r ing s , n e ce s sa ry e spec ia l ly f o rt h i r s ty c a t t le -he rd s ; p ro tec t ion f r om t he e l emen t s ;a nd p o s s ib ly c onnec t ion w i th s ome f o rm o fr i tua l . T he c ave p a in t ing si nt h e g a l le ry b eh ind t he G ro t te d el ' Eg l i se ,B aud ina rd ,V a r ,a r e o ne i n d ica t ion o ft h i s . STRUCTURES I N CH ASSEEN S ITES

Many e x cava t ion r epo r ts d on o t g o i n to d e ta i l a bout s u ch s t ruc tu re sa sh ea r th s o rp i t s ,b u tm e re ly i n d ica te t he i r d i scov e ry . I th a sb een a s sumed , i nc omp i l ing t h eS i te I ndex , t ha t ah ea r th t ha ti sn o ti l u s t ra ted , o ro ne t ha t a ppea r s t ob e r e la t ive ly s ha l low , i s af l a th ea r th . T he se o ccur i n4 2 o ft he 1 37 s i te si n vo lved ,i nb o th c ave a nd o pen -a i r 1 6

s i t e s ,b u t t he i rd imen s ion sa r er a re ly i n d ica ted . T hey m ay c on ta in s imp ly a s he so rc ha r c oa l o rb ea s soc ia ted w i th av a r ie ty o fo the ra r t i f ac t s . G a s co ( 1980a ) , i nd e s c r ib ing s u ch h ea r th sf r om F on t -Juv6na l ,s ugg e s t st ha tt h ey c ou ld h av eh ad mu l t ip le u s ag e s ,i n c lud ing l i gh t ing ,h e a t ing o rc ook ing . H e a l so s ugg e s t st h a t i tw ou ld h ave b een p o s s ib le t oh ea t s u ch m a te r ia l sa sf l in t o rb one ,w hen w o rk ing t h em ,o rt od ry o u tw ood o ve rt h e s ef i re s . T hey c ou ld e ven h av e b een u s ed f o rp o t te ry m anu fa c tu r ei nc e r ta in c a s e s . Mo re p r e c i s e t e chn ique s o fr e cov e ry o fm ic ro v e s t ig e sf r om s u ch h ea r ths w i l l o bv iou s ly b e n e ce s sa ry i nt h ef u tu r e i no rde rt ot e s t t h e s e h ypo the s e s . P i t -hea r ths w e r e as pe c ia lf e a tu r e o ft h eS ou the rn F rench N eo l i th i c . T hey o ccu r i n af ew p r e -Cha s s6 en c on tex t sa nd c on t inue w i th i n c rea s ed f r equen cy i n to t h eC ha s s6en p e r iod . T hey a r e r ound o ro v a li ns hape ,u sua l ly w i th s t ra igh t s i de s ,a nd v a ry i ns i ze f r om 1m t o1 . 75 m i nd i ame te ra nd f r om c . 30 c m t oc . 60 c m d eep ( i n o ne c a s e 8 0 c m d eep ) . I nt h e m a jo r i ty o fc a s e sd i s cu s s ed h e re , t h ey c on ta in c ha rcoa la nd b u rn ts t one s ,s ome t ime s a s he s , b u tt hey m ay a l so c on ta in p o t she rd s ,p i e ce so ff l in t ,b one a r t i fa c t so rb one a n ima l d eb r i s . G a s co h a su s ed e xpe r imen ta la r chaeo logy t or e c r ea t e t he v a r iou sp i tr ema in st ha t a r e f ound ,a nd t ot r y t oe xp la in t h e i rp o s s ib le u sag e s( s ee s e c t ion o nf e a tu r e si nt h er e po r t o n F on t Juv6na l , C onque s ,A ude ) . I nc on t ra s t t ot h ef l a th ea r th sw h ich c ou ld m a in ly h av e b een u s ed f o rg r i l l ing a nd r o a s t ing c ook e ry t e chn ique s ,s ome o ft h ep i t -hea r th sc ou ld h av e b een u s ed f o rs t eam h ea t ing ,t h e i n c r ea s ed c ombu s t ion i nt he d eep h o le b e ing u s ed t oh ea ts t one sa nd w r apped a n ima l o rp l an tp roduc t s . T he h ea r th so f ten a ppea rt oh av e b een c omp le te ly o rp a r t ia l ly r a ked o u ta nd i ti su sua l ly t he d eb r i so ft h ef i na l a c t iv i t ie s w h ich i sd i s cove r ed i nt he t op l e v e l . A na ly s i so ft h ep i t -hea r th c on t en t sf r om L aB e r taude i l us t ra ted t h i sp o in t ,w i th l e s sc ha r coa lb u t mo r e p o t te ry a nd s h e l lf r agmen t sb e ing f ound i nt he a r ea a bov et he h ea ted l i me s ton e b l o ck c ook ing s u r fa ce t h an b e low ( Ph i l l ip sa nd C ou r t in 1 982 ) ( F igu re 1 1 ) . T he c on s ide rab le h ea tw h ich c ou ld b ee ng ende r ed b y t h e s e d eep h ea r th si si lu s t ra ted b yt h ef a c tt ha ts o much a s h i sf ound i nt h em ,a nd i ti ss ugg e s t e d t h a tt e chno log i ca la c t iv i t ie ss u ch a sp o t te ry f i r ing c ou ld w e l lh av e b een c a r r ied o u ti n t h em a sw e l l a st he mo re g ene ra lh ea t ing ,l i gh t ing a nd c ook ing a c t iv i t ie s . E thnog raph ic o b s e rva t ion a nd e xpe r imen ta lw o rk b y an umbe ro fa u tho r sh a si l u s t r a ted t he v a lue o f t h ep i t -hea r th c ook ing t e chn ique ( Le rche 1 969 ,B in fo rd 1 980 ) . R ound a nd o va lp i t -hea r th s h av e b een f ound a t1 6o ft h e s i t e sl i s t ed i nt h eS i te I ndex ,a nd t he i rc on t en t sv a ry w ide ly . R ec tangu la rs t ruc tu r e sv e ry s im i la r t ot h er ound p i t -hea r th sh av e b een e xcava ted a tt he T ou lou s e a r ea s i t e so fV i l leneuv e -To lo s ane a nd S tM iche l -du -Touch ( 72 a nd 1 27 r e spe c t ive ly , a l though t h eV i l leneuve -To lo sane f i gu re sa r eo n ly p rov i s iona lp end ing t h e c omp le t ion o fe x cava t ion s ) . T he s e s t ruc tu r e s ,w h ich v a ry i nl e ng th b e tw een 3a nd 1 1 m a nd i nw id th b e tween 1 . 5 a nd 2 . 5m ,a r er e g a rded a sh u t f loo r sb y an umb e ro fl o ca l a r chaeo log i s t s( S imonne t , C lo t t e s ) ,o the r ss t re s st h e i rs im i la r i t ie st ot h ep i t -hea r th s ( Vague r ) . A sc an b e s e en f r om F igu re s 1 2a a nd 1 2b , t h e i r c on s t ru c t ion i si d en t ica l t o t h a t o fs ome p i t -hea r ths : t h ey a r es t ra ight s ided ,w i th c l ay f i r ed r e d a tt h eb a s ea nd a l ong t h es i de s , f i l led w i th c ha r coa l a nd b u rn tl o g s ,t h en c ov e red b y al a ye r o fc obb le s ,a nd f i na l ly b y al a ye r o fe a r th a nd o cca s iona la r t i f ac t s( S immone t 1 980a ,f i g s .3 ,4 ) . T he s e s t ruc tu r e ss ome t ime sa ppea rt ob ea l igned ( s ee F igu r e 6 ) . I ft h ey a r ep i t h ea r th s , t h er ang e o fa c t iv i t ie st h a tc ou ld h av e b een c a r r ied o u ti nt h em w ou ld b e a na log o u st ot ho s es ugg e s ted a bov ef o rt he s ma l le rp i t -hea r th s ,f r om c ook ing t ot e chno log i ca l a c t iv i t ie s . H oweve r ,t h e i rl a rg e rs i ze m ay i n d i ca te as o c ia l o rr i tua l d imen s ion w h i ch t h e o the rs t ruc tu re sl a ck : c ommuna lf e a s t ing ,f o ri n s tance , o ra n a c t iv i ty a c company ing a b i gs e a sona la s s emb ly . E xp e r imen ta t ion a nd m i c ro -ana ly s i so fc on ten t s ,a nd ad e ta i led

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1 8

r e v iew o ft he i ri n te r r e la t ion sh ip s , w ou ld s e em t ob e ah i gh p r io r i ty . O the r p i t sc on ta in s ma l le rq uan t i t ie so fb urn tm a te r ia l , o rn one a ta l ,a nd may h ave b een o r ig ina l ly e x cava ted a sc l ay e x t rac t ion p i t s , t op rov ide s t o rag e , o rs imp ly t o d ump r ubb i sh . Al a rg en umbe r o ft h em a r e d e s igna ted a sr ubb i sh p i t si nt he l i t e ra tu re . O cca s iona l ly t he p i t sa r e v e ry d eep , a nd t he o r ig ina l f unc t ion s ugg e s ted b y t h ee xcava to r s i s aw e l l . F igu re 1 3i l u s t ra te s aw e l l 7 . 50 m d eep r e cen t ly e x cav a ted a tV i l len euve -To lo sane ( a f te rC lo t tes e ta l . 1 980 ) . A n o l de re xcava t ion a tL eC ous te le t ,A v ignon ,r e v ea led t h e p res ence o f a' we l l ' 6 . 5 md eep w h ich w a se v en tua l ly u s ed f o rh uman b u r ia l ( Cou r t in 1 974 ) . B eech ing ,e xcava t ing a tt h e o pen -a i r s i te o fL a R obe r te ,C hä teauneu f -du -Rhöne , D röme , h a sa l so i d en t i f ied o ne o ft h e n ume rou ss t ruc tu re sf ound a tt h e s i te a s aw e l l ( Beech ing a nd T homa s -Beech ing 1 975 ) . O the rl a rg e s t ruc tu r e s ,s of a rf ound o n ly t he T ou lou se a r ea ,a r e d i tche sa nd p a l i s s a de t r enche s . D e f ence ,a nd s t ock c on t ro l , a r e t wo e xp lana t ion sw h ich h ave b een o f f e red f o r t hem . D e ta i led d e sc r ip t ion sa r e g i ven i nt h eS i te I ndex r e po r to n S tM iche l -du -Touch . T he se v ery b i gs t ruc tu re s ,s of a rn o t r e po r ted f r om e l s ewhe re i nt h e S ou the rn C ha s s6en z one ,e mpha s ize o nce a ga in t h e s p ec ia l c ha rac te r o ft he C has seen i nt he T ou lou se a r ea . HUT STRUCTURES ON OPEN -A IR S ITES I N THE CHASSEEN P ERIOD

T he L a te N eo l i th ic a nd C ha lco l i th ic o fP rov ence a nd L anguedoc w e re p e r iods o f s e t t lemen ti ns ub s tan t ia l s t one -bu i l th ou se s . N o th ing s im i la rh a sb een f ound f r om t h e M idd le N eo l i th ic . D aub h a sb een f ound o n f ou rs i te s , b u tn one o fi ts e ems t ob ea r s t ick i mpr e s s ions s uch a sa r e k nown f r om o the rc u l tu ra l c on tex t si nN o r the rn E u rope o re ven i nc on tempo ra ry s i te si nt h eP o V a l ley o fN o r th I t a ly . I ts e em st h a t o rgan ic ma te r ia l s mu s th av e b een u s ed f o rt h ew a l l sa nd s upe r s t ruc tu re o fo u tdoo rd we l l ing s ,a nd t h a t t h e i r f ounda t ions w e re r a ly d eep . O dd p o s t -ho le s o n o pen -a i r s i te s ,s u ch a sS ta t ion d eL a M ade le ine ,V i l leneuv e le s -Mague lonne ,H e rau l t , a nd L aB e r taude ,O rang e ,V auc lu s e ,m ay h ave h e ld c en t ra l p o s t sf o rt e n t l ike s t ruc tu re s . P o s t -ho le sa r ea l so f ound i nt h ree c ave s t ra t ig raph ie s( e .g . P e r tu s 2 , Wal ie s ,A lpe sd eH au te P rovence ) , w he re p re sumab ly t h ey h ad s ome r o le i nd i v id ing o rc u r ta in ing o f fo rp ro tec t ing p a r t o ft h ec ave . An umbe ro fr e fe rence si nt h e l i t e ra tu r e c l a im t ha th u t f loo r s( ' fond sd e c abane ' ) w e re p r e sent ;t he d e s cr ip t ion ss ugge s t t h a t s ome o ft hem c ou ld b e s t b e i n te rp re ted a sp i t s . O the r sc on s i s t o ff l a ta r ea so fc on t inuou sc obb le s( e .g .P h i l l ip sa nd C ou r t in 1 982 ,f i g .22 ) . H ow eve r ,t he se a r er a re ly v e ry e x ten s ive—u sua l ly a bou t 2m 2 i na r ea—wh ich w ou ld p rov ide av e ry l im i ted d we l l ing a r ea . T he re a r e t h r ee c a se sw he r e t r ace so fs t one f ounda t ion s o f mo re s ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing sh ave b een r e po r ted ( Montbey re ,T ey ran ,H e rau l t ,S ta t ion d e L aM ade le ine , V i l leneuve le s -Mague lonne ,H e rau l t ;a nd M iouv in ,I s t re s ,B ouche s -du -Rhöne ) . A t t he M iouv in s i te a l ignmen t so fs t one s may h ave d e f ined t he e dge so fb u i ld ing sw ho se s upe r s t ruc tu re w a si nl i gh tm a te r ia l s( Cou r t in 1 974 ) . A tL a Made le ine t h ee roded l i me s tone b edrock s e emed t oi n d i ca te t h e p r e sence o fh u t s o ve r 4m l o ng s u r round ing ac en t ra l o pen a r ea ( E s ca lon d e F on ton 1 968 ) . T he b e s t e v idence c ome sf r om Mon tbey re ,w he re e xcava t ions i nt he 1 950 ' sr e vea led d oub le l i ne so fs t one f ounda t ion s af ew c en t ime t re s a pa r t , mo s t ly s ugg e s t ing r e ct angu la rs t ru ctu re s ,b u t o cca s iona l ly w i th a p s ida le nds ( F igu re 1 0a ) . Mo re r e cen te x cava t ion sb y G . -B . A rna l h ave c on f i rmed t he p r e sence o f t he se s t ruc tu re s( A rna l , p e r s . c omm . ) .

1 9

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3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 1 1 1 1 11 1 1

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F IG URE 1 2a : C obb lestones o fs t ructures A58 -A ( top ) a nd A58 -B ( bot tom r i ght ) a nd p ar to f A59 ( botto m l e f t )a tS t -M iche l -du -Touch , T ou lou se , Haute G aronne , a l l t hree d amaged b y c onst ruct ion t r ench . T he h a tched z one i nd ica tes h ea t redden ing o ft he c l ay wa l ls o ft he s t ructure .

2 0

0

m e t res

2

o ir

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F IG URE 1 2b : C harcoa la nd l og s l y ing b e low c obb lestone l e ve l s i ns t ruc tures A58-A a nd A58 -B , S tM iche l -du -Touch . P a rt o ft he c obb le l ayer r e ma ins i ns i tu o ver A58 -B a nd A59 .

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F IGURE 1 3 :

7 .50 m d eep c i rcu lar w e l l , V i l leneuve -To losane , H au te -Garonne

BURIALS I N CHASSEEN CONTEXTS

R e la t ive ly f ew b u r ia l sa r e k nown f r om C ha s seen s i te s ,d e sp i te t h ef a c tt ha ta n ima l b one r e fu se a nd b one a nd a n t le ra r t i fac t sa r ef r equen t ly p r e se rved u pon t hem . T he b u r ia l st ha ta r e k nown c ome f r om b o th c ave a nd o pen -a i rs i tua t ions . A sw i l l b es e en f r om t he d es c r ip t ions i nT ab le 2 ,s ke le ton s , w he the rc omp le te ly p r e s er ved o ro n ly r e p re sen ted b y af ew b one s , a r e u sua l ly f ound f l exed . T hey a r e o f ten b u r ied i n a' s tony 'c on tex t ( i n as t one c i s t ,o n c obb le f l oo r ing , w i th c obb le s o rf l a ts t one sc ove r ing t hem , o rw i th s t one s i nt he g r ave p i t s ) . H ab i tua l ly t hey a r e a ccompan ied b yr e la t ive ly f ew g r ave g oods ,w h i ch m ay c on s i s t o fp o t te ry ,f l in t t oo ls o rw a s te ,b one a r t i fa c t s , ma r ine s he l l so ro cca s iona l ly a n ima l b one r ema in s . B od ie sa r e b u r ied s i ng ly o ri np a i r s ,o cca s iona l ly i nl a rge r n umbe r s . U n fo r tuna te ly , mo s t b u r ia ls w e re d i s cove red s ome t ime a go ,a nd p r ec i se d e ta i l sa r em i s s ing . F o r tuna te ly D rH en r iD uday , as pe c ia l i s t i np a laeodemog raphy ,h a sb een a b le t or e con s t ruc t t h e c i rcum s tan ce so fs ome o ft h e b u r ia l s ,i n c lud ing t h ec omp l ica ted r i tua l c a r r ied o u ta tt he g i an t g r ave o fS t -M iche l -du -Touch ( Duday i n Da roc a nd S immone t 1 979 ) . E x cep t f o rt he p o s s ib le c a s e o f af ew h uman b one sf ound w i th a n ima l b one sa t F rouz in ss i te F 9 , mo s to ft h es ke le ta l r e am in sf ound i nL anguedo c a ppea rt ob e i nr e la t i v e ly s t ruc tu red s i tua t ion s( Gu i la ine a nd Muhoz 1 964 ;D uday a nd G u i la ine 1 975 ) . F o r i n s tance , t hey a r e f ound i n ap i to rc i s t ,o r o cca s iona l ly t h ey a r e c ove red b y at umu lu so r ap i tf u l l o fc obb le s ,a nd n o rmaly t h es ke le ton i sc omp le te a nd i na na tom ica l c onnec t ion , e xcep ti nt he g i an tg r ave o fS tM iche l a l ready m en t ioned . A c ro s st he R h ' öne ,t he re a r ef ewe rs t ruc tu red b u r ia l s ,t hough t h ey d o o ccu r ,f o r i n s tance , a tS tM i t re , E s can in 2a nd L e C ou s t e le t . A t o the rs i te si ti sl e s sc e r ta in t ha t t h e c omp le te b ur ia l sb e longed t ot he C ha s seen p e r iod . C ou r t in ( 1974 )l i s t s at o ta l o f 1 2 s i te s w i th p o s s ib le C ha s seen b u r ia l si nP rovence , b u to f ten t h ed a ta c ome sf r om p oo r ly r e po r ted e xcava t ions . A ts i xP rov ença ls i te sm en t ioned i nt he S i te I ndex ( f o ri n s tan ce G ro t te C a nd G ro t te d el ' Eg l i se ,B aud ina rd ,V a r ) , h uman b one sa ppea rt oh ave b een a bandoned i na c omp le te ly r andom w ay . T he s ame p henomenon m ay h ave o ccu r r ed a tt wo R höne v a l ley s i te s( Sa r ra s ins , B aume S ou rde )a nd o ne H au te -Lo i re s i te ( Le P i rou ) . J awbone sa r ef ound a tt wo P rovença l s i te s ,a nd s ku l ls a ta no the r t wo s i te s . A tt he D e lub re c av e , 1 3j aw sw e r e f ound ,a nd e nough t e e th t oc onv ince t he e xcava to r s ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972 ) t h a t t hey w e re d ea l ing w i th t h er ema in so f5 0 i n d iv idua l s . T hree s ku l l f r agmen t sw e re f ound n ea rt he w a l l o ft he s ma l lc ave . T he e x cava to r si n d ica te t h a ts ome o ft he b one sw e re b u rn t . T he re i sd i sag reemen t a mong l o ca l e xpe r t sa st ow he the r t he d epo s i t o ft h i s m a te r ia li so fC ha s s 6en d a te o rl a te r , a nd t he s ame i st r ue o fa n o s sua ry u s ed o v e r al o ng t ime p e r iod , t he B ianch i c av e ,L aC o l le su r -Loup ,A lpe sM a r i t ime s( Cou r t in 1 974 ) . H ow e ve r , t h e p r e sence o fo n ly af ew p a r t so ft h eh uman s k e le ton a tD e lub re i saf e a tu re c ompa rab le w i th o the rC ha s seen s i te s . A no the r c on t rove r s ia l s i te i st h e A ven d el aB ouc le i nt he G a rd d gpar t ement , w he re i nL eve l C 4b g r oup s o fb one sf r om t he b ody o f a1 3 -14 y ea r o l dg i r l ,c ove red b y s t one s , w e re f ound i n ac on tex td e s c r ibed a st r an s i t iona l b e tween C ha s se en a nd F e r r ire s ( Duday 1 980 ) ( F igu re 1 4 ) . L eve l C 4b a l so c on ta ined l o ng b one sa nd s ku l l s , mo s t ly s t acked b y t he w a l l s . T he e x tended a r rang emen t o ft h e b ody a r gue sf o r ap o s t -Cha s se en a t t i tude t owa rds b u r ia l , a nd t h es i te i sp a r t icu la r ly i n te re s t ing f o rt he g l imp se a f fo rded i n to ac hang ing t r ad i t ion . T he re i ss ome d oub t o ve rw he the rc r ema t ion w a se ve rd e l ibe ra te ly c a r r ied o u ti n t he C ha ss een p e r iod . Ambe r t , i na n a r t ic le d i s cu s s ing S ou the rn F rench c r ema t ion b u r ia l s

2 3

S ITE No .

5

S ITE

S tM iche l -du -Touch S tM iche l -du -Touch V i l leneuve -To losane P ere i ras ` c eme tery ' ( H aute -Garonne ) ( H aute -Garonne ) ( H aute -Garonne ) ( Aude )

C ond i t ion o f s ke leta l mater ia l

P a r t s o fs ku l l a nd l ong -bone s o ft wo i nd iv idua ls

A s soc iated f eature s

P i t 7 .4 x 4 m 2 b y 0 .80 m d eep

P i ts

A s soc iated u nmod if ied s tone

C obb les f i l led e nt ire p i t

Tumu l i o ver g raves

C h ipped o r g round s tone

F l int b lades , s tone p a let tes , s ands tone p laque , b ead s

P ot tery

1 2 c omp lete v ases , i nc lud ing 2v ase s uppo rt s

5

6

C o mp lete s ke le ton o f woman , c rouched , o n l e f t s i de

C ontracted b ur ia ls

R etouched f l in t , s ch i st p laque , b eads , sma l l a xe Va se w ith t i ny c up i n s ide i t

B one a r t if act s

An ima l b one o r mar ine s he l l

D amaged , b ut o r ig ina l ly c om p l ete?

P ot

C lay s poons

B one aw l , p ierced b oa r i nc iso r

An ima l b one

7 3

7 7

4h edgehog j aw s

S ITE No .

6 7

7 3

S ITE

L e B ouc le ( Gard )

E scan in 2 E scan in 2 L a B ast idonne ( Bouche s -du -Rhöne ) ( Bouches -du -Rhöne ) ( Bouches -du -Rhöne )

C ond i t ion o f s ke leta l mater ia l

E xtended , l ong -bones a nd s ku l ls

V ery c ontracted s ke le ton

A ssoc iated f eatures

N ea r w a l ls

P i t

A ssoc iated u n mod if ied s tone

L arge s tone s p laced o ve r b ur ia ls

E xtended s ke le ton

I nhuma t ions i n t hree l e ve ls

P i t C ove red b y s ma l l b locks o fl oca l s andstone

D iv ided b y p av ing s tone s

A ssoc iated p ot tery B one a r t if act s An ima l b one o r mar ine s he l l TABLE 2 : BURIALS I N SOUTHER N CHASSEEN CONTEXTS

( 1976 ) , p o in ted o u tt h a tl a te rh ea r th sa t ab u r ia ll o ca t ion ,o re v en f une ra l o rr i tua lh e a r th s a tt h e t ime o fs e conda ry b u r ia l o fb one s ,c ou ld a c c iden t a l ly b u rn b one s . T he r a re i n s tan ce s m en t ioned i nt he S i te I ndex o ccu r red a tt he G ro t te d uN oye r ,E s c lauze l s ,L o t ;A b r i 2d e F ra i s champ , L aR oque su r -Pe rne s ,V auc lu s e ;a nd G ro t te d uD e lub re a nd t h eT re t ss i te s , B ouche s -du -Rhöne . I ng ene ra l ,t hen ,i tc an b es e en t ha tb u r ia l sd a t ing t ot he C ha s söen p e r iod a r ef ew i nn umbe rc ompa red w i th t h e p robab le g r oup s i ze si n vo lv ed . T he re s e em t ob es l i gh t d i f fe rence si nb u r i a l b ehav iou r b e tween P rovence a nd L anguedoc ,a nd t he re i sa n i n d i 2 4

2 6

4 6

4 9

5 0

B orda sse ' c emetery' S arge l 1 ( Aude ) ( Aveyron )

Mou l in d eS aure t ( Hd rau lt )

Redon ( Herau l t )

L a C ondamine ( Herau l t )

C ontracted

S ix s ke le tons

F lexed s ke leton

C omp le te s ke letons?

C ist

E ach s ke leton i n o vo id p i t

P it

P i t s?

4s i de s l abs a nd 1c ove r ing s l ab o fc i s t

B ed o fl imes tone p ebb les

I nhumat ion

Round -based p o t tery P er fo ra ted p ig t ooth , a nd r ound s pongy b one C e r ith s he l l

7 9 De lubre ( Bouches -du -Rhöne ) 1 3 j aw s , l o t s o f t ee th , 3s ku l l s , p e lv is a nd l ong -bone , s ome b urn t S ku l ls n ea r wa l ls

B ow ls a nd l a rge v ase s P ie rced d og t ee th , b one b ore r C a tt le a nd s heep , e tc . ; Denta l ia ; ma r ine s he l l p endant s

c a t ion t ha tc o l lec t iv eb u r ia l w a sb ecom ing mo r ec ommon t owa rd st he e nd o ft h e p e r iod . H ow ev e r ,c ave sw e re s t i l l b e ing u sed ,n o tm eg a l i th i c t omb s . I nt h e 1 950 sa nd 1 960 s D rJ .A rna l a nd h i sc o l labo ra to r sw e re c onv in ced t h a tt h eC ha s sAn sc on s t ruc ted m any o f t h e m ega l i th ic t omb so fL anguedo c ,a nd t ha tt hey h ad e x cava ted t h er o ck cu t t omb sa t F on tv ie i l le ,n ea rA r le s( Bou che s -du -Rhöne ) . H owev e r ,t he s im i la r i ty o ft h ea r t i f a c t sf r om t he F on tv ie i l le t omb sw i th t ho s ef r om mo r e r e cen t ly e x cava ted r o ck cu tt omb ss u ch a s R oa ix i nt h eV auc lu se ,c onf i rmed t h a tt he se d a ted t ot he l a te 3 rd m i l lenn ium b . c . ( Cou r t in 1 970 ) . Mo s tr e cen to p in ion a l so s ugg e s t st ha tt he m a jo r i ty o fL anguedoc m ega l i th i c t omb sa r ep o s t -Cha s s6en ( C lo t te si nG u i la ine 1 970a ;C o s tan t in i 1 978 ) . 2 5

F IGURE 1 4 :

B ur ia lo ft eenage g i r l ( F ina l C hassgen o rE ar ly L ate N eo l ith ic ) , Auen d eL a B ouc le , C orconne , G ard

2 6

C hap te r 3 RAW MATER IALS : T ECHNOLOGY AND EXCHANGE

OBS ID IAN

T he r e gu la rp r e sence o fo bs id ian , u sua l ly i nt h e f o rm o fs ma l l b l ade s ,f l ake so r c ore s , o n C ha s s öen s i te sd i s t ingu i she st h e p e r iod f r om t he e a r l i e ra nd l a te rN eo l i th ic . O b s id ian i sr a r e ly f ound o n p r e -Cha s seen s i te s : t he e a r l ie s t o bs id ian i ns ou the rn F rance c ome sf r om t h es i te o fP o r t i ragne s ,H ö rau l t ,d a ted b yC a rbon -14 t o4 500 b . c . ,w h i le t h e L igu r ian c a ve o fA rene C and ide p roduced o b s id ian f r om i t sI mp re s s ed W a re l e ve l a l so d a t ing t ot h em id 5 th m i l lenn ium b . c . O bs id ian f r om b o th t h e s e s i te sc ame f r om t h e i s l and o fL ipa r i n ea rS i c i ly ,a sd i d o b s id ian f ound a tt h e e a r ly C ha s s öen s i te o fL a C aucade n ea rN ice a nd a tL aB e r taude n ea rO range ,d a ted 3 450

1 80 b . c . ( Wa r ren ,p e r s . c omm . ) .

T he v a s t ma jo r i ty o fs amp le so fo b s id ian f r om C ha s s öen s i te st e s ted a tB radfo rd U n ive r s i ty , h ow ev e r , c ome f r om S a rd in ia . T he r e a son f o r t h ec hang e i nt h es ou r ce o fp rov i s ion t o S a rd in ia mus t b e l i nked w i th t he e x ten s ion o fe xchange a nd t r ade b e tween C ha s s öen g r oups a nd t he i r n e ighbou r s . F igu re 1 5i l us t ra te st h e d i s t r ibu t ion o fo b s id ian a r t i fac t si nS ou the rn F rance , b a sed o n C ou r t in ' sd e ta i led s u rvey o fo b s id i an f i nd s( 1967d ) . T he ma jo r i ty o ff i nds o ccu r i nP rovence b u ti n c rea s ing ly s i te si nL anguedoc a r ep roduc ing s im i la ra r t i fac t s . T hree f r agmen t sh ave b een f ound o n s i te sa round t h eC aus s e d eL a rzac , a nd an umbe ro fb roken b l ade sh ave r e cen t ly b een d i s cov e red i nt he c ou rs e o fs u r face c o l lec t ions a round t h e c i ty o fC a rca s sonne , A ude ( Du rand a nd G u i la ine ,p e r s . c omm . ) . Whe reve r p os s ib le t he n umbe r s o fa r t i fac t si n vo lved h ave b een i n c luded o n t h e map . I n o the rc a s e s ,h oweve r , t h e p r ec i se n umbe r a r e u nknown . T h i si sp a r t icu la r ly a nnoy ing a sw hen ,f o ri n s tance , s i t e si nt h e T r e t sb a s in t ot he N o r th o fM a r s e i l le r e por ted ly p roduced m any a r t i fac t si no b s id ian . F u r the re a s ti nP rov ence an umbe ro fb l ade le t sh av e b een f ound i nt he S a le rne sd ep re s s ion . R e la t ive ly l a rg en umbe r so fb l ade sa r e f ound a t af ew s i te si nt he R hone V a l ley a nd much f u r the rn o r th , a tM eng lon a nd B eauva l lon i nt h eD rome d epar t ement . A re t h e s el a rg e r q uan t i t ie sa ni nd ica t ion t ha tt he se s i te sl i ea tt h ee nd o f aN o r th -Sou th t r ade r ou te , p e rhap s mov ing u p w i th s a l tf r om t h eM ed i te r ranean ,a sC ou r t in s ugg e s t s( 1967d ) ? O r d o t he r e la t ive ly l a rg e n umbe r so fo b s id ian b l ade s a nd f l ake sd e r ive f r om as e r ie so f E a s t -W es t movemen t sf r om t he b e t te rs upp l ied r e g ion so fL igu r ia a nd t h eP oV a l ley ? T he m a in p rob lem i na c cep t ing t h e P oV a l ley d e r iva t ion i st he h e ight o ft he p a s se sa tt he w a te r shed b e tween t h eD u rance R ive ra nd t he r i ve r sf l ow ing d own t owa rd sT u r in . C ou r t in h a se mpha s i sed t he v e ry s ma l l q uan t i t ie so fo bs id ian i n vo lved i nt h i s ' t rade '( 114 f r agmen t s f r om 2 3s i te sw e r e c i ted i nh i s 1 967 r e po r t ,w i th p e rhap sa sm any a s1 60 f r agmen t sb e ing k nown a tp r e s en t ) . C ou r t in r e ga rd st h e o b s id ian a sa ni n d ica to ro ft r ade o re xchang e i n m any o the r r aw m a te r ia l s , p a r t icu la r ly s a l t . A sw i l l b es e en b e low ,t he re i sag ood c hance t ha t i tm ay b e l i nked t ot r ade i na xe r aw ma te r ia l s . AXE RAW MATER IALS

U p t o 1 977 , t he o n ly p e t ro log ica l a na ly se s o fS ou the rn F rench a xe sa nd s im i la r a r t i fact sh ad b een c a r r ied o u ta tt he R oucadou rs i te i nt he L o t ( Ph i l l ips e ta l . 1 977 ) . B ecaus e o ft he c onc lu s ion so ft he R oucadou r a r t ic le ,t ha ta l t h ea xe r aw m a te r ia l sc ou ld h ave b een b rough tf r om t he P y r enee si nt he l o ca l r i ve ra luv iums ,i tw a sa s sumed t h a tt h e 2 7

•n o . o f o bs id ian a r t i fac ts

. . . ..

2 8

CHASSEEN S ITES W ITH OBS ID IAN ART IFACTS

•

. .

. .

2 9

s ame c ou ld b es a id f o ra xe r aw ma te r ia l si no the ra r ea s ,f o ri n s tance t he R höne V a l ley . H ow ever ,t h i sr e a son ing h a sn ow b een p roved p a r t ia l ly f a l se b ecau se an ew e x ten s iv e s u rvey o fN eo l i th ic a xe ma te r ia lh a sb een i n s t i tu ted s i nce 1 979 b y Mme Mon ique R icq -de B oua rd a tt he V a lbonne l a bo ra to ry i nt he A lpe sMa r i t ime s . Mme R icq ' si n i t ia l w o rk h a sp roduced av e ry i n te re s t ing c onc lu s ion ( 1980 ) . Ap a r t icu la rg r een s tone r aw m a te r ia l , aj a de i te ,o r , mo re c o r rec t ly , as od ic p y roxen i t , e ,h a sb een i d en t i f ied a st he r aw m a t er ia l u s ed t om ake al a rge n umbe ro ft h e a xe sf ound i nE a s te rn P rovence . T h i s p a r t icu la rr aw ma te r ia li sf ound i nt he Mon tV i so a r ea o ft h eI t a l ian A lp sa nd i na n a r ea t ot he N o r th o fG eneva ( s ee F igu re 1 6 ,a f te rR icq 1 980 ) . T hus ,a tl e a s t o ne o ft h er aw m a te r ia l su sed f o rC ha s s een s t one a r t i fac t sc ou ld n o th ave b een p i cked u p i nr i v e r -bo rne d epo s i t sb ecaus e n or i ve r sf l ow f r om t h es ou r ce a r ea st owa rds S ou the rn F rance . T he a xe s made f r om t h i sr aw m a te r ia l mu s th ave f o rmed t h e o b jec t o fs ome s o r t o fc omme r ce o re xchang e . I nE a s te rn P rovence ,u pt o 9 5% o fa xe sc he cked b y Mme R icq a r em ade o f j a de i te . As ma l le rp ropo r t ion , 1 3% , o fa xe sf ound i nW e s te rn L anguedoc a r ea l so m ade o ft h i sr aw ma t e r ia l . T he m a jor i ty o fa xe sf ound i nL anguedoc a r e made o fl o ca l r aw m a te r ia l s , a ss ugg e s ted i nt h eR oucadou rr e po r t ( 40% o fs e rpen t in i te s ,c u r s an t i te sa nd m ic ro -d io r i te s , a nd o ve r 4 5% o ft r emo l i t i te s ) . R icq ' sw o rk c ov e r sa l N eo l i th ic p e r iod s , b u t an umbe ro ft h es i te sf r om w h ich s he h a st a ken s amp le s ,i n c lud ing A u s s ie re s ,A ude , a r e d e f in i te ly C ha s seen ( R icq -de B oua rd 1 980 ) . I t may b e h ypo the s ized t h a t t h ep e r cen t a g e o fj a de i te a xe si na ny a s semb lage w i l l d ec rea se f r om E a s te rn P rovence w e s twa rds . S TONE FOR OTHER TOOLS AND SMALL S CULPTURED I TEMS

L i t t le p e t ro log ica l o rc hem ica l w o rk h a sb een c a r r ied o u tt od e te rm ine t h er aw m a te r ia l sa nd s ou r ce so fo the rs t one a r t i fac t s . B a rg e ' st h e s i so nN eo l i th ic j ewe l le ry t ype s i nL anguedoc i n c lude s au s e fu l map g i v ing ab road i nd ica t ion o fr aw ma te r ia l ss ou rce s , r ep roduced h e re a sF igu re 1 7 ( Ba rge 1 969 ,f i g .6 ) . T hey i n c lude j e t ,s e rpen t ine ,a r agon it e , c a lc i te ,q ua r tz , a nd h aema t i te . Mo s ts t one su s ed f o rC ha s s een a r t i fa c t sa r el i me s tone s , w h ich 3 -D t he rmo lum ine s cence s pe c t ra c ou ld p robab ly e v en tua l ly a lo tt op o s s ib le a r ea s o fo r ig in . L ime s tone sa r e u s ed f o rq ue rns a nd g r inds tone s ,h amme r s tone sl a rge a nd s ma l l , an umbe ro fv ague ly a n th ropomo rph ic ' f igu r ine s '( e .g .F igu re 2 1 :5 ) a nd o the rs t one o b je c t so fu nce r ta in u se , l i ke t he s ma l l b oome rang l ik es t one sf ound i nt he C a rca s sonne a r ea ( Durand , p e r s . c omm . ) . N ume rou sb ra ce le t s a nd b i l le sa r ea l so made i nl i me s tone ; o the r sa r e made i n av a r ie ty o fg r eens tone s ,s ome o fw h ich m ay e v en tua l ly b ep roved t o c ome f r om t he s ame s ou r ce a st h e s od ic p y roxen i t e a xe sm en t ioned a bov e . O nt h e o the r h and , s t one b ead sd i s cove red a tS tM iche l -du -Touch h ave b een i d en t i f ied a sv a r i sc i te ,a nd m ay h ave e mana ted f r om t h e f a rs i de o ft he P y rene e s . T he mo s tu nu sua l f i gu r ine f ound o n aC ha s se-e ns i te , t he s t u rdy s c u lp tu re f r om C apdena c le -Hau t( Lo t ) , w a sm ade i na rko se , al o ca lr o ck ( C lo t te sa nd C a r r ie re 1 976 ) (F igu re 2 1 :7 ) . C ou r t in a nd E r roux , i nd i s cus s ing t he p o s s ib le i n d ica to r so fa g r icu l tu re i n S ou the rn F rance d u r ing t he N eo l i th ic ,m en t ion t ha tl o ca l r o ck t yp e sa r e u sua l ly u s ed f o rq ue rn s : ` mo la s se 'i nl owe rP rovence a nd V auc lu se ; s a nd s tone i nt he Du r ance a nd V e rdon v a l ley s ; a nd g ne i s s , g r an i te a nd r hyo l i te i nt he v o lcan ic a r ea so f Mau re s -E s te re l ( Cou r t in a nd E r roux 1 9-7 4 ) . FLINT

A sh a sa l ready b een m en t ioned , ab l ade i n du s t ry i nh oney co lou red f l in tw a so ne o ft he f i r s t f e a tu re sw h ich d e f ined t h e S ou the rn C ha s seen . T he p r ec i se s ou r ce o ff l in t f ound o na r chaeo log ica l s i te si sd i f f icu l tt od e te rm ine b y g eo log ica l mean s ,s i nce o f ten 3 0

t h e re i sn o c o r tex r ema in ing t og i ve ac l ue t oi t so r ig in . I th a sa lway sb een p os s ib le , o f c ou r se ,t ol ook a tt he b l a ck f l in tf r om t he T ou lou se a r ea s i te sa nd s ugg e s t t h a t i tc ome s f r om t he B e rge ra c a r ea i nt he D o rdogne ,s i nce t he re i sn o b l ack f l in ti nt h eT ou lous e d i s t r ic t . S im i la r ly ,t he h oney co lou red f l in tf ound i na r ea sl i ke t he v o lcan ic Mau re s m a s s i f n ea rT ou lon h ad t ob ef o re ign t ot he a r ea ( Cou r t in 1 974 ) . P o ten t ia l ly ,h oweve r , t h e re a r e an umbe ro fs ou rce so ff l in ti nh oney s h ade si nt he l i me s tone s t ra ta o fS ou the rn F rance . I tw a sb e cau se o ft h i st ha t ,i n1 975 , i nc onnec t ion w i th ap rog ramme o fa na ly se s d eve loped f r om t he e x cava t ion a tL aB e r taude ,O range ,V auc luse ,a na ly se s o ff l in tf r om t h i ss i te a nd f r om an umbe ro fp o ten t ia ls ou r ce s i te sw a si n i t ia ted a tB radfo rd U n ive r s i ty ( A sp ina l le ta l . 1 976 ;1 981 ) . D e sp i te t he d i f f icu l t ie s o fn eu t ron a c t iva t ion a na ly s i s o n f l in t ,i tp roved p o s s ib le t os ugg e s t t h a t t he f l in tf r om t h e s ou rce o fC hä teauneu f -du -Pape , 5km t ot he S ou th ,h ad p robab ly b een u sed f o r t he L aB e r taude a s s emb lag e . T he s t udy w a sl a te r w idened t oi n c lude f l in tf r om o the ra r cha eo log ica ls i te sa nd s ou r ce s . U n fo r tun a t e ly , t he re i s as ub s tan t ia l o ve r lap i n an umbe r o ft r a ce e l emen t sw hen t h e R höne v a l ley s ou r ce s( Chä teauneu f -du -Pape a nd V aux -Ma laucene ) a r e c ompa red w i th t h e Mu r ss ou rce i nt he A lpe sd e H au te P rovence ( Mundy a nd A sp ina l l , p e r s . c omm . ) . I ti sn one the le s s s t i l l c l ea r t ha t t he R hone v a l ley s ou rce sw e re e x t en s ive ly e xp lo i ted d u r ing t he C ha s seen . T he t e chno logy o ff l in te x t rac t ion d u r ing t he C ha s s een i sn o tw e l l k nown . A r o ck she l te ro n t he f l in t s t rewn h i l l s ide a tV aux , Ma laucene ,V auc lu s e , p roduced C ha s seen p o t te ry a sw e l la sl a rge f l ake sa nd b l ade s( no d oub t t he b l ank s o ft he f l in t -knappe r s ) . E xcava t ions b y S chm id a tt h i ss ou rce s i te r e vea led a6m d eep t r ench ,a nd s i gn so ff i re , u s ed t oe x t ra c tt he f l in t ( 1963 ) . S chm id f ound l o t s o fc o r tex f l ake sa nd b l ade c o re s ,a nd af ew h amme r s tone s ,t wo o ft hem t h e c en t ra l ly g r ooved q ua r tz h amme r sw e l l k nown f r om o the r P rovença ls i t e s ( Cou r t in 1 959 -62 ) , a nd a s sumed t od a te f r om t h eL a te N eo l i th ic . T he o the rs ou r ce sw h ich w e re u sed b y t h eC ha s seen s ,f o ri n s tance C hä teauneu f -du -Pape , a l so c on ta in g r ooved h amme r s tone s . I ti sp os s ib le t ha tt he se h eavy i mp lemen t sw e re u sed i nt he M idd le N eo l i th ic a sw e l l a st h e L a te N eo l i th ic ,a nd t ha tC ha s s een m ine r sd ug t he 6m d eep t r ench a tV aux . S uppo r tf o rt h i sh ypo the s i s mu s ta wa i ta na ly s i so fw o rk s hop w a s te a nd f u r the re x cava t ion a tV aux -Ma laucene . T he n ew t e chn ique o fs ma sh ing l a rge s t one sc ove r ing t he v i neya rd s a tC hä teauneuf -du -Pape w i l l p robab ly p reven t a ny s u ch a na ly s i sa tt ha ts ou r ce s i te . T he r e co rded f i nds f r om a' f l in tw o rk shop 'a t Mon tagnon , n ea r Ma leca s te l ,G a rd , c ons i s t ing o fc o re s , f l ake sa nd b l ade s , w ou ld s e em t oi n d ica te al a te rs t age o fr e duc t ion t han t he q ua r ry s i t e s ( A r t igue s a nd H ugue s 1 977 ) . C on s ide rab le q uan t i t ie so ff l in tw a s te a r ea l so m en t ioned s u r round ing t he ' v i l lage 'o f Mon tbey re ,H e rau l t ( E s ca lon d eF on ton 1 959 ) . E x ten s ive f l in t -wo rk ing p robab ly a l so t ook p l ace a tL e sF ay s se s ,L eC re s ,H e rau l t , w i th i t sn ea r ly 1 00 c o re sa nd h amme r s tone s ( s ee T ab le 3 ) . C los e o b se r va t ion p l u se xpe r imen ta l w o rk b y an umb er o fa u thor s( T ix ie re ta l . 1 980 ;M a s son 1 981 ) i n d ica te t h a tt he h oney f l in t w a sh ea ted p r io rt ow o rk ing b y p e r cu s s ion f l ak ing . M any o ft he a r t i fa c t sf ound o nC ha s seen s i te sa r ee i the r p i nk i sh o r r e dd i sh i nh ue ( one p a r t icu la rb l ade f r om M iouv in , I s t re s ,B ouche s -du -Rhöne ,s hade sf r om h oney t op i nk t ob l ack o ve rl e s st han 3c m o fl e ng th ) . I ti sa l so p o s s ib le t ha t t he w h i te p a t ina t ion f r equen t ly f ound o n t h e se b l ade si sd ue t ot h ef a c tt ha t t h ey h ave b een p r ev iou s ly h ea ted . T he h ea t ing s ugg e s t s ac a re fu l , c on t ro l led , e f f i c ien tf l in t -wo rk ing t r ad i t ion . T he c a t t le l ong -bone c a r ry ing ca se c on ta in ing s e ven f i ne h oney co lou red b l ade s , f ound a tS te L uce , B ez ignan ,D röme , p rov ide sr ema rkab le e v idence o ft he w ay i nw h ich 3 1

3 2

1 .

G eog raph ica l v ar iat ion A .

i n t ypo logy : a .

( i ) ( i) ( i i)

b .

( i ) ( i)

c .

B .

c omp lete a bsence o f t r ansver se a r rowheads i ns i tes n ea r T ou lon , Va r ; m ixture o ft r ansverse a nd p ierc ing a r rowheads o n s i tes i na l l o the rd gpar tement s ; t anged -and -barbed a r rowheads o n H erau lt c oa s t a nd p la ins , b ut n ot e l sewhere i nL anguedoc ; t anged -and -barbed a r rowheads r epresented o n many P rovença l s i tes ;

( i )

' s crewdr iver s ' o r f l at -ended b orers , f ound i nl a rge n umbers i nT ret s b a s in , B ouches -du -Rhöne , a nd S a lernes b a s in , V a r ;o ccur i ns ma l le r n umber s o n s ome Rhone v a l ley s i tes ( La B ertaude , V auc luse , a nd M iouv in , B ouches -du -Rhöne ) ;

( i)

n o ' s crewdr ivers ' e l sewhere o n C has seen s i tes ;n umber s o fb orer s p e r s i te r e la t i v e ly l ow , e xcep t f o r L e Ci es , H erau l t , a nd L a Condam ine , H 6rau lt ;

i n r aw mater i a l u sage : a .

f l int f orms s mal p a r t o fc h ipped s tone ma ter ia l , a nd i nc ludes b o th b lack a nd h oney f l int ;r es t o fi ndust ry o n q ua r tz o r q uar tz ite c obb les : i nH aut e -Garonne , T a rn -e t -Garonne , s ome L ot s i tes ; ( i)

2 .

n ea r ly e xc lus ive u se o ft r ansverse a r rowhead s i nH aute -Garonne , T a rn -et -Ga ronne , L o t , Aveyron , H aute -Lo ire ;

f l in t f orms t he ma jo r p a r to ft he c h ipped s tone i ndus try e l sewhe re , w ith many o ft he a r t ifacts i nh oney f l int o r g rey -brown f l int ;r a re u se o fr i ver c obb les f o r c hopper s , e .g . i n V erdon Va l ley , V ar .

S ite to s ite i ndus t r ia l v ar iat ion A .

s i ze o fi ndus t ry : a .

B .

( i )

ma jor ity o fs i tes , e spec ia l ly c aves , c on ta in as ma l l c h ipped s tone i ndust ry , i nc lud ing b lades , i mp le ment s o n b lades , f l akes a nd o ne o r mo re n uc le i ;

( i)

s evera l s i tes c on ta in b etween c .200 a nd c .700 p ieces o fc h ipped s t one , t hough s t i l l w i th r e la t ive ly f ew n uc le i ;

( i i)

s i te s w ith 1 000s o ff l int a r t ifac ts p lus n umerous n uc le i a nd h amme r s ( r are , b ut e . g . L a Condam ine a nd L e C res , I 6rau lt ) ;

c ompos i t ion o fi ndus t ry: a .

( i )

( i)

r e la t ive ly h igh p ropo r t ions o ff l akes , u p t o 5 0% o ft ota l i ndus t ry ( e .g . Abr i 2d e F ra ischamp , V auc luse ;L a B er taude , Vauc luse ;I s t res , B ouches -du -Rhöne ; G rotte C , V ar ;E s toub lon , B ouches -du -Rhöne) ; p redom inant ly b lade -ba sed i ndus t r ies ( Les Aur io les , Aude ;S ta t ion d e l a Made le ine , H e rau lt ; Toutes -Au res , A lpes d e H aute P rovence ; Va lence , D röme ;L a Condam ine , H 6 rau l t ) .

TABLE 3 : ASPECTS OF VARIAT ION IN SOUTHER N CHASSEEN CH IPPED STONE I NDUSTRIES

s t ruck b l ade sc ou ld b es t o red a nd t r an spo r ted ( Comb ie r 1 977 ,f i g .35 )( F ron t i sp ie ce ) . I n1 971 ,i na na t temp tt os e ei fa ny v a r ia t ion c ou ld b ed e t e c ted b e tween d i f fe ren t f l in ti ndu s t r ie s , as e r ie so fb l ade sf r om C ha s s een s i te sw a sm ea su r ed ,a nd t h er e touch o n t hem ,i n c lud ing n o t che sa nd t r unca t ion s ,w a se xam ined t os e ei fa ny r e g iona l d i f fe rence s i na r t i fa c ts i ze a nd a t t r ibu te sc ou ld b ed e te c ted . D ue t ot he f a c tt h a ts om any o ft hem w e re b roken—e spec ia l ly t ho s ef r om t h el a rg es e r ie sp i cked u pi ns u r fa ce s c a t t e r s— i tw a s n o tp os s ib le t om ea su r et h e l e ng th i nm any c a se s . Whe re t h i sc ou ld b e d one ,t he s er anged f r om b l ade le t so fc . 30 mm t ob l ade so fc . 70 mm l ong . T he me a su r emen t so fb r ead th a nd t h ickne s s ,h oweve r ,s ugg e s ted t h a t ,o na ny s i te ,t he r e touched b l ade sw e r eh ab i tua l ly b roade ra nd t h icke rt h an t he n on re tou ched o ne s( Ph i l l ip s 1 972 ) . T he re w a sl i t t le d i f fe r ence i nr e touch p a t te rn ing ,h ow eve r ,a nd mo s tC ha s s een s i te sh av ep rodu ced d en t icu la ted ,t r unca ted o rn o t ched b l ade s ,u sua l ly i ns ma l l n umb e r s . U se -wea ra n a ly s i sh a sy e tt ob e a pp l ied t oC ha s s6 en b l ade sf r om f r e sh a r chaeo log i ca l c on tex t s ,s ot he p re c i s ef unc t ion o fr e tou ched a nd u n r e touched b l ade sr ema in su nknown . N one the le s s ,i tc an b eh ypo the s i zed t h a t t h ey c ou ld b ei n va luab le i nt he p r epa ra t ion o f 3 3

p l an tf ood sa nd a r t i fa c t si no rg an ic m a te r ia l s . F o ri n s tan ce ,G u i la ine a nd V igne ron ( 1980 ) h a ve s ug g e s ted t ha tt he b l ade sf r om C ha s se en s i te sn ea rC a r ca s sonne w e re u s ed f o rm a in ly w ood -a nd b one -wo rk ing . T he t yp i ca ll u s t re o fs i ck le b l ade sh a so f ten b een r e cogn ized o n b l ade sf r om c ave s i te s ,o ne o ft h em ,f r om G ro t te d el ' Eg l i se ,B aud ina rd ,V a r ,r e ta in ing t r a ce so ft he r e s in t h a tf a s ten ed i ti n to i t sh and le ( Cou r t in 1 967b ,f i g .4 :18 ) . T ab le 3g i ve sr e su l t so fa ne xam ina t ion o ff l in tr epo r t si nt h eS i te I ndex ,a nd s ugg e s t st ha t an umbe r o fd imen s ion so fv a r ia t ion i nC ha s seen i n du s t r ie sc an b es e en . A sw i l l b en o ted , n o ta l C ha s s een i n du s t r ie sa r ee mpha t i ca l ly b l ade -ba sed . S ome a r en o t e ven p r ima r i ly f l in t -ba sed ,a nd m ake much u s eo fl o ca lq ua r tz o rq ua r tz i t e o rl i me s tone f o rh eavy d u ty c hopp ing i mp lemen t s . N one the le s s ,f l in tb l ade sa nd i mp lemen t so n b l ade s a r ef ound o ne v e ry s i te ,a nd t he n ea r ly u b iqu i tou ss i ng le c o re f ound i ne ven t h es ma l le s t i n du s t ry s ugg e s t so ne f o rm i nw h i ch f l in tw a st r an spo r ted f r om s i te t os i t e . T he se s ma l l i n du s t r ie s ,i n c lud ing f ew p i e ce so fw a s te ,c ompa re w i th m ed ium s i z ed i ndu s t r i e s ,a ga in m a in ly c ompo sed o fi mp lemen t sa nd b l ade sa nd f l ake s . T he re a r e o n ly af ew v e ry l a rg e q uan t i t ie so fb l ade a nd f l ake t oo l s , a nd k napp ing d eb r i s ; a to ne o ft he se ,L aC ondam ine , t he e x cava to r sr e po r tf ewe rw a s te f l ake st han u sab le b l ade sa nd b l ade le t s ,a nd s ugg e s t t h a tf l in t w a sc a re fu l ly c on se rved ( Ma ju re la nd P rade s1 967 ) . T he d a ta s ugg e s t o nce mo re t h a tv a r iou ss i zed g r oup so ccup ied d i f fe ren tC ha s seen s i t e s ,a nd t ha t c ur a t ion o ff l in tw a s a n i mpo r t an tf e a tu re o fC ha s se en e conomy . POTTERY

T he o u t s tand ing f e a tu r eo fC ha s s e-e nc e ram ic si st h e i rh i gh q ua l i ty i nt e rm so f s u r fa ce f i n i sh a nd w a l lt h inne s s . Mo s t o ft he s i te r epo r t sr e fe rt ot he b u rn i sh ing o ft he s u r fa ce s , a nd s ome t ot he p r e sence o fw h i te o rr ed f i l le rs t i l le mbedded i nt h ei n c i sed g eome t r i c d e s ign sc u ti n to t he s u r f ace . P ub l i ca t ion s t a t i s t ic sh ave i n d ica ted t h a t ,f o r i n s t an ce ,a bou t6 0% o ft he s he rd sf r om t h ree P rovença ls i te sh ad w a l lt h ickne s s e so f 5 7 mm ( G ro t te C ,B aud ina rd V a r ) , 5 8 mm ( La B e r taude ,O rang e ,V auc lu s e ) o r5 9 mm ( M iouv in ,I s t re s , B ou che s -du -Rhöne ) . T he s h e rd sd e r iv ef r om d i f f e ren tp a r t s o ft h e p o t , s o ac e r t a in a moun to fv a r ia t ion i su nde r s tandab le , b u tt he p r edom inan t ly l ow v a lue s f o rw a l l t h i ckne s se sa r ei mp re s s ive ,a nd e v en t he l a rg e s t b ow l sa nd d eep j a r s ( bow l su p t o4 5 c m r im d i ame te r ,a nd j a r su p t oc . 30 c m d eep o n a v e rage )h av ev e ry n a r row w a l l s f o rt he i rs i ze . T he mo s td e ta i led w o rk o n C ha s seen p o t te ry h a sb een c a r r ied o u tb yG . -B .A rna l ( 1976 ;1 981 ) , w ho se a na ly se sa nd e xpe r imen t sh av ep roduced i n t e re s t ing i n fo rma t ion a bou t t h eu s eo fc l ay sa nd f i l le r s , t he d e co ra t ion o ft he v e s se l s ,a nd t he f i r ing t e chn ique s . O the ra na ly se sh av eb e en c a r r ied o u t a tt h eL yon L abo ra to ry o fC e ramo logy b yC ou r to i s . A l l t ho se w ho h ave w o rked o nC ha s se-e nc e ram i cs a g re e t h a t ah i gh p ropo r t ion o f i n c lu s ion si sf ound i nt he f a t ty c l ay b ody . I ti sn o t c e r ta in t ow ha te x ten tt he s ma l le r i n c lu s ion sw ou ld a l ready h ave b een p re sen ti nt he c l ay , o rt ow ha te x ten tt hey w e re d e l ibe ra te ly a dded . A ra !a nd F ab re h ave c on t ra s ted C ha s seen p o t te ry m anu fa c tu re w i th t ha t o fe a r l ie ra nd l a te rN eo l i th ic p opu la t ion si nt h es ame a r ea ,a nd b e l ieve t ha t t h ey c an p rov ide a ni n dependen t m e thod o fc u l tu ra l a t t r ibu t ion f o r o the rw i se u nd i s t ing u i shed w a l l s he rd sb yt he n umbe r o fi n c lu s ion s ,a nd t h er a ng e o fs i ze so fi n c lu s ion f ound i nt he s he rd s( 1981 ) . T hu st he t h ree C ha s se en p o t te ry a s s emb lage st hey h ave t e s ted c on ta ined mo r e i n c lu s ion st han t ho se o ft he C a rd ia lN eo l i th ic a nd l e s si n c lu s ion st han t hos e o ft he L a te N eo l i th i c . Ah i gh p ropo r t ion o ft he i n c lu s ion si nC ha s se en c e ram i c s w e re a pp rox ima te ly 0 . 5 mm i nd i ame te r ,i nA rna l ' sc a lcu la t ion s . Wo rk b yM a inman ( i n

3 4

S ite No .

S i te

L oca lg eo logy

P ot tery f i l ler s

L es Mor ts ( A r iege )

g ran i te

g ran it ic

F rouz ins ( Hau te -Ga ronne)

a l luv ia l g rave ls

s ma l l q ua r tz g rave l

P er te d u C ros ( Lot)

J u ras s ic l ime s tone

c a lc ite , amorph ic a nd s i l iceous l imes tone

1 5

Roucadour ( Lot )

J ura s s ic l imes tone

l imes tone , c a lc ite , m ica

1 9

L es Aur io les ( Aude)

a l luv ions

l ime s tone , c a lc ite , s and , m ica , g rog , v egeta l

7 1 4

2 4

L e P i rou ( Hau te -Lo ire )

B a san it ic b recc ia

wa rtz , f e ldspa r , m ica

2 0

P eyroche 2 ( A rdeche )

P or t land l imes tone

c a lc ite , s i l iceous g rave l

4 1

L a Made le ine c ave ( Herau l t )

J ura ss ic l imes tone

l imes tone , s and , c a lc ite

4 8

L a Made le ine o pen -a i r ( Herau l t)

J uras s ic l imes tone

l ime stone , g rog , c a lc ite

5 0

L a Condam ine ( Herau l t)

s and

c a lc ite

5 1

L ou L avous ( Ga rd)

l ime s tone

q ua r tz , l imes tone , m ica , f e ldspa r

6 6

S t Ve re Ar ne ( Ga rd)

l imes tone

l imestone , s and , q uar tz , g rog

Fraud ( Ga rd )

l imes tone

l imes tone , s and

7 0

M iouv in ( Bouche s -du -Rhöne )

T or ton ien l imes tone

c a lc i te

7 3

E scan in 2 ( Bouches -du -Rhöne )

B aux l ime s tone

l ime s tone , m ica

8 3

L a B er taude ( Vauc luse )

a l luv ions

l ime s tone , q ua rtz , f e ldspa r , f l int

9 3

G rotte C ( Va r )

K imme r id g e -Por t land l imes tone

l imes tone

9 4

E g l ise u ppe r n e two rk ( Var )

K immer idge -Por t land l imes tone

l imes tone , c a lc i te , g rog , s and , v ege ta l

1 16

T a r r in ( Hau te s -A lpes )

c l ay

c a lc ite

1 22

P rades ( Drö me )

1 25

V a lence ( D rö me )

a l luv ium

l imes tone

1 26

B au me -Sourde ( Dröme )

l ime s tone

c a lc ite

1 29

A rnaud ( Dröme )

l imestone

l ime s tone o r c a lc ite

1 37

F ranc in ( Savo ie)

g rave l

q uar tz , f e ldspa r , m ica

l ime stone

TABLE 4 : SOUTHER N CHASSEEN CERA MICS AND LOCAL GEOLOGY

P h i l l ip sa nd C ou r t in 1 982 ) o n as ma l le rs amp le f r om t h eL aB e r taude s i te i n d i ca ted t h a t t he C ha s sgen p o t te r sd i d n o t a d ju s tt h ef i l le rs i ze t ot he i n tended w a l lt h i ckne s so ft h e i r v a se s , a nd t he re a r er a re o cca s ion so fa n i n c lu s ion b e ing v i s ib le o n b o th s i de so f ap o tw a l l . H e rc onc lu s ion sa bou tt he h i gh p ropo r t ion so fi n c lu s ion s( no rma l ly b e twe en 3 8% a nd 4 8% p e rs he rd ) a r ei d en t ica lw i th A rna l ' s ; b y c on t ra s t ,i nC o r ta i l lod c e ram i c so ft he l a te 4 th a nd e a r ly 3 rd m i l lenn ia b . c .i nS w i tze r land ,t he a v e rage p ropo r t ion o ff i l le ri sb e tween 1 5% a nd 2 7% ( Nung ä s se ra nd M agg e t t i 1 978 ) . Ag l ance a tT ab le 4 ,w h i ch g i ve si n fo rma t ion a bou tt he g eo logy o f an umb e ro f s i te sa nd d e s c r ibe st h en a tu re o ft h ei n c lu s ion sf ound i nt he p o t tery f r om t ho s es i te s , e mpha s ize st he v e ry l o ca ln a tu re o ft h ef i l le ru s ed a t mo s tC ha s söen s i te s . A rn a lh a s c ommen ted o n t he u s e o fg r ound b a sa l tf i l le ra nd l o ca lc l ay si nt he v o lcan i cr e g ion o f t he E s cando rgue V a l ley ,H ö rau l t ,a nd m en t ion st he u se o fo the rl o ca lf i l le r si ng eo log ica l ly d i s t inc t iv er e g ions ( 1976 ) . Ma inman h a ss u gg e s ted t h a tt he l i me s tone ,q ua r t z ,f l in t a nd f e ld spa ri n c lu s ion si nt he L aB e r taude p o t te ry ,a l though v a r ied i nt he i r p ropo r t ion si nt h e s he rd ss amp led , w e re p robab ly p a r t o ft h es ame c l ay a nd l o ca lf i l le rm a te r ia l s . W i th r e ga rd t ot he m anu fa c tu r ing t e chn ique s ,A rna ls ugg e s t st ha t t h eC ha s se en s u s ed as i ng le p i ece o fc l ay b ody t of o rm o pen shaped v e s se l s ,a nd t h e c o i lm e thod f o r 3 5

3 6

h i ghe r -wa l led v a s e s . H e b el iev e st h ec hange i nt h ickne s sv i s ib le a bove t he c a r ina t ion o f s ome c a r ina ted b ow l si sd ue t ot he s i ng le p i ece b a se b e ing t h inned t o ag r ea te r e x ten t t han t he c o i l sw h i ch m ade u p t h ew al s( 1976 , p . 84 ) . T he t h inn e s so fw a l l so fC ha s s een c e ram ic si sa ch ieved ,h eb e l ieve s ,b y c a re fu ls c rap ing f o l lowed b y p o l i sh ing , at e chno log i ca l a dvance o n p rev iou sN eo l i th i c w a re s . T he t yp ica l g eome t r ic d e s ign sc ou ld b ei n c i sed e i the ra f te rd ry ing o ra f te rf i r ing ,a nd s t udy u nde rm agn i f ica t ion b yc ompa r i son w i th e xpe r imen ta l ly s c ra t ched d e s ign sw i l l r e vea lt h i s . G ue r r e s ch im ade t he s ame p o in tf o r t h et e chn ica l ly a nd t ypo log i ca l ly s im i la rc e ram ic sf r om t he N or th I t a l ian s i te o fL agozza d iB e sna te ( 1967 ) . W i th r e ga rd t of i r ing t empe ra tu re s ,A rna l c on c lude s , b y a na logy w i th e xpe r imen t a ly m ade v e s se l s , t ha tt empe ra tu re so f5 00° -650°C w e r e p robab ly r e a ched b yC ha s sgen p o t te r s . Al owe rf i gu re o f5 00° i ss ugg e s ted f o rt he c on tempo ra ry C o r ta i l lod . A rna l b e l ieve st h a t t he d a rk s u r fa ce so fs ma l l C ha s s een p o t sc ou ld h av eb een a ch iev ed b yf i r ing i n as ha l low p i t ( F igu r e 1 8 ) . I fs ma l le rv e s se l sw e re e n c lo sed i n s ide l a rg e r o ne st h ey w ou ld e f fe c t ive ly b ei n ac on s tan tr edu c ing a tmo sphe re ,a nd a ch ieve t he u n i fo rm d a rk c o lou r w h ich i saf e a tu r eo ft h eb e s tC ha s seen c e ram i c s . H ow eve r , t he d e ta i led r e su l t so fh i s e xpe r imen t ss ugge s tt ha t t he o u t s ide o fl a rge rv e s s e l s ,t u rned u p s ide -down i nt h eh ea r th , w i l l a lway s b ev a r iab le i nc o lou rd ue t ot he l a ck o fc on t ro l o ft he g a se s( A rna l 1 976 , p p . 1 92 -7 ) . I tm ay w e l lb el i k e ly , t h e re fo re ,t ha t ac l o s ed k i ln i nt he f o rm o f ap i t -hea r th o r ad aub d ome w a su s ed t oa ch ieve t he u n i fo rm c o lou ra t ion o fm any C ha s seen v a se s . T he r e su l t so ft he a bov ei n ve s t iga t ion st he re fo re s ugge s tt ha tt he C ha s s een p o t te r s a cqu i red ar a ng e o fg ood s k i l l s ,i n c lud ing mo re c on t ro l led f i r ing t e chn ique st h an t he i r p redece s so r s , b u tt ha tt h e re i sn oe v iden ce o fc en t ra l ized p roduc t ion a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o f p o t t e ry . O n amuch m o re l o ca ls c a le ,c e r ta in i n d iv idua l sm ay h ave b een mo r es k i l led t h an o the r sa tp o t t e ry m anu f a c tu re ,b u tt h e i rw a re sc anno tb ed emon s t ra ted a tp r e s en t t ot r ave l f a rb eyond t he m anu fa c tu r ing a r ea . I nt he f u tu re i tw i l lb ea dv i sab le t oc ompa re p o t te ry a s semb lag e sf r om d i f fe r en t C ha s seen s i te sn o to n ly i nt e rms o ft he i r t ypo logy a nd t e chno logy b u ta l so i nt e rms o f q uan t i ty . T he S i t eI ndex d emon s t ra te ss ome d i f fe rence si nt he n umb e r so fv e s se l s r e co rded : 3 00 d i f f e r en tr im s hape sf r om G ro t te C ,B aud ina rd ,V a r ,f r om a ne x cava t ion o ve r 1 6 m2 ;2 50 d i f f e ren tv e s se l sf r om o l d e x cava t ion sa tt he G ro t te d e sF ee s ,T ha raux , G a rd ; a nd 1 24 d i f fe ren tr im s hape sf r om amuch b i g g e ra r ea , 1 36 m 2,a tt h e o pen -a i rs i te o fL aB e r taude , O rang e ,V auc lu s e . G u the rz h a sd emon s t ra ted t he p r inc ip le o fc ompa r ing p ropor t ion s o fd i f f e ren tv e s se lt ype sw hen c on s ide r ing C ha s se en a nd p o s t -Cha s se en a s semb lage s( Gu the r z 1 980 ,f i g .2 ) ( F igu r e 2 3 ) . T he t o ta lw e igh t , n umbe r so fi d en t i f iab le v e s se l s , a nd d i s t r ibu t ion o fp a r t i cu la rv e s se l t ype sw i th in t h es i te , s hou ld a l b e i n v e s t ig a ted . ASPECTS OF ART ICULATION

H oney f l in t ,o b s id ian a nd s t one a x e sh av e b een d emon s t ra t ed t o mov ef r om p a r t icu la rs ou rce st od i s tan tf i nd s po t s . T hey r ep r e s en t p a r t o ft he m ean so fa r t i cu la t ion o fw ide sp read c ommun i t ie si nS ou the rn F rance . O the rs u ch i t em s— aga in i ni mpe r i shab le s t one—a re s t one b ra ce le t sa nd s ma l ls t one b a l l s . T he u s eo fb ra ce le t st h roughou tt he N eo l i th i c i sa b ly d emon s t ra ted b yC ou r t in a nd G u the rz ( 1976 ) . T he i rm ap o fC ha s seen f i nd s i te s( a sa dap ted i nF igu re 1 9 ) i n d ica te st ha tt h eg r ea te s tn umbe r so fs u ch a r t i fa c t s a r ef ound i nP rov ence ,w i th af ew e xamp le si nt he A ude a nd t he G a rd ( Roud i la nd S ou l ie r 1 969 ) . P rovence h ad a l so b een t he m a in d i s t r ibu t ion a r ea f o rb r a ce le t si nt h e e a r l ie r C a rd ia lN eo l i th ic . B ra ce le t sw e re u sua l ly made i nl ime s tone o rg r e en s tone a nd 3 7

3 8

v a r ied i nc r o s s sec t ion a nd d i ame te r . T hey a r es ome t ime sf ound b roken , a nd o cca s iona l ly , a sa tL aB e r taude , h ave b een p e r fo ra ted a nd s moo thed f o r r e -u se , p r e sumab ly a sp endan t s . A l though t hey r ema in b road ly l i m i ted t oP rovence i nt he C ha s see n , t h ey mu s t b er e ga rded a sa n a r t icu la t ion d ev ice f o ra tl e a s t ap a r t o ft he C ha s seen c u l tu re z one . A more g ene ra l ly d i s t r ibu ted a r t i fac t f ound i nC ha s se en a s semb lage si st he s ma l l , h i gh ly p o l i shed s t one b a l l , o rb i l le , a ga in u sualy m ade i nl i me s tone o rg r een s tone . T he m ap o f 'H ie 'f i nd spo t s ( F igu re 2 0 ) i l us t ra te st ha t b i l le s a r ef ound f r om t he W e s te rn s i te so fS tM iche l -du -Touch a nd C apdena c le -Hau t r i gh t a c ro s sL anguedoc , whe re t he h i ghe s t n umbe r sa r e e ncoun te red a tt he S t Ve redeme c ave i nt he G a rdon V a l ley , t h ence a c ros st he R höne V a l ley a nd i n to P rovence . B i l le sa r e c ommon ly f ound i no ne so rt wo s p e rs i te a nd , a sw i th b r ace le t s , av a r ie ty o ft ype si sf ound o n e a ch s i te . R ema ins o ft h e m anu fac tu r ing s t age sc an s ome t ime s b es e en ,f o ri n s tance ,h amme r ing i n to af a ce t ted s h ape , t hen t he g r ind ing d own o ft he f a ce t st oa ch ieve av i r tua l ly s phe r ica l s hape . T he f unc t ion o ft he se a r t i fac t sr ema in su nc lea r , a nd t he o n ly e v idence f o r t he w ay t hey w e re c a r r ied a bou ti sa n i n te re s t ing a n t le rh o lde rf r om t he S tV e redeme c ave , n ow k ep t i nt h e U ze s Mu seum ( b rough t t ot h e w r i te r ' s a t ten t ion b yX . G u the rz ) ( F igu re 2 1 :6 ) . T he h o lde r i sh o l low , a nd t he U ze s Museum h ave moun ted i to n aw ooden s ha f t a st hough i t w e re ac e remon ia l s t a f f . W e re b i l le si nf a c t i ns ome w ay e mb lema t ic , o ra r e o the r a r chaeo log i s t s c o r rec t i nr e ga rd ing t h em a sp o t te ry s moo the r so ra sf l in tr e touche r s? T he i rr e la t ive ly l ow n umbe r s , t he e ne rgy e xpended i nt h e i rm anu fac tu re , a nd t he p r e sence o fo the r a r t i fac t se qua l ly e f f ic ien t f o r t h e p u rpo se so fp o ts moo th ing a nd f l in tr e tou ch ing w ou ld s e em t oc a s t d oub t o n f unc t iona l i n te rp re ta t ions . T he p a t te rn so ft h e i r i n c idence a nd t he i rr e la t ive ly r e gu la rs i ze s ( Ph i l l ip s ,f o r thcom ing )m ay i n d ica te s ome th ing mo re i n t he w ay o f au n i t o fe xchang e o fr i tua l o rc omme r c ia l v a lue . T he d i s t r ibu t ion o fb o th t he b ra ce le t sa nd t he b i l le s , p a r t i cu la r ly t he p r e sence o fd i f fe ren t ly s haped a nd s i zed p i ece sa tt he s ame s i te ,s ugge s t s( e ven w i thou t p rovenance s t ud ie s ) t ha t t h e se w e re i t ems o fe xchange a nd f o rmed p a r t o ft he g ene ra la r t icu la t ion s y s tem o ft he C ha s seen c u l tu re a r ea . Ac on t ra s t ing d i s t r ibu t ion t ot ha t o ft he s t one b r ace le t si sp rov ided b y t h e d i s t inc t ive c e ram ic a r t i fac t sk nown a sv a se s uppo r t s ( F igu re 2 2 ) . W e l l k nown f r om t h e C amp d e C ha s sey t ype s i te ( Theveno t 1 969 ) , t he se v e s se l sa r er e la t ive ly l e s sk nown i nt he S ou th . G u i la ine , V ague ra nd B ou is se t ( 1976 )h ave r e cen t ly p ub l i shed t h ev a se s uppo r t f r om t he s i te o fB onne -Te r re , O uve i l lan ,A ude , a n o pen -a i r l o ca t ion w i th al i t t le C ha s seen m a te r ia l ,a nd mo re o ft he l a te rV e raza N eo l i th ic . T he v e s se l sc ons i s t o f as o r t o fb r immed p l a te ,l i ke as oup -p la te , s i t t ing o n ar e c tangu la ro rr ound b a se . T h i sw a sc on f i rmed b y t h e i n spe c t ion o ft he O uve i l lan f i nd ,w he re ab r immed p l a te i nd amp c l ay h ad a ppa ren t ly b een p r e s sed o n to a n a l ready h a rd c y l ind r ica l b a se . T he se v e s se l sa r e u sua l ly h i gh ly d eco ra ted i nc on t ra s t t o mo s t o the r C ha s seen c e ram ics , w i th mu l t ip le i n c i sed g eome t r ica l d e s ign s , f i l led w i th w h i te o rr ed i n c ru s ta t ion s . T he d i s t r ibu t ion p a t te rn o ft he v a se s uppo r t s p roduced b yG u i la ine ,V ague ra nd B ou i s se t s how st hem t oh ave b een f ound p r inc ipa l ly i nL anguedoc a nd u p t he c en t ra lR höne V a l ley . T h ree e xamp le sc ome f r om d a ted c on tex t s , i n c lud ing t he S tM iche l -du -Touch g r ave p i t , 3 500 b . c . , a nd L eve l 1 0a t F on t -Juvena l , C onque s , A ude , 3 400 b . c . I tt he re fo re s e emed l i ke ly t oG u i la ine a nd h i s c o l labo ra to r st ha t t he v a se s uppo r t s w e re r ough ly d a tab le t ot he i r ' C la s s ica l C ha s se-e n ' p e r iod , a bou t 3 500 -3000 b . c . i nr ad ioca rbon y ea r s . T he r e la t ive ly h i gh f r equency o f t h e se v a s e t ype s i nL anguedoc a nd t h e c en t ra lR hine V a l ley a nd t h e i r n ea r a b sence f r om P roven ce , p rov ide sa n i n te re s t ing e xamp le o fa r t icu la t ion o n ag r and s c a le b u tn o t o ve r t he e n t i re a r ea o fC ha s seen a s semb lage s .

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H ow w e re s u ch e x change se f fec ted ? T he d i s t r ibu t ion m ap ss e em t os ugg e s tt h a t movemen tb yb o th s e aa nd l a nd w e re i n vo lv ed . T he p r e sen ce o fs om any c ave s i te sm ay d i s to r tt he i mpo r tan ce o fr i ve rv a l ley sf o rt r an spo r ta t ion ,b u td oub t le s sb o th r i ve rv a l ley s a nd p l a in sp l ayed a ni mpo r tan tr o le i nc ommun ica t ion s . S ou th -We s te rn F rench a r cha eo l o g i s t se mpha s ize t he r o le o ft he A ude v a l ley i nA t lan t i c -Med i te r ranean r e la t ion sh ip s , l i nk ing a si td oe st he G a ronne v a l ley a r ea w i th t h eH e rau l tc oa s t l ine . T he r ew e re o bv iou s ly i mpo r tan te x change r ou te sa l ong t he r i ve rv a l ley si nu p land L anguedoc a nd P rov ence a nd i ti sp o s s ib le b u tl e s sw e l l p roven t ha t g ood sp a s sed f r om t he P ov a l ley a r ea a c ro s si n to u ppe rP rovence a nd a c ro s st he l ow land W e s te rn P y renee sf r om I b e r ia i n to S ou th -We s t F rance . I na dd i t ion , t h eN o r th -Sou th c o r r ido r o ft he R höne h a sl o ng b een s ugge s ted a s am a jo r a r te ry f o rp r eh i s to r ic movemen t s . B o th m a r i t ime movemen t sa nd t r an spo r ta t ion a l ong t he v e ry n a r row c oa s ta l s t r ip sc ou ld a l so b es ugg e s ted f o rt he L igu r ia -P rovence l i nk , o rt he A ude v a l ley -Ba r ce lona l i nk . F oo tp a s sag e ,t r an spo r ta t ion b y r a f t s , d ugou t s o r l e a the rc r a f t sc an a l b ee nv i s aged f r om o the r b road ly c on tempo ra ry s o c ie t ie s . A tl e a s t 2 500 y ea r s o fW e s tM ed i te r ranean s e a fa r ing p r e ceded t h e C ha s se en p e r iod ( n ea r ly c e r ta in l y much mo re , p o s s ib ly a s much a st he 8 000 y ea r so fp roven A egean s e a fa r ing ) ,a nd t he m e re f a c t o ft he a c t ive o ccupa t ion o ft he M ed i te r ranean i s l and sa nd t he e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e i rr aw m a te r ia l s , e s pec ia l ly o b s id ian , a tt h i st ime a r gue sf o rr e la t iv e c on f idence i ns e a t r an spo r ta t ion . I ts e em sl i k e ly t h a t mu ch P rov en ca l -Languedo c c ommun i ca t ion w a sv i a t h es e aa nd s e a s ide l a goon sa sw e l la sb yt he i n land r ou te s .

4 3

C hap te r 4 RESOURCE EXPLO ITAT ION

S tud ie so fC ha s s6en r e sou r ce e xp lo i ta t ion s hou ld c ommence w i th t he c on tempo r a r a ry l a nd scape ,f l o ra a nd f a una , a nd o n ly i nt he f i na ls t age c ons ide ri n d iv idua l s i te s . D a ta i ss t i l l t oo s pa r se f o r af i na l a s se s smen t o fe i the rt he l a nds cape o rt he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn , b u tf o r tuna te ly r e cen t a dvance si np o l len a na ly s i sa nd c ha rcoa l s t udy p rov ide a n i mp roved v i ew o ft he e nv i ronmen t i nS ou the rn F rance . When t h ef i r s t a s semb lage s a ppea r , t he A t lan t i c c l ima t ic p ha se i si np rog re s s : t h i sw a rm , r e la t iv e ly h um id p ha se l a s t s u n t i l c . 3000 -2500 b . c . , w hen i ti sr e p laced b y t he S ub -bo rea l . B oth t h e p o l len a nd t he c ha r coa l s t ud ie sh av ee mpha s ized t he e x tens ive d ec iduou s f o re s t c ove r d u r ing t he A t lan t ic p ha se ,a nd t he h i gh l e ve l o fh uman i n te r fe rence w i th t h e t r ee c ove r d u r ing t he M idd le N eo l i th ic . T h i sh uman i n te r fe rence m ay u l t ima te ly h ave c au sed t he r ep lacemen t o fd ec iduou sf o re s t b y e ve rg reen ( ho lm o ak a nd c o rk o ak )f o re s t . T he d i s t r ibu t ion m ap o fC ha s seen s i te sd i s cu s sed i nt he S i te I ndex ( F igu re 2 6 )s how st ha t t he m a jo r i ty w e re s i tua ted b e low c . 500 m . I nh i gh land r e g ions , o ccupa t ion s i te sa r e u sua l ly k nown f r om c ave s i nc l i f f s ide s ,l o ca ted t oe xp lo i t ar ange o fr e sou r ce s , f r om p l a teau t op s t os p r ing so rr i ve rw a te r . A l though s ome moun ta inous r e g ion s mu s th av e b een v i s i ted ( e .g . Mon tV i so t oe xp lo i tt he j a de i te s ou r ce ) ,t he re w a sn o p e rmanen t moun ta in o ccupa t ion . T he l a nd s cape sw h ich n eed t ob ei n ve s t iga ted a r et hu st he c oa s t , i n c lud ing t he c oa s ta l l a goon e dg e sa nd t he c oa s ta l p l a in s ,t h e f oo th i l l sa nd t he h i gh land e dge s . A n i mpor tan tf a c to rf o rs e t t lemen t a nd r e sour ce a va i lab i l i ty f r om t h e m id 5 th m i l lenn ium b . c . o nwa rd s w a st he e s tab l i shmen t o f an ew h i gh s e a leve l , b u t o ne w h ich i n vo lved t he f o rma t ion o f as e r ie s o fl a goon sa nd a n a luv ia l p l a in . I nt h eR höne mou th , w h ich h a sb een s t ud ied i nd e ta i l ( Heu r teaux 1 975 ;P on se ta l . 1 979 ) , a luv ia ll e v e l sf o rmed o ve re a r l ie rg r ave l s , w a te rg r adua l ly c hang ed f r om s a l t t os wee t , a nd al i t to ra l p l a in d eve l o ped , k nown f r om p o l len a na ly s i st oh ave b een e xp lo i ted f r om c . 3300 b . c . o nwa rd s . I th a s a l ready b een s ugge s ted t ha tC ha s se en a s semb lage sa r ef ound a t mo re o pen a i rs i te st han C a rd ia lN eo l i th ic a s semb lage s ; i na dd i t ion , t he i n c rea sed n umbe r s o fC ha s seen s i te s o ve ra l l m ay i n d ica te l a rge r p opu la t ion st han b e fo r e ( w r i t ing i n1 974 ,C ou r t in l i s ted 2 8 P rovença l C a rd ia lN eo l i th ic s i te s— cove r ing s ome 2 000 r a d ioca rbon y ea r s— a sc ompa red w i th 8 0 C ha s seen s i te s ) . C ons ide rab le e f fo r th a sb een e xpended t oa s se s st he C ha s seen e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e i r e nv i ronmen t . I ns ome c a se ss i te t e r r i to ry h a sb een u s ed a st he b a s i sf o rs ugge s t ing l o ca l s t ra teg ie s ( M i l l s 1 975 ;C lu t ton a nd P h i l l ip s 1 981 ) . I no the r c a se ss u rvey o ve r ag i ven a r ea h a sd emons t ra ted t he p a s t e xp lo i ta t ion p a t te rn ( M i l l si nt h eV aunage b a s in ;M i l l sa nd d 'Anna i nt he T re t s b a s in ) . T he i mpo r tan ce o f ac l o se w a te rs upp ly t oC ha s seen p opu l a t ion sh a s b een e mpha s ized . T he p r e sence o fl i gh t s o i l ss u i tab le f o rc l ea rance a nd t i l lage a round s e t t lemen t s i te sh a ss ugge s ted t he i mpo r tance o fc e rea l c r op si nt he e conomy ( e .g . G a sco 1 980b ) . T he f ood r e sou r ce sa va i lab le t oC ha s sben g roup sc ons i s ted o fa n ima l s , p l an t s ,f i sh , s he l l f i sh a nd b i rd s . A l l t h e se r e sou rce sw e re e xp lo i ted i nd i f fe r ing p ropo r t ions d ur ing t he s l ow d eve lopmen to fp ea san ta g r icu l tu re a nd s t ock -keep ing i nS ou the rn F rance . A cco rd ing

4 4

t or e cen ts yn the se s ,t h eh e rd ing o fs heep w a su nde rw ay b yt he b eg inn ing o ft he 6 th m i l lenn ium b . c . , e i the ra st he r e su l to fl o ca l ly d e r ived s pe c ie s( Duco s 1 976 ) o ro fi mpo r t f r om t he C en t ra l M ed i te r ranean ( J ou rdan 1 976 ;G edde s 1 980 ) . T he u s age o fp o t te ry d i d n o tm a rk as ha rp b reak i nl o ca ls ub s i s ten ce p ra c t i ce , a nd s h eep ,t o ge the rw i th l a rge c a t t le , r e d d ee ra nd b oa rc on t inued t ob ee xp lo i ted t h roughou tt he C a rd ia lN eo l i th i c p e r iod . T he f i r s tg oa t sm ay d a te t oc . 5000 b . c . ,t he f i r s ts ma l l c a t t le a r ek nown a tt he s ame d a te , a nd t he f i r s td ome s t i ca ted p i gw e re p robab ly d eve loped c . 4500 b . c . J ou rdan ( 1976 ) s ugg e s t st ha t b o th c a t t le a nd p i gw e re l o ca l ly d ome s t ica ted ,a ni n te re s t ing mode li nv i ew o ft h e c on t inued r e cu r ren ce o fb o th l a rg ec a t t le ( Bo sp r im ig en iu s )a nd b oa r( Su ss c rof a ) i nC ha s sgen f auna l a s s emb lag e s . T he se s ma l le rd ome s t i ca ted s pe c ie sc on t inued t ob e e xp lo i ted i ng r adua l ly i n c rea s ing n umbe r st h roughou tt he C a rd ia lN eo l i th ic , t hough t h e re i sc on s ide r ab le v a r ia t ion i nt he f a una l a s s emb lag e s r e co rded ( f rom n ea r ly c omp le te ly d ome s t ica ted i n v en to r ie sa tL a te C a rd ia ls i te ss u ch a sL eB a ra t in ,C ou r thezon ,V auc lu s e , a nd E s can in 2 ,L e sB aux ,B ou che s -du -Rhöne , t oc on t inued h i gh p ropo r t ion so fh un ted s pe c ie sa tt he o pen a i rs i te o fR ou cadou r ,T hem ine s ,L o t , a nd t he c ave so fC amp r a faud , F e r r i& e s -Pou s sa rou , H e rau l ta nd F on tb re goua ,S a le rne s ,V a r ) . B yc on t r a s t ,a tC ha s seen s i te s , w he the ra n ima l b one sa r eq uan t i f ied e i the ro n t h eb a s i so fm in imum n umbe r s o f i n d iv idua l so ro nt he b a s i so ff r agmen t s , n o t o n ly d o c a t t le a nd /o rs heep p rov ide t he m a jo r i ty o ff a una lr ema in si nn ea r ly e v e ry c a se , b u tc a t t le r ep re s en tt h eg r ea te s tm ea t w e igh t ,a ga in i nn ea r ly e v e ry c a s e ( Ph i l l ip s 1 972 ;J ou rdan 1 976 ; Mon t ja rd in 1 979 ) . A sf a ra sp l an tf ood sa r ec once rned ,l o ca lv e tche sa nd o the rl e gume sa r er epo r ted f r om E p ipa laeo l i th i c l e ve l so ft h eA beu rado rc ave ,F e l ine s -M ine rvo i s ,H e rau l t ,a nd f r om t he F on tb regoua c ave , a nd c on t inue t ob er e co rded d u r ing t he C a rd ia la nd C ha s seen p e r iod s . A co rn sa r er e co rded f r om an umbe ro fE p ipa leo l i th i c a nd C a rd ia lN eo l i th ic s i te s . C e rea l si nt he f o rm o fw hea t sa nd b a r ley s( T r i t i cum d i coccum , T .a e s t i vo compactum a nd H ord eu m v u lg a r e ) b e came a v a i lab le i nS ou the rn F r an ce d u r ing t he c ou r se o ft he 5 th m i l lenn ium b . c . ( E r roux 1 976 ) . T r i t i cum m onococcum i sf i r s tr epo r ted d u r ing t he C ha s seen . C ha s seen p opu la t ion st hu sh ad aw ide r ang e o fp l an t sf o r p o s s ib le c o l le c t ion o rc u l t iva t ion . S ub s i s tence i n forma t ion f r om C ha s seen s i te sh a sb een i n co rpo ra ted i n to t wo t a b le s( B ib le 5a nd T ab le 6 ) . T ab le5 l i s t st he 4 1 f auna lr epo r t su nde rs i xa r ea h ead ing s , b a s ed o n g eomo rpho log i ca l a nd c l ima to log ica ld i f fe rence s . P oo rp r e s e rv a t ion h a sh i nde red r e cove ry o fa n ima lr ema in sf r om an umbe ro fs i te s , b u ti ti sn one the le s ss u rp r i s ing t ha t 2 5 s i te si nt he S i te I ndex h ave p roduced b one o ra n t le rt oo l s ,b u ta ppa ren t ly n oa n ima l b one s . P o s s ib ly l a ck o fi n te re s tb ye a r l ie re x cava to r s , p l u sr e po r t si np rog re s s b u tn o t c omp le te , a c coun t b e tween t h em f o r t h i sd i s c repancy . I nt he S ou the rn M a s s i fC en t ra lt he re w e re o ak g rove sa nd l a rg es t and so fh a ze l d u r ing t h e A t lan t i c , w i th a n e x ten s ion o fb ee ch b eg inn ing a bou t 3 000 b . c . ,w h ich i s t a ken a st he b ounda ry w i th t h eS ub -bo rea l ( De B eau l ieu 1 976 ) . O ft he 1 2s i te ss i tua ted i nt h i sz one , mo s tr e l ied r e la t ive ly h eav i ly o nc a t t le ,e i the rs ma l l o rl a rg es i zed . 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i bex 5 .6% 1 1%

x

C oas t s x x

x x

x

x

x

x

x

x

S outhern A lps 1 11 1 12 1 26 1 29 1 30

P er tus 2 S t B eno i t B au me -Sourde A rnaud Antonna ire

x 1 3%

x

x

x

x

4 .9% x

x

x =p resen t

TABLE 5 : FA UNAL RE MAINS FRO M CHASSEEN S ITES I NS IX AREAS OF SO UTHERN FRA NCE

4 6

. 4 . 4 C e

E a . . .

