The Geography of Augustinian Settlement in Medieval England and Wales, Parts i and ii 9781407389431, 9781407389448, 9780860540939, 9781407323534

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The Geography of Augustinian Settlement in Medieval England and Wales Part i David M. Robinson

BAR British Series 8o(i) 1980

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, E.Se., ::\LA., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, l\1.A.

B. A. R. 80 (i), 1980: 'The Geography of Augustinian Settlement in Mediev?l England and Wales', Part i © David M. Robinson, 1980. The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781407389431 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389448 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860540939 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407323534 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540939 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

To my mother and father

CONTENTS P ART 1 P age L is t o f F igures L is t o f Tab les

x i i i

L is t o f Appendices

x v

P reface

x v i i

L is t o f A bbrev ia t ions I n troduc t ion

x ix 1

C hap ter O ne

The R u le o f S t . A ugust ine a nd t he O r igins o f t he A ugus t in ian C anons

5

The R u le o f S t . A ugus t ine

5

The Emergence o f R egu lar C anons

6

The Deve lop men t a nd S pread o f t he O rder o n t he C on t inen t Two

The I ntroduc tion o f t he A ugus t inian C anons i n to E ng land

9 1 2

C anons i n E ng land b efore 1 100

1 2

The I n troduc t ion o f t he A ugus t in ian R u le

1 3

R easons f or t he De lay i n t he I n troduc t ion o f t he A ugus t in ian R u le i n to E ng land

1 4

The R e la t ionsh ip t o o ther O rders E n ter ing o r E s tab lished i n E ng land a nd Wa les 1 066-1100 Three

1 5

The D is tr ibu t ion o f A ugus tinian H ouses i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

2 2

T i me F ac tor —Per iods o f Deve lop ment

2 2

The D is tr ibu t ion o f H ouses

2 7

a .

T he D is tr ibu t ion o f H ouses 1 100-35

2 9

b .

T he D is tr ibut ion o f H ouses 1 135-1200

2 9

c .

T he D is tr ibu t ion o f H ouses F ounded af ter 1 200

3 1

F ac tors A f fec t ing t he D is tr ibut ion o f Augus t in ian H ouses i n E ng land a nd Wa les

3 3

C hapter

Page a .

The Augus t in ian T ake-Over o f O lder Re l ig ious

b .

The S ta tus o f t he F ounder a nd Accep ted S ize

c .

The D istr ibut ion o f H ouses o f O ther Re l ig ious

S i tes

3 3

o f F ounda t ions

4 1

O rders d .

4 6

The S e t t le men t o f A ugust inian C anons i n Re la t ion t o Do mesday P opu lat ion

5 2

The B rev ity o f t he R u le a nd i t s E f fec t o n C lusters

5 3

The D istr ibution o f I ndependent H ouses o ft he A ugust inian O rder

5 5

e .

The D istr ibut ion o f Augustinian H ouses i n Re la t ion t o

F our

T opography

6 0

C onc lus ions o n t he D istr ibut ion o f A ugust inian H ouses

6 4

U nsuccessfu l August inian F ounda t ions The T e mporary S i tes o f Medieva l A ugus tin ian H ouses a .

S i te F a i lures A t tributed t o aS hor tage o f S pace

7 4 7 6 7 9

b .

S i te F a i lures A t tributed t o P hys ica l F ac tors

8 1

c .

S i te F a i lures A t tr ibuted t o H u man F actors

8 3

d .

O ther Augus tinian S i te C hanges

8 4

Augus t in ian H ouses C hanging O rder , R educed i n S tatus o r D isso lved B efore 1 535 a .

F a i lures b efore 1 400

8 8

b .

F a i lures a f ter 1 400

8 9

i . i .

F ive

8 5

Ac t ive F ac tors

8 9

P assive F ac tors

9 3

I nco mpetence o r misrule b y t he S uperior

9 5

Deb ts

9 7

Decay o f B ui ldings

9 8

The Assessed Va lue o fAugust inian F ounda t ions i n E ng land a nd Wa les

1 09

The T axa t ion o f P ope N icho las I V C irca 1 291

1 10

The N ova Taxa t io o f 1 318

1 21

The Va lor E cc lesias t icus o f 1 535

1 24

The P ost D isso lut ion Ministers ' o r S uppress ion Accounts

1 36

The C a lendar o f P apa l R eg isters

1 41

O ther Misce l laneous Va lua t ions

1 44

v i

C hapter S ix

Page The D i mens ions o f B ui ldings a nd N u mber o f C anons a t August in ian H ouses i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

1 55

D i mens ions o f t he Monas t ic C hurches a nd C onventua l B u i ldings

1 55

The N u mber o f C anons a t A ugust inian F ounda t ions

1 63

C onc lus ions o n t he Assessed Wea lth a nd S ize o f Augus t in ian F ounda t ions S even

1 67

B ackground t o A ugus tinian I nvo lve men t i n S p iritua l P ossessions

1 72

TheRe la t ive Importance o f S p ir itua li t ies

1 72

T he N a ture o f S piritua l P ossessions

1 72

The Deve lop ment o f A ugus tinian I nvo lve ment i n C hurch Ownersh ip

1 73

The E cono m ic I nterests o f t he Augus tin ian C anons i n P ar ish C hurches

1 77

a .

A dvowson a nd P a tronage

b .

Appropria t ion o f C hurches b y t he August in ian C anons

1 79 1 81

R easons f or t he E ndowment o f Par ish C hurches o n August inian H ouses

E igh t

1 84

a .

The Impetus f ro m t he Donor

1 84

b .

The Impet us f ro m t he C anons

1 85

The F ar m ing o f S p ir itua l P ossess ions

1 88

The D istr ibut ion o f t he S pir itua l Possess ions o f t he Augus t inian C anons i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

1 96

S ources o f I nfor ma t ion

1 96

I .

1 97

S p ir itua li t ies N o ted i n t he Taxa t io o f 1 291

Appropr ia ted C hurches i n t he Taxat io

1 99

The R eg iona l Varia t ion i n t he Impor tance o f August inian C hurch Ownersh ip i n 1 291

2 01

Augus tin ian P ensions a nd P or t ions i n t he Taxat io

2 02

Augus t inian C hape ls i n t he Taxa t io

2 03

I .

The L iber Ant iquus a nd R egis ter o f H ugh d e We lles B ishop o f L inco ln 1 209-35

I I .

2 03

S p ir itua l it ies N o ted i n t he Va lor E cc lesiast icus a nd P ost D isso lut ion Ministers ' Accounts 1 535-40

v i i

2 08

C hapter

Page Appropr ia ted C hurches i n t he Va lor a nd Min isters ' Accounts

2 10

The Reg iona l Var ia t ion i n t he Ownersh ip o f Appropr ia ted C hurches b y t he A ugust in ian C anons a .

The E xtent a nd Reg iona l D is tr ibut ion

2 12 2 13

b .

T he Generos i ty o f t he L a i ty

2 18

c .

The E f fec t o f Re lig ious H ouses o f o ther O rders

2 19

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugust inian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n Re la t ion t o t he Monaster ies a nd t he C ountry a s a\ h o le

2 21

S pheres o f A ugust inian I nf luence

2 25

a .

The R o le o f t he F ounder

2 25

b .

P a trons a nd B enefactors

2 29

c .

T he S ta tus o f t he F ounda t ion

2 33

d .

The P rox i mi ty o f Monaster ies o f o ther

e .

R e l ig ious O rders

2 37

The E f for ts o f t he C anons

2 39

Appropr ia ted C hurches a t F ar m 1 535-40

2 40

P ensions a nd P ort ions i n t he V a lor a nd Min isters ' Accoun ts

2 44

August in ian h e ld C hape ls i n t he V a lor a nd Min isters ' Accoun ts

2 49

The R egiona l V ar ia t ion i n t he Assessed V a lue o f August in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n 1 291 a nd 1 535-43 a .

2 49 The A ssessed V a lue o f Appropr ia ted C hurches i n t he T axa t io , 1 291

b .

The Assessed Va lue o f Appropr ia ted C hurches i n t he V a lor a nd Minis ters ' Accounts

N ine

2 51 2 52

August inian C on tro l led S hr ines

2 55

C onc lusions o n A ugust in ian S piri tua l P ossess ions

2 59

The N ature o f T e mpora l P roperty a nd t he Me thods o f Acquis it ion b y t he A ugust in ian C anons

2 73

The R e la t ive Importance a nd N ature o f Te mpora l P ossessions

2 73

The Reasons f or A ugust in ian Ownersh ip o f T e mpora li t ies

2 73

Me thods b y wh ich t he Augus tin ian C anons Acquired Landed P roper ty

2 76

I .

2 76

G if ts a .

L ands I nheri ted f ro m E ar lier E stab lish men ts

v i i i

2 76

C hapter

Page b .

L ands G iven a t t he F oundat ion

2 79

c .

P rayers f or t he F ounder o r Benefac tor

2 80

d .

I .

Ten

L ands G iven i n Re turn f or a Memor ia l L a mp o r C and le

2 81

e .

L ands G iven f or t he F ounda t ion o f aC hantry C hape l

2 81

f .

S epu lchra l P lots

2 81

g .

G rants t o wh ich n o C ondit ion was A t tached

2 82

The E f forts o f t he C anons i n E x tending t he ir L anded E ndowment

2 82

a .

T he P urchase o f L ands

2 82

b .

R en ted L ands

2 84

c .

A ugust in ian Assarts

2 85

d .

E xchange o f L and a nd C onso lida t ion

2 90

A ugus t in ian Manage ment o f L anded E sta tes

2 91

The P os i t ion i n 1 535

2 97

The D istr ibu t ion o f A ugust inian L anded E sta tes , 1 535-40

3 08

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugust inian C ontro l led Manors a nd G ranges 1 535-40

3 09

a .

The D istr ibut ion o f Manors

3 12

b .

T he D istr ibut ion o f Granges

3 17

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugust inian L anded P roperty Va lued i n E xcess o f £ 5 , 1 535-40

3 20

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugustin ian L ands C o mpared t o t ha t o f Appropr ia ted C hurches 1 535-40

3 23

The R eg iona l D istr ibut ion o f A ugust inian L ands

3 27

The D istr ibut ion o f August inian P roper ty Assessed a t U nder £ 5 1 535-40

3 32

August in ian U rban P roperty

3 33

C onc lusions o n A ugus t in ian Te mpora l P ossessions

3 40

Genera l C onc lus ions

3 49 PART 2

Appendices

3 54

B ib liography

5 19

I ndex

5 35

L IST OF F IGURES

F igure 1

Page Importan t L oca l it ies i n t rac ing t he O rig ins o f t he A ugust in ian C anons a nd t he ir I n troduct ion i nto E ng land

2

8

B enedic t ine a nd o ther ' B lack ' Monk Houses i n E ng land a nd Wa les b y 1 100

1 6

3

The Da ting o f August in ian F ounda t ions i n E ng land a nd Wa les

2 4

4

D istribut ion o f Augus tin ian Houses i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

5

2 8

D istribut ion o f Augus t in ian Houses i n Medieva l Eng land a nd Wa les

3 0

6

Augus t in ian F ounda t ions o n P re-Ex isting Re lig ious S i tes

3 4

7

Augus t in ian F ounda t ions o n Par ish C hurch S i tes

4 0

8

August in ian F oundat ions b y Me mbers o f t he R oya l E ntourage t o 1 135

9

The Daughter H ouses o f H o ly Trini ty , A ldga te , H un t ingdon a nd Merton b efore 1 135

1 0

4 9

The D istr ibut ion o f August inian F oundat ions i n Re la t ion t o Do mesday P opu la t ion

1 3

4 7

C isterc ian a nd Augus t in ian F ounda t ions i n E ng land a nd Wa les b y 1 152

1 2

4 4

The D istr ibut ion o f Augustinian F ounda t ions i n Re la t ion t o t hose o f t he B enedic t ines b y 1 100

1 1

4 2

5 1

The Re la t ionsh ip o f B r id lington a nd Guisborough P r ior ies t o t he D istr ibut ion o f Do mesday V i l ls

5 4

1 4

August in ian Houses i n Medieva l N orfo lk

5 6

1 5

The I ndependent H ouses o f Augus t in ian Canons i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

1 6

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugust in ian H ouses i n Re la t ion t o T opography

1 7

5 8

6 1

The D istr ibut ion o f U nsuccessfu l Houses o f A ugust inian C anons i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

7 5

1 8

August inian S i te C hanges

7 7

1 9

The Assessed V a lue o f Augus t in ian H ouses a ccording t o t he P ope N icho las Taxa t ion C . 1 291

1 12

F igure 2 0

P age A ugus t in ian H ouses w i th R educed Assess men ts i n t he N ova T axa t io 1 318

2 1

1 22

The A ssessed V a lue o f A ugus t inian H ouses a ccord ing t o t he Va lor E cc les iast icus 1 .35

2 2

Re la t ionsh ip o f A ssessed V a lues i n £ s b etween D ioceses i n 1 291 a nd 1 535

2 3

1 31-33

P ercen tage D if ference i n A ssessed v a lues b etween t he Va lor a nd Min is ters '/Suppress ion Accoun ts

2 4

1 38

R e la t ionsh ip b etween A ssessed Va lues i n t he Va lor a nd Min is ters '/Suppress ion Accoun ts

2 5

1 29

1 40

R e la t ionsh ip b e tween A ssessed V a lues i n t he C a lendar o f P apa l R eg is ters a nd t he T axa t io a nd Va lor

1 43

2 6

The Der iva t ion o f D i mens ions g iven i n Appendix 1 9

1 59

2 7

R e la t ionsh ip b e tween D i mensions o f Augus t in ian Monaster ies a nd t he ir A ssessed Va lues i n 1 535

2 8

Re la t ionsh ip b e tween t he N u mber o f C anons a t A ugust in ian H ouses a nd t he ir A ssessed V a lues i n 1 535

2 9

1 61

1 66

A ugus t in ian A ppropr ia ted C hurches i n t he D iocese o f L inco ln a s I l lus tra ted b y V icarage O rdina t ions i n t he L iber An t iquus o f H ugh d e We l les 1 209-35

3 0

2 05

A ugus t in ian A ppropr ia ted C hurches i n t he D iocese o f L inco ln a s I l lus tra ted b y t he R eg ister o f B ishop H ugh d e We l les 1 209-35

3 1

2 07

A ugus t in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches a s aP ercentage o f t he To ta l N u mber o f B enef ices 1 291

3 2

A ugus t in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches a s ap ercen tage o f t he T o ta l N u mber o f B enef ices 1 535-40

3 3

2 16

The D is tr ibut ion o f A ugus t in ian A ppropr ia ted C hurches 1 535-40

3 4

2 14

2 23

N u mber o f A ugus t in ian A ppropr ia ted C hurches a t S e lec ted D is tances f ro m t he ir R espect ive H ouses 1 535-40

2 26

3 5

The S p ir itua l P ossess ions o f Dar ley Abbey

2 30

3 6

Graph ic R epresen ta t ion o f t he D is tr ibut ion o f C hurches a t F ar m a nd t hose n o t a t F ar m 1 535-40

3 7

A ugus t in ian P ens ions a nd P or t ions a s aP ercen tage o f t he To ta l N u mber o f C hurches 1 535-40

3 8

2 46

The Average A ssessed Va lue o f A ugus t in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches 1 291

3 9

2 42

2 50

The Average Assessed V a lue o f A ugus t in ian Appropria ted C hurches 1 535-40

2 53 x i

F igure 4 0

Page L ands o f t he C e lt ic Abbey o f Bardsey Transferred t o t he August in ian O rder w i th C onversion o f H ouse

2 78

4 1

August in ian F ounda t ions a nd t he Roya l F orest

2 86

4 2

The Manors a nd Granges o f t he August inian C anons 1 535-40

4 3

3 15

N u mber o f Manors/Granges/Un its o f L anded P roperty Assessed a t o ver £ 5 a t S e lec ted D is tances f ro m t he ir Respec t ive August in ian Houses 1 535-40

4 4

P ercentages o f Augus tin ian C ontro l led Manors a nd C hurches a t S e lec ted D is tances f ro m t he ir Respec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

4 5

3 19

Augus t inian Landed P roperty Assessed i n E xcess o f £ 5 1 535-40

4 6

3 18

3 21

P ercentages o f August in ian L anded P roper ty Un i ts a nd Appropr ia ted C hurches a t S e lec ted D is tances f ro m t he ir Respec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

4 7

3 25

Average N u mber o f Manors P er C ounty H e ld b y Augus tin ian H ouses o f t he S a me C ounty 1 535-40

4 8

3 28

Average N u mber o f Manors/Granges/Lands o ver £ 5 p er C ounty He ld b y Augus tin ian Houses o f t he S a me C ounty 1 535-40

4 9

3 30

P ercen tages o f Augus tin ian U rban P roper ty a bove a nd b e low £ 5 a t S e lected D istances f ro m t he ir Respect ive H ouses

5 0 A l

1 535-40

3 37

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugust inian U rban P roper ty 1 535-40

3 39

The D istr ibut ion o f L ow S ta tus Augus t in ian H ouses i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

x i i

3 62

L IST OF . TABLES

Page

Tab le 1

Types o f August in ian F oundat ions i n E ng land a nd Wa les a s L isted b y K now les a nd Hadcock

2

Quadrat a nd C h i-Square S ta t is t ics f or t he D is tr ibut ion o f August in ian Houses i n E ng land a nd Wa les

3

3 5

Ch i-Square S ta t ist ics f or o ne S a mp le Goodness o f F i t T est o n D istr ibut ion o f Augus t inian a nd Benedic t ine F ounda t ions

5

3 3

The P roport ion o f August in ian F ounda t ions o n Ear lier Re lig ious S i tes

4

2 5

Arb i trary D iv is ion o f Augustinian H ouses o n t he Basis

5 0

o f A lt itude

6 0

6

U nsuccessfu l Augustin ian F ounda t ions

7 4

7

L eng ths o f E xis tence o f U nsuccessfu l August in ian F ounda t ions

8 7

8

E s t i ma ted N u mbers o f Augus tinian C anons i n Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les

9

I ncrease i n R ecorded Te mpora li t ies 1 254-91 f or B arnwe l l a nd C irences ter

1 0

I ncreased Assessed Va lues o f S p iritua li t ies 1 291 t o1535 f or August in ian Houses i n t he D iocese o f E xe ter

1 1

9 4

1 11

1 19

Arbi trary D iv is ion o f Augustin ian a nd o ther Re lig ious Houses o n t he b asis o f t he 1 535 Assess ment

1 28

1 2

C isterc ian a nd Augus t in ian Wea lth i n 1 535

1 30

1 3

The P ercen tage D if ference i n Assessed Va lues b etween t he Va lor a nd Min isters ' Accounts

1 4

Assess men ts f or L aunceston , Miche lha m a nd Thorn ton i n t he Papa l Reg isters a nd t he Va lor

1 5

1 42

Re la t ionsh ip b etween D i mensions o f Augustinian Monasteries a nd t he ir Assessed V a lues i n 1 535

1 7

1 41

Re lat ionsh ip b etween Assessed Va lues i n t he C a lendar o f P apa l Reg isters a nd t he Taxa t io a nd Va lor

1 6

1 37

1 62

Re la t ionsh ip b e tween t he N u mber o f Canons a t August in ian Houses a nd t he ir Assessed Va lues i n 1 535

1 65

Page

Tab le 1 8

E xa mp les o f Augus tin ian C hurches a t F ar m i n t he Va lor o f 1 53 1 90

o f 1 535 1 9

E xa mp les o f Churches Appropr ia ted t o t he August in ians b efore 1 291 b ut n ot l i sted a s s uch i n t he Taxa t io

2 0

August inian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n e ach D iocese a s Recorded i n t he Taxa t io o f 1 291

2 1

2 00

Reg iona l Var ia t ion i n t he Importance o f A ugust in ian 2 02

P ens ions a nd P ort ions 2 2

1 99

The D istribut ion o f Augustinian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n R e la t ion t o Respec t ive H ouses i n t he D iocese o f L inco ln a t t he t ime o f B ishop H ugh d e We l les 1 209-35

2 3

August in ian Appropria ted C hurches i n e ach D iocese a s i l lustra ted i n t he Va lor a nd Minis ters ' Accoun ts

2 4

2 15

The P ercen tage o f August in ian Appropr ia ted Churches i n 2 18

e ach D iocese 1 535-40 2 6

2 11

Augus tinian Appropr ia ted C hurches h e ld b y H ouses w ith in t he s a me D iocese 1 535-40

2 5

2 08

The Da te o f S uppress ion f or A ugust inian H ouses w i th Appropr ia ted C hurches a t F ar m i n t he Minis ters ' Accounts 1 535-40

2 43

2 7

Augustin ian P ensions a nd P or t ions i n e ach D iocese 1 535-40

2 45

2 8

Reg iona l Var ia t ion i n t he Importance o f August in ian

2 9 3 0

3 1 3 2

Pensions a nd P or t ions i n t he Va lor a nd Minis ters ' Accounts

2 47

Augus t in ian Assarts :

2 87

The P ipe R o l l Ev idence

E xa mp les o ft he P roport ion o f De mesne a nd Woodland s t i ll i n Hand o n August inian E sta tes i n 1 535

2 97

Augus tin ian De mesne i n Hand i n 1 535

2 98

The P ercentage o f August in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches a nd Manors a t S e lec ted D istances f ro m t he ir Respec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

3 3

3 17

The P ercentage o f Augustin ian L and U n i ts a nd Appropria ted C hurches a t S e lec ted D istances f ro m t heir R espec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

3 4

3 24

The C oinc idence o f August inian L ands a nd Churches 1 535-40

3 5

3 26

E xa mp les o f Houses w ith P roper ty Assessed a t Under £ 5 i n Var ious L oca t ions 1 535-40

3 6

3 33

E xa mp les o f Augus tin ian U rban I nco me a s aP ercentage o f t he Gross Te mpora l S um 1 535

x iv

3 38

L IST OF APPEND ICES

P age

A ppend ix 1

Minor E stab l ish men ts c onnec ted w i th t he A ugus t in ian 3 54

O rder 2

I ndependen t O rders o f A ugust in ian C anons i n Medieva l 3 56

E ng land a nd Wa les 3

A l t i tud ina l v ar ia t ion o f A ugus t inian H ouses i n E ng l ish 3 58

a nd We lsh C oun t ies 4

The D is tr ibu t ion o f L ow S ta tus Augus t in ian H ouses i n E ng land a nd Wa les

3 61

5

A ugus t in ian H ouses C hang ing S i te

3 65

6

A ugus t in ian H ouses C hanging O rder

3 66

7

A ugus t in ian H ouses R educed i n S ta tus

3 67

8

A ugus t in ian H ouses S uppressed B efore 1 535

3 68

9

The A ssess men t o f S p ir i tua li t ies a t L e icester , N os te l l 3 69

a nd O sney i n 1 254 a nd 1 291 1 0

The S p ir i tua li t ies o f C irences ter Abbey a s r ecorded i n 3 71

1 254 a nd 1 291 1 1

The T e mpora l i t ies o f L e icester A bbey i n t he T axa t io 3 72

c . 1 291 1 2

The Assessed Va lue o f A ugus t in ian H ouses a ccording t o t he Taxa t io E cc les ias t ica , c . 1 291

1 3

A ugust in ian H ouses w i th r educed Assess men ts i n t he 3 81

N ova T axa t io 1 4

The A ssessed Va lue o f A ugus t in ian Houses a ccording t o t he Va lor E cc les iast icus , 1 535

1 5

3 89

The A ssessed Va lue o f A ugus t in ian H ouses a ccording t o t he S uppress ion o r Min is ters ' Accoun ts

1 7

3 82

Re la t ionsh ip b e tween 1 291 a nd 1 535 Assessed Va lues a s measured b y t he C orre la t ion C oef f ic ien t

1 6

3 73

3 90

The A ssessed V a lue o f A ugus t in ian Houses f ro m t he C a lendar o f P apa l Reg is ters

3 93

1 8

Misce l laneous Va lua t ions f ro m V ar ious S ources

3 95

1 9

D i mens ions o f A ugus t in ian H ouses i n E ng land a nd Wa les

3 97

XV

Append ix 2 0 2 1

P age The N u mber o f C anons a t A ugust in ian H ouses

3 99

E xa mp les o f C hurches where t he Advowson was h e ld i n 1 291

4 04

2 2

A ugus t in ian S p ir i tua l i t ies n o ted i n t he T axa t io o f 1 291

4 05

2 3

A ugus t in ian V icarage O rdina t ions i n t he L iber A n t iquus a nd V icarage I ns t i tut ions i n t he R eg ister o f B ishop H ugh

2 4

2 5

d e We l les 1 209-35

4 22

A ugus t in ian S p ir i tua li t ies i n t he V a lor E cc les ias t icus a nd Min is ters ' Accoun ts 1 535-40

4 29

The D istr ibu t ion o f A ugust in ian A ppropr ia ted C hurches i n Re la t ion t o t he ir R espec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

2 6

The Average Assessed V a lue o f A ugus t in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n e ach D iocese i n 1 291

2 7

4 79

The D is tr ibut ion o f A ugus t in ian Manors a nd G ranges i n R e la t ion t o t he ir R espec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

3 0

4 78

A ugus t in ian T e mpora l i t ies i n t he Va lor E cc les iast icus a nd Min is ters ' Accoun ts 1 535-40

2 9

4 77

The Average A ssessed V a lue o f A ugus t in ian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n e ach D iocese 1 535-40

2 8

4 76

5 05

The D istr ibut ion o f A ugus t in ian L anded P roper ty U n i ts Assessed a t o ver £ 5 i n R e la t ion t o R espec t ive H ouses 1 535-40

3 1

5 07

The N u mber o f A ugus t in ian Manors h e ld b y H ouses o ft he s a me C ounty 1 535-40

3 2

5 08

The T ota l N u mber o f Manors/Granges/Lands o ver £ 5 p er C oun ty H e ld b y A ugus t in ian H ouses o f t he s ame C oun ty 1 535-40

5 09

x v i

PREFACE

H i ther to t he s ub jec t o f medieva l monas t ic s et t le men t i n E ng land a nd Wa les h as , w i th o ne o r t wo n otab le e xcept ions , b een a pproached c h ief ly f ro m a n h ist or ica l p o in t o f v iew .

I n c on tras t , Ib egan t h is work a s as tudy i n h is tor ica l

g eography , t hough i nev i tab ly t he s ub jec t ma t ter , b y i t s v ery n a ture , d e mands a mu lt i-disc ip linary a pproach . Thus , t o v arying d egrees , Ih ave b roached g eograph ica l , h is tor ica l , a rchaeo log ica l a nd e ven e cono m ic c oncep ts . The r esu lts w i l l , Ih ope , b e o f i n teres t t o r esearch workers i n av ar ie ty o f f i e lds i nc lud ing e cc les ias t ica l , e cono m ic , a nd medieva l h istory .

Moreover If ee l

i t may p rove o f s ome v a lue t o t he e ver g row ing b reed o f medieva l a rchaeo log is ts .

S pec if ica l ly i ti s i n tended a s ag enera l b ackground f or t hose e xamin ing

t he d e ta i ls o f as ing le monas tery o r t he t opography o f a n a rea where A ugus ti n ian s e t t le men t t ook p lace .

F ina l ly , Ih ope t ha t i tw i l l s t imu la te o thers t o

q ues t ion a nd e xa m ine t he many a spec ts o f medieva l monast ic s e t t le men t . I n p roduc ing t he f i na l e ssay i th as b een my g ood f ortune t o h ave b een g uided t hrough v ar ious s tages o fd if f icu lty b y s evera l n o tab le s cho lars .

I n

r eturn f or t he ir g enerous h e lp a nd k indness t he f i na l e f fort i s b are ly r eco mp ense .

I n p ar t icu lar Iowe a n e nor mous d eb t o fg ra t itude t o Dr . S . H . C ousens .

H is c ons truc t ive c o m ments o n t he c hap ters a s t hey were wr i t ten p roved i nv a luab le .

I ndeed , h e e ncouraged p rogress i n t he work f ro m i t s i ncep t ion a nd

n ever f a i led t o p rov ide me w i th i nsp ira t ion a t t imes when i t was s ore ly l ack ing . I t was a t re mendous b oon t o h ave r ece ived s o much a ddi t iona l a ss istance f ro m D r . F . G . C ow ley , h i mse lf a n oted monas t ic h is tor ian . D r . C ow ley f requen t ly g ave f ree ly o f h is t ime i n ma t ters p er ta ining t o t he f i na l work a nd g enerous ly r ead a nd p rov ided c o m men ts o n s evera l o f t he e ar ly c hapters . H e was a lso g ood e nough t o p u t h is c ons iderab le b ib liograph ica l k now ledge a t my d isposa l . I t was a r are p r iv i lege t o h ave d iscussed v ar ious s ec t ions o f t he s tudy w i th t he R everend J . C . D ick inson who , d esp i te a b usy r e t ire men t , f ound t ime t o t a lk o ver c er ta in p rob le ms a t l eng th . T he R everend D ick inson mus t b e c ons idered t he mas ter o f t hose who s tudy t he Augus t in ian o rder i n E ng land a nd h is i m measurab le i nf luence o n my wr i t ing was n o d oubt i ncreased s t i l l f ur ther a s ar esu lt o ft h is c o l loquy . T o D r . R . A . D onk in Iowe e spec ia l t hanks .

D r . Donk in i s we l l k nown

f or h is p ro mot ion o f s im i lar s tudies o n t he C isterc ians o f med ieva l E ng land a nd Wa les . H is s earch ing c r it ic is ms o n t he e n t ire t ex t h ave b een g rea t ly a pprec ia ted . Iam g ra tefu l t o Mr . I . W . R ow lands a nd Mr . T . H . L loyd , b oth o f who m were k ind e nough t o d iscuss g enera l p o ints c oncern ing medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les .

I n a ddi t ion , Mr . R ow lands o f fered h e lpfu l s ugges t ions f or i mprove-

men ts t o c hap ter f i ve a nd Mr . L loyd k ind ly a l lowed me t o c onsu lt h is u npubl i shed work wh ich l arge ly e xa m ines t he e conomy o f O sney Abbey . x v i i

F ina l ly , Is hou ld l i ke t o t hank Mr . P . Wi l l iams who f i rst n utured my i n teres t i n t he Midd le Ages , D r . K . S . B ardon , my f or mer c o l league , f or h is c onstruc t ive c om men ts o n v ar ious a spec ts o f c onten t a nd p resen ta t ion , a nd D r . J . A . A lexander who e ncouraged me t o p ub lish .

Dav id R ob inson , S wansea , H o ly T uesday , 1 980.

x v i i i

L IST OF ABBREVIATIONS

An t . J ourn .

A n t iquar ies J ourna l

Arch .

A rchaeo logy , Archaeo log ica l e tc .

Arch . J ourn .

A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l

A . S .0 . C .

A na lecta S acr i O rdin is C isterc iens is

B ush mead C ar tu lary

The C ar tu lary o f B ush mead P r iory

C . C . R .

C a lendar o f C har ter R o l ls

C . C l .R .

C a lendar o f C lose R o l ls

C irences ter C artu lary

The C ar tu lary o f C i rencester Abbey

C . P . L .

C a lendar o f P apa l L et ters

C . P . R .

C a lendar o f P a ten t Ro l ls

C .W .A .A . S .T .

C u mber land a nd Wes t mor land Ant iquar ian a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty Transac t ions

Dar ley C ar tu lary

The C ar tu lary o f Dar ley Abbey

D ick inson , O r ig ins

J . C . D ick inson , The O r igins o f t he A us t in C anons a nd t he ir I n troduc t ion i n to E ng land

Donk in , C is terc ians

R .A . D onk in , The C is terc ians :

S tudies i n t he

G eography o f Medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les E . H .R .

E ng l ish H is tor ica l R ev iew

E c .H . R .

E cono m ic H istory R ev iew

J ourn .

J ourna l

K now les , Mon . O rd .

D . K now les , The Mcnast ic O rder i n E ng land

Know les , R e l . O rd .

D . K now les , The R e l ig ious O rders i n E ng land

L . a nd P .

C a lendar o f L e t ters a nd P apers F ore ign a nd Do mest ic o f t he R e ign o f H enry V I I I

L iber An t iquus

L iber A n t iquus H ugon is We l les , 1 209-35

L un t , F inanc ia l R e la t ions

W. E . L unt , F inanc ia l Re la t ions o f t he P apacy w i th E ng land t o 1 327

L un t , N orw ich

W. E . L un t , T he Va lua t ion o f N orw ich

Med . Arch .

Medieva l Archaeo logy

Missenden C ar tu lary

The C ar tu lary o f Missenden Abbey

x ix

Mon. Ang.

W. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum

Newnham Cartulary

The Cartulary of Newnham Priory

Osney Cartulary

The Cartulary of Osney Abbey

Religious Houses

D. Knowles and R. N. Hadcock, Medieval Religious· Houses, England and Wales

Savine, English Monasteries

A. N. Savine, English Monasteries on the Eve of the Dissolution

Soc.

Society

Taxatio

Taxatio Ecclesiastic1a Angliae et Walliae Auctoritate Papae Nicholas IV c. 1291

T. B. G. A. S.

Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society

Thompson, Bolton Priory

A. H. Thompson, History of the Priory of St. Mary, Bolton in Wharfedale

Trans.

Transactions

T. R.H. S.

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Valor

Valor Ecclesiasticus, Temporal Henry VIII, Auctoritate Regia Institutus

V. C. H.

Victoria County History of England

(Full publication details of these and all other works cited in the footnotes are given in the bibliography)

XX

I NTRODUCT ION

A l most t hree d ecades h ave l apsed s ince R . A . Donk in p roduced h is d eta iled s tudy e n t i t led ' The Geograph ica l S ign if icance o f C isterc ian Foundat ions i n E ng land ' .

1

I n t ha t t ime , a part f ro m a work b y B . F .

Wa ites o n ' The Monasteries a nd t he Med ieva l Develop men t o f n orthe ast Yorksh ire '2 a nd o ne o n The Welsh C isterc ians 3 b y D . H . Wi l l ia ms , n one o f t he r e l ig ious o rders o f England a nd Wales h as b een e xa m ined c o mprehens ively b y a n h istor ica l g eographer.

Th is i s n ot t o s ay t ha t

t he i mportance o f t he med ieva l r el ig ious a nd monast ic world h as n ot b een r ecogn ized b y b oth g eographers a nd e cono m ic h istor ians.

I ndeed , many

importan t s tud ies o n t he a gr icul tura l d evelop men t o f E ng land h ave b een b ased u pon t he d eta i led a ccoun t r ol ls f ro m s uch l arge e states a s t hose b el ong ing t o t he c athedra l p r iories a t Can terbury a nd Winchester.

N ever-

t heless, n o o ne h as p roduced a c ons idered g eography o f a ny o ther r e lig ious o rder f or i t s own s ake. Th is i s p erhaps s urpr ising s ince i n h is t hes is , a nd i n as u mmary p aper o f 1 963 i n wh ich h e p roduced s o me c onc lusions o n t he C isterc ians i n med ieva l E ngland , 4 Dr. Donk in d id much t o e luc ida te t he r ole o f t he o rder i n t he mak ing o f t he Engl ish l andscape.

Thus , i t wou ld n ot s ee m

u nreasonable t o a ssu me t ha t f ur ther i nfor ma t ion may h ave b een g leaned f ro m s tud ies e xa m in ing t he a c t iv it ies o f o ther r el ig ious o rders. t here a re c ons iderable p roble ms i nvolved.

However ,

I t wou ld b e e xtre mely d if f icul t,

f or e xa mp le , t o u nderp lay t he i mportance o f t he Bened ic t ine o rder i n i nf luenc ing many o f t he a grar ian p ol ic ies a nd a f fa irs o f med ieval England . T he p roble ms a r ise when c onsider ing t he s heer s ize o f many o f t he b lack monks ' e s ta tes, t he b u lk o f wh ich were s o l arge t ha t i t wou ld b eco me imp oss ible t o p roduce r esul ts d ea l ing w ith a l l h ouses o r c overing t he c oun try a s a whole.

N one theless i n teres t ing , a nd i n for ma t ive a ccoun ts

c ould b e p roduced , a na lys ing t he a cqu isit ion o f p roperty a nd i t s managemen t b y as ingle h ouse s uch a s Bury S t. Edmunds, G lastonbury, o r S t. Mary 's, York .

Wi th t he d egree o f d ispers ion o n t hese l arge e sta tes i n

mind t here wou ld a ppear t o b e c ons iderable s cope f or a na lys is , y et n o s uch s tudy s ee ms t o h ave b een u ndertaken f ro m a g eograph ica l p o in t o f v iew. 5

S im i lar ly , t he n u merous o ther r el ig ious o rders o f med ieval

E ng land a nd Wa les h ave b een l argely d isregarded a s p oten t ial s ources f or d eta iled i n terpreta t ion b y g eographers. T he g eograph ica l i nterest i n t he C isterc ians s te ms f ro m t he n a ture o f t he o rder a nd i t s a pparen t t ang ible e f fec t o n t he d evelop men t o f t he E ngl ish a nd We lsh c oun trys ide .

I n t er ms o f t he ir p os i t ion i n t he s ub jec t , J . B .

Mi tche l l wr i t ing i n 1 954 c ons idered h is tor ica l g eography t o b e ' s i mp ly s ta ted , ag eograph ica l s tudy o f a ny p er iod i n t he p as t f or wh ich a more o r l ess o rdered a nd d a ted s equence i s e s tab lished i n h u man a f fa irs ' .

1

6

Dr . Donkin s aw o ne

a pproach t o t h is s ub jec t l y ing t hrough ' t he a c t iv i t ies o f p ar t icu lar h u man s oc ie t ies ' a nd o f a l l s oc ie t ies h e s aw t he monas t ic a sperhaps t he mos t c irc u mscr ibed a nd s ty lized .

V irtua l ly n o p rob le m i s c onnec ted w i th d ef in i t ion ,

a nd b o th t he p er iod a nd a rea t o b e c ons idered a re ' l ike ly t o b e a t l eas t f a ir ly p rec ise ly d e ter m inab le .

H owever , t he i mportan t p oin t c oncerning t he C is-

t erc ians was t he ir ' e mphas is o n manua l work , more p ar t icu lar ly f i e ld l abour ' , t he r esu lt b e ing t ha t ' t he g eographer 's i n teres t i s i nev i tab ly s t i mu la ted ' .

7

Ad m it ted ly f ew o ther g roups d isp layed s uch v igour i n c olon i iza t ion , r ec la ma t ion o f waste , wood land c learance a nd c onsol ida t ion o f a rable a s t he C isterc ians.

N ever theless, s evera l o f t he o ther s o-ca l led ' new

o rders ' e stabl ished i n E ngland a nd Wa les i n t he e arly y ears o f t he t wel f th c en tury wen t ac onsiderable way t owards d evelop ing a nd mould ing t he l andscape t o s u i t t he ir own n eeds.

P ro minen t among t hese were t he

Pre monstra tens ians , ag roup o f r egu lar c anons whose l i fe s ty le was n o t t oo d iss im ilar t o t ha t o f t he C isterc ians b u t h ad s o mewha t l ess e f fec t b ec ause o f t he ir r ela t ive ly l a te a rr iva l t o t he c oun try.

However , t here was

as econd g roup o f r egu lar c anons , t he August in ians, whose t o ta l impac t h as b een s ingu larly i gnored , y e t t he o rder was t he mos t p rofuse i n med ieva l England a nd Wa les.

I ndeed , t he August in ian c anons were v ery much i h-

v olved i n t he ma instrea m o f g enera l t rends i n E ngland d ur ing t he e arly Midd le Ages.

They e x tended t he e x ist ing p a t tern o f monas t ic s e t t le men t ,

e ncouraged v il lage d evelop men t t hrough t he e x tens ion o f a reas o f i mproved l and a nd e xer ted wha t mus t s urely h ave b een a r e markable i nf luence o n t he l a i ty t hrough t he l arge s ca le a ppropr ia t ion o fp ar ish c hurches .

B etween t he

b eg inn ing o f t he t wel f th a nd t he m idd le o f t he f ourteen th c en tur ies i n e xcess o f 2 00 f ounda t ions o f v ar ious s izes w ere e s tabl ished t hroughou t t he c ountry , t he o vera l l efec t o f wh ich n ever a ppears t o h ave b een e xa m ined. I n 1 950 J . C . D ick inson p roduced h is Or igins o f t he Aust in Canons a nd t he ir I n troduc t ion i nto E ngland 8 w h ich h as r e ma ined t he s tandard work o n t he o rder.

I n t he p reface t o t ha t v olu me h e p o in ted o u t t ha t i td eal t w ith

' t he most n eglec ted r el ig ious o rder o f t he med ieva l c hurch '.

However ,

a part f ro m s evera l i n for ma t ive p apers p roduced b y t he Reverend D ick inson h i msel f , v ery l i t t le h as a ppeared i n s ubsequen t y ears wh ich e xa m ines t he August in ians a s ar e la ted g roup .

T h is work a t te mp ts t o f i l l s o meth ing o f

t ha t g ap b y e xa m in ing c erta in a spec ts o f c o loniza t ion b y t he c anons f ro m t he b eg inn ings o f t he o rder i n E ngland , s oon a f ter 1 100 , u n t i l t he D issolu t ion o f t he monaster ies i n t he s ix teen th c en tury .

Throughou t t he s tudy i ti s

impor tan t t o r e me mber t ha t ar ela t ively l ong t ime p er iod i s u nder c ons iderat ion a nd what may b e t rue o f o ne p lace a nd c en tury may n ot b e s o i n a nother.

Thus, i ti s e ssen t ial t o ma in ta in a f i rm g rasp o n t he l oca t ion

a nd t im ing o f a ny d eve lopmen ts. T he c anons f o l lowed a monast ic Ru le a t tr ibuted t o S t. August ine o f H ippo , t he b rev i ty a nd v ague n a ture o f wh ich mean t i t was e xt re mely f l ex ible. As a r esu l t , f ol low ing t he g rea t monast ic r ev iva l o f t he l a ter e leven th c entury , i t was a dop ted b y n u merous o lder r el ig ious c o m mun it ies a s wel l a s t hose e stabl ished i n c o mp le tely n ew f ounda t ions.

Th is e le men t o f o ld

a s wel l a s n ew monast ic s i tes b e ing f i na l ly d iscern ible a s August in ian mean t t hat t he g eography o f t he o rder i n med ieva l England a nd Wa les was

2

n ecessar ily c o mp lex .

Desp ite t he f ac t t ha t i n i t s e arly y ears t he o rder

l acked a c o m mon i den t i ty a part f ro m t he Ru le, t he h ouses were o f as o mewha t s im i lar a spec t f ro m t he ir i ncep t ion .

The ma jority was e ndowed , f or

e xa mple , w ith a f ar g rea ter p roport ion o f s p ir i tua l i t ies t han w ere h ouses o f a ny o ther r el ig ious o rder. T he r easons f or t h is s hou ld b e made a pparen t i n ac hap ter d ea l ing w ith t he s p ir i tua l p ossess ions o f t he c anons. I n 1 217 t he f i rst Genera l C hap ter was h eld a t L e icester a nd f ro m t ha t d a te o n t he August in ian h ouses o f E ngland a nd Wa les a cqu ired more i n t he way o f f or ma l u n i ty. I n a ny g eograph ical s tudy i ti s i mpor tan t t o p u t f ea tures w i th in t he ir s pa t ia l c on tex t a nd , t herefore, a n a nalys is o f August in ian s et t le men t o ugh t t o b eg in w i th t he d istribu t ion o fh ouses.

I nsofar a s i ti s p oss ible t h is

s hou ld b e e xam ined i n r e lat ion t o t he p hysica l , e cono m ic a nd s oc ial b ackg round o f England a nd Wa les a t t he t ime o f c o lon iza t ion . The f i rst f oundat ions t ook p lace w ith in t wen ty y ears a f ter t he c o mp i la t ion o f Do mesday Book a nd , t herefore, i t may b e p oss ible t o s ee s o meth ing o f t he s et t le men t i n r elat ion t o t ha t g rea t s urvey.

I ti s n ot w ithou t i n terest t o d eter m ine

whether t h is August in ian c o loniza t ion t ook p lace i n as ingle p hase o r f l our ish o f a c t iv i ty o r i fi t was s pread o u t w ith v ary ing i n tens i ty o ver a l ong p er iod .

I n a dd it ion , i ti s i mportan t t o c ons ider i fa l l f ounda t ions t hr ived

u n t il t he g enera l D issolu t ion a nd i fn ot t here s hou ld b e s o me a nalysis o f t he p roport ion t hat s uf fered a n e ar ly d em ise a nd o f w here s uch h ouses were l oca ted . C learly t he s ize a nd i n f luence o f Augus t in ian e stabl ish men ts r equ ires d eta iled c ons idera t ion , t he ma jor p oin t b e ing t ha t f or a mean ingfu l a na lysis o f t he d istr ibu t ion o f wea l th a l l v a lues s hou ld b e f or a s ingle p o in t i n t ime a nd b ased o n ac o mparable a ssess men t.

I t may a lso b e p oss ible t o s ub-

s tan t ia te t hat wh ich c an b e s a id o f monetary wea l th i n c ons ider ing c erta in o ther p arame ters o f s ize s uch a s t he p hys ica l d i mens ions o f b u ild ings o r t he m imber o f c anons a t e ach h ouse. Hav ing d eter m ined t he wea l th o f f ounda t ions i t wou ld s ee m l og ica l t o e xam ine t he c onst ituen t p arts t ha t c o mprised t h is e cono my .

S p ir itual i t ies

were b y f ar t he most i mportan t e le men t i n t he August in ian b udget a nd , i ndeed , c onst ituted a g rea ter p roport ion o f t he wea l th t han i n a ny o ther r el ig ious o rder.

T herefore , b efore d iscussing t he d istr ibu t iona l e le men ts

o f t he s p ir itua l p ossess ions i ti s i mpor tan t t o d eter m ine why t he c anons b eca me s o d ependen t o n t h is f or m o f i nco me.

F ina l ly t he s econd h al f o f

t he c anons ' e cono my , t e mporal i t ies, r equ ires c ons idera t ion .

These c on-

s isted c h ief ly o f l ands o f o ne k ind o r a nother a nd i tw il lb e o f i n terest t o n ote t o w ha t e x ten t t he August in ians c onfor med t o t he g enera l s ys te m o f e sta te manage men t i n t he Midd le Ages a nd t o wha t e x ten t t hey c rea ted t he ir own p a t terns. S uch a s tudy employs b oth ' cross-sect iona l ' a nd ' vert ical ' a pproaches t o t he s ub ject o fh istor ica l g eography .

Because o f t he sma l l s ize o f s o

many August in ian h ouses i n Eng land a nd Wa les, a nd b ecause o f t he s can t n a ture o f e x tan t d ocu men ta t ion , i ti s n ecessary t o t urn t o n a t iona l s urveys i n o rder t o p roduce mean ingful s ta t ist ics f or a ny s ingle p oin t i n t ime.

