Early Neolithic Settlement and Society at Olszanica 9781951538071, 9780915703036

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MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NUMBER 19

Early Neolithic Settlement . and Society at Olszanica by

Sarunas Milisauskas

ANN ARBOR 1986

© 1986 The Regents of the University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-915703-03-6 (paper) ISBN 978-1-951538-07-1 (ebook)

To James Bennett Griffin, who not only encouraged me to specialize in European prehistory, but also provided me with the opportunity to begin my archaeological research on the Neolithic sites.

Olszanica is pronounced ol-sha-nit'-sa.

Contents List of figures ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of tables ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of plates .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ix xiii xvii xix

Chapter 1. Introdnction.......................................................................... Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History of Olszanica excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery culture ..........................................................................

1 1 1 2

Chapter 2. Location and Site Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geographical location and environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery culture site of Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data recording strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 5 8 11

Chapter 3. Ceramics and Miscellaneons Clay Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ornamentation of coarse ceramics. .. . . ...... .. .... . .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .... . . . . . .. .. .. . . . ... . .... Temper of coarse ceramics ................................... ,. ... . .. ... .... . .. .... . . . ... . .... Shape of coarse ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temper of fine ceramics ...................................... , ........................ , .. . ... . Shape of fine ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ornamentation of fine ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lip form.................................................................................... Miscellaneous artifacts of clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spindle whorls and drilled sherds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clay artifacts of unknown function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 14 14 18 18 19 20 20 22 23 23 23 23

Chapter 4. Chronology.......................................................................... Quantitative studies of Linear Pottery ceramics .................................................... Chronology of pits at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Five Phases of the Linear Pottery Ceramics at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase 01 Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase 011 Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase 0111 Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase OIV Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica .... ,. . .. . .. . . ... . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .... . .. .. Phase OV Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse ceramics with incised lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nonlocal ceramic styles at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis of stylistic attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Width of incised lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of incised lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distance below the lip ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distance between incised lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Length of lens-shaped stroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of incised lines cut by a lens-shaped stroke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Punctate at end of incised line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31 32 32 33 33 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 40 40 40 40

v

Chronology of different excavation units at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Absolute chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 42 43

Chapter 5. Pits........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elongated pits ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elongated pits in unit Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North-south pits .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East-west pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interior pits ................................................................................... Oven pits and pits with a layer of burnt soil and/or charcoal ........................................

49 49 53 54 54 57 57 57 57 59

Chapter 6.

Longhouses..........................................................................

67

Chapter 7. Flint Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Striking platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flakes and blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement of flint artifacts ................................................................... Cores.............. .............. ............................................................. Cores with single striking platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with double striking platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Disc cores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retouched flakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retouched blades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endscrapers and macroendscrapers . . . ... . .. . . ... . .. . . .. ... .. . . ... . . . . . . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . . ... . ... Sidescrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Truncated pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burins ........... .............. .......... ................................................... Boring tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hammerstones/pestIes . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. ... .. . . . .. Projectile points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiple function tools. . . . .. .. . . . . . . .... .. . . ... ..... ... . . . . . .. .. . . ... . ... .. .. . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . .. Miscellaneous flint tools ...................................................................... Flint axes ................................................................................... Discussion of flint artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cutting edge/mass ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint tools from the plow zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint tools from Olszanica 1951 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint tool frequencies during the five phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison to other Linear Pottery sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of sample size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Linear Pottery sites in Poland. . ... .. .. .... ... . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . ... . .. . ... Comparison of Linear Pottery sites in western Europe. .... .... . . . ... . ... . . .. . . ... .. . . . . .. .. .. ....

83 85 85 85 85 85 93 93 94 101 101 101 115 118 120 126 134 134 136 136 137 137 137 139 139 139 140 140 141 142 143

Chapter 8. Obsidian Artifacts and Polished Stone Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obsidian artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished stone tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145 145 150

vi

Miscellaneous stone artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone with grooves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circular stones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grinders and pestles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

155 155 155 155

Chapter 9. Subsistence and Land Utilization.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . Subsistence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Floral and faunal remains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Land utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

157 157 157 161

Chapter 10. Trade.............................................................................. Chipped stone and polished stone material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint material at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint exchange system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obsidian exchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

165 165 166 167 170

Chapter 11. Spatial Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of plain blades in unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of ceramics in unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quantitative analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horizontal distribution of obsidian artifacts and polished stone tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

175 178 179 179 210

Chapter 12.

Sociopolitical Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

215

Chapter 13. Population and Settlement Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Site population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regional settlement organization and population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

219 219 220

Chapter 14.

Conclusion..........................................................................

223

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

225

Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AI. Frequencies of ceramics in pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bl. Completely excavated pits: summary metrical data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CI. Size and depth of postmolds of longhouse 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C2. Size and depth of postmolds of longhouse 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C3. Size and depth of postmolds of longhouse 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C4. Size and depth of postmolds of longhouse 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D1. Frequencies of flint tools, flakes, blades, cores and hammerstones/pestles in pits at Olszanica .,. . . . D2. Frequency of flint tools in pits at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D3. Attributes of endscrapers. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . E1. Frequencies of obsidian artifacts in pits at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fl. Frequencies of polished stone tools in pits at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F2. Petrological analysis of polished stone tools by Marek Doktor .................................. F3. Petrological analysis of polished stone tools by E. Piekarska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F4. Mineral composition of polished stone tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F5. Mineral composition of polished stone tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G1. Archaeobotanical data from Olszanica analyzed by Richard I. Ford. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G2. Plant remains recovered through flotation technique at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G3. Plant remains identified through analysis of imprints in daub by Maria Lityriska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G4. Plant remains identified through analysis of imprints in ceramics by Maria Lityriska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HI. Frequencies of artifacts in 4 x 4 m quadrats in the northern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H2. Frequencies of artifacts in 4 X 4 m quadrats in the southern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

233 233 237 240 241 242 242 243 246 249 258 259 259 260 260 260 263 264 264 264 265 266

vii

List of Figures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19 . 20. 21. 2?,. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Distribution of Linear Pottery culture sites in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of Olszanica .................................................................... Location of the Olszanica site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grid system at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plan showing the location of excavation units at Olszanica ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution showing the thickness of Linear Pottery ceramics ................................. Distribution showing the diameter of Linear Pottery ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applied ornamentation types of Linear Pottery ceramics from Olszanica ..... . .. .... .... .. ...... Linear Pottery knobs and lug from Olszanica..... .... .. .... ..... ..... .... .. . . .... .... . ...... Linear Pottery knobs from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diameter of round knobs ................................................................. Method of measuring the wall angle of rim sherds...... . ... ...... .... . ..... . . ..... .. .. ....... Wall angle of coarse rims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery coarse bowl from pit 15-68-Bl at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery coarse vessels from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery coarse vessels from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery bases from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall angle of music note rims... . . . .. ..... . .. ....... .... .. .... . ... . ..... . . ..... .... . ...... Wall angle of Zeliezovce rims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery bottles from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Music note vessels from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery bases from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeliezovce vessels from Olszanica .......................................................... Zeliezovce vessels from Olszanica .......................................................... Zeliezovce bases from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of music note and Zeliezovce ceramics in pits at Olszanica ......................... Measurements on ceramics.. ... ....... ... .... .. .... . ...... .. ... ... .. .. .. . . .... .... . ... ... . Radiocarbon dates from Olszanica ......................................................... Location of the Linear Pottery sites used in the analysis of chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagram showing the percent represented by one music note/ZeIiezovce rim sherd at Krzeslawice

3 6 8 9 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19 20 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 32 37 43 44

III .....................................................................................

45 46

Sequence of Linear Pottery sites on the basis of music note ceramics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sequence of Linear Pottery sites and excavation units at Olszanica on the basis of music note ceramics ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar graph of the width of the incised lines of the plain incised rim sherds ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar graph of the width of the incised lines of the plain incised rim sherds with early motif included. Bar graph of music note rim sherds with bar motif. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elongated pit 11-73-D3 at Olszanica ....................................................... Elongated pit 20-68-Bl at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elongated pit 1O-73-D3 at Olszanica ....................................................... Construction pit 47-68-Bl at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction pit 52-68-Bl at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction pit 51-68-Bl at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rectangular interior pit 48-68-Bl at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North-south pit 2-73-D3 at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East-west pit 8-69-Dl at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

46 47 47 48 51 52 53 60 60 61 61 62 62

46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.

East-west pit 6-69-Dl at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East-west pit 8-73-D3 at Olszanica ...................................................... , .. Interior pit 41-68-Bl at Olszanica.......................................................... Interior pit 45-68-B1 at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interior pit 46-68-B1 at Olszanica.......................................................... Longhouses at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Longhouses in northern section of unit Bl at OIszanica ....... . . ..... . .... ... .. . ..... . .... .. .. Longhouses in southern section of unit BI at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excavation units Bl, B5, and B3 at Olszanica................. . .... .. .. . .... . ..... . . . .... .. . . Excavation unit B3 at Olszanica.. .. ...... . .... ... .. ... ...... ..... .. ... . .. ... . ... . . ......... Excavation unit CI at Olszanica ........................................... '" .. . .. ... . ..... Longhouses in unit Dl at Olszanica ........................................................ Longhouses in unit D3 at Olszanica ........................................................ Histogram showing the length of longhouses at Bylany during the LOr, LR, YI, YIII, and LBL phases and at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postmolds of longhouse 4 at Olszanica. .. ............... .... .. ... . .. . . .. ... .. . .. .. . ..... .. .. Longhouse 6 at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Longhouse 10 at Olszanica ..... , .......................................... " .... . ... . . .... Longhouse 18 at Olszanica . .. .. . .. ... .. .. . ... .. .. . . .. .... . . .. .... . ........ .... . . ... .. . . ... Core preparation and rejuvenation pieces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core preparation and rejuvenation pieces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of striking platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flakes from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blades from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Core reduction sequence. . .. . . . . .. .... . .. . ... .. .. . ... .. .. . . .. .... . .... .. .. .... .. . .... . .. .. Core reduction sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production of disc core. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with single striking platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with single striking platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with single striking platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with single striking platform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with multiple striking platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cores with double striking platform....... . . . ... . .... .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. ..... . .... .. ... ....... Disc cores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of retouch. .. ... . . .. . . .. . . . . ...... . . ..... .... . .... . . . . .... . ........ .... .. . ... . . .. .. Endscrapers from Olszanica ....................................................... , .. . .. .. Endscrapers from Olszanica . .... ............. ... .. ... .. .. . . . ..... . .... .. .. .. ... . . ... .. .. . . Endscrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endscrapers from Olszanica . . ... . ... . .. . .... ... .. ... .. .... . . . .... . ..... .. . . ... . . ... .. ... .. Endscrapers from Olszanica ........................................... '" .... " . .. .. . ..... Endscrapers from Olszanica . .... . . .......... ... .. ... . . ... . . . . ... . . ........ .... . . . ... . . .. . . Endscrapers from Olszanica ....................................................... , .. .... . Endscrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endscrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endscrapers from Olszanica . . . . . .. ... .. .. . . .... .. .. .. . . . .. ... .... . .... .... .... .. . .... . .. .. Endscrapers from Olszanica ............................... ................................ Endscrapers from Olszanica ........................... , ... .. ..... ......... . .. . .. ... .. ..... Endscrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Macroendscrapers, sidescrapers and raclette from Olszanica ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endscrapers and macroendscrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diagram showing how angles of the working edges of endscrapers are measured. .. . .. . .. . .... ... .

x

63 63 64 64 65 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 74 75 78 79 80 81 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 III 112 113 114 115 116 117 117

96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. lOS. 109. 110. Ill. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. lIS. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 12S. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 13S. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145.

Angles of the working edge of endscrapers ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidescrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sidescrapers from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Truncated pieces from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Truncated pieces and blades from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sickle blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burin types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burins from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burins from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burins from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boring tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burins and boring tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint tools from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flint tools from Olszanica................................................................. Flint tools from Olszanica................................................................. Obsidian artifacts from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obsidian artifacts from Olszanica ... . ........ . .. . .. .. .... ... .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . ..... . .. . . . . ... . Obsidian artifacts from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium and manganese contents of obsidian samples from Olszanica, Poland and from Tokay region, Hungary ......... , ... ... .. . ... .. ... . . .... .. .. . . . .. . . . . .... . ... . . . . .. .. . ... . . ... . . Width of obsidian blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of obsidian artifacts per m 3 of pit fill during five phases at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polished stone tools from Olszanica ............. , ....... , ........................ ,. . . . .. . . . Polished stone tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Width of polished stone tools from Olszanica............................. . .................. Width/thickness index of polished stone tools from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stone with grooves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obsidian and flint sources and location of Linear Pottery sites... . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. . . ... . . . .... .. Weight of flint blades from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of imported ceramics, obsidian and nonlocal stone artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of flint blades exported ........................................................... Fall-off of Jurassic flint with increasing distance from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fall-off of obsidian with increasing distance from Kraczkowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of ceramics in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of plain blades in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of cores in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of endscrapers in the humic layer of unit D3 ..................................... Distribution of retouched flakes in the humic layer of unit D3 . .. .. . . . . . ... . . . . . .. ... . . ... . . . .. Distribution of sidescrapers in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of burins in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of hammerstones/pesties in the humic layer of unit D3 ............................ Distribution of truncated pieces in the humic layer of unit D3... ... . . . ... .. ... . . ...... . .. .. . ... Distribution of retouched blades in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of sickle blades in the humic layer of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of boring tools in the humic layer of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The northern and southern sections of unit D3 divided into 4 x 4 meter quadrats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

117 118 119 121 122 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 146 147 148 149 149 149 151 152 154 154 156 166 167 169 169 170 171 180 181 182 183 184 185 IS6 IS7 188 IS9 190 191 193

146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159.

160.

Cumulative graphs for flint artifacts in the humic layer and pits of northern and southern sections of unit D3 .............................................................................. . Block size for Morisita's analysis of ceramic distribution in the southern section of unit D3 ....... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of ceramic distribution in the northern section of unit D3 ....... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of plain blade distribution in the northern section of unit D3 .... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of plain blade distribution in the southern section of unit D3 .... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of core distribution in the northern section of unit D3 .......... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of core distribution in the southern section of unit D3 .......... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of end scraper distribution in the northern section of unit D3 .... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of endscraper distribution in the southern section of unit D3 .... . Block size for Morisita's analysis of retouched flake distribution in the northern section of unit D3 . Block size for Morisita's analysis of sidescraper distribution in the southern section of unit D3 .... . Distribution of obsidian artifacts in the humic layer at Olszanica .............................. . Distribution of polished stone tools in the humic layer at Olszanica ............................ . Unusual Linear Pottery vessel from pit 8-73-D3 at Olszanica ................................. . Distribution of Linear Pottery sites in the Bronocice microregion .............................. .

xii

194 199 199 199 199

200 200 200 200 201 201 211

212 216 221

List of Tables 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

Mean temperature and precipitation in Cracow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood remains from Olszanica ....... ...... .......... .. .......... . ...... . .. ......... ...... . Size of excavation units at Olszanica.. ...... ..... ..... . . ....... ... . .. .... . . . .... .. ... .... .. . Frequency of ceramics and the percentage of rims in pits at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ornamentation of coarse rims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lip ornamentation of coarse, music note and Zeliezovce rims from Olszanica. . . . .... ............ Temper of coarse ceramics.......... ........... ..... .. ... ....... ....... . . .......... .... ... Frequencies of different types of bowls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lip form of Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica . ... . . ...... .. ... . ....... .. ........ .. ...... . Frequency of music note and Zeliezovce ceramics in 46 pits at Olszanica ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of music note and Zeliezovce ceramics during five phases in 46 pits at Olszanica. . . . . . . Frequencies of pits of five chronological phases at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The shape of music note punctates ............ .......... . .... . .. .. ......... ....... . .. ...... Music note and Zeliezovce data used in t-test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of incised horizontal lines below the lip on music note rims of different phases. . . . . . . . . . . Number of incised horizontal lines below the lip on Zeliezovce rims of different phases . . . . . . . . . . . T-scores for comparison of number of incised horizontal lines below the lip on music note and Zeliezovce rims .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distances between incised lines on music note and Zeliezovce rims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary data for distances below the lip on music note and Zeliezovce rims from different phases at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distance below the lip on music note and Zeliezovce rims from different phases at Olszanica ..... . T-scores for comparison of distances below the lip on music note and Zeliezovce rims from different phases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary data for distances between incised lines on music note and Zeliezovce rims ............. T-scores for comparison of distances between incised lines on music note and Zeliezovce rims. . . . . . Length of Zeliezovce lens-shaped strokes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of incised lines a lens-shaped stroke cuts on Zeliezovce sherds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiocarbon dates from Olszanica ......................................................... Number of music note, Zeliezovce and plain incised rims from nine Linear Pottery sites in southeastern Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of music note and Zeliezovce rims from pits of excavation units Bl + B5, Cl, Dl, and D3 at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elongated pits by longhouses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary data on pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary data on pits .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimate of quantity of dirt required for 2-meter-high walls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Estimate of quantity of dirt needed for daubing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elongated pits in unit Cl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Small pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Large pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Construction pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rectangular interior pit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . North-south pits ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranking of pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East-west pits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interior pits ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

6 7 10 13 14 18 18 22 23 34 35 35 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 44 47 50 54 54 55 55 56 56 56 57 58 58 58 59 59

43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91.

