Papers of Thomas Jefferson. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Retirement Series, Volume 18: 1 December 1821 to 15 September 1822 9780691229263, 9780691229256, 2004048327

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THE PAPERS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON retirement series

T H E PA P E R S O F

Thomas Jefferson retirement series Volume 18 1 December 1821 to 15 September 1822 J. JEFFERSON LOONEY, the daniel p. jordan editor robert f. haggard and julie l. lautenschlager, senior associate editors andrea r. gray and kerry dahm, assistant editors lisa a. francavilla, senior managing editor peyton brown hastings and gary sellick, editorial assistants susan spengler, technical specialist paula viterbo, researcher

princeton and oxford princeton university press 2021

Copyright © 2021 by Princeton University Press Princeton University Press is committed to the protection of copyright and the intellectual property our authors entrust to us. Copyright promotes the progress and integrity of knowledge. Thank you for supporting free speech and the global exchange of ideas by purchasing an authorized edition of this book. If you wish to reproduce or distribute any part of it in any form, please obtain permission. Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826 The papers of Thomas Jefferson. Retirement series / J. Jefferson Looney, editor . . . [et al.] p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. 4 March to 15 November 1809—[etc.]— v. 18. 1 December 1821 to 15 September 1822 ISBN 978-0-691-22925-6 (cloth: v. 18: alk. paper) 1. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826—Archives. 2. Jefferson, Thomas, 1743–1826— Correspondence. 3. Presidents—United States—Archives. 4. Presidents—United States—Correspondence. 5. United States— Politics and government—1809–1817—Sources. 6. United States—Politics and government—1817–1825—Sources. I. Looney, J. Jefferson. II. Title. III. Title: Retirement series. E302.J442 2004b 973.4'6'092—dc22   2004048327 This book has been composed in Monticello Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources Printed in the United States of America

dedicated to the memory of ADOLPH S. OCHS publisher of the new york times 1896–1935

who by the example of a responsible press enlarged and fortified the jeffersonian concept of a free press

ADVISORY COMMITTEE LESLIE GREENE BOWMAN

JAMES P. McCLURE

CHARLES T. CULLEN

PETER S. ONUF

CHRISTA DIERKSHEIDE

ANDREW J. O’SHAUGHNESSY

ANNETTE GORDON-REED

DAVID M. SEAMAN

JAMES HORN

JOHN C. A. STAGG

DANIEL P. JORDAN

BRENT TARTER

JOHN P. KAMINSKI

ALAN TAYLOR

STANLEY N. KATZ

This edition was made possible by a founding grant from The New York Times Company to Princeton University. The Retirement Series is sponsored by the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., of Charlottesville, Virginia. It was created with a six-year founding grant from The Pew Charitable Trusts to the Foundation and to Princeton University, enabling the former to take over responsibility for the volumes associated with Jefferson’s retirement. Initial leadership gifts from Richard Gilder, Mrs. Martin S. Davis, and Thomas A. Saunders III, as well as subsequent generous gifts from Janemarie D. and Donald A. King, Jr., Alice Handy and Peter Stoudt, Harlan Crow, Mr. and Mrs. E. Charles Longley, Jr., and the Abby S. and Howard P. Milstein Foundation have assured the continuation of the Retirement Series. For these essential donations, and for other indispensable aid generously given by librarians, archivists, scholars, and collectors of manuscripts, the Editors record their sincere gratitude. The position of Editor of the Papers of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello is named in honor of Dr. Daniel P. Jordan, who served as the President of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation and guided Monticello from 1985 to 2008. Dr. Jordan’s vision and leadership led to the establishment in 1999 of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, part of Monticello’s Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies, which was also founded during Dr. Jordan’s tenure. A challenge grant, generously provided by the Abby S. and Howard P. Milstein Foundation in 2017, made this recognition possible, with matching support from many donors, including John and Renee Grisham, Roger and Susan Hertog, Mrs. Walter H. Helmerich III, Richard Gilder and Lois Chiles, J.F. and Peggy Bryan, Charles T. Cullen, Grady and Lori Durham, Brent and Lindsay Halsey, Janemarie D. and Donald A. King, Jr., and John L. Nau III.

FOREWORD

T

he 627 documents in this volume cover the period between 1 December 1821 and 15 September 1822. During this time Jefferson turned seventy-nine years old, and though he wrote to John Adams that he “dreaded a doting old age,” he remained relatively healthy and attuned to current events. A wide variety of individuals and organizations continued to seek Jefferson’s advice and support. He received an anonymous letter and broadside from a Virginian advocating universal white male suffrage. When a new society “for the civilisation of the Indians” named him and the other former presidents its patrons, Jefferson declined the appointment, believing that permitting a private group to assume a federal responsibility could set a dangerous precedent. Several authors solicited his recommendations of their newly published works. Others asked for his insights on inventions of or improvements to stoves, lighthouses, telescopes, and navigable balloons. William Lambert sent two abstruse sets of astronomical calculations. Jefferson often excused himself from detailed responses, citing his advanced age and stiffened wrist. Indeed, he found the volume of unsolicited correspondence so burdensome that he allowed one of his complaints to Adams to be leaked to the press in hopes that strangers would stop deluging him with letters seeking replies. Jefferson endured several disappointments. A joint effort by the University of Virginia and other institutions of higher learning to persuade Congress to remove a tariff on imported books failed, as did attempts to obtain enough funding from the state legislature to enable the University of Virginia to begin operations. News that a young family connection had led student protests at South Carolina College also caused concern. Nevertheless, Jefferson continued to encourage the educational aspirations of his correspondents, sending a suggested book list to students at Washington College in Lexington, Virginia, and to an older resident of Lynchburg, and recommending a course of law reading to his grandson Francis Eppes and future grandson-in-law Nicholas P. Trist. Jefferson also remained plagued by financial debt. Though agricultural prices were slowly rising from the economic downturn of 1819– 20 and production on his Poplar Forest plantation was improving, he struggled to meet the numerous demands he faced. Particularly worrisome was his involvement in the insolvency of the late Wilson Cary Nicholas, and Jefferson sought the legal assistance of both Virginia’s Spencer Roane and Kentucky’s Henry Clay in a suit that he ® vii ¯

FOREWORD

hoped would clear this crushing obligation. The imminent departure for Kentucky of his longtime Monticello overseer, Edmund Bacon, added to Jefferson’s burdens, although his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph proved willing and able to assist him. In the realm of government and politics, Jefferson found himself uncomfortably in the public eye. In anticipation of the election of 1824, newspapers reported in January 1822 that he had written in support of the presidential candidacy of the South Carolinian William Lowndes, and Jefferson felt compelled to insert an anonymous note in the Richmond Enquirer refuting the claim. A few months later Jefferson again turned to the Enquirer, this time with two letters under his own name, after the pseudonymous writer, “A Native of Virginia,” accused him in a Federalist newspaper in Baltimore of having knowingly accepted a double payment from the United States Treasury related to his service as minister to France. In the wake of newspapers reprinting his letter of 28 September 1820 to William Charles Jarvis, Jefferson received several unsolicited requests for his opinion on constitutional matters and judicial review, to which he did not reply. While avoiding discussing American politics, he still corresponded with close friends on political developments in Europe. Jefferson looked forward to the visits of friends and described meetings with his fellow University of Virginia board members as opportunities “for feasting the mind.” Though he fled Monticello to avoid an onslaught of participants at an Episcopal convention in Charlottesville, he highly esteemed Frederick W. Hatch, the local minister of that denomination, to whom he offered monetary gifts and invitations to dine. Jefferson’s efforts to keep his own religious views private were undercut when his friend Benjamin Waterhouse published extracts from one of his letters on the subject in a Boston newspaper. One skeptic about biblical authenticity presumed that Jefferson was a kindred spirit and sent him an essay on theism at the end of 1821. Jefferson himself observed approvingly the growth of Unitarianism in the nation, writing confidently to Waterhouse that “I trust that there is not a young man now living in the US. who will not die an Unitarian.”

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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any individuals and institutions provided aid and encouragement during the preparation of this volume. Those who helped us locate and acquire primary and secondary sources and answered our research questions include our colleagues at the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, especially Anna Berkes, Jack Robertson, and Endrina Tay of the Jefferson Library; Ken Barr and Meredith McDonough at the Alabama Department of Archives and History; Dan Boudreau and Ashley Cataldo from the American Antiquarian Society; Jay Gaidmore, Lauren E. Haggard, Karen King, and Carolyn Wilson of the College of William and Mary; Jay Howlett at the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; Tara Craig from Columbia University’s Rare Book & Manuscript Library; David Jett of the Essex County Museum & Historical Society; Joseph Shemtov at the Free Library of Philadelphia; Laura Hapke from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History; Linda P. Gross of the Hagley Museum and Library; Robert Scott Young at Harvard University’s Ernst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology; Krysta Wilham from the Kenton County Public Library; Sarah Hubbard and Jonathan Johnson of the Lexington Public Library; Loretta Deaver, Julie Miller, and their colleagues in the Manuscript Division and Eric Frazier and Amanda Zimmerman in the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress; Virginia Dunn, Cara Griggs, Brent Tarter, and Dawn K. Tinnell from the Library of Virginia; Francis P. O’Neill from the Maryland Center for History and Culture; Kim Wilson May of the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts; Andrea Felder and Tal Nadan at the New York Public Library; Charlotte Priddle from New York University’s Special Collections; Jennifer Hornsby of the Peabody Essex Museum; Brianna Cregle and AnnaLee Pauls at Princeton University’s Firestone Library; Christopher Rogers from the University of Saint Mary of the Lake’s Feehan Memorial Library; Susan Brown of Transylvania University; Pamela Hopkins of Tufts University’s Tisch Library; Deborah Gurt at the University of South Alabama’s McCall Rare Book and Manuscript Library; Heather M. Riser, Penny White, and their colleagues from the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia; Susan Holbrook Perdue of the University of Virginia’s Virginia Humanities; Heather Beattie, Matthew Guillen, John McClure, and Andrew Talkov at the Virginia Museum of History and Culture; Quatro Hubbard of the Virginia Department of Historic ® ix ¯

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Resources; and Christopher Zollo from the Yale Medical Historical Library. As always, we received advice, assistance, and encouragement from many of our fellow documentary editors, including Sara Martin and Sara Georgini at the Adams Papers, Angela Kreider of the Papers of James Madison, and Robert Karachuk at the Papers of James Monroe. We also thank independent scholars R. Neil Hening, Greg Lamberson, and Joseph Lasala for answering research queries. Genevieve Moene and Roland H. Simon transcribed and translated the French letters included in this volume; Coulter George assisted us with passages in Greek; and John F. Miller provided his expertise for Latin quotations. Kevin B. Jones enlightened us on technical questions concerning astronomy. The maps of Jefferson’s Virginia, Jefferson’s Albemarle, and the University of Virginia were created by Rick Britton. The other illustrations that appear in this volume were assembled with the assistance of Brianne Barrett of the American Antiquarian Society; Rebecca Schneider at the Library of Virginia; Hannah Elder from the Massachusetts Historical Society; Emilie Johnson, John McKee, Allison Mueller, and Elizabeth Sawyer from the Thomas Jefferson Foundation; and Graham T. Dozier of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture. We thankfully acknowledge the efforts of the capable staff at Princeton University Press, including Carmina AlvarezGaffin, Leslie Flis, Meghan Kanabay, Dimitri Karetnikov, and our production editor, Lauren Lepow. The volume’s complex typesetting needs were ably addressed by Bob Bartleson and his colleagues at Integrated Publishing Solutions. The Editors note with regret the retirement late in 2020 of Jack Robertson, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation’s founding Fiske and Marie Kimball Librarian. From the inception of the Retirement Series, Jack has tirelessly met our needs by acquiring a wide range of indispensable print and electronic resources when they were available and borrowing them for us when they were not. He presided over the building of the Jefferson Library, and since its opening in 2002 has been the leading spirit in all manner of festive gatherings on special occasions. His wit and friendly welcome to staff members and visiting scholars has made him a beloved figure at the Foundation. We wish him all the best in the next chapter of his life.

®x¯

EDITORIAL METHOD AND A P PA R AT U S 1. RENDERING THE TEXT

From its inception The Papers of Thomas Jefferson has insisted on high standards of accuracy in rendering text, but modifications in textual policy and editorial apparatus have been implemented as different approaches have become accepted in the field or as a more faithful rendering has become technically feasible. Prior discussions of textual policy appeared in Vols. 1:xxix–xxxiv, 22:vii–xi, 24:vii–viii, and 30:xiii–xiv of the First Series. The textual method of the Retirement Series will adhere to the more literal approach adopted in Volume 30 of the parent edition. Original spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are retained as written. Such idiosyncrasies as Jefferson’s failure to capitalize the beginnings of most of his sentences and abbreviations like “mr” are preserved, as are his preference for “it’s” to “its” and his characteristic spellings of “knolege,” “paiment,” and “recieve.” Modern usage is adopted in cases where intent is impossible to determine, an issue that arises most often in the context of capitalization. Some so-called slips of the pen are corrected, but the original reading is recorded in a subjoined textual note. Jefferson and others sometimes signaled a change in thought within a paragraph with extra horizontal space, and this is rendered by a three-em space. Blanks left for words and not subsequently filled by the authors are represented by a space approximating the length of the blank. Gaps, doubtful readings of illegible or damaged text, and wording supplied from other versions or by editorial conjecture are explained in the source note or in numbered textual notes. Foreign-language documents, the vast majority of which are in French during the retirement period, are transcribed in full as faithfully as possible and followed by a full translation. Two modifications from past practice bring this series still closer to the original manuscripts. Underscored text is presented as such rather than being converted to italics. Superscripts are also preserved rather than being lowered to the baseline. In most cases of superscripting, the punctuation that is below or next to the superscripted letters is dropped, since it is virtually impossible to determine what is a period or dash as opposed to a flourish under, over, or adjacent to superscripted letters. ® xi ¯

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Limits to the more literal method are still recognized, however, and readability and consistency with past volumes are prime considerations. In keeping with the basic design implemented in the first volume of the Papers, salutations and signatures continue to display in large and small capitals rather than upper- and lowercase letters. Expansion marks over abbreviations are silently omitted. With very rare exceptions, deleted text and information on which words were added during the process of composition is not displayed within the document transcription. Based on the Editors’ judgment of their significance, such emendations are either described in numbered textual notes or ignored. Datelines for letters are consistently printed at the head of the text, with a comment in the descriptive note when they have been moved. Address information, endorsements, and dockets are quoted or described in the source note rather than reproduced in the document proper, and in most cases line breaks, underscoring, and horizontal lines in such material are not preserved. 2. TEXTUAL DEVICES

The following devices are employed throughout the work to clarify the presentation of the text. [. . .] [¹] [roman] [italic]

Text missing and not conjecturable. The size of gaps longer than a word or two is estimated in annotation. Number or part of number missing or illegible. Conjectural reading for missing or illegible matter. A question mark follows when the reading is doubtful. Editorial comment inserted in the text. Matter deleted in the manuscript but restored in our text. 3. DESCRIPTIVE SYMBOLS

The following symbols are employed throughout the work to describe the various kinds of manuscript originals. When a series of versions is included, the first to be recorded is the one used for the printed text. Dft Dupl MS

draft (usually a composition or rough draft; multiple drafts, when identifiable as such, are designated “2d Dft,” etc.) duplicate manuscript (arbitrarily applied to most documents other than letters) ® xii ¯

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PoC PrC RC SC Tripl

polygraph copy press copy recipient’s copy stylograph copy triplicate

All manuscripts of the above types are assumed to be in the hand of the author of the document to which the descriptive symbol pertains. If not, that fact is stated. The following types of manuscripts are assumed not to be in the hand of the author, and exceptions will be noted. FC Tr

file copy (applied to all contemporary copies retained by the author or author’s agents) transcript (applied to all contemporary and later copies except file copies; period of transcription, unless clear by implication, will be given when known) 4. LOCATION SYMBOLS

The locations of documents printed in this edition from originals in private hands and from printed sources are recorded in self-explanatory form in the descriptive note following each document. The locations of documents printed or referenced from originals held by public and private institutions in the United States are recorded by means of the symbols used in the MARC Code List for Organizations (2000) maintained by the Library of Congress. The symbols DLC and MHi by themselves stand for the collections of Jefferson Papers proper in these repositories. When texts are drawn from other collections held by these two institutions, the names of those collections are added. Location symbols for documents held by institutions outside the United States are given in a subjoined list. The lists of symbols are limited to the institutions represented by documents printed or referred to in this volume. A-Ar AMobU CSmH

Ct

Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery University of South Alabama, Mobile Huntington Library, San Marino, California ¹JF Jefferson File ¹JF-BA Jefferson File, Bixby Acquisition Connecticut State Library, Hartford ® xiii ¯

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CtY DGU DLC

DNA

DNT ICN IMunS

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. ¹NPT Nicholas Philip Trist Papers ¹TJ Papers¹¹¹¹ Thomas Jefferson Papers (this is assumed if not stated, but also given as indicated to furnish the precise location of an undated, misdated, or otherwise problematic document, thus “DLC: TJ Papers, 213:38071–2” represents volume 213, folios 38071 and 38072 as the collection was arranged at the time the first microfilm edition was made in 1944–45. Access to the microfilm edition of the collection as it was rearranged under the Library’s Presidential Papers Program is provided by the Index to the Thomas Jefferson Papers [1976]) National Archives, Washington, D.C., with identifications of series (preceded by record group number) as follows: ¹CCDCMB United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, Minute Book ¹CS Census Schedules ¹LAR Letters of Application and Recommendation ¹MLR Miscellaneous Letters Received ¹RAP Records of Appointment of Postmasters ¹RUSAE Register of United States Army Enlistments ¹RWP Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files ¹W1812PBLWAF War of 1812 Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C. Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois University of St. Mary of the Lake/Mundelein Seminary, Mundelein, Illinois ® xiv ¯

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KyLo KyLoF KyLxT MaSaPEM MBAt MBCo MBNEH MBPLi MdBmAED MdHi MeHi MH MHi MiU-C MMeT MoSHi

MPBCH MWA N-Ar NcD NcU

NHi NjP NN NNC NNGL NNPM NNU

Louisville Free Public Library, Louisville, Kentucky Filson Historical Society, Louisville, Kentucky Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts Boston Athenæum, Boston, Massachusetts Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston, Massachusetts Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts Archives of the Episcopal Diocese of Maryland, Baltimore Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore Maine Historical Society, Portland Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts Missouri History Museum, Saint Louis ¹TJC Thomas Jefferson Collection ¹TJC-BC Thomas Jefferson Collection, text formerly in Bixby Collection Berkshire County Historical Society, Pittsfield, Massachusetts American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts State Archives, New York State Library, Albany Duke University, Durham, North Carolina University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill ¹NPT Southern Historical Collection, Nicholas Philip Trist Papers New-York Historical Society, New York City Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey New York Public Library, New York City Columbia University, New York City Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York City Pierpont Morgan Library, New York City New York University, New York City ® xv ¯

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OClWHi PHi PPAmP

PPGen T THi TxDaHCL Vi ViCMRL ViFreJM ViHi ViTEMH ViU

Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ¹DCAR David Center for the American Revolution Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville Harlan Crow Library, Dallas, Texas Library of Virginia, Richmond Thomas Jefferson Library, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library, Fredericksburg, Virginia Virginia Historical Society, Richmond Essex County Museum and Historical Society, Tappahannock, Virginia University of Virginia, Charlottesville ¹JCC Joseph C. Cabell Papers ¹JHC John Hartwell Cocke Papers ¹PP Papers from the Office of the Proctor and Papers of the Proctor of the University of Virginia ¹TJP Thomas Jefferson Papers ¹TJP-ER Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in EdgehillRandolph Papers ¹TJP-PC Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in Philip B. Campbell Deposit ¹TJP-PP Thomas Jefferson Papers, text formerly in Papers of the Proctor of the University of Virginia ¹TJP-VMJB Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, copy prepared after 7 Oct. 1826 for James Breckinridge ® xvi ¯

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¹TJP-VMJCC

ViW

WHi

Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, copy prepared after 7 Oct. 1826 for Joseph C. Cabell ¹TJP-VMJHC Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, copy prepared after 7 Oct. 1826 for John H. Cocke ¹TJP-VMTJ Thomas Jefferson Papers, Visitors Minutes, University of Virginia and its predecessors, original manuscript largely in Thomas Jefferson’s hand during the period of his service College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia ¹TC-JP Jefferson Papers, TuckerColeman Collection Wisconsin Historical Society, Madison

The following symbols represent repositories located outside of the United States. UkNA

National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom

5. OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

The following abbreviations and symbols are commonly employed in the annotation throughout the work. Lb¹¹Letterbook (used to indicate texts copied or assembled into bound volumes) RG¹¹Record Group (used in designating the location of documents in the Library of Virginia and the National Archives) SJL¹¹Jefferson’s “Summary Journal of Letters” written and received for the period 11 Nov. 1783 to 25 June 1826 (in DLC: TJ Papers). This epistolary record, kept in Jefferson’s hand, has been checked against the TJ Editorial Files. It is to be assumed that all outgoing letters are recorded in SJL unless there is a ® xvii ¯

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note to the contrary. When the date of receipt of an incoming letter is recorded in SJL, it is incorporated in the notes. Information and discrepancies revealed in SJL but not found in the letter itself are also noted. Missing letters recorded in SJL are accounted for in the notes to documents mentioning them, in related documents, or in an appendix TJ¹¹Thomas Jefferson TJ Editorial Files¹¹Photoduplicates and other editorial materials in the office of the Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series, Jefferson Library, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., Charlottesville d Penny or denier ƒ Florin or franc £ Pound sterling or livre, depending on context (in doubtful cases, a clarifying note will be given) s Shilling or sou (also expressed as /) ¿ Livre Tournois À Per (occasionally used for pro, pre) „ Old-style guillemet (European quotation mark) 6. SHORT TITLES

The following list includes short titles of works cited frequently in this edition. Since it is impossible to anticipate all the works to be cited in abbreviated form, the list is revised from volume to volume. Acts of Assembly¹¹Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia (cited by session; title varies over time) ANB¹¹John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes, eds., American National Biography, 1999, 24 vols. Annals¹¹Annals of the Congress of the United States: The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States . . . Compiled from Authentic Materials, Washington, D.C., Gales & Seaton, 1834–56, 42 vols. (All editions are undependable and pagination varies from one printing to another. Citations given below are to the edition mounted on the Library of Congress Digital Collections website and give the date of the debate as well as page numbers.) APS¹¹American Philosophical Society ASP¹¹American State Papers: Documents, Legislative and Executive, of the Congress of the United States, 1832–61, 38 vols. Axelson, Virginia Postmasters¹¹Edith F. Axelson, Virginia Postmasters and Post Offices, 1789–1832, 1991 ® xviii ¯

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BDSCHR¹¹Walter B. Edgar and others, eds., Biographical Directory of the South Carolina House of Representatives, 1974–¹, 5 vols. Betts, Farm Book¹¹Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, 1953 (in two separately paginated sections; unless otherwise specified, references are to the second section) Betts, Garden Book¹¹Edwin M. Betts, ed., Thomas Jefferson’s Garden Book, 1766–1824, 1944 Biog. Dir. Cong. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–Present, online resource, Office of the Clerk, United States House of Representatives Biographie universelle Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, new ed., 1843–65, 45 vols. Black’s Law Dictionary¹¹Bryan A. Garner and others, eds., Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed., 1999 Brigham, American Newspapers¹¹Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690–1820, 1947, 2 vols. Bruce, University¹¹Philip Alexander Bruce, History of the University of Virginia 1819–1919: The Lengthened Shadow of One Man, 1920–22, 5 vols. Bush, Life Portraits¹¹Alfred L. Bush, The Life Portraits of Thomas Jefferson, rev. ed., 1987 Cabell, University of Virginia¹¹[Nathaniel Francis Cabell], Early History of the University of Virginia, as contained in the letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell, 1856 Calhoun, Papers¹¹Robert L. Meriwether, W. Edwin Hemphill, Clyde N. Wilson, and others, eds., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, 1959–2003, 28 vols. Callahan, U.S. Navy¹¹Edward W. Callahan, List of Officers of the Navy of the United States and of the Marine Corps from 1775 to 1900, 1901, repr. 1969 Chambers, Poplar Forest¹¹S. Allen Chambers, Poplar Forest & Thomas Jefferson, 1993 Clay, Papers¹¹James F. Hopkins and others, eds., The Papers of Henry Clay, 1959–92, 11 vols. CVSP¹¹William P. Palmer and others, eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers . . . Preserved in the Capitol at Richmond, 1875–93, 11 vols. DAB¹¹Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography, 1928–36, repr. 1968, 20 vols. in 10 DBF Dictionnaire de biographie française, 1933–¹, 22 vols. Dexter, Yale Biographies¹¹Franklin Bowditch Dexter, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College, 1885–1912, 6 vols. ® xix ¯

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DSB¹¹Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 1970–80, 16 vols. DVB¹¹John T. Kneebone, Sara B. Bearss, and others, eds., Dictionary of Virginia Biography, 1998–¹, 3 vols. EG¹¹Dickinson W. Adams and Ruth W. Lester, eds., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels, 1983, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Fairclough, Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, trans. H. Rushton Fairclough, Loeb Classical Library, 1926, repr. 2005 Fairclough, Virgil Virgil, trans. H. Rushton Fairclough, Loeb Classical Library, 1916–18, rev. by G. P. Goold, 1999–2000, repr. 2002–06, 2 vols. Ford¹¹Paul Leicester Ford, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Letterpress Edition, 1892–99, 10 vols. Harvard Catalogue Harvard University Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates, 1636–1925, 1925 HAW¹¹Henry A. Washington, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 1853–54, 9 vols. Heitman, Continental Army¹¹Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, April, 1775, to December, 1783, rev. ed., 1914, repr. 1967 Heitman, U.S. Army¹¹Francis B. Heitman, comp., Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, 1903, repr. 1994, 2 vols. Hening¹¹William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, Richmond, 1809–23, 13 vols.; Sowerby, no. 1863; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 (no. 573) Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale¹¹J. C. F. Hoefer, Nouvelle biographie générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu’a nos jours, 1852–83, 46 vols. Hortus Third¹¹Liberty Hyde Bailey, Ethel Zoe Bailey, and the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Hortus Third: A Concise Dictionary of Plants Cultivated in the United States and Canada, 1976 Jackson, Papers¹¹Sam B. Smith, Harold D. Moser, Daniel Feller, and others, eds., The Papers of Andrew Jackson, 1980–¹, 11 vols. Jefferson Correspondence, Bixby¹¹Worthington C. Ford, ed., Thomas Jefferson Correspondence Printed from the Originals in the Collections of William K. Bixby, 1916 JEP Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States ® xx ¯

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JHD Journal of the House of Delegates of the Commonwealth of Virginia JHR Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States JS Journal of the Senate of the United States JSV Journal of the Senate of Virginia Kimball, Jefferson, Architect¹¹Fiske Kimball, Thomas Jefferson, Architect, 1916 L & B¹¹Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert E. Bergh, eds., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Library Edition, 1903–04, 20 vols. Lay, Architecture¹¹K. Edward Lay, The Architecture of Jefferson  Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia, 2000 LCB¹¹Douglas L. Wilson, ed., Jefferson’s Literary Commonplace Book, 1989, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Leavitt, Poplar Forest¹¹Messrs. Leavitt, Catalogue of a Private Library . . . Also, The Remaining Portion of the Library of the Late Thomas Jefferson . . . offered by his grandson, Francis Eppes, of Poplar Forest, Va., 1873 LeCB¹¹David Thomas Konig, Michael P. Zuckert, and others, eds., Jefferson’s Legal Commonplace Book, 2019, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Leitch Daybook¹¹MS daybook of Charlottesville merchant James Leitch, 2 Mar. 1820–8 May 1823, ViCMRL, on deposit ViU, bound volume with ruled paper, in a clerk’s hand Leonard, General Assembly¹¹Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619–January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members, 1978 List of Patents A List of Patents granted by the United States from April 10, 1790, to December 31, 1836, 1872 Longworth’s New York Directory Longworth’s American Almanac, New-York Register, and City Directory, New York, 1796–1842 (title varies; cited by year of publication) MACH Magazine of Albemarle County History, 1940–¹ (title varies; issued until 1951 as Papers of the Albemarle County Historical Society) Madison, Papers¹¹William T. Hutchinson, Robert A. Rutland, John C. A. Stagg, and others, eds., The Papers of James Madison, 1962–, 42 vols. Congress. Ser., 17 vols. Pres. Ser., 11 vols. Retirement Ser., 3 vols. Sec. of State Ser., 11 vols. ® xxi ¯

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Malone, Jefferson¹¹Dumas Malone, Jefferson and his Time, 1948–81, 6 vols. Marshall, Papers¹¹Herbert A. Johnson, Charles T. Cullen, Charles F. Hobson, and others, eds., The Papers of John Marshall, 1974– 2006, 12 vols. MB¹¹James A. Bear Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton, eds., Jefferson’s Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767–1826, 1997, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Nash, Students of the University of Virginia¹¹Joseph Van Holt Nash, Students of the University of Virginia: A Semi-centennial Catalogue, with Brief Biographical Sketches, 1878 Nichols, Architectural Drawings¹¹Frederick Doveton Nichols, Thomas Jefferson’s Architectural Drawings, 1961, 5th ed., 1984 Notes, ed. Peden¹¹Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden, 1955, repr. 1995 OCD¹¹Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2003 ODNB¹¹H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison, eds., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, 60 vols. OED¹¹James A. H. Murray, J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner, and others, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 1989, 20 vols. Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello¹¹Hamilton W. Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello: The Private Life of Thomas Jefferson, From Entirely New Materials, 1862 Poor, Jefferson’s Library¹¹Nathaniel P. Poor, Catalogue. President Jefferson’s Library, 1829 Princetonians¹¹James McLachlan and others, eds., Princetonians: A Biographical Dictionary, 1976–90, 5 vols. PTJ¹¹Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, James P. McClure, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950–¹, 45 vols. PW¹¹Wilbur S. Howell, ed., Jefferson’s Parliamentary Writings, 1988, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Second Series Randall, Life¹¹Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, 1858, 3 vols. Randolph, Domestic Life¹¹Sarah N. Randolph, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, Compiled from Family Letters and Reminiscences by His Great-Granddaughter, 1871 Report and Documents for 1821 Report and Documents respecting the University of Virginia, Richmond, 1821, containing a 29 Nov. 1821 report by the Board of Visitors and supporting documents ® xxii ¯

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Report of the Kentucky Commissioners««Report of the Commissioners appointed by the General Assembly of Kentucky, at their October session 1821, to collect information, prepare and report a System of Common Schools. together with the Report of the Select Committee in the House of Representatives, thereon, Frankfort, 1822 Shackelford, Descendants¹¹George Green Shackelford, ed., Collected Papers . . . of the Monticello Association of the Descendants of Thomas Jefferson, 1965–84, 2 vols. Sowerby¹¹E. Millicent Sowerby, comp., Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson, 1952–59, 5 vols. Sprague, American Pulpit¹¹William B. Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, 1857–69, 9 vols. Stein, Worlds¹¹Susan R. Stein, The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, 1993 Terr. Papers¹¹Clarence E. Carter and John Porter Bloom, eds., The Territorial Papers of the United States, 1934–75, 28 vols. Thomas, Columbia University Officers and Alumni¹¹Milton Halsey Thomas, Columbia University Officers and Alumni, 1754–1857, 1936 TJR¹¹Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ed., Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1829, 4 vols. True, “Agricultural Society”¹¹Rodney H. True, “Minute Book of the Agricultural Society of Albemarle,” Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918 (1921), 1:261–349 University of Pennsylvania Medical Graduates Catalogue of the Medical Graduates of the University of Pennsylvania, 1836 U.S. Reports Cases Argued and Decided in the Supreme Court of the United States, 1790–¹ (title varies; originally issued in distinct editions of separately numbered volumes with U.S. Reports volume numbers retroactively assigned; original volume numbers here given parenthetically) U.S. Statutes at Large¹¹Richard Peters, ed., The Public Statutes at Large of the United States . . . 1789 to March 3, 1845, 1845–67, 8 vols. Va. Reports Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Court of Appeals of Virginia, 1798–¹ (title varies; originally issued in distinct editions of separately numbered volumes with Va. Reports volume numbers retroactively assigned; original volume numbers here given parenthetically) VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, 1893–¹ ® xxiii ¯

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Washington, Papers¹¹W. W. Abbot and others, eds., The Papers of George Washington, 1983–¹, 69 vols. Colonial Ser., 10 vols. Confederation Ser., 6 vols. Pres. Ser., 21 vols. Retirement Ser., 4 vols. Rev. War Ser., 28 vols. William and Mary Provisional List A Provisional List of Alumni, Grammar School Students, Members of the Faculty, and Members of the Board of Visitors of the College of William and Mary in Virginia. From 1693 to 1888, 1941 WMQ William and Mary Quarterly, 1892–¹ Woods, Albemarle¹¹Edgar Woods, Albemarle County in Virginia, 1901, repr. 1991

® xxiv ¯

CONTENTS Fo r ew o r d Ack no w led g m e n t s E d ito r ia l Me t ho d a n d A p pa rat u s Ma ps I llu st ratio n s Jef f e r so n C h r o n o l o gy

l {1821} l

l l

k

'

From Mathew Carey, 1 December From John H. Cocke, 1 December To John H. Cocke, 1 December From John T. Kirkland, enclosing Memorial of Learned Institutions to Congress, 1 December From William B. McCorkle, 2 December From Levett Harris, 3 December To Frederick A. Mayo, 3 December To Thomas Mann Randolph, 4 December To Hugh Nelson, 5 December From William Short, 5 December From Jesse C. Young, 5 December From Jefferson S. Myer, 6 December From Hutchins G. Burton, 7 December From Frederick A. Mayo, 7 December, enclosing Account, 12 October To Bernard Peyton, 7 December From Samuel Brown, 8 December To Anthony Dey, 8 December From John Wayles Eppes, 8 December To Hiram Haines, 8 December To Frederick W. Hatch, 8 December To Thomas Magruder, 8 December To Rejoice Newton, 8 December To Elizabeth Page, 8 December From George Ticknor, 8 December To James Breckinridge, 9 December From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 9 December To Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 9 December

® xxv ¯

vii ix xi xli xlix 2

3 3 4 4 7 9 10 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 19 21 21 23 23 24 25 25 26 28 29 29

CONTENTS To Joel Yancey, 9 December From Hugh Nelson, 10 December From James Pleasants, 10 December From Francis Adrian Van der Kemp, 10 December To Joseph Cabell Breckinridge, 11 December To Mathew Carey, 11 December From John Hemmings, 11 December To Duncan Forbes Robertson, 11 December From Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), 12 December From Henry A. S. Dearborn, enclosing Account, 12 December To Levett Harris, 12 December Transactions with James Leitch, 12 December–12 September 1822 From Jonathan Thompson, 12 December From Bernard Peyton, 13 December, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 12 December From Archibald Thweatt, 13 December, enclosing Spencer Roane to Archibald Thweatt, 11 December From James Harris and Robert McCulloch, 16 December From Edward Postlethwayt Page, 16 December From Frederick W. Hatch, 17 December From Arsenne Thiébaut de Berneaud, 17 December To John Hemmings, 18 December From William James Macneven, 18 December To Peter Burtsell, 19 December From Thomas Munroe, 20 December, enclosing John Quincy Adams to Pierre de Polética, 15 December From William P. Smith, 20 December From Joel Yancey, 22 December To James H. McCulloch, 23 December To Jonathan Thompson, 23 December To Thomas Hart Benton, 24 December To John Laval, 24 December To Archibald Thweatt, 24 December From Jesse Torrey, 24 December To Jesse C. Young, 24 December From “James Otway Crump,” 26 December From Samuel Garland, 26 December To John T. Kirkland, 26 December From James H. McCulloch, 26 December To James Pleasants, 26 December From Archibald Thweatt, 26 December, enclosing Spencer Roane to Archibald Thweatt, 24 December

® xxvi ¯

30 30 31 31 33 35 35 36 36 39 40 40 51 52 53 55 55 61 62 64 64 65 66 68 69 71 71 72 73 73 74 76 76 77 78 79 79 82

CONTENTS From William H. Cabell, 28 December To William Gough, 29 December From Thomas Griffin, 29 December From Jonathan Russell, 30 December From “X.Y.Z Cosmopolite” (Christian Schultz), enclosing Extracts from his Defense of Theism, [30 December] From Charles Le Brun, 31 December From William Plumer (1789–1854), 31 December To Thomas Mann Randolph, 31 December

l {1822} l

l l

k

88 95 97 98

'

Joseph C. Cabell’s Statement of Funds Needed by the University of Virginia, [by 1 January] To Edward Graham, 1 January To John Leyburn, 1 January To Thomas Munroe, 1 January To William Paxton, 1 January From John F. Lamb, 2 January To Joel Yancey, 2 January To Joseph C. Cabell, 3 January From Joseph C. Cabell, 3 January To Henry A. S. Dearborn, 3 January To Thomas Griffin, 3 January To Frederick A. Mayo, 3 January From James Oldham, 3 January To James Oldham, 3 January To Bernard Peyton, 3 January From Bernard Peyton, 3 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 January From Peter Burtsell, 4 January From Jonathan Thompson, enclosing Account, 4 January To Jonathan Allen, [5 January] Arthur S. Brockenbrough to James Oldham, 5 January To Joseph C. Cabell, 5 January From John Laval, 5 January From Thomas Munroe, 5 January To Jonathan Russell, 5 January From Henry R. Schoolcraft, 5 January To Jesse Torrey, 5 January

® xxvii ¯

84 85 86 87

101 102 102 103 104 105 106 107 107 113 113 115 115 117 117 118 118 119 120 121 122 123 123 124 125 125 126

CONTENTS From Augustus B. Woodward, 5 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 6 January From Joseph C. Cabell, 7 January From John D’Wolf, 7 January From Bernard Peyton, 7 January To Thomas Ritchie, enclosing Notice for Anonymous Insertion in Richmond Enquirer, 7 January From David Easton, 9 January, enclosing Documents Accompanying a Memorial of Sarah Easton and Dorothy Storer to Congress, [ca. 1814] From Fernagus De Gelone, 10 January From Katherine Duane Morgan, 10 January, enclosing Circular on the Encouragement of Domestic Manufactures, 1 January From “A Native Born Virginian,” enclosing “A Native Born Virginian” to the People of Virginia, [received 10 January] From Benjamin Romaine, 11 January From Alexander Keech, 12 January To William James Macneven, 12 January To Charles Le Brun, 13 January To William Plumer (1789–1854), 13 January To Joseph C. Cabell, 14 January From Joseph C. Cabell, 14 January To David Easton, 14 January From Jefferson Phelps, 15 January From James Boardman, 16 January To Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), 16 January From Henry A. S. Dearborn, 16 January To John Wayles Eppes, [by 17] January From David Higginbotham, 17 January From Jesse Torrey, 17 January To Samuel Garland, 18 January To Bernard Peyton, 18 January To Jonathan Thompson, [18] January From Anonymous, [19 January], enclosing Report of the Committee of Finance to the United States Senate on the Memorial of the Trustees of Transylvania University, 8 January To James Leitch, 19 January From William A. Thompson, 19 January From Jesse Torrey, 19 January

® xxviii ¯

127 127 128 130 131 132

134 142

142

147 152 153 156 156 156 157 158 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170

170 174 174 175

CONTENTS From David Bailie Warden, 20 January From Joseph C. Cabell, 21 January From Bernard Peyton, 21 January From William Plumer (1789–1854), 21 January From John Wayles Eppes, 22 January From William Paxton, 22 January From William A. Thompson, 22 January From “D.W.,” 22 January From Samuel Garland, 23 January From Frederick W. Hatch, [23 January] From David Melville, 23 January From Bernard Peyton, 24 January, enclosing Account for Flour Sales, 22 January From Edmund Bacon, 25 January To Joseph C. Cabell, 25 January From Anthony Finley, 25 January To John D’Wolf, 26 January To Alexander Keech, 26 January To Katherine Duane Morgan, 26 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 26 January To Henry A. Schoolcraft, 26 January From Jonathan Thompson, 26 January From John Gorman, 28 January From Elijah Griffiths, 28 January To John Laval, 28 January From James Maxwell, 28 January From John Pickering, 28 January From Thomas Mann Randolph, 31 January To Thomas Mann Randolph, 1 February From Philip I. Barziza, 2 February From John Laval, 2 February From James H. McCulloch, 2 February From Nathaniel Macon, 2 February From Constantine S. Rafinesque, 2 February From Joseph C. Cabell, 3 February To Thomas Mann Randolph, 3 February From Duncan Forbes Robertson, 3 February From Henry Bry, 5 February From Andrew Jackson, 6 February From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 7 February To Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), 7 February From Abner Kneeland, 7 February

® xxix ¯

177 178 179 179 179 181 183 183 183 184 184 187 187 188 189 189 190 191 192 193 194 194 195 197 197 197 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 207 208 209 210 210 211 212 212

CONTENTS To Frederick A. Mayo, 7 February To Hezekiah Niles, [7 February] To Bernard Peyton, 7 February To Philip I. Barziza, 8 February To Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 8 February To John Gorman, 8 February To David Melville, 8 February From Nicholas Biddle, 9 February From James W. Wallace, 10 February From Abner S. Bugbee, 11 February From Joseph C. Cabell, 11 February From Bernard Peyton, 11 February From Joseph Delaplaine, 12 February, enclosing Prospectus for an American Travel Guide, [by 9 February] To David Higginbotham, 12 February To Anthony Finley, 13 February To James Leitch, 13 February To John Pickering, 13 February From Thomas Mann Randolph, 13 February From Thomas Cooper, 14 February, enclosing South Carolina College Faculty’s Account of Student Disturbances, 7 February From Edward Everett, 14 February To Bernard Peyton, 15 February To John M. Mason, 16 February From Jedidiah Morse, 16 February From Joseph Delaplaine, 18 February From George W. Summers and John B. Garland, 18 February From Henry Johnson, 19 February To Frederick A. Mayo, 19 February To Nicholas Biddle, 20 February From David Isaacs, 20 February To Abner Kneeland, 20 February To Richard Peters, 20 February To Constantine S. Rafinesque, 20 February To Lemuel Shaw, 20 February From Bernard Peyton, 21 February To Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), 22 February To Bernard Peyton, 22 February To James Monroe, [23 February] To James W. Wallace, 23 February From Roger Sherman Baldwin, 24 February

® xxx ¯

213 214 214 214 215 215 216 216 217 219 220 222 223 224 224 225 225 226

227 234 235 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 241 241 242 243 243 244 245 245 245 246 246

CONTENTS From Robert Smith (printer), 24 February From Joseph C. Cabell, 25 February To James Madison, 25 February From James H. McCulloch, 26 February To George W. Summers and John B. Garland, 27 February From Dabney Cosby, 28 February From Horatio G. Spafford, 28 February To Mary Lewis, 1 March To Edward Everett, 2 March To Frederick A. Mayo, 2 March From Victoire Laporte, 3 March From Samuel Maverick, 4 March From Bernard Peyton, 4 March From David Isaacs, 5 March From James Madison, 5 March From Joseph C. Cabell, 6 March From John D. Godman and John P. Foote, 6 March To James Monroe, 6 March To Jedidiah Morse, 6 March From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 7 March From DeWitt Clinton, 7 March Extract from Martha Jefferson Randolph to Nicholas P. Trist, 7 March From Edmund Bacon, 9 March To Roger Sherman Baldwin, 9 March To Thomas Cooper, 9 March To Dabney Cosby, 9 March From Andrew Wills, 11 March From James Monroe, 14 March Theodosius Hansford to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, enclosing List of Books Presented to the University of Virginia, 15 March To James Leitch, 15 March From Frederick A. Mayo, 15 March To Thomas Jefferson Randolph, 15 March From Willie Blount, 16 March From David Isaacs, 16 March From Joseph C. Cabell, 18 March From William Lambert, 18 March From Richard Randolph, 18 March, enclosing David M. Randolph (ca. 1759–1830) to James Gibbon, 6 January, and David M. Randolph (ca. 1759–1830) to James Gibbon, 8 January

® xxxi ¯

247 248 249 250 251 252 253 255 255 256 256 257 258 258 258 260 265 267 267 271 271 272 273 274 275 276 276 277

278 280 280 280 281 284 285 287

287

CONTENTS From Vine Utley, 18 March To Daniel Brent, 19 March To DeWitt Clinton, 19 March To James Monroe, 19 March To Horatio G. Spafford, 19 March From Christopher Rankin, 20 March, enclosing Memorandum from John Girault to Andrew Ellicott, [ca. 1799–1800] From Bernard Peyton, 21 March, enclosing William Nekervis to Bernard Peyton, 14 March From Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge), 22 March From Francis Eppes, 22 March From Daniel Brent, 23 March From Thomas G. Watkins, 24 March From Bernard Peyton, 25 March From John Barnes, 26 March From Richard Randolph, 27 March From Robert Smith (printer), 27 March From James Breckinridge, 28 March To Christopher Rankin, 28 March From Chapman Johnson, 29 March To William Lambert, 29 March From James Madison, [29 March] From David Isaacs, [30 March] To John D. Godman and John P. Foote, 31 March From Thomas Cramer, [by 1 April], enclosing Resolution of the Agricultural Society of the Valley, 4 March Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 1 April From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Note, 3 April To Vine Utley, 3 April To James Leitch, 4 April To Bernard Peyton, 5 April From James W. Wallace, 5 April From John Coskery, 6 April From the American Antiquarian Society, [received 7 April], enclosing Report of the American Antiquarian Society, 23 October 1821, and Prospectus for Archæologia Americana. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, [before 7 April] To John Barnes, 7 April To Thomas Cramer, 7 April To Theodosius Hansford, 7 April To James Madison, 7 April

® xxxii ¯

291 292 293 293 294 295 298 299 302 303 304 309 310 310 311 312 312 313 314 315 315 315 316 317 317 319 319 319 320 321

322 327 327 328 328

CONTENTS From Frederick A. Mayo, 7 April From Bernard Peyton, 8 April From Peter B. Read, 8 April From Horace C. Story, 8 April From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton), 9 April To James Breckinridge, 9 April To Francis Eppes, enclosing List of Books Recommended for Reading Law, 9 April From Carter H. Harrison, 9 April From Hugh Nelson, 9 April From David Abbot, 10 April From “George G. Leiper,” with Jefferson’s Note, 10 April From Richard Randolph, enclosing Directions for Making Cement, 10 April From “George G. Leiper,” 11 April Order on Bernard Peyton for “George G. Leiper,” 11 April From Nicholas P. Trist, 14 April From David B. Lee, 15 April From Bernard Peyton, 15 April Bernard Peyton to Charles C. Watson & Sons, 15 April From Edmund Bacon, 18 April To Thomas Leiper, 19 April From Thomas Leiper, 19 April To Bernard Peyton, 19 April From James Pleasants, 21 April From Jerman Baker, 22 April From Oliver Everett, enclosing Advertisement for the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 22 April From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 24 April From Bernard Peyton, 25 April To John Coskery, 26 April To John Laval, 26 April To Willie Blount, 27 April From Samuel Kercheval, 27 April To David B. Lee, 27 April To Thomas Leiper, 27 April To James Pleasants, 27 April To Horace C. Story, 27 April From Benjamin Ruggles, 28 April From Thomas Leiper, 29 April From Bernard Peyton, 29 April From Reuben G. Beasley, 1 May

® xxxiii ¯

329 330 330 331 332 332 334 336 337 337 341 341 342 343 343 344 349 350 351 352 352 353 353 354 354 356 357 357 358 358 359 359 360 361 362 362 363 364 364

CONTENTS From Henry V. Bingham, 1 May From Edmund Bacon, 3 May To Benjamin Ruggles, 3 May To James Leitch, 4 May From Peter B. Read, 4 May From William Waters Hickman, [received 5 May] From Thomas C. Flournoy, 6 May From William Waters Hickman, 7 May From James Madison, 7 May Albemarle County Circuit Court Order in Jefferson v. John Hudson and Charles Hudson and Christopher Hudson v. John Hudson and Charles Hudson, [8 May] To Alexander Garrett, with Garrett’s Note and Receipt, 8 May To William W. Hening, 8 May To Bernard Peyton, 10 May From John Laval, enclosing Account, 11 May To Frederick W. Hatch, 12 May To James Madison, 12 May To Samuel Maverick, 12 May From Robert W. Wells, 12 May Notes on Bricks Needed for Monticello Columns and Cisterns, [by 13 May] From Francis Eppes, 13 May To Richard Randolph, 13 May To Ritchie & Gooch, 13 May From Samuel Smith (of Maryland), 13 May From William W. Hening, 14 May From Bernard Peyton, 16 May From Jeremiah Greenleaf, 17 May From Charles Cocke, 20 May From Joseph Echols, 20 May From John Rhea, 20 May From George Hebb, 21 May From Thomas G. Watkins, 21 May From Charles W. Goldsborough, 22 May To Joseph Echols, 23 May From Samuel Smith (of Maryland), 24 May From George Hebb, 25 May To Bernard Peyton, 25 May To Archibald Robertson, 25 May Account with Joel Yancey, [ca. 25 May]

® xxxiv ¯

364 366 367 368 368 368 369 370 372

373 373 374 374 375 376 377 378 378 380 381 382 383 386 388 389 390 391 392 394 394 396 398 399 400 401 402 402 404

CONTENTS Account with Joel Yancey, [ca. 25 May] From Joel Yancey, with Jefferson’s Notes, 26 May Martha Jefferson Randolph to Ann C. Morris, 27 May From John Mantz, 28 May From John F. Oliveira Fernandes, 28 May From Richard Randolph, 30 May To Richard Harrison, 31 May To Spencer Roane, enclosing Statement on Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, and Abstract of Evidence in Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 31 May To John Adams, 1 June From Lafayette, 1 June From Edmund Bacon, 2 June From Richard Harrison, 3 June, enclosing Richard Harrison to Henry Williams Dwight, 10 April From Bernard Peyton, 3 June From Edmund Bacon, [by 4 June] Account with Bernard Peyton for Tobacco Sales, 4 June From John Adlum, 5 June To Elizabeth Chase, 5 June To Charles W. Goldsborough, 5 June To John Laval, 5 June To Thomas Whittemore, 5 June To John Laval, 6 June From Alexander Garrett, 7 June To Archibald Robertson, 7 June From Anonymous (Henry Whiting), 7 June From Joseph Jones, 8 June From Spencer Roane, 8 June From Benjamin Waterhouse, 8 June To John Wayles Eppes, 10 June From John Laval, 10 June To Thomas Ritchie, 10 June To Ritchie & Gooch, 10 June To Samuel Smith (of Maryland), 10 June From John Adams, 11 June To Thomas Appleton, 11 June To Dodge & Oxnard, 11 June To LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 11 June

® xxxv ¯

404 406 407 410 410 411 412

413 423 425 431 431 434 435 436 436 437 438 439 439 440 440 441 441 442 442 443 446 447 447 448 452 453 455 456 458

CONTENTS To Bernard Peyton, 11 June To Richard Rush, [ca. 11 June] To John Vaughan, 11 June To Samuel Williams, 11 June To Thomas Appleton, 12 June To Francis Eppes, 12 June From Samuel B. H. Judah, 12 June From Peter B. Read, 12 June To John Adlum, 13 June To de Bure Frères, 13 June To John M. Goodenow, 13 June To William W. Hening, 13 June From Israel Pickens, 13 June To William J. Coffee, 14 June To Joseph Jones, 14 June To Frederick A. Mayo, 14 June Notes on Monticello Cisterns and Columns and Possible Book Purchases, [ca. 14 June 1822–29 September 1824] To Bernard Peyton, 14 June To Nicholas P. Trist, 14 June From William T. Barry, 15 June, enclosing Circular Soliciting Information to Improve Education in Kentucky, 13 March From Samuel Smith (of Maryland), 16 June From H. C. Carey & I. Lea, 17 June Philip N. Nicholas’s Memorandum to Thomas Jefferson, [ca. 17 June] Memorandum to Philip N. Nicholas, 17 June From Bernard Peyton, enclosing Account, 17 June From James Duke, with Jefferson’s Note, 18 June From William Johnson, 18 June To John Laval, [20 June] To Bernard Peyton, 20 June From Joel R. Poinsett, 20 June From John Wayles Eppes, 22 June From Julius A. Bingham, 24 June From James Maury, 24 June From Bernard Peyton, 24 June From Jonathan Thompson, 24 June From John Vaughan, 24 June From William J. Coffee, enclosing Memorandum on His Work at the University of Virginia, 25 June From LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 25 June

® xxxvi ¯

458 459 461 462 462 463 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 471 472 474 475 476 480 481 482 482 483 485 486 487 487 488 488 489 490 491 491 492 492 494

CONTENTS From Thomas L. McKenney, 26 June, enclosing Prospectus for the Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner, [by 11 June] To Benjamin Waterhouse, 26 June From Thomas G. Watkins, 26 June, enclosing Account, [after 9 August] To John Adams, 27 June To H. C. Carey & I. Lea, 27 June To Samuel B. H. Judah, 27 June To Bernard Peyton, [27 June] From Bernard Peyton, 27 June From William Lambert, 28 June, enclosing Methods of Calculating the Moon’s Parallaxes, 27–28 June From John Vaughan, 29 June Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, [June] From William H. Keating, 1 July From Bernard Peyton, 1 July To William T. Barry, 2 July To Julius A. Bingham, 2 July To Dodge & Oxnard, 2 July To William Lambert, 2 July To Thomas L. McKenney, 2 July From William Short, 2 July To Samuel Smith (of Maryland), 2 July To John Vaughan, 2 July From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 July From James Ronaldson, 3 July From N. N. Wilkinson (for Bernard Peyton), with Jefferson’s Notes, 3 July From Charles Yancey (1770–1857), 4 July From John Quincy Adams, enclosing Extracts from Resolutions of Congress, 5 July Estimate of Material Needed for Shadwell Milldam, [ca. 5 July] Estimate of Tin Needed to Roof Monticello, 5 July To LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 5 July From John P. Van Ness, 5 July From William Lambert, 6 July From John Laval, 6 July From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, enclosing Notes on Contract with William J. Coffee, 8 July From Bernard Peyton, 8 July, enclosing Account, 2 July From Spencer Roane, 8 July

® xxxvii ¯

495 499 500 501 503 503 504 504 505 510 511 511 512 513 514 515 515 515 516 519 519 520 520 522 523 524 525 526 526 527 528 529 529 530 531

CONTENTS From Benjamin Waterhouse, 8 July Notes on Architectural Ornaments for Poplar Forest, [by 10 July] From Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 10 July To William J. Coffee, 10 July From Maria Cosway, 10 July From LeRoy, Bayard & Company, 10 July From Caesar A. Rodney, 10 July From William Lambert, enclosing Calculation of the United States Capitol’s Longitude from Greenwich, 11 July From John Adams, 12 July From Joshua Dodge, 12 July From Nathaniel H. Loring, 12 July From Richard Rush, 12 July To Charles Yancey (1770–1857), 12 July From John H. Coleman, 16 July From Francis Glass, 16 July From Louis Petit, 16 July From Walker C. Buckner, 17 July From John Gardiner, 18 July To William H. Keating, 18 July To Spencer Roane, 18 July To James Ronaldson, 18 July To Robert Sinclair, 18 July To Jonathan Thompson, 18 July To Joshua Dodge, 19 July From Frederick D. Tschiffely, [received 19 July] To Benjamin Waterhouse, 19 July To Peter Minor, 20 July From Frederick A. Mayo, with Jefferson’s Note, 22 July From DeWitt Clinton, 23 July William H. Hening’s Prospectus for a Vaccine Dispensary, 24 July From Absalom H. Brooks, 25 July From Peter W. Sproat, 26 July To Absalom H. Brooks, 28 July To Andrew Dunlap, 28 July To John Wayles Eppes, 28 July To Caesar A. Rodney, 28 July From James Oldham, [by 29 July] From James Oldham, 29 July Notes on Tin and Plank for Monticello, [by 29 July] From “B.,” [by 1 August] From Absalom H. Brooks, 1 August