3

When s uch s urveys e x ist t here i s amp le o pportun ity f or c ross-sec t iona l a na lysis s uch a s t hat emp loyed b y P rofessor Darby i n h is s tud ies o f t he i n format ion d rawn f ro m Do mesday Book . Never theless , i n c o mpar ing a s urvey o fo ne d a te w ith t ha t o f a nother o f a much l a ter p er iod t hen i ti s c learly t he c hanges o ver t ime wh ich b eco me r elevan t a nd t h is must b e c ons idered a s av ert ica l a pproach t o t he s ub jec t. I n t h is s tudy , h owever n o a t te mp t i s made t o t race August in ian i n f luence t hrough t o modern t imes. Th is wou ld p rove e x tre mely p roble ma t ic s ince t he l egacy i s f ar f ro m e x tensive, a part f ro m n u merous r u ins s ca t tered t hroughou t t he l andscape. T he s ources f or s tudy ing August in ian s e t t le men t i n med ieval E ngland a nd Wa les a re p art icu larly v ar ied. A lmost a ny f or m o f d ocu men t may c on ta in s o meth ing r ela t ing t o t he e cono my o f ah ouse o r g roup o f h ouses. The ma jor o nes a re e xa m ined i n d eta il , where r e levan t i n t he t ex t , b efore a ny f or m o f a na lysis i sb ased u pon t he m .

I n a dd i t ion , i n k eep ing w i th

p resen t t rends i n t he s ub jec t a s e xpressed b y A .R.H. Baker , 9 s ta t ist ical a na lys is i s emp loyed w henever v iable o r p ract ica l i n o rder t o c on f ir m o r d ispel o therw ise t en ta t ive g enera l o bservat ions. F ina l ly , d esp ite r ecen t r ad ica l c hanges i n l oca l g overnmen tb oundaries, i ti s p erhaps more a ppropr iate , i n as tudy o f t he med ieva l c oun trys ide , t o a tt ribu te p laces t o t he h istor ic c oun t ies i n which t hey t hen l ay. " S im ilarly , s u ms o f money h ave b een e xpressed i n med ieval t erms, t hat i s i n p ounds s h i l l ings a nd p ence , a nd a l l measuremen ts a re g iven i n imper ia l u n i ts.

FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES 1 .

Donk in , ' The Geograph ical S ign if icance o f C isterc ian F ounda t ions i n Eng land '.

Much o f t he i nfor ma t ion i n t h is t hes is i s n ow

s u mmarized i n Donk in , C isterc ians. 2 .

Wa i tes , ' The Monaster ies a nd t he Med ieva l Developmen t o f n or the ast Yorksh ire '.

3 .

Wil l iams, The Welsh C isterc ians.

4 .

D onk in , i n Trans. o f t he I nst itu te o f B r it ish G eographers, 3 3 ( 19 63 ), p p . 1 81-98.

5 .

Recen t ly a masterly s tudy o f t he e cono my a nd managemen t o f t he West m inster Abbey e sta tes h as a ppeared : Harvey , Westm inster Abbey a nd i t s Es ta tes i n t he Midd le Ages.

6 .

Mi tchel l , H istor ica l Geography , p . 1 2.

7 .

Donk in , T rans. o f t he I nst itute o f B r it ish G eographers , 3 3 ( 1963 ), p . 1 81.

8 .

D ick inson , Orig ins.

9 .

Baker , e d . P rogress i nH istorica l Geography , p p . 1 7-20.

1 0.

T he c oun t ies f or e ach h ouse a re n ot g iven i n t he t ex t , b ut i n t he i ndex.

4

CHAPTER 1 THE RULE OF S T. AUGUST INE AND THE ORIGINS OF THE AUGUSTINIAN CANONS THE RULE OF S T . AUGUSTINE T he r ole p layed b y t he Ru le o f a ny r el ig ious o rder was o f p r i mary i mp ortance i n e xp la in ing i t s way o f l i fe i n t he Midd le Ages.

I n t urn , t h is

h ad a s ign if ican t e f fec t o n t he d istr ibu t ion o fh ouses o f t he o rder a nd o n t he n a ture o f t he ir p ossess ions.

Prof essor Knowles , f or e xa mp le , p o in ted

o u t t he i mpor tance o f t he Ru le a nd c onst itu t iona l f ra mework f ol lowed b y t he C isterc ian o rder i n i n f luenc ing t he ir way o f l i fe.

1

C onsequen t ly , as tudy

o f t he g eography o f t he h ouses a nd p ossess ions o f t he August in ian c anons must b eg in w ith a n e xa m ina t ion o f t he ir Ru le a nd i t s i nf luence o n t he ir c onduc t . The August in ian c anons f ol lowed a Ru le a t tr ibu ted t o S t. August ine who was b orn a t Thagas te , i n n orth A fr ica , i n 3 54.

F ol low ing a t urbu len t y ou th ,

August ine b eca me a s cholar a nd wh ilst t each ing i n Milan i n 3 86 h e was g rea t ly i nf luenced b y S t . Ambrose.

Fol low ing h is c onvers ion t o Chr ist ian i ty

h e was o rda ined a p r ies t a t H ippo i n 3 91 where h e l ater f ounded a monastery. 2 I th as b een r e marked t ha t August ine was p robably a monk , i n s p ir it , a s s oon a s h e b eca me a C hr ist ian f or a t H ippo h e i ns isted o n t he c lergy l i v ing u nder ac o mmon Ru le.

N o o ne was t o h old p r iva te p roperty a nd t ha t h eld i n

c o m mon was t o b e d istribu ted t o e ach a ccord ing t o h is n eeds. 3

However ,

i ti s i mpor tan t , t ha t b y h is d ea th i n4 30 A .D. August ine h ad n ot w ri t ten a f orma l Ru le o r c ode f or monast ic l i fe.

I n c on trast S t. Bened ic t was t o

c o mpose a f u l l Ru le a round 5 30 t o 5 40 wh ich was s ubsequen tly t aken u p a s t he f i rs t ma jor monas t ic Ru le i n L atin Chr istendo m .4 T he n earest August ine c a me t o wr it ing s uch a Ru le was a l e t ter wr it ten t o t he n uns a t H ippo i n 4 23.

I n i th e d wel t o n c hari ty , p over ty , o bed ience ,

d e tach men t f ro m t he world , t he a pport ion men t o f l abour , t he mutual d u t ies o f s uper iors a nd i n fer iors , f raterna l c har i ty , p rayer i n c o m mon , f ast ing a nd a bs t inence , c are o f t he s ick , s i lence a nd t he r ela t ive i mpor tance o f e ach o f t hese. a

T he l e t ter was b as ical ly ab ook let o f p recep ts w h ich were

t o b e r ead week ly.

The Reverend D ick inson , b el ieves t ha t n ot l ong a f ter-

wards t h is b ook le t was p robably a dop ted f or t he u se o f a ma le c o m mun i ty a nd was t o p ass d own t o p oster i ty a s t he Ru le o f S t . August ine. 6

Professor

Brook , h owever , i s o f t he o p in ion t ha t t he med ieva l Ru le o f S t . Augus t ine may h ave h ad i t s o r ig ins i n al a ter d ocu men t , p erhaps o f t he s ix th c en tury . Hence t he p rec ise o r igin o f t he Ru le o f S t . August ine i s a mat ter o f d ispu te a nd s t il l e vades modern r esearch workers.

I n a ny c ase, s evera l

o ther d ocu men ts , b es ides t he l e t ter o f4 23, h ave a lso b een k nown a s t he Ru le o f S t. Augus t ine.

T here was Regu la Consensor ia , t oday c onsidered

t o h ave c o me f ro m S pa in b etween t he s ix th a nd e igh th c en tur ies , t he

5

7

D isc ip l ina Monaster i i , a Ru le o f e leven b r ief s ec t ions o f u nknown o r ig in a nd aRu le f or men d rawn u p i n t welve c hapers a nd a f em in ine Ru le c al led Regu la Puel laru m .8 There were , t herefore , an umber o f p oss ible c on tenders f or t he s ource o ft he Ru le o fS t . August ine t ha t f l our ished t hroughou t Chr is tendo m f rom t he e leven th c en tury . T he d iferences i n t hese were s u f f ic ien t ly g rea t t o g ive r ise t o c ons iderable d if icu l ty i n f or mu la t ing a p rec ise Ru le f or t he o rder i n med ieva l t imes.

Af ur ther c o mp l ica t ion a r ises i n t he f ac t t ha t t here i s

e v idence t o s how t ha t more t han o ne Rule was i n u se c on te mporaneously n ot j us t i n o ne c oun try b u t e ven i n as ingle monastery . J . W. C lark , w r it ing o n t he c usto ms o f Barnwel l Pr iory l i sts t wo d if feren t Ru les wh ich w ere i n u se t here.

One o f t hese d ea l t w ith a week ly d iv is ion o f o bservances d iv ided

i n to s even c hap ters , t he s econd Ru le was s o mewha t s hor ter. 9 I ti s n ot c lear h ow t hese w orked i n p rac t ice . These t wo w ere b as ical ly t he d ocu men ts f or wh ich t he s trongest c la im h as b een l a id f or August in ian a u thorsh ip , wh ich t he Reverend D ick inson c a l led f or t he s ake o f s i mp l ic i ty , Regu la S ecunda a nd Regu la T er t ia .

1 0

THE EMERGENCE OF REGULAR CANONS N ot o n ly i s t he o r ig in o f t he Ru le t aken u pb y t he c o mmun it ies o f August in ian c anons i n med ieva l Eng land a nd Wa les o bscure , b u t t here i s af ur ther d if f icu l ty i n a ctua l ly t rac ing t he emergence o fg roups o f r egu lar c anons wh ich w ere e ven tua l ly t o b eco me t hose c o m mun i t ies a dop t ing S t . Augus t ine a s t he ir p a tron a nd , t herefore , f o l low ing t he Ru le a t tr ibu ted t o t ha t s ain t. Regu lar c anons, i ti s a ssumed , were t hose l i v ing a n o rgan ized l i fe u nder s o me p rev a il ing Ru le o r c ode.

A l though i ti s c er ta in s uch g roups e x isted b y t he

m idd le o f t he e leven th c en tury , t he p rec ise n ature o ft he ir o rgan iza t ion a nd t he ways i n wh ich t hey d ifered f ro m t he o lder g roups o f s ecu lar c anons a re n ot e asy t o d ef ine. The r egu lar c anons, t hrough a c o mp lex p rocess d if icu l t t o t race , t ook u p wha t was i n e f fec t a monast ic r eg i me i n s trong c on trast t o t he ir s ecu lar b re thren. S ecu lar c anons were a ssoc iated w i th c a thedrals a nd t hey h ad d eve loped f ro m c a thedra l c hap ters.

I n t he e ar ly c hurch al p r iests s erved

c a thedra ls a nd l i ved a c o mmon l i fe b u tb y t he t en th a nd e leven th c entur ies t hese c a thedra l c ler ics h ad a cqu ired p ersona l p roperty , s epara te h ouses a nd p rebends. 1

S ecu lars were b ound t o e schew v ice a nd embrace v irtue

a s i ft hey l ed a monas t ic l i fe.

The ma jor p rac t ica l d ist inc t ion was t he f ac t

t ha t t hey were a ble t o a cqu ire p ersona l p roper ty .1 2 T he e f for ts t o p u l l s ecu lar c anons i nto a r egu lar o r monast ic l i fe met w i th r es istance ; r ef ormers f ound g rea t d iff icu l ty i n r ev iv ing t he c o mmon l i fe. 1 3

Dur ing t he

Dark Ages t here h ad b een a g row ing s ecu lar e le men t i n c anon ica l l i fe , t he r egu lar l i fe a s p ioneered b y S t. August ine h ad a c tua l ly waned i n p opu lar ity. By t he m idd le o f t he e leven th c en tury , t he f eel ing o n t he mat ter w ith in t he c hurch was s o g rea t t ha t i tl ead t o ag enera l r efor m c en tred a round t he s ynods h eld a t t he L ateran i n 1 059 a nd 1 063.

H owever , b efore t hese d a tes ,

e ar l ier i n t he c en tury , i ndependen t g roups o f c anons h ad b egun t o a dop t w ha t was i n e f fec t a monast ic r eg i me , e spec ia l ly i nI ta ly a nd s ou thern F rance.

6

The f i rst o f t hese c o mmun i t ies c an b e t raced t o S t. Ru f , n ear Av ignon , f ounded a bou t 1 039 ( Fig. 1 ) .1 4 t he a dven t o f g enera l r efor m .

However , i t was t hese s ynods t ha t b rought T he i dea ls a nd p r inc ip les were l a id d own

ma in ly b y H ilderbrand , t he f u ture Pope Gregory V II , a nd t he Reverend D ick inson b el ieves t ha t t he s ynod o f 1 059 may b e r egarded a s t he ' b irth c er t if ica te ' o f t he o rder o f r egu lar c anons • 15 T he y ears f o l low ing t he Counc ils o f 1 059 a nd 1 063 u n t il t he e arly t wel f th c entury h ave b een c a l led b y r ecen t h istor ians a n a ge o f ' monast ic c r is is '. As P rofessor Brooke h as p o inted o u t , t here was a mee t ing o f t wo s trong c urren ts. 1 6 T he f i rst o ft hese was t ha t o f t he o ld monas t ic is m b ased o n t he Ru le o f S t . Bened ic t .

S ince i t s o r ig in , i n t he s ix th c en tury , t he Ru le h ad

b een i n c on t inuous e x istence s o t ha t b y t he e leven th c en tury i t was f i rmly e stabl ished a nd a t t he h eight o f p rest ige a t c en tres l i ke Gorze , C luny a nd H irsau ( Fig. 1 ) . T he s econd c urren t was t ha t b rought a bou tb y Gregor ian r efor m , t he a rr iva l o f an ew o rder b ased o n t he Ru le o f S t. August ine.

The

°c onvers ion o f a l l c lergy who were n o t monks i n to r egu lar c o mmun it ies was ab eginn ing; h owever , i th ad b eco me i mpor tan t b y t ha t t ime t o a dop t a p a tron o f s o me s tand ing t o e nsure r ecogn i t ion o f a ny n ew o rder. I t was t o t h is e nd t ha t f o l low ing t he p on t if ica te o f Urban I ( 1088-99 ) c o m mun it ies i n g row ing n umbers b egan t o a dop t S t. August ine a s t he ir p a tron. 1 7 The f i rst ma jor s igns o f t he a dop t ion o f August ine 's Ru le were i n France a bou t t hat t ime .1 8

However , i t was n ot u n t il t he e arly d ecades o f t he t welf th c en tury

t ha t t he a dop t ion o ft he Ru le b y r egu lar c anons b eca me u n iversal p ract ice. The o rig ins o f t he August in ian c anons h ave , t herefore, b een t raced t o t he g rea t monast ic r ev iva l o f t he l a te e leven th c en tury , p r inc ipal ly a s a r esu l t o f t he e f for ts o ft he Gregor ian r efor m move men t . By t he f i rst q uar ter o ft he t welf th c en tury t he o rder was wel l e stabl ished i n western a nd c en tra l Europe.

A t t ha t t ime i ti s p robable t ha t t he s uppor ters o f t he Ru le o f S t.

August ine s aw i tn ot a s ar ival t o t ha t o f S t. Bened ic t , b u t ' a s at horoughly p rac t ica l i nstru men t f or g a ther ing t ogether i n to a r egu lar , o rder ly , c el ibate a nd d evou t l i fe a l l t he many c ler ics who were n ot a nd n ever w ou ld b eco me monks ' .1 9 The emergence o f t he A ugust in ian c anons r epresen ts o ne o f t he many a t te mp ts b y t he c hurch t o c o mbine t he l i fe o f ar el ig ious c o m mun i ty w ith a postol ic work , i n e f fec t c omb in ing b oth e le men ts o f monast ic l i fe a nd s ecu lar c lergy . I n E ngland a nd Wa les , c er ta in ly , t he monast ic e le men t p redo m ina ted a nd t hey b eca me h ard ly d ist ingu ishable f ro m o rders who l ed f u l l monast ic l i ves. The Ru le o fS t . August ine a nd w ith i tt he o rder o f August in ian c anons was t o a ch ieve e nor mous s uccess f or t hree ma jor r easons. F irst , b ecause o f t he p rest ige o f August ine 's n a me , s econd b ecause t he Ru le was s een b y i t s a dheren ts t o b e c loser t o t he l i fe o f t he a post les t han t ha t o f S t . Bened ic t a nd f ina l ly b ecause o f t he Ru le 's v agueness. Th is l ast e le men t was t he c ruc ia l o ne. I t mean t a mass o f u sefu l c usto ms c ou ld b e a t tached , a nd s everal q u i te d if feren t ways o f l i fe were b ased u pon i t . 2°

I n t he e ar ly

t wel f th c en tury c o m mun it ies o f t he o rder s et tled a reas p rev iously a lmost e n t irely u nder Bened ic t ine i n f luence.

The Ru le a nd l i festy le o f r egular

c anons a ppea led t o aw ide v ar ie ty o f p a trons wh ich r esu l ted i n ac o mp lex p a t tern o f d istr ibu t ion o f A ugust in ian f ounda t ions t hroughou t England a nd

7

I n troduct ion i n to E ng land

o f t he Augus t in ian C anons a nd t he ir

I mpor tant L oca l it ies i n t r ac ing t he O r ig ins

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n ot o n ly e ncouraged n ew

f oundat ions a nd i t s a dop t ion b y c o m mun it ies o f r egu lar c anons , b ut a lso t he t ransfer o f a l leg iance b y o lder r el ig ious g roups o f d if fer ing b ackground a nd o r ig in .

I n E ngland i n t he t wel f th c en tury i t was , f or e xa mp le , a dop ted b y

g roups o f h er m i ts a nd b y s ecu lar c anons i n t he a nc ien t c ol leg iate c hurches o f t he s ou th west , i nclud ing P ly mp ton a nd Taun ton .

I n t h ir teen th c en tury

Wa les , a nc ien t c e l t ic c o mmun i t ies were a lso d rawn t o t he Ru le.

Hence t he

d istr ibu t ion o f Augus t in ian h ouses i n med ieval E ng land a nd Wales was d er ived f ro m a c o mp lex s er ies o f e ven ts. With s o much f l ex ib i l i ty a t tached t o t he Ru le o f S t . August ine a nd t he p oss ib i l ity o f many o ld a s wel l a s f resh monast ic s i tes b e ing f ina l ly d ef inable a s August in ian , t he ir g eography i n E ngland a nd Wa les was n ecessar i ly a c o mp l icated o ne.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND S PREAD OF THE ORDER OF THE CONT INENT S ince t he d evelop men t o f August in ian h ouses i n E ng land s tarted a f ter t ha t o n t he c on t inen t i t was n o t i nd igenous , a nd i t s i n troduc t ion was t he r esu l t o f d evelopmen ts i n E urope.

C onsequen t ly t he i n i t ial p hases o f d evelop men t o n

t he c on t inen t a re o f i n terest.

T he f i rst n otable c en tres were e stabl ished i n

I ta ly a nd F rance , w i th o thers s oon t o f ol low i n Bavar ia a nd Austr ia a nd S pa in . L ucca was a pparen t ly o ne o f t he f i rst s trong p oin ts o f r egu lar c anons i nI ta ly ( Fig. 1 ) .2 2 Here t he l ink w ith t he p apa l r efor mers was e spec ia l ly c lose i n t he t ime o f A lexander I ( 1062-73 ).

A whole g roup o f c hurches was

g iven o ver o r t ransferred t o c o m mun it ies o f r egu lar c anons, i nc lud ing t he c a thedra l .

T he h ouse o f S an Fred iano a t L ucca was t he most i n f luen t ial

h ouse o f c anons r egu lar i n t he e arly p er iod i n I ta ly . c ouraged b y A lexander H a nd s ubsequen t p opes. 23

I t s g row th was e n-

I n France , t he l argest p ropor t ion o f e ar ly h ouses o f c anons r egu lar l ay i n t hree wel l d ef ined a reas , w ith v ery f ew h ouses e stabl ished e lsewhere. T he p rop inqu ity o f t he s ou th o f Provence t o t he c en tre o f a c t iv i ty i n I t aly e xp la ins t he r ela t ive ly e ar ly i n troduc t ion o f r egular c anons i n to t ha t r eg ion . The o ther t wo r eg ions were Gascony a nd n or th-west France , w here a n u mber o f importan t h ouses was e stabl ished . 23

Ou ts ide France was n ex t n o table

e ar ly c en tres l ay i n Bavar ia a nd Austr ia .

Over f i f ty h ouses w ere f ounded

o r r efor med i n Austr ia , t he most i mpor tan t p er iod b e ing 1 065-91.

T here

were a lso a n u mber o f e leven th c en tury c en tres i n S pa in .2 4 The p a t tern o f d evelop men t a round t he ma jor e arly f ounda t ions o n t he c on t inen t i s o f i n terest.

Beg inn ing w i th t he c onvers ion o f al arge e stabl ish-

men t s uch a s t he c hurch o f S t. Panta leon , L ucca o r t he c a thedral c hurch o f Tou louse i n F rance , z ones o f a f f il iat ion were c rea ted a round t he m . They b eca me , i n e f fect , t he ' mother h ouses ' o f g roups o f c o m mun it ies w ith in t he ir r eg ion .

L arge h ouses b eca me t he i nsp ira t ion f or t he sma l ler f ounda-

t i ons o f r egu lar c anons t ha t s urrounded t he m . t he Ru le o f S t. August ine.

own c usto ms u sed t o s upp le men t t he Ru le. t aken u pb y s a tel l i te h ouses.

G radua l ly t hey a l l a dop ted

Each o f t he l arger e stabl ish men ts d eveloped i t s These c usto ms were n or mal ly

One f ina l p o in t t o r a ise a bou t t he e arly

f ounda t ions o n t he c on t inen t i s t he l arge p ropor t ion l ocated i n t owns.

I t

w il lb e o f i n terest t o n ote wha t e f fec t t hese c on t inen tal d evelop men ts h ad o n t he Engl ish a nd We lsh h ouses.

9

Turn ing f ro m

t h is p rogress o n t he c on t inen t i ti s n ow n ecessary t o

d iscover h ow England a nd Wa les were d rawn i n to t he o rb i t o f t he r efor m move men t a nd h ow d evelopmen ts t here l ay i n r e la t ion t o t hose i n t he r est o f Europe.

FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES 1 .

Knowles, Mon . Ord., p p . 2 0816.

2 .

F or l i ves o f S t . August ine s ee , Brown , August ine o fH ippo a nd t he b r iefer , G naya l loor , August ine S a in t f or T oday.

3 .

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p p . 1 0-12.

4 .

Knowles, Mon . Ord., p p . 3 -15.

5 .

Besse , ' The Ru le o f S t. August ine ', i n The Cathol ic Encyclopaed ia ,

1 ,

p p . 7 9-80. 6 .

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p . 1 2.

7 .

B rooke a nd Swaan , The Monast ic World , p . 1 25.

8 .

Gav igan , ' The Ru le o f S t . August ine ' , i n The New Ca thol ic Encyclopaed ia , 1 , p p . 1 059-60 .

9 .

C lark , e d . Observances i nu se o f t he August in ian Pr iory a t Barnwel l , p p . 1 -23.

1 0.

•

For a f u l l a ccoun t o f t he f actua l h istory o f t he Ru le s ee , D ick inson , Or ig ins, p p . 2 55-72.

1 1.

G ilchr ist , ' Ca thedra l Chap ters ', i n The New Ca thol ic E ncyclopaed ia , 3 , p p . 2 49-50.

1 2.

T ho mpson , Bol ton P r iory , p p . 4 -7 .

1 3.

G ilchr ist , i n New Ca tho l ic Encyc lopaed ia , p p . 2 49-50.

1 4.

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p . 2 7 .

1 5.

I b id ., p . 2 9 ; D ick inson , The L a ter Midd le Ages , p p . 1 10-11.

1 6.

Brooke a nd S waan , Monast ic World , p . 1 25.

1 7.

C owley , The Monast ic Order i n S ou th Wa les, p p . 2 8-9 .

1 8.

D ick inson , ' The Canons Regu lar o f S t . August ine ', i n T he New Ca thol ic Encyc lopaed ia , 3 , p . 6 3.

1 9 .

Brooke a nd S waan , Monast ic World , p . 1 26.

2 0.

I b id ., p . 1 26.

2 1,

L ove a nd c o mmon l i fe were t he o n ly t wo p o in ts s tressed i n t he Ru le , a l l e lse was n o more t han i nc iden ta l :

Van Bavel , ' The Evangel ica l

I nsp ira t ion o f t he Ru le o f S t . August ine ' , Downs ide Rev iew , 9 3 ( 1975 ), p p . 8 3-99.

1 0

2 2.

D ick in son , Or ig ins, p . 4 1,

2 3.

I bid ., p . 4 1; Brooke a nd Swaan , Monast ic Wor ld , p p . 1 26-7.

2 4.

D ick inson , Or ig ins, p p . 4 6-8.

2 5.

I bid., p p . 4 0-9.

1 1

CHAPTER 2 THE I NTRODUCT ION OF THE AUGUSTIN IAN CANONS I NTO ENGLAND

I t i s i mpor tan t t o d ist ingu ish b etween t he i n troduc t ion o f r egu lar c anons i n to England f ro m t he i n troduc t ion o f ac o m mun ity f ol low ing t he Ru le o f S t. August ine.

The f irst h ouse o f c anons r egu lar i n England was p robably S t.

Gregory 's , Can terbury , e stabl ished i n t he l a ter 1 080s. 1 However , t he f i rst h ouse a dop t ing t he August in ian Ru le was S t. Botolph 's , Colchester , a bou t 104-6. 2

Fol low ing a b r ief o u t l ine o f t he e ar ly h ouses o f r egu lar

c anons i n E ng land a nd t he a dop t ion o f t he Ru le o f S t . Augus t ine b y t he c o mmun i ty a t C olchester s o me a t te mp t w il lb e made t o e xp la in t he d elay .in t he i n troduc t ion o f t he o rder.

CANONS I N ENGLAND BEFORE 1 100 T here were p oss ibly t hree h ouses o f r egu lar c anons i n E ngland b efore t he i n troduc t ion o f ac o m mun ity f o l low ing t he Ru le o f S t. August ine a nd n one a t a l l i n Wa les.

These t hree h ouses c an b e t raced t o d a tes p reced ing t he

t urn o f t he e leven th c en tury .

I n much t he s a me way a s d evelop men ts o n

t he c on t inen t , i t was t he i n it ia t ive o f al ead ing c hurch o f f ic ial a nd wou ld-be r efor mer t ha t b rough t a bout t he i n troduc t ion o f r egu lars t o E ng land .

A rch-

b ishop L anfranc , i n troduced wha t was p robab ly a c o m mun i ty o f ' regu lars ' a bou t 1 088 a t C anterbury ,

3

h owever , t hey were more i n t he n a ture o f p r ies ts

s erv ing a h osp i ta l . I t was n ot u n t i l t he t ime o f A rchb ishop Wi l lia m C orbe i l ( 1123-36 ) t ha t t he c o m mun i ty a dop ted t he A ugus t in ian R u le .4 A bout t he s ame t ime , 1 086-91 , c lerks l i v ing a f u l l c o m mon l i fe were e s tab lished a t H un t ingdon . There h ad b een a S axon c o m mun i ty a t t he s i te wh ich h ad c eased t o e x is t b y 1 086 .

I tb ecame a h o me f or p r ies ts u nder a R u le p robab ly b y 1 091 .

5

F ro m

t h is f ounda t ion a f ur ther h ouse o f r egu lar c anons was e s tab l ished a t C ambr idge a bou t 1 092 .

6

I t was n o t ad augh ter h ouse i n t he s tr ic t s ense b ecause i t was

n ot t he i n i t ia t ive o f t he c o m mun i ty a t H un t ingdon w h ich l ed t o an ew c o m muni ty b e ing s en t o u t f ro m t he mo ther h ouse .

R a ther , i tf o l lowed t he c on tinen ta l p a t-

t ern where t he i n i t ia t ive was l ef t t o al oca l l ord o r c hurch o f f ic ia l .

H e wou ld

a sk f or o ne o r t wo c anons f ro m a n e s tab lished c o m mun i ty t o s e t t le a h ouse o f h is own p a tronage . o f C a mbr idge .7

Thus t he s ub-pr ior o f H un t ingdon b eca me t he f i rs t p r ior

T hese were t he o n ly t hree i nstances o fg roups o f r egu lar c anons i n Eng land a nd Wa les b efore t he i n troduc t ion o f t hose f o l low ing t he Ru le o f S t . August ine.

S im ilar t o h ouses o n t he c on t inen t i n t h is e ar ly p er iod , a l l

t hree h ouses w ere l oca ted a t u rban c en tres.

1 2

Bes ides r egulars t here was a n umber o f e stabl ish men ts o f s ecu lar c anons i n E ngland b efore 100. There were i n t he r eg ion o f 8 0 c ol leg iate c hurches i n E ngland a nd Wa les b y t he t ime o f t he f i rst August in ian f ounda t ions. These were n or ma l ly h ouses o f c lerks ' l iv ing a s ag roup w ith a g reater o r l ess d egree o f c o m mon l i fe a nd o bserv ing , wh ile r esiden t , l i turg ical a nd o ther r egu lat ions wh ich were n e ither t oo s tr ic t n or s o c o mprehens ive a s t hose o f t he monast ic l i fe '. 8 S uch h ouses were o f many k inds, t hough a n umber were l a ter c onver ted t o t he August in ian Ru le i nc lud ing P ly mp ton a nd S ou thwark .

H owever , t he most s tr ik ing e xa mp le was Wa l tha m i n E ssex.

I th as b een a S axon s ite w ith b oth a c hurch a nd s hr ine b u t was r efounded f or s ecular c anons i n 10 60. I tb eca me a v ery l arge c ol lege a nd was c onv er ted t o t he Augus t in ian o rder i n 177. 9

THE I NTRODUCT ION OF THE AUGUSTIN IAN RULE I ti s g enera l ly a greed b y h istor ians t ha t t he p r iory o f S t . J ul ian a nd S t . Botolph a t Colchester was t he f i rst h ouse o f August in ian c anons r egu lar e stabl ished a s s uch i n Eng land. 1° However , t here i s g rea t d if igu l ty i n a ss ign ing a d a te t o i t s f ounda t ion w i th a ny d egree o f p rec ision. Th is was af ea ture c o m mon t o many August in ian f ounda t ions a nd c o mp l ica tes a ny a ccoun t o ft he p er iods o f d evelopmen t o f t he o rder i n Eng land a nd Wa les. A t t he t urn o f t he e leven th c en tury , t he a dop t ion o f t he Ru le o f S t. August ine b y c o mmun i t ies o f r egu lar c anons was c o mparat ively r ecen t. T he c rea t ion o f t he o rder t ha tb eca me k nown a s t he August in ian c anons was ag radua l r a ther t han a n i nstan t d evelopmen t .

Hence a t t ha t t ime t here

was a n a bsence o f a ny c en tral a u thor i ty , o r p ol icy f or t he c rea t ion o f n ew e stabl ish men ts.

T he r esu l t o f t h is was t ha t t he i n it ia t ive f or t he i n troduct ion

o f t he o rder i n to E ngland c a me a l most i nev i tably f ro m a n i nd iv idual .

I t may

b e e xpec ted t ha t t h is i nd iv idua l was o ne l i kely t o h ave h ad s trong p ersona l c onnec t ion s w i th a n a rea o n t he c on t inen t w here t he o rder was a lready w el l e stabl ished. The e xac t s er ies o f e ven ts a t C olchester a re s hrouded i n o bscur i ty , b u t were b as ica l ly a s f o l lows : Tanner b e lieved t ha t t he h ouse was e stabl ished f or August in ian c anons b efore 107 b y a monk n a med Eynu lph , who b eca me t he f i rst p r ior. 1 Colchester h ad b een a h ouse o f s ecu lars s ince a bou t 10 93 wh ich l a ter d ec ided t o embrace t he f u l l r el ig ious l i fe. 1 2 One o f t he p r iests a t C olchester h ad s tud ied i n France w ith Archb ishop Ansel m . T h is p r iest , N orman , p roposed t hey s hou ld embrace t he Ru le o f S t . August ine. 1 3 P rofessor Knowles s ta ted i t was t he h ead o f t he c o m mun i ty A inu lph ( Tanner 's Eynu lph ) w ho c onsu lted w i th Anselm h i mself , a nd t ha t t he A rchbishop p rop osed t he Ru le. 1 4 N orman a nd h is b rother Bernard were s elec ted t o b e s en t a broad t o l earn t he Ru le a nd were g iven a l e t ter o f r eco mmenda t ion f ro m Ansel m a ddressed t o t he Abbot o f t he l arge h ouse o f Mon t S t . E lo i ( Fig. 1 ) .

1 5

H owever , t here i s n o e v idence t ha t t hey s tud ied a t S t. E lo i ,

b u t t hey a ppear t o h ave s tayed a tb oth Beauva is a nd Char tres ( Fig. 1 ) . I t i s u n l ikely t ha t t he c o mmun i ty a t C olchester c ou ld h ave a dop ted t he Ru le o f S t. August ine u n t il t he r eturn o f N or man a nd Bernard a nd s ince t here was n o h ouse o f t he o rder i n Char tres u n t il 1 099 , i t must h ave b een a f ter t ha t

1 3

d a te • 16

Thus , t he i n troduc t ion o f t he o rder wou ld a ppear t o h ave c o me f ro m

t he s uggest ion o f Anse lm o r h is p up il N or man.

T he i n terest ing p o in t , h owever,

i s t ha t wh ilst o n t he c on t inen t Ansel m a nd N or man h ad l i ved i n N or mandy wh ich was f ar f ro m t he c en tre o f d evelopmen t o f t he c anon ical i dea l .

S o me d eta il

i s a v ilable o n Anse1 m who was a t f i rst a monk a nd l a ter a bbot o f t he l arge Bened ic t ine a bbey o f L e Bec-Hel lou in i n t he h eart o f N or mandy .

T h is p ar t

o f France h ad n o h ouse o f r egu lar c anons u n t i l a bou t 1 119 , Br it tany h ad n one u n t il 1 130.

1 7

However , Anselm was s trongly i nf luenced b y t he works o f S t.

August ine wh ich h e s tud ied i n d e ta il wh i lst a t Bec . i n h is g enera l t heolog ical o u t look .

1 8

He was whol ly A ugust in ian

I ti s a lso k nown , t ha t f o l low ing h is

q uarrel w i th Wil l ia m I , Ansel m l i ved i n e x ile a t L yons f ro m 1 099 u n t il 100. 19 L yons was n earer t he d evelopmen ts o f r egu lar c anons i n France.

The Arch-

b ishop t here , Hugh o f D ie , was a n a rden t s upporter o f Gregor ian r efor ms a nd p resu mably was i n t ouch w i th t he c anon ica l d evelop men ts.

2°

L yons was

a lso n o t t oo d istan t f ro m Mon t S t . E lo i where Anselm s uggested N or man a nd Bernard s hou ld s tudy t he Augus t in ian Ru le ( Fig. 1 ) .

Though a c hron ic le

wr it ten a bou t t he e ven ts o ft he t ime makes n o men t ion o f Anse lm v is it ing Mon t S t . E lo i , i td oes g ive a n a ccoun t o f h is t ravel l ing t hrough France , wh ich was e x tens ive.

I ta lso n otes h is l ong s tay a t t he Papa l C our t.

Here h e was v ery

c lose t o a ny r efor m move men t a nd h ad amp le o ppor tun i ty t o d iscover more o f t he r egu lar c anons a nd t he ir a dop t ion o f t he Ru le o f S t . August ine. 2 1I t s ee ms p oss ible , t herefore , t ha t t he d evelop men t a t C olchester o ccurred s ubsequen t t o Ansel m 's p er iod i n e x i le. 22

By t h is t ime t he h ouse a t Char tres

h ad b een e stabl ished , a nd was c learly c onven ien t ly n earer t o E ngland .

T he

Reverend D ick inson p u ts t he r eturn o f N or man a nd Bernard t o Colchester a t a bou t 104 a nd c er ta in ly b efore 106 when a s ubsequen t f ounda t ion was e stabl i shed a t L i t t le Dunmow i n E ssex. 2 3

T herefore , i ta ppears Ansel m was t he

s ingle most i mportan t i n f luence i n t he i n troduc t ion o f t he Augus t in ian c anons t o E ngland , h e was s ubsequen t ly i nvolved w i th t he f ounda t ion o f L it t le Dun mow , r ela t ively n ear t o C olchester , b u t more i mpor tan t ly w ith t he f ounda t ion o f Holy T r in i ty , A ldga te , a bou t 107.

Th is h ouse was f ounded b y Queen Maud

o n t he a dv ice o f Anselm , a nd i t was t h is f ounda t ion t ha t f ocussed n at iona l a t ten t ion o n t he Ru le o f S t . August ine. 24 REASONS FOR THE DELAY I N THE I NTRODUCTION OF THE AUGUSTIN IAN RULE TO ENGLAND Thus t he o r ig ins o ft he Augus t in ian c anons i n E ngland a nd Wa les h ave b een t raced t o ad a te a round 104-6.

T h is was more t han s ix ty y ears a f ter

t he c o mmun ity h ad b een e stabl ished a t S t . Ruf a bou t 1 039 .

S ince d uring t he

s econd h a lf o f t he e leven th c en tury , f oundat ions were c o m mon t hroughou t c er ta in r eg ions o f France a nd I t a ly , s o me e xp lana t ion must b e s ough t t o a ccoun t f or t he d elay i n t he a rr iva l o f t he o rder i n E ngland .

One o f t he most

i mportan t p o in ts t o b ear i n m ind was t he e f fec t o f Br i ta in 's i s land l oca t ion . I n t he e arly Midd le Ages i tt ook a n u mber o fy ears b efore a ny c on t inen ta l f ash ion b eca me c o m mon p lace i n England.

Th is was c er ta in ly t rue o f monas t ic

o rders , f or e xa mp le , i n t he s ix th c en tury S t. Bened ic t h ad wr i t ten h is Ru le a t Mon te Cass ino where h e d ied a bou t 5 47 , h owever , t he B ened ic t ine Ru le was n ot e stabl ished i n England u n t il 5 98 a t Can terbury. 2 5

S im ilarly , t he

C isterc ian o rder b egan a t C iteaux i n Burgundy i n 1 098 ( Fig. 1 ) .

1 4

Desp ite t he

r ap id r ise t o f a me o f t he o rder f ol low ing t he e n try o f S t. Bernard t o C iteaux , i t was n o t u n t il 128 t ha t t he C isterc ians were e stabl ished i n Eng land . 26 C onsequen t ly s uch a d e lay migh t a lso b e e xpec ted i n t he i n troduct ion o f t he Augus t in ian o rder. T here was , h owever , af urther f ac tor wh ich s ee ms t o h ave b een o f c ons iderable i mportance i n a dd ing t o t he d e lay .

Th is f actor was t he weakness

o f Augus t in ian a c t iv i ty i n t ha t p ar t o f France n earest t o Eng land , wh ich a lso h appened t o b e t he a rea i n c losest p ol i t ica l c on tac t w ith t h is c oun try a t t he t ime.

The Bened ic t ines h ad n u merous f ounda t ions t hroughou t n orth-west

France d ur ing t he e leven th c en tury , t he ir i n f luence b e ing c en tered o n h ouses s uch a s Bee , Bernay , Caen a nd Mon t S a in t-Michel .

The o rder was s o we l l

e stabl ished i n t ha t r eg ion t ha t i tl a id c la im t o a l mos t e xc lus ive p a tronage o f fered b y mun if icen tb enefac tors.

C onversely t he c en tre o fg rav i ty f or t he

d evelopmen t o f t he r egu lar c anons l ay many m iles t o t he s ou th-east.

Con-

s equen t ly when Wil l ia m Ic onquered Eng land i n t he y ears f ol low ing 1 066, h e a nd h is f ol lowers c om ing f ro m N or mandy , were more l ikely t o e xpress a n i n teres t i n Bened ic t ine r a ther t han Augus t in ian monast ic is m. 27

Hence n ew

Bened ic t ine f ounda t ions s uch a s Ba t tle , o r r e-founda t ions o n o lder monast ic s i tes s uch a s Wh i tby. Thus t wo ma jor f ac tors l ay b eh ind t he l ong d elay o fh al f ac en tury f ro m t he d evelopmen t o f t he c anon ica l i dea l o n t he c on t inen t t o t he i n troduc t ion o f t he o rder i n to England .

The Engl ish Channe l p roved a n o bstac le t o r ap id

e xpansion o f t he Bened ic t ine a nd C isterc ian o rders, a nd i n t he c ase o f t he Augus t in ians t h is p ropens i ty was emphas ized b y t he p ol it ica l p ower o f t he N or mans c om ing f ro m a s taunch ly Bened ic t ine b ase. S ince t he o rder c annot b e s een i n i t s p erspec t ive i n i sola t ion , s o me b r ief d iscuss ion o fo ther o rders e stabl ish ing h ouses i n Eng land d ur ing t he p eriod 1 066 t o a bou t 1 150 i s n ecessary.

THE RELATIONSH IP TO OTHER ORDERS ENTER ING OR ESTABL ISHED I N ENGLAND AND WALES 1 066-1150 The l a te e leven th a nd e ar ly t wel f th c en tur ies w itnessed a g enera l monast ic r ev ival i n western Europe. I n E ngland a nd Wa les t h is was marked b y t he i nt roduc t ion o f s evera l n ew r el ig ious o rders , a long

w i th a s treng then ing o f t he

o lder monast ic is m , r epresen ted b y t he Bened ic t ines.

By t he t ime August in ian

f ounda t ions were b e ing made i n E ngland c er ta i i i a reas h ad a lready b een f i r mly c olon ized b y t he Bened ic t ine a nd C lun iac o rders. There were a lso n ew o rders c o mpet ing f or monast ic p a tronage c on te mporaenously w i th t he August in ians. The d is tribu t ion o f o ther monast ic h ouses i s i mpor tan t b ecause t heoret ica l ly a reas s trongly s e t t led b y t he o lder o rders might g ive v ery l i tt le s cope t o t he n ew , a nd moreover , s ince t he August in ians were a lso i n d irec t c o mpe t it ion w ith o ther n ew o rders, t he ir d istr ibu t ion c ou ld e qua l ly wel l h ave b een a f fec ted i n as im i lar way . T he o n ly h ouses o f L a t in monast ic is m a lready i n England a t t he t ime o f t he f oundat ion o f C olchester ( 1 104-6 ) were Bened ic t ine , o f wh ich t here were s o me t h irty-f ive a u tono mous monaster ies a t t he t ime o f t he N or man Conquest

1 5

B ened ict ine

a nd o ther

' B lack ' Monk Houses i n E ng land a nd Wa les b y 1 1 00

•

M i les

•

Km

•

Autono mous B ened ict ine F oundat ion b efore 1 066

O

Dependent B ened ict ine F oundat ion

O

B ened ict ine F oundat ion 1 067-11 00

b efore 1 066

o

B ened ict ine F oundat ion 1 067-11 00 ( Te mporary S ite,

*

A l ien

•

C lu mac

F oundat ion 1 067-11 00

•

C lun iac

F oundat ion 1067-11 00 ( Te mporary S ite (

B ened ict ine F oundat ion

F ig . 2

1 6

1067-11 00

50

810

( Fig. 2 ).

There were n one a t a l l i n Wa les , where monast ic l i fe was c en tered

o n af ew r e ma in ing Ce l t ic e stabl ish men ts.

The l oca t ions o ft hese Bened ic t ine

h ouses i n 1 066 h ave b eco me known a s t he ' t rad it iona l ' Bened ic t ine a reas. 2 8 T he d istr ibu t ion o f t hese h ouses was c losely c onf ined t o t he s ou th a nd e ast o f Br ita in , w i th n o h ouse west o f t he R iver S evern o r n orth o f Burton-upon T ren t.

I n t he e x tre me e ast o f t he c oun try t here were v ery f ew , o n ly Cnu t 's

r ecen t f ounda t ions a t Bury S t . Ed munds a nd Hu l me.

The a rea w i th t he l argest

n u mber o f f ounda t ion s was t he o ld k ingdo m o f Wessex , ma in ly S o merset a nd Dorset.

T here was a n importan t g roup o f f i ve h ouses i n t he S evern b as in i n

Worcestersh ire a nd G louces tersh ire a nd f i na l ly a s econd g roup o f f i ve , t hree o f wh ich were v ery r ich , i n t he Fens b etween t he We lland a nd t he Ouse ( Fig. 2 ). Th is was t he s i tua t ion a s t he N or mans f ound i ti n 1 066.

However , i n t he

y ears u p t o 1 100 t hey wen t o n t o e x tend t h is p a t tern w ith t he c rea t ion o f f ur ther e stabl ish men ts f o l low ing t he Ru le o f S t . Bened ic t. 2 9 Impor tan t f ounda t ions f o l low ing t he C onquest were Ba t t le , 1 067 , S hrewsbury , 1 083-6, Chester , 10 923a nd C olchester , 1 096-7 .

3 °

The Bened ic t ine p os it ion i n E ast Angl ia was

s treng thened w ith f our n ew f ounda t ions a nd t here were i mpor tan t d evelop men ts o n t he Welsh b orderland ( Fig. 2 ).

A l though i n e arl ier c en tur ies N or thumbr ia

h ad b een ' t he h o me o f E ngl ish monast ic is m i n i t s g olden a ge ' much was s ub merged u nder t he f l ood o f S cand inav ian i nvas ions t owards t he e nd o f t he n in th c entury .3 1

T he N or mans e stabl ished o r r efounded s everal i mportan t

monast ic s i tes i n t he n orth f or Bened ic t ine monks. i n Yorksh ire : Hackness 1 095;

T hese h ouses i nc luded

Y ork 1 086 , S e lby 1 069-70 , Wh i tby 1 077 a nd a sma l l h ouse a t i n N or thumberland :

T yne mou th a bou t 10 83 , L ind isfarne

1 083 , J arrow 1 074 a nd f i na l ly a v ery l arge h ouse a t Durha m i n 1 083.

Certa in ly

t here was , u nder t he N or mans , wha t Know les h as c a l led a ' Nor thern Rev iva l ',

3 2

b u t a c t iv i ty was l argely c on f ined t o t he n orth-east ( Fig. 2 ). One o f t he o u tco mes o f t he N or man C onquest was t he c rea t ion o f wha t were t o b e c a l led ' a l ien p r ior ies '.

Wi l l ia m Ig ave l arge l and g ran ts t o h is

N or man f ol lowers w ho h ad s upported h im i n t he C onquest a nd s ubsequen t ly t hese l ords g ave sma l l p arcels o f l and t o a bbeys i n N or mandy.

Presu mably

t hey h ad b een d o ing t he s a me w i th t he ir N or man p roper ty p r ior t o 10 66.

I t

b ecame t he p rac t ice f or t he F rench h ouses t o e stabl ish a smal l g roup o f monks i n Eng land t o l i ve o n t he p roduce o f t he l ands a nd t o c ol lec t t he r en ts. 3 3 R ichard d e C lare , f or e xa mp le , g ran ted a l apsed p r iory a t S t . N eots t o t he l arge N or man h ouse o f Bec-Hel lou in . u n t il t he f i f teen th c en tury .3 4

N or man monks o ccup ied t he h ouse

These ' a l ien p r ior ies ' were n o t n u merous , b u t

t here was a n e x tens ion o f a c t iv ity i n to s ou th-east Wales ( F ig . 2 ) a nd a n i sol a ted e xa mp le i n P e mbroke , d enot ing t he s pread o f N orman i n f luence i n t he c oun try. T he o n ly o ther o rder t o make a ny p rogress i n E ngland b efore t he a rr ival o f t he August in ian c anons was t ha t o f t he C lun iacs. f ro m t he p r inc ipa l h ouse a t C luny i n Burgundy. g roup .