Dimensions and orientation of longhouses at Olszanica ....................................... Chronology of longhouses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronological groupings of longhouses at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T-scores for the diameters and depths of exterior and interior postmolds of longhouses. . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of artifacts, cores, flakes, and tools in different excavation units at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . Density of flint artifacts at Olszanica and Niemcza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of cortex on flint artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of cortex on endscrapers, truncated pieces, and sickle blades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of broken endscrapers and sickle blades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of burnt flint artifacts ......................................................... Frequencies of burnt flint tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of trimming and renewal flint pieces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of platform types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of striking platforms on flint tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of flint blades in unit Dl at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typology of cores from Olszanica. .. .. .. . . ..... ... ... . . ... . .. .. . .. . . ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Weight of cores from Olszanica. . . .. .... . . . .... .... .. . . ... . .. .. ... . . ... . . . ........... .. .... Summary of descriptive statistics of continuous variables for endscrapers and macroendscrapers. . . . Types of retouch found on the distal and proximal ends of endscrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of different types of endscrapers ................................................ Correlation data on endscrapers.. . .. .... . . . ... .. . ... .. . ..... . ...... ... . .. .... .. . . .. .. . ... . . Correlation data on endscrapers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of retouch on sidescrapers ................. " ........... " . .... . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. . . . Typology of truncated pieces .................... " . . . . .... .. . .. ... ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .. . . . Summary of descriptive statistics of continuous variables for flint tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of retouch on truncated pieces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typology of sickle blades ................................................................. Types of retouch on sickle blades .......................................................... Frequencies of burins made on blades and flakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of different types of burins at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of retouch on burins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of different types of boring tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of boring tools made on flakes and blades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of retouch on boring tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of flint tools in different excavation units at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ranking of flint tool frequencies in different excavation units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of flint artifacts per longhouse in excavation units Bl + B5, Dl and D3 + D5 at Olszanica.. Frequencies of artifacts, cores, flakes, and tools in the humic layer of different excavation units at Olszanica ............................................................................... Frequencies of artifacts, cores, flakes and tools in pits of different excavation units at Olszanica . . . Frequencies of flint tools from the plow zone in the excavation units Bl, B3, Dl, and D3 ......... Frequencies of flint tools from Olszanica 1951 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of flint tools during 5 phases at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of flint tools in pits 5-69-Dl, 27/28-68/73-Bl + B5, and 60/61-68/73-Bl + B5 at Olszanica ............................................................................... Frequencies of artifacts, cores, flakes, and tools in excavation units B2 and C2 .................. Frequencies of flint tools in excavation units B2 and C4.. . ..... . . ... . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .... . . .... Number of flint tools in unit D3 + D5 (2490 m2) at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of flint tools at Skoroszowice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of flint tools from Linear Pottery sites in southeastern Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of flint tools from Linear Pottery sites in western Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

75 76 76 82 83 84 84 84 84 84 85 87 88 88 88 94 94 102 102 114 114 115 120 120 120 120 120 128 128 128 128 135 135 135 137 137 138 138 138 139 140 140 141 142 142 142 142 143 143

92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138.

Comparison of sodium and manganese contents in obsidian samples from Olszanica, Poland and from Tokay region, Hungary. . .... . . .. ... .. .. ...... ... .. . .... ... ...... .. ......... . . .... .. . Frequencies of obsidian artifacts in units B1 + B5, C1, D1 and D3 + D5 at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of obsidian tools in units B1 + B5, C1, D1 and D3 + D5 at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of flint artifacts one obsidian piece during five phases at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density of obsidian artifacts in excavation units at Olszanica .................................. Types of raw materials of polished stone tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typology of polished stone tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequencies of different types of polished stone tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship of polished stone tool types and chronological phases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Density of polished stone tools in excavation units at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plants utilized by the Linear Pottery culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pH tests in excavation units B1 and D1 ..................................................... Plant remains from flotation, daub, and ceramics at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of different cereals at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cereal remains found in pits of five chronological phases at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency of rye brome and wheat at Linear Pottery sites in Germany... ... .. ......... ... .. . . . . Frequency of animal bones and the estimated number of minimum individuals at Samborzec and Zofipole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Linear Pottery sites in the Bronocice microregion according to soil type. . . . . . . . . . . Chronological chart shQwing the relationship of phases OI-OV with 7 other Linear Pottery sites in southern Poland. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Percentage of Jurassic flint and obsidian artifacts at Linear Pottery sites in southern Poland....... Blade:core ratio during 5 phases at Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of cores, number of cores per m3, blade:core ratio, and number of exported blades....... Frequency of obsidian pieces, ceramics and polished stone tools in pits of 5 phases at Olszanica. . . . Number of artifacts per m 3 of pit fill during 5 phases at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rate of fall-off of Jurassic flint per 1 km east from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intensity of import and export of items per m3 of pit fill during 5 phases at Olszanica .. . . . . . . . . . . Relative densities of cores in quadrats over pits, loess subsoil, and natural depressions in units D3 and C1 ................................................................................. Flint artifact frequencies in the northern and southern sections of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for ceramics in the northern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for ceramics in the southern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for plain blades in the northern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for plain blades in the southern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for cores in the northern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for cores in the southern section of unit D3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for endscrapers in the northern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for endscrapers in the southern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for retouched flakes in the northern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for retouched flakes in the southern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for sidescrapers in the northern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morisita's Index for sidescrapers in the southern section of unit D3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 4 x 4 m quadrats, southern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 4 x 4 m quadrats, northern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 4 x 8 m horizontal quadrats, northern section. . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 4 x 8 m horizontal quadrats, southern section. . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 4 x 8 m vertical quadrats, southern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 4 x 8 m vertical quadrats, northern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 8 x 8 m quadrats, southern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

145 148 148 149 149 150 153 155 155 155 158 158 159 159 160 160 161 163 165 165 168 168 168 169 170 172 177 194 195 195 195 196 196 196 197 197 197 198 198 198 202 202 203 203 204 204 205

139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153.

Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 8 x 8 m quadrats, northern section ................... . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 8 x 16 m horizontal quadrats, southern section ......... . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 8 x 16 m horizontal quadrats, northern section ......... . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 8 x 16 m vertical quadrats, southern section ........... . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 8 x 16 m vertical quadrats, northern section ........... . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 16 x 16 m quadrats, southern section ................. . Matrix of correlations (r) for artifacts in 16 x 16 m quadrats, northern section ................. . Frequencies of flint artifacts outside or inside of longhouses in unit D3 ........................ . Frequencies of flint artifacts in the eastern and western sides of longhouse 18 in the south section of unit D3 .............................................................................. . Chi-square test for the distribution of endscrapers and sidescrapers found along the western and eastern side of longhouse 18 .............................................................. . Observed and Poisson distributions of obsidian artifacts in unit B1 + B5 ........................ . Population estimate using Casselberry's and NarolI's methods ................................. . Population estimate using Soudsky's method ................................................ . Population estimate for 7 longhouses at Olszanica ........................................... . Size and population estimates for Linear Pottery sites in the Bronocice microregion .............. .

xvi

205 206 206 207 207 208 208 209 209 209 210 219 219 220 222

List of Plates 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

General views of Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General views of Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse ceramics with incised lines from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse ceramics with incised lines from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse ceramics from Olszanica..... ... ... . .... .. ... .. ... ... .... ... ...... ..... ...... . .... ... Coarse ceramics from Olszanica..... ...... ..... .. ... .. ... . .. .... . .. ....... .... ...... . .... ... Coarse ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coarse ceramics from Olszanica. . .. .. ........ . .... .. . .... .... .... ........ .. ...... . ... ... .. . . Ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramics from pit 20-68-B1 at Olszanica ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramics from pit 5-69-D1 at Olszanica .... .. . . ....... ....... .. .. .. ..... . . .... ...... . ..... .. Music note ceramics from Olszanica.. ........ . .... ... ... ..... .. .... ..... . . .... ..... .. ..... . . Music note ceramics from Olszanica........ .. . .... .. . .... ...... .. .. ... .. . . .... . .... . . .... ... Ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramics from Olszanica................................................................... Ceramics from Olszanica................................................................... Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica. ........ .. . . ..... .. ....... .. . ....... ... . .. .. ... .. . .... . .. Zeliezovce ceramics from pit 60/61-68/73-B1 +B5 at Olszanica................................. Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica ................................................ ,.. . .. .. .. Ceramics from Olszanica................................................................... Miniature vessels and scoops from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biikk ceramics from Olszanica...... ...... ..... ... .. . .... ... ... .. . . . .... . . .. . ..... ... . .... .. Nonlocal ceramics from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biikk ceramics from Olszanica.. .... ...... . .... .. .. . . . .. . ... ... . ... .... . . . . .. .. ..... . . ... ... Ceramics and daub from Olszanica.. ...... . .... .. .. . . . ... ... ... . ... ... . ... . .. ..... .. . . ... . .. Ceramic knobs with cattle motif and fired clay objects from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funnel Beaker ceramics from Olszanica E site and Corded Ware ceramics from Olszanica . .. .... ... Spindle whorls, drilled sherds and drilled stone from Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery pits from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery pits from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery pits from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery pits and oven from Olszanica. .... ..... . .... .. ..... ........... ... ..... .. .... ... Pits from Olszanica ....................................................................... Linear Pottery pit 15-68-B1 from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery pit 8-67-B1 from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excavation unit B1 at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Longhouse 4 in unit B1 at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Longhouse 6 in unit B1 at Olszanica; white markers are on postmolds ...... ... . ...... ....... .. .. Excavation unit D 1 at Olszanica .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Longhouse 12 at 01szanica . ..... .. .......... . .... .. .... .... ... .. .. ..... .. . .... .... .. ....... Excavation unit D3 at Olszanica ............................................................ Longhouse 18 in unit D3 at Olszanica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Excavation units C1 and B3 at Olszanica... . .... ... .. . .... .. .. ... . ....... . ..... .... .......... xvii

269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

48. 49. 50. 51.

Flint artifacts from Olszanica ................ , . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. . . . .... .. . .. . . .. .. .. Linear Pottery polished stone tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Pottery polished stone tools from Olszanica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grinding stones, pestle, and obsidian artifacts from Olszanica ................. . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .

xviii

316 317 318 319

Acknowledgments This site report on Olszanica is based upon a cooperative archaeological project conducted by the State University of New York at Buffalo and the Polish Academy of Sciences. Without the help of numerous people, this archaeological project would not have enjoyed its success and thus I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my friends and colleagues who have helped me throughout the duration of this project. During my graduate studies at the University of Michigan, Professor James Bennett Griffin encouraged me to specialize in European prehistory. As the Director of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, no one could have provided me with more incentive and opportunity. While Griffin was the Principal American Investigator of this project from 1967 to 1969, I subsequently filled this position from 1970 onward. I would like to thank him for the continued support and assistance that he rendered during my graduate years,and it is to him that I dedicate this book. While I was the Principal American Investigator, Professor Witold Hensel was the Director and Principal Polish Investigator. Not only did I greatly benefit from his advice, but I also enjoyed our archaeological discussions. He greatly assisted in this project from its inception to its completion and thus I am greatly indebted to him for his continued support and encouragement. I would like to express thanks to Janusz Kruk of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow. Janusz Kruk managed Olszanica's field and admiqistrative problems with great dedication and his continued devotion and commitment to the rl.'oject always inspired me. Additionally, I benefited greatly from our numerous conversations concerning various topics pertaining to the Neolithic studies. I am indebted to Gregory A. Johnson, who worked at Olszanica during the 1967-69 field seasons; the assistance he rendered in each stage of the archaeological work is most appreciated. I also enjoyed our numerous informative conversations concerning the Olszanica excavations. Most importantly, I would like to thank him for patiently and carefully reviewing the first draft of this manuscript and offering constructive comments and suggestions. In addition, numerous archaeologists have helped me in the various stages of the field work. I would like to thank the following for their assistance: Jerzy Kopacz, Jacek Lech, Zofia Liguzinska-Kruk, Wladyslaw Morawski, Zbigniew Pianowski, Jacek Reyniak, Ewa Rook, Anna Ruszar, Jacek Rydzewski, Bozena Stoch, Andrzej Szymanski, Marek Wyszomirski, and Emil Zaitz. I would also like to express my appreciation to those scholars who assisted in the analysis of the recovered archaeologi­ cal material. Richard I. Ford and Maria Litynska analysed the paleoethnobotanical data. In 1972, Richard I. Ford even traveled to Olszanica to work on the archaeobotanical material in the field. Zofia Liguzinska-Kruk and Wladyslaw Morawski assisted in the analysis ofthe flint artifacts. The petrological analyses ofthe polished stone tools were also very useful to me; I would like to thank Marek Doktor and E. Piekarska for performing these analyses. I am indebted to the following people for reading the draft chapters of this manuscript and providing constructive comments, criticisms, and suggestions: Gregory A. Johnson, Aida Milisauskas, Vita Milisauskas, Margaret Nelson, Peter Reid, and John Speth. I would also like to thank Mark Aldenderfer, Ben Nelson, and T. Douglas Price for the suggestions they offered on the spatial analysis chapter. Thanks is also due to Sally Horvath for valuable editorial assistance. I would like to thank those people who assisted me in preparing the numerous illustrations in this book: Irena Jordan, Anna Koziol, Ryszard Ledwos, Michael O'Neill, Gordon Schmahl, Greg Theisen and Michael Wasilenko. Thanks to Jean Grela and Miriam Norris of the Department of Anthropology at the State University of New York at Buffalo for quickly and carefully typing the final draft of this manuscript. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Marion Dickson and Winnifred Seubert of the Department of Anthropology, since they have always been very helpful to me. Thanks to Marilyn Haas of the Lockwood Library at the State University of New York at Buffalo for ordering for me numerous books pertaining to European prehistory. The funds from many grants have enabled me to conduct the Olszanica excavations and write this site report. I would like to extend my appreciation to Robert Fitzpatrick, Associate Vice President for Research, and Shirley Stout, Assistant to the Vice President for Research at the State University of New York at Buffalo, for helping me with my grant proposals. I am also grateful to the Smithsonian Institution (grants SFG-I-1064, SF3-00109) and the National Science Foundation (grant BNS 7919890) for supporting my field work in Poland and the subsequent data analysis. I greatly xix

appreciated the State University of New York faculty research fellowships and the grant-in-aid for 1971 and 1972, since they enabled me to perform the radiocarbon dating. I would also like to thank the American Council of Learned Societies for providing me with a fellowship during the 1983 year. Most important, I would like to extend my deepest appreciation to my wife Vita and daughter Aida, who have helped me throughout my archaeological work at Olszanica. I gratefully acknowledge their assistance, support and encourage­ ment. While I have received help from numerous people in my work, I would like to emphasize that all the errors and shortcomings of this book are my own. During the course of the analysis of the Olszanica material, a number of articles were published. The first was a brief article in the Sprawozdania Archeologiczne (1969). An analysis of the longhouses from excavation unit Bl was published in World Archaeology (1972). Furthermore, summaries concerning the Olszanica excavations were published in Archaeology (1976) and in Archaeological Investigations on the Linear Culture Village of Olszanica (1976) by the Polish Academy of Sciences. A paper on the Olszanica trade was presented at the Transatlantic Colloquium on Compar­ ative Archaeology at the Fort Burgwin Research Center in New Mexico on August 18-23, 1982. A paper on the distribution of obsidian artifacts at Olszanica was also presented at Nove Vozokany, Czechoslovakia, on November 17-20, 1981. This paper was published in Siedlungen der Kultur mit Linearkeramik in Europa (1982).

N.B.

xx

1 Introduction Objectives

have been exploited intensively from the Neolithic times to the present day. Previous excavations indicated that Linear Pottery culture features are usually intermixed with remains from Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman period, and Medieval times. There is little possibility of finding a well preserved Linear Pottery culture settlement in multicultural sites. Also, none of the excavated Linear Pottery culture sites in Poland until the 1960s had pro­ duced the evidence for the presence of longhouses. No one could explain the absence of longhouses in Poland, espe­ cially since in nearby Czechoslovakia and Germany long­ houses of the Linear Pottery culture have been found. The major part of the eastern flank of the known Linear Pot­ tery culture distribution, i.e., southeastern (Little) Poland, Soviet Union, and Romania, seemed to have lacked the evidence for longhouses. The few irregularly scattered postmolds at Nezvisko, Soviet Union, hardly represent a proof of large, above-the-surface construction (Passek and Chernysh 1963: Fig. 7). Since no data were available for the presence of longhouses, large pits or pits containing fired remains were interpreted by some archaeologists as pithouses. But one could argue against the change in the mode of housing north of the Carpathians by indirect evi­ dence. The Polish sites contained long, trench-like pits with Linear Pottery material which usually occur along the eastern and western side of longhouses (Dzieduszycka­ Machnikowa 1960: Table 2; Hachulska-Ledwosowa 1963:85, Kamienska 1966: Fig. 2). Even if no remains of postmolds were observed, one could still infer the presence of longhouses from these pits. However, this remained an unproven proposition until 1967. The search for an appropriate site began in 1966 and continued through spring of 1967. Around Cracow there are loess concentrations on both sides of the Vistula River, but since erosion probably was more intense on the right side of the river, at the foothills of the Carpathians, the survey efforts were concentrated on the Cracow-Miech6w loess area. After evaluating most of the sites in southeast­ ern Poland, several were considered for possible test exca­ vations: Biskupice, Jurk6w, Michalowice, Olszanica, Szczotkowice and Wawrzenczyce. The first survey of the Olszanica area was made in 1937 by students from Jagiellonian University of Cracow (Cabalska 1960:175-80). In 1951 the presence of archaeo­ logical features was noted during the laying of the railroad

Between 1967 and 1980 the State University of New York at Buffalo and the Institute of the History of Mate­ rial Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences (Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej Polskiej Akademii Nauk) conducted a program of archaeological investigation of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites in southeastern Poland. During the 1967-1969 field seasons the participating American institu­ tion was the University of Michigan. Large-scale excava­ tions were conducted at Olszanica, Bronocice, Niedzwiedz and Iwanowice, while small-scale and test excavations were carried out at Michalowice, Marcin6w, Szarbia, Kobylniki and Giebult6w. In this site report, I will present the results of the Early Neolithic excavations conducted at the Linear Pottery (Linienbandkeramik) culture settlement of Olszanica. * The excavations were conducted from 1967 through 1973 (Milisauskas 1969, 1972, 1975, 1976a, 1976b, 1982a). The objectives of the Olszanica project were to study: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)

Local chronology. Formal variability of artifact types. The prehistoric environment of the area. The subsistence base of the community. The duration or length of occupation of settlements. Sources of raw materials such as stone and obsidian. The exchange system or trade networks among Lin­ ear Pottery communities. Population size of the prehistoric community and the region. The range and spatial patterning of human activities within a Linear Pottery culture settlement. Status differentiation within the community. Social and political organization of the community. History of Olszanica Excavations

To carry out the objectives of this archaeological pro­ ject, first I needed to find an appropriate site for the exca­ vations. With few exceptions, sites of the Linear Pottery culture in southeastern Poland occupy loess soils which *In the early 1970s the village of Olszanica was incorporated into the metropolitan area of the city of Cracow. Some archaeologists began to refer to Olszanica as the Cracow-Olszanica site (Kulczycka­ Leciejewiczowa 1979).