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532 534 534 535 536 537 537 539 545 546 547 548 549 550 552 554 555 557 558 559 559 560 561 561 562 563 565 565 566 566 569 570 570 571 572 573 574 574 575 575 576

CONTENTS From Samuel Garland, 1 August From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Note, 2 August From William A. Bartow, 3 August From Nicholas P. Trist, 3 August From Bernard Peyton, 5 August, enclosing Account for Tobacco Sales, 2 August To Thomas Ritchie, 6 August From Samuel Williams, 6 August To Francis Glass, 8 August To Nathaniel H. Loring, 8 August To Peter W. Sproat, 8 August To Samuel Garland, 9 August To Bernard Peyton, 12 August To Bernard Peyton, 16 August From Thomas Skidmore, 18 August From Berriman B. Breedin, 19 August From Bernard Peyton, 19 August From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Notes, 20 August From Joshua Dodge, 20 August From James Rawlings, 20 August From Bernard Peyton, enclosing Account for Tobacco Sales, 22 August From Bernard Peyton, 22 August Samuel A. Bumstead’s Description of Thomas Jefferson, [23 August] From Lewis D. Belair, 24 August To George Tucker, 24 August From James Oldham, 25 August To Henry Clay, 28 August From Robert Mills, 28 August To Bernard Peyton, 28 August Notes on Delivery of Building Material for Shadwell Milldam, [ca. 29 August] From George F. Hopkins, [received 29] August To Bernard Peyton, with Jefferson’s Note, 29 August To Thomas Skidmore, 29 August From Henry Dearborn, 31 August From James Monroe, [August?] From Frederick A. Mayo, enclosing Account, 1 September “Roberts” to James Madison, with Postscript to Thomas Jefferson, 1 September From Bernard Peyton, 2 September

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577 578 579 579 581 582 583 583 584 585 585 586 586 586 596 597 598 599 600 601 603 603 605 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 619 620 621

CONTENTS From Thomas Eston Randolph, 2 September From George W. Erving, 3 September From Samuel Overton, 3 September From Alexander Garrett, 4 September To Bernard Peyton, 4 September To John Quincy Adams, 5 September To William Barret, 5 September To Patrick Gibson, 5 September To George F. Hopkins, 5 September To Samuel M. McKay, 5 September To James Monroe, 5 September From J. F. Daniel Lobstein, 6 September From “The Querist,” 7 September From William J. Coffee, 8 September From Thomas Eston Randolph, 8 September From Edmund Bacon, 9 September From Abraham Runnels, 9 September From Philip P. Barbour, 10 September From Peter Derieux, 10 September To George W. Erving, 10 September To George Hadfield, 10 September To Thomas Eston Randolph, 10 September From Edmund Bacon, 11 September From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Notes, 11 September From Edmund Bacon, [ca. 11 September] From William Griffin, 11 September From Edmund Bacon, 12 September From Chiles Terrell, 13 September, enclosing Discussion of Due East and West Lines, [by 20 May 1815] From Patrick Gibson, 14 September To Isaac Miller, 14 September To John H. Peyton, 14 September From Benjamin Waterhouse, 14 September From Thomas G. Watkins, 15 September

621 622 622 623 623 624 624 625 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 632 636 637 639 639 640 641 642 643 644 647

Appe nd ix : Supplemental List of Documents Not Found

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671

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648 653 653 655 655 663

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ILLUSTRATIONS Following page 196 THOMAS JEFFERSON TO THOMAS RITCHIE, 7 JANUARY 1822, WITH JEFFERSON’S NOTICE FOR ANONYMOUS INSERTION IN THE RICHMOND ENQUIRER

Thomas Ritchie had purchased the Richmond Examiner in 1804. He renamed it the Enquirer (the Richmond Enquirer from 1815), and during his editorship it became one of the leading southern organs of the Republican party. On 3 January 1822 the newspaper reprinted an article which claimed that Jefferson had written a letter endorsing the presidential candidacy of the South Carolina congressman William Lowndes. After seeing the article in the Enquirer, Jefferson wrote to Ritchie expressing concern that “they are endeavoring to compromit me on the subject of the next President.” Despite his occasional assertion that he never took notice of or responded to journalistic controversies, Jefferson subjoined a proposed article for the paper, in which he couched the assurance that he “never wrote such a letter” in the voice of an unnamed fictional third party (ANB; Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:1138; TJ to Ritchie, 7 Jan. 1822, and enclosure). Courtesy of the Library of Congress. NOTICE AS PUBLISHED IN THE RICHMOND ENQUIRER, 10 JANUARY 1822

While Thomas Ritchie did not respond directly to the request that he insert in his newspaper Jefferson’s anonymous disclaimer of having written a letter supporting the potential presidential candidacy of William Lowndes, such an article did in fact quickly appear, and it followed Jefferson’s draft almost verbatim. Courtesy of the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia. THOMAS JEFFERSON’S AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP DIPLOMA

The American Antiquarian Society was established in 1812 in Worcester, Massachusetts, charged with facilitating “the collection and preservation of the antiquities of our country, and of curious and valuable productions in Art and Nature.” Although the society elected Jefferson to membership on 1 June 1814, some years elapsed before it prepared suitable certificates for its members. Jefferson’s note in the lower left corner indicates that the diploma depicted here was mailed to him in November 1821. Signed by President Isaiah Thomas and Recording Secretary Rejoice Newton, it bears a seal and a motto from Virgil’s Aeneid, 1.203: “olim meminisse juvabit” (“it will some day be a joy to recall”). An illustration at the top portraying a storm-tossed ship is accompanied by a quote from Jeremy Belknap’s A Discourse, intended to commemorate the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (Boston, 1792), reading “He (Columbus) wrote on parchment an account of his discoveries,

® xlix ¯

I L LU S T R AT I O N S wrapped it in a piece of oiled cloth & enclosed it in a cake of wax, which he put into a tight cask, and threw into the sea” (p. 26) (An Account of the American Antiquarian Society, incorporated, October 24th, 1812 [Boston, 1813], 14; TJ to Samuel M. Burnside, 8 Aug. 1814, and note; TJ to Newton, 8 Dec. 1821, and note; Fairclough, Virgil, 1:276, 277). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society. THOMAS JEFFERSON’S PLANS FOR A COURTHOUSE

In 1821 Charles Yancey (1770–1857), of Buckingham County, asked Jefferson to design a new courthouse for the county, writing of the honor it would be to “have built upon a plan presented by Mr Jefferson.” Just one week after his receipt of the letter, Jefferson complied with Yancey’s request and sent drawings for a courthouse. A year later Yancey wrote again to explain that the commissioners appointed to erect the new edifice had initially rejected Jefferson’s plan but eventually changed their minds and adopted it with the addition of two side wings. In the meantime Yancey shared Jefferson’s drawing with a commissioner appointed to build a new courthouse in Charlotte County. That committee “unanimously adopted it.” The original plan that Jefferson sent Yancey has not been found, but it was likely based on this undated drawing retained in his papers (Yancey to TJ, 12 July 1821, 4 July 1822; TJ to Yancey, 23 July 1821, and note; William H. Cabell to TJ, 28 Dec. 1821; Nichols, Architectural Drawings, 34 [nos. 23–4]). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society. CHARLOTTE COUNTY COURTHOUSE

Although fire destroyed the Buckingham County courthouse in 1869, its counterpart in Charlotte County, which was constructed in 1821–23 on the same design, survives. The two-story brick structure, built in the form of a temple with a Tuscan portico, closely resembles Jefferson’s drawing. The photograph reproduced here is taken from J. Cullen Carrington, Charlotte County Virginia: Historical Statistical and Present Attractions (1907). Other Virginia courthouses followed the same plan in the 1830s and 1840s (Delos Hughes, “The Charlotte County Courthouse: Attribution and Misattribution in Jefferson Studies,” Arris: Journal of the Southeast Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians 4 [1993]: 8–18; Craig A. Reynolds, “ÆPresenting to Them Models for Their Imitation’: Thomas Jefferson’s Reform of American Architecture,” in Robert M. S. McDonald, ed., Light and Liberty: Thomas Jefferson and the Power of Knowledge [2012], 158–86). Courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. JEFFERSONITE

While they were exploring the old Franklin Furnace near Sparta, New Jersey, in 1821, William H. Keating and Lardner C. Vanuxem discovered a manganese- and zinc-enriched variety of augite. They named the dark-green pyroxene mineral after Jefferson to honor his contributions to natural history. “Jeffersonite” did not, however, ultimately win formal recognition as a mineral species (Keating, Account of the Jeffersonite, a New Mineral Discovered at

®l¯

I L LU S T R AT I O N S the Franklin Iron Works, near Sparta, N. J. by Lardner Vanuxem and Wm. H. Keating . . . Extract from the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. II. Part II.—June 1822 [Philadelphia, 1822]). Courtesy of Robert F. Haggard. SEA KALE POT FRAGMENTS

In 1821 Jefferson ordered fifty “earthen pots for covering plants of Seakale in the garden.” Having heard that John Wickham, of Richmond, had such pots “of the proper size and form,” Jefferson’s agent Bernard Peyton arranged to borrow one for use as a model by a local pottery. The following year Jefferson commissioned fifty more from a pottery near Richmond established by Richard Randolph. The bottomless, lidded pots were used to blanch young shoots of sea kale (Crambe maritima), one of Jefferson’s favorite garden vegetables and one which he greatly valued because it could be brought to table early in the spring. The fragments of stoneware pots decorated with blue slip depicted here were excavated at Monticello (TJ to Bernard Peyton, 20 Feb. 1821; Peyton to TJ, 26 Feb. 1821; TJ to Randolph, 13 May 1822; Betts, Garden Book; Peter J. Hatch, “A Rich Spot of Earth”: Thomas Jefferson’s Revolutionary Garden at Monticello [2012], 221–2; Kurt C. Russ, Robert Hunter, Oliver Mueller-Heubach, and Marshall Goodman, “The Remarkable 19th-Century Stoneware of Virginia’s Lower James River Valley,” Ceramics in America [2013]). Courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. EDMUND BACON

Edmund Bacon (1785–1866), Jefferson’s overseer at Monticello from 1806 to 1822, left Albemarle County late in the latter year for Trigg County, Kentucky. During the last decade of his life, he shared his reminiscences of his time at Monticello with Hamilton W. Pierson, who featured them in his Jefferson at Monticello: The Private Life of Thomas Jefferson (1862). This photograph of Bacon was taken late in life at Rufus Anson’s New York studio. It measures 3⅝-by-3⅛-by-⅜ inches. Courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc. THOMAS JEFFERSON’S RECORD OF THE ESCAPE OF BEVERLY HEMINGS AND HARRIET HEMINGS

Beverly Hemings (b. 1798) and Harriet Hemings (b. 1801) were the oldest surviving son and daughter of Jefferson and Sally Hemings (1773–1835), his enslaved chambermaid and seamstress. Jefferson kept a series of rolls of his Monticello slaves in his Farm Book, and in the detail from one shown here he listed Beverly Hemings as having “run away” and Harriet Hemings also as “run,” both in 1822. Jefferson evidently facilitated their departure, keeping his promise to free Sally Hemings’s children when they reached the age of twenty-one. Harriet Hemings labored in Monticello’s textile workshop until she left Virginia. Edmund Bacon later recalled that at Jefferson’s request he gave her $50 and stage fare to Philadelphia. Her brother Madison Hemings stated that she passed into white society, having “married a white man in good

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I L LU S T R AT I O N S standing in Washington City.” Nothing further is known of her. Madison Hemings also recalled that his brother Beverly Hemings, who worked as a carpenter at Monticello, went to Washington, D.C., and then possibly to Maryland, successfully passing as a white man. Madison Hemings further stated that Beverly’s “only child, a daughter, was not known by the white folks to have any colored blood coursing in her veins” (Betts, Farm Book; Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello [2008]; Madison Hemings, “Life Among the Lowly,” Pike County Republican, 13 Mar. 1873; Pierson, Jefferson at Monticello, 110). Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society. JAMES MADISON BY PETER CARDELLI

When the Italian sculptor Peter (Pietro) Cardelli (1776–1822) traveled to Virginia in 1819 to execute a plaster bust of Jefferson, he also visited James Madison at Montpellier for the same purpose. The next year Jefferson sought copies of Cardelli’s busts of Madison and President James Monroe, explaining to the artist that he intended to display them in the Tea Room at Monticello “en suite of those of Genl Washington & Dr Franklin.” Procuring the plaster busts proved more difficult than anticipated, but in 1822 Jefferson’s granddaughter Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) was finally able to make a purchase in Washington, D.C., and have them shipped to Monticello. Neither of the ones sent to Jefferson is known to have survived (Cardelli to TJ, 8 July 1819; TJ to Cardelli, 4 Oct. 1820; Randolph [Coolidge] to TJ, 22 Mar. 1822). Courtesy of the Virginia Museum of History and Culture. MONTICELLO’S NORTH OCTAGONAL ROOM

Named the “Madison Room” by Jefferson’s family, the North Octagonal Room was occupied frequently by James Madison and Dolley Madison during their visits to Monticello. Measuring 14 feet 10 inches-by-15 feet 3 inches with a ceiling height of 10 feet, Jefferson designed it in the Tuscan order influenced by Palladian style. In an octagonal shape, the room features an alcove bed with an overhead closet, a triangle-shaped closet to complete the octagon, triple-sash windows large enough to be used as doorways, and interior shutters to provide privacy and insulation. The room is now decorated with a reproduction of the original trellis wallpaper purchased for Jefferson by William Short in Paris in 1790 (Stein, Worlds, 113–4; Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc., Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello [2002], 57). Courtesy of the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, Inc.

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Volume 18 1 December 1821 to 15 September 1822

JEFFERSON CHRONOLOGY 1743 • 1826 1743 1760–1762 1762–1767 1769–1774 1772 1775–1776 1776 1776–1779 1779 1779–1781 1782 1783–1784 1784–1789 1790–1793 1797–1801 1801–1809

Born at Shadwell, 13 April (New Style). Studies at the College of William and Mary. Self-education and preparation for law. Albemarle delegate to House of Burgesses. Marries Martha Wayles Skelton, 1 January. In Continental Congress. Drafts Declaration of Independence. In Virginia House of Delegates. Submits Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom. Governor of Virginia. Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson dies, 6 September. In Continental Congress. In France on commission to negotiate commercial treaties and then as minister plenipotentiary at Versailles. Secretary of State of the United States. Vice President of the United States. President of the United States.

RETIREMENT 1809 1810 1811 1812 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1823 1824 1825 1826

Attends James Madison’s inauguration, 4 March. Arrives at Monticello, 15 March. Completes legal brief on New Orleans batture case, 31 July. Batture case dismissed, 5 December. Correspondence with John Adams resumed, 1 January. Batture pamphlet preface completed, 25 February; printed by 21 March. Named a trustee of Albemarle Academy, 25 March. Resigns presidency of American Philosophical Society, 23 November. Sells personal library to Congress. Writes introduction and revises translation of Destutt de Tracy, A Treatise on Political Economy [1818]. Named a visitor of Central College, 18 October. Cornerstone laid for first structure at Central College (later Pavilion VII, University of Virginia), 6 October. Attends Rockfish Gap conference to choose location of proposed University of Virginia, 1–4 August. Visits Warm Springs, 7–27 August. University of Virginia chartered, 25 January; named to Board of Visitors, 13 February; elected rector, 29 March. Debts greatly increased by bankruptcy of Wilson Cary Nicholas. Likens debate over slavery and Missouri statehood to “a fire bell in the night,” 22 April. Writes memoirs, 6 January–29 July. Visits Poplar Forest for last time, 16–25 May. Lafayette visits Monticello, 4–15 November. University of Virginia opens, 7 March. Writes will, 16–17 March. Last recorded letter, 25 June. Dies at Monticello, 4 July.

T H E PA P E R S O F

THOMAS JEFFERSON k

'

From Mathew Carey Dear sir, Philada Decr 1. 1821 You will excuse, I hope, the liberty I take in requesting information, of some importance in a discussion in which I am engaged. Can you inform me what was the situation of the people of Virginia, & the other southern states, respecting their engagements to the merchants of Great Britain previous to the Revolution?1 Were they not, generally, deeply in debt? Was not the balance as generally against this Country? Your attention to this subject will greatly oblige Your obt hble servt Mathew Carey RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 226:40393); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Philip S. Physick, [3 Apr. 1824], on verso; addressed: “Hon

Thos Jefferson, Esqr Expresident U.S. Monticello”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 1 Dec. 1

Preceding four words interlined.

From John H. Cocke Dear sir, Mr Garretts Decr 1st 1821 Your not having informed me, that I was appointed by the Board of Visitors at the meeting last Spring to examine the Bursars Accots— (Mr Garrett being under the impression you so informed him)—and being desirous to have his Accots passed, we have to ask the favor of you to refer to the proceedings of that meeting and give us the necessary information to enable us to proceed with proper authority Yours with highest respect & Esteem John. H. Cocke. RC (CSmH: JF); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received from Charlottesville the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

3

To John H. Cocke Dear Sir Monticello. Dec. 1. 21. The only entry made on our journal formally is that of Oct. 3. 20. (on the subject of your letter) & is in these words. §resolvd that Joseph C. Cabell be, & he is hereby desired and authorised to examine & verify the accounts of the preceding year not already examined & verified.’ mr Cabell, at the time expressed some fears he might not be able to attend, and proposed to yourself in that ca[s]e to do the business, and I think I am certain it was agre[e]d between you that the one or the other, as convenient, would do it. this past verbally in the presence of the board who acquiesced in it, and understood that either the one or the other would do it, & their approbation was implied though not formally entered in the journals; for as well as I remember it passed while we were in the act of separation. neither of you being present at the meeting of April, nothing was said on the subject because we expected that the one or other of you woul[d do?] it at your convenience, & for the same reason nothing was said at our late meeting, and most certainly we considered and consider you as authorised by what past verbally, and any settlement by either yourself or mr Cabell will be recieved and approved as authoritative, and I hope you will feel no scruples in [t]he omission of the formality of a written entry. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 7 Aug. 1820; several words faint; at foot of text: “Genl J. H. Cocke”; endorsed by TJ.

From John T. Kirkland Sir, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 1 Dec. 1821. The Corporation of this University desire to unite with other Institutions in presenting to Congress the Memorial, of which a printed copy is herewith sent. They have authorized me to subscribe it officially, to transmit it to the several Colleges, Academies, and literary Societies, and to request their concurrence by the signatures of their respective principals. If you shall approve the measure, we hope you will be able to act upon it in such season that the Memorial may be offered in the present session of Congress, before the Tariff shall be settled;—and that if a meeting of the body of the Directors or Trustees of your Institution cannot be had in time, you may be authorized by the executive Government or standing Committee of your Corporation to give your name. If you shall think proper to join in the ap4

1 DECEMBER 1821

plication, you are requested to signify it to me by mail, by returning to me the Memorial with your signature, or by giving me permission to affix your name to the copy which shall be sent to Congress. When a sufficient number of names shall have been collected, I propose to transmit the document, with the names annexed, to one of our Representatives, to be by him presented to the National Legislature. The facts stated in the Memorial have been ascertained by the diligent inquiry of one of our Professors at the Custom-House in Boston, and by information from booksellers in the principal cities where books are imported. Should you approve the design, we beg leave further to suggest to you the expediency of writing on the subject to members of Congress from your State. I am, Sir, respectfully, Your obedient servant, John T Kirkland President of Harvard University. Printed circular (ViU: TJP); signed by Kirkland; addressed in an unidentified hand: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Monticello Va.”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Cambridge, Mass., 6 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded (with additional parenthetical notation: “circular”) in SJL. John Thornton Kirkland (1770–1840), clergyman and educator, was born on the New York frontier in what would become Herkimer County, near where his father served as a missionary to the Oneida Indians. While young he moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and he attended Phillips Academy in Andover, 1784–86. Kirkland enrolled at Harvard University in the latter year and graduated in 1789, having also served in a volunteer unit to help suppress Shays’s Rebellion of 1786– 87. He spent the next year as a tutor at Phillips Academy, studied theology, and in 1792 returned to Harvard as a tutor in logic and metaphysics. In 1794 Kirkland was ordained as pastor of the Congrega-

tional New South Church in Boston, remaining there for sixteen years and guiding its transition to Unitarianism. As a member of the Anthology Society he contributed articles to the Monthly Anthology and in 1807 helped found the Boston Athenæum. In 1810 Kirkland was named president of Harvard University. During his tenure the school grew in prominence, increased standards for students and professors, and established law and divinity schools. Kirkland resigned in 1828. After a few years of travel in America and abroad, he settled permanently in Boston in 1832 (DAB; Sprague, American Pulpit, 8:261–6; MH: Kirkland Papers; Biographical Catalogue of the Trustees, Teachers and Students of Phillips Academy Andover, 1778–1830 [1903], 11, 31; Harvard Catalogue, 7, 85, 176; Josiah Quincy, The History of the Boston Athenæum [1851], esp. separately paginated section of “Biographical Notices,” 64–71; Boston Courier, 30 Apr. 1840). one of our professors: George Ticknor.

5

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Memorial of Learned Institutions to Congress [before 1 Dec. 1821] to the HONORABLE THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES. ´ ´ The Memorial of divers Colleges, Academies, and literary and scientific Societies within the United States humbly shows, That the several Institutions, who, by their respective presiding officers, have subscribed this Memorial, are deeply interested in the progress of good knowledge; and regret to find from continual observation and experience, that it is impeded by the operation of some portion of the revenue laws regulating the importation of foreign books. They therefore respectfully ask leave to submit to Congress the expediency of modifying those laws and of repealing the duties on imported books for the following reasons. The duties on imported books are not less than 17 per cent. These duties, however, are not needed or felt as protecting duties, that are to favor domestic printing and publishing; for the printing establishments of the United States are already so extensive and well settled, that they can furnish the English books of which an edition is wanted for less on an average than half the cost of the same books, when imported, so that the competition has long since ceased to be felt between the English and American booksellers, while a competition between the different booksellers in this country, publishing the same work, has taken its place. As a portion of the revenue of the country, this duty is comparatively unimportant. The exact amount accruing to the public treasury from this source cannot be ascertained, as the duty on books being ad valorem, is not returned separately to the treasury department nor kept separately in the books of the respective custom houses. From diligent inquiry, however, it is estimated that less than the sum of thirty thousand dollars is the full amount of books annually imported into the United States, and that this amount has been for several years constantly diminishing; so that the government now receives from this branch of revenue less than five thousand dollars a year; and will hereafter not receive so much as at present. But while this duty is of little consequence to the revenue of the country and of none at all as a protection to a domestic manufacture, its effects on the progress of knowledge among us are extensive and mischievous. In the first place it falls almost exclusively on books, which are very much wanted among us, and which we can hope to get by importation only, for it falls on books in the dead languages, very few of which, especially of the best editions, are printed in this country, or would, if reprinted, repay the cost of publication;— on books in foreign living languages, which it is not desirable we should reprint;—on books, so expensive in their very nature, that we cannot hope or wish to republish them; and on books, one edition of which, in whatever country it may be published, is expected and intended to supply the demand of the whole literary world. Our want of books of each of these descriptions is very great; they are many of them of the first importance to the progress

6

2 DECEMBER 1821 and diffusion of knowledge among us; but we can obtain them by importation only, and when it is considered that they are generally of the most expensive class, and that the necessary charges of bringing them into the country are heavy, it will, as your memorialists believe, be at once admitted, that the duty now exacted makes such a serious addition to the price, as to operate as a great discouragement to their introduction, and often, as a prohibition. Your memorialists would in the next place urge that this duty falls almost exclusively on a class of persons, who can rarely afford to incur any expenses, except those of first necessity to their literary and professional vocations. In order to be of the highest use to the community in their spheres of employment, to furnish themselves with knowledge and to aid its progress in the land, they want constantly books, which they can get only from foreign countries; yet they are compelled by the measures of their own government to pursue their studies in an irksome and inefficient manner, with only a part of the requisite means in their respective departments. In the last place this duty is annually diminishing the amount of books imported at the very time we most want them, so that the booksellers’ shops among us are gradually becoming more and more empty of foreign publications; and that branch of trade, which is to connect us in our youth with the intellectual advantages of the old world and to furnish American scholars with the means of becoming what they desire and strive to be, is gradually disappearing, while other branches of speculation and profit are gradually reviving and growing stronger. Under these circumstances your memorialists apply to the government for relief; and they do it with more confidence, as they ask nothing for themselves. The liberality of the government has already exempted the Institutions they represent from all duties, and of course the interest they feel is merely an interest in the advancement and dissemination of that knowledge, which is the only sure foundation of our national liberty and republican institutions. Your memorialists therefore pray, that all printed books may hereafter be exempted from duties. Printed circular (ViU: TJP); undated. Also enclosed in George Ticknor to TJ, 8  Dec. 1821, where Ticknor claims authorship.

For the failure of this effort in Congress, see editorial note on the Campaign to Abolish Tariffs on Books, printed above at 30 Nov. 1821.

From William B. McCorkle Dear sir Wadesboro NC December 21–1821— I take the Liberty of addressing a letter2 on a Subject which I wish some information hoping you will condesend so for as to furnish me with it The Subject is Revolutionary claims for Bounty Lands for Service Rendered the state of Virginia in the Continental3 Line provision was made by several acts of the Legislature of Virginia for the Continental Troops. A Citizen4 of this place who rendered Service for Virginia in the Revolutionary war under several enlistments claims 7

2 DECEMBER 1821

for his toil and Labour in this arduous Strougle for Liberty the Bounty of Virginia and the Gratitude of its Citizens: he is a poore old man and wishes me to interceed in his Behalf to get his Bounty Land as allowed by act of the state of Virginia: will you be so good as to state to me the several act of the State of Virginia granting Bounties of Land to thir enlisted Troops durring the Revolutiony war and what kind of evidence will be wanting to prove his enlistments and what form of Deposition will be wanting to make good his claim in the Land office of Virginia I presume that in the Session act of Virginia to the General Goverment the state Reserveed such Tract of Land as would sattisfy these Revolutionary claims If you cannot furnish me with the acts of Assembley of Virginia you will give me such information in writing as will afford me such light on the subject that will enable me to proceed5 in this old mans Claim so that I can get it for him By the act of Congress last session6 the time of Locating Virginia Land warrants is extended to two years I wish to get the warant before this time expires in Complying with the above request you will do a service that is wanting much I am very respecfulle You most obt Sevt Wm B McCorkle ´Post master RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); adjacent to closing: “his Excellency Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. William B. McCorkle (ca. 1795–1868), merchant, was born in Iredell County, North Carolina. He pursued mercantile business for nearly forty years in Wadesboro, Anson County, and was a postmaster at various locations in that county into the 1850s. In 1830 McCorkle owned eight slaves. By 1850 he had twenty slaves and real estate worth $7,300. Ten years later he was a farmer in Rowan County with eight slaves, and real estate and personal property valued at a combined total of $10,287. He died in Rowan County (History of North Carolina [1919], 4:206; Jethro Rumple, A History of Rowan County, North Carolina [1881], 212–3; Hamilton  C. Jones, Reports of Cases at Law argued and determined in the Supreme Court of North Carolina, from December term, 1854, to August term, 1855, both inclusive [1855], 444–50; A Register

of Officers and Agents, civil, military, and naval, in the Service of the United States, on the 30th of September, 1831 [1831], 175; Mary L. Medley, History of Anson County, North Carolina, 1750–1976 [1976], 340; Table of Post Offices in the United States on the first day of January, 1851 [1851], 285; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.C., Anson Co., 1830–50, 1850 slave schedules, Rowan Co., 1860, 1860 slave schedules; Salisbury, N.C., Old North State, 21 Nov. 1868). The act of congress last session was a 9 Feb. 1821 “Act to extend the time for locating Virginia military land warrants, and returning surveys thereon to the general land office” (U.S. Statutes at Large, 3:612).

8

1 Reworked

from “3.” “lette.” 3 Manuscript: “Continal.” 4 Manuscript: “Citzen.” 5 Manuscript: “proceeed.” 6 Manuscript: “sission.” 2 Manuscript:

From Levett Harris dear Sir, Philadelphia 3d December 1821. I have lately received from Professor Adelung of St Petersburg, his last work on the general classification of the Languages with a request, that I would tender you a Copy of it, with the homage of his respect. The Subject treated of in this work, is known to have deeply engaged your researches, and you will hence see with lively interest the result of the labors of this learned philologist. Mr Adelung is certainly the most distinguished individual in this department of Learning now in Europe, the celebrated1 professor Vater of Konigsberg being now no more, and he having expressed to me an earnest desire to become acquainted with some of the leading Savans of the United-States, especially in the branch which he So Successfully cultivates, I have promoted a correspondence between him and Mr Du Ponceau, who has already derived great personal Satisfaction from it, and who promises to turn it, not less to public benefit. It was my intention to have renewed my respects to you in person last Summer. Another visit to Monticello, I have however, on reflection, deemed proper to defer, till I shall have Succeeded in trying the cause, which you will recollect I have pending in the Supreme Court of this State. I feel indeed, that it would be far from pertinent, to trouble you further, or prematurely with the merits of a Contest, which, in your retirement, is so little calculated to inspire You with interest.´´´Yet, under every circumstance, I Shall consider it not less due to you, to make you fully & freely known to the machinations of a person, who enjoys high credit in this Government—A person with whom few have been more intimate—who professed himself constantly my Sincere friend, till he reached his present elevation, and who is Still Suffered to use the credit attached to the office of Secretary of State to my injury. And all this in defiance of the acknowledged Satisfaction of the President of my honorable conduct, in relation to those points, which had been a Subject of Cabinet investigations, and which, after having been so Settled at Washington, have since become, thro. the secret & immediate agency of Mr Adams an affair of judicial examination in the Tribunals of this State. In March next, I hope it will be brought to trial, when I shall take an early opportunity to apprize you of its result and of my ulterior purposes respecting it. 9

3 DECEMBER 1821

has2

´It given me great pleasure to learn from our friend Mr Short, of the generally good state of your health. May it long continue to impart to your declining years all that happiness, of which ’tis your destiny to reap so rich a harvest.3 I beg leave to offer my compliments to the Governor and Mrs Randolph and Miss Randolph, and to remain, with Sentiments of the highest respect & Veneration, Dear Sir—Your most devoted & Obedient Servant Levett Harris RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Friedrich Adelung, Uebersicht aller bekannten Sprachen und ihrer Dialekte (St. Petersburg, Russia, 1820).

1

Manuscript: “clebrated.” Manuscript: “is has.” 3 Manuscript: “havest.” 2

To Frederick A. Mayo Dec. 3. wrote that I had acknold rect of my books before my departure to Bedf d & that if he would send my bill I would order payment by return of mail. FC (MHi); abstract in TJ’s hand on verso of RC of Mayo to TJ, 26 Nov. 1821; partially dated. Recorded in SJL as a letter of 3 Dec. 1821.

To Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 4. 21. I now inclose you the annual report of the Visitors of the University to the Literary board with it’s documents, to be laid before the Legislature. we have had two copies prepared, one for each house, of the ground plan of the establishment. but [a]s1 these are in a box, not proper for the mail, & the girls expect to set out for Richmond on Saturday, I will send the box by them, and you will recieve it by the time your copies of the report and other documents, can be prepared for the two houses. can you give me any idea when the Literary board will be able to furnish us the remaining 30,900.D. you will see by the report that our debts are upwards of 50,000 D. a larger sum than our workmen can lie out of [wi]thout great inconvenience. affectionately & respectfully Yours Th: Jefferson  10 

5 DECEMBER 1821 ´PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of George Watterston to TJ, 4 Aug. 1820; mutilated at seal, with one number partially rewritten by TJ; at head of text: “private”; at foot of text: “Govr Randolph”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 30 Nov. 1821, and enclosures.

Randolph forwarded the enclosed annual report and its supporting documents to Linn Banks, the Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates, in an evidently misdated letter of 3 Dec. 1821, which Banks presented to the legislature with its enclosures on 13 Dec. 1821 (printed in Report and Documents for 1821, 2, and in JHD [1821–22 sess.], 37). 1 Word

faint.

To Hugh Nelson Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 5. 21. The inclosed letter is addressed, as you will percieve to our representation in both houses of Congress, and availing myself of the consideration of your more immediate relation to our district I take the liberty of putting it under your cover for it’s communication to them. the proposition came to us from the University of Cambridge, who meant to engage the other Northern seminaries in cooperation, and requested me to do the same with those of the South & West. I accordingly made the proposition to those of them with whom I could find any colorable channel of communication, particularly Chapel hill of N.C. Columbia of S.C. Athens of Georgia, and Transylvania of Kentucky. I presume the delegates of Massachusets will be prepared to bring it forward, and that those of other states will willingly cooperate. I think a simple repeal without any modification is desirable to wipe away the barbarism of the idea of taxing science. there is not a single art more firmly established in the US. than that of printing, nor more able to stand on it’s own legs. it is monstrous for such an establishment to wish the labor of their fellow citizens to be taxed for their support. wishing you a peaceable and harmonious campaign I salute you with friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViU: TJP); at foot of text: “honble Hugh Nelson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: University of Virginia Board of Visitors to Virginia’s Senators and Rep-

resentatives in Congress, 30 Nov. 1821, and enclosure. university of cambridge: Harvard University.

 11 

From William Short Dear Sir Philada Dec: 5. 1821. I return you a thousand thanks for your kind & friendly letter of the 24th ulto. The details as to the state of your health I had been long wishing for—they are now doubly gratifying to me, as they inform me that you have so perfectly recovered from the only inroad I had ever known on your constitution. And this attack I percieve was brought on by an inattention to the sound maxim—il n’y a rien tant ennemi du bien; que le mieux—for you were well at Staunton but would be better.´´´I have always indulged myself in the belief & hope (founded on your good constitution, regular life, as well au morale as au physique, & the salubrious air of Monticello) that you would gain the tontine of the subscribers of the Act of Independence. You are now only three survivors, & the other two are many years older than you. The drawer of the act then will most probably be the last survivor left to bequeath it to the generations who are to follow; & this is as it shd be. The last part of your letter gives me an authorization to write to you thus early, or I should not have ventured to trouble you so soon again. I avail myself of your enquiries as to Charles Thompson. I have since been to one of our Wistar parties, where I was certain I should meet with those most in the way of giving me information. I there found a gentleman who had that very day had a long conversation on his subject, with Mr Norris, the brother of Mrs Dr Logan. The Norris family, it appears, keep up a regular communication with him, & Mr Norris had been expressly into the country about a week before to visit Mr Thompson—He found that his bodily faculties were in much better preservation than his mental—he ate well, slept well & was erect in his posture—had yet several teeth & sound ones—but his memory quite gone; insomuch that he had no recollection of Mr Norris, who was well & intimately known to him—& during Mr Norris’s visit which lasted a few hours only, he told him the same story four times. You will perhaps ask what is a Wistar-party; During the worthy Doctor’s life, he had a weekly party at his house principally, but by no means exclusively, devoted to his literary & scientific friends, All strangers so disposed were carried there—In the beginning Sunday was the appropriated evening—but by degrees the company becoming numerous, the religion of the wife became uneasy, & saturday was substituted. At the death of the good Doctor, this kind of rendezvous was so much missed, that six or eight of the attendants who had houses, agreed to take the Doctor’s mantle on themselves, & thus in turn, each  12 

5 DECEMBER 1821

has the rendezvous at his house, & calls it in his invitation the Wistar party. The greatest objection that I see to the system is that the American taste of incessant eating & drinking prevails too much at these supposed philosophical parties—Cakes, almonds, raisins, ice creams, wine & all the paraphernalia of the Ladies tea-parties, are exhibited. Correa used to be a constant attendant, & the oracle of the party. To your enquiry concerning him I can only say that the last intelligence received here is by the Portuguese consul, who learned indirectly by a friend from Lisbon that Correa arrived there in August last—that his health was bad & that he had gone to some medicinal waters in the neighborhood. Correa has entirely neglected all his friends here, having since his absence written only a few lines once or twice—This as regards Vaughan is more than neglect—it is downright ingratitu[de.] His silence observed towards his friends here proceeds probably in some degree from his aversion to writing; but it is also, I apprehend, not without some kind of Jesuitical calculation. A gentleman who has lately arrived from Paris has also given us some account of C’s apparition there. It appears that he soon became disgusted, & after a very short stay left Paris for London. The explication was, that he had become dictatorial, impatient of contradiction & thus made himself disagreeable to his old friends, & of course they became indifferent to him. I cannot allow you to remain under the impression, which I infer from your letter, that I have voluntarily engaged in a Canada speculation. It was “not my will but my (avidity) which consented.”—or rather my forcibly owning land on the St Laurence (the N. York side) has arisen from the error or inattention of my counsel & agent; & is perhaps a proper punishment for my want of confidence in the public funds of the country. From my first returning I convinced myself that war would exist with England before the peace of Europe—So far I judged correctly—but I was wrong in the inference, that war would destroy the public credit & public funds. But believing this, I sought to convert the stock which I held into a mortgage on landed security, as a more solid foundation. I gave the preference to the State of N.Y. because the laws there are better as to that article than here—& also because the legal interest is 7 instead of 6 pct. As to the means of execution I was obliged to trust for them to counsel, recommended to me by a friend in whom I had with great reason, great confidence. The funds were sold & the amount placed on what my counsel deemed the most ample landed security; & so it was, if there had not been an error of judgment on the part of my counsel, & perjury on the part of the borrower—One whole township & the half of another were pledged— & on an affidavit made that there was no previous incumbrance, my  13 

5 DECEMBER 1821

counsel paid over the money, instead of waiting to have the records examined—For some years the interest was regularly paid, & would, no doubt, have so continued if the party had not become insolvent. On this the mortgage was foreclosed, & on proceeding to the sale it was discovered for the first time that the whole township had been previously pledged. This occurred whilst I was last in Europe. The half township alone remained secure—this was sold—& fell very far short of my debt of course—What added to the loss was that I was advised to become the purchaser of this land so as to make up my loss. It would have been much better if I had then pocketed the loss of 8 or 10000 dollars deficiency—for since that time this land has never yielded me one cent, & I have been moreover obliged to pay a considerable sum in taxes each year—& moreover was induced to advance at the time a considerable sum on mortgage in the same district, that the borrower might be enabled to make an operation which would put it in his power, as was said, to sell immediately the land I had purchased &c &c.—And this second loan I consider as in some jeopardy— so that my N. York mortgages not only expose me to great present inconvenience, but future loss, under the folly of throwing good money after bad. Thus you will see that it has not been with me a preference of the Polar regions to groves of olives—but an error of judgment or as some would say perhaps, an unavoidable misfortune, although I am willing to attribute it, because I think it just, to an error of judgment. I am much gratified by what you say of the University, & shall look to the public prints with impatience for the report you speak of—I look forward with confidence & pleasure to the paying you & the University a visit. I cannot fix the time with precision, but nothing within my control shall retard it beyond the ensuing year. Whatever may be the term I beg you to do me the justice to beleive that my sentiments for the founder & first cause of the University are invariable—& that no friend whom he has, can feel a warmer or more grateful affection for him than his friend & servant W: Short RC (DLC); edge chipped; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. il n’y a rien tant ennemi du bien; que le mieux: “there is no greater enemy of the good than the best.” au morale as au physique: “morally as physically.” Of the signers of the Declaration

of Independence, the three survivors at this time were John Adams, Charles Carroll (of Carrollton), and TJ. not my will but my (avidity) which consented is adapted from William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, act 5, scene 1, substituting “avidity” for the “poverty” that the apothecary uses to excuse himself for selling Romeo poison.

 14 

From Jesse C. Young sir, Troy (N.Y.) Dcr. 5, 1821. I herewith send for your perusal a copy of “Murray’s English Grammar Simplified,”1 by Allen Fisk, a Gentleman of this city; which you will be pleased to consider as an offering to yourself. My motive in sending the above mentioned volume to you sir, is, that you may be pleased to give it, (if consistant with your other avocations,) an attentive perusal; and if you should find it to contain a well digested plan for the more speedy attainment of a correct knowledge of the principles of the English Language, that you may be pleased to give it such recommendation as you in your judgement may see fit. Being myself but an unletered mechanic, I am unable to point out its beauties, or its defects—in fact did I possess a common knowledge of the primary rules of the English Language, it would be considered presumption in me to endeavour to shew its qualities when soliciting the avowed approbation2 of Thomas Jefferson. You will be pleased to bear in mind that this is but an abridgement of the work, and that a larger volume, for the use of more advanced Scholars, will shortly follow, provided the work meets with the approbation of those qualified to judge.—I am a young man, and have purchased the copy right, and at present my hopes of a future competency rest upon the success of this production—but without entering into a detail of private circumstances, (which must be uninteresting to you,) I should be pleased if after a perusal of the volume, you should see fit to recommend it, that you will with all convenient3 speed address me a few lines, as I am now waiting for recommendations before I lay it before the public. With sentiments of respect, I am, &c Jesse C. Young, ´Publisher. RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); at foot of text: “Hon. Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Allen Fisk, Murray’s English Grammar Simplified; Designed to abridge and facilitate the study of the English language by enabling the instructor to teach without the aid of his birch, and the student to learn without the drudgery of committing to memory what he does not understand. On a New Plan (Lansingburgh, 1821). Jesse Comstock Young (1797–1880), publisher and farmer, was born in Lan-

singburgh (later part of Troy), New York. He published the Lansingburgh Rensselaer County Gazette, 1826–28, and its short-lived successor, the Lansingburgh Democrat and Rensselaer County Gazette, 1828. By 1854 Young lived in Islip as a farmer with an interest in cranberry cultivation, and a decade later as a conveyancer. When he died there his occupation was listed as bookbinder (Arthur J. Weise, History of Lansingburgh, N. Y. from the year 1670 to 1877 [1877], 40–1; Schenectady Cabinet, 25 Oct. 1826; New-York Observer 39 [1861]: 352; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., Suffolk Co.,

 15 

5 DECEMBER 1821 Islip, 1860, 1870, 1880 mortality schedules; gravestone inscription in Lake Ronkonkoma Cemetery, New York). The enclosed abridgement by Fisk of a grammatical textbook by Lindley Murray was printed in Troy by Francis Adancourt and published by Young. The following year Adancourt printed Fisk’s

larger distillation of Murray’s work, which was published in Troy by Zephaniah Clark. 1 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “aprobation.” 3 Manuscript: “convienent.”

From Jefferson S. Myer Sir Washington City. Dec. 6. 1821 This in an entire stranger, might be considered the hight of presumption, but should it not meet your approbation, I hope it will not meet your displeasure; therefore a longer preamble I deem entirely unnecessary, and shall proceed to make known my intentions— In august 1817 I entered the U.S. Military Academy with the intention of making arms my profession, but owing to domestic causes, it was necessary for me to resign my appointment of Cadet, in consequence of which destroying my fondest hopes; but circumstances having so materially changed, that it will permit of my entering the service again, for which I have the fondest inclination; the Marine corps being the one I prefer, I wish to obtain a Lieutenancy in it if possible, for which purpose I take the liberty of soliciting your influence; I presume my father’s republican principles are sufficiently known to you having edited a paper during your administration,1 in consequence of which, his ardent zeal to the devotion of his country, was the cause of his sinking in fortune, and I may say in an early grave; should the fact be recollected by you of his truly republican sentiments, I must ardently beg you would state the fact in order that I may present the same to Hon. Sec. of the Navy to secure my appointment of Lieutenancy in the Marine corps, your not having a personal acquaintance with me I could not ask any thing more, by so doing you will confer the highest favour on one who has only his correct deportment to depend upon, should you be pleased to answer this humble request I beg you would not delay it, as the appointments will be made this month— I have the honour to be your most obedient and humble Servt.2 Jefferson S Myer son of the late Solomon Myer ´of Pennsylvania  16 

7 DECEMBER 1821

P.S. I herewith subjoin a list of my friends making interest for me; Capt J. R. Bell U.S. Army, formerly my commanding officer—Mr Anderson 1st. compr of the treasury; and Messrs; Pitcher, Gross of N.Y. Clark, Williams of Va. Wallace, Regles. members of the last and present Congress— J.S.M RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 from “Myer Jefferson J.” and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Granville Sharp Pattison, 3 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Hon. Thomas Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked. Jefferson S. Myer (ca. 1799–1824), soldier, was a native of Pennsylvania who likely moved in 1804 with his family from York to Washington, D.C. He attended the United States Military Academy as a cadet, 1817–20. Myer afterwards served as a lieutenant in the Mexican marines and died in Alvarado, Mexico (A Register of Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the service of the United States, on the Thirtieth Day of September, 1817

[Washington, 1818], 59; Fredericktown [later Frederick], Md., Bartgis’s Republican Gazette, 12 Oct. 1804; Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U. S. Military Academy, West Point, N. Y. [(West Point?), 1820], 11; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 4 Sept. 1824, 25 Mar. 1837). Myer’s father, Solomon Myer, edited the Unpartheyische York [Pa.] Gazette from 1796 until around 1804, when he moved to Washington, D.C. (Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:992; Bartgis’s Republican Gazette, 12 Oct. 1804). regles was likely Charles H. Ruggles, of New York. 1 2

Manuscript: “admistration.” Manuscript: “Serv;t.”

From Hutchins G. Burton Dr Sir Washington December 7th AD 1821 I have been much indisposed for several days, is my appology for not answering Your very friendly letter sooner—there is no Individual with whom I am acquainted, that makes it an object, to raise a full crop of Scuppernon wine—it is generally made by the poorer class of the community, and purchased in, by the Country merchants—with many of whom I am well acquainted—Should You at any time want any additional supply of the wine—I hope You will without hesitation drop me a line, and so far from considering it troublesome—It will at all times afford me great pleasure to serve You in this or any other way in my power I am with highest Respect & consideration Yours H G Burton ´{Excuse great haste} RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 12 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 17 

From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond the 7. Dec: 1821— I hereby take the liberty of forwarding my Acount and I should be verry thankfull of receving a answer to the letter of Octover last, of which your honour made mention in your last letter; Remain Your humble Servant Frederick A Mayo RC (MHi); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on p. 1, endorsement on p. 2, enclosure on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “The Hon: Tho:

Jefferson Mounticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 7 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Frederick A. Mayo Spring Hill Bindery Octr 12th 1821.

The Hon: Thos Jefferson

To Frederick A Mayo´ Dr To Binding Wheatleys Gardening1 Calf Gilt $1.25 " ditto Apocryfal—New Testament do 1.25 " ditto Grammatica Ang: Saxon2 do. 1.12½ " ditto Owens Geoponics3 do. 1.50 " ditto Collectio Plantarum4 do. 1.75 " ditto Manuel do 0.75 " ditto 20 Vols U. History loose Backs do. @ 1.75 35.00 " ditto 1 Weekley Register ½ Bound 0.62½ " ditto 2 Vols Saxon Gospels Quarto plain Clf 1.50 3.00 " ditto 1 Grafic " 1.00 " ditto 1 Psalterion5 plain Clf. 0.75 " ditto 1 Prophetal ditto 0.75 " ditto 1 Majoras do 0.75 " ditto 1 Poetica do 0.75 $50.25

MS (MHi); in an unidentified hand; conjoined with covering letter.

Ernest Grabe’s edition of the Septuagint, as do the following four items.

TJ requested the binding of each of these works in his letter to Mayo of 12 Aug. 1821 and its subjoined note. grafic is possibly a mistranscription of “Grabii” and would thus refer to a volume of John

 18 

1 Manuscript:

“Gardering.” “Saseon.” 3 Manuscript: “Beoponics.” 4 Manuscript: “Plantarun.” 5 Manuscript: “Pasterion.” 2 Manuscript:

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 7. 21. I send you my notes for renewal by anticipation as usual. and request you to send me some more blanks. I drew on you yesterday in favor of Wolfe and Raphael for 75.D. and shall forward flour to you as fast as I can get the mill to deliver it, and in time I hope to keep you in funds to meet Bowling’s order before it is presented. in the mean while I am considerably at a loss to know how things stand, as you did not forward me my quarterly account to Oct. 31. as usual, which I should be glad to recieve now. ever & affectionately1 Yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation: “notes.” Enclosures not found.

On 5 Dec. 1821 TJ recorded drawing on Peyton in favor of the Charlottesville firm of wolfe and raphael for $75 in cash received (MB, 2:1381). 1 Manuscript:

“affectionetely.”

From Samuel Brown Dear Sir. Lexington Decr 8th 1821. Had I been able to convene the Trustees of the Transylvania University on an earlier day, I should have replied to your very interesting Letter relative to the Tax on Books, long before this time—But the absence of some of the Board & the natural supineness of others, prevented them from taking a vote on your propositions before last week. I am, however, happy to inform you, now, that all your wishes, on that subject, have been unanimously & cordially met, & that a Petition signed by the Presidents of the University & of the Board of Trustees has been transmitted to Congress accompanied by the necessary instructions to our Representatives in that body— The number of students in this university, including the Preparatory school which is immediately attached to it, is, as will appear in the Report of the President 366—The Medical Department, of which I know more, consists of 135 regular Medical Students who will practise Medicine as a Profession—Previously to the establishment of this Medical Institution Kentucky never sent to the Atlantic schools more than 10 or 12 Medical students annually—By examining our Matriculation list it appears that1 this state alone furnishes our classes with 90—the rest are collected from ten different states—I mention this fact  19 

8 DECEMBER 1821

to shew how important it is to increase the number of our Medical institutions & to bring Education more within the reach of the lower & middling classes of society, whose habits of industry & labour so often advance them to the highest ranks of professional usefulness & reputation—From what I have seen of the Med. Students here & in Phila & N York I have no hesitation in affirming that, with equal means of instruction double the amount of information would be acquired here in an equal time—We have no amusements to attract, few dissipations to tempt our young men from regular study & we have no fame as a school which can be substituted for individual merit. When Medical Schools become very large the Professors & not the Pupils are the gainers—Two hundred is as great a number as can profit in one class, from the Anotomical Demonstrations or the Clinical cases—Why do not Virginia establish a Medical School at Richmond or Norfolk? The whole expence of the establishment of this Medical school in addition to what one of our Professors shamefully begged (perhaps 1200$.) was $5000 given by the state & $6000 to purchase a Library which the faculty borrowed from the town of Lexington—Even in a pecuniary point of view the foundation of a Medical school in a town of moderate size would be worthy of attention. Lexington now derives a revenue of $30 or 40,000 from a few thousand Dollars appropriated to this object—Our success would seem to prove that a Medical school may succed to a certain extent at least, in a town much less than Richmond or Norfolk—Our Library is very valuable & it is manifest that our students are availing themselves of its treasures much more than they would have done in a dissipated Capital—The school of Cincinnati consists of about 30 pupils— Some of the Professors are certainly men of great merit & I wish them success—Empiricism will be suppressed in proportion to the growth of Medical schools in our Country— Next spring I hope to gratify the best feelings of my heart by paying you a hasty visit when on my way to Philadelphia—I have great curiosity to see the College which interests you so deeply & so worthily & am anxious to place my Son in it as soon as it is open for the reception of Students— My Brother joins in my warmest wishes for your health & happiness— Sam Brown Yo Mo Obt RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Late President U.S. Montecello Virginia”; stamp canceled; postmarked

Lexington, Ky., 11 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 20 

8 DECEMBER 1821 On 27 Nov. 1821 Transylvania University’s Board of Trustees read TJ’s 28 Sept. 1821 letter relative to the tax on books and resolved to “draw up a Petition to Congress to repeal the duties upon books imported into the Union.” The petition was presented to the United States Senate on 27 Dec. 1821 (Transylvania University, Trustees Minutes [KyLxT]; JS, 11:41). The presidents of the uni-

versity & of the board of trustees were Horace Holley and Robert Wickliffe, respectively (A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky, February, 1821 [Lexington, 1821], 2, 3). The school of cincinnati was the Medical College of Ohio. 1 Preceding

three words interlined.

To Anthony Dey Monto Dec. 8. 21.

I thank you, Sir, for the informn yo[u] are so kind as to give me of the invention for breaking & dressing flax & hemp. it is a great invention and will tend to restor[e] those plants to a rivalship again with cotton, the facility of whose manipuln had promised to bring it into almost exclusive use. I presume the public paper[s] will soon inform us of the cost & means of procuring the machine for commo[n] use. accept my respectful salutns. FC (DLC); on verso of RC of Dey to TJ, 20 Nov. 1821; in TJ’s hand; edge damaged.

From John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir, Decr 8. 1821. I was just enjoying the pleasing prospect of a permanent return of health when a few days since viz on the 30th ult. I was attacked in my sleep and entirely insensible until after being bled—I had certainly improved greatly in my strength as I was able since my return from the Springs to do what I have not done for years amuse myself on foot with a gun & walk for hours without more than common fatigue— This last attack without previous indisposition or warning has dissipated my airy castle of returning health and renders my prospects for the future more gloomy than heretofore— I heard from Francis by the last mail—affairs at Columbia were at the date of his letter viz the 19th of November in a gloomy situation— The students had been guilty of personal disrespect to Doctr Cooper— I am almost so selfish as to wish their conduct would disgust him with his present situation and drive him to the University of Virginia. He will be sure in Virginia of meeting on all occasions that respect  21 

8 DECEMBER 1821

and veneration which her citizens young and old uniformly bestow on the first Talents combined with the purest principles— From some cause to me unknown my grapes almost entirely failed during the last dry season—Vines which for several years before had been plentiful bearers literally perished—If you should send your cart before it is too late for cutting slips without injury to the vine I shall be much obliged to you if you would send me 15 or 20 slips of your purple grapes which you brought from France. Present me affectionately to the family & accept yourself my sincere wishes for your health & happiness. Yours affectionately Jno: W: Eppes PS. I own 2000 acres of land here with very comfortable improvements— It is nearer to you than your Bedford property—How would you like to take the whole & give me the value in Bedford land—2. circumstances have induced me to think of it—Francis will settle in Bedford—The improvements here are on a larger scale than I can give to one child without injustice to the others & if I could exchange the improvements & Lands for lands in Bedford I would myself for the present settle in Lynchburg for the convenience of Educating my younger children & fix my Negroes on the Bedford lands adjoining Francis—I would willingly submit the Two tracts to valuation & receive or pay the difference in Negroes at cash valuation—I think it probable that from the character of my disease whenever I beat a march it will be with short warning & it would be very important to me to leave my family in a situation where Francis could discharge towards them the duties of an affectionate guardian without too great a sacrifice of his time— My property here is nearer to you—Is more convenient to Navigation & market & capable under your finishing hand of being made a very desirable residence at no expence—2200 bushells1 of wheat & 27.000 lb. of Tobo has been my crop here for several years with 29 working hands—These 29. crop hands are exclusive of Tradesmen2— spinners & house gang—I have this year for the first time two overseers & work the two places seperate—17. hands on one place & 12. on the other—your goodness will I know excuse me if in examining my reasons for exchange they appear interesting only to myself—If however I know my own heart I should be incapable of even making a proposition however convenient or agreeable to myself which should involve any sacrifice of your interests— affectionately once more yours. Jno: W: Eppes  22 

8 DECEMBER 1821 1 Manuscript:

RC (ViU: TJP-ER); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello Near Charlottesville”; stamped; postmarked Raines Tavern, 19 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

2 Manuscript:

“bashells.” “Tradesme.”