U 3

7 . C J

r : . ' .

CI

0

2

e

N . e 0

. .

L .

e

e

. 0

t r i e b . o . 0

e e e c e

C . ;

e e L. e

4 . . e e e

d igg ing s t ick w t

x

x

x 2%

x x x 1 4%

x x 8%

x

x

x x

x

5 7% 3 5% x x

x x x

x

x x x x

x

x x x

x

x

x x

x x

x

h a re

x x

x

5 0%

x

x x x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x x

1 0%

x

x x x

b adge r

x

x h oes x

x x

w i ld c a t

4 .86%

5 0 -70% 3 0% 6 4%

6 5%

1 .8% 7%

4 .32%

1 .3%

2 .3% s i ck le b lades

4 7

mo s t o ft hem . Ag enu ine ly m ixed e conomy s e em st ob er e p re sen ted ,w i th a n ima ld ome s t i ca t ion b e ing p u r sued l o ca l ly . T he p l a in so fE a s te rn a nd W e s te rn L anguedo c a nd W e s te rn P rovence w e re w e l l w ooded d u r ing t he A t lan t i c ,w i th o v e r 5 0% t r ee p o l len i nt he p o l len d i ag rams ( P lancha i s 1 976 ) . D e c iduou sa nd h o lm o ak s( e ve rg reen o n ly ) a r er e p re sen ted , w i th s ome p i ne ,l i me a l de r , b i r ch a nd e lm . W i th t he o n se to ft he S ub -bo rea l , a bou t 3 000 b . c . ,t h eo ak f o re s t r e duce sg r adua l ly i nf a vou ro ft he p i ne sa nd l i me t ree s . A t t he s e ven s i te sl o ca ted i nt h i s a r ea ,s ma l lc a t t le u sua l ly f o rm a n i mpo r tan t p e r cen tag e o ft he f a una lr ema in s ,w i th l a rge c a t t le o n ly b e ing r ep re sen ted b y af ew b one s . P i ga nd b oa ra r ev e ry i mpo r tan t ,a nd a r e u sua l ly s e pa ra ted i nt he i n ven to r ie se x cep ta tt he S tM i che l -du -Touch s i te . S heep o rg oa t v a ry i ni mpo r tan ce , a nd f o rm u pt oo ne t h i rd o ft he f a una lr ema in sa to ne s i te . R ed d ee r a nd r oe d ee r a r ep r e sen ti nt wo W e s tL anguedo c f a una ll i s t s ,a nd h o r se b one sa r er epo r ted f r om E a s t L anguedoc a nd S tM iche l -du -Tou ch . T he re a r ea l so i n d i ca t ion so ff i sh ing a t t h r ee o ft he s i t e s ,a nd n ea r ly a l t he s i te sh ave s ome e v idence o fa g r icu l tu re i nt h ef o rm o f e i the rc e rea l g r a in so rq ue rn s . T hu sa c ro s st he p l a in st h e re i sg ood e v idence f o r am ixed e conomy ,t hough w i th l e s sa n ima ld ome s t ica t ion b e ing u nde r tak en . I nt he P y renee s ,w he re f i r a nd o ak a r ep reva len ti nt h eA t lan t i c ,a nd t he S ub -bo rea l b eg in sa pp rox ima t e ly 3 000 b . c . w i th t he i n c rea se i nb i r ch ,t he re i sc l ea re v idence o ft he e f f ec t o f man o n t h ep o l len d i ag ram s( J a lu t 1 976 ;1 977 ) . U n fo r tuna te ly t h eC ha s sgen s i te sf r om t h i s a r ea l a ck a c cu ra te f auna lr epo r t s ,a nd a l t h a ti sk nown i st ha ts ome a g r ic u l tu ra le qu ipmen t( que rn s , p o s s ib le d i gg ing s t i ck w e igh t s )a nd f i sh ing e qu ipmen tw e re f ound i nt hem . T he P y renee sw ou ld h ave b e en m a in ly u s ed f o ra n ima lp a s tu r ing . C on s ide rab le d e ta i lh a sb een g i ven f o rt he c l ima te o fS ou th -Ea s te rn F ran ce b y R enau l t -M i skov sky ( 1976 )a nd T r ia t -Lava l ( 1978 ) . M i skov sky s e pa ra te st h ec oa s ta l a r ea f r om t he i n land a r ea , a nd d a te st he b eg inn ing o ft h eS ub -bo rea l t oa pp rox ima te ly 2 500 b . c . I nt he i n land a nd l ime s tone a r ea so fP rovence , d e c iduou s o ak , a l eppo p i ne a nd M ed i t e r ran S ite No .

S ite

P lant f oods

V i l leneuve -To losane ( Haute Ga ronne)

c a rbon ized c e rea ls

1 0

P yram ide ( Ta rn )

c a rbon ized g ra ins a nd b e r r ies

1 4

P erte d u C ros ( Lot )

wheat s 3 /4 : n aked b a r ley 1 /4 ( emme r 3 .7 : b read whea t 1 )

6

1 5

Roucadour ( Lot )

c arbon ized g ra in

1 6

F ont -Juvena l ( Aude )

em mer , b readwhea t , b a r ley .G a l l ium , a co rns

2 6

S arge l 1( Avey ron )

c a rbon ized c erea ls , a co rns , n uts

3 8

Abeurado r ( Heräu l t )

c a rbon ized g ra in

4 1

G rot te L a Made le ine ( He rau l t)

emme r , b readwhea t , b a r ley

9 3

G rotte C ( Va r )

em me r , b readwheat , h u l led b a r ley , v etch , c h ickpea

9 4

E g l ise , u pper n etwo rk ( Var )

c a rbon ized g ra ins , a corns

9 5

G ro t te G ( Va r )

emme r , b readwhea t , h u l led b a r ley , c h ickpea , b road b ean , v e tch , a co rn

9 8

F ontbregoua ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence)

1 5% e inkorn , 5 0% em mer , 3 5% b readwheat , a corns

1 07

G ro t te Muree ( A lpe s d e H aute P rovence )

emmer , b readwhea t , h u l led b a r ley , a co rns

1 15

L a C aucade ( A lpe s Ma r it ime s )

c a rbon ized g ra in

1 23

L a Rober te ( Dröme )

c a rbon ized g ra in

1 29

A rnaud ( Dröme )

T r i t icum v u lgare , T . t urg id um , emmer

1 30

Antonna ire ( Dröme )

4 5% emmer , 4 5% b readwhea t , 2 0% b ar ley

TABLE 6 A: EV IDENCE OF PLA NT FOODS FRO M SOUTHERN CHASSEEN S ITES

4 8

e an s pe c ie sa r e w ide ly r ep re sen ted , w i th l e s sh o lm o ak t han t oday . T ree c ove r v a r ied i n e x ten t d u r ing t he A t lan t ic ,r a the rs u rp r i s ing ly w i th amax imum e x tens ion a ta bou t 2 500 b . c . , t he b ounda ry b e tween t he A t lan t ic a nd t he S ub -bo rea l ( Renau l t -M i skov sky 1 976 ) . A t t he 1 5 s i te sf r om i n land S ou th -Ea s tF rance , t he p ropor t ion o fc a t t le ( sma l l c a t t le ) v a r ie sf r om af ew t oa bou t at h i rd o ft h ef a una lr ema in s . C a t t le a r e o n ly p r epon d e ran ta to ne s i te , t h e P end imoun c av e . B yc on t ra s t , p ropo r t ion so fs heep a nd g oa t a r e r e gu la r ly h i gh , v a ry ing b e tween 3 0% a nd 6 0% e x cep ta tt he U nang c ave . T he f a una l a na ly s t sc l ea r ly s epa ra te p i ga nd b oa ra ta l s i te s , a nd t he se a n ima l sr ep re sen tu pt o 1 1% o ft he t o ta lf auna lr ema in s . R ed d ee ra c coun tf o r 5 0% o ft he a n ima l b one sa tU nang c ave , b u t e l sewhe re ,a l though r e gu la r ly r epo r ted , o n ly f o rm as ma l l p a r t o ft h er e sou r ce s . H or se i sr e p re sen ted o n ly a tt he B a r r ie ra c ave . R abb i t sa r e r e po r ted r egu la r ly o n ly f r om t he V e rdon v a l ley . N ine o ft he c ave sh ave e i the rq ue rn s o rc e rea l g r a in st oi nd ica te a g r i c u l tu re , a nd t wo r e co rd f i nd s o ff i shbone so rf i sh ing e qu ipmen t . I ng ene ra l , s h eep a nd g oa t s e em t ob e t he mo s t i mpo r tan t a n ima lr e sour ce i nt h i sa r ea ,w i th a g r i cu l tu re a l so p l ay ing a n i mpo r tan tr o le . O n t he P roven ça lc oa s t , R enau l t -M i skov sky s ugge s t st ha t d u r ing t he A t lan t ic p e r iod t he re w a s ac o -ex i s tence o ft he s ub -Med i te r ranean d ec iduou s o ak f o re s ta nd t h e h o lm o ak , w i th h aze l e xpand ing b e fo re t he b i gt r ee s . I nL anguedoc c o rk o ak a nd h aze l w e re t he mo s tc ommon s pec ie s . O ve rt he C ha s seen p e r iod ,t he h o lm o ak w a sg ene ra l ly e xpand ing a tt he e xpen se o ft he d ec iduou so ak , p o s s ib ly p a r t ly d ue t oh uman i n te r fe rence ( Renau l t -M i skov sky 1 976 ) . U nfo r tuna te ly ,s i te r epor t sf r om t he s e ven c oa s ta l l o ca t ion s l o ca t ion si nL anguedoc a nd P rovence h ave n o tp rov ided p e rcen tage d e ta i l so ft he f auna l r ema in s . C a t t le a ppea rt o b er e la t ive ly i mpo r tan t ,w i th s heep a nd g oa t , p a r t i cu la r ly g oa t a tt he L aM ade le ine c ave ,a l so o fi mpo r tance . S ix o ft h es e ven s i te sh ave e v idence f o r f i sh ing , i n c lud ing d eep sea s pec ie ss u ch a ss e a -b ream a nd t unny . T he re i sn om en t ion o f h o r se , a nd l i t t le men t ion o fp i go rb oa r . O n ly t wo h ave p roduced d e f in i te e v idence f o r a g r icu l tu re . H oweve r , a g r icu l tu re m ay w e l lh ave b een w ide sp read b ecau se p o l len a na ly s t s f i nd r e la t ive ly l i t t le t r ee p o l len i ns amp le sf r om a r chaeo log ica l s i te s , a nd c on s ide rt ha t man i n f luenced t he e nv i ronmen t f r om t h e P r e -bo rea l o nwa rds , m ak ing p a r t icu la r ly b i gi n road s d u r ing t he A t lan t ic ,s ot ha t t he t opmo s tl e ve l o ft h eC hä teauneu f le s -Ma r t igue ss t ra t ig raphy , f o ri n s tance , c on ta ined v i r tua l ly n o t r ee s( Renau l t -M i skov sky 1 976 ) . F ina l ly , i nt he S ou the rn A lp s , p i ne ,b i rch a nd o ak a r er ep re sen ted ,w i th a n e x ten s i on o v e rt ime o ff i ra tt he e xpen se o ft h e o the rt r ee s . T he c ommencemen t o ft h eS ub b o rea l h e re i sn o tv e ry c l ea r , b u tc ou ld b ea se a r ly a s2 730 b . c . ( De B eau l ieu 1 976 ) . T he f i ve s i te sl o ca ted i nt h i sa r ea d o n o t h ave v e ry g ood f auna l i n forma t ion ,b u t o ne s i te , S tB eno i t ,h a s ah i ghe r p ropo r t ion o fs heep /goa t t han o fc a t t le . P i ga nd b oa r , d og a nd r ed d ee ra r er ep re sen ted , b u t t he re i sn or epo r t o fh o r se . F ou r o ft he f i v e S ou the rn A lp ine s i te s h ave e i the rc e rea lg r a in r ema in so rq ue rn so rs i ck le b l ade st oi nd ica te a g r icu l tu ra l p u r su i t s . Af u r the rt wo s i te sh ave p roduced c a rbon ized c e rea l s , b u tn o a n ima l b one s . T he F ranc in p o l len a na ly s i s a l so i n d ica te sc e rea lc u l t iva t ion . T he p r e sence o fh o r se i nF rench M idd le N eo l i th ic a s semb lage si s af a c tw e l l k nown t of auna l a na ly s t s , b u t t he o r ig in o ft he s pec ie s , a nd i t sr o le i nt he e conomy ,h ave n o t b een d eba ted r e cen t ly . H o r se b one sa r ef ound i na n e a r ly 6 th m i l lenn ium b . c . c on tex t a tG rama r i ,V auc lu se ; t hey m ay b ed e s cended f r om l o ca l p o s t -P le i s tocene a n ima l s , o r r ep re sen ta n e a r ly p r e -po t te ry i mpo r t l i ke t he s heep . T hey w e re o n ly e xp lo i ted i ns ma l l n umbe r sd ur ing t he C ha s seen , a ppa ren t ly a s af ood r e sou r ce .

4 9

S i te No .

S ite

L and a nd mar ine mo l luscs

F ish

1 0

P yra m ide ( Ta rn)

f r eshwa ter mus se l

f i shbone

1 1

C apdenac le -Haut ( Lot )

2 3

Aus s i res ( Aude)

c ock le

b i rdbone

2 6

S arge l 1( Aveyron)

c ock le

s a lmon v er tebra

4 0

L abe i l ( Hg rau lt )

s he l lf ish

f i sh e arbone

4 1

L a Made le ine c ave ( Hg rau lt )

c ock le , s ca l lop , Murex

p a la t in

4 4

F ont Mars ( Hgrau l t)

mus se l , o ys ter , f an s he l l , l impet

4 3

F ont d e T rou i l ly ( Hgrau lt )

s he l lf ish

4 6

Mou l in d e S auret ( H6 rau lt )

c ock le , C o lumbe l la f an s he l l

4 8

L a Made le ine ( Hg rau lt )

4 9

R edon ( Hgrau l t)

5 1

L ou L avous ( Ga rd)

c ock le

5 7

V i l leneuve les -Av ignon ( Ga rd)

s he l lf ish

6 2

L atrone ( Ga rd)

mus se l , c ock le

6 4

Mazaur ic ( Herau lt )

s he l lf ish

6 6

S t V6 r6de me ( Hgrau l t )

mus se l , c ock le , C o lumbe l la , r ayed t rough s he l l

7 0

M iouv in ( Bouches -du -Rhöne)

s helf ish

S t J u l ian ( Bouches -du -Rh Ue)

s he l lf ish

7 9

D e lubre ( Bouches -du -Rhöne)

D enta l ium ( tusk s he l l

8 3

L a B e r taude ( Vauc lu se )

P ectoncu lus , c ock le , f r eshwa te r mus se l

8 4

P io lenc ( Vauc luse)

s he l lf ish

9 1

F ra ischamp 2 ( Vauc luse)

s he l lf ish

9 3

G rot te C ( Va r )

• E g l ise , m idd le n e twork ( Va r )

l o t s o f f i shbone

s ea -b ream , t unny

7 1

9 4

B i rds

f i sh e a rbone

b i rds

f i sh v er teb rae

b i rdbone

wood -p igeon , magp ie , g rey p ar t r idge c ock le , c om mon c er ith

9 4

E g l ise , u pper n etwork ( Va r )

mus se l

9 5

G rot te G ( Var )

t usk s he l l

9 6

B ord d e l ' Eau ( Va r )

mus se l , c ock le , b arnac le

1 07

G rotte Murge ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence )

mus se l

1 10

S t M it re ( A lpes d e Haute P rovence)

C o lumbe l la

1 13

P end i moun ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence )

l impet s

1 12

S t B eno it ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence)

c ock le

1 14

B arr iera ( A lpesMa r i t ime s )

l impet se tc .

1 15

L a C aucade ( A lpes -Ma r it imes )

s he l lf ish

1 19

S igot t ier ( Hau te -A lpes )

t usk s he l l

1 33

B a rne -B igou ( I s&e)

c ock le

f i sh v er teb rae

TABLE 6 B : EV IDENCE OF MARINE MOLL USCS , F ISH AND B IRDS FRO M SOUTHERN CHASSEEN S ITES

5 0

E ven a l low ing f o rt he d e f ic ien c ie so ft he d a ta , t he re n one the les ss e ems t ob es ome b road c o r re la t ion o fr e sou r ce a dap ta t ion w i th t he d i f fe ren tg eomo rpho log ica l a nd c l ima t ic a r ea s . R ed d ee ra nd f u r -bea r ing a n ima l sa r ep oo r ly r e p re sen ted t h ioughout ,e x cep ti n r a re c a se s . T he i mpo r tance o ff i sh ing i sc l ea re s ta tt h e c oa s ta l s i te s . T he r e la t iv en umbe r s o fc a t t le a nd s heep v a ry ,w i th t he f o rme rb e ing mo re n ume rous i nt he Ma s s i fC en t ra l a nd t he L anguedoc P l a in sa nd t he l a t te rb e ing mo re n ume rou si nt he S ou th -Ea s te rn i n land a nd c oa s ta lr e g ion s . P i ga nd b oa ra r eu t i l ized w ide ly ,b u tr e ach t he i r g r ea te s ti mpo r tance i n t he Ma s s i fC en t ra l a nd t h eL anguedo c p l a in s . E v idence o fa g r icu l tu re ( by c e rea l s o r q ue rn s ) i sb y n o m ean su n ive r sa l a nd t h i si st r ue f o r b o th c ave a nd o pen -a i rs i te s . I ti s n o tc l ea rw he the rt he re a r ed e f ic ienc ie si nr epo r t ing c a rbon ized g r a in s ,s i ck le b l ade so r q ue rn so rw he the rt he se a r en o t af e a tu re o fe v ery C ha s seen s i te . H oweve r ,a l t he s i x a r ea s , i n c lud ing t he P y renee s ,h av es ome e v idence f o rl a nd c l ea rance a nd c e rea l c u l t iva t ion . T ab le 6l i s t st h e c e rea l sa nd o the rp l an tf ood sf ound a t1 7C ha s seen s i te s . T ab le 6a l so l i s t st he f ew r epo r ted i n s tance s o ff i shbone s( much o ft he e v idence f o rf i sh ing i sc i rcum s tan t ia l ,c on s i s t ing o ff i shhook so rn e twe igh t s ) . I ta l so l i s t ss i te s w he re b i rdbone sa nd mo l lu s cs he l l sh ave b een f ound . A sw i l l b es e en f r om t he l i s t , b r eadwhea t , e mme ra nd b a r ley w e re f a i r ly w ide sp read o n C ha s seen s i te s , a nd v a r iou sv e tche sa nd b ean sa r e a l so r epo r ted . A co rn sa nd b e r r ie s a l so a ppea rf r om t ime t ot ime i nt he i n ven to r ie s . U n fo r tuna te ly t he re a r ef ew d e ta i l sa st ot he s pec ie so ff i sh o rb i rd sc ap tu red , w h i le t he mo l lu s cs r epo r ted m ay n o tn e ce s sa r i ly h ave b een p a r to ft h e d i e t . S na i l s may h ave b ecome i n co rpo ra ted i nt he a r chaeo log ica ld epo s i tn a tu r a l ly . H oweve r ,i nt he c a se o ft he 1 00 ,000 s na i l sf ound i n ap i t a tV i l leneuve -To lo sane ,H au te G a ronne ( Vague r , p e r s .c omm . ) ,i ts e ems l i ke ly t ha ts ome d e l ibe ra te c o l lec t ing p o l icy w a si n vo lved . O f t he 3 1 s i te sl i s ted a sh av ing p roduce c t p i e ce so fm a r ine mo l lu s c s he l l ,n ea r ly a l a r e i n land o ne s , w i th o n ly L aM ade le ine a nd Wze , H e rau l t ,a nd M iouv in ,B ouche sd u R hone l y ing r e la t ive ly c l o se t ot he s e a . T he se s i te sa r e t he o ne sw he re s he l l f i sh h ave b een f ound i nl a rge q uan t i t ie s , a nd w he re t h ey w e re p r e sumab ly af ood r e sou rce . T he i n land s i te sp roduce s ma l ln umbe r so fm a r ine mo l lu s c s ,a nd a ta tl e a s t t h ree s i te st he s he l ls w e re p e r fo.r a ted ( S ta t ion d eL a Made le ine ,H e rau l t ;L aB e r taude ,V auc lu se ;a nd S tM i t re ,A lpe s d e H au te P rovence ) : t h i ss e ems t os ugg e s ts ome s o r t o fd eco ra t ive o re mb lema t ic u se f o r t he s he l l s . T hey m ay w e l lh ave b een b rough ti n mo re a s av a lued g ood o re xchang e i t em t han a s af ood r e sou r ce . An umbe r o f' c hee se s t ra ine r s 'h ave b een r epo r ted f r om C ha s seen s i te s( e .g . F igu re 2 1 :2 ) ,s ugge s t ing t he p o s s ib i l i ty t ha tm i lk a nd c hee se p roduc t sw e re a l so c on sumed . O n t he e v idence o fT ab le s 5a nd 6 ,i ti ss ugge s ted t h a t a g r i cu l tu re ,a nd c a t t le a nd s heep r a i s ing ( ma in ly f o r mea t p rodu c t s? )w e re ma jo rC ha s seen r e sou r ce s t ra teg ie s , a nd t ha t t he m a jo r i ty o fs i te sw ou ld h ave b een c ho sen w i th o ne o r mo re o ft he se s t ra teg ie s i nm ind .

5 1

C hap te r 5 P RE -CHASSFEN AND P OST -CHASSEEN MATER IAL CULTURE AND THE CULTURE -H ISTOR ICAL V IEW OF THE CHASSEEN

C u l tu re h i s to r ian sv i ew C ha s s gen a s semb lage sa s au n i t ,a nd a c coun tf o rt hem i n o ne o ft wo m a in w ay s ,e i the ra s ar e su l t o fd i f fu s ion ,u sua l ly f r om I t a ly , o ra s ar e su l t o f l o ca le vo lu t ion ,p robab ly i nL anguedoc . P roponen t so ft he f i r s t mode lh ave i n c luded R oud i l ( 1973 )a nd C ou r t in ( 1976 ) ; p roponen t so ft he s e cond p o in to fv i ew h ave i n c luded G u i la ine ( 1974 )a nd V ague r( 1975 ) . I nc u l tu re -h i s to r ica l d e s c r ip t ion so ft h ee nd o ft h eC ha s sgen , mo s ta r chaeo log i s t sa g ree t ha t n ew a s semb lag e sr e pre s en tl o ca l d eve lopmen tf r om t h eC ha s söen i t s e l f( Co s tan t in i 1 978 ;G u the r z 1 980 ) . E s ca lon d e F on ton ( 1959 )v i ewed t h eC ha s seen a s aw ho l ly i n t ru s ive c u l tu ra l p a ckag e ,b u tr e cen tr e sea rche r sh ave o n ly a r gued f o r mod i f ied d i f fu s ion ,p r inc ipa l ly i n t he f o rm o fc e ram ic s . B o th C ou r t in a nd R oud i lh ave d rawn a t ten t ion t ot h es im i la r i t ie s o fd eco r a t ive d e s ign so nC ha s sgen w a re sa nd s ome I t a l ian w a re s ,p a r t icu la r ly t h eN o r th I t a l ian s qua re -mou thed v e s s e l s ,a nd h ave s ugg e s ted t ha tI t a l ian i n f luence sm ay h av e c au sed s ome o ft he c hang e sv i s ib le a tt h e b eg inn ing o ft he C ha s sgen p er iod ( e .g .R oud i l 1 973 ) . T he a rgumen tf o rl o ca le vo lu t ion i sb a sed o n as e r ie so fc ave s t ra t ig raph ie s ,a nd o no ne o pen -a i rs equence a tE s can in ( Bouche s -du -Rhöne ) . B y 1 970 t h r ee s i te s ,S a rg e lI , E s can in 2a nd C amp ra faud ,h ad p roduced a s s emb lage si nl e ve ls p reced ing t yp ica l C ha s sg en a s s emb lage sw h ich s e emed t oi n d ica te a ne vo lu t ion f r om t h el a te C a rd ia li n t ho se a r ea s . F ind sf r om t he Mon tbo lo c av es i te i nt he P y renee sw e re p ub l i shed af ew y ea r sl a te r ( Gu i la ine 1 974 ) ,w i th t h e c l a im t ha th e re a l so w a sa n a s semb lag ea n ce s t ra l t o t h eC ha s sgen . D u r ing t he 1 970 s ar ange o fn ew E p iCa rd ia le xcava t ions ,a nd i d en t i f ica t ion o fM idd le N eo l i th ic p ha s e so f an on -Chas seen k i nd i nS ou the rn F rance i n d ica ted t ha tt he i mmed ia te ly p re -Cha s s een p e r iod ( c .4500 -3600 b . c . )w a sv e ry v a r ied i nt e rms o fb o th a r t i fa c ta s s emb lag e sa nd s ub s i s tence b a se . I ti sw o r th c on s ide r ing b r ie f ly s ome o ft h ed i f f e rence sb e tween t he E p iCa rd ia l , t he ` non -Cha s seen 'M idd le N eo l i th ic ,a nd t h et yp ica lC ha s sg en . T he E p iCa rd ia lp o t tery r epe r to ry ,w h ich i sr e g iona l ly d i s t inc t ive a nd p robab ly i n c lude ss u ch g roup sa sG . -B . A rna l ' s Tag ien ' ,v a r ie si ns e v e ra ld i s t inc tw ay sf r om t h eC ha s s gen . P l a s t ic c o rdon so r p a s t i l les a r ef r equen t ,w h i le c hanne l so ri mp r es s ion sm ay d eco ra te t he s u r face so ft he v e s se l s . T he p o t te ry i so f ten t h icke r -wa l led t han t he C ha s s gen ,a nd i so f ten i nr e dd i sh o r l i gh tb rown c o lou r sa so ppos ed t ot he d a rke rb rown C ha s s gen w a re s . T he f l in ti s t yp ica l ly manufa c tu red i n to l a rg e rs i zed b l ade sa nd f l akes t han t he C ha s sgen ,a nd t h e c o lour o ft he f l in t ,e spe c ia l ly i nL anguedoc ,i sv e ry v a r ied . ` Non -Cha s sgen 'M idd le N eo l i th ic p o t te ry ' s ty le sa l so d i f fe rf r om t he C ha s sgen . O ne g roup o fc e ram ics— the B iz ien—named a f te r t h eG ro t te d eB ize ( Aude ) ,h a sy e tt ob e f ound i n as e cu re s t ra t ig raph ic c on tex t , b u ti sa s sumed t op r ecede t h eC ha s sg en ( Gu i la ine 1 970b a nd i np r e s s ) . B iz ien c e ram ics d i f f e rf r om t he C ha s s een i nt ha t ,a l though t hey a r e i n c is ed ,t he i n c i s ion w a su sua l ly c a r r ied o u tw hen t h e p o t te ry w a sd amp ,s ot ha t t h e e dg e so ft h ed e s ign a r er ough a nd d eep . I na dd it ion ,d o td e s igns a r e p r eva len ta nd m eande rl i ne se nc lo se s h a l low ly c u tc r i s s cro s sd e s ign s . T he v a se sa r e o f ten g l obu la r , w i th v e ry f l a r ing n eck s , n o t as t anda rd C ha s sgen s hape . A sf o rt he q ua l i ty o ft h ep o t te ry , 5 2

t h e w a l l sa r er a the rt h icke rt han i nt he C ha s s een r e pe r to ry ,a l though t h ey a r ew e l lp o l i shed , a nd V ague rs t a te st ha tt h ef i l le ri sn o ta sw e l l g r ound a si nC ha s s öen v e s s e l s( Vague r 1 975 , p .24 ) . U n l ike t he B i z ien ,t h e Mon tbo lo ( Py renee sO r ien ta le s )a s s emb lag ew a sf ound i ns i tu ,a nd r e cen te x cava t ion sb yB a i l l sa tt he G ro t t e d el aC hance ( Py r6ne e sO r ien ta le s ) a r e a t temp t ing t oi d en t i fy i t sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t he o v e r ly ing C ha s s een ( Roud i l 1 980 ) . Mon tbo lo s t y le sa pp ea rt ob e c on f ined t ot he P y renean a r ea . T hey d i f f e rf r om t h e C ha s s een i nl a ck ing t r ue c a r ina t ed b ow l s ,t hough t he re a r e s phe r i ca lv e s s e l sa nd h em i s p he r i ca lb ow l s ; p l a s t i c a dd i t ion si n c lude f l a tr i bbon h and le sa nd l o ng ,v e r t ica l ly p e r fo ra ted l u g s( Gu i la ine 1 974 ) . Y e ta no the r p r e -Cha s seen M idd le N eo l i th ic f a c ies h a sb een d e tec ted a tt he F on tb r egoua c a ve ( Va r ) ,w he re t he f a vou r i te d eco ra t iv e t e chn ique i st ha t o ff i ne n a i l o rc omb i mp re s s ion sa r rang ed h o r izon ta l ly o ri nc hev ron s ,a nd f i l led w i th w h i t e c o lou ran t . B o th t h i ss t y le o fd eco ra t ion , a nd t he e x i s t ence o f av e ry i regu la rc h ipped s t one i n du s t ry ,f o rm e l emen t so fc on t ra s tw i th t h eG ha s s een l e ve l sw h ich f o l low i nt h e F on tb r ögoua s t ra t ig raphy ( E s ca lon d eF on ton 1 980 ) . T he t h ree s i te sw h ich w e r e d e s cr ibed i n1 970 a ss how ing a ne vo lu t ion b e twe en t he E p iCa rd ia l a nd t h eC ha s s öen , p rodu ced mo r ef l ow ing c e ram i c s h ape st han t h e C ha s s een ,w i th f ew e rc a r ina ted v e s s e l s( Gu i la ine 1 970a ,P h i l l ip s 1 975 ) . A tS e rge l I , S tR ome -de -C e rnon ,A v ey ron ,i nL ev e l s 1 1 -12 ,t he p o t te ry w a sf i ne -wa l led a nd h i gh ly p o l i shed ,i nl i gh t b rown o ro rang eh ug s ; t he re w a sn o i n c i s ed d eco ra t ion ,b u tt he v e s s e l s d i d b ea rh o r i zon ta l mu l t i -pe r fo ra ted l u g s . A t E s can in 2 ,L e sB aux ,B ou che s -du -Rhöne , t he w a l l so ft he p o t sw e re r a the rt h icke rt han i nt yp ica lC ha s s een c e ram i cs ,a nd t he s imp le g l obu la rv e s s e l sb o re v e ry l a rg el u g s ,s ome t ime sw i th ad oub le l o be . A tC amp r a faud ( H e rau l t ) ,t he f l a sk l ike v e s s e l sh ad l a rg er i bbon h and le s . A ta l t h ree o ft he s e s i te st he l i th i c i n du s t ry i n c luded s ome h oney co lou red b l ade s . I tc an t hu sb es e en t ha tt h e E p iCa rd ia l s i te se x ca va ted p r io rt o1 970 o r mo r e r e cen t ly ( B aume d 'Ou l l in s ,H ö r au l t ;G ro t te d el ' A ig le ,H e rau l t ;B aume B ou rbon ,G a rd ; G ro t te d eG aze ! ,A ude ;F on t Juv ena l ,A ude ;a nd C hä teauneuf le s -Ma r t igue s ,B ou che s -du R höne ) , t og e the rw i th t he s uppo s ed ly e a r ly M idd le N eo l i th i c a s s emb lag e s ,p rov ide a p l e tho ra o fp r e -Cha s s e-e n c e ram i c v a r ie ty ,a nd s ome p o in t so fc on t ra s ti nt he l i th ic i n du s t r ie s . T he re a r ea l so e a r ly d a te sf o rC ha s seen look ing c e ram i c d e s ign si nt h eH au t e L o i re , a tt he s i te so fL eP i rou ,L e sR ivaux a nd O radou f a rt ot h eN o r th o ft h eS ou the rn C ha s s öen c o r e z one ( Houd rö a nd V i ta l 1 979 ) . Mo s t o ft h er e s ea rche r sw ho h ave d i s cu s s ed p os t -Cha s s öen s i te so rl e v e l ss ugg e s t t h a tt he s u cceed ing a s s emb lag e sc ou ld b es e en t od e r iv ef r om t h el o ca l C ha s seen ( e .g . G u the r zf o rE a s te rn L anguedo c ;C o s tan t in i f o rt he C au s s e s ) . Af ew p r eh i s to r ian sp r e f e r t oe nv i sag e i n com ing p opu la t ion sa st he s ou rce o ft he n ew a s s emb lag e s( e .g .G u i la ine f o r W e s te rn L anguedo c ) . I nn e i the rc a s ei s ac au sa l e xp lana t ion o f f e r ed . Ac on f e rence a bou tL a te N eo l i th ic f a c ie so ft he M id iw a sh e ld a tN a rbonne i n 1 977 . T he p roceed ing sh av e b een p ub l i shed u nde rt h e t i t le ' L eg roup ed e V 6 r aza e tl af i n d e s t emp sn go l i th ique sd an sl eS ud d e l aF r ance e tl aC a ta logne '( e d .J .G u i la ine , 1 980 ) . O ne h a l fo ft he b ook d e s c r ibe s Tö ra z ien 'a s semb lag e s , mo s t ly f r om W e s tL anguedo, a nd t he o the rd e s c r ibe sc on t empo ra ry g r oup so ft he s e cond h a l fo ft h et h i rd m i l lenn ium b . c . f r om C a ta lon ia t oP rov ence . L im i ted e x cava t ion o fp o s t -Cha s seen a s semb lag e si nW e s te rn L anguedo c , a nd t he f a c tt ha t mu ch o fi th a st aken p l a ce i nc ave s ,m ean st h a t a s s emb lag e sa r eo f ten s ma l l . F l in two rk i se n t i r e ly l a ck ing o n s ome s i te s ,a nd i ti sd oub t fu l w he the rt h i sc an b ec o r re l -

5 3

5 0—

A u r iac 40 —

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2 0—

1 0—

0

1

2

3

4

6

5

7 .8

9

es (D e } 15

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5 0—

A vencas 40 —

3 0—

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1 0—

4

F IGURE 2 3 :

5

6

7

9

C ompar i son o fC has sgen a nd p ost -Cha s sJen c eram ic a s semb lages i nL anguedoc ( Au r iac , Aude a nd Avenca s , H e rau l t)

5 4

a t ed w i th ac hang e t o o ve rwhe lm ing u s e o fm e ta li n s tead ,a l though m e ta l f i nd sd oc om m ence a tt h i sp e r iod . T he m a jo rd i f fe rence sf r om t he C ha s seen a tt he a r t if a ct l e ve ll i ei n p o t te ry a nd f l in tt ypo logy a nd t e chno logy ,a nd i nt he i n c reas ed u s e o fa n t le rf o rt oo l s . O n t he C au s se sa nd i nE a s tern L anguedo c af ew f i ne b l ade sp e r s i s t ,a nd t he re i ss t i l ls ome u s e o fh oney co lou r ed f l in ti np o s t -Chas seen a s semb lag e s , b ut i nt h e m a in t he f l in ti n du s t ry i sf l ake -ba sed , b i gg e ri nu n i ts i ze , a nd v e ry v a r iab le i nq ua l i ty ,i n c lud ing b o th p oo rq ua l i ty f l in ta nd t he e xce l len t ' p laque 'f l in t d e r ived f r om S a l ine l le s ,G a rd . P o t te ry c hang e si n c lude i n c rea sed n umbe r so fs phe r ica l b ow l sa nd l a rg ej a r s , r e la t ive ly t h icke r -wa l led t h an b e fo re a nd b ea r ing s upe r impo sed l u g sa nd c o rdon s( i th a s b een s ugg e s ted t h a tt he se p l a s t ic a dd i t ion sm ay h ave s e rved s ome p u rpo s e i ns t r eng then ing t he w a l l so ft he l a rg e rv e s s e ls ) . C ar ina ted v a se sc on t inued t ob e made , h u t t h eC ha s seen l ow o pen b ow ls , b r immed p l a te sa nd n ea ti n c i s ed d eco ra t ion w e re n ol o nge rf ound ( F igu re 2 3 ) . T he re a r e ma rk ed d i f fe rence si nt h e p o t te ry r epe r to ry b e tween We s t a nd E a s t L anguedoc ( Roud i l i nG u i la ine e d . 1 980 ) ,a nd a l so b e tween t he se a r ea s a nd P rov ence . B y t he e nd o ft h e 3 rd m i l lenn ium b . c . t h e re i sc l ea r e v idence i nt he M id i o fa c hang e i nt he s e t t lemen t p a t te rn , w i th i n c rea s ing u t i l iza t ion o fu p land a r ea s ,c o l le c t iv e b u r ia l i nm ega l i th ic t ombs a nd mo re r i g id ly d e f ined t e r r i to r ie s( Ph i l l ip s 1 975 ) . T he re w a sg r ea te ri n te r reg iona l e x chang ei ns ome r aw m a te r ia l sa nd f i n i shed g ood s , e s pec ia l ly j ewe l le ry i t ems . T he e xp lo i ta t ion p a t te rn w a sf i rm ly b a s ed o n m ixed f a rm ing ,w i th s heep p rov id ing al a rg e r p ropo r t ion o ft he h e rd st han d u r ing t he C ha s seen . T he r e a r e an umbe r o fp rob lems w i th v i ew ing t he C ha s se-e n a nd b o th e a r l ie ra nd l a te r c u l tu re si nc u l tu re -h is to r ica l t e rms . I nt he f i r s t p l a ce ,t he C ha s seen i st r ea ted a sa u n i t , w he rea si nf a c t t h e c ha ra c te r i s t ic e l emen t so fC has seen b ehav iou rd eve loped a t d i f fe ren tt ime s( s ee T ab le 7 ) . A l so ,t h roughou t t h e p e r iod o fu se o fC ha s seen a s semb lage s , t he re a r e m a rked d i f fe rence sb e tween L anguedo c a nd P roven ce . ( To m en t ion j u s t af ew o ft he se d i f fe rence s ,c e ram i cs a r e mo re h i gh ly d e co ra ted i nL anguedoc , a nd t h es ump tuou s ly d eco ra ted v a se s uppo r t sa r em a in ly f ound t h e re ; a nd t h eo pen s i te s o fL anguedoc c on ta in more s t ruc tu re s , a nd mo re c a re fu l b ur ia l s , t han t ho s e o fP rov ence . I nP rovence ,s t one b race le t s ,s p ind le -who r l sa nd l o om -we igh t sa r e c ommon ly f ound o n C ha s seen s i te s ; a nd o n s ome s i te st he r e s e ems t oh ave b een v e ry c a sua l d epo s i t ion o fh uman r ema in s . ) T he s e cond p rob lem w i th t h e c u l tu re -h i s to r ica l a pp roa ch i st h a t n e i the rd i f fu s ion n o rl o ca l e vo lu t ion a r ei nt hems e lve se xp lana t ion so fw ha t h appened i nt he p a s t— they a r e m e r e ly d es c r ip t ive d ev ice s( P log 1 977 ) . Wha t i sr e qu i red i sas e r ie s o fe xp lana t ion s t oa c coun tf o r( 1 ) t he c hang e sw h ich r e su l ted i nt h e g ene ra l a dop t ion o fC ha s seen a s sem b l ag es a nd b ehav iou r o n t h eM id i , ( 2 )t he c hang e si n he ren ti nt he i r d i s appea rance , a nd ( 3 ) t he s t ab i l i ty o ft he C ha s seen ' s y s tem ' o ve ra tl e a s t am i l lenn ium .

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C hap te r6 RAD IOCARBON DAT ING , THE CHASSEEN CULTURAL P ACKAGE AND P ROCESSUAL EXPLANAT ION

A s af i r s ts t ep i nt r y ing t ou nde r s tand t h ep ro ce s s e sw h ich l e d t ot he d eve lopmen t , t he s t ab i l i ty a nd t he e v en tua l d i sappea rance o ft h e C ha s seen i nS ou the rn F rance ,i ti s i mpo r tan t t ol o ok a tt he v a r iou sf e a tu re sw h i ch c ha ra c te r ize C ha s se en s i te sa nd a s s em b l ag e s . T ab le 7c ove r st he f e a tu re sw h i ch s e em mo s ti mpo r tan ti nd e f in ing t he C ha s seen . I tl i s t st he d a te sa tw h i ch t h ev a r iou sa r t i fa c t sa nd s ub s i s ten ce f e a tu re sf i r s t o ccu ri nt h e S ou th F ren ch a r chaeo log ica lr e co rd ,a nd t he momen ta tw h ich t h ey a r ea dop ted o n a mo re g ene ra l b a s i s . ( Th i sl a t te r momen th a sb een c a l l ed t h e momen to f' a dop t ion i n f le c t ion '—P log 1 977 . ) I nnovat ion

I nt roduct ion o f i nnovat ion

Adopt ion i nf lect ion

L arge f l ock s o f o v icapr ids ( e spec ia l ly s heep ) a nd/or s ma l l c a tt le s heep c at t le

6 000 b .c . 5 000 b .c .

5 000 b .c . 4 500/4000 b . c .

S ign if icant u se o f whea t a nd b a r ley

4 700 b .c .

4 000/3600 b . c .

I ncrea sed o pen -a ir s e t t lement

4 500 b .c .

4 000/3600 b . c .

Advanced p ot tery t echno logy

4 000 b .c .

3 600 b .c .

P i t -hea r ths

4 500 b .c .

3 600 b .c .

T rade i nh oney f l int

4 500 b .c .

3 600 b .c .

Empha s is o n b lade i ndus try

4 000 b .c .

3 600 b .c .

E xchange o f b i l les

3 600 b .c .

3 600 b .c .

T rade i n o b s id ian

4 500 b .c .

3 600 b .c .

TABLE 7 : DATES OF INNOVAT ION AND ` ADOPT ION I NFLECT ION ' OF S IGNIF ICANT FEATURES OF SOUTHERN CHASSEEN CULTURE

T he u s e o fs heep a nd c a t t le a sp r eponde ran te l emen t si nt h em e a t d i e ti saf e a tu r e w h i ch o ccu r sa tc e r ta in s i te si nS ou the rn F ran ce b u tn o ta ta l b y t h em id 5 th m i l l enn ium b . c . ( s e e C hap te r4 ) . T h i sf e a tu re b ecome sg en e ra l i zed s ome t ime i nt he f i r s th a l f o ft h e 4 th m i l lenn ium b . c . A l though t h ef i r s te v idence f o rc e rea l s( emme ra nd b r eadwhe a t ) o ccu r si nt he m id 5 th m i l lenn ium b . c . ,w hea t sa nd b a r ley a r e o n ly f ound o n al a rg en um b e ro fs i te sd u r ing t he C ha s s een p e r iod . Q ue rn s , p o s s ib ly t ob el i nked w i th c e re a l s , a r e f ound i ng r ea te rn umbe r st h an b e fo r ei nt h eC ha s s een p e r iod ( Cou r t in a nd E r roux 1 974 ) . S i ck le b l ade sa nd d en t icu la ted b l ade s ,a l so p o s s ib ly t ob el i nked w i th c e rea lc r op s , a l though p r e sen ti ns ome E a r ly N eo l i th ic i n du s t r ie s ,a r e mo re n ume rou sd u r ing t h e C ha s seen . T he h oney co lou red f l in t u s ed s of r equen t ly i nS ou the rn C ha s seen i n du s t r ie s s e em st oh ave b een r e gu la r ly ' t raded 'i nP rov ence b y t h em id 5 th m i l lenn ium b . c . ,i fn o t e a r l ie r . I nL anguedoc ,h ow eve r , t he m a in a dop t ion o fh oney co lou red f l in tb l ade sw a s p robab ly c . 3600 b . c . o nwa rd s . S ev e ra l o the ri t em s ,s u ch a sO b s id ian ,s t one b r a ce le t s , j a de i te a x e s ,a nd m a r ine s h e l l s ,w e re f i r s t e x chang ed d u r ing t he E a r ly N eo l i th i c p e r iod , b u tt h e i ri mpo r tance i n c rea s e si nt h eM idd le N eo l i th ic . T he s ma l lr ound s t one b a l l s5 6

b i l le s—we re aC ha s seen i nnova t ion , a nd o n ly l a s ted i n to t he s u cceed ing L a te N eo l i th ic i n af ew i n s tance s( f or e xamp le t h eC a r ca s sonne a r ea—Gu i la ine a nd D u rand , p e r s . c omm . ) . A no the r f e a tu r e o ft he C ha s seen i st he u t i l iza t ion o f mo re o pen -a i rs i te s . I ti s d i f f icu l t t oi d en t i fy t h ep o in t i nt ime a tw h ich t h e ma in s w ing a way f r om c ave o ccupa t ion o ccu r s , b u t i tm ay w e l l b e s omewhe re i nt he f i r s th a l fo ft he 4 th m i l lenn ium b . c . P i t -hea r th s w e re p robab ly i nnova t ion si nL anguedoc c . 4000 b . c . , a nd af ew h und red y e a r sl a te rw e re c ons t ruc ted i nP rovence . T he c hange i np o t te ry t e chno logy w h ich ma rk st h eC ha s seen m ay h ave o ccur red i ni s o la ted a r ea sc . 4000 .b . c . b u tw a s o n ly w ide sp r ead f r om c . 3600 b . c . A ss ugge s ted a bove ,i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t he u s e o ft he n i t -hea r th f o r p o t te ry f i r ing w a s a n i n teg ra l p a r t o ft he n ew c e ram i c t e chno logy , a nd t ha t t he u s e o fs u ch d eep h ea r ths w a s e x tended t oo the ra r ea s o ft e chno logy a nd s ubs i s tence . T he e v idence f r om T ab le 7 ,w h i le a dm i t ted ly r a the r i mpr e s s ion i s t ic , s e rve st o b r ing o u t t h e c ruc ia l i mpo r tance o ft he m i l lenn ium f r om 4 500 b . c . t o3 600 b . c . f o r t he c hange -ove rt of a rm ing a st he m a in s ub s i s ten ce b a se i nS ou the rn F rance ,a nd f o r i n c rea s ing i n ten s i ty i nt r ade a nd e xchange . T he mo s t ma rked f e a tu re o ft he C ha s seen , t h e re fo re , i st he c oa le s c ing o fs o many p r ev iou s ly s ma l l s ca le g r oup sa nd e x chang e n e two rk si n to aw ide r w ho le . F o rt he f i r s t t ime ,m a jo rl i nk sw e re f o rged b e tween P rov ence a nd L angue d oc . I fm a te r ia l c u l tu re c an i nf a c t b ee qua ted w i th s o c ia lg roups , at r iba l g r oup w a s f o rmed . RADIOCARBON DAT ING OF THE SOUTHERN CHASSEEN

R ad ioca rbon d a te s o b ta ined f o r 3 8 C ha s s6en s i te sa r ei n d ica ted i nT ab le 8 . A t l e a s t e i gh t s i te sh ave mor e t han o ne d a te , s ugges t ing r epea ted o ccupa t ion o ft he s ame s i te o ve rs e ve ra l c en tu r ie s . M any o ft he d a ted s i te sa r e c ave l o ca t ion s , b u tt he i mp re s s ive i s t o fd a te sf o rt he S tM iche l -du -Touch ' d e f ended v i l lage 'i s af o re tas te o ft he i n fo rma t ion t h a t c an b e e xpec ted f r om o pen -a i rs i te sp r e sen t ly b e ing e xcava ted . I tw i l l b e n o ted t ha t t h e ma jo r i ty o fd a te sh ave t he i r m ean sb e tween a pp rox ima te ly 3 600 b . c . a nd 3 000 b . c . T he rea f te rt he n umbe r so fd a ted s i te sd ec l ine . T he re a r e s e ve ra l p o s s ib le e xp lana t ion sf o rt h i sd ec l ine . F i r s t , r ave s i te s may h ave b een o ccup ied l e s s f r equen t ly ( t he b i a si nf a vou ro fd a te sf r om c ave sh a sa l ready b een n o ted ) . S econd , p opu la t ion sm ay h ave d e c l ined ,w i th t he c on sequen t o ccupa t ion o ff ewe rl o ca t ion s . T h i rd , p opu la t ions m ay h ave a ma lg ama ted i n to f ewe r b u tl a rge r s e t t lement s ( s uch a s t h e o pen -a i r s i te a tL a C ondam ine ,S a in t -Aune s ,H e rau l t ,w h ich u n fo r tuna te ly l a ck s r a d ioca rbon d a te s ) . F ou r th , t h e d ec l ine m ay s imp ly b e as t a t i s t ica l o ne ,s i nce t he n umbe r so fs i te sd a ted a r es u ch as ma l l p e r centage o ft he t o ta l i ty o fe ven k nown C ha s seen s i te s . F u tu re r ad ioca rbon d a t ing p rog ramme s may , i ti sh oped ,h e lp t o r e so lve t h i sp rob lem . C e r ta in a u tho r sh ave a c cep ted ad a te c . 3600 b . c .f o rt he b eg inn ing o ft h e C ha s seen , b u tt he d a t ing o f' al a rge d i t ch t o 3 650 b . c . ( MC 8 47 ) a nd o f ad e fens ive p a l i s sade t o4 100 b . c . ( MC 2 090 ) a tS tM i che l -du -Touch , t oge the r w i th p re -3600 b . c . d a te sa tf i ve o the rs i te s , c a s t ac e r ta in d oub t o n t h i sa s sump t ion . T hree o ft he e a r ly d a te sa r ef r om L anguedoc ( t he L aP ou jade r o ck she l te ra nd t he C laux a nd T ou rn ie c ave s ) a nd t wo f r om P rovence ( t he E g l i se a nd U nang c ave s ) . T he d a te sm ay a l b e e r roneou s ( a nd b y d oub l ing t he s t anda rd d ev ia t ion t oa low mo re p robab i l i ty o fb e ing w i th in t he c o r rect d a t ing b and ,t wo o ft he d a te sc ou ld f a l l a f te r 3 600 b . c . ) , b u t t h e p o s s ib i l i ty s hou ld b e a c cep ted t ha t o ne o r mo re o ft h em r epr es en t a n e a r ly s t age o fC ha s seen

5 7

S i te No .

S i te

L eve l/f ea ture

R ad iocarbon d ate b . c .

L aboratory No .

5

S t M iche l -du -Touch , T ou louse

Guly a cro s s p i t -hea rth P i t -hea rth A18 -W L ong p i t -hea r th A34 L ong p i t -hea r th A34 L ong p i t -hea rth A38 L ong p i t -hear th A61 -A D itch A18 , l e ve l C D itch A21 D itch A 168 , l eve l B L ong p i t -hea rth A58 -A D itch A 150 P a l is sade A l0 0 -P G iant g rave -p it A185 P a l is sade A62 -P L ong p i t -hear th A96 -A L ong p i t -hea rth A96 -C Round p i t -hea rth A722 O va l p i t -hea rth Al 6 8 -H L ong p i t -hea r th A223

2 550 2 630 3 310 2 950 2 950 3 430 3 510 3 400 3 240 3 180 3 650 3 490 3 490 4 100 3 380 3 570 3 300 3 320 3 180

MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC MC

6

V i l leneuve -To losane ( Haute G aronne)

P i thear th - 2 15

3 350 * 1 00

MC 9 48

Chä teau -Pe rc in ( Haute Garonne)

3 300 * 1 00

MC 9 47

S t C apra is ( Haute G a ronne)

2 750 * 1 00

MC 9 46

*2 00 *1 20 *2 00 *190 *1 30 *2 00 *9 0 *9 0 *9 0 *1 00 *9 0 &9 0 *1 30 *150 *1 00 *1 00 *1 50 *140 *1 00

1 02 1 03 1 04 1 05 1 06 1 09 8 43 8 44 8 45 8 46 8 47 8 48 2 089 2 090 2 091 2 092 2 215 2 216 2 217

1 1

C apdenac le -Haut ( Lot )

3 150 * 1 40

G if 2 632

1 2

Noyer , E sc lauze ls ( Lo t)

L eve l 5 L eve l 5

3 050 * 1 30 3 100 * 1 30

G if 1 633 G if 1 635

1 4

P erte d u C ros , S a i l lac ( Lot )

L eve l 3 L eve l 3 L eve l 2

3 260 * 2 850 *130 2 700 *

H e ide lberg G sY 3 5B H e ide lberg

1 5

Roucadour ( Lot )

L eve l B i L eve l B 1

3 240 *140 3 140 1 60

G sY 3 6B Ko ln

1 6

F ont -Juvena l , C onques ( Aude )

L eve l 8 , H6 L eve l 1 0 , H8 L eve l 1 1 , H8

2 850 *150 3 400 *100 3 590 *100

MC 4 96 MC 4 97 MC 4 98

2 4

L e P irou , P o l ignac ( Haute L o ire)

3 490 * 8 0 3 150 * 9 0 3 630 * 9 0

MC 1 233 MC 1 234 MC 1 235

L e S ue , A r lempdes ( Haute Li re)

4 020 * 1 50

L y 1 057

L e Chambon d e Goudet , Goudet ( Haute L o ire)

3 210 * 2 50

L y 1 549

L a Roche Duma s , A rsac e n V e lay ( Haute L o ire)

3 170 * 3 20

L y 1 588

L eve l 6( 1966 ) L eve l 1 0 ( 1966 ) L eve l 1 3 ( 1967)

2 250 *150 2 620 *150 2 700 *150

G if 4 44 G if 4 45 G if 3 007

4 190 * 1 20

MC 1 238

3 510 *170

L y 4 91

2 830 *140

G if 1 918

2 620 *120 2 620 * 3 00

KN 1 60 G if 1 541

2 5

2 6

S a rge l I ,S t -Ro me -de C ernon ( Aveyron)

2 7

eve ls 5D & 6A L a P ou jade , M i l lau ( Avey ron) L

3 1

Maqu is , V a l lon P ont d 'A rc ( A rdeche )

3 3

eve l 2A S ou la t jet , S t M iche l d 'A la jou L ( He rau l t)

3 4

S t E t ienne -de -Gourgas ( 1 1grau l t )

L eve l 4

H ea r th 1 9 H ea rth 2 2

TABLE 8 : RADIOCARBON DATES FOR SO UTHERN CHASSEEN S ITES

5 8

S ite No .

S ite

L eve l /f eatur e

3 5

T ou rn i6 , P a rda i lhan ( 1 1grau lt )L eve l I Vd

3 7

C a mprafaud , F er r ieres P ous sa rou ( Herau lt)

3 9

C laux , Gorn ie s ( 1 16rau lt )

4 1

L a Made le ine c ave , V i l leneuve les -Mague lonne ( 1 16rau lt )

L eve l L eve l L eve l L eve l

1 2 1 3 1 4 ( p roto -Cha s seen) 1 5

L eve l 7 L eve l 1 0

V a l l iarnaude , V auver t ( Gard)

Rad iocarbon d ate b . c .

L aboratory No .

3 950 * 1 00

MC 7 97

2 950 3 150 3 500 3 350

G if G if G if G if

*1 30 *1 30 *1 30 *1 30

1 484 1 485 1 486 1 487

3 770 * 1 70

KN 3 15

3 150 * 2 50 3 270* 2 30

MC -7 MC -8

3 570 * 1 00

MC 1 163

5 8

Ou l l ins , L e Ga rn ( Gard)

L eve l 4

3 640 * 1 10

MC 2 033

5 9

B ourbon , C ab r ieres ( Ga rd )

L eve l 3

3 350 * 1 30

L y 6 33

2 650 * 1 00 3 430 * 1 10

MC 1 224

6 7

B ouc le , C orconne ( Ga rd )

L eve l C 46

7 0

M iouv in , I s t re s ( Bouches d u -Rhöne )

L eve l 3( p re -Cha sseen)

7 3

E scan in 2 ,L es B aux ( Bouches -du -Rhöne )

3 210 * 1 20 3 050 * 2 50

G if 1 995 G if 4 50

8 3

L a B er taude , O range ( Vauc lu se)

3 450 * 1 80

MC 7 65

8 6

C lapa rouse , L agne s ( Vauc luse )

3 430 * 1 25

MC 1 691

9 0

Unang , Ma le mort le -Co mta t

3 890 3 950 3 820 4 000

G if G if G if G if

9 3

G rot te C , B aud inard ( Va r)

2 850 * 1 40

G sY 1 621

9 4

E g l i se , M idd le N etwo rk , B aud ina rd ( Va r )

L eve l 5 L eve l 9

2 560 * 1 25 2 875 * 1 30

G sY 1 12A G sY 1 12B

9 4

E g l ise , Uppe r N e twork , B aud ina rd ( Va r)

L eve l L eve l L eve l L eve l

3 5 8 a 8 b

2 550 2 250 3 550 3 810

*130 *130 *1 40 *1 40

G if G if G if G if

1 331 1 332 1 333 1 334

9 8

F ontb regoua , S a le rnes ( Var )

L eve l L eve l L eve l L eve l L eve l

9 1 1 1 2 1 8 2 7

3 150 3 100 2 930 3 090 3 470

*110 *1 20 *1 10 *1 20 *120

G if G if G if G if G if

2 432 2 101 2 433 2 434 2 437

1 07

Muree , Mon tpezat ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence )

L eve l 1 0

2 790 * 1 40

G if 8 67

1 10

S t M i tre 2 ,R e i l lanne ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence )

L eve l 3

2 400 * 1 50

MC 2 01

S t M it re 3 ,R e i l lanne ( A lpe s d e H aute P rovence)

H ea rth 1 2 /1 H ea r th 1 2 /2

3 200 * 2 00 4 000 * 2 00

MC 2 03 MC 2 02

1 11

P ertus 2 , Mean ies ( A lpes d e H aute P rovence )

L eve ls H /I

2 500 * 2 30

MC 1 0

1 29

A rnaud , S t N aza ire le -De se r t ( Dröme )

2 190 * 1 35

G sY 7 7

1 37

F ranc in I I ( Savo ie)

2 350 * 7 5

L u 3 90

L eve l 3 L eve l 6 L eve l 3 ,P i t 7 H ea rth

Ma jor ity o fd ates f ro m De l ibr ias e ta l . , Datat ions a bso lues

5 9

*1 30 *1 30 *1 30 *1 30

( i n Gu i la ine 1 976a , p p .859 -99 )

1 793 1 794 1 795 1 796

i n teg ra t ion i nt he M id i . T he w ide sp read l o ca t ion b o th o ft he s i te sw i th t h e s ee a r ly d a te s , a nd o fu nda ted b u t a ppa ren t ly e a r ly s i te sw i th f i ne c e ram ic so rh oney co lou red f l in t , h i n tt ha tf a r f lung e x chang ea nd i n fo rma t ion s y s tem sw e re a l ready p a r t ly i no p e r a t ion . B a sed o n t he r a d io ca rbon d a te s , t h ef o l low ing d i v i s ion sw i th in t h eC ha s seen a r e p ropo sed : E ar ly Chas seen ( con temporary w i th Ep iCa rd ia l a nd s o me ` non -Chas seen ' M idd le Neo l ith ic )

c .4000 -c .3600 b .c .

Expans ion p ha se

c .3600 -c .3000 b .c .

Con so l ida t ion a nd d ec l ine

c .3000 -c .2600 b .c .

T erm ina l S outh -Ea s t Cha sseen ( contemporary w i th L a te Neo l ith ic o f S outh - Wes t a nd C aus ses )

c .2600 -c .2300 b .c .

PROCESSUAL EXPLANATION

P roce s sua l mode l s , t oe xp la in c hange , a nd s t ab i l i ty mode l s ,t oe xp la in h ow a s y s tem s t ay ss t ab le o nce i no pe ra t ion ,a r ef r equen t ly e mp loyed b ya r cha eo log i s t s . Mo s t a r cha eo log i s t ss e em i n ten t o n e xp la in ing c hang e , b u te xp la in ing s t ab i l i ty i sa tl e a s ta s h a rd a nd a si mpo r tan t ag oa l . T he a r gumen th i ng e so n t h ed i f fe r ing p o in t so fv i ew h e ld o fp reh i s to r ic s o c ie t ie s— e i the ra se s sen t ia l ly s t a t i c a nd u n chang ing ,s ot ha tc hang e i sd ue t os udden p re s su re ,u sua l ly d e f ined i nt e rm so fe nv i ronmen ta l s t re s s o ri n c rea se i n p opu la t ion—o r a sc on s tan t ly e vo lv ing . T he e s sen t ia l ly s y s tem ic v i ew i st ha ts o c ie t ie s w i l lr ema in i nb a lance a nd t h a t o n ly s ome o u t s ide f o r ce i sl i ke ly t oj e opa rd ize t h i s b a lance . F o ri n s tance , amode l d ev e loped b yP l og ( 1977 ,f i g .2 .9 )c omb ine sw ha th e d e s c r ibe sa st he f ou rd imen s ion so rc ha ra c te r i s t ic so fb ehav iou ra ls y s tems . T he s ea r e

P opu la t ion

>

D if ferent iat ion

+ Energy

P TeD F IGURE 2 4 :

(

I nteg ra t ion

4E J .312 14D . 1 -41

4 ET

P log ' s mode lo f as tab le b ehav ioura l s ystem ( f log 1 977 , f i g .2 .9 )

p opu la t ion , d i f fe r en t ia t ion ( e .g .s p e c ia l i za t ion ,r a nk ing ) ,i n teg ra t ion ( e .g . o r gan iza t ion , g r oup p a r t ic ipa t ion , p sycho log ica l c on f igu ra t ion ) a nd e ne rgy ( a se xp re s s ed b yc a lo r ic e ne rgy , p e rc ap i ta i n come ,c ommun i ty p rodu c t s , e t c . ) . T he mode lw i l l o n ly o pe ra t e u nde r s t ab le e nv i ronmen ta lc ond i t ion sa nd s ol o ng a st he r ei sn om a s s iv ec hang ea f fe c t ing s e v e ra l d imen s ion ss imu l taneou s ly . Sma l l s ca le c hang e s ,o n t he o the rh and , a r e p rov ided f o r ,a nd a r ei n he ren ti nt he mode l ( F igu re 2 4 ) . A sw es e e ,i fp opu la t ion r i se s ,d i f fe ren t ia t ion w i l l i n c rea se ,i n teg ra t ion w i l l d e c rea s e a nd e ne rgy w i l l d ec re a se . H oweve r ,t h i sw i l lc au s e p opu la t ion d e c rea se f o l lowed b yd i f fe ren t ia t ion d ec r ea s e ,a nd a n i n c rea se i ni n teg ra t ion a nd e ne rgy . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tl a rge s ca le a nd d e ta i led e x cava t ion sp rodu c ing n ume rou s r a d io ca rbon d a te s , m ay e ven tua l ly a low u st os e et he se f l uc tua t ion s , a nd t h e o pe ra t ion o fs u ch as t eady s ta te s y s tem ,o n an umbe ro fS ou the rn C ha s s een s i te s .

6 0

Wha ts o r to ff e a tu re sw i th in t he S ou the rn F r en ch d a ta m ay r e la t et oP l og ' sf ou r d imen s ions ? U nde rt h ef i r s t ,p opu la t ion ,w em ay b ea b le t ol ook a tf a c to r so fs i te s i ze , n umbe r so fs i te s ,t h en umbe r so fh ea r th s , o rt he n umbe r o fp o t te ry v a se sp e rs i t e . A l l o ft he se h av e b een s ugge s ted a to ne t ime o ra no the rt or e f le c t p r eh i s to r ic p opu la t ion n umbe r s . A l l t he se c r i te r ia f o ra s s es s ing p opu la t ion h ave ,h oweve r , b een c r i t i c i zed ( F le tche r 1 981 ) ,s oe s t ima te sc an o n ly b ev e ry b road a nd h ypo the t i ca l . U n fo r tuna t e ly , a sn o t ed a bove , w el a ck b u r ia l sf o rt he e n t i re p opu la t ion ,w h ich wou ld b e amu ch mo r e s a t i s fa c to ry s ou r ce o fp opu la t ion s i ze d a ta . T he s e cond d imen s ion ,t ha t o fd i f f e r en t i a t ion ,i sm o r e d i f f icu l tt oi d en t i fy i nt h e a r chaeo log i ca l r e co rd . I ti sa s sumed t ha ts ome s pe c ia l iza t ion o fa c t iv i ty o ccu r red d u r ing t he C ha s seen ,b u tn o tt o am a rked d eg ree : t he m in ing o fh oney -co lou red f l in t , a nd i t s w o rk ing i n to c o re sa nd b l ank s , m ay b e o ne o ft he se . T he r e su l t so f me a su r ing f l in tb l ade s f r om av a r ie ty o fs i te s( Ph i l l ip s 1 972 )s ugg e s ted t ha tk napp ing f r om c o re sw a sc a r r ied o u t l o ca l ly . T he p rodu c t ion o fc o re s , h oweve r ,m ay w e l lh av ei n vo lved a tl e a s tp a r t t ime s p ec ia l iza t ion . O the rh a rd s t one a r t i fa c t s( b r ace le t s ,b i l le s , a xe s )m ay h av e b een m ade b y s pe c ia l i s t s , b u tt he e v iden ce i sa mb iguou s . T he n ew e f f ic iency i np o t te ry m anu fa c tu r e s ugg e s t ss ome s o r to fs p ec ia l iza t ion a l so ,b u to ne w h i ch w a sc a r r ied o u ti ne a ch c ommun i ty , n o tf r om ac en t ra ld i spe r sa l p o in t . A no the ra s pe c t o fd i f fe ren t ia t ion i sr a nk ing . T he mo s tm a rked e v idence f o r d i f f e rence i nt r ea tmen to fi n d iv idua l sc ome sf r om b u r ia l s( Tab le 2 ) . T he h ug eg r av e -p i t a tS tM iche l -du -Tou ch r ep re s en t sa n a noma ly ,b u tt he r e la t iv e ly l ow n umb e r so fb u r ia l s t ha th ave b een f ound t h roughou t t he C ha s s een a r ea s ugge s tt h a tp robab ly o n ly af ew m embe r so fe a ch g r oup w e re b u r ied i n as t ruc tu r ed g r av e ,w i th g r ave g ood s ; t h e se b u r ia l s m ay w e l l r e f lec ts ome d eg ree o fr ank ing i nt he l o ca ls oc ie ty . O the rp o s s ib le m e thod s o f d i spo sa l ,s u ch a se xpo su re ,m ay b ei n d ica ted b y t h e p a r t ia l s k e le ton sp re s e rv ed i n an um b e r o fc a se s . A no the ra s pe c t o fd i f fe ren t ia t ion m ay b es hown b yt h el ow n umb e r so f ' t rade ' o r' e xchang e 'i t em so ns i te s—ob s id ian b l ade s ,b i le s ,b r a ce le t se t c .— s ince a c ce s st o t h e se i t em sm igh t b et h ep re roga t ive o fo n ly af ew m embe r so fe a ch g roup . I ti sp os s ib le t ha ts u cce s s iv e o ccupa t ion sa tt he s ame s i te m igh ti n d ica te av a r ia t ion i np ropo r t ion so f t r ade o re x chang eg ood sa sa g a in s t o the rt ype s o fm a te r ia l o v e rt ime , a nd t h ew o rk ing o f P l og ' sh ypo the t i ca l s y s tem m igh tt hu sb es e en i np ra c t ice . T he t h i rd d imen s ion ,i n t eg r a t ion , i sa l so d i f f i cu l tt or e cogn ize i nt he a r cha eo log ica l r e co rd . I tm ay b et h a t t he f o l low ing c ha rac te r i s t ic so fC ha s söen a s semb lage sw e re i n te g r a t ive d ev i ce s , b u tt hey n eed n o th ave f unc t ioned s o le ly i nt ha tc apa c i ty— and t h ey a r e c e ta in ly v e ry d i f f i cu l tt om ea su re . I ti ss ugg e s ted ,h oweve r , t ha t t he v e ry p r e sence o f i d en t i ca lr aw m a t e r ia l sa nd f i n i shed o b je c t s o ve rt he M id if o r am i l lenn ium b e tok en s s ome f o rm o fi n teg ra t ion ( ob s id ian ,j a de i te , h oney f l in t ) , w h i le t he l i m i ted r a ng e o f p o t te ry s hape sa nd mo t i f sf o rm a n e ven s t rong e ri n d ica t ion o fc ommon t emp la te s , mode l s , i d ea so ri d ea l s—how ev e r o ne r e ga rd st hem . T he e xpend i tu re o fe nergy c an b e mode l led , b u ts of a rl i t t le a l ong t h e se l i ne sh a s b een a t temp ted f o rt h eS ou the rn C ha s seen . C a lo r i c e ne rgy a nd c ommun i ty p roduc t sa r e d i f f i cu l tt om ea su r ei nt he a b sen ce o fv e ry d e ta i led s ub s i s ten ce d a ta . T he p roduc t ion o f f ood i ne x ce s s o fi mmed ia te r e qu i remen t sc an b ea s sumed f r om t he p r e sence o fp i t s , w h ich c ou ld h av e b een u s ed f o rs t o rage , a nd t he d i s cov e ry o fg r a in i np o t te ry v a se sa ta n umbe r o fs i te s . O the rc ommun i ty p ro jec t sa r e mu ch e a s ie r t or e cogn ize ,i np a r t icu la r t h el a rg e s ca le d i tch b u i ld ing a nd l a rge s ca le c ook ing u n i t s( c obb le s t ru c tu r e s ) f ound i n t h eT ou lou se a r ea s . T he se d os ugg e s t e x ce s sp roduc t ion o re ne rgy a tt h i sl o ca t ion i nt h e m id 4 th m i l lenn ium b . c . 6 1

H av ing l o oked a t amode lo fh ow as t ab le s y s tem w o rk s ,l e t u sn ow c on s ide rt he f o r ce sw h ich m igh t d i s rup ts uch as y s tem . P l og h ims e l fs ugg e s t st h a t o n ly e nv i ronmen ta l s t re s s , o rp re s su re i n vo lv ing a tl e a s tt wo o ft he e l emen t so ft h e s y s tem s imu l taneou s ly , w ou ld d i s rup ti t ss t eady s ta te . O the rw r i te r ss ugg e s to n ly s i ng le r e a son sf o rc hange : e i the re nv i ronmen ta lc hang e o rp opu la t ion p re s su re o rt he i n t roduc t ion o f an ew t e ch n o logy ,f o ri n s tance . T he m e chan i sm sm igh ti n vo lv ee i the r av e ry s l ow t r an s i t ion o ra v e ry s w i f t o ne ( Ba i ley 1 981 ) . B a i ley h a st a ck led t h ep rob lem o ft h e c hang ef r om h un t ing f i sh ing -ga the r ing t ype so fs ub s i s tence ( ' d i rec te xp lo i ta t ion ' )t of a rm ing ( ' i nd i re c te xp lo i t a t ion ' ) . D i re c t e xp lo i ta t ion i n vo lve st h ew e l l -unde r s tood c on t ro l led e xp lo i ta t ion o fm any o ft he p l an t a nd a n ima lr e sou r ce so ft he e nv i ronmen t ,w h i le i n d i re c te xp lo i ta t ion i n vo lve s t h e u s e o fo n ly af ew r e sou r ce s . T ran s fe r r ing f r om d i re c tt oi n d i r ec te xp lo i ta t ion m igh t b e r i sky ,a nd c ou ld b es o c ia l ly a nd e conom i caly d i s rup t iv e . I nB a i ley ' sv i ew ,t h e re fo re , t h ec hang e w i l l t ake p l a ce e i the ra s af o rm o fv e ry s l ow t r an s i t ion , o ri n aj ump ,b e caus e o fs ome s o r t o fc a ta s t rophe . O the r mode l sf o rc hang ee i the rf r om d i re c t t oi n d i r e c te xp lo i ta t ion , o rw i th in s o c ie t ie sa l ready c omm i t ted t of a rm ing , d ep end o n t h ea r gumen t o fp opu la t ion p r e s su re ( e .g . H a rne r 1 970 ;Z ub row 1 975 ) . A cco rd ing t oZ ub row ' sm ode l ,i ff a rm ing g r oup s u nde rgo p opu la t ion p r e s su re , p ov e r ty w i l l e n sue ,a nd t he re w i l l b em ig ra t ion t om a rg ina l a r ea s . Z ub row v i sua l ize st ha t i nt h e se m a rg ina la r ea se mpha s i sw i l l b el a id o n s t r i c t ly s ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie s , r a the rt han b e ing ' wa s ted 'o n o the r a c t iv i t ie s s u ch a sh ou s e -bu i ld ing o rp e rhap se l abo ra te b u r ia l s . G roup sw i l ls e t t le d own i nt he se a r ea s ,a nd o v e rt ime t h e s eden t i sm w i l l l e ad t oi n c rea sed r ank ing . H a rne r ' s mode l ( 1970 )l i nk sp opu la t ion p r e s su r ea nd s o c ia l o rg an iza t ion . H a rne r v i sua l ize st ha t p re fa rm ing s o c ie t ie sw e re v u lne rab le t op opu la t ion i n c rea se ,a nd n eeded t i gh ts o c ia l o r gan iza t ion t or e ta in c on t ro l o ve rt he i rt e r r i to r ie s . I fp opu la t ion i n c rea se f o r ced ac hange t of a rm ing t he re w ou ld ,i nH a rne r ' sv i ew ,b el e s sn eed f o rs o c ia l o r gan i z a t ion t ob et i gh t . O n ly w hen p opu la t ion sh ad r e a ched a no the rc r i t i ca l l e v e l w ou ld t he re b e ag r ea te rn eed f o rs oc ia lc ohe s ion a nd t i gh ts o c ia lc on t ro l s . A n i n te re s t ing a l te rna t iv ee xp lana t ion f o rs o c ioe conom i c c hange h a sb een p rov ided b yB ende r ( 1978 ) . P opu la t ion p r e s su re p l ay sn o p a r ti nt h i s mode l . B ende ri ss e ek ing t o e xp la in t he a dop t ion o ff a rm ing . S he e mpha s ize st he e s sen t ia ls o c ie t a l s im i la r i t i e s b e tween h un te r -ga the re r sa nd f ood p rodu ce r s : c on t ro l o fl a bou ra nd o ft h ef r u i t so fl a bou r a r e i mpo r tan t i nb o th t ype so fs ub s i s tence mode . B ende rl a y ss t re s so n t h ei mpo r tance o f s o c ia l r e la t ion sh ip si no rde rt or e ta in a c ce s st of ood s upp l ie s , a nd o n t h et ime a nd i n du s t ry i n vo lved i nd eve lop ing a nd s e rv ic ing t h e se s o c ia lr e la t ion sh ip s . S he a r gue st h a t " ex chang en e two rk s , c e remon ia li n s t i tu t ion s , [ a nd ]p o s i t ion so fa u thor i ty t h a tm ade i n c rea s ing d emand so n p roduc t ion" m ay h ave p rov ided a ni n cen t ive t owa rd sf ood p roduc t ion . T he se p r e s su r e s , i np a r t icu la rt he d e layed r e tu rn o ff a vou r s ,l e ad b yd eg ree s t oi n c rea sed s e den t i sm a nd t he e me rg en ce o fr ank ing . F i gu re 2 5 , d rawn t oe xp r e s s B ende r ' sa r gumen t , s how sh ow d i re c t e xp lo i ta t ion— fa rm ing—may h ave e me rged i n r e spon se t os o c ia l p r e s sur e s . A l though i ti sn o te mpha s ized i nt he a r t i c le ,B ende rd oe sn o ts e e a ny i mp l ica t ion o fc on s tan t ly i n c rea s ing s o c ia lc omp lex i ty o nce s e den t i sm i sa ch ieved ( p e r s . c omm . ) . T o w ha t e x t en t i st he r e ar e a sonab le f i t b e tween t h ee v iden ce f o rS ou the rn C ha s se en d eve lopmen t ,s t ab i l i ty a nd d e c l ine ,a nd t he mode l sp rov ided a bov e ?T he s i tua t ion i nS ou the rn F rance a tt he b eg inn ing o ft he M idd le N eo l i th ic i sn o ta sc l ea r cu t

6 2

a si nt he c i r cum s tan ce so fi n i t ia lf a rm ing a nd s e den t i sm d ea l tw i th b yB a i ley a nd B ende r . T he i n i t ia l a dop t ion o ff a rm ing a nd s t ock r a i s ing w a s ar e la t ive ly s l ow p roce s si nS ou the rn F rance , a nd o ne w h i ch t ook p l a ce i n i t ia l ly i n ap e r iod o fe nv i ronmen ta lc hang e ,f r om t he B o rea l t ot h eA t lan t i c . T he s p read o ff a rm ing i n to u p land a r ea sa nd t he i n c rea sed e mpha s i s o nc a t t le a nd c e rea l si np a r t i cu la rd u r ing t he C ha s seen i sn o tl i nked w i th a ny c l ima t i c c hange ,t hough i td oe sf o l low ap e r iod o fr i se i ns e al e ve l . H oweve r ,t h eb r eakdown o f t h eS ou the rn C ha s se en ' s y s tem 'c o in c ide sw i th t he A t lan t i c t oS ub -bor ea lc l ima t ic c hange ; t he c hang ed r a in fa l lr e g ime i nt h ec oa s ta lz one sm ay w e l lh ave b een a n i mpo r tan tf a c to r i nc u l tu ra l c hang ea tt h i st ime .

I ncreas ing d e mands d ue t o e vo lv ing s oc ia l i n st itut ions

D e layed r e turn

I nc reas ing p res su re o n p roduct ion

T echno log ica l i nnovat ion ?

S edent ism

)S torage

S oc ia l r egu lat ion t o r educe c onfl ict s

I ncreased v a lue o fl and

L eader r o le

F IG URE 2 5 : Emergence o ff arm ing i nr esponse t os oc ia lp re ssures ( a f ter B ende r 1 978 ) .

T he a r gumen t so fZ ub row ,H a rne ra nd B a i ley e mpha s ize t h ei mpo r tance o fp op u l a t ion p r e s su re . T he re i sn oc l ea re v iden ce o fc on s ide rab le p opu la t ion i n c rea se i nt h e c oa s t land so fP rovence a nd L anguedoc p r io rt ot he b eg inn ing o ft h e C ha s söen ,a l though i ti sp o s s ib le t ha tm any s i te sh ave b een l o s t b ys e al e v e lr i se f r om t h em id 5 th m i l lenn ium b . c . o nw a rd s . S ea l e ve lr i se sm ay a l so h ave r e duced t he t e r r i to r ie so fc o a s ta l ly b a sed g r oup s . N one the le s s , t h ep opu la t ion p r e s su re a r gumen ti sp l au s ib le i nt h ec i r cums tan ce s , i np a r t icu la r d ue t ot h es udden i n cr ea s ei nn umbe r so fs i t e sf r om 3 600 b . c . t o3 000 b . c . , a nd d ue t ot h e s p read o ff a rm ing s e t t lemen t sb o th i n land a nd u ph i l li nt h eS ou th o f F rance , a nd i n to n e ighbou r ing c on t inen ta la r ea s . B ende r ' s mode lm ay b ea pp l icab le t ot h eT ou lou se a r ea ,a l though k now ledge o f e a r l ie rn on fa rm ing o rm ixed h e rd ing -hun t ing g r oup si nt he a r ea i ss pa r se ( a so ppo s ed t o k now ledge o ft he n e ighbou r ing A ude d gp a r t emen t ) . T he h i gh r ank b u r ia l a tS tM iche l d u -Touch a tt he b eg inn ing o ft he C ha s s öen c ou ld f i t w i th t h e ' p o s i t ion so fa u tho r i ty ' w h i ch B ende re xpe c t st oe me rge ,w h i le t he s i te ' sa s semb lage i n c lude se x chang e g ood sf r om c on s ide rab le d i s tance s . T he s ugg e s t ion so fH a rne ra nd Z ub row , t h a tp opu la t ion sa f te r a ne xpan s ion p e r iod w ou ld s how l e s sr ank ing , a nd , i nZ ub row ' so p in ion ,c oncen t ra te o ns ub s i s tence a c t iv i t ie sa bove a l , w ou ld s e em t ob e b o rne o u t b y t h er e la t iv e ly l ow e v idence f o rr ank ing o u t s ide t he T ou lou se a r ea , a nd b y o dd d a ta ,s u ch a st h ef a una le v iden ce f r om t he S a rg e lI , A vey ron c ave ,d emon s t ra t ing g r ea te re mpha s i so n s h eep r e a r ing i nt h eE a r ly t h an i nt he L a te C ha s sö en . 6 3

O u r d a ta f r om e ven as i ng le a r ea o fS ou the rn F rance d ur ing t he C ha s söen p e r iod i sn o ts e n s i t ive e nough t os e eP log ' ss t eady s ta te s y s tem f l uc tua t ing d e l ica te ly . T he i n teg r a t ive d ev ice s ,s u ch a st he p o t te ry ,s e em t ow o rk s moo th ly o v e rt he w ho le a r ea . We wou ld n eed t or e tu rn i n at ime c ap su le t ow a tch t he movemen t so fc a t t le a nd s heep ,m en a nd w omen ;t os e et he r unn ing o fs e a sona la nd p e rmanen ts e t t lemen t s ,w i th t he i rp e r iod ic f e s t iva l s ;a nd t oo b se rve t h e s t rugg le s o fi nd iv idua l s t ob e mo re s ucce s s fu l t han t he i r n e ighbou r si np roduc t ion ,r ep roduct ion , t r ade o rr i tua l a sg ene ra t ion ss u cceeded e a ch o the r . T he b r eakdown o ft h es t eady s ta te may b e d ue t o as i ng le o u t s ide f o r ce— env i ron m enta l c hange— a sm en t ioned a bove ; a l te rna t ive ly , e nv i ronmen ta l c hange m ay h ave a c ted t oge the r w i th r e newed p opu la t ion p re s su re a nd r i se i nr ank ing ( d i f fe ren t ia t ion )t od i s tu rb t h e p eace fu l o p e ra t ion o ft he C ha s sgen s y s tem . T he n ew mode l w h ich i sp ropo sed i sa sf o l low s : i nt he f r amewo rk o fe xpand ing d ependence o n f a rmed p roduc t si nm any a r ea si nS ou the rn F rench c oa s ta l a nd r i ve r v a l ley a r ea sf r om t he G a ronne t ot he A lp s ( u l t ima te ly i nr e sponse t os o c ia l p r e s su re s? ) , p opu la t ion se xpanded i ns i ze . T h i sl e d c e r ta in g roup st o mov ei n to t e r r i to r ie sw h i ch h ad p rev iou s ly b een o n ly u sed o n as e a sona l o ro cca s iona l b a s i s , a nd w h ich m ay h ave s uppo r ted o the rp opu la t ion si n vo lved i nd i rec t e xp lo i ta t ion . T he se p i onee r ing d eve lopmen t sd i d n o t i n vo lve a ny b reak w i th t he h ome b a se s , a nd o ne m igh t e v en h ypo the s ize t ha tt h ey w e re d i rec ted b y t he c h ie f sa tt he h ome b a se s . T he a r ea si n vo lved w e re t h eS ou th -We s t a nd t he R hone -Durance c o r r ido r . I ti sn o t c l ea rh ow f a rt he se movemen t sw e re s e a sona l , o r h ow f a rt hey w e re b a sed o n n ew p e rmanen ts e t t lemen t s . T he r ange o fr ad io ca rbon d a te s f r om t he H au te -Lo i re s ugge s tt ha tt h i sw a so ne o ft he f i r s ta r ea so fc on ta c t b e tween N o r the rn ( u l t ima te ly B andke ram ik ) a nd S ou the rn p ea san tf a rme r s . T he s u cceed ing p ha se ,f r om c . 3600 t oc . 3000 b . c . ,w a s t he m a in p ha se o fC ha s seen e xpan s ion a nd c on so l ida t ion . T he a r ea s p rev iou s ly e xp lo r ed w e re s e t t led o n ap e rmanen t b a s i s , b o th t he h i gh land e dge r e g ion so ft he Ma s s i fC en t ra la nd t he C au s se s ,a nd u p land P rovence . T he p l a in sa nd c oa s tw e re e xp lo i ted b ys e t t lemen t sa l ong t he n ew l a goon e dge s a nd o n t h el i t to ra l p l a in s . C on ta c tw i th N o r the rn f a rm ing g roup sd eve loped a nd e xpanded , a nd t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o ft he ' v a se s uppo r t ' v e s se l ( o rm in i -a l ta r ) s e ems t os ugge s t t h a t r i tua ll i nk sw e re f o rged w i th p opu la t ions i nE a s te rn F rance . S ou the rn C ha s söen i n f luence o n mor e N or the r ly p opu la t ion si sma rked , b u t t he c omp le te S ou the rn C ha s seen a s sem b l age ( w i th f i ne f l in t , 'H ie s 'a nd o b s id ian ) d oe sn o ts p read f u r the rN o r th t han t h ec en t ra l R höne v a l ley . T he e xpan s ive C ha s söen g r oup s m ay h ave mov ed a sf a rN o r th a sS w i tze r land o ra sf a r We s t a st h eP oV a l ley a nd L igu r ia . Wha ts e em sp o s s ib ly mor el i ke ly i st he d ev e l o pmen to fe x ten s ive t r ade a nd e x chang ew i th t he se a r ea s ,w h ich a l ready s uppo r ted f a rm ing p opu la t ion s , p robab ly i na n ima l o rp l an tp roduc t sa sw e l l a st h e mo re a r chaeo l o g ica l ly v i s ib le s t one r aw m a te r ia l s . T he e x change so ve rt h eA lp sw e re ma tched b y e xchang e sb eyond t h eP y r enee s . T he d i rec t ion st aken— and t ho se om i t ted— in t h i se xpans ion p ha se a r e i n te re s t ing . I nS ou th -We s te rn F rance , C ha s se-e n e v idence p e te r so u t i nt he D ordogne ; w a st h i s b ecause t he re w e re n ov i ab le e x change p a r tne r si n We s te rn F rance w hen e xpan s ion b egan ? ( Fa rm ing s i te sa r er a re i nt he D o rdogne b e fo re c . 3000 b . c . ) A f te rt he m a in e xpan s ion , c en t ra l c on t ro lf r om h ome b a se s p robab ly l e s sened , s ot ha t t he m a in e xchange st ook p l ace b e tween l o ca l g r oup s . T he c on t ra s t ing m ap so fs t one b r ace le t a nd v a se suppo r t d i s t r ibu t ion d emon s t ra te t ha t t h et wo b road ' t r iba l g r oup s ' o r ig ina l ly b a sed i nt he S ou th -We s t a nd t he R höne -Du rance b a s in c on t inued t ob e s i gn i f ican ti n s oc ia l ( a nd p o s s ib ly r i tua l ) b ehav iou r . N one the le s s , t he o the rd emons t rab le e x change

6 4

i t em s( f l in t ,j a de i te a xe s , o b s id ian , b i l le s ) c ro s sed t he se b ounda r ie sa nd w ove l i nk so f g oodw i l l a nd mu tua l a i d b e tween n e ighbou r ing c ommun i t ie sa nd u l t ima te ly o ve rt he w ho le o fS ou the rn F rance . O n t he s ub s i s tence f r on t , t h i sp e r iod s aw t he c on t inua t ion o fl o ca l d ome s t ica t ion o fc a t t le a nd p i g i nt he M a s s i fC en t ra l a nd t he S ou th -We s t , a nd t h ee xpan s ion o fc a t t le a st he m a in h e rd a n ima l— as i tua t ion u npa ra l le led i no the r p reh i s to r i c o rh i s to r ic p e r iod s i nS ou the rn F rance , a nd l i nked t ot he mo re e ven d i s t r ibu t ion o fr a in fa l l i nt h eA t lan t ic p ha se . S eve ra l s i te sm ay b er e ga rded a ss e a sona l h e rd ing p l ace s , a nd s e t t lemen tw a s m a in ly i nd i spe r sed s e den ta ry u n i t si nc ave sa nd o pen -a i rs i te s . P opu la t ion sc oncen t ra ted o n b a s ic s ub s i s tence u s ing e x change a nd r i tua l t oc oun te r u n favou rab le c l ima t ic a nd c r op e ven t s . T he f o l low ing p e r iod , f r om 3 000 b . c . t oc . 2600 b . c . , i sl e s sc l ea r cu t . T he m a jo r i ty o fd a ted s i te s c ome f r om t he V e rdon c ave s , b u t , a sh a sb een s ugge s ted a bove , t h i sm ay b e ap e r iod w hen o pen -a i rs e t t lemen t sw e re c on so l ida ted , a nd w hen c ave o ccupa t ion b eg in s t od ec l ine . P opu la t ion s m ay h ave i n c rea sed i ns i ze w i th i n c rea s ing s e den t i sm , a nd t he e xchang e s y s tem sa ppa ren t ly s t i l lf l ou r i shed . D u r ing t he p e r iod t he re a r e af ew r a d ioca rbon d a te s ( a s t he re w e re i nt h e E a r ly C ha s seen p e r iod ) w h ich i nd ica te t ha t n ew p o t te ry s t y le s a r e e me rg ing . T he se e a r ly d a te sa l c ome f r om L anguedoc , a nd t h i si st he a r ea wh ich c hange s mo s t m a rked ly f r om c . 2700 /2600 b . c . o nwa rd s . T he c hang e si nr a in fa l l r e g ime sw h ich ma rk t h e b eg inn ing o ft h eS ub -bo rea l c au sed c hange si ns e t t lemen tp a t te rn si nt he c oa s ta la r ea s ,w he re t h e g ood w a te rs upp ly h ad p rev iou s ly s uppo r ted l a rge p opu la t ion sa nd t he i r c a t t le -he rd s . I nL anguedoc t he l a goon e dge sw e re a bandoned , a nd g r oup sb egan t oe xp lo i t t he h i gh land a r ea so n amo re p e rma n en t b a s i s , m a rk ing t he i rh e rd ing t e r r i to r ie sw i th l i f e s ize s cu lp tu re s . C a t t le w e re ' s t i l l i n c luded i nt he h e rd s ,b u t e mpha s i sg r adua l ly s wung t owa rd ss h eep h e rd ing . I nL anguedoc t h e i n c rea sed p opu la t ion sp roduced b y t h es ucce s s fu l C ha s se en s ub s i s tence e conomy s p l i t i n to l a rge r e g iona l u n i t s ,h eaded b yh i gh ly ranked k i n g roup s o re l i te s . T he h i gh ly r a nked k in g roup sa dop ted n ew r i tua ls y s tems d e r ived f r om n e ighbou r ing a r ea s ,i n vo lv ing c ommun a lb u r ia l w i th s pec ia l g r ave -good si ns t one b u i l t t omb s o rr o ck cu tc hambe r s . C hange s w e re s l owe r t o t ake e f fe c t i nP rovence , w i th i t s mo re d i s sec ted l a nd s cape , b u t t he s ame e conom ic a nd s oc io r i tua lc hange sa r ev i s ib le a tl e a s t b y t h e t ime o ft he mo s tr e cen t C ha s seen r ad io ca rbon d a te s , c . 2300 b . c . T he S ou the rn C has seen c u l tu re g r oup r ep re sen t s t he f i r s t t r ue p ea san tc u l tu re o fS ou the rn F rance . Sma l lf a rm ing s e t t lemen t s w e re e s tab l i shed o ve r aw ide a r ea ,w i th c a t t le -a nd s heep -d r ive sp rov id ing t he o ppo r tun i ty f o rc on s tan t ly r e newab le c on tac t b e tween n e ighbou r ing g r oup s . L and w a so pened u p o n as c a le w h ich h e lped t oa l te r t h e p redom inan t ly d ec iduou so ak f o re s t t oe ve rg reen . E xchange so fr aw ma te r ia l st ook p l a ce o ve r h uge d i s tance s , u l t ima te ly i n vo lv ing much o ft he We s tM ed i te r ranean . I ti st ob e h oped t ha t t he e x ce l len t a r chaeo log ica l wo rk c u r ren t ly b e ing c a r r ied o u ti nS ou the rn F rance w i l lc on t inue t or e vea l mor e d e ta i ls o ft he s e t t lemen t ,s ub s i s tence , e xchange a nd r i tua l b ehav iou ro ft he S ou the rn C ha s seen c u l tu re g r oup , a nd p e rm i t mo re p r ec i se mode l l ing o ft h i ss i gn i f ican t p e r iod o fF rench p r eh i s to ry .