1

2

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

tracks at the northern edge of the village. Archaeologists were notified, and under the leadership of Andrzej Zaki they salvaged four Linear Pottery pits whose contents were described by Janusz K. Kodowski and Anna Kuiczycka (1961). This excavation will be referred to throughout the report as Olszanica 1951. About the same time Stanislaw Buratynski collected some surface material in the general area of Olszanica. Jan Machnik and I surveyed Olszanica in the fall of 1966 and spring of 1967. As in the 1951 salvage excavations, the two surveys produced only Linear Pottery culture remains. There were greater quantities of worked flint than pottery. The surveys produced only three Linear Pottery sherds in 1966 and about twenty sherds in 1967. Considering the large area of the surveyed site, the presence of only Linear Pottery material, even if in very small quantities, was very promising. Perhaps Olszanica was a pure Linear Pottery site. The extremely small quantity of pot sherds on the surface made it impossible to define chronological varia­ tions within the site from the surface material. Michalowice was the first to be tested by me in 1967, and it turned out to be multicultural. The features con­ tained material of various cultures and no pure Linear Pottery features were found. After Michalowice, the test excavations shifted to Olszanica and once the great poten­ tial of this site was realized, all the efforts were concen­ trated on that site. Linear Pottery Culture The Linear Pottery culture, which dates 5415-4582 B.c. (4500-3800 b.c. *), is one of the most intensively investi­ gated cultures of the European Neolithic. It is the earliest farming or agricultural culture in central Europe. The ear­ liest phase of the Linear Pottery culture developed around the middle Danube area (Quitta 1967:264). It is speculated that Linear Pottery culture groups expanded from that core area into central Europe. The most characteristic features defining the Linear Pot­ tery culture are the ornamentation style of ceramics, a par­ ticular type of stone tool, and a characteristic type of set­ tlement. The ornamentation of the finely-made Linear Pottery ceramics frequently consists of incised straight or circular lines, which give the culture its name. Various types of polished stone tools are associated with the Linear Pottery culture, but the so-called shoe-last adzes are con­ sidered to be most typical. Perhaps the most distinctive "The calibration method worked out at the "Workshop on the Calibra­ tion of the Radiocarbon Dating Time Scale" in Tucson, Arizona, in 1979 was used to change the radiocarbon dates (b.c.) to calibrated ones (B.C.) (Klein, Lerman, Damon and Ralph 1982).

feature of the Linear Pottery culture is its settlement, which is a village comprised of several longhouses. Linear Pottery material is found over a vast territory in Europe, from the Paris Basin in the west to the Dnestr River in the Soviet Union in the east (Fig. 1). Some Linear Pottery sherds were found as far as the southern Bug River (Passek and Chernysh 1963). Linear Pottery material extends from the Drava (Drau) River in the south and up to the mouth of the Odra (Oder) River in the north. In this enormous territory the Linear Pottery culture settlements were not continuous (Childe 1958:49), but mainly limited to the loess lands or other types of good soils. Studies carried out in various areas of southwestern Germany indi­ cate that from 700/0 to 100% of the Linear Pottery sites were located on loess soils (Sielmann 1971). On account of this, the density of the population varied in central Europe. Areas occupied by farmers had greater population density than those inhabited by hunters and gatherers. Except for parts of Hungary and Romania where the Linear Pottery culture was preceded by the Koros culture, Linear Pottery sites represent the earliest Neolithic or agri­ cultural occupation in central Europe. The gross produc­ tivity of the simple agriculture practiced by the Linear Pot­ tery people was probably sufficient for the population increase. This increase, and other factors such as internal conflicts in villages, and utilization of areas only with good soils, led to a segmenting or budding-off process, i.e., to duplication of Linear Pottery communities over the entire central Europe. However, this does not imply that popula­ tion pressure forced Linear Pottery communities into expansion. They were basically expanding into open niches and could be very selective about how long they would exploit an area. When the area supplied lower yields, they could move into new territory. To some archaeologists this theory of expansion does not account for the spreading of the Linear Pottery culture throughout central Europe: they feel the radiocarbon dates indicates a more rapid expan­ sion. The oldest radiocarbon dates in Hungary and Czech­ oslovakia are not much older than the oldest dates from Netherlands, Germany and Poland, a situation which argues against gradual expansion. We can postulate a rapid expansion or a migration, but what sociocultural processes could stimulate such a rapid movement of people remains unanswered. It is doubtful that people possessing domesti­ cated animals, such as pigs and cattle, would undertake long migrations into an unknown territory. One of the more interesting problems of the Early Neo­ lithic is the relationship between farmers and hunters and gatherers (Nandris 1971; Milisauskas 1977). The expansion of the Linear Pottery culture occurred during the Atlantic climatic period into areas occupied by hunting and gather-

INTRODUCTION

3

North

Sea

.. .. -Med. Se q .,. . . ....

" •

"

'

" •••••••• .-

•

Figure 1.

I '

'"

..'

~ '.~..,

Distribution of Linear Pottery culture sites in Europe. [After Kulczycka-Leciejewiczowa 1970.]

ing people. At that time mixed deciduous forests covered most of central Europe. Presently, the sites of the hunting and gathering people are mainly found on the sand dunes, but it would be presumptuous to assume that they avoided loess lands. Probably the Linear Pottery expansion pushed out the hunting and gathering people from the loess lands. A society organized into village communities commands great competitive advantages over small migratory bands. However, the appearance of the Linear Pottery culture did not mean the end for the hunting and gathering groups. In central Europe, the Linear Pottery settlements have an island-like character, and very likely the hunting and gath­ ering way of life continued in areas unoccupied by the Linear Pottery people. A simple model of interaction would have the hunters and gatherers supplying most of

the wild animals to the farmers and the farmers supplying grain to the hunters and gatherers. Linear Pottery culture sites are not randomly distributed over areas of good soils. Frequently the sites are located near or on low lying terraces of rivers or major streams (Coudart et al. 1982; Kruk 1973). The sites themselves are usually situated at the edges of the loess or black earth soil areas. Along rivers or major streams, the Linear Pottery culture sites occur in clusters and are not evenly distrib­ uted. They vary in size and the differences to some extent may be functional (Kruk 1973). The density of Linear Pot­ tery culture sites is low if it is expressed in terms of sites per square kilometers, but the density appears greater if we consider it in terms of distances along the rivers and streams.

4

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A typical Linear Pottery village consisting of longhouses and various other features such as pits, occupied an area of 2-3 hectares or 5-7 acres. Frequently there are more than one Linear Pottery culture occupations at a site, thus cul­ tural material and features may occur over a much larger area than occupied by one village. Sites with multiple occu­ pations may be 10, 20 or even 50 hectares in size. The longhouses usually are spaced at least 20 meters apart, and 5 to 12 of them make up a large village at one time period. It should be noted that there is variability in the number of longhouses comprising a village at one time period, from 2-3 structures to over 10 (Liining 1982). It is unclear what methods and weapons were used for hunting or fighting by the Linear Pottery people. Very few projectile points have been found in Linear Pottery sites in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Poland. The small quantity of projectile points may indicate relatively peace­ ful interaction among Linear Pottery communities. On the western flank of the Linear Pottery culture, e.g., the Neth­ erlands, more projectile points are found. The greater number of projectile points does not indicate increased wild animal utilization. There is more evidence for warfare at some late occupations of Linear Pottery sites: Koln­ Lindenthal (Buttler and Haberey 1936), Langweiler 8 (Kuper, Lohr, Liining and Stehli 1974) and Eilsleben (Kaufmann 1977, 1982) were enclosed by a ditch. The early Linear Pottery culture exhibits little stylistic differentiation in ceramic ornamentation throughout cen­ tral Europe (Meier-Arendt 1963; Pavuk 1980; Quitta 1960; Ruttkay, Wessely and Wolf 1976). This probably can be

accounted for by the small size of the original Linear Pot­ tery population, its rapid expansion into central Europe, and the probable practice of intercommunity marriage. Numerous studies, such as the one by Meier-Arendt (1966) in the Main River area of Germany, reflect regional stylis­ tic differences in the later phases. During the late phase of the Linear Pottery culture, the Zeliezovce-style ceramics are found in southeastern Poland (Kulczycka­ Leciejewiczowa 1964), Slovakia (Pavuk 1969), Hungary (Papp 1972; Kalicz and Makkay 1977), and eastern Austria (Lenneis 1979), while the Sarka style is found in Bohemia and Silesia. The breakup into stylistic zones probably reflects more intense communication and trade between Linear Pottery communities within the individual style areas and an increased frequency of regional endogamy as population density increased. The greater density of Linear Pottery settlements in any particular region offered an opportunity to find a mate closer to home. Furthermore, during the middle and late phases of the Linear Pottery culture, ceramics of the Biikk culture appear in Slovakia and northeastern Hungary, like a wedge in the territory of the Linear Pottery style. The Biikk pot­ tery is better made and is ornamented with incised spirals, lines, meanders, and geometric forms. The incised lines frequently are much more closely spaced than those on the Linear Pottery ceramics. Following the end of the Linear Pottery culture, which occurred around 4775-4582 B.C. (3900-3800 b.c.), the Stroke Ornamented, Lengyel and Rossen material make their appearance.

2 Location and Site Description The occupation of Olszanica by the Linear Pottery peo­ ple occurred during the Atlantic climatic period (5000-3000 b.c.). At that time, the dominant vegetation in central Europe was mixed broadleaf forests. Elms, lindens, maples, ashes and especially oaks were the typical trees. In areas of sandy soil and in mountainous regions conifers predominated. A variety of trees and other plants, such as mistletoe and ivy grew in Poland suggesting that during the Atlantic period the temperature in central Europe was warmer by 2°C. (Butzer 1971). Mania (1973), using mol­ lusk data from the Saale and Middle Elbe region in East Germany, estimated that the mean annual temperature was 2°C higher than today. He also considers the Atlantic period to have been 8-220/0 wetter than today. Starkel (1966) using the geomorphological data concluded that the Atlantic period in central Europe was not only warmer, but also more humid with greater amount of rainfall. The estimate of the Early Neolithic temperature and the amount of precipitation at Olszanica will be based on con­ temporary data from the city of Cracow. The mean tem­ perature and the amount of precipitation during the differ­ ent months is presented in Table 1. For example, the contemporary mean July temperature of 18.4°C would increase to 20.4°C during the Early Neolithic period. This is comparable to the estimates of mean July temperatures of 20°C made by Bakels (1978) at Elsloo, Sittard, and Stein in the Netherlands, and Hienheim in Bavaria. Today the heaviest precipitation, 492 mm or 680/0, is concentrated in the six months from April through Sep­ tember (Bromek 1966:31). There is impressive fluctuation in the amount of rain during the various months. For example, the minimum precipitation for July is 20 mm and the maximum is 313 mm for the period 1891-1930 (Hess 1969:17). As previously mentioned the amount of precipi­ tation was higher during the Atlantic period. If we increase by 10% the contemporary mean annual precipitation, then we have additional 72 mm of precipitation at Olszanica. No predictions can be made about the distribution of the amount of precipitation during the various months at Olszanica. Perhaps the Atlantic period winters were wetter than today as suggested by Bakels (1978) for the Dutch Linear Pottery sites. The warmer weather during the Atlantic period affected the human adaptation at Olszanica. The growing season must have been longer. The contemporary length of the

Geographical Location and Environment Olszanica lies on the southern edge of the Cracow­ Plateau which is composed primarily of Jurassic limestone. The average height of the plateau is 342 meters above sea level (Kondracki 1967:389). The southern boundary of the plateau is delimited by a rift valley that is occupied by the Vistula River. The Carpathian foothills rise on the opposite side of the Vistula (Fig. 2) and eventu­ ally blend into the Beskid ranges of the Western Carpa­ thian mountains. The site of Olszanica is located on a loess elevation above the floodplain of the Rudawa River. Although the Rudawa is now over half a kilometer away from Olszanica, the river bed may have been closer to the site during the Neolithic period. At present the nearest source of water is a small stream, also called Olszanica, running along the southern edge of the site. The Rudawa River, which flows at the southern edge of the Cracow-Cz~stochowa Plateau, occupies the rift valley of Krzeszowice. The Rudawa is a left bank tributary of the Vistula, and joins that river in the city of Cracow. The TenczyD Structural High stands between two rivers, south and west of the Rudawa and north of the Vistula. Its high­ est elevation reaches 401 meters above sea level. The Ten­ czyD Structural High is formed of limestone and is divided into two parts by the Cholerzyn Depression, at 240 meters above sea level. The site of Olszanica lies on the eastern edge of the Cholerzyn Depression, and is thus flanked on the south and northwest by two parts of the Tenczyn Struc­ tural High. Olszanica is no exception to the so-called rule of the loess soils; it lies at the western edge of the Cracow­ Miechow loess concentration. Brown earth soil covers the site of Olszanica. According to the local classification of soils which divide them into six categories, most of Olsza­ nica loess soils fall into the third or fourth category. Cate­ gory one and two consist of the best soils. At Olszanica, soils of these two categories are found only in areas having a very thick layer of soil, approximately 70 to 80 ceDti­ meters. In the excavation area, the soils are of the third and fourth category. In the Rudawa River basin, loess soils make up 78.9 percent of all soils (Tlalka 1967:130). On the other side of the Vistula, there is another concentration of loess with Linear Pottery sites. Cz~stochowa

5

6

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

--- - -- - --

---- Rudawa R. Valley - - - City of Krakow

Carpathian Foothills

Wilga R.

o

~Km

I

Figure 2.

#1#

OLSZANICA Site

/

Location of Olszanica. [Redrawn with some changes. after Bromek 1966:27.]

growing season is 220 days in the Cracow area (Bromek 1966). A pollen diagram facilitates the reconstruction of the landscape around a particular site. Since a pollen diagram

of Olszanica's surrounding area is not available, I used the nearest available pollen diagram which is from Pleszow, a Linear Pottery settlement approximately 15 km east of Olszanica (Godlowska 1982). According to radiocarbon

Table 1 Mean Temperature and Precipitation in Cracow Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

Apr.

May

-2.8 0

-1.6 0

2.5 0

7.9 0

32

29

36

Mean annual temperature 8.0°C Mean annual precipitation 721 mm Data are from Bromek 1966:30-31

49

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

13.5 0

July June Mean temperature (C) 16.6 0 18.4 0

17.4 0

13.8 0

8.5 0

3.10

-1.20

77

Mean precipitation (mm) 97 111

95

63

56

40

36

7

SITE DESCRIPTION

dating, the Pleszow pollen diagram is datable between 5192 B.C. (4300 b.c.) and 4810 B.C. (3900 b.c.). These dates roughly correlate with those of the Linear Pottery occupation of Olszanica's Area B. When the Linear Pottery people occupied the Pleszow site, willow (Salix) and poplar (Populus) trees were grow­ ing in the river valley (Wasylikowa 1982). Furthermore, while elm (Ulmus), ash (Fraxinus) , oak (Quercus), and lime (Tilia) trees grew on Pleszow's loess terrace, pine (Pinus) trees were found on the poorer soils. The pollen diagram reflects the landscape changes which occurred at Pleszow. For example, the appearance of the first Linear Pottery people correlates with the presence of a few cereals in the pollen diagram. The tree pollen curves also reflect these changes. While the presence of elm and ash declined, the number of hazel and pine trees increased (Wasylikowa 1982). Perhaps, the Linear Pottery people cut down the ash and elm trees to use as firewood or as wood for construct­ ing longhouses. The cleared land was probably then used for agricultural purposes. The greater number of hazel trees found may be the result of the abundant flowering of

the quickly regenerating hazel trees. Wasylikowa (1982:288) suggests that the "increase of pine may reflect the increased wind transport of its pollen." Furthermore, Wasylikowa (1982:288) notes that from this initial level of occupation, "traces of charcoal are found practically in the whole core." Perhaps, this correspondingly suggests that fire was used to clear the fields. Olszanica's close proximity to Pleszow and its period of occupation, which was the same as that of Pleszow, led me to assume that the landscape around Olszanica was similar to that of Pleszow. In 1976, only a small sample of char­ coal remains were analyzed; these pieces were classified as conifers by Richard I. Ford (personal communication) of the University of Michigan (Milisauskas 1976). Subse­ quently, Ford and Maria LityIiska of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow have analyzed additional samples of Olszanica's charcoal (Table 2). The results of these analy­ ses indicate that while most charcoal pieces originated from oak trees (Quercus), one large sample of charcoal belongs to the rose family (Rosaceae). Furthermore, remains of alder (Alnus cf. glutinosa), ash (cL Fraxinus),

Table 2 Wood Remains from Olszanica os

... ;os ""~ '";os ~

os

~

...

0

~

Chronology (Phase) OIl OIl OIl OIl OIl OIII OIII OIII OIII OIY OIY

OY OY Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

'2 0

Pit number* 12-69-01(1) 12-69-01(2)! 12-69-01(3) 5-69-01 57-68-B 22a-68-BI 12-67-BI 1-69-01(1) 1-69-01(2) 1-68-BI 8-67-BI 60/61-68/73-BI + B5(1) 60/61-68/73-BI + B5(2) 5-67-BI 6c-67-Bl 55-68-BI 3-71-CI 5-71-CI 21-71-CI

U

.~

~

~

.g...

""

~'"

~

ti;

OJ

~

Cl

"

~

OJ

;os

Cl

OJ

Cl::;

13

'" .~ Cl

.~

~

'" ~

;os OJ

;os

OJ

g. ~

~

~ '~"

.5 ~ ~

Q:;

0...:

~ ­

u

zw

r15

:::> d

w

a: u..

r-

t-

10

Lip Form

o

>-,...

HIT

dl-fr

A round lip form is most frequently found on the music note, Zeliezovce, and coarse rims (Table 9). Flat lips occur more frequently on the coarse rims. Miscellaneous Artifacts of Clay

38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 65 68 71 74 77 80 B3 86 B9 92 95 98 101104107110 40 43 45 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100 103106109112

Spindle Whorls and Drilled Sherds ANGLE Figure 18.

Only several spindle whorls were found at Olszanica (Plate 32A, B, D). Perhaps round sherds with drilled holes were utilized as spindle whorls (Plate 32C, E, F). However, the presence of spindle whorls made of clay and the discov­ ery of nonround pieces of pottery with holes makes their classification as spindle whorls doubtful (Plate 32G, H). Although the pieces of pottery with drilled holes could also be pendants or children's toys, presently nothing definite can be stated about their function. One of the Bukk sherds also had a drilled hole (Plate 26H).

Wall angle of music note rims.

35

30

Clay Artifacts of Unknown Function 25

~

15

Two artifacts made of clay have been found in unit B 1 whose functions are unclear. Both of them are ornamented with oval-like impressions (Plate 30G, H, I). One might have been a knob on a vessel (Plate 30G, H), and the other a figurine (Plate 301), although Linear Pottery culture fig­ urines are very rare in Poland.