To Hiram Haines Sir Monticello Dec. 8. 21. I have duly recieved your favor of Nov. 26. with the pocket knife you were so kind as to inclose. I accept it with thanks, as well as a proof of native ingenuity, as a token of regard, which from a personal stranger I duly value. I send you in return, according to the preference expressed by yourself, a miniature likeness, of which I ask your acceptance. The Notes on Virginia, of which you are pleased to speak with partiality, are nearly out of print, and rarely to be met with on the shelves of the booksellers. I have long been reduced to a single copy myself. after an interval of 35. years, the thing they describe has changed it’s form so as to be scarcely recognisable. it was the shadow of the moment changing it’s stature ever as the sun advanced. abler pens will hereafter catch these fleeting likenesses at different periods of our growth, and they will serve the Historian as points of comparison of age with age. the changes in your day will still be great. that they may be auspicious to the peace and union of our country is the prayer I offer to heaven, and in the trust that yourself will not be wanting to it, I tender you my salutations of esteem and respect. Th: J[e]ffers[o]n PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of John Hollins to TJ, 4 Aug. 1820; signature faint; at foot of text: “Mr Hiram Haines”; endorsed by TJ. The enclosed miniature likeness was probably a small engraving depicting

TJ within a circular background, based on a physiognotrace portrait by Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de Saint-Mémin executed in 1804. TJ purchased forty-eight copies of this print at that time for distribution to his family and friends (Stein, Worlds, 198–9; Bush, Life Portraits, 51–3).

To Frederick W. Hatch Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 8. 21. In the antient Feudal times of our good old forefathers when the Seigneur married his daughter, or knighted his son, it was the usage for his vassals to give him a year’s rent extra in the name of an Aid. I  23 

8 DECEMBER 1821

think it as reasonable when our Pastor builds a house, that each of his flock should give him an Aid of a year’s contribution. I inclose mine as a tribute of justice, which of itself indeed is nothing, but as an example, if followed, may become something. in any event be pleased to accept it as an offering of duty, & a testimony of my friendly attachment and high respect. Th: Jefferson ´RC (PPAmP: DCAR, Sol Feinstone Collection); at foot of text: “revd mr Hatch.” PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Vaughan to TJ, 7 Aug. 1820; endorsed by TJ.

´In his financial records for this day TJ recorded sending Hatch a $20 contribution “as an Aid in building his house” (MB, 2:1381).

To Thomas Magruder Sir Monto Dec. 8. 21. The buildings for the accommodn of the Professors and Students of the University will all be in readiness the ensuing summer. but when it will be opened depends entirely on the pleasure of 1 our legislature. the report lately made to them by the Visitors & which will be in the papers within a few days will possess you fully of the present state and prospects of that instn, and by attending to their proceedings you will be able to form a judgmt whether any fixed epoch can be assigned for it’s commencement. if we are enabled to carry into full exn the plan which has been sanctioned by law it will comprehend every useful branch of science In the mean time should a mere classical school be what you wish for your sons, I do not know a better than that kept in Charlottes. by mr T. Maury, of a family of celebrated teachers from father to son for several generns. I was taught myself by his gr: father upwds of 60. y. ago. tuition is 40.D. a year, and I believe that board in the town is about 125.D. but mr Maury does not teach French now the most important part of educn with my regrets that I cannot gve you more specific informn2 accept the assurance of my esteem & respect. Dft (DLC); on address leaf of Magruder to TJ, 26 Nov. 1821. TJ had attended the school of Charlottesville educator Thomas W. Maury’s gr: father James Maury.

 24 

1 Preceding

three words interlined. “infornn.”

2 Manuscript:

To Rejoice Newton Sir Monticello Dec. 8. 21. I owe my thanks to the American Antiquarian society for the honor done me some time since, in electing me a member of their useful and much respected society, of which I recieve a diploma attested by yourself. I accept it as a mark of their good will, and not with the hope of meriting it by any service I can render. I may say with Seneca §senex sum, et curis levissimis impar.’ age and weakened health render me no longer equal to the labors of science. with my thanks for this mark of attention, do me the favor to tender them, and to accept yourself the assurance of my high consideration. Th: Jefferson RC (MWA: American Antiquarian Society Archives); at foot of text: “Mr Rejoice Newton Recording Secretary of the American Antiquarian Society”; addressed: “Mr Rejoice Newton Worcester. Mass.”; franked; postmarked Milton, 10 Dec. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Mathew Carey & Son to TJ, 5 Aug. 1820; endorsed by TJ. Rejoice Newton (1782–1868), attorney and public official, was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts, and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1807. He began practicing law in Worcester in 1810 and served as the Worcester County attorney from 1818 until 1824. Newton represented Worcester in the Massachusetts legislature as a representative, 1828–31, and a senator, 1834. Between 1824 and 1831 he was president of the Worcester Mutual Fire Insurance Company, and he served as the recording secretary of the American Antiquarian Society, 1815–54. Newton died in Worcester (Ermina Newton Leonard, comp., Newton Genealogy [1915], 708; General Catalogue of Dartmouth College and the associated schools, 1769–1925 [1925], 115; MWA: Newton Family Pa-

pers; William Lincoln and Charles Hersey, History of Worcester, Massachusetts [1862], esp. 202, 273, 392; Massachusetts Spy, or Worcester Gazette, 26 Sept. 1810; Boston Daily Advertiser, 12 June 1818; Massachusetts Spy and Worcester Advertiser, 25 Feb. 1824; Massachusetts Register, and United States Calendar [1829]: 23; [1830]: 24; [1831]: 24; [1834]: 34; American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings [29 Apr. 1868]: 19; Boston Post, 6 Feb. 1868; gravestone inscription in Worcester Rural Cemetery). An image of the diploma sent to TJ at this time and showing his 1 June 1814 date of election to the American Antiquarian Society, which TJ noted was postmarked Worcester, 22 Nov., is reproduced elsewhere in this volume. senex sum, et curis levissimis impar is a variant of the apology by Seneca the Younger to the Roman emperor Nero for being “an old man and unequal to the lightest of cares,” quoted in Tacitus, Annals, 14.54 (Tacitus, trans. Maurice Hutton, William Peterson, Clifford H. Moore, John Jackson, and others, Loeb Classical Library [1914–37; repr. ca. 2006], 5:192–3).

To Elizabeth Page Monticello Dec. 8. 21.

It would have given me infinite pleasure, dear Madam, could I have afforded you the information requested in your favor of the 27th of Nov. respecting the sacrifices of property to the relief of his country  25 

8 DECEMBER 1821

made by the virtuous General Nelson, your father, while in office during the war of the revolution. I retired from the administration of the government in May 1781. until that time the paper money, altho’ it had been gradually depretiating from an early period, yet served the purposes of obtaining supplies, and was issued, as wanted, by the legislature. consequently until that period there had been no occasion for advances of money in aid of the public, by any private individual.´´´I was succeeded as governor by Genl Nelson. within his period the credit of the money went rapidly down to nothing, and ceased to be offered or recieved. at this time came on the Northern & French armies, and to enable these to keep the field during the siege of York was probably the occasion which led the General to take on himself responsibilities for which the public credit might not perhaps be sufficient. I was then entirely withdrawn from public affairs, being confined at home, first for many months by the effects of a fall from my horse, and afterwards by a severe domestic loss, until I was sent to Congress, and thence to Europe, from whence I did not return until some time after the death of the worthy General. I then first heard mention of his losses by responsibilities for the public: and knowing his zeal, liberality & patriotism, I readily credited what I heard, altho’ I knew nothing of the particulars or of their extent. It would have been a matter of great satisfaction to me, could I, by any knolege of facts, have contributed to obtain a just remuneration and relief for his family, and particularly for mrs Nelson whose singular worth and goodness I have intimately known now more than half a century, and whose name revives in my mind the affectionate recollections of my youth. with my regrets at this unprofitable appeal to me, be so kind as to tender her assurances of my continued and devoted respect, and to accept yourself those of my high esteem and regard. Th: Jefferson RC (NN: Thomas Addis Emmet Collection); at foot of first page: “Mrs Elizabeth Page.” PoC (ViW: TC-JP); on a reused address cover from John Vaughan to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

TJ ceased his service as governor of Virginia on 3 June 1781, not in may. His severe domestic loss was the death of his wife, Martha Wayles Jefferson, on 6 Sept. 1782.

From George Ticknor Dear Sir, Boston Dec. 8. 1821. Your favour’s of Sep. 28th with an enclosure and Oct. 24, introducing two young gentlemen, came in due season. The latter, I have acknowledged in the way you desired, by offering the persons you  26 

8 DECEMBER 1821

presented me such assistance as they needed, & having found them lodgings they liked and suitable instructers, they are, I believe, as well off as their friends could have reasonably anticipated, and seem disposed to improve the opportunities we are able to give them in their respective studies. It will always afford me very high pleasure to be able to return to any of your friends or any persons connected with them, some portion of the kindness & protection you have so often shown me. The petition to Congress to remove the duty on Books is now, I hope, in train to be presented. The very day I received your’s of Sep. 28. I wrote the Memorial, a copy of which goes with this letter—and the next day, I had it presented to the Corporation who accepted it and directed the President to commence the necessary correspondence to give it effect. Owing to his habits of procrastination, however,— though desirous to carry on the project, & frequently urged to it by myself,—he never got it ready till just a week since. Now, I believe, the circulars are sent, and, I hope, the attempt may yet be made with success at the present Congress. It is, I think, of great importance;— and, if you think of any further means to facilitate, it, we shall be much gratified if you will use them, or suggest them to us, that we may avail ourselves of them.— I wish there were any good prospect of succeeding in the other project, touching the duty on wines of an inferior quality, which you endeavoured to get reduced. The physical constitution of our people, as a body, is, I doubt not already affected by intemperance; and if the consumption of spirituous liquor should increase for thirty years to come at the rate it has for thirty years back we should be hardly better than a nation of sots. Great exertions have been made in this quarter of the country to diminish the evil by moral means;—and the people are alarmed; but, though some effect has been produced, we have not much reason to be seriously encouraged. All good men, therefore, are ready here to cooperate with you in any project, you may have, tending to check the progress of this wasting habit. I am very anxious to hear more about your University; and to learn something of its success. Every day persuades me anew of the truth of an opinion, I have long held; that at Cambridge we never shall become, what we might be very easily, unless we are led or driven to it by a rival. I see no immediate prospect of such a rival, except in your University, & therefore, I long to have it in successful operation. Gov. Randolph and all your family I hope, are well. I beg to be remembered to them with great respect & gratitude. As I am now married and established in Boston, I hope I may have the opportunity of  27 

8 DECEMBER 1821

sometimes showing hospitality, to some of your or their friends, who may come this way. Few things would give me more pleasure. Yrs. with great respect, Geo: Ticknor. ´RC (MHi); mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 8 Dec. 1822 received 22 Dec. 1822. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Nicholas P. Trist, 13 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq—Monticello, Albemarle Co. Virginia”; stamp canceled; postmarked Boston, 9 Dec. Enclosure: Memorial of

Learned Institutions to Congress, [before 1 Dec. 1821], enclosed in John T. Kirkland to TJ, 1 Dec. 1821. Ticknor married Anna Eliot in Boston on 18 Sept. 1821 (Boston Columbian Centinel, 22 Sept. 1821).

To James Breckinridge Monticello Dec. 9. 21.

I thank you, dear Sir, for your kind attention in procuring me Greenlee’s plat. it’s exact conformity with my patent will satisfy my neighbor that his junior one must give way to it. we were sorry we had not the benefit of your assistance at our meeting. on the 1st day only mr Johnson and myself attended. on the 2d day mr Madison and Genl Cocke joined us. you will have learnt the state of the University from our Report, which will be in the papers probably before you recieve this. we suspended a decision on commencing the Library until April when we hope to have a full meeting, and to have observed in the mean time the dispositions of the legislature. we are all decidedly of opinion we ought to begin it if we can be sure of being able to raise the walls and roof them so as to keep them safe. mr Johnson is the only doubtful member on that head, merely from an aversion to bring ourselves into any situation which might oblige us to ask money, in which general sentiment we all concur. I salute you with affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); edge torn, with missing text supplied from PoC; at foot of text: “Genl Breckenridge”; endorsed by Breckinridge. PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Thomas Appleton to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Following the 29–30 Nov. meeting of the University of Virginia Board of Visi-

tors, Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) reported to Nicholas P. Trist on 2 Dec. 1821 that James madison, joined by his stepson John Payne Todd, had “been detained here ever since by bad weather; I really expect that poor Mr. Todd will hang him self if it rains again tomorrow” (RC in DLC: NPT).

 28 

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir, University Va Dec. 9h §21 r I understand from M Garrett he has obtained checks for what money there is now in the Banks to the credit of the Rector & Visitors of U. Va and that no arrangement has been made to borrow more money—I have already given drafts to the amt of what is placed in the bursars hands, reserving a little for contingent expences—the wants of our suffering Mechanicks induces me to ask of you if no plan can be devised to raise or borrow a part of the 30’000 Dollars immediately say $10,000—the end of this and the first of the next year is the usual time of paying off, for hires &c, and I have no doubt but some of our undertakers will suffer greatly if they can’t obtain a part of what is due them from the University—by the 1st January—Mr Cosby one of our brick-work undertakers is now unable1 to raise a dollar, to pay off his Journey men & laborers—I must beg leave to suggest the propriety of borrowing as much of the Banks in Richmond—if it can’t be had immediately from the Literary fund—surely the Law can be so amended this session as to enable the Literary fund to loan it out of any money they may have to dispose of—& thereby return it to Bank—our wants Sir induces me to urge you to make some effort for us the Annual Donation has not heretofore been recd untill some time in February—that fund will be of little acct after paying interest on the loan, paying for hirelings &c &c Mr Garrett set out to Richmond tomorrow perhaps it would be well to make some enquiery through him relative to borrowing of the Banks—$5000—at least might be obtained & paid out of next annual donation, as our wants are pressing´´´I am Sir respectfully your Obt sevt A. S. Brockenbrough RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 9 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Brockenbrough, 9 Dec. [1821], beneath endorsement.

1 Manuscript:

“nuable.”

To Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dec. 9. answd that we had no authority to borrow until the annuity payable Jan. 1. is exhausted: but that that may be recd punctually on that day FC (CSmH: JF); abstract in TJ’s hand beneath endorsement of RC of Brockenbrough to TJ, 9 Dec. 1821; partially dated. Not recorded in SJL.

 29 

To Joel Yancey Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 9. 21. In directing the distribution of the pork for this season I believe I omitted to state that 10. hogs should be kept for my use at Poplar Forest as usual. if there is any old bacon left it will be acceptable here when the waggon brings the pork. you will be so good as to inform me on what day our waggon should be there to join Dick’s in bringing the pork, butter Etc. I propose to send Phill back to work in the shop with Will, that Dick’s James who now smites for Will should go into the ground in the place of Randal, and Randal return to live here, and that these exchanges should be made when the waggons go & return. I salute you with affectionate esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from James Monroe to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Yancey”; endorsed by TJ.

From Hugh Nelson Dear Sir, Washington Decr 10th 21. th Your letter of the 5 Instant came to hand in the due course of the Mail—The papers contained in it have been shewn to the delegation from our State, whose support, I make no doubt, will be afforded to the object of the Memorial. I shall consult the Massachusetts Delegation in relation to the plan of the Cambridge College in regard1 to the repeal of the duty on imported Books—and endeavour to promote this object by a harmonious cooperation of the delegations of the two States—I shall apprise you of the Course of business in this Instance as the measure shall progress; and shall be happy to contribute all in my power, to the promotion of the Institution, to the advancement of which you are now devoting, with so much honour and Utility to the State, the disinterested services of one, who has spent his whole2 life in the promotion of the Cause of free Government and of Science— Accept the assurance of my respect and consideration Hugh Nelson RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 17 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William Short, 10 Apr. 1824, on verso;

addressed: “Thomas Jeffrson Esqr Milton Albemarle County Virginia”; franked.

 30 

1 Manuscript: 2 Word

“regarrd.” interlined.

From James Pleasants Dear Sir Washington—10th December 1821 I, as surviving commissioner for carrying into effect the decree of the court of Chancery in the case of Jefferson vs Ronald’s heirs, receivd some time since the balance due under that decree. It amounts to something upwards of $100, and will be paid in any manner you shall direct after receiving this letter. It would have been paid over before this but for my expectation of having it in my power to see you at Monticello. Part of my family were in Lynchburg, and on going to that place myself I purposed to have called on you, but was informd in passing through Fluvanna that you were at the Poplar Forest. When I reached Lynchburg,1 I was informed by mr Radford you had returnd to Albemarle, but would be up again in a few days; you did not return however before I was obliged to go home, and though it was my wish & intention to have visited You before I left home for this place, I found it impracticall to do so. I have it in charge from mr Macon of N. Carolina to present him very particularly to you.2 With sentiments of profoundest respect I am dear sir yours James Pleasants jr RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 17 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

1 Manuscript: 2 Preceding

“Lynchbug.” two words interlined.

From Francis Adrian Van der Kemp Dear and High-Respected Sir! Olden barneveld 10 Dec. 1821. I should hesitate, to intrude on your moments of Leisure, with my unprofitable correspondence, did I not feel persuaded, that it would1 not be unacceptable to be informed of my continued health; and I am more encouraged to it, by reflecting on the numerous kindnesses, which you was pleased to bestow upon me, though personally unknown, ever Since my arrival in this country in 1788—and to whose influential introduction I am endebted to numerous favours of others. I do not presume—to Solicit an answer—but perhaps you may not deem it amiss—to gratify me, by one of your family with a line2 that you too are blessed with health—which I pray the Almighty may crown your last days with—for your Relatives, Friend’s and countrys Sake. I mentioned in a former Letter, that I continued with translating the old Dutch Record—illustrating these here and there, where it was  31 

10 DECEMBER 1821

in my power—and observed, that a commercial intercourse took place—between Virginia and the N. Netherland—and Several interesting Negotiations—several Dutch commercial house being established in Virginia—´´´Now I find, that the same intercourse took place between Virginia and Curacao as early as 1655. I presume— the Virginians carried hither victuals—It is Sure—they obtained from there Stock-fish-hout—(yellow dying wood) Turtles—Manatin—or Sea-cow flesh and horses—Did they not obtain Negros from Curacao?´´´I proceed now with 5 vol—Relative to Curacao—in which I met with Several interesting articles, as well as in the former Record—I have now finished 20 vol. in Fol—and—if my days are prolonged, and my weak Sight—being Scarce able to read by candlelight—preserved—or I shall accomplish this arduous task—as it is in part dilacerated—in part effaced and mouldered away—within two years. Would you have believed before of the Dutch Boors—that Stuyvesand—in a Treaty with the Indians—inserted an article, that their Children—should be educated in N. Amsterdam—which was accepted?— So too—in the Instruction for the Vice-Director of Curacao—was an article—to establish Schools for the Natives.´´´He was indeed a great man, although now little known.— Did the Virginians trade with the West-Indian Islands—after the N. Netherlands were Surrendered to the British?3 the N. Engl-men were, if I am not mistaken, more confined—than formerly. I should willingly have touched other topics, but am unwilling to abuse your Indulgence—though I can not but hope—that the luminous rays of reason and truth—now corruscating—even in this State evry where, shall not Longer be confined in Virginia to Monticello— Georg. Juranis published last year in Germany a Latin work— against New-ton’s theory on the motion of the celestial bodies, offering a reward of ƒ100 to the writer, who should refute his arguments. Permit me to solicit the continuance of your good opinion—while I take the Liberty to assure you, that I remain with the highest consideration Dear and High Respected Sir! Your most obed. & obliged. Fr. Adr. van der kemp P.s. my venerable friend J. Adams enjoys yet all his mental powers— and a tolerable State of health— RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39477–8); dateline adjacent to closing; mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 16 Dec. 1821

received 30 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Moritz Furst, 20 Apr.

 32 

11 DECEMBER 1821 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson LL.D at his Seat Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Trenton, N.Y., 11 Dec. Stockfish-wood (stock-fish-hout) is “an American wood resembling logwood” (OED). manatin: “manatee.” dilacerated: torn asunder; torn in pieces (OED). Peter Stuyvesant (stuyvesand), director general of New Netherland, stipulated in a 6 Mar. 1660 treaty with certain Indian tribes from New York and New Jersey that some of their children be left in New Amsterdam to be educated by the Dutch (E. B. O’Callaghan and Berthold Fernow, eds., Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York [1853–87], 13:147–9). On 8 June 1655 Stuyvesant had previously directed the new vice-director of curacao, Matthias Beck, to urge the island’s native parents to allow their children to be educated in the Dutch language and Dutch

Reformed religion (Charles T. Gehring, trans. and ed., and Jacob A. Schiltkamp, transcriber and ed., Curacao Papers, 1640–1665 [1987], 71–7). György Juranits (georg. juranis) published his Praecipuum Atque fundamentalem in Neutoniana motuum Planetariorum Theoria errorem Pluribus demonstrat argumentis in Pest (later incorporated into Budapest, Hungary) in 1818, not last year in germany. He announced an award of one hundred guldens (ƒ100) to anyone who could write an essay disproving his arguments against Isaac Newton’s gravitational theory of planetary motion (Intelligenzblatt der österreichischen Literatur [3 July 1819], in Erneuerte vaterländische Blätter für den österreichischen Kaiserstaat [1819]; Allgemeine LiteraturZeitung 1 [1820]: 615–6). 1

Manuscript: “it would it.” Preceding three words interlined. 3 Manuscript: “Britsih.” 2

To Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 11. 21. Your letter of Dec. 19. places me under a dilemma which I cannot solve but by an exposition of the naked truth. I would have wished this rather to have remained as hitherto, without enquiry. but your enquiries have a right to be answered. I will do it as exactly as the great lapse of time and a waning memory will enable me. I may misremember indifferent circumstances but can be right in substance.´´´At the time when the Republicans of our country were so much alarmed at the proceedings of the Federal ascendancy, in Congress, in the Executive and the Judiciary departments, it became a matter of serious consideration how head could be made against their enterprises on the constitution. the leading republicans in Congress found themselves of no use there, brow beaten as they were by a bold and overwhelming majority. they concluded to retire from that field, take a stand in their state-legislatures, and endeavor there to arrest their progress. the Alien and Sedition laws furnished the particular occasion. the sympathy between Virginia and Kentucky was more cordial, & more intimately confidential than between any other two states of republican policy. mr Madison came into the Virginia  33 

11 DECEMBER 1821

legislature. I was then in the Vice-presidency, and could not leave my station. but your father Colo W. C. Nicholas and myself happening to be together, the engaging the co-operation of Kentucky in an energetic protestation against the constitutionality of those laws became1 a subject of consultation. those gentlemen pressed me strongly to sketch resolutions for that purpose, your father undertaking to introduce them to that legislature, with a solemn assurance, which I strictly required, that it should not be known from what quarter they came. I drew, and delivered them to him, and in keeping their origin secret he fulfilled his pledge of honor. some years after this Colo Nicholas asked me if I would have any objection to it’s being known that I had drawn them. I pointedly enjoined that it should not. whether he had unguardedly intimated it before to any one I know not: but I afterwards observed in the papers repeated imputations of them to me; on which, as has been my practice on all occasions of imputation, I have observed entire silence. the question indeed has never before been put to me, nor should I answer it to any other than yourself, seeing no good end to be proposed by it and the desire of tranquility inducing with me a wish to be withdrawn from public notice. your father’s zeal and talents were too well known to derive any additional distinction from the penning these resolutions. that circumstance surely was of far less merit than the proposing and carrying them thro’ the legislature of his state.´´´the only fact in this statement on which my memory is not distinct is the time & occasion of the consultation with your father and mr Nicholas. it took place here I know; but whether any other person was present, or communicated with is my doubt. I think mr Madison was either with us, or consulted, but my memory is uncertain as to minute details.´´´I fear, dear Sir, we are now in such another crisis, with this difference only, that the judiciary branch is alone and single-handed in the present assaults on the constitution. but it’s assaults are more sure and deadly, as from an agent seemingly passive and unassuming. may you and your cotemporaries meet them with the same2 determination and effect as your father and his did the alien and sedition laws, and preserve inviolate a constitution, which, cherished in all it’s chastity & purity, will prove in the end a blessing to all the nations of the earth. with these prayers accept those for your own happiness and prosperity. Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Breckinridge Family Papers); addressed: “J. Cabell Breckenridge Frankfort Ky”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 13 Dec. PoC (DLC).

Breckinridge’s letter of dec. 19 was actually dated 19 Nov. 1821. James Madison came into Virginia’s House of Delegates as a representative of Orange

 34 

11 DECEMBER 1821 County during the 1799–1800 session (Leonard, General Assembly, 217). Instead of TJ, John Breckinridge, and Wilson Cary Nicholas happening to be together and discussing composition of the Kentucky Resolutions, contemporary evidence suggests that TJ had already prepared a draft when Nicholas informed

him on 4 Oct. 1798 that Breckinridge was willing to introduce them in the Kentucky legislature. TJ does not in fact seem to have met directly with Breckinridge at that time (PTJ, 30:529–35, 556–7). 1 Word

2 Word

interlined in place of “was.” interlined.

To Mathew Carey Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 11. 21. The enquiries in your letter of the 1st inst. I am not able to answer with exactness from regular1 documents, but I reco[llec]t well enough the general fact that this state was heavily indebted to the merchants of Gr. Britain before the revolution that the balance of trade was against us and I suppose the debt and balance were growing with the growth of the population: since the revolution I have understood that the balance is some years against us & some years for us, the importations being of steady amount, and the exportations varying in value with the price of produce. I speak of what was the case while I was in intercourse with the world, latterly I have ceased to attend to subjects of this kind. I salute you with great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of missing letter from Levett Harris to TJ, 27 July 1820 (see note to Harris to TJ, 29 June 1820); one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr M. Carey”; endorsed by TJ.

A missing letter from Carey to TJ of 13 Feb. 1822 is recorded in SJL as received three days later from Philadelphia. 1

Word interlined.

From John Hemmings sir Dec tusday 11th 21 Plese to examon the boy befor he Leves hear that he starts right he must Carey the same mules a collar fore each and one Pair of tuge harnes all the rest of the things is at Poplar forest I shul be ready to Leave poplar forest on the 18th ate any rate I shud wish the boy to gite to popla forest on the 17th earley a noughf fore an earley starte the naxe day puting the architrave on the skey Light has made all the in provement amagenible I have fenish the roome all to a Little of the  35 

11 DECEMBER 1821

ser base which I shul geit Done in 2 days mour the boys is Dressing the shingels and the othar gobs be four me sir I am your servant John Hemings RC (MHi); on ruled paper; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. 1821 from Poplar Forest and so recorded in SJL.

A surbase (ser base) is “a border or moulding immediately above the base or lower panelling of a wainscoted room” (OED).

To Duncan Forbes Robertson Monto Dec. 11.1

I am certainly much2 indebted to you for the kind partialities expressed in your lre of Nov. 12. I am conscious indeed of having ever rendered with fidelity to our common country every service within the reach of my faculties: but thousands and thousands have done the same among whom I claim no distinction. as however you express a desire to possess some memento of myself particularly, I take the liberty of offering you a miniature likeness of which I ask your acceptance. it will be a token of more meaning than a simple lock of hair whitened with the frost’s of 79. winters. with it be pleased to accept the assurance of my great regard. Dft (ViW: TC-JP); on address leaf of Robertson to TJ, 12 Nov. 1821; partially dated. Recorded in SJL as a letter of 11 Dec. 1821.

For the enclosed miniature likeness, see note to TJ to Hiram Haines, 8 Dec. 1821. 1 2

Reworked from “10.” Word interlined in place of “greatly.”

From Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) My dear Grandpapa Washington Dec. 12th 1821 After a great many inquiries I have at length discovered two copies of Cardelli’s busts of Mr Madison and Mr Monroe which I think I shall be able to obtain for you, as the lady in whose possession they are, seems not averse to the idea of parting with them—upon a second examination I am by no means so well pleased with these busts, as when I saw them at Montpellier; I think now that they are both caricature likenesses, but if you wish it I can obtain them for you, I believe, for ten dollars each—the bust which Cardelli took of you, might also be had for the same price, but this, I think is decidedly  36 

12 DECEMBER 1821

bad and unlike the original which we saw at Monticello under the hands of the artist— The city has been uncommonly dull since my arrival, there have been but few private parties, and there are no places of public amusement— Mrs Monroe’s unsociable temper closes the President’s House against females except on the drawing-room nights, and these will not commence this year, until after the first of January.—Mrs Adams does not seem popular here, I imagine in consequence of her insisting upon receiving the first visit. M. & Mde de Neuville are universal favorites, indeed I am told that no foreigners have ever been as generally beloved, they entertain a great deal of company, and their parties are considered the most pleasant that are given in the city—they have a numerous train of attendants, no less than eight young men attached in some way to the mission, and going by the general name of “attachès.” french is becoming almost as much a language of society as english, the foreign ministers and their attendants all speak it; the senators & representatives of Louisiana, some of them amongst the most fashionable people here, make use of the two languages indifferently, it is really becoming entirely necessary to understand and speak them both.—In Congress they are as yet, I believe, employed in making preparations for what is to come, organizing committees, receiving petitions &c; it is thought that it will be late in the Session before the debates become at all interesting—Gen. Jackson’s affair whenever that is brought upon the carpet will probably excite some commotion; I heard a young member say in a jesting way, “we intend to make a Warren Hastings business of it.” I am sure I do not know where they would find a Sheridan; I fear we shall have a great many talkers and few reasoners, according to custom. the re-election of Mr Pinkney to the Senate gives an Orator there, but in the lower house I do not know what distinguished men they have except Mr Lowndes. South Carolina sends a youth of high promise, a Mr McDuffee, but he is quite young, not more than six or seven and twenty, and untried, with the disadvantage of having been announced. It was Mde Geoffrin— who said the whole world might be divided into “trompeurs, trompès, & trompettes” the friends of Mr McDuffee have been literally the third, they may find themselves the second in their own persons, and the first as far as regards others.—the election of a Chaplain for the house of representatives, has made some noise, and the preference given to a Unitarian, Mr Sparks of Baltimore, (whom you will recollect the author of an able work in explanation of the Unitarian principles) will be a “stumbling block and rock of offence” for all the worshippers of the three Gods, by whatever names they may chuse to call  37 

12 DECEMBER 1821

themselves—the progress of Unitarianism is too evident to be disavowed; I have met with several persons openly professing themselves of that sect, and it’s concealed strength cannot be estimated except by the circumstance of a church which we see rising boldly from the ground, bearing the name of Unitarian, and which I have little doubt will be well filled, as soon as it is in a situation to receive those who will flock to it’s banners.— Adieu my dear Grandpapa, I will wait to hear from you before I conclude the bargain for the busts, I believe I can have them whenever I please, and as I am the only applicant, there is no danger of their being appropriated by another. Aunt Randolph desires me to offer her respects to you, and I hope you need no assurance of the entire and devoted attachment of your most affectionate grand daughter. Ellen W. Randolph— RC (Edward Churchill, Haddonfield, N.J., 1991); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with later notation at foot of text by Randolph (Coolidge)’s daughter Ellen Randolph Coolidge Dwight: “Given to me at Edgehill E.R.D.” After he resigned as governor of Florida in 1821, members of Congress attempted to bring Andrew Jackson upon the carpet by investigating his actions in that position. The executive branch agreed to print documents relating to “transactions in the Floridas under Governor Jackson,” and Congress tabled the matter (JHR, 15:42–3, 108–9, 296–7 [11 Dec. 1821, 2 Jan., 28 Feb. 1822]; Annals, 17th Cong., 1st sess., 2295–570; ASP, Miscellaneous, 2:799–913). warren hastings faced impeachment in 1787 for his conduct as British governor-general of Bengal. Although Richard Brinsley sheridan spoke against him at great length in Westminster Hall, in 1795 Parliament acquitted Hastings (ODNB). George McDuffie (mcduffee) was thirty-one years old when he entered the United States House of Representatives in 1821 (ANB). The aphorism by which Marie Thérèse Rodet geoffrin divided the world into trompeurs, trompès, &  trompettes (literally, “liars, dupes, and trumpets” [noisemakers]; figuratively, “those who lead, those who are led, and those who only make noise” [Dictionnaire de l’Académie Françoise, 5th ed. (Paris,

1798), 2:698]) has also been attributed to the marquise du Deffand (Pierre Marc Gaston de Lévis, Souvenirs et Portraits. 1780–1789 [Paris, 1813], 53). Variations of the biblical allusion to a stumbling block and rock of offence are found in Isaiah 8.14, Romans 9.33, and 1 Peter 2.8. Randolph (Coolidge) reported from Washington in a 13 Jan. 1822 letter to her mother, Martha Jefferson Randolph, that she had “been to a good many parties lately and received my full share of attention . . . you should hear the fulsome compliments poured into my ears by Charles Fenton Mercer, see Harrison G. Otis bow until his toupee brushes the floor, and old Rufus King bending to the ground to tye my shoe string, whilst my cousin John [i.e., John Randolph] asserts in a loud voice the claims which country name and blood give him to a portion not only of my attention, but to being considered in the light of a friend, and called upon whenever I require any service that he can render—in the midst of all this flattery & attention, vain weak woman as I am, I acknowledge the potent effects of the nostrum, and press the intoxicating cup to lips as hot & thirsty, as if I had not been educated for better things, as if this high enjoyment of a vain & frivolous & idle & extravagant mode of life, was not unworthy of the grand daughter & pupil of the wise & great Jefferson, of your daughter, my dearest mother” (RC in ViU: Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge Correspondence).

 38 

From Henry A. S. Dearborn Much respected Sir, Custom House Boston Dec. 12. 1821.— I enclose the invoice & letter of Messrs Dodge & Oxnard, & on the other side, is a memorandum of the expenses which I have paid here. The articles will go to Richmond,1 in the Brig Richmond, Snow master, which sails next sunday. The medal I will also send, in a letter, to Capt Peyton, by the same vessel. With the highest respect I have the honor to be Sir, Your most obt. St. H, A, S, Dearborn RC (DLC); written on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on p. 1, enclosed account on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello state of Virgina”; franked; postmarked Boston, 13 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Joshua Dodge to TJ, 24 Sept. 1821. Other enclosure printed below. Dearborn likely also enclosed here a signed receipt from George Campbell dated Boston, 4 Dec. 1821, indicating that

Dearborn had paid Campbell $32.55 for freight on “25 boxes measuring 93 feet from Marseilles in Brig Packet @ 14– pr. ton” plus 10 percent for primage, totaling $35.81 (MS in DLC; in Campbell’s hand, with amount of primage filled in by Dearborn; related calculations in an unidentified hand adjacent to signature; endorsed in an unidentified hand: “G. Campbell $35.81 T. Jefferson wine Decer 4, 1821 a⁄c H,A,S,D”). 1 Manuscript:

“Richchond.”

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Henry A. S. Dearborn Memo

of sundry expences accrueing on the importation of certain goods, by Thos Jefferson in the Brig Packet recently from Marseilles; paid by H.A.S. Dearborn, Boston.— 1821 Decr 4— Amt Freight paid Geo: Campbell per his a⁄c 35.81 " Duties on Olive oil &c. ad val 5.10 " Ditto on Wine 119 galls @ 30¢´´´ 35.70 " Do " Bottles 162 @ 1¢ 1.62 $.78.23 District of Boston & Charlestown December 12th 1821— Recd Payment H, A, S, Dearbo[rn] MS (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed (torn) by Dearborn; originally conjoined with covering letter.

 39 

To Levett Harris Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 12. 21. I have to return you thanks for mr Adelung’s view of the languages of the earth, and to pray you to make them acceptable to him also for this mark of his attention. it is a work of vast learning and unparalleled application. it seems to present a Summary of the great Vocabulary of which I had a copy thro’ your agency & kindness. I am sorry we lost the pleasure of your visit at the time you had first proposed, but we find comfort in the French adage that §tout ce qui est differé n’est pas perdu.’ no visit will be welcomer when convenient to yourself to make it. I am afraid our quondam favorite Alexander has swerved from the true faith. his becoming an accomplic[e in] the soi-disant holy alliance, the anti-national principles he has separately avowed, and his becoming the very leader of a combination to chain mankind down eternally to the oppressions of the most barbarous ages, are clouds on his character not easily to be cleared away. but these are problems for younger heads than mine. you will see their solution and tell me of it in another world. I salute you with great friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Josiah Meigs to TJ, 26 July 1820; mutilated at seal; at foot of text: “Levitt Harris esq”; endorsed by TJ.

tout ce qui est differé n’est pas perdu: “not all that is postponed is lost.”

Transactions with James Leitch [Leitch Daybook, p. 341, 12 Dec. 1821:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order ½ doz Cut Glass Tumblers 1" "Wine Glasses 45lbs Bar Iron

$4½ $4½ 6d

[p. 342, 15 Dec. 1821:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Self 9. 4 Paint Blankets 17/3 11. large Striped Blankets 16/6 1. Bolt. Say 144 yds German Oznaburgs @ 23cts 2 "   Say 299  " "" @ 25cts  40 

2 25 4 50 3 75

25 30 33 74

88 25 12 75

10.50

12 DECEMBER 1821 lbs

8 Oznaburg thread 4 Papers Needles 1s /6. 41lbs Iron 6 Liverpool China Covered dishes

7/6 6d s 12 /–

10 4 42 12 190.42

[p. 343, 17 Dec. 1821:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Burrel 1 Large L China Pitcher 2 Small "   do." 4 “s Shot 1/ 1 “ D. Gun powder – Order

5/3

1 55

[p. 344, 20 Dec. 1821:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 2 Gallons whiskey

Æ Order E. Bacon

4/6

1.50

[p. 348, 31 Dec. 1821:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 2lb 8d Wt nails

Æ E. Bacon

1/1½

38

[p. 348, 2 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 213lb Iron

Æ Order

6d

17.75

[p. 349, 4 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1m 2 Inch Sprigs1

Æ Boy

7/6 4/6

Æ E. Bacon

[p. 353, 14 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 22lb German Steel 1/6. 75“ Iron 6d  41 

1/6

2.75

1.25

7/6

[p. 350, 7 Jan. 1822:] . . 50. 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash Paid carriage for 2380lb from Richmond at 4/6 ditto paid Edmund Meeks2 – Order [p. 352, 11 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 5¼lb German Steel

1 25 1 50

17 85 20

1.31

11.75

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 355, 17 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order3 3¼ Gallon whiskey 4/6. 2 Gallons F. Brandy 16/6 [p. 356, 22 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 13lb 10d Cutt nails

Æ order E.B.

7.94

1/–

2.17

[p. 356, 22 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ order 1 Box raisins 36/– 2lb Glue

2/6

6.84

[p. 358, 28 Jan. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 8lb 10d Cutt nails

1/–

1.34

Æ Order

[p. 362, 6 Feb. 1822:] . . 76. 50. Cash Dr to Thomas Jefferson Received of him [p. 363, 8 Feb. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 11 yds Blue forest Cloth 3 "Brown holland 2/6. 2 Slips thread 2 doz Gilt Buttons 3/– 2 doz horn do 1 Large Patent Pad lock 10lb Candles [p. 364, 11 Feb. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Wire Sifter

Æ Order

[p. 367, 16 Feb. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 3 yds fine Grey Cassimere 2  "  Brown holland 4 hanks Silk 6d. 1 Stick Twist 1 Almanac Æ Self  42 

38

7/6 1/6 9d 7/6 1/6

13 75 1 1 1 2

75 25 25 50

6/–

24/– 3/– 6d 9d

20.50

1.

12 1

42 13

13.55

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 370, 23 Feb. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Box Candles 37lbs 1"for do

Æ Order Some time since @ 1/6 1/6

[p. 372, 28 Feb. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Self 2½ yd Mixd Blue Cassimere 24/– 1 yd Brown Holld 3/6. 3 hanks Silk 6d. 3 do thread 3cts [p. 374, 4 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Burrell 3½ yds fine Irish linen [p. 377, 6 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 30lb 5 10d Cut nails 1/– 2lb 6d do do [p. 379, 13 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 21lb Plough Plates

At Reqt E Bacon

[p. 380, 14 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Burrell 1 Vest Patern 12/– 2 yds Domestic 1 hank Silk 6d. thread 4½ [p. 382, 18 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 12 “s Barr Lead 1 paper ⅝ Inch Sprigs

 43 

10

9.50

4

93

10.93

3/9

2.19

1/1½

5.38

6d

1.75

1/6

2 50 15

1/. 2/6

2

[p. 383, 21 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash paid Carriage on Box from Richmond [p. 383, 22 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 6 yds Domestic Cloth

9 25 25

42

2.65

2.42

.38

1/6

1.50

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 383, 22 Mar. 1822:] . . 51. 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash Lent him [p. 384, 25 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Burrel 4 yds Mixed Cassimere 4 Skeins Silk 6d 1 Stick twist 6 " Thread 3cts 2 Skeins Silk 3 yds Brown Holland 1½ doz Gilt Buttons 3/. 4 yds Olive Manchester Cord [p. 385, 25 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 6 Bottles Mustard 1/6 30 “s Cheese [p. 385, 28 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 200 “s Barr Iron 6d 15 "   English Blistard Steel 1 Keg English white Lead [p. 386, 28 Mar. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 12 “s 8d Cutt Nails

Æ Order

50

12/. 6d 6d 3/6 6/.

at Request of Joseph

[p. 388, 2 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 3 doz 2 Inch Screws

Æ T. Pickering

 44 

42 35 1 75 75 4

1/.

1/. 36/.

15 27

6 50

16 67 2 50 6

1/.

[p. 386, 1 Apr. 1822:] . . 51. 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash paid E Bacon – Order [p. 387, 1 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 31 “s Barr Iron

8

25.17

2

21

6d

2 58

1/6

.75

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 389, 2 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 6 Liverpool China Chamber Pots

6/.

[p. 390, 4 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Sundries Cash paid in part your order to T. Pickering . 196. Thomas Pickering for Bal of your order [p. 390, 5 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Patent Pad Lock

Æ E. Bacon

6

10 12 22

6/.

[p. 391, 6 Apr. 1822:] . . 51. 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash Paid him

1

10

[p. 392, 10 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 12 “s 8d Cutt nails 5 "  Green Coffee 2/6 32 “s Iron

1/ 6d

[p. 393, 15 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 45 “s Barr Iron

6d

3.75

1/.

2.84

Æ Order

[p. 394, 15 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 17 “s 10d Nails (Cutt) [p. 394, 16 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Mrs R 2 yds Course Red flannel 1"  6/4 fine Cambric 1½ "  4/4 Domestic Cloth 1 Large Liverpool China Soup Turean

 45 

3/. 5/3 2/. 27/.

2 4 75

6 75

1

88 50 4 50

6.88

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 394, 16 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 2 Stock Locks

Æ Self

6/.

[p. 394, 16 Apr. 1822:] . . 76. 51. Cash Dr. to Thomas Jefferson Received of him in draft on B. Peyton

120

[p. 395, 16 Apr. 1822:] . . 51. 76. Thomas Jefferson Dr to Cash Paid him [p. 397, 23 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 2 “s 8d Cutt nails

Æ E. Bacon

2

17

1/.

34

4/6

2.25

[p. 400, 2 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 17 “s 10d Cutt nails

1/.

2 84.

[p. 401, 3 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 25 “s Brown Sugar

1/.

4.17

[p. 399, 28 Apr. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Mr Gorman 3 “s Duponts Gunpowder

Æ Order

[p. 401, 4 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Self 2 yds Canton Crape 6/. 2 doz Pearl Buttons 3/. 4 Oz. Thread No 24. 2/3 1 “ Gunpowder – Mr J. Gorman 4/6 Merchandise furnished J. Hemings – Order

 46 

2 1 1 50 75. 12

17.25

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 402, 6 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Self 1 Pat Buff Marsails Vesting 2 yds fine Steam Loom Shirting 2 hanks Silk 6d2 hanks Thread 3 yds Ticking 4/6. 3 yds Dark Calico

7/6 3/. 3cts 2/6

[p. 404, 7 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ John Gorman 2 “s Duponts Gun powder

4/6

1.50

1/1½

1.42

[p. 404, 7 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Mr Bacon 4 “s 8d Cutt Nails 1/. 4 “s 8d Wt Nails [p. 405, 8 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Mrs R. ½ Ps Black Canton Crape 1 Pr Beaver Gloves 3/9. 2 Skeins Silk [p. 411, 20 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Pr Sheep Shears

Æ Order E Bacon

[p. 413, 28 May 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Sack Salt

At Reqst of E Bacon

[p. 415, 3 June 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Parasol

Æ Self

$16 6d

1 25. 1 23 3 50

8

80

5.98

8.80

3/.

50

$6

6

$3

3

[p. 419, 8 June 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 10 “s 12d Cutt Nails

1/.

1.67

[p. 421, 14 June 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 1 Plain Iron 2/3 2 Skeins Silk

6d

54

 47 

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 426, 27 June 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 132 “s assorted Iron

6d

[p. 426, 27 June 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 28 Large Wool Hats 12 Boys""

7/– 6/–

32 67 12 00

[p. 429, 1 July 1822:] .101. .76. Thomas Jefferson To A. McKee For 1 Wool Hat

7/6

1 25

[p. 429, 2 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 4. Mens Wool Hats 14½ yds Blue Cotton Cassimere 4 yds 4/4 Domestic – Mrs Randolph 2 Slips Black Thread 4 doz Black Buttons

7/– 2/6 30cts 1/. 9d

4 67 6 05 1 20 34 50

12.76

[p. 431, 3 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Self 70 yds Oznaburgs 3 doz Buttons 9d 1 Pad Lock

23cts 1/6

16 10 63

16.73

[p. 431, 4 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 1 “. Oznaburg Thread

7/6

[p. 431, 4 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 1 Cast Steel Handsaw 3 Pad Locks

13/6 1/6

[p. 433, 10 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 27 yds Dowlass

2/3.

Æ Order

 48 

11

44.67

1.25

2 25 75

3

10.13

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 433, 10 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Phial Rheubarb 2 Ozs Magnesia

Æ Order

[p. 435, 13 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 1 doz Brass Top Gimblets 1 Patent Pad Lock. [p. 435, 13 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 1 Wool. Hat.

Æ Order

[p. 435, 15 July 1822:] . . 110. 76. Thomas Jefferson To John Pollock For 24 “s Leather – Mr E. Bacon

1/6 1/.

25 34

59.

6/. 7/6

1 1 25

2.25.

6/.

2/.

[p. 439, 27 July 1822:] . . 188. 76. Thomas Jefferson To Bramham & Bibb For 1 Plain Iron. – Order Some time Since [p. 439, 27 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 6 English Spades

Æ Order

[p. 440, 29 July 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Mrs Randolph 30 yds Checked Domestic 11 “s English Blistard Steel – Order

 49 

8

1 88

8/3.

25cts 1/.

[p. 443, 31 July 1822:] 76 Thomas Jefferson for Int on his acct [p. 452, 10 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 2 doz Liverpool China Dinner plates 1. Oz Nutmegs 2 Bottles Mustard

1

8.25

7 50 1 84

9.34

54 50

12/. 3/–. 1/6

4

50 50

5

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 455, 15 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 50 lbs. 10d Cutt Nails 20  "20d " do [p. 455, 16 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 15 yds Oznaburgs 1 lb Lampblack 1 Pr, Shoe brushes

Æ Order of E. Bacon

1/. 14cts

8 34 2 80

11.14

1/6 1/6 4/6

3 75 25 75

4.75

3/–. 2/6.

34 92

1.26

3/– 12/–. 30cts

9 10 8 32

27.32

1/–. 14cts

5 84 2 80

8.64

Æ Order

[p. 457, 19 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ Jno Gorman ½ “ Allum 1/. ½ “ Salt petre ½ " Brimstone 1/. 2  " Bees Wax. [p. 459, 23 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ. Mrs R 18 yds long Cloth 5  "  Damask Table Cloth 27¾ "  Domestic Cloth [p. 460, 27 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson 35 “s 10d Cutt Nails 20 "  20d "  "

Æ Order of E. Bacon

[p. 462, 31 Aug. 1822:] . 76. Thomas Jefferson Æ E. Bacon 1 Cast Steel Hand Saw. [p. 464, 3 Sept. 1822:] . 77. Thomas Jefferson Æ E. Bacon 4 Handsaw files 1/. 2 Cross Cut Saw do 2/–

 50 

12/.

2

1.34

12 DECEMBER 1821

[p. 464, 4 Sept. 1822:] . 77. Thomas Jefferson Æ Mrs Randolph 28¾ yds Waltham Shirting 6/4. 9 " 4/4 Chintz 29¾ " Power Loom Shirting 2 pr Mens Shoes ea

40cts 3/6. 2/9. 15/.

[p. 467, 12 Sept. 1822:] . 77. Thomas Jefferson Æ Order 500 “s Barr Iron 6d t 4 flat files (at Reqs Some time Since) 3/9. 2. ½ Round C.S. files" ea 3/. 4/6 & 5/3. The Leitch Daybook in ViU, Leitch’s bookkeeping methods and frequently used abbreviations, and the methods by which the Editors present the above extracts detailing entries involving TJ are described above at 6 Mar. 1820 in an editorial note on Extracts from James Leitch’s Daybook.

11 50 5 25 13 686 5

35.43

41 67 2 50 4 25

48.42

est cloth is a woolen fabric (OED). joseph: Joseph Fossett. dowlass (dowlas): “a coarse kind of linen, much used in the 16th and 17th centuries” (OED). c.s. files: probably cast steel files. 1 Manuscript:

“Spigs.” “Weeks.” 3 Manuscript: “Ærder.” 4 Line interlined. 5 Manuscript: “30 l.” 6 The correct figure is 13.64. 2 Manuscript:

burrel (Burrell): Burwell Colbert. d. gun powder: gunpowder from the factory of Eleuthère I. du Pont de Nemours. f. brandy: French brandy. for-

From Jonathan Thompson Custom House New York

Sir, Collectors Office Dec. 12th 1821.— I have rec’d Ær the Ship Imperial from Havre, a letter from Mr Beasley, the U. States Consul there, with a Bill of Lading enclosed for a case of Books, but without Invoice, to ascertain the duties, if you have the same, please forward it to me, if not is it your pleasure they be valued by the Appraisers & forwarded to Richmond Virga, agreeably to your former directions with great respect, am Your Obt Servt— Jonathan Thompson ´Collector RC (MHi); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Thompson; at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson Esq Monticello Va”; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

 51 

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Rich’d 13 Decr 1821 I hand herewith Sales your last parcel 60 Blls: Flour at $5¾, which has been the standard for some time, & the article quite languid in every market, here it seems to be gradually sinking— I recd yours to=day covering notes for the renewal of yours at the several Banks, and will take an early occasion to forward more blanks as you request— Your dft: favor Wolf & Raphael was presented and paid, for $75, before rect of yours, & I have to apologise for not rendering your a⁄c to 31 Octr as you have wished, I have really been so much occupied in court, & with other things recently, that it has not been in my power, these engagements are however now off hand, & you may expect your a⁄ to 1 Jany next, & more punctuality hereafter—the balance now c against you is $507.´´´The case of Preston is at length over, & considering all things, we have come off pretty well—we have ample indemnity for the sum found by the Jury (pr the Enquirer of to=day) we hope, & mean to ask the Legislature to allow Jno Preston’s property to be sold on a credit to render it the more certain— Your assured friend B. Peyton P.S. You gave a dft: for $100 to Miss Ellen Randolph last spring, which she then drew only $30 on & the other day ordered the other $70 remitted to Washington to her, which I did B.P. RC (MHi); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with enclosure on p. 2, letter on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 13 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 16 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL.

On 11 Dec. 1821 a General Court jury found the sureties of former state treasurer John Preston to be liable for $87,587.38. Preston had already conveyed property with an estimated value of $197,000 to serve as indemnification, which Peyton and the other sureties hoped to sell (Richmond Enquirer, 13 Dec. 1821).

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Flour Sales Sales 44 Blls: super & 16 Fine Flour by B. Peyton 1821 Rich’d for a⁄c Thomas Jefferson Esqr Decr 12th To Wm Rowlett for cash in store 44 Blls: super fine Flour at $5.75 $253.00 16 do´Fine—´  do—´" 5.37½ 86.00 ´´ $339.00

 52 

13 DECEMBER 1821 Charges ´Cash paid fght: on the above at 2/6 $25.00 ´Canal Toll do´´do " 7½d 6.25 ´Inspection do´´do " 2¢ 1.20 ´Drayage do´10 Loads " 9d 1.25 ´Storage do´´do " 8¢ 4.80 ´Comission at 2½ per ct ´´is 8.48 $ 46.98 Nett proceeds´ $292.02 E.E.´

MS (MHi); entirely in Cesario Bias’s hand; conjoined with covering letter.

B. Peyton By C. Bias

e.e.: “Errors Excepted.”

From Archibald Thweatt Dear Sir Eppington 13 Decr 1821 I hope the motive, which induces me, to break in upon your valuable time, will afford some apology. Without asking permission of Judge R. I take the liberty of inclosing this letter to you.´´´This illustrious patriot knows the whole ground.—notice his efforts—his mighty efforts: he says “his name will settle the controversy.” My obscurity—my humility—forbid me to ask or expect a communication from you, on the interesting subjects of the inclosed letter: but perhaps I may be excused for my solicitude in joining in this solemn appeal for that “name” which has heretofore saved, and is now invoked to save “our beloved confederacy.”— Behold what a combat a venerable sage is now engaged in, and single handed. Your co-operation from the highest authority “will settle the controversy.” affectionately and devotedly yrs &c Archibald Thweatt No time to lose. my address—Wilkinsonville post office RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Powhatan B. Tindall, 20 Apr. 1824,

on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq: Montecello Milton Va”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Petersburg, 17 Dec.

 53 

e n c l o s u r e

Spencer Roane to Archibald Thweatt Dear sir Richmond 11th Decr 1821 Last night I duly received your favour of yesterday. I had before received the pamphlets and distributed them all except that for Colo Taylor, which will be sent on today. They were well received: and as soon as my business will admit I will give mine another reading—I had also received the subscription paper you sent me; which (feeling myself delicately Situated in regard to it) I put into the Hands of Mr Nicholas, who lodged it with Ritchie. There I expect it will Sleep. Ritchie & Gooch have not liberality & public spirit Enough to Engage in the publication of books or pamphlets, unless they conduce to their immediate Emolument. The Governor’s patriotic message on the subject of the supreme Court has been very well received by the republicans here, in Consequence of the public mind having been somewhat prepared on the subject. But such is the apathy of the times, and the Dearth of talents in the legislature that I doubt whether any thing will be done by that body. Certainly not, I expect, unless they should be aided by some of our veteran Statesmen. I Shall write to Colo Taylor today and touc[h] on that subject. If you cd do likewise with mr Jefferson (as I cannot take the liberty to do) his name would settle the Controversy.—The career of this high court must be stopped, or the liberties of our Country are annihilated. Colo Taylor has another work in the press at washington. It is Styled “Tyranny unmasked,” and I hope it will do much good. I lost the reading of it, in manuscript, by being at the springs: but I understand it is, perhaps, his chef d’oeuvre, and that the Style is popular and pleasing. This venerable patriot deserves great praise for his intrepid & unceasing Efforts to preserve our beloved Confederacy—The letter you Enclosed, was duly sent. The Gentn to whom it related, was continued in his office on Saturday last. My health is now tolerable; & I thank you for the interest you take in relation to it.´´´With great respect & Esteem, I am yr friend & Servt Spencer Roane in Great Haste RC (DLC); edge trimmed. In his patriotic message of 3 Dec. 1821 to the Virginia House of Delegates on the day its new session opened, Governor Thomas Mann Randolph argued that the ruling of the United States Supreme Court earlier that year in Cohens v. Virginia was “manifestly calculated to impair, most essentially, the sovereign rights retained by the states, and ultimately to change the character of the government from a constitution of limited and defined

powers to one investing unlimited authority.” Randolph proposed amending the United States Constitution so as to confine “both the power claimed, and the jurisdiction asserted, within such well defined limits, as may make the state governments secure against the fatal consequences of a right existing in other tribunals to reverse the decisions of theirs, upon matters of their own internal policy” (JHD [1821–22 sess.], 6–9, quotes on pp. 7, 8; also printed in Richmond Enquirer, 4 Dec. 1821).