The n a me was d er ived

I tw as a r efor med Bened ic t ine

T he f i rs t h ouse i n England was e stabl ished a t L ewes ( Sussex ) i n 10 77

a nd was a ga in t he r esu l t o f N or man a c t iv i ty .

Wi th t he a rr iva l o f t he f i rst

C lun iac h ouse i n E ngland , t he c oun try f e l t t he f i rs t e f fec ts o f t he monast ic r ev iva l .

O ther f ounda t ions b efore 1 0 0 i nc luded :

Much Wen lock ( Shropsh ire )

a bou t 1 0801, B er mondsey ( Surrey ) 1 082-9 , Cast le Acre ( Norfolk ) 1 089 a nd 1 7

Pon tefrac t ( Yorks.) a bou t 10 90.

T here was n o c oncen tra t ion o f a c t iv i ty i n

a ny p ar t o f t he c oun try ( Fig. 2 ) , t he h ouses w ere s ca t tered o ver a w ide a rea. E ach h ouse f o l lowed a s tr ic t i n terpre ta t ion o ft he Bened ic t ine Ru le s upp le men ted b y t he c usto ms o f C luny a nd were i n t heory a l l me mbers o f t he C luny c o m mu3 5 n i ty. C onsequen tly a t t he t ime o f t he i n troduc t ion o f t he August in ian o rder , a l l monast ic h ouses i n E ng land f o l lowed t he Ru le o f S t . Bened ic t.

Monast ic l i fe

was f or t he most p art r es tr ic ted t o t he t owns a nd l owland r eg ions o f t he c oun try.

Apar t f ro m t he s even Bened ic t ine h ouses a nd o ne C lun iac h ouse

t here was v ery l i t t le monast ic a c t iv ity n orth o ft he Wash .

On ly t hree o f t he

h ouses were o n n ew s i tes , t he o ther f i ve h ad b een o ccup ied i n t he S axon p er iod. I fb y N or man t imes t hese h ouses were n ot i n t owns , t hen a n u rban s i tua t ion q u ick ly d eveloped a round t he a bbey , c as t le c o mp lex. Pon tefrac t a nd Durha m a re p r i me e xa mp les o f t h is p rocess

3 6

Durha m , a l though a

S axon t own , was n ot r eal ly f u l ly d eveloped u n t il t he e stabl ish men t o f t he c a thedra l .

P oss ibly t he o n ly i sola ted n or thern s i te was t ha t o f L ind isfarne ,

a n i s land s i te o f f t he n or th-east c oast.

Th is h ad b een a Ce l t ic e s tabl ish men t

a nd p robably owed i t s r ev ival t o i t s f a me. By 1 10 0 t here was s t il l e nor mous s cope f or f ur ther monast ic e xpans ion . The Yorksh ire Da les , Wa les , l arge p ar ts o f Devon a nd C ornwa l l a nd t he h igher p ar ts o f t he m id lands were s t il l l argely v irg in t err i tory a s f ar a s monast ic l i fe was c oncerned.

Many p ar ts o f E ngland were s t il l h eav ily wooded c oun try ;

f or e xa mp le , t he S ussex Weald.

Wa les was p erhaps a s pec ia l c ase f or i t

was t he h o me o f v ery l i t t le L a t in monas t ic is m.

The o nly a c t iv i ty b y 100 was

i n t he s ou th , ma in ly t o t he s ou th-eas t where t he N or man C onques t o f Wa les h ad made s o me p rogress.

N orth Wa les a t t ha t t ime was s t il l as tronghold

o f C e l t ic monas t ic is m i n c en tres s uch a s Bardsey a nd Beddgelert . T he p a t tern was a l tered e x tens ively i n t he f i rs t h al f o f t he t welf th c en tury. T he August in ians a long w i th o ther n ew monast ic o rders p ushed t he f ron t iers o f monast ic s e t t le men t b eyond t hose e stabl ished b y t he Bened ic t ines.

T he

Augus t in ian c anons , t he C isterc ians a nd t he Pre monstra tens ians b eca me p ioneers o f l and s e t t le men t , e spec ia l ly i n r e mote a nd i naccess ible p ar ts o f t he c oun try.

I ti s as er ious o vers igh t t ha t t oo of ten , t he C isterc ians were

g iven a l l t he c red it f or t h is a c t iv i ty .

By t he t ime t ha t t he f i rst C isterc ian

h ouse was e stabl ished i n E ngland i n 128 t here were i n e xcess o ft h irty f ounda t ions o f A ugus tin ian c anons i n many p ar ts o f E ngland a nd Wa les , i nc lud ing s o me i n t he more r e mo te a reas. T he o r ig ins o f t he C isterc ians h ave b een t raced t o C i teaux i n Burgundy i n 10 98.

S im i lar t o t he C lun iacs i t was a r efor med B ened ic t ine o rder.

C on-

n ec ted w i th t he C isterc ians was t he o rder o f S av igny , d er ived f ro m t he h ouse o f t ha t n a me wh ich was s i tua ted o n t he c on f ines o f B r it tany a nd N or mandy . The o rder o r ig ina ted i n 10 5 b u t was u n i ted w i th t he C isterc ians i n 1 14 7 , b y wh ich t ime t here were 1 3 h ouses i n Eng land a nd Wales. " The C isterc ian e xpansion was v ery r ap id , f or b y 1 152 t here w ere f i f ty-one h ouses t hroughou t t he c oun try .

Fro m more t han o ne p o in t o f v iew , t he n orth o f E ngland was

v ery a t trac t ive t o t he C isterc ians.

T he ir s tr ic t i n terpretat ion o f t he Ru le

o f S t . Bened ic t l ed t he m t o s eek o u t r e mo te a nd s ec luded s i tes.

The f i rs t

h ouses i n n or thern E ng land were R ievau lx a nd Foun ta ins b o th e stabl ished i n

1 8

132.

T h is was, h owever , s o met i me a f ter t he f i rst August in ian h ouse i n t he

s a me a rea. t o p lay d own ;

T he C isterc ian r ole i n t he s et t le men t o f i sola ted a reas i s h ard t hey e x tended t he p a t tern o f e x ist ing monast ic s e t t le men t ,

wh ich was l argely B ened ic t ine , t owards t he n or th a nd west.

There i s s trong

e v idence o f t he s et t le men t o f d evastated a reas, Y orksh ire b e ing u ndoubted ly t he b est e xa mp le.

E ven i n t he t h irt ies o f t he t welf th c en tury l arge p arts o f

t he c oun try h ad n ot r ecovered f ro m t he d estruc t ion wrough t b y t he a rm ies o f Wil l ia m I . However , as trong c ase c an a lso b e made f or r e-se t t le men t i n t he s ou th m id lands , wh ich b ore t he b run t o f t he a narchy i n S tephen 's r e ign ( 1 135-54 ). 38 T he w idespread i ncrease o f C isterc ian h ouses i n t he f i rst h al f o f t he t wel f th c en tury was n o t c on f ined t o a ny o ne r eg ion o f E ng lund a nd Wales. Houses b eca me s o n u merous t ha t i n 152 t he C isterc ian g eneral c hap ter c a l led a h a l t t o t he f ounda t ion o f n ew c olon ies , b y wh ich t ime t wo t h irds o f a l l E ng l ish a nd Welsh h ouses h ad b een f ounded. T he ir l oca t ion w as s uch t hat many h ouses were o n o r a ssoc ia ted w ith Pa laeozo ic u p lands.

T he d istr ibu t ion

was e x tens ive , c ons ist ing c h ief ly o f ab e l t , f ro m t he r iver Humber t o Devon , b road ly c onfor m ing t o t he z ones o f h igher p opu la t ion i n 1 086 a nd t axable w ea l th i n 1 290. 39 F ina l ly t here was o ne f ur ther ma jor r el ig ious o rder wh ich p rogressed c on te mporaneously w i th t he A ugust in ians i n England a nd Wa les. a nother o rder o f r egu lar c anons, t he Pre monstra tens ians.

T h is was

T he f i rst h ouse

o f t he o rder was e stabl ished a t P re mon tre , n ine m iles west o f L aon , i n 1 120. T hey t oo f ol lowed t he Ru le o f S t . August ine , b u t t he l eg isla t ion t he o rder u sed t o s upp le men t i t was b orrowed l argely f ro m t he C isterc ians . 4 0

T he o rder

h ad a s trong monas t ic c harac ter f ro m t he o u tse t , f ol low ing C i teaux i n many ways , i nc lud ing t he r u les f or t he f ounda t ions o f a n a bbey .4 1

T he f i rst h ouse

t o b e e s tabl ished i n E ngland was a t N ewhouse ( L incs.) a bou t 143.

T h is was

ac o mpara t ively l a te f ounda t ion , a nd t o ac er ta in d egree mean t al oss o f o pportun i ty .

Ag rea t d ea l o f a va ilable monast ic p a tronage h ad a lready b een

s ecured b y t he August in ians a nd t he C is terc ians , wh ich b y 143 were r each ing t he h e ight o f t he ir p opu lar i ty.

T he r esu l t was t ha t b y 1 267 t he Pre monstra-

t ens ians h ad o n ly t h ir ty a bbeys i n E ngland a nd Wales. 42

T he d is tr ibu t ion

o f Pre monstra tens ian h ouses i n England a nd Wales was e x tens ive , b u t t he a reas h ad a l l p rev iously b een c o lonized b y o ther o rders ( Fig. 2 ). I t i s i mportan t t o s ee t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses i n p erspec t ive t o t h is o ther monast ic d evelopmen t t o d iscover i fi t was i n f luenced b y t he d istr ibu t ion o f h ouses o f o ther monast ic o rders.

T he August in ian c anons

were t he f i rst ma jor a rriva l o f t he n ewly r efor med r el ig ious o rders.

T hey

e n tered England a t at ime when a par t f ro m a f ew r e ma in ing Ce l t ic e stabl ishmen ts , Bened ict ine monast ic is m was t he o n ly r egu lar way o f r el ig ious l i fe t ha t t he p eop le o f England a nd Wa les h ad s een f or h undreds o f y ears. o rder 's e xpans ion i n England was r ap id.

T he

When t he C isterc ians a rr ived , t he

Augus t in ians were c learly we l l e stabl ished .

T he b rev ity o f t he Ru le o f S t .

August ine mean t t here were f ew l im i ta t ions o n t he t ype o f s i te o r s i tua t ion wh ich w as o pen t o t he m .

A s ar esu l t t hey s howed a g rea ter d ivers ity i n t he

c ho ice o f s i tes t han a ny o ther c on te mporary r el ig ious o rder.

A l though

C isterc ian s i tes a re o f ten r egarded a s s ec luded , t hey were b y n o means i sola ted , s o me were n ear t he ma instream o f med ieva l E ngl ish c o m merc ia l 1 9

l i fe.

L arge n umbers o f August in ian h ouses were a lso l oca ted i n s ec luded

s i tes.

However , t here were o ther l arge e stabl ish men ts e n joy ing a f u l l s ca le

c o m merc ia l a nd u rban l i fe s uch a s S t. Fr idesw ide , Ox ford A ldga te.

a nd Holy Tr in ity ,

The o rder , i n a way , f or med a c o mpro m ise b e tween t he Bened ic t ine

a nd C isterc ian o rders.

T he August in ians e x tended t he p a t tern o f monas t ic

s et tle men t n or th a nd wen t b eyond t he t rad it iona l Bened ic t ine a reas , b u t i n g enera l , d id n ot move i n to r ea l ly r e mo te a reas a s d id many C isterc ian c o m mun i t ies.

FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES 1 .

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p p . 1 04-5;

D ick inson , ' Engl ish Regu lar C anons a nd

t he Con t inen t i n t he Twe lf th C entury ' , T . R.H .S . ,5 th s er ies , 1( 1951 ) 1. p . 7 2 .

T he d iscuss ion o n t h is h ouse f ol lows b elow ,

3 .

D ick inson , i n T .R.H.S ., 5 th s er ies , 1( 1951 ), p . 7 1.

4 .

Rel ig ious Houses , p . 1 52;

5 .

I b id., p p . 1 03-4;

6 .

I b id., p . 1 46.

7 .

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p . 1 03.

8 .

Rel ig ious Houses, p p . 3 7-9 , 4 11-46.

9 .

Mon . Aug., 6 , p p . 5 6-7.

1 0.

I b id., p . 1 06;

p p . 1 4-15 .

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p p . 1 04-5.

Rel ig ious Houses, p . 1 60 .

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p . 9 8;

Peers , S t . B o tolph 's Pr iory ,

1 3.5 . 1 1.

Mon . Aug., 6 , p . 1 04.

1 2.

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p . 9 9 .

T he Reverend D ick inson u sed a t est i mony

s upp l ied b y t he H istor ia Funda t ion is o f t he p r iory o f Holy Tr in i ty , A ldga te , a s e v idence f or t he a dop t ion o f t he August in ian Ru le a t C olchester. 1 3.

I b id ., p . 9 9.

1 4.

Rel ig ious Houses , p . 1 55.

1 5.

D ick inson , Or ig ins , p p . 9 9-100.

1 6.

I b id., p . 1 00.

1 7 .

D ick inson , i n T . R.H.S ., 5 th s er ies , 1( 1951), p . 7 1.

1 8.

S ou thern , S a in t Ansel m a nd h is B iographer , p p . 3 1-3.

1 9 .

I b id ., p . 1 61.

2 0.

Brundage , ' Hugh o f D ie ', i n The N ew C a thol ic E ncyclopaed ia , 7 , p p . 1 899 0 .

2 1.

Ead mer i H istor ia N ovoru m I n Angl ia , e d . Ru le , p p . 8 9-117 .

2 0

2 2.

For d if fer ing v iews s ee , Cartu lary o f Holy T r in ity , A ldga te , e d . Hodge t t , p . x iv .

2 3.

D ick inson , Orig ins , p . 1 02;

2 4.

D ick inson , Orig ins , p p . 1 09-10.

2 5.

Knowles, Mon. Ord ., p p . 1 6-30 ;

2 6.

Rel ig ious Houses , p p . 1 55, 1 64.

Rel ig ious Houses , p . 6 1.

C ooke , ' Set t le men t o f t he C isterc ians i n Eng land ' , E . H.R., 8 ( 1893 ), p p . 6 25-76.

2 7. 2 8.

Th is s uggest ion i s s uppor ted b y D ick inson :

Or ig ins , p . 7 1.

For a l i s t o f t hese h ouses , t he ir wea l th a nd i n f luence s ee , Knowles , Mon . Ord., p p . 1 00-3.

2 9.

I b id ., p p . 1 20-71.

For t h is a nd f o l low ing p o in ts s ee a lso , D ick inson ,

The L a ter Midd le Ages, p p . 9 5-115. 3 0.

Rel ig ious Houses , p p . 5 2-8.

3 1.

Knowles , Mon . Ord., p . 1 65.

3 2.

I b id., p p . 1 59-7 1.

3 3.

I b id ., p p . 1 34-6.

3 4.

Rel ig ious Houses , p . 7 5.

3 5.

I bid ., p p . 9 6-103;

3 6.

Knowles , Mon . Ord., p p . 1 45-58.

Beresford , N ew Towns o f t he Midd le Ages , p p. 4 32-3, 5 25-6.

For r ecen t

d eta ils o n e arly med ieva l Durha m s ee , Carver , ' Three S axo-Nor man T ene men ts i n Durha m C ity ', Med. Arch., 2 3 ( 1979 ), p p . 1 -80 . 3 7.

Rel ig ious Houses, p . 10.

3 8.

Donk in , i n T rans. o f t he I nst itu te o f Br i t ish Geographers , 3 3 ( 1963 ), p . 1 48 ;

Donk in , ' The C isterc ian Order a nd t he S et t le men t o f N orthern

Eng land ' , Geograph ica l Rev iew , 5 9 ( 1969 ) , p p . 4 03-16; C isterc ians , p p . 3 7-67 .

D onk in ,

3 9 .

Donk in , ' Geograph ica l S ign if icance o f C isterc ian F oundat ions i n England ' , c hap ter o ne; Donk in , C isterc ians, p p . 2 9-36.

4 0.

C olv in , Wh i te Canons i n E ng land , p . 6 .

4 1,

I b id ., p .11.

4 2.

Dr. Colv in a pparen t ly d oes n o t s ee t h ings i n t he s a me l i ght .

He c ons iders

t he Pre monstra tens ian s et tle men t o f England t o b e e x tens ive , a nd s ee t he o rder ' S tepp ing i n to C isterc ian s hoes ' a f ter t he 1 152 b an o n f ur ther C isterc ian h ouses : I bid ., p p . 2 7 , 3 9.

2 1

CHAPTER 3 THE D ISTRIBUT ION OF AUGUSTIN IAN HOUSES I N MED IEVAL ENGLAND AND WALES

The d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian f ounda t ions i n med ieva l Eng land a nd Wa les was c o mp lex a nd r equ ires d eta iled c ons idera t ion .

I t i s p roposed ,

t herefore , t o b eg in b y d iscuss ing t he d a t ing o f f ounda t ions f o l lowed b y ad es cr ip t ion o f t he d istr ibu t ion p a t tern a nd f inal ly a n a na lys is. T IME FACTOR—PER IODS OF DEVELOPMENT I n s uch a n a ccoun t , s igh t must n ot b e l ost o f t he n u merous c o mp l ica t ions t ha t make a s tra igh tforward a nalys is a d if f icu l t t ask . t wo ma jor p roble ms b efore p roceed ing f urther.

I t i s n ecessary t o p u t l ine

F irst ly t he p roble m o f

a ss ign ing a d a te t o a ny f ounda t ion a nd s econd ly t he v ary ing s ta tus o f August in ian h ouses , b oth o f wh ich r equ ire d iscuss ion . T he f irst p roble m h as b een l ong r ecogn ized .

Professor Ga lbra ith wro te

a n a r t ic le o n t he d if f icu l t ies o f a ss ign ing d a tes t o f ounda t ions i n 19 34.

He

i l lustra ted t he d angers o fu s ing i so la ted c har ters t o d a te a ny f oundat ion . The a c tua l f ounda t ion o f a monast ic h ouse was a c o mp l ica ted a f fa ir;

1

t here

h ad t o b e a n i nv i ta t ion t o s et t le , a n a ccep tance , a n i nspec t ion o f t he s i te a nd t he b u ild ings h ad t o b e c o mp le ted.

The C isterc ian o rder h ad a s e t p rocedure

f or t he e stabl ish men t o f an ew h ouse i nvolv ing a n u mber o f i n terested p art ies. 2 However , t he t welf th c en tury C isterc ian f ounda t ions a long w i th t hose o f t he Pre monstra tens ian a nd t he t h ir teen th c en tury f ounda t ions •of t he f r iars c an a l l b e d a ted q u ite a ccurately .

Th is was b ecause b efore t he o rders h ad b een

e stabl ished i n England e ach h ad f or ma l ized c lear c odes o f l i fe w i th c onst i tu t ions t o f ol low.

The C isterc ian o rder i s ap r i me e xa mp le.

T he o rder h ad t hree

impor tan t c onst itu t iona l d ocu men ts wh ich were o f e x tre me i mportance i n t he e xpans ion a nd c ohes ion o f t he o rder a s i ts pread t hroughou t western Europe. The mos t i mportan t o f t hese d ocu men ts was C ar ta Car i ta t is c o mposed b efore 1 11 9 .3 T he i mpor tance o f t h is l eg isla t ion i s t ha t i t made f ounda t ions a p rec ise a f fa ir , f requen t ly wel l d ocu men ted , t he d a te o f ten b e ing k nown t o t he d ay o f d ed ica t ion . 4 When t he August in ian o rder e n tered England i th ad n o c en tral a u thor ity , n o c onst itu t ional d ocu men ts , o n ly t he Ru le g ave a c o m mon u n i ty t o h ouses.

C onsequen t ly t he d a tes o f f ounda t ions a re d iff icu l t t o e stabl ish.

Exac t ly h ow e ach f ounda t ion was made was l ef t t o t he d iscre t ion o f t he f ounder. H is o nly r equ ire ment was a modest s upp ly o fb re thren who h ad s tud ied t he Ru le.

Therefore, t he d a te g iven i n a ny p ar t icu lar med ieva l c har ter may

r efer t o t he t ime when t he s i te was f i rst i nhab i ted , t ha t i s when t he f i rst c olony o f c anons a rr ived.

On t he o ther h and i t may r efer t o t he d a te when

p er m iss ion f or t he o ccupa t ion o f as i te was g ran ted , when a dequa te e ndow men t was a cqu ired , when t he b u ild ings were c o mp leted o r e ven when t he f or ma l

2 2

d ed ica t ion o f t he h ouse t ook p lace.

There was , o f n ecess i ty , al ong s er ies

o f l egal t ransac t ions i nvolved i n a ny f ounda t ion .

Th is i s o u t l ined b y J . C .

D ick inson i n h is s tudy 's o f L anercost Pr iory a nd Br istol A bbey. 5

T he s ecur ing

o f a dequa te e ndow men t c ou ld a lso a dd t o c onfus ion i n t he d a t ing o f af ounda t ion . E ven i n ac ase l i ke Gu isborough P r iory where t he f ounder g ave t wen ty-n ine c aruca tes ( 3 ,480 a cres ) a nd t he a dvowson o f t en c hurches , ap roble m .

6

d a t ing i s s t i l l

The n earest t h is h ouse c an b e d a ted i s b e tween 1 119 a nd 1 124

t he y ears o f t he p on t if ica te o f t he Pope who c onf ir med i t s e x istence.

N eed less

t o s ay t he p roble m was e ven g rea ter when a n u mber o f f euda l l ords was i nvolved i n t he i n i t ia l e ndow men t .

Drax Pr iory was f ounded b y Wi l l ia m

Pagnel , b u t t here w ere n u merous o ther e arly b enefac tors:7 T he n eares t i t s d a te o f f ounda t ion c an b e t raced i s b etween 1 130 a nd 139 .

8

T he ma jor d if-

f i cu l t ies i n a ss ign ing d a tes t o f ounda t ions was f or t hose i n t he e ar ly p er iod , t hough t here i s as tr ik ing e xa mp le i n t he l a ter Midd le Ages , t ha t o f P en mon . I t s f ounda t ion c annot b e d a ted a ny more c losely t han s o me t i me a f ter 1 239 b u t b efore 1 414.

9

T he s econd p roble m i s t ha t o f t he s ta tus o f t he h ouse i n q ues t ion.

The

most r ecen t l i st o fh ouses i ns o me way c onnec ted w ith t he August in ian c anons i n Eng land a nd Wa les h as b een p roduced b y D . Knowles a nd R . N . Hadcock . 1° T hey l i st s o me 2 75 e stabl ish men ts i n s o me way c onnec ted w ith t he o rder. T o b eg in w ith S t. Kyne marks Pr iory h as t o b e a dded t o t he l i st s ince i ts ee ms c onc lus ively t o h ave b elonged t o t he o rder . 1 1

T he t o ta l was t herefore 2 76,

h owever , t wen ty-f ive o f t hese h ave b een d is m issed a s n o t mer i t ing i nclus ion i n t he s tudy .

These e stabl ish men ts were of ten n o more t han f ar ms , a l terna te

n a mes f or o ther h ouses o r i n tended f ounda t ions t hat n ever materia l ized Append ix 1 ) .

( see

They w ou ld c onfuse r a ther t han c lar ify t he o vera l l p ic ture.

The

t o tal n umber o f e stabl ish men ts i s t hus r educed t o 2 51 wh ich a re most c onveni en t ly d iv ided u p a s i l lustra ted i n Table 1 . I t i s e v iden t f ro m t he t able t ha t t he s tatus o f h ouses s o me t i mes v ar ies t hrough t ime , s o me a t ta in ing a h igher , s o me s ink ing t o al ower s ta tus.

At o ta l o f t wen ty h ouses f a l l i nto s uch g roups.

Af ur ther f ew h ouses c reate a p roble m i n s o f ar a s t hey c hanged o rder b efore 1 535. I n s o me i nstances a h ouse o r ig ina l ly i n tended f or t he August in ians, was i n s ubsequen t y ears , f or v ar ious r easons , g iven t o a no ther o rder.

C anon-

s leigh i n Devon , f or e xa mp le , was f ounded a bou t 1 161 f or c anons , h owever , i n 1 283 , t he c anons , whose n umbers h ad f a l len t o s even , were e v ic ted , a nd t he h ouse r efounded f or c anonesses o ft he s a me o rder .1 2

Af ur ther t h ir ty-

s ix h ouses were l ow s tatus f ounda t ions , n or ma l ly c el ls o r p r iory c e l ls, t he r ole o f w h ich was c o mpara t ively m inor i n s hap ing t he g eography o f t he o rder i n Eng land a nd Wa les.

T he ir d istribu t ion i s d iscussed b r ief ly i n Append ix

4b u t t hey w il lb e e xcluded f ro m most f urther a na lyses i n t he s tudy. I t i s a pparen t f ro m T able 1 t ha t t he Augus t in ian c anons was a v ery p opu lar o rder i n med ieva l E ngland a nd Wa les. F ew o ther o rders h ad u pwards o f 2 00 f ounda t ions.

T he p rol ifera t ion o f August in ian h ouses was l argely t he

o u tco me o f e ven ts d ur ing t he t we lf th c en tury . d if f icu l t t o a ch ieve.

Prec is ion i n d a t ing i s , h owever,

At en ta t ive g raph i l lustra t ing t he d a t ing o f f ounda t ions

t o w ith in a f i ve , o r i fn ecessary , at en y ear p er iod h as b een c ons truc ted ( Fig. 3 ).

The f i gure i s c o mp lex a nd r equ ires s o me e xp lana t ion .

2 3

The ma jor i ty

C o 0

-a e L 2 1

c o

C O

0 U-

0 0 c • s i

C I

c r )

' 4 =

C o

L c ,

a ) _ c

r s ,

0 0

0

s uo i4epunod i o J aqu inN

2 4

u J

C / )

0 One House

P lotted

One House P lot ted

N • V ithin

T hree Houses T e mp

S tephen 1 1 35-54

I nc ludes a l l f oundat ions e xcept t e mporary a nd l ow s tatus

1 0 Years A f ter K no wn Date

0 0

One House T raced t o With in 5 Y ears o f i t s F oundat ion

-a 237-1 41 4

r c g

F oundaf ions

C o

[ ions -One House

a ) 0

0

Tab le 1

T ypes o f A ugus t in ian F ounda t ions i n E ng land a nd Wa les a s l i s ted b y K now les a nd Hadcock

Pr ior ies f or e n t ire e x istence n ot d issolved u n t il D issolu t ion 1 535-40

1 28

P r ior ies f or e n t ire e x is tence d issolved b efore 1 535

2 4

A bbeys f or e n t ire e x is tence n ot d issolved u n t il D issolu t ion 1 535-40

1 6

A bbeys f or e n t ire e x istence d issolved b efore 1 535

1

Pr ior ies u pgraded t o A bbey b efore 1 535

9

P r iories d own-graded t o C el l b efore 1 535

9

A bbeys d owngraded t o P r iory b efore 1 535

2

T e mporary S i tes ( L isted )

1 6

Houses c hang ing o rder b efore 1 535

1 0

L ow s tatus h ouses , C el ls o r Pr iory C el ls

3 6 TOTAL

2 51

o f h ouses h ave b een t raced t o w ith in a q u inquenn iu m a nd a re p lot ted a s s uch i n F ig. 3 ( see a . ) i n an u mber o f c ases t he d a tes w ith in wh ich t he f ounda t ion t ook p lace o ver lap a p ar t icu lar q u inquenn iu m .

I n s o me i ns tances i td oes

n ot ma t ter v ery much a s i n t he c ase o f S ou thw ick , f ounded b e tween . 1 145 a nd 153

1 3

where , s ince t he c hance o f i tb e ing f ounded i n t he e arl ier q u inquenn iu m

o f 1 146-50 i s g rea ter t han t ha t o f 1 151-55 i th as b een p lot ted a s i n ( a ) u nder 146-50. c hance.

S im ilar i nstances h ave a lso b een a ss igned t o t he p er iod o f g rea ter O thers c annot b e f i r mly p laced a t a l l i n a ny p ar t icu lar q u inquenn iu m ,

b u t c an u sua l ly b e a scr ibed t o ad ecade. s o me t i me o ver t he p er iod 1 130-9.

For e xa mp le , Drax was f ounded

S uch i nstances a re p lot ted i n F ig. 3 a s

i n ( b ) where t he h e igh t o f t he s ymbo l i s o n ly h a l f t hat d ist ingu ish ing a f ounda t ion t o w i th in f i ve y ears.

F ina l ly t here a re a n umber o f c ases where t he f ounda t ion

c an b e e s tabl ished o n ly a pprox i ma tely .

S uch i nstances a r ise when t he o n ly

r ecorded e v idence i s t hat a h ouse was f ounded s o me t ime b efore , o r s o me t ime af ter a p ar t icu lar d a te.

Arbury , f or e xa mp le , i s k nown t o h ave b een

f ounded e ar ly i n t he r e ign o f Henry I , t ha t i s s oon a f ter 1 154, t he n eares t t o w h ich i tc an b e t raced.

1 4

b ut t ha t i s

E lsha m o n t he o ther h and mus t h ave

b een f ounded b efore 166, f or i t s e ndow men t was i ncreased b y ac har ter o f t ha t d a te.

1 5

a pprox i ma te.

I n s uch c ases, t he f ounda t ion d a te i n F ig. 3 , i s o f n ecess i ty Houses o f t h is t ype h ave b een p lot ted t o w ith in a d ecade b efore

o r a f ter t he d a te k nown a nd a re marked a s ( c ) o r ( d ) i n F ig. 3 .

T h is p eriod

o f t en y ears i s p robably a ccura te e nough i n most c ases a nd f or most p urposes. T he h eavy emphas is o n t welf th c en tury f ounda t ions i s e v iden t f ro m F ig. 3 , b u t c erta in p hases c an b e i den t if ied .

Beg inn ing w i th t he i n troduc t ion o f

t he o rder s oon a f ter 1 0 0 t here was a s udden r ise i n n u mbers u nt il 120 ; w ith a v er i table e xp los ion o ver t he y ears 120 t o 135. h ouses were f ounded b e tween 131 a nd 135.

N o l ess t han s ix teen

T h is p er iod u p t o 135 c overs

t he r e ign o f Henry I , when t he o rder was n ew a nd f ash ionable.

Pa trons

t urned t o t he Augus t in ian o rder i n p reference t o e stabl ish ing f ur ther Bened ict ine h ouses.

C lun iac h ouses were f ew a nd f ar b e tween a nd t ended t o r ef lec t

l oca l r a ther t han n a t iona l t rends.

Dur ing t he r e ign o f Henry Ia l arge p ro-

p ort ion o f Augus t in ian h ouses was f ounded b y me mbers o f t he r oya l c our t. I n f ac t o f t he f ortythree h ouses n oted b y J . C . D ick inson t o b e f ounded i n t he t ime o f Henry I , a t l east t h ir tythree ' are k nown t o h ave b een f ounded o r

2 5

s ubstan t ia l ly a ided b y members o ft he r oya l e n tourage '

1 6

T he impor tance

o f t h is g oes a l ong way t owards e xp la in ing t he i mmed ia te s uccess o f t he o rder i n t er ms o f t he n u mber o f f ounda t ions.

I t was f ash ionable among c our t c ircles

t o b eco me t he p a tron o fo ne o f t hese n ew h ouses o f r egu lar c anons.

L ike s o

many o ther t h ings w hen t hey a re n ew, i t was p eop le f ro m t he f i rst r anks o f s oc iety who w ere f i rst i nvolved.

T he l ocat ion o ft hese r oya l f ounda t ions w i l l

b e d iscussed when d ea l ing w ith t he a c tua l d istr ibu t ion o f h ouses. F ro m 135 u n t il 1 200 t he r a te o fg rowth was r e markably e ven. There were m inor v ic iss itudes o ver e ach q u inquenn iu m , b u t o f n o r ea l s ign if icance. Overa l l t here w ere more f ounda t ions i n 'th is p er iod t han i n t he p rev ious o ne; h owever , i t was l onger. T he max i mu m n umber f ounded i n a ny q u inquenn iu m was n ine. I n t he p er iod 1 200 t o 1 270 t here was a s teady d ec l ine i n t he n u mber o f f ounda t ions. A f ter t h is d a te t here were n o f ur ther f ounda t ions u n t il t he p er iod 1 325 t o 1 360 wh ich s tands o u t s o mewha t a s a n I nd ian s ummer ' w i th t he e stabl ish men t o f f i ve more h ouses.

I n t he y ears f o l low ing 1 200 , o ne p er iod

s tands o u t a s t o ta l ly a l ien t o t he g eneral t rend o f d ecl ine , t ha t i s 1 210-20 when u p t o t en h ouses were f ounded.

T h is s pa te o f i n terest i s d iff icu l t t o

e xp la in . However , t here were t wo ma jor e ven ts t ha t o ccurred i n 1 215 wh ich may g o s o me way t owards i t . T he s ign ing o f Magna C ar ta b rough t p ol i t ical s tabi l i ty b ack t o t he c oun try a nd t he L a teran C ounc i l o f t he s a me y ear was importan t f ro m t he p o in t o fv iew o f s tab il ity w i th in t he c hurch. The r e ign o fK ing J ohn ( 1 1991216 ) was f ar f rom c onduc ive t o t he f ounda t ion o f r el ig ious h ouses. 17

I t may wel lb e t ha t f o l low ing h is d ea th , wou ld b e f ounders w ere

e ncouraged b y t he e cc les iast ica l r eform b rough t a bou t b y t he f our th L a teran C ounc il t o e stabl ish s evera l more h ouses o f August in ian c anons.

E qual ly

d if f icu l t t o e xp la in i s t ha t f i na l p er iod o f a c t iv i ty t ha t l asted f ro m 1 325-1365. T he f ounda t ions were a l l sma l l a nd o f l i t t le more t han l oca l importance i nc lud ing Maxstoke a nd F lanesford.

F lanesford , f or e xamp le , was f ounded

i n 1 336 a t at ime when t he ' f low o fb enefact ions t o monast ic o rders h ad p erc ep t ibly d ecreased ' , i t s e ndow men t b e ing modest t hough a dequa te. Th is f ounda t ion i s a lso i n terest ing s ince t he b ishop 's r eg ister r ecords t he d a te o ff ounda t ion a s t ha t when t he f i rst s tone was l a id .1 8 More w il lb e s a id o n t he t hree p er iods d el im i ted a bove when d iscuss ing t he a c tual d istr ibu t ion o f h ouses. One o r t wo f ur ther p o in ts a re r a ised b y F ig. 3 wh ich r equ ire c o m men t .

The d ec is ive f actors i n t he n umber o f monast ic

f ounda t ions i n E ngland a nd Wa les were , f i rst t he n umber r equ ired t o s erve t he v ery sma l l p opu lat ion o ft he t ime , t ha t i s s ay ing masses , p erform ing b ur ia l d u t ies, p rov id ing h osp i ta l a nd h osp ice s erv ices a nd g enera l ly a dm in ist er ing t he c ure o f s ou ls. T he s econd f ac tor was t he r eluc tance o f l ay s oc iety t o a l low t oo much l and t o b e g iven o ver t o t he c hurch. I ti s i mpor tan t t o r e me mber t ha t o ther o rders were mak ing c on te mporaneous f ounda t ions. S o me o ft hese were t he mselves o f t he o p in ion t ha tb y 150 l arge p arts o f wes tern Europe i nc lud ing E ngland a nd Wales were o ver s e t t led b y r el ig ious o rders. T h is i s e v iden t s ince i n 1 152 t he g enera l c hap ter o f t he C isterc ian o rder p roh ib i ted ' p ro m iscuous f ounda t ions i n t he f u ture '. 1 9 I tf a i led t o h a l t t he f ounda t ion o f n ew C isterc ian h ouses b u t d id much t o s low d own t he p rocess. T he r eason f or t he p roh ib i t ion was p robably t ha t t he g enera l c hap ter r ea l ized i t was g reed f or l and r a ther t han s p ir i tua l r efreshmen t t ha t was t he d r iv ing f orce. 2 6

I t may h ave b een e xpec ted t ha t f o l low ing t he i n troduc t ion o f t he C isterc ian o rder t o E ng land i n 128 t ha t t here m igh t h ave b een a r educ t ion i n t he n u mber o f n ew August in ian f ounda t ions. ma jor s igns o f s low ing d own. 1 155.

C on trary t o t h is e xpec ta t ion t here were n o

Develop men ts c on t inued a pace c erta in ly u n t il

S im ilarly i tm igh t h ave b een e xpec ted t ha t f o l low ing t he 152 b an o n

f urther C isterc ian f ounda t ions, August in ian n u mbers wou ld r ise , s ince wou ld b e C isterc ian b enefac tors might h ave b een t e mp ted t o l ook e lsewhere. S uch ar ise was n ot a pparen t ( Fig. 3 ). Bau lked i n o ne d irec t ion p oten t ia l f ounders migh t wel l h ave a bandoned t he i dea o f f ound ing a r el ig ious h ouse a l together. On t he o ther h and t here may h ave b een a r ea l iza t ion b y l ay s oc iety t ha t b y 1 155 t oo much l and h ad b een t urned o ver t o r el ig ious l andowners. An o u tstand ing f ea ture o f t he f ounda t ions o f August in ian h ouses was i t s p ers istence i n c o mpar ison w ith t he C isterc ian o rder.

Wh i lst t he l a t ter s aw

s ix ty-e igh t p er c en t o f i t s f ounda t ions b e tween 128 a nd 152 20 b y 155 o n ly t h ir ty-e igh t p er c en t o f August in ian h ouses h ad b een f ounded.

T he p ers istence

o f n ew f ounda t ions a t as teady r a te o f t en t o t we lve a d ecade i n t he l a t ter h a lf o f t he t wel f th c en tury i s e v idence o f ar un o f p opu lar i ty u nr iva l led b y a ny o f t he o ther n ew r el ig ious o rders.

T hus h av ing d iscussed when t he August in ian

h ouses were e stabl ished i n E ng land a nd Wa les i ti s n ow n ecessary f o s tudy t he ir d is tr ibu t ion . THE D ISTR IBUTION OF HOUSES The e xp lana t ion d f a ny d istr ibu t iona l p at tern i s n ever a s i mp le a f fa ir , a nd f or monasteries o f t he August in ians where t he n a ture o f t he Ru le g ave s o much f l ex ib il ity t o t he c ho ice o f s i te a nd s i tua t ion , t he d is tr ibu t ion i s e ven more c o mp lex t o d escr ibe a nd a na lyse. The o vera l l d istribu t ion o f August in ian h ouses i n med ieva l E ngland a nd Wa les i s i l lustra ted i n F ig . 4 .

S o me 2 16 h ouses a re r epresen ted a nd a re

s een t o h ave b een l oca ted i n a l l p ar ts o f t he c oun try w i th a c oncen tra t ion o f a ct iv ity i n t he m id lands , e ast a nd s ou th-eastern Eng land . p a t tern t here a re t wo p o in ts wh ich n eed t o b e n oted .

Wi th in t h is o vera l l

F irst ly , b y t he t h irt ies

o f t he t wel f th c en tury , a s wel l a s t he g enera l o rder o f August in ian c anons, t here were t hree o ther i ndependen t o rders f o l low ing t he Augus t in ian Ru le a lso b e ing e stabl ished i n E ngland.

T hese were t he o rders o f S t . V ic tor o f

Par is, S t. N icholas o f Arroua ise a nd t he c anons o f t he Holy S epu lchre ( see Append ix 2 ).

Those o f S t . N icholas o f Arroua ise were t he most c o m mon o f

t hese t hree i n Eng land , t hey were a lso v ery c o m mon i nI reland.

However ,

a l though t he l oca t ion o f t he h ouses o f t hese t hree o rders i s s hown i n F ig. 4 , i ti s p roposed t o a na lyse t he ir d istr ibu t ion i n as epara te s ec t ion f ro m t hose o f t he ma instream o rder.

T h is i s n ecessary s ince a g roup o fu n ique a dd i t iona l

f ac tors a f fected t he ir d istr ibu t ion . S econd ly t here i s t he q uest ion o f ac hange i n t he d istr ibu t ion p a t tern o ver t ime.

T he o veral l s i tua t ion a s r evea led i n F ig. 4 t akes n o a ccoun t o f t hese

c hanges.

T he mos t i mpor tan t p er iod o f f ounda t ion was f ro m 100 t o 1 135,

when a ccord ing t o D ick inson t he c anons e xpanded i n E ngland ' w ith t ru ly r emarkable c eler ity:2 1

T he p er iod s aw t he f ounda t ion o f t he g reat ma jor i ty

o f t he i n f luen t ial h ouses o f t he o rder w ith t he ir o wn d ist inc t c harac ter. 135 a s er ies o f n ew f ac tors emerged i n t he d evelopmen t o f t he o rder i n

2 7

A f ter

Distribution of Augustinian Houses .(

'·:·::::::

in Medieval England and Wales

?

'._,... ,\,,,-

.. .. ,

• ____,r··-··'-

,.,--,),·-,_

81ut1rwood0

(,.1-

-, --

-

•-1,.

\,.

(The status and affiliation of houses Gu1sborough

\_

;··

illustrated were those at the foundation;

Q.�ood eNewburgh Manon•

Br,dlmglon

Kirkham•

.

H,laough

•wARTER

Dru•

•Burscough

Marltbv•

0

Miles

50

0

Km

80

Victorine Foundations Temporary Sites and Houses which Changed Order

Temporary Sites and Houses which Changed Order

Arroua1s1an Foundations

Abbey Status

Temporary Sites and Houses which Changed Order

Priory Status

Canons of the Holy Sepulchre

County Bounda nes

Fig. 4

E ngland a nd Wales.

T hese g ave r ise t o ad if feren t k ind o f d is tr ibu t ion p at tern.

F ina l ly , a round 1 200 ( or t he b eg inn ing o f t he r e ign o f J ohn , 199 ) t here was ab reak i n t he s et t le men t p a ttern ( Fig. 3 ) a nd i ti s , t herefore, p roposed t o d ea l w ith t he d is tr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses i n t erms o f t hese t hree t ime p eriods :

100 t o 135, 136 t o 1 200 a nd a f ter 1 200.

a . The D is tr ibu t ion o f H ouses 1 100-35 : Th is was t he mos t i mportant p hase i n t he d eve lopmen t o f t he o rder i n E ng land a nd Wa les . The g eograph ic s pread was q ui te r emarkab le a nd v ery e x tens ive , t ak ing i n mos t p ar ts o f E ngl and b u t h av ing l i t t le i mpac t o n Wa les ( f ig . 5 ) . B y 1 110 t here were s even i nd ependen t h ouses o f A ugust in ian c anons i n t he c oun try .

A lthough t he f i rs t

h ouse was C o lches ter , t he t wo mos t i mpor tan t e ar ly f ounda t ions were H o ly T rin i ty , A ldga te , f ounded 1 107-8 22 1 108 .

2 3

a nd H un tingdon f ounded s hor t ly b efore

These t wo a long w i th Mer ton P r iory f ounded b e tween 1 114 a nd 1 117 2 4

s upp l ied t he c anons t o e s tab lish a bout a f ur ther f our teen h ouses b efore 1 135 .

2 5

A lthough f or s o me y ears d eve lopmen t was r estr ic ted t o t he s outh o f E ng land , t he d ivers ity i n t he c ho ice o f s i tes t ha t t he o rder was l a ter t o i l lus tra te i n d et a i l , s oon b ecame a pparent .

S oon a f ter 1 108 L lan thony Iwas f ounded i n ar e-

mo te v a l ley a t t he f oo t o f t he B lack Mounta ins .

2 6

Th is s i te was a marked

c on tras t f rom u rban s i tes s uch a s H o ly T r in i ty , A ldga te , o r l ow lana o pen s e tt i ngs s uch a s t ha t o f Mer ton . E xpans ion o utof t he s outh was q u ick , d esp i te t he l ack o f monas t ic a c t iv i ty i n g enera l i n t he n orth ; a bout 1 113 B rid ling ton P r iory was f ounded .

I t was l av ish ly e ndowed a nd b ecame o ne o f t he c h ief

n or thern h ouses o f t he o rder .2 7 S oon a f terwards a n u mber o f o ther i mportan t Yorksh ire h ouses a ppeared : G uisborough a bout 1 119 ,2 8 Embsay i n 1 120 ,2 9 N oste l l p erhays a s e ar ly a s 1 114 a nd c er ta in ly b efore 1 121 30 a nd K irkha m a bout 1 122 . 3 1 By 135 t here were s o me f orty-s ix p er manen t f ounda t ions o f Augus t in ian c anons i n E ng land a nd Wa les. I n a dd i t ion t here were a bou t e ight t e mporary s i tes o r h ouses t ha t w ere l a ter t o c hange o rder. The p a t tern a s i l lustra ted i n F ig. 5 s ugges ts a r e markably d ispersed a nd r ando m d istr ibu t ion.

I n n o

p ar t o ft he c oun try was t here a marked t endency t owards c luster ing a part f ro m t wo h ouses w i thin L ondon, o ne s ou th o f t he Thames , a t S ou thwark a nd Mer ton Pr iory s l igh tly f urther s ou th.

C o mpar ing f ounda t ions t o 135 i n

F ig. 5 w i th t he t o ta l d istr ibu t ion , a s i l lustra ted i n F ig , 4 , i tc an b e s een t ha tb y 135 t he d istr ibu t ion was a l most a s e x tens ive a s i t was t o b eco me s o me t wo h undred y ears l a ter. The o n ly r eg ion e n t irely a vo ided i n t he e arly p er iod , l a ter t o b e s e t t led b y Augus t in ian c anons was n or th-wes t Wa les. b .

The D is tr ibut ion o f Houses f rom 1 135 t o 1 200 :

D ur ing t h is p er iod a

f ur ther e igh tythree A ugus t in ian h ouses were f ounded i n E ng land a nd Wa les , e leven o f wh ich were s hort l i ved h ouses e i ther c hanging o rder o r s i te .

The

d is tr ibut ion o f h ouses i n t h is p er iod i l lus tra ted a marked move t owards t he f i na l p a t tern i l lus tra ted i n F ig . 4 .

There was a s hr inkage i n ma jor d eve lop-

men ts t owards mid land a nd e as tern E ng land w i th v ery l i t t le f ur ther s e t t le men t i n t he n or th a nd wes t ( F ig . 5 ) . Wa les s aw o n ly o ne f ounda t ion i n t h is p eriod , t ha t o f H averfordwes t f ounded s ome t i me b efore 1 200 .3 2 I n t he n orth-wes t a nd wes t c ountry t here were o n ly f i ve sma l l f ounda t ions , a dding v ery l i t t le t o t he d is tr ibut ion p a t tern t here .