10

Table 9

20

Z

W

§a:

Lip Form of Linear Pottel)' Ceramics at Olszanica

wn

rh-

Lip form

lJ

3B 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 62 6568 71 14 17 80 83 86 B9 92 95 98101104101110113116119122125128 4D 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 7982 8588 91 94 97100103100109112115118121124121130

ANGLE

Figure 19.

Wall angle of Zeliezovce rims.

Flat Round Pointed Asymmetrical round Other Unclear Total

Coarse

Music note

Zeliezovce

N

0/0

N

%

N

96 2 19

82.1 1.7 16.2

5 133 2 29 1

2.9 78.2 1.2 17.1 0.6

37 264 4 96 4 2

9.1 64.9 1.0 23.6 1.0 0.5

117

100.0

170

100.0

407

100.1

%

24

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A

B

C

r--------r:~~------~~----~,~------------------~-­ \

\

0 ,

r,

\

'" \

"

\. (

\),

0

;L

I'

,. 1 . -

- I

/

o

5cm

~-........,

Figure 20.

Linear Pottery bottles from Olszanica: A, 6-67-81; B, 21-68-81; C, 1-67-81; D, 3-69-DI.

25

CERAMICS

8 r \

\ \ \ \

, "­

c

"

D in'

-j.

F---_=i:~.--

-'I\!I

j,-.-~~.,.;..:..-==--'\·~---I

;

E

F 0-.~.

~r

,-

o

Scm

~--""""""

Figure 21.

Music note vessels from Olszanica: A, 19-68-Bl; D, 22a-68-Bl; C, 11-68-Bl; D, 1117lB-Dl; E, 18-67-Bl; F, 27/28-68/73-Bl + B5.

26

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A

B -, \

I I

I I

'...

c

D

F

E

o

Scm

1'"""Www.-""""""

Figure 22.

Linear Pottery bases from Olszanica: A, 6-67-BI; E, 5-69-01; C, 27128-68/73-Bl +B5; D, 19-73-03; E, 18/19-73-D3; P, 2-73-D3.

CERAMICS

\

\ \

___=1I __=:JI_ _ 5 em

Figure 23.

Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica: A, 21S/C-Bl; B, 37-68-BI.

27

28

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A

B

c

o

\

E

F

o II""""'!

Figure 24.

/

5cm -.............,

Zeliezovce vessels from Olszanica: A,D, 60/61-68/73-Bl + B5; B, 1ge-68-Bl; C, 155/C-Bl; E, 336/C-Bl; F, 27128-68/73-Bl + B5.

29

CERAMICS

A

8

c

~----------------------~r-------------~~~--~--~'-----------------------

/

I

P

I

J

~

I

) I )

I I

I

I I

\ \ \ \

\

o

Scm

~I""""I~---~-~I""""'I~

Figure 25.

Zeliezovce vessels from Olszanica: A,C, 60/61-68/73-Bl + B5; B, 27128-68/73-Bl + B5.

30

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

/

o

Scm

~.............,

D

c

F

Figure 26.

Zeliezovce bases from Olszanica: A, 396/A-B1; B, 1178/0-01; C, 12-67-B1; D, 186/C-B1; E, 22a-68-B1; F, IS4/B-BI.

4 Chronology In this chapter, the chronological position of individual pits and excavation units will be analyzed and determined by the distribution of ceramic styles. Furthermore, Olsza­ nica will be placed in a chronological framework of Linear Pottery culture sites in southeastern Poland. Before starting the chronological analysis of Olszanica ceramics I will briefly discuss the chronology of the Linear Pottery culture ornamented ceramics in Poland. The first attempt to define chronological variation within Linear Pottery ceramics in Poland was made by Leon Kozlowski (1924). However, later studies showed that L. Kozlowski's chronological division was unacceptable. Before World War II, Z. Podkowinska wrote a book on the so-called Danubian cultures, but unfortunately it was destroyed dur­ ing World War II before its publication (Kuiczycka­ Leciejewiczowa 1968). Before 1962, information on gen­ eral chronology of various Polish Linear Pottery sites could be found mostly in site reports. In 1962 Anna Kuiczycka-Leciejewiczowa, basing her work on the Czech chronological sequence and taking into consideration the local ceramic variation, suggested a three phase sequence for the Upper Vistula region, mainly southeastern or Little Poland (Malopolska). Also in 1962, Janusz K. Kozlowski published a short article on Polish Linear Pottery sites which contained pottery forms and ornamentation analo­ gous to Soudskfs (1954) and Neustupny's (1956) markers of specific chronological phases. In 1964, Kuiczycka­ Leciejewiczowa presented her chronological sequence in greater detail. As in 1962, she limited her observations to the Upper Vistula region and used the letter "A" or "S" ornamentation to delimit the earliest phase in southeastern Poland. Ceramics ornamented with music note style distin­ guished the second phase of the Linear Pottery culture in southeastern Poland (Fig. 21). The third phase of the Lin­ ear Pottery ceramics is characterized by the presence of the Zeliezovce style ornamentation, though the music note ornamentation continues (Figs. 23, 24, 25, 26). Zeliezovce ceramics are not found in northern Poland. In 1968 Kuiczycka-Leciejewiczowa not only presented a general description of Linear Pottery material culture in Poland, but also dealt with Linear Pottery chronology of the entire country. The basic chronological framework remained the same, with one major exception. The excava­ tion of the Samborzec site near Sandomierz produced pot­ tery forms and a style of ornamentation similar to the 31

oldest Moravian finds, which, according to R. Tichy's (1960) chronological sequence, belong to phase Ia of the Linear Pottery ceramics. Tichy's phase Ib is characterized by the "A" ornamentation. Also S. Milisauskas (1970) noted that music note ornamented vessels decorated with a punctate at the end of the incised line - the "bar motif"­ characterize the earliest part of the music note phase in southeastern Poland. Kuiczycka-Leciejewiczowa's (1978) most recent se­ quence considers the Gniechowice style as representing the earliest type of the Linear Pottery ceramics in Poland. In the Vistula zone, the Zofipole style follows the Gniecho­ wice type. The third style is called the Eastern style by Kuiczycka-Leciejewiczowa and the fourth, the Zeliezovce type. According to the Kuiczycka-Leciejewiczowa classifica­ tion, most ceramic material from the excavated units B 1, B5, Cl, Dl, and D3 at Olszanica falls into the eastern and Zeliezovce phases. Using the J. Pavlik (1969) classification and the I. Pavlu and M. Zapotocka (1979) chronological sequence, the Olszanica ceramics fall into the Late Linear Pottery (jungere LBK) and Zeliezovce phases. A small number of apparently intrusive incised coarse ceramics in the excavation units Bl, B5, Cl, Dl, and D3 at Olszanica indicate that in some other area of the site exists an early occupation (altere LBK) of the Linear Pottery culture. Ceramics ornamented with the music note style charac­ terize the earliest occupation in the excavated units at Olszanica, however, this style of ornamentation continues into the following phase, the Zeliezovce pottery. The earli­ est music note ceramics are characterized by a punctate at the end of the incised line as the first decorative element on a vessel (Milisauskas 1970). Most music note ceramics can be placed in the middle phase of the Late Linear Pottery culture at Olszanica. The Zeliezovce ceramics at Olszanica are similar to those of phase 2 in Slovakia (Pavlik 1969). I am assuming that the observed changes in the music note and Zeliezovce ornamented ceramics at Olszanica can be primarily attributed to in situ stylistic change over time (see Fig. 27). The ceramic material at Olszanica indicates a gradual transition from the music note to the Zeliezovce style. The chronology of the material from the 1951 salvage excavations at Olszanica was discussed by J .K. Kozlowski and A. Kuiczycka (1961). Most of the fine sherds have

32

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

100

_ _ music note pits - - - -

Zeliezovce pits

, I

90

~

E f!

80

>

70

~ ~

0

N

.!!I Qj

~N

"0

.. _ ...... ."fI'

60

. -..,'"

C

as

~

c .9

50

II)

::l

E "0

40

... 4

./

... '"

/

~I

.......... ".-

.- r""

I

Q)

C>

~ ~

. -,

I

,,--

".­

r

~-

• ".

.- /'

30

"._.

8. 20

(

.,.­ ...... .

./

I

10

I

I I

pit numbers

Figure 27.

Distribution of music note and Zeliezovce ceramics in pits at Olszanica.

music note ornamentation, but one (Kozlowski and Kul­ czycka 1961 :v-8) was assigned to the earliest phase. The authors placed most of the Olszanica material in Neus­ tupny's phases III and IV (Neustupny 1956), which corre­ lates with Soudsky's middle phase (Soudsky 1954). One striking feature of this area is the absence of Zeliezovce sherds, which implies that it was not occupied during the latest phase. Quantitative Studies of Linear Pottery Ceramics In recent years a number of statistical analyses were made of Linear Pottery ceramics (Soudsky 1971; Pavlu 1972; Dohrn-Ihmig 1976; Stehli 1977; Czerniak 1980). For the quantitative studies we need larger samples of ceramic data than is presently available from most Linear Pottery sites. For example, there was a sufficient amount of data at Olszanica to study certain ceramic attributes such as diam­ eter, thickness and temper. However, a problem developed when I started analyzing the finely incised ceramics to study chronology and social organization. At Olszanica the samples of finely incised ceramics in most Linear Pot­ tery pits are too small for any quantitative study. For

example, only 10 pits at Olszanica had more than 15 music note ornamented rims and/or sherds. Eleven pits con­ tained over 15 Zeliezovce rims and/or sherds. Fifteen is not very reliable sample size for any quantitative study. If we increase the minimum required sample size to 30 rims and/or sherds, then only 3 pits can be included in the music note ceramic analyses and 4 pits for the Zeliezovce ceramics. Furthermore, some of the rims and sherds are very small and the only preserved ornamentation consists of an incised line with a punctate or lens-shaped stroke. Thus the analysis of various stylistic attributes for chrono­ logical or social organization purposes at Olszanica and other Linear Pottery sites in Poland is hindered by the small samples of finely incised ceramics. Chronology of Pits at Olszanica It is very difficult to establish the chronological position of individual pits at Olszanica, for too many of them con­ tain only a few fine incised rims or sherds of the Linear Pottery culture ceramics. Furthermore, if the ornamented rims or sherds have only incised lines for decoration, their chronological placement becomes ambiguous. The critical

33

CHRONOLOGY

attributes, e.g., incised lens-shaped strokes or small punc­ tates, are not present on these sherds. The distances between incised lens-shaped strokes occurring on incised lines of Linear Pottery culture vessels vary, but it can be as much as 6 cm. If the vessel is broken into many pieces, only some of the pieces will possess the diagnostic attrib­ utes. Thus, probably many rims or sherds possessing only incised lines were once a part of music note or Zeliezovce style vessels. The rims or sherds having only incised lines for ornamentation, will be called plain incised. Most of the pits contained only a small number of the fine ornamented ceramics for the chronological analysis. The pits from the large excavation units Bl +B5, Cl, Dl and D3 had 18,052 Linear Pottery culture rims and/or sherds. However, only 1495 (8.30/0) of them were music note or Zeliezovce ornamented ceramics (Table 4). Thus, only one out of 12.1 rims or decorated sherds can be uti­ lized for chronological analysis. If only rims are used in the analysis, then the music note and Zeliezovce rims com­ prise 18.8% of the total or approximately one rim out of five. The choice of pits for the chronological analysis was determined by the number of diagnostic ceramics. Five music note and/or Zeliezovce sherds in a pit served as a minimum sample size. Thus, pits containing one to four diagnostic sherds were not utilized even if they contained large quantities of coarse or fine non-incised ceramics. Forty-six pits had at least 5 music note and/or Zeliezovce sherds (Table 10). The different proportions of music note and Zeliezovce ceramics in 46 pits (24% of the total number of pits) at Olszanica, can be used for grouping the pits in five arbi­ trary phases (Table 11, Fig. 27). It should be emphasized that the separation of pits in different phases was an arbi­ trary decision. For example, pits of phase 01 contain only music note ceramics and clearly form a separate group. On the other hand, pits forming phases 011 and OIII do not exhibit a clear break and could be grouped into one phase. The attempted seriation of the 46 pits on the basis of the two styles of ornamentation, music note and Zeliezovce, produces only a rough chronological sequence, for it mainly represents clusterings of pits with similar propor­ tions of rims/sherds of each type (Fig. 27). The different Linear Pottery ceramic styles are not homogeneously distributed in pits of various excavation units at Olszanica. Thirty (29%) pits out of 104 in unit Bl + B5 could be utilized for chronological analysis. Only this excavation unit contains pits from all five phases (Table 12). There are pits containing the earliest Linear Pottery culture ceramics and the latest at Olszanica. How­ ever, pits with Zeliezovce ceramics predominate in this

unit. Only this unit had more Zeliezovce ceramics than music note type at Olszanica. Only 14 of the 1646 sherds found in 27 pits of unit Cl were ornamented in the music note style (Table 4). Zeliezovce ceramics were not found in the pits of this unit. The Linear Pottery ceramics consisted of fine non-incised and coarse types in unit Cl. Only one pit had at least 5 music note rims/sherds. This is expected since only parts of two longhouses were found at the western edge of the excavation unit (see spatial analysis in Chapter 14). There were no elongated Linear Pottery culture pits alongside the longhouses in this unit. Pits in units 01 and D3 + D5 contained more music note ceramics than Zeliezovce type (Table 4). Nine pits from unit Dl and six from unit D3 + D5 can be used for chrono­ logical analysis. Three out of six pits in unit D3 + D5 belong to phase I at Olszanica. The nonlocal ceramics, such as Bukk, mostly occur in pits that have at least 35% Zeliezovce rims and sherds at Olszanica. However, the pits with high (80% or more) fre­ quencies of Zeliezovce ceramics do not have Bukk pottery. Five Phases of the Linear Pottery Ceramics at Olszanica As previously mentioned, the five phases were deter­ mined by the percentages of the music note and Zeliezovce ceramics. Sometimes the stylistic motifs of a specific style, such as Zeliezovce ceramics of phases OIV and OV, are quite similar in two phases. The frequencies of Zeliezovce ceramics may change but the decorative motifs may remain the same. Also I have suggested in Chapter 10 that trade relations may influence the rate of style change: more intense trade relationships with cultures on the other side of the Carpathians led to more rapid stylistic change in ceramics. Ceramics of a specific phase, e.g., 01, are not limited only to pits of that phase. Ceramics of phase 01 are found in 01 pits, humic layer, and upper portions of pits of other phases. The upper portions of the pits usually contain mixed material. For example, music note sherds may pre­ dominate in the lower part of the pit while the Zeliezovce types may occur in the upper section of the pit. The mate­ rial from later phases is intrusive in the upper part of the pit. Phase 01 Linear Pottery Ceramics Music note style is associated with phase 01 ceramics at Olszanica. Phase 01 ceramics are characterized by one incised horizontal line below the lip (Plates 9B, G, IOE, 12A, 13A, B, C, D). Beneath the incised horizontal line

34

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 10 Frequencies of Music Note and Zeliezovce Ceramics in 46 Pits at Olszanica

Pit number 199-68-BI 20-68-BI 8-71-BI 21-69-BI 4-73-D3 8-73-D3 11-73-D3 I 2-69-D I 21-68-BI I 9-69-D I 12a-67-BI 1-67-BJ 24-69-DI 1O-73-D3 14-69-DI 5-69-DI 57-68-BI 5-73-D3 22a-68-BI 12-67-BI 1-69-DJ lOa-68-BI 3-69-DJ 23-68-BI 19-68-BI 11-68-BI 25-73-D3 56-68-BI 22d-68-BI 14-68-BI 19a-68-BI 1ge-6S-BI 22e-6S-BI 23-69-DJ 23-67-BI 27128-68173-BI + B5 19c-68-BI I 6-67-B I 22f-68-BI 6-67-BI 6a-67-BI 22h-6S-BI 1-6S-BI S-67-BI IS-67-BI 60/61-6SI73-BI + B5

Number of music note sherds 5 14 5 10 5 10 8 16 7 7 4 6 13 12 10 44 7 3 7 25 10 2 11 7 41 3 17 3 8 2 5 9 5 3 2 27 2 3 2 16 2 3 5 I 18

Number of music note rims

Total number of music note rimsl sherds

Number of Zeliezovce sherds

5 21 9 10 6 12 12 21 9 8 7 6 13 12 12 52 7 5 9 28 11 3 11 9 59 4 21 4 17 2 S 10 6 5 3 39 2 7 3 19 2 3 6 I I 21

3 I 2 2 2 5 5 4 27 4 3 8 23 11 2 7 7 56 4 27 3 18 3 10 7 10 6 5 68 4 8 6 64 5 7 20 5 6 194

7 4 I 2 4 5 2 I 3

2 8 2 2 3 I I 2 18 I 4 I 9 3 I I 2 I 12 4 I 3

I 3

may occur a repetitive motif formed by two upwardly curving arches, one of which is placed inside the other (Plate 9B, S£). Incised vertical lines with a punctate at the end are also characteristic of phase 01 ceramics (Plate lOB, D). Similar motifs from the Bajc site in Slovakia. are classi­ fied by J. Pavlik (1969: Figs. 1, 2) into the early phase of the Late Uiingere) Linear Pottery culture ceramics. The coarse ceramics with plant temper found in pit .S-71-Cl

Number of Zeliezovce rims

2

3 I 5 3 13 I 2 5 3 9 3 I 21 I 10 3 5 2 4 9 I I SI

Total number of Zeliezovce sherds and rims

4 2 2 2 2 5 5 6 28 4 4 8 26 11 3 12 10 69 5 27 5 23 3 13 16 10 9 6 89 5 18 9 69 7 11 29 6 7 275

belong to phase 01 at Olszanica (Plate 9/, 1). These ceramics have short incised lines below the lip. Pit S-71-C 1 contained homogenous assemblage of phase 01 ceramics while ceramics from pit 20-6S-Bl exhibit more heterogeneity. Not all ceramics from pit 20-6S-Bl are characteristic of phase 01. For example, the music note sherd illustrated in Plate lOG has motifs of later phases. Some rare motifs were found on the phase 01

35

CHRONOLOGY

Table 11 Frequency of Music Note and Zeliezovce Ceramics· during Five Phases in 46 Pits at Olszanica Music note Phase

OI OIl OIII OIV OV Total

Zeliezovce

N

1110

N

1110

75 147 212 86 21 541

100.0 71.0 45.5 25.1 7.0 39.0

60 254 256 275 845

29.0 54.5 74.9 93.0 61.0

'Rims and sherds.