6 5

S I TE

IN D E X

6 7

F IGURE 2 6 : D i s t r ibut ion o fS outhern C has sgen s i te s i nS outh -W e s tern F rance n amed i nt he S i te I ndex

6 8

F IGURE 2 6 :

D i st r ibut ion o fS outhern C has sien s i tes i nS outh -Eastern F rance n amed i n t he S i te I ndex

6 9

L IST OF S ITES s hown i nF igu re 2 6a nd d e sc r ibed mo re f u l ly i nS i te I ndex

S i te

S ite , C om mune a nd Depa r te ment

No . 1 G rot te d e Montou , C orb ieres les -Cabanes , P yrenees O r ienta les 2 G rot te d e l aC hance , R ia , P yrenee s O r ien ta le s 3 B ede i lhac , B ede i lhac , A r iege 4 P et ite G rot te , N iaux , A r iege 5 S t -M iche l -du -Touch , T ou louse , H aute -Ga ronne 6 V i l leneuve -To losane , V i l leneuve -To lo sane , H aute -Garonne 7 F rouz ins , F rouz ins , H aute -Garonne 8 L es Monges , L aunaguet , H aute -Ga ronne 9 L e V e rd ie r , Montauban , T a rn -et -Ga ronne 1 0

G rot te d e l aP yram ide , P enne , T a rn

1 1 1 2

C hant ier A , C apdenac le -Haut , L ot G rot te d u Noyer , E sc lauze ls , L o t

1 3 1 4

G rot te P egour ie , C an iac -du -Cau sse , L o t P erte d u C ros , S a i l lac , L ot

1 5

Roucadour , The m ines , L ot

1 6

Abr i d e F ont -Juvena l , C onques , Aude

1 7 1 8

P et ite G ro tte , B ize -M inerva is , Aude G ro t te d e G aze l , S a l le les -Caba rdes , Au d e

1 9

L es Aur io les , C avanac , Aude

2 0

P ebr i l , C avanac , Aude

2 1

L e P era i ro l , C avanac , Aude

2 2

Aur iac , C arca ssonne , Aude

2 3

Aus s ieres , N a rbonne , Aude C i st g raves o ft he m idd le r eaches o ft he Aude -Ga ronne r i ver s

2 4

L e P i rou , P o l ignac , H au te -Lo ire

2 5

C hambon d e Goudet , Goudet , H aute -Lo ire

2 6

S arge l 1 ,S t -Ro me -de -Cernon , Aveyron

2 7

L a P ou jade , M i l lau , Avey ron

2 8

Abr i d e D eves -de -Ga ly , V eb ron , L ozere

2 9 3 0

L e C hâ teau , C ha s sagne s , A rdeche G rot te d e P ey roche I , Au r io l les , A rdeche

3 1

G rot te d u Maqu is , V a l Ion P ont d 'Arc , A rdeche

3 2

B aume d e Ronze , O rgnac l 'Aven , A rdeche

3 3 3 4

B aume d e S ou latget , S t M iche l d 'A la jou , H erau lt Abr i sous -Roche , S t E t ienne -de -Gourga s , H e rau lt

3 5

G rot te T ourn ie , P a rda i lhan , H erau l t

3 6 3 7

G rot te I V , S t P ierre -de la -Fage , H erau lt G rotte d e C amprafaud , F er r ieres -Pous sa rou , H e rau lt

3 8

B a l me d e l 'Abeurador , F e l ine s -M inervo is , H erau lt

T he C ha s seen o ft he C aus ses

3 9

L e C laux , Gorn ies , H erau lt

4 0

G rot te d u L abe i l , L a roux , H erau l t P o s t -Cha sseen a s semb lages i n t he S a intpona is , H erau lt , a nd s u rround ing a rea s

4 1

G rotte d e l a Made le ine , V i l leneuve le s -Mague lonne , H erau lt

4 2

L es Mardes , C essara s , H erau lt

4 3

F ont -de -T rou i l ly , Meze , H erau l t

7 0

S ite No .

S i te , C ommune a nd D epa rtemen t

4 4

F ont -Ma r s , Meze , H erau lt

4 5

Mon tbeyre , T eyran , H 6 rau l t

4 6

Mou l in d e S au ret , C as te lnau le -Lez , H erau lt

4 7

L es F ays ses , L e C res , H erau lt

4 8

S ta t ion d e l a Made le ine , V i l leneuve les -Mague lonne , H e rau lt Open -a ir s i tes , H erau lt , w i th C has seen f l int i ndus t r ies

4 9

C amp R edon , L ansa rgues , H erau lt

5 0

L a Condam ine , S a int -Aunes , He rau lt

5 1

L ou L avous , G rand -Ga l la rgues , Ga rd

5 2

Ma leca ste l s uper ieur , P ar igna rgue s , G ard

5 3

T er ra s , Mus , Ga rd

5 4

L a S i roque , S t L aurent -des -A rb res , G a rd

Open -a ir s i tes , G ard , w ith C has s4en a s semb lage s

5 5

B a rr ie re , V e rgage , G a rd

5 6

Abr is d e B rugas , V a l labr ix , Ga rd

5 7

V i l leneuve les -Av ignon , V i l leneuve les -Av ignon , G a rd

5 8

B au me d 'Ou l l ins , L e G a rn , G ard

5 9

B aume B ourbon , C abr iere s , G ard G a rdon v a l ley c ave s w ith e v idence o f C has seen o ccupa t ion

6 0

G rot te d e l aS a lpet r ie re , R e mou l ins , Ga rd

6 1

G rot te d e S a rtanet te , R emou l ins , G ard

6 2

B au me s L at rone , D ions , G a rd

6 3

G rot te d e l 'H ironde l le d e F iro l le s , D ions , G a rd

6 4

G rotte Mazau r ic , D ions , G a rd

6 5

G rot te S t J oseph , D ions , Ga rd

6 6

G rot te S t V eredeme , S an i lhac , Ga rd

6 7

A ven d e l aB ouc le , C orconne , G ard

6 8

V a ld it ion , E yga l ie res , B ouches -du -RhOne

6 9

E stoub lon Ouest , Fontv ie i l le , B ouche s -du -RhOne

7 0

P la teau d e M iouv in , I s t res , B ouche s -du -Rhöne

7 1

S a intJu l ian , Mar t igue s , B ouches -du -Rhöne

7 2

Ab r i d e l aF ont -desP igeons , C hä teauneuf les -Mar t igue s , B ouches -du -Rhöne

7 3

E scan in 2 ,L es B aux , B ouches -du -Rhe ine

7 4

Ma lvo is in , O rgon , B ouches -du -Rhöne

7 5

B eau rega rd , O rgon , B ouche s -du -Rhöne

7 6

F onta ine d e C anouigue , Rognac , B ouche s -du -Rhöne

7 7

T ret s , T re t s , B ouches -du -Rhöne

7 8

R ibas s iere , C azan , B ouches -du -Rhöne C ha s seen s i tes i n t he n e ighbourhood o f Marse i l le s , B ouche s -du -Rhöne

7 9

G rot te d u D e lubre , V auvena rgues , B ouches -du -Rhöne

8 0

Qua r t ie r d e l aB a lance , Av ignon , V auc luse

8 1

L es P ia lons , S egu re t , V auc luse

8 2

Mou rre R ouge , O range , V auc luse

8 3

L a B er taude , O range , V auc luse

8 4

` Opp idum ' , P io lenc , V auc luse

8 5

V i l les sur -Auzon , V i l les sur -Auzon , V auc luse

8 6

C laparouse , L agne s , V auc luse

8 7 8 8

B ou lon , Rob ion , V auc luse B au me d es E nfer s , C heva l -B lanc , V auc luse

8 9

G rande G ro tte , C heva l -B lanc , V auc lu se

9 0

G rot te d 'Unang , Ma le mort -du -Co m ta t , V auc lu se

9 1

Abr i 2 ,F ra ischamp , L a Roque s ur P e rne s , V auc lu se

9 2

L e C ous te let , Av ignon , V auc luse V erdon v a l ley C has sgen s i te s

9 3

G rot te C , B aud ina rd , Var

9 4

G rot te d e l ' Eg l ise , B aud ina rd , Va r

9 5

G rot te G , B aud ina rd , Va r

7 1

S ite

S ite , C om mune a nd D epa rte ment

No .

9 6

T he D es te l v a l ley a nd t he T ou lon r eg ion L og i s d u B ord d e l ' Eau , E venos , Va r

9 7

L a S ta lagm ite , E venos , Va r

9 8

B au me F ontbregoua , S a lernes , V a r

9 9

V i l lecroze -Sa le rne s , S a lerne s , V a r

1 00

Abr i d u V ieux Mounc i i , S ignes , V a r

1 01

L es B ou is , L es Mar res , Ramatue l le , V a r

1 02

L ur s , L ur s , A lpe sde -Haute -P rovence

1 03

T outes Aures , Manosque , A lpe sde -Haute -Provence

1 04

L e P lan d es A ires , F orca lqu ie r , A lpe sde -Hau te -P rovence

1 05

Aven d e V auc la re , E spar ron -de -Verdon , A lpesde -Haute -P rovence

1 06

Abr i d u J ard in d u C ap ita ine , S a inte -C ro ix -du -Verdon , A lpe sde -Hau te -P rovence

1 07

G rot te Muree , Montpeza t , A lpe sd e -Haute -P rovence

1 08

Abr i d es P o int s Rouges , Qu in son , A lpe sde -Haute -Provence

1 09

Abr i d u P ont d e Qu inson , Qu in son , A lpes de -Haute -P rovence

1 10

S t M it re , R e i l lanne , A lpes d e -Hau te -P rovence

1 11

P er tus 2 , Mea i l le s , A lpe sde -Hau te -P rovence

1 12

G rottes S t B eno it , S t B eno i t , A lpes de -Haute -Provence

1 13

Ab r i P end imoun , C as te l la r , A lpe s -Ma r it ime s

1 14

G rot te B arr iera , L a T urb ie , A lpe s -Ma r it ime s

1 15

L a C aucade , N ice , A lpes -Ma r it ime s

1 16

T ar r in , O rp ier re , H aute s -A lpe s

1 17

Quar t ier d u Gu ire , S erres , H autes -A lpe s

1 18

G rot te d e s Our s , A spres sur -Buech , Hautes -A lpe s

1 19

G rot te d u G rape let , S igot t ier , H aute s -A lpe s

1 20

Opp idu m d e S a inte Luce , B ez ignan , D röme

1 21

P la teau L abou reau , Mont segur s u r L anzon , D rö ' me

1 22

L es P rades , L e P egue , D röme

1 23

L a Rober te , C hä teauneuf -du -Rhöne , D röme

1 24

T erre B lanche , Meng lon , D röme

1 25

Va lence , V a lence , D röme

1 26

B aume C la ire , B au me S ourde , F ranc i l lon , D röme

1 27

C lA teau d e Moras , V a l lo ire , D röme

1 28

P lateau d e Raver re , S t U ze , D röme

1 29

T rou A rnaud , S t N aza ire le -Deser t , D rö me

1 30

G rot te d u F ournet , G rotte d 'Antonna i re , Mon t maur -en -D io is , D r6me

1 31

L a C ro ix -T rouva , B re ss iew c , I s ere

1 32

G rot te d es S a r ras ins , S eys s ine t -Pa r ise t , I s e re

1 33

Abr i d e B arne -B igou , F onta ine , I s ere

1 34

B au me d e G los , F onta ine , I s ere

1 35

E s tres s in , V ienne , I s ere

1 36

S t L oup , V if , I s ere

1 37

F ranc in , F ranc in , S avo ie

S ITE I NDEX

1 GROTTE DE MONTOU , CORB IERES -LES -CABANES , PYRENEES OR IENTALES R eferences :

B a i l ls a nd B a i l ls 1 973 B rea 1 949 , p .33 A ra ! a nd B enazet 1 951 , f i g .2 :5 a nd p .552 N ieder lende r , L acam a nd A rna l 1 966 , p .156 Roud i l 1 980 , p p .468 -9

G eo logy D evon ian l imes tone . L ocat ion I n asma l l ma s s if n ea r t he v a l ley o f nt , c .20 km S outh -We s t o fP erp ignan . S ite s i ze T he c ave c ons is t s o f ag a l le ry 6 0 m l ong a nd a n i n terna l c hamber ( Ba i l ls a nd B a i l ls 1 973) . Excavat ion h i s tory P .P ons ich e xcava ted t he s i te f rom 1 937 -8 a nd i nt he 1 950s ( A ra ! a nd B enazet 1 951) . I n 1 979 n ew e xcava t ions w ere s t arted b y F . T re inen -C laust res ( Roud i l 1 980 ) . S t rat ig raphy When d i scovered , p ot tery w as s t rewn o n t he s urface o ft he g a l lery ( Ba i l ls a nd B a i l ls 1 973) . Unfortuna te ly ,P ons ich h a s n ever p ub l ished h i s f i nds . I n 1 979 e xcava t ions i nvo lved mos t ly p lann ing , a nd s i ev ing o ld s po i l h eaps . S ubs i stence e conomy T he r ecen t e xcava t ions l ocated q uerns a nd c a rbon ized g ra in . B a i l ls a nd B a i l l s r e fer t o n u merous q uerns a nd g r inds tones i n t he i r d i scus s ion o ft he P ons ich e xcava t ions ( Ba i l l s a nd B a i l l s 1 973) . A rt if act s T re inen -C laus t res a pparen t ly f ound al i th ic i ndust ry b a sed ma in ly o n q ua rtz . The s i te p roduced n u merous b i l les ( sma l l s tone b a l ls ) a nd b one a r t ifact s . L it t le i sk nown o f t he p o ttery , t hough i ti ss uggested t o b e long t o t he E a r ly o r P roto -Cha s seen . T he w r iter h as s een ac oup le o fl i t t le g lobu lar i nver ted b a ses f rom t h is s i te a tt he Musee d e l 'Ho mme , P ar is . T hey w ere a pprox ima te ly 71 2 a / nd 9 cm r e spect ive ly i n b e l ly d iameter , a nd t he l a rger o ne b ore t wo v er t ica l ly p er fo rated l ong l ug sj ust a bove t he w ides t p ar t o ft he b e l ly . B rea ment ions as phe r ica l v ase , d eco ra ted w ith e longa ted P an -p ipe s f rom t he G ro tte d e Montou ( 1949 , p .33 ) . A ra ! a nd B enazet i lu st ra te ar e ma rkab le c a r ina ted b ow l ,r econs t ruc ted f rom a f r agment , w ith c ros s -ha tch ing c omp lete ly c over ing t he wa l l a bove t he c ar ina t ion , a par t f rom a p la in z i gz agg ing z one ( 1951 , f i g .2 :5) . E lsewhere A rna l i nd icates t ha t t he s i te p roduced an umber o fP an -p ipes a nd mu lt iper fo rated c o rdons ( N iede r lender e ta / . 1 966 , p .156 ) .

2 GROTTE DE LA CHANCE , R IA , PYRENEES ORIENTALES R eferences :

Roud i l 1 978 , p p .693 -4 ; 1 980 , p p .469 -70 .

G eo logy I n ac l if fo fD evon ian r ock . L ocat ion A t t he l eve l o f t he o pen -a i r s i te o f R ia . S ite s i ze Huge— severa lt ens o f m2 ( Roud i l 1 980) . Excavat ion h i story T he s i te i s owned b y t he ` Eaux e t F öret s 's e rv ice . T he c ave wa s e xcava ted a s ar escue d ig , b egun i n 1 976 b y H . B a i l ls a nd c ont inued i n 1 978 -9 . T hree s i tes i nt he c ave w ere e xcavated . T he l ower g a l lery c hamber p roduced a n i mpor tant s t ra t ig raphy .

7 3

S t rat igraphy ( Roud i l 1 980 ) Nla a nd N ib : M idd le B ronze A ge . N2f1 a nd N2f2 : E vo lut ion o f N2f3 . C on tact s w ith E a r ly C has sden ( N2f2) a nd C las s ica l C has se-e n ( N2f1) . N2f3 : E ar ly -M idd le N eo l i th ic . F ac ies o f Montbo lo g roup . N3f4 a nd N3f5 : Ep icard ia l , E a r ly Neo l ith ic . N4f6 a nd N4f7 : Undecora ted E a r ly N eo l ith ic . A rt if acts N2f2 a nd N2f1 h earths p roduced am ix ture o fc eram ic t ypes i nc lud ing am ino r ity o fp ro to C hasseen f o rms ( e .g . ab r immed p late) , a nd ama jo r i ty o fE ar ly N eo l ith ic v es se ls . N2f3 p roduced l o ts o f' convergences ' , b ut n o r ea l ` s im i la r ity 'w ith Mon tbo lo c ave a s semb lages , a s d ef ined b y Gu i la ine e ta l . ( 1974 ) . B a i l I s r ega rds Mon tbo lo n ot a s au n iform g roup , b ut a s as e r ies o f mu lt i v a r iate f ac ie s i n m ic roa reas s uch a s t he Montou a nd E ngo rnet c aves . C o m ment T h is i s ah uge s i te , s o B a i l Is r egards t he a bove f i nds a s o n ly ab eg inn ing .

3 GROTTE DE BEDEILHAC , BEDE ILHAC , AR IEGE R eferences :

Noug ier a nd Rober t 1 951; 1 955 ; 1 957 .

L ocat ion Huge c ave i nT arascon b a s in a bove r i ver S aura t . Excavat ion h i story T he c ave wa s e xcava ted i nt he 1 940s a nd 1 950s b y Noug ier a nd Robert . S tr at ig raphy L eve ls I Va nd V I p roduced mater ia l c ompa rab le t o t he S outhern C has sden . I n t he 1 951 s i te r epo rt ( s ince t he S outhern C hassden h ad n ot t hen b een d ef ined) , t he e xcava tor s d e sc r ibed t he ma ter ia l a s ` Cor ta i l lod ' . B a i l loud a nd B oofzhe im c hanged t he d escr ipt ion t oL a te C ha s sden ( 1955 , p .204 ) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone L eve l V I— rough s c raper s i ns ch i s ta nd q ua r tz i te ( Noug ier a nd Robert 1 957) . L eve l I V—a f ew f l int s c raper s , t i ny q ua rtz p o int , a nd at r ansverse a r rowhead ( Noug ier a nd Robe rt 1 957 , f i g .3 :6 -16 ) . G round s tone L eve l V I—oph ite c h ise ls a nd a xes ;L eve l I V a l so p roduced al a rge n umber o fc h ise ls a nd a xes . B one L eve l V I—ca t t le r ib s moother s a nd b one aw ls ( Noug ier a nd Robe r t 1 957 , f i g .1) . L eve l I V a l so p roduced c at t le r ib s moother s , s ome w ith ap erfo rat ion a long t he l ong s i de , u t i l ized c a t t le s capu lae , a nd al a rge n u mber o f aw l s . P ot tery T he e xcava tor s r epo r t t he p otte ry a sw e l l -f i red a nd p o l ished ,r edd ish -brown a nd b rown i sh b lack i n c o lour . I n L eve l V I t he mos t t yp ica lv es se ls hape wa s asma l l d eep b ow l ( e .g . Noug ier a nd Rober t 1 955 , f i g s .V I -V I I) . Ano ther s hape i s ac o rdoned d eep b ow l ( Noug ie r a nd Rober t 1 955 , f i g .IX ) . .

I n L eve l I V t he o n ly s hape men t ioned i s ab ig g lobu la rv es se l w ith ab roken l ug ( Noug ier

a nd Rober t 1 955 , f i g .X :2) . Two t unne l l ug s a nd 1 7 r i bbon h and le s w ere a l so f ound i nt h i s l e ve l . Two s herds b o re i nc ised l i nes f i l led w ith wh i te i ncrus tat ion ( Noug ier a nd Robe rt 1 955 , f i g .XV) .

4 P ET ITE GROTTE , N IAUX , ARIEGE R eference :

Noug ier a nd Rober t 1 951 .

L ocat ion Ups t ream a nd o n o ppo s ite b ank f rom P a in ted C ave o fN iaux . Excavat ion h i story T he c ave w as e x tens ive ly i nves t iga ted p r ior t o e xcava t ions b y Noug ier a nd Robe r t . S ome o f t he mater ia l f ro m t he Nou let , Ga rr igan a nd F i lho l c o l lect ions i sk ept i n t he T ou louse N atu ra l H is tory Museu m .

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S trat ig r aphy T he s t ra t ig raphy i sn ot k nown , b ut p a rt o ft he c eram ic mater ia l f rom t he c ave m ight b e long t o t he C has seen ( or t o t he Montbo lo f ac ie s ) . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone a nd g round s tone S ick le b lades a nd s craper s i n f l in t a nd r ock c rysta l w ere f ound . T here a re o va l sect ioned a nd v ery f l a t p o l ished a xes , an otched ' n et -we ight 'a nd ap os s ib le d igg ing s t ick w e ight , p lus p ebb le h ammer s . B one a nd a nt ler B one aw l sa nd c h ise ls a re f ound , t ogether w ith c a t t le -r ib s moo ther s . P ot tery At h ick w al sherd i n t he T ou louse Museum b ear s at r i -perfo rated l ug . Ano ther t h ick , s t ra ight -wa l led s herd h as at h in h o r izonta l l ug n ear t he r im . T here a re t wo d eep b ow ls , o ne w i th ah or izonta l l ug where t he wa l l b eg ins c urv ing i n to t he b ase . One w a l l sherd wa s c omp lete ly c overed w i th i nc ised h or izonta l l i nes , a nd a no the rs ha rp s hou ldered f r agment b o re i nc ised d eco ra t ion o n t he s hou lder ;h owever , n e ithe r o ft hese t wo s herds l ooked t yp ica l ly C hasseen . C omment T he ma ter ia l f ro m t he B ede i lhac a nd N iaux c aves , t ogether w ith o ther ma ter ia l f rom an earby c ave , t he G rotte d e S abar , i sn ot t yp ica l o f t he S outhern C ha sseen . A s h as b een ment ioned i n C hapter 5a nd i n d i scus s ion o ft he L a C hance a nd Mon tou c aves , t he r e la t ionsh ip o ft he Mon tbo lo f ac ies w ith t he C has se-e n i n t he P yrenees h a sy et t o b e d ef ined . T hu s a t l e as ts ome o ft he ma ter ia l may w e l l b e M idd le N eo l ith ic i n d a te , b ut i t s p rec ise a t t r ibut ion w i l l h ave t o a wa it f u r ther wo rk i nt he a rea .

5 S TM ICHEL DU -TOUCH , TOULOUSE , HAUTE GARONNE R eferences :

Me-r oc 1 967; 1 969 Meroc a nd S im monet 1 970 ; 1 979 S immonet 1 976 ; 1 980

G eo logy G rave ls b e low v ery f i ne c l ay s i lt o n t he h ighe r p a r t o ft he s i te ;f l ood -c lays o n t he l ower p a r t o f t he s i te . L ocat ion T he s i te l i es o n ap la teau t e rm ina t ing i n ap romonto ry a t t he j unct ion o ft he Ga ronne a nd T ouch r i vers i n as uburb o ft he t own o f Tou louse . T he g round f a l l s away s t eep ly f rom t he p ro mon to ry t o t he r i ver b anks . S i te s i ze 2 0 h ec tares ( Meroc 1 967 , p .394 ) . E xcavat ion h i story T he s i te w as f i rs t n ot iced b y Meroc i n 1 944 , when t r enche s d ug b y G erman t roops h ad e xposed a reas o fd a rk e a rth . I n 1 964 p lans w ere made t o c om mence b u i ld ing d eve lopmen t o n t he s i te , a nd af i ve y ea rp rog ramme o fe xcava t ion wa s i n it iated . Mos tf ea tures w ere d i scovered i nc ontractor ' s

t r enche s ,a nd an umber w ere f u l ly e xcavated a t weekend s o r i n t he s u mmer b y

a r range ment w i th t he c on trac to r . The wo rk w as d i rected b y Mes s r s Meroc a nd S immone t . S t rat ig raphy : T he p ro montory a nd p lateau a rea s w ere s ubsequent ly u sed i nt he L ate I ron Age , t he G a l lo Roman a nd M idd le Ages . Meroc b e l ieves t hat t he f i rs t C ha sseen s e t t lement w as made o n t he t i p o f t he p romon tory , a nd t ha t t he l a ter s e t t lement w as f ur ther S outh ( Meroc 1 970 ) . E v idence o f r epeated o ccupa t ion i ss hown b y h or izonta l s t ra t ig raphy , f or i n s tance c obb le s t ruc ture A96 p a s ses o ver ad i tch wh ich ame tre away h a s c ut t hrough s t ructure 9 6C . There h ave t hus b een a t l e a st t hree s t age s o fo ccupat ion a t t h i s p o in t . T he g reat r ectangu la r b ur ia l p i t men t ioned b e low h ad aC ha s seen c obb le s t ructure d ug i n to i ta f ter i th ad b een c overed , a nd p resumab ly f orgot ten . L arge f eatures : T he se c an b e d iv ided i n to p a l isades , c obb le s t ructures , d i tches , p i t s a nd g raves . P a l i sades Two p a ra l le l p a l isades , 3 0 m a pa r t , c ut o ff t he o pen l and s i de o f t he t r iangu la r p romontory . T he p os ts w ere s tuck i n to a 2m d eep t r ench a nd p acked i nb y c obb le s . They s eem t o b e o f d i f ferent d a tes : t he o uter o ne i sd ated 3 490

9 0 b .c . ( MC 8 48) . S even s ma l le r l i nes o f p os t -ho les

may r ep resent p laces t o h erd a n i ma ls , t hese h o les b e ing o n ly a bout 5 0 cm d eep ( Me roc 1 967 , f i g .12 ) .

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C obb le s t ructure s 3 05 s t ructures h ave b een f ound , b oth w ith in a nd o ut s ide t he f o rt if ied s pur . 1 27 w ere r ectangu lar ( occa s iona l ly t r apezo ida l ) i n o ut l ine , measur ing 3 11 m i nl eng th a nd 1 .5 -2 .5 m i n w idth ; 4 5 w ere r ound o r o va l , 1 .5 -2 m i n d iameter . T he s hape a nd d imens ions o f t he o the rs c ou ld n ot b e d eterm ined ( S i monnet 1 976) . T he c obb le s t ruc tures a ppea red i nt he c ont ractor ' s t r enches a s b eds o f f i re -c racked r i ver c obb les 2 0 -40 cm t h ick , l y ing o n al ayer o fc ha rcoa l u p t o 2 0 cm t h ick ( Me roc 1 967 , f i g .10 ) .

S imonne t i n terp ret s t he se f ea tures a sh ut f l oor s a nd s ugges ts

t hat ah o le w as d ug i n to t he s ub so i l a nd af i re k ind led i ni t , r edden ing t he s i des o f t he s t ruc ture . T he a shes w ere t hen m ixed w i th s o i l a nd s cat tered . As econd f i re wa s t hen k ind led , o f wh ich l a rge b u rnt l og so f ten r e ma in i nt he h ut f ounda t ions ; al ayer o fr i ver c obb les was l a id o n t h is , s uper imposed b y e a rth u p t o a bout t he t opmos t l im it o ff i re -ha rdened c l ay ( S immonet 1 976 , f i g .7) . D aub wa s f ound n ea r o r i n s ide mos t o ft he s t ructures a nd a l so i n t he d i tches ( s ee b e low ) , b ut i n ar ecent a r t ic le S imonnet i sn ot c l ea r a s t o whether t h is r ep resent s wa l l ing o r n ot ( 1980a ) . No i n terna l f ea tures w ere f ound a bove t he c obb les i n t he e a r th f i l l . S imonnet h a sr ecent ly p ub l ished d eta i led p lans a nd s ect ions o ft hree l a rge s t ructure s ( 1980a ) ( F igures 1 2a , 1 2b) . D i tches 2 6 d eep w ide d i tches h ave b een f ound i n d i f feren t a r ea s o ft he s i te , p os s ib ly t he r ema ins o f i n ter rupted d i tch s y stems ( S imonnet 1 976 , p .23) . I ns ide t hem ab lack ish c l ay l e ve l o ve r l ies a y e l low ish g r een t h ick c l ay , l ensed w ith b ed s o fp ebb les o rl ayers o f a shes ;t hey mea su re n ear ly o ne metre d eep b y s evera l me t res i nb readth ( Meroc 1 969 , f i g .2) . One o f t he d i tche s i s3 0 m l ong b y 3m w ide a nd 8 0 cm d eep ;a no ther i s2 5 m l ong . The se d i tches c onta in h ea r ths , C ha s se-e n p ot tery , l i th ic ma ter ia l , many f auna l r ema ins a nd s ome b one t oo ls . Notched p ebb les h ave a l so b een f ound i n t hem ( Me roc a nd S immonet 1 970 ) . The p o t tery i nc ludes c ar inat ed s he rd s , mu l t i p erfora ted c ordons a nd f r agment s o fv ase s upport s . L eve l Bo fD itch A21 h a s b een d a ted 3 400 * 9 0 b .c . ( MC 8 44 ) ( S i monnet 1 976 , f i g .8) . P i ts An umber o f p i t sh ave b een f ound o n t he s i te . I n ap i t 3 0 cm w ide b y 3 0 cm d eep ( A 1 7 T 7E) as he rd b ear ing ab ut ton o ver lay as of t -edged a xe , wh ich i ni t s t urn o ve r lay ac obb le w ith b o th e nds r edenned b y f i re . A much d eeper p i t ( A 6 1 N ) h a s b een t en ta t ive ly l abe l led aw e l l . I ti s1 .5 m d eep , t he f i l l ing i so fl ayer s o fs tones , a nd a t t he b o t to m h ave b een f ound c a t t le s hou lder b lades , g r ind s tones a nd q uerns ( Meroc a nd S imonnet 1 970 ) . The e xcava tor s s ugges t ar i tua l p urpo se f o r t he sma l ler p i t s . G raves T he b igges t g rave a tS t M iche l -du -Touch , c onta in ing r e ma ins o f t wo i nd iv idua ls , mea su red 7 .4 m b y 4m i ne xtent . I tw a s ar ec tangu la r p i t d ug 8 0 cm i n to t he a l luv ia l s o i l ( Meroc a nd S imonnet 1 979 , f i g .5 ) . C ha rcoa l f rom t he b o ttom o f t he p i t h a sb een d a ted t o 3 490 * 1 30 b .c . (MC 2 089) . I ti ss ugges ted t ha t t he t wo b od ies w ere e xposed b efore b e ing p ut i n to t he p i t , a s o n ly t he c ran iu m , t wo h umer i , p a r t o ft he f o rea rm , f e mur a nd t i b ia o f as l ight ly b u i lt m idd le -aged i nd iv idua l w ere f ound i nt he Nor thern p a r t o ft he g rave -p it . T he b one s w ere p laced a s i ft o i m itate ab ody b ur ied o n i t s l e f ts i de . I nco rrect ly r ea rranged f r agmen t s o f t he l ong -boned o fa nother a du lt i nd iv idua l l ay f urther S outh ( Duday i n Meroc a nd S imonne t 1 979) . The g rave g ood s , c ompr is ing n otab ly as e r ie s o f who le p o ts , w i l l b e d esc r ibed u nder t he a rt ifacts . T he e xcavator s h ypo thes ized t ha t t he s ke leta l r e ma ins w e re l a id u nder awooden s t ruc ture , wh ich wa st hen c ove red o ver w ith l a rge r ound c obb les , wh ich f i l led a nd o r ig ina l ly r o se a bove t he t op o ft he r ectangu la r p i t . O ther g rea t c obb le -f i l led p i t s h ave b een f ound ; o ne w as e xcava ted , b ut .n o b ur ia ls w ere f ound u nder t he 1 10 m 2 o fc obb les . Meroc i st he refo re u nsure i ft he r e ma in ing e ight s im i la r p i ts a re b ur ia l p i t s o r n ot ( 1969 , p .486 ) . As imp ler b u r ia l w a s t ha t o f awoman , b ur ied c rouched o n h e r l e f t s i de i nt he s o i l . At i ny v a se w i th b iperfora ted l ug s l ay b efore h er f ace , c onta in ing f our h edgehog j aws a nd at i ny d r ink ing c up ( Meroc a nd S imonnet 1 979 , f i g s .2 ,3 ) . S ubs i stence e cono my Al a rge n u mber o f q uerns a nd g r indstone s were f ound o n t he s i te , b ut t he r e la t ive i mpor tance o fa g r icu lture i su ncer ta in . C a t t le c omp r ise 3 3% o fi nd iv idua ls ( and 5 0 .8% o ft he f r agment s ) o f t he b one r ema ins , w i th o v icap r ids—ha lf s heep a nd h a lf g oa t— rep resent ing 1 8% o f i nd iv idua ls ( 11 .7% o f f r agment s ) . S u ids , p robab ly ma in ly w i ld b oa r , a ccount f or 3 0% o f i nd iv idua l s ( 32 .6% o ff r agment s ) . O the rh unted s pec ies i nc lude l a rge c at t le ( 11% o f t ota l c a t t le ) , r ed d eer a nd r oe d eer . T he n e t w e igh ts a nd p rox im ity o fr i vers s ugges t t ha t f i sh ing w as a l so a n i mpo rtant r esource . D at ing The mos t r ecen t p ub l ica t ion b y Meroc a nd S i monne t g i ves 1 8 d a tes , r ang ing f rom 4 100 * 1 50 b .c . ( MC 2 090 ) f o r o ne o ft he p a l isades t o 2 550 * 2 00 b . c . ( MC 1 02) f o r t he f i l l o f ac av ity a c ros s o ne o ft he c obb led s t ruc tures ( 1979) . The ma jo r ity o f t he d a tes l i e i n t he 4 th m i l lenn ium b .c . , w ith t he o ther e ar ly d a te s c over ing t wo o f t he w ide d i tches , a nother d efen s ive p a l isade , t he h uge

7 6

g rave -p it , a nd s t ruc tu re A .96 . The d a tes i nd icate t ha t o ccupa t ion d id n ot s pread s l ow ly f rom t he p romon to ry a rea , a s p rev ious ly e nv isaged , b ut t hat o ccupa t ion w as w idesp read f rom t he b eg inn ing . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he l i th ic ma ter ia l i sr e la t ive ly l im ited f o r t he s i ze o ft he s i te . T he p i t -g rave c on ta ined f l int b lades ,i nc lud ing t he b igge st f ound o n t he s i te 145 m m ( Meroc a nd S imonnet 1 979 , f i g .13 :51) . I n g enera l , t he b lade i ndus t ry i so n h oney -co loured o r r edd ish ( hea ted) f l int , w i th s ome f i ne r e touch a long t he ma rg ins , a nd i nc ludes v ery f ew b orer s o r s c rape rs . T ran sver se a r rowhead s b ear e i ther i nvas ive o r ma rg ina l r e touch , a nd p ierc ing a r rowheads a re a l so k nown ( S imonnet 1 976 , f i g .11) . One o bs id ian b lade w as f ound ,a f ew f l akes i nr ock c rysta l , a nd t he r i ver c obb les w ere a l so e xp lo ited f or f l ake t oo l s . G round s tone Qua rtz ite a nd o the r r ock s f ro m t he r i ver s w ere u sed f o r mo s t o ft he a xes , l a rge b acked k n ives a nd n et w e ight s o n t he s i te . Que rns , g r inds tones a nd p ounder sw ere f ound a tv ar ious p laces o n t he s i te , i nc lud ing p ounder s i n t he l a rge g rave -p it . T he s ame f eature a l so c onta ined t wo r ectang u lar s tone ` pa let tes ' , i n an on loca l s tone , p ie rced w i th t wo h o les a t t he t op ( Meroc a nd S imonne t 1 979 , f i g .14 ) , a nd as andstone p laque a nd an umber o f ' c a l la is ' b ead s , o ne o f wh ich h as b een a na lyzed a nd i dent if ied a s b e ing made o f amph ibo l ite . P ottery T he l a rge g rave c onta ined s i x t ypes o f p o t s , n o rma l ly r epresented b y t wo s pec imens , i nc lud ing t wo v a se s uppo r t s . They c an b e d escr ibed a sf o l low s : 1 n ecked g lobu lar v ases . These h ave v ery t a l l n ecks a nd e i the r v er t ica l ly o rh o r izonta l ly p er fo rated b ut ton s o n t he i r w ide st d iamete r ( Meroc a nd S imonnet 1 979 , f i g .15 :F ,C) . 2 b r immed p la tes . One o ft he se i su ndecora ted , t he s econd h a s h a tched l adde r p atterns d ecorat ing t he r im ;b oth h ave h or izonta l ly p e rforated b ut tons u nde r t he r im ( Meroc a nd S imonne t 1 976 , f i g .16 :E ,G ) . 3 c ar inated v a se s , w ith h igh i nver ted wa l ls a nd P an -p ipes d ecorat ing t he m idd le o f t he w a l ls . T here i ss ub -cutaneous p e rforat ion o ft he c a r inat ions ( Me roc a nd S imonnet 1 976 , f i g .15 :D ,A ) . 4 t hree c a r ina ted b ow ls , w ith h igh , f l ar ing w a l ls . One i sp o l ished b rown a nd u ndecorated , t he o ther t wo b ea r h o r izonta l ly p ierced l ug s o n t he l ower p ar t o f t he c a r inat ion ( Meroc a nd S imonne t 1 979 , f i g .15 :B .M ,J ) . 5 a n o pen b ow l , 2 5 cm r im d iameter b y 7cm h igh , d ecorated w i th ah or izonta l l i ne i nc ised b e low t he i nne r r im , a nd w ith ap e rfo ra ted b u tton o n i t sl owe r s ur face , w as f ound o ppo s ite t he s ku l l ( Me roc a nd S i monne t 1 979 , f i g .15 :K ) . 6 v a se s uppor ts . One o f t he se c i rcu la r s uppo rts h a s ar ectangu la r h o le c u t o u t o fi t s s i de , a nd i sr e la t ive ly s t ra ight -wa l led . T he s econd h a s t he d eco ra ted r im p ro t rud ing b eyond t he s uppor t . B oth h ave i nc ised d es igns , mos t ly l adde r a nd e longa ted t r iang le s hape s , c over ing t he r ims ( Meroc a nd S imonnet 1 979 , f i g s .L ,H) . O ther p o ttery s hapes f ound a t S t M iche l -du -Touch i nc lude ad eep , s t ra ight -wa l led b ow l w i th h o r izonta l ly p e rfo rated l ug s a tm id -he ight ; ad eep ' f lower -pot ' s hape w ith p la in l ug s n ea r t he r im ; a nd ag lobu la r c lo sed j a r , w ith b ipe rfora ted l ug s . Ad eep ly c a r inated v ase b ear s as t r ip o f c o rdon ma rked w i th v ert ica l l i ne s , a nd p erfo ra ted a t i t s e xt rem it ies w ith s ub -cutaneous h o les . An umber o fs herds b ea r P an -p ipe e l e ment s s e ti n z one s o n f l a t c o rdons w i th v er t ica l i n c i sed l i nes o n t he u nperfo ra ted p a r t o ft he c o rdon . Unusua l c a r ina ted v a ses w ith d eep w a l ls b ea r s wathed t h in b ands o fc o rdon ( S i monne t 1 976 , f i g s .12 ,13) . At ota l o f 6 0 v e s se ls a re d eco ra ted w i th wh ite incrus ted i nc ised d es igns w ith t he l adder , c hev ron a nd t r iang le d e s igns p redom ina t ing ( e .g . S imonnet 1 976 , f i g s .15 ,16 :B ,C ) . As poon h and le i sd eco rated w ith c ros s -ha tched b ands , b ut t h i s i st he o n ly o the r c l ay a r t ifact t ype r epresented -

6 V ILLENEUVE -TOLOSANE , V ILLENEUVE -TOLOSANE , HAUTE GARONNE R efe rence s :

Me roc 1 960 ; 1 962 Me roc a nd S imonnet 1 970 S imonnet 1 980 C lot te s , Quer re , Rouzaud a nd S arny 1 977 , p p .602 -3 C lot te s 1 979 C lotte s , G iraud , Rouzaud a nd V ague r 1 979 C lot tes , C ou la rou , G i raud , Duday a nd V aguer 1 980

G eo logy O n t he t a lus o ft he 3 0 m t er race o f t he Ga ronne , w ith t he s t ructures b e ing d ug i n to t he t op ( c lay ) p ar t o f wha t h ad b een aw ind -b lown l oe s s ( Meroc 1 960 , p .1) . N ea r t o t he l oca l s p r ing l i ne .

7 7

L ocat ion 5 00 m b efore e nte r ing V i l leneuve -To losane when a pp roach ing f rom T ou louse . The s i te l i e s i n ad om inant p os it ion r e la t ive t o t he f l oodp la in o ft he Ga ronne ( Me roc 1 960 , p .1; S imonnet 1 980 , f i g .2) . S i te s i ze Meroc e s t ima ted t he s i te a s c over ing 1 5 h ecta re s . ( Vague r e s t imates i ta s b e ing s ome 3 0 h ecta res—per s . c omm .) An a rea o f 1 2 h ecta res a ppea r s t o b e e nc losed b y as qua r ish a r rangement o f i n ter rup ted d i tches , 3m w ide b y 1 .5 m d eep ( C lot te s e ta l . 1 980 ) . Excavat ion h i s tory E xcavat ions a nd s ound ing s ( by p robe) w ere c ar r ied o ut b y M6 roc i n 1 951 , 1 954 a nd 1 958 ( s ee C lot tes e ta l . 1 977 , f i g .17) . C lo ttes a nd V aguer c onducted r e scue e xcavat ions 1 978 -81 . A rea e xcavated : 1 600 m 2 w ere i nve s t iga ted b y M6roc ( mos t ly b y p rob ing ) ; mo re t han 3 000 m 2 w ere e xcav a ted b y V ague r a nd C lot te s , u s ing mechan ica l s t r ipp ing o f t he t op 2 5 cm ( C lo t tes e ta l . 1 979) . L arge f eature s ( we l l ) T he r ecent e xcava t ions h ave l ed t o t he d i scove ry o f aw e l l , as t ructu re r a re b oth i nt he S ou the rn C hasseen a nd i n t he N eo l ith ic i ng enera l . T he w e l l wa s f ound s ome d i s tance f rom t he c obb le s t ructu res ment ioned b e low , a nd w as 7 .5 m d eep b y 1 .5 m w ide ( F igure 1 3) . I tc onta ined ar i ch a s semb lage o fc h ipped s tone ,g round s tone , c eram ic a nd b one a r t ifac ts , a nd a n ima l b one d ebr is ( C lot te s e ta / . 1 980 , p .62 ) . L arge f eatures ( p i t sa nd c obb le s t ructure s ) Meroc ' s l ocat ion o fc obb le s t ructu res b y p rob ing s ugges ted t ha t t he ma jo r ity w ere r ound i n s hape ( s ee C lo ttes e ta l . 1 977 , f i g .17 , f o r amap o f Me roc ' s r e su lt s ) . However , a l though mo st o f t he 3 50 r evea led t o d a te b y e xcava t ion a re r ounded ( C lot te s 1 980 ; p e r s . c omm .) , t here a re a l so many e longatd r ectangu la r s t ruc tu re s ( F igure 6 ) . O f t he 1 86 s t ructu res d i scus sed b y C lo ttes e ta l . i n 1 979 , t here w ere : 7 2 r ectangu la r s t ruc tures ( 2 .7 m t o 1 1 m l ong b y 1 .2 m t o 1 .9 m w ide ) ; 9 1 r ound s t ructu res ( 0 .8 m t o 2 .4 m i nd iameter ) ;a nd t hree l a rge r ubb ish p i t s . I n P a rce l le 1 08 t he l ong r ectangu la r c obb le -f i l led s t ruc tures a re o f ten p laced e nd to -end w ith l i t t le s pace b etween t hem ( f requent ly f i ve o r s i x a long t he s ame a l ignment , o ver 3 0 m i nl e ng th —C lo ttes e ta l . 1 979 , p p .10 -11) . The r ound s t ruc tures a re d i s tr ibuted w ith n o a ppa rent o rde r , a nd a re o f ten d ug i n to l ong s t ruc tures , t hough t he re a re c e r ta in ly more o f t hem t o t he S outh -Eas t o fP arce l le 1 08 t han t o t he S outh -We st ( s ee F igure 6 ) . T hree l ong s t ructu re s a nd t wen ty r ound s t ructures w e re t ota l ly e xcava ted b y C lot tes a nd V aguer ( C lot tes e ta l . 1 979) . I n t he l ong s t ructures t he re w e re ma s ses o fc harcoa l , i nc lud ing l a rge l og s b enea th t he a ppa ren t ly h ea ted c obb les ;t he s i des o ft hese s t ruc tures we re r eddened t o ad epth o f 1cm o r more . ( The r ound s t ructures c on ta ined l e s s c ha rcoa l , t hough p len ty o fc obb les a nd a f ew q ue rn s tone s , a nd t he ir s i des were n ot a lway sr eddened .) The f u l les t d esc r ip t ion i sg i ven b y S imonnet ( 1980 ) who g i ves d eta i led p lans a nd s ect ions o fs t ructu re V .T .215 , wh ich i s as hor t r ectangu lar s t ructure , c ons is t ing o f ac av ity 2 .5 m b y 1 .9 min s i ze , w i th r eddened s i des a nd a f l a t b ase . Two z one s o ft he c av ity a re i nd ica ted a s b e ing o bv ious ly r eddened b y f i re ;t he ma in t h ick c ha rcoa l c oncent rat ions a re f ound i n t he s ame p lace , a nd t he b u rn t l og s l i e w i th in o r a d jacent t o t he r eddened z one ( S imonne t 1 980 , f i g .4) . However , o the r z one s may h ave b een e qua l ly b urnt ,b ut h ad n ot b een f u l ly e xcava ted p r io r t o t he r e scue e xcava t ion b e ing a brupt ly t e rm ina ted . Al ayer o fc obb les , t hree d eep , a nd c l a imed t o b e b o th h eated a nd s p l it , l ay a bove t he b urnt c av ity , w i th e a r th a nd c harcoa l b e tween t hem . Sma l lf eatures Af l exed s ke le ton wa s f ound b y Me roc i n ac ana l c ut t ing , l y ing SW -NE , t he p e lv is a nd l ong b one s h av ing b een c ut b y t he c ana l . The f ea ture wa s l i f ted a nd r e moved t o t he l abora tory , whe re e xcava t ion r evea led an umbe r o fg rave g ood s , i nc lud ing ap o t o n t op o f as ch is t p laque wh ich c overed ab one s moo the r ( Meroc 1 970 ) . The o the rg rave g oods c ons i s ted o f b eads ( one i n amph ibo l ite ) , ap ierced w i ld b oar i nc iso r , as ma l l a xe , ar e touched f l int a nd ab one p o int ( Meroc 1 970 ) . S ubs i stence e conomy One p i t c onta ined 1 00 ,000 s na i ls ( Vaguer p ers . c omm .) . The w e l l , a nd s ome o f t he d eeper p i t s a nd d i tche s wh ich p enet ra ted i n to t he l oes s s ubso i l , p rese rved ac ons iderab le q uant i ty o f a n i ma l b ones , p ar t icu la r ly o fc at t le . T here a re r ema ins o fc arbon ized c erea ls , i nd ica t ing a g r icu lture . D at ing S t ructure V .T .215 i sd a ted 3 350

1 00 b .c .

A rt if act s T he ma ter ia l t urned u p b y t he p lough wa s ma in ly l i th ic , c ons is t ing o fa xes , r ubb ing s tones ,

7 8

f i sh ing w e ight s e tc . i nl oca l q uar tz ite , p lus af ew f l int a r t ifact s i nh oney o r b lack f l int . T he ma jor ity o fa r t ifact s f r om t he V .T .215 e xcava t ion c ame f rom t he l aye r o f e a r th c over ing t he c obb les tones a nd c ons is ted o f ad ozen n on -d iagnos t ic p o tshe rds , t wo s ma l l s h iny c obb les ( po s s ib ly p o l ished) , a nd aq uar tz f l ake . S even Tan -p ipes ' w ere f ound i n ac i rcu la r e xcava ted i n 1 958 ( Meroc 1 962 ) , a nd a nothe r p ot b ear ing t wo mu l t i -perfora ted c o rdons a nd o pen b ow l d eco ra ted w ith a' s un ' mot if w e re f ound i n t he g r ave ment ioned a bove . I n c ont ras t , t he 1 978 -81 e xcava t ions h ave p roduced p ot te ry a nd f l int b o th i ns u rface f i nd s , a nd i ns i tu i nt wo a rea s o f t he s i te ( mos t o f t he o ccupa t ion l ayers h av ing b een l o s t t hrough p lough ing , w ith o n ly t he b a ses o ft he s t ruc ture sr e ma in ing ) . T he r ubb i sh p i ts h ave p roduced s he rds o fc a r ina ted p ot s a nd d eep j a rs , t r ansver se a r rowhead s , b orers a nd s c rapers ( C lot tes e ta l . 1 979 , p p .12 -13) .

7 FROUZ INS , FROUZ INS , HAUTE -GARONNE R efe rence s :

C lot te s , Que r re , Rouzaud a nd S arny 1 977 S imonne t 1 980

G eo logy A l luv ia l g rave l s o ver ly ing i mpe rmeab le mo las se b ase . L ocat ion T he s i te l i es o n t he 3 0 m G aronne t e r race , 1 5 k i lome t res S outh -We st o fT ou louse ( nea r V i l leneuve -To losane ) , o n t he e dge o f t he T ou louse t o S eys se s r oad . S ite s i ze 1 200 m 2 h ave b een i nve st igated ( C lot te s e ta l . 1 977 , f i g .1) . F ea tures w ere f ound a l l o ve r t he a rea , s o t he o r ig ina l s i te s i ze wa s p resumab ly l a rge r . Excavat ion h i story T he s i te w a s f ound i n 1 965 d u r ing s u rvey . R escue e xcava t ion t ook p lace p r ior t o b u i ld ing i n 1 975 . B or ing f a i led t o l oca te s t ructures , s o 2 5 -30 cm o fe a rch were r emoved mechan ica l ly a nd as e r ie s o fn ar row t r enches we re e xcava ted b yh and ( 25 cm w ide , c .30 cm d eep , 1 .5 m a pa r t— C lot te s e ta l . 1 977 , f i g .1) . Wherever t here wa s ac oncent ra t ion o f c obb les o r o ther f i nd s ( t en l ocat ions ) , al a rge e xcava t ion a rea wa s o pened u p . S t rat ig raphy : A rab le s o i l . L oes s l ike c l ay c .2 .5 m t h ick . F eatures T en i na l l , r ough ly i n p a irs ( C lotte s e ta l . 1 977 , p .602) . A48 ( 1977 , f i g .2) . O va l i r regu lar c obb le s t ructure , p os s ib ly 1 .5 m b y 1m o r ig ina l ly ;f ew f i nds ; f i ne c ha rcoa l b e tween c obb les . A42

( 1977 , f i g s .3 ,6 ) . O va l i r regu la r c obb le s t ructu re , 1 .8 m b y 1 .25 m ; f i ne c ha rcoa l b etween

H36

c obb les . ( 1977 , f i g .4 ) . A lmos t r ound d ense c obb le s t ructu re , 1 .2 m b y 1 . 1 m , w i th f i ne c ha rcoa l a nd ab rowne r s o i l i na nd amongs t t he c obb le s . F ew f i nd s .

Q26

( 1977 , f i g s .5 ,6 ) . A lmost r ound c obb le s t ructure , 1 .25 m a cro s s a nd s evera l c obb le s d eep . E a rth l ayer o ver ly ing c obb le s p roduced f i nd s . E ar th b e low c obb les wa s r edd ish a nd f u l l o f

Q 17

c harcoa l . ( 1977 , f i g .7) . D amaged b y p lough—cobb les d i spe rsed o ve r c .2 m b y c . 1 .5 m ; l o ts o f b u rnt d aub f ound i nt he u pper l e ve l .

M18 ( 1977 , f i g .8 ) . A lso p lough -da maged w ith c obb les s pread o ver c .2 m b y c . 1 .5 m . Af ew 8 9

s herds a nd af i sh ing w e ight w e re f ound . ( 1977 , f i g .9) . Not as t ructure , b ut af ew ma in ly b one r e ma ins ( p ig , c a t t le , s heep /goa t a nd

A7

p os s ib ly h uman ? ) . ( 1977 , f i g s .10 ,11) . Ob long c obb le s t ruc ture , 1 .2 m b y 3 5 cm , o ver ly ing s t e r i le s o i l , t hen a nothe r c obb le f ea tu re w ith o n ly 1m b y 2 0 cm r e ma in ing . B oth were d amaged b y al a rge L a te B ronze A ge d i tch . S he rds , b aked c l ay a nd b one f r agmen t s w ere i nt he s o i l , w ith m ixed C ha ss6en /Late B ronze Age mater ia l i n t he d i tch .

K5

T h is w a s e n t ire ly d i spe rsed b y t he p lough , t hough c obb le s , af l in t b lade a nd ap iece o f d aub

M3

w ere f ound . ( 1977 , f i g .12 ) . O r ig ina l ly s qua re s ided s t ructu re o f c obb le s1 .2 m a long p reserved s i de .

S ubs i stence e conomy One f i sh ing w e ight a nd s evera l q ue rns we re f ound . P ig , c at t le , a nd s heep /goa t b one s we re p re sent a s ment ioned b e low .

7 9

Ar t if act s : C h ipped s tone Q26 p roduced t hree f l int s ( i nc lud ing af l ake a nd ab lade le t i nh oney f l int ) a nd 2 1 s he rd s i n t he b rown s o i l o ver ly ing t he c obb le s ;a nothe r h oney b lade le t a nd ab ig f l ake , b rown a xe b lank a nd 3 4 s herds w ere f ound i nc on tact w i th t he c obb le s . O the r h oney f l int w a s f ound i ns t ruc tures A7 a nd A42 . Qua rtz ite w as u sed f o r t he n et w e ight , h am mer , b acked k n ife a nd s crape r f ound i ns i tu a nd mo re t oo l s o ft he s a me t ype w ere f ound i ns urface c o l lect ions . G round s tone Ab roken a xe -b lank , r e -used a s ar ubb ing s tone w a s f ound i n Q26 . Av a r isc ite c y l indr ica l b ead w as f ound i ns i tu , b ut n ot n ea r as t ructure . P ot tery Ac ar inated s he rd w ith d oub le v er t ica l ly p e rfora ted l ug o n t he c ar inat ion w as f ound i n s t ructu re A7 ( C lottes e ta l . 1 977 , f i g .14 :1) . O the r s herd s w e re t h in -wa l led , b e long ing t o s t ra ight w a l led o r s l ight ly i nver ted j a r s ; af ew b ore l ug s o r b ut tons . Sma l l q ua r tz g rave l wa s u sed a s f i l le r . I n g ene ra l , f i nd s w e re r a re where o n ly t he c obb les r e ma ined , a nd r a re a round t hem ( C lo tte s e ta l . 1 977 , p .603 ) . C o m ment T he s i te i sr ega rded a st he S outh -Wes t e xtens ion o f t he V i l leneuve -To losane s i te b y S i monne t ( 1980 ) .

8 LES MONGES , LAUNAGUET , HAUTE -GARONNE Re ference :

S imonnet 1 971 , p p .419 -20 .

L ocat ion On t he r i gh t b ank o ft he H e r s R ive r , o n t he v a l ley p la in , s evera l k i lomet res f rom Tou louse . Excav at ion h i story P lough ing r evea led r eddened c obb les ;e xcavat ions w ere c a rr ied o ut o ve r t hree s easons . S t rat ig raphy L eve l A : y e l low -be ige s o i l , f ew f i nds . L eve l B : g rey t o b lack ish s o i l , a rchaeo log ica l l e ve l . L eve l C : g rey t o b rown s o i l , s t er i le . F eatures T he v ar ious z one s o fr eddened c obb les a re a s sumed t o h ave b een s t ructures ;o ne was p a rt ly e xcavated . T here w as a l so asma l l ' d itch 'a rea l i ke t he l a rge r o ne s a tS t M iche l . A r t if act s Many C ha s seen p o tsherd s w ere f ound , s ome b e long ing t o c omp lete v ases , many o f t hem l a rge i ns i ze ( S imonnet 1 971 , f i g .35 ) .

9 LE VERDIER , MONTAUBAN , TARN -ET GARONNE R eference :

C o l lect ions i n Montauban a nd T ou louse N a tura l H is tory Museums

L ocat ion On l e f t b ank o fT a rn o n Wes tern l im it o f Montauban , o n c l ayey p la in . Excavat ion h i story A rea q uarr ied f or b r ick mak ing . A rea s p aved w ith f i re reddened q ua rtz c obb les a ppea red d ur ing wo rk ing . L ot s o fs urface f i nds o f s eve ra l d i f fe ren t p e r iod s , b ut n o s t rat ig raph ic i n forma t ion Mes s rs F i lho l , C ar tha i lac , P oth ier a nd T ru ta t l e f t t he i r f i nd s t o t he Museums . L arge f eature s T he c i rcu lar a reas o ff i re -cracked q uar tz c obb le s may b e t he r ema ins o fp i t -hea rths . S ubs i stence e conomy T he Montauban mu seum e xh ib it i nd ica tes t ha t t he N eo l ith ic o ccupant s o f t he a rea may h ave b een f a rme r s a nd h e rde rs , b u t t ha t t hey d id n ot d e sp i se h un t ing o r f i sh ing . I ti ss ugges ted t ha t s ome o f t he l a rge r ' axes ' w ere u sed f or a g r icu l tu re ( p re sumab ly a sp lough s ha res ) , a nd af ew q ue rns w ere f ound . Notched p ebb le s p erhaps a c ted a s n e t -we ight s f o r f i sh ing . T he f auna l r e ma in s i nc lude sma l l p ig , c a t t le , s heep a nd d og ( p lus s ma l l h or se s ) , a nd al a rge n umbe r o fb oa r , p lus r ed d ee r , r oe d ee r a nd h a re . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he f l int i ndu s t ry f rom L e V erd ie r i s mo s t ly c ove red w i th wh ite p a t ina . Three o ut o f 2 6 b lades a nd f r agment s o f b lades s howed s ome t r ace o fh oney c o lou r t h rough t he p a t ina . F l int wa s

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made i n to b ore rs , t r an sver se a r rowheads , d ent icu lated b lades a nd s c raper s . Al a rge n u mber o ft oo l s w e re made o n q uar tz ite p ebb le s , wh ich w e re f l aked i n to p ick s , h uge t r anchet a xes a nd c h ise ls . G round s tone Al a rge n u mber o fa xes , h ammer s tones a nd p o l i sher s w ere f ound , t ogether w i th af ew q uerns a nd n otched p ebb les p resu mab ly u sed a s n et w e ight s . T he Tou louse Museum d i sp lays a2 7 mm d iameter l ime stone %H ie ' ( s tone b a l l ) f ro m L e V erd ier . B one P o int s a nd c h ise ls f ound o n t he s i te p robab ly d a te f rom t he C ha sseen o ccupa t ion . P ot tery T he Montauban Museu m c on ta ins mater ia l f rom an umber o fp er iod s t hat w a s p icked u p f ro m t he L e V erd ier s i te . T he re i s as e t o ff i ne C ha s seen p ot tery b ea r ing r a ther e longated , f l a tt ish b utton s , p erfora ted o nce h or izonta l ly o r s evera l t imes v er t ica l ly . O ther C has seen p la s t ic a dd it ions i nc lude f our mu l t i -perforated c o rdon s a nd t wo sma l l r i ng h and les a nd af l a t l ug . T he Tou louse Museum o fN atura l H is tory h a s an u mber o fC ha sse-e n s herds f rom L e V erd ier , i n c lud ing ar im b ear ing a n u np ierced b ut ton b e low t he l i p , a nd awa l l s herd w ith as ub -cutaneou s ly mu lt i -p ierced s hou lder . An u mbe r o fp ot s herds h ave ah o le d r i l led t hrough , a nd a re t enta t ive ly s ugges ted t o h ave b een u sed a s w eav ing w e ight s .

1 0

GROTTE DE LA PYRAM IDE , P ENNE , TARN R eferences :

S imonnet 1 971 , p .403 C lottes 1 973 , p .521; 1 975 , p .649 ; 1 977 , p .54 ' 7 ; 1 978 , p p .666 -7

G eo logy a nd l ocat ion Ah uge c av i ty i nl imes tone J anoye c l if f i na n a rea w i th many c aves . S i te s i ze O ver 6 00 m 2 o ft he c ave w a s g r idded i na t t he c ommencemen t o ft he e xcava t ions ( S i monnet 1 971) . C has seen o ccupa t ion wa s f ound o ver 3 6 m2 i nS i te I I ( C lo t tes 1 978) . E xcavat ion h i story A f ter t he s i te h ad b een d amaged b y i l ic it d igg ing , J .L aut ier i n it ia ted a n e xcavat ion p rog ramme i n 1 969 . S trat ig raphy T here a re 1 0 ' c ouches ' , o f wh ich n u mber s 6a nd 7a re C ha s seen . T he C ha s seen C ouche 6 i nc ludes u p t o 7` n iveaux ' ( C lot tes 1 975) . I n t he a rea I I e xcava t ion , t he C has seen o ccupa t ion wa s f ound t o ad epth o f 8 0 cm a nd c on s is ted o fs i x l e ve l s ( C lot tes 1 978) . T he C ha s seen mate r ia l h ere l i es a bove s t er i le r ocky l ayer s . However , i n t he a rea V e xcava t ion , a ga ins t t he w a l l , t o t he Wes t o fa rea I I , t he C has seen d epos it a veraged 6 0 cm i nt h icknes s . F eatures T he re a re n umerous h ear ths . T he d epo s it i na rea V c ons i s ted o ft wo s uper imposed h ea r ths , f i l led w ith a shes . S ubs i stence e conomy T he ma jor ity o ft he a n ima l b ones f ound c ome f rom s heep , p ig o r b oar , c a t t le a nd r ed d eer . F ish b ones a nd t he s he l ls o ff r eshwater mus se l w ere a l so f ound . C a rbon ized g ra ins a nd b er r ies w ere f ound i nt he h ea r ths . A r t if act s : T he a rea a round t he h ea r ths i nA rea V c onta ined p ot she rds , t r ansve rse a r rowheads a nd n u merous b one t oo ls . C h ipped s tone T he c h ipped s tone i ndus try i sp r inc ipa l ly made o n f l int o fl oca l o r ig in , w ith s ome u se o f f l akes o fb lack q ua r tz ite . T he f l int i s made i n to ab lade i ndus try , w ith n ume rous t r ansver se a r rowheads . G round s tone Axes , g r inds tones a nd h ammer s a re r epor ted; L aut ier c l a ims t ha t t he h ammer s a re o f i mported r ock t ypes . B one a nd s he l l B one s pa tu lae , aw ls a nd s moo the rs a re made f rom s heep , d eer a nd c a tt le b one ( C lot tes 1 975) . Ab one f i sh -hook w a s f ound t ogether w ith ar ange o fd eco ra t ive i t ems ( pe rfo ra ted a nd s p l i t s u id t eeth , as qua red l i t t le b aton , p erfora ted , i na n t le r , a nd p erfora ted ma r ine s he l ls ) ( C lo ttes 1 977) . P ot tery T he p ot tery w as f i ne ly made a nd p o l ished , i nl i ght b rown t o r ed h ues , f i l led w i th c rushed q uar tz ite g r it s . T heshape s a re c l a ss ica l—ca r inated v es se ls , f l a r ing a nd h em ispher ica l b ow ls , a nd

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g lobu lar v a ses , p lus t h icker -wa l led c y l indro -con ica lv esse ls . Deco rat ive a ttach ment s i nc lude mu l t i -perforated l ug s a nd p er fo rated a nd n on -pe rfora ted b ut tons a nd l ug s . C om ment There a ppea rs t o h ave b een ag rea t l ens l ike Cha s seen o ccupa t ion i n t he m idd le o f t he c ave , n ea r t he e n trance ;A rea I I p robab ly h i t t he c ent re o f .i ta nd A rea V t he Western l im it . There may b e a nother o ccupa t ion a rea h idden i n t he c ent re o ft he c ave u nder h uge r ock f a l ls ( C lot tes 1 978) .

1 1

S ITE A , CAPDENAC -LE -HAUT , LOT R eferences :

C lot tes 1 973 , p p .512 -4 ; 1 975 , p p .635 -4 ; 1 977 , p p .537 -41; 1 979 , p p .641 -5 C lo t tes a nd C a r r iere 1 976

L ocat ion S i te A l i e s a t t he b a se o ft he C apdenac le -Haut c l if f , d iv ided f rom t he F ina l B ronze I I s i t e B b y ah uge r ock -fa l l . S i te s i ze P robab ly o r ig ina l ly c .20 m 2 ( C lot tes a nd C a r r iere 1 976 , f i g .1) . Excavat ion h i s tory M . C a r r iere a nd J .C lot tes b egan e xcava t ion s i n 1 972 . F ina l wo rk was c a r r ied o ut i n 1 978 . 1 5 m2 w ere e xcava ted . S t rat ig raphy L eve l 1 : b lack ish t op l eve l ( 40 cm ) ; L eve l 2 : y e l low ish l ayer ( co loured b y f r agment s o f o chre) ( 50 cm ) ( s ee p lan i nF igure 8 ) . B oth l eve ls c on ta ined C hassgen ma ter ia l . S ubs i stence e conomy Ar ough c oun t o n s i te i n 1 977 -8 r eco rded l o ts o fd og a nd p ig /boa r , f ewer b one s o fs heep /goa t , c a t t le ,h or se ,r ed d eer a nd f ox , af ew b i rds , r abb i t , r oe d eer , t o rto ise a nd b eave r . D at ing 3 150

1 40 b .c . ( G sY 2 632) f or t he t op o fL eve l 2 .

Ar t if act s : C h ipped s tone The s i te p roduced al a rge q uant ity o fc h ipped s tone , i nc lud ing 2 4 t r ansver se a rrowhead s , o ne b ifac ia l ly r etouched l eaf p o int , o ne t anged p o int , o ne sma l l l eaf p o int , 3 2 s craper s , t wo b orer s , t hree b ur in s a nd 2 3 r etouched b lades a nd b lade let s . G round s tone P o l ished a xes , t wo n et -we ight s , q uern s , r ubber s a nd t wo b i l les ( one v ery l a rge w i th f acet ted s urface) w ere f ound . Af i ne a nthropo morph ic f i gur ine i n a rko se mea sured 2 7x17x25 cm ( C lot tes a nd C arr iere 1 976 , f i g s .4 ,5 ) ( F igure 2 1:7) . Bone Three smoothers , t wo n eed les , s eventeen aw ls , a nd an umber o fc h ise ls were f ound . P ottery I nte rna l ly d eco ra ted l ow o pen b ow ls , h em ispher ica l v a ses , c ar ina ted v a ses , n ecked g lobu la r v ases , a nd b r i mmed p la tes w ere f ound . There was o ne c omp lete a nd t wo p a rt ia l v a se s uppor t s . P las t ic a dd i t ions c ons is ted o f ac ordon -deco ra ted f l a t l ug , mu lt i -per fo rated c ordons a nd aP an -p ipe ; c i rcu la r a nd r i bbon h and les a ppea red i n t he t op l eve ls o n ly . C o m ment T he e xcava to r s s ugges t t ha t t he re may h ave b een t wo d if feren t Chas seen c eram ic f ac ies i n Que rcy : t he G roup o fC ros a nd Noyer ( i nterna l ly d ecora ted l ow o pen b ow l) ;a nd t he G roup o f Roucadou r a nd C apdenac le -Haut ( f la t l ug , b r immed p la tes a nd v ase suppor t s ) .

1 2

GROTTE DU NOYER , ESCLAUZELS , LOT R eferences :

C lottes 1 969 , p p .127 -8 C lo ttes a nd L o rb lanche t 1 972 Amber t 1 976

L ocat ion The c ave e nt rance l i es 3 5 m a bove t he R iver L ot i n av er t ica l c l if f . V ery d if f icu lt a cces s , a long n a rrow l edges .

8 2

S ite s i ze T he c ave i s6 0 ml ong b y 8 -9 m w ide . T here i sb o th ama in g a l lery a nd al a rge l ower c hamber , a l so a n u pper g a l lery 7 -8 m l ong ( C lot tes a nd L orb lanchet 1 972 , f i g .1) . S trat ig raphy T hermoc las t ic g rave l , e spec ia l ly n ea r t he w a l ls , c overed e veryth ing , b ut e l sewhere p ot sherds w ere v i s ib le o n t he s ur face , mo st ly i ns ma l l p ieces , d ue t o p reh is to r ic p eop le wa lk ing i nt he c ave . AC hasseen l e ve l w a s b e low am ixed u ppe r l e ve l ( Chas seen , U rnf ie ld , M idd le B ronze A ge p ot te ry) a nd s eparated b y r oof f a l l mater ia l . F eatures T he b es t p rese rved v ases w ere f ound i nl i t t le s i de c hamber s o n ly a cces s ib le o n h ands a nd k nees ;t he e xcava tors wonder i ft hey s e rved a sp r im it ive s to rage c upboa rds ( e .g . C lo ttes a nd L o rb lanchet 1 972 , f i g .3) . B urnt h uman b one w as f ound w ith n on -d iagnos t ic p ot te ry a nd d ated t o t he C ha sseen ( 3100* 1 30 b .c .) . D at ing L eve l 5h as b een d a ted b y r ad ioca rbon t o 3 050

1 30 b .c . ( G if 1 633) a nd 3 100 * 1 30 b .c .

( G if 1 635 ) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T ransver se a r rowheads w ith i nva s ive r e touch a nd o the r c h ipped s tone t oo ls w e re f ound . G round s tone L i mes tone b i l le s a nd p o l ished a xes w ere f ound . P ot tery Many d eco rated l ow o pen b ow ls we re f ound ( w ith as i ng le h o r izonta l l i ne i nc ised u nder t he i n terna l r im o r al i ne w ith p la in o r c ro ss -ha tched t r iang les p endant f rom i t , o r 2 -3 cm w ide b ands f i l led w ith v a r ious mo t if ss uch a s t r iang les , a rcs o fc i rc les e tc .) ( C lot tes 1 969 , f i g .26 :2 -8) . A lso p resen t w ere v a ses w i th mu lt i -perfo ra ted c o rdons , h em i spher ica l a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s a nd o vo id a nd c y l indr ica l v ases . N e ighbour ing s i tes M . C lo tte s h a s a l so i nd ica ted t o t he w r iter t wo o the r s i tes i n t he L ot a rea wh ich s eem t o h ave h ad C ha s seen o ccupa t ion ( C lo ttes p e rs . c omm .) . T he s i te o f Mareu i l , c o mmune o fL e Roc , a ppa rent ly p roduced av er t ica l ly p erfo ra ted c ordon o n as herd . The s i te o fG rot te d u D ef i le d es Ang la is , c ommune o fB ouz ies , L ot , w as f i rs t e xcava ted i n 1 886 a nd p roduced ab one a nd a nt le r i ndus t ry ; C lot tes r eport st ha t A . N ieder lender d epo s ited mu l t i -perfo rated c ordons , p i erced b ut tons a nd p o ttery b ear ing i nc ised d ecora t ion f rom t h is c ave a tt he C abreret s Museu m . O the r worker s f ound f our n e t w e ight s , p ierced b ut tons a nd s he rds i nc ised w i th h a tched t r iang les ( C lo tte s 1 969 , p .126 a nd f i g .26 :1) .

1 3

GROTTE P EGOURIE , CANIAC -DU -CAUSSE , LOT R eference :

C lo t te s 1 979 , p p .646 -7

G eo logy L i mes tone . L ocat ion C ave i nl a rge d epres s ion o fC aus se c ons ist s o f t hree l ong c hambers , t o ta l l ing 5 0 m i nl eng th . Excavat ion h i story E xcava ted b y S e ron ie -V iv ien s i nce 1 967 . Cha s seen l e ve l l im ited i ne xtent w ith in c ave , b ut e xcavat ions a te n t rance h ave p roduced amore c omp lete p o st -Az i l ien s t rat igraphy ( C lot tes 1 979) . S trat ig raphy L eve l 3i st he C has seen o ccupat ion l e ve l , b ut t he re a re n o d eta i ls a bout t he a s semb lage o r f ea tures a t t h is l e ve l . A r t if act s L eve l 3h a s p roduced as ma l l c a r inated b ow l a nd ar ange o f d ecorated s he rds , p robab ly f rom l ow o pen b ow l s ( C lo ttes 1 979 , f i g .22 ) . The d eco rat ion c ons is ts o fo ne o r more r ows o fh a tched t r iang les .

8 3

1 4

LA P ERTE DU CROS , SA ILLAC , LOT R eference :

G a lan 1 967

G eo logy J ura s s ic l imes tone . L ocat ion T he s i te i si nt he m idd le o f t he C aus se o r p lateau o fL i mogne , wh ich s t re tches b etween t he d bpartement s o ft he L ot a nd Aveyron a nd i st he c ont inua t ion o f t he Mas s if C en t ra l . As e t o f c aves 3 00 met res s ou th o ft he h am let o fL e C ros c onta in s as e r ies o fg a l ler ie s , i n t he l owes t o f wh ich r uns a n u nde rg round r i ver . S ite s i ze T he s i te c ons ists o ft he c ave g a l le r ies a nd a n o pen -a i r s i te i n f r ont o ft he c ave ( Ga lan 1 967 , p 3) . At r ench t o e vacua te t he o verf low w ater h as a l ready moved p a r t o f what may b e a s sumed t o b e t he s i te . I n t he a bsence o f a ny p ub l ished i nd icat ion o ft ota l s i te s i ze , t h is i sc onserva t ive ly e s t i mated t o b e a tl e as t f i ve t imes t he a rea e xcava ted ( 16 m 2 ) ,t ha t i s , 8 0 m2 ( e s t ima ted f r om G a lan ' s f i g .2 ) , b ut i tc ou ld b e much g r ea ter . Excavat ion h i story A f ter an umber o f c o l lect ions h ad b een made a tt he s i te , G a lan c onduc ted a n e xcavat ion i n f ront o f t he c ave f rom 1 955 t o 1 959 , a nd a l so t e s ted t he G rot te d u C ros . H e w as a b le t o g et as t ra t if ied s equence o u ts ide t he c ave b ut n o t w ith in i t . A rea e xcavated 1 6 m2 ( Ga lan 1 967 , p .4) . S t rat ig raphy T here a re 1 3 s t ra ta , wh ich h ave b een d iv ided i n to t h ree l e ve ls : S tra ta 1 -3 :

D is turbed

S trata 4 -7 :

L eve l I ,f rom 1 00 cm t o 1 80 cm d own

S trata 8 -10 :

L eve l I , f ro m 1 80 cm t o 2 40 cm d own

S t ra ta 1 1-13 : L eve l I I , f rom 2 40 cm t o 3 30 cm d own . E ach o ft he l e ve ls h as l a rge a rea s o fh ea r ths , wh ich a re s epa rated b y a reas o fs tony b rown e a rth ( Ga lan 1 967 , p p .4 -6 a nd f i g .6 ) . F eatures G a lan h as s uggest ed t ha t i t wou ld h ave b een p os s ib le t o s t retch b ranche s a cro s s t he o pen c ave mouth t o p rov ide s he lte r ( Ga lan 1 967 , p .4) . No i nd icat ions o fp o s t h o les h ave b een f ound , b ut ' paved ' a reas o ff l a t s tone s o ccu r a tl e a s t o nce i nt he s t rat ig raphy ( e .g . S tratum 8—Ga lan 1 967 , p .4 ) . T he t hree d eep l ayers o fh ear th s i nd ica te af a ir ly i n tens ive o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te . S ubs is tence e cono my T here w ere s uf f ic ient f auna lr e ma ins f r om L eve l I I ( the C ha sseen l e ve l ) t o e nab le Ducos t o s ay t ha t t he C ha s seens e x is ted o n ab a lanced d ie t b etween d ome s t icated a nd h unted g ame . About 4 0% o f t he f auna w as made u p o fw i ld c a t t le , w ith s ma l l d ome s t icated c a t t le , s heep a nd p ig t ak ing b etween 1 0% a nd 2 0% e ach ( Ducos , i nG a lan 1 967 , p .65 ) . The re a re s ome r ed d eer a nd af ew r oe d eer . T he ma jor ity o f p ig r e ma in s s eem o fw i ld p ig s i ze , b ut o ne s ma l l mo la r i nt he C ha s seen l e ve ls may i nd ica te ad ome s t ic s pec i men ( Duco s , i n Ga lan 1 967 , p .62) . D r Ma r ia Hop fe xam ined t he g ra in r e ma ins , t he ma jor ity o f wh ich w ere o f d i ffe ren t whea t s ( hu sked a nd n aked) , w ith aq ua rter o ft he s a mp le b e ing b a r ley . The whea t was T r i t icum d icoccum S chub l ( emmer ) o r T r i t icum a est ivo -compactum S ch ie ( b read wheat ) i n t he p ropor t ions 3 .7 :1 . The b a r ley w as n aked b ar ley ( Hordeum v u lgare v ar . n udum ) ( Hopf i nG a lan 1 967 , p p .70 ' 73) . D at ing T here i s ad a te o f 3 260 b .c . f o r S t ra tum 1 3 ( Leve l I I ) , a nd L eve l Ii sd a ted a t t he b orde r l ine o f S tra ta 9 a nd 1 0 a t 2 700 b .c . The b eg inn ing o f L eve l I( St ra tum 7 ) i sd a ted a t 2 600 b . c . ( Ga lan 1 967 , p .35) . I n a dd it ion t o t hese He ide lberg d a tes , L eve l I I h a s a l so b een d a ted t o 2 850 *130 b . c . a t G if sur -Yvet te . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone The c h ipped s tone f i nds a re r a the r r a re a nd c an b e s t b e p resented e conom ica l ly i n at ab le ( s ee o ppos ite ) . T he i n te res t ing t h ing a bout t he c h ipped s tone ma ter ia l i st he p resence o fb oth S ou thern h oney -co loured a nd Wes tern b lack f l in t . The l a rge t r an sve r se a r rowhead i nL eve l Ii so f b lack f l int . T he s ma l l n u mbers o f b lades a re r e ma rkab le i n aC ha sseen a s semb lage .

8 4

T ransve rse a r rowheads o n b lade

L eve l I I 4

o n f l ake

L eve l I 3?

1

E nd s c rape rs o n b lade

L eve l I

1l a rge

5

S c rape r

1

S ide sc rape r

1

Unretouched b lades

2

Nuc leus

2 1 3

1

F lake s

2 4

4 3

L eaf p o int ( po inte d e g u i)

7

1

R etouched b lade

1

G round s tone I n L eve l I I f i ve a xes o r c h ise ls we re f ound i n p o l ished g reens tone s , p lus an umber o f t i ny f r agment s . I n a dd it ion t wo l imes tone b i l les , t wo h am mers tones , t hree p o l ish ing s tone s a nd t wo q ue rns w ere f ound . R ec tangu la r sect ioned p o l ished a xes were f ound i nL eve l I I o n ly . I n L eve l I t he re w ere f our p o l ished a xes ,i nq ua r tz ite , p et ros i lex , o ph ite a nd ah a rd s tone . There was al ime s tone b i l le , t wo h amme r f r agment s a nd ap o l ish ing s tone . I n L eve l Ia n a ppa rent ly p o l ished t r anchet a xe a nd t wo l ime s tone b i l les w e re f ound . Bone Av ery f ew p o in ts , p lu s a n a nt le r s l eeve f rom L eve l I I , t wo p endant s f rom L eve l Ia nd a n a nt ler b ead f ro m L eve l Ic omp lete t he s pa rse i nventory . P ottery G a lan h as r epo r ted i n g reat d eta i l a bout p ot te ry s hape s a nd c l ays . The e v idence o f c l ays a nd f i l ler s ( ca lc ite a nd l ime s tone ma in ly ) s eem t o i nd icate a n e vo lut ion o fc u lture o n t he s i te , w ithout o uts ide wares b e ing b rough t i n( Ga lan 1 967 , p .33 a nd p .40 ) . I n L eve l I I t he s hapes a re t he l ow o pen b ow l ;t he c a r ina ted b ow l ; t he n ecked g lobu la rj a r i n t hree d i ffe rent v ar iet ie s ;a nd ar ound b ased v e r t ica l s ided j a r . The re a re 3 9 mu lt i -pe rfora ted c o rdons , wh ich u sua l ly a ppea r o n t he c o l la red g lobu la rj a r ( ' f la sk ' ) . T he re a re a l so s ome s ub c utaneous ly p e rforated c a r ina t ions , a nd af ew p e rforated a nd n on -perfo ra ted b ut tons . I nc ised d ecorat ion a ppears o n 4 3 s he rds , p robab ly r ep resent ing a s many v ase s o ft he l ow o pen b ow l v a r ie ty , a nd a ppea r s o n t he i n terna l r im . G a lan g i ve s s ketche s o ft he se s herds , i nd ica t ing t he l e ve l ( by c ent i met re ) a t wh ich t hey w ere f ound ( Ga lan 1 967 , f i g .13) . L eve l Ii st he l e ve l o ft r ans it ion . A l l c eram ic f eature s o fL eve l I I p e rs is t f or at ime , t hen a t a bout 2 00 cm b e low t he s urface o pen b ow ls w ith i nc ised d eco rat ion a nd mu lt i -perfo rated c ordons c ome t o a n a brup t e nd , j us t a f te r t he f i r st f l a t b ases a nd c hanneled s herds a ppea r . Smoo th c o rdons , j us t b eg inn ing a t t he e nd o f L eve l I I , c ont inue ( Ga lan 1 967 , f i g .35) . C ar ina ted s hape s c ont inue t hrough L eve ls I a nd I ,b u t a re much l e s s i mpor tant t han i n L eve l I I . G a lan c l a im s t hat av er t ica l l ug , p ie rced h o r izonta l ly f our t ime s a nd c om ing f rom L eve l I , h as c ome o f f as qua re -mouthed v e s se l ( Ga lan , p .16 a nd f i g .19 :18) . L eve l Ic onta in s al a rge n umber o f who le v es se ls , mo st ly r ound o rf l a t b a sed w i th s moo th c ordons r unn ing a round t hem , s ome t i mes b u lg ing o u t i n to ab ut ton . There a re o n ly f ou r c ar ina ted s he rds i n t h is l e ve l , n one o f t he n ecked g lobu la r o r l ow o pen b ow l s hapes , a nd t he c hanne l led d ecorat ion c ont inue s . C o m ment L eve l I I b ear s a l l t he a ppea rance o f at rue Chas seen o ccupa t ion . The mu lt i -pe rforated c o rdons a nd r i ch i nc i sed d eco rat ion l i nk t he P er te d u C ros w ith t he c ave s o ft he G rand s C aus ses r eg ion : h e re t he c l a ss ica l s i ng le h or izonta l l i ne i nc ised b e low t he i n terna l r im o fa n o pen b ow l i s r epea ted o r b reak s i n to ab and o f d eco rat ion . A t t he P erte d u C ro s t he re i so f ten d eco ra t ion b etween t wo p a ra l le l l i nes o fi nc is ion , a nd t h is c ons is ts mos t o f ten o fh a tched t r iang les o r c hev rons , l e s s o f ten o fc ross -ha tched t r iang les o r l adde rs . On ly o ne e xamp le o f c ros s -ha tch ing i sf ound a f te r L eve l I I : t he r a the r c a re les s h atch ing o n aL eve l Is herd r eca l ls t he h a tched t r iang les o ft he G rands C aus ses , a t tr ibuted t o t he E ar ly C ha lco E th ic b y C ostant in i ( Cos tan t in i 1 967) . L eve l Ia l so c onta ins s he rds w i th c hanne l led d ecora t ion , a nd ac y l indr ica l f l at -based j a r w i th s moo th c o rdons , p o s s ib ly t o b e l i nked w ith t he S a in tponna is L ate N eo l ith ic d eve lopment o f t he We s te rn H erau lt . Ga lan c ompa res t he c ordoned p ots o f L eve l I t o t he V ienne -Cha ren te c eram ics o f We ste rn F rance .

1 5

S ITE OF ROUCADOUR , THEMINES , LOT Reference :

N iede r lende r , L acam a nd A rna l 1 966

G eo logy J u ras s ic l imes tone o f Wes tern b o rder o f Ma ss if C entra l . S ed imen to log ica l s tud ies i nd icate

8 5

t hat r ed e ar th s d eve loped u nt i l a bout 3 500 b .c . , t hen t he c l ima te f avourab le f or t h is a ppa ren t ly p rog re s s ive ly d ec l ined ( N ieder lende r e ta / . 1 966 , p .12 -13) . Locat ion The s i te i si n ap a r t ia l ly c o l lapsed c ave , s ur rounded b y h igh wa l ls b ut n o t p ro tec ted f ro m t he e l e ment s . I ti sr ough ly o va l i n s hape ( N ieder lender e ta l . 1 966 , p .7 a nd p 1 .1) . Accord ing t o t he s i te r epor t t he a rchaeo log ica l l eve l s hou ld c over a l l t he a rea l im i ted b y t he r ocks , b ut i ta ppea r s mos t d ense n ear t o t he u nco l lapsed p a r t o f t he c ave . S i te s i ze O va l a rea 1 40 me tres b y 6 0 metres . S t rat ig raphy T he s t rat igraphy a s d esc r ibed i n t he r epor t i sa s f o l low s : 1 A rab le 2 A -2 C ha lco l i th ic t o Ro man 3 A -1 Horgen 4 S te r i le p ebb le l aye r 5 B -2 L ate Cha s söen B . One me t re t h ick . B -1 E ar ly Cha s söen B , w ith Chas seen A a t t he b a se . 6 0 cm d eep . B oth B -2 a nd B -1 p resen ted a u n ifo rm a ppea rance o f b lack e arth w ith af ew p ebb les , f ew f l at s tone s , g rey l ens l ike h ear ths . 6 S ter i le c l ay l eve l 7 C . Y e l low o r r ed d e -ca lc if ied c l ay , s o me l ent icu lar h ear ths . Impres sed ware . L eve l Bi s1 .60 m d eep , a nd t he e xcava tor , A . N ieder lender , s aw n o r ea son i n t he p rof i le t o d iv ide i ta t a ny p o int . A rna l , who h e lped f ro m t ime t o t ime o n t he e xcava t ion , n oted a ` s o l 'o r l i v ing f l oo r a t o ne p o int , a nd , a ccord ing t o t he t ext , e xpanded o ut h or izonta l ly a t t h is l e ve l t o d iv ide t he d eep s t ra tu m i nto t wo ( N iede r lande r e ta l . p .10 ) . Two p rob lems a re p o sed b y t h i s . The f i r s t , why i st he ` s o l ' marked o n t he f i g .3 s t rat ig raphy h a l f -way u p t he B -1 l eve l r a the r t han d iv id ing i tf rom t he B -2 ? The s econd , h ow wa s A rna l a b le a f ter N ieder lende r ' s d ea th t o r econs t ruc t wh ich a rt ifact s c ame f rom a bove a nd wh ich f rom b e low t h is a rt if ic ia l l i ne ? F eatures Af ew ` s o l s ' o r l i v ing f l oors , af ew a reas o ff l a t s tone s , n ot j o in ing e ach o the r , a nd an umber o f sma l l l ens l ike h ea r ths a re men t ioned i n t he s i te r epor t , a nd n ot e l abora ted u pon ( N iede r lender e ta L p .10) . S ubs i stence e cono my T he t hree d ate s o bta ined a t G if sur -Yvet te were f rom c a rbon ized g ra ins wh ich were n o t a na lyzed b efore b e ing d est royed i n t he d a t ing l abora tory ( N ieder lender e ta l . 1 966 , p .72) . Howeve r , i ti sp resumed t hey i nd ica te s o me d ependence o n a g r icu lture . F auna l r e ma ins h ave b een f u l ly a na lyzed ( Ducos 1 957) . I t was s uspected t hat asma l l d ome s t ica ted p ig wa s i n troduced i n L eve l C , b ut t ha t b y L eve l Bt he i nhab i tant s we re l oca l ly d o mest ica t ing t he w i ld p ig ( N ieder lender e ta l . 1 966 , p .198) . There were af ew s heep i n L eve l C . Hunt ing o fw i ld c at t le , w i ld b oa r , r ed a nd r oe d eer i si nd icated . I n t he Cha sseen L eve l B , p ig , s heep a nd g oa t a nd t he sma l l c a t t le Bos b rachyceros s eem t o b e d o me s t icated , b u t t he re i ss t i l l s o me h un t ing o fl a rge c a tt le , r ed a nd r oe d eer ( N iede r lender e ta l . 1 966 , p . ' 72 ) . The m in imu m i nd iv idua l n umber s o f a n ima l s a re a s f o l low s : B -1 Hor se

2

B -2 2

L a rge c at t le ( w i ld)

1 5

2 1

Sma l l c a t t le ( do mes t ica ted )

1 7

2 3

S heep

4

3

P ig

2 4

1 2

R ed d eer

1 2

1 2

Roe d ee r

8 8 2

8 7 9

( Ducos 1 957 , t ab le 3 ) . Dat ing Four d ates h ave b een o bta ined f or t he s i te . The e ar l ie s t , f o r L eve l C , i s3 980 * 3 07/296 b .c . ( G if 3 6A ) . The E ar ly Chas seen o f L eve l B -1 i sd a ted 3 229 * 2 48/281 b .c . ( G if 3 6B) ( N iede r lender e ta l . 1 966 , p .13 ;t he e r ror i s*2 81/271 i n t he a ppend ix , p .177) . The L a te C ha s seen o f L eve l B -2 i ss ta ted i n t he t ext t o d ate f ro m 2 129 * 2 56/248 b .c . , a nd i n t he a ppend ix f rom 2 319 * 2 56 /248 b .c . ( G if 3 6C ) . F ina l ly a p iece o f wood s a id t o h ave c ome f rom t he m idd le o fL eve l Bg ave ad a te r epor ted i n t he t ext a s 3 160 * 1 60 b .c . a nd i n t he a ppend ix a s 3 140 * 1 60 b .c . ( Co logne l abo ratory) .