 54 

From James Harris and Robert McCulloch Dear Sir Charlottesville 16th Decmr 1821 The undersigned take this method of informing you—that they are informed that the lumber for the central building1 will shortly be contracted for—under this impression they make the following proposition to you as one of the principal directors—to wit—We will furnish lumber for sd. building to the amount of two thousand one hundred dollars at the current prices of the present year allowing us a due proportion in the bill or bills of heart and sap timber with all heart— And will on the whole amount2 deduct every seventh dollar as a donation to the institution & will wait twelve months for payment if the apropriations already made or which may hereafter be made will not justify the payment sooner. you will plase drop us a line in answer to this at the post office—yr obt Servts— James Harris Robt. McCulloch RC (ViU: TJP); in McCulloch’s hand, signed by Harris and McCulloch; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from McCulloch received 20 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with notations by Arthur S. Brockenbrough beneath endorsement (“to furnish plank”) and, on verso of address leaf, a calculation dividing 7 into 2,100 to get $300.

He operated a mill at Millington with his brothers-in-law Robert McCulloch and James McCulloch. At his death in Albemarle, Harris owned personal property valued just under $2,200, including twelve slaves (DNA: RG 15, RWP; Woods, Albemarle, 221–2, 377; Albemarle Co. Will Book, 10:209–10). central building: the University of Virginia’s Rotunda.

James Harris (1766–1830), miller, was a native of Albemarle County, for which he was appointed a magistrate in 1807.

1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“bulding.” “ammount.”

From Edward Postlethwayt Page Most illustrious Father  of American Freedom New York. December 16=1821.— Venerable Sire! (Post office till called for) Your address to Congress in behalf of your University and Science universally, to have duties removed from rare and valueable books, is evidence that you retain a solid judgment & a virtuous heart.—The name of Thomas Jefferson is dear to my affections—Two years ago, when I was as Saul before he became Paul, a conscientious tory—I ridiculed, I reviled the sage of Monticello.—Now, the dew of his wisdom to me is as life to a thirsty land p[a]rched1 up by the horrors of a Babylonick hell.—If God is Love—if he that dwelleth in Love  55 

16 DECEMBER 1821

dwelleth in God and God in him—If Immanuel was the good man that he is represented to have been—what is it will be so horrible at the day of judgment?—Hatred—& hellishness is horrible but I am imagining that Immanuel is entering my door—Welcome—thou Son of God—thou who lovest even thine enemies—has no harm in thee for me—Indeed Mr Jefferson, these ghosts, & hobgobblins are much of a sort with witches and devils—There is no God but God—consequently, no devil god other than ignorance.—As contrasted with God (whose name nearly resembles Good) there is evil, & call it Satan or the reverse is opposite of Light.—Satan then is folly. Pity those who are deprived of reason. All mankind are deranged, and non compus mentis.—Jesus Christ was a type of the afflicted and conflicting human family—what they will eventually be in their aggregate & politic body, he was. What they were when Adam was the Son of God, he was.— But he was a man like unto our selves. God was his mental father— but I deny that he was his corporeal father. The father of his five outward senses or foolish virgins was whom you please—Joseph or any other like our selves.—But the father of his understanding—who was a fire a fountain of light—lit his understanding2 with a gaseous and celestial fluid of 7 attributes—the 7 colours in the rainbow signify them & the bow denotes the rotundity of the head the seat of understanding.3 The water on which the bow seems to rest are the two pillars—Light and Love.—You are too high a mason not to discern this analogy. I, who never was one, think I hear you say—As the chain to Aaron’s incense-pot was connected with the handles & the links with each other—so by exchanging the selfish for the social principle must we all assimilate that the electric fluid of Jehovah’s Love may pervade the whole—Or as many sticks make one large fire so must each of us, having our 54 wise virgin lamps lit by the 7 of God, be one chandelier or fire, originating from the communicable yet never decreasing fountain of Love, but rather augmenting it or making it at least the more manifest.—Now sir, it is a truth no longer to be concealed that the 12 jewels in Aaron’s breast-plate represented our 5 intellectual or spiritual senses or agency mental hand, & the 7 spirits or eyes of the Great Spirit!—The two golden responses in the breast-plate are the true oracle.—Wisdom (or Light) and Love.5 Every man has them as well as Aaron—but they are internal, & Aaron’s was external—Christ came among us to make them manifest, not outwardly, but inwardly—for ’twas a sad case when man had so far degenerated as not to discern that God was in him, & that in him we live, move & have our being—One would also suppose that there could be no mistaking of John’s first chapter (Note Mathew, Mark,  56 

16 DECEMBER 1821

Luke, John are 4 cardinal Masonic compass points) The word is lost. What is that word? All nature duly labelled and rightly put together and discriminated is that word & makes the true Temple—Sir, I persuade myself, & say prophetically that the schools for deaf and dumb persons (like Baalim’s ass) shall speak the antient Egyptian hieraglyphic & symbolic voice, & teach our teachers. This is always God’s way of working. He will bring to naught the things that are. Moses was an Egyptian wrote the 5 books6 old Testament after the science of correspondincees—And, N.B Jesus Christ was crucified in Egypt says John—Observe—he was killed at Jerusalem or the city of peace by the war spirit—then in Sodom, or the distorted, polluted aristocratical masonry of the Popish whore & her harlot protestant children under the gag law of the oath system—And in Egypt where the shadow has been taken for the substance the letter for the spirit.—Sir, the Illuminati & the Carbonari are with all their wild fire the lights of the world—I say this—and yet I verily believe the Scriptures—but not in three Gods—nor in any hell but the absence of love divine.— I am indefatigable in spreading my principles—I went to Albany & gave 200 copies of my Magic harmonies to the members of the convention and others— I have 2000 printed—at 120 dollars loss—I give all to God—I am the same as sworn never to give up the ship.—England said Nelson expects every man to do his duty—Kings shall die, Republicks shall live.—The decree has gone forth from heaven that all the world shall be saved.—Now Sir, it has possitively been communicated to my spirit by that Great sublime, supernal, immaculate Spirit of all the Spirits, that when Immanuel (God with us) comes in clouds descending, Civil and religious freedom, the entire abolition of slavery throughout the world—the total death of all kingly and aristocratic power— and consequently universal peace and knowledge will be his second advent.—Then the money that now supports armies, navies and devil rulers will be applied to the relief of the widows and the fatherless, infirm, aged & unfortunate brothers and sisters of the great human family.—Sir equal representation all over7 the globe will gradually bring us all this good—& that as they are qualified to understand it— for it is continually qualifying them.—Sir, the thieves lie when they say the people cannot govern themselves.—I have made many important discoveries since I published my magic harmonies—but I can give no more to the public—I cannot afford it in print—they would not sell—people do not understand me—besides, it is a conflict with too many crafts—touch their interests and they are so selfish, you touch the apple of their eye.—I apprehend that the great difference between  57 

16 DECEMBER 1821

God and man is—that God regards the universe and identifies the good of all with himself. Man regards his own precious self.8 Christ intreats him to know his own good better than this and to become social.—See then my dear Sir, the inestimable benefit of communities.9 I am in concert with others endeavoring to form a redeeming Commonwealth whose land may be named Social Paradise—and city Peace.—8 doctors, 2 lawyers & several teachers are already of our number—which is between 20 & 30 in New York— In Tammany Hall is a true copy and history of the Grand-Master’s Jewel of Malta—Bless God, it has returned to Egypt & is in the possession of the Pacha—On the French invading the Island it was thrown into the sea indignantly by the Master—Fishermen found it in their nets (note, J. Christ10 called fishermen) A representation of Davids 5 smooth pebbles in Jewels (or inward senses) is between 5 compasses—The token of 15 fellow crafts (as many as letters in your name) is on it—The cross stands in a crescent!—Three, viz jubila, lo, lum, were killed Note On Christ’s Cross King of the Jews was in Hebrew, Greek, Latin—The old Testament was written in Hebrew, the new in Greek, & Immanuel Swedenborg wrote in Latin.—I think these 3 languages slew Hiram.—What is the word that was made flesh; but the language of God—By language is our God or soul within us—Whence knowledge but by language—& what the mind of man without it? How evidently the trinity becomes 12 !—But I am only trespassing on your time—Perhaps you dislike the subject— Perhaps not Doctor Mitchell tells me I am 60 years in advance11 of the times.—I certainly have operated upon the minds of some shrewd philosophers.12 Tis men of your stamp I wish to communicate to— not that I am unconscious how easily they can detect my superficial knowledge of things—but that they, receiving the hint may improve from their resources what I am inadequate to from my scantiness of education.—I delight in the truth, & like God I love to communicate— Of this I may boast because, I do love him and all the family of beings he has created, for all that comes from him is good—there fore all the world is better than we take it to be.—If matter is the devil, and mind is God, the conflict between mind and matter is necessary because they are opposites.—Matter is desire—Mi[n]d is fruition.—Mind gives matter motion.—Quere, does mind [. . .] from matter? With men it does not—with Christ it did not—and I question whether it ever did with Deity.—Matter itself may be spirit as said Dr Berkeley & spirit may be matter as said Dr Priestley—They are both correct, & mean the same thing.—Affinity seems necessary to love—yet there is affinity in opposites—Nothing is more evident to me tha[n] th[at]  58 

16 DECEMBER 1821

[every?] thing terminates in love,—for uniformly good comes of evil.— How pleasing to your contemplative mind to plunge into the ocean of God’s love, thus “Your wrapt13 soul, anticipating heaven, Bursts through the thraldom of incumbring clay And on the wings of ecstacy upborne Springs into Liberty, and Light, and Life.” Port[eus] One thing more before you leave us to go to that Spirit who gave you a spirit. Petition Congress for a new State to be created in the wilderness on credit, on the principle of an equal distribution of land—& perfect equality all adult men and women having equal voices at elections, & officers chosen annually—the dwelling houses as barracks—the law love one another, do as you would be done by—no lawyers—but the common sense of the body politic—the inhabitants to be the towns poor all over the United States—each town to pay the travelling expences, to be indemnified with interest in due time. & & & St Johns New Jerusalem (if you consult the most ancient Greek Manuscripts) is not 12000 furlongs, but 12 times 12000, the measure of the belt of the earth.—The following is in the shape of a prediction by me—14 When Greece and Sun(1) (1) Sun means Persia the Crescent,(2) robs (2) Turkey The Sun and Moon will (3) Exchange the type Abraham for the Abraham(3) cob. father of all mankind When Carbonari’s lose (4) The beheading of one is the signal one(4) head, for general and simultaneous insurrection Then excommunication’s (5) Pope’s Bulls unavailing dead.(5) So Beast(6) and (6) Popery Prophet(7) fare alike (7) mahomet’s religion. And Whores(8) and kings (8) Popery & her harlots the protestants to death must strike. And now, venerable sire!—Peace be unto you—Do not mistake me the 12 attributes of God and man are not material as we understand of matter, but immaterial & perhaps the diametrically opposite of matter.—I conceive nothing material in Wisdom Love Truth Justice, Goodness &a It is a great thing to know God’s true attributes, for then & then only do we know him—Without his attributes both he and we are non entities I am your friend Edward Postlethwayt Page  59 

16 DECEMBER 1821 ´RC (DLC); damaged at seal; addressed: “A pamphlet for Thos Jefferson Esqre (late) President of the United States Montecello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 17 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 30 Dec. 1821, with his additional notation: “insane,” and so recorded (as a letter of 20 Dec. 1821) in SJL. In the Bible, saul converted to Christianity and became the apostle paul (Acts 9.1–18, 13.9). Jesus told a parable of five foolish virgins who were excluded from a wedding banquet because they did not bring enough lamp oil to last until the bridegroom’s arrival, whereas five wise virgins could attend because they came prepared (Matthew 25.1–13). you are too high a mason: TJ was not, in fact, a Freemason. The 12 jewels in aaron’s breastplate were carved with the names of the twelve tribes of Israel (Exodus 28.17–21). in him we live, move & have our being is taken from Acts 17.28. In the gospels, john’s first chapter opens with “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God” (John 1.1). Balaam’s (baalim’s) ass spoke in protest of being beaten in Numbers, 22.21–38. science of correspondincees: the “Doctrine of Correspondences” is the theory of Emanuel Swedenborg “that every natural object symbolizes or corresponds to some spiritual fact or principle which is, as it were, its archetype or prototype, and that the Scriptures were written in harmony with these correspondences” (OED). In the biblical book of Revelation 11.8, John prophesied that “their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified.” carbonari: members “of a secret society (the Carboneria) formed in the kingdom of Naples in the early 19th cent. during the French occupation under Murat, and having patriotic, republican, and libertarian ideals” (OED). my magic harmonies: Page, Magic Harmonies; exemplifying the Second Advent Dispensation (New York, 1821), a copy of which may have been enclosed with the above letter. Page distributed it

at the New York state constitutional convention of August–November 1821. His oath never to give up the ship recalls the words of the mortally wounded United States naval captain James Lawrence during the defeat of the USS Chesapeake by HMS Shannon in 1813 (ANB). Just before the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, Viscount Horatio nelson signaled his fleet that “England expects every man will do his duty” (ODNB). A hymn by Charles Wesley has a variant of comes in clouds descending (Hymns of Intercession for All Mankind [Bristol, Eng., 1758], 32). In the New-York Evening Post, 8 Feb. 1822, Page advertised his new commonwealth, the “Union Concentric Society of Light,” and printed its constitution, which was “Given at the city of Peace, (though in too much reality, New York).” A drawing of the jewel of malta accompanied by a written description of its conveyance after 1816 from the grand master of the Knights of Malta to the Egyptian pasha (pacha) is in the journal of George Barrell (MS in MiU-C). Jesus called fishermen to follow him and become “fishers of men” (Matthew 4.19; Mark 1.17). In the Bible, David gathered 5 smooth pebbles and used one to kill Goliath with a sling (1 Samuel 17.40–50). In masonic tradition, toward the end of construction of the biblical temple of King Solomon, 15 fellow crafts wished that Hiram would name them master builders and three, Jubela, Jubelo, and Jubelum (jubila, lo, lum), killed him when he refused (Hiram: or the Grand Master-Key To the Door of both Ancient and Modern Free-Masonry [London, 1764], 57–60; 1 Kings 7.13–45). When Jesus was crucified, a sign posted on the cross read king of the jews in hebrew, greek, latin (Luke 23.38; John 19.19–20). The biblical phrase word that was made flesh is in John 1.14. George Berkeley’s philosophy of immaterialism suggested that the corporeal world is only knowable through one’s perceptions, and thus that matter itself may be spirit (ODNB). Joseph Priestley argued that spirit may be matter in his Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit (London, 1777). The lines of Beilby porteus come from his Death: a Poetical

 60 

17 DECEMBER 1821 Essay (Cambridge, Eng., 1759), 20. Jesus gave commands to love one another and do as you would be done by in the Bible (John 13.34, 15.12, and Matthew 7.12, Luke 6.31, respectively). The new jerusalem is described as a holy city descending from heaven and measuring 12000 furlongs in Revelation 21.2, 16. cob: “to strike” (OED). 1 Word

faint. Manuscript: “understanging.” Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 4 Number interlined. 5 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 6 Manuscript: “boks,” with this and preceding number interlined. 2 3

7 Preceding two words interlined in place of “in any part of.” 8 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 9 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 10 Page here canceled “found.” 11 Preceding two words interlined in place of “ahead,” mistakenly left uncanceled. 12 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 13 Superfluous opening quotation mark preceding this word editorially omitted. 14 Remainder on address leaf, with notes 1–4 to right and 5–8 to left of the adjacent lines of poetry.

From Frederick W. Hatch Dear Sir Charlottseville Dec 17th 1821— th 1 Yours of the 8 was received in due time, & would have been acknowledg’d before this had I not been at a loss what to say in reply to it.— The Note enclos’d is accepted with pleasure & with thanks, but I should do myself injustice, not to add, that the disposition which prompted this act & the very friendly regard which it manifests on your part are more gratifying to my feelings than the sum itself, or than any considerable addition to the amount would have been. It has often been, my misfortune, or rather, I should say my lot to receive benefits without2 having it in my power to make suitable returns, but I am not ignorant, “that it is more blessed to give than to receive,” which is some consolation, as in the present instance.—I shall be much gratified however & will esteem it an additional favor, if you will be so good as to inform me what returns the Feudal Seigneur was accustom’d, or, in duty bound to make, for the Aids furnish’d by his vassals at the crisis to which you allude.—’Till this point is ascertain’d I must beg your indulgence for all delinquences on my part.— We expect to occupy that part of our house which is finish’d, on the 1st Jany & would be happy in having the opportunity to pass it under your inspection With sentiments of affecte regard & the best wishes I remain Yours truly F W Hatch  61 

17 DECEMBER 1821 ´RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to William DuVal, 10 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello”; postmarked Charlottesville, 18 Dec.

´Jesus was credited with saying that it is more blessed to give than to receive in the Bible, Acts 20.35. 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“reivd.” “wthout.”

From Arsenne Thiébaut de Berneaud Monsieur et illustre citoyen, Paris, le 17 décembre 1821.1 La société Linnéenne de Paris desirant associer a ses travaux tous les hommes qui par leurs talents et leurs écrits ont ouvert de nouvelles routes aux sciences naturelles, me charge de vous annoncer qu’elle vient d’inscrire votre nom parmi ceux de ses correspondans. je m’acquitte avec plaisir et empressement de cette agréable mission Nous nous flattons tous, Monsieur, et moi plus particulierement encore que vous ne rejetterez point le tribut d’estime et de vénération que chacun de nous se plait à vous payer dans cette circonstance et que vous voudrez nous aider de vos lumières pour atteindre promptement et véritablement le but que nous nous proposons. ce but intéresse tous les amis de l’humanité, puisque nous voulons débarasser la science des épines dont quelques esprits faux ou trop minutieux se plaisent à l’envelopper. Disciples du grand Linné, nous voulons honorer la mémoire des hommes utiles et, comme eux consacrer notre tems et nos connaissances à bien étudier les productions de la nature, et à orner le plus souvent possible, les volumes que nous publions chaque année de vos pensées, de vos recherches; c’est en secondant nos efforts que vous nous amènerez à rendre un hommage éclatant au génie qui dicta des lois aux sciences naturelles, et aidé par Tournefort, débrouilla le Chaos ou les retenaient la pedanterie et l’ignorance. J’aurai L’honneur de vous adresser votre diplôme, dès que vous aurez eu la bonté de m’envoyer vos noms, prénoms, qualités, lieu et date de naissance, et de m’indiquer les moyens de vous lexpédier sans fraix. À cette note ayez la bonté de joindre la liste de vos différens ouvrages. Je m’estime heureux, Monsieur, de l’occasion qui m’est donnée pour vous offrir l’hommage de mes sentimens et la nouvelle assurance de mon respect, de mon admiration et de mon parfait dévouement Thiébaut de Berneaud  62 

17 DECEMBER 1821 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir and illustrious citizen, Paris, 17 December 1821. The Société Linnéenne de Paris, desiring to associate in its endeavors all men who through their talents and writings have opened new avenues to the natural sciences, directs me to announce to you that it has just inscribed your name among its corresponding members. I fulfill this agreeable mission with pleasure and enthusiasm We all, and myself more particularly, flatter ourselves, Sir, that you will not reject the tribute of esteem and veneration that each of us is pleased to pay to you on this occasion, and that you will help us, through your insights, to attain promptly and truly the objective we are proposing for ourselves. This goal interests every friend of humanity, as we want to rid science of the thorns with which false or overly meticulous minds enjoy shrouding it. As disciples of the great Linnaeus, we wish to honor the memory of useful men and, like them, devote our time and knowledge to studying nature’s creations thoroughly and adorning, as often as possible, the volumes we publish each year with your thoughts and investigations. By seconding our efforts you will enable us to pay a resounding tribute to the genius who dictated laws to the natural sciences and, aided by Tournefort, untangled the chaos in which pedantry and ignorance had kept them. I will have the honor of sending you your diploma as soon as you will be so kind as to submit to me your first and last names, qualifications, place and date of birth, and how I may send it to you free of charge. To this note, be so kind as to attach the list of your various publications. I am happy, Sir, to be given the opportunity to offer you the tribute of my respects and the renewed assurance of my consideration, admiration, and complete devotion Thiébaut de Berneaud RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); on printed letterhead of the Société Linnéenne de Paris; with partially printed dateline and internal address beneath that (printed text indicated by boldface): “Le Secrétaireperpétuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris A M. Jefferson”; printed note on left at head of text: “Vous êtes invité d’affranchir vos lettres et paquets, et de les adresser rue des Saints-Pères, no 46” (“You are invited to frank your letters and packages and address them to the Rue des Saints-Pères, no. 46”); addressed: “A Monsieur Monsieur Jefferson, ancien Président des Etats Unis d’Amérique à Monticello Virginie”; endorsed by TJ as received 28 Mar. 1822 and so recorded (with additional parenthetical notation: “Linnn soc.”) in SJL. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosed in David Bailie Warden to TJ, 20 Jan. 1822. Arsenne Thiébaut de Berneaud (1777– 1850), naturalist and librarian, was born

in Sedan, France. In 1792 he completed his education and joined a French regiment of hussars, rising to the rank of captain. After leaving the military Thiébaut de Berneaud was employed by the departments of Vosges and Meurthe, and then in the interior ministry. By age twenty some of his writings had been published, and in 1802 the French republic printed his Exposition du Tableau Philosophique des Connaissances Humaines. Thiébaut de Berneaud left France because of his republican politics and spent a few years traveling in Italy and Greece. He returned to his native land in 1808 and was afterward employed at the Mazarin Library in Paris, where he was promoted to assistant librarian in 1813, librarian by 1847, and assistant curator in 1849. Thiébaut de Berneaud published extensively on such topics as botany and agriculture, edited the Bibliothèque physico-économique, 1817–26, and served as secretary of the Société Linnéenne de Paris from at least 1821 to

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17 DECEMBER 1821 1826. He died in Paris (Hoefer, Nouv. biog. générale, 45:159–61; Biographie universelle, 41:351–2; PTJ, 39:39–46; Alfred Franklin, Histoire de la Bibliothèque Mazarine et du Palais de l’Institut [1901]; Journal des Débats politiques et littéraires, 6 Jan. 1850). Also among TJ’s papers in MoSHi: TJC-BC, and likely enclosed here, is an undated broadside by the Société Linnéenne de Paris announcing a prize of 300 francs to be awarded 28 Dec. 1823 to the author of the best original research paper

on the movement of sap in plants, stipulating that manuscripts, which will not be returned, must be sent to Thiébaut de Berneaud in Paris before 1 Apr. 1823. The society distributed the announcement, also printed in Société Linnéenne de Paris, Memoirs 1 (1822): 65–6, at its meeting on 28 Dec. 1821 (p. 4). 1 Partial dateline printed on letterhead, with final three words in Thiébaut de Berneaud’s hand.

To John Hemmings Th Jefferson to John Hemings Tuesday Dec. 18. 21. Your letter was dated Tuesday the 11th. came in the mail to Charlottesville Saturday night the 15th. I recieved it the next day 16th and it requested the mules to be at Poplar Forest on Monday (yesterday) the 17th which was impossible. it moreover rained all day yesterday and last night. the boys set off this morning. I desired Jefferson to tell you to make out a bill of scantling for exactly such another barn as that at Poplar Forest that the stuff might be carried immediately to Capt Martin’s to be sawed. the Carpenters will go up in the spring to build it. Lilburne has a hurt on his leg which will disable him from walking back. Eston must drive the cart therefore and Lilburne stay and come in the waggon. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of George Alexander Otis to TJ, 15 July 1820; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ.

jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

From William James Macneven sir New York 18th Decemr 1821. I have the honour of forwarding to you a copy of a very good chemical work, which I flatter myself I have improved, and of a very Useful chemical table of my own. They may perhaps be worthy of a place in your library, yet I can Scarcely deem them of Sufficient importance to occupy your attention; but they afford me an opportunity, which I willingly Seize, of testifying my profound veneration for your Character & expressing my heart-felt wishes for your long life & wellfare.  64 

19 DECEMBER 1821

´I remain most respectfully your obedt humle Sert

Wm Js Macneven

RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson”; mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 18 Dec. 1822 received 10 Jan. 1822, but correctly recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Macneven, 12 Jan. 1822, beneath endorsement. Enclosures: (1) William Thomas Brande, A Manual of Chemistry, 1st American ed., with “Notes and Emendations” by Macneven (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 6 [no. 292]). (2) Macneven, A Tabular View of the Modern Nomenclature, and System of Chemistry (New York, 1821). William James Macneven (1763–1841), physician, educator, and Irish patriot, was born in County Galway, Ireland. He began studying medicine in Prague and received a medical degree from the University of Vienna in 1783. The following year Macneven commenced practicing medicine in Dublin. There he also supported Catholic emancipation and in the 1790s became a leader in the United Irish movement, for which he was imprisoned from 1798 until 1802. After his release Macneven took a  walking tour of Switzerland and published A Ramble through Swisserland, in the Summer and Autumn of 1802 (Dublin, 1803). Hoping to participate in an invasion of Ireland, he joined the French army as a captain in the Irish Brigade, but he became disillusioned and moved permanently to New York City in 1805. Macneven published Pieces of Irish History (New York, 1807) and became a leader in the Irish American community.

He also resumed his medical practice and in 1808 was appointed professor of obstetrics and the diseases of women and children at the College of Physicians and Surgeons (later part of Columbia University). In 1811 Macneven transferred to the chemistry professorship, which he held until 1826. He coedited the New-York Medical and Philosophical Journal and Review, 1808–11, was a founding member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York in 1815, wrote an important early work on chemistry entitled Exposition of the Atomic Theory of Chymistry (New York, 1819), and in 1823 became a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1826 Macneven helped found the new Rutgers Medical College in New York, where he was professor of therapeutics and materia medica until the school closed in 1830. Active in Democratic politics, he supported DeWitt Clinton and in 1834 withdrew his endorsement of Andrew Jackson. Macneven retired from his private medical practice in 1839 due to poor health (ANB; DAB; ODNB; Richard Robert Madden, The United Irishmen, their Lives and Times [2d ser., 1843], 2:209–33; Byron Stookey, “William James MacNeven,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 41 [1965]: 1037–51; Thomas, Columbia University Officers and Alumni, 284; Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York 1 [1815]: v; APS, Minutes, 17 Oct. 1823 [MS in PPAmP]; New York Tribune, 14 July 1841).

To Peter Burtsell Monticello Dec. 19. 21.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to the New York publisher of Colton’s Lacon for the copy of that work he has been so kind as to send him. he sees, on a first opening, that it will afford both amusement and instruction, qualified rather highly with paradox & puzzle. it’s numerous editions in England bespeak it’s merits favorably.  65 

19 DECEMBER 1821 ´PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from George Alexander Otis to TJ; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Burtsell Peter.” Peter Burtsell (ca. 1775–1831), bookbinder and stationer, worked as a bookbinder in New York City by 1795, and within a few years he also sold books and stationery. By 1825 he partnered with John Low Burtsell as stationers in the firm of P. Burtsell & Son. Burtsell died in  New York (William Duncan, The New-York Directory, and Register, for the year 1795 [New York, 1795], 34; Long-

worth’s New York Directory [1800]: 153; [1826]: 111; New York National Advocate, 23 Mar. 1825; New-York Evening Post, 14 July 1831; New York Co. Surrogate’s Court Will Book, 67:419–21). Burtsell was the publisher of C. Caleb Colton, Lacon: or Many Things in Few Words; addressed to Those Who Think (New York, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 9 [no. 486]), which was reprinted from the eighth London edition. Burtsell also sent a copy to John Adams, who thanked him in a letter of 12 Dec. 1821 (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers).

From Thomas Munroe Sir Washington 20th December 1821 1 My Son (Thomas) now in the 24th year of his age, who was educated at Yale College, and has since studied law, having always evinced, and still continuing to have so decided a preference of the military profession to all others, that his mother and myself have yielded to his wishes, and he will shortly proceed to St Petersburg to offer his services to the Emperor of Russia; with the explicit understanding that his object is to obtain a military education, at his own expense, that he may be useful to his own Country, to which he is to remain at liberty to return at pleasure, unrestrained by any allegiance or obligation except an Oath of fidelity, whilst2 in the Russian service—This Mr Poletica, who has entered warmly into my Sons views, says is all that will be required by his Government.— The testimonials, and kind interest in favor of my Son by the Executive, mr Adams, mr Pinkney, former3 ministers to Russia, & some other distinguished american4 characters, now at the seat of Government, together with all the foreign ministers and Charge dés affaires, are very flattering, do him much honor, and will, it is believed, put him on a favorable & advantageous footing in a foreign Country; but, we are told by mr Poletica and others, what my Son & self, are well assured of, that nothing would be so useful as something that you, Sir, might be pleased to say of a young American on such an occasion, addressed, either to the Emperor himself (which mr poletica says would be received with great deference from you, Sir, or Mr Madison)5 or if preferred by you, to Count Nesselrode, mr middleton, our minister at St Petersburg, or to himself (Mr Poletica).—  66 

20 DECEMBER 1821

´If I have been too presuming, Sir, in thus addressing you, I trust that the interesting nature of the subject to a parents feelings and the high value I should place on any thing that you might be pleased to say on it will plead my excuse.—. I have the honor to be, Sir, with the highest6 respect & veneration Yr mo Ob Servt Thomas Munroe PS I take the liberty of enclosing a Copy of Mr Adams’s Letter—the others are nearly like it in substance. RC (CSmH: JF-BA); endorsed by TJ as received 30 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Munroe, 1 Jan. 1822, beneath postscript. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to William H. Crawford, [20 Apr. 1824], on verso; addressed: “The Honorable Thomas Jefferson Monticello Va Post Office Milton”; franked; postmarked Washington, 20 Dec. Thomas Munroe (ca. 1798–1834), soldier, was born in Maryland and from at least 1817 until 1821 served as a postal clerk under his father in Washington, D.C. After arriving in Liverpool in April 1822, he went on to enter the Russian army and became an aide-de-camp to the Russian emperor. Munroe died in Mykolayiv, Ukraine (A Register of Officers and

Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the service of the United States [1818]: postal section, p. 85; [1822]: postal section, p. 123; Richmond Enquirer, 17 May 1822; [David Porter], Constantinople and its Environs [1835], 2:148; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 21 Nov. 1834). On this day Munroe sent a similar letter and enclosure on behalf of his son to James Madison (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:438–9). 1

Parenthetical name interlined. Manuscript: “whist.” Word interlined in place of “late.” 4 Word interlined. 5 Omitted closing parenthesis editorially supplied, here and below. 6 Manuscript: “higest.” 2 3

e n c l o s u r e

John Quincy Adams to Pierre de Polética Sir. Washington 15th Dec. 1821 Mr Thomas Munroe Junr a young man of estimable character, and highly respectable family and connections, having a desire to proceed to St. Petersburg with the view of offering his services in a military capacity to H.I.M. the Emperor Alexander, I have been requested to furnish him with a letter to you, to make known his wishes, and to solicit such countenance, as you may be disposed to furnish1 him in furtherance of the object of his inclination.— I readily comply with this request, persuaded, that he is worthy of any interest which you may think proper to take in his favour, and that he will justify by his conduct any result auspicious to his purposes, which may proceed from your encouragement or recommendation of him.— I pray you, Sir, to accept the renewed assurance of my distinguished consideration. (Signed) John Quincy Adams.

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20 DECEMBER 1821 ´Tr (CSmH: JF-BA); at head of text: “Copy” and “The Chevalier de Poletica Envoy Extraordinary, and Minister Plenipotentiary from Russia.” Tr (DLC: Madison Papers). Tr (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers).

h.i.m.: “His Imperial Majesty.” 1 DLC

and MHi Trs: “afford.”

From William P. Smith Sir, Philadelphia Decr 20th 1821. As it appears from present circumstances that the University at Charlotteville of which you are rector will be ready for the reception of pupils during the Subsequent year,1 I am led to enquire of you respectfully whether an English teacher would meet with encouragement from the board of trustees. I have been for some time employed in teaching the usu[al] branches of an English education in private families, and as I wish to make it a permanent2 employment, I should be much pleased by an engagement3 at your institution. With this View I have ventured to trouble you on this occasion, and to know when, in what manner, and to whom, to make application for a Situation at the aforesaid University. I have the honor Sir to be, Respectfully Your Mo. Obt William P. smith ´So. 10th St. RC (DLC); mutilated at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire, Charlotteville, Virginia”; franked; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. William Penn Smith (ca. 1796–1866), educator and tax collector, was born and educated in Philadelphia. He resigned from the United States Army in 1820 after serving briefly as a second lieutenant of artillery. That same year he was the secretary for meetings of “Old School” Republicans supporting Joseph Hiester’s election as Pennsylvania governor. Smith worked in Philadelphia as an accountant, 1823–24, and as a teacher, 1825–30, including chairing the English department at Episcopal Academy. He was appointed a city tax collector in 1829, a position he held until 1844. Smith was still living in Philadelphia in 1850, when he owned real estate valued at $20,000, but he died in Bristol, Pennsylvania (Smith to TJ, 8 June

1824; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:905; Philadelphia Weekly Aurora, 6 Mar. 1820; Philadelphia Democratic Press, 12 Sept. 1820; Robert Desilver, The Philadelphia Index, or Directory for 1823 [(Philadelphia, 1823)]; Desilver, The Philadelphia Directory, for 1824 [(Philadelphia, 1824)]; Thomas Wilson, ed., The Philadelphia Directory and Stranger’s Guide, for 1825 [Philadelphia, 1825], 131; Philadelphia Saturday Evening Post, 22 July 1826; Register of Pennsylvania 3 [1829]: 16; Desilver’s Philadelphia Directory and Stranger’s Guide, 1830 [1830], 181; McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1844 [1844], 293; DNA: RG 29, CS, Pa., Philadelphia, 1850; Philadelphia Inquirer, 28, 29 May 1866). 1 Word interlined, with caret mistakenly placed after the comma. 2 Manuscript: “permament.” 3 Manuscript: “egagement.”

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From Joel Yancey Dear Sir Bedford 22nd Decr 1821 r on Sunday last M Gough and his aid young Bagby arrived at Poplar Forest to take charge of your concerns for the ensuing year agreeably to an arrangement previously made betwen him and Mr Thos J Randolph and on Tuesday Evening Mr Randolph came himself and handed me your letter of 9th Inst, but as my authority ceased as soon as he took possession, I gave him the keys made him acquainted with the contents of your letter, and took my leave of the business, which has employd almost the whole of my attention for six years and six months.1 I regret extreamly that I have not been more succesful in my management, but it I know has not been for the want of the full exertion of all my powers, and the greatest possible desire to give entire satisfaction to you, but I still hope and believe, that the profits of my labours, will be better understood and felt hereafter. In taking leave of your affairs I must beg to return you my highest acknowledgments for the friendship and politeness you have Shewn towards me during the whole of my Superintendance, as it will afford me the greatest satisfaction during life, and that I shall always feel the strongest desire for the happiness and prosperity of yourself and evry branch of your family whom I am acquainted, and ever be proud to render any service in my power as a neigbour or friend to you2 or them so long as I live.— at the request of Mr Randolph I have undertaken to settle the shop accts and little debts in the neighborhood, which are but few, and account to you or him, according to your pleasure, The wheat as you have been informed did not turn out more than a ⅓ what I expected.3 I was deceived, owing to the quantity of chaff and false grains, that blew off with the chaff.4 Never was such an indifferent crop in Virgina before since my recollection. after saving 344 bushels, paying the overseers, their share, which was only 26½ bushels, reduced our recepts in the Mills to 360 bushels, the proceeds of which I shall pay Mr Robertson agreeably5 to your order, there is as I believe 20 or 30 bushels still in the barn, but fit for nothing, except the stock, the corn turned out nearly what I expected, at Tomahawk 210 barrels and at B. creek 257 barrels, total 467 barrels and I think there was upwards 400. put in the houses, it was all accuratly measured, and sorted, besides there was about 30 barrels of short corn or nubends which answer well for stock. Mr Randolph6 and Mr Gough with me have examined the Tobo and seem to be pleased with the quality, I do not know their opinion of the quantity, but the overseers were confident  69 

22 DECEMBER 1821

there would be upwards 30,000Ð. the court did not take up the report of the Viewers of the alteration of the road at their last tirm, but, will the next, they said that it required one months notice to the tenant, thro. whos land the road passes, Mr Clark was not there, but Mr Gilmer will attend to it, the Viewers told me that it would be opposed, by Cobbs, Harrises and several others. but nothing was said to me on the subject.7 Mr Randolph with Mr Radford had a good deal of conversation concerning it, the other day at my house to whom I beg to refer for further particulars— we omitted last spring to have our usual annual Settlement, and for my services for the two last years, 1820 &, 21; I have no acknowledgment, which I will be glad you will send me as soon as convenient, I never meant as long as I could possibly avoid it, to draw the money from you, if it should be attended with any serious inconvience to you to pay it, but it always will be acceptable, any part, that you can spare. We have been unfortunate in loosing 2 of our best house servants this year, and we have been endeavoring to supply their places out of our own stock, but have fail,d, could you pay me as much as would purchase a good female Servant, this winter or Spring it would be a very great accomodation to, us, or if it should be agreeable to you to sell, I will give a liberal price for Lucy at P. F. as we are acquainted with her and She appears to be attachd to the family, but I do not know that she would be willing to be sold I am Sir with highest respect Joel Yancey RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. b. creek: “Bear Creek.” nubends: “nubbins.” At the 26 Nov. 1821 session of the Bedford County court, it was recorded that “The viewers having made their report on the road petitioned to be turned by Thomas Jefferson—Whereupon It is ordered that William Radford the proprietor be summoned to the next Court to state his objection to the same” (Bedford Co. Order Book, 18:176).

1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “your.” 3 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 4 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 5 Manuscript: “agrreeably.” 6 Manuscript: “Randolp.” 7 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

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To James H. McCulloch Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 23. 21. Our mail of yesterday brought me a letter from mr Rush our Ambassador at London informing me he had shipped for me on board the Mandarin, bound for Baltimore a small box of books, inclosing me at the same time the invoice of their cost £6–7–6 & box 2/6 supposing the letter came by the same vessel with the books, and that these are arrived at Baltimore I inclose you the letter and invoice to enable you to settle the duty and charges which shall be remitted to you as soon as made known to me. the box I will request you to forward to Richmond to the care of Colo Bernard Peyton according to the standing wish heretofore expressed to you, and with my thanks for the trouble you are so kind as to take in these little matters for me accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “James H. McCulloch esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Richard Rush to TJ, 23 Oct. 1821, and enclosed invoice.

To Jonathan Thompson Sir Monticello Dec. 23. 21. Our mail of yesterday which brought me your favor of the 12th brought also the letter and invoice for the books you are so good as to inform me are arrived at N. York. by the invoice you will be enabled to settle the duty on the books which as soon as made known to me shall be remitted to you with the other expences. with my thanks for your having forwarded them to Richmond without the delay of a special direction accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Samuel Garland to TJ, 20 July 1820; at foot of text: “Jonathan Thompson esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: enclosure to de Bure Frères to TJ, 24 Aug. 1821.

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To Thomas Hart Benton Monto Dec. 24. 21.

r

Th:J. returns his thanks to m Benton of Missouri for the copy of the petition of the University of Virga he has been so kind as to send him. he recieves it as an augury of approbn of it’s object,1 a presumption authorised2 by his enlightened efforts3 in the affairs of his own state, whose entrance into our 4 fraternity of states has been welcomed more sincerely or warmly by no one than5 by Th:J. Dft (DLC); dateline at foot of text; written on verso of title page of Memorial of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (Washington, 1821; printed above as Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 30 Nov. 1821), with TJ’s endorsement of this copy as received 1 Dec. 1821 from “Benton´´´Washn.” Thomas Hart Benton (1782–1858), attorney and public official, was born near Hillsborough, North Carolina, and in 1799 was expelled after briefly attending the University of North Carolina. Two years later he moved with his family to property they owned near Nashville, Tennessee. Benton was a teacher and studied law before his admission to the bar in 1806. He sat in the Tennessee Senate in 1809, and during the War of 1812 he served under Andrew Jackson, first as a colonel in the Tennessee militia and then as a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. In 1815 Benton moved to Saint Louis, Missouri, where he resumed his legal practice and edited the St. Louis Enquirer. Two years later he fatally shot Charles Lucas in the second of their two duels. Benton was elected one of Missouri’s first United States senators in 1820, serving in that capacity from 1821 until 1851. In 1824 he visited TJ at Monticello. As a senator Benton was a strong ally of President Jackson and an advocate of hard money, cheap acquisition of public land by settlers, and westward expansion. In the 1840s he supported the Union and opposed Nullification and the extension of slavery. Defeated for reelection in 1850, Benton served one term in the United

States House of Representatives, 1853–55. Late in life he wrote a largely autobiographical history, Thirty Years’ View; or, a history of the working of the American government for thirty years, from 1820 to  1850, 2 vols. (1854–56), published a lengthy refutation of the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford, and completed a sixteen-volume Abridgment of the Debates of Congress, from 1789 to 1856 (1857–61). Benton died of cancer in Washington, D.C. (ANB; DAB; William S. Powell, ed., Dictionary of North Carolina Biography [1979–96], 1:139–42; Daniel Lindsey Grant, Alumni History of the University of North Carolina [2d ed., 1924], 48; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:213; Jackson, Papers; Calhoun, Papers; Clay, Papers; Herbert Weaver and others, eds., Correspondence of James K. Polk [1969– 2021]; Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:432–3; Benton’s Account of a Visit to Monticello, [25 Dec. 1824]; [Benton], Historical and Legal Examination of that part of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Dred Scott Case, which declares the unconstitutionality of the Missouri Compromise Act, and the selfextension of the Constitution to territories, carrying slavery along with it [1857]; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 12 Apr. 1858; gravestone inscription in Bellefontaine Cemetery, Saint Louis). 1 Reworked from “augury that mr B. approves it’s principles.” 2 Word interlined in place of “confirmed.” 3 Word interlined in place of “conduct.” 4 Word interlined in place of “the.” 5 TJ here canceled “himself.”

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To John Laval Sir Monticello Dec. 24. 21. In your letter of Oct. 9. you were so kind as to inclose me a catalogue in which I observe mentioned a Dion Cassius 4 vols 16o Greek 6.D. will you be so good as to note to me whether it has a translation or only the Greek text, whether notes, and by whom, as well as the place and date of it’s publication. am I right in understanding the figures 16o to mean §in sixteens’ the English term? Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Ann C. Morris to TJ;  adjacent to signature: “Mr John Laval”; with notation by TJ at foot of text: “1822. Apr. 26. wrote to him for

Herodotus Thucydides Xenophon Plutarch

3. v. 2. 5. 6 all of same format, 16s ”; endorsed by TJ.

To Archibald Thweatt Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 24. 21. I have duly recieved your two favors of Nov. 6. & Dec. 13. requesting me to consent to the publication of my opinion on the encroachments of the Judiciary of the US. expressed in a former letter to you. but, my dear Sir, there is a time for all things; for advancing and for retiring; for a Sabbath of rest as well as for days of labor. and surely that Sabbath is arrived for one near entering on his 80th year. tranquility is the summum bonum of that age. I wish now for quiet, to withdraw from the broils of the world, to soothe enmities and to die in the peace and good will of all mankind. the thing too which you request has been done in substance. in the extract of a letter, published with my consent, recommending Colo Taylor’s book, and in a letter to a mr Jarvis, who wrote and sent me a book entitled §the Republican,’ in which letter I formally combated his heretical doctrine that the Judiciary1 is the ultimate expounder and arbiter of all constitutional questions. you are not aware of the inveterate hatred still rankling in the hearts of some of our old tories. I recieved the last summer a 4th of July oration from the son of a deceased friend. in my answer I commended it’s principles in moderate and inoffensive terms, expressing at the same time my affections for his father. he published my letter; and it drew on me torrents of abuse from particular tory papers, in the revived spirit of 96. and 1800. their columns were filled with Billingsgate against me for several months.—no, my dear friend,  73 

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permit me at length to retire from the angry passions of mankind and to pass in undisturbed repose the few days remaining to me of life. they will surely be past in sentiments of sincere esteem and respect for yourself, and of affectionate attachment to mrs Thweatt. Th Jefferson PoC (DLC); on reused address cover of William J. Matchet to TJ, 26 June 1820; at foot of first page: “Mr Thweatt”; endorsed by TJ.

there is a time for all things alludes to the Bible, Ecclesiastes 3.1–8. Leonard M. Parker was the son-in-law of TJ’s deceased friend Levi Lincoln. 1

Manuscript: “Judiiary.”

From Jesse Torrey Sir, Chambersburgh, (Pennslva) Dec. 24, 1821. I send you herewith, a copy of the Moral Instructor, of which I am the compiler, and in part, the author. I have been deterred from sending it and addressing you sooner by a reluctance to increasing your fatigue of perusing new books, and reading and answering the letters of your numerous correspondents. But as the object of my book, (the extension of moral and other useful knowledge) must be interesting to you, as a philanthropist, and as a guardian of public education in the state where you reside, I hope you will not deem me an obtruder. I am the more confirmed that the subject to which I wish to invite your attention, will be acceptable to you, by the opinion, expressed in your letter to the author of “The Republican,” of the political importance of enlightening the people by general education for the security of their rights and a discreet exercise of their legitimate power. You will perceive, if you will do me the favor to read the original essays, (which I will designate) in the Moral Instructor, as well as to examine the selections carefully, that my predominant object in publishing the work, has been to enforce the moral and political necessity of the universal diffusion of knowledge, and of the universal institution of free circulating libraries for that purpose.—I have long wished that the board of managers of the literary fund in the state of Virginia, would consider whether the establishment of free libraries, connected with common schools, as well as other seminaries, would not accord with the system of public instruction intended by the legislature. If not, the legislature might, if deemed expedient, grant special authority for that purpose.—Elementary schools are the keys, but libraries are the chests of knowledge.  74 

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´If you should approve the design and sentiments of the Moral Instructor, please to submit it, with your own opinion, to the consideration of the managers of the Virginia literary fund. A copy-right has been secured;—because the proprietor is destitute, both of health and wealth.—But in order to encourage its general and speedy adoption, and also to extend its utility, I have determined that, in case it be approved generally, as a national manual of morals for the use of schools; booksellers, or others, are permitted to publish in each of the states, from five to ten thousand copies, free of any tax on the copy-right; and afterwards, any number at ten dollars per thousand. You will perceive by the certificate of copy right, that one part of the first edition, (which was selected from Volney’s “Law of Nature,”) is excluded from the second edition.—This was not done voluntarily;—but by the request of Mr. Hawley, the former Superintendant of common schools in the state of New York, who threatened the work with opposition and proscription, unless thus modified.— But, as I estimate the perfection of all systems of laws, religions, morals and philosophy, in proportion to their concurrence with the laws of nature, or in other words, the laws of the Creator;—and as the secretary of the state of New York, Mr. Yates, who is now superintendant of schools, ex officio, and the most eminent instructors of academies and schools in the state of New York, as well as other citizens of high respectability, have signified their cordial satisfaction with the work as originally published; it is my intention to restore the selections from the “Law of Nature,” in future editions;—taking care, however, (as I endeavored to do in the first edition) to omit such sentiments of the author, as clash with the tenets of the Christian Religion.—Still, I do not anticipate gratifying, entirely, the taste of those who execrate all ancient, or modern philosophy, as vile trash, which is not the product of miraculous divine inspiration.—It is my intention, also to add Dr. Franklin’s Dialogue on Moral Philosophy, and some extracts from Cicero. Your sentiments, frankly expressed, respecting the merits and defects of my book, or any suggestions of improvements on it, will be received with gratitude, if sent, through Post Office in this village, to Jesse Torrey, Jun. Your ardent Friend &c P.S.

My residence is at New Lebanon, County of Columbia, in the state of New York. But I expect to remain in this vicinity during the present winter; having come into this country as an agent for Jethro Wood, for the purpose of establishing manufactories of  75 

24 DECEMBER 1821

his cast iron plough, so as to supply the farmers in this fertile lime stone valley, through part of this state, Maryland, and Virginia. RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr. Late President of the United States. Monticello”; franked; postmarked Chambersburg, 25 Dec.; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Torrey, 5 Jan. 1822, beneath endorsement. Enclosure: Torrey, The Moral Instructor, and Guide to Virtue and Happiness. Being a Compendium of Moral Science. In Four Parts. . . . With an Appendix, Containing directions for the institution of Free Public Libraries, and Reading Societies (2d ed., rev., Albany, 1819). The letter to the author of “the republican” was TJ to William Charles

Jarvis, 28 Sept. 1820. Torrey included selections from volney’s “law of nature” in future editions of The Moral Instructor, as well as a dialogue by “Philocles” and “Horatio” mistakenly attributed to Benjamin Franklin (Leonard W. Labaree and others, eds., The Papers of Benjamin Franklin [1959–´], 1:170) and an abridged translation of cicero, Cato Maior de Senectute (Torrey, Moral Instructor [4th ed., Philadelphia, 1824]). Torrey also sent his Moral Instructor to John Adams and James Madison on 17 Jan. 1820 and 15 Jan. 1822, respectively (MHi: Adams Papers; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:464–6).

To Jesse C. Young Sir Monticello Dec. 24. 21. I have to thank you for the copy of the abridgment of Murray’s grammar which you have been so kind as to send me; but I must excuse myself from the Review & judgment on it which you request. I do not feel myself either qualified or authorised to decide for the public the books worthy of their reading nor willing to encounter conflicts with Critics who might question my opinions. it would withdraw me too from necessary occupations and the subjects of my choice to the [e]xamination of books I have no wish to read, and of subjects requiring more research than I could conveniently bestow. with my apologies therefore for declining this request I pray you to accept the assurance of my regard and best wishes for the success of your undertakings. Th: Jefferson PoC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; one word faint; at foot of text: “Mr Jesse C. Young”; endorsed by TJ.

From “James Otway Crump” Dear Sir, Georgia, Wayne County Dec, 26th, 1821 It is with much reluctance that I take the liberty of addressing you, particularly upon such a subject.—To not keep you in suspense, I have, partly by indiscretion, & partly by unavoidable accidents, lost  76 

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all my estate; & myself and Wife (the daughter of Wm Clark, Powhatan,) are reduced to hard labour to support ourselves and four children. I removed from the state of Alabama last Fall, intending to go into E. Florida, having some prospect of receiving an appointment there;—But the loss of my horses in this place has frustrated my design. Perhaps, I might, by writing, receive some assistance from my Father in Law; But my Wife objects to it. She says she cannot agree to give the old man so much trouble, as a detail of our misfortune’s would bring upon him. In this situation, among strangers, I have taken the liberty of troubling you with these few lines, extorted from me by despair, and unknown to every other person. If you think proper to grant me any relief, direct your letter “Tuckersville post office, Wayne County, Georgia,,—I live within three miles of the Office. I am, Dear Sir, Respectfully yours, James Otway Crump RC (MHi); mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 26 Dec. 1822 received 17 (reworked from 16) Jan. 1822, but correctly recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to John Winn, 16 May 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thos. Jefferson, Esqe (Montizello,—) Albemarle, Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Tuckersville, Ga., 31 Dec. This letter is most likely a forgery by a man who also went by James Bradford. In 1810 James Otway Crump, of Cumberland County, married Maria Clarke, daughter of William Clarke (Richmond Enquirer, 8 Feb. 1810). The couple moved afterward to Autauga County, Alabama, where, in April 1822, Crump advertised a $100 reward for the apprehension of Bradford, whom he had lately employed

to teach his children. Crump believed Bradford to be the forger of a letter in December 1821 in the name of Maria Crump asking Alabama congressman Gabriel Moore for financial assistance under the pretense of her husband having died in Wayne County, Georgia, while the family was en route to Florida. Moore addressed $80 to Maria Crump in Wayne County, which Bradford collected before absconding. Crump wrote that Bradford was an educated man “about 28 or 30 years of age,” described his physical characteristics in detail, said that Bradford claimed to be a native of Virginia who had moved to Pennsylvania while young, and suggested that he was probably now in the latter state, Florida, or Louisiana (Montgomery [Ala.] Republican, 14 June 1822).

From Samuel Garland Sir Lynchburg Decr 26. 1821 r I beg to remind you, of your and M Yancys little bond to Hawkin’s admx in my hands for collection, if I am not mistaken you promised to send me a draft on Richmond, or the money so soon as the state of the river would inable you to ship flour—The person to whom this bond is now due is in want of the money— most Respectfully S, Garland  77 

26 DECEMBER 1821

Bond  12 Oct 1820  $231— Int. 1 Jany  1822 16.90 ´Amt. 1 Jany 1822 $246.901 RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 2 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Horatio G. Spafford, 1 May 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson

esq. Montecello Charllottesville”; franked; postmarked Lynchburg, 28 Dec. 1 The

correct sum is $247.90.

To John T. Kirkland Sir Monticello Dec. 26. 21. I recieved on the 22d inst. your Circular of the 1st with a copy annexed of the Memorial of divers Colleges, Academies & Universities to Congress on the duties on imported books. the Visitors of our University had met on the 30th Ult. and in conformity with what had past between mr Ticknor & myself, we had prepared a petition to Congress having the same object with your Memorial, of which I inclose a copy. this was forwarded to the members of this state in Congress with a request of their patronage, and was presented to the House of Representatives on the 10th instant. I am in hopes that similar applications are made also by the seminaries of North and South Carolina, of Georgia & Kentucky, to which I took measures for suggesting the subject. We are happy in this occasion of bringing into unity of action the several literary institutions of the US. wheresoever located. our objects and interests are in fact the same. we are all souldiers of the same corps, engaged in the same cause, of rendering mankind wiser, better and happier. in this holy pursuit our course will, I am sure, be marked by an honorable and friendly emulation, rejoicing in the good done, by whatever member of the fraternity effected. with respect to your institution particularly and whatever may be interesting to it, we shall be sincerely gratified with every opportunity of being useful and of rendering to it all the courtesies and good offices which we may at any time be so fortunate as to have placed in our power, and I avail myself with especial satisfaction of this first occasion of expressing my respect for yourself personally, and assuring you of my highest consideration and esteem. Th: Jefferson RC (MH: Harvard College Papers); at foot of text in an unidentified hand: “The Reverend John T. Kirkland President of Harvard University Cambridge, Mass.” PoC (ViU: TJP); at foot of text: “The

revd John T. Kirkland”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 30 Nov. 1821.