Table 12 Frequencies of Pits of Five Phases at Olszanica Phase

OI OIl OIII OIV OV

BI+B5 2 4

12 12

Units CI

DI

D3

Total

1 5 3

3

7 10

I

2

1

17 12 1

ceramics in pit 20-68-Bl, such as the "cross" symbol which has punctates on all four end points (Plate 1OC). Music note ceramics of phase 01 (Plate 13A, B, C, D) occur in the upper portions of some phase 0111 pits. These ceramics are intrusive in phase 0111 pits. Phase 011 Linear Pottery Ceramics Although music note ceramics still dominate during phase 011 at Olszanica, in addition, the first Zeliezovce ceramics appear. The first decorative element of the phase 011 Linear Pottery ceramics is formed by two incised hori­ zontallines that occur directly below the lip (Plates IIH, 12B, D, 140). Similar motifs are classified into the middle phase of the Late Linear Pottery culture at the Vel'ke Kos­ tol'any site in Slovakia (Pavlik 1969: Figs. 3,4). Two types of diamond motifs are found in some phase 011 ceramics (Plate lIe, F) with punctates on the intersecting lines and without. This motif is rare at Olszanica and is mainly found in unit D1. Phase 0111 Linear Pottery Ceramics During phase 0111, two styles of ceramics, music note and Zeliezovce, had roughly similar frequencies at Olsza­ nica. The first decorative element of these ceramics is fre­ quently formed by two or three horizontal lines which are incised directly below the lip (Plate 14E, 17E, 21B). While

the incised lines of the music note pottery pieces are deco­ rated with repetitive round punctates, the lines of the Zeliezovce ceramics are ornamented with vertical intersect­ ing lens-shaped strokes. Rare ceramic pieces have both styles of ornamentation on them (plate 14H). Phase 0 IV Linear Pottery Ceramics Zeliezovce ceramics were the predominant phase OIV pottery found at Olszanica. The first decorative element of the Zeliezovce ceramics, which are very similar in appear­ ance, is usually formed by two or three horizontal incised lines which occur directly below the lip (plate 19A, B, C, G). The second decorative element is also frequently com­ posed of two incised lines. Phase OV Linear Pottery Ceramics The Zeliezovce ceramics predominate during phase OV at Olszanica. Ceramics from pit 60/61-68/73-Bl + B5 are characteristic of phase OV (Plate 21). The phase OIV and OV Zeliezovce ceramics exhibit little stylistic variability. Coarse Ceramics with Incised Lines Usually, incised coarse pottery especially with plant tem­ per such as at the Bicske-Galagonyas site in Hungary (Makkay 1978:50-51), is associated with the early phase of Linear Pottery culture. The earliest Linear Pottery ceramics cannot be clearly assigned into fine and coarse pottery types. At Olszanica, some of the coarse ceramics from the top layer of pit 14-69-Dl (phase 011) were made with plant temper and had wide incised lines (Plate 3A, B, C). These ceramics may be associated with the earliest occupants of the site (altere LBK). Coarse ceramics with rock and/or sand temper (Plate 3E, F, 0, H, 4J, 8E, 0, H) and wide incised lines represent another type of incised coarse pottery at Olszanica. Some of them occurred in phase OIV pits, 27128-68/73-Bl + B5 (Plate 3F) and 8-67-Bl (Plate 30). Zeliezovce ceramics predominate in those pits. The fine ceramics of phase OIV have very narrow incised lines, thus perhaps the incised coarse ceramics belong to an earlier occupation at Olsza­ nica. A rim (Plate 15F) from pit 27128-68/73-Bl + B5 that belongs to an intermediate type between fine and coarse pottery likewise has an early incised motif. In unit Dl (quadrat 1179/D-Dl) a few coarse sherds with incised lines on the interior of the sherd were found (Plate 4A, B, C, D, E, F). Two of the sherds have zigzag motif (Plate 4D, E), and perhaps belong to the early phase of the Linear Pottery ceramics at Olszanica.

36

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Some incised coarse ceramics had nonlocal motifs of ornamentation (Plate 4G, H, K, M, N). These ceramics had black exterior surface and the cross-section was brick red. Several of them occurred in quadrat 124/D-Bl. The ornamentation motifs (Plate 4H, K, M, N) resemble Sza­ kalhat pottery in Hungary (Kalicz and Makkay 1977:349). Nonlocal Ceramic Styles at Olszanica At Olszanica there are ceramics ornamented with non­ local styles such as Bukk, Eastern Slovakian Linear Pot­ tery and probably a Linear Pottery style from Hungary (Plates 25, 26, 27, 28). Most nonlocal ceramics belong to the Bukk culture. It is not surprising that the greatest num­ ber of the Bukk ceramics occurred in unit Bl where the Zeliezovce pottery predominate. In Slovakia, Classic Bukk phase (AB) ceramics are found together with the Zeliezovce pottery in the Domica Cave (Lichardus 1968, 1974). Probably three phases are represented by the Bukk ceramics at Olszanica. The early Bukk ceramics occur in pit 24-69-Dl (Plate 27D), pit 14-69-Dl (Plate 27F), qua­ drat 216/B-Bl (Plate 27B), and quadrat 187/C-Bl (Plate 27C). The ornamentation on these sherds is similar to the early Bukk in Slovakia (Lichardus 1974: Table 8; 1,6). The rims from quadrats 1140/A-D 1 (Plate 27A) and 184/D-B 1 (Plate 28F) can be classified in the classic phase in Slovakia (Lichardus 1968, 1974). An example of late phase Bukk ceramics from Olszanica would be rims from quadrat 184/ B-Bl (Plate 26F) and pit 22A-68-Bl (Plate 28A). One rim from pit 23-68-Bl (Plate 26B) is ornamented with a Bukk motif, but in addition it has punctates on the incised hori­ zontallines below the lip. This rim represents a mixture of Bukk and music note style of the Linear Pottery culture. Ceramics ornamented with short jabs are probably non­ local types (Plate 28B). F. Tompa (1929: Tables 5-2, 6-3, 9-24, 11-1, 11-24, 15-7, 15-9) illustrates some vessels ornamented with short jabs from Borsod, Bud6spester Cave, and Aggteleker Cave in Hungary. A rim (Plate 25B) with a zigzag motif as the first design element belongs to a nonlocal style of ornamentation as do fingernail-like impressions above incised horizontal lines (Plate toD). It is interesting that pit 60/61-68/73-B1 + B5 of phase OV at Olszanica has no Bukk ceramics. This pit has the greatest density of obsidian which indicates trade relation­ ships with Slovakia and Hungary. However, it seems that by phase OV Bukk ceramics were not brought to Olszanica. Analysis of Stylistic Attributes I analyzed various stylistic attributes of the Linear Pot­ tery ceramics at Olszanica. The purpose of this analysis

was to discover whether changes in attribute measurements or frequencies reflect chronological variability. Also I studied spatial patterns of attribute distribution within the Olszanica settlement to find if they are independent of chronology. In the analysis of stylistic ceramics attributes, I noted the presence and position of various attributes and measured some of them. These attributes were measured: 1) Distance from the lip to the first incised horizontal line. This is only applicable to rims (Fig. 28). 2) Distance between first two horizontally incised lines on rims. Also the distance between incised sherds were measured (Fig. 28). 3) Thickness of incised lines. 4) Length and width of the lens-shaped strokes on Zeliezovce sherds. 5) Diameter of small, round or oval punctates on music note sherds. These attributes were counted: 1) Number of horizontally incised lines below the lip. This will be referred to as the first element of the Linear Pottery motif. In some instances, it is not possible to determine exactly how many incised lines occurred below the lip, because of the fragmentary nature of the material. The interval between horizon­ tal lines is uniform; thus, where the distance between the last observed line, and the broken edge of a sherd is equal to or less than this interval, the sherd is put in an indeterminant category, such as 1+, 2+, 3+, etc. 2) The number of horizontally incised lines below the first element. This also required an indeterminant category. 3) The number of incised lines cut by lens-shaped stroke on Zeliezovce sherds. The presence or absence of these attributes was noted: 1) The shape of incised lines; straight, curved or zig­ zag. 2) The form of punctates; round, oval, triangular, or semicircle (Table 13). 3) The presence of a punctate at the end of the incised line, i.e., the bar motif (Milisauskas 1970). 4) The position ofthe bar motif in relation to the deco­ rative element; above it or below it. 5) The position of the punctates in relation to two intersecting incised lines; i.e., if small punctate is present on the intersecting points. 6) The vertical alignment of punctates on two or more horizontally incised lines. It was noted whether the punctates are in straight alignment or not.

37

CHRONOLOGY

Distance below the lip First design element

\r--a-------.~ Distance between lines

Second design element

Figure 28.

Measurements on ceramics.

7) The presence of multiple, interconnected lens­ shaped strokes or punctates on incised lines. 8) The presence of lens-shaped stroke at the end of the incised line. 9) The presence of a lens-shaped stroke at the end of lines forming a triangle. 10) The position of lens-shaped stroke in relation to two intersecting incised lines, i.e., if lens-shaped stroke is present on the intersecting points. Width of Incised Lines The width of incised lines is about 1 mm for both the music note and Zeliezovce ceramics at Olszanica. A small number of rims have incised lines of 2 mm or more in width. Perhaps some of them belong to the early phase of the Linear Pottery culture. A small number of coarse ceramics are ornamented with incised lines which are wide, Table 13 The Shape of Music Note PUDctates Shape

Number

Percentage

Round Oval Semicircle Triangular

95 124 2 10

41.1 53.7 0.9 4.3

Total

231

100.0

at least 2 mm (Plates 3, 4A, B, C, E, F, G, H). Soudsky (1967:16) has observed that in Bohemia the incised lines decrease in width through time. This observation is also true for the incised lines of the rim sherds from southeast­ ern Poland (see page 47). I am uncertain if the width of the incised line can serve as a chronological marker for all the areas of central Europe which were occupied by the Linear Pottery culture. It is doubtful that there would be such precise intentional control of the width of the incised line by the pottery makers. Probably different types of tools were used in the early phase to incise the wider shallow lines as compared to the narrower lines of the music note and Zeliezovce styles. Number of Incised Horizontal Lines The music note rims of phases 01, 0111 and OIV and the Zeliezovce 0111, OIV, and OV rim sherds were compared for differences in the number of incised lines below the lip, the distance below the lip, and the distance between incised lines. Music note 0111 and Zeliezovce 0111 rims belong to the same phase 0111. This also applies to the music note OIV and Zeliezovce OIV rims sherds. The t-test was used to determine if there are statistically significant differences (Table 14). The number of incised horizontal lines below the lip varies through time (Tables 15, 16). It should be under­ stood that these observations represent statistical tenden-

38

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 14 Music Note and Zeliezovce Ceramics Used in T-Test Phase Music note I (earliest) OI Music note II Oil Zeliezovce III OIII Music note III Zeliezovce IV OIV Music note IV Zeliezovce V (latest) OV

statistical differences with the Zeliezovce OIll, OIV and OV rims. These differences can be explained as chronolog­ ical variation. Early music note rims have no incised lines or only one as the first decorative element. Music note OIV rims from Olszanica show significant differences with the Zeliezovce 011I, OIV and OV rims. Since music note OIV rims are contemporaneous with the Zeliezovce OIV rims, perhaps spatial or social differences can account for this variability.

cies. The number of incised lines vary significantly between the music note 01 and Zeliezovce OIlI, OIV and OV rims (Table 17). The mean number of incised lines as the first decorative element is 1.55 for the music note 01 rims, while the mean is 2.0 for the Zeliezovce OIlI, mv and OV rims. Since only a few rims had more than two incised lines, it was possible to use the t-test. However, if one group of rims had mainly two incised lines and other group had one and three incised lines, then the mean for both groups would be the same. In this example, the usage of the t-test would not be appropriate. Also, I used music note rim sherds from Targowisko site, approximately 30 km southeast of Olszanica, to compare with the Olszanica rims. The Targowisko music note rims have a mean num­ ber of 1.55 incised lines, and again, there are significant

Distance Below the Lip

Number of lines lor more 2 2 3 3

or more

or more Total

Number of lines lor more 2 2 3 3

or more

or more Total

The distance from the lip to the first incised horizontal line is usually greater in Zeliezovce rim sherds than those with music note ornamentation (Tables 18, 19,20), 16 mm and 13.2 mm, respectively. There is no significant variabil­ ity in the distance from the lip to the first incised horizon­ tal line on music note rims during phases 01, all, alII, and OIV at Olszanica. However, Zeliezovce OIV and OV rims have significant differences with music note alII rims, and Zeliezovce OV rims also differ significantly from music note 01 rims (Table 21). These differences can be explained as chronological variability. However, the signif­ icant difference between music note 01I1 and Zeliezovce alII rims cannot be attributed to chronology.

Table 15 Number of Incised Horizontal Lines Below the Lip on Music Note Rims of Different Phases Phase 01 Phase 011 Phase OIII N "10 N % N % 11

52.4

4

23.5

5 2 3

23.8 9.5 14.3

7 5 1

41.2 29.4 5.9

21

100.0

17

100.0

Phase OIV N

%

17.6 29.4 47.1

9 6 19 7 6 1

18.7 12.5 39.6 14.6 12.5 2.1

3 5 8

48

100.0

17

5.9

Table 16 Number of Incised Horizontal Lines Below the Lip on Zeliezovce Rims of Different Phases Phase OlII Phase OIV N oro N % N 1 2 31 14 2 1

2.0 3.9 60.8 27.4 3.9 2.0

5 34 9 5 1

9.3 63.0 16.7 9.3 1.8

51

100.0

54

100.1

100.0

Phase OV %

1 1 52 16

1.4 1.4 74.3 22.9

70

100.0

39

CHRONOLOGY

Table 17 T-Scores for Comparison of Number of Incised Horizontal Lines Below the Lip on Music Note and Zeliezovce Rims

Phases

T-Score

Music note phases 01 and 011 Music note phases 01 and 0111 Music note phases 01 and OIV Music note phase 01 and Targowisko Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OIIl Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phase OIl and OIlI Music note phases OIl and OIV Music note phase 011 and Targowisko Music note phase OIl and Zeliezovce phase 0111 Music note phase 011 and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase 011 and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phases OIII and OIV Music note phase 0111 and Targowisko Music note phase 0111 and Zeliezovce phase 0111 Music note phase 0111 and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase 0111 and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phase OIV and Targowisko Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase 0111 Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OV Zeliezovce phase 0111 and Targowisko ~eliezovce phase 0111 and Targowisko Zeliezovce phase OV and Targowisko Zeliezovce phases OIII and OIV Zeliezovce phase mv and OV

1.3579 1.5035 .179 .0471 3.7272 3.4058 4.3483 .0406 1.2111 1.4512 1.6099 1.4089 1.7955 1.2466 1.7477 1.7643 1.6951 1.6824 .1546 3.4918 3.1148 4.2329 4.085 3.8421 4.5366

Degrees of freedom

Probability 0.20 0.20 0.90 0.975 0.001* 0.005 0.001 0.975 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.20

35 67 35 52 70 73 78 64 32 49 67 70 75 64 81 99

0.10 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10

102

0.10

107 49 67 70 75 84 87 92

0.90 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

o

105

o

.6574

110

0.60

• Values significant at the .05 level or less are italicized.

Table 18 Distances from the Lip to the First Incised Horizontal Line and Between the First Two Horizontally Incised Lines on the Music Note and ZeIiezovce Rims Zeliezovce

Music Note N

Mean

Std. dey.

N

Mean

Std. dey.

Distance from the lip to the first incised horizontal line

79

13.2

5.1

119

16.0

8.6

Distance between the first two horizontally incised lines

51

8.6

2.9

109

7.8

5.0

Table 19

Table 20

Summ!lry Data for Distances Below the Lip on Music Note and Zeliezovce Rims from Different Phases at Olszanica

Distance Below the Lip on Music Note and Zeliezovce Rims from Different Phases at Olszanica

Phase Music note 01 Music note 011 Music note 0111 Music note OIV Zeliezovce 0 III Zeliezovce OIV Zeliezovce OV

Number 20 18 50 17 51 54 68

Mean mm 13.4 14.1 12.2 14.0 14.3 16.1 16.4

Standard deviation 4.60 5.17 3.96 6.80 5.52 6.68 5.17

Phase

m 011 OIII

mv OV

Music Note mm 13.4 14.1 12.2 14.0

Zeliezovce mm

14.3 16.1 16.4

40

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 21 T-Scores for Comparison of Distances Below the Lip on Music Note and Zeliezovce Rims

Phases

T-Score

Degrees of freedom

Music note phases 01 and OIl Music note phases 01 and OIlI Music note phases 01 and OIV Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OIlI Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phases on and OIlI Music note phases OIl and OIV Music note phase OIl and Zeliezovce phase onI Music note phase on and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase on and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phases OIlI and OIV Music note phase OIlI and Zeliezovce phase OIlI Music note phase OIlI and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase OIlI and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OIn Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OV Zeliezovce phases OnI and OIV Zeliezovce phases OIlI and OV Zeliezovce phases OIV and OV

.4549 1.0824 .3228 .674 1.6938 2.3581 1.6107 .0554 .1502 1.1772 1.6892 1.3261 2.2171 3.6121 4.8112 .2047 1.1499 1.6205 1.5043 2.1167 .2842

36 68 35 69 72 86 66 33 67 70 84 65 99 102 116 66 69 83 103 117 120

Probability 0.70 0.30 0.80 0.50 0.10 0.02" 0.20 0.975 0.90 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.05 0.001 0.001 0.90 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.05 0.80

• Values significant at the .05 level or less are italicized.

eight lens-shaped strokes measured on rims in pit 60/ 61-68/73-B1 + B5 have the mean length of 12.05 mm.

Distance Between Incised Lines When considering the distances between incised lines, the small samples for music note 01, OIl and OIV rims may affect the results (Table 22). There is a slight decrease in the distances between incised lines through time. For example, Zeliezovce OIlI rims differ significantly from Zeliezovce OV rims (Table 23).

Number of Incised Lines Cut by a Lens-shaped Stroke There is variability in the number of incised lines cut by a lens-shaped stroke on the Zeliezovce rims and sherds. Usually, two lines are cut by one lens-shaped stroke (Table 25).