The c oncen tra t ion o f a c t iv i ty i n t he midlands

2 9

( F ig . d oes n ot i nc lude i ndependent o rders o f

S t . N icho las , S t . V ictor a nd Ho ly S epu lchre)

a nd e as tern E ng land was c harac ter ized b y a modera te d egree o f c lus tering , wh ich c on tras ted n o tab ly f ro m t he p a ttern o bserved i n t he p rev ious p er iod . A l though t he s econd p er iod was l onger t h is n eed n o t h ave g iven r ise t o s uch c lus ter ing i f ar ando m s er ies o f f ac tors r e ma ined t he o n ly c on tro l .

Tha t i t

d id s o was l arge ly b ecause f resh f ounda t ions a t t h is t ime were c oncen tra ted i n c er ta in a reas . O ne o f t he mos t n otab le c lus ters was s i tua ted a round t he s ou th c oas t o f S uf fo lk , af ur ther g roup was s i tua ted i n t he n or th mid lands i n L e ices tersh ire , D erbysh ire a nd N o t tingha msh ire .

The t endency t owards c on-

c en tra t ion i s e ven more o bv ious when t he e n t ire p er iod 1 100-1200 i s v iewed a s o ne . c .

The D is tr ibu t ion o f H ouses F ounded a f ter 1 200 :

The p er iod a f ter

1 200 s aw t he e s tab l ishmen t o f af ur ther f orty-four h ouses o f A ugus tin ian c anons ( F ig . 5 ) .

The ma jor i ty o f t hese s urv ived f or a t l eas t t wo h undred y ears ,

t hough a n u mber were d isso lved b efore t he g enera l D isso lut ion o f 1 535-40 . F our o f t hese h ouses were n o t e s tab lished u n t i l t he f ourteen th c en tury , l a test was K irby B e l lers f ounded i n 1 359 .

3 3

The l a tes t d a te a t tached t o a ny

f ounda t ion b y K now les a nd Hadcock was f or t he p r iory a t S t . Tudwa ls I s land . I th ad b een a C e lt ic h ouse wh ich t hey s ta te b ecame Augus t in ian s hor t ly b efore 1 417 .3 4 Wh i ls t t he B enedic t ines h ad n o h ouse o f a ny i nf luence f ounded a f ter 1 150 , a nd t he C is terc ians h ad v irtua l ly c o me t o as tands t i l l b y 1 200 , t he A ugus t in ians c on t inued t o b e a c t ive i n t he t h ir teen th c en tury a nd wha t i s more s o me o f t he f ounda t ions were t o b eco me modera te ly wea l thy a nd i mportan t . Wroxton P r iory , f or e xa mp le , f ounded a bout 1 217, f ounded i n 1 336 .

3 5

a nd Maxs toke P riory

3 6

The d istr ibu t ion o f h ouses f ounded i n t h is p eriod i l lustra tes t hat t he p a ttern h ad b eco me s tead i ly l ess d if fuse a nd more c oncen tra ted i n to m id land a nd e astern England ( Fig. 5 ).

An otable e xcep t ion t o t h is c oncen tra t ion o f a c t iv i ty

was t he g roup o fh ouses a round t he n orth-wes t c oast o f Wa les.

Th is was a

v ery d ist inc t a nd i n many ways c onfus ing c ol lec t ion o f l a te f ounda t ions. S im i larly , t he Yorksh ire h ouse o f Healaugh Park f ounded a bou t 1 218 , av ery l a te f ounda t ion i n t er ms o f t he o ther Yorksh ire h ouses.

3 7

was

T h is a pp l ies

n ot o n ly t o o ther A ugust in ian f ounda t ions , b u t o f r el ig ious o rders i n g enera l . C learly , b y 1 200 , t he a reas most s u i ted o r o r ien ta ted t owards n ew Augus t in ian f ounda t ions were mid land a nd e spec ial ly e as tern Eng land .

For

t he h ouses f ounded a f ter 1 200 , t aken i n i sola t ion , t here was a s l igh t t endency t owards c luster ing ( nor th-west N orfolk ), a nd when v iewed i n t ota l , w i th a l l o ther p rev ious f oundat ions , t he c luster ing i s e ven more a pparen t(Fig.

5 ).

I t was c ons idered n ecessary t o a t te mp t s o me f or m o f s ta t is t ical a na lys is o n t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses a s i l lustra ted i n F ig. 5 .

T ests a nd

methods f or measur ing t he d ispers ion o f p o in t p a t terns h ave b een t he s ub jec t o f s o me r ecen t d iscuss ion. 38

P . V incen t s ta tes :

s at isfac tory me thods o f measur ing p o in t p a t terns '. a re n earest-ne ighbour o r q uadra t s a mp l ing.

' presen t ly t here a re n o The t ests c o mmon ly u sed

However , V incen t b el ieves t hey

h ave b een ' u sed b l ind ly i n a n a t te mp t t o s upp ly i nfor ma t ion wh ich t hey s i mp ly c anno t y ield '. 39

N ever theless, s ince i t was d ee med d es irable t o u nder take

s o me f or m o f s ta t ist ica l a na lys is i n o rder t o c onf ir m o r d ispe l t hose o bserv a t ions made o n t he d istr ibu t ion o f h ouses i n t he t hree t ime p er iods a bove ,

3 1

t he t echn iques c urren t ly a va ilable h ad t o b e u sed.

A t t he s a me t ime , t he

r esu l ts p roduced b y t he t ests must b e r egarded a s t en ta t ive a nd , t herefore , v iewed w ith a d egree o f c au t ion .

The n earest-ne ighbour me thod was a bandoned

o n a ccoun t o f i tb e ing u nsu i table f or t he p roble m i n h and a nd b ecause o f r ecen t c r it ic is m r egard ing i t s c red ib i l i ty .

Therefore , t he a na lys is was b ased o n

q uadra t-sa mp l ing a nd c h i-square t echn iques.

T he q uadra t me thod i nvolves

s uper i mpos ing a r egu lar c ol lec t ing g r id o n t he d ot d istr ibu t ion a nd t h is p rov ides ab as is f or c a lcu la t ing whe ther t he a c tua l d istr ibu t ion d if fers f ro m t ha t wh ich m igh t b e e xpec ted u nder r ando m c ond i t ions.

T he t est i nvolves t he

c a lcu la t ion o f mean a nd v ar iance f or t he d o t d is tr ibu t ion i n o rder t o o bta in t he r at io b etween t hese t wo s ta t ist ics. v ar iance g iv ing a r esu l t o f 1 .0 .

I n ar ando m d is tr ibu t ion mean e qua ls

Va lues a bove 1 .0 s ugges t a more r egu lar

p a t tern , v a lues b elow 1 .0 s uggest c luster ing.

One s hortco m ing o f t he t est

i s t ha t t he r esu l t c an b e a f fec ted b y t he s ize o f t he g r id , b u t t h is i s o verco me b y r epea t ing t he t est w i th v ar ious s ize g r ids. 4°

T he t est was c arr ied o u t

u sing t he t en m i le t o o ne i nch s hee ts o f Monast ic Br i ta in 4 1

a nd s uper i mpos irg

b oth t wo i nch a nd f our i nch c ol lec t ing g r ids. As a f ur ther c heck t he n on-para me tr ic c h i-square t est was u sed.

The

p rocedure was t o measure t he a c tual d istr ibu t ion o f Augus t in ian h ouses a ga inst t he e xpec ted , work ing w i th t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t t he o bserved d istr ibu t ion c ou ld h ave a r isen b y c hance.

The t est r equ ires t ha t Eng land a nd Wa les b e

d iv ided o n s o me f or m o f r eg ional b asis s o t ha t ar ela t ively e qua l n umber o f h ouses migh t b e e xpec ted i n a ny o ne r eg ion .

T h is t est i s n o t s u itable f or

e xpec ted v a lues o f l ess t han f i ve p er c e1 1 , 42

t herefore , w ith o n ly f i f ty-two

h ouses f ounded i n t he f i rs t p er iod , 100 t o 135, t he max i mu m n umber o f r eg ions t he c oun try c ou ld b e d iv ided i n to was t en . e x tre mely d if f icu l t.

The c ho ice o f r eg ions was

T o d iv ide t he c oun try u p i n to r egu lar u n i ts wou ld n ot

t ake a ccoun t o f v ar ia t ions i n a l t i tude , p opu la t ion a nd a rable a creage a l l o f wh ich c ou ld h ave a f fec ted t he s e t t le men t o f Augus t in ian c olon ies.

However ,

a f ter a g rea t d ea l o f d el ibera t ion d iocesan b oundar ies were c ons idered most s u itable. 43

T he n ine d iv is ions c hosen were c ons idered a dequa te, a nd p ro-

v id ing t he s a me b oundar ies were u sed f or t est ing t he d istr ibu t ion i n a l l t hree t ime p er iods , s o me f or m o f c o mpar ison w as p oss ible , a nd a ny c hange t hrough t ime c ould b e d e tec ted. The r esu l ts o fb oth s er ies o f t ests a re g iven i n T able 2 . T ak ing t he q uadra t s amp l ing me thod f i rst , u n t i l 135 b oth g r ids g ave s ta t ist ics o f v ery n ear 1 .0 wh ich , t herefore , c onf ir ms t he r ando m n ature o f t he d istribu t ion t o t ha t d a te.

For t he p er iod 100 t o 1 200 , when a l l f ounda t ions were t aken

i n to a ccoun t t he t wo i nch g r id g ave a v a lue o f 0 .5957 a nd t he f our i nch g r id af i gure o f 0 .4011.

I n o ther words b oth p icked o u t t he t rend t owards c luster ing

b y 1 200 , b u t t he t endency was more a pparen t when t ested w ith t he f our i nch g r id.

F ina l ly when a l l h ouses were i ncluded b o th t wo i nch a nd f our i nch

g r ids g ave l ower s ta t ist ics wh ich s uggests q u i te p os it ively t ha t t he f ina l d ist r ibu t ion p a t tern was c lustered r a ther t han r ando m . T he c h i-square t est was emp loyed f i rs t o n t he d is tr ibu t ion o f h ouses o ver t he p er iod 100 t o 135.

T he n u mber o fh ouses e stabl ished i n e ach o f

t he n ine r eg ions ( Fig . 5 ) was d eter m ined a nd c o mpared t o t he e xpec ted n umber. T he r esu l t ing c h i-square v alue was 7 .97.

3 2

T h is v a lue was l ooked u p i n s ign if-

Tab le 2

Q uadra t a nd C h i-Square S ta t is t ics f or t he D is tr ibut ion o f Augus t in ian H ouses i n E ng land a nd Wa les Q uadra t S a mp l ing S ta t is t ic

T i me P er iod

4 " G r id

2 " G r id

C h i-Square

S ign if icance L eve l

1 100-1135

0 .9892

0 .9735

7 .97

1 100-1200

0 .4011

0 .5957

3 0 .03

S ig . a t 9 9 .9%

1 100-onwards

0 .3419

0 .5748

4 1 .67

S ig . a t 9 9 .9%

N o S ig . D if f .

i cance t ables w i th e igh t d egrees o f f reedo m ( t ha t i s t he n umber o f r eg ions l ess o ne ) , h owever , n o s ign if ican t d if ference was d etec ted.

Therefore , u s ing

t he c h i-square t est t here was n o e v idence t o s uggest t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion d id n ot o ccur b y c hance.

T he s ame t est when a pp l ied t o t he p er iod 100 t o 1 200

g ave a s ta t ist ic o f 3 0.03, wh ich was s ign if ican t a t t he 9 9 .9 p er c en t l evel . I n o ther w ords t he d istr ibu t ion h ad n ot o ccurred b y c hance a nd was n ot r ando m. T h is p rov ides t wo c onc lus ions :

t he f irst was t ha t t here was a t endency t o-

wards c luster ing t hrough t ime a nd t he s econd i s t ha t b y c o mpar ing t he r esu l t w ith t ha t o ft he f i rs t p er iod , i tc on f ir ms t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion p a t tern was a l ter ing f ro m 1 135 t o 1 200.

Us ing a l l d a ta f ro m 1 100 o nwards a c h i-square

v a lue o f4 1.76 was d er ived , a ga in s ign if ican t a t t he 9 9 .9 p er c en t l evel wh ich c onf ir ms t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion c ou ld n ot h ave a r isen b y c hance. A l l a va ilable e v idence , t herefore , p o in ts t o t he f ac t t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses b y 1 135 was r ando m.

T he p a ttern was e x tens ive a nd

n ot s ign if ican t ly c oncen tra ted i n a ny o ne r eg ion . t i on c hanged r ad ica l ly .

A f ter t ha t d a te t he d istribu-

By t he f our teen th c en tury t here were marked c oncen-

t ra t ions i n mid land a nd e as tern Eng land , w i th a r ela t ively s parse p a t tern i n t he n or th-west , s ou th-west a nd Wa les. Hav ing d escr ibed t he d istr ibu t ion a nd t he c hanges i n emphasis t hrough t ime , i ti s n ow n ecessary t o a t te mp t s o me e xp lana t ion . FACTORS AFFECTING THE D ISTR IBUTION OF AUGUST IN IAN HOUSES I N ENGLAND AND WALES I t i s e x tre mely d if f icu l t t o s ingle o u t t he f actors t ha t c on tr ibu ted t o t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses i n E ngland a nd Wa les. b e a scr ibed t o a ny o ne s ingle c ause.

T he p a t tern c annot

T herefore , a l though t he f ol low ing f ac tors

a re d iscussed i n i sola t ion f or t he s ake o f c lar ity i n d iscuss ion , i ti s i mportan t t o r e me mber t ha t i n p rac t ice t hey were v ery much i n terela ted . a .

The Augus t in ian T ake-Over o f O lder R e lig ious S i tes :

A ma jor f ac tor

i nf luenc ing t he d is tr ibut ion o f Augus t in ian s i tes was a n h is tor ica l o ne .

Bas ic-

a l ly i tc oncerned t wo e le men ts , e i ther t he t ake-over o f a n o lder r e lig ious s i te b y an ew c o m mun i ty o f A ugust in ians o r t he t ransfer o f a l leg iance b y a n o lder c onven t t o t he A ugus t inian o rder .

B o th i ns tances i nvo lved t he a bsorp t ion o f

f ur ther s i tes i n to t he A ugus t in ian f ramework .

The t ype o f e stab l ish men t o r

c o m mun i ty t ha t h ad p rev ious ly o ccup ied s uch s i tes v ar ied g rea t ly , a nd a s a r esu lt t he me thod o rprocedure f or t ake-over was e qua l ly v ar ied .

I n F ig . 6 ,

s ix b road c a tegor ies o f e ar l ier e s tab lishmen ts h ave b een d is t ingu ished , a nd s ince t hey f or m a l arge p ercen tage o f A ugus t inian l oca t ions , i ti s b enef ic ia l t o s tudy t he m i n s o me d e ta i l . 3 3

e ß l A ugus t in ian F oundat ions o n P re—Ex is t ing R e l ig ious S i tes

N

?

0

1 1

S ecu lar / Co l leg iate S ites

3

M i les Km

5,0 81 0

B eca me

August in ian 1 1 00-35 Au gust in ian 1 1 36-1 200

*

Hosp ita l S ites

0

B eca me

H

Herm itage S ites

0

B eca me August in ian A fter 1 200

C

Ce lt ic S ites

B

B ened ict ine S ites

*

M isce l laneous

F ig . 6

3 4

A l l s uch s i tes were p re-de ter m ined a nd , a s s uch a dd s o me th ing t o t he u nderstand ing o f t he o vera l l d is tribu t ion p a ttern .

To a l arge e x ten t t ake-over

o r c onvers ions were a ma t ter o f s i te r a ther t han d istr ibu t ion , b u t c ol lec t ively , ag roup o f s uch s i tes m igh t p oss ibly h ave g iven r ise t o ad ist inc t d istr ibu t ion p a t tern .

Table 3 l i sts t he n u mber o f s i tes w ith l egac ies i n r ela t ion t o t he

t hree t ime p er iods, a nd a s ap ercen tage o f t he t ota l n u mber o f s i tes. Tab le 3 The P ropor t ion o f A ugus t in ian F ounda t ions o n E ar l ier R e lig ious S i tes 44 T i me P er iod

O ld S i tes

N ew S i tes

%o f E ach

1 .

100-1135

2 3

3 1

4 3 :57

2 .

136-1200

2 3

6 0

2 7 :73

3 .

A f ter 1 201

2 0

2 4

4 5 :55

T ota ls :

6 6

15

3 7 :63

F ro m t he t able i ti s c lear t hat a s ubstan t ia l p ercen tage o f l oca t ions were i nhabi ted b y r el ig ious c o m mun it ies p r ior t o Augus t in ian s et t le men t. t here w ere s ix ty-six t ake-overs , o r more t han o neth ird o f t he t ota l_

I n f act The

p roport ion o f o ld t o n ew s i tes was n o t c onstan t t hrough t he t hree t ime p er iods. By 135 a l mos t h a l f o f a l l f ounda t ions were t ake-overs, t he t otal f el l t o a l i t t le o ver a q uar ter i n t he m idd le p er iod a nd r ose a ga in t o a l most a h al f a f ter 1 201.

A s econd s er ies o f s y mbols h as b een p lotted i n F ig. 6 t o p lace t he

t ake-overs w i th in o ne o f t he t hree t ime p er iods.

I n t he e ar ly p er iod c onver-

s ions w ere l arge ly a t p re-Conquest s ecu lar o r c ol leg ia te e stabl ish men ts.

I n

l ater y ears t ake-overs i nc luded t he c onvers ion o f smal l s ecu lar b od ies , h er m i tages, h osp i ta ls a nd a v ery i n terest ing g roup o f C el t ic s i tes i n n or thwest Wa les. T he e x ten t t o wh ich t hese t ake-overs were e xa mp les o f d irec t c on t inu ity i s b as ica l ly a n a rchaeolog ica l p roble m .

I n an umber o f i nstances i t was

p robably a q uest ion o f s i tua t ion r a ther t han s i te.

A t L aunceston , f or e xa mp le ,

t he August in ian h ouse was l oca ted o n t he o ppos ite b ank o f t he r iver t o t he p reC onquest c ol leg ia te s i te

4 5

.A l terna t ively , a t S t. Oswald 's , G loucester r ecen t

e xcava t ions h ave u nraveled a c o mp l ica ted s er ies o fb u ild ing p hases wh ich i l lus tra te a d irec t t ake-over a nd u se o f e x ist ing s truc tures b y t he August in ian c anons. 46

S im ilar e v idence i s k nown f ro m s uch w ide r anging s i tes a s Bardsey

a nd Wa l tha m . 47

I ndeed s uch c on t inu ity was i nheren t ly more l i ke ly , b u t i t

wou ld r equ ire a g rea t d eal o f a rchaeolog ica l work t o c a lcula te p rec ise n u mbers. One o f t he most i mportan t g roup o f s i tes was t ha t o f t he s ecu lar o r c ol leg ia te e stabl ish men ts.

I n England l arge c ol leg ia te c hurches h ad n ever

b een v ery c o m mon a nd e ven tua l ly a l arge p roport ion o f t he ir e ndow men ts wen t t o t he Bened ic t ines b efore 100. 48

T hey h ad f l our ished s o mewhat i n

t he west c oun try a nd i t was h ere t ha t t he l argest n umber g iven t o t he August ini ans w as t o b e f ound .

I n f ac t a l l f i ve s i tes t aken o ver i n Devon a nd C ornwal l

b y t he c anons were c ol leg ia te h ouses.

However , b oth Bod m in a nd S t . Ger mans

h ad e ven g rea ter h istor ies, t he ir o r ig ins g o ing b ack t o t he ir e x istence a s C el t ic h ouses. 49

I n t he s ou th-west o f E ngland a s a whole o f t he t h ir teen

s i tes t aken o ver , t en h ad h i therto b een c ol leg ia te e stabl ish men ts ( Fig. 6 ). 50

3 5

Ou ts ide t h is r eg ion t here were o n ly a f urther t en s uch s i tes , ma in ly i n t he s ou th a nd e ast .

The o ne e xcep t ion was Hexha m i n t he e x tre me n orth o f

E ngland .

T he a dvan tages o f s uch c onvers ions t o wou ld b e r eformers were

o bv ious.

' Bet ter s afeguards were t hereby s ecured f or t he ma in tenance o f

r egu lar worsh ip a nd c ler ica l mora ls , w ithou t n ecessar ily i nvolv ing a ny a dd it ion t o t he a lready e nor mous t err itor ia l p ossess ions o f t he c hurch '. 5 1 b ishops s aw t hese a dvan tages j ust a s t hey h ad o n t he c on t inen t .

Refor m ing L aunceston

a nd P ly mp ton , f or e xa mp le , w ere g iven o ver b y B ishop Wi l l iam Ware lwast i n t he 120s. 52

T he c onvers ions i n t he s ou th-west were n o t d irec t t ransfers

b y c o m mun i t ies o f s ecu lar p r iests o r c anons , i n f ac t t he p rev ious c onver ts w ere e ither d isbanded o r g iven sma l ler e ndow men ts e lsewhere.

A t P ly mp ton ,

f or e xa mp le , t he s ecu lars were r emoved a nd e stabl ished a t B osha m b y B ishop Warelwast .5 3

C onversely t he v ery e ar ly t ake-overs a t C olchester a nd Hun t-

i ngdon s ee m t o h ave b een d irec t t ransfers o f a l leg iance b y t he s ecu lars t o t he August in ian o rder. T he ma jor ity o f c ol leg ia te s i tes were t aken o ver b y t he August in ians i n t he e arly p er iod , e leven o f t he m b efore 135 a nd o n ly o ne a f ter 1 201. T he o ne l a te c onvers ion was t ha t o f Maxs toke , wh ich was o r ig ina l ly p lanned a s ah ouse o f s ecu lar c hap la ins b u t r e-es tabl ished f or Augus t in ians a f ew y ears l a ter. 5 4

General ly , h owever , c ol leges o f s ecu lars h ad b eco me r are i n

England b y 100.

C onvers ions t o t he August in ian o rder o u ts ide t he w est

c oun try i nc luded S t . F r idesw ide , Ox ford a nd Dover. 5 5

T he e ndow men ts o f

S t . Pau l 's a t Bedford were u sed t o e stabl ish Augus t in ians a t N ewnha m .5 6 The l ast a nd g rea test o f t hese c onvers ions was a t Wa l tha m wh ich b eca me a n August in ian h ouse i n 177 . 57 A s econd g roup o f Augus t in ian h ouses emerged o u t o f h er m i tages.

T he

c rea t ion o f August in ian h ouses o n s uch s i tes was marked i n t he e arly h istory o f t he o rder i n France. 58

By t he ir v ery n a ture s uch s i tes w ere s ec luded a nd

a s s uch a ppea led t o t he c on te mp la t ive e le men t w i th in t he o rder.

I n E ng land

a nd Wa les a s many a s t h ir teen h ouses were e stabl ished o n h er m itage s i tes ( Fig. 6 ).

C onversions o f t h is t ype were n ot c on f ined t o a ny o ne r eg ion , n or

were t hey c on f ined t o a ny o ne p er iod . o f a l leg iance b y t he h er m it g roup . Pr iory , Yorksh ire. 6°

An u mber o f t hese were d irec t t ransfers

L lan thony I , f or e xa mp le ,

5 9

a nd N os te l l

Bo th t hese s i tes a s wel l a s Fe l ley a nd Da le

6 1

r e ma ined

i sola ted t hroughou t t he ir e x istence a s August in ian e stabl ish men ts. At h ird a nd v ery d ist inc t ive g roup o f t ake-overs was t ha t ma in ly i n e astern England a nd l argely e stabl ished a f ter 1 200. c onver ted f ro m h osp itals ( Fig. 6 ).

T hese were t he h ouses

I t i s a l most i mpossible t o d ist ingu ish

b e tween c er ta in h osp ita ls a nd sma l l r el ig ious h ouses i n t he e arly Midd le Ages , f or a t t he t ime e very monastery r egarded t he ma in tenance o f h osp ita l ity among i t s most b ounden d u t ies.

Therefore , t he d if ference b e tween a p r iory

a nd a h osp ita l was a ma t ter o f d egree r a ther t han k ind .6 2

A s af ur ther

c o mp l icat ion a d ist inc t ion h as t o b e made b e tween a h osp i ta l a nd a h osp ice. The f ormer was n or mal ly f or t he c are o f t he s ick o r i n f ir m whereas t he l a t ter was f or t he e n ter ta inmen t o f g uests o r f or a cco m mada t ing t ravel l ing p ilgr i ms o r p oor t rave l lers.

The ma jor i ty , i fn ot a l l , o f t he c onvers ions t o t he Augus-

t in ian o rder were o f t he f or mer t ype. 63

3 6

When s uch h osp ita ls were c onver ted t o August in ian h ouses , t he ir e ndowmen ts were f requen t ly t ransferred f ro m t he ma in tenance o f t he h osp ita l t o t ha t o f t he p r iory.

H owever , i t was c o m mon f or h osp i ta l d u t ies t o b e c on t inued

a f ter t he c onvers ion .

T h is was t he c ase a t He mp ton , f or e xa mp le ,

a t Ma iden Brad ley .6 5

I n an u mber o f c ases t he f ounda t ion o f t he h osp ital was

6 4

a nd a lso

u nder taken b y s o me l ord o r b enefac tor , a nd l a ter c onver ted t o ap r iory b y a n h e ir o f t ha t f ounder.

T h is was p robably t rue o f E lsha m 66

a nd a lso a t N ewstead ,

where t he s on o ft he f ounder c onf ir med a l l t he p roper ty o f t he h osp i ta l t o a p r ior a nd c anons b efore 1 247. 67

T he l argest o f t he August in ian h ouses i n

med ieva l E ng land a nd Wa les t o o r ig ina te a s ah osp ita l was t he L ondon h ouse o f S t . Bar tholo mew 's Sm ithf ield .

I t was e stabl ished a s ah osp ita l f or t he

p oor i n 123, b u t s oon d eveloped i n to a p r iory w i th a d etached h osp ita1 . 68 T here was a r emarkably s trong e as terly d istr ibu t ion o f h osp itals wh ich were c onverted t o August in ian h ouses ( Fig. 6 ).

Wha t i s more , o f t he e igh teen

h ouses b eg inn ing i n t h is way , t welve were n ot e stabl ished u n t il a f ter 1 200. By t hat t ime t he g enera l ly meagre e ndow men ts o f ah osp ita l were s u f f ic ien t t o s uppor t a n Augus t in ian p r iory , s ince smal l h ouses were b y t hen a ccep table. 69 T here was o ne f ur ther v ery d ist inc t g roup o f c onvers ions, u nusua l ly l a te , a nd c onf ined t o n or th-west Wales.

Here t here was a d irec t t ransfer o f a l le-

g iance b y C el t ic r e l ig ious t o t he August in ian o rder , a l l a f ter 1 200.

The g roup

c o mpr ised t he f our a nc ien t s i tes o f Bardsey , Beddgeler t , Pen mon a nd S t. TudwaPs I sland , a l l o f wh ich h ad o r ig ins g o ing b ack t o t he s ix th c en tury . " Un t i l t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h irteen th c entury t hese s i tes r e ma ined i sola ted f ro m t he ma in c urren t o f n a t iona l e ven ts , c on t inu ing s trongly i n t he ir p ast Cel t ic t rad i t ions. l ongest :

Th is p ar t o f Wa les h ad a lways t ended t o p reserve a nc ien t t rad it ions

L a te Bronze Age s urv ivals , f or e xa mp le , were a c ase i n p o in t , a nd

i t was h ere t ha t t he l ast s tronghold o f t he We lsh p r inces , t he p r inc ipal ity o f Gwynedd , h elped t o ma in ta in t he o ld way o f l i fe.

I n s ou th Wa ls , a nc ien i , a nd

r enowned monas ter ies s uch a s L lan il l tud Fawr , d id n ot s urv ive i n t he s a me way b ecause o f t he e arly N or man a dvance a nd s ubsequen t t ransfor ma t ion o f monast ic is m t here .7 1 T he p r iory a t Pen mon was p erhaps t he most f or tuna te o f t he f our , s i tua ted o n t he r easonably f er t ile i s land o f Ang lesey .

B eddgeler t was s i tua ted i n land

i n an arrow v a l ley f l oor , whereas t he o ther t wo were l oca ted o n sma l l i s lands o f f t he ma in land .

P rec ise d a t ing f or t he c onvers ion o f t hese h ouses t o t he

Augus t in ian Ru le i s s urpr is ing ly d iff icu l t .

Bardsey a ppears t o h ave b een t he

l argest a nd most i mpor tan t o f t hese h ouses s ince i ta ch ieved a bbey s tatus , i t s a bbot b e ing f i ned f or n o t a t tend ing a g enera l c hap ter a t L e icester i n 1 509 . The f i rs t d ef in i te r eference t o i tb e ing a n August in ian h ouse was i n 1 252, t hough i t s c onvers ion s ee ms t o g o b ack a s f ar a s s o me t i me b efore 1 212.

7 2

7 3

7 4

T he e ar l iest r eference t o Pen mon as a n Augus t in ian h ouse was i n 1 414, h owe ver , e x tens ive r e ma ins a t t he s i te o f at h ir teen th c entury d a te s uggest t ha t t he t ransfer may g o b ack much e ar l ier.

I ti s p oss ible t ha t al arge e ndow men t

g iven i n 1 221 was f or t he Augus t in ian c anons.

7 5

C ons ider ing t he Bardsey

c onvers ion t ook p lace i n t he e arly t h irteen th c en tury , i ts ee ms q u i te w i th in t he r ea lms o f p ossib il ity t ha t t he c o m mun ity a t P en mon a lso a dop ted t he Augus t in ian Ru le a t t ha t t ime.

Th is i s f ur ther s upported b y t he f ac t t ha t

Beddgeler t 's c onvers ion a l most c er ta in ly t ook p lace s o met ime b etween 1 200

3 7

a nd 1 240. I sland.

7 6

T here i s v ery l i t t le e v idence c oncern ing t he h ouse a t S t . Tudwa l 's

T he f i rs t men t ion o f i t , a s a n Augus t in ian p r iory was 1 410.

How-

7 7

e ver , t here d oes n o t a ppear t o h ave b een a ny r eason why t h is h ouse s hou ld n ot h ave b een c onverted a long w i th t he o thers i n t he t h irteen th c en tury. A l l f our c ases i nvolved t he d irec t t ransfer o f a l leg iance b y t he C u ldees o r C el t ic monks t ha t o ccup ied t hese s i tes , t o t he August in ian o rder.

7 8

' How

f ar t h is i mp l ied a c hange i n t he ir t rad i t iona l way o f l i fe i s q u i te u ncerta in t.

7 9

T he i mpetus f or t he c onvers ions may we l l h ave c o me f ro m Haugh mond , a n e arly h ouse o f t he o rder , f ar e nough west t o b e o bserved a nd e ndowed b y We lsh p r inces.

The Augus t in ian way o f l i fe a t Haugh mond t i ed i n c loses t

w ith t he ir t rad it ions a nd may wel l e xp lain why t he f our a nc ien t a nd c her ished s i tes t ook u p t he Ru le o f S t . Augus t ine.

8 °

T ransfers o f t h is k ind were s o mewha t r are i n E ng land a nd Wa les , b u t i n I reland , f or e xa mp le , t hey were c o m mon p lace.

Many o f t he t we lf th c en tury

Augus t in ian h ouses e stabl ished t here were o n C e l t ic s i tes a nd i nvolved a t ransf er o f a l leg iance b y t he p rev ious c o m mun it ies.

8 1

S uch c onvers ions t o t he

Augus t in ian o rder a lso t ook p lace a t Cel t ic e stabl ish men ts i n S cot land , f or e xa mp le , a t A berne thy a nd L och L even .

8 2

Two f ur ther c a tegor ies o f p re-ex ist ing r el ig ious s ites h ave b een d is t ing u ished i n F ig. 6 .

T hese were Bened ic t ine s i tes a nd a n u mber o f o ther

c onvers ions o n s i tes o f v ary ing o r u ncerta in r el ig ious b ackground .

N e ither

o f t hese g roups c o mpr ised a ny g rea t n u mber , n or d id t hey p resen t ad ist inc t d istr ibu t ion p a t tern ( Fig. 6 ). t he p r iory a t C ar marthen .

An e xa mp le o f a Bened ic t ine c onvers ion was

I t was o r ig ina l ly a c el l o f B a t tle Abbey ( a S ussex

Bened ic t ine h ouse ), s ubsequen t ly e stabl ished f or August in ian c anons. 8 3

T he

' m iscel laneous ' t ake-overs i nc luded B isha m , wh ich was e ndowed w ith t he e sta te o f a Precep tory o f Kn igh ts T e mp lar p rev iously o ccupying t he s i te. 8 4 Wa ls ingha m o ccup ied t he s i te o f as hr ine d ed ica ted t o Our L ady .

T he s hr ine

a ppears t o h ave b een e stabl ished i n t he e arly t welf th c en tury , p erhaps o n t he s i te o f s o me ' holy wel ls ', a nd a n teda tes t he f ounda t ion o f t he p r iory , wh ich t ook p lace a bou t 153.

T he e stabl ish men t o f ap r iory o n t h is s i te was t o p rove

s ign if ican t i n t ha t p i lgr i ms t o t he s hr ine b eca me a s ource o f e xcep t iona l w ea l th t o t he c anons o f Wa ls ingha m .

8 5

F ina l ly , i ti s i mpor tan t t o b ear i n mind t hose

h ouses e stabl ished o n , o r a d jacen t t o , e arl ier monas t ic s i tes s uch a s Breedon o r S t . Osy th 's.

T he most f a mous , h owever , i s p erhaps Rep ton where t he

Augus in ian h ouse was s itua ted n ex t t o t he f or mer i mp ortan t Anglo-Saxon monastery .8 6 Before r each ing a ny c onc lus ions o n t he e f fec t o f p re-ex ist ing r el ig ious s i tes o n t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses, o ne f i na l p o in t n eeds t o b e t aken i nto a ccoun t , n a mely t he n u mber o f Augus t in ian c onven ts wh ich were e stabl ished i n p re-ex ist ing p ar ish c hurches.

Because o f an u mber o f c o m-

p l ica t ions , wh ich w il l b eco me a pparen t i n t he f ol low ing d iscuss ion , s uch i nstances a re n o t r ecorded i n T able 3 o r F ig. 6 . I n h is Or ig ins o f t he Aust in Canons J . C . D ick inson s ta tes ' t he n u mber o f Engl ish Augus t in ian h ouses f ounded a t p re-ex ist ing c hurches , i fi tc annot b e e ven a pprox i ma tely a ssessed , was c er ta inly v ery c ons iderable. ' 8 7

How-

e ver , s ince t hen h e h as p o in ted o u t t ha t i ti s p erfec t ly p oss ible t o g et a v ery

3 8

g ood i dea o f w h ich h ouses o f t he o rder w ere f ounded i n e x is t ing c hurches , a s t h is i pso f ac to g ave t he p ar ish ioners l egal r igh ts t o ap lace o f worsh ip wh ich were c arefu l ly r espec ted a t t he Reforma t ion .

Thus i tf ol lows t ha t a l most

a lways where a c hurch o f August in ian c anons , o r ap ar t o f i t , s t i l l e x ists t he p resu mp t ion i s t ha t t here was a c hurch t here when t he monas tery was f ounded. 8 8 The d istr ibu t ion o f c onven tua l August in ian c hurches s t il l i n u se i s g iven i n F ig. 7 a nd h as b een d iv ided i n to f our g roups.

Two o f t hese g roups , ba nd

c , c an b e d iscoun ted a s i ts ee ms c er ta in t hey were n ot p ar ish c hurches p r ior t o August in ian s e t t le men t . F ig. 6 .

Group b . h as a lready b een t aken i n to a ccoun t i n

T ha t i s , a l though t hey a re c hurches n ow , t hey were n o t o r ig inal ly

p aroch ia l , b u t were s o me o ther f or m o f r el ig ious e stabl ish men t s uch a s t he c ol leg ia te c hurch a t S t . Ger mans.

The c hurches i n g roup c . h ave o n ly b een

p laces o f w orsh ip f or l oca l p ar ish ioners s ince t he D issolu t ion. i nc ludes L anercost , Bol ton

8 9

B r is tol " a nd Porchester.

The g roup

T hus , t wo g roups

r e ma in t o b e d iscussed a nd c o mpr ise a t o ta l o f t wen tythree h ouses.

One o f

t hese g roups , d , was made u p o f o n ly t wo h ouses , t hose o f T orksey a nd S t. Oswa ld 's, G loucester, b oth o f w h ich c on t inued a s p ar ish c hurches f or s o met ime a f ter t he D issolu t ion , b u t h ave s ince f a l len i n to d ecay.

9 1

T he r e ma inder

wh ich f or m t he l argest g roup a re a l l p ar ish c hurches t oday , a nd wete , t heref ore , p resu mably s o b efore t he August in ian s et t le men t .

T h is g roup was

s i tua ted , i n t he ma in , i n m id land England i nc lud ing t he h ouses o f B lackmore , Bourne , Church Gresley , a nd Weybourne.

Cer ta in e v idence o f t he t ake-over

o f p ar ish c hurches i s e x tre me ly r are , h owever , i td oes e x ist f or Weybourne p r iory.

T he p resen t p ar ish c hurch s t il l i ncorpora tes t he r e ma ins o f t he p r iory

a nd a rchaeolog ica l e v idence p roves b eyond d oubt t he c anons o r ig inal ly o ccup ied t he o ld p ar ish c hurch .9 2 Most o f t hese p ar ish c hurch c onvers ions t ook p lace i n a reas where Augus t in ian h ouses were t o b eco me mos t n u merous a nd o ccurred c h ief ly i n t he l a t ter h al f o f t he t wel f th a nd e ar ly t h ir teen th c en tur ies.

T he ma jor ity

were r ela t ively sma l l t hroughou t t he ir e x istence a s August in ian p r ior ies. Bas ica l ly t he r eason f or s uch t ake-overs was a q ues t ion o f f i nance.

The

c onvers ion o f ap ar ish c hurch was a c heap a nd s i mp le me thod o f e stabl ish ing a sma l l August in ian p r iory .9 3 The Reverend D ick inson h as f ur ther g one o n t o s uggest t ha t where t he p resen t p ar ish c hurch s tands v ery n ear t he r e ma ins o f a n August in ian h ouse, t hese may b e e xa mp les o f t ake-overs.

The p resu mp t ion i s , t ha t o r ig ina l ly

ap ar ish c hurch w as o ccup ied b y August in ian c anons w ho t hen s hared i t f or s o me y ears w i th t he l oca l p ar ish ioners.

I fa t al a ter d a te t he c hurch was

f ound t o b e t oo sma l l f or t he c onven t a nd t he l a ity , an ew p ar ish c hurch may h ave b een c onstructed c lose b y.

To a d egree t h is c an b e c hecked b y s tudy ing

t he a rch itec tura l work i n t he p resen t p ar ish c hurch.

As l ong a s a l l b u i ld ing

p ost-da tes t he f ounda t ion o f t he p r iory , t he t heory h olds f i rm , b u t i s n o t p roved.

E xa mp les o f where t h is migh t h ave o ccurred a re Woodbr idge ,

Missenden , a nd I xwor th.

I n a l l c ases t he p resen t p ar ish c hurch i s w ith in

1 00 y ards o f t he Augus t in ian p r iory.

Woodbr idge , f or e xamp le , i s af ine

c ons truc t ion o f t he l a ter Midd le Ages.

The p r iory was f ounded a bo i t

193,

9 4

b u t t he f ounda t ions o f t he p resen t p ar ish c hurch were l a id a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he f i f teen th c en tury , t o t he im med iate n or th o f t he p r iory c hurch .

3 9

9 5

Augustinian Founda tions on Parish Church Sites

L) 00

@

00 �

@�

@

@

@

@ @

00

@

00

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a.■ Foundation at Church where Church still exists b.* Foundation at Church where Church still exists but shown in Fig. 6 c. D Parish Church only since the Dissolution d.♦ Foundation at Church where Church now destroyed

Fig. 7

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Miles

50

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Km

80

Became Augustinian 1100-35 Became Augustinian 11 36-1 200 Became Augustinian after 1 200

C onsequen t ly i tw ou ld s ee m v ir tual ly i mposs ible t o p roduce e xac t f i gures f or t he n umber o f A ugust in ian h ouses o r ig ina t ing i n p ar ish c hurches.

How-

e ver , t he c ircu mstan t ia l e v idence p resen ted a bove a nd s uppor ted b y D ick inson w ould s ugges t t ha t t he t ota l was c ons iderable.

I fa l l s uch i nstances were

a dded t o o ther k nown August in ian f ounda t ions o n p re-ex ist ing r el ig ious s i tes , t he o vera l l t otal may wel l h ave b een a l most h a l f .

N ever theless , ' i t i s a t

l eas t af a ir g uess t ha t most c o m mun i t ies b egan t hrough t he i nd iv idua l e f for ts o f ad onor who p rov ided a s i te a nd e ndow ments f or a h ouse a nd t hen s ough t ac o m mun i ty. ' 9 6 I ti s a pparen t t ha t t he h igh p ropor t ion o f o lder s i tes i ncorpora ted i n to t he August in ian f ra mework , a nd t he d iverse n a ture o f s uch s i tes was n atura l ly ac o mp l ica t ing f ac tor o n t he o vera l l d istr ibu t ion .

However , c o mpar ing F ig.

6t o F ig . 5 , t he g eneral d istr ibu t ion o f o lder s i tes t aken o ver b y t he A ugus t ini ans d ur ing t he t hree ma in t ime p hases , was much t he s a me a s t hat f or n ew o nes.

T he t ake-over s ites d own t o 135 were a s r ando mly d is tribu ted a s t he

r es t .

However , i ti s o f i n terest t o n ote t ha t t he t hree c lustered s i tes a round

L ondon were a l l t ake-overs wh ich r ef lec ts t he i mpor tance o f p re-August in ian a c t iv i ty t here.

Fro m 135 t o 1 200 a sma l ler p ropor t ion o f s i tes w as o f t he

l egacy t ype , b u t t hey r ef lec ted t he g enera l d istr ibu t ion t owards a n emphas is o n e astern E ngland .

A f ter 1 200 t he p roport ion o f n ew a nd o ld s i tes i n e astern

a nd m id land England was s im ilar.

The o ne e xcep t ion was t he a bsence o f n ew

s i tes i n n or th-west Wa les ( Fig. 5 ). Overa l l t he t endency t owards c lustering i n t he d istr ibu t ion w as o f ten a r esu l t o f o ld s i tes b eing s upp le men ted b y af ew n ew e stabl ish men ts , s uch a s t he c lusters i n t he n orth m idlands o r n or th-wes t N orfolk .

O ther c lus ters were a pparen t ly c rea ted a l mos t t ota l ly b y n ew s i tes ,

s uch a s t hat a round t he s ou th c oas t o fS u ffolk . b .

The S ta tus o f t he F ounder a nd Accep ted S ize o f F ounda t ions :

A

s econd , v ery impor tan t e le men t i n t he d is tr ibut ion o f h ouses was t he p osi t ion o f t he f ounder a nd a ccep ted l ower li m i t o f t he s ize o f ah ouse o f Augus tin ian c anons .

There was a n o tab le c hange i n b o th o f t hese a f ter 1 135 .

U n t i l t ha t

d a te t he a ccep ted s ize o f f ounda t ions was g enera l ly l arge , t ha t i s , i tr equired e x tens ive e ndowmen ts o f l and o r o ther p roper ty a nd c ou ld s uppor t ar easona b ly l arge c onven t o f a t l eas t t h irteen b re thren .

Therefore , t he f ounder h ad

t o b e o f s o me s oc ia l s tanding , s o meone who c ou ld a f ford t o p rov ide l arge p roper ty g rants . A s p o inted o ut a bove , i t was p eop le f ro m t he f i rst r anks o f s oc ie ty who were f i rs t i nvo lved w i th t he o rder . Over s even ty-f ive p er c en t o f a l l f ounda t ions t o 1 135 were e s tab lished b y o f f ic ia ls o f t he r oya l c our t o r b y me mbers o f t he k ing 's e ntourage .

9 7

S uch of ic ia ls c ou ld aford t o p rov ide

t he e x tens ive e ndowmen ts n eeded t o e s tab lish l arge a nd i nf luen t ia l h ouses . The d istr ibut ion o f h ouses f ounded b y H enry Ia nd p eop le c onnec ted w i th h is c ourt i s g iven i n F ig . 8 . The k ing h i mse lf f ounded f ive h ouses , C ar lis le , C irences ter , D uns tab le , S t . Denys b y S ou tha mp ton a nd We l low , a nd a lso h e lped t o v ary ing d egrees i n t he f ounda t ion o f s even o thers . H is w ife , Queen Maud , was i ns tru men ta l i n t he f ounda t ion o f t he v ery i mportan t h ouse o f H o ly Trini ty , A ldga te .

These h ouses were s pread w ide ly a cross E ng land ( F ig . 8 )

a nd were s upp le men ted b y af ur ther s even h ouses e stab lished b y t rus ted c ur ia l o f f ic ia ls .

Mer ton , f or e xa mp le , was f ounded b y G i lber t , s her if f o f S urrey ,

' perhaps t he b es tloved magna te o f t he d ay '

4 1

9 8

The r e ma inder o f t hose h ouses

A ugus t in ian F ounda t ions b y Me mbers o f t he R oya l E ntourage t o 135

•

O

•

*

F oundat ion b y Henry Io r h is Queen

•

F oundat ion a ided t o s o me d egree b y Henry I

•

F oundat ion b y Cur ia l O ff ic ia l

•

F oundat ion b y E p iscopa l O ff ic ia l

F ig . 8

4 2

M i les Km

50 1

80

marked i n F ig. 8 w as e stabl ished b y , o r o n t he a dv ice o f e p iscopal o ff ic ials i n s o me way c onnec ted w ith t he r oya l c ourt. S uch f ounda t ions w ere i mportan t i n t er ms o f s pread ing t he k nowledge o f t he o rder t o d if feren t p ar ts o f t he c oun try .

Wil l ia m Warelwast , B ishop o f

E xeter, was r espons ible f or t he i n troduc t ion o f t he o rder t o t he s ou th-west , where h e p layed a p ar t i n t he f ounda t ion o f Bod m in

L aunceston a nd P ly mp ton

p r iories.

9 9

o f D rax

Gu isborough a nd T hurgar ton p r ior ies , a l l o f wh ich were s i tua ted i n

S im ilarly , A rchb ishop T hurstan o f York e ncouraged t he f ounda t ion

t he d iocese o f York . 1° ° was q u ite r e markable .

T he i n f luence o f t hese c our t f igures o n t he d istr ibu t ion T hey were i nstru men ta l i n t he s pread o f t he o rder t o

most p arts o f England , b u t h ad l i t tle i mpac t o n Wales.

A s J . C . D ick inson

p o in ts o u t ' i t i s u nden iable t ha t t here must h ave e x isted s o me s ingu larly p oten t b ond b etween t he c ourt o f Henry Ia nd t he n ew o rder '. 1 °1 However , t h is f avour s hown t o t he August in ian c anons b y t he r oya l c ourt must b e s een i n p erspec t ive.