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From James H. McCulloch Dear Sir Custom House Balto Decr 26 1821 d I have rec a letter this morning from Mr J Le Souff Vice Consul of the U’ States London, with the bill of lading for a box of books on your account, directed to my care. You will please to give me direction how to forward them. Though as the season is thickening around us, I am much1 disposed if an opportunity offers to send them to Richmond, under a persuasion that they are for your own use at home; or at any rate for some neighbouring institution. I have the pleasure once more to subscribe myself, with all the wishes the season & past recollections inspire, Your obliged & obt servt Jas H McCulloch RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 30 Dec. 1821 and so recorded in SJL. RC (ViU: TJP); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Franklin Bache, 10 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Near Charlottsville Virginia”; stamped; postmarked Baltimore, 26 Dec. On the day after McCulloch composed this letter, TJ’s granddaughter Mary J. Randolph wrote from Monticello to her sister Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) in Richmond describing the holiday celebrations among the enslaved people at Monticello: “this Christmas has passed away hitherto as quietly as I wished & a great deal more so than I expected. I have not had a single application to write passes or done or seen any of the little disagreable business that we generally have to do & except catching the sound of a fiddle

yesterday on my way to the smokehouse & getting a glimpse of the fiddler as he stood with half closed eyes & head thrown back with one foot keeping time to his own scraping in the midst of a circle of attentive & admiring auditors I have not seen or heard any thing like Christmas gambols & what is yet more extraordinary have not ordered the death of a single turkey or helped to do execution on a  solitary mince pie so you see you lost nothing by being on the road this week & you have gained something by not arriving in Richmond till the end of it since I am told it is the most disagreable part of the year to the white population of the place.” Later in the same letter she remarked that she might “learn latin which grand papa has just been reccomending to me” (RC in NcU: NPT). 1 Word

interlined.

To James Pleasants Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 26. 21. I learn with real regret, from your favor of the 10th the several circumstances which have deprived me of the pleasure of seeing, either here or at Poplar Forest, a relation whom I have long been taught to esteem, altho I have not the advantage of his personal acquaintance. I must find my consolation in the French adage that §tout ce qui est differé n’est pas perdu,’ assuring you that no visit will be recieved with more welcome. my hope too of a reiteration of effort is strengthened  79 

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by the presumed additional excitement of curiosity to see our University; this now draws to it numerous visitors from every part of the state & from strangers passing thro’ it. I can assure you there is no building in the US. so worthy of being seen, and which gives an idea so adequate of what is to be seen beyond the Atlantic. there, to be sure they have immensely larger and more costly masses, but nothing handsomer or in chaster style. The balance which you mention as coming to me from Ronald’s executors, be so good as to have paid into the hands of Colo Bernard Peyton my correspondent in Richmond. I find you are to be harrassed again with a bankrupt law. could you not compromise between agriculture and commerce by passing such a law which, like the byelaws of incorporated towns, should be binding on the inhabitants of such towns only, being the residence of commerce, leaving the agriculturists, inhabitants of the country, in undisturbed possession of the rights & modes of proceedings to which their habits, their interests and their partialities attach them? this would be as uniform as other laws of local obligation. But you will have a more difficult task in curbing the Judiciary in their enterprises on the constitution. I doubt whether the erection of the Senate into an appellate court on Constitutional questions would be deemed an unexceptionable reliance; because it would enable the judiciary, with the representatives in senate of one third only of our citizens, and that in a single house, to make by construction what they should please of the constitution, and thus bind in a double knot1 the other two thirds: for I believe that one third of our citizens chuse a majority of the Senate, and these too of the smaller states whose interests lead to lessen state influence, & strengthen that of the general government. a better remedy I think, and indeed the best I can devise would be to give future commissions to judges for six years (the Senatorial term) with a re-appointability by the president with the approbation of both houses. that of the H. of Repr. imports a majority of citizens, that of the Senate a majority of states, and that of both a majority of the three sovereign departments of the existing government, to wit, of it’s Executive & legislative branches. if this would not be independance enough, I know not what would be such, short of the total irresponsibility under which they are acting and sinning now. the independance of the judges in England on the King alone is good; but even there they are not independant on the Parliament; being removable on the joint address of both houses, by a vote of a majority of each, but we require a majority of one house and ⅔ of the other, a concurrence which, in practice, has been, and ever will be, found im 80 

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possible; for the judiciary perversions of the constitution will forever be protected under the pretext of errors of judgment, which by principle, are exempt from punishment. impeachment therefore is a bug-bear which they fear not at all. but they would be under some awe of the canvas of their conduct which would be open to both houses regularly every 6th year. it is a misnomer to call a government republican, in which a branch of the supreme power is independant of the nation.—by this change of tenure a remedy would be held up to the states, which altho’ very distant, would probably keep them quiet. in aid of this a more immediate effect would be produced by a joint protestation of both Houses of Congress that the doctrines of the judges, in the case of Cohens, adjudging a state amenable to their tribunal, and that Congress can authorise a corporation of the district of Columbia to pass any act which shall have the force of law within a state, are contrary to the provisions of the Constitution of the US. this would be effectual; as, with such an avowal of Congress, no state would permit such a sentence to be carried into execution, within it’s limits. if, by the distribution of the sovereign powers among three branches, they were intended to be checks on one another, the present case calls loudly for the exercise of that duty, and such a counterdeclaration, while proper in form, would be most salutary as a precedent. Another most condemnable practice of the supreme court to be corrected is that of cooking up a decision in Caucus, & delivering it by one of their members as the opinion of the court, without the possibility of our knowing how many, who, and for what reasons each member concurred. this compleatly defeats the possibility of impeachment by smothering evidence. a regard for character in each being now the only hold we can have of them, we should hold fast to it. they would, were they to give their opinions seriatim and publicly, endeavor to justify themselves to the world by explaining the reasons which led to their opinion. While Edmd Randolph was Attorney General, he was charged on a particular occasion by the H of R. to prepare a digest and some amendments to the judiciary law. one of the amendments he proposed was that every judge should give his individual opinion, and reasons in open court, which opinions and reasons should be recorded in a separate book to be published occasionally in the nature of Reports. other business prevented Congress from acting then on the bill. such a provision would produce valuable effect and emulation in forming an opinion and correctly reasoning on it; and would give us Reports, unswelled by the arguments of counsel and within the compas of our reading and book shelves.—but these things belong to the present generation, who are to live under them. the machine,  81 

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as it is, will, I believe, last my time, and those coming after will know how to repair it to their own minds. I cannot help sometimes yielding to senile garrulity on matters not belonging to me, yet I pray not to be quoted, but pardoned for this weakness of age. with my prayers that our constitution may §perpetuum durare per aevum’ accept the assurances of my affectionate esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “James Pleasants esq.” tout ce qui est differé n’est pas perdu: “not all that is postponed is lost.” For the proposed bankrupt law in Congress, see note to John Wayles Eppes to TJ, 15 Oct. 1821. The suggested constitutional amendment to turn the senate into an appellate court is discussed in Spencer Roane to Archibald Thweatt, 24 Dec. 1821, enclosed in

Thweatt to TJ, 26 Dec. 1821, and note. For Edmund Randolph’s proposal to the United States House of Representatives that each Supreme Court justice give his individual opinion, and reasons in open court, see TJ to Thomas Ritchie, 25 Dec. 1820, and note. perpetuum durare per aevum: “last forever.” 1 Preceding four words interlined in place of “more strongly.”

From Archibald Thweatt Wilkinsonville post office

Dear Sir ´chesterfield county 26. Decr 1821 While I take liberties with letters of a friend without consulting him, and without any other Sanction than the motive which governs me, I fear I force myself in upon you, with a very offensive kind of intrusion: I hope the same pure motive, will secure to me your generosity and forgivness.—only see what you can do for our country at this Crisis! a favorable word from you would secure the amendments— and to use the language of the illustrious author of the inclosed letter “save again our beloved confederacy.”—Excuse me God preserve you Archibald Thweatt RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to David Higginbotham, 4 May 1824,

on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq: Monticello Milton Va”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Petersburg, 1 Jan.

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e n c l o s u r e

Spencer Roane to Archibald Thweatt Dear sir Richmond Decr 24th ’21 I have just a moment to acknowledge the receipt of your favour of 22d— The subject of amending the Constitution, in relation to the decisions of the federal Courts, has been taken up in the senate as you will see, on the Mo of Mr Johnson of Kentucky, supported by Barbour. With a View to aid them, or rather to lead, on this important subject, I have prepared some1 amendments to the Constitution to be adopted by our assembly. They are very mild, but go the full length of the wishes of the republicans on this subject. They will be copied by another hand & circulated among the members. I would not wish to injure the great cause, by being known as the author. My name, would damn them, as I beleive, nay hope, with the Tories.—Could you not jog your chesterfield Delegates on the subject, as also Spooner and other good republicans?—Jefferson & Madison hang back too much, in this great crisis.—Jefferson, at least, ought to do, in regard to republicanism & the republicans, what one of the french literati did, in regard to the french Language. Being on his deathbed, and surrounded by his friends, one of them sinned against the purity of that Language, whereupon the sick man corrected him with great Energy. one of his other friends seeming surprised, that he should do this, under his extreem situation, he replied with Encreased Energy, that “he would defend the purity of the french Language, with his last gasp,”—and instantly expired! yours with great truth Spencer Roane RC (DLC). On 12 Dec. 1821 United States senator Richard M. Johnson proposed amending the constitution as follows: “That, in all controversies where the judicial power of the United States shall be so construed as to extend to any case in law or equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, or treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority, and to which a State shall be a party; and in all controversies in which a State may desire to become a party, in consequence of having the Constitution or laws of such State questioned, the Senate of the United States shall have appellate jurisdiction.” Johnson successfully moved that the proposal be tabled on 18 Mar. 1822 (Annals, 17th Cong., 1st sess., 23, 298). mo: motion.

On 2 Feb. 1822 the Virginia House of Delegates heard and tabled a resolution by Richard Eppes instructing Virginia’s United States senators and requesting its representatives to support five amendments to the constitution collectively designed to protect states’ rights (JHD [1821–22 sess.], 162; Richmond Enquirer, 5 Feb. 1822). The chesterfield delegates to the Virginia House of Delegates were William R. Johnson and Allen McRae (Leonard, General Assembly, 308). The poet François de Malherbe reportedly defended the French language on his deathbed (Jean Pierre Niceron, Memoires pour servir a l’Histoire des Hommes Illustres dans la republique des lettres [Paris, 1727–45], 7:45–6).

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1 Word

interlined in place of “5 or 6.”

From William H. Cabell Dear Sir. Montevideo. Decr 28–1821 I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance, my son in law, Mr Henry Carrington—He is the son of Judge Carrington, the elder, whom you, no doubt, knew. He is one of several gentlemen appointed Commissioners by the Court of Charlotte, for adopting a suitable plan of a Court house for that County; with authority to contract for the building the same—He was with me some time this fall, when he had an opportunity of seeing the plan of a Court House which you had drawn at the request of Colo Yancey of this County—He was so much pleased with it, that he procured it from Colo Yancey, together with your letter to him; and on submitting it to the other Trustees, they unanimously adopted it, and are anxious to execute it without the slightest change—Influenced by your opinion of the capacity and fidelity of the workmen at the University, they have engaged Mr Carrington to go there, and tender the contract to some of them, giving him full powers to conclude the same immediately. He has not, it is true, any power of attorney, formally executed to him, for this purpose; because it was not supposed that his authority would be questioned, or that any doubt would be entertained of the ratification & confirmation, by the other Commissioners, of any contract he may make in their behalf. Mr Carrington would not have undertaken this agency, but for the hope of obtaining from you that information & aid which you had kindly tendered to Colo Yancey. The object of this letter is to solicit that aid for him; and as he is without experience in drawing contracts of this particular kind, he apprehends he will be at great loss in making a suitable description of the style & manner of executing the work—If it would not trespass too much on your time, he would be particularly indebted to you for information on this head. I pray you to excuse the liberty I have taken, & to be assured that I shall feel most grateful for any aid you may find it convenient to render Mr Carrington— With the highest respect, I am Dr Sir, your mo. ob— st. Wm H. Cabell RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “by mr Carrington”) in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to John Farrar, 10 Apr. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello” by “Mr Carrington.”

William H. Cabell (1772–1853), public official and judge, was a native of Cumberland County and the elder brother of Joseph C. Cabell. He attended HampdenSydney College, 1785–89, and the College of William and Mary, 1790–93, receiving its bachelor of law degree. Cabell studied law in Richmond and was licensed to

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29 DECEMBER 1821 practice in 1794. He represented Amherst County in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1796, 1798–99, and 1802–05, was a presidential elector for TJ in 1800 and 1804, and served as governor of Virginia, 1805–08. From 1808 to 1811 Cabell sat on the General Court. In the latter year he was appointed to the state’s highest tribunal, the Court of Appeals (which became the Supreme Court of Appeals in 1830). He retired from the bench in 1851, having served as the court’s president since 1842. Cabell was a trustee of HampdenSydney College, 1809–30, and attended the 1818 Rockfish Gap meeting as a University of Virginia commissioner. He sold his Buckingham County estate in 1822 and lived thereafter in Richmond. Cabell owned seven slaves in 1850 (ANB; DAB; DVB; Alexander Brown, The Cabells and their Kin, 2d ed., rev. [1939; repr. 1994], 271–7; General Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Hampden-Sidney College. Virginia. 1776–1906 [(1908)], 16, 46; William and Mary Provisional List, 10; Leonard, General Assembly, 203, 211, 227, 231, 235, 239; Proceedings of Rockfish Gap Meeting of the University of Virginia Commissioners, printed above at 4 Aug. 1818; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1850 slave schedules; Richmond Enquirer, 14 Jan. 1853; gravestone

inscription in Shockoe Hill Cemetery, Richmond). Henry Carrington (1793–1867), planter, was born in Charlotte County. He attended Hampden-Sydney College, 1810– 11, and graduated from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University) in 1814. Carrington served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing Charlotte County, 1819–20, and Halifax County, 1834–35. He was a trustee of HampdenSydney College from 1827 until 1846. Carrington owned 35 slaves in 1820 and 101 in 1850. In 1860 his real and personal estate in Charlotte County were valued at $48,000 and $5,300, respectively, with an additional $6,000 of real estate and $27,450 of personal property in Halifax County, where he died (Brown, Cabells and their Kin, 608–10; General Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Hampden-Sidney College, 17, 51; General Catalogue of Princeton University, 1746– 1906 [1908], 125; Leonard, General Assembly, 298, 371; DNA: RG 29, CS, Charlotte Co., 1820, 1850 slave schedules, 1860; Halifax Co., 1850, 1860; Richmond Central Presbyterian, 18 Dec. 1867). Images of the charlotte County courthouse and the design by TJ on which it evidently was based are reproduced elsewhere in this volume.

To William Gough Dec. 29. wrote to desire him to allow the negroes 2000 Ð pork and add what is over to the 10 hogs put by for me, as I shall have 6. carpenters there from Apr. thro’ good part of summer FC (MHi); abstract in TJ’s hand on a half sheet; partially dated; at head of text: “Gough.” Recorded in SJL as a letter of 29 Dec. 1821. William Gough (1781–1863), farmer, was a native of Virginia. He worked as an overseer at Poplar Forest, 1821–23. In December 1822 Billy, one of TJ’s enslaved laborers, was convicted of stabbing Gough with the intent to maim and kill. Two others were tried and acquitted. Gough survived and served as one of

three appraisers of TJ’s Campbell County estate late in 1826. He owned twenty-one slaves in Campbell County in 1830 and thirty-four in 1860, when his real estate and personal property were valued at $12,000 and $60,000, respectively (Joel Yancey to TJ, 22 Dec. 1821; MB, 2:1386, 1394; Elizabeth Trist to Nicholas P. Trist, 28 Nov., 23 Dec. 1822 [both in DLC: NPT]; Bedford Co. Order Book, 18:318–9; TJ to Gough, 21 Apr. 1823; Albemarle Co. Will Book, 9:1–2; DNA: RG 29, CS, Campbell Co., 1830–60, 1860

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29 DECEMBER 1821 slave schedules; Campbell Co. Will Book, 13:139–41, 145–6; gravestone inscrip-

tion in Gough family cemetery, Campbell Co.).

From Thomas Griffin Sir Richmond Decr 29th 1821— The importance of the subject, which induces this address, will I hope be deemed by you, an ample apology for the obtrusion—I feel solicitous, that the blessings of knowlidge, and the treasures1 of literature, may become generally diffused through the Commonwealth— an efficient aid to these objects, may confidently be expected, from2 the University of Virginia, when this institution shall come into operation—Permit me Sir to request your answer, to the following interogatories—Should the Legislature of this state, consent to cancel the bonds given by the, Rector and Visitors, of the University of Virginia, to the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, and release, the University, from the debts, and interest, now due, to the Literary fund; will the Rector and Visitors, ensure that no further applications, for appropriations from the revenue of the Literary fund, or loans from its principle, be asked by the University?— The interest annually thus released,3 will amount to the Sum of seven thousand two hundred dollars; will not this Sum, united with the annual appropriation to the University, be sufficient of themselves, or from the credit they will give the institution, to complete the buildings, organise the University entire, furnish a library, apparatus,4 &c without the future aid of the Legislature? Accept Sir the assurances of my high respect Th: Griffin RC (DLC); mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 22 Dec. 1821 received 2 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with correctly dated docket by Joseph C. Cabell beneath endorsement. RC (ViW: TC-JP); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William Russell, 1 May 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monti Cello Virginia” by “Mail”; franked; inconsistently postmarked Richmond, 28 Dec. Enclosed in TJ to Cabell, 3 Jan. 1822, and Cabell to TJ, 18 Mar. 1822. Thomas Griffin (ca. 1772–1836), farmer and public official, was born in York County. A Federalist, he represented his native county in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1793–1800, 1819–23, and 1826–30,

and he sat in the United States House of Representatives, 1803–05. Griffin served in the Virginia militia during the War of 1812, rising to the rank of major, and he was a justice of the York County Court, 1809–20. He owned forty-one slaves in 1810, emancipated an enslaved woman in 1833, and owned twenty-six slaves at his death in Yorktown (Norfolk Gazette And Publick Ledger, 18 Feb. 1815; Leonard, General Assembly; York Co. Order Book, 8:374, 9:500; Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 [1988], 112; DNA: RG 29, CS, York Co., 1810–30; Fredericksburg Virginia Herald, 12 Oct. 1836; York Co.  Wills and Administrations, 3:14–7, 22–44).

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30 DECEMBER 1821 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

3 Manuscript:

“treasues.” “fom.”

4 Manuscript:

“realeased.” “appratus.”

From Jonathan Russell Washington 30th Decr 1821—

Mr

Russell presents his respects to Mr Jefferson and takes the liberty to offer to him the homage of the enclosed address— RC (MHi); dateline beneath body of text; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Russell, 5 Jan. 1822, beneath endorsement. RC (ViU: TJP); address cover only; with Dfts of TJ to Francis W. Gilmer, 26 Apr. 1824, and subjoined Letter of Appointment to University of Virginia Faculty, [ca. 26 Apr. 1824], on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late President of the United States of America Monticello”; franked. Enclosure: Russell, Address delivered before the Worcester Agricultural Society, September 27, 1821, being their Anniversary Cattle Show and Exhibition of Manufactures (Worcester, Mass., 1821), describing the history of agriculture as “coeval with the history of man” (p. 3); praising wheat, which, when given “the hospitable and fostering care of man,” provides “the staff of life” (p. 6); emphasizing the importance of adapting the plow so as to address the needs of different soils and crops; proclaiming that “Civilization and freedom are, indeed, essential to the prosperity of Agriculture” (p. 12); correlating the promotion of agriculture with the republic’s progress; and reporting on the activities of the cattle show and exhibition, which included a plowing match and awards for the best livestock, cloth, and other manufactures. Jonathan Russell (1771–1832), diplomat and public official, was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and graduated from Rhode Island College (later Brown University) in 1791. He studied law before pursuing commerce as a merchant in New York City and as agent for a firm in Charleston, South Carolina. Returning to Providence in 1799, the following year Russell delivered a Fourth of July oration

there that was published in numerous editions and helped to establish him as a Republican leader in Rhode Island. He declined TJ’s 1804 appointment as United States consul at Tunis. Russell served as chargé d’affaires, at Paris, 1810–11, and at London, 1811–14. President James Madison nominated him to be minister plenipotentiary to Sweden in 1813, and after the Senate’s eventual approval Russell held the position of minister to the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway from 1814 until 1818. He was also one of the commissioners who negotiated the 1814 Treaty of Ghent. Shortly after his return to the United States, Russell settled in Mendon, Massachusetts, which he represented in the state legislature in 1820. He was a delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention, 1820–21, served one term in the United States House of Representatives, 1821–23, and was an officer of the Worcester Agricultural Society, 1821–24. A political supporter of Henry Clay, in 1822 Russell published a falsified copy of an 1815 letter he had written to President James Monroe regarding the Ghent treaty negotiations. This effort to harm John Quincy Adams’s presidential ambitions backfired, however, when Adams exposed the differences between the two versions. Russell again represented Mendon in the Massachusetts legislature, 1823–25. He moved permanently in 1829 to Milton, Massachusetts (ANB; DAB; Historical Catalogue of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 1764– 1894 [1895], 35; William Duncan, The New-York Directory, and Register, for the year 1794 [New York, 1794], 161; Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 16 May 1797; Providence Journal and Town and Country Advertiser, 2 Oct. 1799;

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30 DECEMBER 1821 Russell, An Oration, pronounced in the Baptist Meeting-House, in Providence, on the Anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1800 [Providence, 1800]; PTJ, 43:71–2, 255–6, 672–3; JEP, 2:347–8, 451–2, 454 [31 May, 1 June 1813, 14, 18 Jan. 1814]; Worcester National Ægis, 17 May 1820; Catalogue of the Officers and Members of the Worcester Agricultural Society [1840], 6, 16; Clay, Papers; Adams,

The Duplicate Letters, the Fisheries and the Mississippi. Documents relating to transactions at the Negotiation of Ghent [Washington, 1822; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 11 (no. 691)]; Massachusetts Register, and United States Calendar [1824]: 23; [1825]: 23; Boston Daily Advertiser & Patriot, 20 Feb. 1832; gravestone inscription in Milton Cemetery).

From “X.Y.Z Cosmopolite” (Christian Schultz) Venerable Sir [30 Dec. 1821] My apology for addressing to you the inclosed extract from a manuscript volume of 300 pages and now in my possession, is, that fame has given you credit for cherishing sentiments too liberal for the age we live in. If this should be the case, and you think the enclosed extracts worthy of your notice, I shall be gratified with your permission to send the whole work for your private perusal—at the same time pledging the honour of a gentleman never to make any public or private use of your opinions, or corrospondence (in case you should favour me with any) without your knowledge or consent. I am a native American residing in Virginia, and should you be desirous of knowing any thing futher relative to Ben Hassans work, or myself: it will be necessary for you to have the following notice inserted in the Enquirer under the Richmond head. With sentiments of profound respect for your talents, virtues and services, I am X.Y.Z Cosmopolite Citizen T.J. requests the promised communication from the unknown Cosmopolite X.Y.Z. RC (MHi); in the hand of Christian Schultz; undated; at head of text: “Confidential”; addressed: “(Confidential) Thomas Jefferson Late President of the US Montecello”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Anon. XYZ. Cosmopolite” on “Theism” received 9 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Dated 30 Dec. 1821 in a record entry in Schultz’s letterbook (ViW).

Christian Schultz (1774–1830), judge and author, was born in New York City. He took classes at Columbia College (later Columbia University) in the 1790–91 academic year, and again in its medical department, 1792–93, but did not graduate. Schultz worked in New York as a brewer in at least 1799 and 1800, at a “commission & land-office” in 1807, as a ward justice, 1808–10 and 1811, and as a police

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30 DECEMBER 1821 justice, 1812–15. In New York in 1810 he published his two-volume Travels on an Inland Voyage through the States of NewYork, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee, and through the Territories of Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi and New-Orleans; performed in the years 1807 and 1808. About 1815 Schultz purchased a large tract of land near the Ohio River and moved to Wood County (later Pleasants County, West Virginia), where he served as postmaster at Schultz Range from 1821 until his death. He was a member of the New-York Historical Society and sent it a memoir on snakes in 1819. At his death in Wood County, Schultz’s personal estate was valued at $1,417.05, including two slaves (Thomas, Columbia

University Officers and Alumni, 116; Longworth’s New York Directory [1799]: 339; [1800]: 321; [1807]: 411; [1812]: 37, 273; [1814]: 40, 245; Albany Register, 22 Mar. 1808, 20 Mar. 1810; New York Journal, 27 Feb. 1811; Richmond Enquirer, 18 Mar. 1815; New Haven, Conn., Columbian Register, 9 Mar. 1819; Schultz to TJ, 19 July 1823; Robert L. Pemberton, A History of Pleasants County, West Virginia [1929; repr. 2002], 33–6; A Register of Officers and Agents, civil, military, and naval, in the Service of the United States [Washington, 1822]: postal section, p. 95; [1830]: postal section, p. 182; Wood Co. Will Book, 3:147–8, 155–6; gravestone inscription in Schultz Cemetery, Pleasants Co.).

e n c l o s u r e

Extracts by “X.Y.Z Cosmopolite” (Christian Schultz) from his Defense of Theism [ca. 30 Dec. 1821] (Title) Theism the religion of heaven—all others the offspring of earth. Exemplified in a review of the Law or Five Books of Moses. In which, all the miracles related by that historian, are deduced from natural or political causes. And the total ignorance of that Legislator, concerning the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, and of a future state of rewards and punishments: proved to be incompatible with the character of an Inspired writer—By Rabbi Nathan Ben Hassan—“Seek not in heaven, what may be found on earth!”1—Page 2nd. The following is the touchstone, by which Ben Hassan tests the presence of Divinity—Never ascribe any event to the extra agency of an Immortal God, that can possibly be performed or explained by the humble ingenuity of man! Page 3. The whole doctrine of Theism, is comprised in one line. There’s one God—Love him first—Thy fellows next. all of which may be comprehended by the meanest capacity, without the aid of kings, priests, altars or temples. Every child may inscribe this essence of all religion, on the nail of his little finger. Do this, and you will be saved.—— Introduction— Nathan Ben Hassan, was early educated in all the rigid maxims of piety and religion: and at fourteen years of age became serious in his Theological inquiries. From that time he continued to study and examine the scriptures, under the direction of a learned professor: but he soon found that he made no progress in understanding, or comprehending them as he had been taught. after this he made himself acquainted with the particular2 tenets of the different sects and religions: all of whom professed to believe something, which appeared to be either incomprehensible, or absurd. He now found himself fast inclining to scepticism: and as he became uneasy in his mind, he

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30 DECEMBER 1821 finally determined to submit himself wholly to the direction of a superintending Providence; and for that purpose, for more than twenty years successively, he offered up morning and evening petitions to the Most High, entreating Him to enlighten his mind, and enable him to trace a path through that religious labyrinth which he found surrounded him. If his prayers were heard, they were answered contrary to his wishes and expectations: for after a long and painful search for truth, he finds himself under the strongest inducements to believe: that as the eye was formed to see, and the ear to hear: so our reason was designed by God to guide the understanding in all our pursuits after knowledge—And those who venture beyond this, are sure to be landed in the regions of fancy, enthusiasm, or despair!——Nathan Ben Hassan, would still willingly be convinced of the Divine origin of the religion’s of Moses and Christ: but as this appears improbable, he is constrained to conclude, that all the religions of which he has ever read or heard, were nothing more than the offspring of human ingenuity. Theism alone, the most antient of all appears to be the only one worthy of the Exalted character of God, or the attention of man. Had Ben Hassan remained all his life time in the midst of the noise and bustle of a city, this volume, in all probability, had never been written: for he never entertained the most distant idea of ever writing a work of this kind; but having removed himself with his family in the deepest retirement, it was, as it were forced on his mind, by those calm reflections, which never fail to accompany the friends of virtue in “sweet solitude”——The first shock that was given to the tender mind of Ben Hassan, was at the early age of fourteen years: when he was persuaded by friends over pious, to take the oaths of confirmation to doctrines, it was impossible to comprehend. The second was, after he had prepared himself for the ministry, when the magnitude, and solemn import of the oath of ordination: publicly to declare, he conscientiously believed in mysteries, which he could not even comprehend—made him pause and decline the profession altogether. From his youth, he had always been cautioned against perusing the works of infidel philosophers, and deitical writers: and to this day he has denied himself that gratification; while on the other hand, he perused with avidity, all whom he could find opposed to them. But being blessed with a strong mind, he caught a glimpse of the truth: and when he ventured to raise the forbiden veil of Inspiration, Conviction flashed like lightning to his soul. Accident first enabled him to imitate, the “blossomed rod of Aaron”. And the sight of an apparent “burning bush,” in wilderniss dark and deep as Sinai’s, confirmed him in his doubts.——Ben Hassan has no claims to the rank of a philosopher, or even that of a learned man: for although he received the rudiments of a good education, yet being without a fortune, and a family to provide for, he found it necessary on abandoning the learned professions (as he had no taste for law or Physic), to devote all his time to the care of his family. For twenty years he was engaged in mercantile or political pursuits, during which period he neglected his previous studies so far, as not to have exercised himself by the perusal of even a single page in the learned languages: and by which means they are now in a manner lost to him; but still he devoted all his spare time, to a course of useful reading, including the translations of the antients. And now that he has acquired a moderate fortune by his own industry, with ample

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30 DECEMBER 1821 time to devote to study, he finds himself too old to form new habits, and his memory to have been too little exercised on those subjects, to recover what he has lost: and thus enable him to treat this review in a scientific manner. But, as good wine needs no bush, so plain and self evident truths do not require the hand of a master to embellish them Whatever ideas this volume may contain, on the subjects proposed to be treated, they are the natural result of Ben Hassans own investigations. And to him they appear so palpable, and self evident, that he can scarcely conceive it possible for any competent person, who examines them with the same impartiality, not to draw the same conclusions. Indeed he will not be disappointed if hereafter he should hear of hundreds, who had entertained similar ideas on those subjects. As Ben Hassan considers all religions, as so many bridges on the high way to heaven, he would not be deemed a friend to the human race, was he to attempt to injure the foundation of one, without first pointing out another equally as good, or better. And for this purpose he offers the following professions, after a few more remarks. There is no public good, nor rational private benefit, promised or anticipated in this world, or the next, by any modern system of religion, enveloped in incomprehensible mysteries, merely to support in idleness an indolent priesthood: but what may be derived from the re=estabilishment of Theism:— the first and only religion of mankind, that can be traced to a pure and indisputable source: free from all suspicions of priestcraft. And withal so simple, that every child may comprehend its whole essence in five minutes, without the aid of any priest. Every thing good and virtuous and compatible with the Love of God, it inculcates; while every thing wicked and vicious is deprecated, both here and for hereafter.——The Heathen, Jewish, Mahomatan and Christian Religions, divided into a thousand sections, now form the religions of mankind. The Christian is denied by nearly three fourth’s of the population of the Globe—The Mahomatan by more than one half—The Jewish by nearly the whole—and the Heathen by nearly another half. Yet all the Mahomatan—all the Christian—all the Jewish—and all the antient Heathen of India and Indostan admit and acknowledge, that Theism was the3 first true religion of mankind. Now as there never4 can be one true religion, that one, which every individual can comprehend, by the aid of that reason alone which God hath granted him to judge by: must surely be the best. As truth is, as unchangeable as the sun, so the true religion is equally unalterable: and whatever was the true religion in the beginning, will infallible remain so until the end of time. For whatever religion came first from God (as that of the first parents) that must be perfect: because nothing imperfect can come from Him. Nor is He such a bungling artificer, as to devise an imperfect religion for Adam: one still more imperfect for Moses: and after discovering his errors, to make a third attempt to perfect one for Christ! It would be equally probable and rational, to contend that he first made the Sun in the form of a cube, secondly after that of a cone, and thirdly and lastly improved it into sphere! Professions In as much as the liberty of opinion, is guaranteed to all, we now declare our own respecting the following important5 points in Theology. We believe nothing but what we comprehend.

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30 DECEMBER 1821 ´We believe the whole essence of Theism, and the whole duty of man, is contained in the following single line. There’s but one God—Love Him first— Thy fellows next. We believe in the immortality of the soul, and in a future state of rewards and punishments: where the good and virtuous of all religions will be rewarded, and the wicked punished—We also believe that sincere repentance and amendment, is of itself sufficient to ensure forgiveness. We believe Theism the religion of the antient patriarchs, to be the only true one: and that the only acceptable worship we can offer God, consists, as well in a simple silent adoration, as by sacred vocal and instrumental praise: unaided by priests, and uninterrupted by the importunity of vain prayers. Reasons It is impossible for any to believe in the truth of a proposition which they cannot comprehend.——The creation itself affords the best evidence of the existence of an Eternal, Omnipotent, Omniscient, and Omni beneficient God; who is the creator, preserver, and destroyer of all things created.——That man is endowed with a spirit transcendent beyond all sublunary creations, is now generally admitted. And it’s astonishing propensity to soar after knowledge, and as it were, elevate the mind into the presence of the Deity is a powerful argument in favour of it’s immortal origin.——Another reason in favour of the immortality of the Soul, may be drawn from the general consent of mankind. For we believe no authenticated accounts have been received of any nation or religion (the antient Jews excepted), who did not believe in, or admit a future state of some kind or other. The doctrine of a future state of rewards and punishments, seems readily to follow that of the immortality of the soul. The very unequal distribution6 of rewards and punishments in this life, are too self evident not to invite us to believe, that we are here in a state of probation only. And every virtuous mind will feel a conviction, that a Just God cannot fail to reward the good, and punish the wicked. But as the object of punishment is to amend and not ruin, the idea of eternal punishment is altogether incompatible with the Beneficient character of God.——With respect to the places of future rewards and punishments, we think it probable that the various suns, will prove to be so many heavens for the virtuous of each solar system: and as hell is to be a place of misery for the wicked, either a hot or cold planet, or a deprivation of all happiness will answer equally well for that purpose.——Prayers and petitions of every kind, are in our opinion presumpteous insults to the Deity. He will do whatever he deems right, without any hints, or instructions from the importunate. Prayers at every meal, even by the most pious, when properly anylised, will be found to be mere mechanical movements, preparatory to that of a sensual gratification. None but weak minds could hesitate a moment in discovering the absurdity, of sanctifying food at particular times on each day; while all that is eaten between those hours, is taken with all it’s profanity! “Food, it is said, is absolutely necessary to support life, and therefore every regular enjoyment thereof, should be accompanied with suitable thanks.” This childish notion has been imbibed, and cherished, in consequence of the sensual gratification of the appetite, in which food appears as the medium of that gratification. But food is not the first necessary of life: there is another of still more importance, but which, as it is not so grossly perceptible, nor so sensually gratifying as roast beef and plumb pudding, is used without any

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30 DECEMBER 1821 sanctification whatever. For who thinks of returning thanks, or asking blessings for the many barrels of air he daily consumes? Yet the practice may as well be defended in the one instance, as the other. Cows will low, and horses will neigh a brute like welcome, after being accustomed to regular meals. Shall we therefore degrade man, in regulating his intercourse with God, by a monitor so sensual!!——What insulting and presumpteous language is generally used in prayers: where every individual weighs or measures his own merits, and claims a suitable reward from the negligent deity; either in the remission of his sins, or in receiving a proper share of the good things of this world! Can any one seriously believe, that God should for one moment forget to superintend the works of his creation: and stand in need of being reminded by the incessant and idle clamors of men, that they have been neglected, or are in want of another supply from His bountiful hands!!—— Fasting to please God, is equally ridiculous and insulting to Him. It is comparing Him to a fond father of a family, who had provided an abundance of good things for the comfort of his children: but who instead of being pleased with their cheerful enjoyments, prefered to amuse himself with their wants and deprivations! Another instance of gross folly in this particular, may be seen in certain volumes of ready made prayers: wherein may be found, ready made prayers for the healing of a sick body, down to those for a fair wind, or profitable showers!!! Prayers, are the offspring of Fear and Doubt: now we do not fear God, because we Love him: but love and fear never can unite in the same person. Besides fear and doubt, naturally lead to a want of confidence, in the preserving and protecting power of an almighty God.——Kneeling for prayer, is one of the most abject and ridiculous remnants of heathen and popish superstitions, that disgraces Christian nations. It is a fag end of that system of plenary dicipline introduced in the Roman church, for the purpose of punishing and mortifying the body, by uneasy postures. While at the same time it is the mode in which all the antient heathen worshipped, by “bending the knee to Baal”. Now as the whole and sole object in practising this posture amongst Christians, appears to be to reverse Gods law of nature, by giving the body a painful, cramped position while paying extra honours to him: we think that purpose would be much better accomplished, by standing at once upon the head, instead of the feet!!! The Beneficient character of God is so exalted, that the sincere repentance of the wicked, is alsufficient to obtain forgiveness: without the aid or assistance of priests. As the attributes of the Great God must be infinite goodness, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, mercy, and truth: so these become the golden rule, by which the purity of the doctrine of every sect must be tested; and those that tresspass one iota on any of these sacred attributes, must infallible be false.—— We believe that the religion instituted by Moses, was the best he could devise to maintain the Unity of God: and at the same time restrain the idolatry and lisentiousness of a half civilized nation: just emerged from a state of bondage. We likewise believe the religion of Jesus Christ, contains the best system of morals that had then been offered to a demoralized world—and if any mortal ever deserved the title of “Son of God,” it was he.—(Note. Seneca’s system of morals was written about the same time with the Gospels: but evidently

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30 DECEMBER 1821 without any knowledge of their contents. This sublime pagan sage and philosopher,7 was worthy to rank with no mortal save Christ—Let those who doubt, read)—(The author next assigns the particular8 Causes, that have induced him to doubt the Divine origin of scripture: but as they are too lenghty to copy, I shall conclude this communication, with his explanation of the celebrated miracle of the “blossomed Rod.” He contends that Moses invented the ark of the covenant in imitation of the heathen Oracles, and that he was chiefly indebted to this powerful State engine for his great success— That Moses, like other oriental writers, had imbibed the national propensity of the orientalists, to hide and embellish as supernatural, every little natural occurrence, and thereby rule the people by playing upon the ignorance, credulity and superstitions of those ages).—I shall now proceed. “Numbers 17.8 §And9 behold the rod of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed with blossoms, and yielded almonds.’ This miracle of Aarons rod has ever10 been boasted of by our ancestors, as one of the most brilliant, extraordinary, and unanswerable of all the astonishing wonders, with which God honoured our forefathers in the wilderniss. And this too was our own opinion for many years, while the veil of inspiration covered our eyes: but no sooner had we ventured to raise the forbidden curtain, than the light forced it’s way to our darkened mind, and Truth in all her native simplicity, carried conviction to our soul. After obtaining a clue to one miracle, we saw no reason why we might not discover the source of another: and in this way we proceeded for years, until we succeeded in accounting, in a satisfactory manner to ourselves, for all the miracles recorded by Moses. Although we do not profess to be much skilled in the magic art, or that of Legerdemain: yet we are sufficiently confident to think, that with a little practise we could perform this miracle as adroitly as Moses: provided we had a multitude equally ignorant and superstitious,11 to impose upon.” “It will be deemed reasonable to suppose, that all the rods presented on this occassion, were taken from the almond tree: and the time when this wonder was performed, early in the season, before the almond sprouts or rods had budded or blossomed: otherwise the miracle would have been too suspicious in it’s nature. No one will deny it is presumed, that as Moses was in fact the Lord and master of the tabernacle (as well as of the people) he could not be at a loss for opportunities to enter it occassionally, unnoticed or unperceived, and there execute such parts of his plan, as required to remain a profound secret to all, except Aaron and himself. Now the whole mystery of this pretended miracle lies in this. Moses contemplated performing this miracle two, three or four weeks before he announced it publicly: and for this purpose he had selected for Aaron two rods or sprouts, so nearly alike, as not to be readily distinguished from each other. One of these had the largest end immersed in lukewarm water, and was placed in that holy place where no person except Moses and Aaron were permitted to enter. In a couple of weeks, that part of the rod which was above the water, would have §budded and brought forth buds’: and in one or two more (according to the [. . .] climate) some of the buds, would have §bloomed and blossomed’: whilst the tree from which the rods were taken, exhibited no such phenomena. As Moses was now ready to perform this exploit, he commanded the twelve rods to be brought, and placed in the sanctuary over night: during which he withdrew Aarons barren

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31 DECEMBER 1821 rod, and substituted the other in it’s place—and lo! In the morning, it had §budded and brought forth buds’ and §bloomed with blossoms’! As to it’s §yielding almonds,’ that is but a trifleing addition of Moses by way of embellishment: or he might have considered the §almonds’ as actually existing in embryo with the blossoms. Rods of the almond tree, may be made to exhibit this miracle in the same way, in any part of the world, where those trees thrive. If a small proportion of oxygenated muriatic acid be added to the water, the vegetation will be more rapid. It is quite probable that Moses may have known and used an agent even more powerful than this.” MS (MHi); entirely in Christian Schultz’s hand; at head of text: “Copy”; undated; one word illegible. rabbi nathan ben hassan appears to be another pseudonym of Schultz. blossomed rod of aaron: in the Bible, Moses placed twelve rods in the tabernacle, each carved with the name of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The next day the rod of Aaron of the tribe of Levi “was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds” (Numbers 17.6–8). God spoke to Moses from a burning bush in Exodus 3. In the epilogue to As You Like It, William Shakespeare used the proverb good wine needs no bush, recalling the traditional use of an ivy bush as the advertisement for a tavern. Writing under his own name in 1827, Schultz similarly explained the mystery of this pretended miracle of Aaron’s rod in a serialized essay entitled “The Triumph of Truth.” He described that piece as “nothing more than brief extracts from his larger and more regular, but unpublished work, entitled §A Review of the Five

Books of Moses, in which, all the “miracles” are traced to natural, philosophical, or political causes; and the total ignorance of that legislator concerning the doctrines of the immortality of the soul, and future state of rewards and punishments, proved to be incompatible with the character of an “inspired” writer; with a map of Egypt, Canaan, &c.’” (Correspondent 1 [1827]: 357; 2 [1827]: 54–5, 158). The full “Review” seems never to have been published. 1 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “particul.” 3 Manuscript: “was the was.” 4 Thus in manuscript, with “ever” possibly intended. 5 Manuscript: “importants.” 6 Manuscript: “distribuition.” 7 Manuscript: “philospher.” 8 Manuscript: “particelar.” 9 Here and in final paragraph, internal quotation marks editorially altered from double to single. 10 Reworked from “never.” 11 Manuscript: “superstious.”

From Charles Le Brun Monsieur, Philadelphia, le 31 Decbre, 1821. Il s’est déjà ecoulé vingt ans, depuis que j’ai eu l’honneur de vous remettre une lettre de recommandation que m’avait donné pour vous, notre immortel ami le Général Kossiuzko. Ce laps de tems n’a pu me faire oublier les civilités que vous me fites alors, & ce jour, qui m’offre l’occasion de vous en témoigner ma gratitude, est un des plus beaux de ma vie. Je présente donc à votre indulgence & à vos bontés, ma Liberté des mers, en Espagnol, dont le Succès a été prodigieux parmi  95 

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les descendans des Montézumas & des Incas. J’ai, aussi, traduit cet ouvrage en Anglais, & mon intention est de le présenter à mes concitoyens, aussitôt que j’aurai fait imprimer ma traduction of Pope’s Essay on Man. J’ai cinq ouvrages prêts pour la presse; & j’en ai deux autres en contemplation: c’est ainsi, Monsieur, que je file des jours heureux au Sein de la liberté, & au milieu d’une famille que j’adore, & des Muses que j’ai toujours aimées. J’ai l’honneur d’être avec le plus profond respect; Monsieur, Votre très humble & très obéissant Serviteur, Charles Le Brun ´P.S. Si j’ecris en Français, c’est parceque je n’ai point oublié que c’est la langue dans la quelle, il y a 20. ans, le Président des Etats Unis, voulut bien S’entretenir avec l’ami du Général Kossiuzko. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir, Philadelphia, 31 December, 1821. Twenty years have elapsed since I had the honor of delivering to you a letter of recommendation given to me by our immortal friend General Kosciuszko. The passage of time has not made me forget the compliments you then paid me, and this day, when I am able to express my gratitude to you, is one of the best of my life. I present, therefore, to your indulgence and kindness my Libertád de los Mares, in Spanish, which has been tremendously successful among the descendants of the Aztecs and Incas. I have also translated this book into English, and I intend to offer it to my fellow citizens as soon as my translation of Pope’s Essay on Man is published. I have five works ready for the press and two others in contemplation. This, Sir, is how I spend my happy days in the bosom of liberty, among a family I adore and the muses I have always loved. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect; Sir, your very humble and obedient servant, Charles Le Brun ´P.S. If I write in French, it is because I have not forgotten that this is the language in which the president of the United States was so kind as to converse with General Kosciuszko’s friend twenty years ago. RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); dateline adjacent to signature; endorsed by TJ as received 6 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Le Brun, 13 Jan. 1822, beneath endorsement. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Enclosure: Bertrand Barère, La Libertád de los Mares, ó el Gobiérno Inglés descubiérto, trans. Le Brun (Philadelphia, 1820; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 [no. 610]; TJ’s copy in

ViU, with printed dedication on front cover “to the Philosopher of Monticello Thomas Jefferson, Ex-President of the United States”). Charles Le Brun (ca. 1765–1844), translator and educator, was in Philadelphia late in 1801. Early the following year he wrote to TJ from New York City about his imminent plans to go to Curaçao, where he

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31 DECEMBER 1821 had established a commercial house based on his fifteen years of mercantile experience in Europe, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean. In Philadelphia in 1811 Le Brun published a French textbook for children and there called himself the translator of several Spanish and English works. He later described himself as the former “interpreter to the French government in the island of St. Domingo.” Le Brun prepared a new edition of a centuryold work by François de Salignac de La Mothe Fénelon, Les Aventures de Télémaque, fils d’Ulysse (Philadelphia, 1812), which went through several printings, and a translation into French of Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man (Philadelphia, 1823). He advertised his “English, French and Spanish Evening School” in Philadelphia in 1813 and continued teaching languages until 1843. Le Brun’s wife also operated a ladies’ seminary beginning in around 1816. In 1818 the governor of Pennsylvania appointed him the state’s interpreter of foreign languages, a position he held

until about 1837. Le Brun authored two works in Spanish in 1826 on the recent political history of Spain. He died in Philadelphia (PTJ, 36:235, 37:47–50; Le Brun, Le Directeur des Enfans [Philadelphia, 1811]; Philadelphia Voice of the Nation, 28 Oct. 1813; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 31 July 1815; James Robinson, Philadelphia Directory, for 1816 [(Philadelphia, 1816)]; Franklin Gazette, 8 June 1818; John Adems Paxton, Paxton’s Annual Philadelphia Directory and Register—1819 [Philadelphia, 1819]; Desilver’s Philadelphia Directory and Stranger’s Guide, for 1837 [1837], 142; McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1843 [1843], 157; Le Brun, Retratos Politicos de la Revolucion de España [Philadelphia, 1826]; Le Brun, Vida de Fernando Septimo, rey de España [Philadelphia, 1826]; Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, 9 Sept. 1844). The missing lettre de recommandation from Tadeusz Kosciuszko is accounted for in PTJ, 37:47–9.

From William Plumer (1789–1854) Sir, Washington December 31st 1821 I take the liberty to send you the enclosed Address,—not with the ambitious hope or expectation that it can in any degree contribute to instruct or amuse a mind so familiar as yours is with every branch of useful knowledge, & particularly with that which is the subject of this discourse—but merely as a mark of the sincere respect & esteem with which I have the honor to be Your most obedient & very humble servant W. Plumer Jr RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Honble Thomas Jefferson Monticello Va”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Plumer Wm” received 6 Jan. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Plumer, 13 Jan. 1822, beneath endorsement. Enclosure: Plumer (1789–1854), An Address delivered before the Rockingham Agricultural Society, October 18th, 1821 (Exeter, N.H., 1821), praising the essential role of agricultural societies, the meetings and exhibitions of which “tend to raise the character and improve the condition of the farmer” (p. 4); suggesting improvements

in drainage, tillage, manure, adaptation to different soils, and crop rotation; and urging farmers to acquire more agricultural knowledge and thereby adapt to the “new era” created by “the increase of our population, the diminution of foreign commerce, and the sudden growth of manufactures amongst us” (p. 20). William Plumer (1789–1854), public official and author, was born in Epping, New Hampshire, the son of TJ’s correspondent William Plumer (1759–1850). He attended the Phillips Exeter Academy,

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31 DECEMBER 1821 1802–05, and graduated from Harvard University in 1809. Plumer studied law with his father before being admitted to the bar in 1812, but rarely practiced. He was appointed the federal commissioner of loans for New Hampshire, served at Portsmouth, 1816–17, and then sat successively in the lower house of the New Hampshire legislature, 1818–19, the United States House of Representatives, 1819–25, and the New Hampshire senate, 1827– 29. Politically a Whig and an antislavery advocate, Plumer was an ally of Daniel Webster and John Quincy Adams who declined an appointment in 1827 from the latter to become United States district attorney for New Hampshire. After returning permanently to Epping, Plumer published several works of poetry during the 1840s. He attended the 1850 New Hamp-

shire constitutional convention and in his last years wrote a biography of his father (Andrew P. Peabody, ed., Life of William Plumer, by his son, William Plumer, Junior. Edited, with a Sketch of the Author’s Life [1856], ix–xvi; General Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the Phillips Exeter Academy. 1783–1903 [1903], 14; Harvard Catalogue, 187; Portsmouth Oracle, 3 Aug. 1816; JEP, 3:70, 72 [16, 21 Jan. 1817]; Journal of the Senate of the State of New-Hampshire . . . commencing Wednesday, November 19, 1828 [1829]; Charles M. Wiltse and others, eds., The Papers of Daniel Webster: Correspondence [1974–86], esp. 1:382, 7:75–7; Bela Chapin, comp., The Poets of New Hampshire [1883], 36–43; Concord New Hampshire Statesman, 23 Sept. 1854).

To Thomas Mann Randolph Dear Sir Monticello Dec. 31. 21. The inclosed paper was handed to me by our dear Martha, with a request that I would consider it, and say to you what I think of it. General Taylor has certainly stated the objections to mr Hackley’s claim so fairly, fully and powerfully, that I need not repeat them, observing only that in mentioning the notice which Erving had of the negociation with Alagon, he does not mention mr Hackley’s notice, who on the 29th of May 1819. took a conveyance from Alago[n] with a full knolege that, 3. months before, the US. had by treaty become proprietors of the whole province, and with an express annulment of the very title he was purchasing. this is more than a set off against the implied notice of our government thro Erving. however the circumstance of notice, duly examined, has little weight in the case. the effect of the ratification is the true point, & that on which Genl Taylor very properly rests it, and on which it will turn. on that two questions will arise. 1. did the ratification by the Cortes extend to the 2d & 3d articles only and not to the 8th and it’s subsequent explanations of the extent of these articles? if we are to decide this question for ourselves (doubting the judgment of our government) we should have the act of the Cortes before us, to examine critically it’s precise terms. but that I presume we have not; as Genl Taylor seems to take his information of  98 

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it from the recital in the preamble of the Spanish ratification, that §the consent and authority of the general Cortes with respect to the cession mentioned and stipulated in the 2d and 3d articles, had been first obtained.’ may1 not this mean that they had consented to all the articles which respect the cession mentioned in the 2d & 3d? is it a necessary inference from this that the Cortes had not consented to any other article, and especially the 8th and it’s explanations which respect the cession mentioned in the 2d and 3d and their extent? which is most probable, that the Cortes refused their assent to that article? or that the King omitted to communicate it to them? or that, altho’ the fact of consent might be material, it’s mention in the recital being unnecessary & superfluous, might be neither fully nor critically made?´´´Again, when we consider that our government (informed that grants had been made to Alagon, Punon Rostro, & de Vargas, subsequent in truth to Jan. 24. 18. but antedated fraudulently to bring them within the treaty, which grants covered nearly the whole country, from the boundary of the US. to the sea) made their nullification a sine quo non of the treaty, that they pertinaciously continued to refuse concluding it until their nullification was agreed to, can we believe they did conclude without knowing that the ratification of this article was as formal and firm as that of the articles it respected and explained? did they mean to decieve their country and palm upon us a fallacious instrument? or were they decieved themselves, that is to say, the President, all the heads of departments, the Atty General, and the whole Senate, as having less knolege than we have of what was a valid ratification? I confess that these considerations have weight with me when opposed to the opinion of Genl Taylor as to the validity of the ratification. 2. but a second question may be made, Whether the ratification of the Cortes was necessary? whether the constitution proposed by them for the colonies had authority in them until accepted in each colony respectively? the inhabitants of the colonies themselves, our government and our nation, certainly deny that it could, on principle, be in force in any colony without it’s consent; and at the date of the ratification, not a single colony had accepted, nor do I know that a single one has done it to this day. I think myself certain that the Floridas have not. the old government continued in them to the day of their surrender; and under the old government, a cession of territory and ratification by the king was conclusive. of this the cession of the same countries by the king to England, that of a degree of latitude of them to the US. and that of Louisiana to France are sufficient proofs.  99 

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´It is with real reluctance that I feel or express any doubts adverse to the interests of mr Hackley. I do it to yourself, only, and with a wish not to be quoted, as well to avoid injury to him, as the implication of myself in any thing controversial. I am far from having strong confidence in doubts of what two such able jurists have decided: yet for mr Hackley’s sake I anxiously wish that he should not be so far over-confident in the certainty of these opinions as to enter into any warranties of title in the portions he may dispose of. these vast grants of land are entirely against the policy of our government. they have ever set their faces most decidedly against such monopolies. in all their sales of land they have taken every measure they could devise to prevent speculations in them by purchases to sell again, & to provide that sales should be made to settlers alone. on this ground mr Hackley will have to contend against prejudices deeply rooted. these might perhaps be somewhat softened if, instead of taking adverse possession, which the President is bound to remove summarily by the military, he were t[o] make to Congress a full and candid statement of the considerations he has paid, or the sacrifices made, of which these lands are the compensation. they might in that case make him such a grant as would amount to a liberal indemnification. I shall ever studiously avoid expressing to any person any doubt which might injure mr Hackleys prospects from this source, and sincerely wish him the most can be made of them. I renew to yourself affectionate assurances of attachment and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); two words faint; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Randolph Thos M.” On 17 Dec. 1817 King Ferdinand VII of Spain granted lands in East Florida to the duque de Alagón, who in turn conveyed a tract consisting of roughly twelve million acres of that land to Richard S. Hackley on 29 May 1819. In the AdamsOnís Treaty between the United States and Spain, dated 22 Feb. 1819, the second and third articles stipulated, in part, that the king cede to the United States all land in East Florida. The eighth article voided royal land grants in ceded territories made after 24 Jan. 1818. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams belatedly learned from George W. Erving, minister plenipotentiary to Spain, of the transfer of land to Alagón, as well as two other previous grants the king made to the Count

of Puñonrostro and Don Pedro de Vargas. These conveyances were disputed by the American government because the 24 Jan. 1818 date had been specified before knowledge of the dates of the massive grants was fully known. In the Spanish instrument of ratification, the king acknowledged on 24 Oct. 1820 that the Cortes consented to the second and third articles, and he explained that the eighth article was to be understood as voiding these three prior Florida land grants (Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and other International Acts of the United States of America [1931–48], 3:3–59; Doe et al. v. Braden [1854] [16 Howard], U.S. Reports, 57:636). A 3 Dec. 1821 written opinion by Robert Taylor defending Hackley’s legal claim to his East Florida lands was almost certainly the inclosed paper to which TJ

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1 JA N UA R Y 1 8 2 2 was responding above. In it Taylor noted that Hackley’s 29 May 1819 deed from Alagón predated the treaty’s ratification, which alone specified that the king’s initial grant to the duke, made prior to the 24 Jan. 1818 date given in the treaty itself, was also to be annulled. Taylor wrote that “I entertain the opinion, that Mr. Hackley’s title, originally good, remains valid, notwithstanding the treaty; and that the United States, though they may dispossess him by an act of power, cannot do so, on any principle of national law or natural justice.” Taylor further explained that the Spanish constitution did not allow the king to take an individual’s private property without the consent of the Cortes, and that the treaty’s ratification appeared to indicate that the Cortes had only agreed to

the second and third articles, leaving Hackley’s title valid. The second of the two able jurists to whom TJ alluded was presumably Merit M. Robinson, whose brief opinion dated Richmond, 10 Dec. 1821, and probably also enclosed here, concurred with Taylor on the validity of Hackley’s legal title and additionally stressed the strength of his claim on equitable grounds (Titles, and Legal Opinions Thereon, of Lands, in East Florida, belonging to Richard S. Hackley, Esq. [Brooklyn, N.Y., 1822], 45–54, quote on p. 48). The United States Supreme Court ultimately ruled against Hackley’s heir in 1854 (Doe et al. v. Braden [1854] [16 Howard], U.S. Reports, 57:635–59). 1

Word interlined in place of “does.”