Length of Lens-Shaped Strokes Punctate at End of Incised Line There is little variability in the length of the lens-shaped strokes on the incised lines of the Zeliezovce rims at Olsza­ nica. The mean length ranges from 11.07 mm in pit 25-73-D3 to 13.83 mm in pit 16-67-B1 (Table 24). Ninety-

Table 22 Summary Data for Distances Between Incised Lines on Music Note and Zeliezovce Rims from Different Phases at Olszanica Phase

Number

Mean mm

Standard deviation

Music note 01 Music note OIl Music note OIlI Music note OIV Zeliezovce OIn Zeliezovce OIV Zeliezovce OV

9

8.3 11.1 8.6 8.4 7.7 7.4 6.4

3.32 2.22 2.55 3.28 2.82 3.22 2.54

13

34 9 49 50 65

The punctate at the end of the incised line motif can be used as a horizon marker to delimit the earliest music note ceramics at Olszanica and southeastern Poland. For brevi­ ty's sake I called this motif the bar motif (Milisauskas 1970). Previously Modderman and Waterb01k (1958-1959) mentioned the possibility of using this motif in an analysis of the Linear Pottery ceramics, while Pavuk (1970) and Siska (Pavuk and Siska 1971) utilized the bar motif to delimit the early music note ceramics in Slovakia. The site of Targowisko helped to unravel the chronology within the music note phase in southeastern Poland. Here only two Zeliezovce ornamented rim sherds were found. Sixty-nine percent (N = 72) of the rim sherds decorated with the music note ornamentation have a punctate at the end of the incised line.

41

CHRONOLOGY

Table 23 T-Scores for Comparison of Distances Between Incised Lines on Music Note and Zeliezovce Rims

Phases

T-Score

Degrees of freedom

Music note phases 01 and OIl Music note phases 01 and OIlI Music note phases 01 and OIV Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OIlI Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase 01 and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phases OIl and OIII Music note phases OIl and OIV Music note phase OIlI and Zeliezovce phase OIlI Music note phase OIl and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase OIl and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phases OIlI and OIV Music note phase OllI and Zeliezovce phase 01II Music note phase OllI and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase OIll and Zeliezovce phase OV Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase 01II Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OIV Music note phase OIV and Zeliezovce phase OV Zeliezovce phases OIll and OIV Zeliezovce phases OllI and OV Zeliezovce phases OIV and OV

2.392 .2242 .0736 .6538 .8375 2.0906 3.168 2.3092 4.0861 3.943 6.2359 .1141 1.5058 1.8261 4.0587 .762 .9345 2.2138 .4837 2.5287 1.8224

20 41 16 56 57 72 45 20 60 61 76 41 81 82 97 56 57 72 97 112 113

Probability 0.05* 0.90 0.95 0.60 0.50 0.05 0.005 0.05 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.95 0.20 0.10 0.001 0.50 0.40 0.05 0.70 0.02 0.10

• Values significant at the .05 level or less are italicized.

Chronology of Different Excavation Units at Olszanica It is difficult to establish chronology of excavation units which had none or very little of finely incised Linear Pot­ tery ceramics. The finely incised Linear Pottery ceramics are concentrated around longhouses. Units containing pits but no longhouses, have very small quantities of finely Table 24 Length of Zeliezovce Lens-Shaped Strokes Pit

Number

Mean

Variance

Std. dey.

25-73-D3 27/28-68/73-Bl + B5 16-67-Bl 60/61-68/73-B1 + B5

14 17 12 98

11.07 11.88 13.83 12.05

5.76 3.73 11.06 11.56

2.40 1.93 3.32 3.40

Table 25 Number of Incised Lines a Lens-Shaped Stroke Cuts on Zeliezovce Sherds Number of lines

Number

Percentage

1 2 2 or more 3 4

11 49 1 6 1

16.2 72.1 1.5 8.8 1.5

Total

68

100.1

incised ceramics. For example, out of 99 Linear Pottery rim sherds in the pits of unit Cl (2700 m2 in size) only 4 were ornamented with music note ornamentation. In addi­ tion, 4 plain incised rim sherds were found. The music note rims are ornamented with a bar motif which indicates an early presence of music note ceramics in unit Cl. To the south of unit Cl, Linear Pottery features with Zeliezovce ceramics occur some 35 m away. However, no Zeliezovce ceramics were found in pits of unit Cl (Plate 28C). Two Biikk culture sherds belonging to one rim were found in two different pits of unit Cl. This suggests that this style of Biikk ceramics correlates with early music note ceramics. Excavation unit D2 is another excellent example of how delimited the distribution of finely incised Linear Pottery ceramics is at Olszanica. Over 1100 flint artifacts were found in unit D2, but no incised Linear Pottery ceramics. This unit is located 35 meters north of unit D3. In unit Bl + B5 Zeliezovce ceramics predominate. One pit 60/61-68173-Bl + B5 along the eastern wall of long­ house 10 had approximately 430/0 of Zeliezovce rims (81 out of 187) found in all the pits of unit Bl + B5. Probably longhouses 3, 5, 7 and 9 were associated with music note styles (01 and 011); however, pits around those longhouses did not produce great quantities of finely incised ceramics. If pit 60/61-68173-Bl + B5 is excluded, then the ratio between music note and Zeliezovce ceramics in unit Bl + B5 is much more even.

42

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

As previously mentioned, unit B1 + B5 contains pits of all five phases at Olszanica, however, pits of phases 0111, OIV and OV predominate in that unit. In phases 0111, OIV and OV, the Zeliezovce ceramics occur in greater frequen­ cies than the music note ones. Approximately 10% of music note sherds in unit Bl + B5 have the bar motif. This indicates that early music note occupation, e.g., around longhouse 7, occurred in unit B1 +B5. In unit D1, music note ceramics predominate. However, only 8.4070 of the sherds have the bar motif and this per­ centage is no higher than in unit B1 + B5. Unit D1 has the highest percentage (4.9%) of music note sherds orna­ mented with a punctate at an intersection of two crosscut­ ting incised lines (Plate l3E, P, G, H). This chronologi­ cally relevant attribute was used at Bylany in the study of the Linear Pottery ceramics (Pavlu 1977). It is found at Biericzyce in the Cracow region (Hachulska-Ledwosowa 1963: Table Ib, f). Perhaps this motif is associated with later music note ceramics. In unit D3, this motif was almost absent (1.7070). Unit D3 is associated with early music note ceramics. The percentage of sherds with the bar motif is very high, 36.7%. It would seem that unit D3, western part of unit C 1, and parts of unit B 1 + B5 are associated with early music note ceramics at Olszanica.

Absolute Chronology Nine radiocarbon dates were obtained from charcoal samples. recovered from pits at Olszanica (Table 26, Fig. 29). These dates are higher ifthey are corrected to the tree­ ring calibrated radiocarbon dates. Five of these samples were dated at the University of Michigan Radiocarbon Laboratory, three at Geocron Laboratory, and one at Gro­ ningen Laboratory. Eight of the dates are acceptable for the Linear Pottery culture in central Europe. The accept­ able radiocarbon dates for the Linear Pottery culture in central Europe range from 4600 to 3800 b.c. Seven radiocarbon dated pits had the minimum sample of sherds for their placement in the chronological sequence at Olszanica. No pits of phase 01 had enough charcoal for radiocarbon dating. For the earliest C14 date (M-2314) 4750 ± 220 b.c., only the lower standard deviation date of about 4500 b.c. is acceptable for the Linear Pottery cul­ ture. However, this dated charcoal sample came from pit 12-69-Dl belonging to phase 011 at Olszanica. The exami­ nation of ceramics from the radiocarbon dated layer of pit 12-69-D1 indicates that the date is too early. Late music note ornamented ceramics occurred in the layer dated with the radiocarbon method. Two other dated pits, pit 1-67-Bl and 57-68-B1, belong to phase 011 at Olszanica.

Table 26 Radiocarbon Dates from Olszanica Laboratory no.

Provenience

Date

Calibrated

M-2314

6700±220 B.P. 4750 ± 220 b.c.

5627 B.C.

Pit

12-69-01

GrN-5384

6430± 75 B.P. 4480± 75 b.c.

5400 B.C.

Pit

2-67-Bl

M-2011

6300±400 B.P. 4350 ± 400 b.c.

5272 B.C.

Pits and

1-67-Bl 6-67-Bl*

M-2165

6150 ± 210 B.P. 4200 ± 210 b.c.

5002 B.C.

Pit

1-68-Bl

GX-2639

6095 ± 350 B.P. 4145 ± 350 b.c.

5052 B.C.

Pit

lOa-68-BI

M-1986

6020 ± 220 B.P. 4070±220 b.c.

4925 B.C.

Pit

1-67-Bl

GX-2638

6000±340 B.P. 4050±340 b.c.

4925 B.C.

Pit

57-68-Bl

M-2320

5800±21O B.P. 3850 ± 210 b.c.

4790 B.C.

Pit

1-69-01

GX-2640

5025 ± 260 B.P. 3075 + 260 b.c.

3802 B.C.

Pit

21-71-Cl

Data are from Bakker, Vogel, and Wislanski 1969; Crane and Griffin 1970; Milisauskas 1976. • This sample represents a pool of 3 small samples.

CHRONOLOGY

...

~

... 0 be

5000 4900 4800 4700

4600 4500 4400

~

'tl

C III

a;

it

t~

$...

.a..~

a;

a;

,.:.

ell ~

~

NU

.1:

~

a..

u

.J:l

0 0 ' ~

tIl

0

VI

51

PITS

I/~

I

1m""/I'//~/~//~/

. . -

surface outline of pit

. . _

profile

~

-

black fill

"'__ :"'"

-

daub

"///////P-

Figure 37. Elongated pit 11-73-D3 at Olszanica.

alongside the longhouses could have been to provide the dirt for construction of wattle and daub walls (Paret 1946). This hypothesis will be tested by estimating the volume of dirt that the various pits could have supplied and by deter­ mining the quantity of dirt required for various heights and thicknesses of walls (Milisauskas 1972). In testing the hypothesis that originally the elongated pits alongside the longhouses could have supplied the dirt for the construction of walls, these assumptions were made: Assumption A: The walls were of the wattle and daub type, i.e., mud would have been used to smear over the inter­ woven twigs of the house.

Observation a: Pieces of daub were found in the pits at Olszanica. (Plate 29D, E, G, H), some of which had clear impressions of twigs. Richard I. Ford of the Univer­ sity of Michigan identified two such imprints as belonging to twigs that were a few years old at the time of their use for construction. Assumption B: The height of the walls was approximately 2 meters and most likely did not exceed 2.5 meters. Observation b: Soudsky (1966:24) studied remains of a wall at Bylany, Czechoslovakia, and estimated that the wall was about 2 meters high.

52

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

1m

. . -

surface outline of pit

. . _

profile

"~;
"

3 2

>"

~

~

2v

4

8v

16

32v

64

128v 256

512v

2v

4

8v

North Section

2h

Figure 155.

4

8h

16

32h

16

32v

64

128v 256

512v

64

128h 256

512h

South Section

64

128h 256

512h

Block size for Morisita's analysis of retouched flake distribution in the northern section of unit D3.

houses. Furthermore, longhouse 18 is the only longhouse in the southern section and long house 19 in the northern section. The greater number of artifacts found around longhouse 18 in comparison to longhouse 19 suggest that longhouse 18 was either occupied for a longer duration of time or inhabited by a greater number of people. For this reason, perhaps Pearson's r yielded more correlations for artifacts around longhouse 18 than 19. After using 4 X 4 m, 4 X 8 m vertical, 4 X 8 m hori­ zontal, 8 x 8 m, 8 x 16 m vertical, 8 x 16 m horizontal quadrats in the southern section, numerous correlations between various artifacts were found. For example, since endscrapers correlated with sidescrapers, both of these artifact types were probably used for hide and skin work. Furthermore, as expected, cores were found to correlate with plain blades. However, the Pearson's r test showed that usually cores and endscrapers do not correlate, which suggests that these two artifact types were used in different functional areas. Retouched flakes and plain blades were probably multifunctional tools, thus they would associate with many types of artifacts. Therefore, numerous correla­ tions, such as that between retouched flakes and cores, are difficult to explain. In the northern section, the results of Pearson's r test, which used 4 x 4 m quadrats, indicate low probability

2h

Figure 156.

4

8h

16

32h

Block size for Morisita's analysis of sidescraper distribu­ tion in the southern section of unit D3.

correlations between the plain blades and cores, plain blades and retouched flakes, cores and endscrapers and cores and retouched flakes. Although plain blades were produced from cores, it is not necessarily true that they were used in similar activities. When employing the 4 x 8 m vertical, 4 x 8 m horizontal, 8 x 8 m, 8 x 16 m vertical, and 8 x 16 m horizontal quadrats, I found very few low probability correlations in the northern section. For these quadrats, only the plain blades and cores always correlated. The small number of correlations in the larger quadrats sizes may indicate that the activity areas were smaller than 4 x 8 m in size. No low probability correla­ tions were found among the flint artifacts when using 16 x 16 m quadrats in the northern section. Unfortunately, the principal components analysis did not contribute any new information. The one component yielded by the principal components analysis may be the result of the discarding of the artifacts around pits or in the trash pits. What explanations can account for the various clusters of artifacts found in unit D3? Do these clusters result from various human activities? Using the models of Speth and Johnson (1976) to explain tool kits and activity areas, the artifact distributions in unit D3 may represent either agglomerated activity areas adjacent to the longhouses or

202

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 132 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 4 x 4 m Quadrats, Southern Sectionl CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.75 .001

COR P=

.50 .001

.65 .001

END P=

.57 .001

.67 .001

.45 .001

RETFL p=

.33 .007

.31 .012

.23 .071

.42 .001

SIDES p=

.53 .001

.67 .001

.42 .001

.42 .001

.34 .007

BUR p=

.43 .001

.33 .008

.26 .039

.29 .019

.28 .023

.19 .126

HP

.13 .306

.07 .597

.11 .377

-.03 .837

.08 .508

.23 .073

.03 .786

1.00

P= TRP P=

.19 .135

.09 .463

.13 .3l8

.15 .237

.04 .770

.05 .687

.24 .054

-.08 .529

RETBL P=

.13 .317

.07 .576

.08 .536

-.08 .537

.25 .051

.31 .012

.24 .054

.09 .476

-.08 .506

1.00

SBL P=

.21 .099

.22 .076

.18 .150

.37 .003

.40 .001

.02 .893

.14 .271

-.06 .632

-.06 .612

-.06 .612

BOR p=

.35 .004

.34 .006

.56 .001

.45 .001

.14 .266

-.04 .783

.24 .054

-.08 .529

.13 .298

-.08 .506

'N

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00 .21 .094

1.00

64 quadrats for all artifact types

Table 133 Matrix of Correlations (4) for Artifacts in 4 x 4 m Quadrats, Northern Sectionl CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.72 .001

COR P=

.64 .001

.55 .001

END P=

.31 .012

.19 .131

.37 .003

RETFL P=

.33 .008

.28 .026

.37 .003

.21 .102

1.00

SIDES P=

-.05 .680

.05 .699

.01 .939

.07 .600

-.02 .853

BUR P=

.20 .113

.01 .924

.17 .179

.36 .003

.08 .539

-.10 .411

1.00

HP P=

.59 .001

.55 .001

.51 .001

.43 .001

.07 .584

-.09 .464

-.03 .810

TRP P=

.08 .508

.04 .737

.12 .325

-.07 .589

.21 .102

.32 .009

.00 .986

.00 .987

RETBL P=

.20 .108

.374

-.05 .678

.08 .513

.25 .050

-.08 .514

.02 .850

.02 .866

.06 .643

SBL P=

.35 .005

.31 .013

.22 .075

.15 .251

.33 .007

.25 .044

-.11 .384

.20 .110

.28 .025

.31 .011

BOR P=

.21 .095

-.03 .831

.13 .289

-.08 .535

-.02 .881

-.05 .673

.22 .087

-.08 .555

.09 .460

-.07 .599

'N

SBL

1.00

.11

1.00 1.00

64 quadrats for all artifact types

1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .20 .106

1.00

203

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Table 134 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 4 x 8 m Horizontal Quadrats, Northern Sectionl CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

SBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.76 .001

COR P=

.57 .001

.54 .002

END P=

.23 .200

.544

.35 .052

RETFL P=

.31 .085

.23 .196

.32 .077

.25 .168

SIDES P=

.03 .859

.06 .756

.07 .703

.12 .507

1.00

.079

BUR P=

.04 .847

-.19 .301

.01 .944

.30 .098

.08 .656

-.03 .887

1.00

HP P=

.69 .001

.58 .001

.50 .003

.32 .078

-.03 .860

-.02 .901

-.07 .696

TRP P=

.13 .477

.19 .302

.17 .353

.13 .484

.43 .014

.26 .155

.01 .977

.15 .408

RETBL p=

.17

.354

.16 .379

.02 .895

.03 .861

.29 .105

.06 .742

.06 .762

.05 .792

.13 .468

SBL p=

.53 .002

.55 .001

.25 .159

.27 .140

.39 .029

.40 .023

-.09 .620

.33 .064

.35 .046

.40 .023

BOR p=

.38 .032

.25 .176

.02 .934

-.03 .888

-.10 .597

.15 .423

.27 .128

.02 .901

-.14 .429

'N

1.00

.11

1.00 1.00

.32

1.00

-.11 .535

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .11 .532

1.00

32 quadrats for all artifact types

Table 135 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 4 x 8 m Horizontal Quadrats, Soutbern Sectionl CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.85 .001

COR P=

.56 .001

.63 .001

END P=

.66 .001

.70 .001

.34 .058

RETFL P=

.48 .005

.57 .001

.55 .001

.59 .001

SIDES P=

.70 .001

.75 .001

.54 .002

.45 .009

.48 .005

BUR P=

.54 .002

.48 .006

.46 .008

.41 .021

.24 .193

.32 .076

HP

.15 .427

.18 .335

.24 .193

.01 .972

.16 .392

.18 .316

.06 .743

1.00

P= TRP P=

.31 .083

.20 .281

.15 .402

.21 .241

.14 .454

.23 .198

.22 .222

-.14 .,434

RETBL P=

.18 .311

.16 .377

.32 .077

-.00 .982

.07 .705

.28 .115

.42 .016

.01 .950

.24 .190

1.00

SBL P=

.32 .071

.26 .151

.11 .561

.46 .009

.61 .001

.15 .426

.24 .186

.33 .063

.13 .481

-.14 .450

BOR P=

.59 .001

.45 .010

.71 .001

.52 .002

.46 .008

.28 .115

.58 .001

.20 .279

.24 .190

.29 .109

'N

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

32 quadrats for all artifact types

1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00 .16 .391

1.00

204

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 136 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 4 X 8 m Vertical Quadrats, Southern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.82 .001