8 6

0

cm

5

2

N N

F IG URE 2 7 :

C hassi en n ecked g lobu lar v ases 1 V auc la re 2 P e rtus 2

3 Roucadour B 1 4 E sp inas sous

8 7

5

0 7

F IGURE 2 8 :

C has sien o pen b ow l s 1 2 3 4

G rande G ro t te P ou jo l L a C ab ra G ro t te C

5 6 7 8

Roucadou r B 1 C a rbon ie s F on t -Ma r the L e sF ay s se s

8 8

cm

5

3

4

6

0

F IG URE 2 9 :

cm

5

C has seen s t ra ight -wa l led j ar s 1 E g l ise S up6 r ieure l e ve l 8 2 L e s F ay sse s 3 G rot te C

4 L e L uc 5 ,6 F ontb regoua 7 ,8 Roucadour

8 9

A r t if act s : S ome o ft he ma ter ia l f rom t h is s i te wa s s tud ied b y k ind p erm is s ion o f Mr N ieder lender ' s w idow . However , i nv iew o f t he monog raph p ub l ished b y D r A rna l i n p osthumous memory o f Mes sr s N ieder lende r a nd L acam , o n ly ab r ief i nd ica t ion o f f i nds f rom t he C ha s seen l e ve l s w i l l b e a t tempted . C h ipped s tone T he s i te r epor t ment ions t wo d i f fe ren t s or ts o ff l int u sed o n t h is s i te— the h oney -co lou red f l int o f S outhern F rance a nd t he b lack f l in t o f Western F rance ; i n L eve l B -1 t he 7 6 b l ades i nc luded 4 0 h oney -co loured a nd 2 8 b lack o nes . B lades , b o re r s ( e .g . N ieder lender e ta l . 1 966 , f i g .12 :3 ,7 ,8) , t r ansver se a r rowheads ( e .g . N ieder lender e ta l . f i g .19 :13 ,14 ,15) a nd s c raper s a re f ound i nb o th B -1 a nd B -2 . T hree l a rge b i fac ia l ly r e touched a r rowheads f ound i nB -2 a re l ozenge shaped b u t t he p o int o fg rea te st w idth i so ne t h ird o f t he w ay f rom t he b a se , i n s tead o f b e ing i nt he m idd le a si n mos t C ha s seen l ozenge a r rowheads . T he c h ipped s tone i sa na lyzed t o p rove t hat t he i ndex o f s c rapers , t r ansve rse a r rowhead s a nd f l a t r e touch i ncrea ses f rom t he l ower l e ve l B -1 t o B -2 , wh i le t he i ndex o f b u r ins a nd a brupt r e touch d ecrea ses ( N iede r lender e ta l . 1 966 , p .67) . G round s tone Querns a nd g r indstones w e re f ound i nt he C ha ss ' een l e ve ls , t ogethe r w i th p o l ished a xe s a nd a dzes . I n L eve l B -2 3 3% o f t he a xes w ere made o ff l in t c ompared t o 7 7% i nh a rder s tones . T he p e trograph ic s tudy s ugges ts t ha t o ph ites may h ave b een o bta ined i n t he ir P y renean p l ace o f o r ig in , o rv i at r ade ,o r f rom t he a l luv ions o fr i ver s h av ing t he i r s ource i n t he P y renee s , l i ke t he G aronne a nd Aude ( Tama in , i nN ieder lende r e ta l . 1 966 , p p .179 -181) . B one a nd a nt ler P o int s , c h ise l s a nd smoother s a re f ound i n b oth C ha s seen l e ve ls . I n a dd it ion a n a n t le r ' p ick ' a nd ' r ing 'a re men t ioned f ro m L eve l B -1 . R ed d ee r t i ne s a nd s p l i t b oa r i nc isor s a r e u sed i nb o th l e ve ls . I n B -2 t here a re t wo p ierced t eeth , o ne o f d og a nd o ne o f r ed d ee r , a nd s i x r ound s ec t ion d oub le p o int s ( a lene s ) . P ot tery T he p ot tery o f t h is s i te i sv ery p oor ly made b y c ompa r ison w ith mos t S outhe rn F rench C ha s seen c e ram ics . T he s u rface i sn ot we l l p o l ished , a nd t he mou ld ing i sv ery p oor . R ims a re p ar t icu la r ly i r regu la r , a nd c ar ina t ions a re n ot s ha rp a nd n ot h or izonta l ly s t ra ight . T here a re f ew d if ferences i ns hapes a nd d ecora t ion s i n L eve l s B -1 a nd B -2 . B oth c onta in o pen b ow l s ( F igure 2 8 :5) , s ome w i th i n te rna l h or izonta l l i ne i nc ised b e low t he r im , o the r s more u nusua l ly w ith t h icken ing o f t he r im e i ther i n s ide o r o ut . S ome o ft he " e cue l les ' d e scr ibed i n t he s i te r epo r t d o n o t b e long t o t he l ow b ow l s hape , b ut r a the r t o t he h em isphe r ica l o r f l a r ing w a l l t ype o fb ow l . C ar ina ted b ow ls , s t ra ight -wa l led v a ses ( F igu re 2 9:5 ,6 ) , n ecked g lobu la r v a ses ( F igure 2 7 :3) a nd s phero ida l v a ses l i kew ise a ppea r i n b oth l e ve ls . T he re a re r ough ly t w ice a s many o f t he o pen b ow l a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s hape i n B -2 a s i n B -1 . T here a ppea r t o b e more c y l indr ica l v a se s i nB -1 . A c oup le o f ( very r ough ) b r i mmed p lates a ppea r i nB -2 . One f l a t b a se a ppea rs i ne ach l e ve l , a nd a c l ay s poon i n B -1 . P las t ic d ecora t ion i n b o th l e ve ls i nc ludes p ierced a nd u np ierced b u t tons , t he f o rmer s omet ime s b ecom ing f l at t ish , b il obed l ug s a nd f l at h and les . The re a re n o mu lt i -pe rfora ted c o rdons , b ut f l at s qua shy l ug s a re p e rfo ra ted t wo , t hree a nd f ou r t imes . Ac a r ina ted s he rd f rom L eve l B -2 i ss upposed t o b ear t he r e ma ins o f ap an -p ipe , b ut t he w r iter h a s n ot s een t h is ( N ierder lender e ta l . 1 966 , p .59) . On ly t wo i nc i sed s he rd s—bear ing h a tched t r iang le s—were f ound a t t he s i te . A s t hey c ome f rom t he t h in ' s ter i le ' l ayer b e tween B a nd C t hey may p os t -da te t he C ha s seen o ccupat ion ( N iede r lender e ta l . 1 966 , p l .IV :7 ,8) .

1 6

ABR I DE FONT -JUVENAL , CONQUES , AUDE R eferences :

Gu i la ine , Thom me ret , T homme ret , V aguer a nd B ar r ie 1 974 Gu i la ine , V ague r , B ar r ie a nd R ivenq 1 980 G a sco 1 980a

G eo logy Ypres ien l ime s tone c l iff s . L ocat ion 1 2 km t o t he Nor th o f C arcas sonne i n t he t r an s it iona l z one b etween t he Aude p la in a nd t he Montagne No ire , o n t he l e f t b ank o ft he Va l louv iere s t ream , o ne o fs evera l s he l ter s f ac ing S outh West , a bout 1 0 m a bove t he s t ream l e ve l w i th a n atura l w a l l o fr oof d eb r is p revent ing t he a rchaeo log ica l s t rata f rom s l id ing d ownh i l l . S ite s i ze 2 0 m b y 5 -6 m .

9 0

Excavat ion h i story Excava t ions i n 1 971 a nd 1 972 a imed a t o b ta in ing as t rat ig raphy , wh ich wa s p ub l ished i n 1 974 . More r ecent e xcava t ion s h ave b een d ug b y h o r izonta l l eve ls , w ith p a r t icu la r empha s is o n e xcava t ion o fs t ructure s ( hea rths , p os t -ho le s e tc .) ( 1978 , 1 980) . Env iron menta l s tud ie s a re u nde r way b y Verne t ( cha rcoa l) a nd B roch ier ( s ed i men t s ) . . S t rat ig raphy a nd d at ing C arbon -14 d a ted l eve l s o f C ha sseen , Ep ica rd ia l a nd L ate N eo l i th ic : L eve l 1 2 ( Ep icard ia l ) : 3 900

1 00 b .c . ( MC 4 99)

L eve l 1 1 ( Ea r ly Cha s seen ) : 3 590 L eve l 1 0 ( Cha s seen ) : 3 400 L eve ls 9 , 8( Cha s seen) : 2 850 L eve l 6( Late N eo l i th ic ) : 2 620 ( Gu i la ine e ta t .

t h

1 00 b .c . ( MC 4 98)

1 00 b .c . ( MC 4 97) 1 50 b .c . ( MC 4 96 ) 9 0 b .c . ( MC 4 94)

1 980 , p .39) .

F eatures J . Gasco ( 1980a ) d escr ibes f l a t h ea r ths , p i t -hear ths , p os t -ho le s a nd af ew p i t s . The s tones b lock ing t he p os t -ho le s a re a ssoc ia ted w ith f l a t h ea r ths , o the rs , i nr ow s , may w e l l h ave h e ld s imp le wa l l ing . The f l a t h ea rths c ons i st o f c ha rcoa l a nd a sh s u rrounded b y l a rge s tone s , N9F9 , f o r i n s tance , w as a l so a s soc ia ted w ith p o tshe rds a nd b one f r agmen t s . The p i t -hear ths a re o f t hree t ype s , wh ich Ga sco i n terp rets ( fo l low ing e xpe r i menta t ion) a s f o l low s : 1 a shes o n t op , t hen m ixed c ha rcoa ly ma te r ia l t o t he b otto m o ft he h o le w ith l oca l l ime s tone b lock s i n t he m idd le . Th is h ea rth was n ot d i s turbed , o n ly i t s h ea t ing s u rface wa s r equ i red , a nd i tc ou ld h ave b een u sed ( l ike t he f l at h ea r ths ) f o r g r i l l ing ,r oa s t ing , t echno log ica l a ct iv it ies , h ea t ing a nd l i ght ing . 2 c ha rcoa l a nd a she s o n t op , r ock s i n d isorder b e low a nd a she s a t t he b o tto m . Th is h ea r th wa s p robab ly c l eaned o u t ;t he a shes a nd t he r eddened wa l ls i nd ica te h igh t e mpe ra tures . I tc ou ld h ave b een u sed f or s t ea m h eat ing o r p oss ib ly t echno log ica l a ct iv it ie s s uch a s p ot tery f i r ing . 3 a s a bove , b u t w ith f l at l imes tone b lock s o ver c harcoa l f i l led b asa l l eve l . Bo t tom p robab ly s tayed i n p lace u nd i stu rbed , t he s tone s may h ave b een ac ook ing s urface . The s a me a c t iv i t ies a s i n ( 2 ) c ou ld h ave b een c a rr ied o ut . S ubs i stence e conomy I n t he Cha s seen l ayer s , t he f o l low ing h ave b een r eco rded : T r it icum a est ivo -compac tum , T . d icoccu m , Hordeu m v u lgare . A lso G a l l ium a nd c arbon ized a corns we re r eco rded , t he l a tte r i n L eve l 9( Gu i la ine e ta l . 1 974 , p .2 ' 71) . A rt if act s On ly ab r ief r e su me o ft he f i nds h as b een g i ven ( Gu i la ine e ta t . 1 974) . The mos t i n te re st ing d eta i ls c oncern t he f i na l Ep icard ia l l eve l 1 2 , t he E ar ly Cha sseen l eve l 1 1 a nd t he s ucceed ing C ha s seen l eve ls 1 0 -7a . I n L eve l 1 2 t he l i th ic i ndust ry c ons isted o f t oo ls i n q uar tz p lus s ome g rey -b rown l oca l f l in t a nd af ew h oney -co lou red f l int b lades . The p ottery wa sr e la t ive ly p oor ly made , w ith r o l led r im v es se ls , i n r edd ish -b rown h ue s . I n L eve l 1 1 , t he t oo ls o n q ua rtz a nd m i lky q ua r tz were s t i l l f ound , w i th av a r iety o f f l int b lades . The p ot tery was we l l b urn ished , o fg ood q ua l ity , b e ige o r b rown i n h ue . S hapes i nc luded t he n ecked , g lobu la r v ase w ith r ibbon h and les a nd t h ickened r im ; t he h em isphe r ica l b ow l ; a t h ickened r im c up a nd al a rge j a r . I n L eve ls 1 0 t o 7 a , t he q ua rtz i ndust ry o n c obb les a nd f l ake s c ont inued , b ut mo st ly t he l i th ic ma ter ia l c ons is ted o fh oney -co lou red f l int b lades , r etouched t o f o rm p o int s , e nd sc raper s a nd b ore rs . T ransver se a r rowhead s w i th i nvas ive r etouch o ccu rred . There were a l so q ue rns , r ubb ing s tones a nd p ebb le ' pot smoo the rs ' a nd b one p o in ts a nd smoo the r s ( Gu i la ine e t a l . 1 974 , f i g .9 :10 ,3) . The c e ra m ic a sse mb lage c on s is ted o fl a rge j a r s w ith r e la t ive ly s quare l ug s ;i nver ted s pher ica l , n ecked g lobu la r a nd c y l indro spher ica l j a r s ;a nd b ow l s . The b ow l s we re h em isphe r ica l o r c a r ina ted o r o pen a nd d ecora ted w ith i n terna l i nc ised d es igns . There wa s ab r immed p la te . P la st ic d eco r a t ion i nc luded P an -p ipes a nd r i bbon h and les .

1 7

GROTTE DE B IZE , B IZE , AUDE R eferences :

H e lena 1 937 Gu i la ine 1 970b ; 1 976b V aguer 1 975

G eo logy a nd l ocat ion Accord ing t o He lena , t he re were t wo c aves af ew met res a pa r t o n t he l e f t b ank o f t he C es se r i ver , i n ac l if f o f Rognac ien l ime s tone . The sma l ler o ne h a s p roduced mos t ma te r ia l .

9 1

S i te s i ze The P et ite G rot te measures c . 10 m a cros s i t s e ntrance , b y c .20 m d eep ( e s t imat e b ased o n p hotog raphs i n Narbonne Museu m) . Excavat ion h i story A f ter e xp lora t ions f ro m 1 827 o nward s b y Tourna l a nd o ther s , t he s i te was e xcava ted b y H e lgna , b ut t he r esu lt s were n ever p ub l i shed . He 16na ' s mater ia l h as b een s tud ied a nd p repared f o r p ub l ica t ion b y an u mber o f modern a rchaeo log is ts , i nc lud ing J ean Gu i la ine , who h a s s tud ied t he N eo l ith ic a s se mb lage . The p ub l ica t ion s hou ld o ccur i n 1 981-2 i n C ah ier sL igur es . P end ing t h i s p ub l icat ion , t he b r ief i nforma t ion g iven b e low i sb ased o n ma ter ia l e xh ib i ted i n t he N arbonne Reg iona l Museu m o ft he H is tory o f Man , a nd p ub l ica t ions b y Gu i la ine ( 1970b ) a nd V aguer ( 1975) . S trat ig raphy A cco rd ing t o Gu i la ine , H e lena ' s e xcava t ions d iv ided t he s i te i n to t wo l e ve ls . I n t he l ower l eve l t here was ma ter ia l d a t ing f ro m t he L a te C ard ia l , t he C ha s seen a nd t he V eraza L a te Neo l ith ic , a s w e l l a s d ecora ted v a ses wh ich Gu i la ine c a l ls ' B iz ien ' . I n t he u pper l e ve l , t here were c o rded B e l l B eaker s a nd U rnf ie ld p o t tery ( Gu i la ine 1 970b) . Ar t if act s : Among t he sma l l amount o fc h ipped a nd g round s tone ma ter ia l o n d i sp lay a t Narbonne , a re 1 8 h oney -co loured b lades , w ith a nd w i thout r etouch , f i ve b i l les , a nd t h in , o va l sec t ioned a xes . P ottery T he B iz ien &ra m ie ma ter ia l i s mos t ly o f g ood q ua l i ty , h igh ly b urn ished a nd w e l l f i red ( Gu i la ine 1 975) . The s herds a re h igh ly d ecorated , w ith d eep ly i nc ised s wa the s b o rde r ing v ery l i ght ly c hanne l led c ros s -ha tched z ones . O cca s iona l ly , t he s wathe s a re o ut l ined b y p unched d eco r a t ion . Mo s t o f t he d eco ra t ion i so n t he o ut s ide o f t he v ases , b ut o ne o pen l ow b ow l b ear s a n i nc ised i nterna l d ecorat ion ( Valuer 1 975 , f i g .1:8) . T he s herds a re a l so s i ngu la r i n t ha t o cca s iona l ly wh ite , r ed o r p ink i ncrus ta t ion o r p a in t r e ma ins o n t hem . T he B iz ien d es igns a l so i nc lude more g eo met r ica l b ands o r t r iang les f i l led w ith c ro s s -ha tch ing . Ad eep b ow l b ea rs as e r ies o fp a t terns i nc lud ing ac ros s -ha tched n ar row h or izonta l b and n ear t he r im , a nd h a tched z i g -zag a nd t r iang les b e low ( Vaguer 1 975 , f i g .1 : 10 ) . Typ ica l s hapes i nc lude f l a r ing n ecked g lobu la r a nd s hor t -wa l led c ar ina ted ( Vaquer ' s " ecue l le ac ran" ) v es se ls . The p la s t ic d eco ra t ions v i s ib le i n t he Narbonne Museu m a nd a t tr ibutab le t o t he C ha s seen a re a s f o l lows : s i x P an -p ipes , t hree mu lt i -perfo ra ted c o rdons ;l ug s p erfo ra ted t w ice , t hree a nd s i x t ime s ;a nd ah or izonta l ly p e rfora ted b ut ton . The s quashy s i x -perfo ra t ion l ug was o n ac o l lared g lobu la r p o t , a nd as im i lar s haped p ot b ore f our q uadr i -perfora ted l ug s . O ther s hapes a re d i f f icu l t t o i dent ify . Accord ing t o Gu i la ine , t here a re a bout 1 0 ,000 ` t yp ica l Cha s se-e n 's he rds i n t he a sse mb lage , o n ly t wo b ea r ing i nc i sed d eco ra t ion . Ne ighbour ing s i tes Gu i la ine c la i ms t o h ave f ound B iz ien type s he rds a t t en o ther s i te s o n t he Aude p la in ( Gu i la ine 1 970b) . A sf o r Cha s sgen s i tes , He lena i lust ra te s an ea r ly s pher ica l p o t b ea r ing amu lt i p erfora ted c ordon f ro m t he T rou d u Loup , A rm is son ( He lena 1 937 , f i g .36 ) , a nd as ma l l v a se w ith f our f at p erforated b ut ton s f rom t he T rou d es Mor t s , S t P ie rre d e l a Mer ( 1 16 16na 1 937 , f i g .37) .

1 8

GROTTE DE GAZEL , SALLELES -CABARDES , AUDE R eferences :

Gu i la ine 1 965 ; 1 967; 1 976b E sca lon d e F onton 1 968 , p p .466 -8

Locat ion T he c ave i sn ear t o S a l le les -Caba rdes . I t s ma in e n t rance , i n ab lock o f G eorg ian l imes tone , o pens t o t he E as t o f t he v i l lage , o n t he l e f t b ank o ft he C e ize r i ve r ( Gu i la ine 1 967 , p .23) . Excavat ion h i story E xcava ted b y J . Gu i la ine 1 964 -1972 . A t : ea e xcavated A t l ea s t 8m f ro m t he c ent ra l c hamber t o t he ' zone e bou l is ' , p lus t he e n t rance p o rch ( Gu i la ine 1 976b , f i g .141) . S t rat ig raphy T he s t rat ig raphy o ft he s i te i s ma in ly o f d i f ferent C a rd ia l f ac ies f rom t he b eg inn ing t o t he e nd o f t he 5 th m i l lenn iu m b .c . ( C -14 d a tes f rom 4 950

9 0 b .c . t o c .4000/3900 b .c .—Gu i la ine

1 976b , p p .280 -1) . There wou ld s ee m t o b e ah ia tus b etween t he t opmos t Ep iCa rd ia l l e ve ls a nd t he h igher l eve l c onta in ing c la s s ica l C has se-e n p ot tery a nd f l intwork . F eatur es S evera l Cha s seen h ea r ths w ere e xcava ted i n t he p orch a rea ( Gu i la ine 1 976b) .

9 2

A rt if act s : T he f i na l E p iCard ia l l e ve l p roduced s moo th p ott ery a pparen t ly d er ived f r om t he e a r l ier t r ad it ion ( Gu i la ine 1 976 ) . T he C has seen ma ter ia l a va i lab le i n 1 968 wa s k ind ly l oaned t o t he w r iter b y J . Gu i la ine f or s tudy . C h ipped s tone A l l t he c h ipped s tone a ppear s t o h ave c ome f rom t he a rea d escr ibed a s t he ' p latform ' . On ly o ne r e touched b lade i sh oney -co loured . T he r e st i s ma in ly l i ght b rown ;t wo q ua r tz f l akes s eem t o h ave b een u sed , t hough n ot r e touched . The r e touch i ss em i invas ive d o rsa l ly , a nd t wo r e touched b lades h ave al i t t le a dd i t iona l r e touch v ent ra l ly . T here a re at ota l o f 7f l int b lades , 2q uar tz f l akes a nd 2 f l int s craper s , b oth f l at a nd r ounded , w ith f ronta l r etouch o n ly i no ne c a se a nd f ronta l a nd l a tera l i n t he o ther . B one Ab roken p o int ( pos s ib ly o f as p l it metapod) , as p l it b oa r ' s i n c iso r a nd as ec t ion o f p o l ished c ow ' s r i b w ere a l l r ecovered f rom t he ' p la tfo rm ' a rea . P ot tery T he s hape s r epre sented o n t he s i te a re a sf o l lows : 1 l ow o pen b ow l w ith d eep h o r izonta l l i ne c u t b e low t he r im 2 c ar ina ted b ow l 3 d eep b ow l 4 s hou ldered g lobu lar b ow l a w ith s harp ly i nverted w a l l b w ith s t ra ight o rs l ight ly i nc l ined wa l l 5 v ert ica l ly w a l led j a r ( ' beaker ' ) . I nc ised d ecora t ion c ons ist s o ft he s i ng le h or izonta l l i nes d rawn b e low t he i n terna l r im o f o pen b ow ls a nd o f ad eep f urrow , p erhaps p ar t o f a' mous tache ' d ecora t ion . A mos t u nusua l s herd b ea r s t wo r ow s o fi nc ised t r iang les f i l led w ith v er t ica l h a tch ing ; t he u pper t r iang le i s e nc irc led w i th a n i nc ised l i ne , a nd i sd iv ided f rom t he l ower s e r ies b y amode l led r i dg ing o r c hanne l l ing o f t he s ur face . S ince n e ither c hanne l l ing o rh a tched t r iang les o f t he l a rge s i ze s een h ere a re t yp ica l C has seen mot if s , t he re mus t b e s ome s usp ic ion t ha t t h is s herd d a tes f r om al a ter o ccupa t ion . P la s t ic a dd it ion s c ons is t o fv er t ica l ly p erfora ted b uttons , s i ng ly o r i n ap a ir , o rs o l id b ut ton s . At h ickened s hou lder i sp ierced h o r izonta l ly , a nd a no ther p os s ib le s hou lder i sp i erced t w ice v e rt ic a l ly . Ad eep b ow lb ea r s av er t ica l ly p i erced b utton o n i t s l ower s urface . Two c urved s herds b ea r s eparated P an -p ipe e l ement s .

1 9

LES AURIOLES , CAVANAC , AUDE L ocat ion T he v i l lage o f C avanac i ss ome 5 k i lo met res t o t he S outh o ft he t own o fC arca s sonne . T he s i te i sa n o pen -a ir s e t t le ment . Excavat ion h i story S urface c o l lect ions h ave b een made a t t he s i te s i nce t he e a r ly 1 900s , mo s t r ecent ly b y J . Gu i la ine a nd h i s a s s istant s . T he f i nd s a re k ept i n t he a rchaeo log ica l d epot o f t he t own o f C arca s sonne a nd a r e t o b e p ub l ished b y Gu i la ine . T he w r iter was l oaned a l l o f t he mate r ia l f o r s tudy . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he ma jo r i ty o ft he c h ipped s tone t oo ls a re c overed w ith wh ite p at ina , b u t i ti sp os s ib le t o s ee t ha t o r ig ina l ly b lades a nd t oo ls w ere h oney -co loured . Marg ina l r e touch i se xt reme ly s ma l l , t o t he p o int o fs ome t imes b e ing o n ly c l ear ly v i s ib le u nder al ens . Ac er ta in n umber o f t oo ls , n ot p at inated , a re l a rge r t h an t he u n iform ly s ma l l r ange o f p at ina ted t oo ls . S ince t he s i te h a s b een u nder t he p lough , t here a re v ery f ew who le t oo ls l e f t . There w ere 4 2 t oo ls o n b lades ( 11 b u r ins , 2 2 d ent icu lated b lades , f our t runca ted b lades a nd f i ve b orer s ) . T h is i so ne o f t wo s i tes o n wh ich s uf f ic ient n umber s o f b lades w ere a va i lab le ( 77 u nretouched a nd 9 5 r etouched ) t o e s tab l ish ad i s t inct d i fference i nw idth a nd t h icknes s s i zes b etween u n re t ouched b lades a nd t hose wh ich w ere g i ven r etouch ( mean w id th u nretouched 9mm , mean w idth r etouched 1 0 mm , mean t h icknes s u nretouched 2m m , mean t h icknes s r e touched 2 .5 m m ) . O ther t oo ls p robab ly o n b lades i nc lude ab lade w ith s t eep b ack ing r e touch o n b oth e dges a nd o n a n o b l ique b reak , a nd t he n ine t r ansver se a r rowheads a nd t wo p ierc ing a r rowheads . The r e ma in ing t oo ls— s ix s c raper s , t wo b orers , o ne b ur in , f our s i de scraper s a nd t wo d ent icu lates—are a l l o n f l akes .

9 3

The t r ansver se a rrowheads p resent c ons iderab le v a r iety i n t he ir f orm a nd r e touch . F our b ea r o n ly ma rg ina l r etouch , t wo b ea rs em i invas ive r e touch d or sa l ly a nd ma rg ina l r e touch v ent ra l ly , a nd t he o ther t hree h ave b oth s urfaces l a rge ly r e touched . Two o ft hose w ith v ery i nva s ive r e touch a re l a rge ( 23 a nd 1 8 mm l ong r espec t ive ly) whereas t he o ther s a re more o bv ious ly made o fs ma l l b lades . One i si n f act made o n t he b u lba re nd o f ab lade , wh ich s erves a so ne e dge ; t h is a r rowhead s ee m s t o i nd icate t he p resence o f t he m ic ro -bur in t echn ique . G round s tone H a lf o f ap o l ished l imes tone p ebb le b ea r s t he b eg inn ing o f ab ipo lar p er fo ra t ion ; i ns ome w ays i tr e se mb les t he p o l ished l ime stone b race let s f ound o n C ha s seen s i tes , b ut i t s s i ze ( 41 mm d iamete r) s eems t o p rec lude t h is u se . P erhaps i t wou ld h ave h ung a s ap endant . Gu i la ine a nd R igaud i lus t rate af r agment o fp erfora ted a xe f rom al a ter o ccupa t ion o ft he s i te ( 1969 , f i g .1) . P o ttery T he s hapes r epresented a tt h is s i te a re t he l ow o pen b ow l ( s ix d ef in ite e xamp les , b ea r ing o ne , t wo o r t hree h or izonta l i nc ised l i nes b e low t he r im) , a nd t he c a r ina ted b ow l . Ag l obu la r b ow l whose d ia mete r m ight o r m ight n ot e xceed t ha t o fi t s h e ight i sr epresented b y ar im s herd b ea r ing ah o r izonta l , u nperfo ra ted l ug . Two o the r s ma l l r im f r agments , s l ight ly b eaded , may r ep resen t o pen b ow ls . T he o n ly i nc ised d ecorat ion i st he i nc idence o f h o r izonta l l i nes b e low t he l i p o fo pen b ow ls . Two s herds b ear mu lt i -perfora ted s ho rt c ordons . One o f t hese i sn ar row a nd f l at sec t ioned , t he o ther i sw ider a nd s em i -cy l indr ica l i ns ect ion . Two s ma l le r f r agmen ts r epresent e i ther p e rfo ra ted b ut tons o r c ordons . Al ong f l at l ug i su nperfo ra ted . A l l t he p o t tery f ro m t h is s i te h as av ery b ad s u rface , d ue n o d oub t t o e xposure a f t er b e ing p loughed u p . T he p a s te i su sua l ly r edd ish -b rown o r b lack , w ith l imestone o r c a lc i te f i l ler .

2 0

P EBRIL , CAVANAC , AUDE L ocat ion Open -a ir s i te o n t e r r itory o f c ommune o f C avanac . E xcavat ion h i story S urface c o l lec t ion made b y J . Gu i la ine a nd a ssoc ia tes . T he w r iter w a s l oaned t he ma ter ia l t o s tudy . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone T he o n ly a r t ifact s f rom t he s i te a re 5u nretouched b lade f r agment s a nd 2 9 t oo l s , i nc lud ing 1 1 r e touched b lades . T oo ls made o n b lades c ons is t o f t he f o l low ing : ab ur in o n o b l ique r e touched e dge , a n e nd s c raper , t wo b acked a nd t runca ted b lades , o ne n otched a nd o ne p o inted b lade , a nd t wo b o rer s . T he t wo a r rowheads may a l so h ave b een made o n b lades : o ne i s al ozenge w i th s l ight ly c oncave s i des a nd s em i invas ive b i fac ia l r etouch a nd t he o the r i s ac ros s b etween al e af a nd al o zenge a r rowhead , w i th i t s g reatest w id th at h i rd o ft he way f rom t he p rox ima l t i p , a nd ma rg ina l f l a t r e touch a round b o th p er ipher ies . The o ther e i gh t t oo ls a re o n f l akes : al i t t le b ur in , t hree s hor t f ronta l a nd l a tera l s c rape r s , t wo s i de scraper s , o ne r ound f ronta l s c raper a nd at r ansver se a r rowhead w ith o ne e dge s t i l l c overed w ith c o r tex .

2 1

LE P ERA IROL , CAVANAC , AUDE R eference :

Roud i l 1 978 , p p .661-2

G eo logy E ither y e l low c o l luv ium o r l oes s . L ocat ion On ar i ver t e rrace . Excavat ion h i story T he s i te wa s f ound i n a6 1 m l ong c ut t ing , c reated wh i le a n embankment wa s b e ing r e stored . Mes s r s B arbaza a nd V ague r w ere a l erted b y M . R igaud a nd n o ted f eatu res i n t he c ut t ing . S trat igraphy T he t wo f ea tures a re o n t op o ft he h eavy y e l low c o l luv ium o r l oes s . T hey a re c overed b y b rown s o i l , a verag ing 1 m i n d ep th .

9 4

F eatures T he f i r s t f eatu re c ons is t s o f amore o r l e s s c ont inuous b ed o f b roken p ebb les a nd a rchaeo log i c a l mater ia l , 2 2 m l ong a nd 2 0 -30 cm t h ick . T h is s eems t o b e ah ab ita t ion l eve l . T he s econd f ea tu re was ap i t 1 .6 m w ide a nd 0 .9 m d eep , o f i r regu la r o ut l ine . I t wa s f u l l o f a she s ,b ut w ith n os i gn o fr edden ing ( bu rn ing ) o f t he s o i l . I t was p robab ly l a s t u sed a s ad ump , a s a nt ler , a n ima l b ones a nd p o ttery w ere f ound w ith t he a shes . D at ing T he t wo f eatures a re a s sumed t o b e mo re o rl e s s c ontempora ry b ecause o f t he s t ra t ig raphy . A rt if act s Ah oney -co loured f l int b lade let w as f ound , i na dd it ion t o t he p o t tery .

2 2

AUR IAC , CARCASSONNE , AUDE R eference :

Gu i la ine a nd V aguer 1 973

G eo logy L utet ien ( m idd le a nd l ower ) mo la s se . L ocat ion L ow a l luv ia l t e r races o n t he r i ght b ank o f t he Aude s uf fered e ros ion a nd r evea led s i te s : t he s i te o f Aur iac l i es o n ap romontory b etween t he S t J ean s t ream a nd t he Aude r i ver , a nd wa s r evea led i n av ineya rd . S ite s i ze 1 5 m b y 7m ( where t hree l i nes o fv ine s w ere r ecent ly p lanted) ; t he re i se v idence o f o ne b ig s t ructure a nd p os s ib ly mo re ( Gu i la ine a nd V aguer 1 973 , p .368 , n ote 5 ) . Excavat ion h i story M me M . -L . Durand n oted p reh is to r ic s he rds i n 1 966 a nd t wo 2m b y 1m t r enches w ere o pened u p . L arger a reas w ere o pened i n 1 971-2 . S t rat ig raphy 0 -3 cm : h um ic l e ve l 3 -25 cm : l aye r o fy e l low c l ay 2 5 -70 cm : mo re c ompac t y e l low c l ay 7 0 -100 cm : b rown s o i l , u nd i sturbed C ha s seen l e ve l 1 00 -150 cm : c l ay a nd g re s , s t er i le F eatur es R iver c obb les , s ome f i re -cracked , w ere f ound i n t he d i sturbed l e ve l . S ubs i st ence e conomy C a t t le made u p 4 5 .45% a nd s heep 3 6 .36% o ft he b one f r agment s , w ith v ery r a re o ccur rences o fp ig a nd g oat b ones .

No r ed d eer o r b oa r w ere r epresented—were t he t e r races d efo res ted ?

( Gu i lane a nd Vaguer 1 973 , p .379 ) . F ish ing i si nd ica ted b y t he p resence o fn e t w e ights . D at ing ' C la ss ica l C ha s seen ' , s im i lar t o F ont J uvena l l e ve l 1 0 ( c .3400 b .c .) . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone c .50 p ieces ( i nc lud ing 1 5 f l akes ) , mo st ly h oney o r g rey f l int . One s c rape r o n af l ake w as r ecovered . P ot tery ( Gu i la ine a nd V ague r 1 973 , f i g .17) . Many h em ispher ica l b ow ls , mos t ly w i th s evera l p ara l le l l i nes i nc ised b e low t he i n terna l r im ; many c ar inated b ow ls a nd o ne b r immed p la te . T he re a re a l so d eep ish b ow ls a nd n ecked g lobu la rj a r s . Mu l t i -perfora ted l ug s , p erfo ra ted c a r ina t ions a nd p la in l ug s a re f r equent , p lu s n otched r o l led r ims o n j a rs . T he p o ttery i nc luded v ery t h in -wa l led v es se ls f rom 1t o 6m m i n t h ickne ss a nd af ew t h icke r s herds , 1 1 t o 1 6 mm . C o mment s T he n earby s i te o f L es P ica rds , Mont laur ( Aude) a l so h ad ah igh p ercentage o f c a t t le .

9 5

2 3

AUSS IERES , NARBONNE , AUDE R eferences :

Roud i l 1 978 , p p .664 -5 Gu i la ine a nd V igneron 1 980 , p p .48 -51

L ocat ion On t he o utsk ir t s o f Na rbonne o n t he r oute o f t he mo torway . Excavat ion h i story Autoroute A61 c ut s t hrough n ume rous p reh is to r ic a nd h i s to r ic s i tes , b e ing o n t he c ruc ia l ' ax is ' l i nk ing t he Med ite rranean a nd A t lan t ic wo r lds wh ich w as a l so i mpo r tant i n p reh is tory ( Gu i la ine a nd V igneron 1 980 ) . T he s i te w as e xcava ted a s ar e scue d ig f rom Ma rch t o O c tobe r 1 977 . S trat igr aphy T he ma in o ccupa t ion w a s t hrough t he M idd le N eo l ith ic ( Cha s sgen a nd B ize G roup s ) a nd t he L ate N eo l ith ic ( the V e raza G roup ) , t hough t he re a re a l so s i gns o f Meso l ith ic a nd B ronze Age o ccupa t ion . T he s i te w as much d amaged b y c ons truct ion . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he i ndus t ry c ons i sted o f t oo ls made o n q ua rtz— `choppers '—and h oney f l int b lades , f l akes a nd as ma l l c o re . T he h oney f l int h ad b een worked b y h ea t ing a nd b y u s ing b o th s o f t a nd h a rd h amme r t echn iques . S c rape rs , t r an sverse a r rowheads , b orer s a nd b ur ins w ere a l so f ound . T he a u tho r s s uggested t ha t t he b lades a nd b o rer s m ight h ave b een u sed t o wo rk wood a nd b one , r a the r t han f or a g r icu lture . An o bs id ian b lade wa s a l so f ound ( Gu i lane a nd V igneron 1 980) . C o mment T he o pen -a ir s i te o f L es P e rr i &es , Au s s ik -es , h a s a l so p roduced amu lt i -perfo ra ted c ordon , o n v i ew a t t he N arbonne R eg iona l Museum o ft he H isto ry o f Man , t ogether w ith a tl e a s t t wo b lade i ndus tr ies ( al a rge ` Couronn ien ' t ype a nd as ma l ler ` Cha s seen ' t ype o n h oney -co loured b l ades ) . T oo ls o n v i ew a t Na rbonne a nd p robab ly d a t ing f rom t he C ha s seen o ccupa t ion o f t h is s i te i nc lude s i x b ore rs o n b lades , s even teen t r ansverse a r rowheads ( s even w i th i nva s ive r e touch a nd t he r e s t w ith marg ina l r e touch) a nd e ight l eaf a r rowheads w ith b i fac ia l i nva s ive r e touch . S ome o f t he se t oo l s a re i lus tra ted b y I % 16na ( 1937 , f i g .26 ) .

C IST GRAVES OF THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE AUDE -GARONNE R IVERS T he Aude c i st g raves h ave b een d ated t o t he C ha s sgen p e r iod b y J . Gu i la ine i na n a r t ic le c over ing M idd le N eo l ith ic b ur ia ls i nc i s t s , p i ts a nd c aves o fS ou thern F rance a nd Nor th -Eas t S pa in ( Gu i la ine a nd Mu i loz 1 964) . The b ur ied c i st s ,c ons is t ing o ff our s i de s l abs a nd ac ove r ing s l ab , c onta in o ne o rt wo b od ies ( f ive a t B ordas se) i n c ont rac ted p os it ions , a ccompan ied b y af ew g rave g oods . T he c i st s a re s o me t imes f ound i s o lated , b ut a re more o f ten g rouped i n ` c emeter ies ' . A t ota l o f 1 3 s i tes a re l i s ted i nt he mo s t r ecent s ynthe s is ( Gu i la ine a nd Duday 1 975) , o f wh ich t he b igges t a re D e la Liga , C ournane l ;B ordas se , C orn i lhac -de la -Montagne ;S a int J ean d e P araco l , L e P oteau a nd L a S erre d e Mouthoumet , C avanac a nd C at te rone n ea r E speraza . T he g rave g oods i nc lude r ound b a sed p o ts ( a t B orda s se ) , c l ay s poons ( a t P ere ira s ) , t r ansver se a nd p ierc ing a r rowheads , b lade lets , s ma l l p o l ished a xes a nd b eads : i nd iv idua l ly t he g r ave g oods a re n ot d iagnos t ic , b ut t aken a s ag roup t hey d o s ugges t C ha s seen c ons truct ion o f t he t ombs ( Gu i la ine a nd Mu t ioz 1 964 , p .22 ) . T he re a re n o rma l ly n o a n ima l b ones i n t he t ombs , b ut a tt he P ere i ras c e metery ( Ma i lhac , Aude) t he c on trac ted b od ies a re f ound i np i ts w ith a n ima l b one o f fer ing s , a nd asma l l t umu lus o fs tones c over s e ach b ur ia l . H ea r ths w e re l i t n ea rby ( Gu i la ine a nd Duday 1 975) .

2 4

LE P IROU , POL IGNAC , HAUTE -LO IRE R eference :

Houdre a nd V ita l 1 979

G eo logy B a san it ic b recc ia o f P o l ignac , s ur rounded b y s l opes c overed w i th l a rge b lock s o fr ock . L ocat ion T errace i nP o l ignac v a l ley , l oca ted t o North -West o f L e P uy b etween L o i re a nd B orne r i vers . S i te s i ze 7m x 1 0 m =7 0 m2 ( m in imum e s t ima te ) . Excavat ion h i s tory D iscove red i n 1 975 d u r ing r out ine s urvey o f d igg ing a nd e a r th -mov ing o pe rat ions , b eh ind o ne o ft he a bove ment ioned b lock s . R e scue e xcava t ion l a s ted o ne month .

9 6

A rea e xcavated 1 0 m2 a nd o the r t r enche s ( Houdre a nd V ita l 1 979 , f i g .1) . S trat ig raphy L eve l 1 : C o l luv ions L eve l 2 : S tones L eve l 3 : C ha rcoa l ( 15 cm) L eve l 4 : B a san i t ic s ands . F eatures Ac obb le s t ructure i nS quare 3 b h as f r agment s o fq uerns o r g r ind s tones a s soc ia ted w ith i t . I n t he m idd le , b urnt p i eces o fl ime s tone b recc ia l i e i n ar ough a rc . Th i s s t ructure w as l a id i na r e lat ive ly ' empty ' z one a f ter t he b urnt l e ve l mater ia l w as d epos ited o r d u mped ( Houdre a nd V ita l 1 979 , p .360 ) . S ubs i st ence e conomy T he f auna l r epo r t r ecords t wo p ig /boa r , t wo c at t le , a nd o ne s heep when M in imum Numbers o fI nd iv idua ls a re c ount ed . On f r agmen ts , l a rge c att le r epresent 5 4% o ft he t ota l , p ig /boa r 2 0% a nd sma l l s heep 8% . A l l w ere a du l t , w ith a ges a t d ea th r ang ing f rom 1 -2 a nd 3 -4 f or t he s u ids , t o 2 -3 a nd 5 -6 f or t he c a t t le . F our h uman b ones w ere f ound , i nc lud ing v er tebrae o fa n e lder ly s uf ferer f rom a r thr it is . T he p o l len a na lys is c onta ins ma in ly a rbo rea l p o l len , a nd i sd om ina ted b y o ak , p ine a nd w a lnut . The l a t te r c ou ld i nd icate s o me c l ea r ing s , wh i le t he h yg roph i les s ugges t d amp z ones o r w ate r c our ses n ear t o t he s i te . D at ing MC 1 233-3490* 8 0 b .c . MC 1 234 -3150 9 0 b .c . MC 1 235-3630

9 0 b .c .

A l l t hree d a tes a re f rom L eve l 3 ,a l though t he e xcavator r ega rds t he mos t r ecent d ate a s p o s s ib ly c ontam ina ted ( Houd re , p ers . c omm .) . A rt if act s : Mos t o ft he a r t ifacts a re n ot r e la ted t o t he c obb led a rea ; t he f l int , b urnt b one a nd c er ta in p ot sherds , a ppear i nt he b urnt l ayer . F ragments f ro m t wo p ot s c l ea r ly l i e t o t he E as t o ft he c obb les ( Houdre a nd V ita l 1 979 , f i g .3 ) . C h ipped s tone Most ly b u rnt , 1 4 t r ansver se a r rowheads , o ne p os s ib le p i erc ing a r rowhead , t wo r e touched b lades a nd e l even u nre touched ( mos t ly f l akes ) ( Houd re a nd V ita l 1 979 , f i g .4 ) . G round s tone F ive f r agment s o fq uern o rg r inds tone i nm icaceous p samon ite o r a na tex ic g ran ite . Two a xe f r agment s i n s e rpent ine a nd a p l ite . P ot tery D a rk c o loured w a res w ith t h in wa l ls ( 3 -10 m m ) c onta ined f i l le rs o fq ua r tz , f e ldspa r a nd m ica . There w as n os i gn o fc o i l manufacture , b ut t he p o ttery d ef in ite ly b ea r s as l ip . F our p os s ib le f r ag ment s o f` v a se suppo r t ' w ere f ound , d eco ra ted w ith r ough ly c ros s -ha tched t r iang les o r d ot sw ith in at r iang le ( Houdre a nd V ita l 1 979 , f i g .5 :1 -4) . A t l e as t t en l ow , o pen b ow ls w e re f ound , p lus s even b r im med p la tes , t hough s ome o ft hese may b e s imp ly f l a r ing -mouthed b ow ls ; t he t wo more c om p le te—a typ ica l ly—have p e rfo ra ted b ut tons o n t he ir b a ses . N ine c a r inated b ow ls o f v a ry ing v o lume , s o me w i th f l a r ing , o thers w ith i nve rted w a l l s , w ere d i scovered . There a re a l so l a rge r d eep v e s se ls , s ome w i th i n tu rned r im , a nd n ecked g lobu la r v a ses , t wo b ea r ing mu lt iperfora ted l ug s . The ma jo r ity o f t he l ug s a re p e rfora ted , t hough t he re i s af l a t l ug ( po ignee p la te) o n ad eep v ase . An u nusua l f ea ture i s ac l ay w e ight ( c .10x3 cm 2 ) ,w i th as ma l l p er fora t ion i n i t s l onger a x is.. C o mment ( Houd re a nd V ita l 1 979) V a r ious t ypes d o n ot f i t i nw ith c l as s ic ` Ea r ly C ha sseen ' t ype , b ut t he s i te f i t s i n to t he Auvergne M idd le N eo l ith ic , whe re L e P i rou i st he mos tr ecent o f t hree s i tes . L 'Oradou , C lermont F er rand ( Puy -de -Döme ) , p os s ib ly d ates p r io r t o 3 800 b .c . w ith i t s d ecora ted c ar inated b ow ls , wh i le L es R ivaux , E spa ly -Sa in t -Marce l , i ss l ight ly l a te r , w ith b ak ing p la tes , c ar ina ted p lus d eepe r v e s se ls .

2 5

LE CHAMBON DE GOUDET , GOUDET , HAUTE -LOIRE R eference :

Au lan ier a nd C rem i l l ieux 1 977

G eo logy L ower a l luv ia l t e r race .

9 7

L ocat ion On t he l e f t b ank o ft he L o ire , 4 0 km f rom i t s s ource . S ite s i ze 1 10 m b y 4 0 m s cat ter o fa r t ifact s i n b u i ld ing t r enches . E xcavat ion h i story B u i ld ing o pera t ions r evea led aC ha s sgen f ea ture a nd a r t ifact s , wh ich w ere e xcavated a sa r e scue d ig . S trat ig raphy o ff eature T he a rchaeo log ica l l eve l b egan 2 0 -30 cm b e low t he s urface , w ith r a re c obb les , b ig s herds a nd f l int s . B etween 3 0 a nd 5 0 cm w a s s o l id ' pav ing ' o f b asa l t a nd g ran ite c obb les , i nc lud ing aq uern ; mo re s herds a nd f l ints w ere f ound a t t h i s l e ve l . L ower d own , more i r regu la r ly s i zed c obb les may r epresent t he b ase o ft he p i t a nd b e d e r ived f rom t he a l luv ia l b a se . F eature T he p i t -hear th , a ppa ren t ly o va l , w as 2 -3 m l ong b y 2m w ide . D at ing 3 210

2 50 b .c . ( Ly 1 549) .

A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he l i th ic i ndus t ry i nc luded s c raper s , ab ur in , d ent icu lates a nd ab lade w i th s i ck le g lo s s . G round s tone Ag ran ite q uern , 4 0 cm b y 2 0 cm wa s f ound . P ottery C ha sseen s herds . Ne ighbour ing s i tes Ar ad iocarbon d a te o f 3 170

3 20 b .c . ( Ly 1 588) h a s b een o b ta ined f o r t he C ha s se-e n l e ve l

3 b a t L a Roche Dumas , A r sac e n V e lay , as hor t d i stance away .

THE CHASSEEN OF THE CAUSSES R eference s :

Mau ry 1 967 C os tant in i 1 978

T he n umerous c aves a va i lab le f or p reh is to r ic o ccupat ion i n t he l imestone c l if f s a tt he e dges o ft he C aus ses o f L arzac a nd Me jean h ave b een e xcava ted , f or t he mos t p ar t i n an on sc ient if ic f a sh ion , o ver t he l a s t c en tu ry o r more . However , f i nds f rom many o f t hem a re t ypo log ica l ly c ha racter is t ic o f aC has seen o ccupat ion— interna l ly d eco rated l ow o pen b ow ls , c a r ina ted v es se l s , mu lt i -perfora ted l ug s a nd P an -p ipe s , a nd ah oney -co loured f l int i ndus t ry . Maury ( 1967) n ote s t hat t he h igh J uras s ic l imes tone p lateaux o ft he S ou thern C aus ses a re s epa rated b y d eep v a l ley s t hrough wh ich r un an umber o fr i ver s , n otab ly t he T arn , C e rnon , J onte , T reveze l a nd Dourb ie . The C aus se s a re n o tab le t oday f o r t he ir a r id ity , a nd wa ter i sp rec ious . Mos t o f t he C has seen o ccupa t ion o f t he a rea s eems t o h ave b een i nt he c l if f s b order ing t he r i ver s , t hough o f ten t he c aves t hey o ccup ied—or v i s ited—are h igh u p i nt he c l if f w a l l ( e .g . B oundou laou , B ou t d u Monde) . C os tant in i h a sc onf i r med r ecent ly t ha t C ha s seen o ccupat ion i sl im ited t o t he v a l ley s a nd t he p la teaux e dges , a pa r t f rom af ew c ave s i tes w ith in t he S outhern p a r t o ft he p la teau o fL arzac ( 1978) . H e l i s ts at ota l o f 5 3 s i t es , 4 2 o f t hem c ave s a nd e i ght o pen -a ir l oca t ions . Obs id ian h a s b een f ound a t t hree o pen -a ir s i tes ( S ta t ion d e Ma luserne , L a B a st ide -P rad ine s , Avey ron ;S ta t ion d e B layac , S t Ro me -de -Cernon , Avey ron ;a nd S ta t ion d u S e rre P o intu , F ra iss ine t -de -Fou rques , L oze re ) . T he f i r st -named s i te i sr e la t ive ly e xtens ive , a cco rd ing t o C os tant in i ( 1978) ;b i l le s h ave b een f ound b o th a t Ma luserne a nd a t ac ave s i te , t he G ro tte d e s F ee s , Roquefor t su r -Sou lzon , A veyron . S t ra t ig raph ic e xcavat ion s h ave t aken p lace i nt he S a rge l c aves , S t Rome -de -Cernon , Aveyron , a nd t he r e su lts a t S a rge l 1w i l l b e d esc r ibed b e low . Recent ly A rna l h a s r epor ted a bout h i s wo rk a t t he L a P ou jade r ock -she lter , M i l lau , Avey ron a nd a tG ro t te I V , S a int -P ier re -de la -Fage , H erau l t , i n t he S outh o f t he L arzac P lateau , a nd t he se s i te s a nd t he i n forma t ion k nown a bout t he i r C ha s seen o ccupat ion i sd escr ibed b e low . A s n oted a bove , h owever , t he ma jor ity o fc ave s h ave n ot b een e xcava ted s c ient if ica l ly , a nd t he C ha sseen o ccupa t ion i sr epre sen ted b y v ery f ew f i nd s—notab ly t he mu lt i -pe rfo ra ted c ordon . P ar t o f ap o s s ib ly s qua re -mouthed v a se w as f ound a t C arbon ie s , c ommune o f Nant , A vey ron . One o r t wo s i te s s eem t o h ave h ad af a i r ly i n tens ive C ha sseen o ccupa t ion ( G rotte d es Fes , c ommune o f Roquefor t , Aveyron ;G rot te d e C arbon ies , c om mune o fN an t , Avey ron ;G ro tte d 'Esp ina s sous , c om mune o fL anue jo ls ,G a rd ; G rot te d eP ou jo l , c ommune o f Mey rue is L oz ; !re ;a nd (I r ot e c i e

9 8

B ouche Ro l land , c om mune o fS t Georges d e L eve jac , L o Are ) . P an -p ipes a re r are , t hough al a rge c urved wa l l s herd b ea r ing n ine s epa ra te P an -p ipe t ubes i ss uppo sed t oh ave c ome f ro m o ne o ft he S arge l c aves ( Lacam c o l lect ion ) . The s econd mo s t n o tab le f eature o f t he C ha s seen o ft he C aus se s , a f ter t he q uant ity o f mu lt i p e rfora ted c ordons ,i st he p resence o f many d eco ra ted o pen b ow l s ( e .g . F igure 2 8 :2 ,3) . I n stead o f s imp ly i nc is ing o ne h or izonta l l i ne b e low t he r im , t he p ot te rs a dd s ubs id iary l i ne s , h a tch a nd c ro s s h a tch z ones , t r iang les a nd b ands , a nd g ene ra l ly r un t he g amut o f Cha s seen d es ign o n t h is v es se l s hape . I th a s b een s uggested t hat t hese t wo c e ram ic f eatures c ha racte r ize t he C aus ses Cha s seen r eperto ry w ith in t he g ene ra l Chas seen p o tt ing t r ad it ion ( Ph i l l ips 1 972) .

2 6

GROTTE IOF SARGEL , ST -RO ME -DE -CERNON , AVEYRON R eferences :

Mau ry 1 967 C os tant in i 1 970 ; 1 978

G eo logy J ura s s ic l ime s tone . L ocat ion S arge l c aves l i e h igh i n t he f l ank o f al a rge p romontory d etached f rom t he Wes tern s i de o f t he C aus se o fL a rzac a nd o ver look ing t he v a l ley o f t he C ernon R iver ( Maury 1 967 , p .113) . A n ar row e nt rance t o S a rge l Ig i ves way t o al ong g a l lery s t re tch ing b ack i n to t he c l if f s ide . S ite s i ze 1 77 m 2 ( accord ing t o Maury 1 967 , f i g .32) . Excavat ion h i story a nd a rea e xcavated The c ave h a s b een p a rt ia l ly e xcava ted b y C os tan t in i a nd ag roup o fe xcava tor s f rom t he M i l lau a rea . Two d eep s ound ing s h ave b een made s ome d i stance f rom t he e nt rance , e ach b etween o ne a nd t wo me tres s qua re . The se s ound ing s a re d iv ided b y t hree o r f our met res o f u ndug e ar th , a nd t he t wo s t ra t ig raph ie s a re s eparate , t hough C os tan t in i h a s l i nked s ome o f t he l e ve l s ( Costant in i 1 970 ) . S trat ig raphy: 1 966 s t rat ig raphy L eve l 1 : d i s tu rbed L eve l 2 -4 : e vo lved Cha lco l ith ic L eve l 5 -7: Cha lco l ith ic o f Cha sseen t rad it ion L eve l 8 : C ha s seen L eve l 9 : Cha s se -en

—c layey s o i l

L eve l 1 0 : C ha s seen —a she s a nd l imes tone s l abs L eve l 1 1: Cha s seen — redd ish s and a nd l imes tone s l abs L eve l 1 2 : ? Cha sseen —ye l low i sh c lay a nd o ccas iona l c ha rcoa l S ubs tra tu m— s ter i le f i ne y e l low ish s and a nd b roken c oncret ions . 1 967 e xcavat ions L eve l 1 0 : Cha sseen — l ight c l ay , r ock s L eve l 1 1: C ha s seen—ea r th a nd l imes tone s l abs L eve l 1 2 : Cha s seen—ea rth a nd p ebb les L eve l 1 3 : Cha s seen — redd ish s and a nd l imestone s l abs L eve l 1 4 : Cha s seen —ye l low ish b edded e a rth . A t t he Na rbonne Conference , 1 970 , C os tan t in i e qua ted L eve l 1 2 o f t he 1 966 e xcava t ions w ith L eve l 1 4 o ft he 1 967 s eason , L eve l 1 1 o f t he 1 966 e xcava t ions w i th L eve l 1 3 o f t he 1 967 s ea son , a nd L eve l 1 0 o f t he 1 966 s ea son w ith L eve l 1 2 o ft he 1 967 o ne . F eature s C ostant in i h a s i nd ica ted t he p resence o f ah ea r th , a s soc ia ted w ith g ra ins o f wheat , a t 2 15 cm b e low t he s u rface , i n e i ther L eve l 8o r 9 . There i sa n i nhuma t ion b ur ia l a t 2 20 cm b e low t he s ur face a s soc ia ted w i th ac er ith s he l l , ap erfora ted p ig t oo th a nd ar ound p iece o fs pongy b one ( Cos tant in i 1 978 , p .12 ) . S ubsi stence e cono my B urnt c e rea l g ra in s were f ound i n a s soc iat ion w i th a h ear th , a nd r a re a co rns a nd n ut s a l so a ppea r i n t he Cha sseen l eve ls . Ab one f i sh -hook a nd af i sh v er tebra were f ound i n t he E ar ly Cha s seen l eve ls . Do me s t icated a n i ma ls a ccoun t f or 9 4% o f t he E a r ly Cha sseen f auna , e spec ia l ly s heep /goa t ( 57%) , p ig ( 25%) a nd sma l l c a tt le ( 11 %) . 6 6% o ft he p ig s were k i l led y oung i n t he E a r ly Cha s seen a nd 5 0% o ft he s heep /goa t i n t he C la s s ica l C ha s seen . I n t he C la ss ica l Cha s seen , h erds o f s heep a nd g oa t were r e la t ive ly l e s s i mportant ( 35% ) a nd c a tt le r e la t ive ly mo re i mpor tant

9 9

( 17% ) , w ith t he n on -do mes t ica ted s pec ies r i s ing t o 2 0% o ft he who le ( l arge c at t le , w i ld h or ses , r ed d eer , r oe d eer , b oa r , r abb its a nd b i rds ) ( Costant in i 1 978 , p .21) . Dat ing L eve l 1 0 o ft he 1 966 s ea son ( descr ibed a s C la s s ica l Cha sseen ) h a s b een d a ted t o 2 620 ( G if 4 45 ) , a nd L eve l 6( La te C ha s seen ) t o 2 550

1 50 b .c .

1 50 b .c . ( G if 4 44 ) . I n t he 1 967 e xcavat ions , t he

E ar ly N eo l ith ic L eve l 1 3 was d a ted 2 700 k 1 50 b .c . ( G if 3 007) . A l l t he d a tes a re r egarded a s b e ing t oo l ow b y t he e xcavator ( Cos tant in i 1 978 , p .10 ) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone Ab lade i ndus t ry a ppear s i n a l l l eve ls . T he t r an sver se a r rowheads were f ound a s f o l lows : at r apezo ida l o ne w ith o n ly ma rg ina l v entra l r e touch i n L eve l 1 3 , at r iangu la r o ne w ith s em i i nvas ive r etouch i n L eve l 1 2 , t wo t r apezo ida l o nes w ith marg ina l r e touch i n L eve l 1 1 , a nd a t r iangu la r o ne o n ab lade w i th f i ne ma rg ina l r e touch i n L eve l 1 0 ( 1967 e xcavat ion s ) . Lozenge a r rowheads o n ly a ppea r i n p o s t -Cha s seen l e ve l s . G round s tone T hree ' W i les ' ( s tone b a l ls ) h ave b een f ound i n t he C hasseen l e ve l s , p lus ac h ise l i n L eve l 1 2 ( 1966 s eason) a nd an u mber o fo ther g round s tone f r agmen ts . Bone B one a nd a nt ler f i nd s i nc lude p o in ts a nd c h i se ls , p ierced sma l l b one s ( b ip ierced i n o ne c ase) a nd f r agment o f a nt ler smoothe r . P ot tery T he t ypes o fp o t tery s hape a nd d ecora t ion e ncountered i n t he l eve l s o ft he t wo s t rat ig raph ies w i l l b e d escr ibed i n o rder , f o l low ing Cos tan t in i ( 1970 ; 1 978 ; p er s . c omm .) . L eve l 1 4 ( 1967)—sphe ro ida l s hapes L eve l 1 2 ( 1966 )— tunne l l ug o n c a r inat ion L eve l 1 3 ( 1967)— sphero ida l s hape s , c ar ina t ion , s ub -cutaneous ly p erfora ted b u ttons L eve l 1 1 ( 1966 )—baggy s haped p o ts w i th r ound h and les , i n h em ispher ica l a nd l a rge j a r s hape s L eve l 1 2 ( 1967)—he m ispher ica l b ow ls , c ar inat ion s , o pen b ow ls w ith t hree h or izonta l l i nes i nc ised b e low t he r im , t i ny p ot w i th t r i -pe rfora ted l ug , mu lt i -perforated c ordons , r i ng h and le , s ub -cutaneous ly p erfora ted b uttons , t unne l l ug , f l at l ug L eve l 1 0 ( 1966 ) --ca r ina ted b ow ls , mos t ly w i th r ather h igh wa l ls ; ac oup le o fw ide o pen b ow ls , o ne d ecora ted w ith a n i r regu lar i n terna l f urrow a nd t he o ther w ith ab and o fc ros s -ha tched i nc i s i on b e low t he i nterna l r im ; ap ot s haped l i ke

3 / 4

o f as phere b ea r ing ac ordon p ierced f our

t ime s o n i t s u pper wa l l ; at iny h igh -wa l led s hou ldered p ot a nd as hou ldered d eep j a r b ea r ing ah o r izonta l ly p ierced l ug o n t he s hou lder , b e low af l ar ing wa l l L eve l 1 1 ( 1967)— th i s l eve l c onta ins c ar ina ted a nd h em ispher ica l b ow ls , o pen b ow ls b ear ing t hree h or izonta l ly i nc ised l i nes o r ac ros s -ha tched b and b e low t he i n terna l r im , s ub -cu taneous ly p erfo rated b ut tons , mu l t i -perfora ted c ordons a nd a t unne l l ug L eve ls 8 & 9 ( 1967)— th is l eve l c on ta ins f r agment s o fc a r ina ted v a ses a nd mu lt i -per forated c ordon a nd s ub -cutaneous ly p ierced b ut ton , b ut asmooth c o rdon i sa l so p resent , h e ra ld ing t he p os t -Cha s seen o ccupa t ion L eve l 1 0 ( 1966 )— s ing le e xamp les o fc ar inat ion a nd mu l t i -per fora ted c ordon , t ogether w i th s evera l smoo th c ordon s . T he l u mp ing t ogether o ft he r esu lts o ft he t wo e xcava t ions h a sr a ther o bscured t he i n teres t i ng f i nd o fr ing -hand led b aggy p ot s a nd j a rs i n L eve l 1 1 , wh ich i n t he 1 966 s t ra t ig raphy a ppea red t o p re -date t he C ha s seen e xcept f or o ne t unne l shaped l ug o n ac ar ina t ion i n L eve l 1 2 . E ven a f ter c o mb in ing t he r esu lt s o ft he t wo s ea sons ' e xcava t ions , h owever , t he r e la t ive i mpor tance o f b aggy s haped wares i n t he e ar ly l eve ls i sr e markab le . Another s i te where t h is h a s b een n oted i sa t E scan in 2 ,L es B aux , a nd t he e xcavator o fE scan in , M . Mont jard in , h a s i nd ica ted t he s im i la r ity o fh is ' e ar ly C ha s seen ' b aggy p ot s t o t hose f ound i n t he l ower l e ve l s o fS arge l I( Mon t jard in p er s . c omm .) .

2 7

ABR I DE LA POUJADE , M ILLAU , AVEYRON R ef erences :

A rna l , G .B . , 1 979 C lottes 1 977 , p p .520 -4 ; 1 979 , p p .662 -4

G eo logy Do lo m it ic s ands tone . Locat ion B etween L arzac a nd Me jean c ausses , n ea r t o t he Doub ie r i ver a nd ap os s ib le a n ima l c ro s s ing ( A rna l p er s . c om m .) .

1 00

S ite s i ze 1 20 m w ide s he l ter . Excavat ion h i story A sma l l a rea i n s i tu was e xcavated b y G . -B . A rna l a f ter n u merou s o ther e xcava t ions . S t rat ig raphy 1 12 m icro s trata o ver 4 .6 m f rom t he Ep ipa laeo l ith ic t oP a laeochr is t ian . F eatures P aved a reas , h o l low s , p it s a nd b u i lt h ea r ths w ere f ound . The Cha s seen l e ve l c onta ined s tones , c harcoa l a nd p o ttery . Dat ing T he C ha sseen l e ve ls 5D a nd 6A a re d a ted t o 4 190 p ot tery l e ve ls o ft he E a r ly Neo l ith ic a re d a ted t o 5 040

1 20 b .c . ( MC 1 238 -6140 B .P .) . ( The 1 20 b .c . ; 4 760

1 20 b .c . ; 4 670

1 20 b .c .)

A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone F ive C has seen t r ansver se a rrowheads , t hree o f t he m w i th a brupt r etouch a nd p robab ly p rod u ced b y m icrobur in t echn ique , a nd t wo w ith s t ra ight e dges ( one w ith a b rupt r etouch , o ne w ith i nva s ive ) a re i lus tra ted b y A rna l ( i n C lot tes 1 979 , f i g .39 ) . The p reced ing E ar ly N eo l i th ic t r ans v e rse a r rowheads i nc lude t hree w ith i nvas ive r etouch o n o ne f ace , t hough t he o the r 1 7 a re ma rg in a l ly r e touched , a nd much mo re v a r ied i n f orm . Pot tery T he p o ttery f ound i n L eve ls 5D a nd 6A was d ef in ite ly o f t he Cha s sgen t ype ( A rna l 1 979) . C o mment Water a ct ion p roduced at er race s u itab le f o r o ccupa t ion , t hen s ta r ted t o d amage i t .

2 8

L 'ABR I DU DEVES -DE -GALY , VEBRON , LOZERE Reference :

C lo t tes 1 978 , p .692

G eo logy Do lo m ite c l if f . Locat ion T he We stern e xt re m ity o fI s T imes le -V ieux , o n t he C aus se Me jean . S ite s i ze T he s he lter i s sma l l w ith a 5m w ide o pen ing a nd ad ep th o f 3m . A rchaeo log ica l mater ia l e xtended w e l l b eyond t he s he lte r . Excavat ion h i story Ar escue d ig w a s d i rec ted f ro m 1 973 -7 b y C . Ma ro l le . Three l e ve ls were r ecogn ized i n t he o verf low o fa rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l o ut s ide t he s he lter . S t rat ig raphy L eve l 1 : C ha s seen L eve l 2 : C ha lco l ith ic ( Rodez ien) L eve l 3 : L a te B ronze Age . However , t hese l eve ls w ere n o te asy t os epa ra te a cco rd ing t o t he e xcava tor . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone Sma l l t r iangu la r t ransver se a r rowheads a nd r etouched b lade let s i n h oney f l int . P ot tery P la in s herds a nd mu lt i -perfo ra ted c ordons .

2 9

LE CHATEAU , CHASSAGNES , ARDECHE R eference :

C o mb ie r 1 977 , p .580

G eo logy S and /g rave l t e r race . Locat ion On t he b ank s o ft he Chas sezac , a t t he e dge o f t he P a lo l ive woods , where t he r i ver b ecome s ag orge .

1 01

Excavat ion h i s tory The s i te was d i scovered i n 1 962 b y De lenne . S au made p ut i n s ome t r enches i n 1 966 a nd 1 968 , b ut f ound n o h ea r ths o r s t ructures , o n ly s ome Cha s seen f l ints . M . L 'Ho m me r ecent ly f ound af i ne s ands tone p o l isher . A rt if act s Nu merous b lade let s w ith f i ne r etouch ing , o ne t ran sverse a r rowhead , o ne b ur in , t wo b orer s a nd many n o tched a nd t runcated p ieces were f ound , a l so t he a bove -ment ioned s ands tone p o l ish ing s tone w ith as harpen ing g roove .

3 0

GROTTE DE P EYROCHE I , AUR IOLLES , ARDECHE R eference :

Roud i l a nd S au made 1 968

G eo logy P o r t land l ime s tone c l iff s ( T ithon ique f ac ies ) . Locat ion A t Aur io l les , whe re B eaume R iver d rops i n to t he A rdeche R ive r ;a n e longa ted g a l lery s ys tem w ith o ccupat ion ma in ly o ver C hamber s 1 , 2a nd 3 ( Roud i l a nd S au made 1 968) . S i te s i ze C ha mber 2-10 m x 4 m 2 ,c hamber 316 m x 4 m 2 . Excavat ion h i story Roud i l a nd S au made e xcavated t he s i te i n t he 1 960s . S t rat ig raphy L eve l 1 : D is tu rbed L eve ls 2 , 3 , 4 : H ear ths ( 4=Ea r ly B ronze Age , 3 =La te B ronze Age , 2 =Lat e B ronze Age /Ha ls ta t t ) . L eve l 5 a : F ontbod is se L eve l 5 b : F er r ieres L eve l 5 c : C ha sseen . F eatur es A l l o f L eve l 5c onta ined c obb le ' manupo rt s ' , o n ly af ew s how ing s i gns o fu se , a nd al e sse r n u mber o fJ ura s s ic l imes tone f r agments , p robab ly f ro m t he r oof o f t he c ave . Three d eep p i ts were c ut i n to t he s t er i le c l ay o fL eve l 6f ro m L eve l 5 c . T he se o n ly c onta ined b ig c obb les i n a n a shy c l ay matr ix m ixed w ith wood c ha rcoa l ( Roud i l a nd S au made 1 968 , f i g s .13 ,14) . A rt if act s: C h ipped s tone Honey -co loured b lade le ts , as craper o n ab lade -f lake , at ransver se a r rowhead w i th i nvas ive r e touch o n b o th f aces a nd t wo b orer s o n b lades were f ound i n L eve l S c . P ot tery T he s hape s f ound were o fs hou ldered a nd c a r inated b ow ls , ab r immed p la te a nd af r agment o fl ow , o pen b ow l ( Roud i l a nd S au made 1 968 , p .155) . T he p o ttery wa s d ecorated w i th sma l l , p la in b ut tons , at unne l l ug a nd mu lt i -perfora ted c o rdons ( Roud i l a nd S aumade 1 968 , p p .157 -8) . An o b long p iece o fp ot tery was p a inted w i th t wo p ara l le l b ands o fb lack ( 1968 , f i g .20 :11) . C o mment T he p oor f i n ish o f t he p o t tery a nd t he l a ck o f i nc is ion a f ter f i r ing l e ads t he a uthor s t o s ugges t af a ir ly l a te C ha s seen d a te . O ther C has s6en a r t ifact s f ound i n A rdeche were u nfo rtuna te ly n o t i n s i tu ( G ro tte d e L oud i , V a l lon P ont d 'A rc , a nd G ro tte d u Bouchet , B eau l ieu ) ( r efe rence i n Roud i l a nd S au made 1 968) .

3 1

GROTTE DU MAQU IS , VALLON PONT -D 'ARC , ARDECHE R eference :

C o mb ier 1 977 , p p .602 -3

Locat ion I n t he E s tre ' c irque ' , n ea r P ont d 'A rc . Excavat ion h is tory S urface a nd s po i l h eaps s earched b y T sche rter 1 968 -70 , t hen e xcava ted f rom 1 970 -4 . S trat ig raphy L eve l 1 : M ixed L eve ls 2 , 3 : C ha lco l ith ic a nd F ina l N eo l i th ic L eve ls 4 , 5 : C ha s seen h ear ths .

1 02

F eatures Th in ' l iv ing f l oor s ' a nd h ea r ths o fa she s . Dat ing Ah ear th a t t he b a se o fL eve l 4h as b een d ated t o 3 510

1 70 b .c . ( Ly 4 91) .

A rt if act s Typ ica l p ot te ry a nd b lade i ndus try .

3 2

BAU ME DE RONZE , ORGNAC L 'AVEN , ARDECHE R eferences :

C o mb ier 1 980 , p .489 B eech ing 1 980

G eo logy a nd l ocat ion U rgon ien l imes tone p lateau f u l l o f k a rs t c av it ies i nc lud ing t h is s i te . Excavat ion h i s tory Huge s i te , e xcava ted b y C o mb ie r . Recent ly , B eech ing h a s e xcava ted l a ter l e ve l s ( Sondages 1a nd 2a nd Zone 1 ) . S t ra t igraphy ( Of t he u pper l eve ls ) L eve l 1 : L a te Neo l ith ic , e spec ia l ly F er neres L eve l 2 : C ha s seen ( l eve ls 1 3 -30 ) L eve l 3 : C ard ia l L eve l 4 : F ina l S auveterr ian . F eatures T he Chasseen l eve ls a re marked b y l a rge q uant it ies o f b lack a nd wh i te a sh ( Co mb ier 1 980 , f i g .1) . There i s ap i t -hear th i n L eve l 2 0 , 1 .1 m i n d iameter a nd 2 0 cm d eep , a nd a nother i n a h o l low i n L eve l 2 7b . T he h ea r ths c on ta in b lock s o fb u rn t l imes tone , a n i ma l b one s a nd as ma l l amount o fl i th ic mate r ia l ( Beech ing 1 980) . A rt if act s D esp ite al ong ish p er iod o fo ccupat ion , t here a re r e la t ive ly f ew Cha s seen a r t ifac ts ( necked , s hou ldered v a ses , a nd l o ts o ff i ne b lades , o f ten o n h oney f l int ) . C o mment T owa rds t he e nd o f t he Chas seen o ccupat ion , t he u se o ft he c ave may h ave a l tered— sheep c op ro l ites a re f ound i nb road , a shy z one s ( Beech ing 1 980) .

3 3

BAUME DE SOULATGET , SA INT -MICHEL -D 'ALAJOU , HERAULT R eference :

Roud i l 1 974 , p .650

Locat ion I n t he s i de o f an a tu ra l h i l l , r i ght i n t he m idd le o f t he C ausse d u L arzac . S ite s i ze L arge c ha mbe r , 1 20 m 2 w ith t wo e n t rances a nd af ew d eep s haf t s . E xcavat ion h i story Two a rea s h ave b een o pened u p , o ne n ea r t he f i rst e n trance . S t rat ig raphy ( Second s i te) L eve l 1 : D is turbed L eve l 2 : F er ne re s h ea r ths L eve l 3 : Cha s seen ( charcoa l a nd p ot tery) . D at ing 2 830

1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 918 ) . ( Th is i st he f i rs t C has seen d ate f or t he S outhe rn L arzac

p lateau .) A rt if act s As hou ldered b ow l a nd al a rge c ook ing p ot were f ound .

1 03

3 4

ABR I -SOUS -ROCHE , ST ET IENNE -DE -GOURGAS , HERAULT R eferences :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 966 ; 1 968 A rna l , G .B . , 1 963 ; 1 966 A rna l , G .B . , e ta / . 1 972 P ou la in 1 977

G eo logy B a thon ien l ime s tone s pur w ith s he lter s a t t he b ase . Locat ion I n d oma in f o re st t o t he S outh o fS t E t ienne -de -Gourga s . S ite s i ze 9m 2 a t t he E a st o f t he s he l ter ( open a rea c .30 m b y 2 0 m) (A rna l e ta / . 1 972 ; f i g .3 ) ; p os s ib ly t hey a l so c amped o n t op o ft he r ocky a rea , a nd s ome ma ter ia l may b e d er ived f rom a bove . Excavat ion h istory 1 956 -1970 s . A l l r ecent wo rk b y G . -B . A rna l . S trat ig raphy ( A rna l 1 972 , f i g .50 ) L eve l 1 : D is tu rbed L eve l 2 : P a laeochr ist ian L eve ls 5 , 7 , 8 : F ina l B ronze I L eve ls 9 , 1 1: F ina l B ronze I L eve l 1 3 : C ha lco l ith ic L eve ls 1 8 -14 : F ina l Neo l i th ic ( on ly L eve l 1 8 i si nd ica ted t o h ave p ure ly Cha s seen c e ram ics ) L eve l 2 0a : S andy s o i l w ith r a re C has seen type f i nds ( s ee u nder A rt ifact s ) L eve ls 2 1a , 2 2a : H ea rths . F eatures Many h ear ths h ave b een f ound i n t he e xcava ted a rea , r ang ing f rom 5 0 cm 2 i n t he l owes t l e ve l 2 2a t o a n a rea o fs evera l met res s quare i n L eve l 1 7a , wh ich a l so h ad u pr ight s tones d e l im it ing t he h ear th a nd d iv id ing i tf ro m a( s ter i le ) p i t ( A rna l e ta l . 1 972 , f i g s .11 ,12 ) . Hear th 2 1a c onta ined l i th ic a nd c era m ic ma te r ia l , a n i ma l b ones a nd c ha rcoa l . The l oca t ion a nd e xtent o fH ea r th 1 8a i s n ot i nd ica ted . S ubs i stence e cono my Ma in ly s heep , w i th c at t le a s i mportan t a s s heep i n L eve l 1 7 ( Pou la in 1 977) . L eve l 1 4 s urp r is ing ly h a s 6 2 .5% w i ld a n i ma l s ( norma l ly u pwa rds o f 7 0% a re d omes t ica ted) . Dat ing Hear th 1 9— (KN 1 60) 2 620 * 1 20 b .c . H ear th 2 2— (G if 1 541) 2 620 * 3 00 b .c . Art if act s H ear th 2 1a c onta ined b lade let s a nd sma l l s herds ( not i dent if ied b y t he e xcava to rs ) . L eve l 2 0a p roduced c a r ina ted s he rds , t wo r ims a nd ar ed -burn ished s herd . Hear th 1 8a c onta ined a typ ica l C ha s seen a r t ifacts . The b lade i ndust ry h a s t hree o ft he l oca l a sym met r ica l p ierc ing a rrowheads , ab roken p ierc ing a r rowhead a nd f i ve b lades /b lade lets ( two o ft hem p ink , n one h oney -co loured) . T he re we re f our p o l i sh ing s tones , t wo o f h ae ma t i te , o ne o f h a rd s ch is t , o ne a l imestone c obb le wh ich h ad b een s p l it b y f i re . The p ot sherds i nc luded o ne l ow b ow l d eco rated w ith t wo c oncent r ic r i ng s o fh atched t r iang les , t hese l i ne s o f d ecorat ion s eparated b y z i g -zag o f t hree l i ne s , a nd ar a the r c urved p rof i le ( A rna l e ta l . 1 972 , f i g .9 :2 ) . The o the r v es se l s r ep resented w ere a s im i lar b ut u ndecorated b ow l , af l ar ing n ecked v e sse l a nd a n i nve rted wa l l v es se l . The l a ter l eve ls , a l though c onta in ing c era m ics d er ived f rom t he C has seen , a nd s ome h oney -co loured f l int b lades , g radua l ly l ose t hese f eatures o ver t ime ( no h oney f l int i n 1 4a , a l though s ome Chas seen d er ived p o t tery s hapes a re s t i l l f ound ) . C o m ment The e xcava tor s r egard t he C ha sseen , C aus sena rd a nd Gourgas ien c eram ics i n L eve l s 1 8a -14a a s c onte mpora ry w i th t he l a ter s t ra t ig raphy g iv ing a n o ppor tun ity t o s ee c e ram ic c hange i n o per a t ion ;h oweve r , t he l im i ted a rea e xcava t ion s may b e b ia s ing t he r esu lt s . G . -B . A rna l h a s e xcava ted a no ther s i te w i th aN eo l ith ic t o Cha lco l ith ic s t rat ig raphy , t he B aume d es S erpents , S t Mau r ice -de N avace l le , H 6rau lt . There i sl i tt le i nformat ion o n t h is s i te ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 970 , p .542) b ut i t h a s p roduced as er ies o f C a rbon -14 d a tes r ough ly c o mpa rab le t o S t E t ienne -de -Gou rgas : L eve l 2 a : 2 690 * 1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 923 ) L eve l 3 a : 2 350 * 1 40 h .c . ( G if 1 924) L eve l 4 a

( Rad iocarbon v .16 , p .29)

2 550 * 1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 925) .

1 04

3 5

LA GROTTE TOURN IE , PARDA ILHAN , HERAULT R eferences :

Roud i l 1 974 , p .648 ; 1 978 , p p .684 -5 Amber t , Amber t a nd Tho m me ret 1 978

G eo logy L i mes tones o f t he Montagne No ire . Locat ion L a rge c ave i n t he Cou lou ma g ap o f t he Montagne No ire , t o t he S ou th -Eas t o fS a int -Pons , 1 2 km S outh o fC amp rafaud c ave a nd 4 5 km E as t o f F ont -Juvena l r ock she lter ( Ambert e ta l . 1 978) . Excavat ion h i story E ar ly e xtens ive e xcavat ions we re c a rr ied o ut i n t he 1 960s ;r ecent e xcava t ions o ver as ma l l a rea w ere c ar r ied o ut b y Ambe rt e ta l . A rea e xcavated 4m 2 i n r ecen t s t rat ig raph ic e xcava t ions . S trat ig raphy a nd d at ing L eve l V Ib : E a r ly N eo l i th ic , 4 450 * 1 50 b .c . ( MC 9 04 ) L eve l I Vd : M idd le N eo l ith ic , 3 950 * 1 00 b .c . ( MC 7 97) L eve ls 2 2a -22b : E a r ly S a intpon ien , 2 825 * 9 0 b .c . ( MC 7 96 ) , 2 700 * 1 00 b .c . ( MC 1 282) a nd 2 770 * 1 40 b .c . ( MC 1 185) L eve ls 1 6 -20c : S a intpon ien L eve ls 1 2 -14 : Ve raz ien L a te Neo l ith ic L eve ls 6 -9 : E ar ly B ronze Age . A rt if act s V ery l i t t le c h ipped f l int was f ound i n L eve l I Vd , o n ly t wo h oney -co loured b lade le t s w i th ma rg ina l r e touch . A smoother h ad b een made f rom af r ag ment o f r i b . The p o t tery was we l l f i red a nd h igh ly p o l ished , a nd i nc luded ar i bbon h and le a nd a p erforated b ut ton . The r im o f asma l l v a se b ore as l ight c o rdon r unn ing v ert ica l ly f ro m j us t b e low t he l i p . The r ecent e xcava tor s r egard t h is mater ia l a s b e long ing t o a n e a r ly C ha sseen o r p re -Cha sseen h or izon .

3 6

GROTTE I V , ST P IERRE DE LA FAGE , HERAULT R efe rence s :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 972 , p .521 Roud i l 1 974 , p .650 A rna l 1 979 ; 1 981a

G eo logy L i me stone . Locat ion I n t he S outhe rn c l iff s o f t he L arzac p la teau . S i te s i ze The s i te h a s amax i mu m w idth o f 2 0 m a nd c ons is t s o f ac ha mbe r l y ing b eh ind t wo c ave e nt rances a nd o ne r ock s he l ter . Excavat ion h i s tory L engthy h istory o fi lega l e xcava t ion . Recen t ly a 6 leve l s t ra t igraphy wa s f ound i n as ma l l z one c .20 m 2 e xcava ted b y G . -B . A rna l . S t rat igraphy H ear th 1A : Chas seen H ear th s 2A , 3A , 3A2 , 4A : Ep icard ia l B otto m l eve l : Me so l ith ic . Dat ing L eve l 2A : 3 570 * 1 50 b .c . ( G if 2 180) . A rt if act s The v a ses o ft he t op mo s t E a r ly Neo l ith ic l eve ls we re d eco ra ted b y d ot s a nd p a st i l les , o f ten a r ranged i n c urves ; s ome c hanne l l ing c ont inued f ro m t he e ar l ier l eve ls ( Arna l 1 979) . A rna l r egards t h i s ma ter ia l a s as pec ia l ized h igh land p re -Chas seen f ac ies , t he Tag ien ' , a nd b e l ieves t hat i tc ont inues c hrono log ica l ly d u r ing p a rt o f t he M idd le Neo l ith ic ( 1979) . A rna l d i f feren t ia tes t he Tag ien ' p ot tery t echno logy f ro m t hose o f t he C a rd ia l a nd t he Cha s seen .

1 05

3 7

GROTTE DE CAMPRAFAUD , FERRIERES -POUSSAROU , HERAULT R eferences :

Rodr iguez 1 970a ; 1 970b ; 1 971 Roud i l 1 976 , p p .559 -60 ; 1 978 , p p .680 -1; i n Gu i la ine ( ed .) 1 980

L ocat ion L arge c ave w ith S outhe rn e xposure . E xcavat ion h i story E xcava t ions w ere c a r r ied o ut i n 1 969 b y Rodr iguez a nd more r ecen t ly f rom 1 974 -7 b y Roud i l a nd S ou l ier . S trat igraphy a nd d at ing ( Ear ly C ard ia l Neo l ith ic t o t he b eg inn ing o ft he B ronze Age) L eve l D : S a intpon ien C ouche 9 , 2 350 * 1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 156) C ouche 1 0 , h ea r th F , 2 400 * 1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 157 ) L eve l C : L a te M idd le N eo l ith ic ( Cha sseen ) C ouche 1 2 , 2 950 * 1 30 b .c . ( G if 1 484) C ouche 1 3 , h ea r th I ,3 150 1 30 b .c . ( G if 1 485) L eve l B : M idd le N eo l ith ic ( proto -Chas seen ) C ouche 1 4 , 3 500 * 1 30 b .c . ( G if 1 486 ) C ouche 1 5 , h ea rth K , 3 350 * 1 30 b .c . ( G if 1 487) F eatures F lat h ear th ( e .g . L eve l 1 3 —Rodr iguez 1 970b) a nd ah ear th i n ac i rcu la r p i t c u t i n to c l ay , w ith b urn ing a t t he b ase , a nd e v idence o fh ea t ing o n l imes tone b lock s a round i t . V ery f ew o r n o f auna l r e ma ins ( Roud i l 1 978 , p .24) . A r t if act s L eve l 1 5 , t he ` p ro to -Cha sseen 'l e ve l , c onta ined S -bend wa l l v a ses , w i th f our r i ng h and les , j o ined b y ar ow o f l i t t le b ut ton s ;a nd t h ick -wa l led c y l indr ica l v es se ls w ith p la in l ug s . O ther r ims o f v ases w ere f l at o r i ndented . T he p o ttery w as g ene ra l ly w e l l f i red , w ith f i ne f i l le r ( Rodr iguez 1 970b) . T he f l ake i ndust ry wa s made i n h oney -co loured f l int . I n L eve l 1 3 , t he C ha s sgen l e ve l , b y c ont ra s t , t he h oney -co loured f l int w as made i n to b lades , a nd t he c eram ic i nven tory i nc luded b ow ls w ith i nc ised l i ne s b e low t he i n te rna l r im ( Rodr iguez 1 970b) .

3 8

BAUME DE L 'ABEURADOR , FELINES -M INERVOIS , HERAULT R eferences :

Roud i l 1 978 , p p .679 -80 V ague r 1 980a

Locat ion 6 00 m a . s . l . i n t he Montagne No i re . S ite s i ze H igh n ar row c ave . Excavat ion h i story F rom 1 975 t o d a te , e xcava t ions h ave b een d i rected b y J .V ague r i n t h is p rev iou s ly d amaged s i te . S trat ig raphy C ha s seen a nd S auveter ro id l e ve ls , p lus E ar ly Neo l ith ic f i nd s i nd i s turbed z ones . F eatures L ot s o f h ea t ing h ea rths , i nc lud ing as ma l l C has sgen o ne a t t he b ottom o f as ma l l p i t f u l l o f s tone s . S ubs i stence e conomy C a rbon ized g ra in h as b een r ecovered f ro m most N eo l ith ic l e ve l s , a nd c a rbon ized l e gumes f rom mos t N eo l ith ic l e ve l s , a nd c a rbon ized l e gumes f rom mos tE p ipa laeo l ith ic l e ve ls ( determ in a t ions b y P rofes so r E r roux) . A rt if act s C ha s seen p ot tery , i nc lud ing f r agment s o f a n u ndeco rated v a se s upport , h a s b een f ound . A lso f ound w ere h oney -co loured b lade let s .

1 06

3 9

LA GROTTE DU CLAUX , GORNIES , HERAULT R eference s :

Aud ibert 1 953 ; 1 959 Durand Tu l lou 1 959 , p .93ff E sca lon d e F onton 1 968 Roud i l 1 966 ; 1 980 , p p .452 -4

L ocat ion T he c ave i ss i tua ted v ery h igh i nt he c l iff w a l l o f t he l e f t b ank o ft he V is r i ver , a nd c ons is t s o f al ong n e twork o f g a l ler ies . S ite s i ze E ntrance o fc ave 4 m b y 2m ( Roud i l 1 966 , p .358 ) . C ha s seen a s semb lage o n ly f ound i n e nt rance p orch a rea ( Roud i l 1 980 , p .453) . Excavat ion h i s tory E xcavated 1 957 a nd 1 958 b y J . Aud iber t a nd i n 1 965 a nd 1 979 b y J . -L . Roud i l . S trat ig raphy ( accord ing t o Roud i l 1 966 , p .358 ) L eve l l a : B ronze A ge L eve l l b : C ha lco l ith ic L eve ls 2a nd 3 : a shy h ea r ths , c onta in ing C has seen f l int a nd p ot te ry i ndust r ie s . F eatures 8 0 met res f rom e n trance t he g a l le ry w idens t o make as ma l l r oom where J . Aud iber t f ound b ur ia ls , b u t Roud i l ' s e xcavat ions i nd ica te t ha t t he b u r ia l s , r a re p ot she rds a nd a n ima l b ones a r e L ate N eo l ith ic i n d a te ( Roud i l 1 980 , p .453) . S ubs is tence e conomy B one s o fs heep , g oa t a nd r ed d eer w ere f ound a tt h is s i te , i nd ica t ing ap a s tora l e conomy s u itab le t o t he mounta inous a rea , a nd s ome h unt ing . Af r agmentary q uern may i nd icate a g r ic u l tu re ( Durand T u l lou 1 959 , p .93) . D at ing As a mp le o fc arbon ized ma ter ia l t e s ted b y P rofesso r S chwabed i s sen g ave ad a te o f 3 770

1 70 b .c . ( KN 3 15 ) .