Tha t Henry Iwas e x tre mely i mportan t t o t he e stabl ish men t

o f t he o rder i n E ngland c annot b e d en ied , b u t i ti s i mportan t t o r e me mber h e a lso f ounded a n u mber o f o ther monaster ies i nc lud ing t he l arge Bened ic t ine h ouse o f Read ing , wh ich i s where h e c hose t o b e b ur ied . 1°2 Moreover A rchb ishop Thurstan o f York was a n i mpor tan t a l ly t o t he e arly C isterc ian h ouses i n t he n or th. 1°3

N evertheless, i t was t he August in ian o rder t ha t

r ece ived g rea ter p a tronage f ro m t he c our t o f Henry I .

T he f ounda t ions were

a l most w i thou t e xcep t ion l arge s ince t hey were e ndowed o n ag rand s ca le. Many o f t he m were l oca ted i n u rban a reas , i n t he l argest t owns o f t he d ay , s uch a s L ondon a nd Ox ford . S o me e xp lana t ion f or t he i n terest o f t he c ourt o f Henry I , i n t he Augus t in ian o rder i s o f fered b y J . C . D ick inson.

Tha t i s t he i mpor tance o f t he t wo e arly

f ounda t ions o f Holy Tr in i ty , A ldga te a nd Merton

wh ich t ogether f ounded a bou t

t en d augh ter-houses, i n e very o ne o f wh ich s o me c ourt f igure h ad i nf luence. 1 °4 The d istr ibu t ion o f d aughter h ouses o f t hese t wo p r ior ies, a long w i th t hose o f Hun t ingdon i s i l lustrated i n F ig . 9 . A l though t he Reverend D ick inson s tates , c hronolog ical ly Merton a nd Holy T r in i ty , A ldga te were t he f oun t f ro m wh ich k now ledge o f t he n ew o rder s pread a l l o ver t he l and , t h is i s n ot a pparen t f ro m F ig. 9 .

Mer ton was i t self p robably c o lon ized b y c anons f ro m Hun t ingdon

a nd n e ither Mer ton n or Ho ly T r in ity , A ldga te , c o lonized a s ingle h ouse i n t he n orth o f E ng land.

T he i nf luence o f t hese t wo h ouses was l arge ly c onf ined

t o t he s outh ( Fig. 9 ) a nd i tw as c anons f ro m Hun t ingdon , who c o lon ized t he t wo n orthern h ouses o f E rnbsay ( a t e mporary s i te , l a ter moved t o Bol ton ) a nd Hexha m. F or t he C isterc ian o rder i n England , i ti s p oss ible t o p ick o u t z ones o f a ff il ia t ion o f mother a nd d augh ter-houses. 1 °5

T h is was i n p art a r esu l t o f

t he s yste m o f v is i ta t ion , where C is terc ian a bbeys h ad t he r igh t a nd d u ty o f v is it ing t he ir d augh ter f ounda t ions.

T herefore , a l though n ineteen C isterc ian

h ouses i n Eng land were f ounded f ro m a broad , o nce e stabl ished , t he ir own d augh ter-houses t ended t o b e c oncen trated w ith in c erta in z ones.

Wh i tland ,

f or e xamp le, s i tua ted i n Car marthensh ire b eca me t he p aren t o f s even f urther C isterc ian h ouses, a l l o f wh ich were l oca ted i n Wales. 1°6

A l though t he

Pre monstra tens ians a dop ted t he s a me s yste m o f p aren t h ouses c o lonizing s ubsequen t f ounda t ions , t he ' syste m o f f i l ia t ion , b ased a s i t was u pon t he

4 3

T he D aughter H ouses o f H o ly T r in ity , A id g ate , • Nexha m

H unt ingdon

a nd Mer ton b e fore 1 35

I I Bo lton

HUNTI NGD ON •

Ca mbridge

L lanthony * ? ? * Dunatable * Oxford

C iren r ews ter •

* MERTO N

•

H OLY

•

T aunton

Bod m in

0

0

Houses Co lon ized f ro m Ho ly T r in ity , A ldgate • •

Houses Co lon ized f ro m Hunt ingdon Houses Co lon ized f ro m Doubtfu l Daughter

Merton

Houses

F ig . 9

4 4

M i les Km

50

810

TR

a cc iden t o f f oundat ion , b ore n o d irec t r ela t ionsh ip t o t he g eograph ica l d istr ib u t ion o f h ousesd° 7 T herefore, i n t he c ase o f t he A ugust in ian o rder , wh ich h ad n o f or mal p rocedure f or t he c o lon isat ion o f o ne h ouse f ro m a nother a nd n o s yste m o f v is i ta t ion s ave t ha t o f t he l oca l d iocesan , z ones o f a f f il ia t ion , a s e x isted among C isterc ian h ouses i n E ngland , c ou ld n ot p laus ibly h ave b een e xpec ted.

Th is i s i l lustra ted t o al arge e x ten t i n F ig. 9 where f ounda t ions

s e t t led f ro m L ondon w ere s itua ted a s f ar a par t a s t he e x tre me e as t o f England t o t he d istan t s ou th-west.

N ever theless , Mer ton a nd Holy T r in ity , A ldgate ,

w ere s i tua ted n ear t he p ole o f a c t iv ity , L ondon , where me mbers o f t he c ourt o f Henry Ic ou ld o bserve t he s uccess o f t he o rder a nd h ence c arry t he i n f lue nce i n to t he ir own p ar t icu lar p ar t o f t he c oun try . A f ter 135 t he l arge f ounda t ions, g enerously e ndowed , b ecame t he e xcept i on r a ther t han t he g enera l c ase.

Once a ga in t he b rev ity a nd v ague n ature

o f t he Ru le was a n i mpor tan t i nf luence , s ince i t made n o ment ion o f a n a dequa te s ized c onven t.

I fh ouses were t o b e o f as tandard s ize w i th a r ela t ively l arge

c o m mun i ty t hen t he o n ly p a tron a ble t o f ound a h ouse wou ld b e t he w eal thy l andowner.

T he C is terc ians, f or e xa mp le , d id h ave a m in i mu m r equ ire men t :

f oundat ions w ith a c onven t o f l ess t han t h irteen monks were f orb idden .

1 °8

T he Pre monstra tens ians , who b orrowed l argely f ro m C isterc ian l eg islat ion a lso c ons idered t he s a me n u mber t o b e t he m in i mu m r equ ire men t f or a f ounda t ion .109 By 100 t he ' f u l l c onven t ' o f t h ir teen h ad c o me t o b e r egarded a s t he n or ma l min i mu m f or B ened ic t ine h ouses , t hough i n p rac t ice mos t o f t he h ouses i n E ngland w ere v ery much l arger , G loucester A bbey , f or e xa mp le , h ad 1 00 monks i n 104, C an terbury h ad 1 40-50 a bou t 1 125. 1 1°

On t he o ther

h and , when t he Augus t in ians were f i rst e stabl ished i n England t here was n o p receden t w i th in t he o rder t o d e ter m ine t he s ize o f i t s c o m mun i t ies. was a r esu l t o f t he l ack o f a ny c lear c u t l eg isla t ion t o f o l low.

T h is

Therefore ,

l ike s o many o ther a spec ts o f t he o rders p hys iogno my , t he s ize o f a n a dequa te c onven t was d e ter m ined b y n o th ing more t han l oca l i n it ia t ive , a nd s o l ong a s i t me t w i th t he a pprova l o f t he l ocal d iocesan , t here was n oth ing t o p reven t t he f ounda t ions o f h ouses w ith a s f ew a s f i ve o r s ix b re thren .

T he r esu l t

was t ha t t he v ast ma jor i ty o f August in ian h ouses f ounded i n E ngland a nd Wa les a f ter 135 were n owhere n ear t he s ize o f t he l arger Bened ic t ine e stabl ish men ts o r e ven t he C is terc ian f ounda t ions b e ing f ounded a t t he s a me t ime. Wha t makes t he m more s ign if ican t i s t ha t t hey were i ndependen t o f a ny mother h ouse a nd t h is s trongly i n f luenced t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses i n E ngland a nd Wa les. E xa mp les o f s uch sma l l i ndependen t f ounda t ions i ncluded Buckenha m , wh ich a ppears t o h ave b een f ounded f or t en c anons , f ro m a r eference i n 1 493 w hen i tr eached t h is f u l l q uota ; 11 c anons; 12

Royston , f or s even

Peters tone , wh ich was p robably f ounded f or f i ve o r s ix

L at ton wh ich was f ounded f or j us t t hree c anons. 14

13

a nd

Thus , w ith a p er m iss ible

d ecrease i n t he s ize o f August in ian h ouses t here were n ew o pportun i t ies o pen t o t he l esser g en try .

N o l onger was t he r ole o f t he sma l l l oca l l andholder

c on f ined t o t he e ndow men t , w i th a modest g ran t o f l and , t o al arge a bbey ; h e c ou ld i fh e w ishes e ndow h is o wn , a sma l l b u t a ccep table August in ian p r iory.

T h is f eature d oes much t o e xp la in t he t endency t o c luster ing , s o

n otable i n E ast Angl ia ( Fig. 5 .).

T he Reverend D ick inson s ingled o u t E ast

Angl ia a s a n a rea w el l s u ited t o t h is t ype o f f ounda t ion .

4 5

15

I n t ha t p art o f

E ngland a p rosperous midd le c lass a bounded a nd i n s everal i nstances t he c onvers ion o f ap ar ish c hurch c ou ld s upp ly t he b as is o f an ew p r iory , c heap ly .

16

However , i th as b een p o in ted o u t t ha t t he p rec ise n u mber o f h ouses f ounded i n t h is way c annot b e a ssessed. 17

N ever theless , i t s ee ms l ikely t ha t s uch

e xa mp les were more c o m mon t han c an n ow b e s hown .

A l though D ick inson

p icks o u t East A ngl ia a s t he ma in a rea o f s uch a c t iv i ty s im ilar o pportun i t ies o ccurred e lsewhere.

For e xa mp le , Church Gresley , f ounded b y Wi l l ia m

F i tz N igel , wou ld p erhaps h ave f a l len i n t h is c a tegory.

T he c onven tua l c hurch

i s s t il l i n u se b y l oca l p ar ish ioners , wh ich s ugges ts t he p r iory was e stabl ished i n ap ar ish c hurch when i t was f ounded f or f our t o f i ve c anons .18

C haco mbe

may we l l h ave b een a s im ilar f ounda t ion , e s tab l ished b y t he l ord o f t he manor Hugh d e C haco mbe. 1 1

9

I ndeed , a l though i t may b e c orrec t t o p ick o u t N orfolk

a nd S uf folk a s t he c oun t ies i n wh ich t he p heno menon was most l argely r epres en ted , i t was n ot u nco m mon e lsewhere. The t endency t owards c lus ter ing a f ter 135 c an t o s o me e x ten t b e e xp la ined b y t hese sma l l f ounda t ions.

I f t he e ndow men ts o f e ach were r ela t ively sma l l ,

t hen t hey wou ld n o t i nfr inge u pon o ne a nother.

T hough i n s o me r espects t h is

was t rue , i nev itably a s t ime p rogressed s o me w ere t o b eco me l arger t han o thers.

S uch a spec ts o f d istr ibu t ion a nd i t s e f fec t o n wea l th i s d eal t w ith i n

as ubsequen t c hap ter. 1 2 ° c .

T he D is tr ibut ion o f H ouses o f O ther R e l ig ious O rders :

The d is tr ibu-

t i on o f B ened ic t ine a nd C is terc ian h ouses i s o f i n teres t , s ince a s t hey were t he t wo ma jor c on te mporary o rders c o mpe t ing f or monas t ic p a tronage i n E ng land a nd Wa les , t he p a t tern c rea ted b y h ouses o f t hese o rders may we l l h ave i n f lue nced t ha t o f t he A ugus t inians . J . C . D ick inson ma in ta ins t ha t August in ian f ounda t ions t o 1 135 w ere c o mpara t ively n u merous, b u t t ended t o a vo id t he c lass ic Bened ic t ine a reas , t ha t i s t o s ay where h ouses h ad b een e stabl ished b y 1 066.

1 21

T he Bened ic t ine

f ounda t ions i n Eng land b efore 10 66 a nd f ro m 10 66 t o 1 0 0 a re i l lustra ted i n F ig. 1 0 , wh ich i s o verla in b y t he d is tr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses t hrough t he t hree t ime p er iods.

S tudy ing t he t wo p a t terns i n d eta il , i n o ne s ense

t he Reverend D ick inson i s c orrec t , h owever , s ta t ist ica l ly t he r eason ing i s u nsound. I n s uppor t o f t he a rgu men t t ha t t he Augus t in ians a vo ided t he t rad it iona l Bened ic t ine a reas i s t he f act t ha t t hese r eg ions r e ma ined f i r mly i n t he h ands o f t he l a t ter o rder u n t il t he D issolu t ion.

For e xa mp le , i n t he r eg ion o f t he

S evern-Avon c on f luence t here were f i ve v ery l arge a u tono mous Bened ic t ine monaster ies b y 10 66 a nd a f urther t wo b y 1 10 0 .

Apar t f ro m Henry If ounda t ion

a t C irencester t he o n ly o ther Augus t in ian h ouse e s tabl ished a nywhere i n t ha t r eg ion b y 135 was t he p r iory o f L eonard S tan ley , f ounded s o me t i me b e tween 1 121 a nd 130 .

T he s ign if ican t p o in t i s , t ha t e ven t h is h ouse was t ransferred

t o t he Bened ic t ines. 1 146. 1 22

I tb eca me a c el l o f G loucester Abbey s o me t i me b efore

I t was p erhaps o n t he a dv ice o f Henry It ha t t he f ounder d ec ided

t o e stabl ish a h ouse o f c anons , s ince t he k ing s tayed w ith h im a t E aster i n 121.

When t he f ounder d ied h is h e ir was a bsen t f ro m t he r ea lm d ur ing

wh ich t ime L eonard S tan ley was a l iena ted a s ac e l l t o G loucester.

Apparen t ly

ac ous in o f t he f ounder , a c t ing a s c ustos , d ur ing t he a bsence o f t he h e ir was

4 6

Augustinian Houses in Relation

,,., to Benedictine Foundations

/

•

l

N

•

8

England and Wales by 1100 i

•

.iJ

8 8 8

0

0

o•

•

• e • e

0

8

•

0

•

8

l• i 0 8

8

8

• 8 •• • •• • •

8

0

0 89

e

a

• 08

e

e

e

8 0

•

0

-

0

e

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•e 0

0 8

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8

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0 0

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•• • • • • 8 e

0 0 0

8

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•o 8

0 0

Miles Km

ON BASE MAP •

Autonor.1ous Benedictine Foundation Before 1066

�

Dependent Benedictine Foundat1or Before 1066

0

Benedictine Foundation 1067-1100

•

Augustinian Foundation Before 11 36

ON OVERLAY

8

August1n1an Foundation 11 36 1200

0

August1n1an Foundation After 1200

Fig. 10

47

50 80

p art ly r espons ible f or t he d ead . However , t he s treng th a nd a u thor ity o f t he Bened ic t ines s hou ld n o tb e u nderes t i ma ted. When t he f ounder 's h e ir r eturned t o E ngland h e was u nable t o a l ter t he s i tuat ion t ha t h ad d eveloped i n h is a bs ence , t he Bened ic t ines r e ta ined a f i rm h old o n L eonard S tan ley u n t il t he D iss olu t ion i n 1 538. 1 23 I t i s an otable f ea ture t ha t many o f t he e arly B ened ict ine h ouses w ere e stabl ished i n t he marsh land o f t he Fens a nd S o merset L evels . S i tes s uch a s G las tonbury a nd Crowland were v ery e arly Ce l t ic e stabl ish men ts. S et t lemen ts o n i s lands i n t he marsh were c o m mon f or C e l t ic monas t ic is m i n a l l B r ita in .

T here i s ac la im t ha t S t . P a tr ick a nd S t . D av id v is ited G lastonbury ,

wh ich b ears w itness t o i t s f a me a t t hat t ime.

1 24

Crowland was s et t led a s e arly

a s 6 99. 1 25 By 100 , much o f t he l and a round t hese C el t ic s i tes , wh ich h ad s ince b ecome Bened ic t ine a bbeys , was s t il l marshland . I ti s n ot c lear i ft he Augus t in ian h ouses t o 135 were a vo id ing t hose a reas b ecause t here was s i mp ly n o more r oo m f or f ur ther l arge f ounda t ions , o r i fi t was t he s treng th o f t he B ened ic t ines i n t hese a reas t ha t r educed t he c hances o f a ny n ew monast ic o rder s ecur ing s u itable e ndow men t ( Fig . 1 0 ). The o ppos ing v iew , t ha t t here was n o s ign if ican t a vo idance o f Bened ic t ine a reas b y August in ian f ounda t ions t o 135, i s p rov ided b y s ta t ist ica l e v idence. I n c o mpar ing t he Bened ic t ine d is tr ibu t ion w i th t ha t o f t he August in ians i n F ig. 1 0 i t was h oped t ha t a ny v isua l i mpress ion c ou ld b e c on f irmed o r d ispel led . The me thod emp loyed was a o ne s amp le g oodness o f f i t c h i-square t es t. 1 26 A s i n t he p rev ious c h i-square t est 1 27 E ngland a nd Wa les h ad t o b e d iv ided i n to a n u mber o f c el ls. I t was d ec ided t o u se t he s ame d iocesan r eg ions w i th t he e xcep t ion o f r eg ion s even , Wa les.

There w ere n o a u tono mous h ouses o f

Bened ic t ine monks i n Wa les b y 100 , a nd s ince t he t est r equ ires e very c el l h as a t l eas t o ne o ccurrence t h is r eg ion was e xc luded f rom t he a na lys is. S uch a c t ion was f ur ther j us t if ied i n t ha t t he Reverend D ick inson 's s ta te men t a pp l ied o n ly t o E ng land . T he p rocedure f or t he t est was a s f o l lows : t he f i rst s tep was t o d e ter m ine t he n umber o f B ened ic t ine f oundat ions i n e ach o ft he e igh t r e ma in ing r eg ions a nd e xpress t h is a s ap ercen tage o f t he t o ta l .

For

e xamp le , i n r eg ion o ne , t he d ioceses o f C ar lis le a nd D urham , t here were f our h ouses o r 6 .4 p er c en t o f t he t o ta l . T he n ex t s tep was t o c a lcu la te t he n u mber o fh ouses t h is p ercen tage r epresen ted when a pp l ied t o t he t o ta l n umber o fA ugust in ian f ounda t ions i n E ngland t o 135.

T h is f i gure , wh ich f or r eg ion

o ne was 3 .3, t hen b ecame t he e xpec ted v a lue f or t ha t c el l .

The o bserved

v alue was t he a c tua l n umber o f August in ian h ouses f ounded i n t he d ioceses o f C ar l isle a nd Durha m b y 135, wh ich was t hree. T hese o bserved a nd e xpec ted v a lues were c a lcu la ted f or e ach r eg ion a nd i n e ach t ime p er iod a nd ac h i-square s ta t ist ic f or e ach was d eterm ined. Table 4 .

The r esu l ts a re g iven i n

I ti s e v iden t f ro m t he t able t ha tb y 135 t he d is tr ibu t ion o f August in-

i an h ouses was n ot s ign if ican t ly d if feren t f rom t ha t o f t he B ened ic t ine.

I n

o ther w ords t he t heory t ha t t he c lass ic Bened ic t ine a reas h ad a n i n f luence o n t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in ian h ouses t o 135 i s u nderm ined .

N ever theless ,

w i th t he a dd it ion o f August in ian f ounda t ions t o 1 200 , t he p a t tern i s a l tered s ince t he c h i-square v a lue o f4 1.2 i s s ign if ican t a t t he 9 9 .9 p er c en t l evel . T herefore , b y 1 200 i ta ppears t he l oca t ion o f Bened ic t ine monaster ies may h ave b een i n f luenc ing t ha t o f t he August in ians , ap a t tern wh ich i s emphas ized s t il l f ur ther w hen a l l f ounda t ions a re t aken i n to a ccoun t.

4 8

T h is c o mes o u t wel l

C is terc ian a nd A ugus t in ian F oundat ions Wa les

0

0

O

i nE ng land a nd b y 1 152

M i les Km

August in ian S ite T e mporary August in ian S ite

C

C isterc ian S ite

O

T e mporary C isterc ian S ite

F ig . i nc ludes i ndependent o rders o f S t .V ictor S t .N icho las a nd Ho ly S epu lchre

F ig . 1 1

4 9

50 I 810

Tab le 4

C h i-Square S ta t ist ics f or O ne S amp le G oodness o f F i t Test o n D is tr ibu t ion o f Augus t in ian a nd B enedic t ine F ounda t ions C h i-Square S ta t is t ic

T i me P er iod

S ign if icance L eve l

100-35

1 8.1

N ot s ign if ican t

1 100 . 1200 1 100 onwards

4 1.2

S ign if ican t a t 9 9 .9% S ign if ican t a t 9 9 .9%

i n F ig. 1 0 .

5 3.8

T he r ando m n ature o f f ounda t ions t o 135, p erhaps p red ictably ,

d oes n o t i l lus tra te a s ign if ican t a bsence o f h ouses i n t he c lass ic Bened ic t ine a reas , h owever , t he t endency t owards c luster ing n o ted i n August in ian f oundat ions a f ter 135 emphas izes a n a voidance o f t he t hree ma jor a reas o f B ened ic t ine i nf luence , t ha t i s : Wessex , t he S evern-Avon c onf luence a nd t he F enl and s ou th o f t he Wash . Thus a l though t he Reverend D ick inson 's v iew i s c orr ec t i n t he f inal a na lys is , h e i s n ot b orne o u t b y t he e ar ly c o lon iza t ion u p t o 1 135. Turn ing t o t he e f fec t o f t he C is terc ian o rder , t he s i tua t ion was s o mewha t d if feren t i n t ha t h ouses o f t h is o rder p os tda ted t he a dven t o f t he Augus t in ians t o E ngland .

C isterc ian e xpans ion i n England a nd Wa les b egan i n 128 1 28

a nd

p roceeded a t ap heno mena l r a te u n t il 152 when t he g eneral c hap ter c a l led ah al t t o n ew c olon ies.

By t ha t t ime t here w ere a round f i f ty-one h ouses

t hroughou t t he c oun try ( Fig. 1).

R . A . Donk in b el ieves t ha t t he d istr ibu t ion

was r e markable , ab el t , i n p ar t , f ro m t he r iver Humber t o Devon b road ly c on for m ing t o t he z ones o fh igher p opu la t ion i n 1 086 a nd t axable wea l th i n 1 290 .1 29 1.

T he d istr ibu t ion o f Augus t in ian h ouses t o 1 152 i s a lso g iven i n F ig.

T he b el t n oted b y Dr. Donk in f or t he C isterc ians i s emphas ized b y t he

Augus t in ian o rder ;

t here a re , h owever , an u mber o f impor tan t d ist inc t ions

i n t he t wo p a t terns.

I n t he m id land b el t t he August in ians e xpanded a longside

t he C isterc ians y et t he ir d istr ibu t ion d if fered where g eograph ical c ond it ions d id n o t s u it o ne o f t he o rders.

T he C isterc ians w ith t he ir p ass ion f or manua l

work l ed n o d oub t t o t he d ra inage o f l arge a reas o f l and , a nd p ushed f urther i n to t he F en land s i l t o f L incolnsh ire t han d id t he August in ians.

C onversely

i n Derbysh ire a nd S ta ffordsh ire , t he August in ian c anons f ound c ons iderable f avour w ith t he l esser g en try , wh ich l ed t o an u mber o f f ounda t ions.

The

C isterc ians , h owever , were v ery p oorly r epresen ted i n t hose c oun t ies.

I n

Eas t Ang l ia t he smal l e sta tes , t yp ica l o f t he a rea i n t he t wel f th c en tury , d id n ot s u it t he c rea t ion o f l arge c o mpac t u n i ts e ssen t ia l t o C isterc ian i dea ls. L and ownersh ip was t oo f rag men ted t o c rea te l arge g ranges q u ick ly , t heref ore , t here was a n otable a bsence o f C isterc ian h ouses i n t hat a rea. T he August in ians , o n t he o ther h and , a t tached n o s uch i mportance t o c onsol ida ted l andhold ing ;

a s i l lus tra ted a bove , t he sma l lhold ings o f N orfolk a nd S u f folk

were i deal f or t he c rea t ion o f sma l l c onven tua l h ouses.

F inal ly i n Yorksh ire

o n t he e dge o ft he Penn ines, t he C is terc ian s were a ble t o e xp lo it t he ir p rowess t o t he e x tre me . S ec luded s ites s uch a s Foun ta ins , J ervau lx a nd S awley were t o b eco me t he c en tres o f v ast a gr icu l tura l e sta tes. The Augus t in ians h ad o n ly o ne s uch s i te b y 1 152, t he t e mporary s i te o f Bol ton a t Embsay. c anons h ad p aroch ial d u t ies t o c ons ider , f ar i n to t he marg ins o f s et t le men t .

5 0

1 3°

T he

a nd h ad l i t t le c a l l t o e x tend s o

D is tr ibut ion o f

A ugus t in ian

F oundat ions i n r e lat ion t o Do mesday P opu lat ion

5 1

T hus , t he s treng th o f t he Bened ic t ines i n c er ta in r eg ions was t o c urb t he e xpans ion o ft he August in ians , t hough t h is o n ly b ecame e v iden t a f ter 135. However , a l though t he C isterc ian o rder was c ompet ing f or monast ic p a tronage a t t he s ame t ime a s t he c anons , d if ferences i n t he i deals o f t he o rders g ave s uf f ic ien t s cope f or b o th t o f i nd s u itable a reas w i thou t e xcess ive c ompet i t ion . The ma jor a rea o f c on tes tat ion was t he h eav ily s e t tled m id land b el t. d .

The S e t t le men t o f A ugus t inian C anons i n R e la t ion t o Do mesday P op-

u la t ion : I ti s ap iece o fg ood f ortune t ha t t he D omesday s urvey o f 1 086 was t aken c onven ien t ly n ear t o t he i n troduc t ion o f t henew r e l ig ious o rders t o E ng land .

A s ar esu lt a g ood d ea l o f i n for ma t ion p rov ided b y t he s urvey i s

u sefu l i n a n a na lys is o f t he monas t ic c o lon iza t ion t ha t f o l lowed . T he p opu la t ion o ft he c oun try i n 10 86 p robably amoun ted t o a bou t o ne a nd ah a l f m i l l ion .1 31 I tc an b e s een f ro m F ig. 1 2 t ha t E ast Angl ia a nd t he f er t ile l owlands o f S ussex a nd K en t w ere t he most d ense ly p opu lated a reas. 1 32 Another r ela t ive ly p opu lous b el t l ay s ca t tered t hrough t he m id land c oun t ies f ro m L incolnsh ire i n t he n orth-east t o Wil tsh ire i n t he s ou th-west.

L ow

d ens i ty a reas i nc luded t he Wea ld , t he Fen land a round t he Wash a nd t he n or thern p ar ts o ft he r ea lm . A s Professor Darby h as p o in ted o u t t hese d ens i ti es were h igh ly r ef lect ive o f t he f ert il ity o f t he l and b u t t h is f ac tor d oes n o t f u l ly e xp la in t he s i tua t ion i n t he n orth o f E ngland . A s ar esu l t o f r evol t , i n t he w in ter o f 10 69 -70 much o f Yorksh ire was d evasta ted b y t he a rm ies o f Wil l iam I . A h arry ing wh ich e x tended o ver much o f C hesh ire , D erbysh ire , N o t t ingha mshire , S hropsh ire a nd S taf fordsh ire.

By 10 86 many e n tr ies f or n orthern v i l lages

i nD o mesday were r eported Wasta e st. 1 33

T h is s i tua t ion was t o h ave a s ig-

n if ican t i n f luence o n t he c o lon iza t ion b y t he n ew r el ig ious o rders. Dr. D onk in p o in ts o u t t ha t d esp ite t he d es ire b y C isterc ian c o mmun i t ies t o b e i n r e mo te o r i sola ted a reas , t hey were n ot a l together , o r i ndeed d isproport iona te ly f ocussed u pon t he more s parsely p opu la ted c oun t ies o f t he n orth a nd wes t. However , i tw as t hese a reas where t he o rder was most a ble t o i l lus tra te i t s p rowess i n e x tend ing t he f ron t iers o f s e t t le men t . C onversely, i n t he h eav ily p opu la ted a rea o f E ast Ang l ia , w i th u p t o t wen ty r ecorded a du l ts p er s quare mi le , t here was o n ly o ne C is terc ian h ouse. 1 34

P robably d ue t o t he d iverse

n a ture o ft he Augus t in ian o rder t he d istr ibu t ion o f i t s h ouses s howed f ar g reater v ar ie ty i n r ela t ion t o D o mesday p opu la t ion t han d id t he C isterc ians ( Fig. 1 2 ). , I n g enera l t he August in ians d id n ot s e t t le i n t he h igh d ens ity a reas o f t wen ty o r more r ecorded a du l ts , wh ich i sh ard ly s urpr is ing c ons ider ing t he e x ten t o f s uch a reas.

T here were , h owever , e x tens ive n umbers o f f ounda t ions i n

East Angl ia i n a reas o ft en t o t wen ty a du l ts p er s quare mile.

I th as b een

p o in ted o u t a bove why t ha t r eg ion was s o s u itable t o t he Augus t in ian o rder b u t n o t t he C isterc ian . I n m id land E ng land where p opu lat ion d ens it ies were ma in ly i n t he r eg ion o f f i ve t o t en r ecorded a du l ts , h ouses o f August in ian c anons w ere w idely s ca t tered. I ti s o f i n teres t t o n ote t ha t t he p oorer s e t t led c oun t ies o f t he n orth-west mid lands , i nc lud ing D erbysh ire , S hropsh ire a nd S ta ffordsh ire were a l l e x tens ively c olon ized b y t he c anons.

Th is was a lso

t rue o fn orthern p ar ts o f t he r ea lm , c h ief ly Yorksh ire , where a l though t he August in ians d id n ot p ush a s f ar i n to t he marg ins o f s e t tle men t a s t he C isterc ians , t hey d id h ave a n umber o fh ouses. Gu isborough , K irkha m

The f ounda t ions a t B r id l ing ton ,

Mar ton a nd N ewburgh were a l l i n a reas o f u nder 2 .5

5 2

r ecorded a du l ts p er s quare mile. T he d istr ibu t ion o f waste i n D o mesday was t he s i tua t ion when t he c oun try was o n t he way t o r ecovery. I ti s a l most c er ta in t ha t wasted v il lages w ere more n u merous a nd more w idespread i n 1 070. N ever theless, a s Dr . D onk in p o in ts o u t , e ven i n t he t h ir t ies o f t he t wel f th c en tury Yorksh ire h ad n o t f u l l r ecovered f ro m t he d estruc t ion o f 1 069-70. 1 35 I t was t he Augus t in ian o rder , h owever , a nd n ot t he C isterc ian , t ha t was f i rs t t o c olon ize s i tes , o f ten r e mote , s urrounded b y whol ly o r p ar t ia l ly wasted v il ls ( Fig. 1 3 ).

The v i l ls a t K irkha m a nd Gu isborough a nd t he b orough a t

Br id l ington were a l l p art ial ly was te i n 1 086 a nd may we l l h ave b een i n as im i lar c ond it ion when a n August in ian h ouse was e stabl ished a t e ach. A t Br id l ington , f or e xamp le , where t he p r iory was e stabl ished a bou t 113, i n 1 086 t he a rea s urround ing t he s i te h ad o n ly a pprox i ma tely 0 .5 r ecorded a du l ts p er s quare m i le. 1 36

T he b orough i t self was p ar t ia l ly waste a nd a g ood many o f t he

s urround ing v il ls were e i ther i n as im ilar s itua t ion o r were t o tal ly waste ( F ig . 1 3 ) .

T he manor o f Br id l ing ton was a ssessed a t o n ly 8 s. i n Do mesday ,

b u t t he s urvey n otes t ha t i th ad b een worth £ 32 i n t he t ime o f E dward t he C on fessor. 1 37 The p r iory e ven tua l ly a cqu ired l ands a nd t ene men ts i n many o ft he s urround ing was te v il ls s uch a s S ewerby , Fra isthorp a nd E as ton. Hence t here was g rea t v ar ie ty i n t he d istr ibu t ion o f August in iah h ouses i n r elat ion t o t he p opu la t ion o f t he t ime.

T he o rder s howed f ar g rea ter d iver-

s i ty t han t he C is terc ians , s i mp ly b ecause o f t he n a ture o f i t s Ru le.

The

August in ians were a ble t o t ake a dvan tage o f a l l s i tua t ions f ro m t he d ensely s et t led l ow lands o f E ast Angl ia t o t he r e mote a nd s parse ly p opu la ted r eg ions o f Yorksh ire. e . The B rev i ty o ft he R u le a nd i t s E f fec t o n C lus ters :

The i n f luence o f

t he R u le f o l lowed b y a ny monas t ic o rder h as a lready b een s tressed i n t h is s tudy . H owever , t he p o in t may b e r a ised o nce more i n c onnec t ion w i th c lust er ing w i th in t he o vera l l d is tr ibu t ion .

I n F ig . 5s evera l q ui te d is t inc t c lus ters

o f A ugus t in ian h ouses were n o ted , p ar t icu lar ly i n t hree ma jor g roups : t ha t a round t he e stuar ies o ft he s outh S uf fo lk a nd E ssex c oas ts , as econd i n t he n or th mid lands a nd a no ther i n n or th-wes t N orfo lk . O nce a ga in d ue t o t he l ack o f c en tra l a u thor i ty a nd t he b rev i ty o f S t . A ugus t ine 's R u le t here was n o r es tr ic t ion o n t he p rox im i ty o f f ounda t ions , u n l ike , f or e xamp le t he C is terc ians , whose h ouses were s upposed t o b e t en B urgundian l eagues a par t , t ha t i s a pp rox i ma te ly t h ir ty mi les . Th is r u le was n o t a lways s tric t ly a dhered t o i n E ng land a nd Wa les ; R ievau lx Abbey .

1 38

B y land Abbey , f or e xamp le , was o n ly f i ve m i les f ro m I td id , h owever , h ave c ons iderab leovera l l e f fec t o n t he

d is tr ibut ion . T he c onsequence o f t he a bsence o f s uch a r u le f or t he A ugus t in ian c anons i s t o s o me e x ten t i l lus tra ted i n F ig . 1 4 . Many o ft he h ouses o f t he o rder i n N orfo lk were v ery c lose t ogether : Wor megay was l ess t han f i ve mi les f rom P en tney , wh i ls t C oxford , F l i tcham a nd G rea t Mass ingham were a l l w i th in s ix mi les o f e ach o ther . The f i rs t A ugus t in ian h ouse t o b e e s tab l ished i n N orfo lk was p robab ly P en tney p r iory f ounded a bout 1 130 . 1 39 Therefore , i fa r u le o n t he p rox im i ty o f h ouses h ad e x is ted , t he c ho ice o f f ur ther s i tes i n N orfo lk wou ld h ave b een p ar t ia l ly c ontro l led b y t he l oca t ion o f t ha t h ouse . H owever , w i th in f i veyears a s econd h ouse was e s tab l ished a t Wes t Acre , j us t s ix mi les away . Ac irc le h as b een p lo t ted o n F ig . 1 4 a s ar ad ius o f t en B urgundian l eagues f ro m P entney , wh ich i l lus tra tes t ha t t h ir teen o f t he s even teen

5 3

T he R e lat ionsh ip o f B r id l ington a nd Gu isborough P r ior ies t o t he D is t r ibu t ion

o f Do mesday V i l ls

( a ) Gu isborough

U *

L and Over 400 f eet ( 122rnt i P r iory

•

W ho l ly

0

P ar t ia l ly Waste

Waste

No Ment ion

o

o f Waste

( b ) B r id l ington

F i g . 1 3

5 4

s ubsequen t f ounda t ions i n N orfo lk were t oo c lose t o t ha t h ouse b y C is terc ian s tandards .

There i s o ne i mpor tan t p oin t t o b ear i n mind when d iscussing s uch

d is tances i n medieva l E ng land a nd Wa les , t ha t i s t he n ature o f t he t erra in . F or e xa mp le , at rek o f t en mi les a cross a wa tershed i n t he Yorksh ire d a les wou ld h ave b een a f ar g rea ter b arrier b etween h ouses , t han t en mi les a cross t he r e la t ive ly f l a t t opography i n E as t Ang lia .

N everthe less , t he c lose p rox im i ty

o f A ugus t in ian h ouses i n N orfo lk s hou ld n o t b e t aken a t f ace v a lue .

A lthough

t he p r ior ies a t Wor megay a nd P en tney h ad o n ly a pprox i ma te ly s ix mi les b e tween t he m , t hey were a lso s epara ted b y t he R iver N ar , wh ich i n t he Midd le Ages f or med e x tens ive f en land ( F ig . 1 4 ) .

I ts ee ms c er ta in a j ourney b e tween t he t wo

h ouses wou ld h ave r equ ired a b oa t .

E ven t ak ing s uch i ns tances i n to a ccoun t ,

t he r e markab le c lus ter o f h ouses i n n or th-west N orfo lk was u nr iva l led b y a ny o ther r e l ig ious o rder i n a ny p ar t o ft he c oun try .

F o l low ing t he i n troduc t ion o f

t he n ew o rder t o al oca l a rea , i t s s uccess c ou ld b e v iewed , c onsidered f ash iona b le a nd s ubsequen t f ounda t ions wou ld r esu lt .

I n o ther words r eg iona l r epe t it ion

o f wha t was h appening o n an a t iona l s ca le t hrough t he i nf luence o f t he c our t o f Henry I . With n o l im i t o n t he s ize o f c onven t a nd n o r u le o n t he p rox im i ty o f o ne h ouse t o a nother i ti s n o t s urpr is ing t o s ee why t he N orfolk s i tua t ion s hou ld h ave a r isen . Before t urn ing t o a n a ccount o f p hys ica l g eograph ic c ond it ions a nd t he ir e f fec t o n t he d is tr ibu t ion o f Augus t in ian h ouses i n med ieval E ngland a nd Wa les s o me th ing n eeds t o b e s a id o f t he t hree i ndependen t o rders o f c anons i nc luded i n t h is s tudy.

T he g loba l e f fec t o f p hys ica l c ond i t ions c an t hen b e s een i n

r ela t ion t o a l l h ouses. THE D ISTR IBUTION OF I NDEPENDENT HOUSES OF THE AUGUSTIN IAN ORDER T he h ouses b elong ing t o t he t hree i ndependen t August in ian c ongrega t ions r equ ire d iscuss ion s epara tely , b as ical ly b ecause o f t he ir c on t inen ta l c onnect i ons.

The o rig ins o f s uch o rders c a me f ro m o u ts ide Br it ish s hores , a nd t he

g roups d iscussed h ere a re t hose o f S t. V ic tor o f Par is , S t . N icholas o f Arroua ise a nd t he c anons o f t he Holy S epu lchre. 1 4°

T here was a f our th g roup

o f i ndependen t August in ians o f wh ich s o meth ing h as a lready b een s a id , t ha t i s t he o rder e stabl ished b y S t . N orbert a t Pre mon tre , t he Pre monstra tens ian c anons. T hey c ons t i tu ted b y f ar t he mos t i mpor tan t s ec t ion o f f ore ign r egu lar c anons i n t he c oun try , b u t t he o rder d eveloped a long c o mp lete ly d i f feren t l ines t o o ther August in ians.

I t s h ouses b orrowed much f ro m C isterc ian

l eg isla t ion p art icu larly i n c onnec t ion w i th t he a ccep ted min i mu m s ize o f c onv en ts a nd i n t he s i t ing o f f ounda t ions. s ide t he s cope o f t h is s tudy .

A s s uch , h ouses o f t he o rder l i e o u t-

On t he o ther h and t he o rders d iscussed h ere

a l though r e ta in ing t he ir c on t inen tal c onnec t ions f or a n u mber o f y ears , f ol low ing t he l oss o f E ng l ish t err itory i n France u nder K ing J ohn , t he l inks were s evered .

T he i ndependen t c ongrega t ions i n E ngland b eca me i nd is t ingu ishable

f ro m t he ma instrea m o rder .1 4

1

T hese i ndependen t o rders were a s p l it t ing o f f f ro m t he p aren tb ody i n t he s a me way i n wh ich t he o rders o f S av igny a nd C iteaux were e stabl ish ing t he mselves a s i ndependen t me mbers o f t he Bened ic t ine o rder. t ion o fh ouses o f t he t hree o rders i s g iven i n F ig. 1 5.

5 5

T he d istr ibu-

T here a re , h owever ,

Augus t in ian Houses i n Med ieva l

.

C -

T he Wash

. r e tersto , e,1200 .

,

v


c m

M

c z )

C A

C D C n

4 1

•

V •

•

V

e

•

0

41 •

1 : 1 75 71 7 5 71 4 c o

c m

S t. Ger mans

C o mb ina t ion o f

. ' I C

L aunceston

T axa t io 1 291

I ncreased Assessed Va lues o f S p iri tua li t ies 1 291 t o 1 535 f or August in ian H ouses i n t he D iocese o f E xe ter

L n c p i n c m N c m

e e e

C A C A

•

c m c m

•4 c ; • • . c z 1 : 3 V V L n — 4 i n c n

M

V •

•

C D

C . 4 1 C A

7: 5 •

0 e

" r : J

•

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C r )

4 1

1 ? )

5 › , g L ,

1 19

i n Table 1 0 . C olu mn o ne g ives t he t o tal r ecorded a ssess men t o f s p ir i tual it ies o f e ach Augus t in ian h ouse a s g iven i n t he Record C o mm iss ion v olume o f t he Taxa t io. The s econd c olu mn g ives t he s a me i nforma t ion f ro m t he d iocesean r eg ister. I n for mat ion g iven i n t he r eg is ter w h ich f or ms a n a dd it ion t o t ha t i n t he n a t iona l v olu me i s c o mb ined w ith t he o r ig ina l f i gures a nd f i na l ly a c o mp ar ison t o t he 1 535 v alues i s made. I n f our o u t o f t he s ix i nstances a h igher f i gure f or s p ir itua l it ies i s g iven i n t he r eg is ter t han t he n at iona l T axa t io. Th is i s n ot d ue t o a ny i ncrease i n a ssess men tb u t t o a dd it ional p roper ty u nr ecorded i n t he ma jor s ource.

C o mpar ing t he 1 291 v a lues t o t hose o f 1 535,

i n e very i nstance t here i s a ma jor i ncrease. I n t he Va lor t he s p ir i tua l it ies f or t hese s ix h ouses were f i ve t o 1 97 t imes g rea ter t han i n t he Record C o mm iss ion e d it ion o f t he Taxa t io a nd o n a verage t h is i s a much l arger i ncrease t han t he c o mparable f i gure f or t e mpora l it ies.

A l though t he i ncreases a re

c ons iderably l essened w ith t he c o mb ina t ion o f t he r eg ister t ranscr ip t a ssessmen ts , t he 1 291 v a lues were s t il l wel l b elow t hose o f 1 535.

T here s eems

l i t t le d oubt t ha t d esp ite t he a dd it ion o ft ha t i n for mat ion s upp l ied i n t he d iocesan r eg ister t here was a g ross u nder-assess men t o fb oth s p ir i tual a s wel l a s t e mpora l p roperty i n t h is p ar t o f E ngland .

A s ar esu l t t he r e la t ively sma l l

d i mens ions o ft he p roport iona l c ircles i n t he r eg ion i l lustra ted i n F ig. . 19 i s ar ef lec t ion o f t h is f actor r a ther t han a r epresen tat ion o f t he t rue v a lues. T hus , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he d if ferences i n t he a ccuracy o f a ssess ment b e tween t he t hree r eg ions i n E ngland a nd Wa les a re s uf f ic ien t ly g rea t t o p rec lude a s ingle n a t iona l a na lys is o f a ny f or m o f e cc ies iast icaf wea l th f ro m t he t axa t ion o f P ope N icho las I V.

N ever theless, i t may s t il lb e p oss ible t o u ndertake

s o me f or m o f i n tra-reg iona l s tudy .

I ti s p erhaps w ise t o p ostpone a ny f i rm

c onc lus ions u n t il t he d a ta a re c o mpared w i th o ther a va ilable s ources. Af ur ther p o in t c oncern ing t he d eta il l i sted i n t he T axa t io i s t ha t t he a ssess men t d id n ot c over p roper ty h eld b y r el ig ious b od ies o u ts ide E ngland a nd Wa les. A n umber o f August in ian h ouses t hroughou t t he c oun try h ad b o th s p ir i tua l a nd t e mpora l p ossess ions i n I re land . S im ilarly , s evera l c onven ts i n t he n orth o f Eng land h ad p roper ty i n S co t land . T he p r ior ies o f L lan thony Ia nd L lan thony I f , f or e xamp le , h ad c ons iderable e sta tes i n C ounty Mea th. 8 2 I n a dd it ion Osney ,8 3 C ar t me l 8 4 K eynshan 8 5 a nd Br istol 8 6 a l l h e ld l ands a nd c hurches i n I re land , whereas Gu isborough P r iory p ossessed s im ilar p roperty i n S cot land .8 7 There a re v ery f ew e x tan t v a lua t ions f or a ny o f t h is p roper ty , t hough u nderstandably a s Dr. Graha m h as p o in ted o u t i t was a f l uc tua t ing s ource o f r evenue. 8 8 N ever theless , t he c ash a ccru ing t o t hese l ands a nd b enef ices was o f ten c onsiderable . F or e xamp le , i n o ne y ear o ver t he p er iod 1 283-1300 , L lan thony I r ece ived £ 81 5 s. 7 d . f ro m i t s I r ish p oss ess ions. 8 9 The s p ir itua l p roper ty o f L lan thony Ii n I reland a t t he t ime o f t he t axa t ion o f P ope N icholas was a ssessed a t £7 1. 9 ° T hus , t hese A ugus t in ian h ouses i l lustra te t ha t an umber o f monaster ies i n E ngland a nd Wa les d id r ece ive c ons iderable s u ms f ro m p ossess ions i n I reland a nd S co t land a nd a l lowance f or t h is f act must b e made when s tudy ing t he r eg iona l d istr ibu t ion o f weal th f ro m t he T axa t io.

1 20

THE NOVA TAXAT IO OF 1 318 I n 1 318 a f ur ther a ssess men t o f e cc les iast ical p roperty was c o mp iled f or t he n orthern p art o f t he r ealm e n t itled N ova T axa t io.

I t was p roduced o n

r oyal c o m mand ' on a ccoun t o f t he d evas tat ion o f c ler ica l p roperty c aused b y t he i nvas ions o f t he S cots.' 9 1 a nd York .