Joseph C. Cabell’s Statement of Funds Needed by the University of Virginia [by 1 Jan. 1822]

To liberate the Funds—on 1st Jan: 1822. 1. A remission of the debt $60.000. 2. To liberate the annuities of 1822. & 1823 30.000 Wanted to finish the Buildings Total sum necessary to compleat the buildings and to liberate the funds of the University

$90.000.00

⎬

$55.564.00 ⎭

⎫

$145.564.00

In addition to the aforesaid sum of $145.564, the Rector & Visitors recommend an augmentation of the Annuity of $15,000. but leave the amount to the discretion of the General Assembly. MS (ViU: TJP); written in Cabell’s hand on a half sheet; undated; endorsed by Cabell: “Sum wanting to liberate the funds & finish the buildings of the University.”

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1 JA N UA R Y 1 8 2 2 was responding above. In it Taylor noted that Hackley’s 29 May 1819 deed from Alagón predated the treaty’s ratification, which alone specified that the king’s initial grant to the duke, made prior to the 24 Jan. 1818 date given in the treaty itself, was also to be annulled. Taylor wrote that “I entertain the opinion, that Mr. Hackley’s title, originally good, remains valid, notwithstanding the treaty; and that the United States, though they may dispossess him by an act of power, cannot do so, on any principle of national law or natural justice.” Taylor further explained that the Spanish constitution did not allow the king to take an individual’s private property without the consent of the Cortes, and that the treaty’s ratification appeared to indicate that the Cortes had only agreed to

the second and third articles, leaving Hackley’s title valid. The second of the two able jurists to whom TJ alluded was presumably Merit M. Robinson, whose brief opinion dated Richmond, 10 Dec. 1821, and probably also enclosed here, concurred with Taylor on the validity of Hackley’s legal title and additionally stressed the strength of his claim on equitable grounds (Titles, and Legal Opinions Thereon, of Lands, in East Florida, belonging to Richard S. Hackley, Esq. [Brooklyn, N.Y., 1822], 45–54, quote on p. 48). The United States Supreme Court ultimately ruled against Hackley’s heir in 1854 (Doe et al. v. Braden [1854] [16 Howard], U.S. Reports, 57:635–59). 1

Word interlined in place of “does.”

Joseph C. Cabell’s Statement of Funds Needed by the University of Virginia [by 1 Jan. 1822]

To liberate the Funds—on 1st Jan: 1822. 1. A remission of the debt $60.000. 2. To liberate the annuities of 1822. & 1823 30.000 Wanted to finish the Buildings Total sum necessary to compleat the buildings and to liberate the funds of the University

$90.000.00

⎬

$55.564.00 ⎭

⎫

$145.564.00

In addition to the aforesaid sum of $145.564, the Rector & Visitors recommend an augmentation of the Annuity of $15,000. but leave the amount to the discretion of the General Assembly. MS (ViU: TJP); written in Cabell’s hand on a half sheet; undated; endorsed by Cabell: “Sum wanting to liberate the funds & finish the buildings of the University.”

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you had ever received it; I could not tell him at the moment, but determined to inquire of you upon the first occasion—I heard from this gentleman that Gen. La Fayette had lately announced in a letter to Gen. Bernard, his intention of visiting this country probably in the course of the ensuing year. I have met with a good many of your old friends here, who have been very particular in their inquiries after you, and their attentions to me on your account. of the foreigners, M. de Neuville has been the most polite. I have reason to believe that the neglect I have experienced from Mr Canning has proceeded more from some absurd ideas of etiquette, than from any intentional disrespect—he is generally considered a man of amiable temper and manners, although devoured by hypochondria and constitutional melancholy. when we meet in society, we are always as sociable as he knows how to be. I think Washington is becoming more pleasant than I found it during the winter. the weather has been so fine for some time past that I have been able to enjoy the benefits of fresh air and exercise; and my health is rapidly improving in consequence. I have now and then only, had it in my power to attend the congressional debates, but it is labour lost to go to the hall of Representatives, for you cannot from the galleries, hear one word in ten, there has been I believe even more than the usual quantity of empty declamation; the speeches I have heard, as far as I could judge from the little I did hear, have been literally “full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.” some most indecent altercations have taken place, which the newspapers have not reported. I was witness to one myself, in which there were sometimes three members on the floor together bawling at each other. Mr Barber is said to want firmness to keep the house in order. Mr Randolph and Mr McDuffee of South Carolina had a furious contest; it was a quiver of poisoned arrows against the club of Hercules, but Mr Randolph’s sharp satire was unavailing against the strong coarse invective of his antagonist; which appears to act like a battering ram and beat down all before it. Mr Randolph’s mind has been in a very unsettled state for some time past, he is hovering on the verge of insanity and his embarking for England, appears to be the freak of a madman. Mr McDuffee has disappointed public expectation, raised perhaps too high by the injudicious panegyrics of his friends. he will probably be lost to them and to his Country before his talents have had time to mature, being engaged to fight a duel within thirty days after the rising of Congress with a man who is said never to miss his aim. the quarrel was a political one, and the mutual animosity of the parties has baffled every attempt at reconciliation—···Mr Archer of Virginia who is in the  300 

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habit of long speeches received a reproof the other day which excited a good deal of mirth in the House, he had spoken one whole day upon the Bankrupt bill, and rose the second day to continue his harangue. a member on the opposite side of the Hall quoted in an audible voice a line from Young’s Night thoughts, Insatiate Archer could not one suffice? The debates of the Senate are more interesting, and the ladies are admitted on the floor of the Chamber; they certainly are better accommodated, but it produ[ces] an unpleasant effect [t]o see women mingling as it were in the counsels of a [deli]berative body and certainly distracting the attention of the Senators.— Mr Josiah Meigs, an old friend I believe of yours, and who speaks of you with warm affection, furnished me with what he calls a meteorological register for the month of January by which I find the greatest degree of cold of this year was on the 14th when the thermometer stood at 4° above zero. on the 5th it was at 6° and on the 25th at 7°. the whole month of March so far has been delightful. I heard a gentleman say about a week ago that he had had a shad at his table that day.— Adieu my dearest Grandpapa, I have written at intervals, constantly interrupted by the coming in of visiters. I am anxious to make a short visit to Baltimore and when that is over shall think only of returning home. Aunt Randolph desires me to present her respects to you, my love awaits all my family, and for yourself the assurance of my devoted and unchangeable affection. Ellen W. Randolph. I am afraid it will be some time before Mr Barnes can find an opportunity to send the busts. RC (Edward Churchill, Haddonfield, N.J., 1991); damaged at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late President of the U.S. Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 25 Mar.; endorsed by TJ as received 28 Mar. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with later notation beneath endorsement by Randolph (Coolidge)’s daughter Ellen Randolph Coolidge Dwight: “given to me at Edgehill E.R.D.” The artist Thomas Gimbrede produced the engraving from vanderlyn’s portrait of James Monroe (Stein, Worlds, 172). Among TJ’s papers is an undated and unsigned memorandum in Eugene A. Vail’s hand, likely related to his efforts to

procure better copies of Peter Cardelli’s busts: “The only merit of Gardelli’s busts of Madison & Monroe is a strikingly faithful resemblance. The drawing of the busts sin against all rules of nature and art. Mr Causici has therefore offered me to execute them himself, moulding the heads entirely upon Gardelli’s, so as to exhibit the features as correctly, and an ensemble more acceptable to a critical eye. The work-man he employs to cast his moulds is now absent and will not return before two weeks, when he will be enabled to fulfill his intention, should no counter-instructions be received from me before that time.—I confide wholly in his talents” (MS in MHi; written on a half sheet; endorsed by TJ: “Cardelli”).

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22 MARCH 1822 ·Lafayette’s 1816 letter of introduction for Vail is not recorded in SJL and has not been found. full of sound and fury, signifying nothing is from William Shakespeare, Macbeth, act 5, scene 5. Philip P. Barbour (mr barber) was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. George McDuffie (mr mcduffee) suffered a gunshot wound in his duel with William Cumming on 8 June 1822 outside Savannah, Georgia, but survived. Cumming emerged unscathed (Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 18 June 1822; ANB). William S. Archer gave a lengthy speech opposing the proposed bankrupt bill in the House of Representatives on 14

Feb. 1822 (Annals, 17th Cong., 1st sess., 1034–51). The line insatiate archer could not one suffice? is from the first part of Edward Young’s poem, The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality (London, 1742; see also Sowerby, no. 4548), line 210. On 27 June 1822 Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) wrote from Monticello to Nicholas P. Trist of “having seen an exquisitely beautiful little drawing in Indian ink, done by Mr. E. Vail; it is a Åview of Genl Lafayettes seat at la Grange,’ and looks like a fairy dwelling” (RC in DLC: NPT). 1

Preceding two words interlined.

From Francis Eppes Dr Grandpapa Columbia March 22. 1822 I had determined to write to you sometime ago, but was prevented partly by the expectation of an answer to my last letter, & partly by business, which has occupied nearly the whole of my time for several weeks past. I regret this circumstance the more as necessity compels me to take a step which I should wish in the first place to recieve the sanction of your approbation. I am about to return home, and tho’ it is unpleasant to communicate the reasons which prompt me, yet in the present instance delicacy must give way to duty and gratitude. You are not ignorant that my Father has during my stay in college allowed me a certain sum to defray my expences: this he informed me was as much as he could afford & I must therefore take care not to exceed it; & this he enjoined more particularly last October. I accordingly on my arrival calculated my expences for the winter in college and found that my allowance would hold out until the first of May, which would have carried me through the Lectures on Chemistry, & a part of those on Mineralogy, and I was very well content as I thought the latter would prove of little use to me in life, and I was certain that in Mathematics, I should then be far enough advanced to go on without the aid of a Professor. In a letter of my Fathers a few weeks ago he informed me that he was pressed for money & could not possibly forward any more until the sale of his crop, and as I foresaw that this would place me not only in a disagreable but distressing situation, I determined to make the best use of that in my possession and return as soon as it was ex 302 

23 MARCH 1822

pended. This has brought me nearly through the Lectures on chemistry & so far in Nat. Philosophy that Mr Wallace tells me I shall find no more difficulty, & may pursue the study to as much advantage at home. as to Astronomy the course taught here is scarcely better than that contained in every petty treatise on the use of the Globes, as it is an abridgement of the outline in Cavallo’s nat. Philosophy, by Brosius, and hardly worth perusal; so that I should not have gained much by staying for this. Had it so happened, I would have prefered staying until the Lectures on chemistry were quite over, but I have in a measure remedied this deficiency by studying the few remaining subjects in our text Book, which is an excellent one. Dr C’ lectures will I expect certainly be over next week, and then Mr Vanuxem begins with Geological Mineralogy, as the chair is entitled. Tomorrow I set off and in 10 days expect to reach Millbrook, where I hope to find your answer as I shall feel disatisfied until I know that you are not displeased with me for acting in the way that I have done.—If you approve my intention I will turn in immedeately to the Study of Law & divide my time between it and other studies.—Remember me to Aunt Randolph & family & accept this as testimony of my sincere love your affectionate Grandson Frs Eppes. RC (ViU: TJP-ER); endorsed by TJ as received 4 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

For Eppes’s last letter to TJ of 6 Feb. 1822, not found, see note to Thomas Cooper’s (dr c’s) letter to TJ of 14 Feb. 1822.

From Daniel Brent Dear Sir, Wasn, 23 March 1822. I have just had the Pleasure of receiving your favor of the 19th Instant, and I lose no time in complying with your Request, by sending you the Documents which you mention, to which I have added some others, that I have thought you might like to be possessed of.···I am, Dear sir, with perfect Esteem and Respect, your ever faithful, Obedt servt Daniel Brent. ·Documents herewith sent, in separate packets. Census. (4th) Register for 1822 Calendar for Do 4 Messages of the President to Congress, during the present session. Report of Patents &a  303 

23 MARCH 1822 ·RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Mar. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to George Ticknor, 15 Aug. 1824, on recto and verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson, Monticello”; franked; postmarked Washington, 25 Mar. calendar for do: Peter Force, The National Calendar, and Annals of the United States; for MDCCCXXII (Wash-

ington, 1822). The particular messages of President James Monroe to the United States Congress have not been identified. report of patents: Letter from the Secretary of State, transmitting a list of the names of Persons to whom Patents have been issued for any New or useful Art, or Machine, Manufacture, or Composition of Matter, or improvement thereon, For one year, prior to the 1st January, 1822 (Washington, 1822).

From Thomas G. Watkins Jonesbo. East Tennessee

My Dear & respected Sir, March 24. 1822. When I last had the happiness of being with you at Monticello, I left you under the pleasing expectation of meeting you soon again at the natural bridge on my way to this country but was painfully disappointed, by a very unexpected & heavy domestic affliction. but “tempus edax rerum” has also swept away my griefs—and with my family I again enjoy a usual share of comfort in the circle of our friends. A day—scarcely an hour goes by me without renewing an anxious desire to enjoy over again those departed moments of pleasure and improvement which the fireside of Monticello has so often afforded me. a feeling which must afford an apology, under so long a seperation, for my temerity in thus sending you my hand to represent my heart. Next to the present prosperity and happiness of my country, my friends & myself, the prospects of succeeding generations claim my zealous consideration in passing along over the fertile regions which lie between the shores of the atlantic and the Mississippi, and I know how grateful it will be to your benevolence to hear, in relation to the first consideration, that very few circumstances present themselves, of a character unfavourable to the warmest hopes of Philanthropy. A people independent, intelligent—unreserved, hospitable and chearful— afford the strongest proof of a gifted country, still under the influence of a good government! How long will this last? is a painful question, which the hystory of mankind is but too well calculated to suggest to the reflecting politician.—And the half stifled complaints of federal assumptions of power, fluctuating degenerate currencies official extravagance & private voluptuousness, not less so to excite apprehensions, that the dangerous aberration from the first principles to ensure stability to our happy state of things—is already begun. But trusting  304 

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in the Power, the intelligence and the interest of the people, I will not indulge in gloomy anticipations. Federal Judicial encroachments upon state rights—& the next presidential election—The Pride, the splendour, the etiquette & extravagance of the heads of Government, with the hard times and pressure upon the people, are the most prominent subjects of discussion among the latter where I have passed along. With respect to the first “state rights” the people all along through Virginia appear to understand the subject, to have settled their minds upon its merits and finally determined that the time has arrived when it is proper to commence the work of temperately but firmly and effectually arresting the course of the encroachments of the irresponsible federal judiciary upon the unalienated rights & sovereignty of the states. In the state of Tennessee the question has not yet been sufficiently stirred—and the reasonings upon it are less understood— indeed the opinions upon it if expressed at all were chiefly among the people, a reiteration of the sentiments promulged in the National Intelligencer—that it was much ado about nothing—& that our confidence in the General government ought not to be shaken—The federalists seem unanimous on this point, and it being a republican administration, at least one of republican creation—the republicans are not prepared for hostile animadversion—A few of the more shrewd, old and well grounded republicans, however, although they say but little yet—appear to be prepared with a proper understanding & disposition to meet the question in due time. And the Intelligencer is evidently falling from that high ground which it once deservedly occupied amongst the truest patriots as a text book of principle as well as fact and as soon as the people have time to learn, that it no longer retains the spirit but only the name of the good old republican oracle and organ of republican truth, they will abandon it & the arrogant as[sum]ptions of the federal judiciary together. Some unexpected pow[erf]ul influence may arise to avert this issue from its wonted fruition. But I [h]ave seen & heard enough to warrant me in saying—that at present this [s]tatement as to this quarter1 is not founded intirely on my own wishes and sanguine hopes. [A?] communication of the Governor of Virginia overtook me above the blue ridge in Virginia— and with the presidents address to congress spread on before me through Virga & Tennessee. The remarks on both that I subsequently heard were generally complimentary—but the greatest mete of applause was certainly awarded to the former, whether from the greater interest of the subjects embraced, or the superior style of their support I did not press the inquiry. but it was remarked of the latter, that the style was too much in detail, too argumentatively defensive of the  305 

24 MARCH 1822

measures adverted to, for the dignity of the occasion & the splendour of their author. With respect to the subject of the next presidential election, it is manifestly the Aarons serpent that swallows up all the rest— Pointing to persons more than principles every one is busy in building up his fabric of hopes and fears upon its foundation—touching “sectional” (local) feelings, jealousies and interests—it raises up an army of intriguers under the mask of patriotism, to embarrass the public sentiment, and advance their own selfish pretensions. To pass over every other view of this novel premature stir on such an occasion— whence the disrespect manifested in it to the present incumbent? Has he betrayed the confidence & the hopes of our party while he has failed to command the respect [o]f the other? or has the imbecility or monotony of his course been such as not to furnish sufficient interest to confine them within the limited sphere of his operations—that both shou’d thus unite in transcending the bounds of his administration, and locate their plans in times beyond the reach of his2 influence. Is it more symptomatic of their more daring and dangerous ambition— or a just denunciation of his offensive & injurious aberration from a course more desired & confidently expected? On these topics the faithful old republicans seem to stand astounded. They nothing approve— but yet nothing reproach—one looks significantly at another and all wait as if desirous to receive his neighbours sentiments first—a favourable state this among the people for the impressions of truth, and I augur from it a favourable issue. So far as I have been able to penetrate the views of the west—through that cautious evasion of point on the subject, which manifestly pervades all classes—their is reason to believe, that they are determined to set up for themselves as soon as possible, and very many indulge the hope that the time is already arrived that promises them success. but the thing is to agree upon the individual. Here but two names present themselves with any degree of force, Genl Jackson & Henry Clay—and it wou’d seem from the best information I can get—that if a sufficient portion of the atlantic, cou’d be expected by the more discerning to join—they wou’d come to an agreement among themselves which of these to prefer—but not as yet calculating sufficiently upon either—there is an equal prospect for either Mr Crawford or Mr Adams—and as yet no others from the atlantic. If ever the name of Tomkins is mentioned it is coupled with respect for his republican virtues & integrity—but want of knowledge of, and, of course, confidence in his talents. The west appears to feel sensible of the correct and patriotic principles of Virginia & to admit her integrity and talents—& advancing into speculations they say— so far as her influence is best calculated to promote the interests &  306 

24 MARCH 1822

happiness of the Union—it wou’d best be subserved by her support of a western candidate, which wou’d be something like a parent’s transfering the government of his estate to a ripe & vigorous offspring, when any considerations shou’d make it prudent for him to yield up the direct management of it himself—The old Federalists—their leaders— I discover to be unequivocally opposed to Mr Adams whether they cannot forgive his apostacy or whether without pointing out the individual—they cherish hopes from the republican schisms—to slip in a true stock of the old federal vine—I cannot discover—One thing I do discover—Their meed of praise is liberally bestowed almost universally on you. whether with sincere devotion to your acknowledged virtues and usefulness or a selfish hidden object of their own, time only can reveal. Since their overthrow I have seen them so often skulk behind the public voice, the easier to misdirect and convert its influence to their own latent and unhallowed purposes—that while my principles are open to receive them as brothers upon a true foundation, I am forced to pause and say to myself, even when they are praising you, My Dear Sir,—Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. But as I wou’d have my benevolence and sound policy, always to maintain the ascendant over my distrust or resentment—these terms are cautiously whispered to myself—while I hold out to them the hand of good fellowship, accompanied with professions that shall extend “pari passu” as far back from the teeth, as I discover their own to originate. I have some reason to believe that the pretensions of Mr Clay and Genl Jackson are both encouraged from the east & perhaps with the same view—it is not likely from present appearances that the Genl wou’d readily yield his views to the support of Mr Clay—he speaks with faint praise of Mr Adams but is very hostile as is all his party to Mr Crawford. He is very much dissatisfied with the president on many accounts—and will address the nation on some accounts he did not tell me what—if he is not better satisfied, soon. He professes the highest respect for you and all your family—which I hope will continue even if you shou’d not support his pretensions (if he has any not confided to me) for the presidency. All that I can hear from Ohio, & I enquire; is exclusively favourable to Mr Clay there—Louisiana is divided for Clay or Crawford & Jackson—and so of Alabama—I must not forbear remarking on this subject, that a report prevailed through this country when Mr Lowndes’ name was held up in S.C. that you by letter had designated him as a proper subject for the public confidence. & from the manner in which the fact was every where discredited, I infered enough to render me happy that no proof of the assertion was afforded—However desirable it might be to the true friends of the old republican cause,  307 

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to avail themselves as much as possible of your aid and advice on all momentous points—your true friends if as discreet as true will never betray your confidence as to personal indications, if even empowered, without your most deliberate assent to such a course. And it wou’d be grievous to your friends and injurious to the general good of their cause, that your preference shou’d be divulged, before the ultimate success of its object is secured. unless it cou’d be insisted that without further interest or agency at least in the case—you had3 at the appointed time gone to the poll and exercised no more than your common right of suffrage—My Dear Sir, I am no flatterer—I am your true friend and that of my Countrys true interests, & so far as my limited means of judging enables me to discern what is best for either, I cou’d not be made to depart from it. But neither wou’d I, impelled by this or any other consideration—be thought to presume further than was meet for one whose principal claim to your indulgence has been founded more on your voluntary goodness than his own merits. If therefore in the expression of any of my sentiments I may have seemed to forget the limits assigned by propriety—the consciousness of this wou’d render me most unhappy, did I not take at the same time consolation from my knowledge of the repeated instances of your charitable consideration, in cases not bottomed upon less exceptionable motives. The respect & veneration of the nation for your principles & person I have been led most sincerely to consider as one of the main pillars of the republican cause.—it shou’d not be weakened by the slightest touch of any unprosperous circumstance. The world judges by the event—success is too much, now, the test of right—and shou’d any thing that you were known to interest yourself in not be made ultimately to succeed—it wou’d be hailed by the enemies of popular power & liberty as an important breach in the great wall of their protection. With these impressions cou’d I do otherwise than feel all alive, to the success of all your acts as well as principles—While I am compelled to distrust the integrity or discretion of those, who wou’d too frequently or incautiously involve your name? Few I think wou’d more freely advocate, and act upon, the propriety of risquing all to save all than myself. The necessity of this course can rarely happen in reference to persons.4 it shou’d be reserved for the invasion of principles.— I have spun out my remarks so far upon the two first objects of Public concern as to leave little room for any thing to be said about the rest— and indeed nothing new or interesting on those subjects has offered— on the style &c at Washington the People of the West think & Speak like Virginia. And the talk of hard times is commonplace—and only  308 

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evinces that the people disregard too much their real blessings—while they conjure up imaginary hardships—we cannot all maintain the style of Things and we might as well begin to learn to be contented to live as rational beings upon moderate means such as all may attain with industry and economy, regulated with propriety—false legislation & partial combinations have brought on a considerable portion of our grievances, but private extravagance more. and as it appears that nothing can admonish us but experience I am glad that we have been made to suffer short of general ruin. I long most ardently to see you all at monticello where I hope to be before the first of may—In the meantime Mrs Watkins Unites with me in sending our respectful and affectionate regards to yourself and each of the rest of the family T G Watkins RC (DLC); edge torn; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; franked; endorsed by TJ as received 7 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. The domestic affliction was presumably the death earlier this year of Watkins’s father, John Watkins, in Jefferson County, Tennessee. The communication of the governor of virginia was most likely Thomas Mann Randolph’s 3 Dec. 1821 message to the Virginia House of Delegates, for which see Spencer Roane to Archibald Thweatt, 11 Dec. 1821, enclosed in Thweatt to TJ, 13 Dec. 1821, and note. President James Monroe’s 3 Dec. 1821 annual address to congress, which was presented to that body two days later, detailed the commercial relations of the United States with for-

eign nations, reviewed progress in executing the Adams-Onís treaty with Spain, and reported on America’s fiscal standing (JHR, 15:11–22). In the Bible, Aaron threw down his rod before Pharaoh and it turned into a serpent. Pharaoh’s magicians likewise threw down their rods and they too became serpents, but it was Aaron’s serpent that swallows up all the rest (Exodus 7.9–12). 1

Preceding four words interlined. Watkins here canceled “ephemeral” and then interlined and canceled "supposed." 3 Watkins here canceled “simply.” 4 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 2

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, RichÅd 25 Mar: ”22 I recd a letter this morning from Mr Pleasants, covering a check on the Branch Bank of the United States at this place for $118, which I have passed to your credit as directed— The Ton of Lump Plaistre you ordered, was ford on the 18th Inst: by Wren’s Boats, care W. D. Fitch Milton, & I hope has reached you before this. With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truly B. Peyton  309 

25 MARCH 1822

·I have not Monticello—

[been]1

able to get the note discounted you gave me at B.P.

RC (MHi); dateline beneath full signature; mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 20 Mar. 1822 received eight days later and so recorded in SJL.

1 Omitted

word editorially supplied.

From John Barnes My Dear Sir George Town Coa 26 March 1822 Tis long since I had the pleasure either, of addressing, or receiving a Line from you—tho often—inquired after your health & that of the good families—mine—has declined—as reasonable to be, expected.— is yet, I am truly thankfull in many respects good, still Active as Usual—but in point of 1 hearing, much reduced. nor have I Ventured even, to the City—since last Novr tho. chearfull and happy in receiving my friendly Neighbours and Others from distant parts &c— —I now Sir, Eagerly embrace the present Occasion to inclose Capn Burks receipt, for two Boxes—or Cases on Board the Schr John for Richmond Assigned in Care, of Coln B. Peyton to whom I have this day addressed & inclosed Original receipt2— —for a Continuance of your health & injoyments of family & friends, the most Essential—to Yrs & their present happiness—is the fervent & very sincere Wish & prayer of Dear Sir, Your most Obedt Obliged and gratefull servt John Barnes. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 4 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

1 2

Barnes here canceled “Health.” Manuscript: “recipt.”

From Richard Randolph Dear Sir Richmond 27 March 1822 The governor left town so immediately after my return from Monticello that I had only time to send you two small specimens of the shale; the one burnt. The other as it was taken from the earth. I now send by Mr Cabell some more pieces for your inspection, the difference of colour is produced by the degree of heat. The powder in the papers sent by the boatman are of the same material. The one marked “Basalt Powdered” contains the shale not well burnt. If you will take the  310 

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trouble to have the specimens powdered, and mix 4 measures of the powder with five of quicklime powdered, make it moist, let it lay two days, and then bring it into order by a little more water, and a good deal of beating, I think that you will find it to answer well. The cement in the barrels requires to be treated in the same way. I shall be gratified to hear your opinion, after you shall have made some experiments. I am your most obdt Richard Randolph RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text.

the governor: Thomas Mann Randolph.

From Robert Smith (printer) Sir Washngton City Marh 27th 1822 I addressed you a letter some days ago and stated that it was me that went to Annopolis in the year 18001 and put a card in Mr Greens paper which brought out Judge Duval to write those Essays that put you in as President of the United States and that at your close of years you should not forget me Rt Smith printer P.S Indeed I Should like somethng at the Present time for I am in reducd circumstancs and getting in years—I have a claim on the United States fror an invention of case shot whch was made use of in the battle of Lake Eree, but the 18th Congress are a parcel of Juglers Mr Randolph looks on them, it is said as the schum of 2 the United States I wait your answer all that I Repent that I ever went out to Pittssbergh for I saved the United States from a Dissolution RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson ex-P— Charlotsville Virginia Montcello”; franked; postmarked Washington, 29 Mar.; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Smith Robert (printer)” received 4 Apr. 1822 and so recorded (lacking “printer” but with additional bracketed notation: “ante Feb. 28,” the day TJ received Smith’s letter of 24 Feb. 1822) in SJL.

the Annapolis Maryland Gazette in 1800 (Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:219– 20). case shot: “small projectiles massed together, typically with sawdust packing, in a canister for firing from a cannon as a single shot, the canister disintegrating in the air” (OED). The 18th congress did not commence until 1 Dec. 1823.

mr greens paper: Frederick Green and Samuel Green were proprietors of

 311 

1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“1822.” “of of.”

From James Breckinridge Dear Sir At Home Mar: 28th 1822 I meant to have set out this morning for the University, but nearly at the moment of my departure I was arrested by some circumstances which put it out of my power to leave home at this time. I regret it very much indeed as I had a great desire to attend the ensuing meeting of the visitors to see whether any plan can be devised for sustaining the credit of the institution & proceeding with the buildings, untill the meeting of the next Legislature. I am your Fd & Sert James Breckinridge RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 7 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to James Monroe, 22 July 1824,

on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Fincastle, 3 Apr. 1822.

To Christopher Rankin Sir March 28. 22. I duly recieved your favor of the 20th with the paper respecting the line of West Florida, which I now return. of this paper I have not the smallest recollection. it may have been communicated to me while Secretary of State by mr Ellicot when running our Southern boundary. how it came to be in a book of State papers instead of the Office of state may have happened thus: while examining other documents in the book on the same subject, this paper may have been stuck into it and inadvertently left in it. I conjecture this the rather as I have been heretofore obliged to have recourse to the Librarian for lost papers left in like manner sticking in books on the subject to which they belonged. it is possible that if this paper was communicated to me by Ellicot, that the letter inclosing it may be in the Secretary of State’s office. accept the assu[ran]ce of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViW: TC-JP); on verso of reused address cover of Francis W. Gilmer to TJ, 29 Nov. 1819; mutilated at seal, with missing text supplied from Tr; at foot of text: “Mr Christopher Rankin”; endorsed by TJ. Tr (DNA: RG 59, MLR); misdated 20 Mar. 1822; enclosed in Rankin to John Quincy Adams, 8 Apr. 1822. En-

closure: enclosure to Rankin to TJ, 20 Mar. 1822. TJ was vice president, not secretary of state, when Andrew Ellicott surveyed the southern boundary between the United States and West Florida. The librarian of Congress was George Watterston.

 312 

From Chapman Johnson Dear Sir, Richmond 29. March 1822— I am very sorry that [it]1 is not in my power to be with you, at the meeting of the visitors, on monday next; I am unexpectedly spancelled, in a criminal prosecution here, from which I cannot be released—Mr Cabell, however, who does me the favor to carry you this letter, will be able to give you more information than I should, as to the proceedings of the legislature2 and the temper of the members, on the subject of the University— Will you allow me to make a suggestion to you, and through you, to the board, on one subject which will probably claim your attention at the approaching meeting—the rotunda— This building I regard as a necessary part of our plan, and sooner or later it must be erected.—But it does not appear to me to be indispensible to the commencement of the institution—If however we had the funds for its immediate completion, I should not hesitate a moment, in thinking that we ought to build it without delay—But in the present condition of our funds, and in the actual state of the public mind, in relation to our institution, I am thoroughly persuaded, that considerations of prudence and of sound policy absolutely forbid us, from contracting for the laying or the making of a single brick for this building at this time, and recommend the appropriation of all our means, to the completion of the buildings already undertaken, and to preparation for putting the University, into immediate operation—If we could come before the legislature, at their next session, with information, that accommodations for ten professors and more than two hundred students were prepared,—that if our debt were paid we should be prepared to open the institution—that the building for the library and other useful purposes, which could be dispensed with in the commencement, would be indispensible in the progress of the institution, if it should prosper,—and, that in that event, it would be necessary at some convenient time, to provide funds for it, I think it not improbable that the debt would be remitted—if nothing more could be done—But I do believe that if we persist in the erection of this building at this time, we put at great hazard the future patronage of the legislature—and I am exceedingly afraid of exasperating public feeling upon this subject—I know that Mr Cabell entertains the opinion that the erection of this building, at this time, is more generally approved than I suppose it to be—This opinion, however, should be well examined, before it is adopted—The indications of it are calculated to deceive—Our rivals would advise it, to postpone the time of  313 

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our commencement, and to multiply the chances of our defeat—Our enemies would advise it for the same reasons;—and many of our friends approve it, because, willing to go all lengths for us themselves, they hope that the legislature may be prevailed upon to sanction it— But I do know that some of our warm friends are decidedly opposed to it;—and depend upon it, we have not a single vote to lose—On the contrary we must make friends, in order to gain the favor of the legislature— Excuse me, if you please—I will waste no more of your time— Very respectfully Your obt. Svt C: Johnson RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello” by “Mr Cabell”; endorsed by TJ as received 31 Mar. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in TJ to James Madison, 7 Apr. 1822, and probably in Madison to TJ, 15 Apr., not found (see note to TJ to Madison, 7 Apr. 1822).

spancelled: unable to move; literally, hobbled with a rope or fetter used to secure livestock (OED). 1 2

Omitted word editorially supplied. Manuscript: “legeslature.”

To William Lambert Monticello. Mar. 29. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Lambert for the two copies of the very able and learned pamphlet he has been so kind as to send him on the subject of the first Meridian. they shall be disposed of as he directed.1 he was pleased to see that the Legislature had considered this object as one of necessary attention, and is still more so to find it so accurately carried into execution. he salutes mr Lambert with assurances of his continued esteem and respect. RC (DNA: RG 59, LAR, 1817–25); addressed: “Mr William Lambert Washington”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 2 Apr. PoC (DLC); on verso of portion of a reused address cover from Alexander Garrett to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Printed in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 9 Apr. 1822, with an editorial headnote reading “We are glad to find, by the subjoined note from Mr. Jefferson to Mr. Lambert, that the measures which Congress have adopted towards the establishment of a First Meridian for the United States receive the approbation, and are supported by the opinion, of that venerable and enlightened citizen.”

The United States legislature passed a joint resolution on 3 Mar. 1821 authorizing President James Monroe “to cause astronomical observations to be made to ascertain the longitude of the Capitol in the City of Washington from some known meridian in Europe” (JHR, 14:319). 1 In the Daily National Intelligencer a note is keyed here with an asterisk: “One copy for his own use, and the other for the use of the University, or Seminary of Learning near Charlottesville, in Virginia.”

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From James Madison [Montpellier, 29 Mar. 1822]

I am sorry that the approaching meeting of the Visitors will furnish an exception to the punctuality of my attendance . . . I presume that my failure, even if it prevents a quorum, is rendered of little consequence by the obduracy of the Assembly to the pleas in behalf of the University, whose interests are certainly the best interests of their constituents . . . Extract, including ellipses, printed in Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc., auction catalogue, New York City, 5–6 Apr. 1943, lot 389; document described there as being one quarto page in length and containing “about 95 words,” in Madison’s hand and signed by him, dated Montpellier, 29 Mar. 1822, and endorsed by TJ on verso as a letter of that date received 4 Apr. 1822 from Montpellier; so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); left half of address cover only; with Dft of TJ’s Recommen-

dation of Abia B. Thorn, 25 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed (trimmed): “Mr Jeffer[son] M[onticello]”; postmarked Orange Court House, 30 Mar. An earlier auction catalogue paraphrased Madison’s letter as “Regretting that a rheumatic attack will prevent his attending the approaching meeting of the Visitors” (Anderson Galleries, New York City, 14–15 Jan. 1925, lot 273).

From David Isaacs 62½› Beef—7 Cents—$4–37½ for Mr Jefferson RC (MHi); written on a small scrap; undated; endorsed by TJ: “Isaacs Dav. Mar. 30. 22. 4.37½”; with penciled calculation on recto, probably by TJ, subtracting

[30 Mar. 1822]

5.62½ from 10 to get 4.37½, and additional notation by TJ beneath endorsement: “Apr. 17. 22. pd cash.”

To John D. Godman and John P. Foote Mar. 31. 22.

Th:J. returns his thanks to Messrs Godman and Foote for the Number of the Western quarterly reporter which they have been so kind as to send him. he is happy to see Science so far advanced in that quarter of our union as to produce so able a work. he has read it with1 great satisfn and with his thanks prays them to accept his respectful salutns. Dft (MHi); written at foot of RC of Godman and Foote to TJ, 6 Mar. 1822; dateline beneath closing; at foot of text:

“Doctr John D. Godman.” Not recorded in SJL. 1 TJ

 315 

here canceled “edificn &.”

From Thomas Cramer Sir [by 1 Apr. 1822] I have the honor to communicate to you the above resolve of the Agricultural Society of the Valley, which has been lately formed of which your friend Judge Holmes is President.1 I feel very much gratifyed, that it has fallen to my lott, to be the organ of commuenication of the Society, to a man distinguished for his love of Agriculture as well as all the civic virtues which adorns human nature, I remain with profound respect your Obt Hbe St Thos Cramer RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39564); subjoined to enclosure; undated; endorsed by TJ (with the additional notation: “Agricultl soc.”) as a letter of 4 Mar. 1822 received 4 Apr. 1822 from Winchester and so recorded in SJL; with FC of TJ to Cramer, 7 Apr. [1822], beneath endorsement. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Thomas Leiper, 22 July 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr near Charlotte’s Ville Albemarle County Va”; stamp canceled; postmarked Winchester, 1 Apr. Thomas Cramer (b. ca. 1783), merchant and farmer, was a native of Ireland. By 1810 he lived in Frederick County, and he served as a captain in the county militia in 1814. Cramer dissolved a Winchester mercantile partnership in 1816, but he continued business independently until 1820. He helped establish the Bank of the Valley in 1817 and served as a director, 1818–23. Cramer owned three slaves in 1810, six in 1820, and eight in 1840. By 1838 he was a Frederick County justice of the peace. A farmer with five slaves in Marion County (later West Virginia) by 1850, Cramer lived there until at least 1868. His real estate and personal property in 1860 were worth $6,000 and $3,300, respectively (DNA: RG 29, CS, Frederick Co., 1810–40, Marion Co., 1850,

1850 slave schedules, 1860; Stuart Lee Butler, A Guide to Virginia Militia Units in the War of 1812 [1988], 87; Winchester Republican Constellation, 11 Jan. 1817; Acts of Assembly [1816–17 sess.], 67 [5 Feb. 1817]; Leesburg Genius of Liberty, 20 Jan. 1818; Winchester Gazette, 21 Oct. 1820; Richmond Enquirer, 21 Jan. 1823, 8 May 1838; Vi: Frederick Co. Chancery Causes, case 1875-007). The Agricultural Society of the Valley was lately formed in Winchester at a 31 Dec. 1821 meeting. On 27 Jan. 1826 the Virginia General Assembly passed an  act incorporating the “President and Trustees of the Agricultural Society of the Valley in Virginia,” whose objectives were “the improvement of agriculture, and such mechanic arts as are connected therewith, together with the promotion of domestic manufactures, and the rearing of all kinds of useful domestic animals” (Richmond Enquirer, 26 Jan. 1822; Acts of Assembly [1825–26 sess.], 86–7). Cramer also sent James Madison an undated letter around this time with a 4 Mar. 1822 resolution electing him an honorary member of the Agricultural Society of the Valley (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:487–8). 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

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Resolution of the Agricultural Society of the Valley Extract from the proceedings of the Agricultura[l] Society of the Valley, Winchester 4th March 182[2] Resolved, that our ancient Sage & most illust[rious] citzen Thos Jefferson Esqr in consideration of h[is] love for the Interests of Agriculture, and the valuable aid, which he has given to it, at [all?] times, be & he is hereby elected an honorarry Member of this society, of which the secret[ar]y is hereby ordered to notify him ·a true copy Thos Cramer Secy

·of A: S: of the Va[lle]y

Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39564); entirely in Cramer’s hand; right margin torn; with covering letter subjoined.

Minutes of University of Virginia Board of Visitors At a meeting of the Visitors of the University of Virginia1 at the sd University on Monday the 1st of April 1822 present Thomas Jefferson Rector, Joseph C. Cabell and John Hartwell Cocke, who not being sufficient to constitute a Quorum for business they adjourned indefinitely. Th: Jefferson Rector. ··Apr. 1. 1822.

MS (ViU: TJP-VMTJ); entirely in TJ’s hand. Tr (ViU: TJP-VMJCC). Tr (ViU: TJP-VMJHC). Tr (ViU: TJP-VMJB).

1 VMJHC

Tr here adds “held.”

From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Note Deare sir. April 3rd 1822 rs Inclosed is a paper which was given to me by M Proctor. also an acct of Mr Vest I would like to consult with you on the subjec of procuring graine both for bread and food. If Gill continues to consume oats in the extravagant1 maner as he has done for some time past it will be hard to tell what portion2 is enough to ingage 50 bushels was deliverd to him on the 13 day of march and on the 25th or 26th 16 bushels more and on the morning of the first of April he called for more 56 bushels was on that morning sent up he has also had one thousand weight of hay  317 

3 APRIL 1822

more than his allowed quantity. we had from Mr Stout 400 25 pounds instead of 3600 as first agreed for. we lack 80 bushels of the 130 which was taken for seed and I sowed 21 bushels out of the 350 bushels which was orderd to be bought instead of geting 350 only 335 bushels was bought the 80 taken by the plantations to sow and the 21 which I sowed will make 101 bushels which is taken from the 335 bushels 101 234 bushels for food instead of 350 I had no chance to purchase at less than 3/ pr bushel on a credit of 90 days. if we have to pay 3/ the bushel for oats we had better buy corn as well for food as for bread After a long and deficult trial I have got from Colo Monroe the graiter part of the sum due to me for the hire of my negroes he owes to me yet some thing like 260$ Mr Watson his agent tells me that he will sell a parcel of corn3 if you chuse to take the corn I would take the money into your hands and you to allow me interest from the day of the purchase of the corn should one be made untill I want the money. we have remaining of the 40 barrils bought of Mr Carr about 25 barrills which is all our present stock except what little we may get from the mill I imagin we might get nearly as much corn as would do both for bread and food. of this you can consider and decide in the way you chuse. if you dont chuse to take the corn I shall look out for some other purchaser as I am anxious to take some step to secure the geting my money when I may want it which will under all probability4 be about the end of sumer. I have sent Jerry to Milton for 6 barrills more of cement which John Cradock has to day braught up for you we are now suffering very much for the balance of the rails to be hauled to inclose the corn field. it is now time to think about planting corn and our field not fence’d. I am yours &C E: Bacon [Note by TJ at foot of text:] Apr. 1. to Aug. 31. 22. weeks on mill in Apr. May, June July. Aug.

@ 5.B. 110. barrels hand 25 @ 3.B. 405 @ 5.B. 45 110

RC (ViU: TJP-ER); dateline adjacent to signature; between closing and signature: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ (torn): “[c]orn estimates.” Enclosures not found.

On 4 Apr. 1822 TJ noted in his financial records that “I am to credit Hawley & Vest’s bond 21.46 Vest’s acct. for leather.” mr carr: John Kerr. TJ also indicated on that day that he “Gave John Craddock

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5 APRIL 1822 order on W. D. Fitch for 7.D. bringing up 6. Bar. shale cement from Richd. Randolph” (MB, 2:1384). 1 Manuscript:

“extragant.”

2 Manuscript: 3 Unmatched

“potion.” closing parenthesis edito-

rially omitted. 4 Manuscript: “probality.” 5 Reworked from “39.”

To Vine Utley Apr. 3. 22.

Your favor of Mar. 18. is duly recieved. you have certainly attached more importance to my letters & likenesses than they merit, and I must still continue my earnest1 request that the letters be not published. I am old, anxious for tranquility and retiremt and unwilling to be brought before the public in any way. you ask whether I ever used the warm bath. twice in my life by prescription2 but with most injurious effects. every one has some peculiarity of constn so that processes favble to one may be fatal to another. the great use of the warm bath among the antients proves it to be generally salutary. Accept my respectful salutns3 Dft (MHi); on address cover of Utley to TJ, 18 Mar. 1822. Not recorded in SJL.

1 Word

interlined. two words interlined. 3 Preceding four words interlined in place of “I salute you with great respect.” 2 Preceding

To James Leitch 10. › coffee (not green) 1000. Χd nails. wrought of preference. RC (Raab Collection, Ardmore, Pa., 2019); written on a small scrap; dateline beneath signature; at foot of text: “Mr Lietch.” Not recorded in SJL.

Apr. 4. 22.

Th:J.

Leitch’s records indicate that on this day TJ purchased by order “16 ›s 10d Cutt nails 1/. 5 ›s Green Coffee” at “2/6” for a total of $4.75 (Leitch Daybook, p. 389).

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 5. 22. I recieved last night yours of Apr. 1. that of Mar. 20. mentioning the refusal of the note of 300.D. had given me great concern, which indeed is not much alleviated by seeing that my deficiency is still of  319 

5 APRIL 1822

767.75 which would have been prevented1 nearly2 had my mill-tenants paid me their arrearages of 600.D. this I am pressing for, as my only resource to relieve you until my tobo gets down in May. I am the more uneasy because there are constantly arising3 little current demands which at this time amount to near 100.D. for which I shall be obliged in a few days to draw on you; and towards the latter end of the month the 80.D. will become due for which a part of the note of 300. was destined and at the same time my expences to Bedford will require 50.D. I hope messrs Rand. & Col. will cover you from a part of this. they assure me they have the money in the hands of the sheriff against whom they are taking strong measures I inclose you a reciept of Capt Burke of the Schooner John for 2 boxes to be delivered you. they contain busts of plaister and must come by water, as they would be broke to atoms in a waggon. ever and affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Gerard E. Stack to TJ; mutilated at seal, with missing text rewritten by TJ; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Peyton Bernard.” Enclosure: enclosure to John Barnes to TJ, 26 Mar. 1822. Peyton’s letter to TJ of apr. 1, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 4 Apr. 1822 from Richmond. His letter of

mar. 20 was actually dated 25 Mar. 1822. messrs rand. & col.: the Shadwell mills firm of Randolph & Colclaser. A missing letter of 4 Apr. 1822 from Peyton to TJ is recorded in SJL as received 4 May 1822 from Richmond. 1

Reworked from “presented.” Word interlined. 3 Word interlined. 2

From James W. Wallace Washington April 5. 22

Mr Jefferson, dear Sir, on my return from New-York to Philadelphia I met your favor inclosing one to Mr Monroe which I yesterday delivered— In October 1811, I was at Monticello and well remember your account of a native grape like our common Fox grape, I have ever-since extended my inquiries and have only of late been able to procure some cuttings for you which I obtained in New-York under the name of the bland grape, carried there from Philadelphia which flourishes equally well in either City—To these I add some, given to me on the Delaware in the Steam boat, said to have been introducd by Joseph Bonaparte from France, called Muscatel—the account of their qualities so exactly resembles the one I heard you give that I am induced to believe tis a favorite grape with you, but, have no recollection of the name you gave it—these will be given to Mr Nelson of Albemarle  320 

6 APRIL 1822

to whose politeness on this occasion their safe arrival will depend— they I expect will be Well secured— God bless You and yours James W. Wallace RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 5 May 1822 from “Wallace Dr Wm” (name corrected to “Wallace James W.” in an unidentified hand) and so recorded (without correction) in SJL.

From John Coskery Middle burg Frederick County Md ·April 6th 1822.

Venerated and Dear Sir, With the greatest deference and respect I presume to approach the common Father of science and benefactor of man, with an humble solicitation that he will deign to bestow a reflection on the plan here exhibited for heating of stoves with much less fuel than at present required; this plan requiring no other alteration in the stoves in common use, either Franklin, Rittenhouse or other stoves excepting the bottom plate, and that only to have a flue cast to it with the plate, will be attended with but little additional expense: I present two plans, thus.1

The holes No 1 are to be of about 1½ inches diameter to admit cold air thro’ the floor in a tube inserted one end inserted in the hole No 1 and the air2 passing through the flue will be discharged thro’ the hole No 2. The effect seems obvious to me, but being diffident of my own Judgement, and honourd by your approbation emboldens me to hope on a condescension to give an opinion of it. Indeed venerable Father, I feel awed in trespassing on your precious time by a letter from one of so little consequence in comparison of other correspondents, but if the plan has merit, I know you will not only excuse my intrusion but approve it. Just now a difficulty has occur’d, viz. how the sand will be got into the flue, especially of the stove where it passes along the middle of the bottom plate; this perhaps may be obviated by leaving the flue open at certain corners, which  321 

6 APRIL 1822

will be closed by the end and side plates when set up, or the flue may be cast separate as a groove, and riveted to the bottom plate, the only objection to this is that the rivets of wrought iron will burn out in time. I pray your Excellency to pardon the liberty I take and give the subject some consideration. Your admiring friend John Coskery PS. the mail is about closing or I would try to express myself clearer. J. C RC (MHi); postscript adjacent to closing; addressed: “His Excellency, Thomas Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Middleburg, 7 Apr.; endorsed by TJ as received 20 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

1790, Frederick Co., 1800–30; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 6 Apr. 1820, 30 Sept. 1822, 12 Mar. 1829; Matchett’s Baltimore Director, corrected up to May 1833 [1833], 47; gravestone inscription in New Cathedral Cemetery, Baltimore).

John Coskery (1766–1834), educator and inventor, lived in Baltimore in 1790 and in Frederick County, Maryland, from at least 1800 until 1830. He served as a justice of the peace by 1820 and as county coroner in 1822. In 1833 Coskery was a teacher living in Baltimore, where he is buried (DNA: RG 29, CS, Baltimore,

1 The text in the graphic below reads, on the right, “front of the stove·No 1 Red and doted lines·a flue admiting about 1½ inches diameter of air·No 2,” and on the left, “No 2·Red and doted lines·a flue as the other·No 1·front of the stove.” 2 Preceding two words interlined.

From the American Antiquarian Society Sir, [received 7 Apr. 1822] HEREWITH you will receive a Report on the state of The American Antiquarian Society, made at the Annual Meeting in October last. The facts it discloses, it is presumed you will be gratified to learn, as they evince its respectable standing and condition. But to communicate this, is not the only motive for addressing you on the present occasion. It is now nearly a year since the Society published the first volume of its Transactions and Collections. This it was enabled to do, by the liberality of the President. No aid was previously solicited, and no pledge was asked from its friends that they would afterwards contribute, by purchasing the work, towards a remuneration for the expense. It was sent into the world, relying on its intrinsick merits for a favourable reception, not only from the students of science, and the labourers in the field of Antiquarian research, but from the enlightened and discriminating among the more able patrons of literature. With regard  322 

7 APRIL 1822

to its reception in a literary point of view, the Society has reason for self-congratulation. It has been respectfully noticed, not only in America, but in Europe; and we hope has contributed to elevate the reputation of our country in distant nations, and to gratify the curiosity, and to excite the inquiries of some of the most illustrious among the learned of the age. Notwithstanding which, but few copies have been sold; and, extensively as it has been circulated, it has gained no other recompense to the publishers, than the honour of having contributed to the general stock of valuable information. It is still desirable that the Society should continue its Publications, as materials shall be collected. It is unnecessary to offer any arguments to shew the utility of such a course as respects the interests of the Society, independent of any advantages which may be supposed to arise from it to the cause of science; for it is obviously of little importance to collect facts and opinions, however valuable, relating to the subjects which fall within its scope, unless the publick are made acquainted with them: while the inducement to communicate may reasonably be presumed to be increased, as the prospect of usefulness, and the chance of sharing the well-earned rewards of honourable exertion are more clear and distinct. It is from these considerations that the Members of the Publishing Committee, resident in the town of Worcester, have been appointed a Committee for the purpose of preparing and addressing to you the annexed Proposal, and to solicit your subscription, and that of such of your friends as may be disposed to unite with you. The Committee improve this occasion, in behalf of the Government, again to request of you, also, such aid as from time to time you may have it in your power to afford, by donations of Articles for preservation in the Library and Cabinet, together with such information as you may possess and obtain on those subjects which it is its object to elucidate. It is requested that the names of Subscribers be forwarded to the Recording Secretary, at Worcester, by the first of June next. AARON BANCROFT. SAMUEL M. BURNSIDE. SAMUEL JENNISON. EDWARD D. BANGS. Printed circular (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39435); undated; subjoined to enclosed report; at head of text: “(CIRCULAR.)”; endorsed by TJ on verso of enclosed prospectus as received 7 Apr. 1822 from “Bancroft Aaron. Worcester.”

Aaron Bancroft (1755–1839), Unitarian clergyman and author, was born in Reading, Massachusetts. He matriculated at Harvard College (later Harvard University) in 1774 and graduated four years later. Bancroft afterwards studied theology and

 323 

7 APRIL 1822 served as a missionary in Nova Scotia, 1780–83. Having been rejected for the Congregational pastorate in Worcester due to his liberal theology, his supporters formed a second church there, where Bancroft officiated from 1786 until 1827. His numerous published writings and sermons included an Essay on the Life of George Washington (Worcester, 1807; 2d ed., Boston, 1826), and Sermons on those Doctrines of the Gospel, and on those Constituent Principles of the Church, which Christian Professors have made the subject of controversy (Worcester, 1822; possibly Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 [no. 544]). Bancroft was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1805 and served as a vice president of the American Antiquarian Society, 1816–31. He helped found the American Unitarian Association in 1825 and was its president until 1836. Bancroft died in Worcester (ANB; DAB; Alonzo Hill, A Discourse on the Life and Character of the Rev. Aaron Bancroft, D. D. [1839]; Sprague, American Pulpit, 8:132– 40; Boston Columbian Centinel, 17 July 1805; Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1812–1849 [1912]; gravestone inscription in Worcester Rural Cemetery). Samuel Jennison (1788–1860), banker, was born in Brookfield, Massachusetts. He worked in his uncle’s store in Worcester from 1800 until 1810. In the latter year Jennison became an accountant for the Worcester Bank, then rose to cashier, 1812–46. He also served as treasurer of the Worcester County Institution for Savings, 1828–53, and treasurer of the State Lunatic Hospital, 1847–57. Jennison was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814 and served the institution in various capacities, including as its treasurer, 1829–43 and 1846–60. Many of his poems and biographical es-

says were printed anonymously in local newspapers. In 1850 Jennison owned real estate valued at $11,000. He died in Worcester (Memorial Biographies of the New England Historic Genealogical Society [1880–1908], 4:31–9; American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings [25 Apr. 1860]: 5–11; Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1812–1849 [1912]; MWA: Jennison Family Papers; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Worcester, 1850; Boston Daily Advertiser, 13 Mar. 1860; gravestone inscription in Worcester Rural Cemetery). Edward Dillingham Bangs (1790– 1838), attorney and public official, was a lifelong resident of Worcester who began practicing law there in 1812. A staunch Republican, he represented Worcester in the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1816, 1817, and 1820, and was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1820–21. Elected to the American Antiquarian Society in 1819, he served it at various times as a counsellor and assistant treasurer. Bangs was appointed county attorney in 1824 and later that year was elected secretary of state of Massachusetts, holding the latter post until 1836 (William T. Davis, Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts [1895], 2:41, 357; MWA: Bangs Family Papers; Worcester National Ægis, 16 Dec. 1812; Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts [1816–17, 1820]; Journal of Debates and Proceedings in the Convention of Delegates, chosen to revise the Constitution of Massachusetts [Boston, 1821]; Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1812–1849 [1912]; Boston Liberator, 13 Apr. 1838). The president of the American Antiquarian Society was Isaiah Thomas. The recording secretary was Rejoice Newton.