A rt if act s: C h ipped s tone Roud i l s t ates t hat t he l i th ic i ndus try i sb a sed o n t he b lade , a nd i se nt ire ly t yp ica l o f t he C ha s seen c u lture ( Roud i l 1 966 , p .358 ) . H e i lus t rate s an umber o f s l ender b lades , o ne s t ruck b y ab ur in b low ' ap lan ' , a nd t wo t h icker o nes w i th p o inted d i s ta l e nd a nd s l ight ly i nvas ive r e touch . Ac ha racter is t ic l ozenge a r rowhead , c overed i n f l at r e touch d orsa l ly a nd w i th ma rg ina l r e touch v en traly , c o mp lete s t he f i gure ( Roud i l 1 966 , f i g .3 ) . G round s tone T he f r agment o fl ime stone q ue rn h a s a l ready b een men t ioned . P ottery T he p ottery i nc ludes o pen b ow ls w ith o ne o r t wo h o r izonta l i nc ised l i nes b e low t he i n te rna l r im , s hou ldered g l obu la r b ow l s b ear ing p ierced b u t tons o r i n o ne c ase ap an -p ipe ( Roud i l 1 966 , f i g .2 :1) a nd s o me t i ny b ut tons ( Durand Tu l lou 1 959) . T he o n ly d ecorated f r agment w as n ot f ound i np lace ; i tb ore a n i nc ised t r iang le f i l led w ith c ros s -ha tch ing ( Roud i l p er s . c omm .) . Roud i l h a s s t ated p r iva te ly t hat , d esp ite t he t h ickne ss o ft he d epo s i t , t here i sn o e vo lut ion i nt he C has seen p ot te ry o f L eve ls 2a nd 3 . N e ighbour ing s i tes M me Durand T u l lou men t ion s a nothe r c ave , t he G rot te d u Mau re , i n t he s ame c ommune o f Gorn ie s , a nd f ou r o the r s i n t he i mmed iate v i c in ity , a sc onta in ing C ha s seen ma te r ia l . T he G ro tte d u C laux h a s p roduced t he ma jor ity o f C has se-e n mate r ia l o n t he C aus se o fB landa s , b ut t he o ther s d ef in ite ly h ad s o me o ccupa t ion b y aC has se-e n p opu lat ion ( G ro t te d es Ra taperades , c ommune o f Rogue s ; L a B aume d u Roc d u M id i , c o mmune o fB landa s ; G ro t te d 'An jau , c om mune o fS t -Lauren t l e -M in ier ;a nd t he A ven -Gro tte o f L a F igue iro l le , c ommune o fB landas , t he o n ly o ne o n t he c aus se r a the r t han i n t he v a l leys o ft he V is a nd C reuze) ( Du rand Tu l lou 1 959) .

1 07

4 0

GROTTE DU LABE IL , LAROUX , HERAULT R eference :

B ousquet , Gourd io le a nd Gu iraud 1 966

L ocat ion On e dge o fC ausse o f L arzac a nd v a l ley l e ad ing t o c oa s ta l p la in , t o t he Nor th o fL odeve . The c ave i s al ong n a rrow g a l lery ( Bousque t e ta l . 1 966 , f i g .3) . S ite s i ze Ga l lery 1 00 m l ong b y 3m w ide , o r a pp rox imate ly 3 00 s qua re met res ( Bousque t e ta l . 1 966 , p .82) . Excavat ion h i story A f te r e xcava t ions i n 1 889 , asma l l l oca l t eam h eaded b y Mess rs B ousquet a nd Gou rd io le e xcava ted f rom 1 960 t o 1 962 i nt he e n trance p orch . A rea e xcavated App rox i mate ly 1 5 m l ong b y 2o r 3m w ide ( Bousque te ta l . 1 966 , p .82) . S t rat ig raphy T en ma in l e ve ls s epa ra ted b y t h ick h ear ths . L eve l 9 , wh ich c on ta ins C has s6en a r t ifacts , i sc ompr ised o fd a rk b rown t o r edd i sh s and c onta in ing l i t t le r o l led p ebb les . H ea r th 9 i st h in b ut s t ands o ut c l ea r ly f rom t he s ucceed ing l i ght y e l low L eve l 1 0 . S ubs i stence e conomy A ttemp ts a t p o l len a na ly s is , wh ich m ight h ave i nd ica ted t he p re sence o fc erea l s , p roved f ru it les s ( Bousque t e ta l . 1 966 , p .83) . One g r indstone w as f ound a nd o n ly af ew b ad ly p rese rved b one s ( Bousque t e ta l . 1 966 , p .157) . The p resence o f r ed d eer , w i ld b oa r a nd c a t t le i se v ident f ro m a r t ifact s . Af i sh e a r -bone a nd an umber o fs he l l s w e re a l so r ecovered f rom L eve l 9( pe rsona l o bse rva t ion , B ousquet c o l lect ion ) . A rt if act s ( Leve l 9 ) : C h ipped s tone There we re t wo l e af p o ints o n b lades , o ne e nt i re ly r e touched b i fac ia l ly , t he s econd w ith a r eserved c en tra l a rea d orsa l ly a nd v en t ra l ly . The r epor t a l so i lus t ra tes an umber o f r e touched b lades ( Bousquet e ta l . 1 966 , f i g .62 ) . G round s tone T hree r a the r s quat a xes i np o l ished g reen s tone , p lus ap ar t ia l ly c omp leted l ime s tone p ebb le a xe a nd af l a t s erpent ine a xe w ere f ound i nL eve l 9( Bousquet e ta / . 1 966 , f i g .73) . T he s i ng le g r indstone f ound h a s a l ready b een men t ioned . B one F our p o in ts a nd t he u lna o f al a rge r um inan t made i n to ad agge r w ere f ound . Af r agment o fr ed d eer a nt ler w as a l so made i n to ap o in t . Ab oar 's t ooth p i erced a t t he r oo t , a nd t he p i erced b one o f as ma l lr odent w ere p robab ly u sed a s p endan t s . Ac a t t le r i b i su sed t o make ak not -heated p endan t ( Bousquet e ta l . 1 966 , f i g .71:INPF '2 ) . P ottery Al a rge n u mber o f t he v es se ls r ep resen ted a re o ft he o pen b ow l v a r iety , s ome w ithou t a nd s o me w ith h or izonta l l i ne i nc ised b e low t he i n terna l r im . One o pen b ow l w ith s uch a n i nc i sed l i ne a l so b ea rs t wo h or izonta l ly p i erced b u ttons o n i t s o uter s u rface , l i nked b y ad oub le a rched l i ne o fi nc is ion . T h is d ecora t ion i ss im i la r t o t he ` mous tache ' d ecora t ion d escr ibed b y B az i le a nd P h i l l ips ( 1970 ) . O the rs hape s i nc lude as hou ldered b ow l w i th l ow c o l la r a nd av er t ica l ly -wa l led j a r w ith p ro trud ing f l at l ug ( Bousquet e t a / . 1 966 , f i g .70 ) . One c ar ina ted s he rd i lus t ra ted i nt he r epor t a ppa rent ly b ore aq uadr i -pe rfora ted l ug ( on ly t he p e rfo ra t ions r ema in ) ; t h is p la st ic a dd it ion h ad t h in i nc ised v er t ica l l i nes e i ther s i de o fi t( Bousque t e ta l . 1 966 , f i g .69 :4) . There a r e t wo o ther c ar ina ted s he rds i nt he B ou squet c o l lect ion , o ne w ith t wo s ub -cu taneous h o le s i nt he c a r inat ion o n ad a rk b rown w are . A mu lt i -perfora ted c o rdon i nt he s ame c o l lect ion p robab ly c ome s f rom a s pher ica l v a se . T he r eport make s ad i s t inc t ion b etween t h in a nd w ide f l a t mu lt i -pe rfo rated c ordons ( Bousquet e ta l . 1 966 , p .153) .

POST -CHASSEEN ASSEMBLAGES I N THE SAINTPONA IS , HERAULT , AND SURROUNDING AREAS I n t h is r eg ion s eve ra l b r ief ly r epo rted c ave s t rat ig raph ies i nd ica te ad ef in ite e vo lut ion f rom C ha sseen t o o the r p ot te ry f orms b y t he m idd le o ft he t h ird m i l lenn ium b .c . The s im i la r ity o ft he c eram ic s ty les a t an u mbe r o fc aves i nt he r eg ion h ad l ed Rodr iguez t o l abe l i tt he S a intpona is L a te N eo l ith ic ' . A t t he G rot te d e L abe i l , d esc r ibed a bove , at yp ica l C ha sseen o ccupa t ion i nL eve l 9i s

1 08

r ep laced b y at r ans it iona l p hase i n L eve l 8 . T h is l e ve l c onta ins c ar ina ted b ow ls o f C ha s seen t ype , b ut a l so p la s t ic p as t i l le s a nd c o rdons , s we l l ing i n to l ug s ( Bousque t e ta l . 1 966 , f i g .60) a nd a n a sy mmet r ica l p ro jec t i le p o in t . L eve l 7a t t he s ame s i te c ont inue s t he p a s t i l les a nd a dds s ome F er r ieres c hev ron c hanne l l ing . L eve l 8s eems t o r epresent ac u lture d eve loped l oca l ly a tt he e nd o ft he C has seen , r ep lac ing t he t yp ica l C has seen i nt he a rea , a t ap o int i nt ime b efo re e l ements o f t he L anguedoc L ate N eo l ith ic p enet ra ted t he a rea . The c ave s i te o fS t -Et ienne -de -Gou rgas i sn ot f a r d i s tant f rom L abe i l ;i t s e xcavator , G . -B . A rna l , a t f i rs t c ons idered a l l i t s h ear th s f rom No . 1 4 t o No . 2 2 t o b e C ha s sg en ( A rna l , G . -B . , 1 966 , p .L I I) . L ater o n ly L eve l 1 8 was c ons ide red C ha s sgen . However , r ad ioca rbon d ates f rom H ear ths 1 9 a nd 2 2 l i e a round 2 600 b .c . The m ixture o f c a r ina t ions a nd j a rs w i th s moo th c ordons i nH ea r ths 1 6 t o 1 8 may w el b e long t o t he t r an s it iona l p ha se c onte mpo ra ry w ith a nd c u ltu ra l ly l i nked t o L abe i l L eve l 8 . G . Rodr iguez e xcava ted t he c ave o f C amp ra faud , l ower d own t he O rb r i ver a nd w ith in t he S a intpona is r eg ion p rope r . A ccord ing t o ab r ief r epor t ( Rodr iguez 1 970a) , h i s L eve ls 1 2 a nd 1 3 a re C has seen , b ut i nL eve l 1 1 c a r inated v es se ls a re a s soc iated w ith v ases b ear ing s mooth c ordons a r ranged i n aw avy p a ttern a nd h and le s . I n L eve l 1 0 t he p o ts a re ma in ly c o rdoned , t here i so ne c a r ina ted b ow l , a nd a n a symmet r ica l a r rowhead ( Rodr iguez 1 968 , p .714 ) . T he C arbon -14 d a te f or L eve l 1 0 i s2 400 * 1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 157) a nd t ha t f or t he s ucceed ing L eve l 9i s2 350 * 1 40 b .c . ( G if 1 156) . A tt he G ro tte T o wn ie-,P a rda i lhan , Hg ' rau l t , as equence o fS a intpon ien d ate s r uns f rom 2 770 * 1 40 b .c . ( MC 1 185) f or L eve l s 2 2a -b , t o 2 250 * 1 00 b .c . ( MC 9 06 ) f o r L eve l 1 6 ( Ambe rt e ta / . 1 978 ) . T he s ucceed ing L eve ls 1 2 a nd 1 4 c onta in Vg raza ma ter ia l . T he c ha racter is t ic f ea tures o ft he E ar ly S a intpon ien i nc lude c a r ina ted va ses , c o rdoned v a ses w ith ap e rfo rat ed l a rge l ug o n t he c ordon , a nd af ew a symmetr ica l t r iang les i nt he l i th ic i ndus try . Ambe r t r ega rd s t he S a intpon ien a s p robab ly d er iv ing f rom t he C ha s se-e n ( 1978) . T he ma ter ia l o ft he a rchaeo log ica l l e ve l Co ft he c ave o fR esp landy , c ommune o fS a int -Pon s ( t e st p i t 3i n t he e nt rance g a l le ry ) p roduced n ea r ly c y l indr ica l p ot s b ea r ing c ordons wh ich s we l led o ut i n to u np ie rced b ut tons , c ar ina ted b ow ls , ab ip ie rced l ug a nd at unne l l ug ( Rod r iguez 1 968 , p p .707 -9) . T he c ave No . 2o f B onnefon t , c ommune o f S a int -E t ienne -d 'A lbagnan , h a s b een r epo rted o n b y Gu iraud ( 1964 , p .72 a nd f i g s .26 ,27 ,30) a nd b y Rod r iguez ( 1966 , p p .711-2) . Undernea th U rnf ie ld a nd E ar ly B ronze A ge l eve l s , Rodr iguez ' s L eve l 4c onta ined al a rge n u mber o f c a r ina ted v esse ls , b u t tons a nd t unne l l ug s , i nc ised h atched t r iang le d eco rat ion , c y l ind r ica l v a se s w ith s mooth c ordons n ear t he r im a nd a n a symmet r ica l p ro ject i le p o in t . An u mber o fo the r c aves i n t he S a intpona is ( e .g . C ave o fL e P o teau , c ommune o fS a int -Pons— Rodr iguez 1 966 , p .708 -710) c on ta in t he s ame n ea r ly s phe r ica l b ow ls w i th s moo th c ordons . Gu iraud i lus t rates mater ia l c o l lected ( not i ns t ra t igraphy) a tt he C ave o fL e L aur io l , c ommune o f O largues : p an -p ipes a nd mu lt i -perforated c o rdons a nd ac o rdoned p ot a re s hown ( Gu iraud 1 964 , f i g .2 9) . The e x ten t o f' pu re ' C ha s seen a s se mb lage s i nt he S a in tpona i s i sn ot c l ea r f rom p ub l ished e v idence , a nd c an o n ly b e p roved a t L abe i l . A t f i ve s i tes as t ra t igraph ic l aye r o ccur sw i th ac er ta in a s se mb lage ,a nd t hese f i ve a s semb lages a re s im i la r . They a re t r ans it iona l i nt he s en se t ha t s ome C ha s sg en f ea tures ( notab ly c a r ina t ions ) c ont inue , wh i le s ome n ew f ea ture s ( e .g . c o rdons t ha t s we l l i n to b u ttons ) a re a dded . T h i s d eve lopmen tc an b e p a ra l le led o n t he G rands C ausses , whe re C ostant in i h a s i s o la ted L eve l s 9a nd 8a t S arge l I ,c on ta in ing v a ses w i th h or izonta l s moo th c o rdons a nd af ew c a r ina t ions , a ccompan ied b y af r agmen t o fc opper b lade . H is s ucceed ing l e ve ls 7 a nd 6c onta in as herd e ng raved w i th ar ough ly h a tched t r iang le ( Co stan t in i 1 967 , p .744 a nd f i g .2 :1,2 ,3) . Honey -co loured f l int g row s g radua l ly r a rer i n t hese l eve ls . T he C a rbon -14 d ate s ugges ted i sa pp rox ima te ly 2 500 b .c . ( Cos tant in i 1 967 , p . ' 753) . T he h a tched t r iang le i so ne f ea tu re o ft he p os t -Cha s sg en G roupe d es T re i l le s wh ich C ostant in i d er ives f rom t he l oca l C has sg en ( 1978 , p .38 ) a nd wh ich i sc ompa rab le i ni t s smooth -cordoned v es se ls w i th t he S a intpon ien d escr ibed a bove .

4 1

GROTTE DE LA MADELEINE , V ILLENEUVE -LES -MAGUELONNE , HERAULT R eferences :

A rna l 1 956 B a rra l 1 960 R , oud i l 1 978 , p p .6 88 -9

G eo logy T he Mont d e l a Ga rd io le , i n wh ich t he c ave i sl ocated , i sf ormed o fJ uras s ic l imes tone . L ocat ion 9k i lo met res S outh o f Montpe l l ier , t o t he S outh o f Route Na t iona le 1 08 , l i e s t he l i t t le mounta in c ha in o f Mont d e l a Ga rd io le , h oneycombed w ith c ave s , o f wh ich o ne i st he G rotte d p

1 09

l a Made le ine . T he s ur round ing a rea i s` g a r r igue ' ( rocky h ea th) , a nd t he s i te l i es n ear al agoon . S ite s i ze T he g reates tl eng th a nd w id th o f t he c ave a re 5 0 ma nd 2 4 m , g iv ing 1 200 m 2 ,b ut t he e f fec t ive l i v ing s pace w as p robab ly s ometh ing mo re l i ke h a lf o f t h is ( 600 m 2 )d ue t o t he p resence o f t he r i ver a t t he b ack o ft he c ave , a6 00 s l ope d own ,t o t he r i ver , a nd t he o bs t ruc t ion f ormed b y g rea t b lock s o fl ime s tone f a l len f rom t he r oof . E xcavat ion h i story T he c ave w as e xcavated i na bout 1 860 b y Mun ier , i n 1 946 -49 b y D r J .A rna l a nd f r om 1 956 -58 b y L . B a rra l a nd at eam f rom t he Monaco Museum o fP reh is tor ic Anthropo logy . I n 1 977 M . S ou l ier d i rected s a lvage work o n z ones d es troyed b y t r ea sure h un ter s , work l a te r c ont inued b y M . L edoux . C on s iderab le C ha sseen ma ter ia l was r e scued , u nfo r tuna te ly n one i ns i tu ( Roud i l 1 978 ) . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy Approx i mate ly 4 4 m2 w as d ug b y A rna l a nd B ar ra l , i nc lud ing d i s turbed l e ve ls ( ca lcu la ted a f ter B ar ra l 1 960 , f i g s .1 ,3) . A cco rd ing t o A rna l ( 1956 , p .38) , t here w ere an umber o fl e ve ls , i n ter sper sed b y h ea r ths : L eve ls 1 -3 : D is turbed L eve l 4 : M ixed B e l l B eaker a nd Horg en L eve l 5 : — H ear th 1 : A shy l enses , r ed e a rth—Cha s seen B L eve l 6 : — H ear th 2 : L a te C ha s seen A L eve l 7 : S ter i le ( rock f a l l a nd F er neres s herd) L eve l 8 : — H ear th 3 : E a r ly C has seen A L eve l 9 — H ea r th 4 : E ar ly C ha s seen A L eve l 1 0 : — A ccord ing t o B ar ra l , t he

L eve ls I IX i np lace u nder h i s C ha lco l ith ic a nd B ronze l aye r s

n u mbered L t o R , r epresented u nd ifferen t iated C ha s s6en o ccupa t ion . L eve l I : B lack , s ome s ma l l f l a t s tones L eve l I : Y e l low ish -g rey c l ay w ith p ebb les L eve l I I : A shy h ea r ths L eve l I V : G rey c ompact c l ay L eve l V : G rey -brown s o i l L eve ls V I -X : n ot s pec i f ied

( Ba r ra l 1 960 , p .18) .

F eatures H ear ths a s ment ioned a bove . S ubs i st ence e conomy T he f auna l r ema ins a re t yp ica l ly t hose o f t he g a r r igue , a ccord ing t o B a r ra l ( 1960 , p .60 ) , t ha t i s , r abb it a nd s heep o r g oa t . T he r abb it s eems s l ight ly more p reva lent t han t he s heep /goa t . About h a lf a s many l a rge r um inant s ( ca t t le ) a nd p ig s w ere o bserved , p lus af ew d og a nd r ed d eer . F ish ( pa lat in) w ere f ound i ns ma l l q uan t i t ies i na l l l e ve ls o f t he Monaco Museum d ig , a nd s he l lf ish r e ma ins ( Card iu m , s ca l lop , Murex , s of t water mu sse ls ) w ere a l so e ncounte red i na l l l e ve l s . D r A rna l r e fer s t o as ca l lop s he l l f u l l o f whea t g ra in s wh ich l ay b enea th H ea r th No . 2( A rna l 1 956 , p .52) . C ourt in a nd E rroux i nd ica te t ha t b read wheat , em mer a nd b ar ley w ere f ound i nl a ter e xcava t ion s ( 1974 ) . D at ing T he f i r s t C a rbon -14 d a te o f t he S outhern C has seen w as p roduced o n mater ia l f r om b etween A rna l ' s H ea rths 1a nd 2-2582 3 150

5 00 b .c . ( L -188A ) . T he Monaco l abora tory p roduced d ate s o f

2 50 b .c . f or L eve l V I I o f t he B a r ra l e xcava t ions ( MC -7) a nd 3 270

2 30 b .c . f or L eve l X

( MC -8) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone ( F igure 4 ) T he f o l low ing c h ipped s tone t oo l s w ere f ound i ns t ra t ig raphy i nt he A rna l a nd B a r ra l e xcava t ions . Af ew f r agment s o fr ock c rys ta l t e st ify t o a t te mpt s t o u se t h is ma te r ia l f or a c ut t ing e dge .

1 10

A rna l 9 0

B lades

B arra l 8 4

S i ck le e l e ments

9

Notched b lades T runca t ion

2 1

E nd s c rape r o n b lade

1

3

B ur in

2

6

B orer

4

2

T anged a r rowhead

1

2

T anged a nd b a rbed a r rowhead

1

T ransve rse a r rowhead

2

1

L ozenge a r rowhead

2

2

G round s tone ( F igure 5 :1 -3 ) V ery l i t t le g round s tone mater ia l h a s b een r epor ted f rom t h is s i te . B ar ra l l i s t s 9g reen s tone b eads , 3o va l sect ion g r eens tone a xes , 1r ed r ock p o l isher a nd 1b asa lt q ue rn , a nd s t a tes t ha t a l a rge n umber o fp ebb le s a re f ound i na l l l e ve ls , t hough h e d oes n o t s pec ify i ft hese h ave b een a l tered o r u sed ( Bar ra l 1 960 , p .40) . H e i lus tra tes ab i l le , o ne p o l ished a xe a nd o ne a dze , a c oup le o fp o l ished s tones a nd an umber o fg ran ite a nd s and s tone q ue rns a nd r ubb ing s tones . Al imes tone b i l le a nd a nother p o l ished a xe w ere f ound i nH ear th 2 ,t hough t hese d o n o t a ppea r i n t he s i te r epor t ( per sona l o bserva t ion , A rna l c o l lect ion ) . B one ( F igure 5 :4 -7) B one f i nds f ro m t h is s i te a re a s f o l low s . A rna l r epor ts f i nd ing mo re t han 2 2 p o int s , o f ten o fs p l it s heep ' s metapod ia ls . T here w ere o cca s iona l f i nds o f p i erced d og o r b oa r t eeth , p resu mab ly u sed a sp endant s . T h ree s pa tu lae w ere f ound , a nd o ne l a rge s o f t -ended p o int i no x -bone . T here i s as carred f r agment o fa nt ler b ranch f rom H ear th 2 i nt he A rna l c o l lect ions . Mos t o ft he b one wo rk f ound b y t he Monaco e xcava tor s c ons is ted o f p o int s , t h ir ty o f wh ich w ere f ound i nL eve ls I -VI I . T he u pper t wo l e ve ls p roduced t hree ' dagger s ' , o ne a rched p endant , o ne p o l isher o r s moo ther a nd o ne ' c h i se l ' . Af r agmen t o f t i ne was f ound i nL eve l I . S he l l Many s ea she l l r e ma ins w ere f ound a tt he L a Made le ine c ave s i te , af ew o f t hem p ierced t o a ct a sp endant s ( gas teropod—Leve l 5 ;s ca l lop—Leve l 6 ;a nd C ard ium—Leve l 7a nd H ea r th 2 ) . A rna l s ugges t s t hat l a rge mus se l s he l ls may h ave a cted a ss poons ( A rna l 1 956 , p .52) . P ott ery T he b as ic s hape sa re a s f o l low s : 1 b aggy ( Bar ra l—"en s ac" ;A rna l—" ma rm ite" ) w ith s t ra ight s i des a nd f l a r ing , s t ra ight o r i nver ted r im , e .g . A rna l 1 956 , f i g s .23 :1 ,17 :1 ( F igure 3 :1) . 2 c a r ina ted a nd s hou ldered c ar inated ( Bar ra l—"en c a renes" , " cy l indro -con ique" ;A rna l— " ecue l les äl aL agozza" , " ecue l les c argn6es" ) , e . g . B ana l 1 960 , f i g s .17 ,25 ( F igu re 3 :4) . 3 g lobu la r a nd s hou ldered g lobu lar ( Ba r ra l—"vases äc o l" ;A rna l—"cy l indro -sphero ida l" ) , e . g . B ar ra l 1 960 , f i g .29 ( F igure 3 :2) . 4 l ow o pen b ow ls ( Ba r ra l —"as s iet tes" ;A rna l —"a s s iettes -ca lo ttes" , " a s s iet te rondes" a nd " ecue l les r ondes" ) , e . g . A rna l 1 956 , f i g .20 :1 ( F igure 3 :5) . 5 b r i mmed p la tes ( Ba rra l —"as s iet tes" ;A rna l—"as s iet tes hr ebord s" , " 6cue l le e vasee a vec c a rene o uver te" ) , e . g . A rna l 1 956 , f i g .23 :12 ( F igure 3 :3 ) . A rna l i n s is ted i nh i s 1 956 r epo r t t ha t a n e vo lut ion h ad t aken p lace i nt he p o t tery t ype s o ver t ime , a nd t hat , n otab ly , s herds d ecorated w ith i nc is ion w ere l a ck ing a f te r C ha s seen A , wh i le P an -p ipe p la s t ic d ecora t ion o n ly a ppea red i nC ha s sgen B ( A rna l 1 956 , p . ' 71) . T h is e vo lut ion wa s n o t s uppor ted b y t he e xcava t ion s o ft he Monaco t eam . T hey d i scovered n o p ar t icu lar e vo lut ion i n t he f orms o f t he p o t tery ( Bar ra l 1 960 , t ab le I I ) , a nd f ound P an -p ipe s i na l l b ut t he b o ttom o f s even l e ve ls a na lysed ( Leve ls I -V II) . I n a dd it ion , t hey d i scovered i nL eve l I I as hou ldered g lobu la r v a se b ear ing v er t ica l z ones o f w ide ly c ro s s -ha tched i nc is ion , i n b e tween s ect ions o f P an -p ipes ( Bar ra l 1 960 , f i g .29) . I tt he refo re s ee ms n ecessa ry t o t r ea t t he L a Made le ine c ave ma ter ia l a s ag roup a nd t o wa ive a t temp ts t o p roduce as equence f rom t he p o t tery . I nc ised d ecora t ion a ppea rs o n an umbe r o f s herds . T he A rna l c o l lec t ion i sn o tab le f o r t wo f i ne b r i mmed p la tes ( A rna l 1 956 , f i g s .16 :3 ,25 :12 ) e ach d eco ra ted w ith c ro s s -ha tched t r iang les , p o int ing i nwards , o n t he r im . A rna l a l so i lust ra te s af r agment o fo pen b ow l o r b r im med p late e nt ire ly c overed w i th i nc ised f l eck s , e xcep t f or o ne o b l ique z one l e f t f r ee , a nd c om ing f rom L eve l 1 0 ( A rna l 1 956 , f i g .23 :11) ;t he s a me l eve l p roduced as ma l ler f r agment o fr im s herd , t he i n terna l b o rder o f wh ich b ea rs ab and o fr ough ly i nc ised d es ign ( A rna l 1 956 , f i g .23 :10) . T he l a rge ' marm ite ' f rom L eve l 7i sd ecora ted w ith o b l ique c ut s r unn ing a long t he o ut s ide r im ( A rna l 1 956 , f i g .17:1) , a nd a no ther o pen b ow l i n ac reamy f abr ic b ea r s ah or izonta l l i ne b e low t he i n terna l

1 11

r im a nd av er t ica l z one o f d eep ly i nc ised c ros s -hatched d ecora t ion p endan t f rom i t( Arna l 1 956 , f i g .14 :2) . T he Monaco c o l lec t ion s f rom t he i r e xcavat ion s a tt he L a Made le ine c ave i nc lude t he c o l lared g lobu lar p ot d eco ra ted w ith w ide -meshed v er t ica l ly i nc ised z one a nd P an -p ipe p rev ious ly r efe rred t o ( Barra l 1 960 , f i g .29) . T h i s c o mes f rom L eve l I I , a s d oe s awa l l s he rd i nc ised w ith t hree h o r iz o nta l l i nes , a nd o b l ique l i nes ;t he l ozenge shaped z one s t hus c rea ted a re a l terna te ly c ros s -hatched a nd l e f t f r ee ( Bar ra l 1 960 , f i g .26 :1) . F ragments o ft wo b r im med p la tes w ith i nwa rd -po int ing t r iang les f i l led w ith c ros s -hatch ing f rom L eve l V II r esemb le t hose f rom t he A rna l c o l lec t ion ment ioned a bove ( Bar ra l 1 960 , f i g .34 :1 ,2 ) . Av ery s ma l l s herd f rom L eve l I V b ea rs l i ght ly i nc ised p a ra l le l l i nes i n as wa the p endan t f rom t he s hou lder ( Ba rra l 1 960 , f i g .30 :2) , a nd t hree ' mous tache ' d es igns , o ne f a l l ing f ro m ab ut ton o n as hou ldered g lobu la rj a r ( Ba rra l 1 960 , f i g .23 :4 ,6) , w ere f ound i n t he u pper t wo l e ve ls . P la s t ic d eco ra t ion a ppea r s i n t he f orm o fh or izon ta l ly a nd v er t ica l ly p ierced b uttons , mu lt i p er fo rated c o rdons a nd P an -p ipes . One g lobu lar j a r b ea r s b ea rs ab ip e rfora ted l ug ( Hea rth 2 , A rna l c o l lect ion) . Hor izonta l ly p erfo rated t ubu la r l ug s b e low ac a r inat ion a re a l so p opu la r ( two f rom A rna l ' s L eve l 9 ) . F la t l ug s a nd r i bbon h and le s a l so o ccur ( Ba rra l 1 960 , f i g .26 :4) . Ab aggy s haped p ot f ro m A rna l ' s H ear th 1 b ea r s ar ow o fu nper fora ted b ut tons o n i t s r im , a nd ab roken p erfora ted l ug o r r i ng h and le i m med iate ly b e low ( A rna l 1 956 , f i g .16 :4) . The s ma l l s i ze o f s ome o ft he mu lt i -perfora ted c o rdons a nd p erfora ted b ut tons i sr ema rkab le ( e .g . B ar ra l 1 960 , f i g s .17 ,18) , a s i sa l so t he v ery h igh s t anda rd o fs hap ing o ft he v es se ls a nd t he ir p la s t ic a t tachment s .

4 2

LES MARDES , CESSERAS , HERAULT R eference :

R oud i l 1 978 , p p .679 -80

E xcavat ion h i s tory N eo l ith ic ' v i l lage ' , mo s t ly C ha s seen , d amaged b y a g r icu ltu ra l wo rk . E xcava t ion b y P . Amber t i n 1 977 . S t rat ig raphy Not c l ear— there a re a l so s ome V g raza a nd G a l lo -Roman s herd s . F eatures V ery b ig c ha rcoa l s p read . D at ing D a te awa ited f rom c ha rcoa l s pread . A r t if act s We l l made p o t tery w i th l o ts o fr i bbon h and les , a nd e x te rna l ly t h ickened l i ps ( ear ly f ea ture?) . Mos t ly b ow ls , i nc lud ing as he rd w ith h atched t r iang les b e low t he r im , a nd af i ne h and led b ow l ( Roud i l 1 978 , f i g .21:2 ) .

4 3

FONT -DE -TROU ILLY , MEZE , HERAULT R efe rence :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 972 , p p .521-2

G eo logy On asma l l ` mo Ias se ' p l ateau . L ocat ion Above t he T hau l a goon . S i te s i ze More t han h a lf ah ecta re . E xcavat ion h i story T he s i te w as e xcava ted b y J . -L . Roud i l f o l low ing t he w iden ing o f t he _N113 r oad , wh ich d est royed p ar t o ft he s i te . S t rat ig raphy T opso i l , f o l lowed a t 8 0 cm d epth b y a rchaeo log ica l l e ve l o f b rown s and ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 972 , f i g .36 ) . F eatures None , a l though l u mps o f mo las se were f ound a t t he t op o f t he a rchaeo log ica l l e ve l . S ubs i stence e conomy Ma m ma l b ones a nd a n a bundance o fs he l lf ish a nd f i sh r ema ins w ere f ound .

1 12

D at ing C ha rcoa l s ubm i t ted . A rt if act s F ind s c ons ist ed o fp ot sherds i nd icat ing v esse ls o fv a r ious s hape , p lus mu lt i -pe rforated l ug s , c o rdons a nd P an -p ipes ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 972 , f i g .37) .

4 4

S TAT ION 1 DE FONT -MARS , MEZE , HERAULT R efe rence :

E sca lon d e F on ton 1 963 , p p .240 -2

G eo logy P l iocene t ufa . L ocat ion S l igh t ly e l eva ted .s ite , 31 2 k / m t o t he North o f t he T hau L agoon . S i te s i ze O ve r 5h ectares . E xcavat ion h i story V ine c l earance o pera t ions i nt he 1 960s r evea led av e ry l a rge s i te i n t he f orm o f b lack ish o r a shy z ones a nd a r t ifact s . D . Rouquet te t hen c onducted e xcava t ions . S trat igr aphy B eneath ad i s tu rbed l e ve l was ar eddened , f l a t tened s o i l a t 6 0 cm d epth . F eatures No r ea l f ea tures a par t f ro m a shy z ones men t ioned a bove ; a l so f r agmen t s o fd aub . S ubs istence e conomy B ones o fc a t t le , s heep a nd p ig w ere f ound , p lus n u me rous ma r ine mo l luscs ( mus se l , o y s ter , p ec ten , l impet ) . D at ing R ega rded a s L a te C has seen b y t he e xcava tor , Rouque tte , p robab ly p ar t icu lar ly b ecause o f r epouss6 b ut tons o n t he p ot te ry . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone B lades , b lade let s , b orer s , e nd sc rape rs o n b lades , n otched b lades , t anged a r rowheads a nd t anged -and -ba rbed a r rowheads . P ottery L a rge q uant ity o fw e l l f i red a nd w e l l g r it ted p ottery , b rown ish -p ink t o g rey ish -b lack i n c o lour . V esse l wa l l s a re u sua l ly s t ra ight o r f l a r ing o r i nverted ;r e la t ive ly f ew o pen b ow l s . L a rge r v es se l s d eco rated w ith c on ica l u nperfo ra ted b ut tons w ere f ound . O ther d eco ra t ions i nc lude o ne mu lt i -perforated c ordon , f l at l ug s , r ow s o fr epous se p a s t i l les a nd s mooth c o rdons .

4 5

MONTBEYRE , TEYRAN , HERAULT R eference s :

E sca lon d e F on ton 1 959 , p p .188 -192 ; 1 961 , p .280 .

G eo logy L i me s tone p la teau . L ocat ion V ery l a rge a rea o f g ar r igue , s l ight ly s l op ing . S ite s i ze V ery l a rge ;a rea s ke tched i n 1 959 ( E sca lon d e F onton 1 959 , f i g .19) c over s 7 500 m 2 .A round i tt here a re c l a i med t o b e f l int work shops ( Esca lon d e F on ton 1 959 , p .189) . Excavat ion h i s tory E xcava t ions b y M . E scu ret w ere c a rr ied o ut f rom t he 1 950s o nwards ;r ecent ly , a f ter E scuret ' s d eath , G .B . A rna l h as r ecommenced e xcava t ions . S trat igraphy A ccord ing t o t he 1 961 r epo rt , t here w ere t wo p e r iods o fC ha s seen s e t t lement . F eatures V a r ious a l ignments o fs tones c onv inced E scurei t ha t t he re h ad b een h ouses o n t he s i te , a nd A rna l h a s r ecent ly c onf irmed t h is f i nd ing ( 1981 , p e rs . c omm .) . As ketch p lan o f t he e ar l ie r

1 13

e xcava t ions s howed t ha t b o th s t ra ight a nd c urv ing wa l l s e x isted , s ome t imes i nd oub le a l ign ment a s i n L a te N eo l ith ic h ouses ;A rna l h a s c onf irmed t he d oub le a l ignment . Two h ea r ths a re a l so marked i np rox im ity t o t he wa l ls o n t he s ketch p lan ( E sca lon d e F onton 1 959 , f i g .19) ( F igure 1 0a ) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T yp ica l C has seen . P ot tery L arge s torage v es se l s w ith h or izonta l l ug s b e low t he r im a nd r e la t ive ly p o int ed b ase ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 959 , f i g .20)—c .60 cm h igh . O ther s h ave c o rdon d ecorat ion . D eco ra t ions o n o ther v es se ls hapes i nc lude mu lt i -perfo rated l ug s a nd P an -p ipe s ( appa rent ly t he mu lt i -perfo ra ted c ordons a ppeared i n t he l ower d epos i ts b e low t he P an -p ipes—Esca lon d e Fonton 1 961) .

4 6

MOUL IN DE SAURET , CASTELNAU -LE -LEZ , HERAULT R e ferences :

Aud ibe rt 1 956 C aza l is d e F ondouce 1 905 , p .77

L ocat ion Open a i r s i te o n l e f t b ank o fr i ver L ez , o ppos ite am i l l , f rom wh ich t he s i te n ame i st aken . T he s i te i sn o t f a r f rom Montpe l l ier . Excavat ion h i story C o l lect ions w ere made f rom t he s urface b yG ennevaux i nt he l a te 1 9th c entury , a nd d epos i t ed w ith t he S oc ie te A rch6o log ique , Montpe l l ier . I n t he 1 950s Aud iber t c o l lected a r t ifac ts f rom t he d i s turbed a rea l e f t b y q uar ry ing , a nd a l so t ook af ew o b ject s ( i n s i tu?) f rom t he b rown i sh b lack c l ay o ver ly ing t he P l iocene s and ( Aud iber t 1 956 , p .402 ) . F eatures C aza l is d e F ondouce ( 1905 , p .77) r epor t s t hat t here w e re h ea r ths a t t he s i te . Aud iber t ment ion s s i x b ur ia ls i no vo id p i ts o n b eds o fl imes tone p ebb le s , b ut h es ita tes t o a t t r ibute t hem t o t he C ha s seen o ccupa t ion ( Aud ibe r t 1 956 , p .405) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he t oo ls w ere h oney -co lou red , b rown o r p a t ina ted . Aud iber t f ound 1 01 b lade s a nd t he f o l low ing t oo ls : 4b orer s , 2b ur ins , 5t r ansve r se a r rowheads , 1l ozenge a r rowhead , 2t anged a nd b a rbed a r rowheads , an otched b lade , ar e touched b lade a nd 2 p os s ib le m icro -bur ins ; 3s craper s o n f l ake s , o ne a l so o pposed t o ab ur in , a nd 4 b l ade c o re s ( nuc le i) c omp leted t he c o l lect ion ( Aud iber t 1 956 , f i g .1) . T he c o l lec t ions o f t he S oc ie te A rcheo log ique , Montpe l l ier , c onta in 4 b o re rs o n b lades , 2b ur ins , 3t r ansver se a r rowheads , 3l ozenge p o in ts , 1l e af p o in t , a nd at anged a nd b a rbed p o int . T he re a re a l so 2s crape r s o n w ide b lades a nd af r agmen t o f ap y ram ida l b lade n uc leus . G round s tone One b i l le , a nd o ne c h ise l a re s tored a t Montpe l l ier . B one S evera l p o int s . S he l l C ard ium a nd C o lumbe l la s he l ls w ere f ound o n t hes ite ( Aud iber t 1 956 , p .404) . P ot tery T he p o t s herds a re r epo rted t o b e we l l f i red a nd f i ne ly made w i th s ma l l f r agmen ts o f l ime s tone g r it ( Aud iber t 1 956 , p p .403 -405) . Aud ibe rt f ound f r agment s o ft wo o pen b ow ls w i th a n i nc ised h o r izonta l l i ne b e low t he r im ; o f n ine o r more c a r ina ted b ow ls ;o ff i ve t o e i gh t n ecked g lobu lar j a r s ;a nd o f o ne l ow b ow l w ith i n te rna l ly t h ickened r im , s im i la r t o t he ' b r immed p lates ' . T he re i s ap os s ib le s poon h and le . P las t ic d eco rat ion i nc ludes p e rfora ted b ut tons , mu l t i -perfo ra ted c ordons , h or izonta l ly p e rfora ted t ubu lar l ug s a nd aP an -p ipe . S qua re p la s t ic a dd it ions were s tuck o n o ne c ar ina ted v es se l ( Aud iber t 1 956 , f i g .2 :12 ) . T he re a re t hree r i bbon h and les , wh ich a re s omet imes f ound o n C has se-e n s i tes . I n t he G ennevaux a nd C aza l is d e F ondouce c o l lect ions a t Mon tpe l l ier , t here i so ne c a r inated b ow l , as hou ldered c a r ina ted b ow l b ear ing t wo h o r izonta l ly p e rforated b u t tons b e low t he s hou lder , t he n eck o f al a rg e s hou lde red s to rage v e s se l a nd ah a lf o vo id j a r b ear ing t wo r ow s o f u npe rforated b uttons j us t b e low i t sr im . P la s t ic a dd it ion s c ons is t o f t wo s ma l l a nd o ne l a rge r i ng h and les ;s evera l p er fora ted b ut ton s , t wo mu lt i -p ierced c ordons , a nd af l at l ug .

14

4 7

S TAT ION DES FAYSSES , LE CRES , HERAI JLT R eference s :

A ra ! a nd B a rres 1 959 B ane s 1 953; 1 954 D reyfus 1 959 Aud iber t 1 958

L ocat ion G ar r igue a rea a round v i l lage o f L e C re s , wh ich i st o t he No rth -North -Ea s t o f Montpe l l ier . S a la ison r i ve r r uns t hrough c om mune . S i te s i ze 2h ecta res . E xcavat ion h i story F our s urface s i te s d i scovered o n r i ght b ank o fS a la ison r i ver b y E . B anes a nd p up i ls f rom l oca l s choo l ( Bar re s 1 953 , p .76 ) . S i te 1( Le s F aysse s ) w i l l b e d i scussed h e re o n ly . T he o the r s i te s p roduced v ery f ew a r t ifact s ( S tat ion 3 ) , o r c ons is ted s o le ly ( S ta t ion 2 ) o r p a r t ia l ly ( Sta t ion 4 ) o f ma ter ia l o f al a ter d a te . B a rre s managed t o e xcava te p ar t o f t he L es F ays se s 1s i te where i te x tended o nto t he u ncu lt iva ted g a r r igue . S trat igraphy H ea rth s t ra t ig raphy ( Barre s 1 954 , f i g .2 :1) : L eve l 1 : s t er i le L eve l 2 : b lack e a rth , a she s , many f i nds , 3 5 cm t h ick T h in b and o fr ed c l ay B lack e a r th— s ter i le F eatures H ea rth i nc i rcu la r r ock d epress ion a bout t wo met res a cros s t op . S ubs i stence e conomy T he f auna f rom t he h ear th wa s a na ly sed a nd p roved t o b e ma in ly o f as ma l l b reed o f c a t t le , p lus s ome s heep , b oa r a nd r ed d eer ( Bane s 1 954 , p .213 ) . B a r res s ay s t ha t t he re wa s o bv ious ly n o t much empha s i s o n h unt ing b ut t hat t he s i te wa s i dea l a l so f or f i sh ing a nd a g r icu ltu re ( Banes 1 953 , p .86 ) . A r t if act s: C h ipped s tone B anes ' s s ur face s urvey p roduced 3 000 f l int a r t ifact s p lus al o t o f wa s te f l akes . I n h i s 1 953 r epo rt h e g i ve s t he f o l low ing t ota ls : B lades

2 350

Notche s

1 07

Kn ives

2 6

B orers

2 1

M icro -bo re rs

3 9

P o in ts o n b lade

4 1

P ro ject i le p o in t s

8 7

' Geomet r ic p ieces '

6 7 i nc lud ing a tl e a s t 4t r ansver se a r rowhead s

S craper s

2 02 i nc lud ing 7 2 o n b lades

T ranche ts

3

B ur ins Nuc le i

3 1 9 6 i nc lud ing 1 1 f o r b lade let s

F l in t h am mer s 4 T he a r rowheads w e re l ozenge a nd l e af shaped , t anged , t anged -and -barbed , o r p o inted a tb oth e nds w ith o ne e dge s t eep ly b acked . The r e touch o n t he t r ansve rse a r rowhead s v a r ied f rom e xt reme ly ma rg ina l t o s em i invas ive t o i nva s ive o n o ne f ace . I n t he e xcavat ion o ft he h ea r th a n i den t ica l b lade i ndus t ry w as d i scove red , i nc lud ing t wo b orer s a nd o ne t r ansve rse a r rowhead a nd ab lade n uc leu s , p lu s af ew s c raper s a nd wa s te f l ake s ( Bane s 1 954 , p .211) . J . Aud ibere r e fe rred t o t h is s i te a s t he ' t ype s i te ' o ft he S outhern C ha ss feen ( Aud iber t 1 958 , p .99 ) , a nd when M l le M . -C . D reyfu s p ub l ished as tone t oo lt ypo logy o fv a r ious S outhe rn F rench s i te s , s he t ook L e C re s a nd S ta t ion d e L a Made le ine t o r ep resen t t rue Chas seen s i te s . I n a na ly s ing 2 000 s tone t oo l s f rom L e C re s b y means o f t he L ap lace t ypo logy , M l le D reyfus c ame t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t i tw a s b as ica l ly ah o mogenou s l i th ic i ndus t ry , s pec if ica l ly Cha s se-e n d ue t o t he i nvas ive r e touch t r ansve rse a r rowheads ( Dreyfus 1 959 , p . ' 7) .

1 15

G round s tone I n t he s ur face s urvey , B ar res d i scove red 4 4 p o l ished a xes , mo s t ly f r agmentary , 3p o l ished c h ise ls a nd 7q uerns a nd 1mor tar ( Bar re s 1 953 , p .81) . I n t he h ear th e xcava t ion , 1 8 p ebb les , s o me b ea r ing t r aces o ff i re , w ere d i scovered ( Bar re s 1 954 , p .211) . B one I n t he h ea rth e xcava t ion an otched b one a nd t hree p o int s c ame t o l i ght ( Bar res 1 954 , p .212) . P ot tery B ar re s d esc r ibed t he p o t te ry f rom t he s urface s urvey a s af i ne , h a rd , w e l l -po l ished wa re , b lack , b rown o rc ora l red i nc o lou r . The s hape s we re o f as t ra ight -wa l led j a r ( Bane s 1 953 , f i g .5 :1) ( F igu re 2 9 :2) , an ecked g lobu lar j a r ( Ba r i -e s 1 953 : f i g .5 :13) a nd c a r ina ted b ow ls ( Bar res 1 953 , f i g .5 :14 -21) . One l ow c ar ina ted b ow l h a s a n e xt reme ly t h ick wa l l a bove t he c a r ina t ion . I ti sa s sumed t ha t t hree r im s he rds , t wo b ea r ing as i ng le a nd o ne b ear ing at r ip le h or izonta l l i ne i nc ised b e low t he i n terna l r im , b e longed t o l ow o pen b ow ls ( e .g . B ar re s 1 953 , f i g .6 :12 ,13) ( F igu re 2 8 :8 ) . P la s t ic d ecora t ion i nc ludes p erfora ted a nd n on -perfora ted l ug s a nd b u t tons , at unne l l ug , s even mu lt i -pe rfora ted c o rdons , t hree P an -p ipes a nd s even r i bbon h and le s ( Bar res 1 953 , p .83) . I n al a ter a r t ic le t he d i scovery o f av er t ica l b road h and le w i th at r iangu la r s haped p er forat ion wa s a nnounced ( A ra ! a nd B arre s 1 959 , f i g .1:1) . S even f r agment s o fi nc i sed s herds c ame f r om t he s urface s urvey , i nc lud ing t wo r im f r agment s o fb r immed p lates ( e .g . B ane s 1 953 , f i g .?) . 4 500 k i los o fp o ttery w ere t aken f ro m t he h ea r th e xcava t ion , a nd a ppea r t o i nc lude ac a r in a ted s he rd ( Bane s 1 954 , f i g .2 :2 :10 ) a nd ah em isphe r ica l b ow l ( Bar re s 1 954 , f i g .2 :2 :7) . The re w ere a l so an umber o f p er fora ted a nd n on -perfora ted b u t tons .

4 8

S TAT ION DE LA MADELEINE , V ILLENEUVE -LES -MAGUELONNE , HERAULT R eference s :

Roud i l 1 963a ; 1 965 ;1970 E sca lon d e F onton 1 966 ;1968

G eo logy T he l imes tone o ft he l ow p la teau i sf i ssu red a nd c ove red b y ad i scont inuous l ayer o f b rown c l ay w i th p ebb les , o fv a r iab le t h icknes s u p t o 5 0 cm , wh ich c onta ins t he a rchaeo log ica l mater ia l ( Roud i l 1 963a , p .230 ) . L ocat ion The o pen -a ir s i te i ss ome 1 2 k i lometres S ou th -Wes t o f Montpe l l ie r , o n al ow g a r r igue -covered p la teau n ot f a r d i s tan t f ro m t he l agoon n amed E tang d e V ic . Th is l a goon i sc u t o ff f rom t he o pen s ea b y ab ar . T he g round s lope s s l igh t ly t o t he S outh -We st a nd i sc overed w i th s pa rse v egeta t ion i nc lud ing av e ry f ew h o lm -oak s a nd o l ive t r ee s ( Roud i l 1 963a , p .230) . Excavat ion h i story J . -L . Roud i l d i rected e xcava t ion s f or a t l ea s t t hree s ea sons ( 1965 -67) o n t h is s i te . A rea e xcavated 3 0 m2 ( Roud i l , p e r s . c om m .) F eatures Roud i lh a si nd ica ted t hat r ectangu la r o r s quare h ut s o f l e s s t han 4 m l ong w e re s cat te red l oose ly o ve r al a rge a rea , many o f t hem n ow mo re o rl e s s o b l ite ra ted b y e ro s ion ( Esca lon d e F on t on 1 966 , p .570 ) . A more s ubs tan t ia l r ocky h ut f l oo r d e l im ited b y a l igned b lock s o fl ime stone c onta ined h ard ly a ny a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l , l e ad ing Roud i l t o s ugges t t ha t d ome s t ic a nd wo rk o ccupa t ion s may h ave t aken p lace i n ac entra l a rea o ft he v i l lage , whe re f i nd s a re p lent ifu l b ut s t ruc tures n on -ex is ten t ( Roud i l i n E sca lon d e F onton 1 968 , p .4 ' 75) . As i ng le p os t -ho le was d i scove red i nt he r ock ( Roud i l 1 970) . Hear ths h ave b een r epor ted f rom v a r ious p a r t s o f t he s i te , i nc lud ing o ne e no rmou s l en t icu lar o ne i n p lace a nd c onta in ing af i ne b lade i ndus try i nc lud ing t r ansve rse a nd ' p ierc ing ' a r rowhead s , b ore rs o n b lades a nd b ur ins ;b one p o int s ( p iercer s , p unches ) ; a nd d eco ra ted C ha sseen s herd s ( Roud i l 1 965 , p .16 ' 7) . S ubs i stence e conomy No r ema ins o fc u l t ivated p lants w ere f ound . The f auna l r e ma ins a re mos t ly o f s heep a nd c at t le ( Roud i l p er s . c omm .) . S ome s he l ls o f l and t o rto ise h ave b een f ound ( Roud i l 1 970) . I t may b e s uspec ted t ha t t he n earne ss o f t he l a goon may h ave l ed t o s ome r e l iance o n f i sh ing . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he re i s ar i ch l i th ic i ndus try o n b lades . Mea suremen ts o n 1 07 u nretouched b lades a nd 9 7 r e touched b lades p roduced mean w idth measu rement s o f 9 mm a nd 1 0 mm r e spec t ive ly , a nd mean t h ickne s s mea surement s o f 2 .0 m m a nd 2 .5 mm r e spect ive ly .

1 16

T he f o l low ing i mp lements w ere d i scovered : L ea f a r rowheads

2

L ozenge a r rowheads

1 1

T anged a r rowheads

2( ?3 )

T ransve rse a rrowhead s

5

H ea rt shaped a r rowhead

1

B ore r s o n b lades

2 0 ( 2 s hou lde red)

Bu r ins o n b lades E ndsc raper o n b lade

8( 3 o n r e touched e dge , 5o n b reak ) 1

T here a re t h ree n otched b lade s a nd o ne b o rer w ith an otch o n t he d orsa l f a ce . One o f t he n otched b lade s a nd s evera l o ft he b ur in s b ear ar e touched t runca t ion . Too ls o n f l ake s i nc lude f ronta l a nd l a tera l s c rape rs a nd b orers . An e ar l ier c o l lec t ion o fl i th ic ma te r ia lf rom t h is s i te , c o l lec ted b y J . Aud iber t , was a na ly sed b y D reyfus ( 1959 ) . M l le D reyfus made t he a na ly s is o f t he h oney -co loured b lades a nd t oo ls b y mean s o f t he L ap lace s y stem , a nd n ot iced s im i lar i nd ice s o f b ur ins a nd s c raper s i nt he s a mp le , a n e xces s o f f l at r e touch a sc o mpa red t o a brup t r e touch , a nd ah igher i ndex o f p o in t s a nd b o rer s t han d ent icu lated b lades . 9 4 .3% o ft he i ndus t ry w as o n b lades . D reyfus c onc luded t hat t he l a rge n u mber o ft r ansve rse a r rowheads w ith i nvas ive r e touch i nd ica tes C ha s se-e n t r ad it ion , b ut b ecause o f t he p resence o f an u mbe r o fl a rge b lades , t anged a r rowheads a nd l a rge l e af p o in t s r ega rded t he s i te a sr e la t ive ly l a te ( D reyfus 1 959 , p .5) . G round s tone T he o n ly g round s tone t oo ls a ppea r t o b e af r agment o f p o l ished g reens tone a xe , an ear ly c o mp lete p o l i shed s tone ` pounder ' a nd ar ound t h in p ebb le w i th ah o le b o red a t o ne e nd , p re sum a b ly t o e nab le i t s u se a s ap endan t . S he l l Ap ie rced p ecten s he l l wa s a l so p robab ly i n tended a s ap endant . B one Roud i l h a s men t ioned t he n umerous b one p o int s f ound o n t he s i te w ith t he a r t icu la r e nd p rese rved a s ag r ip ( E sca lon d e Fon ton 1 968 , p .475) . C . ,her b one t oo l s i nc lude r ounded c h ise l -ended t oo ls o n s p l it l ong -bone s a nd v ery t h in t ubu la r s ect ions o f b one , a tl e a s t o ne o f wh ich wa s p robab ly i n tended a s ad oub le p o int , p erhaps f or f i sh ing . P ottery T he p ot tery i su sua l ly v ery f r agmen ted , d ue t o t he g enera l ly t h in s o i l c over . However , Roud i l h a s r epo r ted t he f i nd o f h a lf o f av e ry t h in -wa l led s hou ldered v a se b ear ing a h o r izonta l ly p e r f o ra ted t ubu la r l ug f r o m wh ich t wo c urved i nc ised l i ne s d epar t i nt he f o rm o f a' mous tache ' ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 968 , p .475) . Ac ons iderab le p o rt ion o f al ow b ow l w i th c a r ina t ion a bout 1 0 mm b e low t he r im ' , w e l l p o l ished a nd l i gh t b rown i n c o lour , h a s a l so b een f ound , a nd t here a re n ine o ther f r agment s b ea r ing c a r ina t ions , a nd t wo w i th as hou lde r i np lace o f ac a r ina t ion . One s he rd h a s ah o r izonta l ly p ie rced b u tton b e low t he c ar inat ion . F ive o the r s he rds a re a l so s hou l d e red , b ut s eem t o b e f r agments o f h ighe r -wa l led , g lobu la r b ased v a se s . T here we re s even e xamp les o f o pen b ow ls b ear ing a n i n terna l i nc ised l i ne b e low t he r im a nd o ne e xamp le o f ap la te w ith a n i n terna l ly t h ickened r im i nc ised i n as imp le ' V ' p a t tern , t he p o int s o ft he ' V ' f ac ing i nwards o n t he p la te . I ti sd i ff icu l t t o e s tab l i sh o ther s hape s w ith a ny c e rta in ty , b ut an umber o fr im s herds i nd ic a te ad eep s t ra ight -wa l led p rof i le , i nc lud ing ar im s herd w i th ab roken h or izonta l ly p e rforated b ut ton b eg inn ing 1 7 mm b e low t he r im . T here i s ag rea t r i chnes s o f p la s t ic d ecora t ion , i nc lud ing h o r izonta l ly p ie rced b ut tons a nd t ubu lar l ug s a nd v er t ica l ly p erfora ted r a the r f l at b uttons , many o ft hem b roken f r agment s o f mu lt i -pe rfo ra ted 'co rdons . T he re a re t h ree s e ts o fP an -p ipes . As herd b ea r ing t wo r ows o fs ma l l b uttons b e low ab eaded r im , a nd a no ther b ear ing c hanne l led c hev ron d ecorat ion , may d a te f rom al a te r o ccupa t ion o r i n trus ion , a sd oes af r agmen t o fr i ng h and le . Ab roken f l a th and le w ith ah o le p ierced a t o ne e xtrem ity i ss im i la r i ns hape b ut much l a rger t han as im i la r p ie rced b aked c l ay t ube , wh ich c an b e t enta t ive ly c on s idered a s ap endant . C o mment T he a r t ifact s f r o m Roud i l ' s e xcava t ions a t t h is s i te s how ar ema rkab le h omogene i ty , b o th i nt he f l int t oo ls a nd t he p ottery s hapes . S tr ik ing f ea tures i nc lude t he h igh n umber o fl ozenge a nd l ow n umbe r o fl e af a r rowhead s ;t he l a ck o f t anged a nd b arbed p o in ts ;a nd t he l ow v a lue s f o r w idth a nd t h ickne ss o ft he b lade i ndus t ry . T he h igh i nc idence o fc ar ina ted a nd n on -ca r ina ted b ow ls i sa l so o f i n tere st .

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OPEN -A IR S ITES , HERAULT , WITH CHASSEEN FL INT I NDUSTRIES T he BUZ INARGUES s i te i n t he u pper v a l ley o ft he B enov ie r i ver c onta ined 7 0% b lade t oo ls , i nc lud ing 2 72 t h in b lades , 6b ur ins o n b lade s , a t l e a s t 1 4 a r rowheads i nc lud ing t wo p o s s ib le t r ansver se o ne s , 1 6 b orer s a nd 1 p y ram ida l n uc leus . The s u rface c o l lec t ion a l so p roduced p o l ished a xes a nd b one p o int s b ut n o p ot tery ( Arna l a nd J ean jean 1 936 -46) . T he s ame u ppe r v a l ley o f t he B enov ie c onta ins a no the r s i te a t GALLARGUES ;h ere a ga in t he i ndust ry i nc ludes b lades , b orer s o n b lades , a nd t r ansver se a nd p ierc ing a r rowheads ( Ar a ! a nd J ean jean 1 936 -46 ) . B eyond t he v a l ley o ft he Mos son , t he GOUYRONNE s i te o n ah i l l i nt he g a rr igue , p roduced o ver a n a rea o f 2 900 s qua re me tres , e spec ia l ly c oncent ra ted i ns i x z one s o f d en s ity , al a rge n umber o f f l int b lades a nd t oo ls , a nd af r agmen t o f g ran ite q ue rn b ut n o p o t te ry o rg round s tone . T he f l int u sed w a s b rown o r h oney , a nd t he f i nds i nc luded 5 2 b lade s a nd b l ade le t s , 4b o rer s , 6p os s ib le t r an sverse a r rowheads a nd 3 l ozenge a r rowheads . The i ndust ry i sr epo rted a s b e ing o f med ium s i ze , a nd c on ta in ing an umbe r o ft oo ls o n f l ake s , a nd 8 p ick s ( Laut ie r 1 950) . T he s i te o f JUV IGNAC i n t he v a l ley o f t he Mos son , i so n s and , a nd n ow u nder v i ne s . T he f l int t oo l s w ere e s sen t ia l ly m icro l ith ic a nd o n b lades , i nc lud ing 9 0 b lade s , 3s c raper s o n b lades , 2l ozenge a nd 3l e af p o int s a nd 1 t r ansver se a r rowhead , 5b ore rs o n b lade s a nd 1m ic ro -bur in . T he re i sn o p o l ished s tone o r p o tte ry i ndus t ry f rom t h is s i te ( Aud iber t a nd B oudou 1 955 , p .100) .

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CAMP REDON 1 AND 2 , CO MMUNE OF LANSARGES ;S ITE 1 1 , CO MMUNE OF LATTES; AND FREJORGUES , CO MMUNE OF FREJORGUES , HERAULT R efe rence s :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 970 Roud i l 1 974 , p p .652 -3 Mendoza 1 978 Mendoza e ta L 1 979 Marchand a nd Vaguer 1 976

G eo logy The s i te s l i e o n t he l ow ly ing Nor th b ank o f t he l a goon o f Maug io , e spec ia l ly o n s l igh t em inence s . The s ur round ing s a re most ly s a l ty , w i th more h e rbaceous p lants o n t he em inence . S ite s i ze C amp R edon i se s t i ma ted t o b e 1 00 x 2 80 m 2 ( Mendoza e ta l . 1 979 , f i g .2) . Gene ra l ly t here i s as l ight a r t ifact s catter a l l a long t he e dge o ft he l a goon w i th s ma l ler a rea s f u l l o fa r t ifac t s a nd f ea tures . E xcavat ion h i story The G roupe A rcheo log ique d e P a in leve h ave c ar r ied o u t e xcava t ions a long t he f o rme r Nor th e dge o ft he l a goon , wh ich l ay f ur ther Nor th t han a t p resent , a c ro ss t he c entre o f L a t tes ( P rades p e rs . c omm .) . S trat igraphy E ither p ure C has seen l e ve l b e tween r ock a nd s t er i le l ayer s , o rC ha s se en b e low M idd le B ronze A ge a nd l a ter o ccupa t ions . No C a rd ia l d epos i t s— the n eares t t o t he s i te b e ing t hose n ear V i l leneuve l e s -Mague lonne . F eatures Numerous f ea tures h ave b een l ocated i nl oca l d ra inage t r enches , i nc lud ing p i t -hear th sw i th s tone s a nd c ha rcoa l ( a lthough t he a rea i sp oor i ns tone s) . Two a ppa rent r ubb ish p i ts p roduced C has seen p ot tery i nc lud ing g lobu lar v esse ls , aw ide c a r ina ted b ow l a nd af l a t b ow l ( Ma rchand a nd V aguer 1 976) . Mendoza s aw n umerous p i t s i n n ew ly c ut t r enches t hrough t he C amp R edon 2 s i te , mo st o ft hem s ha l low a nd e longa ted , o ther s s hor te r a nd d eeper . One o f t he l a t ter w as 1m d eep , w i th af l at b a se a nd i nwa rd c u rv ing wa l l s , c . 1 .3 m a par t a t t he b e l ly a nd 8 0 cm a pa r t a t t he r im ; i t wa s f i l led w ith ay e l low ish s andy c l ay , a nd a bou t 1 00 s herds a nd 6 0 f l in t b lades . Af r ag ment o fs ands tone q ue rn a nd a n ima l a nd f i shbone s ( dau rade , p os s ib ly t unny , s ma l l s na i l s ) w e re a l so f ound i n t he p i t . I n o ne o f t he f ou r s ha l low p i t s s een i ns ec t ion w a s ah uman s ke leton ( Mendoza 1 978 , p .13) . Mater ia l : C h ipped a nd g round s tone i ndus tr ies The a s semb lage s c on s is t o fg reen s t ,one p ot f orme r s , as e rpent ine s mooth -edged a xe ;f l in t o f many d if ferent c o lour s i nc lud ing h oney , d a rk b lu ish ( due t o s o i l c ond i t ions ? ) , l i ght b rown -g rey a nd d eep b rown , a nd f e ld spar .

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P ot ery T he p o ttery i sw e l l made i n t he f i ne -wa l led C has se-e n t r ad it ion , w ith c ar inated v es se ls , o pen b ow ls w ith o ne o r t wo h or izon ta l l i nes , r a re i nc ised d ecora t ion , a nd mu lt i -perfora ted l ug s .

5 0

LA CONDAM INE , SA INT -AUNES , HERAULT R eference :

Ma jure l a nd P rades 1 967

G eo logy C oa s ta l p la in , s andy o r r edd ish s o i ls . Locat ion On as l ight r i se a bove t he b ank o ft he R iver C adou le , t o t he North -Eas t o f Montpe l l ier , j u s t S outh o f L e C res . S ite s i ze Mo re t han VA h ecta res , i nc lud ing t he v ineya rd where f i nd s w e re f i rst n oted a nd i t s n e ighbour t o t he Nor th , r e moved i n 1 963 -4 . Excavat ion h i story T he s i te w a sr evea led when o ld v ines w ere t orn u p i n 1 958 , d i s turb ing t he s o i l t o ad ep th o f 7 0 cm , a nd b r ing ing u p h u man b one a nd f l int a r t ifac ts . F our t e s t p i t s were d ug . S trat ig raphy I n t he t e s t p i t s , b urn t c obb les a nd a r t ifact s were f ound a t ad epth o f5 0 -65 cm b e low t he s urface . Al i tt le L ate N eo l ith ic f l intwork was f ound w ith t he C has se-e n mater ia l i ns urface c o l lec t i ons . F eatures P os s ib le g raves ,a nd a rea s o fb urnt c obb les wh ich were p robab ly h ear ths . S ubs i stence e conomy An i ma l b ones i nd ica te ah igh p ropor t ion o f sma l l c a t t le , p lus r a re e xamp les o fl a rge c at t le , p ig , b oar , sma l l g oat , r abb i t o rh a re a nd r ed d eer . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone Mos t ly h oney -co loured f l int , r a re ly j a sper a nd o bs id ian . F ewer w as te f l akes ( 1154) t han a r t ifact s , s ugges t ing c a refu l p reserva t ion o ff l int . I ndus try ma in ly o n b lades ( 1843) , b etween 2a nd 8cm i nl eng th . B lades a re n otched o r d ent icu la ted , f i ve o ft hem w ith s i ck le l us t re . Too l t ypes i nc lude 1 42 s craper s , o f ten o n t he e nds o f b lades a nd s hor t t h ick f l akes ; 1 35 b ur ins , mos t ly o n b lades ; 9 8 p o int s a nd b o rer s ;a nd 4 2 p ierc ing a nd 3 9 t r ansver se a r rowheads . The re w ere 5 2 n uc le i a nd 1f l int a xe . G round s tone S ix q uerns a nd an umber o fp o l i shed a xes a nd g r ind s tones were f ound . B one R a re t oo ls w ere f ound . P ot tery T he p ot tery w as w e l l f i red i nv ary ing s hades f rom b e ige t o b rown , a nd c onta ined c a lc ite f i l ler . L arge s torage v es se ls h ad wa l ls o ver 1 .5 cm t h ick , b u t s ma l l a nd med ium v es se ls were c .5 m m t h ick ( between 3a nd 7 mm ) . S hapes i nc luded many c ar inated b ow ls a nd s pher ica l v ases , w ith f ewer l ow o pen b ow ls a nd b r im med p late s a nd o ne v ase s uppor t . P la s t ic d ecora t ions i nc lude P an p ipes , mu lt i -perfo ra ted c ordon s , p erfora ted a nd p la in b ut tons .

OPEN -A IR S ITES , GARD , WITH CHASSEEN ASSE MBLAGES M . C am i l le Hugue s h a s s pent y ea r s s ea rch ing f or s i tes o n t he g a r r igue i nt he G a rd a nd H e rau l t d gpar te ment s . I n ar epor t o f 1 928 h e d escr ibed t he ma ter ia l f rom as i te c a l led S ERRE DES MOURGES , i nt he c ommune o fS t G en ies d e Ma lgo ires , wh ich s t retched o ver t hree h ec tares . Apa r t f ro m many f i nds d a t ing f rom l a ter o ccupat ions , t h is s i te p roduced m icro l ith ic b orer s , h oney c o loured p ierc ing a nd t r ansver se a r rowheads ( e .g . Hugues 1 935 , p .15) , p ot tery s t ra ine r s a nd a s herd d ecorated a f ter f i r ing w i th i nc ised c ros s -ha tched l ozenges ( Hugues 1 928 ; 1 935 , p .8) . T hree o the r s i tes i n t he s a me c om mune h ave p roduced t r ansverse a rrowheads a nd a b lade i ndus try—LE FESC , DESSOUS DES FONTA INES a nd BERN IRINQUE ; t he l a t ter s i te a l so p roduced b orer s a nd al e af a r rowhead . One o ft he t hree L es F onta ines s i tes p roduced mu lt i p erforated c ordons ( Hugues 1 928 , p p .9 -10 ) . T he Hugue s c o l lec t ion a l so i nc ludes ma ter ia l f rom t he s i te o f LES CHATA IGN IERS ,

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c ornr 7 ,i ne o f B a ron . P io bab ly t he m ixed f l int i ndustry r epresen ts s ucces s ive o ccupa t ions ( Meso l i th ic , C ha s s6 en a nd C ha lco l ith ic ) . The s i te p roduced many b orer s , most ly o n f l akes , a nd ab lade i neu st ry o fC has sien d i mens ion s o n g rey , y e l low o r l i gh t b rown f l int , l e s s o f ten o n h oney -co loured f l int . A lso f ound w ere f i ve t ransverse a rrowheads , t wo o ft hem v ery e longa ted f or C ha ss‘ en e xamp les , at anged a nd b a rbed a rrowhead , ab roken sma l ll e af a r rowhead a nd a nother l a rger o ne . T here w ere many t oo ls o n f l akes . S tea t ite b eads , f l int h ammer s tones , a nd af r agment o f p o l i shed a xe w ere a l so f ound . Ano ther o pen -a ir s i te i nt he Ga rd i s' SUR LE V ILLAGE ' , a t Nages -et -Sa lo rgues , wh ich h as p roduced l ozenge -shaped a r rowheads , b o rers , an umber o fc a r inated s herds , a n o pen b ow l f r agmen t w ith ah or izon ta l l i ne b e low t he i nterna l r im , p e rfo ra ted b ut ton sa nd mu lt i -perfora ted c ordons ( A uger 1 966 ) . T he s i te a t ROUTE DE TAVEL , c ommune o f Rochefor t -du -Gard , e xam ined b y F . B az i le , h as p roduced t r ansver se a r rowhead s , al e af p o int , a nd o pen b ow l sw i th ah or izonta l l i ne i nc ised b e low t he i nterna l r im ( Baz i le p er s . c omm .) . T he s a me e xcava tor c a rr ied o ut ar e scue e xcavat ion a t VALL IARNAUDE , c ommune o f V auvert , a f ter a g r icu l tura l wo rk h ad r evea led ac obb le f ea tu re ( Roud i l 1 976 , p p .571-2 a nd f i g .35) . T he c obb les h ad b een s p l it b y f i re a nd o ver lay c harcoa l . No a r t ifact s w ere f ound , b ut t he t ype o f s t ructure a nd t he C -14 d a te ( 3570 C has sgen s t ructure .

1 00 b .c .—MC 1 163 ) make i tp os s ib le t ha t t h is was a n E ar ly

Another p os s ib le C has sgen s i te wa sl oca ted a t LES BOUSSENES , c ommune o fL a Rouv iere ( Roud i l 1 974 , p p .661 -2) . S urface f i nds f rom t he t e rrace s o ft he B raune s t ream—a t r ibuta ry o ft he Ga rdon—were s tud ied b y Gutherz . T here w ere f our t r ansver se a r rowhead s , t hree w i th ma rg ina l

-

a nd o ne w ith i nva s ive r etouch , a nd al a rge n umber o f d ent icu la tes . Gutherz r epor ted t hat o n ly 3 7 .6% o ft he i ndus t ry was o n b lades .

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LOU LAVOUS , GRAND -GALLARGUES , GARD R eference :

F enou i l let a nd V ague r 1 974

G eo logy L i mes tone . L ocat ion L ow ly ing a g r icu ltura l l and . E xcavat ion h i story 1 968 e xcava t ion , f o l low ing s urface c o l lect ion o f G a l lo -Roman ma ter ia l , r evea led aN eo l ith ic p i t . S trat ig raphy L eve l I : a rab le , 0 -50 cm L eve l Ha : l i ght -co loured c l ay , s ome s herd s , 5 0 -120 cm L eve l Ib : p i t , 1 20 -130 cm L eve l I I : wh i te l imey c rust i n to wh ich t he p i t w as d ug . F eatures P i t , o n ly 1 0 cm d eep , s ub -c ircu lar , 1 .10 m i n d iame te r . Th is c onta ined p ot tery a nd t h ree l a rge c obb les a nd t wo p ieces o fs ands tone , a l so c harcoa l a nd b urn t c l ay . S ubs istence e cono my One c ard iu m s he l l. was f ound . A rt if act s T hr ee f l int f l akes w ere f ound i n L eve l Ia . C eram ic f i nds i nc luded t wo d eep b ow l s , b o t tom h eavy , o ne o ft he m 2 1 cm i n d iame ter a t t he mouth ,t he o ther b roken b ut s im i la r i ns i ze a nd w i th ah or izonta l ly p erfo ra ted l ug . A lso f ound w ere asma l l o vo id j a r w ith ap la in l ug , ar im o f a n o vo id p ot w ith ah o r izonta l ly p erfo rated l ug . I nc lus ions i nt he p o t t ing c l ay w ere ma in ly q ua r tz , a l so g round l imes tone ,m ica a nd f e ldspa r ;a l l t he s herds w ere w e l l made . C o mment V aguer c on s ider st hat t h is may b e a n e a r ly o r p ro to -Cha s sgen s i te b ecause o f t he s im i la r ity o ft he v a se t ypes w ith t hose o f S a rge l Ia nd Montbo lo .

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MALECASTEL SUPER IEUR , PAR IGNARGUES , GARD R eference :

A rt igues a nd Hugue s 1 977

G eo logy On t he e dge o fC re taceou s l imes tone g a rr igue a nd T er t ia ry s ync l ine o fS t Mame rt -Somm ieres . L ocat ion Above s p r ing o fF ont -Sa int -P ie rre . S ite s i ze 2 600 m 2 l im ited b y d rys tone wa l l ing . Excavat ion h i story S urface c o l lect ions w ere made f rom 1 969 -75 . A rt if act s Mos t ly c h ipped s tone , i n wh i te p at ina ted f l int ( occa s iona l ly r ed , b rown o r g rey) , a nd af ew q ua rtz f l akes a nd t wo o bs id ian b lade lets ( 2 mm t h ick , w i th ma rg ina lr etouch—A rt igues a nd Hugue s 1 977 , f i g .2 :12 ,13 ) . T he f l int wa s mos t ly t r apezo ida l i ns ec t ion , w i th amax imum l eng th o fc .4 cm , max imu m u nretouched t h icknes s o f 1 -3 mm a nd max imum r e touched t h icknes s o f4 -5 mm . Unretouched b lade let s 2 10 R etouched b lade let s

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E ndscraper s o n b lades

1 2

B orer s o n b lades

3

B orer s o n f l akes

2

T ransverse a r rowheads

5

T anged a nd b a rbed a r rowhead

1

G round s tone B u tt s o fg reens tone a xes , ac ry sta l l ine h am me , t wo b asa lt q uern f r agments . C o mment N ea rby , t o t he S outh -West , i st he s i te o f Montagnon , p robab ly af l in t wo rkshop . P o lyhedr ic a nd p r isma t ic c ore s , b lanks a nd f l akes h ave b een f ound .

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TERRAS , MUS , GARD C o l lect ion :

M me Roth

L ocat ion T h is c o l lect ion w as made i na n a rea c overed b y v ines , o n as l ight em inence i n af a ir ly l e ve l , w e l l -watered s t retch o f s andy c ountry . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone A r t ifact s c ons is t o ft wo p y ram ida l b lade let n uc le i , as i ck le b lade w i th r etouch o n a l l f our e dges , t he r i gh t v en t ra l s i de b e ing l u st rou s f rom u se , t wo o ther r e touched b lade let s a nd o ne u nretouched b lade let f r agment . P ot tery F ragmen ts i nc luded t hree c a r inated r im s herds ;i n t wo c ase s t he wa l l a bove t he c ar ina t ion w a s f l a r ing a nd i nt he t h ird n ea r ly v er t ica l . An o rangy -brown r im f r agment o f al ow b ow l b ore a h or izonta l i nc i sed l i ne b e low t he i n terna l r im . A we l l p o l ished p ro trud ing l ug h ad c ome o ut o fa p ot w a l l , a nd i t s t ang w as ' c le a r ly v i s ib le . Ac oup le o fs herds b o re i nc ised p a tterns , e i ther z i g -zag o r p la in d iamond s u nder t wo h or izon ta l l i nes , wh ich d id n ot s eem t o b e C ha s seen . No r d id av ery f l a r ing l i p o n aw e l l -po l ished d a rk b rown f abr ic . However , t he v e ry t yp ica l s hapes a l ready men t ioned , a nd t he l a rge n umber o f w el -po l ished o r d a rk o r l i ght b rown s herds , d o i nd ica te C ha sseen s e t t le ment a t t h is l oca t ion .

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LA S IROQUE , ST LAURENT DES ARBRES , GARD R eferences :

F . l 3 az i le ( per s . c omm .) Roud i l a nd S ou l ier 1 969 , p p .244 -6 •

L ocat ion B e low Mount J up iter , t o E as t o f S aus s ine F a rm i nc lud ing a l l o ft he S ou the rn h i l l b e low t he P la teau o fJ up ite r t o t he S t -Mau r ice c ount ry . E xcavat ion h i story S urface c o l lec t ions a t t he b eg inn ing o ft h is c entu ry , i nc lud ing ma ter ia l i n G raner c o l lect ion , N i g tne s .

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A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he G raner c o l lect ion i nc ludes s even r e touched b lades , t wo w ith p ronounced r e touch ; s even b ur ins ;o ne sma l l l e af a r rowhead ;t wo t r ansver se a r rowheads o n b lades , o ne e longa ted , b o th w ith s em i invas ive d o rsa l a nd m in ima l v ent ra l r e touch ; four b orer s ;a nd o ne s t eep ly b acked b lade ( « foret ' ) . F . B az i le i nd icates t hat t he s i te a l so p roduced l ozenge s haped p o int s ( Baz i le p er s . c omm .) . F lakes w ere made i n to s i descraper s a nd i n to s ma l l f ronta la nd l a tera l s c rape r s . One o b s id ian b lade let was f ound . G round s tone T he G raner c o l lect ion i nc ludes at h in sect ioned p o l ished s e rpent ine a xe a nd t wo b i l les , a nd Roud i l a nd S ou l ier i lus t rate af r agment o fl imes tone b race le t a l so f ound o n t he s i te ( Roud i l a nd S ou l ier 1 969 , f i g .4 :18 ) . P ot tery Af r agment o fo pen b ow l w i th h o r izon ta l i nc ised l i ne b e low t he i n terna lr im wa s f ound , a nd as herd w ith al ong h o r izonta l ly -perfo rated b ut ton o n ac a r inat ion ( Roud i l a nd S ou l ie r 1 969) .

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STAT ION BARR IERE , VERGAGE , GARD L ocat ion T h is s i te w as f ound d ur ing e xcavat ions o f ac ana lj us t S outh o fN imes b y t he S oc iet6 d u C ana l d u Rhene ; t he c o l lec t ion i sp resen t ly i n t he c a re o fM . B a r r ie re o ft h is c ompany . E xcavat ion h i story T he t r ench d ug b y t he c ana l c ompany i n to s andy l and t o t he S outh o fN imes af ew y ea r s a go e xposed t wo d a rk c onvex a rea s ( p its ) i n t he o ne met re s ubso i l b e low t he 5 0 cm a rab le l e ve l . T he s i te i sn ow p lanted w ith v ines . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone T h i rty b lades a nd t oo ls w ere k ep t i nt he B a r r ik .e c o l lect ion , a nd av i s it t o t he s i te p roduced asma l l h oney -co loured h ea rt -shaped s c raper . F ou r o ft he t oo ls a pa r t f rom t h is s c rape rw e re h oney c o loured , t he o thers l i ght b rown , d a rk b rown o r g rey -b lack . T here were 1 3 u nretouched b lades a nd f r agments , 1 1 r e touched b lades a nd f r agmen ts , o ne t runca ted b lade , t wo p os s ib le b orer t i p s , ap yram ida l n uc leus a nd a n e nd scraper o n af l ake . Aq ua r tz f r agmen t c omp leted t he c o l lect ion . P ot tery T he t r ench p rof i le , GV I Ih (2 ) d rawn b y t he c ana l e ng ineers , ma rk s " s i lex t a i l l6s e tp o ter ies" a tt he d i sturbed h ab i ta t ion z one s . Unfo r tunate ly t he re i sn o r ecord o f wha t t h is p o tte ry l ooked l i ke , a nd i th as n ow d i sappeared .

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ABR IS DE BRUGAS , VALLABRIX , GARD R efe rence :

Roud i l 1 978 , p p .6 76 -8

G eo logy Qua r tz ites o ver ly ing C enoman ien s ands . L ocat ion Qua r tz ite q uar r ies . Excavat ion h i s tory Two r ock s he lters w ere p a rt ly d amaged b y h eavy l o r r ies , a nothe r was d es troyed a nd a n o pen a i r s i te o n ap latfo rm wa s d amaged when t he q uar r ie s w ere e xtended i nt he w in ter o f 1 975 -6 . A rchaeo log ica l wo rk i n 1 976 b y Messr s L aut ier , V a ton a nd C ou larou i n c on juct ion w ith t he a rchaeo log ica l g roup o f No isy le -Sec s howed t ha t t he o pen a i r s i te c onta ined a r t ifact s f rom t he Mouster ian t o t he C ha lco l ith ic . S he lter 1 ( the r i ches t ) c onta ined p ar t icu lar ly g ood c h ipped s tone a nd c eram ic a s semb lages f rom t he C a rd ia l N eo l ith ic a nd t he C has seen . A r t if act s T here h a s b een n o d eta i led d escr ip t ion o ft he a r t ifac t s .

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V ILLENEUVE -LES -AV IGNON , GARD R efe rence :

C ha te let 1 911

L ocat ion One m i le Nor th o f t he t o wn o f V i l leneuve les -Av ignon . E xcavat ion h i story D iscovered 1 907 d ur ing s and e xp lo ita t ion . F eatures I tw as c l a i med t ha t ' hut -f loo rs ' w ere f ound a t t h is s i te , b ut i ti sl i ke ly t hat t hese were mere ly p it s , a s s uggested i nt he d i sp lay i nt he Av ignon P reh is tory Museum . S ubs is tence e conomy C hate let s ugge s ted t he i nhab itan ts f i shed i nt he R iver Rheme . T he s i te p roduced ma r ine s he l l s , a nd awo rked c a t t le h orn wh ich p robab ly i nd icates d omes t ica ted c a t t le . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone Honey -co lou red b lade let s , s ub lozenge p o int s , a ng le b u r ins o n b lade let s , a n e nd -scraper o n ab lade a nd a f ronta l s c rape r o n af l ake , t ogethe r w ith an uc leus , c omp r ise t he l i th ic ma ter ia l o n v i ew i nt he Av ignon P reh is tory Museum f rom t h is s i te . G round s tone Two s erpent ine a xe f r agment s a nd t hree b i l les , t wo i nl ime s tone a nd o ne i ns e rpent ine . B one C h ise ls , ap o s s ib le c ow ' s r i b p o l ishe r , ar ound p ie rced p endant , p o int s a nd as pa tu la a re t he b one t oo ls r e ma in ing f ro m t he e xcava t ions a tV i l leneuve les -Av ignon . P ot tery C hate let ment ions ac up i n f i ne b lack wa re , a nd t he Av ignon P reh is tory Museum c onta ins a d eep b ow l w ith l ow s of t c a r ina t ion , b ea r ing s ma l l u nperfo ra ted b ut tons aq ua rter o f t he way d own t he s i de . The o ther c eram ic r e ma in s a re a l l f r agmentary , a nd i nc lude h o r izonta l ly p erfo rated b uttons , o ne j us t b e low ac a r ina t ion ;a nd a nother o n t he r im o f ab lack s herd ;a nd o ne v ert ica l ly b iper fo rated b ut ton . T he re a re s evera l o the r p erfo rated b ut tons o fi ndete rm ina te d i rect ion , a nd t hree mu lt i -perfo ra ted c o rdons . T here wa s p resumab ly a l so l a ter o ccupa t ion a t t he s i te , s i nce t he E ty c o l lect ion a t A v ignon c onta ins t hree s he rds w ith s ha l low n on -perfora ted c o rdons , a nd t he Av ignon P reh istory Museum d i sp lay i nc ludes as herd w i th F er nere s c hev ron s a nd v er t ica l a nd h o r izonta l c hanne l l ing .

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BAU ME D 'OULL INS , LE GARN , GARD R eference :

Roud i l 1 980 , p p .435 -40

S ite s i ze "One o ft he b igge st r ock s he l te rs i nS outh -Ea s t F rance" ( Roud i l 1 980 , p .435) . Excavat ion h i story E xcava t ion s i nce t he 1 9th c entury w i thout method u nt i l 1 957 -8 , t hen e xcava ted b y Comb ier , C auv in a nd Ducos . S ince 1 978 Roud i l , S ou l ie r , S aumade a nd B az i le h ave b een s tudy ing t he l e ve l s l e f t i n p lace —L eve l 4 : Cha sseen , L eve l 5 : u ndeterm ined , a nd L eve l 6 : C a rd ia l . A rea e xcavated 1 5 m2 o ft he p orch w a s e xcava ted i n 1 978 . F eatures Two c uvet te h ea rths i ns qua res C 12 a nd B 11-12 w ere f ound . T he b a ses o ft he c uve ttes were c overed w i th al ayer o fc harcoa l , t hen al ayer o fl u mps o fr ock ( Roud i l 1 980 , f i g .10 ) . A r t if act s L eve l 4 : C ha s seen -3640 *110 b .c . ( MC 2 033) .

Al ow o pen b ow l w ith h or izonta l l i ne

b e low t he r im , c a r ina ted b ases , f l int b lades a nd b one a w ls w ere f ound . L eve l 5 : C h ipped s tone : f l int b lades a nd t r ansve r se a r rowheads we re f ound . The p ottery c on s i s ted o fl a rge , s t ra igh t -wa l led b rown v a ses w ith r ough ly c rushed f i l ler a nd f r iab le d ay b ody . S ome v es se l s h ad i mpressed r ims o r i n terrup ted l a rge c hanne ls a cro ss t he b ody . T here w ere a l so f l a r ing r im v a ses w ith f i ne h or izonta l l adders i nc ised i n to t he w et c l ay .

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GROTTE DE BAUME BOURBON , CABRIERES , GARD R eferences :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 972 , p p .529 -30 Roud i l 1 974 , p p .655 -6 C os te a nd Gutherz 1 976

L ocat ion H a lfway b etween N i me s a nd Remou l ins , a t t he f oot o f Nime s g arr igues ;t he s i te i s ac ave i n i n t he Nor th -South v a l ley , o pen ing o nto t he C abr iere s d ep res s ion . S i te s i ze S evera l c hamber s—on ly t he p orch s i te h as C hasseen ma ter ia l . Excavat ion h i story I n 1 969 P ey ra s p ut d own at e s t -p it ;i n 1 970 Roud i l e xcava ted i nt he e ntrance p orch a nd i n 1 972 c ont inued i n t he b ur ia l a rea a t t he b ack o f t he c ave a nd i nS a l le 1 . S t rat ig raphy L eve l 1 : C ha lco l ith ic t o H is tor ic ( i nc lud ing ame rchant ' s h oa rd) L eve l 2 : C ha lco l ith ic L eve ls 3 ,4 : C has seen L eve l 5 a : C ard ia l ( a lso b ur ia ls w ith f l in t f l akes a nd s he l l f r agment s ) . F eatures T hree h ear ths w ere f ound i nL eve l 3 ,a nd many p i t sw ere d ug d own f rom L eve l 4 ,f u l l o f b urnt s tones a nd c ha rcoa l ( e .g . Roud i l 1 974 , f i g .3 2) . S ubs i stence e conomy B one k i tchen r efuse wa s f ound i n t he C has seen l eve l s . D at ing C ha rcoa l a nd b urnt wood w as d a ted , b ut t he f i r s t d a te f o r t he C ha s seen l e ve l 3( Ly 4 12 4 100 b .c .) i sr egarded a s w rong b y t he e xcava to rs ( p robab ly d i s turbance o fe ar l ier C a rd ia l) . A s econd s a mp le f ro m t he s ame l eve l g ave ad a te o f 3 350 * 1 30 b .c . ( Ly 6 33) . T he F ina l C ard ia l i s d a ted t o 4 230 * 1 80 b .c . ( Ly 5 38) . A r t if act s C ha s s ' een : R ich l i th ic a nd c eram ic i ndus t r ies , i nc lud ing t r ansver se a r rowheads , r e touched a nd d en t icu la ted b lades . S herds w ere d ecora ted w i th s t ra igh t a nd c urved l adde r p a t terns . F ina l C ard ia l : Round -based , o f ten n ecked g lobu lar v es se ls , mos t ly d ecorated w i th c hanne ls , c o rdon s a nd p as t i l les ( Co s te a nd Gutherz 1 976 , f i g .2) . C ard ium i mp res s ion o n ly o n t wo v es se ls . L ith ic a r t ifact s c ons isted o fl a rge f l ake s o r b lade f l akes w ith p ar t ia l r etouch a nd ma rg ina l ly r e touched t r ansve rse a r rowheads ( Cos te a nd Gutherz 1 976 , p .249) .