I t c overed t he d ioceses o f C arl isle , Durha m ,

For C arl isle a nd Durha m t he r ev is ion a pparen t ly e x tended t o

p rac t ical ly t he whole c ler ica l i nco me , b u t i n t he d iocese o f York i t was o n ly p art ial .9 2 I t was p repared s olely a s ar esu l t o f c o mp la in ts f ro m t he n orthern r egu lar a nd monast ic c lergy who h ad s uf fered , t o s o me e x ten t f ro m S cot t ish r a ids s ince 1 296. 9 3

N evertheless , ad egree o f d oubt i s r a ised a s t o t he

a ccuracy w ith wh ich t he n ew a ssess men t was c o mp iled a nd t he q ua l ity o f t he t ranscr ip t i n t he 1 802 e d it ion o f t he T axa t io. I n t he a ctua l t ex t t he n ew v a lues a re g iven i n v ar ious ways.

I n t he d iocese

o f York , f or e xa mp le, t hey a re s o met i mes l i sted a s f ootnotes t o t he 1 291 9 4 d a te. I n o ther i nstances t hey a re g iven a longs ide t he o lder v alues. 9 5 F or t he d ioceses o f C arl isle a nd Durha m , h owever , a l though s o me o f t he 1 318 a ssess men ts a re g iven a s f ootno tes , t he ma jori ty a re l i sted o n s epara te p ages.

9 6

I n a l l c ases i ti s q u i te c lear t ha t t he v alues f orthe N ova Taxa t io h ave b een e x trac ted f ro m a f ur ther s et o f r ol ls.

T he i nfor ma t ion o n t he Augus t in ians

i n t he n orth o f E ngland i s g iven i n F ig. 2 0 a nd Append ix 1 3. 97

A t o ta l o f

f ourteen h ouses was a f fec ted b u t i n e igh t i ns tances o n ly o ne s ec t ion o f t he c o m mun i t ies i nco me was i nvolved , whereas f or t he r e ma in ing s ix b oth s p ir i tual a nd t e mporal r evenue was r eassessed.

A l though p oss ible , i ts ee ms u n l ikely

t ha t s p ir i tua l o r t e mpora l p roperty c ou ld h ave b een d evasta ted i n i solat ion s ince most h ouses h e ld l ands i n v i l lages where t hey h ad a lso a ppropr ia ted t he c hurches. 9 8

T hus , w ith a r educ t ion i n o ne s ec t ion o f a monastery 's

i nco me , ac orrespond ing r educ t ion m igh t b e e xpec ted i n t he o th er .

I t i s

n oted f or t he c anons o f Gu isborough Pr iory , f or e xa mp le , t ha t b efore 1 318 ' a l l t he ir p roperty s u f fered t err ibly ' a s ar esu l t o f S cot t ish i nvas ions.

9 9

However , i n t he N ova Taxa t io t he o n ly p ossess ions t o b e r eassessed were f our c hurches a nd a c hapel

in

( Fig. 2 0 ).

Un fortuna tely i ti s n ot p oss ible

t o t race t he l oca t ion o f t e mpora l it ies f or n orthern r el ig ious h ouses i n t he Taxa t io s ince a s ingle e n try i s g iven f or t he a ssessed v a lue w ith n o f urther d eta il o n h ow t h is was c o mp iled .

1° 1

The l oca t ion o f s p ir itual it ies i s f ar

e as ier a nd t hose a ppropr ia ted c hurches, p ens ions a nd p ort ions b elong ing t o Augus t in ian h ouses t ha t w ere g iven r educed a ssess ments i n 1 318 a re i l lus tra ted i n F ig. 2 0. T he d estruc t ion o f c ler ical a s wel l a s l ay p roperty i n t he n orth o f Eng land was a r esu l t o f t he S cot t ish Wars o f I ndependence.

I n t he l a te t h irteen th a nd

e arly f ourteen th c en tur ies t hese c ons isted ma in ly o f r a ids i n to t he n orthern c oun t ies u nder t he l eadersh ip o f Wil l ia m Wa l lace a s e arly a s 1 297

1 02

a nd

Rober t B ruce c h ief ly a f ter 1 311. 1 °3 T he r a ids l ed b y Wa l lace h ad l i t tle o vera l l a f fec t o n n or thern England s ince t hey were b r ief a nd g eneral ly =o rgan ized a ttacks o n t he e x tre me n orth. N evertheless, a t l east t hree August in ian h ouses were s everely d evasta ted d ur ing t hese r a ids, n a me ly t he p r ior ies o f Ba mburgh , Hexha m a nd L anercos t.

A t Hexha m , f or e xa mp le , ' i n 1 296

t he S cots p lundered t he p r iory a nd b urn t t he c hurch , monas tery a nd s chool. The c anons h ad t o d isperse, b u t t hree h ad r e turned i n 1 297 , when t he S cots

1 21

I.

August in ian H ouses w ith •

B a mburgh ' —,

R educed A ssess ments i n t he

Nova T axat io 1 318

B r inkburn —

\ _\

A L a 'n ercost

—

' Hexha m

'

\

•

•

•

,

• Gu isborough

—„ I

C art me l

1 0

Ne wburgh

I nCon ishead

1

I i.

Martön e B r id l ington

B o lton

Warter ' Hea laugh D rax

' - „-` ,

Nor ton

--\

H a lternpr ice

Worksop :

Ne wstead

R educt ion

F e l ley

Sp ir itua l o r T e mpora l R educ t ion On ly

E Thu rgä r ton

3 S he lford

No R educt ion

\ >

Not F ounded o r Ment ioned i nT ext Appropr iated Church S how ing R educt ion P ens ion o r P ort ion S ho w ing R educt ion D iocesan

Nor th F err iby,

Boundar ies

F ig . 2 0

1 22

M i les Km

3,0

5 0

again raided the place and so harried the estates that the income was greatly reduced' . 1 04 The estates of Bamburgh 1 o5 and Lanercost 1 06 priories also

suffered severely from Scottish raids in 1 297. Wallace, however, was defeated by Edward I at the Battle of Falkirk in 1 298 107 and for a while Scottish raids on northern England ceased. When Edward II succeeded to the English throne in 1 30 7 new opportunities were open to _the Scots under the leadership of Robert Bruce. Edward demonstrated inadequacy as a ruler and devoted too little time to northern affairs. Bruce was able to carry warfare into the heart of the northern counties. Raids became more .organized and created serious problems for both lay and ecclesiastical landlords. Raiding began on Northumberland in 1 31 1 and as a result the inhabitants paid the high sum of £2,000 for a truce until February 1312 _ 1 08 Following the Battle of Bannockburn in 1 314, at which the forces of Bruce defeated those of Edward II, Scottish r·aids south of the border became more regular. It was also after this date that they reached the peak of effectiveness in that they were bolder and penetrated further south into the richer lowlands of Yorkshire and Lancashire such as the Vale of Mowbray, Amounderness and even Holderness. It was probably during these later raids that the Yorkshire Augustinian property was devastated (Fig. 20). Bolton Priory, for example, suffered in .1 318 when marauders moved as far south as Pontefract and then westward through Wharfedale. 'Severe damage to Bolton's property, lying as the monastery did directly in the raider's path, was inevitable'. 1 09 Thus, by 1 31 8 the widespread attacks by the Scots on northern England had caused considerable damage to Augustinian as well as other ecclesiastical and lay property. As far as the canons were concerned the situation was sometimes chronic. In 1 316 the cathedral priory at Carlisle 1 10 found it

necessary to disperse six of its brethren to other Augustinian houses 'until Carlisle be relieved from its present state its goods having been so robbed and wasted by the Scottish rebels that they are insufficient for the maintenance of the number of canons in the priory'.111 It is surprising, therefore, to

see from Fig. 20 and Appendix 1 3 that the three Northumberland houses of Bamburgh, Brinkburn and Hexham were apparently unaffected by reduced assessments in the Nova Taxatio. This is significant since the destruction wrought upon the property of Bamburgh and Hexham priories has already been pointed out as occurring in the earliest Scottish raids. T here are several reasons why this should have been the case. To begin with it is possible that by 1 31 8 these houses had recovered from any incurred losses brought about in the 1 296-97 attacks. But this is unlikely as Scottish raiding parties continually passed through the area during the marauds into more southerly areas. Nevertheless, there is still the chance that these houses purchased immunity from destruction. As Mrs. Scammell has pointed out many towns, castles and churches negotiated and bought their own truces with the Scots. The bishop of Carlisle, for instance, purchased immunity for two manors in 1 314 • 11 2 There was also the truce negotiated for the whole of Northumber­ land in 1 311 which was repeated for 131 2-1 3 • 11 3 In addition, in 1 297 William Wallace had given Hexham Priory a general letter of protection. 114 How effective such precautions were in actually preventing destruction from raids following 129 7 is not clear. H owever, in 1328 Nostell Priory complained that it had received no profits from Bamburgh for fifteen years on account

123

o f S cot t ish r a ids. 15

T herefore , i t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he i n for ma t ion i l lustra-

t ed i n F ig. 2 0 i s e rroneous.

C onsequen t ly t he f i na l a nd most p robable r eason

why t he t hree N orthu mberland h ouses a pparen t ly e scaped r eassess men t i s d ue t o a n i naccuracy i n t he p r in ted Taxa t io.

The e n tr ies f or t he d iocese o f

Durha m a re g iven o n p ages 3 14-18 a nd 3 29-31.

The f or mer p ages g ive t he

1 291 v a lues w ith t he 1 318 t ota ls a s f oo tnotes , w hereas t he l a t ter p ages a re a l l a ssess men ts f ro m t he N ova T axa t io.

The p roble m i s t ha t t here d oes n ot

a ppear t o b e a ny r eassess men t f or t he d eaner ies o f A lnw ick , Ba mburgh , Corbr idge a nd N ewcas t le , i n wh ich t he ma jor i ty o f t he p roperty o f t he t hree N orthu mberland h ouses l ay.

T he o n ly p oss ib i l ity i s t ha t t he e n tr ies f or t hese

d eaner ies o n p age 3 31 a re i n f ac t r eferr ing t o z ero a ssess men ts , s ince n o v alue i s g iven.

A l though t h is w ou ld a l ter s o me p ort ion o f t he p ossess ions o f

t he t hree p r ior ies t here wou ld s t il l b e n o r eassess men t o f t he t e mpora l it ies o f Hexha m a nd Br inkburn p r ior ies. 16 I t i s , t herefore , e x tre mely d iff icu l t t o r each a ny f i rm c onc lus ions o n t h is i n for mat ion , t hough l y ing a s t he N or thu mber land p r ior ies d id s o c lose t o t he b order i ts ee ms h ard t o b e l ieve t hey wou ld n o t h ave s uf fered s everely f ro m S cot t ish r a ids d esp i te e f forts f or n ego t ia t ion a nd t ruce.

The s a me i s

o f c ourse t rue f or a ny o ther l ay o r e cc les ias t ical l and lord i n t h is p art o f Eng land . An e xa m ina t ion o f t he a ssessed weal th o f t he August in ian c anons t aken f ro m t he t axa t ion o f Pope N icholas I V h as r evea led a n u mber o f i mpor tan t i naccurac ies c oup led w i th a n otable l ack o f s tandard iza t ion b etween t he i n format ion d rawn f ro m d if feren t d ioceses.

I t s ee ms l i kely t ha t as t il l more

i n trica te s tudy o f t hose d a ta g iven i n t he p r in ted Taxa t io wou ld s upp ly l i t tle b eyond t ha t i l lustra ted b y t he Augus t in ian i n for ma t ion .

I t i s p erhaps s o me-

wha t more p rof itable t o c ons ider t h is i n for ma t ion i n t he l i gh t o f t ha t d eta il s upp l ied b y t he s econd ma jor s ource f or d e ter m in ing t he wea l th a nd s ize o f August in ian h ouses i n med ieva l E ng land a nd Wa les , n a mely t he Va lor E cc les ia st icus o f 1 535. THE VALOR ECCLES IAST ICUS T he g eneral o p in ion among h is tor ians i s t ha t t he Valor i s a l toge ther a more a ccurate a nd c o mprehens ive s ource f or t rac ing e cc les iast ica l r evenue t han t he T axa t io. 1 17

Th is c on f idence h as b een i nsp ired c h ief ly a s ar esu l t o f

t he work o f Professor S av ine whose a ccura te a nd d ef in i t ive s tudy t es ted t he Va lor a ga inst o ther s ources o f e cc les iast ica l a ssess men t. 18

I ft he r eg iona l

d is tr ibu t ion o f Augus t in ian i n a dd i t ion t o o ther r el ig ious wea l th , c an b e a scert a ined f ro m t he Va lor w i th a r easonable d egree o f a ccuracy , t hen t he i n for mat ion g iven i n t h is s ource may b e u sed t o t es t , w ith in l im i ts , t hose d a ta d rawn f ro m t he T axa t io. The e d it ion o f t he d ocu men t c onsu l ted was p roduced f or t he Record Co m miss ion b etween 1 810 a nd 1 834.

19

T he o r ig inal c o mp ila t ion was u nder-

t aken i n 1 535 a nd was a i med a t b e ing a c orrec t a ssess men t o f F irst Fru i ts a nd Ten ths o f t he c hurch.

By t ha t t ime t he me thods f or t ax a ssess men t h ad

g rea t ly i mproved , a nd i ti s u ndoubtably t he f u l lest v a lua t ion o f t he p roper ty o f med ieva l r el ig ious h ouses a nd o ther e cc les iast ica lb od ies i n E ngland a nd Wales.

T he c omm iss ioners were t he u sua l g overn men t a gen ts i nc luding b ishops ,

1 24

mayors, sheriffs, local gentry and official auditors, 120 who were all sent out with a detailed series of instructions. 'The Commissioners are to inquire into and record the names of all the abbeys, priories, monasteries and other religious houses; the names of all manors, farms, tenements, rents and other temporal revenues; the names of rectories, vicarages, tithes, oblations and other spiritual revenues; the name of the shire and village where the said revenues are raised; and finally the exact annual amount of every separate source of revenue'.121 The production of the full manuscript was completed in stages. Each incumbent gave the value of his own benefice and the sub-commissioners made a separate digest of these for each rural deanery. Subsequently these passed to the commissioners who made a whole book of them for the county or dioceses and finally some kind of digest was prepared by the Exchequer for the country as a whole .122 Mr. E. S. Lindley has studied the Valor with an emphasis on the omission of Kingswood Abbey •123 He believes, considering the difficulties in the production of the transcript, that the printed Valor is surprisingly accurate, 'perhaps nearly as accurate as the Originals'� This parallels Professor Savine's conclusion, since he examined some parts of the manuscript text and compared these with the printed version. He concluded 'that the texts agree, and that one is quite safe in making use of the printed edition. 1125 As illus­ trated below omissions do occur and quite naturally pose certain problems as far as the assessment of the house is concerned and the accuracy of the source in general. Fortunately, therefore, such omissions are not abundant. Professor Savine admitted that he began to study the Valor with strong pre­ judice, feeling sure he would find cases of concealment, or of too low a valuation of monastic property, but eventually he was forced to acknowledge himself mistaken.126 In many ways, in its printed form, the Valor is a much easier source to understand than the Taxatio. The assessed value of Augustinian as well as other monastic property, was entered under the house to which it belonged, rather than under the various dioceses and deaneries where it lay • In the majority of instances, a gross value is given for the sum of the property of each house. This is followed by a series of deductions, sometimes itemized as spiritual or temporal payments and finally the net value of the house is given.12 7 As far as the Augustinian canons are concerned the distinction between net spiritual and net temporal income is straightforward for most houses. In fact these totals can be determined for 124 (80%) of the 155 foundations of priory or abbey status at the time (Appendix 14). The problem with the remainder is that the commissioners' returns are not complete; six counties (Berkshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Northumber­ land and Rutland) and parts of two others (Middlesex and Yorkshire) are missing.128 Nevertheless, the total gross and net income of monastic houses for these areas can be supplied from the exchequer digest of returns .129 In addition for a number of houses, notably Cirencester and Osney, it is impossible to distinguish spiritual and temporal income from the entries. The totals are given en bloc under the heading of the particular village or town where the property lay.

125

A sma l l n u mber o f e xamp les w i l l s erve t o i l lustra te s o me o f t he p o in ts i n t he p r in ted Va lor.

I n h is s tudy o f G loucestersh ire h ouses Mr. L indley

h as s hown f ro m a c o mpar ison w i th t he o r ig ina l d ocu men ts t o wha t e x ten t t he p r in ted a ssess ments i n t he Va lor v ary .

H is e xa m ina t ion r evea ls d iscrepanc ies

f or t wo Augus t in ian e stabl ish men ts , C irencester a nd L lan thony I .

T he Valor

t ota l f or L lan thony I was g iven a s £ 648 1 9s. 1d ., whereas Mr. L ind ley 's r e-ca lcu lated t o ta t was £7 37 5 s. 7 d ., o r ar ise o f o ver £ 88.

The t otal g iven

f or C irencester i n t he Va lor was £l ,051 7 s. I d . b u t Mr. L ind ley p roduced af igure £ 15 1 0s. 5 d . b elow t h is.

1 3u

I n a dd i t ion t here a re s o me f au l ts p icked

u pb y t he V ic tor ia C oun ty H istory f or S taf fordsh ire.

I n t he c ase o f S tone

Pr iory t he s p ir i tua l i t ies were g iven £9 i n e xcess o f t he t rue f i gure f or Rocester a c han try p ens ion was u nderva lued b y £ 1. e v idence p resen ted b y t hese f our h ouses

1 33

1 32

1 31

a nd

On t he s can ty

a verage i ncreases i n t he t o tal

n e t i nco me o f r e-ca lcu lated v a lues c an b e e xpec ted t o b e a pprox i mate ly 7 .2 p er c en t a nd d ecreases 4 .4 p er c en t o f t he Va lor f i gure. I n a dd i t ion t o s uch om iss ions a nd m isca lcu la t ions , t he a ccuracy o f t he a ssessed v a lues a lso r equ ires v er if ica t ion .

Professor S av ine t ested t he Va lor

a ga ins t f our c o mparable s ources o f i nfor ma t ion o n v a lues , t hough f requen tly t hese were n ot c o mp le te l i sts.

T hey were t he S uppress ion o f s o-cal led

Min isters ' Accoun ts , t he E xchequer S urveys o f t he d e mesne a lso c a l led Paper S urveys , t he r ece ivers ' a ccoun ts o f s uch s u ms p a id i n to t he Aug men ta t ions Of f ice a f ter t he S uppress ion , a nd f i na l ly a f ew t err iers o r s urveys made o f i nd iv idua l h ouses s hort ly b efore t he D issolu t ion .1 34

On t he whole t hese

s urveys t end t o c onf ir m t hose d a ta g iven i n t he Va lor w ith d iscrepanc ies o f n o more t han t en p er c en t .

T here i s , h owever , o ne s er ious a no ma ly wh ich

Professor S av ine f i rst n oted i n t he S uppress ion Accounts.

He d rew a t tent ion

t o a marked r eg iona l v ar ia t ion b etween n orthern a nd s ou thern E ngland .

For

t he f i ve s ou thern c oun t ies o f Hun t ingdonsh ire , L e icestersh ire , Ru t land , S ussex a nd Warw icksh ire t he a ssessed v a lue o f monast ic h ouses was 1 3.5 p er c en t h igher i n t he S uppress ion Accoun ts t han i n t he Va lor .1 35

On t he

o ther h and , f or t he t hree n or thern c oun t ies o f L ancash ire , N o t t ingha msh ire , a nd Yorksh ire t he i ncrease was f orty-e ight p er c en t .

A l though t h is e v idence

f or t he n or th was b ased o n j us t e leven h ouses , Professor S av ine b el ieved t ha t t he Va lor may n ot h ave b een a s a ccura te f or n or thern a s f or s ou thern England .1 36

Professor Knowles a ccep ted t he r eg iona l d if ferences d iscovered

b y S avine a nd p o in ted o u t t ha t t h is l evel i n t he n or th ' m igh tb e a t tr ibu ted t o t he d if f icu l t ies i nheren t i n t he t ask o f a sma l l c o mm iss ion work ing i n aw ide a nd w ild r eg ion , o r t o ac er ta in p ar t ia l ity t owards t he monks o n t he p art o f t he g en try a nd o thers who o n ly e igh teen mon ths l a ter were t o b e l eaders i n t he P i lgr i mage o f Grace '. 1 37 A l though Professor S av ine c onc luded t ha t a l l o ther s ources o f i nfor ma t ion s uggest t he Va lor t ota ls were b elow t he t rue v alue Professor Knowles b el ieved h e was u naware o f t he amoun t. He p o in ted o u t t ha t t he monast ic i nco me was u nderest i ma ted e ven more t han t he Russ ian s cholar s upposed a nd c ons idered t hat g ross o r n e t i nco mes ' are p robably l ess b y s o me t wen ty p er c en t t han t he a c tua l i nco me o f t he h ouse '.

1 38

I n c onnec t ion w ith t h is u nderassess men t t here i s o ne f urther p o in t wh ich d eserves c ons idera t ion .

A t t he t ime o f t he p roduc t ion o ft he Valor t he g eneral

1 26

Dissolution was imminent. It was ten years after the first experiment in dissolution by Wolsey, whereby twenty-one monasteries were suppressed for the cardinal's college at Oxford. Three years before compilation of the survey, the large Londm Augustinian house of Holy Trinity Aldgate had been dissolved and its property passed over into lay hands.i3 9 It was probably after the completion of the survey when the assessed value of every religious house lay before Thomas Cromwell that an income of£200 was chosen as the sum below which houses were to be suppressed. This figure divided the large establishments which were to be spared from those which were to be dissolved under the Act of Suppression of 1536. As Dr. Woodward points out, it could be seen by the Commissioners 'from the figures before them that to adopt this dividing line would provide the crown with a comfortable endowment without antagonizing any of the more powerful religious interests'. Indeed, he goes on to suggest that the Valor was 'the first stage in the process of suppression'. 14 0 It was probably decided at this time to falsify the income of a number of houses in order to bring their assessed value below this threshold. This was almost certainly the case for a number of Augustinian houses. At Hexham, for example, the 1 535 commissioners gave a net value of£ 122 1 1s. id.l4l whereas a detailed later survey gives the gros� value at over£266.14 2 Similarly at Carmarthen Priory the assessed value in the Valor was given as£ 164 0s. 4 d., 143 but in 1 538-9 the income was returned as being over£22 7 144 and at Cartmel the clear income was given in 1 535 as £91 6s. 3d., 1 4 5 later increased by the commissioners to over£2 1 2. 1 4 6 Finally at Norton Priory the income appears to have been falsified to bring the total to£ 1 80 7s. id. in the Valor f47 so that it could be suppressed in 1 536. A later survey of 1536- 7 gave the total income as over £31 8.1 4 8 Although authors have used such evidence to indicate a purposeful undervaluation of certain houses, 14 9 it is important to point out that assessed values in the Ministers' Accounts were consistently larger than those in the Valor for the vast majority of religious houses. This was certainly true of the Augustinian canons. Indeed, of the 11 7 houses for which the Ministers' Accounts are known, in sixty-seven instances the Valor assessments were at least twenty per cent lower (see Appendix 14 and 16). The houses involved were at a wide range of income levels and, therefore, an underassessment in 1 535 did not necessarily bring a monastery below the£200 threshold. As a result it can not automatically be assumed that a value of less than£200 in the Valor but somewhat more in the Ministers' Accounts was a deliberate underassess­ ment in the earlier document. Needless to say, as a result of these difficulties a degree of doubt had been cast on whether or not the 1535 assessment represents the true value of religious property at the time. Nevertheless, if the proportional values throughout England and Wales are shown not to be significantly different, the underassessment should not affect the regional distribution of Augustinian or any other ecclesiastical wealth drawn from the source. It is worth noting that the Valor Ecclesiasticus provides the most detailed information available on the wealth of the religious for the entire Middle Ages. As Professor Savine pointed out 'an attitude of confidence towards the Great Survey of 1 50 1 535 is more justifiable than one of scepticism' •

127

I n 1 535 t here were 1 55 August in ian h ouses o f a bbey o r Pr iory s ta tus i n Eng land a nd Wales o f wh ich 1 54 w ere l i sted i n t he Va lor

1 51

( Append ix 1 4 ).

T he s p ir i tual a nd t e mpora l i nco mes c an b e d eter m ined f or 1 24 e stabl ish men ts. 1 52 For t hese i nstances s p ir i tua l it ies p rov ided t h ir ty-seven p er c en t o f a l l i nco me a nd t e mpora l it ies s ix tythree p er c en t . S urpr is ingly , t h is c o mpares c losely w i th t hose t o ta ls d er ived f ro m t he T axa t io o f f orty p er c en t f or s p ir i tual i t ies a nd s ix ty p er c en t f or t e mpora l i t ies.

C ons ider ing t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t al arge

p roport ion o f s p ir i tua l i t ies w en t u nrecorded i n t he T axa t io , t here mus t h ave b een s o me c o mparable i ncrease i n t he t e mporal p ossess ions i n Va lor t o a ccoun t f or t hese p roport iona l e qua l it ies.

T h is i s d iscernable f ro m a c o m-

p arison o f t he t o ta ls f or t e mpora l i t ies i n a ppend ic ies 1 2 a nd 1 4.

A l though

al arge p roport ion o f t he i ncrease c ou ld b e a t tr ibu ted t o a cqu is ist ions o f p roper ty a nd i nf lat ion b e tween 1 291 a nd 1 535, a s a rgued a bove i ts ee ms p robable t ha t al arge s ec t ion was i nco me om it ted o r u nderassessed i n 1 291. T he t o ta l A ugust in ian w eal th a s i l lustra ted i n Append ix 1 4 y ields a n a verage i nco me o f a l most £ 203 f or t he 1 54 h ouses , h owever , t h is was h eav ily we igh ted t owards h igher v a lues.

I n f ac t a mere t wen ty-n ine h ouses ( 19% o f t he t o tal )

p ossessed a l most f i f tyfour p er c en t o f t he t ota l r ecorded wea l th. I ndeed j ust e igh teen h ouses c on trol led more i nco me a t t h is t ime t han t he e n t ir.e o rder i n 1 291. 1 53

T he p a t tern h ere i s s im ilar t o t hat n o ted b y Professor Know les

f or a l l r el ig ious o rders i n 1 535.

F ro m a t ota l o f 5 50 monaster ies , s o me

t wen tythree ( 4% ) a ccoun ted f or more t han t wen ty-f ive p er c en t o f t he t o ta l monast ic i nco me. 1 54

Professor S av ine c ons idered 5 53 monaster ies i n h is

s tudy o f t he Va lor , a nd i n t er ms o f n e t i nco me d iv ided t he m u p i n to f i ve g roups wh ich a re i l lustra ted i n T able 1. T he August in ian v alues h ave b een e x tracted f ro m t he t o ta l a nd a c o mpar ison made w i th t he r e ma inder.

I tc an b e s een t ha t

t he August in ian s i tua t ion d if fered v ery l i t tle f ro m t he o vera l l p a t tern. Tab le 1 1

A rb i trary D iv is ion o f A ugus t inian a nd o ther Re lig ious H ouses o n t he b as is o f t he 1 535 A ssess men t

G roup £

A ugus t in ian

0 -20

5

%

O thers

3 .2

4 8

% 1 2

T ota l 5 3

9 .6

£ 2 1-100

5 8

3 7 .6

1 30

3 2.6

1 88

3 4

£ 101-300

6 2

4 0.3

1 37

3 4.3

1 99

3 6

£ 301-1000

2 8

1 8.3

6 1

1 5.3

8 9

1 6.1

0 .6

2 3

5 .8

2 4

4 .3

1 00%

3 99

1 00%

5 53

1 00%

£ 1000+

1

T ota ls :

I n

1 54

b o th c ases t he v ast ma jor ity o f h ouses l ay b e tween £ 21 a nd £ 300.

A n otab le

e xcep t ion i s t ha t g roup i n e xcess o f £ 1000 , wh ich c on ta ins j ust o ne August in ian h ouse.

I t was t he Bened ic t ine o rder t ha t c on trol led t he g rea tes t n u mber o f

h ouses i n t h is g roup .

I n f act o f t he t wen ty-three n o ted , n ine teen were a bbeys

o r c a thedra l p r ior ies o f Bened ic t ine monks.

1 55

August in ian w ea l th was a l most

£ 14,000 g rea ter t han t ha t o f C isterc ian o rder a t t he t ime.

1 56

T he a ssessed

i nco me o f t he C isterc ian o rder was a pprox i ma tely £ 17 ,505 wh ich f or t he s even tyf ive h ouses y ields a n a verage a round £ 233 p er h ouse , c o mpared t o t he £ 203 n oted f or t he August in ians.

1 28

T he ma jor i ty o f C isterc ian h ouses

Assessed Value of Augustinian Houses according to the Va/or Ecclesiasticus 1 535

D

■

��c /

TEMPORAL INCOME SPIRITUAL INCOME PROPORTIONS OF EACH INCOME UNKNOWN

,- -,

DIOCESAN BOUNDARIES HOUSES INDEPENDENTLY ASSESSED IN TAXATIO

CARLISLE

N

/) 0

MIies

50

0

Km.

80

m CD CD Cl)

ASSESSED VALUE IN £'5

150

300

Cl) (I) 450

600

Fig. 21

129

750

900

1050

1200

h ad i nco mes b etween £ 100 a nd £ 300 , whereas t he emphas is i n t he August in ian o rder was o n l ower v a lues w i th o ver f or ty p er c en t o f a l l h ouses h av ing i nco mes a ssessed a t u nder £ 100 ( Table 1 2 ).

On t he whole , t herefore , C isterc ian a bbeys

t ended t o b e s o mewha t l arger t han August in ian monas ter ies , n everthe less , i nb o th i nstances o n ly a round t wen ty p er c en t o f t he h ouses h ad i nco mes i n e xcess o f £ 300. Tab le 1 2

C is terc ian a nd A ugust in ian Wea l th i n 1 535

Group £

C is terc ian

A ugus t in ian

0 -100

6 3

4 0.9

£ 101-200

4 4

2 8.6

3 0

4 0

£ 201-300

1 8

1.7

2 0

2 6.6

£ 301-500

1 3

8 .4

1

1 4.7

£ 500 4 -

1 6

1 0.4

1 54

1 00%

T otals :

9

1 2

5

6 .7

7 5

1 00%

The r ecorded i n for ma t ion o n t he a ssessed v a lues o f t he Augus t in ian o rder i s i l lus tra ted i n F ig. 2 1. t han i n 1 291.

I n a l l b u t t welve c ases a h igher i nco me was r ecorded

One o f t he e xcep t ions was Hexha m , t he i nco me o f wh ich i s

c o m mon ly b el ieved t o h ave b een f als if ied i n 1 535.

C o mpar ing F ig. 1 9 w i th

F ig. 2 1 i ti s p erhaps s urpr ising t o s ee t ha t b o th i l lustra te a s im ilar p a t tern i n t he d istribu t ion o f w ea l th.

E ven i n s ou th-west England

t he p roport iona l

s ize o f h ouses a s i l lustra ted b y t he Va lor , i n t he d ioceses o f E xe ter a nd Ba th a nd Wel ls i s r e markable s im i lar t o t ha t p a t tern s een i n t he T axat io.

S ince

t he T axa t io h as s uch a n e ndur ing r epu ta t ion f or i naccuracy , s uch s im ilar i ty i n g enera l d istr ibu t ion was s o mewha t u nexpec ted a nd q u ite n atura l ly p ro mp ted f urther i nvest iga t ion . S o me measure o f t he r ela t ionsh ip b etween a ssessed v a lues i n 1 291 a nd 1 535 h ad t o b e u sed a nd a c orrela t ion c oef f ic ien t s ee med a ppropr iate.

Th is

c oef f ic ien t was d er ived f ro m a s ta t ist ical t est , where a v a lue o f 1 .0 n or ma l ly d enotes p erfec t c orrela t ion .

Dev ia t ions away f ro m t h is f i gure were e xa m ined

f or s ign if icance o n t he b as is o f t ables p roduced f or t ha t p urpose.

1 57

Know ing

t ha t t he i n for ma t ion f or 1 291 was s ub jec t t o r eg iona l v ar ia t ion , a nd a ware t ha t t h is was p robably e nco mpassed w ith in a d iocesan f ra mework , i t was t hough t more a ppropr ia te t o p roduce a c orrela t ion c oef f ic ien t f or e ach d iocese. The d istr ibu t ion o f r ecorded wea l th i n F ig. 1 9 a nd F ig. 2 1 a ppeared s im ilar e nough t o l ead t o t he a ssu mp t ion t ha t s o me d ioceses a t l east wou ld r evea l h igh c oef f ic ien ts.

I f s uch were t he c ase i t wou ld i nfer t hat t he r e la t ive r ecorded

v a lues f or v ar ious h ouses i n as ingle d iocese i n 1 291 were r easonable , s ince t he Va lor o f 1 535 i s r egarded w ith s o me meri t.

T he r esu l ts o f t hese t es ts

a re g iven i n Append ix 1 5 a nd a re i l lustra ted i n F ig . 2 2. q u i te r e markable. r ecorded i n 1 291

1 58

T hey p roved t o b e

N ot o n ly i n t hose d ioceses t ha t w ere t hough t t o b e f u l ly b u t i n a l mos t e very a rea a s ign if ican t c oef f ic ien t was

d er ived. The o n ly e xcep t ions were t hose d ioceses w ith v ery f ew August in ian h ouses s uch a s S t . Dav id 's , Bangor , Can terbury , C ar l isle a nd Durha m a nd , t herefore , t hey d etrac t l i t t le f ro m t he o vera l l i mpress ion .

E ven i n t he s ou th-

west where v alues a ppear t o h ave b een marked ly u nderassessed i n 1 291, a

1 30

Relationship of Asse·ssed Values in £'s between Dioceses in 1291 and 1535 600

(a) York

500

400

en

N

0

300 0

200

100

0

0

100

0

300

1535

400

500

600

/�'

(b) Norwich

'\

/' � /

200

700

Houses excluded from calculation of correlation coefficient

300

/

en N

100

0

200

0

:,('· 0

100

200

300

1535

Fig. 22

131

400

500

600

700

( c ) C oventry a nd L ichf ie ld 3 00

200 -

c r )

0

H ouses e xc luded f ro m c a lcu lat ion o f c orre lat ion c oeff ic iet

1 00 -

0 1 00

2 00

300

400

5 00

6 00

1 535 ( d ) E xe ter , B ath a nd We l ls 200

1 828 x . 100 4 5 C r )

1 00 • •

• •

• • • 0

1 00

200

3 00

400

5 00

600

7 00

8 00

9 00

1 000

1 535 ( e ) Winches ter 400•

0 300-

0 )

200

1 00-

•

• 0 0

1 00

200

300

400

5 00

600

7 00

800

9 00

1 000

1 535 ( f ) Worcester 300

•

91

200

•

100-

•

0 0

1 00

200

300

400

500

6 00

1 535

F i g . 2 2 c on t 'd .

1 32

7 00

8 00

9 00

1 000

1 100

(g) London 200

(j)

N

0

100

0

-� 300

200

100

0

0

400

600

500

1 535

900

800

700

(h) Lincoln 600 i-

500

400

(j)

N

300

200

100

200

100

300

400

500

1535

600

800

700

900

1000

(i) All Dioceses 600

.,o

1,'> C)·

,.

'),�

500

400

(j)

300

200

100

0

'

'••

,4't• _.

0

0

100

,:,

:,

..

C l )

( t )

• , 1 0

a z )

C l ) r -' 6 . 3

44 E

g i :

f 2 4

c ) c a

2

Z 3

O D • C D

4> " 7 () 1 Z

c / 2

E l

r n

-C t) l — 1 p • 4. C D

Bro mp ton Reg is ,

C )

Z

C D

c n / D C )

w

/ 5 1

Z I

3. , 5 4 1 4 .a s

4 : 1 ) C . ) ' Z 3 z . g z, c ) Z z

C 2 Z 3 C I ) c d C I ) c f ) = C l . ) 0 . . - , >

4 84 c n U

c e z

z

r ) s (D

a ) m . z c ) 4 Z . z C . )

g 4 0 z o . r ) 724 d c i ) C G . ) C ) . £
3

C l )

C D > . ' 71 4 4 c d

c t

to

ä

t 3 3. _ z2

Z '

r 2IZ _ , 0

1 : 3 4 o

a ) c 2 4

r n

C l ) . . . . 4 . ,

0 .

C d

4 -

g 4

; C d i

g c l

C D

4 09

4 =

0

C D

s z 4 4 0

. . e

•' ' "

,

m 2

7 8. 2 g . 4

' ' ' c a

„

• CZ a )

r 4 U Z I M M

Dunstab le

' Z S F 4 0 4 4

C I ) c d

0 u t 1

2

Dorches ter

C o ld N or ton

>3

4 -

2

a ) x

C D ri 0 r n •„ 0 c f ) 0 • 0

, z o

c a

r n

4 4 C . ) +. ) •M A gt 4

G uisborou

G louces ter

F r i the ls tock

C rowhurs t

C / )

z

4 c 1 .

4 10

' 5 4

8

c z t . c

a )

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7 2 i n Va lor

9 i n Min is ters ' Accounts —2 1 19 ( 3 o f wh ich f ro m r e lig ious h ouses )

( 2 6 o f wh ich f ro m r e lig ious h ouses )

i n Minis ters ' Accounts

— 2 64 i n Va lor

a nd a f ur ther 2 71 a t f ar m i n Ministers ' Accounts

O f wh ich 2 88 a t f ar m i n Va lor

i n Min is ters ' Accounts

i n Min is ters ' Accounts N C Z C C 0 0 L C Z 1 1 I C D . . . - . ..

P ens ions

g z ;

Rec tor ies

0 • , i 4 ) ; 4 0 l a i

T 1

APPEND IX 2 5

THE D ISTRIBUTION OF AUGUST IN IAN APPROPRIATED CHURCHES I N RELATION TO THEIR RESPECTIVE HOUSES 1 535-40

D istance f ro m

N u mber o f

House

C hurches

a .

C u mu la t ive

P ercen tage

C u mu la t ive %

C hurches n ot a t F ar m 0 - 1 0 mi les

2 37

2 37

5 4 .5

5 4 .5

1 1- 2 0 mi les

1 10

3 47

2 5 .3

7 9 .8

2 1- 3 0 mi les

3 3

3 80

7 .5

8 7 .3

3 1- 4 0 mi les

2 0

4 00

4 .5

9 1 .8

4 1- 5 0 mi les

1 2

4 12

2 .8

9 4 .6

5 1- 7 5 mi les

1 3

9 7 .5

7 6-100 mi les 1 00+

mi les

Tota ls

4 25

2 .9

8

4 33

1 .8

9 9 .3

3

4 36

0 .7

1 00 .0

3 71 ( Va lor )

4 36

1 00

1 00

6 5 ( M .A . ) b .

C hurches a t F ar m i n t he Min isters ' Accounts 0 - 1 0 mi les

1 37

1 37

5 4 .1

5 4 .1

1 1- 2 0 mi les

5 4

1 91

2 1 .2

7 5 .3

2 1- 3 0 mi les

1 7

2 08

6 .6

8 1 .9

3 1- 4 0 mi les

1 3

2 21

5 .1

8 7 .0

2 26

2 .0

8 9 .0

2 43

6 .6

9 5 .6

4 1- 5 0 mi les 5 1- 7 5 mi les 7 6-100 mi les 1 00 +

mi les

Tota ls c .

5 1 7 5

2 48

2 .0

9 7 .6

6

2 54

2 .4

1 00 .0

2 54

2 54

1 00

1 00

C hurches a t F ar m i n t he Va lor 0 - 1 0 mi les

1 39

1 39

4 9.5

4 9 .5

1 1- 2 0 mi les

6 2

2 01

2 2 .0

7 1 .5

2 1- 3 0 mi les

3 0

2 31

1 0 .7

8 2 .2

3 1- 4 0 mi les

1 2

2 43

4 .3

8 6 .5

4 1- 5 0 mi les

1 3

2 56

4 .6

9 1 .1

5 1- 7 5 mi les

1 2

7 6-100 mi les 1 00 +

mi les

Tota ls d .

2 68

4 .3

9 5 .4

9

2 77

3 .2

9 8 .6

4

2 81

1 .4

1 00 .0

2 81

2 81

1 00

1 00

T ota l N u mber o f C hurches 0 - 1 0 mi les

5 13

5 13

5 2 .8

5 2 .8

1 1- 2 0 mi les

2 26

7 39

2 3 .3

7 6 .1

2 1- 3 0 mi les

8 0

8 19

8 .3

8 4 .4 8 9 .0

3 1-40 mi les

4 5

8 64

4 .6

4 1- 5 0 mi les

3 0

8 94

3 .1

9 2 .1

5 1- 7 5 mi les

4 2

9 36

4 .3

9 6.4

7 6-100 mi les

2 2

9 58

2 .3

1 3

9 71

1 .3

9 71

9 71

1 00 '

mi les

Tota ls

9 71 C hurches L oca ted

1 00

9 8 .7 1 00 1 00

6 2 U n iden t if ied = 1 ,033

APPEND IX 2 6

The Average Assessed Va lue o f Augus tin ian Appropr ia ted C hurches i n e ach D iocese i n 1 291

D iocese

Tota l

Average

Average L ess

N u mber o f

Assessed

Assessed

H igh ly Va lued

C hurches

Va lue

Va lue

C hurches

Ba th a nd We l ls

1

C an terbury

1

C h ichester C oy , a nd L ich . Durha m Exeter

3 2 5 6 6

2 .1 3 . 4 3 3 .

6 .8

8 . 1 3 . 4

2 .13 . 3 3 .

2 .17 .10 0

6 1 .

2 7 .

6 .8

1 3 . 1 .

S a l isbury

6 6

York Tota ls

a .

l ess B a mburgh

b .

l ess K ingston

6 9 3 25

4 .

O .0 0 .0

9 .

4 .11 .

6 25 .

Winchester

2 .17 .10

8 9 .

4 8 3

8

5 36 . 1 1 . 2

L inco ln

1 34

4

1 0 .19 6

Hereford

L ondon

6 .

6

1 0 .

Norw ich

2 .13 . 3 3 .

1 0 .19 .

1 42 .13 . 4

3

4 8

2 74 .11 . 4

1 4

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3 .

0

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6 .

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6 .

8

2 .

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8

1 ,170 .

7 .6

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0

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0

5 7 .

6 .8

9 .11 .

0

7 .

1 40 . 1 3 .4 1 ,402 .

0 .0

£ 4 ,432 . 3 s . 4 d

4 77

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0

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9 .

0

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2 .

Ob

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C D

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Minis ters ' Accoun ts

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( 1 )

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THE AVERAGE ASSESSED VALUE OF AUGUST IN IAN APPROPR IATED CHURCHES I N EACH D IOCESE 1 535-40 APPENDIX 2 7

C D

d

."1

0

0

> (

C l )

7 a1 0

E -

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1 7 : 3

0 0

a )

0

C l ) =

4. 1 ea

0

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C . )

a

>3

*

a

H ouses a re l i s ted a lphabe t ica l ly a nd t he n a mes u nder l ined .

.-

2u nder £ 5

a ssessed a t o ver £ 5

47 9

0

*N une ton

U rban P roper ty

L oca t ions w i th L/T/R u nder £ 5 a re n u mbered b u t n o t l i s ted

0

g

3u nder £ 5

4u nder £ 5

U rban P roperty

4 1

0 • 4 .1 C I )

g 1: 1

O

c d "go

Beeston F .

C d

4 80

•

r T • c i D C l ) •

•

•g + . >

U rban P roperty

z 0

1+ u nder £ 5

( 12 u nder £ 5 )

z

c n C L )

z 0 • 4

g t ,

C I ) g

z 0

F i •

4 . ,

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C I ) . • , ,

P q

c d

P

c d

C I )

0 c 4 . 1 C , )

4 81

c t ) ▪ 4-)

t-,:)

00

�

Granges

Breedon

-Bulbourne in Breamore­ (Corton) (F) ('Heywoodd') (F) (Langley) (F) (Pimperne) (F) (Portbury) (F)

4 under £5

(Ebbesbourne) (7 under £5)

5 under £5

Breadsall

('Barnes') (F)

Bradley, 3 under £5

Breamore

-York-

Urban Property

Bradenstoke, Canford Prior, Chilcompton, Bristol stowell , 3 9 under £5

Bourne, Morton, 11 under £5

(Bolton-Demesne) (Cononley) (Halton-in­ Cra ven) (Harewood) (storiths cum Hazlewood) (12 under £5)

L/T/R

-Blaston-

Bradley

(Cowage) (Chitterne) Easton, Fairford, Hamstead, Hendred, Limington, Lyneham, North Aston, (Seagry) (Tookenham) Towcester, (Winterbourne Earls) Wilcot, Wales in Waleswood

Brad enstoke

(Spanby) (F) (Wilsford) (F)

Bourne

-Appletreewick- (Embsay in Eastby) (F) (Holmpton in Holderness) -Kildwick­ -Malham- (Rawden) (F) (Wentworth) (F) -Wigton-

Bolton

Manors

APPENDIX 28 cont.

3u nder £ 5

( 10 u nder £ 5 )

U rban P roperty

Q . )4 . . :ea Z , ) 0

Z

C ! )

. 4 . 4

2

4 >

C c I 4 e a )

5C 1 )

p , . I. — h B rinkburn

4)

bf )

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2

0

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1

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0

P : 1 4 83

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tä

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c d

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!

C anons Ashby

( She lton ) ( F )

-G rea t G le mha m - H ar les ton

C he lsworth

7 : 3

4u nder £ 5

2 8 u nder £ 5

2 2 u nder £ 5

2 4 u nder £ 5

B urscough , Da lton , Marton , 1u nder £ 5

1u nder £ 5

•

C I;

C D

g r . : 1

*Can terbury

N or tha mpton ,

U rban P roper ty

z

c d 4 , E c d

C .)

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ti

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g

, ,

4

w • A

Z

ä i

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g LI g c

c 2

C ar marthen

APPEND IX 2 8 c on t .

Z

i

. . _z — 34 -g " c 4

. _ .

▪ C D

. z

" g = . 1

=

" " •

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2

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4 85

Church G res ley

C e

( 11 u nder £ 5 )

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; I

C ar t me l-De mesne . 3u nder £ 5

c e T l i

2u nder £ 5

U rban P roper ty

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*C irencester ,

4 4 u nder £ 5 •

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—

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= c e

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"t 5 D

L ofeherst

C )

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c 1 . 2 )

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•

( 1 ) • k 7 : 5

r : , ; 3 o

C o lchester

4 c d

1 0 u nder £ 5

L ancaster

U rban P roperty

5u nder £ 5

. . , . :.. a t) . — f r 4

- --c °

APPENDIX 2 8 c on t .

0

Dunstab le

Dorches ter

17 4

' 51

U)

C .)

4>

0

C )

g1.4

C L 2,

4 87

F li tcha m F .

F lanesford

F ineshade

g 2 , ' so me l ands e lsewhere '

7u nder £ 5

1 3 u nder £ 5

2 2 u nder £ 5

Drax-De mesne , 2 0 u nder £ 5

Dorches ter ,

U rban P roperty

G uisborou

G loucester

F ri the lstock

C l )

Ha lte mprice

•

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4 88

t i p

0

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c d

0

( Peppering ) ( F )

P . 4

0 c 4 1

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Berton b y H art land

Has t ings-De mesne ,

3u nder £ 5

6u nder £ 5

1u nder £ 5

7u nder £ 5

*S hrewsbury

G loucester

U rban P roperty

*H un t ingdon ,

*P on tefrac t

Haverfordwes t

U rban P roperty

C l ; b . 0

. = C . )

•4 . 1 4

•, i

er 2

4

A

; • • 4

4 0

mC . 2

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•

c e d 6 1

... . . . . . . . . ». P. 1 •9.