COR P=

.60 .001

.69 .001

END P=

.68 .001

.87 .001

.59 .001

RETFL P=

.46 .008

.39 .029

.26 .150

.43 .014

SIDES P=

.55 .001

.64 .001

.51 .003

.54 .002

.43 .014

BUR P=

.68 .001

.46 .008

.32 .071

.44 .012

.36 .040

.26 .153

HP

.04 .848

.01 .954

-.01 .962

.11 .540

.34 .060

.10 .583

.07 .714

1.00

P= TRP P=

.46 .008

.33 .068

.32 .076

.33 .063

.28 .127

.24 .188

.38 .033

-.15 .403

RETBL P=

.16 .375

.03 .880

.14 .447

.01 .975

.39 .026

.25 .164

.30 .094

.01 .950

.10 .595

1.00

SBL P=

.27 .134

.32 .079

,.33 .069

.44 .012

.27 .139

-.07 .713

.27 .138

.10 .582

.20 .266

-.14 .450

BOR P=

.46 .008

.51 .003

.66 .001

.47 .007

.15 .414

.01 .947

.25 .171

-.14 .434

.29 .102

.04 .816

'N

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00 .37 .036

1.00

32 quadrats for all art ifact types

Table 137 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 4 X 8 m Vertical Quadrats, Northern Section! CER CER p=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

TRP

RETBL

.79 .001

COR P=

.81 .001

.70 .001

END P=

.29 .110

.11 .557

.37 .035

RETFL P=

.33 .067

.19 .287

.31 .083

.07 .696

1.00

SIDES P=

.10 .598

.23 .205

.02 .928

.44 .011

-.17

BUR P=

.06 .743

-.14 .454

.08 .676

.33 .066

-.07 .710

.18 .314

1.00

BOR

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00

.362

P=

.001

.65 .001

.69 .001

.40 .022

.06 .747

.13 .470

-.17 .351

TRP P=

.06 .746

.11 .565

.04 .823

-.14 .457

.28 .122

.26 .155

.17 .343

.00 .984

RETBL P=

.09 .632

-.01 .942

-.09 .616

-.04 .838

.18 .327

-.18 .320

-.12 .504

-.09 .631

-.06 .742

SBL P=

.58 .001

.55 .001

.28 .126

.24 .194

.39 .029

.16 .370

-.21 .247

.47 .007

.17 .349

.33 .064

BOR P=

.41 .021

.13 .492

.19 .295

.10 .577

.44 .012

-.11 .535

.15 .423

.11 .565

.02 .901

.24 .183

.72

'N

SBL

1.00

PLBL P=

HP

HP

32 quadrats for all artifact types

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .60 .001

1.00

205

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Table 138 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 8 x 8 m Quadrats, Southern Section1 CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.88 .001

COR P=

.69 .003

.67 .004

END p=

.74 .001

.92 .001

.48 .060

RETFL P=

.64 .008

.73 .001

.65 .006

.74 .001

SIDES p=

.74 .001

.77 .001

.70 .002

.59 .017

.68 .004

BUR p=

.80 .001

.64 .008

.55 .027

.54 .032

.29 .271

.32 .226

HP

P=

.10 .715

.14 .607

.10 .720

.05 .843

.32 .231

.02 .952

1.000

TRP p=

.44 .092

.29 .271

.37 .153

.30 .262

.30 .259

.37 .157

.37 .158

-.29 .282

RETBL P=

.38 .145

.19 .486

.59 .015

.10 .700

.24 .366

.20 .450

.39 .136

-.20 .465

.28 .286

SBL P=

.47 .065

.49 .055

.20 .446

.54 .032

.48 .060

.17 .541

.46 .071

.50 .048

.25 .351

.02 .937

BOR p=

.75 .001

.62 .011

.75 .001

.57 .021

.67 .005

.43 .093

.68 .004

.02 .935

.54 .031

.56 .023

'N

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

O.

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .29 .273

1.00

16 quadrats for all artifact types

Table 139 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 8 x 8 m Quadrats, Northern Sectionl CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

.85 .001

COR P=

.72 .002

.70 .002

END P=

.21 .440

.04 .874

.37 .155

RETFL P=

.36 .175

.23 .387

.22 .406

.07 .809

1.00

SIDES P=

.12 .656

.10 .721

.03 .901

.53 .035

-.09 .733

-.23 .398

-.41 .116

-.04 .877

.43 .095

-.08 .762

.18 .510

P=

.87 .001

.78 .001

.67 .005

.09 .737

.09 .733

1.000

-.30 .265

TRP P=

.06 .823

.07 .793

.01 .964

-.08 .758

.50 .046

.07 .789

.22 .414

.07 .789

RETBL P=

.19 .477

.19 .474

-.16 .561

-.07 .787

.12 .647

-.15 .582

-.29 .274

1.000

-.16 .547

SBL P=

.69 .003

.69 .003

.23 .392

.25 .349

.34 .204

.38 .143

-.25 .35B

.56 .024

.30 .255

.36 .176

BOR P=

.49 .052

.40 .122

-.01 .974

.07 .795

.29 .282

.26 .334

-.05 .866

.39 .138

.28 .290

.12 .670

HP

'N

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

BUR P=

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00

16 quadrats for all artifact types

1.00

O.

1.00 1.00

O.

1.00 1.00 1.00 .75 .001

1.00

206

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 140 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 8 X 16 m Horizontal Qnadrats, Southern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

SBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.89 .003

COR P=

.56 .147

.57 .141

END P=

.76 .030

.87 .005

.37 .360

RETFL P=

.73 .040

.70 .055

.81 .016

.43 .287

SIDES P=

.56 .150

.63 .095

.56 .151

.30 .464

.77 .024

BUR P=

.82 .012

.67 .067

.43 .294

.76 .028

.44 .276

.09 .B28

1.00

HP P=

.20 .640

.13 .755

.15 .715

-.12 .771

.51 .198

.15 .724

O. 1.000

TRP P=

.18 .677

-.02 .963

.51 .193

-.06 .887

.31 .456

.34 .414

.24 .569

-.39 .343

RETBL P=

.03 .952

-.14 .742

.26 .533

.10 .820

-.02 .970

-.21 .617

.13 .764

-.29 .488

.30 .466

1.00

SBL P=

.49 .222

.30 .464

-.OB .847

.32 .433

.39 .340

.17 .691

.55 .160

.41 .307

.03 .946

-.32 .433

BOR P=

.73 .041

.56 .150

.83 .Oll

.45 .269

.61 .llO

.28 .494

.72 .043

.03 .937

.51 .198

.39 .336

'N

1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00 .04 .929

1.00

8 quadrats for all artifact types

Table 141 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 8 x 16 m Horizontal Quadrats, Northern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

.93 .001

COR P=

.74 .037

.85 .007

END P=

.04 .926

.02 .956

.19 .647

RETFL p=

.50 .212

.50 .205

.28 .500

.03 .951

SIDES p=

-.14 .742

.05 .900

.03 .946

.57 .137

.28 .502

BUR p=

-.36 .381

-.47 .243

-.29 .487

.4B .232

-.30 .472

.36 .387

p=

.75 .033

.78 .024

.85 .008

.15 .727

-.10 .817

-.13 .750

-.14 .734

TRP P=

.06 .888

.17 .680

.02 .957

.23 .591

.26 .534

.80 .017

.48 .234

.02 .960

1.00

RETBL P=

.60 .113

.4B .231

.ll .791

-.08 .853

.08 .842

-.30 .468

-.54 .170

.37 .373

-.24 .565

SBL P=

.82 .013

.77

.026

.43 .2B4

.25 .552

.56 .149

.32 .443

-.ll .789

.49 .219

.4B .230

.59 .120

BOR p=

.60 .ll6

.44 .273

.18 .666

-.09 .831

.48 .223

O. 1.000

.21 .625

.23 .578

.46 .249

.17 .680

'N

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

HP

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

8 quadrats for all artifact types

1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 .62 .098

1.00

207

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Table 142 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 8 x 16 m Vertical Qnadrats, Southern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BOR

1.00

PLBL P=

.94 .001

COR P=

.87 .005

.80 .018

END P=

.78 .021

.94 .001

.63 .095

RETFL P=

.76 .028

.86 .006

.85 .008

.83 .011

SIDES P=

.96 .001

.89 .003

.92 .001

.72 .045

.76 .028

BUR P=

.89 .003

.80 .017

.65 .07B

.66 .073

.49 .216

.79 .019

HP P=

.09 .B33

.11 .788

.12 .779

.06 .B81

.36 .376

-.02 .964

-.11 .7B7

TRP P=

.36 .379

.39 .339

.35 .389

.38 .354

.25 .555

.52 .lB2

.15 .730

-.50 .205

1.00

RETBL P=

.43 .289

.31 .459

.57 .140

.27 .516

.32 .433

.41 .313

.52 .190

-.18 .674

-.04 .929

SBL P=

.41 .316

.63 .091

.27 .510

.81 .014

.69 .05B

.2B .501

.26 .537

.41 .307

.04 .929

.07 .875

BOR P=

.82 .013

.83 .010

.95 .001

.71 . 051

.93 .001

.89 .003

.54 .168

.21 .625

.39 .336

.32 .433

'N

SBL

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 .42 .304

1.00

8 quadrats for all artifact types

Table 143 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 8 x 16 m Vertical Quadrats, Northern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

.82 .013

COR P=

.93 .001

.81 .014

END P=

.24 .559

-.16 .711

.16 .699

RETFL P=

.72

.045

.65 .OB4

.56 .150

.50 .203

SIDES P=

-.03 .94B

-.02 .962

-.03 .953

.63 .091

.47 .237

BUR P=

-.21 .611

-.56 .149

-.08 .B41

.5B .135

-.27 .514

.16 .705

P=

.90 .003

.58 .129

.79 .021

.17 .679

.43 .284

-.28 .510

-.13 .755

TRP P=

.42 .305

.49 .214

.19 .644

-.11 .787

.59 .123

.21 .620

-.77 .026

.32 .432

.762

-.34 .417

.27 .520

O. 1.000

.58 .134

.09 .B28

-.37 .366

-.12 .776

-.5B .130

.35 .399

.76 .029

-.57 .143

.45 .259

• 44 .272

RETBL P=

BOR

-.31 .449

1.00

-.13

1.00 1.00 1.00 1. 00

SBL P=

.56 .150

.60 .119

.32 .436

.30 .474

.B9 .003

.39 .344

BOR P=

.58 .132

.61 .105

.41 .312

.15 .724

.67 .070

1.000

'N

SBL

1.00

PLBL P=

HP

RETBL

8 quadrats for all artifact types

O.

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .13 .752

O• 1.000

1.00 .82 .013

1.00

208

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 144 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 16 x 16 mQuadrats, Southern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

BaR

1.00

PLBL P=

.99 .010

COR P=

.90 .098

.84 .159

END P=

.86 .138

.92 .076

.58 .424

RETFL P=

.91 .090

.85 .151

.92 .078

.61 .393

SIDES P=

.94 .058

.92 .082

.96 .041

.74 .262

.84 .158

BUR P=

.85 .146

.91 .085

.55 .449

.99 .005

.62 .379

.70 .300

HP p=

.26 .739

.16 .837

.34 .663

-.07 .927

.61 .388

.10 .900

1. 000

TRP P=

-.12 .881

-.12 .881

.12 .882

-.17 .826

-.27 .725

.21 .794

-.27 .728

-.70 .300

1.00

RETBL p=

-.48 .519

-.39 .611

-.80 .197

-.06 .942

-.57 .430

-.71 .286

o. 1. 000

-.14 .860

--.56 .444

SBL P=

.63 .371

.67 .331

.29 .711

.75 .246

.57 .430

.33 .667

.82 .184

.42 .580

-.78 .222

.33 .667

BaR P=

.83 .169

.76 .244

.99 .010

.45 .545

.89 .106

.92 .080

.43 .574

.37 .634

.17 .826

-.87 .130

'N

SBL

1. 00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

o.

1.00

1.00 1.00 .17 .826

1.00

4 quadrats for all artifact types

Table 145 Matrix of Correlations (r) for Artifacts in 16 x 16 m Quadrats, Northern Section! CER CER P=

PLBL

COR

END

RETFL

SIDES

BUR

HP

TRP

RETBL

.96 .045

COR P=

.96 .038

.88 .120

END P=

-.24 .764

-.36 .643

-.38 .625

RETFL P=

.70 .305

.69 .307

.49 .514

.41 .591

SIDES P=

1.000

.16 .838

-.27 .728

.48 .520

.65 .351

BUR P=

-.67 .326

-.86 .140

-.57 .426

.56 .436

-.47 .526

-.32 .676

1.00

.68 .319

.63 .370

.84 .161

-.76 .241

-.05 .947

-.65 .351

-.47 .526

1.00

P= TRP P=

.29 .708

.52 .476

.06 .942

-.03 .974

.62 .377

.85 .147

-.76 .239

-.21 .792

-.02 .985

.27 .726

-.19 .808

-.25 .746

.23 .771

.71 .293

-.69 .312

-.23 .771

.90 .095

SBL P=

.70 .297

.79 .209

.48 .516

.16 .838

.95 .055

.71 .289

-.71 .285

.02 .977

.82 .182

.50 .497

BaR P=

1.00 .001

.96 .039

.96 .038

-.25 .746

.69 .312

1.000

-.69 .312

.69 .312

• 30 .698

1.000

RETBL P=

'N

BaR

1. 00

PLBL P=

HP

SBL

o.

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

4 quadrats for all artifact types

1.00

o.

1.00 1.00

o.

1.00 .70 .296

1.00

209

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

the dumping of discarded artifacts into an area adjacent to the longhouses. I do not think that artifacts were haphaz­ ardly thrown around unit D3, for they clearly cluster around the houses and pits. The small number of flint tools suggest that they were preserved after each activity was completed, or even curated, as Binford (1976) has observed in Alaska. The spatial distribution of ceramics and flint artifacts exhibit differences in unit D3. Inspection of the distribu­ tion of ceramics indicates several clusters in the humic layer over pits and natural depressions. Probably after pot­ tery vessels were broken during usage inside or outside the longhouses, they were discarded in the pits. The distribu­ tion of the flint artifacts is probably partially dependent on whether a specific artifact type was a curated or an expedi­ ent tool. Expedient flint artifacts such as plain blades, were probably used to accomplish a specific job and then dis­ carded at the completion of the task. For example, the distribution of plain blades may reflect such use of tools. The curated artifacts are not discarded after a task is com­ pleted, but only when the tool is broken, worn out, or on account of accidental loss. As previously mentioned, most endscrapers were discarded when the tool was worn out; however, they were not discarded in the pits. The humic layer over the pits on the eastern side of longhouses 18 and 19 contained only small quantities of endscrapers. This would suggest that the distribution of endscrapers may reflect areas where exhaustion or breakage of the tools occurred during the work on skin and hides. It should be noted that the frequencies of curated tools such as end­ scrapers, may not show a relationship with the frequency of specific activities (Binford 1977). In unit D3, the majority of the artifacts were found outside the longhouses; among 435 flint artifacts, only 13 (3.90/0) were located in the interiors of the longhouses (Table 146). This number is expected since the houses occu­ pied 5.5% of the total area in unit D3. Some flint artifact types are not equally distributed on both sides, i.e. east and west of longhouse 18 in the south­ ern section of unit D3. For example, plain blades and end­ scrapers are mainly found on the western side of the long­ house while sidescrapers and cores are more frequently found on the eastern side (Table 147). These observations can be confirmed with a chi-square test (Table 148). For example, the difference in the concentrations of end­ scrapers as opposed to side scrapers in the western side of the longhouse is significant at .02 level. Cores and side­ scrapers are concentrated on the eastern side. How can we explain these different concentrations of artifacts? In tribal societies there is a division of labor based on sex. Thus, it would not be unusual to find female and male

Table 146 Frequencies of Flint Artifacts Outside or Inside of Longhouses in Unit D3

Artifact type

Area outside longhouses 2069.3 m2 (94.50/0) N

Area inside longhouses 120.7 m2 (5.5%) N

Plain blades Cores Endscrapers Retouched flakes Sidescrapers Burins Hammerstone/pestle Truncated pieces Retouched blades Sickle blades Boring tools Total

157 90 42 38 22 18 14 12 11 9 9 422 (97.0%)

3 1 3 3 0 0 2 0 0 I 0 13 (3.0%)

Table 147 Frequencies of Flint Artifacts in the Eastern and Western Side of Longhouse 18 in the Southern Section of Unit D3 Artifact type Plain blades Cores Endscrapers Retouched flakes Sidescrapers Burins Hammerstone/pestle Truncated pieces Retouched blades Sickle blades Boring tools Total

Western side N % 60 19 21 12 7 6 I

2 3 2 2 135

44.4 14.1 15.6 8.9 5.2 4.4 0.7 1.5 2.4 1.5 1.5 99.9

Eastern side N % 23 21 3 6 9 2 3 3 2 0 2 74

31.1 28.4 4.1 8.1 12.2 2.7 4.1 4.1 2.7 0.0 2.7 100.2

% difference 13.3 14.3 1l.5 0.8 7.0 1.7 3.4 2.6 0.3 1.5 1.2

Table 148 Chi-square Test* for the Distribution of Endscrapers and Sidescrapers Found Along the Western and Eastern Side of Longhouse 18

Endscrapers Sidescrapers Total

·x2

=

8.74, p < 0.02.

Western side

Eastern side

Total

21 7 28

3 9 12

24 16 40

210

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Table 149 Observed and Poisson Distributions of Obsidian Artifacts in 25 Square Meter Quadrats at Olszanica 81 + 85

No. No. No. No. No. No.

of 25 of 25 of 25 of 25 of 25 of 25

m 2 quadrats m 2 quadrats m 2 quadrats m 2 quadrats m2 quadrats m 2 quadrats

with with with with with with

zero obsidian pieces one obsidian piece two obsidian pieces three obsidian pieces four obsidian pieces five obsidian pieces

Observed frequency 136 23 10 1 0 1

Probabilityt .741 .222 .033 .003 .0002 .00001

Frequency predicted by Poisson 126.7 38.0 5.6 0.5 0.3

'X = .30, X2 = 12.28 tWith two degrees of freedom the probability that the distribution of the obsidian artifacts is random is .01.

activities in the Neolithic societies. Also, data from Linear Pottery cemeteries such as Nitra (Pavlik 1972; Milisauskas 1978) indicate that status differences were based primarily on age and sex. At Nitra, chipped stone artifacts are asso­ ciated with males; however, at the Aiterhofen cemetery in Bavaria, flint blades are found in female burials (Reinecke 1978). Furthermore, Andreas Zimmermann (personal commu­ nication, 1982) using principal components analysis de­ fined artifact groups by user's sex. For example, one com­ ponent comprising truncated blades, boring tools, end­ scrapers, hammerstones and cores was considered to be associated with males. The principal component consisting of retouched blades, sidescrapers, hammerstones, cores and sickle blades was associated with females. I have hypothesized that endscrapers were utilized for hide and skin work. Perhaps this task was done by women. The cores were used for production of blades and side­ scrapers for work with bone and wood. These activities may be associated with men. Thus, one possible explana­ tion for the different artifact frequencies in the eastern and western side of longhouse 18 is female and male jobs. Unfortunately, the eastern side of longhouse 19 in the north section is very close to the excavation wall, thus fewer artifacts are found on that side. However, the end­ scraper and core distributions are similar to longhouse 18 in the south section. Most endscrapers are concentrated on the western side of longhouse 19. Horizontal Distribution of Obsidian Artifacts and Polished Stone Tools Imported obsidian pieces and polished stone tools are differentially concentrated around longhouses. The con­ centrations of obsidian artifacts are not related to the size of the longhouses, for longhouse 10, 12 meters in length, and longhouse 6, 41.5 meters in length, have more obsid­ ian pieces than any other structure.