GARDON VALLEY CAVES W ITH EVIDENCE OF CHASSEEN OCCUPATION R efe rence s :

L ou is 1 948 , p .100 Gagn iere 1 930 Du ma s 1 908 L ava l 1 906 D e lega t ion R eg iona le I il ' Env ironnement , L anguedoc , 1 973

T he N i mes , Av ignon a nd Mon tpe l l ier mu seums h ouse c o l lect ions f rom e xcava t ion s c arr ied o ut i n t he e a r ly c en tur ies i n t he c aves o ft he l imes tone c l if f s b o rder ing t he G a rdon r i ve r . Many o f t he c aves e xcava ted c on ta ined C has seen a r t ifact s ( an e s t imated 2 7 , a ccord ing t oD .R .E .L . 1 973) b ut u nfor tunate ly o n ly meag re r e ma ins o ft hese who lesa le e xcavat ions a re p rese rved . I ti sp a rt icu l a r ly s ad t ha t , a l though e a r l ier l e ve ls h ave b een p reserved i ns ome c ave s t ra t ig raph ies , t he N eo l i th ic l e ve ls h ave b een e xten s ive ly d amaged . D esp ite r ecent e xhaus t ive i nves t iga t ion o fo ld s po i l -heaps ( e .g . a t t he mos t f a mous s i te , t he G rot te d e S t V eredeme) N eo l ith ic d epo s its a re r a re ly f ound i ns i tu . R a re i nd icat ions o f f a rm ing s ubs is tence a re k nown f rom s ome o ft he c aves , a nd G asco h a s p o inted o ut t ha tz one s o fl oe ss s o i l s ur round t he ma jo r ity o ft he c aves o ccup ied d ur ing t he C ha s seen , p o int ing t o g ood a g r icu ltu ra l o ppo rtun it ies f or G a rdon v a l ley c ave dwele rs ( 1980a ) . Guebhard ( 1908 ) r epor ts o n at hree -e le men t P an -p ipe wh ich wa s f ound a t t he G rotte d e S eynes , a nd t he c o l lect ions o f t he S oc iete A rcheo log ique a t Montpe l l ier c onta in t h is P an -p ipe a nd t wo r im s herds , o ne o f ad eep b ow l a nd o ne o f as hou lder ed g lobu la r p o t , b ea r ing p ierced b ut tons a nd i nc ised ' mous tache ' d ecora t ion f rom t h is s i te ( Baz i le a nd P h i l l ips 1 970 , f i g .3 :1 ,2) . Anothe r ` mous tache ' -decora ted s herd w as r ecent ly f ound t here b y Mes sr s Roud i l a nd B ordreu i l ( per s . c omm . M . B ordreu i l ) . O ther C has sgen s herds f rom t he G ro t te d e S eyne s k ept a t Montpe l l ie r a re t wo w e l l

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p o l ished d a rk b rown r ims e ach b ea r ing n a rrow , s quare sect ioned mu lt i -per fora ted c ordons ( Nos . 1 43 a nd 1 49) a nd ah or izonta l ly p e rfora ted b ut ton s urrounded b y ac i rc le o fc ros s -hatched d eco rat ion ( No . 1 59 ) . F our u nusualy s haped ( hea r t shaped ) a r rowheads f rom S eyne s a re k ept a t t he N imes Museum . Mo re r ecen te xcavat ions a tS eyne s( Roud i l 1 974 , p .662 ; 1 976 , p p .569 -70) p roduced a p i t -hea rth w ith b urn t c l ay a t t he b ottom , f u l l o ff auna l r e ma ins , i nterpreted b y t he e xcava to r , P . Magne , a s ac ook ing p i t , a nd ar ound p i t w ith a shes a t t he b a se . As et o f c a r ina ted b ow ls , n ecked v ases , b ow ls w ith a n i n te rna l i nc ised l i ne i nd icat ed t he C ha . s seen n a ture o ft he d epo s it , t oge the r w ith ab lade i ndus t ry a nd ab one a nd a nt ler i ndustry ( bo rer s , n eed les a nd b one p o l i sher s ; a nt ler ' f o rk ' ) . C ar inated a nd i nc ised C ha s seen wa re a nd mu lt i -perforated c ordons we re a ppa rent ly f ound a tt he G rot te d es F ee s , T ha raux , G ard . F our r a ther r ough mu lt i -pe rforated c o rdons a re k ep t i n t he N ime s Museum , t ogether w i th ab ipe rfo ra ted l ug , as e rpent ine b i l le , s ome f l a t -sect ioned p o l ished a xes a nd af l int i ndus try o n b lades , a l l o f wh ich may b e p resumed t o b e long t o t he C ha ssg en o ccupa t ion . Duma sr epo rt s f i nd ing i nc ised d eco ra t ion i n ac ros s -ha tched d es ign , f i l led w ith r ed i ncrus ta t ion ( Du ma s 1 908 , p .229 ) , a nd t hree v a se support s . I ti sq u ite l i ke ly t ha t t h is c ave h ad av e ry i n tens ive C has seen o ccupa t ion , b ut t he l o ss o f t he f i nd s ( e .g . t he 2 50 d i f ferent v a ses ment ioned o n p .223 o f Duma s ' sr epor t ) make s i ti mpos s ib le n ow t o a s se s s t he p opu lat ion a nd t he ir w ay o fl i fe . T he G rot te Fraud , R emou l in s , G ard , w as a l so s ub jec t t or epeated o ccupa t ions a nd t he o n ly ` Cha s seen ' e l emen t s n ow r e ma in ing i nt he N imes Museum a re af our -e lemen t P an -p ipe , a f r agmen t o f f l a t sect ioned mu lt i -pe rfo ra ted c ordon a nd asma l l b ut ton l y ing o n t he s hou lder o f ad a rk s herd . L ou is , i na na lys ing t he G ro t te Fraud ma ter ia l , a l so ment ions an u mbe r o fh or izon t a l ly p er forated b ut tons ( Lou is 1 948 , p . 100) . T he B au me L ongue , D ion s , G a rd , wa s e xcava ted b y M ingaud a nd L ava l a tt he t urn o ft he c en tury , a nd t hey r epor t f i nd ing g eome t r ica l ly d eco rated p ot tery ( Lava l 1 906 ) among o the r n on C ha s seen e l ement s . T he M me s Museu m c on ta ins t he f o l low ing C ha sseen s herds f rom t h is s i te : a l a rge , f l at -sec t ioned mu lt i -perfora ted c ordon ;t wo d a rk w e l l -po l ished wa l l s herd s b ea r ing many P an -p ipe e l e ment s ; as ha rp ly c a r ina ted s herd w ith p a ra l le l v er t ica l l i ne s i nc ised b e low t he c a r in a t ion , v ary ing i n c o lour f rom l i ght b rown t o b lack ;a nd ab eaded r im i n av e ry l i ght b rown f abr ic , s had ing s omet i mes t o b lack , w ith f our o b l ique ly -ha tched l adder p a t terns i nc ised o n i t . T he L a F ro mager ie c ave , D ions , Ga rd , h as p roduced t he b e l ly o f ag lobu la r p o t , d ecora ted w ith a n a pp l ied c l ay s t r ip s o met imes p e rfora ted t o f orm P an -p ipe e l ement s , a nd b roken a t o ne p o in tb yc urv ing c hanne l led l i nes . A rna l , B a i l loud a nd R ique ti lu s t rate ac a sua l f i nd o f ac ar ina ted c up w ith h or izonta l ly p erforated b ut ton j u s t b e low t he c ar inat ion f rom t he s ame s i te ( 1960 , p l .I I :2) . T he f o l low ing c aves w i l l b e t r ea ted s epa ra te ly , a s t he i n format ion o n t he i r Cha sse 'en h or izon i sr a the r f u l ler : i n t he c o mmune o fD ion s , t he B aume s L at rone , t he G rot te d e l 'H ironde l le , t he G ro t te S t J o seph a nd t he G rotte Mazaur ic ;i n t he c ommune o fR emou l in s , t he G rot te d e S ar tanette a nd t he G rotte d e l aS a lpet r iere ; a nd i nt he c o m mune o fS an i lhac , t he G rot te d e S t V6 redeme .

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GROTTE DE LA SALPETRIERE , REMOULINS , GARD R eferences :

C aza l is d e Fondouce 1 871 G agn iere 1 930

L ocat ion C ave i n t he G ardon V a l ley n ear P ont -du -Ga rd . S ubs is tence e conomy G agn ie re ( 1930 ) a na ly sed t he f auna l ma te r ia l f rom wha t C aza l is d e F ondouce , t he e xcava tor , d esc r ibed a s t he N eo l ith ic l e ve l . The f i nds w ere r a the r meagre , b ut i nc luded d ome s t ica ted d og a nd p ig , s heep o f u nce rta in a f f i l ia t ion , w i ld c a t t le , r abb it a nd b eaver . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone Honey -co lou red b lades a re c onta ined i nb o th t he V a re i l le s a nd G imon c o l lec t ions a t Av ignon Museum , a nd t he l a t te r a l so i nc ludes h oney -co lou red s c rapers , t wo v e ry d en t icu lated b lade let s , a l unate shaped b acked b lade a nd n ine l e af a r rowheads . G round s tone As erpent ine b i l le wa s f ound i n ab ox marked "Vare i l les C o l lect ion—Sa r tanet te a nd S a lpet r i ere c aves" , s o i t may n ot h ave b een f ound a t L a S a lpe t r ie re . B one B one smoo the rs a re k nown f rom t h is s i te ( Caza l is d e F ondouce 1 871) .

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P ot tery Two f r ag ment s o f mu lt i -pe rfora ted c ordon a re k ept i nt he c o l lect ion o f ma ter ia l f rom t he G i mon e xcava t ions a t Av ignon Museu m . I n o ne c a se t he c ordon i sn ot c ont inuou s b ut i si n ter r upted b y n on -cordoned s ect ion s .

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GROTTE DE SARTANETTE , REMOUL INS , GARD R eferences :

C aza l is d e F ondouce 1 871 G agn iere 1 930

L ocat ion C ave n ear R emou l ins . S trat ig raphy T h is c ave was e xcavated w ith v ery l i tt le r ega rd f or s t rat ig raphy b ut i ti so bv ious f rom t he f i nd s t ha t C ha sseen a nd L a te N eo l ith ic g roups v i s ited t he s i te . S ubs i s tence e cono my G agn iere ( 1930 ) a na lysed t he b one ma te r ia l f rom t he Neo l ith ic a nd B ronze Age l eve ls a t t h is c ave a nd d i scove red t ha t t here w ere o dd b one so fd ome s t icat ed d og a nd p ig a nd l o t s o fb ones o f d ome st ica ted c a tt le . Many s heep b ones w ere f ound , t hough t he p rec ise f auna l p ar t s a re n ot s pec i f ied . S evera l b one s o f w i ld c a t t le w ere d etec ted , a nd l o t s o f w i ld b oar . R abb it w as a l so r epresented . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he o n ly t oo ls s een f rom t h is s i te a re t hree h oney -co lou red o ne s , ad oub le b ur in o n r etouched t runca t ion , ab i fac ia l ly a nd s em i inva s ive ly r e touched b lade , a nd af ronta l s c rape r o n af l ake ( Co l l . V a re i l les , A v ignon) . G round s tone C aza l is d e F ondouce i lus trated af r agment o f ap o l ished a xe ( 1871 , p l .IV ) a nd at h in -sec t ioned s e rpent ine a xe i sk ep ti n t he V a re i l le s c o l lect ion a t Av ignon , t ogether w i th af r agment o f al imestone b race let . F our b i l les , t hree f l at sec t ioned c h ise ls , a n a xe a nd as moother a re k ept a t Montpe l l ier . B one C aza l i s d e F ondouce i lus tra tes t hree aw ls ( three f rom s heep me tapod ia a nd o ne f rom as heep t i b ia ) a nd t wo ' ch ise ls ' made o fu nspec if ied l ong b ones ( Caza l is 1 871 , p l .I I I ) . P ottery C aza l is d e F ondouce i lust rates a6 -par t P an -p ipe ( 1871 , p l .IV :13) ( Soc . A rch . Montpe l l ier No . 1 695 ) , a nd asma l ler o ne i sh oused i n t he N imes Museum . An umber o f f r agment s o fd a rk p o l ished w are a re i lu s t rated b y C aza l is o r p re se rved a t N ime s , p a rt icu la r ly f rom t he B arne t e xcavat ions , whe re o ne l i t t le s he rd b ea r s ac a r ina t ion . Sma l l u nperfora ted b ut tons g re k nown o n t h is f abr ic , a nd t he N ime s Museum c onta ins t hree i nc ised s herds , o ne b ea r ing c ros s -ha tched l ozenges a nd t he o the r s p robab ly o fF er neres d er ivat ion . There i sa l so ac y l ind r ica l -sec t ion s hor t mu lt i -perfo ra ted c ordon . T he S oc i aA A rcheo log ique o f Mon tpe l l ie r ' s c o l lec t ion i nc ludes s herds f rom d if f erent o ccu p a t ions o f t he G rot te d e S a rtane tte ( Chas sgen , F erneres , F ontbou is se) . I nc ised d ecorat ion a ppea r s o n t wo s he rds : No . 1 696 i sp robab ly ah igh c a r ina ted b lack b ow l w i th f l a r ing l i p . V e ry s ma l l v ert ica l n ick s e x tend a round b e low t he c a r inat ion , a nd as wa the o fc ro s s -ha tched d ecora t ion s eems t o h ang f rom t he c ar ina t ion . A much s ma l le r s hou ldered g lobu la r p o t , l i ght b rown i nc o lour , b ea r s a n i nc ised z i g -zag p a t tern f i l led w i th h a tch ing a tr i gh t a ng les t o t he d es ign o n t he wa l l b e low t he s hou lder . One w e l l -po l ished b lack c a r ina ted f r agment b ea r s a n u npe rfo ra ted b ut ton a tt he c a r in a t ion , f ro m wh ich h ang t hree c urved p ara l le l l i nes , p erhap s a nother i nc ised ' mous tache ' d es ign . Two mu lt i -perforated c ordon s a nd o ne s e t o fP an -p ipes o n al i gh t b rown s herd w ith a p ronounced c urve ( No . 1 695—p robab ly t he s hou lder o f ag lobu la r p o t ) c omp le te t he s he rds wh ich may b e a s sumed t o d a te f rom t he C ha sseen o ccupa t ion o f t he G rotte d e S a r tane t te .

6 2

LES BAUMES LATRONE , D IONS , GARD R eference s :

L ou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 G agn iere 1 930

L ocat ion The L atrone c aves a re ag roup o f i n ter sec t ing c ave rns o n t he b ank s o ft he G ardon r i ve r , n ext d oor t o t he S t J oseph a nd L es F re res c aves . S i te s i ze The e ntrance c ave was a pp rox ima te ly 1 00 m 2 i na rea ( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , f i g .2) .

1 26

E xcavat ion h i story T he L atrone c ave s w ere t r enched i n an on -sc ient if ic manner b y Gene ra lP oth ier a nd l a ter b y B rothe r S a l lus t ien -Joseph . L ou is a nd D rouot r epor ted o n t he i r p os t -Wor ld Wa r Ie xcava t ions , wh ich w ere c onducted i n a n e f for t t o l i nk S outhern F rench s t ra t ig raph ie sw ith t hose o ft he A rene C and ide c ave i n L igu r ia ( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953) . . A rea e xcavated The L ou is a nd D rouo t e xcava t ions c ons is ted o f a2m b y 1m t r ench a cros s t he ' boyau 'o r t unne l l e ad ing i n to t he d eepe r c ave s . Th i s t r ench p rov ided t he f auna l ma te r ia l l i s ted b e low . Anothe r sma l l s ound ing w as made a long t he wa l l i n t he p orch , t he a rea o pen ing d i rect ly o n to t he c l iff s ide . Th is a rea c onta ined e v idence o f o ccupa t ion d ur ing t he P a laeo l ith ic , b ut d u r ing t he N eo l ith ic t he p orch w as a ppa ren t ly i nvaded b y as t ream , a nd o n ly t he b oyau c ou ld b e i nhab i ted . S t rat igraphy T he s t ra t ig raphy o ft h is c ave i sp e rhap s n ot t ota l ly r e l iab le , a sa l l t he Gardon c aves h ad b een k nown a nd d ug o ver b efo re t he L ou is a nd D rouot e xcava t ion s , a nd t he l a tte r w e re a l so h ampered b y a noma l ies wh ich t hey a t t r ibuted t o t he a ct ion s o f b ur row ing a n ima ls ( Lou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 , p .55) . A l l t he 1 1 l e ve ls a re a s s igned t o ap os t -G lac ia l p e r iod , b ut o n ly t he f i rs t s i x a re c on s idered i n a ny d eta i l . L eve l s 1 , 2a nd 3s uppo sed ly c on ta ined ama jor ity o fC ha s seen p o t tery ( ca l led ` Lagozzan ' ) b y t he a utho rs t o c ompare t he l e ve l w i th t he A re t ie C and ide s t ra t ig raphy ( Lou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 , p .57) a nd L eve ls 4 , 5a nd 6 i mpre s sed ware s o f t he p reced ing p e r iod . L eve l 1wa s t he f i r st i n tact l e ve l u nder t he s u rface m ix ing a nd was a shy a nd p ebb ly , c onta in ing b roken c obb les a nd f auna l a nd a r t ifac tua l mater ia l . L eve l 3wa s s im i lar t o L eve l 2b ut s l ight ly mo re c ompac ted ; ah ea rth s t retched a long i t s b a se o ver t he 2m 2 o f e xcava t ion i nt he t unne l . The f i nds were l e ss r i ch t han i n t he u pper l eve ls . F eatures H ea rths we re f ound a ts evera l l e ve l s , w ith wh ich f auna l r e ma ins were a s soc ia ted . S ubs istence e conomy T he f auna f ro m t he N eo l ith ic a nd B ronze Age l e ve l s o f t he L a trone c aves c o l lected b y P oth ie r was s tud ied b y M . Gagn ie re , who r epor ted t ha t c a tt le , h or se , r ed d ee r a nd wo lf w ere p resent , i n a dd it ion t o af r agmen t o fr e indeer a n t ler wh ich may b e a s sumed t o b e i n t rus ive f rom a n e ar l ier o ccupa t ion ( Gagn iere 1 930) . L ou is a nd D rouo tg i ve more d eta i l s i n t he i r s i te r epor t , a l though t here i s ad i sc repancy b etween t he f auna ll i s td ete rm ined b y C a rd in i ( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , p p .69 -71) a nd t he c omment s o n f auna i nc luded i n t he s t ra t ig raph ic s tudy . C a rd in i 's l i s t i sh e re a bbrev ia ted a nd a dhe red t o : L eve l 1 : many s heep , c at t le ;f ew p ig , r ed d eer ,r oe d eer , r abb it ; musse l , c a rd ium L eve l 2 : many s heep ;f ew c a t t le , r ed d ee r , r abb it L eve l 3 : many s heep ;f ew c a t t le ;s ome r abb it ;d og . The l i s t s a l so i nc lude an umber o ff i sh , s he l lf ish a nd b i rds wh ich i nd ica te t ha t t he i nhab itan t s o f t he B aumes L a trone we re a b le t o v ary t he ir mea t d iet c ons iderab ly . A l l s heep i nt he s urvey s hou ld b e t e rmed s heep /goa t , s i nce t hey c ou ld n ot

b e d eterm ined more c lose ly . The re i sa n

a ppa rent emphas is o n s heep /goa t h usband ry , b ut t h is may b e d ue t o t he c ount ing o f f r agmen ts r a the r t han M in imum Number o fI nd iv idua ls o r t o d i ffe rent ia l b u tche r ing p rac t ice . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone T here w as ar i ch c h ipped s tone i ndus try , w ith t he mater ia l f rom L eve ls 1 , 2a nd 3 b e ing r i che r i nf i ne h oney -co loured b lade sa nd b lade lets ( Lou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 , p .63) . I n t he N ime s N atura l H is to ry Museum , t he c o l lect ion f rom t he L ou i s e xcava t ions o f 1 948 -50 c onta ined t wo w ide l e a f a r rowhead s f ro m L eve l 1 , al ong l ozenge a r rowhead w i th b i fac ia l i nva s ive r etouch f r om L eve l 2 ,a nd 1 6h oney -co loured b lades f rom t he t op t hree l eve ls ;t he re a re a l so s ome q ua rtz f l ake s . G round s tone L ou is r eport s f i nd ing t wo b i l les a nd al imes tone b ead i n L eve l 1 , at i ny f r agmen t o fp o l ished a xe i n L eve l 2a nd a nother l ime s tone b i l le i nL eve l 1( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , p .67) . On ly o ne b i l le r e ma ins i nt he M me s c o l lec t ions . B one T he b one i ndustry w as v e ry p oor a nd c ons isted o f af ew c h ise l s , p o l isher sa nd aw ls . The re , i sa n u nusua l f r agmen t o fc arbon ized b one i nc ised w ith ac omp l ica ted d e s ign o f o b l ique l i nes a nd c hev rons ( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , p .69 ) . S he l l An u mber o f mus se l , C ard ium a nd Un io s he l ls we re f ound t h roughou t t he d epo s it . P ot tery The p ot tery f ound i n t hese t h ree l eve ls b y n o means r ep re sent s ah omogenou s Cha s sgen i ndus try , a si ti nc ludes c hanne l led s he rds a nd s herds b ea r ing C a rd ia l t ype i nc i s ions . Howeve r ,

1 27

L ou is a nd D rouot s peak o fn u merous s herds w ith c ar inat ion s , h or izonta l ly p e rforated l ug s , a nd p erforated b u t tons ; o f t housands o fr im s herds o fs t ra ight -wa l led o rs l igh t ly f l ar ing p o t s ;a nd o f mu lt i -pe rfora ted c ordons a nd P an -p ipes ( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , p p .59 -60 ) . One n ea r ly c om p lete h em isphe r ica lb ow lw ith f our u npe rfora ted b ut tons b e low t he r im i si lus t ra ted ( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , f i g .41) . An umber o f t he d ecorated s he rd s a re s t i l l o n v i ew a tN ime s , n otab ly h or izonta l ly p ie rced l ug s a nd b ut tons a nd mu lt ip le P an -p ipe s . One s herd f rom t he N ime s c o l lec t ion b ear s n ine P an -p ipe e l e ment s a bout 2 .5 cm d eep . B y c ontra s t a no the rP an -p ipe i sa tl e ast 5cm d eep . I nc ised d eco r a t ion o ccurs o n t he b ase o f ac ar ina ted f r agment , wh ich b ea rs l i ne s r unn ing f rom t he c a r inat ion t owa rds t he m idd le o ft he b a se , i no ne p lace j o in ing w ith o b l ique l i ne s t o g i ve at w ig l ike e f fect . Af r agment o f ab eaded r im v e sse l b ea r s f our i nc ised ' l adders ' , t h ree w i th h or izonta l a nd o ne w i th v er t ica l h a tch ing ; t h is c omes f rom L eve l 3 . T he S oc ie te A rcheo log ique o f Montpe l l ier h ou ses a f ew s he rds f rom L a trone ( Sa l lus t ien c o l lect ion) , i nc lud ing af r agment o f ag lobu lar s hou lde red v esse l b ea r ing o b l ique l i ne s r unn ing d own f rom t he s hou lde r , h or izonta l ly h a tched , l i ke ad oub le l adder ( No . 2 599) a nd ab eaded r im b ear ing amo s t e l abora te s e r ies o fp endant c ro s s -ha tched t r iang les , av ert ica l c ro s s -ha tched z one b e low t he t r iang les a nd a n o b l ique c ross c ons is t ing o ff our l i nes wh ich c ut s i n to t he v er t ica l z one ( Lou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 , p 1 .1:6 ) . T he Montpe l l ier Museum a l so c onta ins amu lt i -pe rforated c o rdon o n ar im b ear ing s c ratched d eco ra t ion b e low ( Guebha rd 1 908 , f i g .10 :2) .

6 3

GROTTE DE L 'H IRONDELLE DE F IROLLES , D IONS , GARD R eference :

L ou is a nd B rugu ie re 1 930

L ocat ion C ave o n b anks o fr i ver Gardon 1 0 km North o fN imes , i nl ime s tone c l if f . T he c ave o pen ing f aces Wes t , a nd t he f i rs t r oom i ss ome 6 0 m 2 ;ac or r idor a bout 8m l ong l e ads t o t he s econd r oom , 6 0 m 2. E xcavat ion h is tory L ou is d i rected s ome 3 2 man -days o f t r ench ing a t t h is s i te . About 7 3 k i log rams o fB ronze A ge p ot tery a nd 9 k i los o fN eo l ith ic p ottery w ere e xcava ted . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone L ou is r epor ts f i nd ing 4 5 f l int b lades o r t oo ls ;o ft he se , t wo h oney -co loured t r ansver se a r rowheads a nd o ne h oney -co loured t anged a nd b a rbed a r rowhead i n t he M imes Museum m ight b e a ss igned t o t he C ha s seen o ccupa t ion . P ottery L ou is a nd B rugu ie re r epo rted f i nd ing s evera l b ut tons , ab iperfora ted l ug a nd aP an -p ipe ; t he re a re al a rge n u mbe r o fp erfora ted a nd p la in b ut tons i nt he N imes Museum , a nd o ne o ft he i nc i sed s herds t ha t t he e xcava tors ment ion . Ad a rk we l l -po l ished r im s he rd , max imum t h icknes s 6m m , b ea r s t wo d ownward p o int ing t r iang le s i nc ised j u s t b e low t he r im a nd f i l led w i th h or izonta l l i nes a s w e l l a s u pward p o int ing t r iang les a nd t hree l i nes a c ros s ab reak , p e rhaps p ar t o f ar ayed d es ign . T he i nc is ion a ppear s t o h ave b een d one a f te r f i r ing , o r a tl e a s t d ry ing . C o mment N e ither t he d escr ipt ions g i ven b y L ou is a nd B rugu ie re o f t he ir f i n 's , n or t he f ew p reserved i n t he N ime s Museum , i nd icate av ery e xtens ive C hasseen o ccupa t ion o f t h is c ave .

6 4

GROTTE MAZAURIC , D IONS , GARD R efe rence :

L ou is n .d . , p .196

L ocat ion T h is c ave i so ne o ft he g roup o f Gour tau re c aves . Excavat ion h i story Excava ted b y C o lone l L ou is , who g i ves as i te r epor t i n le W o l i th ique d ans l eG ard ' ( Lou is n .d .) S trat igraphy L ou is d oes n ot i nd ica te a ny s t ra t igraphy i nt h is c ave , b ut f rom t he f i nd s k ept i nt he N imes N atu ra l H is to ry Museum i ts eems c e rta in t ha t t he re were a tl e a s t C hasseen , F err ieres a nd B e l l B eake r o ccupa t ions .

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A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone L ou is ment ions f i nd ing 2 84 r e touched p ieces a nd 3 18 f l akes , mak ing at ota l o f 6 02 p ieces o f wh ich 1 21 a re t oo ls o n b lades . I nc luded i nt h is t o ta l a re 1 2 a r rowheads ( p resumab ly o ft he l e af o r l ozenge v ar iety) , f our s ma l l t r ansver se a r rowheads a nd t wo b orer s . At ota l o f 6 50 p ieces o f f l aked q uar tz o n ly c onta ined 2 4 w e l l r e touched t oo ls , ma in ly p o int s . G round s tone L ou is men t ions f i nd ing s even p o l i shed a xes a nd t wo s ma l l l imes tone b a l ls ( ' b i l les ' ) . B one T he b one i ndus try i nc luded 2 2 b one a w ls a nd 1 4 p ierced t e eth , u sua l ly c a t t le i nc iso rs . Three C ard iu m s he l ls w ere f ound ( Lou is n .d . , p .196 ) . P ot tery L ou is c o l lec ted 1 10 k i log rams o f p ot tery , o f wh ich 8 6 k i log rams c ons is ted o fs moo th w are w i th r ound b ases . I nc ised d ecora t ion a ppeared o n 4 4 s herds . 1 20 s herds b o re c o rdon s , a nd 1 22 b uttons . 6 4 o ft he l a t ter w ere p la in , 1 2 h o r izonta l ly p ierced a nd 8i nt he f orm o fP an -p ipes . F our o f t he mu lt i -perfora ted c ordons a re k ept i n t he N imes Na tura l H is to ry Museum c o l lec t ion s .

6 5

GROTTE S T J OSEPH , D IONS , GARD R eference :

L ou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 , p p .103 -24

L ocat ion I n Gardon V a l ley , b etween B au me s L at rone a nd G ro t te d es F reres . S i te s i ze Ag a l lery 1 .80 m w ide w a s e xcava ted s ome 4 5 m f rom t he e n t rance ( Lou is a nd D rouo t 1 953 , p .104 ) . E xcavat ion h i s tory C o mp lete ly p i l laged a te nd o fl a s t c entury a nd b eg inn ing o ft h is . L ou is e xcava ted 4 5 m f rom t he e ntrance i nt he p a s sage , wh ich w a s l e s s t han 2m w ide a tt h is p o int . S t rat ig raphy L ou is ' s l e ve l s a l l c onta in am ixture o fa r t ifact s f rom d if ferent p er iods , b ut t he ma jo r i ty o f t he C has seen ma te r ia l ( wh ich h e c a l ls L agozzan) c ome s f rom L eve l 1 . S ubs i st ence e conomy L eve l 1c on ta ined l o ts o f d omes t ic c a tt le a nd s heep o r g oa t , af ew—probab ly d omes t ica ted— p ig s , r abb it s a nd af ew wo lves . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone B lade s a nd b lade let s ;s evera l b i fac ia l ly r e touched a r rowheads , i nc lud ing al ozenge shaped o ne f ro m L eve l 2 . G round s tone An u mber o fp o l ished a xes a nd l ime s tone b i l les w ere f ound , a l so ap erfora ted p o l ished s e rpent ine p ebb le i n L eve l 3 . B one An u mber o f 'b one p o int s w ere f ound , i nc lud ing f i ve i nL ev& 3 . P ottery A s s t ated a bove , mos t o ft he o bv ious ly C has seen mater ia l c ame f rom L eve l 1( ca r ina ted s herds , b ut ton s , l adder s w i th i nc ised c ros s -hatch ing—Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , p .109) . However , at yp ica l C has s een o pen b ow l w i th t hree h o r izonta l i nc ised l i nes b e low t he i n terna l r im w as f ound i nL eve l 3( Lou is a nd D rouot 1 953 , p .108 ) . T he c o l lect ions o ft he S oc i6 te A rch6o log ique o f Montpe l l ier , wh ich h ouse L ou is ' s ma te r ia l , c onta in al ow b ow l 1 9 cm i n d iameter b ea r ing t wo u nperfora ted b ut tons o n i t s b a se , t hese l a tter l i nked b y ad oub le l i ne o fi nc is ion wh ich a l so c u rves away a tt he f a r s i de o fe ach b ut ton—an e xtens ion o f t he ' mous tache ' d es ign s o p reva lent o n C has se-e n p o t tery ( No . 1 069—Lou i s a nd D rouot 1 953 , f i g .69 :1) ( F igure 3 0 :8) . As ha rp ly s hou ldered s l ight ly p o l i shed b lack s herd b ea rs a n a rched d es ign made o ft hree p ara l le l l i nes o fi nc is ion p endant f rom t he s hou lder ( No . 1 043 ) . Av ery sma l l o vo id p o t w ith r educed n eck i si nc ised w i th t wo c ros s -ha tched v er t ica l ' l adder s ' , b o th s t i l l wh ite inc rusted o n t he d ark g rey f abr ic ( No . 1 501) . A mo re c urved l adder , w i th h or izonta l h a tch ing b ut n o c ros s -hatch ing , d ecorates av ery w e l l p o l ished b lack s herd ( No . 1 072) . F . B az i le , i ns i ev ing t he s po i l -heaps a t t he G rot te S t J oseph , d i scovered ar e ma rkab le l i d o rf l a t -botto med d i sh b ea r ing t wo p erfo rated b ut tons o n t he b eaded r im , a nd ' e ye -brows ' a nd ` mous taches ' i ni n c ised l i ne s d epar t ing f rom t hese b u t tons ( Baz i le a nd P h i l l ips 1 970 ) ( F igure 3 0 :8 ) .

1 29

I d 6 4 f ot o t' • + ,

0

F IGURE 3 0 :

c m

C has sien c ar inated a nd s hou ldered b ow l s 1 ,4 . P e r tus 2 5 ,6 G rande G ro t te 2 B aume d e s E nfe r s 7 B ord d el ' Eau 3 L a C abra 8 S tJ oseph

1 30

Apar t f rom t he se e xamp les o fi nc ised d ecora t ion , t he c o l lect ions a t Montpe l l ie r f rom t he G ro t te S t J oseph i nc lude s herds b ear ing p las t ic d ecora t ion , i nc lud ing as e t o fs ma l l P an -p ipe so n a w e l l -po l ished b lack s he rd ( No . 1 041) . Ar im s herd o fv ery t h in , w e l l p o l ished b lack f ab r ic , h a sa t h in mu lt i -per fo ra ted c o rdon r unn ing a round t he p ot 1 0 mm b e low t he r im ( No . 1 067) . A wa l l s herd b ears af l a t s ect ioned c ordon i n ter rupted t w ice b y ac oup le o fP an -p ipe e l ement s ( No . 1 041) .

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GROTTE DE S T VEREDE ME , SAN ILHAC , GARD R eferences :

S a l lus t ien -Joseph 1 904 V igneron 1 981

G eo logy U rgon ien l imes tone . L ocat ion ( F igure 9 ) T h is c ave i ss i tua ted o n t he r i ght b ank o ft he l ower c anyon o f t he G ardon r i ver , t hus w ith a S outhern e xposure . T he re a re p erenn ia l s pr ing s n ea rby . Ag a l lery 1 30 m l ong h a s t wo o pen ing s , o ne 5 0 m a bove t he r i ve r a nd a no ther 3 0 m a bove t he r i ve r( V igne ron 1 981) . E xcavat ion h i story T he s i te wa se xcava ted a round 1 904 b y B rother S a l lus t ien -Joseph , a nd e xcava t ions w ere a l so c onducted t here b y Mess r s Mazaur ic a nd B eur i l ly f rom 1 913 -15 . E . V igneron u nder took t he s i ev ing o fo ver 1 00 m 3 o fs po i lheaps f rom 1 976 -1980 , a nd w as a b le t ol oca te s ome o ft he b erms wh ich Mazaur ic h ad l e f t b etween h i s t r enches s t i l l i n p lace . Unfor tuna te ly , h oweve r , a l l t he N eo l ith ic a nd l a ter l e ve ls h ad b een d i s turbed ( V igne ron p er s . c omm .) . A rt if act s : Any d escr ip t ion o ft he a r t ifacts mus t b ea r i nm ind t he l i ke l ihood t ha t n ot a l l t he p ieces d escr ibed b e long t ot he C ha sseen o ccupa t ion . However , many v ery t yp ica l C ha s seen a r t ifact s a re p reserved i nt he N imes N a tura l H is tory Museu m ( and af ew i nt he S oc i6 t6 A rch6o log ique d e Montpe l l ier c o l lect ions ) , s o i t may b e a s su med t hat t here was a n i n ten s ive o ccupa t ion o f t he G rot te S t Vere a me b y p eop le p a r t ic ipa t ing i n t he C has seen c u lture . V igne ron h a s o bta ined a l a rge n u mber o fC ha s seen s herds , i nc lud ing d ecora ted o nes , d ur ing t he s i ev ing o pe rat ions ( V igne ron p ers . c om m . ; 1 981) . C h ipped s tone T he Mazaur ic a nd B eur i l ly c o l lect ions h oused a t N imes c onta in o ne t r ansver se a r rowhead o n af l ake , o ne l ozenge a r rowhead w ith s em i inva s ive b ifac ia l r e touch a nd a nother w i th c omp lete ly c over ing r eto wl ;t here i sa l so ab orer o n av ery w ide h oney -co loured f l ake . T here i s af l int h ammer i np a le h oney -co loured f l int . T h is c h ipped s tone i ndus try i s av ery i nadequa te s amp le o f wha t t he s i te mus th ave c onta ined ;n ine b lades o r b lade let s may a l so b e long t o t he C ha sseen o ccu p a t ion , b ut mos t o f t he b lades f ound a tt he s i te a nd d i sp layed a tM imes a re o n amuch l a rger s ca le t han t he C ha sseen i ndus t ry . S a l lus t ien -Joseph i lus t ra tes a9 cm l ong h oney -co loured b lade ( 1904 , p 1 .1:23) a nd wha t may b e aT rets t ype d oub le s c rewdr iver ( 1904 , p 1 .1:19) . G round s tone App rox i ma te ly 5 0 b i l le s , o fs e rpent ine , l ime s tone a nd e ven o fb aked c l ay , w ere f ound a t S t Vg redeme ;t he i r d iame ter v a r ied b e tween 1 5 a nd 3 4 mm . One g reenstone b i l le w as f ound moun t ed i na n a nt le r h o lder ( Sa l lus t ien -Joseph 1 904 , p 1 .1:33) ( F igure 2 1 :6) ;o the rg round s tone i t ems k ept a t t he I N T Imes Museum a re t hree s t rangu la ted f l a t p ebb les ( ' net s i nke r s ' ) , aq uern a nd an umbe r o fs e rpent ine a xes a nd c h ise ls . F ive s e rpent ine a xes h ad af l a tt ish o va l s ect ion ( and a re l i ke ly t o b e C ha s seen ) , f i ve aw ide r ound s ect ion , a nd t he re w ere n ine c h ise ls . An umber o fb eads i ng r een s tone , l imes tone , c a l la is a nd o ther s tone s may a l so p os s ib ly h ave c ome f rom t he C ha s sg en h o r izon . B one E ight p ie rced t eeth a nd an umbe r o fs ma l l p ierced l ong -bone s w ere n o ted ;t here wa s a l so a p o l ish ing t oo l made o f t he s p l it s haf t o f al ong b one . Th is i so bv ious ly av ery b iased s amp le o f t he mater ia l t ha t w a s f ound i nt h is c ave . S a l lust ien -Joseph i lus trates p o incons , p o l isher s , ab one n eed le , p endant se tc . ( 1904 , p 1 .1) . S he l l An umber o fs he l l f r agment s , o f mus se ls a nd o ther s he l lf ish , w ere f ound i n t he S t Wrede me c ave . S a l lus t ien -Joseph i lus t ra tes ap ierced r ayed t rough s he l l ( 1904 , p 1 .1:34) . P ot tery T he p ottery f ro m S t Wredeme w as s tud ied b y B ernabb B rea , a nd t he c o l lec t ion s i nt he N imes N a tura l H istory Museu m a re a r ranged i na ccordance w i th h i s i nd ica t ions . H e d iv ided t he ma ter ia l ( none o f wh ich w as d ug u p s t rat ig raph ica l ly ) i n to g roups b a sed o n t he s t rat ig raphy o f t he A rene C and ide c ave . Thus h e d i s t ingu ishes I mpressed Ware , S quare Mou thed , L a L agozza a nd

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E neo l ith ic t ypes . S ince t here a re n o g rounds , h owever , f o r e stab l ish ing aS qua re Mou thed o ccup a t ion i n F rance ( the d eco ra t ion wh ich c haracter izes t hese o dd ly s haped p ot s i sp a rt o ft he C has sg en p a ttern , a nd av ery f ew a c tua l ly s qua re -mouthed p o ts a re k nown i nF rance ) t he s he rds g rouped u nde r S qua re Mouthed a nd L a L agozza w i l l b e d ea lt w ith h ere a s r epresen t ing t he C has sgen o ccup a t ion a t S t V 6r6de me . Unfor tuna te ly t he i nc ised s herds f rom S t V 6r6deme a re u sua l ly o n f a ir ly c ur ved p iece s o f w a l l s herd , o ccas iona l ly a s soc ia ted w i th b ut tons , b ut n ever g i v ing much c lue a s t o t he s hape o f t he o r ig ina l p ot ;o n ly o ne r im s herd s ugges t s ad eep ish b ow l w i th s l ight ly r educed mouth . A t l e a s t t wo o f t he s he rds f rom t he Mon tpe l l ie r c o l lect ions , h owever , s eem t o b e f rom s hou ldered g lobu lar p ot s . About f i ve r im s herds i nt he N ime s c o l lect ion c ome f rom o pen b ow ls , a tl e a s t t hree o ft hem w ith i n terna l ly i nc ised h or izonta l l i ne s b e low t he r im ( two s i ng le , o ne d oub le) . A l l b ear h or izon t a l ly p ie rced b ut tons o n t he l ower s urface . T he o n ly o ther s hapes t ha t c an b e d i sce rned a re o fa s t ra ight -wa l led ' j a r ' w ith u nperfora ted p rotrud ing b ut ton b e low t he r im , a nd as ha rp ly s hou ldered b lack b ow l w i th e verted w a l l a nd t wo h o r izonta l ly p e rfo rat ed b uttons b e low t he s hou lder . How e ve r , t he l a t ter may n ot b e a s s ignab le t o t he C has s6en o ccupat ion . S a l lus t ien -Joseph i lus trates ab aked c l ay s poon , w ith b roken h and le ( Sa l lus t ien -Joseph 1 904 , p 1 .1 : 27) wh ich may b e r egarded a s C has sgen . S a l lust ien -Joseph a l so i lus trates an ear ly c omp lete h em ispher ica l b ow l , b ea r ing ad es ign o f i nc ised c ros s -ha tched t r iang les b e low t he r im , a nd s t a tes t ha t t he i nc ised p a ttern c onta ined r ed c o lou r ing mater ia l . T he d imens ions a re n ot men t ioned , b ut t he b ow l c ou ld c onta in 2 0 c en t i l it res . T he g rey -b rown r ough p a s te c onta ined many f r agmen ts o fq uar tz d eg ra is sant ( Sa l lus t ien -Joseph 1 904 , p .24 a nd p l .IV :7) . T he i nc ised d eco ra t ion c ons is t s mos t u sua l ly o fp endant t r iang les f i l led w ith c ro s s -ha tch ing , o r b ands o fh or izon ta l l i nes ( ' ladde rs ' ) o r o b l ique c ro s s -hatch ing . I n t wo c ases t he re i s amore c i rcu lar d es ign ,b es t s een o n as ha rp ly c urved s herd f rom t he N imes c o l lect ion wh ich b ea rs a b utton s ur rounded b y i nc ised r ays wh ich p a s s t h rough ap a ir o fs em i -c irc les o n t he p re se rved s ect ion o f t he s herd . P las t ic d ecorat ion c ons i st s o fp ierced a nd u np ierced b ut ton s , P an -p ipe ' s a nd mu l t i -pe rfo ra ted c o rdons . T he c ordons a re f l at i ns ec t ion ;t he s i x s et s o fP an -p ipes a re v a r ied i ns i ze .

6 7

AVEN DE LA BOUCLE , CORCONNE , GARD R efe rences :

Roud i l 1 976 , p .571; 1 978 , p .672 Duday 1 980

E xcavat ion h i story E xcava t ions w ere c ar r ied o ut i n 1 973 a nd f rom 1 976 -7 b y Co lmer , Gutherz e ta l . S t rat igraphy M idd le t o L a te a nd F ina l N eo l ith ic C ha lco l ith ic F ina l B ronze I . F eatures I n t he M idd le -La te N eo l ith ic a nd F ina l N eo l ith ic p e r iods , t he s i te h ad b een u sed a s ab ur ia l c ave . T he b o t to m l eve l C 4b c onta ined t he p ar t ia lr e ma ins o f ay oung g i r l ( Roud i l 1 978 , f i g .12 ; Duday 1 980) ( F igure 1 4) . T he o ther b one r e ma ins w ere much mo re d i so rdered , a l though l ong b ones a nd s ku l ls w ere most ly s t acked b y t he wa l ls , a nd s tone s h ad b een p laced a bove t hem . D at ing L eve l C 4b h a s ar ad ioca rbon d ate o f 2 650 *100 b .c . A r t if act s Ac a r ina ted b ow l o f C has seen t ype w a s f ound , t ogether w ith F er r ieres ( F ina l N eo l ith ic) v a ses a nd a n o vo id v a se w ith s uper imposed c ordons . Twen ty b one aw ls w ere a l so d i scovered .

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VALDIT ION 2 , EYGAL IERES , BOUCHES -DU -RHONE L ocat ion E yga l iere s i s av i l lage i n t he A lp i l le s h i l ls t o t he E a s t o fS t -R6my -de -Provence . Open -a i r s i te . E xcavat ion h i story T he ma ter ia l c o l lected f rom t h is s i te i sh ou sed i nt he S t -R6my -de -P rovence Museum ( Pou mey ro l c o l lec t ion) .

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A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone One t r ansver se a r rowhead , t wo l ozenge p o in ts , t wo b o re rs o n t h ick ish b lades , ar e touched d i s ta l f r agment , a nd a n e nd scraper o n aw ide b lade , w ere f ound a tt h is s i te . The re wa s o ne b ur in o n r e touched e dge a nd ap o s s ib ly t runca ted b lade f r agment . One b lade n uc leus a nd o ne b lade let n uc leus w ere f ound . There we re 3 2 C ha s seen type b lades b u t t he s i te a l so p roduced al o t o f f l akes a nd v ery t h ick b lades i n ar edd i sh c o lour , s omet i mes s had ing i n to h oney . Th is c o lour f l int i sa l so f ound a t E stoub lon . P ot tery T here wa sv ery l i t t le p ot tery c o l lected f rom t h is s i te , a nd i ti sn ot p os s ib le t o d eterm ine p ottery s hapes . P las t ic a dd it ions a re a s f o l low s : at unne l l ug ; at h in u np ie rced h or izonta l l ug ; asma l l r ound b u tton , u np ierced ;a nd ah or izonta l ly p i erced ' s add le l ug ' . The ` s add le l ug ' , a nd u np ie rced h or izonta l l ug m ight e as i ly d a te f rom al a te N eo l ith ic o ccupa t ion . C o mment Two t ime p er iods o f o ccupat ion s eem t o b e r epresented , t he C ha s seen a nd t he L ate N eo l i th ic .

6 9

E STOUBLON ` OUEST ' , FONTV IEILLE , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R efe rence :

Mont jard in 1 969 -70

L ocat ion Open -a i r s i te t o Nor th -Eas t o fF ontv ie i l le ;i tl i es t o t he Nor th o f t he C as t le o f E s toub lon o n e i ther s i de o ft he Ange r oad ( Poumey ro l p er s . c omm .) . Excavat ion h i s tory T he s i te i sn ow u nder t he p lough; s urface c o l lect ions w ere made i n t he 1 950s a nd 1 960s b y P ou meyro l . A r t if act s ( Pou mey ro l c o l lect ion) : C h ipped s tone At ota l o f 4 94 c h ipped s tone p ieces c ame f ro m t h is s i te , i nc lud ing 1 66 r etouched b lades a nd f r agment s . T he s i te p roduced 3 1 b ur ins o n b lades , i nc lud ing an umbe r o fp a ired a nd o ppo sed b u r ins . T he re w ere 3 3 t runcated b lades , 1 8 b acked b lades , t wo o f t hem p o inted , a nd 7p oss ib le b orers o n b lades . S ix a r rowheads w ere l eaf -shaped , f i ve l ozenge , t wo t anged a nd t wo t anged -and -barbed ; t here w e re a l so t wo ' wa is ted ' p o ints a nd 1 7 t r an sve rse a r rowheads . There were 1 3 n otched b lades . The s i te a l so p roduced 1 41 f l ake s ,s ome o f t hem r e touched a s s i de sc rapcis , b orer s , b ur ins , n o tched t oo ls a nd f ronta l a nd l a te ra l s c rape rs . T he re i s ah igh p ropor t ion o ft oo ls o n f l akes ( c .66% ) a nd al ow p ropor t ion o fh oney -co loured f l int . Meta l A sma l l f r agment o fs quare sect ioned c oppe r n eed le wa s f ound o n t he s i te . P ottery T he p ot te ry i sn ot h omogenou s a nd e ven a f ter Ro man a nd med ieva l e l ements h ave b een e l im ina ted t here r e ma in am ixed b ag o fi nc ised f r agment s a nd p las t ic o rnamen t . T here a re s i x e xamp les o fs t ra igh t -wa l led ' baggy ' p o t s , s ome w ith b ut tons o rl ug sj u s t b e low t he r im ;a nd ar im f r agmen t o f ap os s ib ly s im i la r s hape b ea r ing av e ry e longa ted t h in f l at h and le . T he re a re f our c a r ina ted r im s he rds a nd o ne c a r ina ted wa l l s he rd , o ne o fl i p s b e ing v ery f l a r ing . T here i so ne p os s ib le l ow b ow l r im s herd , b ea r ing as l ight i nc ised h o r izonta l l i ne o n t he e x ter ior w a l l . Ab roken f l at sect ioned mu lt i -perfora ted c o rdon a nd a pparen t ly b iperfora ted l ug c an s a fe ly b e a s s igned t o t he Cha sseen o ccupa t ion . Another b iper forated l ug f rom t h is s i te i sk ep t i n t he S t R emy Museu m . P la st ic a dd it ions n ot n ece s sa r i ly a s s ignab le t o t he C ha s seen r ange f rom p e rfo ra ted a nd n on p e rfora ted f l at l ug s t o l a rge f a t p ierced b uttons a nd l ug s a nd r i ng h and les . Af ew o f t he r i ng h and les h ave ad i s t inct ly s add le shaped a ppea rance , a nd may b e c ompa red w ith t he L ate N eo l i th ic C ourron ien t ype . Ac oup le o fl a rge l ug s , o ne v er t ica l a nd o ne h or izonta l , a re n ot p ie rced , a nd t hey a nd t wo v ery r ough t unne l l ug s l ook q u ite u n -Cha s seen . T he re i so ne e xamp le o f ah or izonta l b and o fc ros s -ha tched i nc is ion b e low t he o ute r r im o f af l ar ing s herd ( Poumeyro l No . 6 10 -4) a nd awa l l s he rd b ea rs d eep ly i nc ised c ros s -ha tch ing b e low t wo h or izonta l l i nes ( Poumey ro l No . 6 11-4 ) . The se m ight b e C has seen . Al a rge n umber o fs herds , h owever , b ear i nc ised c hev ron o r c hanne l led p a tterns , o r d o tted i mpr int s , s ugges t ing L a te N eo l i t h ic F er r ik -es o r F ontbo t i is se o r ig in . One s i de o f as p ind le -whor l k ept a t t he S t Remy Museum , a nd c om ing f ro m t h is s i te , b ear s a n i nc ised r ayed d es ign : i tm ight d ate f rom t he Cha s seen o ccup a t ion .

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C o mment Mont ja rd in l i s t s t he s i te s o fC hem in d es Marettes a nd B a rbega l , t o t he E as t a nd S outh o f E stoub lon r espec t ive ly , a s p robab ly a l so d a t ing t o t he C has seen ( Mont ja rd in 1 969 -70 , f i g .75) .

7 0

MIOUV IN , I STRES , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R eferences :

G agn ie re 1 961 , p p .367 -70 E sca lon d e F onton 1 968 , p p .48 -50 ; 1 974 , p p .665 -72 ; 1 976 , p p .581-2 ,586 ; 1 978 , p p .697 ,703 -5 D 'Anna , B a lac -Heber t a nd C amps -Fabrer 1 977 C amps -Fabrer , d 'Anna a nd Vane l -Beneytout 1 980

G eo logy T or ton ien ( f ina l M iocene) l ime s tone . L ocat ion The s i te i ss i tuated o n ap lateau c . 1000 m l ong , j us t o ver 1 08 m a . s . 1 . , 21 2 k / m No rth -Nor th Wes t o fI s tres ( d 'Anna e ta / . 1 977 , f i g s .1 ,2) . S i te s i ze 3 0 m2 w a s e xcava ted i n t he r ecent c ampa ign , b u t t he v a st a rea o f t he p lateau wa s p robab ly u sed ( d 'Anna e ta l . 1 977: w a s t he ma in v i l lage t o t he S ou th o rS ou th -Eas t o f t he e xcavat ion ?) , t hough e ros ion a nd a g r icu l ture h ave d es troyed much o ft he e v idence ( Gagn ie re 1 961) . E xcavat ion h i story E xcava t ions c . 1950 b y S oc iete d es Am is d u V ie i l I s tre s , i n 1 959 b y E sca lon d e F onton , a nd 1 973 t o d ate b y H . C amp s -Fab rer a nd A . d 'Anna . S trat ig raphy ( D 'Anna e ta l . 1 977 a nd C amps -Fabrer p ers . c omm .) L eve l 1 : ( 5 -15 cm) b rown -yelow s o i l w ith s ma l l p ieces o f mo la s se a nd p ebb les . R are a r t ifact s . L eve l 2 : ( 20 -30 cm) b lack c l ay -sand w ith c obb les a nd l umps o f mo las se , i n Zone MVN1 d iv ided i n to L eve l 2 a , L ate N eo l ith ic , a nd L eve l 2 b , C has seen ( Ca mps -Fabrer e ta l . 1 980 , E sca lon d e F onton 1 978 ) . Ap ebb le f i l led l ayer b etween t he t wo c onta ined am ix tu re o fa r t ifact s o ft he t wo p er iods . L eve l 3 : c onc re ted b lock s o f mo lasse s omet ime s o ve r ly ing b rown s and , t hen l imes tone . Unda tab le f i nd s . F eatures A ccord ing t oM . E sca lon d e F onton , al a rge n umber o fh ut f l oor s , d e l im ited b y r ow s o f d rystone wa l l ing , e x is ted o n t he s i te p r io r t o c l andes t ine e xcavat ions ( Gagn iere 1 961) . I n 1 959 E sca lon d e F onton e xcava ted ah ut f l oor w ith ac i rcu la r h ea r th e dged w ith s tones a nd c obb les , w ith ' Late C ha s seen ' ma te r ia l ( 1968) . There w ere n o C ha s se-e n f ea tures i nt he d 'Anna e ta l . e xcavat ions ( 1977) , a l though aL ate N eo l ith ic ( Couronn ien ) h ut f l oor a nd h ea rth w ere f ound r ecent ly ( E sca lon d e F on ton 1 978 , f i g .1; C amp s -Fabrer e ta l . 1 980) . S ubs i stence e cono my No c erea ls w ere r ecove red f rom t he s i te , b ut t he p resence o fq ue rns a nd s i ck le b lades i s b e l ieved t o b e i nd ica t ive o fa gr icu lture , p oss ib ly o n t he p la teau i t se lf . An ima l b one sw e re p r i mar i ly o fo v i -capr ids , w i th s o me s ma l l c a tt le a nd p ig . T he a lmos t c omp le te c a rca s s o f as heep w as r ecovered f rom t he b ase o fL eve l 2( po ss ib ly ar ubb ish z one ?) . A lso af ew b ones o fr abb it a nd o f b i rds w ere r ecovered . Many f i sh v er tebrae a nd t ee th a nd many s he l lf ish were a l so p resent . L ack o f awater s ou rce o n t he p la teau wou ld h ave b een a p rob lem . D at ing T he d ate so bta ined f or L eve l 2s eem t o r e la te t o t he p os t -Cha s seen o ccupa t ion-2075 ( MC 1 223) ; 2 620

1 60 b .c .

2 00 b .c . ( MC 1 365) . The L eve l 3d ate i so ne wh ich f i ts i n to t he c l a s s ica l

C has seen c hrono logy ( 3430

1 10 b .c . —MC 1 224) , b ut , a sn o ted a bove , t h is l e ve l i sr ega rded a s

p re -Cha s se en b y t he e xcavator s . A rt if act s : C o l lec t ions f ro m t he e ar l ier e xcava t ions w ere s tud ied i nt he I s tres museum , a nd i tp roved p os s ib le t o s ee s ome o ft he C has seen ma ter ia l f rom r ecent e xcava t ions a t t he L abo ra tory o f Anthropo logy a nd P reh is tory ,A ix -en -Provence ,b y c our tesy o fD r H enr iet te C amps -Fabre r . C h ipped s tone T he c h ipped s tone mater ia l k ept i n t he I s t re s Museum i nc ludes a bout 1 00 b lades a nd b lade l e t s , h a lf o ft he m h oney -co lou red , a nd t wo o f t hem n o tched a nd a n umber t runcated a nd r e t ouched . An umber o f t he b lade let s a re s o sma l l a s t o b e m ic ro l i th ic . There a re s i xteen b orers ,

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o ne o f t he m a' s crewdr iver ' t ype ( i l lus t ra ted b y G agn ie re 1 961 , f i g .36 :1-6 ,9) . T he re a re t hree l ozenge a r rowheads ( Gagn iere 1 961 , f i g .37) a nd t wo l e a f a r rowheads , o ne v ery s ma l l , at anged p o int a nd t wo t i ny t r ansver se a r rowheads . C h ipped s tone mater ia l f rom t he r ecent L eve l 2e xcavat ions i nc luded 4 8% h oney f l int , 2 0% g rey f l int a nd 9% b rown f l in t ( d 'Anna e ta / . 1 977) . . T he re w ere 1 76 i mp lement sa nd o ne c ore . I n a dd i t ion t ob ore r s a nd p ierc ing a r rowheads , t he re w ere f our s c rapers o n b lades a nd t hree b ur ins . The 9 7 b lades h ad amean w idth o f 1 2 .1 m m a nd amean t h ickne s s o f 2 .9 mm . S ome o ft he b lades b ore d eep i r regu la rr e touch , o ther s p a r t ia l r egu la r r e touch ; af ew o fb o th t ype b ore s i ck le l u s t re . At ota l o ff our o bs id ian b lade lets a re k nown f rom t he s i te , o ne o ft hem c om ing f rom L eve l 2o ft he r ecent e xcava t ions . G round s tone E sca lon d e F on ton i lu s trates ap o l ished c h ise l a nd ap o ss ib le f r agment o fa dze ( i n Gagn ie re 1 961 , f i g .37 :10 ,11) . The I s t res Museum c onta ins t wo g r eens tone a xes a nd f our g reen s tone c h ise l s ( po ss ib ly i nc lud ing t he o ne men t ioned a bove) a nd t wo b i l les . L eve l 2o f t he r ecen t e xcavat ions p roduced t hree f u r the r g reens tone a xes a nd t wo l ime s tone b i l les ; af ur ther b i l le wa s f ound i na d i s turbed l e ve l . As tone b ead wa s a l so f ound ( d 'Anna e ta l . 1 977) . B one T h i rty fou r p o ints a nd s even c h ise l s f rom t he P la teau o fM iouv in a re k ept i nt he I s tres Museum . The r ecent e xcava t ion s h ave p roduced 1 6 p erfora t ing t oo ls , t wo c ut t ing t oo ls a nd a s moo th b one i mp lement , mos t ly o n r abb i t t i b ias o r o v i -cap r id h umer i ( d 'Anna e ta / . 1 977) . T he re w ere s i gns o fu se , i nc lud ing p o l ish ing o r s aw ing o n c erta in o ft he b one i mp le ment s . A p ie rced d og t oo th wa s a l so f ound . P ot tery T he p ot tery f rom t he s i te i su nusua l i n t ha t i ti nc ludes an umbe r o fv ery t i ny v esse ls . A t i ny b r im med p la te i n t he I s tr e s Museum w i th ad iamete r o f 1 0 .5 cm h a s ac a refu l ly i nc ised r im b ea r ing ap a ttern o fl ozenges a nd t r iang le s , t he o ute rmos t t r iang le s f i l led w ith h a tch ing ( Gagn iere 1 961 , f i g .38) . T he re i se v idence o fr ed a nd wh ite i ncrus t ing ma te r ia l i n t he d eep i nc i s ions . Ano ther sma l l v es se l i sa n o pen b ow l , d iameter 1 2 .6 cm , wh i le o ne o f ap a ir o fv e ry l ow c ar ina ted b ow l s , w i th s l igh t ly f l a r ing l i pa nd s ub -cu taneous p e rfo ra t ion o n t he c ar ina t ion , i so n ly 1 1 .7 cm w ide a ti t sr im ( Gagn iere 1 961 , f i g .40 :2 ) . S im i lar t i ny v es se l s we re f ound i n t he r ecent e xcava t ions , a l though t he ma jor ity o fv es se ls h ad w a l l t h ickne ss o f 5 -9 m m ( d 'Anna e ta l . 1 977) . The ma in s hapes w ere c a r ina ted v ase s , h em isphe r ica l b ow ls w i th p la in l ug s , g lobu lar v a se s a nd s hou ldered v a ses .

D eco ra t ive f eatures i nc luded f u rthe r c ro ss -hatched i nc ised l ozenge d es igns a nd at i ny s un

d i sc d e s ign — the l a t ter u nfo rtunate ly n o t b e ing d i scove red i ns i tu ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 976 , f i g . 9 .9) . 6 4% o ft he p o ttery f ound i n L eve l 2wa s b urn ished , s ome t ime s v e ry h igh ly , a nd a l l t he s herd s c onta ined g round c a lc ite f i l le r ( d 'Anna e ta / . 1 977) . Two s p ind le -whor ls w ere f ound i nL eve l 2( d 'Anna e ta l . 1 977 , f i g .11:8 ,9) , a nd t hree f ur ther s p ind le -who r ls w ere f ound i n t he e a r l ier e xcava t ion s , o ne o ft hem made o f ab roken , r e -shaped p ot sherd ( Gagn iere 1 961 , f i g .39 :1 ,2 ,6) .

7 1

SA INT JUL IAN , MARTIGUES , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R eference :

E sca lon d e F on ton 1 978 , p p .695 -6

Dur ing e xcava t ions o f aGa l lo -Roman s i te , R ive t a nd J ouanaud f ound aC ha ssgen l e ve l b e low t he l a ter s e t t le ment . They r epo rt f i nd ing a n o va l p i t f i l led w ith a she s , a n ima l b ones , ma r ine mo l lusc s a nd a r t ifacts . The a r t ifact s c ons isted o ft yp ica l C ha s sgen p ot sherds a nd f l int b lades a nd b lade le t s .

7 2

L 'ABR I DE LA FONT -DES -P IGEONS , CHATEAUNEUF -LES -MART IGUES , BOUCHES DU RHONE R eference :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 959 ; 1 980 , p .527

G eo logy U rgon ien l imes tone c l if f s . L ocat ion 2km f rom t he S ou the rn s hore o f t he B er re l a goon , f ac ing S ou th . S i te s i ze 1 40 m 2 . Excavat ion h i s tory T h is w e l l -known r ock she lter h a s b een e xcava ted s i nce 1 899 . E sca lon d e F onton ' s e xcava t ions ( 1947 -9) r evea led c omp lex p re -pot te ry a nd p ot tery l e ve l s . D esp ite f enc ing , t he s i te

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w as d amaged b y i l ic it e xcava t ions i nt he 1 970s , a nd J .C our t in c ar r ied o ut ar e scue e xcavat ion o f t he l a s t 2 0 m2 i n 1 979 ( E sca lon d e F on ton 1 980) . S trat igraphy Above t he C as te lnov ien , C a rd ia l N eo l ith ic a nd M idd le N eo l ith ic l e ve ls , C our t in h as i nd icated t ha t t here i sa n E ar ly C ha s seen l e ve l i np lace ( Cour t in p e r s . c omm .; 1 981) .

7 3

E SCAN IN 2 , LES BAUX , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R eference s :

Mont ja rd in 1 965 ; 1 966 ; 1 969 -70 ; 1 976 ; 1 979 Gagn ik -e 1 969 , p .511

G eo logy B aux i tes . L ocat ion T he s i te l i e s o n aw e l l -protected t e r race n ea r t he v i l lage o f L es B aux i n t he A lp i l les . Mos t o f t he f i nd s h ave b een f ound i n f ront o ft wo l a rge r ock s he l te rs , s o t ha t t he s i te i sl i ke a n o pen -a ir o ne ( Mont ja rd in 1 966 , p .10 ) . Excavat ion h i story R . Mont ja rd in h a se xcava ted f r om 1 962 t o d ate o n t h is s i te , wh ich h a s b een p a r t ly d es t royed b y c omme rc ia l d igg ing o ft he Un ion d es B aux i tes ( 1966 , p .5) . S ite s i ze Approx i mate ly 8 00 m 2 ( Mont jard in p e rs . c om m .) . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy T he t ota l a rea e xcavated i su ncer ta in , b u t i sp robab ly n ot e xtens ive . T he s i te h a s b een d ug a s as e r ie so fs ound ing s a nd t he s t rat ig raphy v ar ies f rom s ound ing t o s ound ing . T he Sondage d u C hem in I nfer ieur ' p roduced t he f o l low ing s t ra t ig raphy : L eve l 0 : C ha lco l ith ic a nd d i s turbed L eve l 1 : C our ron ien L eve l 2 : S outhe rn C ha sseen L eve l 3 : C ard ia l . S im i lar r e su lts w ere o bta ined a t as econd s ound ing o n t he s ame p ath . Two o ther s ound ing s a re r e lat ive ly u n impo r tant ( Sondage d es C arot te s , a nd S ondage d u C hem in S uper ieur—Mont ja rd in 1 966 , p p .61-2 a nd 4 9 -50 r espect ive ly ) . The Sondage d u F orage ' p roduced aC ha s seen h ear th ( dated t o 3 050 e 2 50 b .c .) d ug i n to aC ard ia l o ccupa t ion l ayer ( Mont jard in 1 966 , p .57) . T en me tre s u ps t ream f rom t h is h ea rth , a t t he f ront o ft he r ock she l te r , Mont jard in f ound amos t i n teres t ing s t ra t ig raphy : L eve ls 1 -2 : M ixed L ate C ha s seen a nd l a te r f i nd s L eve l 3 : Ha rd ` t ufa ' w ith s ome L ate a nd s ome E a r ly C ha s seen s herds L eve ls 4 -6 : E ar ly C has se en i ns andy -a shy mat r ix B e low : Y e l low s t er i le s and

( Mont ja rd in 1 966 , f i g .14b i s ) .

F ina l ly , t he Sondage d e l ' Ebou l is ' , wh ich i so n ly p a rt ly r epo r ted i n Mont ja rd in ' s a r t ic le s , p roduced t he f o l low ing s t ra t ig raphy : C ha lco l ith ic a nd B e l l B eake r C ou r ron ien -Fer r ik -e s C las s ica l C ha sseen C a rd ia l . T h is r epor t w i l l c oncent ra te o n t he mate r ia l f rom t he E ar ly C ha s seen a nd l a te ( ' C la s s ica l ' ) C ha sse-e n l e ve ls . F eatures T he s i te h a s p roduced ac oup le o f b ur ia l s , o f wh ich a n e x tended s ke leton f ound c overed b y sma l l b lock s o f l oca l s ands tone i n t he Sondage d e l ' Ebou l is 'i ss uspec ted b y Mont ja rd in t o b e p os t -Cha s seen ( per s . c omm .) . T he o ther i s av e ry c ontracted b u r ia l f ound i n t he r ock she lter i n as imp le p i t , w i th n o a ccompany ing g rave -goods , a nd t h is i ss ugges ted t o d ate f rom e i the r t he e a r ly C has seen o r C ard ia l o ccupat ion s ( Mont ja rd in 1 966 , f i g .43) . T he s i te h as p roduced an umber o f p i t s a nd h ea rth s ( Mont ja rd in 1 976 , f i g .2) . One o ft he mos t i mpress ive mea su red 1 .10 m b y 1 .50 m a tt he t op , a nd wa s c ove red w i th b lock s o fs tones ( Mont jard in 1 976 , f i g .1 : 4 ,5) . I tc onta ined many s heep b one s , p art icu lar ly a round t he e dges o f t he p i t , p ot she rd s i nc lud ing s o me d eco rated w i th ' s un ' d es igns , a nd af ew h oney -co loured b lades . O ther p i t s w ere sma l ler ( e .g . 5 0 cm w ide b y 5 0 cm d eep ) w ith f ew a r t ifacts i n t he ir f i l l . Ap oss ib le p os t -ho le w as i nd ica ted b y t wo o b l ique a nd af ew f l at s tone s .

1 36

S ubs i stence e conomy Mont ja rd in r epor t s t hat t he l a rge p i t h e ld t wo a du lt s heep , a nd t ha t at ota l o f2 2 s heep w ere f ound i n t he C ha s seen l e ve ls . T he r e lat ive p ropor t ion s a re : 5 7 .89% s heep , 5 .26% g oa t , 3 1 .57% c a t t le ( Mont jard in 1 979) . Mont ja rd in u ses J ou rdan ' s ( 1976 ) e s t ima tes o f mea t w e igh t t o c a lcu late t ha t t he c at t le f o rmed t he ma in mea t p a r t o f t he d iet ( 2400 k g a sa ga inst 3 60 k g f o r t he s heep a nd g oa t c omb ined , u s ing M in imum Number s o fI nd iv idua ls a s ab as is ) . D at ing T he C ha sseen l e ve ls h ave d ates o f 3 210 * 1 20 b .c . ( G if 1 995) a nd 3 050 * 2 50 b .c . ( G if 4 50) ( Mont jard in 1 979 ) . A r t if act s : S ondage d u C hem in I nfg r ieur No . 1 Apar t f rom ama rg ina l ly r e touched i ndus try o n b lades , i nc iden ta l ly t he l a rge s t l i th ic c o l lec t i on f rom a ny p ar t o f t he s i t e , L eve l 2o f t h is e xcava t ion p roduced i n te res t ing C has seen p ot te ry , i nc lud ing amu lt i -pe rfo rated c o rdon p ierced a tl e a s t n ine t ime s , an umber o fP an -p ipe e l ement s , a nd ar i ng h and le . S hapes i nc luded a bout e l even f r agmen t s o fs of t c a r ina t ions a nd s hou lders . There w ere s eve ra ls t ra ight s ided b aggy v es se ls . One . s l igh t ly f l ar ing a t t he r im , b ore a n u np ierced f l a t l ug . Another s im i la r v esse l b ore a t r iangu lar s ect ioned h or izonta l c ordon b e low t he r im , a nd t he p os s ib le d epa rtu re o fa nother . Twe lve r im f r agmen ts o f o pen b ow ls b ea r ing a n i nc ised h o r izonta l l i ne b e low t he i n terna lr im t e st ify t o t he i mpor tance o f t h is s hape . O the r p la s t ic a dd i t ions i nc lude f l at l ug s , o ne o f t hem p er fo rated , p ierced b u ttons , at unne l l ug a nd t wo r i ng h and les . Ac oup le o fs herds b ore i nc ised p a ra l le l l i nes o r c hevrons . Much o f t h is ma te r ia l i si lu st ra ted b y Mont jard in ( 1966 , f i gs .6 -9) . S ondage d u C hem in I nfi r ieur No . 2 T h is s i te p roduced c o l lared g lobu lar j a r s , ab aggy v es se l w i th a n 1 8 cm d iame te r r im , a nd a s t ra ight s ided b lack j a r w ith h a tched r im a nd p erfora ted f l a t l ug o n i t s wa l l . B ow l s hapes i nc luded ad eep c a r ina ted b ow l , ah em ispher ica l b ow l a nd al ow b ow l w ith c hanne l l ing a long i t s o uter wa l l . S ondage d u F orage T he C ha s s6en h ea rth d ug i n to aC ard ia l l aye r p roduced f our o pen b ow ls w i th i n terna l h or izonta l i nc is ion , s eve ra l s hou lde red b ow ls , p a r t s o f t wo b aggy v e s se l sw ith u nperfora ted b u ttons n ea r t he r im , a nd t he r im o f ad i sh p erfo ra ted a l l a round i t s p e r iphe ry . Mont ja rd in i lus t ra tes t he e x cava t ion a nd s ome o ft h is ma ter ia l ( 1966 , f i g .31-36) a nd s ugges ts t ha t t he C has s6en ma te r ia l h e re , t hough s t i l l o f aL ate o r C la ss ica l t ype , may b e e a r l ier t han t hat o f t he C he m in I nf6 r ieu r , b ecause o fd i f ferences o f p a ste a nd g r it s ( 1966 , p .61) . S ondage E bou l i s C eram ic f i nds f rom t h is s ound ing i nc luded : c ar ina t ions , s hou ldered c a r ina t ions ( some t ime s a s f i ne a st he L a Made le ine t ypes ) , c o l lared g lobu la r j a r s , s t ra ight -wa l led j a r s , l ow o pen b ow l s w ith i nterna l h or izonta l i nc ised l i ne b e low t he r im , b r i mmed p la tes w i th c hev ron d eco ra t ion o n t he r im a nd an u mber o f d eco ra t ive f ea tures . The se i nc lude P an -p ipes , h o r izonta l ly p e rfo rated b ut t ons ( one w ith a' mous tache ' i nc ised f a l l ing f rom i t ) , v e r t icaly p ie rced f l a t l ug s , ac a r ina ted s he rd w ith af ew v er t ica l l i ne s o fi n c is ion o n i t s wa l l , a nd a nothe r s herd b ea r ing b i ts o fc ro ss -ha tched l adder i nc is ion . T he s i te a l so p roduced af i nger impres sed b aked c l ay ' p endant ' ( F igure 2 1:8) . S ondage d es C arot tes T h is s i te p roduced as ma l l f r agmen t o fv ase suppor t , w i th aw indow g ap i nt he wa l l ( Mont ja rd in 1 966 , f i g .3 9 :14) . S ondage d e l 'Abr i T h is e xcavat ion i so ne o ft he mo s t i mpor tant i n t he S ou the rn C has s6 en , a s Mont ja rd in c ons ide rs t ha t h eh a s t wo d if ferent a s semb lages p resen t , at yp ica l , a nd al e s s t yp ica l , s t ra t ig raph i c a l ly a n ter ior , C ha s sgen . The t yp ica l Chas s6en ma ter ia l c ons is ts o f an umber o fc ar ina ted a nd s hou ldered f r agmen ts , b uttons a nd b lade lets f ound i n L eve ls 2 a nd 3 . T he E ar ly C ha s seen p ot tery s ee m s t o b e b a sed o n t he s phere , a ccord ing t o Mont ja rd in : t he r eper tory o f s hape s i lus tra ted ( 1966 , f i g .29) c ons is t s o f d eep b ow ls a nd j a r s a nd f l a sk s , a n o vo id p ot w ith ar ow o f t i ny h or iz o nta l ly p ierced b ut tons r ound t he s hou lder , a nd av ery f ew s ha l lower o rc ar inated f o rms . The s hape s a re smoo th a nd r ounded . Mon t jard in i lus t ra tes d eep b ow ls a nd c ups w ith a nd w i thout r i ng h and les ( e .g . 1 966 , f i g .21 : 10 -12 , f i g .24 :1 ,7) . There a re t unne l l ug s ( e .g . Mont ja rd in 1 966 , f i g .23 :3 ) a nd o ne v e rt ica l ly b iperforated l ug , b ut mo st ly b ut tons a re n ot p e rfo rated . Ne ighbour ing s i tes P r ior t o e xcava t ing E scan in 2 , Mont ja rd in e xcavated E scan in 1 , wh ich c onta ined am ixed b ag o ff i nd si nc lud ing ac ar ina ted s herd a nd ac l ay s poon ( Mont ja rd in 1 966 , f i g .2 a nd p p .6 -9) .

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7 4

MALVO ISIN , ORGON , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R efe rences :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 974 , p .672 ( ca l led C amba let) S auzade e ta l . ( i n p ress )

G eo logy S and . L ocat ion 2km t o NW o fv i l lage , o n t he s i de o ft he O rgon t o C ava i l lon r oad . Excavat ion h i s tory C ha s se-e n a r t ifacts f ound i nc o l lap sed f ace o f o ld r oad q uarry b y Mad ie r . S iev ing a nd s ma l l s ca le e xcava t ion r evea led al i th ic a nd c eram ic a s semb lage . F eatures Ah ear th wa s n oted . S ub s i stence e conomy R a re c a t t le b ones f ound ( He lmer i n S auzade e ta l . i np ress ) . A rt if act s T he l i th ic i ndus t ry i nc ludes t yp ica l C ha s seen b lades , wh i l s t t he p ot tery i nc ludes b oth o pen a nd c ar ina ted b ow ls a nd d eepe r s hapes , i nc lud ing s hou ldered b a ses . D ecora t ive a dd it ions i nc lude mu lt ipe rfo rated l ug s , i nc ised l i nes b e low t he r im o f o pen b ow ls , a nd aj a r w i th i nc ised c hev ron d eco ra t ion ( Esca lon d e F on ton 1 974) . C o mment S auzade ( i n p res s ) c o mmen ts o n t he r e la t ive f r equence o f C ha s seen s i te s i nt he d ry , e l eva ted O rgon c om mune , a nd i n t he L uberon moun ta ins o n t he o ppos ite s i de o ft he Rhone .

7 5

VALLEY OF BEAUREGARD , ORGON , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R efe rence :

C o iffard 1 964

L ocat ion Uppe r p a r t o fv a l ley o fB eaurega rd , among A lp i l le sg ar r igue . Excavat ion h i story T he a rea was s urveyed b y L . P oumey ro l , who f ound N eo l ith ic r e ma ins o n t he s urface . C o if fard r epea ted ly v i s ited t he s i te a nd c o l lected ma ter ia l f ro m t he s ur face . S i te s i ze An a rea 1 00 m l ong b y 4 0 m w ide b o re a r t ifac t mater ia l . A rt if act s : T he a r t ifacts a re d esc r ibed f rom C o if fard 's s i te r epor t ( 1964 ) a nd s tudy o ft he ma ter ia l h oused i n t he Museu m o f S t -Remy -de -P rovence . C h ipped s tone T oo l s i nc luded at r ansve r se a r rowhead w ith s em i inva s ive r etouch o n b o th f ace s , a n e nd s c raper o n ab lade , t hree a ng le b ur ins a nd n umerous b lades a nd b lade le t s , af ew o ft hem b acked o rw ith r e touched t runca t ion ( Co if fard 1 964 ,f i g .1) . C o if fa rd a l so r eport s f i ve b lade le t n uc le i . At r ansve r se a r rowhead o n h oney -co loured f l ake , ab ore r , an otched b lade a nd t h ree f ur ther b ur ins a re k ept i nt he S t -Remy -de -Provence Museu m . G round s tone C o iffard r epor ts f i nd ing al o t o fg reens tone a xe f r agment s a nd h am me rs . The re a re ac om p lete b i l le a nd ab roken o ne a tS t -Remy Mu seum . B one On ly o ne d i s ta l t i p o f ap o l ish ing t oo l i si lus t rated b y C o if fard ( 1964 , f i g .3) . P ot tery F our s herds i n t he S t -Re my Museu m c o l lect ion b ea r c a r ina t ions , o ne s l igh t ly r ounded a nd s hou ldered . Ano the r o ft he c ar ina t ions b ea r s ah or izonta l i nc ised l i ne j us t a bove i t . The re i sa t l e as t o ne r im o f al ow o pen b ow l ( perhap s t he o ne i lus t rated i nC o iffard 1 964 , f i g .5 : 16) .

•

C o if fa rd d escr ibes t wo o ther r ims a s b e long ing t o o pen b ow ls ( 1964 , f i g .5 :13 ,17) a nd i ti s p robab le t ha t t he ' b r im med p la te s ' ( 1964 , f i g .5 :18 ,19) wh ich h e d escr ibes a re i nf act o pen b ow ls w ith s l ight ly t h ickened i nner r im . None o ft hese s herd s , h owever , a re i n t he S t -Remy Museum c o l lec t ion . The o n ly o ther s hape t ha t may b e i n fer red f r om t he museum c o l lec t ions i st he s t ra igh t w a l led o rs l ight ly i nver ted b aggy s hape ;o ne wa l l s herd f r om s uch ap ot b ea rs ar a the r p rotrud ing f l a t b utton . C o if fard ' s ' co l lared v ases ' may f i t i n to t h is c a tego ry ( Co if fard 1 964 , f i g .5 :6 ,11 ,14 , 1 0 ,5 ) . H is No . 4o fF igu re 5s eems t o i nd ica te as of t ly s hou ldered v a se w i th g lobu la r b a se . P las t ic

1 38

d eco ra t ion c ons i s t s o f p erfora ted a nd n on -perfo ra ted r ound b uttons ;n o i nc ised s herd s w e re f ound . Two b aked c l ay s p ind le -whor ls we re f ound , t ogether w ith a n u nusua l b aked -c lay o va l o b ject , p erfora ted a t e ach e nd , w ith o ne s i de b ea r ing d eep i ndenta t ions ( Co iffard 1 964 , f i g .6 ) ( F igu re 2 1: 1 0 ) . C o if fard i den t if ie s t h is o b ject a s al oom -we ight , b yc ompa r ison w ith t he f i nd sa t L agozza d i B esna te , b u t s im i la r o b ject s a re c on s ide red t o b e a nth ropomo rph ic p endant s b y C ornagg ia C a st ig l i one ( Cornagg ia C a s t ig l ione 1 961 -5 , p .317) . Ne ighbour ing s i tes C o if fa rd men t ions t he s i te o f L a B aume Rus se s o me h undreds o f met re s away , w ith much N eo l ith ic mater ia l .

7 6

FONTA INE DE CANOURGUE , ROGNAC , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R efe rence :

Guebha rd 1 910

L ocat ion Nor th o fL agoon o f B erre , o n l ow ly ing p la teau . Excavat ion h i story I ti sp os s ib le t ha t e xcava t ion s t ook p lace h ere a t t he b eg inn ing o ft he t went ieth c entury : Gu6bha rd i lus trates t wo s e t s o fP an -p ipes f ound a t t h is s i te ( 1910 , f i g .25 :1 ,2) . A . C a senave h a s r ecent ly made s urface c o l lect ion s a nd c onducted as ma l l e xcava t ion o n t he s i te . F eatures O vo id shaped p i t , 1 .50 m w ide , 4 0 -45 cm a t d eepe st p o int . Ar t if act s ( Ca senave c o l lec t ion ) : C h ipped s tone B oth t he s ur face c o l lec t ion a nd t he p i te xcava t ion p roduced ah oney -co loured b lade i ndus t ry a nd af ew s c raper s . T he s u rface c o l lect ion p roduced at r ansve rse a r rowhead w ith i nva s ive r e touch , a nd ab ur in was f ound

i n t hep it .

P ot tery T he s urface c o l lect ion p roduced t hree c a r ina ted b ow l s , ac o l lared v es se l w ith p e rfora ted c ordon , ah or izonta l ly p erfora ted b ut ton , ap e rforated f l a t l ug , a nd t wo o the r mu lt i -perfora ted c ordons . The s i te a l so p roduced as moo th c ordon , t hree r i ng h and les a nd t hree p la in c on ica l b ut tons a nd al ong h or izonta l l ug . T he p i t e xcava t ion p roduced ac o l la red p ot w i th i nc ised h or izonta l l i ne a tt he s hou lde r , a no the r s hou lder , t hree s herds o fl a rge p o ts b ea r ing n a r row c ordons , t wo f l a t l ugs a nd f ou r p la in b u ttons .

7 7

TRETS , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R eference s :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 955a ; 1 955b ; 1 961; 1 962 Gagn ie re 1 961; 1 964 G agn ie re a nd G ran ie r 1 964 C our t in 1 974 D 'Anna a nd M i l l s 1 981

L ocat ion T he p la in o fT rets i s ma in ly al ow ly ing a rea , 1 0 km North -Sou th b y 2 0 km We s t -Eas t , l y ing s ome 3 0 km Nor th -Eas t o f Ma rse i l le , a nd s ur rounded b y l ime s tone h i l ls . D 'Anna a nd M i l ls ( 1981 , f i g .3 ) h ave r ecen t ly mapped t he a rea i n t e rms o fi t s p o tent ia l f o r N eo l ith ic a gr icu l tura l ist s . Dur ing t he d amp A t lan t ic p ha se t he re wou ld h ave b een p oo r ly d ra ined a rea s a sw e l l a st he a rea s s u itab le f o r a g r icu lture , a nd t he s urround ing h i l ls . S ite s i ze T he s i ze o f mos t o ft he s i tes i nt he T re ts b as in i su nknown . However , t he L a B as t idonne s i te w as o n t he S outhern f l ank o f al i t t le p la teau 7 00 m 2 i ne xtent ( Cour t in 1 974 ) . Excavat ion h i s tory S urface c o l lect ions were made i n t he p la in o fT ret s f rom t he m idd le o ft he 1 9th c entury o nwards . As e r ie s o f e xcava t ions were c ar r ied o ut i n t he 1 950s a nd 1 960s b y E sca lon d e F onton , who u sed t he t r enches o f t he S oc ie te- d u C ana l d u P rovence t o d e tect s i te s . T he s ame t echn ique wa s u sed b y M i l ls d ur ing p rospect ions f rom 1 976 t o 1 978 ( D 'Anna a nd M i l ls 1 981) . M i l ls c onc luded t ha t e ros ion h ad d es troyed t he c hance o ff i nd ing Neo l i th ic s i tes i ns i tu o n t he s l igh t ly e l eva ted p lateaux o ft he b as in .

1 39

S trat ig raphy M i l ls d etected f ou r s o i l u n its i nt he wa l l s o ft he S oc i a‘ d u C ana l d e P rovence ' s t r enches . Most o ft he a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l h ad c ome f r o m Un i t 1 ,b u t s ome M idd le N eo l ith ic ( Cha s s6en) ma ter ia l w as a l so c onta ined i n Un it 1 ( D 'Anna a nd M i l ls 1 981) . F eatures Var ious f ea tures a re r epo rted f rom t he T rets s i tes . A ccord ing t o a n e ar ly e xcava tor o f L a B a s t idonne , Mane i l le , q uo ted b y E sca lon d e F on ton , s eve ra l c arved s tone s t e lae s tood b etween sma l l s tone l ined p i t s wh ich c onta ined p ot sherds , f l int , p endant s a nd i no ne c a se h uman a shes ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 962 , p .9) . I nhuma t ion t o mb s w ere a l so f ound , b u t t he s hape wa s n o t d i scern ib le ;t he s ke letons w ere d i sconnec ted a nd c ons isted o n ly o fl i t t le p i les o f b ones . When E sca lon d e F onton a nd P a lun c onduc ted t he ir e xcava t ion a tL a B a s t idonne , t hey d i scovered as quare b u r ia l p i t , n o ts tone l i ned , w ith t hree l e ve ls o f i nhumat ion s epa ra ted f rom e ach o ther b y p av ing s tones . A rrowheads ( t anged , l e af a nd t r ansverse) were f ound i na l l t hree l e ve ls . L eve l Ic on ta ined i na dd it ion p a r t o f ac ar ina ted b ow l w i th av ert ica l ly t r i -pe rfora ted l ug . Dog b ones w ere a l so f ound i n L eve l 2 . T he s t e lae , o f wh ich more t han 2 0 e xamp les a re n ow k nown ( D 'Anna a nd M i l ls 1 981) , a re made o fa n O l igocene l ime s tone , p robab ly f rom a n o utcrop a t S t -Zachar ie , s even k i lome tres f rom T ret s . T hey b ea r r ow s o f e ngraved c hev ron s e nc losed b y p a ra l le l l i ne s ( Gagn i &e a nd G ran ie r 1 964 , p .36 ) . S te lae a re r a re i n C has seen c ontex ts , a l though t hey a re w idesp read i n t he s ucceed ing L a te N eo l ith ic , b oth i nP rovence a nd L anguedoc , h owever , s o t h is may i nd icate aF ina l C ha sseen d a te f or t he L a B as t idonne s i te . F unne l shaped p i ts w ere e xcava ted b y E sca lon d e F onton o n t he T re ts p la in f o l low ing d redg ing o pe ra t ions i n 1 960 ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 961) . C our t in s uggest s t ha t t he ir s hape may h ave b een p rese rved b y w ickerwo rk ( 1974) . T he p i t s c onta ined f l intwo rk , f auna l r ema ins , a nd c omp lete p ot s , i nc lud ing s o me d eco rated w ith P an -p ipes a nd mu lt i -pe rfora ted c ordons , a nd a s p ind le whor l . A lthough t hey w ere f i rs t i n te rpreted a s b ur ia ls , t hey s eem much more l i ke ly t o h ave b een s torage p i t s o n af a rm s i te . One s im i lar shaped p i t h a s b een r epo rted f rom t he s i te o f L a Rober te , D rö me ( S ite No . 1 23) . S ubs i stence e conomy The f auna l mater ia l f ro m t he p i ts i sr epor ted t o b e o fc a tt le , s heep /goat a nd d og ( D 'Anna a nd M i l ls 1 981) . Dat ing C ha rcoa l f rom ap i t i n Un it 2a t A rc Roccas p roduced t wo d a tes , 2 950 a nd 2 750

1 00 b .c . ( MC 2 022)

3 00 b .c . ( MC 2 023) . Howeve r , t he p i t c onta ined n o a r t ifactua l ma ter ia l ( D 'Anna a nd

M i l l s 1 981) . A r t if acts : Thousands o f a r t ifact s a re r epor ted b y e a r l ier s i te c o l lector s , b ut t he ma jo r i ty o f t hese h ave n ow d i sappeared . D 'Anna s tud ied as ma l l p ropor t ion o ft he f i nds i n f our c o l lect ions b efore mak ing t he g ene ra l r epor t o n f i nds f ro m wh ich mo s t o ft he f o l low ing c ommen t s a re t aken ( D 'Anna a nd M i l ls 1 981) . C h ipped s tone The v a s t ma jor ity o f f i nds f r om t he T rets s i tes c on s is ted o ff l int ;D 'Anna s ugges ts t ha t t he p ropor t ion o f f l in t b lades i n g ene ra l wa s a pp rox ima te ly 9 0% b lades t o 1 0% f l ake s , a l though a s pec ia l s tudy o f 7 94 f l ints f ro m t he S te -Ca ther ine s i te g i ves ah ighe r p e rcentage-24%—of f l ake s . N ea r ly a l l t he t oo ls , a pa rt f rom s c raper s , a re o n b lades : e nd scrapers , b u r ins , b o re rs , t runca ted a nd n otched b lades . The b orer s , e spec ia l ly t he f l at -ended ' s crewdr ive r ' b o rers , a re w e l l r ep resented , w ith o n ly af ew p ierc ing a r rowheads b e ing k nown . Obs id ian i sf ound o n an umber o fs i t es , i nc lud i ng 1 2 p iece s f ro m S te -Ca ther ine ( 2 b ur ins , 2t runca t ions , 5b lade f r agment s a nd 2 f l ake s ) . G round s tone D 'Anna a nd M i l ls r epo rt t ha t s ma l l t r apezo ida l a nd t r iangu la r g r eens tone a xes , p lus l a rger a xe s , s ome o ft hem o n ly r ough ly p o l ished , a ppea red o n t he s i tes ( 1981) . The T re ts p l a in i sa l so r e ma rkab le f or

h av ing p roduceda l a rge n umber o fW i les , w ith a s many a s 7 0 b e ing r epor ted f rom

t he L a B as t idonne s i te . Bone a nd s he l l Af ew b one t oo ls a nd p ie rced c ock le s he l ls . P ottery T he p ot te ry f rom t he T re ts s i tes w as ma in ly i np oo r c ond it ion , b u t t he ma in d i st ingu ish ing C ha s seen s hapes ( l ow o pen b ow ls a nd c ar ina ted b ow ls , s hou ldered v a se s , a nd n ecked g lobu la r v a ses ) a re k nown . P erfora ted a nd n on -perfo ra ted l ug s a re r epor ted , a sw e l l a s t he P an -p ipes a nd mu lt i -perforated c ordons men t ioned a bove . Apa r t f rom t he l i ne s i nc ised b e low t he r im o fl ow b ow ls , t here a re f ew i n stance s o fi nc is ion .

1 40

C om ment D 'Anna a nd M i l ls b el ieve t ha t t he ' F ret s p la in , t oge the r w ith o the r P rovença l b as ins s uch a s t he V i l lecroze -Sa lernes , V a r , b as in , t he Mormo i ron , Vauc lu se , b a s in a nd t he F orca lqu ier b a s in , i nt he A lpe sde -Hau te -P rovence , wa s ap r ime s i te f o r M idd le N eo l ith ic a g r icu ltura l is ts . The o ne h our t e rr itor ie sa round t he s i te s i nc lude , h owever , n ot o n ly l and p otent ia l ly g ood f or a rab le f a rm ing d ur ing t he C has seen p e r iod , b ut a l so s ome o f t he d ampe r o r mo re h igh land a reas . D 'Anna a nd M i l ls s ugges t t ha t t he se a reas m ight h ave p rov ided a dd it iona l r e sources o r p as ture , u n les s t he f a rms w ere p roduc t ive e nough t o h ave r equ i red sma l ler t e r r ito r ies . T he ir r epor t i so ne o f t he f i rs t t oc on s ider awho le a rea i nt e rms o fi t s p oten t ia l f or Neo l ith ic f a rme rs .