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4u nder £ 5

e

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; 4 1 C 2

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FOOTNOTES AND REFERENCES TO APPENDICES

1 . Taken f ro m Re lig ious H ouses , p p . 1 37-80 . 2 .

Taken f ro m I b id ., p p . 1 37-45 .

3 .

I b id ., p p . 1 37-45 .

4 .

Three o f t h is t o ta l o f 2 5 l a ter b eca me p r ior ies ( Ba mburgh , C a lw ich a nd Ranton) .

F or l oca t ions s ee F ig . 1 5 .

Therefore , where r e levant t hey a re i nc luded e lsewhere i n t he

s tudy . 5 .

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 73 .

6 .

V . C . H . ,G loucestersh ire , 2 , p p . 9 1-2 .

7 .

D ick inson , O r ig ins , p p . 1 57-61 .

8 .

S ee p p . 1 09-45 .

9 .

V . C . H . ,S hropsh ire , 2 , p . 8 0 .

1 0 .

V . C . H . ,L inco lnsh ire , 2 , p . 1 63 .

1 1 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 2 33 .

1 2 .

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 73 .

1 3 .

D ick inson , O r ig ins , p . 1 58.

1 4 .

I b id ., p . 1 58.

1 5 .

Know les , Mon . O rd ., p p . 1 34-6 .

1 6 .

V . C .H . ,E ssex , 2 , p . 1 65 .

S ee c hap ter f our f or r easons o f e ar ly d is-

s o lut ion o f t h is h ouse . 1 7 .

V . C . H . ,R ut land , 1 , p . 1 60 .

1 8 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 2 09 .

1 9 .

There s ee ms n o e v idence o f mistaken i dent i ty . h ave b e longed t o t he B enedic t ine o rder :

B urt le s ee ms f i rm ly t o

V . C .H . ,S o merset , 2 , p . 1 39;

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 51 . 2 0 .

I n 1 260 i t was e nac ted t ha t a t l east t wo c anons f ro m S tud ley b e s en t t here ' f or t he more f requen t c e lebra t ion o fd iv ine s erv ice '. d eserted b y 1 300 .

S ee D ick inson , O rigins , p . 2 38 .

2 1 .

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 45 .

2 2 .

V . C . H . ,L inco lnsh ire , 2 , p . 1 66.

2 3 .

S ee a bove p p . 1 73-88 .

2 4 .

D ick inson , O rig ins , p . 1 58 . 5 11

The s i te was

2 5 .

N ewnha m C artu lary , 1 , p p . x -x i .

2 6 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 3 12 .

2 7 .

L iber Me morandoru m E cc les ie d e B ernwe l le , e d . kg . ,6 , p . 8 3;

C lark , p p . 4 1-6; Mon .

V . C .H ., C a mbridgesh ire , 2 , p . 2 35 .

2 8 .

R e lig ious H ouses , p p . 1 51 , 1 71-2 .

2 9 .

Dar ley C ar tu lary , 1 , p p . i iv .

3 0 .

V . C .H ., D urha m , 2 , p . 1 09;

3 1 .

D ick inson , i n E ssays i n B ris to l a nd G loucestersh ire H istory , p p . 1 09-26 .

3 2 .

V . C . H ., H a mpsh ire , 2 , p . 1 64 ; Mon . Anw ., 6 , p . 2 43; D ickinson ,

Ang lia S acra , e d . Wharton , 1 , p . 7 26.

O r ig ins , p . 1 50 . 3 3 .

D ickinson a nd R icke t ts , i n Trans . o f t he Woo lhope N atura lists F ie ld C lub , 3 9 ( 1 969 ) , p p . 4 31-45; 7 1-89;

D ick inson , i n T .R .H .S . 5 th s er ies , 1( 1951) , p p .

R e l ig ious Houses , p . 1 79 .

3 4 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 8 0 ; D ickinson , O rig ins , p p . 1 49-50 .

3 5 .

V . C .H . ,N orfo lk , 2 , p . 3 78; Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 3 68 .

3 6.

V . C . H . ,S hropsh ire , 2 , p . 5 9 .

3 7.

V . C . H ., S hropsh ire , 2 , p p . 7 0-1;

Ey ton , i n Trans . o f t he S hropsh ire

Arch . a nd N a tura l H is tory S oc ., 1 1 ( 1 888) , p p . 1 42-54 . 3 8 .

V . C . H . ,S o merse t , 2 , p . 1 44;

3 9 .

V . C .H . ,S urrey , 2 , p . 9 4 ;

4 0 .

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 08 .

D ickinson , Or igins , p . 1 17 .

C .P .R ., 1 408-13 , p . 4 51; Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 1 68;

V . C .H . ,S ussex , 2 ,

p . 7 6 . 4 1 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 1 85 .

4 2 .

Tho mpson , B o lton P r iory , p p . 5 0-60 ;

4 3 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 19;

4 4 .

V . C .H . ,Y orksh ire , 3 , p p . 2 30-1 .

4 5 .

V . C . H ., Y orksh ire , 3 , p . 2 32; Tho mpson , B o lton P r iory , p p . 2 4-7 .

4 6.

V . C . H . ,S hropsh ire , 2 , p . 4 7 .

4 7 .

V . C .H . ,D arha m , 2 , p . 1 09;

4 8 .

C artu lary o f B uck land , e d . Weaver , p p . 2 -8 .

4 9 .

V . C .H ., Yorksh ire , 3 , p . 1 95 .

V . C .H . ,Yorksh ire , 3 , p . 2 13 .

P eers , F incha le P r iory , p p . 3 -5 .

C artu lary o f Canons le igh , e d . L ondon , p . i x ;

C . P . L ., 1 , 1 198-1304 ,

1 198-1304 , p . 4 78 . 5 0 .

C . C . R ., 1 , 1 226-57 , p . 2 53; Mon . Ang ., 4 , p . 3 29 .

5 1 .

Mon . Mg ., 7 , p . 8 92;

5 2 .

R e lig ious H ouses , p . 1 56;

5 3 .

H a ines , Dover P riory , p p . 5 9-71;

C o lv in , Wh ite C anons , p p . 1 70-8 . C . P .R ., E dward I V , 1 461-7, p . 3 21 .

5 12

V . C .H ., K en t? 2 , p . 1 33 .

5 4 .

Swynner ton , i n Archaeo log ia , 7 1 ( 1921) , p p . 1 99-201 .

5 5 .

V . C .H . ,N orfo lk , 2 , p . 3 58;

5 6.

V . C . H . ,C a mbr idgesh ire , 2 , p . 2 52; p . 2 49;

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 01 .

C .P .L ., 1 0 , 1 447-55 , p . 2 51 .

5 7 .

V . C . H . ,Warw icksh ire , 2 , p . 1 06 .

5 8.

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 51 .

5 9 .

C . P . R . , Henry V I , 5 , 1 446-52 ,

V . C . H . ,B uck ingha msh ire , 2 , p p . 3 79-81;

C . P . R . ,E dward I V , 1 461-7,

p . 1 37. 6 0 .

V . C .H . ,L ancash ire , 2 , p p . 1 52-3;

6 1 .

V . C .H . ,K ent , 2 , p . 1 60 ;

6 2 .

Re ligious H ouses , p . 1 54 .

D ick inson , O rig ins , p . 1 56 .

V . C . H . ,N orfo lk , 2 , p . 3 86;

D ick inson , i n Medieva l S tudies P resented

t o Rose Graha m , p . 6 5 . 6 3 .

V . C .H . ,Y orksh ire , 3 , p p . 2 30-1;

6 4 .

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 66.

6 5 .

I b id ., p . 1 78; D ick inson , O r ig ins , p . 1 23 .

6 6.

Re lig ious H ouses , p . 1 44 .

6 7 .

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 60 .

V . C . H . ,N orfo lk , 2 , p . 4 07; D ick inson , i n Medieva l S tudies P resented t o Rose Graha m , p . 6 5 .

6 8.

V . C . H . ,B erksh ire , 2 , p . 8 6;

6 9 .

V . C .H . ,B erksh ire , 2 , p p . 8 7-8; Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 64 .

7 0 .

I b id ., 6 , p . 4 97;

7 1 .

V . C . H . ,E ssex , 2 ,

7 2 .

V . C . H . ,E ssex , 2 , p . 1 47;

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 01 .

7 3 .

V . C . H . ,E ssex , 2 , p . 1 54;

L . a nd P ., 1 0 , p p . 3 25-6 .

7 4 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 53;

7 5 .

V . C .H . ,E ssex , 2 , p . 1 65;

7 6 .

V . C . H . ,G louces tersh ire , 2 , p . 9 2 .

7 7 .

L e F aye , i n P roceedings o f t he Ha mpsh ire F ie ld C lub Arch . S oc ., 3 0 ( 1975 ) , p p . 4 7-71;

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 01 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 01 . P .

1 45;

C . P .R . , Henry V I I , 2 , 1 494-1509, p . 5 20 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 02 . L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 02 .

C . P . L . ,1 4 , 1 484-92 , p p . 1 26-7 .

7 8 .

Re lig ious H ouses , p p . 1 45 , 1 80 .

7 9 .

V . C .H . ,K ent , 2 , p . 1 66;

8 0 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 3 93;

8 1_

D ickinson , i n Medieva l S tudies P resented t o Rose Graha m , p p . 6 4-5; V . C . H . ,L eices tersh ire , 2 , p . 2 3 .

8 2 .

L . a nd P ., 5 , p . 3 88; Dav is , i n T .R .H . S ., 4 th s er ies , 8( 1925 ) , p p . 1 275 0 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 01 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 02 .

5 13

8 3 .

R e lig ious H ouses , p p . 1 38, 1 47 .

8 4 .

V . C . H . ,N orfo lk , 2 ,

8 5 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 73;

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 1 877 .

8 6 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 4 86;

C . P .R . , Henry V I I , 2 , 1 494-1509 , p . 5 43 .

8 7,

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 74 ;

C . P .R . ,H enry V I , 5 , 1 446-52 , p . 2 97 .

8 8.

R e lig ious H ouses , p p . 1 43 , 1 74 .

8 9 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p p . 4 21-2;

9 0 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p p . 5 01-2 , 6 70;

9 1 .

Re lig ious H ouses , p . 1 39 .

9 2 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 1 877;

9 3 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 23; D ick inson , i n Medieva l S tudies P resen ted t o

3 75;

P .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 1 877 .

C . P . R . , Henry V I I , 2 , 1 494-1509 , p . 5 44 . V . C .H ., O xfordsh ire , 2 , p p . 9 7-100 .

V . C . H . S uffo lk , 2 , p . 1 03 .

Rose Graha m , p . 6 1 . 9 4 .

Mon . Ang ., 6 , p . 5 89;

9 5 .

V . C .H . ,S uf fo lk , 2 , p . 1 00 ;

9 6.

Re lig ious Houses , p . 1 61;

9 7.

V . C . H . ,S ussex , 2 , p . 7 5 .

9 8 .

V . C . H . ,S ussex , 2 , p . 8 0 ;

9 9 .

V . C .H ., Wi ltsh ire , 3 , p . 3 02;

1 00 .

V . C .H . ,S uf fo lk , 2 , p . 9 9 . L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 01 .

V . C . H ., S uf fo lk , 2 , p . 1 07 .

L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 5 01 . L . a nd P ., 4 , p . 2 502 .

N orw ich v a lues f ro m L unt , N orw ich , p p . 2 55-63 . t aken f ro m t he r e levan t p ages o f t he Taxa t io .

The 1 291 v a lues a re

The t ab le i s b ased o n ly

u pon t hose c hurches s pec if ica l ly n oted a s b e ing a ppropr ia ted t o L e ices ter i n t he Taxa t io . 1 01 .

N orw ich v a lues af ter , L unt , N orw ich , p p . 5 06-7 .

The 1 291 v a lues a re

f ro m r e levan t p ages o f Taxa t io . 1 02 . 1 03 .

Taken f ro m O sney C artu lary , 6 , p p . 1 20-1 . N orw ich v a lues f ro m C irencester C artu lary , 2 , p p . 4 08-9 .

Taxat io

v a lues f ro m r e levant p ages o f t ex t . 1 04 .

The s ources d eno ted a re : v o lu mes;

D . — Mon . Ang ., 6 ;

V . —V . C . H ., v ar ious

S . —Sav ine , E ng lish Monaster ies .

1 05 . Kershaw , B o lton P r iory , p . 1 89 . 1 06 .

I b id . ,p . 1 90 .

1 07 .

V . C . H . ,L e ices tersh ire , 2 , p . 8 .

1 08 .

V . C . H . , Yorksh ire , 3 , p . 2 03 .

1 09 .

C o mpotus Ro l ls o f S t . August ine 's , B ris to l , e d . S abin a nd Beachcrof t , p p . 2 76-86.

1 10 .

I b id ., p p . 2 76-86 .

5 14

1 11 .

V . C . H . B edfordsh ire , 1 ,

1 12 .

V . C . H . ,N ortha mptonsh ire , 2 , p . 1 31 .

1 13 .

V . C . H . , Lancash ire , 2 , p . 1 53 .

1 14 .

V . C . H . , Yorksh ire , 3 , p . 2 07 .

1 15 .

Anna les Monas t ic i , e d . L uard , 3 , p . 2 57 .

1 16.

H i lton , E cono m ic Deve lop men t o f S o me L e icestersh ire E sta tes , p p . 2 5-6.

1 17 .

V . C . H ., L e icestersh ire , 2 , p . 1 5 .

1 18 .

V . C . H . ,L ondon , 2 , p . 2 74 , n . 1 24 .

1 19 .

V . C . H . B uck ingha msh ire , 1 , p . 3 79 .

1 20 ,

O sney C artu lary , 6 , p p . 1 84-207 .

1 21 .

H i lton , Econo m ic Deve lop ment o f S o me L e icestersh ire E sta tes , p . 1 16 .

1 22 .

I b id ., p . 1 16 .

1 23 .

V . C . H ., N orfo lk , 2 , p . 3 91 .

1 24 .

V . C . H . ,E ssex , 2 , p . 1 60 .

1 25 .

V . C .H ., Ha mpsh ire , 2 , p . 1 79 .

1 26 .

V . C . H ., N o t t ingha msh ire , 2 , p . 1 19 .

1 27 .

V . C . H . ,S taf fordsh ire , 3 , p . 2 46 .

1 28 .

T . R . H . S ., 6 ( 1 887) , p p . 2 33-4 .

1 29 .

V . C . H . ,N orfo lk , 2 , p . 4 02 .

1 30 .

V . C . H . ,Hertfordsh ire , 4 , p . 4 41 .

1 31 .

P .

3 86 .

C lark , i n P roceedings o f t he C a mbr idge Ant iquar ian S oc ., 7 ( 1 893) , p p . 2 22-51 .

1 32 .

Roya l C omm iss ion o n Ancient a nd H istor ica l Monu men ts , Wa les a nd Mon mouthsh ire , C aernarvonsh ire I , C en tra l , p p . 1 6-18 .

1 33 .

Measure men ts i n Appendix 1 9 were c o mpi led i n t he f ie ld, S epte mber , 1 975 .

A s eries o fu npub lished d raw ings o f t he p riory i s l odged w i th t he

N orfo lk a nd N orw ich Arch . S oc . 1 34 .

H in ton , i n O xon iens ia , 3 3 ( 1968) , p p . 2 2-52 .

1 35 .

Tho mpson , Bo lton P riory .

1 36 .

Measure men ts f ro m a n u npub lished p lan l oaned b y J . C . D ickinson .

1 37 .

Brakspear , i n Archaeo log ia , 7 3 ( 1922-3) , p p . 2 25-52 .

1 38 .

La mb , G uide t o B r id ling ton P riory Church ;

P r icke t t , The P r iory

C hurch o f Br id ling ton . 1 39 .

Wi lson , An Arch i tec tura l S urvey o f Churches i n t he Archdeaconry o f L indisfarne .

1 40 .

Pau l, i n Archaeo log ia , 6 3 ( 1911-12 ) , p p . 2 31-50 . 5 15

1 41 .

B ro m ley , i n Trans . o f t he H is tor ic S oc . o f L ancash ire a nd C hesh ire , n ew s eries , 5( 1 889) , p p . 1 27-46 .

1 42 .

Myres , i n Arch . J ourn . 9 0 ( 1934 ) , p p . 1 77-281 .

1 43 .

P evsner , The B ui ldings o f E ng land, N ortha mptonsh ire , p p . 1 33-4 .

1 44 .

B u l man , i n C .W .A .A . S .T . ,n ew s er ies , 4 9 ( 1949) , p p . 8 7-117 .

1 45 .

D ickinson , i n C .W . A . A . S .T . ,n ew s er ies , 4 5 ( 1946) , p p . 4 9-66.

1 46 .

Roya l C omm iss ion o n H istor ica l Monu men ts , E ng land , B uck ingha msh ire , I , p p . 8 5-6 .

An E lizabe than p lan o f t he p r iory i s p reserved i n t he

B od le ian L ibrary , O xford .

MS . Wi l lis , f . 8 2r .

1 47 .

V . C . H ., Ha mpsh ire , 5 , p p . 1 01-7 .

1 48 .

B rown a nd Mc Wh irr , i n Ant . J ourn ., 4 6 ( 1 966) , p p . 2 40-54 .

1 49 .

P eers , S t . B oto lph 's P r iory , C o lchester .

1 50 .

Ke l ly , i n C . W. A . A . S .T ., n ew s er ies , 3 0 ( 1 930 ) , p p . 1 49-68 .

1 51 .

V . C . H ., O xfordsh ire , 7 , p p . 5 6-61 .

A lso , C unningha m a nd Banks , i n

O xon iens ia , 3 7 ( 1972 ) , p p . 1 58-64 . 1 52 .

The B ui lder , 7 9 ( 1900 ) , p p . 1 2-14 .

1 53 .

Radford , i n P roceedings o f t he Devon Arch . E xp lora t ion S oc ., 2 .

1 54 .

He ighway , i n An t . J ourn ., 5 8 ( 1978) , p p . 1 03-32 .

1 55 .

G i lyard-Beer , G isborough P r iory , Yorksh ire .

1 56 .

H i l ls , i n S ussex Arch .

1 57 .

S t . J ohn H ope a nd B rakspear , i n Arch . J ourn ., 6 6 ( 1910 ) , p p . 2 81-310 .

1 58 .

Rahbu la , i n Arch . C a mbrensis , 7 9 ( 1924 ) , p p . 3 34-9 .

1 59 .

Hodges , ' The Abbey o f S t . Andrew , Hexha m .

1 60 .

Measure men ts t aken f ro m a n u npub lished p lan p roduced b y P . G . M. D ickinson .

1 61 .

C o l lec t ions , 1 8 ( 1866) , p p . 5 4-9 .

A lso a n ote i n Med . Arch ., 8 ( 1 964 ) , p . 2 44 .

C arey-H i l l, i n Trans . o f t he B ir mingha m Arch . S oc ., 5 2 ( 1927 p ub lished 1 930 ) , p p . 1 84-227 .

1 62 . 1 63 .

D ickinson , i n Med . Arch ., 8 ( 1964 ) , p . 2 44 . L of tus B rock , i n J ourn . o ft he B r it ish Arch . Assoc ia t ion , 3 1 ( 1 875 ) , p p . 1 95-205 .

I nfor ma t ion o n r ecen t e xcava t ions p rov ided b y t he d irec tor ,

E . J . Mason ( Nove mber , 1 978) . 1 64 .

Peers , K irkha m P riory .

1 65 .

Moor man , L anercost P riory .

1 66 .

The B u i lder , 6 9 ( 1 895 ) , p . 1 37 .

1 67 .

Tester , i n Arch . C ant iana , 9 3 ( 1977) , p p . 3 3-45;

1 68 .

C lapha m , i n Trans . o f t he E ssex Arch . S oc ., n ew s er ies , 1 3 ( 1914 ) , p p . 2 00-17 . 5 16

9 4 ( 1978) , p p . 7 5-98 .

1 69 .

C lapha m , L esnes Abbey .

1 70 .

Wi lks , S t . Mary 's C hurch , L e theringha m .

1 71 .

R igo ld , L i l lesha l l Abbey .

1 72 .

C lapha m , i n Trans . o f t he E ssex Arch . S oc ., n ew s er ies , 1 3 ( 1914 ) , p p . 2 85-92 .

1 73 .

C raster , L lanthony P riory ,

A lso n ote i n Med . Arch ., 2 3 ( 1979) , p p .

2 55-6 . 1 74 .

An o r igina l p lan b y J . S y monds p roduced i n 1 592 i s p reserved a t Ha tf ie ld H ouse .

I ti s r eproduced i n J ourn . o f t he B r it ish Arch . Assoc ia t ion , 3 rd

s er ies , 3 1 ( 1968) , p la te X I I I .

I nfor ma t ion o n r ecen t e xcava t ions p ro-

v ided b y t he d irec tor , J . A . S chof ie ld ( Museu m o f L ondon , May 1 979) . 1 75 . 1 76.

Webb , i n Archaeo log ia , 6 4 ( 1912-13 ) , p p . 1 65-76 . H o liday , i n Trans . o f t he B ir mingha m a nd Midland I nst itute , Arch . S ec t ion , 5( 1 874 p ub lished 1 878) , p p . 5 6-105 .

1 77 .

B idder a nd Wes t lake , i n Archaeo log ia , 7 6 ( 1926-7) , p p . 2 55-72 .

I nfor ma-

t ion o n r ecen t e xcava t ions p rov ided b y t he d irec tor , J . S . McCracken ( Surrey Arch . S oc ., May 1 979) .

A lso a n o te i n Med . Arch ., 2 3 ( 1979) ,

p . 2 52 . 1 78 .

Godfrey , i n S ussex Arch . C o l lec t ions , 6 7 ( 1926) , p p . 1 -24 .

1 79 .

V . C . H . , Ha mpsh ire , 4 , p p . 5 03-6.

1 80 .

P earce , i n S urrey Arch .

1 81 .

Tho mpson , i n Trans . o f t he Thoroton S oc ., 2 3 ( 1919) , p p . 3 3-41 .

1 82 .

Bedingfe ld a nd G i lgard-Beer , C reake Abbey .

1 83 .

There a re s evera l s tages i n t he r ecovery o ft he p lan wh ich h ave b een p ub lished .

C o l lec t ions , 4 0 ( 1934 ) , p p . 1 -39 .

The most r ecen t i s , Greene , i n C urren t Arch ., 7 0 ( 1980 ) ,

p . 3 46. 1 84 .

Pan t in , i n O xon iensia , 6( 1941) , p p . 2 2-43 .

1 85 .

V . C . H . ,O xfordsh ire , 4 , p . 3 65 .

1 86 .

Warner , O xford C a thedra l .

1 87 .

Roya l C omm iss ion o n Anc ient a nd H istorica l Monu ments , Wa les a nd Mon mouthsh ire , Ang lesey , p . 1 20 .

8 88 .

Baker a nd B org , i n C un lif fe , e d . E xcava t ions a t P ortches ter C ast le I I , Medieva l , p p . 9 7-120 .

1 89 .

Tho mpson , i n Derbysh ire Arch . a nd N a tura l H istory S oc . J ourn ., 4 5 ( 1922) , p p . 1 4-23 .

1 90 .

F urneaux , i n Trans . o f t he E xeter D iocesan Arch i tec tura l S oc ., 3 ( 1849) , p p . 8 2-9 .

1 91 .

Dav is , S t . O laves P riory .

5 17

1 92 .

Knapp , i n Med . Arch ., 1 1 ( 1967) , p . 2 73 .

1 93 .

V . C . H ., S ussex , 4 , p p . 6 7-9 .

1 94 .

Do l l man , The P riory o f S t . Mary Over ie , S outhwark .

1 95 .

Chance l lor , i n Trans . o f t he E ssex Arch . S oc ., n ew s er ies , 1 4 ( 1918) , p p . 2 42-4 .

1 96 .

C lapha m a nd R eyno lds , Thornton Abbey .

1 97 .

H i l ls , i n J ourn . o f t he B ri t ish Arch . Assoc ia t ion , 1 9 ( 1 863 ) , p p . 1 65-83 .

1 98 .

Green a nd Wh i t t ingha m , i n Arch . J ourn ., 1 25 ( 1969) , p p . 2 55-90 .

1 99 .

V . C . H . ,E ssex , 5 , p p . 1 71-4 .

2 00 .

F a irwea ther a nd B radfer-Lawrence , i n N orfo lk a nd N orw ich Arch . S oc ., 2 3 ( 1929) , p p . 3 59-94 .

2 01 .

F a irwea ther , i n N orfo lk a nd N orw ich Arch . S oc ., 2 4 ( 1932) , p p . 2 01-28 .

2 02 .

B rakspear , i n Arch . J ourn ., 9 0 ( 1933) , p p . 2 6-51 .

2 03 .

To ma lin , Woodspring P r iory .

2 04 .

S tacye , i n J ourn . o f t he B ri t ish Arch . Assoc ia t ion , 3 0 ( 1 874 ) , p p . 1 567 0 , 2 77-96 .

2 05 .

There i s f urther s l igh t i nfor ma t ion o n t he f o l low ing h ouses :

B ush mead i

s ee , A lcock , i n J ourn . o f t he B r i t ish Arch . Assoc ia t ion , 3 rd s er ies , 3 3 ( 1970 ) , p p . 5 0-6; p p . 1 36-45;

B lackmore , s ee , B uck ler , The C hurches o f E ssex ,

F e l ly , s ee , Bay lay , i n Trans . o f t he Thoro ton S oc ., 1 6

( 1912 ) , p p . 6 -11;

H as t ings , s ee Mart in , Has tings Augus t inian P r iory ;

P lympton , s ee , Med . Arch ., 2 ( 1958) , p . 1 90 ; 3( 1959) , p p . 3 03-4 ; 4( 1960 ) , p . 1 39 ;

S t . Kyne mark 's , s ee , B ut ler , i n Mon mouthsh ire

Ant iquary , 2( 1965-8) , p p . 3 3-41;

S t . O sy th , s ee , T ipping , E ng lish

H o mes , E ar ly T udor , p p . 2 71-93;

S taf ford, S t . Tho mas , s ee , D ick inson ,

i n Trans . o f t he O ld S taf ford S oc ., ( 1963-5 ) , p p . 2 -13;

Thurgarton ,

s ee , Trans . o ft he Thoroton S oc ., 5 ( 1901); Warter , s ee , S t

J ohn H ope

i n , Trans . o f t he E ast R iding An t iquar ian S oc ., 8 ( 1900 ) , p p . 4 0-50 . 2 06 .

De ta i ls t aken f ro m :

Re l ig ious Houses , p p . 1 45-80 ;

2( 1944 ) , p p . 1 77-212; J essop;

R usse l l , i n Tradit io ,

V is i ta t ions o f t he D iocese o f N orw ich , e d .

V isi ta t ions i n t he D iocese o f L inco ln , 1 420-49 e d . Tho mpson;

V . C . H . ,v ar ious c ount ies .

5 18

B IBL IOGRAPHY

I .

P r i mary S ources

Anna les Monas t ic i , e d . H . R . L uard ( 5 v o ls ., L ondon , Ro l ls S eries , 1 864-9) . Bedford P r iory , Renta ls o f , e d . B . C rook a nd W. N . Hen man ( Bedfordsh ire H istor ica l R ecord S oc . ,2 5 , 1 947) . B ernwe l le , L iber Me morandoru m E cc les ie d e , e d . J . W. C lark ( Ca mbr idge , 1 907) . B o lton P r iory R en ta ls a nd Min is ters ' Accounts , 1 473-1539, e d . I . Kershaw ( Yorksh ire A rch . S oc . , Record S er ies , 1 32 , 1 969) . B r id ling ton P r iory , C hartu lary o f , e d . W. T . Lancaster ( Leeds , 1 912) . B ruton , The C artu lary o f t he Augus t in ian P r iory o f , e d . T . S . Ho l mes e t a l . ( So merse t R ecord S oc . ,8 , 1 894 , p p . x v-lv i , 1 -116) . B uck land P r iory , A C artu lary o f , e d .

F . W. Weaver ( So merse t R ec . S oc .,

2 5 , 1 909 ) . B urscough P r iory , An E dit ion o f t he C artu lary o f , e d . A . N . Webb ( Che tha m S oc ., 3 rd s eries , 1 8, 1 970 ) . B ush mead P riory , The C artu lary o f , e d . G . H . F ow ler a nd J .

Godber

( Bedfordsh ire H istor ica l Record S oc ., 2 2 , 1 945 ) . B ut ley P r iory C har ters , L e is ton Abbey C artu lary a nd , e d . R . H . Mort i mer ( Suf fo lk Records S oc :

S uf fo lk C harters , 1 , 1 979 ) .

Ca lendar o f C harter R o l ls ( London , 1 903) . C a lendar o f C lose R o l ls ( London , 1 982) C a lendar o f Docu ments Re la ting t o I re land , e d . H . S . Sweetman ( London 1 875-6) . C a lendar o f L et ters a nd P apers F oreign a nd Do mes t ic , o f t he Reign o f Henry V II I ( London , 1 862-1932 ) . C a lendar o f P apa l R eg isters , P apa l L e t ters ( London , 1 893-) . C a lendar o f P a ten t R o l ls ( London , 1 891-) . Ca lendar o f t he L iber R uber o f t he D iocese o f O ssory , e d . H . J . Law lor ( Proceedings o f t he Roya l I r ish Acade my , 2 7, s ec t ion C , 1 908, p p . 1 59-208) . C anons le igh Abbey , The C artu lary o f , e d . V .

C . M .

L ondon ( Devon a nd

C ornwa l l Record S oc ., n ew s eries , 8 , 1 965) . C ar marthen , C artu lar iu m S . J ohann is Bap t is tae d e , e d . T . Ph i lipps ( Che lt enha m , 1 865) . 5 19

C hap ters o f t he A ugus t in ian C anons , e d . H . E . S a lter ( Can terbury a nd Y ork S oc ., 2 9 , 1 922 ) . C hron icon d e L anercos t , e d . J . S tevenson ( Edinburgh , 1 839 ) . C irencester Abbey , The C artu lary o f , e d . C . D . R oss a nd M . Dev ine ( 3 v o ls ., O xford , 1 964-77) . B . C o t ton , H is tor ia A ng licana , e d . H . R . L uard ( London , R o l ls S er ies , 1 859) . C reake Abbey , A C ar tu lary o f , e d . A . L . B edingfe ld ( Norfo lk Record S oc ., 3 5 , 1 966) . ' Cu mbwe l l P r iory , C har ters o f ' , i n Arch . C ant iana , 5( 1862-3 ) , p p . 1 94-222; 6( 1 864-5 ) , p p . 1 90-222 ;

8( 1 899-90 ) , p p . 2 71-93 .

Dar ley A bbey , The C artu lary o f , e d . R . R . Dar ling ton ( 2 v o ls ., K enda l , 1 945 ) . ' Der ley Abbey C har ters P reserved a t B e lvo ir ', e d . C . K erry , i n Derbysh ire Arch . a nd N a tura l H is tory S oc . J ourn ., 1 6 ( 1 894 ) , p p . 1 4-43 . Devon Monas t ic L ands ;

C a lendar o f P ar t icu lars f or G ran ts

1 536-58 , e d . J .

Youings ( Devon a nd C ornwa l l R ecord S oc ., n ew s er ies , 1 , 1 955 ) . W. D ugda le , Monas t icon Ang l icanu m , e d . J . C a ley , H . E l lis a nd B . B and ine l ( 6 v o ls . i n 8 , L ondon , 1 846 ) . Duns tab le

AD iges t o f t he C har ters P reserved i n t he C ar tu lary o f t he P riory

o f , e d . G . H . F ow ler ( Bedfordsh ire H istor ica l R ecord S oc ., 1 0 , 1 926) . E ad mer i H is tor ia N ovoru m I n Ang l ia , e d . M . R u le ( London , R o l ls S er ies , 8 1 , 1 884 ) . E dward Ia nd t he Throne o f S co t land , e d . E . L . G . S tones a nd G . G . S i mpson ( 2 v o ls ., O xford , 1 978) . G rea t R o l ls o ft he P ipe , The R e igns o f H enry I , R ichard Ia nd J ohn ( London , P ipe R o l l S oc ., 1 883) . Gyseburne , C artu lar iu m P r iora tus De , e d . W. B rown ( 2 v o ls ., S ur tees S oc . P ub lica t ions , 8 6, 1 889; 8 9 , 1 891 ) . H o ly T rin i ty , A ldga te , The C artu lary o f , e d . G . A . J . Hodge t t ( London R ecord S oc . P ub l ica t ions , 7 , 1 971 ) . L ay S ubs idy o f 1 334 , The , e d . R . E . G lasscock ( London , 1 975 ) . L iber An t iquus H ugon is We l les , 1 209-35 , e d . A . W . G ibbons ( L inco ln , 1 888) . L lanthony P r i ma a nd S ecunda , I r ish Cartu lar ies o f , e d . E . S t J ohn B rooks ( Dub l in , 1 953 ) . Mer ton P r iory , The R ecords o f , e d . A . H ea les ( London , 1 898) . Missenden Abbey ,

The C ar tu lary o f , e d . J . G . J enk ins ( 3 v o ls ., B uck ingha m-

s h ire R ecord S oc ., 2 , 1 938;

1 0 , 1 946;

L ondon , 1 962 ) .

N ewnha m P r iory , The C ar tu lary o f , e d . J . Godber ( 2 v o ls ., B edfordsh ire H istor ica l R ecord S oc ., 4 3 , 1 963-4 ) . N or thern Reg is ters , H is tor ica l P apers a nd L et ters f ro m t he , e d . J . Ra ine ( London , R o l ls S er ies , 6 1 , 1 873 ) . 5 20

O sney C artu lary , T he , e d . H . E . S a lter ( 6 v o ls ., O xford H istor ica l S oc ., 8 99 1 ,97-8, 1 01 . 1 928-36 ) . R eg isters o f Wa lter B ronesco mbe , P e ter Q uiv i l

a nd T ho mas By t ton , B ishops

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5 33

Wi l lard, J . F ., ' The S cotch Ra ids a nd t he F ourteen th C entury Taxa t ion o f N or thern E ng land ', U nivers i ty o f C o lorado S tudies , 5 , n o . 4( 1908) , p p . 2 37-42 . Wi l lia ms , D . H . ,The We lsh C isterc ians ( Pontypoo l , 1 970 ) . Wi l lia ms , D . H ., Wh ite Monks i n Gwent a nd t he B order ( Pontypoo l , 1 976) . Wi l lia ms , M ., The D ra ining o f t he S o merse t L eve ls ( Ca mbr idge , 1 970 ) . Wi lson , F . R ., An Arch i tectura l S urvey o f C hurches i n t he Archdeaconry o f L indisfarne ( Newcast le-upon-Tyne , 1 870 ) . Wing , W., ' Lec ture o n O ld C aversha m t , Reading Mercury a nd Berkshire C ounty P aper ( 1 894 ) . Winters , W„ ' H is tor ica l N otes o n s o me o f t he Anc ien t Manuscrip ts f or mer ly b e long ing t o t he Monas t ic L ibrary o f Wa ltha m Ho ly C ross ', T . R . H . S ., 6( 1 877 ) , p p . 2 03-66 . Winyard, T ., The P r iory C hurch o f S t . B ar tho lo mew t he Great ( London , 1 974 ) . Wood, S . M ., E ng lish Monaster ies a nd t he ir P a trons i n t he Th irteen th C entury ( Oxford, 1 955 ) . Wood-Legh , K .

L ., S tudies i n C hurch L ife i n E ng land U nder E dward H I

( Ca mbr idge , 1 934 ) . Woodward , G . W. 0 ., The D isso lut ion o f t he Monaster ies ( London , 1 966) . Youings , J ., ' Landlords i n E ng land :

The C hurch ', i n Th irsk , J . e d ., The

Agr icu ltura l H istory o f E ng land a nd Wa les , 4 , 1 500-1640 ( Ca mbr idge , 1 967) . Youings , J ., The D isso lut ion o f t he Monas ter ies ( London , 1 971) . I I .

U npub lished Ma ter ia l

Bourne Abbey .

U npub lished P lan L ent b y J . C . D ick inson .

Donkin , R . A ., The G eograph ica l S ign if icance o f C is terc ian F ounda t ions i n E no-l and ( Ph .D . Thes is , U n ivers ity o f Durham , 1 953) . L loyd , T . H ., U npub lished Manuscr ip t o n t he Econo my o f O sney Abbey ( Un ivers i ty C o l lege , Swansea ) . Wa i tes , B .

F ., The Monaster ies a nd t he Medieva l Deve lop men t o f N orth-

Eas t Y orksh ire ( M .A . Thes is ,

L ondon , 1 957 ) .

5 34

GENERAL I NDEX Th is a nd t he f o l low ing i ndex d o n ot i nc lude e n tr ies g iven i n a ny o f t he a ppendices

Addingha m c hurch ,

A ddleshaw , G . W. 0 ., A dstock c hurch , A fr ica ,

A ugust in ian o rder :

1 87

a ppropr ia t ion o f c hurches , 1 13-

1 82

1 5 ,118,173-2 ,196-255 ,314 ,

2 04

3 17,324-7

5

Agnes d e E versho lt , Agnes Pancevot ,

b ui ldings ,

A lbr ight lee , manor o f , A lconbury ,

a ssessed v a lue o f h ouses ,

2 82

2 82

1 09-45

3 5-41,68-70n ,78,82 ,

9 2 ,97 ,98,102n ,103n ,155-63,

2 84

2 72n ,3 51

2 89 9

c anons a t h ouses,

4 5-6,163-7,351

1 7,93

c ont inen t , o n t he ,

9 -10

A lexander I , p ope , A lien P rior ies , A lkerton c hurch ,

c ure o f s ou ls ,

2 39

A lpha mstone c hurch , Ambrose , s a int ,

1 73-88,259

d ates o f f ounda t ion ,

1 85

d istribut ion ,

5

g enera l c hap ter ,

Anse lm , a rchb ishop o f C anterbury ,

2 2-7

2 2-65 3 ,37,57

Ho ly S epu lchre , c anons o f , 2 7,

1 3-14 App le treew ick ,

2 9 ,88

2 96

i ndependen t g roups ,

Appropria ted c hurches , 1 13-5 , 1 18,173-2

5 5 ,57-60 ;

s ee a lso , H o ly S epu lchre ,

Appu lton c hurch ,

2 09

S t . N icho las o f Arroua ise

Apse , manor o f ,

2 76-7

a nd S t . V ic tor o f P ar is , c anons

Ar lesey c hurch , 1 85; manor o f ,

o f i ntroduct ion t o E ng land,

3 10

1 2-15

Ar lingha m , manor o f , 3 13

l and manage ment ,

2 91-300

Arnesby c hurch ,

l ow s ta tus h ouses ,

7 4 ,361-4

2 33

Ashbe d e l a Z ouch , c hurch , Ashby F o lv i l le c hurch , Ashendon c hurch , Ash ley c hurch ,

2 34

o lder s i tes , r e lat ion t o , 3 3-41 , 2 76

1 75

R u le o f ,

2 28

1 99

Ashover c hurch ,

S t . N icho las o f Arroua ise , c anons

2 31

o f ,

Ashridge , c o l lege o f B onho m mes ,

Assarts ,

2 7,57,59,86,234 ,275

S t . V ic tor o f P aris , c anons o f ,

2 38,268n . Aspa l l c hurch ,

2 ,5-9 ,10n ,12 ,13 ,14 ,

1 9 ,38,45 ,53 ,174 ,229 ,349

2 7,59 1 73

s pir itua l p ossessions ,

2 85-90

s ta tus o f f ounda t ions ,

Aston C an t low c hurch ,

1 84

2 33-7

A the lney a bbey ,

6 3

t e mpora l p ossess ions ,

Aud le m c hurch ,

2 32

t e mporary s i tes ,

August ine , s a in t ,

1 72-272 4 1-6,

2 ,5 ,6 ,7;

u nsuccessfu l h ouses ,

s ee a lso

u rban p ossess ions ,

R u le o f August in ian C anons

3 42n ,3 52 Au lney a bbey ,

5 35

1 88

2 73-348

2 9 ,57,76-85 7 4-101 3 08,333-40 ,

Aunsby c hurch ,

B lack more c hurch ,

2 38

1 83

Austr ia ,

9

B lack Mounta ins ,

2 9 ,60

Av ignon ,

7

B lakeswor th , manor o f , B la therwycke c hurch ,

B aker ,

A . R . H .,

Baker , D .,

B lithbury p riory ,

4

B o lton ,

1 57

9 9

2 96

Ba mburgh c hurch ,

1 87,251,254

B oreha m , manor o f ,

Bangor c a thedra l ,

2 40 ; d iocese

B oston ,

o f ,

1 11,130 ,217,218,219 ,

2 20 ,255 Bannockburn , b at t le o f ,

Barford S t . Michae l c hurch , Barrow c hurch ,

2 40

manor o f ,

2 21

B rack ley c hurch ,

2 33

B rakspear , H .,

Bassen thwa i te c hurch ,

1 57,169n

1 79,227

2 33

B r igs tock c hurch ,

1 83

B r is to l ,

d iocese o f ,

1 4 ,18

1 34 ,212 ,217 ,218,251,254

B roc ton ,

2 80

a bbey ,

1 5 ,17 ,38,

B ro mef ie ld c hurch , B rooke , C . N .,

2 21 Bavar ia ,

Beaulieu a bbey , Beauva is ,

5 ,7 2 56

B rough ton c hurch ,

7 8

2 39

B uck land Monachoru m c hurch , 1 18

1 3

B ec-He l louin a bbey , Bedford,

2 49

B roo mho lm p r iory ,

9

5 3

2 27

3 08,335

B rit tany ,

2 56;

1 75

B r id ling ton , manor o f ,

9 5 ,114 ,115-16,117,118,130 , Ba t t le ,

2 31,245

B r idek irk c hurch ,

2 82 ,283

Barrow-on-Soar c hurch , Ba th a nd We l ls ,

B oxgrove p r iory ,

B ray c hurch ,

1 18;

2 91

3 36

B ra i lsford c hurch ,

1 23

3 10 ,313

1 86

1 4 ,15 ,17

2 77,291,335

Benedict , s a int ,

B urgundy ,

2 48

1 4

B urnha m O very c hurch ,

5 ,7,14 ,18

B enedic t ine o rder ,

B ungay p r iory ,

1 ,15-17,31,

2 09

B urton F le ming , g range o f ,

3 8,45 ,46-50 ,63,83-4 ,85-6,

B urton-upon-Trent a bbey ,

9 2 ,95 ,99 ,128,162 ,164 ,167,178 ,

B ury S t . E d munds a bbey ,

2 20 ,221 ,229 ,237-8,239 ,274-5 , 2 94-5 ,300n ,3 09 ,331,334 ,352 B enson c hurch ,

2 49

Ber mondsey a bbey ,

C aen ,

1 7

1 3-14

5 3,76,78,84 ,176

1 5 ,235

C a lder Ia bbey ,

7 8

C a lendar o f Papa l Reg isters ,

Bernard , s aint ,

1 5

C a mbr idge ,

Berry P o meroy c hurch ,

2 35

Berw ick S t . J ames c hurch , B icester c hurch ,

2 06

B iddenha m ,

c hurch ,

2 77;

manor o f ,

p riory ,

2 28-9;

[ Ca thedra l ]

1 ,14 ,45 ,83 ,86,94 ,162 ,

2 90 ,308,311,

d iocese o f , C anwe l l p r iory ,

9 5 ,130 ,217,251,252 9 9

C arding ton , manor o f , 2 47 8 9 ,93-5 ,164 ,167,

1 74 ,187 ,196

3 10

1 64 ,173,221,229,256,294 ;

3 24 ,326 B laby c hurch ,

1 83

Canonbury , manor o f , C anterbury ,

1 98;

1 84

B ishop , T . A . M .,

8 9,100 ,308

C amerton c hurch , 1 87

3 10

B inf ie ld c hurch ,

1 09,

1 41-43 ,145 ,175 ,351

1 5

B lack Dea th ,

2 32

3 10

Bernard, p r iest o f C o lches ter ,

Bernay ,

1 ,17,162,

1 64 B ushbury c hurch , B y land a bbey ,

Berke ley , l ord s h ip o f ,

3 11 1 7

C ar l is le ,

3 10

1 83; d iocese o f ,

1 17 ,121,

1 30 ,213 ,215 ,217,219 ,254 ,255 C ast le Acre p r iory ,

1 7,238,331

C aversha m c hurch , C e lt ic s i tes ,

C oventry a nd L ichf ie ld , d iocese o f ,

2 58

C averswa l l c hurch ,

1 13 ,116,134 ,212 ,217,251,254

2 32

C oxwo ld c hurch ,

3 7-8 ,48,220 ,236,

C r ich c hurch ,

2 77 C hadding ton , manor o f ,

C ro mha l l, manor o f ,

2 83

C har lton Ada m , manor o f ,

2 51,254

2 29,231

C ross Canonby c hurch ,

2 84

C row land a bbey ,

C hartres , 1 3 ,14 C ha tha m c hurch ,

C roxton ,

2 55

C hears ley c hurch , C hertsey a bbey , C hester a bbey ,

2 81;

2 28

c hurch ,

C ut ts , E .

L .,

2 38:

manor o f ,

2 84 C h ichester , c a thedra l ,

1 62,221;

Danby c hurch ,

1 79

Darby , H .

4 ,52

C .,

d iocese o f , 1 35 ,217,221,247,

Daudeauv i l le a bbey ,

2 54 ,255 ,261

Dav id , s aint ,

C h i lwe ll ,

1 87,240

2 01,203 ,212 ,217,219 ,

2 37,247,248

1 7

C hesterton c hurch ,

C h i lton c hurch ,

2 39

4 8

Dav is , E . J .,

2 28

9 2

Dean Prior c hurch ,

2 31

C irences ter ,

1 75

1 82

C urry R ive l c hurch ,

1 84 ,204

1 83

4 8

C urdwor th c hurch ,

2 20

C hesha m c hurch ,

3 10

Denny a bbey ,

2 91 ,335-6

C is terc ian o rder ,

1 -2 ,14-15 ,18-19 ,

Derby ,

1 86

1 98,248,270n

2 89,335 ;

c hurches a t ,

2 31

2 2 ,26-7,31,43 ,49-50 ,52 ,62 ,63 ,

Deserted v i llages ,

9 9

7 6,78,84-5 ,95 ,128,130 ,176 ,

D ickinson , J .