It is clear that obsidian is not randomly distributed at Olszanica (Fig. 157). The statistical test used to determine the random or nonrandom distribution of obsidian in unit Bl + B5 is the Poisson series (Table 149). The Poisson dis­ tribution can be applied in situations characterized by the occurrence of isolated events in a continuum of time or space (Moroney 1967:96). The chi-square test was used for testing the goodness of fit of the expected and observed distributions, in this case the Poisson and observed distri­ bution. For all the chi-square tests a number of cells had to be grouped together, for individual cells frequently had less than 5 for the expected frequency (Moroney 1967:260). Some of the frequencies were so low that even Yates' cor­ rection was not applied. Most of the obsidian pieces are found outside the long­ houses indicating that they were utilized in various activi­ ties outside the houses. The greatest concentration of obsidian occurs around longhouse 10 which belongs to the OV phase. Pit 60/61-68/73-Bl + B5 on the eastern wall of that longhouse contained the greatest quantity of obsidian as compared to all other pits at the site. It appears that during the predominance of the Zeliezovce style ceramics (phase OV) there was more intensive exchange in obsidian with Early Neolithic communities in Slovakia and Hun­ gary. The distribution of polished stone tools is not random in the humic layer at Olszanica; these artifacts are concen­ trated around longhouses (Fig. 158). However, some exca­ vation units containing longhouses, such as unit D3, had very few polished stone tools. Unit Cl which had remains of longhouses at its western edge, had no polished stone tools in the humic layer. Most polished stone tools are concentrated in unit B 1, especially around longhouses 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In the chapter on longhouses, I have suggested that the association of polished stone tools with longhouse 6 may be related to the ceremonial or ritual function of that structure. On account of overlapping occupations around longhouse 6, we would expect to find a greater

211

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

lr--... ,

r-

LI9

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QUADRAT DESIGNATION

Figure 157.

,

•• 2

•

B5

2

vI ?JL'f

•

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L4

t-==

•• : L3

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f

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r- t-

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'60

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• 1-"' •• • I -tLa • •=~ II , 3. • • I--J • • \~ It • ~• • • I".

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•

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OLSZANICA

-\'

•

/

0

5

'0

'------'---' METERS

L - LONGHOUSE

Distribution of obsidian artifacts in the humic layer. Black circles indicate obsidian artifacts.

212

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

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SPATIAL ANALYSIS

number of polished stone tools. However, the areas with overlapping occupations do not always have greater den­ sity of polished stone tools, e.g. the area around long­ houses 1, 2, and 3. Thus the function of longhouses is related to the quantity of polished stone tools around them. As previously mentioned (see chapter on polished stone tools), the polished stone tools are made of nonlocal raw material and the cemetery data indicates that they were

213

associated with males. The distribution of polished stone tools may indicate that some areas or structures were only utilized or inhabited by females or males. Some longhouses without polished stone tools could have been inhabited by females with children, but without adult males. Also, the lack of polished stone tools around a structure may suggest that it was not inhabited by humans.

12 Sociopolitical Organization Archaeological data from Linear Pottery communal cemeteries indicate that the status of the Linear Pottery people was based on their age and sex (Hoffmann 1978; Milisauskas 1978). Furthermore, the communal cemeter­ ies, characteristic of the Linear Pottery culture, corre­ spondingly indicate that communal identity was very important to Linear Pottery people. For example, at the Nitra cemetery in Slovakia, Spondylus shells, polished stone tools, and chipped stone artifacts are associated with the adult males, especially the old ones (Milisauskas 1978; Pavuk 1972). Perhaps, the older males who owned a large number of animals or a relatively large amount of material wealth, were accorded a higher social standing than the other community members. Thus, as owners of a greater amount of resources, the older men could participate more frequently in the interregional exchange system than the other Linear Pottery people. Some of these males may have even achieved a status comparable to that of the "Big Man" in Melanesia (Sahlins 1963). In contrast, at Son­ dershausen in East Germany, Sondylus ornaments are associated with both adult male and female burials (Kahlke 1954). Thus, in this case, some of the adult males and females were of the same social standing. Additionally, at Rixheim in France and at Aiterhofen in Bavaria, the adult male burials were associated with polished stone tools and projectile points (Gallay and Schweitzer 1971; Reinecke 1978). Projectile points are characteristic of the Linear Pottery sites in western Europe. Perhaps, these artifact types were associated with the successful hunters of the Linear Pottery community. One can observe regional vari­ ability in the sex specific association of grave goods in the Linear Pottery cemeteries. However, at the present time, it is difficult to account for these differences. Within a Linear Pottery community, the size of the indi­ vidual Linear Pottery longhouses differs. However, archaeologists are uncertain what the size variability of the longhouses indicates in terms of the social organization of the Linear Pottery community; perhaps, they simply reflect differences in family size or family wealth, e.g., in terms of number of animals owned. It is unclear whether a nuclear or an extended family resided in the Linear Pottery houses, since both animals and people may have inhabited the same structure. Hence, the size of the Linear Pottery longhouses may not reflect the number of the people inhabiting them and thus thwarts efforts in determining

which family type, nuclear or extended, dwelled in the characteristic Linear Pottery house. Some Linear Pottery sites contained some extremely long longhouses. Examples of these longhouse types are Olszanica's longhouse 6, which is 41.5 m in length, and longhouses 9 and 61, which are located at the Brezno site in Czechoslovakia (Pleinerova and Pavlu 1979). Perhaps, the man of greatest importance, such as the Big Man in the village, resided in this longhouse or, as previously men­ tioned, tribal associations or sodalities used this longhouse for various activities. Spatial analysis of the distribution of artifacts suggests the possible existence of some male and female activity areas, perhaps differentiated on the basis of sex as well as task. Thus, male and female activity areas may have been characteristic of the Linear Pottery communities. For example, if endscrapers were utilized for hide and skin work, then the women would have completed this task. Hence the women probably worked in the area which con­ tains numerous endscrapers. During the Linear Pottery culture, several households had to coordinate their activities to insure the completion of some very large tasks. For example, the building of longhouses was a communal activity (Startin 1978). As Startin noted, ". . . taking the weight of green oak to be 1100 g/m, the heaviest timber, the ridge purlin of the cen­ tral section, would have weighed about 840 kg; at 68 kg per man (Hurst 1886: 141) it would have required 12 men to lift such a timber." This correspondingly suggests that two or more families would simultaneously have to leave a village when moving to a new territory, since the building of a new longhouse was probably too large a task for a single family to undertake. At Olszanica the Linear Pottery households did not have individual ovens; thus the ovens in unit Cl also represent a specialized community activity area. Furthermore, although most of the ceramics, in combination with the other artifact types found at Olszanica, are of the domestic type, perhaps the few exotic vessels found at Olszanica were used in rituals (Fig. 159). Hence, the Linear Pottery people had to cooperate in performing specific tasks. The available information concerning the Linear Pottery culture settlement system in southeastern Poland suggests that its sociopolitical organization was largely egalitarian with consensual decision-making, perhaps facilitated by

215

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Plates

PLATES

Plate 1.

General views of Olszanica. Top: General view of the site, south to north. Bottom: Contemporary Olszanica.

269

270

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Plate 2.

General views of Olszanica. Top: Areas Band C at Olszanica, south to north. Bottom: Test excavations in 1967 at Olszanica, north to south.

PLATES

271

B

D

em Plate 3.

Coarse ceramics with incised lines from Olszanica: A,B,C, 14-69-Dl; D, 1-69-Dl; E, 15-68-Bl; F, 27/28-68/73-Bl + B5; G, 8-67-Bl; H, 336/C-Bl.

272

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

B

c

D

G

E

L

o em

M Plate 4.

Coarse ceramics with incised lines from Olszanica: A,B,C,D,E,F, 1179/D-Dl; G,H, 124/D-BI; /, 18S/A-BI; J, 336/C-Bl; K,M,N, 124/D-BI; L, IS-68-BI; 0, 1-68-Bl.

273

PLATES

A

em Plate 5.

Coarse ceramics from Olszanica: A,B, 12-69-01; C,E,F, 3-69-01; D, 24-69-Dl.

274

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT ANO SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

F

E

em Plate 6.

Coarse ceramics from Olszanica: A,B,F, 24-69-01; C, 126/0-Bl; D, 93/C-Bl; E, 27128-68/73-Bl + B5; G, 21122-69-01; H,22-73-03.

275

PLATES

t---t----t

em

Plate 7.

Coarse ceramics from Olszanica: A, I9-68-Bl; B, 45-68-Bl; C, 123/B-Bl; D, 19a-68-Bl; E, I85/A-BI; F, I55/C-Bl; G, 22f-68-Bl; H, 186/B-B1.

276

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

em Plate 8.

Coarse ceramics from Olszanica: A, 11-68-Bl; B,C, 27/28-68/73-Bl +B5; D,E, 335IC-Bl; F, 155IC-Bl; G, 124/A-Bl; H, 274/D-Bl.

277

PLATES

c

E

F

H em Plate 9.

Ceramics from Olszanica: A,B,C,D,E,F,H,J,l, 8-71-Cl; G, 21-69-Dl.

278

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

E

em Plate 10.

Ceramics from pit 20-68-Bl at Olszanica.

PLATES

F

D

H em Plate 11.

279

Ceramics from pit 5-69-Dl at Olszanica.

280

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

em Plate 12.

Music note ceramics from Olszanica: A,E, 21-68-Bl; B,D,HJ, 12-69-Dl; C,F, 24-69-D; G, 12a-67-Bl.

PLATES

281

D

em Plate 13.

Music note ceramics from Olszanica: A,C, 19A-68-Bl; B, lOa-68-Bl; D, 19-68-Bl; E, 1199-D-Dl; F,G, 3-69-Dl; H, 1200/A-Dl.

282

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

c

em Plate 14.

Ceramics from Olszanica: A, 12-67-Bl; B,D,£,G,H, 19-68-Bl; C, 3-69-D1; F, 25-73-03.

283

PLATES

E

f.

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G

H em

Plate 15.

Ceramics from Olszanica: A, 334/C-Bl; B,E,F,G, 27/28-68/73-BI + B5; C,D,H, 6-67-81.

284

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

B

c

J em Plate 16.

Ceramics from Olszanica: A, 185/A-Bl; B, 154/B-Bl; C, 1180/C-Dl; D, 124/B-Bl; E, 216/B-Bl; F, 15-68-Bl; G, 1200/A-Dl; H, 335/A-Bl; I, 364/A-Bl; J, 366/A-Bl; X, 214/B-Bl.

285

PLATES

D

M em

Plate 17.

Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica: A, 8, H,l,K, 19-68-Bl; C, 19a-68-Bl; D,E, 23-68-Bl; F, 12-69-Dl; G, 1ge-68-Bl; J, 11-68-Bl; L, 57-68-Bl; M, 12-67-Bl.

286

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

F ~

em Plate 18.

Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica: A, 12-67-Bl; B, 19-68-Bl; C, 14-69-Dl; D, 3-69-Dl; E, 1ge-68-Bl; P, 5-69-Dl; G,25-73-03.

287

PLATES

A

B

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E

em

Plate 19.

Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica: A,B,C, 1-68-Bl; D,E,G, 27128-68/73-Bl +B5; F, 6a-67-Bl; H, 22f-68-Bl.

288

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

F

I

em Plate 20.

Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica: A,D, 1-68-B1; B,C,£, 27/28-68/73-B1 + B5; F,G,/,J,K, 60/61-68/73-Bl + B5; H, 124/0-Bl.

289

PLATES

em Plate 21.

Zeliezovce ceramics from pit 60/61-68/73-B 1 + B5 at Olszanica.

290

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

B

em Plate 22.

Zeliezovce ceramics from Olszanica: A, 244/C-Bl; B,D, 154/B-Bl; C, 184/B-Bl; E, 186/D-Bl; F, 123/A-Bl.

291

PLATES

c em Plate 23.

Ceramics from Olszanica: A,B, 23-68-Bl; C, 4S-68-Bl; D, 24-69-Dl.

292

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

c

F

G em

Plate 24.

Miniature vessels and scoops from Olszanica: A, 5-69-01; B, 12a-67-B1; C, 19-68-Bl; D, 365/0-Bl; E, 60/61-68173-Bl + B5; F, 3-69-Dl; G, 6a/6c-67-Bl; H, 1-69-01.

293

PLATES

B

em

Plate 25.

Ceramics from Olszanica: A, 334/B-Bl; B, 19c-68-Bl; C, 20-68-Bl; D, 334/B-Bl; E, 214/D-Bl; F. 27/28-68173-Bl +B5.

294

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

G em

Plate 26.

Bukk ceramics from Olszanica: A, 12-67-81; B, 23-68-BI; C, Plow zone BI; D, 185/A-BI; E, 184/B-BI; F, 1159/B-Dl; G, 184/0-Bl; H, 23-68-Bl.

295

PLATES

D

F

L em Plate 27.

Nonlocal ceramics from Olszanica: A, 1I40/A-01; B, 216/B-Bl; C, 187/C-Bl; D, 24-69-01; E, 12-67-Bl; F, 14-69-01; G, 12a-67-Bl; H, 123/B-Bl; I, Plow zone Bl; J, 126/0-Bl; K, 20-68-Bl; L, 244/A-Bl.

296

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

·c

F

H em

Plate 28.

Bukk ceramics from Olszanica: A, 22a-68-Bl; B, 153/B-Bl; C, 13-71-Cl; D, 123/C-Bl; E, 1ge-68-Bl; F,184/D-Bl; G, 275/C-Bl; H, 214/A-Bl; I, 23-68-B1.

297

PLATES

F

H em

Plate 29.

Ceramics and daub from Olszanica: A, 28-69-Dl; B, 30-69-Dl; C, 186/D-Bl; D.E, 20-68-Bl; F, 11-68-Bl; G,R, 20-68-Bl; I, 12-69-01.

298

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

c

em Plate 30.

Ceramic knobs with cattle motif and fired clay objects from Olszanica: A, I85/A-Bl; B, 21122-69-Dl; C, 21-CI-71; D, 2811 A-B3; E, 33-69-Dl; F, 1-73-B5; G,H, 154/B-Bl; I, 23-68-Bl.

299

PLATES

c

F

em

Plate 31.

H

Funnel Beaker ceramics from Olszanica E site and Corded Ware ceramics from unit B3 at Olszanica: A,B, Olszanica E1 1971; C,D,£,F,G, 4-72-B3; H, 1-72-B3.

300

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A

B

D

em

Plate 32.

H

Spindle whorls, drilled sherds and drilled stone from Olszanica: A, 244/C-Bl; B, 334/B-Bl; C, 184/B-Bl; D, 217/D-B5; E, 12-67-Bl; F, 185/A-Bl; G, 273/D-Bl; H, 11-68-Bl; I, 213/B-BI.

PLATES

Plate 33.

Linear Pottery pits from Olszanica. Top: Pit 1O-67-Bl. Bottom: Pit 19-69-D1.

301

302

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

-

Plate 34.

Linear Pottery pits from Olszanica. Top: Pit 8-71-C 1. Bottom: Pit 9-73-D3.

PLATES

Plate 35.

Linear Pottery pits from Olszanica. Top: Ceramics at the bottom of pit 60/61-68/73-Bl +B5. Bottom: Pit 13-71-Cl.

303

304

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Plate 36.

Linear Pottery pits and oven from Olszanica. Top: Oven in pit 5-71-Cl. Bottom: Pit 2-67-Bl.

PLATES

/

Plate 37.

Pits from Olszanica. Top: Pit 2-72-B3. Bottom: Pit 1-72-B3.

305

306

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Plate 38.

Linear Pottery pit 15-68-Bl from Olszanica.

PLATES

Plate 39.

Linear Pottery pit 8-67-BI from Olszanica.

307

308

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Plate 40.

Excavation unit Bl at Olszanica.

PLATES

Plate 41.

Longhouse 4 in unit Bl at Olszanica.

309

310

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

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EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Plate 44.

Longhouse 12 at Olszanica.

PLATES

Plate 45.

Excavation unit D3 at Olszanica.

313

314

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

Plate 46.

Longhouse 18 in unit D3 at Olszanica.

PLATES

Plate 47.

Excavation units Cl and B3 at Olszanica. Top: Unit Cl. Bottom: Unit B3.

315

316

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A

c

B

D

G

F

H L-...&...-J

em Plate 48.

Flint artifacts from Oslzanica. A,B, 364/D-Bl; C, 365/B-Bl; D, 250/C-B3; E,G, 335IA-Bl; F, 365IA-Bl; H, 60/61-68173-Bl + B5; I, 1851 A-Bl.

317

PLATES

A

B

D

G em Plate 49.

Linear Pottery polished stone tools from Olszanica: A, 27128-68/73-Bl + BS; B, lS4/D-Bl; C, 6-67-Bl; D, 12-67-Bl; E, 10a-68-Bl; F, 123/D-Bl; G, 14-69-Dl.

318

EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT AND SOCIETY AT OLSZANICA

A

D

E

H em Plate 50.

Linear Pottery polished stone tools from Olszanica: A, 8-73-D3; B, 154/D-Bl; C, 214/B-Bl; D, 22-68-Bl; E, 154/0-Bl; F, 918/0-03; G, 154/D-BI; H, I85/A-BI; I, 1038/A-D3.

319

PLATES

A

B

c

D em

Plate 51.

Grinding stones, pestle, and obsidian artifacts from Olszanica: A, 335/D-Bl; B, 1-73-B5; C, 156/D-Bl; D, 395/B-Bl.