7 8

R IBASS IERE , CAZAN , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R efe rence s :

G agn i &e 1 961 C ou rt in 1 974

L ocat ion Open -a ir s i te i nv i l lage o fC azan , 1 5 km E as t o fS a lon -de -Provence . L ow ly ing a rea t o S ou th o f Durance R iver p la in . E xcavat ion h i story C o l lec t ions b y M . F ab re o f Mar se i l le Na tu ra l H is tory Museum . A rt if act s : T he ma ter ia l f ro m t h is s i te h a s n ot b een f u l ly p ub l ished , b u t s ome o fi ti sd i sp layed a t t he Mar se i l le N a tura l H is tory Museu m , P a la is d e L ongchamp s . C h ipped s tone S ome o ft he ma ter ia l w as p a t ina ted wh i te , a nd s ome n ot . L eaf , t anged a nd t r ansver se a r rowheads w ere f ound ; o ne t r ansver se a r rowhead i sv ery e longa ted w i th ma rg ina l s t eep r e touch ; o ne i sf a ir ly e longated w i th s ha l low s em i inva s ive r e touch ;a nd t he t h ird i sp robab ly o b ta ined b y t he m ic ro -bu r in t echn ique . C ou rt in a l so r epor t s t he f i nd o f t anged a nd b a rbed a r rowheads ( Cou rt in 1 974 ) . A t l e a s t 1 7 ' s crewdr iver s ' , a l l wh ite p a t ina ted , were f ound . Bu r ins o n b lades i nc luded o ne p a i r o fb ur in s a ppa ren t ly o n r e touched t runcat ion . The re w ere n umerou s b lades a nd b lade let s , mos t ly o f t r iangu lar s ect ion , a nd s evera l s c raper s o n f l ake s . G round s tone T he museum e xh ib it i nc luded g reens tone a xes a nd c h ise l s , a nd C our t in ( 1974) r epor ts t ha t q ue rns a nd r ubb ing s tone s were a l so d i scove red . B one Aw ls . P ottery T he p ot tery mos t ly l a cked a ny s u rface , a nd t he b r ight r ed c ore w i th b igg i sh l imes tone g r it s w a s v i s ib le . The re w e re an umber o fs he rd s b ea r ing l ong u npe rfo ra ted l ug s , o ne b ea r ing ab u tton , a nd a no the r d eco ra ted w i th ah or izon ta l ly p erfo ra ted t ubu la r l ug . Af r agmen t o f af l a t -based v es se l w a s p resent .

CHASSEEN S ITES I N THE NE IGHBOURHOOD OF MARSEILLE , BOUCHES DU -RHONE Al a rge n u mber o fs i tes h ave b een f ound i nt he mounta in sr i ng ing Mar se i l le a nd f ur the r i n land , b u t mo st o ft hem we re d es t royed b y amateu r d igg ing i nt he e ar ly p a rt o f t he c en tury . The GROTTE LOUB IERE , Mar se i l le , i n t he s outhe rn f l ank o ft he E to i le moun ta in r ange , h a s p roduced P an -p ipe s , mu lt i -perfora ted c o rdons , c a r ina t ions , at r iangu la r t r ansver se a r rowhead w i th f l a t r e touch , ab ore ro n b lade a nd am icro -bur in . The e xcava tor , G . Dauma s , b e l ieved t h is mate r ia l was a s soc ia ted w ith b u r ia ls i n t he c ave ( quo ted i nC our t in 1 974) . S ome o ft h is mater ia l i so n v i ew a t t he Ma rse i l les Na tura l H is tory Mu seum . T he ABR I N ICOLA I I , ST MARCEL , Mar se i l le , wa se xcava ted b y E sca lon d e F onton , who f ound a C has egen h ea r th , l ozenge a r rowheads w i th p a rt ia l r e touch a nd p o l ished r edd ish -b rown p ot te ry , w ith c on ica l b u t ton s a nd r i ng h and les , i nc lud ing a n o pen b ow l w i th a n i nc ised h or izon ta l l i ne , ad eep j a r a nd c ups ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 956 , f i g .87:5 -7) . Cour t in ment ion s ad i s tu rbed i nhumat ion b ur ia l wh ich may h ave d a ted t o t he Chas sgen o ccupa t ion ( 1974 ) . Another c ave , t he GROTTE DE ST M ICHEL D 'EAU DOUCE , Mar se i l le , p roduced av e ry m ixed a s se mb lage , n ow l o s t o r i n ap r iva te c o l lect ion , wh ich i nc luded t unne l l ug s , P an -p ipes , c a r ina ted v esse ls , s hou lde red v a ses , b lade le ts a nd g reen stone p o l ished a xes ( Cour t in 1 974) . The s i te o fP ILON DU ROY , GROTTE A , was e xcava ted b y E sca lon d e F onton i n 1 948 . I n L eve l Ih e f ound h oney -co loured b lade le ts , a nd s c rape rs , b o rer s a nd as crewdr ive r , p lus w el p o l ished c ar inated b ow ls a nd h igh -wa l led s hou ldered b ow ls , p a ired v er t ica l ly p erfora ted b u ttons ,

1 41

af l a t s p ind le whor l d ecora ted w i th 2i nc ised l i ne s a nd ap o l ished s tone b a l l ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 956 , p p .119ff .) . Th is ma ter ia l i sa l so i n t he Mar se i l le N atura l H is tory Museum . T en k i lomet re s t o t he Nor th -Eas t o f Ma r se i l le i st he s i te o f LES NAUDINS ( Puec i l 1 969 , p p .80 -82 ) . I tl i es a t t he s outhern f oo t o ft he l ime s tone r ange o ft he E to i le mounta in , t o t he Nor th o f t he v i l lage o f P lan -du -Cuques . The ma ter ia l a ppea red o n t he s u rface a f ter p lough ing . T he p o t tery h a s l o s t i t s s urface , b ut t he f i ne b lade i ndus try i nc ludes t r ansverse a r rowhead sw i th ma rg in a lr etouch , b orer s , n o tches a nd t runca t ions . T he c ave o f GRANDE BAUME , c om mune o f Ggmeno s , p roduced al im ited amount o f C ha s seen ma ter ia l i ni t sL eve l 6 ,i nc lud ing at r iangu lar t r ansver se a r rowhead o n af l ake , al e af a r rowhead , t wo t anged a r rowheads w i th p a rt ia l b i fac ia l r e touch , b ur ins a nd b lades a nd b lade le ts . T he p ottery w as ap o l ished d ark b rown , i n t he f orm o fc a r inat ed a nd l ow o pen b ow ls . As t ra iner , an otched r im , af l at l ug a nd r i ng h and les w ere f ound , p lus s herds w ith h or izonta l c hanne l l ing ( Cour t in a nd P a lun 1 963 a nd C our t in 1 974 ) . F ina l ly t he c ave o f BAUME SOURNE , A l lauch , e xcavated b y E sca lon d e F onton i n 1 937 -8 , p roduced aL eve l I Iw ith C has sgen p ottery a nd f l in t b e low aC ha lco l ith ic L eve l I V . C ha ssgen f i nds w ere ah em ispher ica l v ase w ith t unne l l ug s a nd s hor t v er t ica l i nc is ions , as hou ldered r im , at anged a r rowhead , al ozenge a r rowhead , a nd s ome d a rk h oney -co loured b lades ( r epo r ted i nC our t in 1 974) . S ome o f t h is ma ter ia l i so n v i ew a tt he Marse i l le N atura l H is to ry Museum .

7 9

GROTTE DU DELUBRE , VAUVENARGUES , BOUCHES DU -RHONE R eferences :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 974 , p p .667 -8 ,672 C hey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972

G eo logy L ower J uras s ic l ime s tone . L ocat ion On Nor th f l ank o f Montagne -S te -V ic to ire , o n t he s i de o f t he v a l ley o pen ing t o t he S outh , 1 0 m a bove t he s porad ic D e lubre s t ream . S ite s i ze A cces s i sb y a n e nt rance 2m w ide , wh ich l e ad s t o ag a l lery 5m l ong , t hen t o at i ny we l l 1 .5 m d eep b y 1 .5 m w ide ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 974 ) . Excavat ion h i story E xcava ted f ro m 1 968 -72 b y G i l les a nd Marc C hey lan , who p ract ised c a re fu l h or izonta l e xcavat ion a nd s i eved a l l ma ter ia l t hrough a 2m m mesh ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972 , p .97) . S trat ig raphy Three l e ve ls w ere n o ted . L eve l 1 : u pper 1 0 cm—d is turbed l e ve l w ith r a re b ones a nd p o ttery L eve l 2 : f i ne d o lo m it ic s and , o f ten d ark s t a ined w i th f i res a ga ins t t he Nor th -Ea s t a nd Wes t wa l ls . Af ew b urnt b ones w ere f ound a long w ith many f r agmen ts o f al a rge v ase ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972 , f i g .8) ; o the r f r agmen t s o fp ot tery w ere f ound n ea r t he North -Wes t a nd North -Ea s t n iches . L eve l 3 : r ed c l ay w ith f ew f i nds , t hen s t er i le . The s i te h ad s uf fered s ome d i sturbance ( p reh istor ic a ct iv ity o r b ur row ing a n ima ls ?)a ss herds o ft he s a me l a rge v ase w ere f ound i na l l t hree l e ve ls ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972 , p .100) . F eatures A cco rd ing t o t he n u mber s o ft eeth t hat were r ecovered , mo re t han 5 0 s ke leton sw ere r epre s ented i n t he c ave . 1 3j aw s w ere f ound , b ut s ku l l s a nd l ongbone s a re mos t ly m is s ing . T h ree o f t he s ku l l f r agment s w ere n ea r t he wa l l ; ap e lv is a nd l e g b ones w ere f ound i na natom ica l c onnect ion ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972) . S ubs i st ence e conomy 2 6 s pec ies o f mamma ls w ere r epresented , i nc lud ing s ma l l c a t t le , s heep /goa t , d og , r ed d ee r a nd b oa r ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972 , p .108) . A rt if act s T he p o t tery i nc luded 4 l ugged h em ispher ica l v ases c .40 cm i nd iameter , 2i nver ted b ow ls 1 0 cm i n d iameter , 1o pen b ow l , 1c ar ina ted b ow l a nd t he l a rge v ase . O the r f i nds i nc luded a t r ansverse a r rowhead ( Chey lan a nd C hey lan 1 972 , f i g .4 :1) p lus d enta l ia , p ierced d og t eeth , a p endant i n ama r ine s he l l a nd ab one b ore r . S ince c o l lect ive b ur ia l s a re s or a re i nC has se-e n c ontex t s , i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t here i s s o me d ifference o f o p in ion l oca l ly o ve r t he p rec ise d at ing o f t he a r t ifac t s ; h owever , t hey c ou ld w e l l b e l a te C ha sse-e n ( Cour t in p er s . c omm .)

1 42

8 0

LA BALANCE , AV IGNON , VAUCLUSE R efe rence :

E sca lon d e F on ton 1 976 , p p .591-4

S ite h i s tory Dur ing b u i ld ing o pera t ion s i nI l s S t P , i nc entra l Av ignon , a n a rea o fp reh is to r ic o ccupat ion w as d i scove red a nd e xcava ted a s ar e scue o pe ra t ion . S trat igraphy T he C ha s sgen o ccupa t ion w as mos t ly d es t royed b y l a te r p reh is to r ic s e tt lement . A r t if act s A rt ifac ts p robab ly d a t ing t o t he C has seen i nc lude n o tched p ebb les , s ands tone q ue rns , b one aw ls a nd a n o vo id j a r w ith 4l ug s n ea r t he r im .

8 1

LES P IALONS , S EGURET , VAUCLUSE R eference :

G ros so , Mef f re a nd Ro me re 1 972

G eo logy a nd l ocat ion On at e r race o ft he Ouveze r i ver— inc ludes f i ve s i tes ( G rosso e ta / . 1 972 , f i g .2) , o ne o f t hem o n t he a ctua l c l if f o ver look ing t he r i ver . Excavat ion h i s tory Hut f l oor e xcavated i nt he c l iff s i de . A r t if act s A rt ifact s f rom t he L es P ia Ions s i tes a re a lmos t e xc lus ive ly o f c h ipped s tone .

The re a re t wo

s c rape rs , o ne o n ab lade ; o ne d en t icu lated b lade ; a nd o ne mu lt ip le b orer i ny e l low f l int . ( The se a nd o the r a r t ifact s , ma in ly ma rg ina l ly r e touched a nd u sed b lades , a r e i lus t ra ted i nG ros so e ta / . 1 972 , f i g .3 .) O ther f i nds i nc lude t wo f ur ther b o rer s o n b lades , s eve ra l c o res a nd t wo a r rowheads w i th i nvas ive r e touch . T he ma jor ity o ft he a r t ifact s a re c ove red i n wh ite p a t ina , t hough o ne o f t he a r rowheads i sp ink , p robab ly d ue t o t he h eat ing wh ich p receded manufacture . One f r agment o f s e rpent ine a xe wa s a l so f ound .

8 2

MOURRE ROUGE , ORANGE , VAUCLUSE G eo logy Mo las se . L ocat ion T he s i te o f Mourre Rouge l i es o n h igh g round t o t he Nor th o ft he b e G res b a s in , t o t he S outh o ft he c i ty o f O range , c lose t o t he s i te o f L a B e r taude . E xcavat ion h i story S urface c o l lect ion ( now i n N imes Museum ) . A r t if act s T he a r t ifact s s tored i n t he N ime s Museu m c ons is to f t hree t r ansve rse a r rowheads , p robab ly made b y t he m icrobur in t echn ique , a nd v a ry ing i ns hape a nd d eg ree o fr e touch ; ar ough ly t r iangu la r a rrowhead ; ab i fac ia l ly r e touched l a rge p o int , a nd at anged -and -ba rbed a r rowhead . I n a dd i t ion , t here a re t hree b orers , o ne o n ab acked b lade a nd t wo s egments o fc i rc les . Ab ur in o n ab reak i s f ound o n o ne b lade . T he s i te a l so p roduced s evera l s ma l l r ound s craper s w ith f ronta l a nd l a tera l r e touch . Mos t o f t he a r t ifact s a re p a t inat ed wh ite e xcep tf o r o dd i t ems s uch a s as ma l l b lack s c raper a nd ap a le g rey s egment o f ac i rc le .

8 3

LA BERTAUDE , LE GRES D 'ORANGE , VAUCLUSE R eferences :

E sca lon d e F on ton 1 974 , p p .685 -7 P h i l l ip s 1 975 P h i l l ip s a nd C our t in 1 982

G eo logy Rhone t er race c overed b y a l luv ia l s o i ls . L ocat ion On t he e dge o f asma l l b as in t o t he S outh o f t he c i ty o fO range . S i te s i ze E s t ima ted t o b e 1 00 x 1 00 m 2 ( 10 ,000 m 2 ) ,1 36 m 2 o f wh ich h a s b een e xcava ted .

1 43

Excavat ion h i story S urface c o l lect ions w ere made i n t he l a s t c entury b y D eyd ie r . E xcava t ions were c a r r ied o ut b y P h i l l ips i n 1 972 , 1 973 a nd 1 975 . S t rat ig raphy T he s i ng le C ha sseen l e ve l l ay b e low t he c l ay s i lt p lough s o i l , a nd h ad b een d amaged b y d eep p lough ing . I n mos t a rea s o ft he e xcava t ion t he a rchaeo log ica l l eve l d id n ot e xceed 1 0 cm i n t h icknes s . B e low w ere f u rther c l ay -s i lt s , o ver ly ing t he c obb le s o ft he mos t r ecen t Rhone t e rrace . F eatures Two h ea r th -p its w ere f ound ;o ne wa s o ve r la in b y c obb les ( s ee c ros s sect ion , F igure 1 1) , wh i le t he o the r w as c ut t hrough b y t he e dge o f a Ro man d i tch . T hree s tone s a ppea red t or ep resent t he b lock ing o f ap os t -ho le . S ubs i s tence e conomy No b ones o r c arbon ized s eed s w ere p reserved o n t he s i te . On t he b a s is o ft he s i te e nv iron ment a nd modern l and u se , c att le -ra is ing a nd c erea l -g row ing a re suggested a s p o ss ib le s ubs is tence s t rateg ie s ( C lut ton a nd Web ley i nP h il ip s a nd C our t in 1 982) . D at ing C harcoa l f ro m p i t -hea r th d a ted t o 3 450

1 80 b .c . ( MC -765) .

A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone T he s i te p roduced l a rge q uant it ies o f b o th b lades a nd f l akes , n u me rous i mp lement s , b lade n uc le i a nd r ough b locks o f f l int , b ut f ew r e touch f l akes . T he h igh p ropo rt ion o ff l akes t o b lades ( 243 t o 2 42 i nt he 1 972 -5 c ampa ign) i su nusua l i n aC has seen c ontex t . T he a verage w idth o f r e touched b lades w as 1 4 mm a nd t he a verage t h icknes s 3 .5 mm . The a ve rage w idth o f u nretouched b lades was 1 0 mm a nd t he a verage t h ickne s s 2 .7 m m . P ierc ing a nd t r ansve rse a r rowheads , b orers a nd b ur ins were f ound i nb o th s urface c o l lect ions a nd i ns i tu . More u nusua l e l emen ts i nc luded t anged a nd b arbed a r rowheads a nd a' ha lf -moon 's egment . Many t oo ls w ere p a t inated , b ut s ome h ad b een r e -ch ipped t h rough a n e a r l ie r p a t ina t ion . T he ma jor ity o fa l l c h ipped s tone a ppea red t o h ave b een made o n h oney -co lou red f l int . One s i ck le b lade a nd ap rox ima l f r agmen t o fo b s id ian b lade le t we re a l so f ound . G round s tone T he s i te w as u nusua l ly r i ch i na xes ( many f r agmenta ry ) , p o l ish ing p ebb le s , s tone b race let s a nd b i l les . T here w ere a l so t wo q uern s a nd al a rge n u mber o fs ma l l p ebb les , s ome p o ss ib ly u sed a ss ma l l h am mer s . S he l l Af r agment o f

b race let i n p ectoncu lus a nd p e rfo rated f r agmen t s o fc ock le a nd p ectoncu lus

s he l l w ere f ound , a l so s he l ls o f s of t water mus se l . P ot tery On ly 1 24 d i f ferent r ims were i den t if ied , a pp rox ima te ly h a lf o f t hem b e long ing t o l ow o pen b ow ls a nd af ew t o c a r ina ted o r s hou ldered b ow ls . T he re w ere a l so s t ra ight -wa l led a nd s l ight ly i nverted p rof i le v ases , p robab ly r epresen t ing d eep i sh j a r s . T hree o ft he l ow b ow ls h ad s i ng le l i nes i nc i sed b e low t he i r i n te rna l r ims , a nd t wo s herds ( one t h in , o ne t h ick ) b ore o b l ique i nc i sed l i nes c ros sed b y h o r izonta l l i nes . T he re w ere s i x f r agment s o f mu lt i -pe rfora ted c ordon , o ne a ppa ren t P an -p ipe a nd an u mber o f p e rfo ra ted b ut tons . Mo s t o ft he l ug s , h owever , w ere n o t p erfo ra ted . I nspect ion o f a l l s he rd s b y e ye , a nd o f 2 2 b y t h in -sect ion a na lys is , r evea led av a r ie ty o f f i l le r s i zes a nd t ype s , n o t d ependent o n w a l l t h icknes s , wh ich wa s ma in ly b etween 5a nd 9m m . Mos t o ft he p ot tery , t yp ica l ly C ha s sgen , c onta ined h igh p ropo r t ions o f f i l le r , mo s t ly q ua rtz a nd l imes tone , t hough o cca s iona l ly f e ldspa r a nd f l int w ere n oted ( Ma inman i nP h i l l ip s a nd C our t in 1 982 ) .

8 4

OPP IDUM S ITE , P IOLENCa ,VAUCLUSE R eference :

Co l 1 923

G eo logy L i mes tone . L ocat ion L i mes tone h i l l d om ina t ing t he L yon t o Ma rs e i l le r oad , t o t he Nor th o fO range . E xcavat ion o n s u mm i t o fl ow h i l l ( c .200 m ) a nd s urface f i nds i nt he f i e lds a t t he b ase o f t he h i l l ( due t o e ro s ion ? ) . L a te r s i te o f o pp idum .

1 44

E xcavat ion h i s tory C o l e xcava ted 4 0 m2 i n 1 923 d own t o t he r ock b ase ( 85 cm d eep) . Recen t ly much mater ia l h a s b een c o l lected b y C . d e Wa lke f rom t he s urface i nP io lenc c ommune , i nd ica t ing a tl ea s t f i ve N eo l ith ic s i tes ( Dampe igne p e rs . c omm .) . S trat igraphy T he s t ra t ig raphy was d iv ided i n to s i x 1 2 -15 cm a rb itra ry s p i t s . S urface f i nds c ons is t o fa v ar iety o f mat er ia l u p t o t he C a ro l ing ian p er iod a nd i nc lude q uerns . F eatures C o l c l a ims t ha t t here was ah ut f l oor o n t he s umm it , b ut d oes n ot g i ve ad escr ip t ion o ra ny mea sure ment s ( Co l 1 923 , p .79) . E ithe r t h i s was a p i t , o r af ea ture o ut l ined b y s tone d ebr is . S ubs is tence e conomy S heep w ere p r ima r i ly r epresented i n L eve l 5 ,w ith c a tt le i nL eve ls 3 , 4a nd 5 . The o cca s iona l b oa r i sr epresen ted a nd t he o ccas iona l r oe d eer i n L eve l 3 . T here a re a l so p ieces o fa nt le r p resent . At ota l o f 3 0 k i lo s o f b one were c o l lected . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone More t han 7 00 b lades a nd b lade let s w ere f ound b y C o l , mo re t owards t he t op o f t he s t ra t ig r aphy t han t he b ase . T h is i nc luded s even p ierc ing a r rowheads , 2 6 s c rapers , 3 0 b o rer s a nd o ne b ur in . The ma jo r i ty o f t he f l int wa s h oney -co loured ( the f i ve c o res f ound w ere r ed , b rown a nd h oney -co loured ) , b ut a bout 1 0% was d escr ibed a sv io le t . Ap iece o f o bs id ian w e igh ing 1 2 g rams w as f ound . G round s tone N ine teen a xes w ere f ound b y C o l , i n c lud ing t wo r ough -out s . C o l i dent if ies t he r aw ma ter ia ls a s j ade ite , c h loro -me lan ites a nd amph ibo l ites , a nd a s ser t s t ha t t hey c ou ld e as i ly h ave b een f ound i nt he b as in o ft he Durance r i ver ( 1923) . E leven b i l le s w e re f ound , mo st o f t hem i nl ime stone , b ut o ne i n g reens tone a nd o ne i n s ands tone ( g rs ) . Af r agment o fs e rpent ine b race let h ad ah o le b ored t hrough i t . C o l a l so r epor ts f i nd ing f ou rteen h am mer s tone s , t wo p ot tery s moother s a nd n ine r ound s tone s . B one Hu man b one o ccur red i nf r agmenta ry c ond it ion i n L eve ls 4 a nd 5 . An ima l b ones we re made i n to n ine teen b o r ing t oo ls a nd f our c h ise ls .

There w ere s evera l f r agmen tary p ieces o f b one a nd

a nt le r . S he l l Odd f r agment s o f ma r ine s he l l w ere f ound o n t he s i te . P ottery More t han 1 00 k i lo s o f p ottery were f ound . B oth s ma l l a nd l a rge v es se ls w ere i den t if ied— t he s ma l l o nes w i th p erfo rated b utton s a nd t he l a rge r o nes w i th p la in a nd p e rfo ra ted l ug s , a nd mu lt i -pe rforated c ordons w ith t wo t o f our h o les . One s herd b o re a n i nc ised l i ne , a no the r a n i nc ised t r iang le d es ign . C o l c l a ims a t o ta l o f 2 00 ' hand les ' ( p robab ly b ut tons , l ug s a nd h and les) , wh ich i s ah igh n umber , c ompa ra t ive ly s peak ing .

8 5

V ILLES -SUR -AUZON , V ILLES -SUR -AUZON , VAUCLUSE R eference :

B e rna rd G as s in p ers . c omm .

L ocat ion M . G ass in h as l oca ted s ur face s ca t ters o fC hasseen a r t ifact s o ver aw ide a r ea t o t he S outh o f o f t he R iver Auzon , r unn ing p a ra l le l t o t he r i ver . S i te s i ze 1 km b y c .40 m . A r t if act s C ha s seen a nd C ha lco l ith ic mater ia l h as b een r ecovered .

8 6

CLAPAROUSE , LAGNES , VAUCLUSE R eferences :

E sca lon d e F onton 1 976 , p .594 ; 1 978 , p p .718 -9

G eo logy Y e l low c l ay . Locat ion The s i te i si na n u ncu lt iva ted f i e ld , 1 .5 km S outh -South -Wes t o fL agnes .

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S i te s i ze I ndef in ite ( surface s ca t ter o f p ot she rds a nd s tone ) . Excavat ion h i story T he s i te w as d iscovered i n 1 968 b yJ ean Mayan . F rom 1 974 -1976 t hree s ma l l t r enches ( 3 x 6 m 2 )w ere e xcava ted , a l low ing t he s epara t ion o fB ronze A ge , C ha lco l ith ic a nd C ha s seen l i v ing a rea s . F rom 1 976 -1977 t wo f ur ther t r enche s w ere e xcava ted ( to ta l a rea 3 0 m 2 )t o t he S outh o f t he o r ig ina l t r enches . T hree l eve ls were d e tected , b ut t he C ha s seen l aye r wa s f ound t o b e v ery t h in . More r ecent e xcava t ions h ave u ncovered p ure ly C ha lco l ith ic ma ter ia l . A rea e xcavated 4 8 m 2. S t rat ig raphy 1 976 -1977 . L eve ls 1a nd 2 : C ha lco l ith ic , v ery r i ch , w i th l a rge v ases a nd n umerous b one o b ject s . L eve ls 3 : Av ery t h in l ayer o n t he c l ay s ubs tra tum . R esemb le s C ha s seen . L arge f eatures T he e xcava t ions o f 1 974 -1976 r evea led t wo d ef in i te C ha s seen p i t s , o ne r ound w ith v er t ica l s i des , t he o ther more d amaged , p os s ib ly o va l i ns hape ( Esca lon d e F on ton 1 976 , f i g .25) . S ubs is tence e cono my No e v idence . D at ing 3 430

1 25 b .c . ( MC -1691) ( Sauzade p er s . c omm .) .

A rt if act s C ha s seen p ot te ry i nc ludes o pen b ow ls w ith h o r izonta l ly i nc ised l i ne s b e low t he r im , a nd a c ar inated b ase w ith l ow c a r ina t ion a nd s i x b uttons ( E sca lon d e F onton 1 978 , f i g .38) . B one a nd l i th ic i ndus t r ies ( f l int b lades , g reen s tone a xes ) w ere a l so f ound ( i nforma t ion f r om A . C a r ry ) .

8 7

BOULON , ROB ION , VAUCLUSE R efe rence :

C our t in 1 974 , p .134

L ocat ion A ccord ing t o C ourt in , t he s i te i s ak i lometre b e low a nd t o t he S outh -Wes t o f Rob ion , a nd t o t he No r th -Wes t o f t he p erenn ia l B ou lon s pr ing . E xcavat ion h i story A ga in a cco rd ing t o C our t in , t he s i te h as b een c omp le te ly p loughed u p , a nd s ur face c o l lec t i ons we re made b y Dumou l in a nd G agn iere . S o me o ft h is mater ia l i sa va i lab le f o r s tudy i nt he C ava i l lon Museum . A r t if act s : T he a r t ifact s d o n ot a l l b e long t o o ne o ccupa t ion ( t hey i nc lude t wo p robab ly E p icard ia l s herds ) , b ut an u mbe r o ft hem t e s t ify t o t he p resence o fC has seen p eop le . C h ipped s tone Among t he n uc le i a re t wo s ma l l b lade let n uc le i i nh oney -co loured f l int , a nd as ma l l p ropo r t i on o ft he r e touched b lades a nd f r agmen ts o f b lades a re h oney -co lou red . Among t oo ls o n b lades a re o ne marg inaly r e touched a nd s qua r ish t r ansve rse a r rowhead , ab ur in , f i ve b orer s a nd an umber o f b lades r e touched t o ap o int . O ther p ro ject i le p o int sa re o fd i f ferent s hape s , f rom r ough ly t r iangu la r t o t anged , l ozenge a nd l e af s hape s , a nd t he re a re t hree v ery l a rge l e af a r rowheads wh ich p resumab ly b e long t o al a ter o ccupat ion . Th ree b lades b ea r h eavy d ent icu la ted r e touch d own o ne s i de a nd may b e s i ck le b lades . The l a rge n umber o f s c raper s—on t he e nds o f b lades , c ar inated , s t rang led a nd s qua re—may b e long t o t he C has seen h o r izon , a l though t he ir n umber i sp ropo rt ion a te ly h igh f o r aC has s6en a s semb lage . G round s tone I ti sl i kew ise i mpos s ib le t o b e s ure i ft he e l even p o l ished a xes , f ourteen p o l ished c h ise ls ( i nc lud ing t wo a ppa rent ly o fj ade i te ) a nd o the r g round s tone t oo l s ( f ive g r ind ing s tones , e i ght h am mers , o ne q uern ) o n e xh ib it a tC ava i l lon a l l c ome f rom t he p e r iod o fC ha s seen o ccupa t ion o f t he s i te , t hough t hey c ou ld we l l d o . Two f r agmenta ry b i l le s ( one i nl ime s tone , o ne i ng reen s tone ) f ound a t t he s i te p robab ly d ate f rom t he C ha s seen o ccupat ion . P ottery Af ew e l ements i n t he p o t te ry f r agmen ts i nd ica te C ha sseen o ccupat ion — the t h ree P an -p ipes b e ing t he mos t d ef in i te . I n a dd i t ion h or izonta l ly p er fora ted b ut tons a ppea r t w ice . I t may b e s uspected t ha t t he b aked c l ay s poon f ound o n t he s i te ,a nd s ome a tl e as t o ft he b aked c l ay

1 46

s p ind le -who r l s d a te f rom t h is p er iod . I ti sp os s ib le b ut b y n o means c e r ta in t ha t af r agment b ea r ing i nc ised o b l ique l i nes o n i t s b lack s u rface i sC has s6en . C om ment T h is s i te i st r eated b yC our t in ( 1974 , p .134 ) a s C ha s se-e n , a nd t he f i nd s e xh ib ited i nt he C ava i l lon Museum t end t o s uppo rt t h i s o p in ion . N e ighbour ing s i tes Anothe r s i te i nt he s a me c om mune o f Rob ion — the s i te o fL e C yp re s , Qua rt ier d e l a Roman i re—ha s p roduced al i th ic i ndu s t ry w ith s ome C ha s s6en e l ement s ( honey -co loured b lade n uc leus , a n e x tens ive b lade i ndus t ry , ah oney -co lou red b ur in o n r e touched e dge a nd t wo u n ifac ia l ly r e touched p os s ib le b o rers ) . Th is ma ter ia l i so n v i ew i n t he C ava i l lon Museum . Am ixed s e r ies o f a r rowheads c on ta ins ac oup le o f t r ansver se a r rowheads , t r apezo ida l i n s hape a nd w ith ma rg ina l r e touch . The re a re n o c e ram ic r e ma ins .

8 8

BAUME DES ENFERS , CHEVAL -BLANC , VAUCLUSE R eferences :

Dumou l in n .d . C our t in 1 974 , p .131

G eo logy C retaceous l imes tone . L ocat ion I n v a l ley o f V idauque R iver , a s i td escends f rom t he Wes t o ft he L ube ron moun ta in c ha in , s ome f i ve k i lomet res f rom C ava i l lon ( Dumou l in n .d .) . Excavat ion h i s tory E xcava ted 1 942 -44 b y A . Dumou l in . A rea e xcavated A l l o fc ave ( Du mou l in p ers . c om m .) . S trat igraphy ( Dumou l in n .d . , p .7) . L eve l 1 : S tamped V is igoth ic ware ; 3 rd c en tury Ga l lo -Roman p o tte ry L eve l 2 : i s t I ron Age L eve l 3 : ` Late Neo l i th ic ' . As i gn i nt he Museum o fC ava i l lon i nd ica tes t ha t t he f i rs t o ccupa t ion l e ve l was 3 0 cm t h ick , a s wa s t he s econd , wh i le t he ' Late Neo l ith ic ' h ea r ths l ay a t ad ep th o f 4 5 cm o n t he s andy s ubst ra tu m . A r t if act s : Ag rea t q uan t ity o f b one , c h ipped a nd p o l ished s tone , a nd p o t te ry , wa s d i scovered i nt he 4 5 cm t h ick ' La te Neo l ith ic ' d epos it , t ogethe r w ith a n umbe r o fi t ems o fa dornmen t . I ti sh igh ly u n l ike ly , t ypo log ica l ly s peak ing , t ha t L eve l 3r epresent s as i ng le o ccupat ion . D ecorated s p ind le whor l s , h eavy s t rap h and les a nd l ug s , av e ry l a rge n umber o fh eav i ly r e touched b ig b l ades o n ma rb led b rown f l in t , a nd t he p re sence o fv e ry e longa ted l ea f a r rowheads w ith f l a tr e touch , i nd ica te a p o s t -Cha sseen o ccupa t ion . I ft hese i t ems a re s e t a s ide , h oweve r , amo s t s i ngu la r a nd r i ch C ha s s6en a s semb lage eme rge s . C h ipped s tone T he c h ipped s tone i ndus t ry i nc ludes f our f l in t h am me rs a nd f i ve n uc le i , i nc lud ing t hree p y ram ida l o ne s . T he re a re an umber o f b lades , t wo h oney -co loured , wh ich b ear i n tens ive ma rg ina l r e touch a long .o ne e dge , wh ich h as a cqu ired al us t rous g los s , p re sumab ly f rom c ut t ing g ras ses o r g ra ins . O f 1 04 u nre touched b lade f r agments , 5 2 we re h oney -co loured . A much s ma l le r p ropo r t i on o f r e touched b lades w ere i nt h is t yp ica l ly Cha sseen ma te r ia l . As t range f ea ture o f t he l i th ic a s semb lage c or re la t ing w ith t he C ha s sgen o ccupat ion a t t he B au me d es E nfer s i st he sma l l n umber o fs pec ia l ized t oo ls . The re a re o n ly t wo b ore r s , b o th o f t he m o n b lades . T he l a t te r b ore r e touch o n ly o n t he d is ta l marg ins o ft he v en tra l s urface ; t he f o rmer wa s r educed t o ad i sta l p o int b y ma rg ina l r e touch o n t he d or sa l f ace a nd t he p o int was c overed b y f l a t r e touch o n t he v entra l f ace . There a re r a re o ccu r rences o fb u r ins , n otches a nd t runca t ion s . T here a re n o t r an sve rse a r rowheads . The o n ly p ro ject i le p o int s i nt he C ava i l lon Museu m a re t wo l ozenge -shaped ,t wo l eaf shaped a nd t h ree e longa ted t r iangu la r o ne s ( the l a tte r p robab ly p ost -Cha s s6en) . G round s tone I ti si mpos s ib le t o c ha racte r ize wh ich g round s tone a r t ifact s b e long t o t he C ha ss6 en h or izon , o f t he s i xteen a xes a nd s i x c h ise ls , e ight h ammerheads a nd t wo g r ind stones f ound i nL eve l 3 . T hree l imes tone b i l les a nd f i ve f r agment s o f l imes tone p o l ished b race let may , h owever , b e long

1 47

.

t o t he C ha sseen o ccupat ion . As phe r ica l a nd s evera l i r regu lar s l ing s tones a re a l so p oss ib le Cha s seen i t ems . B one B one t oo ls r ecovered f r om L eve l 3c ompr ised 3 5 a w ls , 3 7 c h ise ls o rs moo the rs , a' d agge r ' a nd an umber o fa nt le r t i nes s how ing u se . Ab oar ' s t usk h ad b een c ut a nd p o l ished , at oo th s p l it a nd p ierced , asma l l a n i ma l b one p ie rced t oa ct a l so a s p endan t , a nd t he re was o ne r i ng a nd o ne b ead . Aj awbone b o re s o me i nc ised l i nes . I tc annot b e g ues sed wh ich o ft he se b one a nd a nt le r r ema ins b e long t o t he C ha sseen h or izon , t hough n one o ft hem wou ld b e o ut o fp lace i ni t . P ot tery T he w r i ter d id n o t s ee a ny d ef in ite l ow o pen b ow l s hape s among s t t he p o tte ry , t hough C our t in i nd icates t hat l ow o pen b ow ls w ith h or izonta l f urrow a re p resent ( 1974 , p . 131) ;t here w ere , h oweve r , t wo h em ispher ica l b ow ls . T he o the r s hapes a re c a r ina ted ( e ight e xamp le sr ang ing f rom af ew c en t i metres t o o ver 2 0 cm i n d iameter , e .g . F igure 3 0 :2) a nd s hou ldered ( two e xamp le s ) . T he re i so ne e xamp le o f ab ow l w ith i nver ted wa l ls a nd t wo d eep c ook ing p ot s . The t wo who le a nd t wo f r agmentary c l ay s poon s may we l l d ate f rom t he C ha s seen o ccupa t ion . I t may b e s ugges t ed t hat t he p resence o fs o many P an -p ipes ( s ee n ext p a rag raph) i nd icate t hat s ome o ft he f r ag mentary s he rds p robab ly b e long t o f l a sk ( necked g lobu la r )s hape s . P last ic d eco rat ion i nc luded t wo n on -pe rfo ra ted b ut tons , t wo h o r izonta l ly a nd o ne v e rt ica l ly p er fo rated b u ttons , f ou r q uadr i -pe rfo rated c o rdons a r ranged a round ac ar inated b ow ls , t wo mu lt i p erfo rated c o rdons a nd t en s e ts o f P an -p ipes . T he re w ere af ew e xamp les o fs ha l low c o rdons a nd o f r i ng h and les . I nc ised c ro ss -ha tch ing o ccu rs b y t he s i de o f ap er fo ra ted b ut ton a nd r unn ing p a ra l le l t o as e t o f f our P an -p ipes .

8 9

GRANDE GROTTE , CHEVAL -BLANC , VAUCLUSE R eference s :

Du mou l in n .d . C our t in 1 974 , p .131

L ocat ion Th i s c ave i ss i tuated v e ry c lose t o t he B aume d e s E nfe r s ( Dumou l in n .d . , p .7) . Excavat ion h i story E xcavated b y A . Dumou l in 1 940 -2 . S trat ig raphy T he s t rat igraphy o f t h is s i te r e semb le s t he n ea rby B aume d es E nfers s t rat igraphy . V is igo th ic a nd G a l lo -Roman r e ma ins a re s t ra t if ied a bove I ron a nd ' La te Neo l ith ic ' l eve ls ( Dumou l in n .d . ,p .7) . A rt if act s : As im i la r c onfus ion o f p er iods i sr epresented i nt he mate r ia l f rom t he ` La te N eo l ith ic ' o f t he G rande G rot te a s f rom t ha t o ft he B au me d es E nfe rs . T here a re e xamp le s o fF ontbo t i is se c hane l l ed w a re , o f t i ny p as t i l les o n t he r im , a nd o f B ronze Age i n c ised s herds . Howeve r , t here a re a l so i ndub itab ly C has seen p ot s . C h ipped s tone T he re w ere 3 9 b lades a nd f r agment s i nh oney -co lou red f l int , a sw e l l a s an umbe r o f d a rk b rown ma rb led b lades . The re a re af ew e xamp les o f b o re rs a nd b u r ins o n b lades , p lus t h ree l e a f a nd t wo t anged a r rowheads . One o f t he t anged a r rowheads i sv ery l a rge a nd p robab ly n ot o f C ha s seen manufacture . G round s tone Among af ew e xa mp les e ach o f q uerns a nd h ands tone s a nd p o s s ib le p o ttery f orme rs , p lus f ou r a xe s , f our c h ise ls a nd t h irteen h ammer s tones , t wo ' W i les ' ( s tone b a l ls ) o ne i ng reenstone ( po ss ib ly g abb ro ) , d iameter 2 4 mm a nd o ne i nl imes tone , d iameter 1 8 .8 m m c an b e d i s t ingu ished a s p o s s ib ly C has seen . A s i nt he B aume d e s E nfer s , t he l a rge a xes a re mo s t ly d amaged . An otched p ebb le may a l so d ate t o t he C has seen o ccupa t ion . B one Twen ty p o int s , n ine o r more s moo ther s o r c h ise ls , awo lf t ooth a nd a d og t oo th r ep resent t he meagre b one f i nds . S he l l Af ew h e l ix a nd b ub i l i s s he l ls were f ound . P ottery T h is s i te p roduced s ome o f t he C has seen v esse l f o rms wh ich were m is s ing a tt he B aume d e s E nfe r s . Al ow o pen b ow l b o re a n i n terna l f urrow h o r izonta l t o t he r im a nd ( a s r e s to red) f our h or izontaly p ierced l ug s o n t he o uts ide ( F igure 2 8 :1) ; t he n umbe r o f l ug s may we l l b e a n e r ror . Ano ther f r agment o fr im b ea r ing af ur row h o r izonta l t o t he i nne rl i p i sk ept i nt he r e se rve s . T here a re t wo e xamp les o f c ar inated b ow ls ( F igure 3 0 :5 ,6) a nd o ne o f as hou ldered g lobu lar b ow l

1 48

o f v e ry sma l l d imen s ions . Ar athe r d eep smal j a r h as s t ra igh t wa l ls . Ad ecorated f r agment o fw a l l s herd s ugges t s t he f l ask s hape , a s p a r t o f t he n eck r e turn i sp rese rved o ver t he c urv ing s hou lder . T he re i s as econd s im i la r s herd . On t hree d i f feren t o cca s ions a ' s un ' mot if i si nc ised i n to t he b lack we l l -po l ished s herds ( F igure 2 1:1 ,3 ) . I n t he c ase o ft he f l a sk ment ioned a bove , t he w a l l sherd b ear s o n t he l e f t al a rge z one o fw ide -meshed c ros s -hatch ing a nd o n t he r i ght h a lf o f ar a the r s quashed s un . As im i la r b ut mo re c o mp lex f r agmen t o n ac urved wa l l s herd b ear s p a r t o f aw ide -mesh c ro ss -ha tched a rea , w i th u nderneath a nd t o t he l e f t t he r i gh t s ide o f as un ;l ower d own a nd o n t he r i gh t a ppea rs p ar t o fa s im i la r ly r ayed l ozenge , i t s i nc ised l i nes n ea r ly t ouch ing at r ip le -e lement P an -p ipe . Th is s herd i s r em in iscen t o ft he g lobu la r p o t b ear ing b ands o fc ro s s -ha tched d ecora t ion a l terna t ing w ith P an p ipes f ound a t L a Made le ine . The t h i rd d eco ra ted v ase i sa ga in s phe r ica l , w ith t he b eg inn ing o f ar e turn a t t he n eck . The a rea a bove t he w ide s t d iameter i sd eco ra ted w ith f i ve v e rt ica l ly i nc ised l i nes , s epara ted b y z one s o f p unctured o rnamen t . Two v e r t ica l ly p ie rced s ma l l b ut tons l i e b e low t he w ides t d iameter . A t o ne e dge o ft he v a se a ' s un ' i sp i cked o ut i n t he p unctur ing t echn ique . T h i s s herd i su n ique among C ha ssgen f i nd s , b ut c an b e c ons ide red t o b e long t o t he p er iod b ecause t he s un mo t if , t hough f a ir ly r a re , n eve r the les s s eems t o h ave b een i n t he C ha sseen r epe r tory . O the r p la s t ic d eco ra t ion i nc ludes e l emen ts o f P an -p ipe s s epara ted f rom e ach o ther b y af l at b and o fc ordon wh ich i s marked w ith f i ve i nc ised v er t ica l l i ne s . T he re a re f r agment s o f 1 1 more P an -p ipe s o n v i ew i nt he C ava i l lon Mu seum a nd i n t he r e se rves . The re a re a l so 1 1 s he rd s b ear ing mu lt i -pe rfo ra ted c o rdons o r l ug s . The w ea l th o f d ecora t ive d eta i l , b o th i nc ised a nd p la st ic , c omb ine t o make t he p ot tery o f t he G rande G ro tte r e ma rkab le among C ha s seen a s semb lages .

9 0

GROTTE D 'UNANG , MALEMORT -DU -CO MTAT , VAUCLUSE R eferences :

P acca rd 1 954;1979 E sca lon d e F onton 1 978 , p .717; 1 980 , p .535

G eo logy L i mes tone g orge s . L ocat ion I n t he N esque g orge s , s eve ra l me tre s a bove t he r i ve r b ed . S ite s i ze 7m 1 ,) ng b y 5m w ide a t e n try ( c .27 m 2 ) . Excavat ion h i story E xcava t ion s w ere c a r r ied o ut b y M . P acca rd i n t he 1 950s a nd 1 980s . S t rat igraphy T he e ar l ier e xcava t ions p roduced as t rat ig raphy f rom t he Meso l ith ic t hrough t o t he C ha lco l i th ic ( Pacca rd 1 954) . The Neo l ith ic l eve ls i nc lude C a rd ia l , E p ica rd ia l a nd Cha s se-e n . I n t he e a rl ier e xcava t ions , C ha s seen a r t ifacts a ppea red ma in ly i nH ea r th 2 ;i nt he l a test e xcavat ions i n L eve l 3( Paccard p er s . c o mm .) . F eatures T he s i te h as p roduced n umerous h ear ths , o f ten i n p i t s . Ah uman j aw wa s f ound u nder a l a rge s tone , t oge the r w ith c a t t le l e gbone s , af ew f l int f l akes , an uc leus a nd ab l ade let , a nd ah uge d eep r edd ish -b lack j a r w i th f our p la in l ug s n ear t he r im , 3 5 cm h igh b y 2 2 cm r im d iameter . S ubs i stence e conomy I n L eve l 2o f t he o ld e xcavat ions , wh ich p roduced s ome C ha s seen a r t ifact s , t he f auna l r epor t i nd ica ted 5 0% r ed

d ee r , 3 0% s ma l l c a tt le 1 0% s heep /goa t a nd 1 0% p ig , wo lf a nd r abb it c omb ined .

D at ing T he f o l low ing d a tes r e fe r t o Chas seen l eve l s , a cco rd ing t oR ad iocarbon v . 16 : N iveau 3 ( r ecen t e xcava t ion)-3890 *130 b .c . ( G if 1 793) ;N iveau 6-3950 *130 b .c . ( G if 1 974) ; C ouche 3 ,p i t 7-3820 *130 b .c . ( G if 1 795) ;a nd ah ear th-4000 *130 b .c . ( G if 1 796) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone The s i te h a s p roduced t yp ica l C ha s seen h oney -co loured b lades a nd b lade let s , t r ansve rse a r rowheads , b ore r s a nd p y ram ida l c o res . P ottery T he p ot tery i sl im ited i n q uant ity b u t t he e ar l ier e xcava t ions p roduced i n Hear th 2 af i ne

1 49

r ound -ba sed v a se , 1 9 cm w ide a tt he r im , w ith amu l t i -pe rforated l ug , t r apezo ida l i ns ec t ion o n t he u pper w a l l ( Paccard 1 954 , f i g .6 :39) . Th is v a se i sn ow o n v i ew i n t he Av ignon P reh i s to ry Museum . C o m ment P accard b e l ieves t ha t t he c ave was u sed p r inc ipa l ly f o r b ur ia l d ur ing t he C has sg en p e r iod , a nd t ha t t he ma in C ha sse-e n s e tt lemen t wou ld h ave b een a bove , o n t he p la teau ( per s . c omm .) .

9 1

ABRI 2OF FRA ISCHAMP , LA ROQUE -SUR -PERNES , VAUCLUSE R eference s :

P accard 1 957a C ou rt in 1 974 , p .134

G eo logy B urd iga l ien s and s tone . Locat ion T he r ock s he l ter i so n t he r i ght b ank o f t he v a l ley o ft he F ra ischamp . T he re h a s b een a g rea t d ea l o fh i l ls ide s l ippage c aus ing r ock s he l ter f orma t ions . A cco rd ing t o t he e xcavator t here wa s a l so p reh is tor ic p a s tora l o ccupat ion o ft he p la teau a bove t he v a l ley , a nd s o me o ft he ma ter ia l i nt he r ock s he l ter may c ome f rom t he s l ippage o f p la teau s o i l . Excavat ion h i story T h is s i te was e xcava ted b yM . P acca rd i n t he 1 950 s a sp ar t o f as tudy o ft he v a l ley ' s p reh is tor ic o ccupat ion . S trat igraphy T he s t rat ig raphy a s e xp la ined b y P acca rd i sa s f o l low s : H ea r th 1 : B ronze a nd E neo l ith ic m ix ture H ear th 2 : C ha s se-e n H ear th 3 : C ard ia l a nd C ha s s6en H ear th 4 : n ea r ly P ure C ard ia l . T he a r t ifacts f ound i n t he d i f fe ren t h ea r ths i nd ica te am ixtu re o fp e r iods , a l though H ear th 2 h a s t he mo s t h omogenous g roup o fa r t ifact s . P re sumab ly t he r ea sons f o r t h is may i n c lude a c t ion o fb ur row ing a n ima ls a nd t he e f fec ts o fs l ippage o f p la teau ma ter ia l . F eatures P accard c l a ims t ha t ab ur ia l ( No . 3 ) i nH ea r th 3w a s d ug d own f rom t he H ear th 2 l e ve l a nd d a te s i nf act f rom t he Cha ssgen o ccupa t ion . T he b ones w e re p a r t ly c rema ted , a nd b urnt f r agment s r e ma ined o ft he s ku l l , l ong b ones a nd p ha langes . I n t he p i t wh ich c onta ined t hem , P accard a l so f ound t wo He l ix n emora l i ss he l ls , at h in p o l ished a xe w ith o ne f ace f l a t tened , a nd l o t s o fh oney c o loured f l akes , i nc lud ing a p os s ib le f r onta l s c rape r ( pe r sona l o bserva t ion , P acca rd c o l lect ion) . A cco rd ing t o C our t in t he b u r ia l wa s i n ac i s t , w i th ac a t t le t oo th a l so p resent ( Cour t in 1 974) . T he re a re o the r b ur ia ls i n t he s i te , b u t t he ir s t ra t ig raph ic p o s it ion i su nce rta in ( No s . 1a nd 2a re C ha s seen a cco rd ing t o C ou rt in 1 974) . S ubs i stence e conomy T he v a l ley t oday i sr i ch i nr abb its , a nd i n H ear th 2 ,t he t h icke st d ef in ite ly C ha s se-e n o ccup a t ion , r abb it r e ma ins were f ound w ith t hose o f al a rge n umber o fs heep , a nd s ome c a tt le , d og a nd p ig . I ti si n te res t ing t o n o te t ha t t he c a tt le i nt h is l eve l a re s ma l le r t han t hose i nL eve ls 3 a nd 4 . There w ere a l so s he l l s o f He l ix n emora l i s p resen t . A r t if act s The f i nd s f ro m t he d if feren t h ea r ths a re f u l ly c ove red i n P accard ' s e xcava t ion r epor t ( Pacca rd 1 957a ) ,s o i tw i l l s uf f ice t o s ay f or H ear th 1 t ha t al a rge n umbe r o f C ha s se-e n p o t t ype s we re d i s c ove red among l a te r s he rds . The se i nc lude t he l ow o pen b ow l a nd b r immed p la te s hapes , a nd f r agment s o f mu l t i -pe rfora ted c ordon ( Pacca rd 1 957a , f i gs .7 :12 ,9 a nd 1r e spect ive ly ) . C our t in a l so a s se r t st hat c ar inated b ow ls c ame f ro m t h is h ea rth ( 1974 , p .134) . T he r a the r t h in l i th ic i ndus try a l so c onta in s s ome p oss ib le C ha s s€en e l emen t s ( two b o re rs , t wo l ozenge a nd o ne t anged a r rowheads) . H ear th 3 c onta ins af ew C ha ssgen t ubu la r l ug s o n r ed wa re , t oge ther w ith al a rge f l in t i ndust ry ma in ly o n b lade sa nd a tl e as t s even t r ansver se a r rowhead s ( e .g . i nva s ive ly r e touched a r rowhead , P acca rd 1 957a , f i g .20 :5) . P accard c ons ide rs t hat H ea rth 2r ep resen t s ar ea l h ab ita t ion l e ve l . C h ipped s tone T he re a re q u ite a n u mber o f f l akes i n H ear th 2 ,i nc lud ing f o r i n s tance 7 0 t h inn ish f l akes a s c o mpared w i th 3 4 b lades a nd f r agment s , f our b o rer s o n f l akes t o o ne o n ab lade , a nd e i gh t s c rape rs

1 50

o n f l akes t o o ne e nd s c raper o n ab lade . Th ree b u r ins a re a l so o n f l akes , t hough o ne b u r in o pposed t o at runca t ion i sf ound o n ab lade . B y c ompa r ison w ith o the r Cha s seen i ndus t r ies , t he p ropor t ion o f p a ra l le l s ided b lades i sf a ir ly s ma l l . Th ir ty b lade f r agmen t s , o ne b orer o n af l ake a nd s evera l o f t he p ro ject i le p o int s were h oney -co loured . T he p ro jec t i le p o int s i nc luded af r agmen ta ry b i fac ia l ly r e touched l e af , as ma l l s l ight ly t anged l e af w i th marg ina l r e touch d o rsa l ly a nd i nva s ive r e touch v entra l ly , a nd f our t r ansve r se a r rowheads a l l ma rg ina l ly r e touched b ut d i f fer ing ma rked ly i ns hape a nd s i ze . One i se longa ted a nd a ppear s t o h ave b een made b y t he m icro -bur in t echn ique , as econd i sn ear ly s qua re a nd made o n af l ake , a nd t he o ther t wo a re o ve r 2cm i nl eng th , t r apezo ida l i ns hape a nd made o n f l akes . T he re a re an umbe r o f n uc le i , i nc lud ing ap yram ida l o ne i n g rey f l int p robab ly f or mak ing b lade -f lakes . As e lect ion o f t he l i th ic mate r ia l f rom Abr i 2o fF ra ischamp i se xh ib ited a tt he Av ignon P reh is to ry Museu m . G round s tone P accard i nd ica tes t hat h e f ound t wo ' W i le s ' ( sma l l b a l ls ) i n Hea r th 2 ,b ut t hese a re u n l ike t he s pher ica l t rue b i l les , a nd r esemb le t he s o rt o f p ebb les d esc r ibed a s ' s l ing s tone s ' i no the r r epo r ts . B one s S even p o ints , t wo s patu lae made o f c at t le r i b , ac h ise l , a nd a p ierced s heep p ha lanx w ere f ound i n L eve l 2( Pacca rd 1 957a , p .128) . S he l l Ar ectangu la r s he l l p endan t a nd t wo f r agmen ts o f ma r ine s he l ls w ere f ound i n t h is l e ve l . P ot tery T he s hape s f ound i n H ea r th 2a re a sf o l low s : as t ra ight s i ded r ound -based j a r s ome 2 3 cm h igh , b ea r ing ad a rk r ed , s had ing t o b lack p o l ished s u rface ;c a r ina ted b ow ls ( e .g . P acca rd 1 957a , f i g .9 :16) ;a n a ppa rent ly h em ispher ica l l ow b ow l , a nd a n u nusua l f l a t l ipped l ow o pen b ow l . The c ar ina ted b ow ls v a ry w ith t he w a l l a bove t he c a r ina t ion e i the r f l a r ing , r e ma in ing s t ra igh t s ided t hen f l ar ing a t t he l i p , o r b end ing i nwa rds . One e xamp le h as av e ry s of t c a r inat ion a nd a n a pp rox i ma te ly s t ra ight wa l l , , s l ight ly t h ickened a bove t he c a r ina t ion . Ac oup le o f p resumab ly j a r o r b eake rt ype s herds b ea r s ma l l l ug s ;t he i r wa l ls a re a st h in a st hose o ft he c a r ina ted a nd o pen b ow ls . T he re a re n o p er fo rated b uttons o r l ug s , b ut o ne f r agment o fr im b ea r s i nc ised c hanne ls a nd t he r ema ins o f al ug ( Pacca rd 1 957a , f i g .10 :1) ;t h is l ook s t o P acca rd l i ke aF ontbou isse t ype . F ragment s o f ac ordoned v a se w ith wa l l d iame te r o f 1 3 mm a re a l so o u t o fc ontext i n aC ha s seen h ear th . Ne ighbour ing s i tes P acca rd h as a l so e xcava ted Abr i d e l ' Eg l ise , c ommune o f Metham is , V auc luse , i nt he N esque v a l ley . T he Abr i d e l ' Eg l ise p roduced i nL eve l 1 0 s ome f i ne ly -po l ished wares w ith r ound b ases , s o me b u t ton s a nd i n o ne c ase at unne l l ug ( Pacca rd 1 957b , f i g .3 :5) ;t he re we re n o c a r ina ted s herds o r o ther p la s t ic d ecorat ion , a nd t wo f l a t b ases were f ound i n t he s ame l e ve l . T he l i th ic i ndus try i sn ot c onc lus ive . P acca rd d escr ibe s 4 3 " b lade s a nd b lade -f lakes" , wh ich a re p robab ly mo re f l ake s t han b lades , o n t he a na logy o f t he Abr i 2d e F ra ischamp e xamp le . H e n ote s t he p resence o f ac e rta in n u mber o f mu lt ip le t oo ls , mu lt ip le b ur in , t wo b ur in sc rape rs , o ne b o rer s c rape r . Two v ague ly l e af shaped p o in ts w ith s em i inva s ive r e touch a l so a ppea r i nL eve l 1 0 . P accard s t a tes t hat ma ter ia l f rom t he p lateau a bove t he N esque Va l ley may h ave f a l len i n to t he r ock she l ter ( Paccard 1 957b) . I ti so bv iou s f ro m t he a bove b r ief r epo rt s t ha t t he Nesque V a l ley C has seen o ccupat ion r ef lects c er ta in r eg iona l f ea tures , s uch a s t he p resence o f mu lt i -perforated c o rdons a nd t unne l l ug s , t he a bsence o f i nc ised d ecora t ion a nd p er fora ted b ut tons , a nd av ar ied f l int i ndust ry . The q uan t ity o f ma ter ia l r ecovered f rom e ach l e ve l i sv e ry s l ight , h owever , e spec ia l ly w ith r ega rd t o t he p o ttery .

I ts eems d i f f icu l t t o p ostu la te al ong o r i n ten s ive o ccupa t ion o f t he N esque V a l ley

o r F ra ischamp Va l ley c aves o rr ock -she l te r s o n t he b a s is o f t he ma te r ia l s o f a r r ecove red .

9 1

FUNERARY WELL , LE COUSTELET , CABRIERES D 'AV IGNON , VAUCLUSE R efe rence :

C our t in 1 974 , p . 135

G eo logy Qua te rnary a l luv ion s . Excavat ion h i s tory The s i te wa s e xcava ted i n 1 930 b y G agn iere a nd V are i l les ( r eference i nC ourt in 1 974) . A 9 0 cm d ia meter w ide h o le w as e xcava ted o ver 6 .50 m d ep th . I tc onta ined af l exed s ke leton , f r ag ment s o f c ar ina ted v a ses , u nretouched h oney f l in t b lades , a nd ah am me rs tone .

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C om ment S ince aw e l l o n ly ame tre l onger wa s d r iven t owards t he w a te r t ab le a t V i l leneuve -To losane ( s ee r epor t a bove) , i t may b e t ha t t he b ur ia l a t t he L e C ous te let s i te wa s o n ly t he l a s t u sage o fa w e l l s ha f t .

VERDON VALLEY CHASSEEN S ITES The m idd le g o rge s o f t he Ve rdon R ive r , o r ' gorges d e B aud ina rd ' , wh ich f orm t he b ounda ry b etween t he dear tement s o fV ar a nd A lpes d e H aute P rovence we re t he o b jec t o f i n ten s ive a rchaeo log ica l r e sea rch f rom a bout 1 958 t o 1 970 . The r ock o f t he c l if f wa l l s i sK immer idge P o rt land l ime stone ( de L um ley 1 961 , p .168 ) , a nd i ti sh oneycombed w ith c ave s a nd n e tworks o f g a l ler ie s . T he r e lat ive r e mo tene s s a nd w i ldne ss o f t he a rea l ed t o t he c ave s b e ing u sed a sr e fuges i n t imes o f d ange r f rom t he M idd le Ages t o t he F rench Revo lu t ion , b ut i np reh is to r ic t ime s t hey h ad a l so b een i nhab i ted ,a sf i nds f rom Mous te r ian t o I ron A ge p e r iods b ea rw itne s s . T he V e rdon g o rges a re c arved o ut o f p lateau c oun t ry , n owadays s o a r id t hat w a te r h a s t o b e t rucked i n to B aud ina rd a nd t he n e ighbour ing v i l lage s . V ines a nd whea t g row s pa r se ly , a nd t here i sl i tt le g raz ing f or a n i ma ls o the r t han s heep a nd g oa t s . Nearer R iez l a vender i sg rown i na bundance . T he d escen t f rom t he p la teau i n to t he M idd le Go rges o n t he V ar s i de i sb y means o f an a r row p ath , wh ich d escends s t eep ly t o t he B aud ina rd ` beach ' , al e ve l s t retch o f g round b es ide t he r ush ing r i ver a t t he f oot o f t he c anyon . On t he o ppos ite s i de t he d escent i s mo re d i f f icu lt , ow ing t o t he f act t ha t t he l ower p ar t o f t he p ath i s mere ly al e dge a bout 5 0 cm w ide a bove t he p e rpend icu la r c l if f w a l l . A rchaeo log ica l r e search i nt h is a rea w as u nder taken p ar t ly d ue t o t he c ons t ruct ion o f t he S a inte -Cro ix d am b y t he E lec tr ic ite.d e F rance c ompany wh ich s ubsequen t ly f l ooded t he l ower p a r t o f t he c anyon , a nd a l so b ecause t he r emoteness o f t he a rea o ffe red t he p o s s ib i l ity o fu nd is t urbed d epos i ts . L eve ls i ns i tu h ave b een f ound i n mos t o f t he s i te s , b ut t he a c t ion o f b u rrow ing a n ima ls i n c aus ing d i sturbance h as b een c omp lemented b y t hat o fc l andes t ine d igge rs . D esp ite t hese d rawback s , h oweve r , Mes sr s C our t in , L ag rand a nd d e L um ley , who d ug r espect ive ly t he N eo l ith ic a nd B ronze A ge , t he I ron Age a nd t he P a laeo l i th ic l e ve l s i nt he B aud i n a rd g o rge c aves , w ere a b le t o a s semb le q uan t i t ies o fi n tere s t ing ma ter ia l f ound i ns t rat ig raph ic o rder . The ma in c aves w i th C ha s seen ma ter ia l a re t he f o l low ing . On t he V a r s i de , h a lfway d own t he c l iff p ath , l i e t he c omp lex n e two rk s o f t he G ro tte d e l ' Eg l ise ( S ite No . 9 4) , w ith G rot te G ( S ite No . 9 5 ) f i f ty metres b eyond . G rot te C ( S ite No . 9 3) , n ow f l ooded , o pened o nto t he c l iff p a th j us t b efo re t he l a t ter s he lved a brup t ly d own t o t he b each . ( The c aves we re a l l l e tte red b y g eo log is ts o f t he E lec tr ic ite d e F rance .) A lmos t o ppo s ite G rot te C , o n t he o ppo s ite b ank a nd t herefore i n t he deartement o fA lpes d e Haute P rovence , l i es t he G ro t te Muree ( S ite No . 1 07) . T he Abr i d u C ap ita ine ( S ite No . 1 06) , i nt he s ame dear tement , i su ps t ream f rom t he G ro t te Muree a nd was o r ig ina l ly a t t he r i ver ' s e dge .

T he Aven d e V auc lare ( S ite No . 1 05) i si nt he

l ower g o rges o f t he V erdon .

9 3

GROTTE C , BAUDINARD , VAR R efe rences :

G agn iere 1 970 , p p .564 -6 C our t in a nd P e loua rd 1 971 C ourt in 1 974

G eo logy a nd l ocat ion S ee u nder V erdon V a l ley a bove . S ite s i ze App rox ima te ly 5 0 m 2. T he p orch a rea i s4 -6 m w ide b y 1 0 m d eep ( a l though t wo t h irds o f t he l eve ls w ere a l ready d es troyed ) , w ith ag a l lery 1 5 m b y 2m l e ad ing o f fa t t he r ea r o f t he c ave . Excavat ion h i s tory L agrand e xcava ted i n 1 962 a nd 1 967 i n t he I ron A ge l eve ls , f o l lowed b yC our t in i n 1 967 a nd a nd 1 968 e xcavat ing t he 1 6 m2 o f C ha s seen d epos it r ema in ing ( Cou rt in a nd P e loua rd 1 971 , f i g .2) . S t rat ig r aphy L eve l 1 : r ecen t s t e r i le c l ay L eve l 2 : a shy l e ve l u p t o 1 .5 m t h ick w i th 1 6th c entu ry A .D . p o t tery L eve l 3 : h ear ths a nd e ar ly I ron A ge p ot tery

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L eve l 4 : h ea rth s a nd e a r ly I ron A ge p o tte ry L eve l 5 : c ha rcoa l f i l led c l ay i n t he b ack t h i rd o ft he c ave , f rom wh ich p i t s were d ug i n to t he s t e r i le c l ay o f t he b a se . F eatures Two o va l p i t s o ver 1 m i n max imum l eng th a nd 6 0 -80 cm i nd epth we re d i scove red , w i th s t ra igh t wa l ls a nd f l a t b ase . Cha rcoa l a t t he

b a se w as c ove red b y l a rge c obb les a nd a ngu la r l ime -

s tone b lock s , p lu s p o tsherds , a n i ma l b one s , f l in t t oo ls a nd w as te . S ubs i stence e conomy 7 ' r it icum d icoccum ( emmer ) a nd T . a es t ivo c ompactum ( b read whea t ) a nd h u l led b a r ley we re r ecovered . A lso p re sent w ere V ic ia f ab ia ( vetch) a nd J aros se ( ch ickpea ) . An ima l b ones f rom t he s i te i nd icate m ixed d ome s t icated a nd w i ld f auna ( 56% a nd 4 4% r e spect ive ly) . The d ome s t ica ted s pec ie s c ompr ised t he f o l low ing : s heep 3 1 .7% , g oa t 2 .4% , p ig 9 .75% , s ma l l c a tt le 7 .31% a nd d og 4 .86% . T he s heep a nd p ig h ad b een k i l led when y oung . D at ing 2 850

1 40 b .c . ( GsY 1 621) .

A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone Mo s t ly h oney -co lou red f l int was r ep resen ted , w i th b rown b anded f l int o f L a rgue v a l ley t ype . 8 2 t oo ls , 7 5 f l akes ( of ten u sed ) , 3c ore s a nd 1 h amme r w ere f ound . B lades a re mo s t ly t r apezo ida l ; b lade le t s a re f i ve t ime s mo re f r equent t han b lades . B lade w idth i s1 2 -15 m m ( one 2 0 mm) , a nd b lade let w id th i s6 -8 m m . The ma jor i ty o f b lades a nd b lade let s d i sp lay i r regu la rr etouch . I mp le ment s c an b e d escr ibed a s f o l lows : A rrowhead s , t r ansve rse

5

A rrowheads , p ierc ing

2

A rrowhead w i th o b l ique c ut t ing e dge

1

B orer s

3 ,o ne o pposed t o ab ur in

Bu r ins

5 ,f our o n b lades

S c rape rs o n f l ake s

4

E ndscraper o n b lade

1

B lade let n uc le i

2

F lake n uc leu s

1

L i me s tone c hopper s

2

G round s tone F inds c o mpr ised o ne s ma l l g reens tone a xe , o ne r edd ish b i l le a nd t hree q uerns i ns ands tone ( g res s i l ic ieux) , 2 5 -30 cm l ong . B one Aw ls a nd c u t t ing t oo ls f ro m o v icap r id a nd o ccas iona l c a t t le me tapod ia were p resent ( Cour t in a nd P e louard 1 971 , f i g .10 :1 i sp os s ib ly ap o tter ' s t oo l) . C o lourant s Af ew p ieces o fh aemat it e a nd b aux i te w ith p o l ish ing f acet s were f ound n ea r t he p i ts a nd a ga ins t t he North -We s t wa l l a t t he b ack o ft he c ave . P ot tery Approx ima te ly 3 000 s he rds w ere f ound , me ld ing 3 00 r ims o fd i f fe rent v es se ls ( Cou r t in a nd P e loua rd 1 971 ,f i g s .13 -16) . C rushed c a lc ite f i l le r a nd l oca l c l ays w e re u sed . T he s ur faces we re we l l b urn i shed .

Ma in s hape s i nc lude c a r ina ted a nd s hou ldered b ow ls , l ow o pen b ow ls , b r im med p lates

( Cour t in a nd P e louard 1 971 , f i g .11:3 ,8) a nd n ecked o vo id j a rs . One v es se l b ore an otched r im ( F igure 2 9 :3) . At i ny f r agmen t o fs t ra ine r was a l so f ound . Decora t ive f ea tures i nc lude s c ra tched d ecora t ion o n l ow b ow l r ims , c ros s -ha tched t r iang les a nd a` s un 'd es ign o n as ma l l c up . Va r ious v es se l s b o re p la in o r p erforated b ut tons . C o m ment s C our t in a nd P e loua rd ( 1971) r ega rd t he p i t s a s p robab le c ook ing h ea rths . De sp ite t he p resence o f af ew h uman b ones i nt he f i l l , t hey d o n o ts eem t o b e b ur ia ls . They a l so s ugges t t hat o ccupat ion o ft he s i te w as o n ly s easona l ( poss ib ly aw inter r e fuge ) b ecause o f t he i mpo s s ib i l i ty o fr a is ing c e rea ls o r k eep ing f l ock s i nt he g orges .

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9 4

GROTTE DE L 'EGL ISE , BAUD INARD , VAR R eference s :

C our t in 1 959a ; 1 959b ; 1 961a ; 1 965 ; 1 967b ; 1 970 ; 1 974 G agn iere 1 959 ; 1 970 , p p .563 -66 P h i l l ips 1 971; 1 972

L ocat ion M idd le g o rges o fR ive r V erdon , l e f t b ank . T he G ro t te d e l ' Eg l ise c ons is t s o ft h ree s upe r im p osed n etworks o fg a l ler ies , r e spect ive ly 8 0 , 1 70 a nd 1 100 m l ong . T he v a r ious p o rches o ft he c omp lex a re a cces s ib le v i a an ar row p a th f rom t he p la teau o fB aud ina rd ( Cour t in 1 967b , p .282) . Excavat ion h i s tory The c ave s h ave b een e xcava ted a nd p i l laged s i nce 1 946 . An ew s e r ies o f e xcava t ions i nt he m idd le n etwork wa s b egun i n 1 958 , b y J .C our t in , i na n t ic ipa t ion o ft he d rown ing o f t he a r ea b eh ind t he n ew d am o f S a inte -Cro ix . T he s i te wa s i n t he E a s tern g a l lery o ft he m idd le n e two rk , n ot i n ap orch a rea . F rom 1 967 -70 C our t in e xcava ted ap o rch i nt he Wes tern p a r t o ft he u pper n e twork . M IDDLE NETWORK S ite s i ze G a l le ry n e two rk 1 70 met res l ong , b ut a rea o fo ccupa t ion u nknown . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat igraphy Approx ima te ly 2 4 s qua re me tres w ere e xcavated ( Cour t in 1 967b , p .283) . T he s t rat ig raphy g i ven b y C our t in i sa s f o l low s : L eve l 1 : E a r ly I ron Age —b lack , a shy L eve l 2 : L ate B ronze Age—La te N eo l ith ic —a shy d ry c l ay L eve l 3 : E vo lved C has seen—compac t g rey a sh L eve l 4 : S ta lagm it ic s t er i le l ayer L eve l 5 : E vo lved C ha s seen—c lay w ith h ea rths L eve l 6 : C has seen— redd ish c l ay , c harcoa l , h ea rths L eve l 7 : C a rd ia l—p la s t ic r ed c l ay , a shy ;` f loo r ' a t t op L eve l 8 : C has s6en—brown c l ay , l a rge h ea r th L eve l 9 : C ha s seen—p las t ic c l ay , g r ey a she s

( Cour t in 1 967b , p p .283 -298) .

F eatures H ea r ths w ere b u i lt o n r i ver c obb le s ( Cour t in 1 967b , p .283 ) . T he h ea r th i nL eve l 3wa s p a r t icu la r ly w e l l -made o f f l at s i l iceous c obb les f rom t he V erdon R iver b ed ( Cour t in 1 967b , p .290) . Two p ostho les w ere d i scove red i n L eve l 5 ,b ut i tw a s n o t p os s ib le t o e s tab l ish t he ir p urpo se ( Cour t in 1 967b , p .292) . S ubs i stence e conomy I n a n a ppend ix t o t he 1 967 p ub l icat ion o f t he e xcava t ion M . S y lvan G agn iere g ave t he f o l low ing i nd ica t ion s o ff auna l f i nd s . L eve l 3 : Mä jo r ity o fs heep , w i th 5a du lt s a nd 2j uven i le , f o l lowed b y c a t t le , 3a du lt a nd 1j uven i le . One a du lt g oa t . I l iac b one o fh uman c h i ld . L eve l 5 : Ma jor i ty o fs heep , w i th 1 2 a du lt s a nd 5j uven i les , f o l lowed b y c a t t le , 4a du lt s a nd 2j uven i les a nd b oa r , 2l a rge a du lt s . One r abb i t h umerus . L eve l 6 : Ma jor i ty o fc a t t le , 1 0 a du l ts a nd 5j uven i les ( 2 v ery y oung ) , f o l lowed b y s heep , 8a du lt s a nd 5j uven i les . 3a du l tw i ld b oa r a nd 2j uven i les . R ema in s o f 2h uman s ke letons , o ne a du lt a nd o ne c h i ld . L eve l 7 : Ma jo r ity o fc a t t le , 6a du lt s a nd 4j uven i les , f o l lowed b y s heep , 6a du lt s a nd 3 j uven i les . 1a du lt r ed d eer . Meta tar sa l o ff ox . F ew b ones o fh uman a du lt . L eve l 8 : E qua l n u mber s-6—of c a t t le a nd s heep , h a lf o ft he m j uven i le . 1j uven i le w i ld b oa r a nd 1 a du lt r ed d eer . Metatar sa l o ff ox . L eve l 9 : Ma jor ity o fc a t t le , 9a du lts a nd 6j uven i le , 1v ery y oung , f o l lowed b y s heep , 8a du lt s a nd 5j uven i le . 1a du l t w i ld b oa r a nd 1j uven i le , 1o ld r ed d ee r . R ema ins o fh uman c h i ld o f 2 -3 y ear s o ld . I n a dd it ion t o t he f auna l r e ma ins i nd ica ted a bove , mus se ls he l ls ( Myt i lus g a l lo -prov inc i a l i s ) w ere f ound i n L eve ls 3 , 5a nd 6 ;a nd o ne x eroph i l is s na i l ( probab ly He l ice l la ( xeromagna ) c esp i tu m D rap ) , i n L eve l 7( Cour t in 1 967b , p p .299 -300 ) . D at ing T he d a tes f or L eve ls 5a nd 9 r e spec t ive ly a re 2 560 * 1 25 b .c . ( GsY -112A ) a nd 2 875 * 1 30 b .c . ( G sY -112B ) . A r t if act s : T he f o l low ing i n forma t ion i sd rawn f rom J .C ou r t in ' s 1 959 a nd 1 967b a r t ic le s .

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C h ipped s tone F ine b lades a nd b lade lets a ppear i na l l l e ve l s . L eve l 3 : A rrowheads w ere o f f our t ypes— lozenge , l e af , t anged a nd t r an sve r se ( for l a s t , C our t in 1 959a , f i g .1:3 ) . T here w a s o ne b ur in o n r e touched t runca t ion , a nd s evera l t h ick b lades w ith s t eep r e touch ( Cour t in 1 959a , f i g s .1:5 ,4 r e spec t ive ly) . One l us t rous ' s ick le b lade ' b ea r s t r aces o f t he r e s in t ha t f a stened i ti n i t s h af t ( Cour t in 1 967b , f i g .4 :18) . L eve l 5 : L ozenge , t anged a nd t r ansve rse a r rowheads a ppea red i nt h is l e ve l , t ogether w ith b orer s , b ur ins , a nd ap yram ida l n uc leus . L eve l 6 : L ozenge , t anged , a nd t r ansverse a r rowheads , at runcated r e touched b lade a nd a p o s s ib le b orer w ere f ound i nt h is l e ve l . T he t r an svers e a r rowheads a re u nusua l , w ith a no b l ique t r anchant a nd marg ina lf l a tr e touch ;b o th a ppea r t o b e o n f l akes , a nd t he s econd i sq u ite l a rge ( Cour t in 1 959a , f i g .1:7 ,10) . R e touch o n b lades i n t h is l e ve l t ended t o b e f i ner . L eve l 7 : T h is l e ve l c onta ined t wo l e af p o int s , a nd o ne r ectangu la r -shaped ma rg ina l ly r e touched t r ansverse a r rowhead . T h ick b orer s w ere made w ith a brup t r e touch ; o ne o n a b lade let i si lus t ra ted b y C ou rt in ( 1959 , f i g .1:12) . R etouch c ont inues l i ght o n t he b lades . L eve l 8 : F ine ma rg ina l r e touch o n b lades c ont inued . L eve l 9 : At anged a rrowhead , ab orer a nd ab ur in w ere f ound i n t h is l e ve l . G round s tone An u mber o f q uerns a nd r ubb ing s tones w ere f ound . I n a dd it ion L eve l 3c onta ined at i ny c h ise l i n g reen stone , af r agmen t o f a n a dze a nd t he c ut t ing e dge o f a n a xe . L eve l 5c onta ined t hree a xe f r agment s , o ne o f t he m v ery f l a t sect ioned . L eve l 6c onta ined o ne a xe o f o va l s ec t ion , o ne p o l ish ing s tone , o ne n otched p ebb le ( ' f ish ing w e igh t ' ) a nd af r agmen t o fl ime s tone b race let . L eve l 7c onta ined af ur the r f r agment o f b race le t a nd a n a xe . L eve ls 8 a nd 9 e ach c onta ined a s ma l l p o l ished c h ise l . A mos t u nusua l ` p intadera ' i ns of tl ime s tone wa s f ound i nL eve l 6( Cour t in 1 967b , f i g .8 :5) . I tb ea rs t hree n otches a nd ` f ish s ca le 'i nc is ions ( F igure 2 1:5) . B one Aw ls w ere f ound i na l l l e ve ls , a nd b one ` smoother s ' i n L eve ls 5 , 6 , 7a nd 8 . One s moo ther f ound i n L eve l 5w as i na nt le r , a nd p er fora ted . L eve l 3a l so c onta ined t wo d oub le p o int s ( for f i sh ing ? ) , o ne w edge o r c h ise l , ab ead a nd a n u nusua l h ook shaped p endant d eco ra ted w ith l i t t le p unched d o t s o n e ach s i de ( Cour t in 1 967b , f i g .4 :8) . L eve l 5c onta ined al ong t h in p in o fc y l in d r ica l s ect ion . L eve ls 6 a nd 7e ach p roduced ah o l low b one a r t ifact t en ta t ive ly d ef ined a s awh ist le . Ap o l ished a nt le r b ead o r r i ng was f u r ther f ound i n L eve l 7( Cour t in 1 959a , f i g .2) . S he l l L eve l 5c on ta ined ap i erced c ard ium a nd ap i erced c er ith p resumab ly u sed a s p endant s . P ot tery C a r ina ted a nd s hou ldered v es se ls a re mo s t f r equent i nt he u ppe rl eve ls ,a sa re p ierced b uttons a nd c o rdons a nd a tl e as t o ne P an -p ipe . T here a re a l so s eve ra l i n stances o fl ow o pen b ow ls w ith t he u sua l i nc ised l i ne b e low t he i n terna l r im , a nd o f n otched o r mou lded r ims ( ' bords f e s tonngs ') . T he t i ny f l a t b u t tons k nown a s ' pa s t i l les ' a r e o n ly f ound i nL eve l 5 . T he sma l l n umber o f f i nds f rom t he l ower l e ve ls d oe s n ot h e lp f o r c ompa rat ive p u rposes , b ut i t may b e n o ted t ha t as ect ion o fs halow c o rdon w as f ound i nL eve l 9o n ly ( Cour t in 1 967b , f i g .18 :2 ) . Two i n teres t ing f orms a re t he d eep h em i sphe r ica l b ow l w ith p e rfora ted a nd u npe rfo rated b u ttons r ound i t sr im ( Court in 1 967 , f i g .18 :1) a nd t he t h ickened r im o f av er t ica l ly wa l led j a r , t he b a se o f wh ich i sm is s ing ( Court in 1 967b , f i g .18 :6 ) . Two e xamp les o fg lobu la rj a r s , w i th d eep c o l la r sf rom L eve l 9a re a l so i lust ra ted ( Cour t in 1 967b , f i g .18 :3 ,4 ) . UPPER NETWORK A rea e xcavated App rox imate ly 3 0 m 2— the who le o f t he p orch a rea—was e xcava ted . B eh ind t he p orch a s t eep t a lus s l opes d own t o i n terna l g a l ler ie s whe re p o t sherds h ave b een f ound o n t he s urface ( Cour t in 1 974 , p .126 ) . S trat ig raphy C has seen ma te r ia l w as f ound o ver 2 .5 m o fd epos it . L eve ls 1a nd 2 : D is turbed ( Cha lco l ith ic , B ronze A ge a nd L ate Ro man Emp ire ma te r ia l) L eve l 3 : C has seen h ea rths— redd ish s and L eve l 4 : S ter i le— sma l l b lack p ebb les L eve l 5 : C ha s sgen—angu la r b locks , d ry r edd i sh c l ay L eve l 6 : C ha s se-e n—concreted g rey a sh L eve l 7 : C ha s sgen—g rey a sh

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L eve l 8 : C hasseen— ashy c l ay L eve l 9 : R ed c ave c l ay— some Mous ter ian f l ints . F eatures T he b es t -preserved h ea rths c ons is ted o f a shes o r c harcoa l f l eck s a nd o ccur red i nL eve l 3 . One p o stho le 1 5 cm i n d iame ter w a s f ound i n L eve l &( Gagn iere 1 970 , f i g .25) . Ap i t d ug d own f rom L eve l 8i n to t he r ed c l ay a t t he b ase o ft he p orch c ont a ined f r agment s o f ap ot te ry s t ra iner ( F igure 2 1:2) . C ave p a int ing s An u nusua l f ea ture o f t he e xp lo ra t ion o f t he l ong g a l ler ies o ft he u ppe r n e twork wa s t he d i scovery o fs chema t ic r ock p a in t ing s ( Court in 1 961) . Af ur the r d es ign o fc ro s s -hat ch ing wa s f ound i n t he m idd le n etwo rk . T he u pper n etwork d es igns s eem t o r ep resen t s uns , t hough s ome o f t he ' r ays ' a re d ec ided ly s i nuous . C ou rt in makes a na log ies w i th s o la r d es igns o n r ock s i nt he V a l lee d es Merve i l les , Mon t B ggo , A lpes Ma r it ime s . E xcava t ion u nder t he r ock p a in t ing s r evea led s evera l p i ts d ug i n to t he r ed c l ay , wh ich c onta ined af ew h oney -co loured b lade let s , s eve ra l b one aw ls a nd s o me p o t tery i nc lud ing al ow c a r inated b ow l , as hou ldered b ow l w ith t wo s uspens ion h o les b o red t h rough t he u pper w a l l , a nd s evera l h or izontaly p ie rced b u t tons . T hese f i nd s , a nd a s urface f i nd o f ab ow l w ith l ow c a r inat ion a nd t wo mu lt i -pe rfora ted l ug s o n t he r im , s uggest a C hasseen o r ig in f o r t he wa l l p a int ing s . S ubs is tence e cono my A l l s o i l t aken f r om t h is s i te wa s s c reened , p roduc ing c a rbon ized g ra ins a nd a co rn s i nf a ir q uant it ies f r om a l l l e ve ls o ft he s i te , p lus b ones o f c a t t le , s heep o rg oa t , r abb it a nd s ma l l r odent s . A s i n t he o ther V erdon V a l ley c aves , t he n umerous q uerns a nd g r ind ing s tone s a nd l u st rous s i ck le -b lades a re a s su med t o b ea r o ut t he i mpo r tance o fa g r icu ltura l p roducts ( Cour t in a nd E r roux 1 974) . D at ing L eve l 3— (G if 1 331) 2 550 * 1 30 b .c . L eve l 5— (G if 1 332) 2 250 * 1 30 b .c . L eve l 8 a— (G if 1 333) 3 550 * 1 40 b .c . L eve l 8 b— (G if 1 334 ) 3 810 *140 b .c . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone A sma l l q uant i ty o fa r t ifact s o n h oney -co loured f l int w e re f ound , i nc lud ing t r ansver se a rrowheads , p ierc ing a r rowheads , b ur in s a nd b orer s . L eve l 5( Cou r t in 1 975 , f i g .38 ) : C h ipped s tone a r t ifact s f rom t h is l e ve l i nc luded p ierc ing a r rowheads , t wo o f t hem w ith s l igh t t ang s a nd at h ird w i th av ery p o inted t i p , t r an sver se a r rowheads , ab acked l una te , b o re r a nd b ur in . L eve l 7( Cour t in 1 974 , f i g .39) : B ifac ialy r etouched p ierc ing a r rowheads a nd t wo t r ansve rse a r rowheads , o ne w ith ma rg ina l r e touch , w ere f ound i n t h is l e ve l . Af r agmenta ry b lade w a s r e touched a s ab orer , a nd ab lade let h ad b een t runca ted a nd r e touched . Af i ne , p ara l le l -s ided b lade was c ont inuous ly r e touched o n b o th ma rg ins . L eve l 8( Court in 1 974 , f i g .40) : Th is l e ve l p roduced f i ne ly r e touched l ozenge a nd l e af a r rowheads i nc lud ing o ne i n o bs id ian . T ransver se a r rowheads , b lades , b o rer s a nd b ur ins c omp lete t he l i th ic i ndust ry . G round s tone Querns a nd g r ind ing s tones w ere f ound t hroughout t he e xcava t ions , b ut o n ly r a re a xes ( Gagn iere 1 970 , f i g .23) . Two f r agments o fl ime s tone b race le tw ere f ound i nL eve l 5( Cour t in 1 974 , f i g .3 8: 9 ,10 ) . Bone An umber o fb one a r t ifact s w ere f ound d ur ing e xcava t ion , i nc lud ing a n a w l ( Gagn ie re 1 970 , f i g .23) . P ottery Many mo re s herds w ere f ound i n t he u pper l e ve ls t han t he l ower , p a r t ly b ecause t he c ave i t se lf c urved i nwa rds t owa rds i t s b a se . Typ ica l C has sg en f orms—ca r ina ted a nd l ow , o pen b ow ls , a nd g lobu lar , s hou ldered s hape s , t he l a t ter w ith as ma l l b ut ton o n t he s hou lde r—appear t hroughout t he s t ra t ig raphy ( Ph i l l ip s 1 971 , t ab le 1 ;1 972 , f i g .15) . S tra ight -wa l led j a r s b ea r h or izonta l c ordons o r v er t ica l l ug s b e low t he r im . T here i sn o ma rked v a r iat ion i nr im t ype o rw a l l t h icknes s o f t he r im s herds i nt he d i f feren t l e ve ls . Measurement o f wa l l t h icknes s ( by k ind p erm is s ion o fJ .C ou rt in) r evea led t hat i n L eve l s 5a nd 8 v es se ls o f 5 -9 m m i nt h icknes s a ccounted f o r a pp rox ima te ly 8 0% o ft he t ota l . T he ma jo r ity o f t hese , 6 0% , h ad wa l l t h icknes ses o f 5 -7 mm . Mu lt iperfo rated c ordons a re f ound b o th o n t he r im a nd o n t he w a l l o fC ha s seen b ow ls f rom u pper a nd l ower l e ve ls ( Cour t in 1 970 , f i g .5 ;P h i l l ip s 1 972 , f i g .15) . However , f i nger i mpres sed

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c ordons a nd ' pa s t i l les ' o r t i ny b uttons a re p la s t ic d ecora t ions wh ich a ppea r o n ly i nt he u pper l e ve l s . S o me o f t he o pen b ow l s b ea r i nc ised d eco ra t ion ( Cou rt in 1 974 , f i g .37) . I n a dd it ion , amo s t u nusua l s ect ion o fr im , b ea r ing ac on ica l b u tton , wa s f ound i nL eve l 7d ur ing t he 1 968 s eason . I n C our t in ' s o p in ion , i tc ome s f rom as qua re -mouthed v es se l ( Cour t in 1 974 , f i g .39 :11) . I fs o , t h is wou ld r epresen t o ne o ft he v ery f ew f i nds o fs qua re -mouthed v es se ls b etween t he L igur ian c oa s t a nd C a ta lon ia .

9 5

GROTTE G , BAUD INARD , VAR R eferences :

C ou rt in 1 961b ; 1 974

L ocat ion T he s i te l i e s i nt he M idd le Gorge s o f t he V erdon V a l ley , o n t he l e f t b ank , 5 0 met res l ower t han t he G ro t te d e l ' Eg l ise a nd t hus a bout t wo th i rds o f t he way d own t he c l iff s ide f rom t he p lateau . I tc on s is t s o ft wo s uper impo sed c ave s ( Cou r t in 1 961b , p .184) . S i te s i ze 1 0 s qua re me tres . E xcavat ion h i s tory T he u pper c ave , e xcava ted b y C har les L agrand , c onta ined I ron A ge ma ter ia l . T he l owe r c ave , wh ich h ad a l ready b een d i sturbed b y c l andes t ine d igger s , wa s e xcava ted b y C our t in , who f ound s ome C ha s seen h ear ths i n p lace . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy 6m 2 w ere e xcava ted b y C our t in , who f ound t wo s uper imposed h ear ths i n L eve ls 7a nd 8 . F eatures H ear th i n L eve l 7 : t h is wa s 1 5 -20 cm t h ick , a n a shy g r ey ma t r ix c onta in ing af ew a ngu la r p ebb les a nd r es t ing o n an ea r ly h or izonta l s o i l , p ar t ly c overed w ith f l a t c obb les . H ea r th i n L eve l 8 : t h is was 2 0 -25 cm t h ick , ab rown ish red , c ha rcoa l -f i l led ma t r ix r e s t ing o n r ed c ave c l ay ( Cou rt in 1 961b , p .183) . S ubs i stence e conomy T he s i te p roduced T r it icum d icoccum ( emmer ) a nd T r it icum a est ivo -compactum ( bread whea t ) a nd h u l led b a r leys , p lus c h ick p ea , b road b ean a nd av etch l ing ( Lathyrus c i cer a L .) . The se d e te rm ina t ions w e re made b y P rofe ssor E r roux o f Montpe l l ier , who a l so i nd ica ted t he p resence o fa corns ( r epor ted i n C our t in 1 974) . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone L eve l 7p roduced f i ne b lade s a nd b lade let s w ith ma rg ina l r e touch , s ome w ith r e touched t runcat ion , a nd o ne r e touched t o ap o int ( Cou r t in 1 961b , f i g .4 :3) . C our t in a l so i nd ica tes t hat l ozenge a rrowheads w i th p ar t ia l r e touch o n b oth f aces , a ng le b u r ins o n r e touched t runcat ion , a nd af r agmen t o f ar ud imentar i ly -barbed -and -tanged a r rowheads were f ound ( Cour t in 1 961b , f i g .4 :1) . L eve l 8p roduced s im i lar b lades a nd b lade lets t o t hose i nt he a bove h ear th , i nc lud ing s ome w ith s i ck le l u st re . T here w ere a l so l ozenge a r rowheads w i th p a rt ia l r e touch o n b o th f aces , a nd s c raper s o n t h in w ide f l akes ( Cou rt in 1 961b , p .185) . G round s tone A sma l l f a t g reenstone c h i se l wa s f ound i n L eve l 8 . B one a nd s he l l Ab one a w l , d enta l ium a nd o ther ma r ine s he l ls w ere f ound i n L eve l 7 . P ot tery S evera l C a rd ia l s herds w ere f ound i n t he c ave , a pa r t f r om t he C ha s seen w ares . I n L eve l 7 t he d ark w e l l -po l ished p ottery i nc luded many g lobu lar n ecked p ot s , o f ten w i th amarked s hou lder where t he t wo e l emen ts j o ined . C ar ina ted b ow ls i lus tra ted i nC our t in ' s a r t ic le ( 1961b , f i g .3) a re mos t ly w ith f l ar ing wa l l a bove t he c a r ina t ion . Af ew o b l ique i nc i sed l i nes a ppea r u nder t he c a r ina t ion o n o ne s herd . C ou rt in a l so i lus t ra tes l ow o pen b ow l a nd v er t ica l ly s i ded v es se ls w i th b uttons n ear t he r im . L eve l 8a l so p roduced s hou ldered g lobu la r p o ts , i nc lud ing o ne b ear ing t wo s e ts o fP an -p ipe e l ement s ( Cour t in 1 961b , f i g .5 :1) . T he re w e re o pen b ow ls o f t he s t andard t ype , a nd a l so w ith f l a red -out l i p ( Cou rt in 1 961b , f i g .6 :7) , a nd s eve ra l c ar ina ted b ow ls . B oth l e ve l sc onta ined a n umbe r o fp e rfo ra ted a nd u npe rfo ra ted b ut tons .