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e n c l o s u r e s

I Report of the American Antiquarian Society REPORT Presented at the Annual Meeting of THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, October, 1821. —•— The Committee appointed to report at this Meeting, on the state of The American Antiquarian Society, respectfully represent— THAT no material changes have taken place in the situation of the Society during the last year, and nothing adverse has arisen to disappoint the anticipations authorized by the Report which was made at the last Annual Meeting. Since that time, considerable additions have been made to the Library. Of these, Books valued at three hundred and seventeen dollars have been presented by the President; and others, amounting to one hundred and seventeen dollars, by other persons. In addition to which, there have been received from the several States of Maryland, Indiana, Louisiana, and Maine, copies of their Laws, Journals, and other publications, under the State authority. Several articles have also been added to the Cabinet. We have thus the gratifying assurance that the Institution is remembered by its friends abroad, and that the publick confidence in its utility is not diminished. We have also the pleasure to state, that the Building erected for the use of the Society is now completed, and enclosed in a manner displaying at once the taste and liberality of the donor. This Building, which is highly ornamental as a publick edifice, and well calculated to give respectability and permanency to the Institution, we are informed has been thus finished at the expense of eight thousand dollars, which, in addition to former donations of Books, &c. to the estimated amount of more than ten thousand dollars, constitute a well-founded claim on the part of an individual member to the gratitude of the Society. We allude to it not only in justice to him, but as an example which we earnestly wish may have its influence upon others of our opulent and publick-spirited associates; for, notwithstanding what has already been accomplished, much remains to be done. The funds of the Society, it is well known, are but small, and their sources hitherto very limited. In the mean time, it has become necessary, for the proper disposition and preservation of the Books, that an additional room be fitted for their reception. The Cabinet, also, is but imperfectly arranged; and, to place it in a condition suitable for the inspectors1 of visitors, and corresponding with the celebrity and respectability of the Institution, it is important that other rooms should be prepared. These suggestions are made by the Committee, with the hope that some mode may be devised for relieving the President from the burden which he has hitherto sustained, almost single-handed, in defraying the expenses of the Institution, and for providing for future expenditures, which its support must necessarily involve. Several communications, from Members residing in this State, and in other States, have been received within the last year, which, in addition to those

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7 APRIL 1822 previously on file, warrant the promise of another volume, whenever the pecuniary circumstances of the Society shall justify its publication. Thus far the Society has proceeded under favourable auspices. It remains for its Members, by their exertions, to justify the confidence inspired by its early promise.—While these are continued, we may reasonably flatter ourselves that it will reflect honour on its founders, prove an object of publick utility, and vindicate its claims to publick patronage. REJOICE NEWTON. SAMUEL JENNISON. October 23, 1821. Printed circular (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39436); with covering letter subjoined.

grams was its president, Isaiah Thomas (American Antiquarian Society, Transactions and Collections 10 [1909]: 15–6).

The donor who paid for the new building and largely funded the Society’s pro-

1 Thus in circular, with “inspection” probably intended.

II Prospectus for Archæologia Americana. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society [before 7 Apr. 1822] PROPOSAL for CONTINUING THE PUBLICATION of the Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society. —•— THE work will be commenced as soon as sufficient encouragement is obtained, and continued at indefinite periods, as materials shall be collected. It will be published in numbers, of such a size as may be conveniently formed into volumes corresponding with that already published. The price will be at the rate of Three Dollars for 400 pages, including Engravings. The Subscribers agree to receive a[nd] p[ay] for the number of copies set against their names respectively. Printed circular (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39437); mutilated at seal, with missing text supplied from copy printed in American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, new ser., 15 (1902–03): 185–6; undated; with TJ’s endorsement of covering letter on verso.

The second volume of Archæologia Americana. Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society did not appear until 1836.

 326 

To John Barnes Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 7. 22. Your’s of Mar. 26. is duly recieved and I am truly thankful to you for your kind attention to the busts, which I have no doubt I shall safely recieve through the hands of Colo Peyton. I learn with pleasure the continuance of your health. that bodily activity should decline with age is a law of nature. I am very little able to walk, but I ride daily and without fatigue, and otherwise enjoy a goodly health. in one week more I enter my 80th year. the most pleasing information of your letter is the continuance of your chearfulness and good spirits, for that, after all, is the essence of happiness. that this may continue to whatever length of days you wish is the sincere prayer of yours ever & affectionately. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of John H. Cocke to TJ, 12 Nov. 1819; at foot of text: “Mr Barnes”; endorsed by TJ.

To Thomas Cramer Apr. 7.

I recd on the 4th inst. your favor of Mar. 4. informg me of my nomination as an honorary member of the Agricultural society of the Valley, I accept with just respect the membership of the society, and am bound with peculiar sensibility to make my acknolmts for the very kind terms in which the nomination is expressed. I am indeed devoted, and ever have been, to the interests of Agriculture, but the heaviness of age disables me from all activity in it’s service, and will of course render me a very useless member. it does not however lessen my thankfulness for the honor done which I pray you to communicate to the society with the assurance of my high respect and considn. FC (DLC: TJ Papers, 221:39564); in TJ’s hand; on verso of Cramer to TJ, [by 1 Apr. 1822], and enclosure; partially dated at foot of text. Not recorded in SJL. Printed in Winchester Gazette, 10 Aug. 1822, with salutation of “Sir,” dateline of “monticello, april 7 1822,” signa-

ture as “THOMAS JEFFERSON,” and internal address of “Thomas Cramer, Esq.” Also printed in Richmond Enquirer, 3 Sept. 1822. Cramer’s favor of mar. 4 is printed above at 1 Apr. 1822.

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To Theodosius Hansford Sir Monticello Apr. 7. 22. I recieved yesterday your favor of Mar. 15. with the books stated in the catalogue it covered, and the natural substances accompanying them, and on behalf of the Visitors and of the University I return you thanks for this kind donation. they shall be carefully preserved, and faithfully delivered to that institution so soon as it opens. I hope it will become worthy of the favors of which you have set the example, and repay to the sons what their sires shall have liberally done to promote it. Accept the assurance of my great respect and consideration. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Hansford”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Theodore” Hansford.

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 7. 22. Your favor of Mar. 29. did not come to hand until the 4th instant. only mr Cabell, Genl Cocke and myself attended. messrs Johnson and Taylor were retained in Richmond on Lithgow’s case, and Genl Breckenridge hindered by business. it was not material as there was not a single thing requisite to act on. we have to finish the 4. rows and appendages this summer which will be done and then to rest on our oars. the question of the removal of the seat of government has unhappily come athwart us, and is the real thing now entangling us. Staunton & Richmond are both friendly to us as an University, but the latter fears that our Rotunda will induce the legislature to quit them, & Staunton fears it will stop them here. you will recollect that our brother Johnson has opposed constantly every proposition in the board to begin that building, and moved himself in the late session to suspend interest with an express Proviso that no money should be applied to that building; and mr Harvie one of the zealous friends to the University, in a Philippic against the Rotunda declared he would never vote another Dollar to the University but on condition that it should not be applied to that building. our opinion, and a very sound one; has been from the beginning never to open the institution until the buildings shall be compleat; because as soon as opened, all the funds will be absorbed by salaries Etc. and the buildings remain for ever incompleat. we have thought it better to open it fully, altho’ a few years later, than let it go on for ever in an imperfect state. I learn from those  328 

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who were present at the last proceedings of the legislature, that there was a general regret even with the opposition itself, when they found that they had done absolutely1 nothing at all for the institution. our course is a plain one, to pursue what is best, and the public will come right and approve us in the end. this bugbear of the seat of government will be understood at the next session, and we shall be enabled to proceed. the establishment is now at that stage at which it will force itself on. we must manage our dissenting brother softly; he is of too much weight to be given up. I inclose you his letter and two from mr Cabell which will inform you more particularly of the state of things. be so good as to return them when perused. ever & affectionately your’s Th: Jefferson RC (DLC: Madison Papers); at foot of first page: “Mr Madison”; endorsed by Madison. PoC (DLC); on reused address cover of Thomas Appleton to TJ, 4 Sept. 1819; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures: (1) Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 6, 18 Mar. 1822. (2) Chapman Johnson to TJ, 29 Mar. 1822. Johnson and Robert B. Taylor were defense attorneys in the Circuit Court case of Alexander Lithgow, who was charged with embezzling funds from the Farmers’

Bank of Virginia (Richmond Enquirer, 29 Mar. 1822). Jaquiline B. Harvie, Richmond City’s representative in the Virginia House of Delegates, spoke against the rotunda on 2 Mar. 1822 (Richmond Enquirer, 5 Mar. 1822). Madison likely returned the above enclosures in his missing letter to TJ of 15 Apr. 1822, which is recorded in SJL as received from Montpellier three days later. 1

Word interlined.

From Frederick A. Mayo Hono: Sir Richmond the 7. April 1822 The Books you where pleased to send to be bound, are done, but the bundle beeing too large (as I supposed) to forward by Mail, I therefore left the same at Capt: Peyton’s, who informd me that he had chances most every Day to forward the same by waggon, he also promised to give the Bundle to some carefull person, I inclosed with your honour’s books, also Hennig’s Justice, which should have been send some time ago, by the request of Mr Hennig himself beeing bound for that porpus—I am sorrow to state, that the Dictionary1 which was Ordered, we [fou]nd not to be perfect, Mr Smith who is now [the] Agent of Johnson’s & Warner’s house has wrote on for a Copie, and will if posseable get one, I therefore did not draw the money from Mr Peyton as I was formerly directed—The four small books I hope are received—Shall be glad indeed to attent at any time to your honours Orders, and in any line I may be directed.— Your humble Servant Frederick A Mayo  329 

7 APRIL 1822

NB. As soone as the above Ordered Book comes to my hands, it will be bound, and forwarded by mail without delay yours respetfully F. Mayo RC (MHi); mutilated at seal; endorsed by TJ as received 14 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to David Higginbotham, 10 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “The Hono: Tho: Jefferson Mounticello VA.”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 8 Apr.

hennig’s justice: William W. Hening, The New Virginia Justice (3d ed., Richmond, 1820; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 [no. 581]). 1 Manuscript:

“Dctionary.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir Richd 8 April 1822. t 1 Yours of the 5th: cur is now before [me]. ···Your two Boxes from Alexandria have arrived, & I have just engaged Johnson to take them up in his Boat, which is now here. The last note you sent me for the renewal of yours at the Virginia Bank, was filled up, payable to Th: J. Randolph, but he had not endorsed it, I however had a power of Atty from him, & endorsed it for him as such. I will cheerfully pay the small draughts you expect to draw, without regard to the balance due me on a⁄c, as rendd the 1st: Inst:.···Did you ever receive mine covering a notice from the Farmers Bank, of a curtail of $500 on your $4,000 note, when it next becomes due, to wit, on the 13th of May? With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truely B. Peyton RC (MHi); mistakenly endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written. Recorded in SJL as received 11 Apr. 1822.

Peyton’s letter to TJ covering a notice is dated 21 Mar. 1822. 1 Omitted

word editorially supplied.

From Peter B. Read Sir, Shadwell Mills 8th April 1822 I shall start, to morrow morning to Buckingham after my tools, & will be back on thursday evening, will thank you to meet me at this place on Friday between ten & two Oclock, for the purpose of haveing a full understanding with each other respecting, your saw mill, & the repaires wanting on this Very respectfully your most Oebt Sert Peter. B. Read  330 

8 APRIL 1822 ·RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Peter B. Read, miller, is listed in the 1820 census as a resident of Buckingham County aged between twenty-six and forty-four. TJ employed him in 1822 to

repair his sawmill and manufacturing mill at Shadwell (DNA: RG 29, CS, Buckingham Co., 1820; MB, 2:1385, 1388, 1389; TJ to Thomas Eston Randolph, 10 Sept. 1822; Randolph to TJ, 18 Sept. 1822). On 15 Apr. 1822 TJ recorded that “Peter B. Read begins on the mill work at 1.D. a day” (MB, 2:1385).

From Horace C. Story Washington City April 8th 1822.

Lieut. Story of the U.S. Corps of Engineers, presents his most respectful compliments to the Hon. Mr Jefferson, & transmits from this place the accompanying pamphlet, intrusted to his charge by the Salem East India Marine Society, of which they beg Mr Jefferson’s acceptance. Lieut. Story regrets that no more appropriate method of delivery is in his power. RC (MaSaPEM: East India Marine Society Records); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “To The Hon. Thomas Jefferson, Late President of the United States, Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 20 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: The East-India Marine Society of Salem ([Salem, Mass.], 1821), consisting of the society’s 3 Mar. 1801 act of incorporation, bylaws, lists of members and officers, statement of funds as of 1 Jan. 1821, and catalogues of maritime journals presented to the society and of articles, shells, and coins in its museum. Horace Cullen Story (1792–1823), soldier and engineer, was born in Marblehead, Massachusetts, the younger brother of United States Supreme Court justice Joseph Story, and graduated from Harvard University in 1811. He joined the United States Army Corps of Engineers as a second lieutenant in 1814, was breveted the same year for gallantry in a sortie from Fort Erie, and rose to first lieutenant in 1818. The following year Story was stationed in Alabama to help build public

works at Mobile Point. When he died in New Orleans, he was overseeing the erection of fortifications at Fort Plaquemine (Essex Institute, Historical Collections 51 [1915]: 50–1; Harvard Catalogue, 189; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:930; Calhoun, Papers, 4:268, 5:368–9, 6:289–90; New Orleans Courrier de la Louisiane, 4 Aug. 1823). The east india marine society was established in 1799 with an exclusive membership of Salem shipmasters who had sailed around the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn. In the 1860s it transformed into the Peabody Academy of Science, which changed its name early in the twentieth century to the Peabody Museum of Salem (Walter Muir Whitehill, The East India Marine Society and the Peabody Museum of Salem: A Sesquicentennial History [1949]). In 1992 it merged with the Essex Institute to form the Peabody Essex Museum. On this day Story sent the same enclosure with a similar letter to James Madison (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:503–4).

 331 

From Cesario Bias (for Bernard Peyton) Dr sir Richmond April 9th 1822 r By M Johnson you will receive 2 Boxes Busts1 which have been delivered to him in good order, if so delivered to you please pay Freight as is customary. Very respectfully Your Mo: Obt: Bernard Peyton By Cesario Bias 2 Boxes RC (MHi); postscript adjacent to closing; addressed: “Mr Th: Jefferson Montisello”; with notations by TJ on verso: “Wren·Aug. 5. pd Wren 1.D.”

On 5 Aug. 1822 TJ recorded paying a Mr. Wren $1 for “bringing up busts” (MB, 2:1388). 1 Manuscript:

“Bursts.”

To James Breckinridge [De]ar General Monticello Apr. 9. 22. Your favor of Mar. 28. was recieved on the 7th inst. we failed in having a Quorum on the 1st. mr Johnson and Genl Taylor were laboring for Lithgow in Richmond, and mr Madison was unwell. on the score of business it was immaterial, as there was not a single measure to be proposed. the loss was of the gratification of meeting in society with those whom we esteem. this is the valuable effect of our semi-annual meetings, jubilees, in fact, for feasting the mind & fostering the best affections of the heart towards those who merit them. The 4. rows of buildings of accomodation are so nearly compleated, that they are certain of being entirely so in the course of the Summer, & our funds, as you have seen stated in our last Report, are sufficient to meet the expence, except that the delays in collecting the arrears of subscriptions oblige us to borrow temporarily from this year’s annuity, which, according to that Report, had another destination. these buildings done, we are to rest on our oars, and passively await the will of the legislature. our future course is a plain one. we have proceeded from the beginning on the sound determination to finish the buildings before opening the institution; because, once opened, all it’s funds will be absorbed by Professor’s salaries Etc. and nothing remain ever to finish the buildings. and we have thought it better to begin 2. or 3. years later, in the full extent proposed, than to open, and go on for ever, with a half-way establishment. of the wisdom of this proceeding, and of it’s greater good to the public finally, I cannot a moment  332 

9 APRIL 1822

doubt. our part then is to pursue with steadiness what is right, turning neither to right nor left for the intrigues or popular delusions of the day, assured that the public approbation will in the end be with us. the councils of the legislature, at their late session were poisoned unfortunately by the question of the seat of government, and the consequent jealousies of our views in erecting the large building still wanting. this lost us some friends who feel a sincere interest in favor of the University but a stronger one in the question respecting the seat of government. they seem not to have considered that the seat of the government, and that of the University are incompatible with one another. that if the former were to come here, the latter must be removed. were Oxford and Cambridge placed in the middle of London they would be deserted as seats of learning, and as proper places for training youth. these groundless jealousies, it is to be hoped, will be dissipated by sober reflection, during the separation of the members, and they will percieve, before their next meeting, that the larger building, without which the institution cannot proceed, has nothing to do with the question of the seat of government. if however the ensuing session should still refuse their patronage, a 2d or a 3d will think better, and result finally in fulfilling the object of our aim, the securing to our country a full and perpetual institution for all the useful sciences, one which will restore us to our former station in the confederacy. it may be a year or two later indeed; but it will replace us in full grade, and not leave us among the mere subalterns of the league. patience and steady perseverance on our part will secure the blessed end. if we shrink, it is gone for ever. our autumnal meeting will be interesting. the question will be whether we shall relinquish the scale of a real University, the rallying center1 of the South and the West, or let it sink to that of a common academy. I hope you will be with us, and give us the benefit of your firm and enlarged views. I am not at all disheartened with what has past, nor disposed to give up the ship. we have only to lie still, to do and say nothing, and firmly avoid opening. the public opinion is advancing. it is coming to our aid, and will force the institution on to consummation. the numbers are great, and many from great distances, who visit it daily as an object of curiosity. they become strengthened if friends, converted if enemies, and all loud and zealous advocates, and will shortly give full tone to the public voice. our motto should be Åbe not wearied with well-doing.’ accept the assurance of my affectionate friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on a reused address cover from Peter Stephen Chazotte to TJ; salu-

tation torn; at foot of first page: “Genl Breckenridge.”

 333 

9 APRIL 1822 ·The large building still wanting at the University of Virginia was the Rotunda. In his resolve not to give up the ship, TJ recalls the words of the mortally wounded United States naval captain James Lawrence during the defeat

of the USS Chesapeake by HMS Shannon in 1813 (ANB). The precept be not wearied with well-doing is from the Bible (Galatians 6.9; 2 Thessalonians 3.13). 1 Word

interlined in place of “point.”

To Francis Eppes Dear Francis Monticello Apr. 9. 22. Your letter of Mar. 22. did not reach me till a few days ago. that of Feb 6. had been recieved in that month. being chiefly a statement of facts, it did not seem to require an answer, and my burthen of letter writing is so excessive as to restrain me to answers absolutely necessary. I think, with you, that you had now better turn in to the study of the law.1 as no one can read a whole day closely on any one subject to advantage, you will have time enough in the other portions of the day to go on with those essential studies which you have not as yet compleated. if you read Law from breakfast 4. or 5. hours, enough will remain before dinner for exercise. the morning may be given to Natural philosophy and Astronomy, the afternoon to Rhetoric & Belles-lettres, and2 the night to history and ethics.3 the first object will be to procure the necessary law books for reading. they will come 25. percent cheaper from England than bought here; and some indeed can only be had there. I will subjoin a catalogue of what should be obtained as soon as practicable and their cost there. about as much the next year will be a sufficient library for reference in practice.4 the course of reading I should advise would be Coke Littleton and his other Institutes, Bacon’s abridgment, Blackstone’s5 Commentaries, Woodeson’s lectures and Reeves, in Common law, and in Chancery the Abridgment of cases in equity, Bridgman’s digested Index, and Fonblanque, interspersing some select cases from the Reporters both in law and equity. the course will employ 2. years to be superficial, and 3. to be profound.6 this may be done at Mill-brook or Monticello as well as in a lawyer’s office. you know of course that you are as much at home at Monticello as at Mill brook, so that you can chuse freely, or divide your time between them to your own wish. you would have perhaps less interruption by company at Mill brook, but access here to books which may not be there. I have fortunately just recieved from England Thomas’s Coke Littleton, a most valuable work. he has arranged Coke’s matter in the method of Blackstone, adding the notes of Lords Hale & Nottingham, & Hairgraves, adding also his  334 

9 APRIL 1822

own which are excellent. it is now, beyond question the first elementary book to be read, as agreeable as Blackstone, and more profound. this will employ you fully till the other books can be recieved from England. they will cost there about 200.D. to which is to be added duties about 30.D. freight and charges. if I can be useful in procuring them I shall be so with pleasure. the sum I have to pay your father is about sufficient to accomplish it, and shall be so applied if it is his pleasure. I shall be in Bedford during the last week of this month and the first of the next. you will of course visit us there or here, when we can make more particular arrangements. I have here the two best works on Nat. philos. and Astronomy, Haüy and Biot, which I have imported for you from Paris, knowing they were not to be had here. present me affectionately to mr and mrs Eppes, and be assured of my warmest attachments to yourself. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); with enclosure subjoined. Tr (THi, on deposit T); undated extracts; with Tr of enclosure subjoined and signed endorsement by John Wayles Baker: “Course of Law Recommended by Mr Jefferson.” For Eppes’s letter to TJ of feb 6, not found, see note to Thomas Cooper to TJ, 14 Feb. 1822. thomas’s coke littleton: John H. Thomas, A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute

of the Laws of England, 3 vols. (London, 1818; TJ’s Retirement Library Catalogue, p. 76 [MS in DLC: TJ Papers, ser. 7]). hairgraves: Francis Hargrave. 1

Tr begins here. Tr: “poetry &c.” 3 Tr ends here. 4 Tr resumes here. 5 PoC: “Blackston’s.” Tr: “Blackstones.” 6 Tr ends here. 2

e n c l o s u r e

List of Books Recommended for Reading Law [ca. 9 Apr. 1822] Bracton. English1 Brooke’s abridgment. 4to edn. Thomas’s Coke Littleton 3. v. 8vo Coke’s 2d 3d and 4th institutes. 3. v. 8vo Bacon’s abridgment by Gwyllim. 7. v. 8vo the last2 edition. Comyns’s Digest by Manning, a new edition3 Blackstone’s Commentaries by Christian. 15th edn. 4. v. 8vo Woodeson’s lectures. 3. v. 8vo Reeves’s history of the English law. 4. v. 8vo Jacob’s Law dictionary by Ruffhead. fol. Abridgment of Cases in Equity4 Bridgman’s digested Index of cases in Chancery. 3. v. 8vo 5 Fonblanque’s treatise of equity. 5th edition. 1819. 2. v. 8vo PoC (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39590); subjoined to PoC of covering letter; en-

tirely in TJ’s hand; undated. MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39665); subjoined to RC

 335 

9 APRIL 1822 of TJ to Nicholas P. Trist, 14 June 1822; entirely in TJ’s hand; undated. PoC (CSmH: JF-BA); subjoined to PoC of TJ to Trist, 14 June 1822; on recto of a reused address cover from Caesar A. Rodney to TJ; undated; mutilated at seal. Tr (THi, on deposit T); subjoined to Tr of covering letter; undated; conjoined with an additional two-page list of books on law in a different unidentified hand. The work attributed to Henry de bracton (Bratton), De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ (London, 1640; Sowerby, no. 1771), had not yet been translated into English. James Manning originally intended his publication, A Digested Index to the Nisi Prius Reports (London, 1813;

2d ed., 1820), to be a supplement to comyns’s digest (unpaginated frontmatter). abridgment of cases in equity: A General Abridgment of Cases in Equity, 2  vols. ([London], 1756; Sowerby, no. 1755). The 5th edition of John Fonblanque’s two-volume A Treatise of Equity was published in London in 1820, not 1819. For an earlier edition, see Sowerby, no. 1720. 1

MS: “the English translation.” Preceding two words interlined in place of “6th.” 3 Preceding four words interlined in place of “Rose·edn 1800 6. v. 8vo.” 4 MS here adds “both parts.” 5 Preceding three words not in MS. 2

From Carter H. Harrison Dear Sir, Richmond. 9th April 1822. r r My friends M Abbot & M Myers, gentlemen of the Richmond-bar, being about to take a ride into the upper country which will probably lead them through your neighbourhood, I take the liberty of offering them an introduction to you. Your reception of them will be a favour to me which will be gratefully remembered. I have been much concerned to hear of your bad health since the period of my residence in Albemarle, but from late accounts have reason to hope that you now enjoy more health and better spirits than usually belong to your time of life. Permit me Sir, to use this occasion, to express what I have always felt—the highest esteem and the purest friendship for you. Carter H. Harrison RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 15 Apr. 1822, with his additional notation beneath endorsement: “Abbot & Myers,” and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to John Laval, 12 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello By Mr Abbot.” Carter Henry Harrison (1792–1843), attorney and planter, was the son of TJ’s first cousin Randolph Harrison. Born in Cumberland County, he attended the College of William and Mary, 1810–12, and lived the following year in Milton, from

which he visited Monticello. Harrison resided in Richmond from at least 1822 until 1825, and he owned twenty-two slaves in Goochland County in 1830. He moved to Albemarle County in 1834 and became a county magistrate the next year. Harrison owned forty-two slaves in Cumberland County in 1840 and fifty-six there at the time of his death during a visit to John H. Cocke’s Bremo plantation (Woods, Albemarle, 223, 378; ViHi: Harrison Family Papers; Bond from David Higginbotham to William Short, 31 Jan. 1813, enclosed in TJ to Short, 10 Feb. 1813; ViU:

 336 

10 APRIL 1822 Harrison Diary; DNA: RG 29, CS, Goochland Co., 1830, Cumberland Co., 1840; Richmond Enquirer, 31 Oct. 1843; Cumberland Co. Will Book, 10:413–5, 429–31; gravestone inscription in Clifton cemetery, Cumberland Co.).

mr abbot & mr myers were most likely the Richmond attorneys Josiah B. Abbott and John S. Myers (The Richmond Directory, Register and Almanac, for the Year 1819 [Richmond, 1819], 33; Richmond Enquirer, 3 July 1821).

From Hugh Nelson Dear Sir, Washington April 9th 1822. By this Mail I have forwarded a parcel of Cuttings of the Muscatel Vine, which Dr Wallace of Fauquier left with me to be forwarded to you—I hope they will come to hand safe and in due time to avail yourself of the polite attention of the Doctor With sentiments of great Respect I remain yr obdt hbl sert Hugh Nelson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 14 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

From David Abbot Sir— Milan, Huron County, Ohio, April 10th 1822— I write to You on a subject which I think of great importance and because in your life I think you have done a great deal of good because you are1 in a situation to do much on the subject which I shall mention, and because I think You have been a friend to the people, in stead of favoring a chosen few—You will not Sir, think this a piece of flatery; my situation forbids it—but few Years have past away since the U,S, became a nation, and I venture to say no one has ever increased so fast in population extravigance, debt, unnecessary expences, and I think I may venture to say, iniquity in the administration of the government—The U,S, confederated for great purposes; but for but few—the legislative powers given by the constitution are but few; yet we find congress imbrasing or acting on many subjects, not delegated by the constitution—in time of war there might be much for congress to do; but in time of peace, can it be possible, that it is necessary that so many men, at so great and extr[a]vigant wages should be so long employed to do so little as there would be, to be done, if they kept strictly to the powers given by the constitution—if because the constitution says the congress shall have power to provide for the general welfare &c, they have power to do every thing they please then the power, the government and soverignty of the states is completely gone—  337 

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if the clause gives any aditional power at all, then may congress dig canalls, make roads, establish schools coledges, appoint bishops, priests with a good round salary, build churches meeting houses &c and call it providing for the general wellfare—there seems to be considerable said in congress about lessening the expences of government, but the business does2 not seem to be taken hold of in good earnest—it seems to be much easier to borrow money than to abolish an unnecessary office, and take away the salary from an unnecessary officer—amongst all the retrenchment of expences I hear nothing said about lessening the expence of the U,S, court. The judges marshals and incidental expences must be paid—the marshal has a salary, (I think) besides his fees—he also takes care to summons jurors mostly his friends from distant parts of the State, and charges traveling fees for each; this alone amounts to a great sum—it appears a little strange to me that the US, should be at so great expence to hire so great so learned, so wise judges as the judges of the U,S, court, and then turn the business over to a parcel of jurors—if the jurors are more capable of deciding correctly than the court, if not for correct decision, yet for saving of expence, let the judges stay at home—if the court are to dictate or control the jury there is no nead of the jury—if the jury are to act their own opinion there is no nead of those great judges to be talked to day after day, by lawyers hired, not to tell the truth, not to act fairly and honestly, not to do justice or to endeaver to get justice done to his client, but injustice; in fact to do every thing that their clients could or might do were they to plead their own case, which would be, not to recover all which he conscientiously thought was due, but all that it was in his power to get, right or wrong—but this is an old practice, and it is for the interest of lawyers it should be pursued—it appears to me that the government of the U,S, acts on many subjects which does not come within the powers delegated; but amongst all the departments the U,S, court I think the most dangerous and the most usurping—if you think as I do on this subject, I hope before you cease to be usefull, you will give it your decided disaprobation—a word from you would by the people be considered of great authority, or worthy of gre[at] consideration—the judges of the U,S, see fit to destroy the laws of a sta[te] to imprison its citizens without form of law, to reverse the decisions of state courts, and even condemn people to the state prison; what they will soon undertake to do I know not—yet if we look into the constitution to find their delegated powers, we find nothing said about it—how the judges of the U,S, court came to think that they constituted a supervisory court, and had power to revers the decisions of the State courts, is a little strange, and appears a little like  338 

10 APRIL 1822

arogance—say they we will not take jurisdiction if we should not, that is, if we dont wish to we will not; or else they consider themselves the oracle incapable of error—the power of the U,S, court is given by the constitution, the power of the State courts is original—is it posible that a man of as good sense and information as judge Marshal wishes to be thought, could or should think that the states could submit to have the decisions of their courts set aside by the US, Court—if there is any right belonging to either court to reverse the decisions of the other it certainly belongs to the state courts—the state courts act by original and unbounded power, that is by power given by an original government;3 but the U,S, court acts by powers delegated by the power which constitutes the state courts therefore if the U,S, Court should undertake to destroy or disregard the laws of a state, or to imprison its citizens contrary to law, the State courts would have a right to revise and reverse their decision, and set the imprisoned free—the court of the U,S, undertake to say and have so decided, that they are a tribunal constituted by the constitution to decide colisions which may arise between the US, government and the States—if this is really the case then4 have the states by what is called cunning been cajoled out of their state rights and state soverignty—but if we look into the constitution to find the power which the U,S, judges claim to be delegated, there is nothing of it to be found—the judges say „it must have been the intention of those who framed the constitution to vest the court with this power, otherwise say they a state court might punish by action of trespass5 a U,S, officer for acting under the revenue laws„— my god—is it to be supposed that the great judges of the US, should cast such an imputation of partiality on the state courts—may not such suspicious judges sometimes (inadvertantly) act by the same motive which they suspect in others—if the US may be suspicious of the integrity of the state courts, the states may be suspicious of the US Court, especially when they take into consideration the verry extraordinary decisions they of late have made—The 3d article of the constitution says, the judicial power of the U,S; shall be vested in a supreme court &c what powers it is vested with or to be vested with is not mentioned, only it is to have jurisdiction in certain cases mentioned— most constitutions providing for the judicial department provides that the powers of the courts shall be regulated by law—but as this power could not with propriety, or was not delegated to the US government, because it would be too unlimited or undefined, a quere arises, under what laws are those particular cases confided to the US court, to be adjudged and decided—by the laws of the US, or by the laws of the states in which the cases occur—then has the U,S, court a  339 

10 APRIL 1822

right to act under and put in force a law of a State; and has the U,S, court a right to sit and hold court in a state without its permision— in fact the whole 3d article is so vague and undefined that it hardly contains any specified powers—to permit the court to say such is the meaning of this article because such was the intention of the convention, would be absurd and dangerous;—other judges may conjecture something else was their intention; and when the times of the present life judges shall be out we may have other judges of different opinion than the present—the advice of Mr Clinton was excelent it is not safe to exercise undelegated or doubtfull powers, because a remedy is at hand—I should be much pleased to, but have no right to expect an answer, as I am an entire stranger, and as You probably have more corespondence than you can well attend to With great respect and esteem I am sir Yrs &c David Abbot RC (DLC); torn at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late President of the U,S, Monticello Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. David Abbot (1766–1822), miller and public official, was born in Brookfield, Massachusetts. He attended Yale College (later Yale University) but did not graduate. Abbot briefly practiced law afterward in Rome, New York, before becoming a merchant. He began traveling west in 1797 to sell his goods, and the next year he built a home in the Western Reserve in what would become Willoughby, Trumbull County, Ohio. Abbot became sheriff of Trumbull in 1800, and he was one of the county’s delegates at Ohio’s statehood constitutional convention two years later. In 1802 he also began construction of a sawmill and gristmill on the Huron River. Abbot represented Trumbull in the Ohio House of Representatives, 1803–04, and Geauga, Portage, and, beginning in 1810, Cuyahoga counties in the Ohio Senate, 1808–12. In the latter year he was chosen as a presidential elector, but he failed to cast his vote. Abbot moved permanently in 1810 to Huron County, Ohio. After his death his personal property had an ap-

praised value of $1,100.28 (Vital Records of Brookfield, Massachusetts, To the end of the year 1849 [1909], 9; Firelands Pioneer 1 [May 1859]: 45–7; 2 [Nov. 1859]: 21–6; National Intelligencer, and Washington Advertiser, 31 Dec. 1802; Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio. Second Session [Chillicothe, 1803]; Journal of the Senate of the State of Ohio [Chillicothe, 1808–11]; Chillicothe Supporter, 5 Dec. 1812; OClWHi: Abbot Family Papers; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ohio, Huron, 1820; Abbot’s file in Huron Co. Probate Court, Estate and Guardianship Files). Before casting his tie-breaking vote against rechartering the Bank of the United States in the United States Senate on 20 Feb. 1811, Vice President George clinton stated that “Government is not to be strengthened by an assumption of doubtful powers” when “the Constitution happily furnishes the means for remedying the evil by amendment” (Annals, 11th Cong., 3d sess., 346–7). 1 Manuscript:

“am.” “as.” “goverment.” 4 Manuscript: “than.” 5 Preceding four words interlined. 2 Manuscript: 3 Manuscript:

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From “George G. Leiper,” with Jefferson’s Note Wednesday Noon 10th April 1822—

George, G, Leiper, Son of Thos Leiper of Phia presents his Respectful Compliments to T. Jefferson Esqr and Requests the favour of a few Moments private Conversation with him. [Note by TJ beneath endorsement:] I gave him ord. on B. Peyton 75. D and took his on his father which I inclosd to B. Peyton. RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ. TJ learned later this month that “George G. Leiper” was operating under

an assumed name (Thomas Leiper to TJ, 19 Apr. 1822; TJ to Leiper, 27 Apr. 1822). His actual identity has not been ascertained.

From Richard Randolph Dear Sir Richmond 10th April 1822— The governor tells me that the cement which I sent you did not answer at all. From the circumstance of all our tryals with it being successful, and the very same material as that sent in the barrels, being considered equal to the imported cement, by the workmen on the canal at Columbia So Carolina; I am induced to believe that the failure was occasiond by the want of proper management in the preparation of it for use. In order to give it another tryal, I send you enclosed, written directions, which if attended to, will I am persuaded make a hard and durable water cement. I am with great respect your friend, Richard Randolph RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

the governor: Thomas Mann Randolph.

e n c l o s u r e

Richard Randolph’s Directions for Making Cement [ca. 10 Apr. 1822] Spread four measures of the powder upon a wooden floor, from six to ten or twelve inches thick. Sprinkle one measure of water equally over the surface. turn up the bed and mix it carefully, so as that the whole shall be equally damp or wet, then heap it up into a compact mass, and let it lie covered in a damp

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10 APRIL 1822 shady place or cellar two or three days; Then spread it on the same floor and sprinkle on sparingly as much water as will barely be percieved, and commence beating with any convenient wooden beaters, the mass will be very refractory at this moment, but by the continued, and all important operation of beating, it will become tough like putty, it now requires perhaps not one half as much water to be added, as when the powder was first laid down; Nevertheless a sufficient quantity of water must be applied, and it will depend in a great measure on the degree of beating, the more beating the less water; and the stronger will be the mortar. Whenever it is to be used observe that it is to be immediately preceeded by beating until in a tough and plastic state, like soft putty. The proof of its being in good order will be shewn by its exudation of the water. The stone or bricks on which the mortar is to be laid must be clean, and thoughrouly drenched with water. It is best at all times to prepare the mortar in a shade or cellar as above stated, and if the masonry be excluded from the sun a few days the better. The slower the drying the more solid the cement. Unlike Parkers Roman1 cement you may take any reasonable time for operating. When delayed it will require repeated labour to bring it into order, and longer time to set. In all cases allow not2 less than ten to fifteen days before the water is let on your work, and if convenient still longer. persons unused to work this mortar should take care to trowel it well, press it on firmly and finish the joints nicely and smooth. MS (MHi); in Randolph’s hand; undated.

1 2

Word interlined. Randolph here canceled “mor.”

From “George G. Leiper” Thursday Morning 11 oClock, 11th April 1822—

G,, G,, Leiper presents his Compliments to1 T. Jefferson Esqr and has the pleasure to inform him that on his Return to Town, met with an Acquaintance and Neighbour who furnished him with all that is Necessary to prosecute his Journey which supersedes the Necessity of using his Draft. RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Apr. 1822 from Charlottesville and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: TJ’s Order on Bernard

Peyton for “George G. Leiper,” 11 Apr. 1822. 1 Manuscript:

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“to to.”

Order on Bernard Peyton for “George G. Leiper” Colo Bernard Peyton Monticello Apr. 11. 22. Pay to George G. Lieper or order seventy five Dollars for value recieved on account of Sir your humble servant Th: Jef[ferson] Mr Raphael is requested to furnish mr Lieper cash for this. MS (MHi); written on a half sheet; signature torn to cancel order; adjacent to signature: “Colo Bernard Peyton Richmond.” Enclosed in “George G. Leiper” to TJ, 11 Apr. 1822. TJ’s financial records indicate that on this day he “Gave order on B. Peyton for 75.D. in favor of George G. Lieper in exchange for his draught on Thos. Lieper & son.” On 12 Apr. 1822 he enclosed the latter in a missing letter to Peyton, recorded in SJL with bracketed notation: “Lieper’s note” (MB, 2:1385). The draft,

which is directed to “Messrs Thos Leiper & Son” and dated Charlottesville, 11 Apr. 1822, is in the hand of “Leiper” and signed by him, and reads “Will please pay to the Order of Bernard Peyton Seventy five Dollars for Value Recd” (MS in MHi, signed on verso by TJ, Peyton, and a representative of Charles C. Watson & Sons, with latter two signatures canceled; Tr in DLC, conjoined with Tr of Peyton to Watson & Sons, 15 Apr. 1822, adjacent to signature: “A Copy,” with the three signatures, on verso, uncanceled).

From Nicholas P. Trist Dear Sir Natchez April 14th 1822— This work has just made its appearance here, and I am confident You will not consider as thrown away, the time you will have spent in reading it.— I leave this tomorrow, after a tedious stay of more weeks than, on my arrival, I expected to spend days.—Browse writes that there are letters from Monticello waiting for me at home; From them, I hope to have the pleasure of Learning in a few days, that every thing there is as I could have wished, notwithstanding the earthquake the papers are frightening us with. Present me affectionately to the family and believe me yours Most devotedly Nicho Ph: Trist The thermometer is at 85°, in a cool passage, peas in abundance, and strawberries beginning to ripen— RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

The enclosed work was a tragedy by Lord Byron (TJ to Trist, 14 June 1822). An earthquake, described as a “very severe shock,” shook Charlottesville in the

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14 APRIL 1822 early morning of 28 Feb. 1822. Though it “perhaps lasted not more than fifteen seconds,” it was succeeded by a “rumbling noise, resembling distant thunder which . . . was supposed to have continued for about 4 minutes” (unidentified issue of Charlottesville Central Gazette quoted in Richmond Commercial Compiler, 5 Mar. 1822, and elsewhere).

·Writing from Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, Trist lamented to TJ’s granddaughter Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) on 16 Jan. 1822: “Would to God that I had possession of my study! every moment of your grandfather’s society that I lose, is irreparable; and besides this loss, every moment I stay here, retards by almost as much, my appearance at the bar” (RC in NcU: NPT).

From David B. Lee Sir Philadelphia April 15th 1822 Were I not perfectly convinced of your entire devotion to the welfare and honor of your Country, and the genuine patriotic zeal which you have heretofore displayed in fostering the rising genius of America; I should not dare solicit your patronage in the case which I am now going to lay before you— But being penetrated with the most profound conviction, of your truly philosophic mode of deciding on any new theory; And knowing that you are too great a philosopher to suffer your mind to be bound in the vulgar fetters of prejudice which limits our researches for knowledge within the pailing erected by our forefathers—I shall (although not favored with the honor of your personal acquaintance) submit to you the outlines of the plan of a machine which I have invented for Navigating the Atmosphere, and respectfuly solicit your patronage— The art of Navigating the atmosphere has been my constant study with little exception from my earliest childhood—But being branded for a fool by every person to whom I revealed my project, I kept it almost an entire secret till early in the year 1819— I had previous to that devised a plan by which I believed, and still do believe that a Balloon may be propeled and steered in any direction with considerable facility—And likewise another plan of far greater importance by which a man can traverse the air in any direction at will, by mechanical power alone, in perfect safety, regardless of threatning clouds or stormy winds—But having spent so much time and money in forming my plans and trying experiments, and not being one of fortunes favorites—I had not the means of putting my plans in opperation—But being determined to compleete the business—I therefore at the time before mentioned (1819) applyed to several individuals for assistance, most of whom were so prejudiced against the  344 

15 APRIL 1822

very idea of flying that they would not even give me a hearing—I however found one man who agreed to furnish money to construct a Balloon with the necessary apparatus to propel and steer it—I took him at his offer, knowing that if I succeeded in that, I could then without difficulty raise the trifling sum necessary to compleete my favorite object of constructing a machine to Navigate the air on mechanical principles— I constructed a Balloon with all the necessary apparatus for flying— and fixed a day for my first aerial excursion, with the most sanguine expectations that I should soon soar in the uper regions of the atmosphere and shew to the world that the Americans could do that which other nations had attempted without success— But I was doomed to a more luckless fate—While inflating the Balloon, an accident happened to the apparatus for preparing the gas— which delayed the opperation for several hours—and some of the people who were assembled to witness the experiment being ignorant of the subject, and disappointed and dissatisfied with the delay—rushed in upon the Balloon in a mob, and compleetely destroyed it— This so discouraged my patron, that, notwithstanding he believed the thing practicable he would give me no more assistance—Since that time I have mentioned my plans to different people but without success— I have been rather unguarded in speaking publicly of the certainty of success, not thinking that I had a rival in the business till quite recently, when James Benet’s memorial to congress appeard in the News papers— I then (as you perhaps already know) sent a memorial to congress in opposition to Benet— Benet informs me that he has studied on the business several years, but I believe that his plan was not matured untill he obtained information from me—But still from some circumstances I am induced to believe that he is not master of my whole plan, and I am doubtful whether he has a sufficient idea of it, so that he can succeed— for, could he do it, as he is rich, it would not be delayed— James Benet is an Irishman by birth, and has resided for many years in England—I would therefore call your particular attention to the honor of the invention which he says in his memorial “shall be confered on the United States”—···Pray Sir, how can he confer this honor on the United states—Congress can pass an act granting the right to him, and by that means confer the pecuniary emoluments on him—But it is impossible for him to confer the honor on the United states, for should there be an act passed in his favor by which congress  345 

15 APRIL 1822

should declare to the world that he was the inventor—that country which gave birth to his intelects, or that in which those intelects were matured and brought to perfection will claim the honor of all inventions made by him— Benet expects soon to return to England, and what then let me ask will he be to this country—Is it possible that under such circumstances he can confer the honor of the invention on the United States—Born in the British dominions, and residing there to the age of thirty, then coming to this country and spending some few years, then returning to England to spend the remainder of his days—What is he at last but an Englishman—England will claim, and on good ground, should an act be passed in Benets favor the sole honor of the invention— It is believed that Franklin made many discoveries on electricity in Europe, but notwithstanding that America claims all inventions made by him—It will be the same in this case; if Congress pass an act in Benets favor the honor if there is any attached to it, is immediately confered on England or Ireland— But it is doubtful whether congress make any grant to either of us until the machine is in actual operation— Benet has a Machine nearly finished, but as I have not seen it, I do not know whether it is on any plan that will succeede— Had I the money necessary to construct a Machine, I could build one and appear before Congress with it, before their session closes— But for the want of three or four hundred Dollars, I shall be under the necessity of delaying the business—and perhaps by that means loose my right to this machine which has already cost me several thousand Dollars—And if Benet should take advantage of my poverty, and secure the right to himself, which I am confident he will— the United states will surely loose the honor of the invention— I estimate the expence of these Machines (of a size for one man) at from one hundred and fifty to two hundred Dollars—but, as the first of any machines whatever always cost nearly double what they may be built for afterwards, I have calculated that it would require about three or four hundred Dollars to build the first— I have made experiments at different times on this machine and from the result of those experiments I have not a doubt but it will opperate agreable to my wishes— I have given you this brief account of my progress in this business that you might have some knowledge of the nature of my claim to the invention—  346 

15 APRIL 1822

I likewise refered to the pedigree of Benet, not through any ill will to him on account of his being a forreigner—but merely to apprise you of the danger there was of another nations claiming the honor of the invention—and likewise to shew you the trick which he intended to have played upon our Government by making a pretence of confering the honor of this invention on the United States, when he must have known that if his petition was granted the honor of the discovery would have reverted to his native country— I commenced this letter with an intention of giving you a succinct account of the form and opperation of this machine—But having already nearly filled my paper I shall be under the necessity 1 of dismissing the subject with a few remarks only— In the first place I consider it as one of the great laws of nature from which there is no deviation, that all animal beings perform their visible functions on mechanic principles— The nicer points, or what might be called invisible opperations, or first causes of visible action, are not necessary to be discussed for the present purpose— I presume Sir, you will coincide with me when I say that all birds and insects fly on pure mechanic principles—for it is found by a careful examination of the subject, notwithstanding there appears to be a considerable difference in the opperation of different 2 insects, and birds, in flying, that they all fly on the same principle, with some verry trifling difference in the mode of application— Having ascertained the precise form of a bird, and all its opperations in flying, in their nicest [. . .], we then have nothing more to do, to compleete the art of flying, than to copy this exactly by machinery— But as there are some parts which I found verry difficult, if not impossible to imitate—I have deviated in other points to endeavour to obviate the difficulties which at first appeared insurmountable—One great difficulty is a want of strength sufficient to correspond with the weight of the man and machine— But this difficulty I have in part obviated by a greater extension of surface, to rest on the atmosphere while the wings are ascending— I have tried this machine in several different forms—I have three3 distinct plans either of which may answer—A superficial view of the one on which I rely with perfect confidence of success, would be as follows—The body, or gondola, bears some resemblance to the shape of a boat—the size about eight feet deep, three feet broad, and at top from sixteen to twenty feet long—This is made of as light materials as possible—in the middle where the Aeronaut stands, or sits, it is made  347 

15 APRIL 1822

sufficiently strong to support him and the machinery with which he works the wings—this is covered with silk except a window on each side near the middle—On the top of this gondola, laying nearly horizontal, (but not perfectly, the front end being elevated,4 say five degrees,) is placed an Oval sheet of silk enclosing a verry light frame— this sheet or platform may be from ten to twelve feet broad and from twenty to twenty four feet long—Across the center of this from side to side, the frame is sufficiently strong to support the wings, which are attached to each extremity or side—this top part is braced down to the bottom of the gondola to keep it permanent together— The wings for want of room to give a more perfect description I will compare, both in shape and motion, to the wings of an eagle—the comparison would however been more accurate to have said the wings of a raven, which they verry nearly resemble, particularly in motion— There is a ruder like the tail of a bird extending back from the top part or sheet, as I before called it, this is to steer it up or down— There is another ruder extending from the back part of the gondola, by which it is steered to the right or left— The description I have given is verry imperfect—but if from the above outlines of the plan, you think the thing practicable—or that the theory is sufficiently plausible to merit an experiment—you are respectfuly requested to patronize it, in such maner as your wisdom shall dictate— All favors received will be duly appreciated—and (should I be enabled to compleete the business) amply repaid— If you condescend to answer this, please direct to David B. Lee Philadelphia I am Sir, With Due Consideration of Respect, Your Obedient Servant D. B. Lee RC (DLC); one word illegible; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq Late President of the United States Monticello—Virginia”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 16 Apr.; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Apr. 1822, but recorded in SJL as received a day later. David B. Lee (1792–1836), inventor and attorney, was born in Guilford, Connecticut, and patented a “wheel head” there in 1816. He worked as a scrivener in Philadelphia from at least 1823 to 1825. Lee was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1826 and practiced law there until his death. He received patents in 1824 and

1829, respectively, for improvements “in the mode of generating steam” and “the rotatory steam engine,” and another in 1834 for “Valves for steam boilers.” In 1833 Lee unsuccessfully petitioned the city to adopt his plan for lighting Philadelphia by burning tar and coal on top of towers (Connecticut Town Vital Records [Ct: Lucius Barnes Barbour Collection]; Robert Desilver, The Philadelphia Index, or Directory, for 1823 [(Philadelphia, 1823)]; Thomas Wilson, Philadelphia Directory and Stranger’s Guide for 1825 [(Philadelphia, 1825)], 83; John Hill Martin, Martin’s Bench and Bar of Philadelphia [1883], 286; List of Patents, 165, 270, 383, 658;

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15 APRIL 1822 Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania 11 [1833]: 323; 13 [1834]: 55–6; Desilver’s Philadelphia Directory and Stranger’s Guide, for 1835 & 36 [1835], 109; Philadelphia Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, 10 Sept. 1836). Having formed the partnership of Lee, Bulkeley & Pomroy, Lee displayed his prototype “Ærostatic Vessel,” a hydrogen balloon with all the necessary apparatus for flying in June 1819 in Germantown, Pennsylvania. Later that year in a public exhibition in Camden, New Jersey, he had to bail out of a balloon described as “of a new construction, furnished with wings and a tail, in order to force it against a current of wind” (Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, 16 June, 2, 4 Sept. 1819; Philadelphia Franklin Gazette, 3, 8 Sept. 1819; Jeremiah Milbank Jr., The First Century of Flight in America: An Introductory Survey [1943], 71–3, 226). On 25 Mar. 1822 the United States House of Representatives heard the memorial to congress of James Bennett, “a mathematician of the city of Philadelphia,” in which he claimed to have “invented a machine by which a man can fly through the air—can soar to any height— steer in any direction—can start from any place, and alight without risk of injury,” and argued that “a like machine has never been invented in any country or age of the world, so as to be applied to purposes of practical utility, and as it is more than probable that artificial flying would not, for a thousand years to come, be brought

to the same degree of perfection, had not your petitioner, under Providence, accomplished it.” Bennett accordingly requested “a special act of the Congress of the United States, to secure to him and his heirs for the term of forty years, or for such other term as in their wisdom may be deemed just, the right of steering flying machines through that portion of earth’s atmosphere which presses on the United States, or so far as their jurisdiction may extend,” concluding that in so doing, “the honor of the invention shall be conferred on the United States.” Lee countered with his own memorial to congress in opposition to Bennett, presented 1 Apr. 1822, arguing that he instead was “the original inventor of the Åflying machine,’ mentioned in the petition of James Bennett,” and asking “that no right or privilege may be granted to said Bennett on account of said invention, but that Congress would grant to him [i.e., Lee] and his heirs and assigns, for such length of time as Congress may think proper, the exclusive right and privilege of navigating the atmosphere, either with Åflying machines’ or with Ånavigable balloons,’ throughout the United States.” Both petitions were referred to the same select committee, but neither was considered further (Annals, 17th Cong., 1st sess., 1361–2, 1377–8, 1443). 1

Manuscript: “necissity.” Manuscript: “differnt.” Manuscript: “thre.” 4 Word interlined in place of “raised.” 2 3

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 15 Apl 1822 Yours covering the dft: on the Messrs: Leipers of Philada: has been recd, & is sent on to Philada: for payment, this day, should it be met you will only have to pay postage going & advise of payment.— I sent you this day by Mr Wren’s Boat, to Milton, a package from F. A. Mayo the Book binder here— I am gratified to be able to inform you of Jefferson’s success with the Literary fund to the amt of $7,500, which I hope will put him at ease in his circumstances.  349 

15 APRIL 1822

Dr

·Very respectfully Yours very Truely

sir

Bernard Peyton

RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with additional  notations by TJ beneath endorsement: “50 Pots. R.R. [i.e., Richard Randolph]·glass·Appletn·Coffee paint·tin·Java coffee.” RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to James Paxton, 10 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Richmond, 15 Apr. For TJ’s missing letter to Peyton of 12 Apr. 1822 covering the dft: on the messrs: leipers, see note to TJ’s Order on Peyton for “George G. Leiper,” 11 Apr. 1822. Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s success with the literary fund came two days earlier when its president and directors agreed to loan him $7,500 for five years at 6 percent interest. Randolph having later delivered “a bond in due form

22d

dated the day of the last month, with Thomas Jefferson security thereto, for the sum of Seven thousand five hundred dollars loaned him, and a mortgage on two tracts of land in the County of Albemarle, one known by the name of Shadwell containing by survey 775 acres, the other known by the name of Pant-ops containing 819¼ acres,” the board authorized the issuance of a warrant to him for that amount on 31 May 1822. He had received Shadwell as a gift from TJ and his father, Thomas Mann Randolph, and purchased Pantops from his uncle John Wayles Eppes (Vi: RG 27, Virginia Literary Fund Minute Book; Indenture between Thomas Jefferson Randolph, Jane H. Nicholas Randolph, and the President and Directors of the Literary Fund, 22 Apr. 1822 [MS in ViU: Legal Papers of the JeffersonRandolph Families; in Thomas Jefferson  Randolph’s hand, signed by both Randolphs]).