2 ,5 ,6,7,14 ,23 ,

C .,

2 19,220 ,236,237,260 ,274-5 ,

2 5,27,38 ,39 ,43 ,45 ,46,48,50 ,69n ,

2 85 ,287 ,291,300n ,311 ,317,320 ,

8 0 ,86,93 ,99 ,103n ,157,164 ,174 , 1 75-6,192n , 2 71 ' 1 .353

3 31,334 ,335 ,340 ,341,350 C i teaux ,

D isso lut ion o f t he Monasteries ,

1 4 ,19

C lapha m , A .,

1 69n

C lark , J . W.,

6 ,157

C lee c hurch ,

8 7,88,93 ,94 ,127,155 ,156,163-5 , 1 81,189-90 ,208,243-4 ,257 ,259 ,

2 03

2 92 ,310

C le men t I V , p ope , C lif ton c hurch ,

1 10

Do mesday [ survey ] Book ,

2 49

C luny ,

2 33

Donkin , R . A .,

2 81

C luniac o rder ,

1 ,50 ,52 ,53 ,62 ,76,

8 4 ,285 ,288,335 ,340 1 5 ,17-18,237,331

Dorchester ,

7 ,17

C nut , k ing ,

7 2n , 3 34

Dorring ton c hurch , 1 7

Dorton c hurch ,

C o lchester a bbey , C o ldha tha m ,

1 7

Dover p r iory ,

2 95

Downs , t he ,

C o l leg ia te c hurches ,

1 3 ,35-6,79

C o lston B asse t t c hurch , C ookha m c hurch ,

Dr if f ie ld , 2 35

C opped Ha l l , manor o f ,

2 91

Durha m ,

2 45 1 87

C o therco t t , manor o f ,

manor o f ,

2 79;

manor o f ,

1 8,21n ;

3 10

[ Ca thedra l ] p riory , d iocese o f ,

1 11 ,114 ,117,121,124 ,130 ,217,

2 33

C o tha m c hurch ,

2 39,249;

1 7,83-4 ,86,164 ,294 ;

2 25

C ossa l l c hurch ,

2 21 6 2

2 82

2 27

C orbr idge c hurch ,

2 45

2 28

Dray ton c hurch ,

1 79

C oo mbe K eynes c hurch ,

C osby c hurch ,

3 ,4 ,51-3,

1 54n ,178,276,277,310

C lif ton-on- Duns more c hurch , C livesha le ,

7 4 ,

• 2 19 ,251,254 ,261 Duston, 2 83

C ourt C a l more , g range o f ,

2 80

East Deeping c hurch , 2 83

East L u lworth c hurch ,

5 37

1 80 2 35

Eas ton ,

Gascony ,

5 3

Ecc lesha l l , manor o f , E dgewor th ,

Gayton c hurch ,

2 84

2 32

Gerard f i tz B rian ,

2 81

2 31

G i lbert d e C lare ,

E d mund L acy , b ishop o f H ereford,

2 28 ,235

G i lbert , S herif f o f S urrey ,

1 87 E dward I , k ing ,

1 23 ,185 ,257 ,258,

G las tonbury a bbey ,

E dward I , k ing ,

G la t ton c hurch ,

1 23 ,185 ,186 ,

G loucester ,

2 57 E dward I I , k ing ,

1 ,48,63,84 ,292

2 39

3 35;

a bbey ,

God manches ter c hurch ,

2 57 E f f ingha m c hurch ,

Go lding ton ,

5 3

9 2 ,162,

1 64 ,292; d iocese o f ,

G orze ,

1 11 ,202 ,

1 85

E rna ld D ubo is ,

2 33

1 10 ,113-14 ,115 ,118 ,

1 20 ,189 G ranges ,

8 4

2 74-5 , 3 11-12 , 3 17,320 ,

3 29-32

8 9

Evesham a bbey ,

2 39 ,310

Grasby c hurch ,

1 18

G rea t Barford ,

2 90

Ev ing ton c hurch ,

2 33

Ewe l l, manor o f ,

3 10

G reat G idd ing ,

E xe ter c a thedra l ,

1 62; d iocese o f ,

Grea t G ri msby c hurch ,

G rea t B arring ton , manor o f , 2 03

1 15-16,117 ,118,130 ,134 ,202 ,

G rea t H e mps ton c hurch , G rea t H or mead c hurch ,

3 51 1 3

G rea t Wa ls ingha m c hurch , Gregory WI , p ope ,

Fa lkirk , b a t t le o f , 1 23

Gr inton c hurch ,

F arewe l l p r iory ,

9 9

G ui lford c hurch ,

F ar ingdon a bbey ,

7 8

Guisborough ,

Farth inghoe c hurch , F en land ,

1 75

7 ,178

2 28 1 82

5 3

2 33 Hackness p r iory ,

1 7

1 7,48,50 ,52 ,62-3 ,222 ,

H adcock , R . N .,

2 3 ,31 ,94 ,164 ,165 ,

2 37,239

1 70n 8 4 ,86

F la mborough c hurch , F lore c hurch , F oresth i l l ,

Hagbourne ,

2 54

2 35

1 44

F ounta ins a bbey , F ra is thorp ,

5 3 2 91

F risby-on-the- Wreak c hurch , c hurch ,

Ha i les a bbey ,

1 73,256

Ha ll ,

2 57

D . J .,

2 51

H ar leston c hurch ,

1 73

Har ling ton c hurch , 1 82

Haro ld, k ing ,

1 14 ,227

Garendon a bbey ,

2 27

1 81

5 38

1 86

2 89

Hartr idge , R . A . R .,

2 32

1 80

2 39

Harrietsha m c hurch ,

2 2

1 14 ,179

2 39

Harewood c hurch ,

Hart ly Wespa l l , Ga lbra ith , V . H .,

c hurch ,

H anwe l l c hurch ,

6 -9 ,13 ,14 ,15 ,36,110 2 79;

2 79;

H a mp ton i n Arden c hurch , 1 8,50 ,220

F ramp ton Manse l l ,

F ro me ,

2 06,222

2 21

F incha lepr iory ,

F rance ,

1 81

G rea t Missenden c hurch ,

E 3mulph , monk o f C o lchester ,

F aversha m a bbey ,

1 84 1 83

G rea t Ma lvern p r iory , 2 33

3 10

2 95

2 03 ,212 ,215 ,217,218,248,254-5 , Eydon c hurch ,

1 79;

3 10

G rand mon t ine o rder ,

2 33

E pp ing c hurch ,

2 35

c hurch ,

7

Graha m , R .,

2 17,219 ,248,254 E nderby c hurch ,

2 91;

manor o f ,

2 35

E ly [ Ca thedra l ] p r iory ,

4 5 ,46,85 ,

1 64 ,239 ,331

1 63 ,186,239 ,

E dward t he C onfessor , k ing ,

4 1,234-5

G lasscock , R . E ., 2 21

2 88

E ton ,

9

1 74 ,176,179,

Har twe ll ,

I l lston c hurch ,

2 84

Ha thersage c hurch , Hay ton c hurch , Heckf ie ld ,

I reby c hurch ,

1 83

I re land ,

2 89

H enry I , k ing ,

I sse ly ,

2 67n ,276,279 ,280 ,324 ,334 ,

I ta ly ,

3 49;

c our t o f ,

2 77 9 ,14

J arrow p riory ,

1 10 ,256,282 ,284 ,

J essop , A .,

2 34

J ohn Thwenge , s a int o f B r id lington ,

8 9 ,257

1 73 ,257-8

9 1 ,257

H enry V II I , k ing ,

2 6,29,55 ,59 ,284

J ohn L estrange ,

8 2 ,257

H enry V I I , k ing ,

5 0 ,220

9 7

J ohn , k ing ,

2 88 H enry V , k ing ,

1 7

J ervau lx a bbey ,

2 57,267,288,289 ,310

H enry I V , k ing ,

1 83

2 7,38,59,120 ,135 ,144 ,147n ,

2 5-6,41-3

8 0 ,227,233 ,238,

H enry I I , k ing ,

1 10

3 02n

2 5-6 ,41,43 ,46,55 ,

7 9 ,86,156,225 ,227,229 ,234 ,

H enry I , k ing ,

2 33

I nnocen t I V , p ope ,

1 79

9 2 ,101,135 ,190 ,

J u lias I , p ope ,

1 88

2 57 H enry , e ar l o f Warw ick , Henry o f B ra i lsford , H enry P udsey ,

Kesgrave ,

2 31 1 62; d iocese

9 5 ,113 ,217,219 ,248,251

H er m i tages ,

H igh L it t leton c hurch ,

K idling ton ,

1 75

1 44

K i lda le c hurch ,

1 75

K ings ton-upon -Hu ll ,

2 47

2 93 ,294 ,295 ,311,

2 09

3 36

K ingston-upon-Tha mes c hurch ,

2 35 ,

2 51,252

3 24 H ingeston-Rando lph , F . C .,

1 15 ,

1 18 H ippo ,

2 95

K ing 's Lynn , c hurch a t ,

3 6

H i lton , R . H .,

2 94

Keynsha m c hurch ,

8 3

H ereford , c a thedra l,

o f ,

Kershaw , I . ,

5 9

K ingswood a bbey , K irkha m ,

5

H irsau ,

1 25

5 3

K irt lington c hurch , Knaptof t c hurch ,

7

H o l mcu ltra m a bbey , H o l me c hurch ,

1 88

2 33

Knossing ton , manor o f ,

2 19

2 34

2 95

Know les , D . , 5 ,13 ,23 ,31 ,93 ,94 ,126,

H o l mes , T . S .,

1 74

1 28,157,163 ,164 ,165 ,167,168n ,

H o lwe l l c hurch ,

1 81

1 70n ,175 ,176,180 ,181,188,189,

H ook N orton ,

1 44

1 92n ,237,294 ,334

H orsehea th , manor o f , H orsenden , H osp i ta ls , H ow f ie ld ,

2 91

2 84

L a mbourne c hurch ,

3 6-7,84

L andrake c hurch ,

2 89

1 2 ,228-9 ,277

1 18,183 ,196,203-8,210 ,222

L angford c hurch ,

1 4

L ang ley p r iory ,

H ugh o f O akerthorpe , H u mberston c hurch ,

2 89 2 33

H u mphrey o f B arford , H unston c hurch ,

1 18

L anfranc , a rchb ishop o f C anterbury ,

H ugh d e We l les , b ishop o f L inco ln , H ugh o f D ie ,

1 85

2 90

1 74;

a nd 1 063 ,

6 ,7;

L a t ton c hurch ,

H usbands B osworth c hurch , H usborne C raw ley c hurch ,

2 48

L a teran , t he ,

C ounc i l I V ,

2 59 1 98

L aunde ,

2 52

2 79 ,210

L ayston c hurch ,

5 39

S ynods o f 1 059 C ounc i l I I ,

2 6,181-2 2 27

2 99

L aunton c hurch , L avant c hurch ,

I d lico te , manor o f ,

1 80

2 38 2 55 1 82

1 82;

L ea ming ton c hurch ,

Marsh land ,

1 87

6 2-3

L ea therhead,

1 87

Marske c hurch ,

L eeds c ast le ,

1 87

Mar tin I V , p ope , 8 8 ,110

L e icester ,

X larystowe ,

3 ,206,308,336

Lenham c hurch ,

3 12

Maud, q ueen ,

2 45

1 79 ,228

1 4 ,41,234

Le Va l a bbey ,

2 35 ,268n

Maxstoke , manor o f ,

L ewes p r iory ,

1 7,221

Menda m c hurch , Mereva le a bbey ,

L iber An t iquus o f H ugh d e We l les ,

Michae l Be le t ,

1 18,183 ,196,203-8,222,236 L i lbourne c hurch , L i lenton ,

2 49

Mid L avan t c hurch ,

2 79

L inco ln ,

2 29 2 38

Midd leton c hurch ,

1 14 ,233

2 91

2 55

3 35 ,336,340 ;

1 62; d iocese o f ,

Mi lan ,

c a thedra l ,

1 87

5

Mi lborne P or t c hurch ,

5 9 ,95 ,116,

2 27,279

1 34 ,164 ,183 ,198,199-200 ,201,

Mi llow , manor o f ,

2 02 ,203-8,210 ,212 ,218,248,

Ministers ' [ Suppress ion ] Accoun ts , 1 26,127,136-40 ,145 ,190 ,197,

2 51,254 ,260 L indisfarne p r iory ,

2 09-24 ,240-55 ,312-13,317 ,320 ,

1 7 ,18

3 23 ,332,333-4 ,351

L indley , E . S ., 1 25-6 L it t le B r ickh i l l c hurch ,

2 47

L it t le Gaddesden c hurch , L i t t le Me lton c hurch , L iverpoo l ,

Minsterwor th c hurch ,

2 03

Mon t S a int- Miche l,

8 4

L landaf f , c a thedra l,

1 62; d iocese

1 5

Moor man , J . R . H .,

2 51

Moreba th , manor o f ,

2 82

More ton Morre l l c hurch ,

1 11 ,211 ,213 ,217,251,255

L lani l ltud F awr ,

1 87

Mi tche l l , J . B ., 1

2 47

3 35 ,336

L izard , g range o f , o f ,

3 10

Mortma in , S ta tute o f ,

3 7

3 08

L loyd , T . H . , 2 96,307n

Mou lton ,

L ondon ,

Moun t s t . E lo i ,

2 9 ,37 ,43 ,45 ,135 ,222 ,235 ,

2 95 1 3 ,14

2 74 ,308,333,335 ,336,340 ,351;

Muche lney a bbey ,

d iocese o f ,

Much Wen lock p riory ,

1 16,134 ,217,218,

2 19 ,251,254 L ong P reston c hurch , L ough ton c hurch ,

1 86

1 17

1 7

Muncas ter c hurch ,

1 82

Mus ton , manor o f ,

2 81

N arborough c hurch ,

9

N azing c hurch ,

L uf f ie ld p riory ,

6 3

1 85

L owes tof t c hurch , L ucca ,

9 0

L u lwor th c hurch ,

N efyn c hurch ,

1 82

N e t ley a bbey ,

2 33

1 85 ; manor o f , 2 36

N e therwode , manor o f ,

L ye c hurch ,

N e tt leswe l l c hurch ,

2 49

L yons ,

2 96

N ewbot t le c hurch ,

1 4

N ew B uckenham , N ewcast le c hurch ,

Maer c hurch ,

2 31

N ew F orest ,

Magna C arta ,

2 6

N ewhouse a bbey ,

Ma i t land , F . W ., Ma lha m ,

2 09 1 73 2 25-6

2 88 1 9 2 79

N ew ton-nex t-to-C lif ton c hurch , 3 43n

N icho las I V , p ope ,

2 75 ,294-6,309-10 ,312-

1 10-20 ,

1 7 ,327-32 Marha m c hurch , Marsh land ,

2 80

1 85

N ewnha m , manor o f ,

2 96

Ma lton p r iory , Manors ,

3 09

1 10 ;

2 09 ,255

N i mes , c ounc i l o f ,

5 40

1 82

2 49

t axat ion o f

s ee a lso Taxa tio

Ecc les iast ica

6 2-3

3 10

2 88,304n

L un t , W . E . , 1 11 ,113,115 ,117 L ygh , manor o f ,

2 38

1 85 ,291-2 ,

N or man C onquest , N or mandy ,

P ontefrac t ,

1 4-15 ,18 ,235

N or man , p r iest o f C o lchester , N or th As ton c hurch , o f ,

P o l lock , F ., 3 09

1 5 ,63,177,237 1 3-14

2 03; manor

1 8

2 92 ,309

P r emon s tra tens ian o rder ,

2 ,19,22 ,

4 3-5 ,55 ,95 ,103n ,237-8,331

2 83

N or tho l me S t . Tho mas c hurch , N orw ich ,

1 8; p r iory ,

P ostan , M. M.,

3 34 ,340 ;

p r iory ,

2 10

[ Ca thedra l ]

3 31; d iocese o f ,

9 5 ,

P re montre ,

1 9,55

P reston ,

3 36

P u lha m ,

2 79;

c hurch ,

9 7 ,111 ,114 ,117,118,134 ,158,

P u l loxh i ll c hurch ,

1 64 ,199 ,201,211-12 ,213 ,218-19 ,

P yrton c hurch ,

1 79

1 82

2 04

2 54 ,255 ,261 N ot t ingha m ,

Q uen iborough c hurch ,

3 08,336

N ova Taxa t io ( 1318) , N unea ton p r iory ,

1 21-4 Ra inha m c hurch ,

2 32

Ra lf f i tz ( ) do , O adby c hurch ,

1 84

O ld B uckenha m c hurch , O ld Ro mney c hurch , O r msk irk c hurch ,

1 73

1 85

2 31

1 75

2 09,210

2 95 ;

O xford ,

4 3 ,89 ,90 ,100 ,257,296,

2 06

C ounc i l o f ( 1222) ,

6 -9,12-13

Resha m c hurch ,

2 10

2 03

R ichard I , k ing ,

3 35

R ichard I , k ing ,

2 59

R ip ley c hurch ,

2 82

R ip ley wood,

P ar ish c hurches ,

3 8-41,80-1 ,

2 31 1 21 ,123

Robert d e B ou l lers ,

P a tr ick , s aint ,

4 8

R obert d e Brus ,

P a t t ingha m c hurch ,

1 99

2 31

1 8,53

2 89

R obert B ruce ,

1 72-272

P eers , C .,

1 7

R ichard Peche , b ishop , R ievau lx a bbey ,

P a lterton ,

1 86,187

R ichard d e C lare ,

1 83,197,198,244 ,245 Padstow c hurch ,

2 33

4 3,164

Regu lar c anons , R iby c hurch ,

Owston ,

2 27

Rannu lf , e ar l o f C hester , Reading a bbey ,

manor o f ,

2 33

Rannu lf d e G lanv i l le ,

2 88

3 35 ,336;

2 29

Ra lf f i tz H ubert ,

2 89

O f ford Darcy c hurch ,

O u lton c hurch ,

2 55

Ra lf o f Quen iborough ,

1 87

O ak ley , f orest o f ,

O sgodby ,

2 33

2 34

2 28,279

R obert d e F errers I , e ar l o f Derby ,

1 60 ,169n

2 29 ,280

P endeford ,

2 82

R obert d e F errers I I ,

P enkr idge ,

2 82

Robert , e ar l o f L e ices ter ,

P ennines ,

5 0 ,62 ,83 ,220 ,239 ,

Rober t f i tz Harding ,

3 40

R obinson , D .,

Pennington c hurch , Pen tr ich , 2 89; P ershore , 1 81;

1 82

Pe ter d e Gavaston , P e tha m c hurch ,

R oc lif fe c hurch ,

2 39

2 76

R o llr igh t , manor o f ,

P h i l ip d e Be l me is ,

5 9

R oss , C .D ., 1 15

P icker ing , v a le o f ,

2 20

Ro thwe l l c hurch ,

1 26

R oya l f orests ,

P ipe R o l ls , t he ,

2 85-89

R oyston ,

P ipewe l l a bbey ,

2 48,270n

R uisseauv i l le ,

P i tam ,

2 55

Roger , e ar l o f Warw ick ,

2 22

P i lgri mage o f Grace ,

8 0

1 83

R oger d e l E stre ,

1 85

2 89

R usha l l ,

5 41

2 80

2 27

2 85-88

3 34 3 32

2 32-3

2 51,252

Rochester , d iocese o f ,

c hurch , 2 31 a bbey ,

2 31

5 9

2 33

Russe l l, J .

C .,

S outh C reake c hurch ,

9 4 ,165

2 38

S outh Wea ld c hurch , S t . A lbans a bbey ,

S t . Asaph , d iocese o f , S t . Dav ids , d iocese o f , S t . Ger mans c hurch ,

S ta in tonda le ,

1 7,331

1 18

S tow ,

S a lke ld c hape l ,

1 14 ,116,135 ,

S towmarke t c hurch , S ut ton c hurch ,

9 9

S av in[e ], A . N .,

1 24 ,126,127 ,128,

S yon a bbey ,

5 0

S carc l if fe ,

c hurch ,

2 82 ,284;

S co t land ,

2 31

2 27

S ch is m , Grea t ,

1 39 ,142 ,145 ,160 ,180 ,189 ,196, 1 97-203 ,204 ,206,208,210 ,212 ,

1 21-4 ,

2 13 ,215 ,221,244 ,245 ,251-2,254 ,

1 87,196

2 55 ,260 ,308,351

6 ,13 ,36

Te tney c hurch ,

3 26

S e lby a bbey ,

1 7 ,220

S e le p r iory ,

9 0 2 84 ,289;

c hurch ,

2 33 S heen p r iory ,

8 9 ,104n

S hef f ie ld c hurch ,

1 75

S hening ton c hurch , S hepshed c hurch ,

2 38

S hr ines ,

2 91

2 31

S hrewsbury a bbey ,

1 7

S hudy C a mps , manor o f , S hustoke , manor o f ,

2 91

S i mon d e Beacha mp ,

2 28

S laws ton , manor o f ,

2 56,258,259 9 2

Tho mas By t ton , b ishop o f E xe ter ,

1 35

2 82

2 95

1 74 ,175 ,192n

2 83

Thornton c hurch ,

T i thes ,

1 18,206 2 33

1 80 2 33

T owns ,

2 88 9

1 2 ,79-80 ,274 ,308,333-40 ,

3 42n Trefeg lwys c hurch , 2 35

Tregony c hurch ,

4 8,62-3 ,237 5 42

4 3

1 73 ,177,179,183 ,189,209

To lleshunt , Tou louse ,

S nape . R . H ., 9 8 S o merford Keynes c hurch ,

Thora ldby ,

Thurston , a rchb ishop o f York , 2 91

2 35 ,

Tho mas Audley , L ord C hance l lor ,

Thurnby c hurch ,

1 88

S o merse t L eve ls ,

2 81

Tho mas , s ain t o f C anterbury ,

Thraps ton c hurch ,

Wa lsingha m

S l ip ton c hurch ,

Thetford ,

2 38,239,331

Thorpe Arno ld c hurch ,

2 89

1 72-3 , 2 55-9;

s ee a lso

5

Tho mpson , A . H .,

2 33

S hortgrave , manor o f ,

Thagas te ,

Tho mas l e L ung ,

S hing le Ha l l , manor o f , S h ir ley c hurch ,

2 03

Tewksbury a bbey ,

5 3

S harnbrook ,

1 09 ,

1 10-20 ,124 ,125 ,128,130 ,135 ,136 ,

S co t t ish i nvas ions a nd wars ,

S ewerby ,

2 92 ,294

Taxa t io E cc les iast ica ( c . 1 291) ,

3 8,120

S e ighford,

1 3

Tav istock a bbey ,

1 89

S ecu lar c anons ,

2 81

Tanner , T .,

2 54

2 39

8 9,104n

Tadcas ter ,

1 23

S carborough c hurch ,

6 3

S yston c hurch , 2 38

2 73 ,297-8,308,312 ,320 ,336,351

S carning c hurch ,

1 17

Swynner ton c hurch ,

1 36,137 ,139 ,145 ,172 ,173 ,249 ,

2 32

1 82

Sw ineshead a bbey ,

S andwe l l p r iory ,

S ca m me l l , J .,

2 31

S towe-by-Char t ley c hurch ,

1 87

S aw ley a bbey ,

2 33

1 44

S towe c hurch ,

2 79 ,310

S a lisbury , d iocese o f , 2 17,218,254 ,255

2 56

S tony S tan ton c hurch ,

1 57 ,168-9n

7 , 1 4

S a lford , manor o f ,

2 49

S ta mford, 3 34 S tephen , k ing , 1 9 ,185 ,235 ,280

1 30

S t . J ohn Hope , W . H .,

2 52

5

S tadha mpton c hurch ,

1 11

S t . Bene t o f Hu l me a bbey ,

S t . R uf ,

S pain ,

9 4 ,162 ,164

2 36

2 35

Tre morfa ,

Weston-by- We l land c hurch ,

2 77

Trenho l me , N . M., T un ley ,

2 82-3

2 81

Tyburn c hurch ,

Weston-upon-Trent c hurch ,

1 83

Tyne mouth p riory , Tysoe c hurch ,

Wh i tbeck c hurch ,

1 7

Wh itby a bbey ,

1 82

Wh itgreave , U ltradaron , U p ton ,

1 82

2 83 4 3

Wh i t tingha m c hurch ,

2 88

2 25

Wiggenha l l c hurch ,

2 89

2 09

U rban I , p ope ,

1 78

Wi lder ley , manor o f ,

U rban V , p ope ,

1 86

Wi l lia m I , k ing ,

U t toxe ter c hurch , Uwchse ly ,

2 83

1 5 ,19 ,52

Wi l lia m I , k ing ,

2 29

2 32

1 5 ,17,220

Wh it land a bbey ,

2 77

U pping ton ,

1 79

Wes ton-on-the-Green , manor o f ,

3 34

1 4

Wi llia m C orbe i l , a rchb ishop o f

2 77

Canterbury , Va lor E cc les iast icus ( 1535 ) ,

1 2 ,86

Wi llia m d e Caverswa l l,

1 09 ,

2 32

1 15 ,120 ,124-40 ,142 ,145 ,160 ,

Wi l lia m d e Cheney ,

1 72 ,180 ,189-90 ,197 ,198,201,

Wi l lia m Grasby ,

2 08-24 ,237,240-55 ,257 ,258,

Wi l lia m P agne l ,

2 3

2 59 ,260 ,297-300 ,308,312-13 ,

Wi llia m Tr iket ,

2 33

3 17,320 ,323,326,332 ,333-4 ,336,

Wi llia m Ware lwast , b ishop ,

3 51,353

Wi l lia m Wa l lace ,

Va lua t ion o f N orw ich ( 1254 ) ,

1 10 ,

1 11,114 ,141 V icarages ,

D . H .,

1 1 79

Winchco mbe a bbey ,

2 39,331

Winches ter [ Ca thedra l ] p riory ,

3 1

2 20 ; d iocese o f , Wa inf lee t A l l S aints c hurch , Wa i tes , B . F .,

Windsor ,

3 8 ,96 ,134 ,172-3 ,256-7 ,261

8 9,90;

c hurch ,

Winster c hurch , Winsw ick c hurch ,

1 87

2 27 ,280

Wo laby c hurch ,

Wa lter G if fard ,

2 28

Wo lsey , c ardina l,

2 09

Wea ld , t he ,

We ldon c hurch , We l ls ,

2 49

3 10

2 88

Woot ton ,

3 36

2 79

d iocese o f ,

1 79

Wroxton c hurch , c a thedra l ,

2 39;

2 02 ,203 ,212 ,254

Wor mingford c hurch ,

2 52

2 06,238

6 3 ,

8 4 ,162 ,163 We lton c hurch ,

1 27

Worces ter [ Ca thedra l ] p r iory ,

2 88 7 8,84;

2 88 1 85; manor o f ,

Woodward , G . W. 0 .,

6 2

Webb , A . N ., We l low ,

Woodford c hurch ,

2 99

Wa t ling S tree t ,

8 7,90 ,91 ,97,100 ,

Wo mbr idge f orest , 1 73

Warborough c hurch , Warw ick ,

1 18

1 27

2 28

Wan t isden c hurch ,

2 27

2 49

Wa lter d e Gan t , Wa ltham c hurch ,

1 ,

1 35 ,212 ,217,

2 18,219,220 ,251,252,254

2 04

1 ,290 ,324

Wa lsingha m , s hrine o f O ur L ady ,

Wa lton c hurch ,

3 6 ,43

1 21 ,123

Wi lling ton c hurch ,

1 76,177-84 ,203-4

V incen t , P .,

Wi llia ms ,

8 1

1 58

Yar mouth c hurch , 2 40

York ,

2 59

3 08,333-4 ,335 ,336 ,340 ;

Wes t Deeping c hurch ,

1 80

d iocese o f ,

Wes t Dereham a bbey ,

3 31

2 01,213,215 ,217,219 ,220 ,245 ,254 ,

1 14 ,117,121,134 ,199 ,

Wes t I l s ley c hurch ,

2 33

2 55 ,261; mins ter ,

Wes tm ins ter a bbey ,

9 0 ,162,164 ,

S t . Mary 's ,

1 94n ,2 38,268n , 2 92 ,294 ,295

Youings , J .,

9 2 ,100 ,244 ,296,310 ,311

You lgreave c hurch , 5 43

1 62; a bbey o f

1 ,17 ,220 2 33

I NDEX OF AUGUSTIN IAN HOUSES

A lberbury ( Sa lop ) ,

8 5 ,88

A lnesbourn ( Suf f ) ,

1 36

Ang lesey ( Ca mbs ) ,

9 4

Arbury ( Warks ) ,

B ridl ing ton ( Yorks ,

1 56,162-3 ,173 ,183 ,209 ,220 ,2278 ,236,249 ,251,254 ,257-8,259 , 2 80 ,311 ,335

2 5 ,165

Aymes trey ( Here 'd) ,

B r inkburn ( N 'hu mb 'd) ,

8 0 ,82

Ba mburgh ( 1 \ 11h u mb 'd) ,

B r is to l ( G los ) ,

1 17 ,121 ,

B ro meh i ll ( Norf ) ,

3 5 ,37 ,87 ,210 ,

B rooke ( Rut ) ,

2 68n , 2 77-8,320 Bar linch ( So ms ) ,

6 ,80 ,111 ,157,

4 5 ,96,173 ,185 ,

2 59 ,275 ,280 ,332 ,334 B uck land ( So ms) ,

Basw ich , a l ias S t . T ho mas , S taf ford ( S taf fs ) ,

9 4 ,208,231-

B ush mead ( Beds ) ,

Bax terwood ( Dur) ,

B ut ley ( Suf f ) ,

3 7,62 ,222 , 7 9

B erden ( Essex ) ,

3 26 1 88,222 ,238

B icknacre ( Essex ) , B i lsing ton ( Kent ) ,

C a lke ( Derbs ) ,

2 44 ,332 6 2,74

C a lw ich ( S taf fs ) ,

1 52n

C a mbridge , S t . G i les ( Ca mbs ) ,

1 49n , 2 80

C anons Ashby ( N 'hants ) ,

3 8,63 ,187 ,222 ,

C anons le igh ( Dev ) ,

2 40 B lack more ( Essex ) ,

1 2 ,

8 0 ,82 ,164

6 2 ,165

B isha m ( Berks ) ,

9 6,97,98,155 ,164 ,173 ,

C a ldwe l l ( Beds ) ,

1 15 ,165

B ices ter ( Oxon ) ,

1 65 ,280 ,281 ,282 ,

1 99 ,210 ,219 ,227 ,291

2 68n ,2 75 ,277 ,313-14 Bedford, S t . P au ls ( Beds ) ,

1 49n , 1 75 ,335 ,336

2 84 ,289,290

7 6 ,83 ,84 ,85 ,86

Beddge ler t ( Carnarv ) ,

Bees ton ( Norf ) ,

8 8

B urscough ( Lanes) ,

2 ,2 ' 75 ,282 ,283

6 2

2 3 ,88

C anterbury , S t . Gregory 's ( Ken t ) ,

3 9 ,87,183 ,

1 2 ,

9 6,179 ,222,228-9 ,277,284 ,289

1 98 B ly thburgh ( Suf f ) ,

C ar lis le ( Cu mb 'd) ,

2 36,294

3 5 ,43 ,62 ,68n ,7 9 ,

2 58,312 ,326,351 C ar marthen ( Car mar th ) ,

3 9 ,43 ,50 ,62 ,76,

3 46n

1 55 ,156,158,160 ,170n , 1 86,

C art me l ( Lanes ) ,

2 20 ,251,274 ,295 ,296,333-4

1 20 ,127,156,158,

2 20 ,241

3 9,59,63 ,97 ,118,

C haco mbe ( N 'hants ) ,

1 80 ,228,244 ,346n

4 6,98,165 ,188,

2 40

1 99 ,203 ,283 ,

C har ley ( Leics ) ,

3 29

C hetwode ( Bucks ) ,

6 2 ,173 ,259 ,294

B readsa l l ( Derbs ) ,

3 8,62 ,68n ,

1 27,157,189 ,200 ,249 ,275 ,334 ,

8 2-3 ,85 ,123,144 ,149n , 1 51n ,

B radens toke ( W i lts ) ,

4 1,57 ,123 ,135 ,

1 56,183 ,187,219,225 ,227,241 ,

1 15 ,259 ,275 ,313 ,334

B reedon ( Le ics ) ,

1 75 ,280 ,282 ,284

B uckenha m ( Norf ) ,

1 64 ,202 ,284

B radley ( Le ics ) ,

1 75

3 46n

B ruton ( So ms ) ,

2 82

Barnswe l l ( Ca mbs ) ,

B ourne ( L ines ) ,

2 3 ,39 ,57 ,80 ,120 ,144 ,

3 13 ,327,335

Bard s ey ( Carnarv ) ,

B o l ton ( Yorks ) ,

1 23 ,124

1 55 ,164 ,285 ,287,295 ,296,310 ,

1 23 ,151n

B od min ( Corn ) ,

2 9 ,52 ,53 ,149n ,

C h ip ley ( Suff ) ,

8 7

2 48 5 44

1 56 ,175

8 9

C h irbury ( Sa lop) ,

3 8,87,97 ,98,236 ,

9 2 ,136,149n

8 2-3 ,274 ,283

C hr is tchurch ( Han ts ) ,

6 8n , 1 56,158,

Guisborough ( Yorks ) ,

Church Gres ley ( Derbs ) , C irences ter ( G los ) ,

2 27-8,249 ,279 ,290 ,324 ,336

3 9 ,46

4 1,46,68n , 1 11 ,

1 14-15 ,125 ,126,141,148n , 1 64 ,

Ha lte mpr ice ( Yorks ) ,

1 79,181,184 ,189 ,227,229 ,236,

Hardha m ( Sussex ) ,

2 79,280 ,281,289 ,290-1,294 ,

Hart land ( Dev ) ,

6 2,157

5 9 ,68n , 1 73 ,276,317 ,

Hastings ( Sussex ) ,

3 35-6 C o lchester , S t . Boto lph 's ( Essex ) ,

Haswe l l ( Dur ) ,

5 7,76,78,82 ,136

7 6,78,83

Haugh mond ( Sa lop ) ,

1 2-14 ,15 ,29 ,36,258 C o ld N or ton ( Oxon ) ,

5 7 ,83 ,94 ,209

3 20

3 10 ,312 ,314 ,324 ,326,327,334 ,

3 8,57,116 ,155 ,

2 36,317

6 2 ,63 ,87,89 ,

Haverfordwest ( Pe mbs ) ,

2 80 C o mbwe l l ( Kent ) ,

2 9 ,200 ,275 ,

2 83 ,346n

8 6,98,247

C on ishead ( Lanes ) , 1 57,182 ,209 ,

Hea laugh ( Yorks ) ,

2 20 ,241

3 1,175 ,208,281,

2 83

C o t t ingha m ( Yorks ) , C oxford ( Norf ) ,

H e mpton ( Norf ) ,

8 3

5 3,80 ,81,84 ,158,

3 7 ,276,277

Hexha m ( N 'hu mb 'd) ,

3 6,43,121,123,

1 24 ,127,130 ,183,277,334

2 48,291 ,334 Da le ( Derbs ) ,

2 3 ,29 ,43 ,83 ,

1 20 ,121,149n , 1 55 ,164 ,175 ,220 ,

1 60 ,220 ,275 ,276-7

H ick ling ( Norf ) ,

3 6,88

Dar ley ( Derbs ) ,

6 2,84 ,229-31 ,245 ,

6 0 ,96

Hood ( Yorks ) ,

7 4 ,84

2 65n , 2 80 ,282 ,284 ,287,288-9 ,

Hors ley ( G los ) ,

3 35

H unt ingdon ( Hunts ) ,

Derby , S t . He len 's ( Derbs ) , Dodlinch ( So ms ) ,

8 4

8 8 1 2 ,29,36,43 ,78,

7 9,95 ,96 ,98 ,180 ,184 ,295 ,334 ,

5 9 ,78,84

3 46n

Donnington Wood ( Sa lop ) , 7 6 Dorchester ( Oxon ) ,

5 9 ,95 ,96 ,97 ,

1 56,175 ,200 ,206,249 3 6,83 ,85-6

Drax ( Yorks ) ,

2 3 ,43 ,63 ,144 ,149n ,

9 0 ,212

2 10 ,243 ,287,289 ,334

I vychurch (W i lts ) , I xworth ( Suf f ) ,

1 84 ,189 ,204 ,209 ,227,239 ,

3 9,247 ,259

Keni lworth (Warks ) ,

2 5 ,37,63 ,97

8 9

Keynsha m ( So ms ) ,

2 9 ,43 ,50 ,62 ,

K irby Be l lers ( Le ics ) , K irkha m ( Yorks ) ,

3 6 ,245

F ineshade ( N thants ) ,

5 7 ,120 ,157,175 ,

2 47 ,275

7 6 ,82-3 ,85 ,274 F e l ley ( Not ts ) ,

1 80 ,210 ,241 ,

2 79 ,310 ,326,334 Kersey ( Suf f ) ,

Emb s ay ( Yorks ) ,

6 8n , 2 09,317,329

4 1,63 ,156,182 ,

2 52 ,282 ,289 ,291 ,334 ,346n E lsha m ( L ines ) ,

2 55 ,295

I psw ich , S S . Peter a nd Pau l ( Suf f ) ,

Dover ( Ken t ) ,

Dunstab le ( Beds ) ,

I psw ich , Ho ly Trini ty ( Suf f ) ,

3 1

2 9,52,134 ,149n ,

1 55 ,158,160 ,275

1 86,209 ,334 ,

Ky me ( L ines) ,

2 6,87

L anercost ( Cu mb 'd) ,

1 89 ,204 ,210 ,280 ,346n

3 46n F lanesford ( Here 'd ) , F li tcha m ( Norf ) ,

5 3 ,313-4

F r i the lstock ( Dev ) ,

2 3,39 ,62 ,121,

1 23 ,156,219 ,241

5 9 ,115 ,160 ,165

L aunces ton ( Corn ) ,

1 65 ,243

3 5 ,36,43,62,68n ,

1 41-2 ,203 ,222 ,276,277,313,314 , 3 34

G louces ter , S t .

O swa ld 's ( G los ) ,

Launde ( Le ics ) ,

3 5 ,39 ,68n , 1 57,187 Grea t Massingha m ( Norf ) ,

1 58,175 ,179 ,182 ,

1 87,188,189,199,288,299,327 5 3 ,91 ,92

L eeds ( Ken t ) ,

6 2 ,96,157,185 ,186,

1 87 ,245 ,249 ,255 5 45

Le icester ( Le ics) ,

Newstead ( No t ts ) ,

3 7,96,111,114 ,

1 55 ,156,186

1 16,134 ,175 ,182 ,198,201,204 ,

N oc ton ( L ines ) ,

2 06,210 ,222 ,232-3 ,236,241,

N ortha mpton , S t . J a mes ( N 'hants ) , 1 89 ,203 ,280 ,334 ,340

2 47,249 ,287,294 ,295 ,299 ,304n

N orth C reake ( Norf ) ,

3 11,324 ,327,332 ,336 Le ighs ( Essex ) ,

•

1 34

L eonard S tan ley ( G los ) , L esnes ( Ken t ) ,

N orton ( Ches ) , N oste ll ( Yorks ) ,

1 99 ,251,27On

1 03n , 1 18,149n , 1 60 ,221-2 ,

N ot ley ( Bucks ) ,

2 34 ,267n ,274 ,275 ,281-2 ,284 , 2 88,295 ,304n ,311

9 1 ,98,156,175 ,209,

2 28,258,259

L it t le Dun mow ( Essex ) ,

1 4 ,156, O sney ( Oxon ) ,

1 92n L izard ( Sa lop ) ,

2 9 ,36,62,82 ,94 ,111 ,

1 17,123,149n , 1 51n , 1 64 ,175 ,187,

5 9 ,76,84 ,85 ,

5 7,111 ,120 ,125 ,134 ,

1 44 ,164 ,183 ,199 ,200 ,201,202 ,

7 6 ,84 ,274

L lan thony I ( Mon ) ,

5 7

7 8,103n , 1 27,160 ,

1 69n , 1 92n , 1 99 ,204 ,272n

8 7 ,156,210 ,

2 79 ,280 L i l lesha l l ( Sa lop ) ,

8 9 ,91 ,212 ,238,

2 91,333

N orth F err iby ( Yorks ) ,

4 6 ,48,85

8 7 ,280 ,287

Le ther ingha m ( Suf f ) ,

3 40

2 06,275 ,282-3 ,293 ,296,312 ,335 ,

2 9 ,36,60 ,120 ,

1 55 ,164 ,275

3 36

L lanthony I ( G los ) ,

Owston ( Le ics ) ,

9 4 ,120 ,126,

1 35 ,199 ,236,310 ,314 ,327

O xford, S t .

L ondon , Ho ly Tr in i ty , A ldga te ( Lon ) ,

2 09 ,280 ,281 ,295 ,327

F ridesw ide ( Oxon ) ,

2 0 ,

3 6,79 ,81 ,87,90 ,97,100 ,156,17On ,

1 4 ,20 ,2On ,2 9 ,41,43 ,45 ,81,87,

1 75 ,200 ,206,211,256,295 ,333,

9 2-3 ,101 ,127,17On , 1 82 ,211 ,233 ,

3 34

2 34 ,267n , 2 74 ,295 ,333,340 L ondon , S t . Bartho lo mew 's , Smi thf ie ld ( Lond ) ,

Pen mon ( Ang ) ,

3 7 ,117,236 ,259 ,

2 3 ,37,158,268n , 2 77

Pentney ( Norf ) ,

5 3 ,55 ,92 ,98,136 ,

1 58,190 ,210 ,219

3 35 ,336 ,340

Pe terstone ( Norf ) , Ma iden B rad ley ( W i lts ) ,

3 7,276,

P ly mpton ( Dev ) ,

2 77,287,291,329 2 09

Marton ( Yorks ) ,

5 2 ,149n

Merton ( Surrey ) ,

9 ,13 ,36,43 ,68n , 1 18,

1 86,202 ,209,276,277,312 ,320 ,

Markby ( Lines ) ,

Maxs toke ( Warks ) ,

4 5 ,91

3 34 P ortchester ( Han ts ) ,

2 6,31 ,36,291

P ough ley ( Berks ) ,

2 9 ,41,43,45 ,78,

8 2 ,182 ,220 ,233,234-6,251,

Ranton ( S taf fs ) ,

2 67n , 2 68n , 2 85 ,287 ,289 ,310

Ravens tone ( Bucks) ,

Miche lha m ( Sussex ) , Missenden ( Bucks ) ,

5 7 ,62 ,94 ,141-2 3 9 ,57 ,59 ,62 ,

2 84 ,289 ,317,326

Re iga te ( Surrey ) ,

3 8,69n , 1 56,157,160 ,

1 69-7 O n

2 82,284

Rocester ( S taf fs ) ,

Mobber ley ( Ches ) ,

8 8

Royston ( Herts ) ,

Mot t isfont ( Han ts ) ,

9 1 ,187

R udha m ( Norf ) ,

Newburgh ( Yorks ) ,

5 2 ,84 ,149n ,

1 76,209 ,220 ,251,254

1 26 4 5 ,340 ,346n

8 0-1,84 ,184

Runcorn ( Ches ) ,

7 8,103n

S t . Denys ( Han ts ) ,

3 6,79 ,96,179 ,

4 1,227

S t . Ger mans ( Corn ) ,

1 90 ,197 ,228,248,277,282 ,

3 5 ,39 ,68n , 1 18,

1 56

2 84 ,289 ,291,310 ,335 Newstead ( L ines ) ,

8 7

6 2,165 ,210 ,280

Repton ( Derbs ) ,

9 7 ,206,222 ,239 ,249 ,280 ,281 ,

Newnha m ( Beds ) ,

3 9 ,78,79 ,157

8 7

S t . Kyne mark 's ( Mon ) ,

3 7 ,277 ,334 ,346n

S t .

5 46

O lave 's ( Su f ) ,

2 81

2 3,211

S t . Osy th ( Essex ) ,

Warter ( Yorks ) ,

3 8,117,135 ,155 ,

Warw ick , S t . S epulchre ( Warks ) ,

2 19 ,222 ,287,289 ,351 S t . Tudwa l 's I s land ( Carnarv ) ,

3 1.

We llow ( L ines ) ,

S e lborne ( Hants ) ,

7 8 ,81 ,82

S hu lbred ( Sussex ) , S nead ( Sa lop ) ,

9 8

Worksop ( Not ts ) , Wor megay ( Norf ) ,

5 9 ,149n

Wrox ton ( Oxon ) ,

7 8,84 ,184 6 2 ,276

9 ,68n ,1 64 ,175 ,

2 76,277 The lsford ( Warks ) , The tford ( Norf ) ,

5 9

5 9,98,165 ,281

Thornho l me ( L ines ) ,

6 3 ,157,169n ,

2 06,332 ,336 Thornton ( L ines ),

6 3 ,118,134 ,141-2 ,

1 49n , 1 55 ,158,160 ,164 ,206,240 , 2 59 ,282 Thre mha l l ( Essex ) ,

1 99

Thurgar ton ( Not ts ) ,

4 3 ,187,189 ,

2 81 Tonbridge ( Kent ) , Torksey ( L ines ) ,

8 7 3 9 ,87

Tortington ( Sussex ) , Trentha m ( S taf fs) ,

2 99 2 46n

U lverscrof t ( Le ics ) ,

9 2 ,136,208

Wa lsingha m ( Norf ) ,

3 8,91 ,96,97,

1 34 ,135 ,155 ,158,160 ,164 ,165 , 1 72 ,173 ,175 ,209 ,210 ,256-7 , 2 58,259 ,261,312 ,351 Wa ltha m ( Essex ),

1 3 ,35 ,36,118,

1 34 ,156,158,162 ,164 ,169n , 1 85 ,219 ,227,236,252 ,275 , 2 87-8,291,294 ,310 ,320 ,334 Warb le ton ( Sussex ) ,

5 3,55 ,63 ,92 ,99,

Wor ms ley ( Here 'd) ,

9 6,97

Tandr idge ( Surrey ) , Taunton ( So ms ) ,

1 75 ,317

1 36

6 2 ,126,182 ,239 ,334

S tud ley ( Warks ) ,

5 7,78,84 ,160 ,

1 68

5 9 ,88

S tone ly ( Hun ts ) ,

2 88 3 9 ,97,136

Woodspring ( So ms) ,

2 5 ,80 ,220 ,346n 9 2 ,99

S tavorda le ( So ms ) ,

5 7,78,80 ,81,96

7 8,84

Woodbr idge ( Suf f ) ,

S ta mford , S t . S epu lchre ( N lhants ) ,

S tone ( S taf fs ) ,

Weybr idge ( Norf ) ,

Wo mbr idge ( Sa lop ) ,

2 9 ,79 ,81 ,156,

1 58,220 ,274 ,277 ,336,340 S p inney ( Ca mbs ) ,

3 9 ,192n

Wi t ton ( Worcs ) ,

8 2-3,274

S outhw ick ( Han ts ) ,

Weybourne ( Norf ) , W 4more ( Here 'd ),

6 2 ,187,255 ,299

S outhwark ( Surrey ) ,

5 3 ,91 ,92 ,96,97,

2 09 ,212 ,219 ,255

1 90 ,245 ,299

S hobdon ( Here 'd) ,

4 1 ,203,206

Wes t Acre ( Norf ) ,

6 2 ,89 ,91

8 7 ,89 ,90 ,200

S he lford ( Not ts ) ,

5 7,

5 9,88,238,299 ,334

3 7,268n ,2 77 S andleford ( Berks ) ,

5 7,86 ,149n , 1 58

7 6 ,78,82

5 47

5 7,299

3 1 ,98,238-9,259