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THE DESTEL VALLEY AND THE TOULON REGION R eference :

B arge 1 978

T he r i ver D e ste l , t o t he We st o fT ou lon , r uns f rom t he G ro s C erveau mounta in r ange i n to t he Med iterranean a tt he Gu lf o fS anary . T h is v a l ley w a s p ro spec ted b y J ean L aye t , aT ou lon l awyer , d ur ing t he 1 940s a nd 1 950s , f o l low ing e ar l ier e xcava t ions b y C . B ot t in . Al a rge n umber o fc aves w ere f ound o n t he r i ght b ank o f t he S t Mar t in s p r ing , a nd t he p reh is tor ic o ccupa t ion r evea led b y s ucce ss ive t e s t -p it s l ed L ayet t o s peak o f a' t rog lody te v i l lage ' a tS t Mar t in d u Des te l . O the r s im i la r ' v i l lages ' w e re a t L e L au ron d u R evert ( aC ha lco l ith ic s i te ) a nd o n t he L e F a ron mounta in b eh ind T ou lon ( Laye t 1 955c) . L aye t 's f i nds a re k ep t a t t he T ou lon A r t a nd A rchaeo l o gy Museum . L ayet p ub l ished amap o fa rchaeo log ica l s i tes k nown i n t he T ou lon r eg ion , a nd o n i tt he D es te l V a l ley i s ma rked w ith e i ght c ave s i tes ( Le ` Chr i s t ian isee ' , S t Ma r t in , L a S ta lagm ite , L e B ord d e l ' Eau , L es T ro is P orches , l ' Erm ite , L es G randes F a la ise s , a nd t he G ro t te d e s J ones ) . T he V a l ley o f t he R eppe , i n to wh ich t he D e s te l r uns , i sa l so s tudded w ith c aves c onta in ing p reh is to r ic r ema ins . L aye t c rea ted an oun w ith as pec ia l mean ing ; f or h im , ` Cha s s6ennes ' w ere h igh ly p o l ished monochrome v esse ls o fg lobu lar o r b ow l s hape , s ome t ime s d ecorated w ith l ug s o r i nc ised c ros s h a tch ing . L ayet p ub l ished s o me o fh i s r e su lt s b efore t he L a Made le ine s i te b ecame k nown a s t he n ew t ype -s ite f o r t he S outhern C has seen , a nd h e b ased h i s work o n D eche le tte ' s d e sc r ip t ion o f t he C amp d e C has sey ma ter ia l ( Deche let te 1 908) . D epend ing o n t he c ontext , h e a s s igned s uch v a ses t o p er iods s t retch ing f r om t he N eo l ith ic t o t he M idd le B ronze A ge . T he i n te res t o ft he T ou lon r eg ion , a nd e spec ia l ly t he D es te l V a l ley c aves , i st hat t he p ot tery o f ten s ee ms t o b ear af i ne c l ay s l ip . T h is i su nknown i nt he r e s t o f t he C ha s seen a rea a par t f rom t he Abr i d u V ieux Mounc i i , S ignes . U sua l ly C has seen v e s se ls a re f i n ished b y means o f as tone o r b one smoo ther , t he mark s o f wh ich a re v i s ib le o n t he s h iny s urface . The w r iter n oted s eve ra l s he rd s i n t he B ord d e l ' Eau a nd S ta lagm ite c o l lect ions wh ich s eemed t o b e s l ipped , a nd L ayet s peak s o f a` g lacure ' i nr e la t ion t o ap ot f rom S t Ma r t in No . 1( Layet 1 957a) . I n a dd it ion t o t he c ha racter is it ic o fs l ip , t he Tou lon r eg ion i sn otab le f o r t he a bsence o f t he l ow b ow l w i th i nc ised h or izonta l l i ne b e low t he i nner r im ( ' ecue l le hs i l lon i n tg r ieur ' ) , a l though o n as i ng le o ccas ion L aye t r e fers t o t he f i nd o f as herd b ea r ing a n i nc ised h or izonta l l i ne ( Bord d e l ' Eau L ev e l 9— L ayet 1 948 -9) ; t h is may , h owever , h ave b een a n e x terna l d ecora t ion . Anothe r f ea tu re o ft he T ou lon r eg ion i st he f r equency w i th wh ich b iperforated l ug s a ppea r i nt he r eco rd . T he f l int i ndus try o f t he T ou lon r eg ion i sa l so much l e s s h omogeneou s t han i no the r C has s een c u ltu re r eg ions . A ccord ing t o L aye t , o n ly t he l a te s t p ha ses c onta in t he t yp ica l h oney -co loured f l int manufactu red i n to f i ne b lade s . T he e a r l iest a nd m idd le p ha se s p roduce r e spec t ive ly l ong t h in d a rk b rown f l int b lades a nd s ma l le r g rey -b lack b lades ( Layet 1 955a ) . There a re n o t r ansver se a r rowheads i na ny o ft he D es te l V a l ley s i tes ( Layet 1 955c , p .43 n ote 1 3) . One r eason f or t he u n ique n a ture o ft he T ou lon a s semb lages may b e t he b locked in n ature o f t he a rea . The moun ta in b arr ier wh ich e f fec t ive ly c ut s o f f Tou lon f rom t he P rovenca l h inte r land i so n ly p enetrab le a t af ew p o ints t oday .

A l l t he D e ste l V a l ley s i te s wou ld h ave t he ir n a tura l

o ut le t t owards t he s ea , n o t o ver land . T h is i s o lat ion f rom t he c u ltura l ma in s t ream w a s p ut f o rward a sa n e xp lana t ion f or t he u nusua l c haracter o ft he Des te l V a l ley a s semb lages b y L aye t ( 1961) . T he re i sC has seen ma te r ia l f ro m a tl ea s t o ne o ft he L e F a ron s i tes wh ich c ome s f rom t he t e r race o f ac ave c a l led L e T rou d u Duc . A ccord ing t o L aye t ( 1957a ) , t hree l e ve ls w ere d i scovered : L eve l Ic onta ined r ough p ot tery a nd l ong b lades , L eve l Ic onta ined p o l ished C has sgen v ases w ith p ie rced b ut tons a nd t r ace s o fP an -p ipe s a nd L eve l I I p o l ished C ha sseen v ases d ecorated w i th mu lt i p e rfora ted c ordons . T he T ou lon r eg ion p os sesses an umber o f o pen -a ir s i tes , i nc lud ing t he s i te o fS t E s t ve , i n t he c ommune o f E veno s a nd l oca ted i nt he Gorge s d '0 1 1 iou les a t t he c onf luence o f t he D es te l a nd t he R eppe R iver s . H ere a n e xcava tor n amed Adr ien Du rand a ppa rent ly f ound d ry stone h ut f oundat ions , h ea r ths , a nd a n i ma l b ones , p o l ished monochrome v es se l s w ith v e r t ica l ly b ip erfora ted l ug s a nd b lade -scrape rs ( quo ted b y L aye t 1 957a a nd 1 961) . The ma ter ia l o n e xh ib i t a tT ou lon f rom t h is s i te i nc ludes p ierced a nd u np ierced b uttons , ap ierced t ubu lar l ug , b ipe rfo rated c ordon s a nd p a rt o f ac a r ina ted b ow l w ith f l ar ing wal . A lso f rom S t E s teve c ame al a rge r i ng h and le , a f i nge r imp res sed c o rdon a nd at anged a nd b arbed a r rowhead . T he r i ng h and le a nd t anged a nd b a rbed a r rowhead a re k nown i nC has sgen c on text s , i fn ot t yp ica l , b ut t he f i ng er i mp res sed c ordon p robab ly i nd icates l a ter o ccupat ion . A ga in a ccord ing t o L ayet , t he c ave c a l led ' Le L og is d u Bord d e l ' Eau ' i st he o n ly s i te i nt he a rea w ith s uper i mposed u nd i s turbed Neo l ith ic l aye rs . S ince t here i sr oom f o r ac e r ta in s usp ic ion t hat s o me o f t he u nusua l f eatu res o ft he T ou lon C has seen a re d ue t o t he m ix ing o fl e ve ls , t he f i nds f ro m t h is s i te w i l l b e r epo r ted i nd e ta i l f rom i n forma t ion i nt he s i te r epor t ( Laye t 1 948 -9; 1 955c ) a nd s tudy o ff i nd s s to red a tT ou lon .

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9 6

LE LOG IS DU BORD DE L 'EAU , EVENOS , VAR R eferences :

L aye t 1 948 -9 ; 1 955c Aud iber t a nd E sca lon 1 958 C our t in 1 974 , p .127

L ocat ion On l e f t b ank o f R iver Des te l . The c ave i sb eh ind al a rge r ock f a l len f ro m a bove , wh ich c aused t he r i ver t o w iden i t s c urve a t t h is p o int . I ti sn ow s u r rounded b y t r ees a nd h e rbs a nd wate r f l ow s a round i to n t hree s i des . E xcavat ion h i story T he s i te w as e xcava ted b y L ayet f rom 1 940 -1950 ( Cour t in 1 974) . A rea e xcavated a nd s t r at ig raphy T he a rea e xcavated i su nknown . B y 1 955 L aye t wa s f am i l ia r w ith t he L a Made le ine s t ra t i g raphy a nd a dop ted A rna l ' s Aa nd B d iv is ions i n t he B ord d e l ' Eau s t rat ig raphy . T he c u ltura l a t t r ibut ions o ft he l e ve ls a re a s f o l lows ( Layet 1 955c ) : L eve ls 1 -3 : M ixed G a l lo -Roman t o p resent d ay . Leve l 4 : I ron A ge L eve l 5 : B ronze A ge t o I ron A ge L eve l 6 : S te r i le L eve ls 7 -8 : P o lada type B ronze Age L eve ls 9 12 : C has seen B L eve l 1 3 : C ha sseen A L eve l 1 4 -17 : E ar ly N eo l ith ic F eatures H ea r th s w ere f ound i n L eve ls 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 5 a nd 1 6 . L aye t wondered i ft he h ea rth i nL eve l 9 , wh ich c onta ined c a rbon ized o ak a nd p ine wood , m igh t n ot h ave s e rved t o f i re p ot te ry , s i nce h e f ound s evera l s herds i n ` r aw ' c l ay o n t he s i te , o ne o ft hem b ear ing t he h or izonta l ly i n c ised l i ne ment ioned e a r l ie r . T he L eve l 1 1 h ea r th c on ta ined b lackened c obb les a nd ar ubb ing s tone i n b lack b a sa lt , worn o n o ne f ace . I n a dd it ion , L aye t c ons idered h eh ad f ound ab one -work ing a rea i n L eve l 9( 1948 -9 , p .130) . Ou ts ide t he c ave w a s af l int -wo rk ing s i te a ppa rent ly l i nked t o t he C has seen c u l ture o ccupa t ion , s i nce Chasseen s herds we re f ound f rom L eve ls 4 t o 1 0 o f i t s o ccup a t ion d ebr is . S ubs i stence e conomy T he f o l low ing l eve ls h ave p roduced f auna l e v idence t o s how s ome o ft he f ood s tuf f s c on s umed : L eve l 9—ca tt le , g oat , r ed d ee r , b oar , mus se l s , ' p ra ires ' L eve l 1 0 —goa t , s ma l l c a tt le , b oa r , mus se ls , c ock le s L eve l 1 4—ca t t le , g oa t , b oa r , b arnac les L eve l 1 5—ca tt le , g oa t , b arnac les L eve l 1 6—ca tt le , g oa t ;a nd ah uman u pper j aw wh ich L ayet s ugge st sr esu l ts f r om c ann iba l ism ( Laye t 1 948 -9 , p .137) . A r t if act s : T he a r t ifac t s w i l l b e p resented b y l e ve ls . L eve l 9 A ccord ing t o o bservat ions i nt he Tou lon A r t a nd A rchaeo logy Museum , t he c h ipped s tone f rom t h is l e ve l i n c luded o ne b u r in a nd o ne t runcated b lade , p lu s t wenty b lade f r agment s , s even o f t hem h oney -co loured . The p ot tery c o mp r i sed t we lve c a r ina ted b ow ls , o ne s hou ldered c ar ina ted b ow l b ear ing ap er fo ra ted b utton a nd t wo , p o s s ib ly t hree , s phe r ica lj a rs . The re was o ne o pen d i sh a nd o ne v er t ica l ly w a l led j a r b ea r ing a n u npe rfora ted l ug . I n a dd it ion , s herds b ore ab ipe rfo ra ted l ug , p erfora ted b ut tons , a nd ab ipe rforated c o rdon . Ab ronze r onde l le f ound i n t h i s l e ve l may h ave f a l len i n f r om al a te r l e ve l . T here w a s as e rpent ine a xe ( s ee L ayet 1 955c , p l .V II I) . L eve l 1 0 T he c h ipped s tone t oo ls f ound i n t h is l e ve l i nc lude o ne l ozenge a nd o ne i r regu la r a r rowhead , af i ne ly made b or e r o n ab lade , a nd t wenty -two b lades o f wh ich f i f teen we re h oney -co loured . A s e rpent ine a xe , t wo g reen stone c h ise l s a nd f i ve b i l les we re f ound . T he p o t s herds i nc lude o ne p o s s ib le c a r ina t ion , as herd i nc ised w ith h or izonta l a nd o b l ique l i ne s , f our o pen b ow ls a nd f our s hou lder s c om ing f rom h igh -wa l led r ound -based p o ts ( F igure 3 0 :7) . The c a r ina ted a nd i nc ised s he rd s a re marked ' 10 /11 ' a nd may c ome f ro m t he n ex t l owes t l e ve l . L eve l 1 1 T he c h ipped s tone i ndust ry f ro m t h is l e ve l i ss pa r se , b ut t he re i s at h ick , s t eep ly r e touched ' choco la te b ar ' b lade a nd s evera l s c raper s . One b i l le c ame f rom t h is l e ve l . B eaded r ims b e long ing

1 59

t o p robab ly s phe r ica l p o ts w ere f ound , a nd ( ma rked ' 1 1/12 ' ) s herds f rom as hou lde red v e s se l a nd o pen b ow l a nd av er t ica l ly wa l led p o t . L eve l 1 2 No ma ter ia l e xcept t he t hree s he rds marked ' 11/12 ' ment ioned a bove , a nd as e rpent ine a xe . L eve l 1 3 T h is l e ve l c onta ined t wo b lade f r agmen t s , o ne o ft hem h oney -co loured , as e rpen t ine a xe , a nd f our p o tsherd s , t hree o ft hem b ea r ing a ni nc ised me sh p a t tern . The l a rge st s herd b e longed t o ab ig g lobu la r v esse l .

9 7

LA STALAGMITE , EVENOS , VAR R eferences :

L aye t 1 949 ; 1 961 C ourt in 1 974 , p .128

L oc at ion On l e f t b ank o f D es te l R iver o ppos i te ' Log is d u B ord d e l ' Eau ' ( Cou rt in 1 969 , p . 112) . A ccord ing t o L ayet t he c ave o pened a bove ar ock t a lu s f rom al i t t le p a th u p t he c l if f s ide . E xcavat ion h i s tory P rev ious ly e xcava ted b y C . B ot t in , who r epor ted f i nd ing f our l e ve ls ( Layet 1 961) . I n t he 1 940s J ean L aye t e xp lored t he s po i l -heaps b ut w as u nab le t o f i nd a ny u nd is turbed s t ra t igraph ic s equence . F eatures B o t t in f ound t wo s ke letons i n h i s l owes t l eve l . L aye t f ound o ne i n tact h ea r th w i th f ou r h oney -co loured b lades a nd b lack f l int d ebr is i na s soc ia t ion w i th i t . A rt if act s C h ipped s tone a r t ifacts k ep t i n t he Tou lon A r t a nd A rchaeo logy Museum c on s is t o f al ozenge a rrowhead , d or sa l ly c omp lete ly r etouched a nd v entra l ly b ea r ing p a r t ia l s t eep ma rg ina l r e touch , s i x h oney -co loured b lade f r agmen ts , a nd s ome f l ake s . A cco rd ing t o L aye t ( 1947) t he p ot tery t ype s c ons is ted o fh em isphe r ica l b ow ls , d eep f l a r ing b ow l s w ith h or izonta l ly p i erced t ubu lar l ug s ( Layet 1 947 , p l .I) ; an ecked g lobu la rj a rw ith mu l t i p e rfo ra ted c ordon , ma rked a l l o ver i t s s ur face w ith l i ne s o fp i t s , a nd a n u nusua l r i ng shaped v ase s uppo r t . However , Gu i la ine e ta l . ( 1976 ) s ee t he l a s t -named a s ab roken c ar inated v ase . L aye t a l so r epor ted f i nd ing ac ar ina ted b ow l b ea r ing av er t ica l ly b iperfora ted l ug o n t he c a r ina t ion . I n t he T ou lon Museum t he re a re an u mber o fc a r ina ted s he rds i n b r igh t r ed a nd g rey ish -brown , p lus t wo t h in s he rds o fa n o pen b ow l w ith a n i n te rna l ly b eve l led l i p . An u mber o ft he v es se ls f ro m t he G rot te d e l aS ta lagm ite were c ove red w ith at h in c l ay s l ip b efore f i r ing ;t he t opmos t s urface i s smoo th a nd r egu la r , a nd d oe s n ot s how t he f a in t p o l ish ing mark s wh ich c o me f rom b urn ish ing w ith a p ot tery o rb one s moother . T h is s urface a l so t ends t o f l ake o f f . T he v e sse l s f ro m L a S ta lagm ite b ea r b oth i nc ised a nd p las t ic d eco ra t ion ;t he b e l ly o f o ne p o t i sc ro s sed b y ab and o f c ross -hatch ing 2cm w ide , a nd a tl e a s t o ne o the r v e s se l b ea rs P an -p ipes ( Cour t in 1 974 , p .128 ) .

9 8

BAUME DE FONTBREGOUA , SALERNES , VAR R eferences :

C ou r t in 1 974 C our t in a nd E rroux 1 974 G agn i &e 1 954 , p .125; 1 972 , p p .550 -3 T ax i ! 1 956 , p .471 E sca lon d e F onton 1 976 , p p .690 -8 ; 1 978 ; 1 980 , p p .538 -9

G eo logy J uras s ic d o lom it ic l ime s tone . L ocat ion T he c ave o pens t owards t he t op o ft he E a s tern s l ope o ft he J onqu ier v a l ley , 2 km t o t he Nor th -We st o ft he S a le rnes , a bove t he F ont ( sp r ing ) Bf egoua . S ite s i ze T he ma in c hamber i s2 0 m b y 1 0 m , w i th al a rge h o le i nt he r oof , c aused b y ar ock fa l l ; t he e nt rance p orch i sc . 10 m b y 8m .

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Excavat ion h i story A fte r p re l im inary e xcavat ions b y A . T ax i l b etween 1 948 a nd 1 960 , J .C ou rt in c ommenced an ew c ampa ign i n 1 970 wh ich h a s s t i l l o n ly p a rt ia l ly e xcava ted t h is l a rge s i te . S trat igraphy T he re a re o ve r 1 0 m o f d epo s it i n t he l a rge c hambe r , 4m c over ing t he N eo l ith ic ( Ca rd ia l , P roto -Cha s s6en , C ha s s6en , B e l l B eaker a nd C ha lco l ith ic) a nd a tl e a s t 3m d at ing t o t he Ep ipa laeo l i th ic . The C ha s s6en was a l ready d iv ided i n to E ar ly a nd L a te p ha ses a f ter t he T ax i l e xcava t ions ( Court in 1 974) , a nd t he s equence o f d eve lopment p rom ises t o b e o f c ap ita l i mpo rtance . F eatures T he re a re n umerous p i t s i nt he ma in c hamber ( norma l s i ze ) a nd i n t he p orch a rea ( l a rge ) d a t ing t o t he C ha ss6en o ccupa t ion . S ubs i stence e conomy C ourt in a nd E rroux i nd ica te t hat t he C has s6en l e ve ls , e spec ia l ly L eve l 2 0 , w e re r i ch i n c a rbon ized g ra ins . T he p ropo rt ions w ere 5 0% emme r , 3 5% b read -whea t ( T r it icum a es t ivo -compactum) a nd 1 5% e inkorn . A corns w ere a l so p rese rved . T he r e su lt s o f t he f auna l a na ly s is a re a wa ited . D at ing D ates f o r t he C hasseen l e ve ls a re 3 150 * 1 10 b .c . ( G if 2 432) , 3 100 * 1 20 b . c . ( G if 2 101) , 2 930 * 1 10 b .c . ( G if 2 433 ) , a nd 3 090 * 1 20 b .c . ( G if 2 434 ) f or L eve l s 9 , 1 1 , 1 2 a nd 1 8 r e spect ive ly . L eve l 2 7 ( Cha s seen , w ith P an -p ipe s ) i sd a ted 3 470 * 1 20 b . c . ( G if 2 437 ) . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T here i sr e lat ive ly l i t t le c h ipped s tone i nt he c hamber , b ut t he p orch a rea C ha s se-e n o ccupat ion i sr i ch i n l i th ic ma te r ia l . T ax i l ' s e xcavat ions i n t he E ar ly C ha s seen l e ve l s o ft he c hamber o n ly p roduced t wo v ery e longa ted t r apezo ida l a r rowheads , 3 .5 cm a nd 4 .5 cm l ong . ( Cour t in 's P roto C ha s s6en l e ve ls h ave p roduced a s syme t r ica ll eaf a r rowheads , i r regu la r b lades a nd f l ake s .) T he C ha s seen f l intwo rk i nc ludes h oney -co loured b lades , t r an sver se a r rowheads a nd b o rer s a nd b u r ins s im i la r t o t ho se f ound a tT ret s ( E sca lon d e F onton 1 980) . G round s tone Axes , q ue rns a nd g r inds tone s w ere f ound ;i n t he p roto -Cha s seen l eve l s t he q ue rns a nd g r inds tones w ere u sed t o g r ind b aux ite c o lour ing ma te r ia l ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 980) . B one T he p roto -Cha sse en l e ve ls p roduced wo rked b one s moother s a nd c h ise ls . P ot tery T he p roto -Cha s seen p ot tery i sw e l l made , w i th p o l ished s urfaces i n af ew b a s ic f orms ( e .g . d eep b ow ls ) . P las t ic a dd i t ions i nc lude h or izonta l ly p e rfo ra ted b u t ton s a nd mu lt ipe rfora ted c o rdons ( Cou r t in 1 974) ;a n o r ig ina l i mp res sed d ecora t ion c ons is t s o fs hor t s ca les r unn ing r ound av a se , f i l led w ith wh ite i ncrustat ion ( Esca lon d e F onton 1 980) . T he C la ss ica l Cha s seen s hape s i nc lude l ow o pen b ow ls , s t ra igh t -wa l led j a rs , a ngu la r c ar ina ted b ow l s , s hou ldered v a se s w ith f l a r ing r ims a nd v a se s b ear ing P an -p ipes a nd mu lt i -pe rfo rated c o rdons ( F igures 2 1:4 a nd 2 9:5 ,6 ) .

9 9

V ILLECROZE AND SALERNES , VAR R efe rence s :

Gagn id re 1 954 , p .12 ' 7 D reyfus 1 959

L ocat ion The v a l ley o f t he u pper B resque a nd t he t r ibuta ry s t reams o f t h is r i ve r f orm ama rshy l ow l y ing s t retch o fl and t o t he We st o fD ragu ignan , Va r , k nown a s t he S a lerne s d ep re s s ion . E xcavat ion h i s tory I n t he 1 950s a nd 1 960s t h is a rea w as s ys tema t ica l ly s ea rched b y A . T ax i l , who d i scovered a bout 2 0 o pen -a ir s i tes w i th in t he c ommune s o f S a lerne s a nd V i l lecroze . S ubs i s tence e conomy A ccord ing t o T ax i l ( pe r s . c omm .) t he S a lerne s d ep res s ion wou ld h ave b een af avou rab le a rea f o r c o lon izat ion d ue t o t he p resence o f ar i ver ( the B resque ) p rov id ing f i sh , a nd o f f o res t s a nd woods where r ed d eer a nd b oar wou ld b e a bundan t . M . T ax i l d id n ot b e l ieve t he S a lerne s a rea w a s a s marshy a st he T re ts p la in .

Wat t le was a ppa rent ly f ound a ts ome s i tes ( Gagn ie re 1 954 , p .12 ' 7) .

A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone I n 1 959 a n a na ly s is o f 5 9 s tone t oo ls f ound a t L e C as te l le t 2 ,V i l lecroze , w a s p ub l ished b y

1 61

M . D reyfus . S he d escr ibed t he c o l lect ion a se s sent ia l ly h omogenous ( Dreyfus 1 959 , p .7) , a l though i tc onta ined s evera l l a rge b lades a nd p o ints . D rey fus ' s t ypo logy was b a sed o n t he L ap lace s y s tem . On ly 4 8 o f t he 5 9 t oo ls were a s s igned u nder t he s ys te m t o t he f o l low ing c a tego r ies : R etouched b lades

1 9

B o re rs o r p o int s

1 3

B ur ins

5

T ransve rse a r rowheads L eaf a r rowhead

2 ,o ne w ith f l a t r e touch 1

R etouched t runca t ions

4

B acked b lades

2

B acked b lade a nd r e touched t runcat ion

1

No tch

1

T he t oo ls a re t oo f ew t o c ons t itute ag ood s a mp le , a nd i na dd it ion t he D reyfus t ypo logy d oes n o t b r ing o ut t he u nusua l c ha rac te r o f t he s pec ia l ized b o rers o r ' s c rew -d r ive rs ' i nt he c o l lec t i on . T he se a re more n u merous t han o rd ina ry b orer s a tL a C as te l let 2 . S o me o ft hem a re o ppo sed t o o ther b o rer s , o r b ea r n otches . T he L e C as te l le t 2c o l lect ion i st yp ica l o fo ther s f ound i nt he d ep res s ion . Af ew t oo ls f rom L eC a ste l let 2a nd n ine o ther s i te s a re s tored i n t he C ent re d e l a Documentat ion A rcheo log ique , D ragu ignan , Va r . The o ther s i te s a re F ont -Mar the , L es E speces 1 , 2a nd 3 ,V a l lon d e l aF ey 1 , 2 , 3a nd 4 , a nd S t J ean 3 . F rom t hese c o l lec t ions t he i mpor tance i nt he i ndus t r ies o f b o th b orer sa nd ' s crew -dr iver s 'i so bv ious , a nd a nothe r c harac ter is t ic o f t he i ndus t ry i st he manufactu re o f mo re t han o ne t oo l o n as egmen t o f b lade . T he s econd t oo ls may b e t he s ame a st he f i r s t ( e .g . ad oub le b orer ) , o r ad i fferen t t oo l may b e c omb ined w ith t he f i rs t ( e .g . ab o rer sc rewdr ive r) . B ur ins may b e p a ired a t t he s a me e nd o ft he b lade , a nd /or o ppo sed a t t he o ppo s ite e nd . T he re a re more p ierc ing a r rowheads ( l eaf -a nd l ozenge shape s , t anged a nd t anged -and -ba rbed) t hen t r ansver se a r rowheads . The r e s t o f t he i ndus t ry a s p reserved a t t he D ragu ignan c ent re c ons is ts o fr e touched , s omet imes p o in ted b lades , r are s c rape rs , a nd af ew c ore s . G round s tone Av ery sma l l f r agment o fs tone i nc ised w i th ac hev ron d es ign a nd f ound a tF r igou ret may r epresent p a rt o f ac arved s te la . More p edes t r ian o b jec t s f ound a t mo st o f t he S a le rnes d epres s ion s i tes w ere g reen stone c h ise ls , s ands tone q uerns a nd p o l i sh ing s tones ( Gagn iere 1 954 , p .127) . P ottery C our t in r epor t s t ha t c a r ina ted s he rds , l ow o pen b ow ls , p erfora ted b uttons a nd P an -p ipes w ere f ound a t F ont -Mar the ( 1974) .

G agn ie re h a s men t ioned v es se ls w ith s t ra ight c o l la r s a nd

f l a t -based j a r s w ith l a rge p rot rud ing c ordon ( 1959 , p .127) . Af l a t c o rdon p ie rced b y t wo v e rt ica l h o les wa s f ound a t F r igouret . B ronze At anged b ronze a r rowhead w as f ound o n o ne s i te ( Gagn ie re 1 954 , p .127) , a nd p resumab ly r epresent s , t oge the r w i th t he f l at -ba sed c o rdoned j a rs , p os t -Chas seen o ccupat ion .

1 00

ABR I DU V IEUX MOUNOI , S IGNES , VAR R eference s :

C ou rt in 1 974 G agn i &e 1 955 , p .133; 1 974 , p .672 ; 1 976 , p .599

L ocat ion On k ar s t ic p lateau t o Nor th o f f a rm o fs a me n ame . S i te i s ac o l lapsed d o l ina f orm ing ah uge r ock -she lter ( Cour t in 1 974) . S ite s i ze 1 5 x4 0 m2 ( Gagn i re 1 955 , p . 133 ) . E xcavat ion h i story E xcava ted b y C asenave 1 954 -5 , l a ter d i s turbed b y p o t -hunte rs a nd t i d ied u p i n 1 973 . A rea e xcavated a nd s t r at igraphy A rea e xcava ted u nknown . F our l e ve l s we re o bserved i nt he s t ra t igraphy : M idd le B ronze A ge , E ar ly B ronze Age , C has seen a nd E p icard ia l , a nd t he f i nd s f rom t he t wo l owes t l e ve l s ( I I I a nd I V) a re g i ven b e low . F eatures Nu merous s t ra t if ied h ea r ths .

1 62

Ar t if act s ( Ca senave c o l lect ion) : C h ipped s tone Honey -co lou red f l int wa s u sed t o make al e af a r rowhead w ith p e r iphera l r e touch , ab lade f l ake a nd t wo f l akes i n L eve l I I , a nd t hree b lades i n L eve l I V . L eve l I V a l so c onta ined an uc leus , b lade a nd f l ake i n d arke r f l in t . G round s tone L eve l I V p roduced s evera l sma l l p o l ish ing s tone s . B one A' dagger ' a nd t wo a w ls w ere f ound i nL eve l I I , a nd af r agment o fa w l i nL eve l I V . P ottery S hapes f ound i n L eve l I I i nc luded t wo c o l lared v es se ls , t h ree c ar inat ions , ad eep b ow l w i th i nte rna l h o r izonta l l i nes , a nd ap os s ib ly s phe r ica l p o t . One r im i sh a tched .

P la s t ic a dd i t ions i n -

c lude av e rt ica l ly p erfora ted c o rdon , asmooth c o rdon , a n u nperfora ted b u tton a nd t wo r i ng h and les a nd t hree s t rap h and les . I n t wo c ases v e ry s h iny s he rd s s eemed t o h ave r ece ived as l ip . L eve l I V p roduced t he f o l low ing s hapes : t hree l a rge v esse l sw ith i nver ted n eck , ap o ss ib le c a r in a t ion a nd ap os s ib le s hou lder , a nd af l a ttened s phe r ica l p ot . One s he rd b o re s ome i nc is ion , a nd t he re w ere af ew f r agmen ts o fs t ra ine r ( Gagn ie re 1 955 , p .133) . P la st ic a dd it ion i nc luded ah o r izon t a l ly p ie rced b ut ton , ap la in b ut ton , t wo s mooth c ordons a nd t wo r i ng h and les .

1 01

S ITES OF LES MAURES P LATEAU , VAR : LES BOUIS , RAMATUELLE; LES MARRES , RAMATUELLE; MURENE , LA MOLE ;AND PORTONFUS , COGOL IN R eferences :

C our t in 1 967c ; 1 974 , p .128 G agn iere 1 972 , p .550

G eo logy T he L es Mau res p la teau i s as ma l l c rys ta l l ine ma s s if . L ocat ion L es B ou is l i e s o n t he l e f t b ank o f av a l ley t o t he S ou th o fS t T ropez . L es Mar res l i es o n t he S ou thern f l ank o ft he h i l l o f S te Anne , 2k i lomet res t o t he S outh o fS tT ropez ( Cour t in 1 967 , 1 974) . P ortonfus l i es t o t he Wes t o fS t T ropez , a t t he b ase o ft he g u lf o ft he s ame n ame , o n a p lateau 5 0 m h igh . Mu rene l i e s e ven f ur ther t o t he S ou th -Wes t o fS tT ropez a t 3 00 m a . s . l . i n t he Ma ss if d es Mau res ( Gagn iere 1 972) . Excavat ion h i s tory T he ma te r ia l c ons ist s s o le ly o fs urface f i nds ;b o th t he L es B ou is s i te a nd t he L es Ma r res s i te h ad b een d amaged o y a g r icu lture . Ar t if act s : C h ipped s tone A r t ifac ts a re made ma in ly o n h oney -co loured f l int ( neces sar i ly i mpor ted i n to t h is c ry s ta l l ine a rea ) , b ut a l so o cca s iona l ly o n q uartz . The t oo l t ype s i nc lude t r an sve rse a r rowheads a nd p i erc ing a rrowheads , i nc lud ing t hree t anged -and -ba rbed o nes f rom L e s Mar re s . I n a dd it ion , e nd -scrapers o n b lades , b ore r s , t runcat ions a nd a ng le b ur ins were f ound , p lu s b lade s a nd b lade le ts a nd r a re n uc le i ( e .g . Cour t in 1 967c , f i g .1:26) . The L es Mar re s s i te a l so p roduced t hree b lade le t f r agment s i ng rey o bs id ian . G round s tone Sma l l g reens tone a xes w ere f ound a t L es Bou is , Murene a nd P o r tonfus , a nd q ue rns a tt he l a t te r t wo s i tes . P ottery The L es B ou is a nd Mu rene s i tes p roduced we l l -bu rn ished p o tte ry , w i th s hou lde red v a ses a t t he f i rs t s i te , a nd ar ange o fl ow o pen b ow ls a nd n ecked g lobu la r j a rs , s ome o ft he s herds d eco r a ted w ith p e rfo ra ted b ut tons , mu lt i -perfora ted c o rdons a nd p la in l ug s .

1 02

LURS S ITE , LURS , ALPES DE HAUT PROVENCE R eference :

E sca lon d e F on ton 1 978 , p p .714 ,717

G eo logy On l oes s l e ve l s . Locat ion I n t he m idd le p ar t o ft he Du rance v a l ley ( between L a C l ide a nd G r ipey o n t he RN 9 6 ) .

1 63

S i te s i ze T he c ont ractor ' s t r ench i nves t iga ted wa s o ver 1 .5 km l ong , b ut t he e xtent o ft he s i te i sn o t c l ea r . E xcavat ion h i story T he RN 9 6 wa s d iver ted i n 1 977 , when a 1 .5 km.t r ench w as made . Mes s r s E . B on ifay a nd J . -J . T ie rce l in s tud ied t he s ec t ion s , p r i mar i ly t o i nve s t iga te t he s equence s o f l oe s s d epos it ion s i n t he R is s -Wü rm i n te rg lac ia l .

S evera l a rchaeo log ica l s i tes w ere d iscovered , y ie ld ing f l int s a nd a

f ew C ha s seen s herd s . S eve ra l p i t sw ere a l so d i scovered . One h ad b een p a r t ia l ly d es troyed b y t he mach ine s a nd w as e xcava ted a s ar e scue d ig . F eatures T he p i ts ment ioned a bove , c onta in ing l a rge ' wo rked c obb les tones ' . S ubs i stence e conomy An i ma l b ones w ere f ound i nt he p i t , b ut we re n ot i dent if ied . A rt if act s I n t he p i t w ere C has seen p o t sherds a nd al i th ic i ndus t ry .

1 03

TOUTES -AURES , MANOSQUE , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eference :

C a lvet 1 970

L ocat ion I n t he m idd le b as in o ft he Du rance , 2 km t o t he Wes t o f Manosque o n ag en t le s l ope f ac ing S outh . E xcavat ion h i story C a lve t made as ur face c o l lect ion w ith in av ineya rd . A rt if act s T he a r t ifact s c ons is ted e n t ire ly o fc h ipped s tone t oo ls e xcep t f or o ne p o l ished a xe ( Ca lvet 1 970 , f i g s .1-3) . B a s ica l ly h oney -co loured f l in t b lade let sw e re f ound , w ith af ew g rey , b lack a nd r ed o nes , most ly o f t r apezo ida l s ect ion . 1 16 b lade let sa nd s even b lades were f ound , w ith a n a ve rage t h icknes s o f 2 -3 m m , a verage w idth o f 6 -8 mm a nd a ve rage l eng th o f 1 -2 cm . A l so f ound w ere t he f o l low ing : o ne t r ansve r se , o ne t anged -and -ba rbed a nd t wo l e af a r rowheads ;s even s craper s a nd t h ree e nd sc rape rs ;t hree s i ng le a nd t hree d oub le b ur ins ;f i ve b o rers ; t h ree s ma l l c ores ( for sma l l f l akes a nd b lade lets ) ;t wo h am mer sa nd o ne l a rge c ore -hamme r . C o mment T he l a ck o f p ot tery a t t h is s i te i st yp ica l o f t he a rea ( e .g . t he s i te o fP iparoux , n ea r Mane a nd n ear F orca lqu ier ) .

1 04

LE P LAN DES A IRES , FORCALQU IER , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eferences :

D reyfus 1 958 , p p .165 -88

L ocat ion About 2 km S outh o f F o rca lqu ier o nr oad t o V i l leneuve . Ma r te l s t a tes t ha t t he r eg ion c ons t itutes an a tura l p as sage f rom t he Rhöne t o t he A lp s ( 1964 , p .11) . E xcavat ion h is tory S u rface c o l lect ion s made b y Abbe Mar te l a nd M . R icavy . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he a s se mb lage h as b een s tud ied b y D reyfu s , who r ega rds i ta sb e ing i nt he C ha s seen t r ad it ion , t hough s he i sn o t c onv inced o ft he c ontemporane ity o fa l l t he ma ter ia l ( 1958 , p .178) . F o l low ing D reyfu s ' s d escr ip t ion ( 1958) , t he c h ipped s tone t oo ls a re a s f o l lows : t wo t r an s v e rse a r rowheads w ith i nvas ive r e touch ; o ne l ong t r ansve rse a r rowhead ;o ne l ozenge , t wo b i face , t wo l e af a nd o ne t anged p o int s ;o ne a ng le b u r in o n b lade ;o ne c i rcu la r s c raper o n f l ake ;o ne s i de s c raper ;s i x e nd s c raper s ( three o n b lades ) ;o ne b o re r ; o ne aw l ;o ne b acked p o int—o r b o rer—w i th i nver se r e touch a t t he p o int ( Dreyfus 1 958 , f i g .7 :4 ) ; t hree d ent icu la ted b lades ;o ne b acked b lade ; s i x d oub le b acked b lades , t wo w ith n o tche s ;e igh t r e touched b lades a nd n ine f r agments ;n ine f l ake s ;o ne b roken p yram ida l n uc leus ;a nd t hree b roken f l ake n uc le i . Many o ft he t oo ls a re i lus tra ted b y D reyfus ( 1958 , f i g .?) .

1 64

G round s tone One f r agmen t o f p o l ished a xe a nd t h ree g round s tone h am me rs were f ound . No b one o r p o tte ry wa s f ound o n t he s i te . N e ighbour ing s i tes Mar te l i nd ica tes t ha t a bout t wen ty s i tes e x is t i nt he c o mmune o fS t M iche l , a nd a bou t f i f ty i n t he r eg ion , a l though i ti sn ot c e r ta in h ow many o f t hese c an b e a s s igned t o t he C has seen c u l t u re ( Mar te l 1 964 , p .32 ) . T he i ndust ry o f Roucas , c ommune o f Mane , b e long s t o aC ha lco l ith ic o f C has seen t r ad it ion a cco rd ing t o D reyfus ( 1958 , p .174 a nd f i g .5) . Th is s i te c on ta ins ab lade i ndus try , b orer s o n f l ake s a nd t wo t r an sver se a r rowheads . A t T re i l les , c om mune o f Mane , al a rge h oney -co lou red t r ansverse a r rowhead wa s f ound , a nd a tT avernoure , c ommune o fS t M iche l , h ut f ounda t ions w ere r epo rted ly f ound d ur ing t he l ay ing o f awa te r -p ipe , a nd a s soc ia ted w i th t hem a r edd ish r im s herd b ea r ing ac on t inuous c o rdon p e rfo ra ted t we lve t ime s ( Marte l c o l lec t ion ) .

1 05

AVEN DE VAUCLARE , E SPARRON -DE -VERDON , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eferences :

C our t in 1 974 , p .105 G agn ie re 1 963 , p .345 D e L um ley 1 976 , p p .39 -42

G eology K im mer idge -Por t land l ime stone . L ocat ion ' Swa l low -ho le ' i nl owe r g orges o f V erdon R iver , o n r i gh t b ank a nd al i tt le u p s t rea m o f c ave c a l led ' La B aume d e l ' Eau ' , wh ich p roduced af ew C has seen s herds a nd f l ints ( Gagn iere 1 963 , p .345) . T he s i te was o r ig ina l ly 5 0 met res a bove r i ver l eve l ( ' de L um ley 1 976 , f i g .15) , b ut t he r i ver i s n ow l eve lw i th i td ue t o f l ood ing b y t he V inon d am . S ite s i ze V ery sma l l , t oo a wkwa rd f or p ermanen t o ccupa t ion ( Gagn ie re 1 963 , f i g .18) . Excavat ion h i story E xcavated b y C ourt in i n 1 962 . S t rat ig raphy P a r t o f aC ard ia l v a se was f ound a tt he b ase , Chas seen p ottery h igher u p a nd B ronze A ge p ot tery a bove t hat ( Court in 1 974) . S ubs i s tence e conomy F auna l ma ter ia l wa s f ound b u t n o t i den t if ied . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone B lade n uc leu s ;h oney -co lou red b lade le ts ( Cour t in 1 974 , f i g .49 :1 -11) . G round s tone Many q uerns a nd r ubb ing s tones . P ottery T he s i te c onta ins an umber o f g l obu la r c o l la red f orms a nd ad eep v a se w ith as uper impo sed f urrow a bove t he s hou lde r wh ich c ut s d own a c ros s t he s hou lder a to ne p o int t o c urve away i n t he s hape o f a' mous tache ' ( Cour t in 1 974 , f i g .50 : 6 ) . Anothe r o ft he se g lobu la r c o l la red v es se ls i sd ecorated w ith ar ow o f P an -p ipe s ( F igu re 2 7:1) . C our t in i lus t ra tes amu lt i -perfo ra ted c ordon w ith a n i nc i sed d es ign o f o b l ique l i nes c u t t ing a cros sv er t ica l l i ne s o n t he u nperfo ra ted p a rt o f t he c ordon ( Cour t in 1 974 , f i g .49 :13) . T here a re f our o pen b ow l s , o ne w ith a n u nusua l v e r t ica l c o rdon , h or izonta l ly p ierced , o n t he l ower s urface . T he re a re a l so an umber o f b ow ls , b o th s ha l low a nd c ar ina ted a nd h em isphe r ica l . Two o f t he l a tte r h ave b ut tons , p e rfora ted i n o ne c ase , p la in i n t he o ther , o n t he ir w a l l s ( Cou rt in 1 974 , f i g .50 :1-4) . C onc lus ion T he c ra mped s pace o f t h is ' swalow -ho le ' w as f i r s t t hough t t o h ave a cted a s ab ury ing p lace , b ut n o h u man b ones h ave b een f ound ;n or d oes i ta ppea r t o b es o le ly ar ubb ish d ump . C our t in h as t he refore b een l ed t o p os tu la te ar i tua l p urpo se f or i t . The r i ch d eco ra t ion o n t he p ot te ry i s u nusua l i ni t s q uan t i ty , a nd m igh t s uppor t t h is i dea . However , t he p re sence o f many q uerns a nd r ubb ing s tones wou ld b e o dd i ns uch as e tt ing , a nd i t may b e more o f as torage p lace , whe re g r ind ing e qu ipmen t w as l e f t when t he g roup moved t o o the r s e t t lement s .

1 65

1 06

ABR I DU JARDIN DU CAP ITA INE , SA INTE -CRO IX -DU -VERDON , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eferences :

C our t in 1 967a ; 1 974 , p .114 G agn iere 1 968 , p p .508 -9 d e L um ley 1 976 , p p .27 -9

Locat ion T he s he lter i so n t he r i ght b ank o ft he R iver V erdon , i n t he M idd le Gorges o ft he V erdon Va l ley , a nd w as o r ig ina l ly s i tua ted a bout 1 2 m a bove t he r i ver b ed . I th a s a n E a stern e xpo su re ( de Lum ley 1 961 , f i g .9) . S ite s i ze V ery l a rge r ock s he lter ( 100 m 2 )w ith o ccupa t ion d ebr is l y ing d i scont inuous ly ( Cour t in p er s . c om m .) E xcavat ion h i sto ry D iscove red a nd e xcava ted b y Cour t in 1 961 -7 ( Lag rand e xcavated t he I ron Age l e ve ls ) . A r ea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy 2 5 m 2 ;t here wa s n ot ad ense C ha s seen o ccupa t ion . Ar i ch l ayer o f B e l l B eaker ma ter ia l i sd ated b y C -14 t o 2 150

1 40 b .c . ( GsY 7 04 ) . I t

o ver l ies aC ha ssgen a nd aC a rd ia l o ccupa t ion . T he c l ay b e low t he C ard ia l l e ve l i ss t er i le . A r t if act s T he ma ter ia l f rom t h i s s i te i si lus tra ted b y G agn ie re ( 1968 , f i g s .33 ,34 ) . T her e a r e t yp ica l C ha sse-e n b lades a nd b lade lets a nd s ome s i ck le b lades , af ew s c rape rs , a nd h uge l imes tone p ebb les s par se ly r e touched t o f orm ' c hopp ing t oo ls ' . Ar ough ly g round c h ise l , a nd ab one p i ercer a re a l so i lust rated . G agn iere i lus trates ad eep b aggy v es se l b ear ing o pposed c on ica l b ut tons n ear t he r im , a f r agment o f as hou ldered b ow l a nd t wo o ther r ims , o ne b ear ing ah or izonta l t r iangu lar sec t ioned c ordon b e low t he r im . Ab iperfora ted b ut ton c omp letes t he ma ter ia l i lus t ra ted ( Gagn iere 1 968 , f i g .33) . C our t in h as s t ated t ha t t here w ere an umber o fs herds o ft he b aggy v es se l t ype w i th c on ica l b ut tons , a nd t ha t af r agmen t o fp la te was a l so f ound ( Cour t in 1 974 , p .114) .

1 07

GROTTE MUREE , MONTPEZAT , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eferences :

d e Lum ley 1 961; 1 976 , p p .22 -7 C our t in 1 962 ; 1 974 , p p .109 -12 & f i g s .28 -30 G agn iere 1 963 , p p .346 -7

Locat ion T he c ave l i es o n t he r i ght b ank o f t he M idd le Go rges o f t he V erdon , f ac ing S outh , a pprox i ma te ly 1 2 m a bove t he p resen t b ed o f t he V erdon a nd a t 4 05 m a bove s ea l e ve l . T he c ave i s d i f f icu lt o fa ccess , b e ing t wo met res a bove an a r row l edge wh ich o v erhang s t he V erdon R ive r ( de L um ley 1 976 , f i g .6 ) . T he e n trance h as b een g uarded b y awa l l , p robab ly r ecent ly ( Cour t in 1 962 , p .248 ) . T he c ave i sd iv ided i n to t wo c hamber s , o f wh ich t he f i r st h ad b een emp t ied . T he s econd was t he s i te o fe xcava t ions . S i te s i ze 5 0 m 2. Excavat ion h i sto ry 1 951 -2 Mar t in C hapane l ; 1 957 o nwards , v ar ious C .N .R .S . p e r sonne l , i nc lud ing J . Cou r t in f or t he N eo l ith ic a nd B ronze Age l e ve ls . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy 4 0 m2 e xcavated . S t rat ig raphy a cco rd ing t o C ourt in 1 974 : L eve ls 1 -2 : E a r ly I ron Age ; G a l lo -Ro man L eve ls 3 -5 : M idd le t o L a te B ronze Age L eve ls 6 -7 : B e l l B eaker L eve ls 8 -9 : C ha sseen L eve l 1 0 : C ha s en L eve ls 1 1-13 : S ter i le L eve ls 1 4 -17 : Mouster ian o f F erras s ie t ype ( de L um ley 1 961 , p .174) . F eatures A shy h ear ths w ere f ound i n L eve l 1 0 .

1 66

S ubs i stence e conomy The f o l low ing p ercen tages a re r epo r ted b y C ou rt in f o r t he G ro t te Muree : w i ld a n i ma l s a ccount f o r 5 10% o ft he f auna ; 1 .8% o ft he f auna l mater ia l i nL eve l 9c ons is ted o fr ed d ee r ( Cour t in 1 974 ) . I bex wa s a l so p resent . O f d o mes t icated a n ima ls , w ith in t he C ha s seen l e ve ls s heep /goa t r epresented 5 0 -70% a nd s ma l l c a t t le ( Bos t aurus b rachyceros ) r epresen ted 1 5 -25% . P ig a ccounted f or 5 -8% . T here w ere a l so c a rbon ized g ra ins p resent i n t he C has seen l e ve ls wh ich h ave b een i dent if ied a s T r i t icum d icoccum ( emmer ) , T r it icum a est ivo -co mpactum ( bread whea t ) a nd h u l led b a r leys . A corns w ere a l so f ound . D at ing L eve l 1 0 : 2 790

1 40 b .c . ( G if 8 67) .

A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone T he i ndus t ry i sl a rge ly ab lade i ndus t ry i nh oney -co loured f l int . C our t in r epor t s f i nd ing p ierc ing a r rowheads w ith b i fac ia l o r s em i inva s ive r e touch , t r ansve rse a r rowhead s , a ng le b ur ins , l unates a nd b orer s . G round s tone T he s i te p roduced f our p ebb les w ith s i de n otches , p oss ib ly n et w e ight s ;s e rpent ine a xes a nd a dzes ;a nd at o ta l o fn ine b i l les o fs erpent ine a nd l imes tone — f ive w ere u ns tra t if ied . B one Two p ierced a nd p o l ished b oa r t usk s a nd an u mber o f b one t oo ls w ere f ound . S he l l P ierced f r agmen ts o f musse l s he l l w ere f ound . P ot tery T he p ottery i si n g enera l d a rk , w e l l p o l ished a nd r ound -bas ed . T he s hapes i nc lude l ow o pen b ow ls , c ar inated b ow ls— somet imes w ith s ha rp ly i nver ted wa l ls—and d eepe r s hou ldered b ow ls ( Cou rt in 1 974 , f i g .28 ) . I n a dd it ion , C our t in men t ions d eepe r j a r s w ith p la in o r p erfo ra ted l ugs . D ecora t ive f eatures i nc lude v er t ica l ly p ierced b u ttons , mu lt i -perfo ra ted c o rdons o n r ims a nd a f l a t l ug . Af l a r ing r im b ow l b ea rs c ros s -ha tched l ozenge d es ign s o n t he r im a nd a n u nusua l l i pped b ow l i si nc ised w ith i r regu la r l i nes . Two s p ind lewho r ls w ere a l so f ound ( Cour t in 1 974) . An u nusua l f ea ture o fL eve l 9c eram ics a re t he s mooth , t h in c ordons d ropp ing s t ra ight d own t o t he c a r ina t ion , o r c urv ing a nd o cca s iona l ly p ierced .

1 08

ABR I S EPULCHRAL DES PO INTS -ROUGES , QU INSON , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eferences :

B ot tet 1 954 A rna le ta l . 1 960 , p .124

G eo logy J uras s ic l ime s tone . L ocat ion 1 00 m d owns tream o f Qu inson b r idge o ver V erdon , o n l e f t b ank , a long s ide p a th wh ich f o l lows t he c ana l t o A ix . T he c ave i s 5m w ide a t t he e nt rance , 3 .50 m d eep , w ith t he r i ver f l ow ing 7 -8 m b e low . S t rat ig raphy T he l ower l e ve ls o ft he s i te a re 6 5 cm a nd mo re b e low t he s urface ; t he m idd le l e ve ls 5 5 cm t o 6 5 cm b e low t he s ur face ;a nd t he u pper l e ve ls b etween g round l e ve l a nd 5 5 cm ( Bot tet 1 954 , p .312 a nd p l .I :2) . F eature s H ear ths f ound a t t he s i te a ppeared a s t h in a shy l aye rs , s ome t imes s uppor t ing o r c onta in ing o va l c obb les w i th t he ir f l a t s i des l y ing h or izonta l ly ( Bot te t 1 954 , p .312) . C obb les w ere f ound i n g roups o f 1 0 t o 1 2 , mos t ly a tt he f ront o f t he c ave i n t he E as te rn p a r t . S ubs i stence e conomy No f auna l mater ia l was e ncountered a pa rt f rom ab oar j aw a t 1 .05 m d own . A r t if act s T he a r t ifact s wh ich s ugges t C has seen o ccupa t ion i n t he l owes t e xcava ted l e ve l o f t he c ave c ons is t o f ah oney -co loured b lade le t , ac ar ina ted s herd a nd a p erfo ra ted b ut ton o n as herd ( Bot tet 1 954 , pi l l :17 ,18 ) . T he b lade let may h ave f a l len f rom t he m idd le l e ve ls d ur ing e xcava t ion ( Bot tet 1 954 , p .312 ) . O the r f l int f r agmen ts a nd f l akes w ere b lack i nc o lour . T he o n ly o the r a r t ifacts wh ich s ound p os s ib ly C has seen a re awa l l s herd b ea r ing a n u np ierced b utton ( Bot tet 1 954 , p l .I I :19) a nd t hree f r agments o fp o l ished b ow ls .

1 67

1 09

ABRI DU PONT DE QU INSON , QU INSON , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eference :

C our t in a nd P uech 1 962 , p p .153 -8

G eo logy Uppe r J ura s s ic l ime s tone . L ocat ion T he c ave l i es o n t he r i ght b ank o ft he V e rdon R ive rj us t b efore t he l ower g o rges ,j us t o ppo s i te b ut h igher t han t he c ave e xcava ted b y t he B ot tet s ( Abr i d es P o int s Rouges ) . S ite s i ze 8 -9 m 2 . S trat igraphy A ccord ing t o C our t in a nd P uech , t he s t ra t ig raphy w a s a s f o l low s : 1 0 cm : h umus 3 0 cm : a shy p ebb ly l ayer B e low : b recho id p ebb les , f ew f l int t oo ls , b ur ia l d ug i n to n ex t l aye r . F eatures T he a bove s t ra t ig raphy wa s f ound i n t he No rth -Ea s t a ng le o f ac av ity measur ing 2 m b y 1m b y 8 0 cm h igh . Al a rge p av ing s tone 8 0 x5 0 x3 0 cm 3 f ormed ar ud imenta ry c of f in o ve r a n i nhu mat ion . I tw as n o t p o ss ib le t o s ay h ow t he b ur ia l w a s c ar r ied o ut b ecause o f t he d i so rder o f t he d epos i t a nd t he b ad s t a te o fr epa ir o f t he b ones ( Cou rt in a nd P uech 1 962 , p .154) . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone T he s i te p roduced ab lade i ndus t ry i nh oney -co loured f l int , i nc lud ing as ma l l b o rer o r b lade l e ta nd as ma l l a ng le b u r in o n b lade w ith d oub le t runca t ion . One l ozenge -shaped b i fac ia l ly r e touched p o int w as f ound ( Cou rt in a nd P uech 1 962 , f i g .5) . P ot tery T he most i n teres t ing f i nd wa s al a rge o vo id j a r w ith t hree h uge r i ng h and les n ea r t he b a se a nd as ma l l c o l la r a t t he t op , 3 3 cm i nh e ight ( Cour t in a nd P uech 1 962 , f i g .3) . O ther v es se ls i nc luded ap o l ished b lack l ow o pen b ow l w ith i n terna l h o r izonta l l i ne , a nd e xterna l h o r izonta l ly p erfo rated b ut ton , a nd t wo v ase s w i th l ow c a r ina t ion a nd f l a r ing wa l l , a nd o ne s ma l l s hou ldered v ase . I nc ised d ecora t ion wa s l im i ted t o af ew n a i l i mp res s ions , a nd r ims w ere o cca s iona l ly p res sed i n to ap ie -c rus t b o rder ( e .g . C our t in a nd P uech 1 962 , f i g .4 :3) . T he re wa s o ne p erfo ra t ion o n c a r inat ion ( Cour t in a nd P uech 1 962 , f i g .4 :7) , ap erfo rated h or izonta l b ut ton , at h in e longated b ipe rfora ted l ug ,a nd ap ro trud ing p la in b ut ton .

1 10

ABRIS DE S T M ITRE , REILLANNE , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eferences :

G agn ie re 1 968 , p p .505 -7 C a lvet 1 969 Gu i la ine a nd C a lvet 1 970

L ocat ion T he t hree r ock -she lter s o fS t M i tre l i e a tt he b o t tom o f t he S t M it re v a l ley , f ac ing E as t ( Gagn iere 1 968 , p .505) . S it e s i ze Abr i 1 ,1 2 m b y 6m ; Abr i 2 , 1 1 m b y 3m max imu m ; Abr i 3c ons ist s o ft he 1 5 m l ong p a s sage ( 1 -2 m w ide) b etween t he t wo o the r s he lte rs ( Gagn iere 1 968 , p .505) . Excavat ion h i story A f ter d i scovery a nd e xcava t ion i n 1 902 b y C lerc a nd F a l lot , t he s i te wa sr e -excava ted f r om 1 966 o nwa rds b y A . C a lvet ( Gagn ie re 1 968 , p .505) . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat igraphy Most o ft he Abr i 1h ad b een p rev ious ly d ug , a nd C ha s seen ma ter ia l wa s r ecovered , m ixed w i th a rt ifac ts o f o ther p e r iods . 1 1 m2 w ere e xcavated i n Abr i 2a nd 1 4 m2 i n Abr i 3 . Abr i 2 L eve l 1 : s urface f i l l ing , t r aces o fC ha lco l ith ic o ccupa t ion L eve l 2 : L ate N eo l ith ic ( Cha sseen) L eve l 3 : C has sgen N eo l i th ic L eve l 4 : n o p ot tery , af ew Meso l ith ic trad it ion f l ints .

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Abri 3 Level 1: Level 2 : Level 3: Level 4:

surface filling, traces of Chalcolithic at base several Chasseen levels Cardial level Mesolithic level (Gagniere 1968, pp.505-7)

Features A skeleton found in the Chasseen levels of Abri 3 is probably contemporary, but lacks grave goods. There were a few stones near the legs and a large stone above the head (Calvet 1969, pl.40 ). Hearths are known from a number of levels.

Dating Level 3 of Abri 2 has been Carbon-14 dated to 2400 :f: 150 b.c. (MC 201), while hearth 12/2 of the Abri 3, at the base of the Chasseen level, is dated to 4000 ± 200 b.c. (MC 202), and hearth 12/1 of the same shelter, at the top of the Chasseen layer, to 3200 :f: 200 b.c. (MC 203) (Gagniere 1968, pp. 505-7).

Artifacts: Chipped stone Abri 1-honey-coloured flint blades, often carefully retouched, plus a transverse arrowhead in the same flint, and a borer (Calvet 1969, pl.8 :3,4). Abri 2-honey-coloured flint blades, occasionally retouched as end-scrapers; two borers, one a double one; a transverse arrowhead in honey flint and a piercing arrowhead in brown flint. Also retouched flakes and several cores were found (Calvet 1969, pls.21-22). The Level 2 material includes some Chasseen and some probably later lithic material. Abri 3-eleven transverse arrowheads in grey, honey and brown flint; five are trapezoidal and six triangular in shape. Also honey blades, occasionally retouched as end-scrapers, borers and three scrapers (Calvet 1969, pls.29,30,31 ).

Ground stone

Abri 2-small polished axe in Level 2, nothing in Level 3. Abri 3-in Level 2 were found three fragments of stone bracelet, one of them 11 cm in external diameter and 8 cm in internal diameter (Calvet 1969, pl.4:15).

Shell

Pi erced columbella shells in rock-shelters 2 and 3 appeared in the Chasseen levels.

Pottery

Calvet indicates that the pottery was relatively rare as compared with the chipped stone industry (1969). A small hemispherical bowl with a centrally indented lug c.10 cm rim diameter came from Abri 1, together with two sherds bearing oblique incised lines, and an open bowl rim­ sherd with incised line below the rim (Calvet 1969, pls.5:1,2,4 & 6:10). In Abri 2 there is a carin­ ated sherd in Level 2 and a biperforated lug in Level 3, but the rest of the illustrated potsherds are limited to small fragments of rim belonging to straight-walled vessels (Calvet 1969, pls.18:1-10 & 22:4-10). Abri 3 has produced further straight-walled sherds and part of a small open bowl 12.6 cm in diameter and 5 cm high. There are a number of elongated or fatter lugs (Calvet 1969, pl.32). Level 2 also produced a vertically perforated button, and a fine narrow multi-perforated cordon on the shoulder of a very well polished dark grey vase (Calvet 1969, pl.5:5). Decorative attributes include small, short impressed lines and wolf's teeth patterns (as in the Fontbregoua Middle Neol­ ithic), not typical of the normal Chasseen repertory (Calvet 1969, p.76).

111

GROTTE DE PERTUS 2, MEAILLES, ALPES-DE-HAUTE-PROVENCE References:

Jaworsky 1960; 1959 Barral 1959; 1960

Geology

The cave lies in a 'bar' of nummulitic limestones overlying the Turonien-Senonien, several kilometres long, and containing many caves and rock shelters (notably four others-Jaworsky 1960, pp.81-82).

Location

1250 m North of the village of Meailles on the Eastern slope of a small valley being cut by a stream which forms an Eastern tributary of the Vaire. The cave is below a cultivated plateau from which marly schists have been washed down. Pertus 2 is a nearly rectangular chamber 4-7 m high. The opening is partly blocked by a scree of limestone blocks. The entrance forms a rockshelter 12 m by 3 m protected from rain (Jaworsky 1960, p.84). The ceiling of the cave itself is fissured and probably water could pass through at the time of its occupation.

169

S ite s i ze 8m b y 7m . E xcavat ion h i story D iscovered i n c ourse o fe xp lo ra t ion b y B arre l a nd t eam , J anuary 1 955 . E xcava t ion i nt en c ampa igns f rom 1 955 t o 1 959 . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy Approx i ma te ly 2 8 m2 w e re e xcava ted ( I awo rsky 1 960 , f i g .2) t o ad eptch o f 31 2 m =7 / 8 m 3. T en l eve ls , a l l p roduc ing p o t tery , b one a nd l i th ic f i nds . L eve l A : B ronze A ge L eve ls B , C , D : C ha lco l i th ic L eve l E : R edd ish b rown e ar th , t h ick h ea rth w ith s ands tone p av ing a nd b urn t l imes tone p ebb les 1 0 -15 cm t h ick . L eve l F : More s oapy , g reen ish e a rth w ith n ume rous c ont inuous s upe r imposed h ea r ths . Sma l l t h in s ands tone a nd s ch is t p av ing s tone s s eparate F a nd G . 2 5 -30 cm t h ick . L eve l G : Y e l low ish , s oapy e a rth , w ith b eds o f c ha rcoa l a nd s ome b ig s tones . 3 0 -40 cm t h ick . L eve l H : C layey , b rown , c racked , p ebb ly e a r th , w ith h ea r ths . 2 0 -30 cm t h ick . L eve l I : T h ick h ea r ths o fc ha rcoa l . 1 0 -30 cm t h ick . L eve l J : B rown , c racked c l ayey e ar th b e tween h uge b lock s o fb ase . L eve ls E t o Jr ep resen t af ac ies o ft he C has sey -Lagozza c u l ture ( I awo r sky 1 960 , p .108) . T he l e ve ls s l oped u p t owa rds t he e ntrance wh ich meant t hat t he t opmo st o ne s w ere m i ss ing t owards t he f ront o f t he c ave ( I awo rsky 1 960 , p .89) . I n a dd it ion t o t he macro s tra t igraphy i nd ic a ted a bove , i tp roved p o ss ib le t o d i scern a bout 5 0 m icro leve ls ( e .g . I awo rsky 1 960 , p p .92 -3 , f i g .5) . T here w as c ons ide rab le d i s turbance a tt he s i te , b oth f r om t he n atu ra l a ct ion o f ` s uio ir s ' s uck ing e a rth d own b etween b locks a nd f r om r oof f a l ls , a nd f rom h u man c l earance t owards t he s i des o f t he c ave . F eatures A s h as b een n oted a bove , h ear ths a nd ' pavement s 'o ccurred n ume rous t imes i nt he s i te , a nd af ew w i l l b e n oted f rom t he t wo m ic ro -s tra t ig raph ie s t abu la ted o n p .96 f ( I awo rsky 1 960) . I n t he f o l low ing t ab le s , l e tter sr efe r t o l eve ls a nd n umber s t o m icro leve ls . E 19—pav ing o f sma l l s tones o fd if fe ren t s i zes E 20—con s t ruct ion i n c ub ic s tones 2 0 cm h igh E 20— f la t p av ing s tones w ith s o r t o f mor ta r b etween t hem ;h ear th o fl ime s tone c l ay a nd l i t t le p ebb les o n t op o f p av ing s t one s , 1 0 x2 0 a nd 2 0 x4 0 , 4 -8 cm t h ick . E 21 —hear th—comp lete ly b u rn t s t ones a nd f r agment s o fs and s tone q uern . E 22— les s c racked l ime stone p av ing s tones . F 22b is—Leve ls 2 0 , 2 1 , 2 2 a nd 2 3 c ut b y p os tho le d ug i nL eve l 1 9 . F 24 —hea rth w i th c racked s l abs . F 27 — f la t s tone p av ing s eparate s Fa nd G . G—hear ths , c ons truct ion o f s tone b locks ( I awo rsky 1 960 , f i g .6 , p .100) . S ubs i stence e conomy B one s o f c a tt le , s heep , g oa t , r ed d eer , b oa r , p ig , d og a nd r abb it w ere f ound a tt he s i te ( Bar ra l 1 959 , p .241) . Dat ing L eve ls H /I w ere d a ted b y C a rbon -14 t o 2 500

2 30 b .c . ( MC -10) .

A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone I awor sky g ives ab reakdown o f e ach t oo l t ype b y l e ve l ( I awo rsky 1 960 , t ab le V I ) . I n g enera l , t h in b lades a nd b lade let s o f h oney o r b rown f l int , t r apezo ida l i ns ec t ion , a re f ound i n L eve ls Jt o E , a t t he e nd o f wh ich b igge r , t h icker b lades a ppear . No t r ansve rse a r rowheads w e re f ound a ta l l , a nd n o p i erc ing a r rowheads u n t i l t he D IE b oundary . S ick le b lades a r e f ound i n L eve ls F t o I ,t he ma jo r i ty b e ing f ound i nG( 17) . On ly f our b orers w ere f ound i nt he C ha s seen l e ve ls , a nd t hree b ur in s . G round s tone T he g round a nd p o l ished s tone i ndus try i sl i kew ise t abu la ted p e r l e ve l ( I awo r sky 1 960 , t ab le V ) . Noth ing a ta l l i sr epor ted f r om t he t wo l owes t l e ve ls , t hen af ew a dzes , a xes , p o l ish ing a nd s ha rpen ing s tones a ppear . O fi n tere st i s ab i l le d i scovered i n L eve l G( I awor sky 1 960 , f i g .23 :12) . Bone I n t he C has sgen l e ve ls mo s t b one wo rk c ons is ted o fb one smoother s o f c a t t le r i bs a nd a w l s o f metapod ia . T he u lna ` dagger s 'a re o n ly r ep resented f rom L eve l Gu pwards . P ottery S o me 2 0 ,000 s he rd s were f ound i n t he who le s i te . These w e re d iv ided o n t he b a s is o f t he ir

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s urface ( externa l ) c o lour ;a cco rd ing t o t ab le I ( I awor sky 1 960) t he re a re h ighe r p ropo r t ions o f s he rds w ith b lack o r b lack ish e xter ior s b e low L eve l D . B lack , b lack ish a nd r ed d a rk shadowed e xter ior s made u p t wo th irds t o t hree -qua r ter s o ft he t ota l i nL eve ls b e low D a nd n ever mo re t han h a lf a bove . F ro m Jt o Et he v es se l s w ere s im i lar i ns hape a nd p la s t ic d ecorat ion , f i ne ly made w ith t h in w a l ls a nd p o l ish ing . I aworsky s t re sse s t he a b sence o fs l ip ( 1960 , p .110 ) , a nd s t a te s t ha t t he v es se l s w ere p o l ished a t ac erta in s t age o f d rynes s w i th b one a nd g reen s tone p o l isher s ( 1960 , p p .116 -8) . H e h a s c onducted e xper i ment s t o r ep roduce t he s a me e f fect ( I awo r sky p ers . c omm .) . Where t he s urface i sp o l ished , t he f i l ler i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le . T he s hape s c i ted a re t he s a me a s t hose f i rs t u sed b y B ana l f o r S t B eno it ( Bar ra l 1 955 , p .202) , t hat i s , s ack o r b ag s hapes w ith f l a r ing , s t ra ight o r i nve rted r im ( e .g . I awor sky 1 960 , f i g .11) , S -bend o rc a r ina ted v es se ls ( e .g . I awo rsky 1 960 , f i g .11 -b is ) ( F igure 3 0 :1 ,4) ;s hou ldered v es se ls ( e .g . I aworsky 1 960 , f i g .19 :17) ;n ecked j a r s ( e .g . I awor sky 1 960 , f i g .19 :10) ( e .g . F igu re 2 7 :2) ;p late s ( e .g . I awo rsky 1 960 , f i g .13 :1) ;a nd b ow ls ( e .g . I awor sky 1 960 , f i g .13 :2 ) . L eve l Gs eem s t o b e t he h igh p o int o fc a r inated , s hou ldered a nd n ecked s hapes , t hough t he n u mber o f f l a r ing a nd s t ra igh t r immed b aggy p o ts i sr e la t ive ly r educed . T he l ower L eve ls F t o I s eem t o c onta in n umerous b ow ls , b ut t hese a re n ot s pec ia l ly s i gn if icant i nG . B r immed p la tes o n ly a ppea r i n L eve ls G a nd H . C ar ina ted b ow ls h ave t he u nusua l f ea tu re o fu np ie rced b ut tons o n o r b e low t he c a r ina t ion ( e .g . I aworsky 1 960 , f i g s .12 :2 , 1 4 :6 ) . I n p las t ic c eram ic o rnamen t , t he re a re n o P an -p ipes ( I awor sky 1 960 , p .152) , b u t p lenty o f p erfo rated a nd mu lt i -per fo ra ted b ut tons , mos t o ft he l a t ter t o b e f ound i nL eve ls F , Ga nd H ( e .g . I awor sky 1 960 , f i g s .15 :2 ,12 :6 ,13 :5) . T ab le I V , wh ich g i ves t he p las t ic a dd it ions b y l e ve l , a l so i nd icates f l at l ug s i nt he C ha s seen l e ve l s ( e .g . I awor sky 1 960 , f i g .12 :9) , t hough i nl ow n umbers . One l ugged r im b ea rs a n i n te rna l h or izon ta l i nc ised l i ne . B ut tons j us t b e low t he r im —no t p erfo r a ted o n t he s ack s hape s—are mos t p reva lent i nt he C has seen l e ve ls , e spec ia l ly H a nd D ( e .g . I awor sky 1 960 , f i g s .11&12 :4 ,5) . A lthough L eve ls G a nd H a re s im i lar i n t ha t e ach c onta ins b r im med p la tes a nd many mu lt i p erfora ted c ordons , t here may b e ac hange i ns ty le r ep resented b y t he r educ t ion i nGo ft he h igh p ropor t ion o fs ack s hape s i n t he l ower l e ve l ;t he g r ea t i ncrea se o fS -bend a nd c ar ina ted s hapes , a nd t he r educt ion i n t he n umbe r o fb ow l s . T oge the r w ith t he s ack s hapes t he n umber o f b e low r im b u ttons i su nder s tandab ly r educed f ro m H t o G . Howeve r , t he re a re more p erfo ra ted b uttons i nG . T he o n ly e xamp le o fi nc ised d eco ra t ion i nt he Jt o El e ve l s o ccu rs o n af r agment o f s p ind le whor l , wh ich b ear s as c ratched t r iang le p a rt ia l ly f i l led w i th c ros s -hatch ing t o f o rm l ozenges ( I awor sky 1 960 , f i g .17 :2) . Th is s p ind lewhor l d ecora t ion i su nusua l i n aC ha s sgen c ontext , b u t f am i l ia r a round L ake V a rese i nI t a ly , a nd t he b roken k idney shaped l oom w e igh t a l so f ound makes a nothe r l ong -d i s tance l i nk w i th t he P o V a l ley s i te s ( I awor sky 1 960 , p .12 ' 7) ( F igure 2 1:9) .

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GROTTES S T BENO IT , S T BENO IT , ALPES DE -HAUTE -PROVENCE R eference :

B ar ra l 1 955

Geo logy I n L ut ,e t ien l imes tone . Locat ion On R .N .208 , a f ter P on t -de -Gueydan a nd 7 km b efore Annot , an ear ly v er t ica l s ca rp o n t he l e f t s i de o f t he r oad c onta ins t he S t B eno it c ave s . S ite s i ze C ave I —bu r ia l c ave-40 m l ong , w ith i t s mouth 4 o r 5m f rom C ave I . The l a t te r e xtends o ver 4 00 m . Excavat ion h i story E xcava ted i n 1 872 b y E . R iv ie re a nd f rom 1 953 -4 b y t he Monaco Museu m o fP reh is to r ic Anthropo logy . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy Mo st o f C ave Iwas d i sturbed . I n C ave I s evera l l e ve l s we re f ound i np lace . The f o l low ing d escr ipt ion i so fP ro f i le I ,T es t T rench I I , s hown i nD r B a rra l ' s r epo r t ( 1955 , f i g .8) . L eve l A : A shy , g rey , w ith h ea rths . P ot tery a nd o the r a r t ifact s . 5 -50 cm . L eve l B : S ame t ype , wh ite a nd r ed d r if t s . P ot te ry e tc . 5 -40 cm . L eve l C : B lacke r , y e l low a nd r ed d r if ts . P ot te ry e tc . 1 0 -30 cm . L eve l s D -J i nc lus ive : No a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l . F eatures An u mber o fh uman b ones— though n o t i n ag rave s e t t ing—were f ound i nC ave I . Ap i t wa s f ound i n t he S outh -Eas tern a rea o f L eve l C .

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S ubs istence e conomy Aud ra s a nd H ey raud , who a na lyzed t he b ones , h ave f a i led t og i ve M in imum Nu mbe rs o f I nd iv idua ls o f t he v ar ious s pec ies a nd t o d i s t ingu ish b etween w i ld a nd d omes t icated p ig . T hey d o ment ion t he p reva lence o fy oung a n ima ls i n d eal ing w i th t he s ma l l s amp les f rom s t ra t if ied l e ve ls i nC ave I , e spec ialy among t he r um inan ts . I n L eve l Aw ere f ound r ep resentat ive s o f g oat 4s heep , c a t t le , r oe d eer a nd p robab ly wo lf . I n B were b ones o fg oa t , s heep , c a t t le a nd d og . I n C were g oa t o r s heep , c a tt le , r ed d eer , r abb it o r h a re a nd d og . Out o f at ota l o f 5 10 b one s f rom C aves Ia nd I , mo s t ly f rom d i s turbed l e ve ls , 3 35 b e long t o sma l l r um inants ( sheep , g oat ) , 7 0 t o c at t le , 2 5 t o d ome s t ica ted a nd w i ld p ig , 2 2 t o d og , 1 2 t o r ed d eer , 7e ach t o c a t a nd u nspec if ied s o l iped , 2t o r oe d ee r a nd 3 0 u nspec if ied ( Audra s a nd H eyraud 1 955 , p .240) . D at ing T he p re sence o f f l a t b ases , s moo th a nd d ig ita l ly i mp res sed c ordons , l ed B a r ra l t o t he c onc l u s ion t ha t t h is s i te s t radd led L a te C ha s seen a nd l lorgen ' c u ltures , a nd t ha t t he i s o la ted l ocat ion h ad c aused c u ltura l r e tarda t ion ( 1955 , p .228 ) . I ti sq u ite p os s ib le , h owever , t ha t t he re w ere s uccess ive o ccupa t ions ;t he s t ra t ig raphy i sn ot s ecu re e nough t o p rec lude t h is p os s ib i l ity . A r t if act s : C h ipped s tone C ave I : t here a re n ea r ly t hree t ime s a s many f l ake s a sb lades i n t h is d i s turbed c o l lect ion . O f i n teres t i so ne t r ansver se a rrowhead a nd o ver 2 0 q ua r tz f l ake s . C ave I : t he s ame p roport ion o ff l akes t o b lades h e ld f o r b o th t he d i s tu rbed a nd L eve l s Ba nd C o fs t ra t if ied ma te r ia l o f C ave I . A s f o r L eve ls A , Ba nd C , q ua r tz f l ake s a ppea r i n L eve ls A a nd B b ut n o t C . The re a re n o s pec ia l ized t oo ls i nL eve l B , b ut A c on t a ins at anged l e af p o int , a nd C c onta ins 2 b u r ins a nd 5l e af p o int s . G round s tone C ave I : t h is d i s turbed d epo s it c on ta ined 4 p o l ished a xes , 1p o l ish ing s tone a nd 1 f r agment o f M i les tone b race let . C ave I : L eve l Ac onta ined 3f r agmen ts o fg reens tone a xe , q uerns a nd h ands tones . Querns a nd h andstones a nd u sed p ebb les a l so a ppea red i nL eve l B . There wa s o ne g reens tone a xe i n L eve l C . S he l l C ave I : 1 3 b eads o fp ie rced s he l l a nd t wo p er fo ra ted c o loured c a rd ium s he l l s w ere f ound i nt h i s d i sturbed ma ter ia l . C ave I : af r agmen t o f worked s he l l wa s f ound i nL eve l A , a nd af r agment o fs he l l p endant a nd t wo p erfo ra ted a nd c o loured r onde l les o fc a rd ium w e re f ound i nL eve l C . B one C ave I : b one f i nds i n t he d i s turbed d epos it i nc luded 1 9 aw l s , o ne s moo ther a nd o ne n eed le , wh ich i sp robab ly l a ter i nd a te . C ave I : aw ls a nd as moother w ere s im i lar ly f ound i nt he d i s turbed l eve l s o f C ave I . I n L eve l A w ere 6aw ls , i n B 3 aw ls a nd ab roken s pa tu la a nd i n C 5a w ls a nd 1u sed g oa t u lna . P ot tery T he p o t tery f rom t hese c aves s eems t o mos t ly b e long t o ab iza rre C ha s seen , w ith e l ement s o fc on tact w ith t he L igur ian c aves , e spec ia l ly A rene C and ide . The s hapes a re s ack , c a r inated a nd c o l lared , w i th b ow ls a nd f l at b ased v es se ls . C ave I : The a bove s hape sa re f ound , t oge the r w ith p o t te ry s poons . B u t tons d ecora te t he p ot wa l l s a nd r im , a nd t here i sa n u nu sua l p ierced l ug j o in ing r im t o c a r ina t ion ( Barra l 1 955 , p 1 .I :9) . One r im h a s n o tches a l l a long t he l i p ( Ba rra l 1 955 , p l .I :7) . There a re s eve ra l i nc ised s he rds , e i ther b ear ing z ones o fh or izonta l s t rokes o r a rc l ike wh ite i nc rus ted d es igns . C ave I : T he s ame f orms r eappea r i n C ave I , wh ich i nc ludes as ha rp ly c a r ina ted s he rd o f t he t ype B rea r e fe r s t o h i s p o st -Lagozzan l eve l a tA rene C and ide . O ther u nst ra t if ied v es se ls i nc lude n ume rous p er forated a nd u nperfo ra ted b u t tons a nd l ug s , a nd 1 0 P an -p ipe s ec t ions o n s herds . T here w ere 1 7 f l a t b ases . 1 9 c o rdons w ith f i nger t ip i mpre s s i on a nd 9s moo th c o rdons . I n t he s t ra t if ied l e ve ls , 1 150 s herds w ere f ound i nL eve l A , 9 00 i nL eve l Ba nd 1 050 i n L eve l C . T he se h ave b een a na lyzed b y B ar ra l , a nd h i s t ab le ( Bar ra l 1 955 , p .202) s how s t ha t s ack s hapes t end t o s p lay o utwa rds mo re i n t he e ar ly L eve l Ct han t he l a ter l eve l s ;t he s t ra ight -wa l led s ack s hape i st he mo s t s t rong ly r epre sented i n L eve l A . S -p rof i le o rc ar ina ted v e s se ls a re r epre sen t ed t hrough t he l e ve l s b ut d oub le t he ir n umber i nL eve l A . P la te s , n ecked v a ses a nd f l a t b a ses e x is t a ta l l l e ve ls , t hough t here a re mo re f l a t b ases i nAt han C . T he re i so n ly o ne s poon , i nL eve l A . W ith r ega rd t o d eco ra t ion ( Bar ra l 1 955 , t ab le p .205) ,B ar ra l c onc ludes t ha t n on -pe rfora ted

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b ut tons , r i bbon h and les a nd f i nger impres sed c o rdons i ncrease i nn umbe r f rom C t o A . There a re s l igh t ly mo re P an -p ipes a nd h o r izonta l ly p ie rced b uttons i n Ct han A , a nd t here a re 8 f l a t l ug s i n L eve l Bc o mpa red t o 5i n t he g rea ter n umbe r o f s herds i n L eve l A . The d eco rated s herd s r ep r e sen t a bout 1% more o f t he who le i n L eve l At han i n L eve l s Ba nd C . I n e xcava t ing as upposed ly d i s tu rbed a rea c a l led P o in t Ii nC ave I , B ar ra l d i scovered a L eve l A l , n o t a s s im i lab le t o L eve ls A , Bo r Ca na lyzed a bove . T he p o ttery i nc luded f l a t b ases , t he r unn ing z i g -zag i nc is ion c ommon ly a s soc ia ted w i th C ard ia l s i tes ( Bana l 1 955 , p l .X :2) , t he l adde r d es ign c om mon t o t he I t a l ian M idd le N eo l ith ic a nd t he S outhe rn F rench C ha s se-e n , P an -p ipe s a nd c a r ina ted s he rds .

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ABR I P ENDI MOUN , CASTELLAR , ALPES MARITIMES R efe rence :

B ar ra l 1 958

G eo logy S enon ian -Turon ien l ime s tone f orms r ock s he lte r . L ocat ion I n t he c l if fw a l l o f t he p lateau b eyond t he v i l lage o fC as te l la r . S i te s i ze B y d educ t ion , 8 0 -90 m 2 ( Barra l 1 958 , f i g .2) . E xcavat ion h i s tory 1 955 -56 t r ench d ug b y B ar ra l 's t eam . A rea e xcavated a nd s t rat ig raphy B a rra l i nd ica te s t hat o ne s ixth o ft he s i te was e xcava ted , i nt he s hape o f at r ench 1 5 m l ong b y 1m w ide , a nd 3m d eep . T he s t rat igraphy r ev ea led was a s f o l low s : L eve l A : l imes tone b lock s , g rey e ar th , Roman a nd l a ter a r t ifact s . L eve l B : b lock s a nd l a rge r ock s , b lacker e ar th w i th h ear ths . I ron A ge . L eve l C : f ewer b lock s , y e l low e a r th , h ea r ths . D escr ibed a se nd o fC ha s seen c u lture a nd b eg inn ing o f B ronze Age . L eve l D : p ebb ly , t h in b lack e a r th , h ea rths , b ur ia l . C ard ia l p ot te ry . S ubs i s tence e conomy T he f auna r epor ted f rom L eve l C , wh ich i st he h or izon o fC ha sseen o ccupat ion , c ons is t o f 1 6 b ones o f sma l l r um inants ( pre su mab ly s heep a nd g oa t ) ,3 4 o fc a t t le a nd 3o f w i ld b oa r . T he s ma l l r um inant s o f L eve l s A , Ba nd C a re n ot c ons ide red t o b e d ome s t ica ted , t hough t he r ema ins a re mos t ly o fy oung s ub jects . Two e ach o f t he c at t le a nd b oa r b one sr ep resent y oung a n ima ls ( Bar ra l 1 958 , p .148 ) . L i mpe t s a re r eported f ro m L eve l C , a nd may i nd ica te t r ade f rom t he c oa s t n ear Menton . A rt if act s : C h ipped s tone T he f l int i ndus t ry f rom L eve l Ci nc ludes 5 2 f l ake s , 1 2 u nre touched b lades o r b lade le ts o f d if fe rent c o lour ed f l int , o ne ` s ick le ' b lade w ith r e touch , af r agment o fb lack f l int r e touched b a lde ( Bana l 1 958 , f i g .5 :1) , ah oney -co lou red f l int s c raper ( Bana l 1 958 , f i g .5 :2) a nd a n o b s id ian b lade r e touched o n o ne f ace . G round s tone Two c omp le te d iabase a xes a nd f r agmen t s o fo thers were f ound , p lus ar ectangu la r s ect ion f i ne g ran ite whe ts tone a nd t we lve l ime stone p ebb les , p re sumab ly s how ing s i gns o f u se . P ot tery T he a na ly s is o f t he sma l l n umbe r o f r econst i tu tab le v e s se l s ( 28) s hows t ha t L eve l Cc onta ined 5s t ra ight -wa l led a nd 4 i nver ted s ack s hapes , 9S -p rof i le o rc a r ina ted v esse ls , 7n ecked v a ses , 1b ow l a nd 2 f l at b a ses . P la s t ic d ecora t ion s howed am inor ity o fC ha sseen t ype ( 5 n on -pe rfora ted b ut tons , 5h or izonta l l ug s a nd 3mu lt i -pe rforated c ordons , e . g . B a r ra l 1 958 , f i g .5 :7 ,8) a nd ama jo r ity o f l a te r e l ement s ( 2 r i bbon h and les , 2c ordon h and les , 3d ig ita l ly i mp ressed c o rdons , 2 0 s mooth c ordons ) . As p ind lewhor l wa s a l so f ound ( Bar ra l 1 958 , f i g .5 :4) a nd 2 d eep ly i nc ised B ronze Age s herds ( Barra l 1 958 , f i g s .5 :5 ,6) . Out o f at ota lo f 5 73 s herds i n L eve l C , 1 24 w ere l u st rous o rp o l ished a nd t he r e st ma t t s urfaced . O ft he l u s t rous s herds , 5 2 w ere b lack , 2 2 b rown a nd 5 0 l i ght i nc o lou r . I n t he 1 961 c a mpa ign a tP end imoun as im i la r ly v ar ied ma te r ia l wa s o bta ined f ro m L eve l C ( pe rsona l o b serva t ion , Monaco Museu m) . C ha s sgen e l ement s i nc luded p a rt o f awe l l -po l i shed , d eep b ow l , r im d iame ter 2 3 cm , i nver ted n eck j a r s , a nd o ne l ow o pen b ow l i nl i ght o range -b rown , d iamete r 2 6 cm . P las t ic d eco rat ion c ons isted o f s ma l l a nd l a rge n on -perfora ted b u ttons , o ne h or izonta l ly p er fora ted t ubu lar l ug a nd o ne h o r izonta l ly p er fora ted s ub -cutaneou s b utton . A

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small, dark brown polished sherd bore a button about 2 cm below a slight shoulder. A most unusual horizontal ellipsoid vessel with short straight neck, marked 6CB, was decorated with a thin cordon perforated seven times at its maximum diameter. 114 GROTTE BARRIERA, LA TURBIE, ALPES-MARITTh1ES Reference:

Barral 1954

Geology In band of Cretaceous (Senonien) limestone. Location 2 73 m high on Eastern face of hill of La Tete du Chien which dominates Monaco. Site size 37 m long, average width 13 m, because scree zone runs along one side and bars access to the back, where there is a water source and originally a subterranean river (Barral 1954, p.11). Excavation history Excavated by team from Monaco Museum. Stratigraphy The archaeological layer (3) varied from 30 cm to 1.10 cm in depth. It was black and ashy with charcoal and ochre in sections. There was no visible division within this level, which rested on a floor of limestone blocks partly joined by cemented limestone (Barra! 1954, p.13). The only sort of stratigraphy appeared in Sector IV where three hearths could be distinguished over a sur­ face of 3-4 m 2 . In the absence of observable stratigraphy over the majority of the site, the excav­ ators made an artificial division into two halves, but the variation in depth of deposit did not always permit this (Barral 1954, p.15). Cardial, Chasseen and Early Bronze Age artifacts were found together in the archaeological level. Features Skele� fragments including three skulls were found scattered randomly, mostly along the wall (Barral 1954, pp.54,76, pl.XXVIII). Three hearths were found, the first two some 30 cm thick, and the third 40 cm thick (Barral 1954, pp.49-50). Hearth 1 produced three bone awls, a bone smoother and several chisel fragments, and a split boar's incisor. An end scraper and a bifacially retouched pointed blade were also found, and a few sherds, undistinguished except for a smooth orange fragment bearing a channel (Barral 1954, p.49). Hearth 2 's associated artifacts included a rolled headed bronze pin (Barra! 1954, p.50). Subsistence economy Most of the animal bones found had been deliberately broken as if to extract the marrow (Barral 1954, p.51). Of the nearly 80% that could be identified, 53 fragments belonged to cattle, 2 38 to sheep or goat, 2 6 to dog, 5 to horse, 37 plus 5 boar tusks to domesticated or wild pig, and 3 molars possibly to red deer (Barral 1954). Hundreds