Bernard Peyton to Charles C. Watson & Sons Gentln Richmond 15th apl 1822 My friend Mr Jefferson put in my hands to day the enclosed dft on Mess Thos Leiper & Sons of your place, for $75. drawn by George G Leiper, which will no doubt be paid on application, I therefore conclude it will [be]1 as well to remitt it to you, together with the five dollars U States note, also under cover herewith on a⁄c my bill with you, to the credit of which you will please apply it say eighty $80 Dollars. should the dft be not paid, please return it to me I hope the Lydia Davis is with you before this, & that I shall soon receive my Boat back again with great respect Gentln Your Mo: Obd Servt Bernard Peyton Tr (DLC); subjoined to Tr of enclosure; between dateline and salutation: “Messes: Ch: C Watson & Sons”; at foot of text: “A

Copy.” Enclosure: Draft of “George G. Leiper” on Thomas Leiper & Son in favor of Peyton, 11 Apr. 1822 (see note to TJ’s

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18 APRIL 1822 Order on Peyton for “George G. Leiper,” 11 Apr. 1822). Enclosed in Thomas Leiper to TJ, 19 Apr. 1822. Charles C. Watson (ca. 1767–1853), tailor, was a native of Pennsylvania who formed a partnership with his sons John W. Watson, Henry R. Watson, and Charles C. Watson in Philadelphia on 1 Jan. 1822. The tailoring firm of Charles C. Watson & Sons, which also dealt in fine cloth, had an estimated net worth of $50,000 in 1846 and survived until around 1854 (Philadelphia National Gazette and

Literary Register, 3 Jan. 1822; Robert Desilver, The Philadelphia Index, or Directory, for 1823 [(Philadelphia, 1823)]; McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory, for 1854 [1854], 552; Memoirs and Auto-Biography of some of the Wealthy Citizens of Philadelphia [1846], 65; DNA: RG 29, CS, Pa., Philadelphia, 1850; William White Bronson, comp., and Charles R. Hildeburn, ed., The Inscriptions in St. Peter’s Church Yard, Philadelphia [1879], 533). 1

Omitted word editorially supplied.

From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. April 18th 22 After the president wrote to Mr Watson to Know if he could not sell some article from the farm to pay me it was supposed corn could be spaired he inquired if I would take corn on consulting you I agreed to take it. Watson then said that he would go up to Mr Monroes farm and see the overseer. I understand that they are debateing whither the corn can be spared or not I had imagined this was assertained before he offerd me the corn I think it probable we shall not get it. corn is becomeing scase and believing it best we should ingage it at once I have found another chance of geting at 3$ and very convenient it is Mr Rogers. he has about 50 barrills of corn and 20 or 30 bushels oats which he will take 2/ pr bushel he has also a very fine beef I think as good as I ever saw and I think will way 7 or 800. which he will sell all or a part at 5 cents the pound and wait for payment for all the articles untill the 9th of August I am shore we cannot buy corn nor neither of the articles cheaper. and not as neare home. I promised to give him an answer to day I understand the coopers have been geting bark from their timber. we had as well get it before the coopers bishop wants 30 or 40 cords. I am yours &C E: Bacon I never pretended to stop Isaac from hauling wood. RC (ViU: TJP-ER); dateline at foot of text; postscript adjacent to signature; addressed: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ, with his additional notations beneath endorsement:

❩

“Rogers corn @ 3.D. payable oats @ 2/ Aug. 9. 22.”

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To Thomas Leiper Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 19. 22. Mr George Lieper your son has informed you that in his passage thro’ the neighboring county of Orange he had the misfortune to lose his baggage. he called on me in distress and I was happy in the opportunity of being useful to him by giving him a draught negociable in Charlottesville for 75.D. the sum he asked and he gave me a counterdraught on you. on his return to Charlottesville he met with a neighbor who supplied his wants, and he reinclosed my draught in his favor without having used it. by the negligence of the tavernkeeper, this letter laid a week in that place before I got it. in the meantime I had sent his draught on you to Colo Peyton my correspondent in Richmond, who had already transmitted it to you. I have immediately requested him to correct the error by replacing the money in your hands. I regret first the having lost the occasion of serving your son, and next the awkward error of the money having been drawn for you. nothing will give me more pleasure at any time than being useful to yourself or any one in whom you have an interest. I have thought this explanation necessary, and make it with the more satisfaction as it furnishes the occasion of assuring you of m[y] [. . .] and respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; closing faint; at foot of text: “Mr Thos Lieper”; endorsed by TJ.

From Thomas Leiper Dear Sir Philada April 19th 1822 Annexed you have a Copy of an order drawn on me for seventy Five Dollars by a certain George G Leiper on Thomas Leiper and son we have no such firm here—My son George G. Leiper being here I handed to him the order who afirmed he never wrote it indeed I could have certified this myself—But how came your name to be on the back of the order from that circumstance I had got my consent to have paid the order but on second thought I had better not but I thought it necessary to give you this information. I received your letter by Mr Watson now Doctor Watson and wrote at the time1 and made very free with men and things but have not2 got my own consent to foreward it—I am with much3 esteem & respect your most Obedient Servant Thomas Leiper  352 

21 APRIL 1822 ·RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Late President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Apr. 1822, but recorded in SJL as received a day later. Enclosure: Bernard

Peyton to Charles C. Watson & Sons, 15 Apr. 1822, and enclosure. 1 Preceding

five words interlined. interlined. 3 Manuscript: “must.” 2 Word

To Bernard Peyton Sir Monticello Apr. 19. 22. Your’s of the 15th was recieved last night, and at the same time one from mr George Lieper dated Charlottesville the 11th informing he had on his return to that place met with a neighbor who supplied his wants, and therefore returned me my draught on you. we have consequently to correct the error [of] having used his draught on his father, which I must pray you to do by returning him the money immediately. losses by [e]xchange, postages Etc to be my expence. affectionately yours. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Hemmings to TJ, 2 Nov. 1819; some text lost along left margin due to polygraph misalignment, with three

words rewritten by TJ, in whole or in part, in right margin; at foot of text: “Colo Peyton”; endorsed by TJ.

From James Pleasants Dear Sir Washington 21st April 1822 I enclose to you a statement of the balance of principal1 & interest due on Ronald’s debt to you, with mr Peyton’s letter acknowledging the receipt of a check therefor which has been receivd & carried to your credit. Being busy at the moment, I got one of the young men in the clerk’s office to make the calculation of interest due on the two sums, and think it correct. You will be pleased to look over it, and if it is right forward to me Your receipt descriptive of the transaction, to enable me to make the necessary return,2 as surviving commissioner3 for executing the decree.4 I shall probably leave this place on or about the 8th of May, and a letter directed to me in Goochland, Beaverdam post office, will answer all necessary purposes. It was my intention to have answered at some length your obliging communication5 on the subject of the Judiciary &Ca but as I hope to have the pleasure6 of seeing you in a few weeks, a pleasure which I have long wished, I will postpone the subject. Suffice it to say at this  353 

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time, that the temper of the present Congress has not been considered favourable to the expectation of their doing any thing efficient on the subject, and I think it by no means certain that such a congress can rationally be expected very soon. I was mortified at the situation in which the legislature left the University at the close of their late session, but hope the next will be more liberal towards an institution, calculated to reflect so much honor & benefit on our state. I am with sentiments of most sincere respect James Pleasants jr & esteem, yr Obt Servt. RC (CSmH: JF); endorsed by TJ as received 25 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures not found. 1

Manuscript: “pincipal.”

2

Manuscript: “retun.” Manuscript: “commssioner.” 4 Manuscript: “decre.” 5 Manuscript: “comnunication.” 6 Manuscript: “pleeasure.” 3

From Jerman Baker My Dr Sir Richmond 22 Apl 1822 To ensure the prompt & safe receipt of the enclosed I have taken the liberty of sending it under cover to you—which I feel confident you will excuse when my Son apprises you of its contents Be pleased to present us affectionately to your household & to accept the assurance of my sincere regard & respect Yrs Jerman Baker RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 24 Apr. 1822, but recorded in SJL as received a day later. Enclosure not found.

From Oliver Everett Sir. Boston April 22 1822. The volumes of the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences having been placed in my hands for distribution, I shall, be very happy to transmit to you, in any way you may direct such volumes or parts of volumes as you may order.— The favor of an early answer is requested as it is intended, to dispose of the volumes not ordered by the Fellows of the Academy. your obdent Servant Oliver Everett P.S. The price of the vols. is two dollars and fifty cents ea: and four vols. have been published.  354 

22 APRIL 1822 ·RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, with day and first two digits of year in dateline, and closing, signature, and internal address between signature and postscript (“To Thomas Jefferson Esq A.A.S”) by Everett; addressed in a different clerk’s hand on verso of enclosure: “Thomas Jefferson Esq Monticello”; franked; postmarked Boston, 24 Apr.; endorsed by TJ as received 1 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Oliver Everett (1788–1864), merchant, printer, and brother of TJ’s correspondents Alexander H. Everett and Edward Everett, was born in Boston. He operated a hardware store in that city, 1809–11, and later sold books and magazines. Everett served as an agent for and publisher

of the North American Review, 1821–24, and he printed the American edition of the New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal, 1822–23. He resided in Dorchester and Lancaster before settling permanently in Needham, Massachusetts, where he continued to be a merchant. Everett died from a combination of cardiac disease and dysentery (Edward Franklin Everett, Descendants of Richard Everett of Dedham, Mass. [1902], 67, 119; Boston NewEngland Palladium, 17 Oct. 1809, 8 Nov. 1811; The Boston Directory [1821]: 97; [1822]: 95; New Bedford, Mass., Christian Philanthropist, 1 Oct. 1822; Boston Commercial Gazette, 23 Dec. 1824; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Needham, 1850, 1860; Everett’s death record, Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911 [MBNEH]).

e n c l o s u r e

Oliver Everett’s Advertisement for the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences [ca. 22 Apr. 1822] Memoirs of the AMERICAN ACADEMY. ······ O. EVERETT, has received and has for sale, at no. 6, court-street, complete sets of THE MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in four volumes, quarto, commencing in 1785, and continued to the present year. These volumes contain a series of valuable papers, on various subjects of Science and Literature, and from some of the most distinguished writers in America. Among the Memoirs are found in volume i. in volume iii. Several Astronomical Papers, by the late President Willard and Professor Williams; Observations of the Transit of Mercury in 1782, by Dr. Cutler at Ipswich and Judge Winthrop at Cambridge; several Philosophical Papers, by Hon. Mr. Bowdoin, the first President of the Society; Dr. Williams’ Account of the Dark Day, May, 1780; Papers on the Volcanic

Mr. Bowditch’s Observations on the Comet of 1807, and on the Eclipse of  1806; Mr. Kendal’s Account of Dighton Rock, with a large Copper Plate representation of the same; Judge Davis’ attempt to explain the Inscription; Mr. Bowditch on the Meteor which exploded over Weston, (Conn.) in 1807; On the Elements of the Orbit of the Comet of 1811;

 355 

22 APRIL 1822 Appearances in West River Mountain; Dr. Cutler’s Catalogue of Indigenous Plants; On the Retreat of House Swallows in Winter, by Hon. S. Dexter, Sen.

Astronomical Papers of Professor Dean; Professor Farra[r’s] Abstract of Meteorological Tables kept at Cambridg[e] from 1790 to 1807; Mr. Pickering on Americanisms:

in volume ii.

in volume iv.

Dr. Bigelow’s Account of the Life and Writings of Count Rumford; Mr. Bowditch on a Mistake in the Solar Tables of Mayer, La Lande, and Zach, with several other Papers by the same Gentleman; Professor Peck on the Sea Serpent; Mr. Pickering on the Pronunciation of the Greek Language; and on a uniform Orthography of the Indian Languages of North America; Professor Everett on an inedited Roman Inscription of the Age of Augustus; and on some Greek Manuscripts procured at Constantinople in 1819. The foregoing constitute but a small portion of the contents of the volumes of the Memoirs of the American Academy; of which complete sets, single volumes, or parts of volumes, may be had at No. 6, Court-Street. Judge Lowell’s Eulogy on the Hon. James Bowdoin; President Willard’s Observations on the Transit of Mercury in 1789; Dr. Holyoke’s Observations on the difference of temperature in the same latitudes in Europe and America; Dr. Wigglesworth’s Tables on the Proportions of Deaths to Births in Massachusetts; Mr. Bowditch’s New Method of Working Lunar Observations; Chief Justice Parsons’ Solution of an Astronomical Problem; Judge Winthrop’s Account of Dighton Rock:

Broadside (DLC: TJ Papers, 222: 39607); with address cover of covering letter on verso; undated; edge torn at seal.

inedited: “unpublished” (OED).

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir, April 24h ’22 I send you the enclosed bond to get the favor of you to put your name to it as Rector of the U. Va—Mr Garrett informs me he intend to1 Richmond probably tomorrow and will take this bond down, receive the renewed certificate and make sale of it for the use of the University—I presume from what was said on the 1st of April by yourself and other visitors present on that day, it is intended that all the work including plastering, painting &c is to be finished2 by the fall, if such is your intention I shall direct it accordingly—I should like to have had your opinion yesterday on runing [. . .] [s]tone Wall on the rode side, back of the library3—the object I have in view is to run (after the stone wall is up) a temporary plank fence from the end of the yard Walls of the Pavilions4 to the stone fence and take away  356 

26 APRIL 1822

the present plank fence from Pavilion 1 and 2 which is a great disadvantage to the looks of the place—···I am Sir Most respectfully your Obt sevt A. S. Brockenbrough RC (CSmH: JF); mutilated at seal; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded (with additional notation: “Univy”) in SJL. Enclosure not found. For the renewed certificate, see Alexander Garrett’s Account of Unappropriated Funds for the University of Virginia, 27 Nov. 1821, enclosure no. 4 in University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 30 Nov. 1821, and note.

In a letter of this date to John H. Cocke written from the University of Virginia, Brockenbrough forwarded “a plan of the two public Privies for the use of the students,” which were to be situated in valleys beyond the hotels on each side of the institution. He reported of this plan, not found, that “Mr Jefferson has seen it and thinks it will do, but said nothing as to the size” (RC in ViU: JHC). 1

Thus in manuscript. Manuscript: “fineshid.” 3 Manuscript: “liberary.” 4 Manuscript: “Pavivilions.” 2

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 25 Apl 1822 I was duely favor’d with yours of the 19th current: & should, have replied to it by last mail, but had not heard from the dft: for $75, on Th: Leiper & Son, which I had forwarded for payment; by last nights mail, however, recd it back again, the Messrs: Leipers declining to honor it, because they doubted the genuineness of it—I now return it to you under cover—you have been at no other expense with it than postages back & forward— With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 28 Apr. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Draft of “George G. Leiper” on Thomas Leiper & Son in favor of Peyton, 11 Apr. 1822 (see note to TJ’s Order on Peyton, 11 Apr. 1822).

To John Coskery Sir Monticello Apr. 26. 22. Your letter of the 6th has been recieved, but age has long obliged me to relieve my mind from speculations of difficulty.1 I have not perfectly comprehended the principles of the improvement you propose in the construction of the stove; but such advances have been made in latter times in the economising of fire, as to expect that beneficial  357 

26 APRIL 1822

improvements may still be made, and altho I am unable to aid you by any opinion on the subject I sincerely wish that your invention may be attended with entire success Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on portion of a reused address cover from Alexander Garrett to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr John Coskery”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

To John Laval Sir Monticello Apr. 26. 22. I am so well satisfied with the Leipsic Dion Cassius in 16s that I shall be glad to recieve also the Herodotus  3. v. Thucydides 2. v. Xenophon  5. v. Plutarch 6. v. all of the same format; and if you will send me at the same time my account I will remit the amount. these will be too much to load the mail with either in whole or detail. I must get you therefore to wrap them very securely against injury, and to forward them to Colo Peyton in Richmond. this may be done by a vessel coming to Richmond, or if you could find any gentleman coming by the stage to Richmond who would take them under his care, it would be safer, and Colo Peyton would pay the expences of transportation. I salute you with esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson RC (CtY: Franklin Collection); addressed: “Mr John Laval Philadelphia”; franked; postmarked Milton, 30 Apr.; endorsed by Laval.

To Willie Blount Sir Monticello. Apr. 27. 22. Your favor of Mar. 16. is recently recieved, and the object it proposes of an early initiation of our youth into the sound principles of our republican government is worthy of cordial approbation. I mean the pure and genuine principles of it’s birth. my hope has been that systems of education, primary and ultimate would be carried into execution and that books would be composed for the use of our schools which would inculcate into the minds and affections1 of our youth the sound political as well as moral virtues. you have taken views of the subject more extensive and particular.—but from all political pursuits  358 

27 APRIL 1822

I am necessarily withdrawn by the torpitude of age and it’s irresistible devotion to tranquility and rest. the direction of the future belongs to the generation now on the stage. mine is past; and I resign to them with chearfulness and confidence the care of themselves and posterity, a duty which I doubt not they will ably and faithfully fulfill. your letter is a proof that you will not be wanting on your part; and, with my hope that you will live to see it effectually provided for, accept the assurance of my best wishes and respects. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Dupl of Eulalie Cathalan to TJ, 10 Aug. 1819; damaged at seal, with

one word rewritten by TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Willie Blount.” 1

Preceding two words interlined.

From Samuel Kercheval Sir New Town Stephensburgh Frederick Cy 27th April 1822 A friend of mine, who is now engaged in erecting considerable buildings, has requested me, to apply to you, for information how to make, fire proof cement. He states to me that he has been lately informd; that you can furnish the information he desires, and that with your permission he will cause it to be made public, for the good of society.···Pardon the liberty I have taken, and accept the assurances of my unfeignd regard Saml Kercheval RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 1 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

To David B. Lee Sir Monticello Apr. 27. 22. your letter of the 15th is recieved, but age has long since obliged me to withdraw my mind from speculations of the difficulty of those of your letter. that there are means of artifici[al]1 bouyancy by which man may be supported in the air, the baloon has proved, and that means of directing it may be discovered is against no law of nature, and is therefore possibl[e] as in the case of birds. but to do this by mechanical means alone in a medium so rare and unresisting as air 2 must have the aid of some principle not yet generally known. however I can really give no opinion understandingly on the subject and with more good will than confidence wish you success. T[h: Je]fferson  359 

27 APRIL 1822 ·PoC (DLC); on verso of portion of a reused address cover from Arthur S. Brockenbrough to TJ; three words faint; at foot of text: “D. B. Lee”; mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 26 Apr. 1822

and so recorded in SJL. Tr (DLC: Institute of the Aerospace Sciences archives). 1 Mutilated

2 Preceding

at seal. two words interlined.

To Thomas Leiper Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 27. 22. Your favor of the 19th is recieved, and I percieve I have been taken in, and it is not for the first time by strangers pretending to be the sons of my friends. in this case the statement by the applicant calling himself your son was that in passing thro the neighboring county of Orange, in the night, & embarrassed in deep roads, his trunk was cut from behind his gig, that he was on his way to Tennissee knew nobody1 in this part of the country, but knew the intimacy subsisting between you & myself, and had no other source of relief. former duperies by which I had suffered suggested hesitations at first, but they were at once repelled by the consideration that I had rather risk the loss of 75.D. (the sum he asked) than the mortification2 of being wanting to a connection of your’s in distress. further conversation removed all doubt. I asked him how you amused yourself now, as I supposed you had become tired of politics, as I was myself. he said you meddled little, and chiefly occupied yourself with your Crum-creek quarry. I knew you had such a one. I asked after mrs Lieper. he gave me such answers as a son would, and proved his intimacy with your family and affairs; and indeed I thought I discovered in his countenance some blended likenesses of mrs Lieper & yourself. he was a stout, fine looking young man. I gave him an order on a merchant in Charlottesville, and he gave me the draught which was presented to you. he returned the next day, informing me the merchant was from home on which I gave him a draught on Colo Peyton in Richmond and subjoined a request to another merchant in Charlotte[s]ville to give him cash for it. I heard no more for a week, when I recieved a letter from him returning my draught with information that on his return to Charlottesville he found there a neighbor and friend who had supplied his wants. your letter now proves he was not what he personated; yet his return of the draught gives reason to believe he had been led by distress to attempt a deception which ingenuousness3 of mind would not permit him to go through with: and I have little doubt that had he recieved the money he would have returned it when able. his letter having laid in Charlottesville a week, I had in the mean time forwarded his draught  360 

27 APRIL 1822

Colo

on you to Peyton. however all’s well that ends well and I am glad you rejected the draught. I had endorsed it to prevent a doubt in the purchaser of it’s solidity and the transaction has, on the whole, the value of proving to you my constant friendship and respect. Th: Jeffers[on] PoC (DLC); on reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 2 Nov. 1819; one word faint; signature torn at seal; endorsed by TJ: “Lieper Thos Apr. 27. 22.”

another merchant in charlottesville: Isaac Raphael. 1

Manuscript: “noby.” Manuscript: “mortifcation.” 3 Manuscript: “ingenuossness.” 2

To James Pleasants Dear Sir Monticello Apr. 27. 22. Your favor of the 21st is recieved, and with it Colo Peyton’s acknolegement of the reciept of the 118.D. balance due to me from Ronald’s estate, of which he had before advised me. I am flattered with the promise of a visit from you, long desired, and very welcome whenever it can be made with your convenience. our University is in a state to compensate the trouble of such a journey, as no other within the extent of the US. could present you an object more worthy of being seen. Altho’ I withdraw myself from politics almost entirely, I have not been able to see with insensibility the encroachments of the supreme court of the US. on those rights of the states which the constitution of the US. has left in independance on them. the principles of that court are leading us fast to consolidated government which will be a very corrupt one, and too extensive to answer the purposes of good government. in fact since the amalgamation of the parties of Republican and Federal, the most wholsome of any division which can ever exist in any government, Congress has gone more than half way to meet the Federalists: and if the doctrines of McD— are those of a majority, they are gone the whole way. accept my very affectionate and respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViW: TC-JP); on verso of reused address cover of Pascal Etienne Meinadier to TJ, 30 Oct. 1819; at foot of text: “James Pleasants esq.”; endorsed by TJ. At this point in his political career, the South Carolina congressman George Mc-

Duffie (mcd—) opposed state sovereignty, the strict construction of the United States Constitution, and the belief that the states, as the primary repository of liberty, had an obligation to resist federal encroachments (ANB; DAB).

 361 

To Horace C. Story Monticello Apr. 27.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to Lt Story for the pamphlet from the Salem East India Marine society which he has been so kind as to forward to him, and to that society particularly for the attention with which they have been pleased to honor him, and he sees with great satisfaction the rich prospect of additions to our science for which we are likely to be indebted to the exertions1 of such public-minded individuals. he prays from Lt Story the acceptance for himself, and the conveyance to the society of his great respect. RC (MaSaPEM: East India Marine Society Records); partially dated at foot of text; addressed: “Lieutenant Storey of the US. corps of Engineers Washington”; franked; postmarked Milton, 30 Apr.; endorsed in an unidentified hand as a letter of 27 Apr. 1822. PoC (MaSaPEM: East

India Marine Society Records); on verso of reused address cover of John Brazer to  TJ, 18 Oct. 1819; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 27 Apr. 1822 to “Story Lt” and so recorded in SJL. 1 Manuscript:

“extions.”

From Benjamin Ruggles Dear Sir: Senate Chamber April 28–1822 Accompanying this letter I transmit you a pamphlet containing a review of the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Cohens vs. Virginia. This review1 was written by Charles Hammond Esqr a distinguished member of the Bar in Ohio. Believing the sentiments contained in the review would accord in some measure with your own on this subject, I have taken the liberty of sending one for your perusal. Very respectfully Your obt Servant. Benj. Ruggles RC (DLC); between dateline and salutation: “The Hon. Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 May 1822 and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “Ohio”) in SJL; with Dft of TJ to Ruggles, 3 May 1822, beneath endorsement. Enclosure: [Charles Hammond], Review of the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Cohens vs. Virginia (Steubenville, Ohio, 1821). Benjamin Ruggles (1783–1857), attorney and public official, was born in Wind-

ham County, Connecticut. Having been admitted to the bar, he relocated in 1807 to Marietta, Ohio, and established a legal practice. Ruggles moved to Saint Clairsville a few years later, served as the presiding judge of a court of common pleas, 1810–15, and sat in the United States Senate, 1815–33. During his political career he supported the presidential aspirations of William H. Crawford, John Quincy Adams, and William Henry Harrison, and opposed those of Andrew Jackson. A Freemason and sometime bank director, Ruggles retired from public office in 1833,

 362 

29 APRIL 1822 resumed his legal practice, and took up farming. The owner of real estate worth $1,200 in 1850, he died at his home in Saint Clairsville after a brief illness (Biog. Dir. Cong.; John A. Caldwell, History of  Belmont and Jefferson Counties, Ohio [1880], 239; William A. Taylor, Ohio in Congress from 1803 to 1901 [1900], 48; Journal of the Senate of the State of Ohio, being the first session of the Eighth General Assembly [Chillicothe, 1809], 269–70; Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, being the fourteenth Gen-

eral Assembly [Zanesville, 1815], 169; Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, at a Grand Communication, in January, A. L. 5813—A. D. 1813 [Chillicothe, 1813], 33; Steubenville Western Herald, 19 July 1816; Middletown, Conn., American Sentinel, 11 Aug. 1824; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ohio, Belmont Co., Richland Township, 1820–50; Saint Clairsville Belmont Chronicle, 10 Sept. 1857; gravestone inscription in Saint Clairsville Union Cemetery). 1

Manuscript: “reviw.”

From Thomas Leiper Dear Sir Philada April 29th 1822— th I have your letter of the 19 and your kind and affectionate attention to my son I esteem as a singlar favor for altho’ he was not yet the favor was the same you believing him to be my son the favor confered on me was the same for which I return you my best thanks I wrote you a few days ago assigning my reason why I did not pay the draft and as metters have now turned out it was very well I did not I have made my business to enquire after your young friend F. Watson and for this perpose I applied to Doctor Chapman and he mentioned it to me and that I might mentioned to Mr Jefferson that he had past his examination much to the satifaction of the Faculty and abstracted from that he was a correct young man—and from my own knowledge and I may add that of my family we can bear the same reccord—I have got a long letter for you which I manufactured some time ago I have not as yet got my own concent to send it but I think I will I am with much esteem very Respectfelly Thomas Leiper RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 4 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Cummings, Hilliard & Company, 6

Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Late President of the United States Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 29 Apr.

 363 

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 29 Apl 1822 r M Bias, who carries this, has been living in my Counting House for a considerable time, & is now on his way to Staunton—he feels a desire to take a view of Monticello on his way, & I have assured him he would be kindly recd by the family With great respect Dr sr Yours very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Th: Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 May 1822 and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “Cæsarion Bias”) in SJL.

From Reuben G. Beasley Dear Sir, Havre, May 1, 1822. I send to the address of the Collector at New York a Box of seeds for you from the Garden of Plants in Paris. With great respect & esteem Your Obedient Servant. R G Beasley RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 9 June 1822 from “Beasley B. G.” and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Bernard Peyton,

[27 June 1822], on verso; addressed in a clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr &c: &c: &c: Monticello”; stamped “SHIP”; franked; postmarked New York, 4 June.

From Henry V. Bingham Sir Franklin Howard county Missouri 1st may 1822 knowing your patriotism and firm attachment to our happy form of government; in which you bore such a disquingusd part in the formation—I have ventured to ask of you your opinion respecting the power and duty of Courts; when a question is brought before them which origionates under a law; that the Courts believe to be repugnent to the constitution—my reason for troubleing you with this enquiry; is; that our courts have decided the Replevin and property Law of this state to be unconstitutional; and directed the officers to proceed; as if the Law had never been enacted—The citizens of this state are in considerable ferment respecting these measures; those oposed to the Courts proceeding as they have done—use as one of their strongest arguments—An opinion expressd by your self in a letter to a Mr  364 

1 M AY 1 8 2 2

Jarvis respecting some Book he has published—The other party Rebutt that arguement by saying you did not intend to convey an Idea that the courts were not authorised to Judge of the Constituonallity of a Law that would affect the1 rights of any individual when fairly brought before them; but that you meant, that they were not the umpire by whom all constitutional questions were to be settled; as there might arise constitutional questions that would not Imediatly affect the rights of any individual but of the Republic in genneral; that being the case; such a question could not be brought before a Court; and in such cases the people must be the only power to correct the evil—Now sir in our present unsettled conditition (as it respects our Laws;) I hope you will be so good as to write and let us know your sentiments on these things (and I need not inform you) that you are here considered one of the best and greatest fathers of the American people and that your opinion has more weight tha[n] that of any other man in the United States; and we wish you in your Experience, and matured wisdom; to write to us and let us know your 2 opinion Explicitly respecting the point in controvercy—exuse my presuming to write to you in my plain humble stile; (as I know you will when you Recollect that you are yourself one of the ablest advocates in favour of Genneral information and Equal liberty;) I am your Sincer friend tho unknown to you; Henry V. Bingham RC (DLC); ink stained; at foot of text: “Mr Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 13 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Henry Vest Bingham (ca. 1785–1823), tavern keeper and tobacco manufacturer, was born in Augusta County. In 1809 his father-in-law gave him nearly 1,200 acres of land there, much of which he later lost through a security debt. In an attempt to retrieve his fortunes, Bingham moved his family in 1819 to Franklin, Missouri. He opened a tavern in the spring of 1820 and operated a tobacco manufactory there starting in 1822. A Freemason, Bingham also served as a justice of the Howard County Court, 1821–23. His death rendered destitute his wife and children, including the future artist George Caleb Bingham (Fern Helen Rusk, George Caleb Bingham: The Missouri Artist [1917]: 7–15; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 14 May 1817; Marie George Windell, ed., “The Road West in 1818, the

Diary of Henry Vest Bingham,” Missouri Historical Review 40 [1945–46]: 21–54, 174–204; Franklin Missouri Intelligencer, 6 May 1820, 7 May, 4 June, 4 Dec. 1821, 2 Apr., 14 May 1822, 30 Sept., 30 Dec. 1823, 15 Jan. 1824). In response to the economic panic of 1819, a number of western states passed new laws designed to delay prosecutions for debt and shield properties from foreclosure. One of these, Missouri’s 1821 replevin and property law, “An Act pointing out the manner that executions may be stayed, and regulating the sale of property under execution,” had recently been invalidated in a state court. The tribunal ruled that the statute conflicted with several provisions of the United States Constitution, specifically, “1. That nothing but gold and silver coin shall be a tender in payment of debts. 2. That justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay. 3. That no law shall be passed impairing the obligation of contracts, or retrospective in its operation.” The legislation was

 365 

1 M AY 1 8 2 2 accordingly repealed the following November (Laws of a Public and General Nature, of the District of Louisiana, of the Territory of Louisiana, of the Territory of Missouri, and of the State of Missouri, up to the year 1824 [1842], 1:817–22, 941;

Baltimore Niles’ Weekly Register, 8 June 1822). 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“the the.” “you.”

From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. May 3rd 1822 I went down last evening and secured the Grindstone Mr Dawson has a fresh supply Just arrive I shall send the one at this place by the first cart or waggon that goes from here towards the shop Since our conversation yesterday I have been uneasy fearing that at the begining of the fall that you will have no certainty of sending down flour for the want of water. by the first of september would be a plenty of time to have flour ready from the growing crop it will require so little to pay me that I hope you would have it in your power to raise the small sum required by the 10th of september Should I perchase land in this part of the country I can and certainly would with pleasure give you such time as should soot your convenience. but altho I have taken a yeare to try if I could soot myself here in land I am now quite doubtfull I shall not succeed. this month is the end of the time that will admit of my further trial in virginia should I not be able to soot myself in this present month with land I shall then finally and conclusesively cross the Mississippi I mean after court to set out and properly examin through the county to see what I can do haveing made arrangements with Mr Randolph for my son to attend to my business at home in my absence—as my decision will be during your absence from this place I have been thinking it might be as well if you would consider what time will best soot you for payment should I succeed in a perchase in the county and I will make arrangments accordingly. but should I not be able to perchase here and of necessaty have to leave virginia at the fall you can form as correct an Idea of my condition in that case as I am able to state to go a thousand miles and leave matters of importance here unsettled. the man is not in this world that are more disposed to consider your interest and accomodation more sincerly than myself. but at the same time sir I have a family of 20 in number and without a home and if I had every dollar Justly due me from all who are in my debt it is a scant potion in makeing out your conclusion1 if it should  366 

3 M AY 1 8 2 2

be not objectionable I will thank you to settle up our accounts up to sepr 10. Yours sincerly E: Bacon RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello.”

1 Manuscript:

“conclusinon.”

To Benjamin Ruggles Monto May 3. 22.

Th:J. presents his salutations &1 thanks to the honble mr Ruggles for the pamphlet2 he has been so kind as to send him. he reads with comfort3 every thing which reprobates the apostatising4 heresies of the Case of Cohens. according to the doctrines of the Supreme court in that case, the States are provinces of the empire: and a late pamphlet gives to that court the infallibility of the Pope. Cæsar then has only to send out his Proconsuls and with5 the sanction6 of our Pope, all is settled. but the battle of Bunker’s hill was not fought to set up a Pope. Dft (DLC); on verso of RC of Ruggles to TJ, 28 Apr. 1822; dateline at foot of text. Tr (NHi: Rufus King Papers); with lettered footnotes identifying the two pamphlets mentioned above as “Hammond’s work” and “McDuffie’s—work,” respectively; at foot of text: “collated by RK”; docketed, in part, as “Jefferson’s conceited letter to Ruggles of the Senate.” Tr (Leon Huhner, New York City, 1944); written on verso of a reused address cover to Smith Thompson. Not recorded in SJL. The South Carolina congressman George McDuffie argued in a late pamphlet that “it belongs to the national judiciary to pronounce upon the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the laws of the national legislature. Its jurisdiction extends to Åall cases’ arising under them; and . . .

it would be vain and idle to make the laws of Congress supreme, if the national judiciary had not the power of enforcing them. For you can hardly be ignorant that a law is a dead letter, without an organ to expound and an instrument to enforce it” ([McDuffie], National and State Rights, considered, by “One of the People” in reply to the “Trio” [Charleston, S.C., 1821], 17). 1 Preceding four words interlined in place of “returns his.” 2 TJ here canceled “of mr.” 3 Word interlined in place of “approbation.” 4 Word interlined. 5 Dft: “withe.” Trs: “with.” 6 Word interlined in place of “approbation.”

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To James Leitch 4 May 1822

Mr. James Leitch is requested to pay to Edmund Meeks or order 14 Dollars 71 cents on account of Th: Jefferson. Tr (TJ Editorial Files); typescript from manuscript offered by Charles Hamilton Galleries, Inc., auction 54, New York City, 9 Dec. 1971, lot 256. Not recorded in SJL.

TJ gave Meeks the order on Leitch for 14 dollars 71 cents that same day, and Leitch paid it on 6 May 1822 (MB, 2:1385; Leitch Daybook, p. 402).

From Peter B. Read Sir, May 4th 1822 I would be glad, to know, If you would, have any objection—to my horses grazeing above the New dam—as the grass in a few days will be covered with water.—I let him grase thaire a few hours to day which appeares to have put.—Mr Bacon in a very considerable passion Respectfully your obt Set Peter. B. Read RC (MHi); written on a half sheet; dateline at foot of text; adjacent to closing and signature: “Thos Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ.

The new dam was to be located at TJ’s Shadwell mills.

From William Waters Hickman Hond Sir, [received 5 May 1822] A stranger from Jefferson County is constrained by necessity to solicit your hospitality for a few Days—He has taught school the past winter in Augusta, & has come down to attend the Episcopal Convention that is shortly to assemble in Charlottsville in expectation of being sent on as a student to the seminary which has lately been opened in N. York for Theological Candidates.—If this request is considered too presuming to be admissible, He will be equally thankful to Mr J— to give Him some employment in His Garden, on his Farm, or in any other way that will enable Him to earn a subsistence untill the period alluded to. William Waters Hickman RC (MHi); undated; addressed: “T. Jefferson Esqr Present”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

William Waters Hickman (ca. 1798– 1864), soldier and educator, was a resident of Jefferson County (later West Virginia). Having served successively as an

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6 M AY 1 8 2 2 ensign and third lieutenant in the United States Army, 1814–15, and a militia lieutenant and adjutant in 1818, he worked for a time as a schoolmaster in Augusta County. Hickman visited Monticello during the spring of 1822. Shortly after his visit, he wrote a letter “to Miss Cornelia Randolph & sisters,” which she said thanked them for their “hospitality to him in very grateful terms, desires his respects to be given to every member of the family by name, regrets that his destiny should prevent his mingling frequently in our refined society & the social enjoyments of our little circle, says, disclaiming presumption, he loves the young ladies of our family, & hopes to meet us all in heaven.”

Hickman was admitted to the Western Lunatic Hospital in Staunton in 1829 for unspecified reasons and died there from chronic undernourishment (Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:528; Charles Town Farmer’s Repository, 22 Apr. 1818; Cornelia J. Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph [Trist], 20 May 1822 [RC in NcU: NPT]; JHD [1835–36 sess.], Document No. 19, Report of the Court of Directors of the Western Lunatic Hospital; Western State Hospital admission register, 1828–68 [Vi: Records of Western State Hospital]). No evidence has been found that Hickman attended the General Theological seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in New York City.

From Thomas C. Flournoy Dear Sir, Columbus Ohio: 6th May 1822. It is two or three years since I had the pleasure of receiving a letter from you. The occasion upon which I now write is somewhat similar to that which produced my first letter. I was then particularly anxious that you should have been a candidate for the Presidency. I believed the publick good required it. You however did not consent; and I supported the man whom you recommended*; I did so, with all the ardour of my youth, and of my French=blood. Once again I wish to consult you on the same subject—the approaching election. There are a great many gentlemen spoken of as candidates; Mr Clay, Mr Adams, Mr Clinton, Mr Tompkins, Mr Crawford, Mr Lowndes, Mr Calhoun and perhaps some others. The contest, I presume, will lie between Mr Clay and Mr Adams. I should have no hesitation in preferring Mr Clay to any of the gentlemen, or to all of them. From a long and intimate acquaintance, I am disposed to think him one of the greatest and best of men. I am indeed exceedingly attached to him. Be so good as to favour me with your opinion on this subject? It will afford me great pleasure to find that we coincide. Mr Clay, I think, will get the support of Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Missouri: With regard to Ohio he is the darling of the people here. They speak of him as theirs emphatically: they say that “now is the time for the Western country to assert its claim; and that if we suffer the present opportunity * Mr Madison.

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to pass by, we may not look to the Presidency again, for half a century to come.” As to Virginia, New=York, Pennsylvania and the rest of the states, I have not been able to form an opinion.···Accept assurances of my esteem and friendship, and believe me yours sincerely. Thomas C. Flournoy. RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

From William Waters Hickman Hond Sir, Monticelli 7th May 1822. The few days since I have been priviledged to remain in your hospitable Mansion, I am sensible that in my manners I have not manifested those external marks of respect & reverence in which I should blush to be thought wanting, which no real Virginian, no enlightened American Can be deficient in. My mind & spirits as you no doubt observe, have been depressed & my hopes in life discouraged from long conflict with adverse circumstances, which the firmest nerves is sometimes happily brought to view as a Conciliatory Chastening; and from that Consoling reflection to acquiesce with patient resignation, ’though the influence of the pressure continues to be felt. I will proceed to mention the motive that has induced me to obtrude a few lines on your attention. As I observed in a former note, I am very desirous to prosecute a course of Theological Study if I can obtain the patronage of a Seminary recently instituted for that purpose in N. York. I should prefer remaining1 in my native State if the same facilities to study were afforded. But unfortunately so lamentable an indifference to this subject has prevailed in Virginia that I believe there exists at this time no adequate fund. My reading for some years past has given my mind a strong propensity to this object, which I must prosecute or exist on the Theater of life to no other purpose than that of devoting my physical energies to procure their needful Subsistence. And although my education was neglected in early youth, I am still2 sanguine that I shall be able to redeem the time in some measure, by close application—even though I do not obtain a dispensation of the languages. As to talents—I believe I possess imagination enough when it shall have become cultivated, & expanded by the influence of disciplined habits; and brought into vigorous exercise by that undefinable something which the French term Une show—by which I presume they mean that energised flexibility of feeling which the orthodox Creed of an Englishman teaches him in plain Scripture lan 370 

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guage to call the Vital Spirit of Truth; that reigns almost3 Supernaturally in the Heart, fire’s the whole inward Man, & prompts the Tongue with an eloquence that no art Can reach, no mental efforts alone however refined, can imitate. This principle of action, this grand moving spring which alone gives efficiency to each subordinate One, is happily within the reach of all who become duly sensible of its value. As free as the breeze I inhale on your Mont: My own limited experience of the truth of the fact, is in Complete accordance with the declarations of 4 revelation. And from this reflection I derive encouragement; as well as from a maxim I have found on Your Shelf, that every Man of Common organization has the power of becoming a Man of genius, if to this he add a passionate devotion to his profession. Be this as it may I for my part feel prompted by inclination, Duty, & every other consideration that can influence the Mind of Man, to aim at a Literary course of life in Connexion with the Ministerial office in the Ch: of which I am a member—if, I can get aided in my attempts. And with this view, I have taken the liberty most respectfully to request your friendly aid. I have not the least doubt but a request from yourself would have a decisive influence with the Bishop, to have me sent on as a Canditate. I am informed the design of the Institution at N.Y. is to encourage, & patronize indigent young Men &, twenty Dolr s would take me round from this place. Pardon the liberty I have taken in this communication Most respectfully, I am Hond Sir, Yr Obt. huml Serv t W. W. Hickman RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 8 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Daniel K. Minor, 5 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “T. Jefferson Esqr Present.” une show: the French language has no such word as “show.” Hickman presumably intended “une chose,” an idiomatic expression for a feeling, quality, or character trait that is difficult to define or  describe. The English man of letters Isaac D’Israeli coined the maxim that “Every man of common organisation has the power of becoming a man of genius,

if to this be added a solitary devotion to art, and a vehement passion for glory” (D’Israeli, Miscellanies; or, Literary Recreations [London, 1796], 254; quoted without attribution in the Port Folio, 2d ser., 4 [1807]: 42). Richard Channing Moore was the Episcopal bishop of Virginia, 1814–41. 1 Manuscript:

“rmaining.” interlined in pencil. 3 Word interlined in pencil. 4 Preceding three words interlined in pencil. 2 Word

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From James Madison Dear Sir Montpellier May 7. 1822 I fulfill the request of Mr Rush by inclosing the letter in which it is made; and the rather as the letter is of pretty late date and touches on the affairs of Europe. I have heard of your intended visit to Bedford, but count on this reaching Monticello before you leave it. Always & affecly yours James Madison RC (Heritage Auctions, auction 6182, Dallas, 19 Oct. 2017, lot 47062); endorsed by TJ as received 9 (reworked from 10) May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William Munford, 6 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello near Charlottesville Virginia”; franked; postmarked Orange Court House, 8 May. Enclosure: Richard Rush to Madison, London, 6 Mar. 1822, reporting the delivery of letters from and procurement of a book for Madison; expressing satisfaction that, according to the most recent census, the population of the United States exceeds 9.6 million; calculating that, after deducting for those who have immigrated, the growth in the country’s population since 1790 indicates an ability to double in size by natural increase every quarter of a century; commenting on the unsettled relations between Turkey and Russia, but predicting they will remain at peace and emphasizing Britain’s desire to prevent a rupture that might endanger the status quo in the Balkans; relaying the opinion of the “great and profound” political philosopher Jeremy Bentham that Alexander I of Russia is “a fop and a hypocrite” and that “nothing advantageous, but much of harm, to human liberty” can be expected from his government; enclosing an anon-

ymous British political pamphlet; offering to TJ, through Madison, his “respectful remembrances”; and repeating his willingness, while in London, to assist the nascent University of Virginia in any way he can (RC in PHi: Rush Papers; printed in Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:489–91). In his reply to Rush, dated Montpellier, 1 May 1822, Madison remarked that “I have not overlooked what you intimate in regard to Mr Jefferson, who approaches his octogenary Climacteric with a mens sana in corpore sano. The vigor of both is indeed very remarkable at his age. He bears the lamented failure of our Legislature to enable the University to go into immediate action, with a philosophic patience supported by a patriotic hope that a succeeding Representation of the people will better consult their interest & character. The University (the germ of which was the Central College) or the Academic Village as it might be called, is prepared to receive ten professors & two hundred Students: but the funds having been exhausted in the Site & the Buildings, no professors even can be engaged without further aid from the public” (RC in PHi: Gratz Collection; printed in Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:510–2).

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Albemarle County Circuit Court Order in Jefferson v. John Hudson and Charles Hudson and Christopher Hudson v. John Hudson and Charles Hudson [8 May 1822]

⎫ Thomas Jefferson Plt ⎪ upon a writ ⎬ ·against ⎪ of Right John Hudson & Charles Hudson Def ts ⎭ ·and ⎫ Christopher Hudson Plt ⎪ upon a writ ⎬ ·against ⎪ of Right John Hudson & Charles Hudson Def ts ⎭ These causes are continued1 untill the next Term On the motion and at the Plaintiffs Costs; And on the motion of the Defendants by their Attorney Commissions are awarded them to examine and take the deposition of Benjamin Lacy de bene2 esse and Ann Copeland an aged woman, upon giveing reasonable Notice of the time & place of takeing the same which deposition of Ann Copeland when taken is to be read in chief on the trial of this cause MS (Albemarle Co. Law Order Book [1822–31], 14); in Alexander Garrett’s hand; at head of page and applying to this entry: “Wednesday 8th May 1822 Present the same Judge as on yesterday,” with that judge identified on preceding page as Archibald Stuart. For TJ’s writ of right in the suit over the ownership of a portion of the

Limestone Survey in Albemarle County, see Philip P. Barbour and William F. Gordon to TJ, 7 Aug. 1816, and note. de bene esse: “in anticipation of a future need” (Black’s Law Dictionary). 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“continueed.” “be ne.”

To Alexander Garrett, with Garrett’s Note and Receipt Dear Sir Monticello May 8. 22. Mr Appleton’s account stands thus. Proceeds of former remittance 1239. to be paid of it to Giacomo Raggi 200 applicable to capitels. 1039 whole cost of Capitels 1900 balce to be remitted clear of exchange. 861. yours affectionately Th: Jefferson  373 

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[Note by Garrett adjacent to signature:] 13 May. 1822 check to B. Peyton for $161– on Farmers Bank Va sent by mail to Richmond [Receipt by Garrett on verso:] 1822 May 13th Received of A S Brockenbrough Proctor University of Virginia a draft on the Bursar in favour of Bernard Peyton for One hundred and sixty one dollars. Alex: Garrett BUVa RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Alexr Garrett esq. Charlottesville”; docketed by Martin Dawson: “Bernard Peyton to Proctor 13 May 1822. $161.” Not recorded in SJL.

To William W. Hening Monto May 8. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Hening for the copy of his New Virginia justice which he has just recieved through the channel of mr Mayo, a work of great utility for the public generally. he learnt with regret that the Legislature had not enabled him to publish the last volumes of his collection of the laws, a most invaluable collection, for which posterity must be for ever thankful. he has still some MS. vols of antiquities well worth culling and extracting, which will be at the service of mr Hening when he shall have leisure & disposition to make historical extracts from them.1 he salutes him with esteem & respect. FC (DLC); written entirely in TJ’s hand on a half sheet; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ.

1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello May 10. 22. Jefferson has informed you that he accomodates me with 3000.D. I counted that this would be recieved very certainly this week, but it seems it awaits some paper which he sends by this mail. I proposed that of this sum you should first take for yourself the balance I owe you, and then pay the curtail of 500.D. to the Farmer’s bank and my note of 350.D. to the Virginia bank; and I still hope you will recieve the money now1 immediately & meet these purposes. I shall say nothing as to the disposal of the residue until I hear that it is actually in  374 

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your hands, except that I must draw on you for about 250.D. to pay the debt which was meant to be included in my note of 350.D to be paid on my way to Bedford and my expences to that place for which I shall set out on the 13th. I will pray you immediately on the reciept of the money to write to me at Poplar Forest as I have other calls of exceeding pressure. I shall be there till about the 23d instant2 when I shall leave it on my return. ever & affectionately yours. Th: Jefferson P.S.3 I shall not draw on you till after the departure of tomorrow’s mail, so that it will not be presented to you till the 17th PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused cover from Peyton to TJ, which reads: “Mr Th: Jefferson in a⁄c with B. Peyton”; adjacent to signature: “Colo B. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph. TJ owed John Flood $80 for the mare he had purchased from him the preced-

ing November. The debt falling due on 30 Apr. 1822, TJ paid it off on 15 May while on his way to bedford County (MB, 2:1381, 1385; note to TJ to Esther Hutson, 14 Nov. 1821). 1

Word interlined. Manuscript: “instan.” 3 Manuscript: “P.” 2

From John Laval Sir, Philadelphia May 11th 182[2] The Schooner Lydia Davis Sails to Morrow, She is the first Opportunity that has offered, for Richmond, Since the receipt of your letter of the 26th ulto. Agreeably to your direction, I delivered, yesterday, to the Capt (Richard Davis) one Small Bundle, to your address & to the Care of Col. Peyton, Containing the Books you ordered,1— amounting, as per Bill inclosed, to $26–60/100—as Some of the volumes are rather thin, I put them, on an average, at $1.40 instead of $1.50 I charged for Dio Cassius—You will observe that Plutarch is in 9 & not in 6 vols. the Error, in all probability, may be ascribed to my inadvertance in the Memorandum I Sent you ·I have Pausanias 3 vols. (thick) same Sixn Stereotyped2 $4.50 Polybius 4 do·· do do 6.3 There was due to you on your former remittance $1.3/100, which reduces the Balance in my favor to $31.57/100 I am with the highest Consideration & respect your Most obt Servt John Laval RC (MHi); partially dated; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 11 May 1822 received

6 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of

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1 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 TJ to Samuel Smith (of Maryland), 2 July 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Monticello—Va”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 11 May. Dupl (MHi); subjoined to RC of Laval to TJ, 10 June 1822; fully dated; adjacent to dateline: “Dte” (“Duplicate”); unsigned.

·Laval’s memorandum listing books and prices is the enclosure to his letter to TJ of 9 Oct. 1821. sixn: sixteenmo. 1 Dupl here adds “Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon & Plutarch.” 2 Word not in Dupl. 3 Dupl ends here with “They would add to your Collection—I &a.”

e n c l o s u r e

Account with John Laval Philadelphia, May 11, 1822. Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Bought of J. Laval, for the late concern of N. G. Dufief Feb. 2. Dio Cassius, 4 vols. 18o 1 sewed. Ed. Leipsic. at 1,502 $6.00 ⎫ May 9. Thucydides 2 vols. 18o Do Do ⎪ Do Do ⎬ 3 Herodotus 3 vols. 18o 26.60 ⎪ Xenophon 5 vols. 18o Do Do ⎪ ⎭ Plutarch 9 vols. 18o Do Do 32,60 Cr. Remaining due to you per the last remittance.— 1,03 $31,57 MS (MHi); in a clerk’s hand. Dupl (MHi); in Laval’s hand; conjoined with RC of Laval to TJ, 10 June 1822.

1 Dupl: “16o,” with “do” below it in each of the following four lines. 2 Preceding four words and column below not in Dupl. 3 Dupl here adds “19 vols. at $1.40/ea.”

To Frederick W. Hatch Dear Sir Monticello May 12. 22. The case seems again to occur when, as in that of the Feudal lord, formerly quoted, an aid was deemed reasonably due on the extraordinary occasions of marrying his daughter or knighting his son. the approaching Convention must bring considerable extra expence on you. I beg leave therefore to offer my contribution towards it on a principle of duty. Altho’ my affairs in Bedford require my presence there necessarily at this season, yet I would have varied the time of my visit to that place so as to have been here at the meeting of the Convention. I should have gladly profited of that occasion of manifesting my respect for that  376 

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body, with some of whose members I may probably be acquainted. but it seems to be expected that there will be a concourse of one or two thousand others attending it, from all parts of the country; and experience has proved to me that my place is considered as among the curiosities of the neighborhood, and that it will probably be visited as such by most of the attendants. I have neither strength nor spirits to encounter such a stream of strangers from day to day, and must therefore avoid it by obeying the necessary call of my concerns in Bedford, to which place I sh[al]l set out tomorrow morning. accept my friendly and respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of James Monroe to TJ, 17 Feb. 1821; mutilated at seal, with missing text rewritten by TJ; one word faint; at foot of text: “Rev d mr Hatch”; endorsed by TJ. The approaching convention was the annual gathering of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Virginia, which met in Charlottesville from 16 to 18 May 1822, with Hatch in attendance ([Francis Lister Hawks], A Narrative of Events connected with the Rise and Progress of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Virginia [1836], 151–8). Although TJ had earlier considered postponing his next trip to Poplar Forest until the meeting had concluded, toward the end of April 1822 he was “so much afraid of the concourse of people which it is said the Convention in Charlottesville will bring to the neighbourhood, that he has determined to re-

main in Bedford until it is all over, and to send the remaining part of the family to Tufton, that these doors [i.e., Monticello] may be closed against the curious, and impertinent mob, whom he thinks would make it their resort” (Martha Jefferson Randolph to Virginia J. Randolph [Trist], 14 Feb. 1822 [NcU: NPT]; Virginia J. Randolph [Trist] to Nicholas P. Trist, 28 Apr. 1822 [DLC: NPT]). my contribution: on this day TJ recorded sending Hatch a $20 “gratuity” (MB, 2:1385). Accompanied by his daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph and granddaughters Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) and Virginia J. Randolph (Trist), TJ actually set out for Bedford County on 14 May. They returned to Monticello on 29 May 1822 (MB, 2:1385–6; Martha Jefferson Randolph to Ann C. Morris, 27 May 1822).

To James Madison Dear Sir Monticello May 12. 22. I thank you for the communication of mr Rush’s letter which I now return. mr Bentham’s character of Alexander is I believe just and that worse traits might still be added to it equally just. he is now certainly become the watchman of tyranny for Europe, as dear to it’s oppressors as detestable to the oppressed. if however he should engage in war with the Turks, as I expect, his employment there may give opportunities for the friends of liberty to proceed in their work. I set out for Bedford tomorrow to be absent three weeks. I salute you with constant and affectionate friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson  377 

1 2 M AY 1 8 2 2 ·RC (RR Auction Company, Boston, 7 Oct. 2020, lot 3); at foot of text: “Mr Madison.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph Dougherty to TJ, 16 Feb. 1821; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: enclosure to Madison to TJ, 7 May 1822.

·A letter from Madison to TJ of 8 Aug. 1822, of which only the address cover has been found (RC in DLC; with Dft of TJ to William Duane, 24 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello” by “Mr Hite” and “Docr Baldwin”), is recorded in SJL as received 9 Aug. 1822 from Montpellier, with bracketed notation: “Hite & Baldwin.”

To Samuel Maverick May 12. 22.

Your favors of Aug. 11. and Mar. 4. are just now recd 1 Age, debility and decay of memory have for some time withdrawn me from attention2 to matters without doors. the grape you enquire after as having gone from this place is not now recollected by me. as some in my vineyard have died, others have been substituted without noting what, so that at present all are unknown. that as good wines will be made in America as in Europe the Scuppernon of N.C. furnishes sff t proof. the vine is congenial to every climate in Europe from Hungary to the Mediterranean, and will be found to succeed in the same temperatures here wherever tried by intelligent vignerons. the culture however3 is more desirable for domestic use than profitable as an occupn for market. in countries which use ardent spirits drunkenness is the mortal vice; but in those which make wine for common use you never see a drunkard. I salute you with sentiments of great respect Th:J Dft (CSmH: JF-BA); subjoined to RC of Maverick to TJ, 4 Mar. 1822.

1

Sentence interlined. Preceding three words interlined. 3 Word interlined. 2

From Robert W. Wells Dear Sir St Charles May 12th 1822.—Missouri. I am conscious, that in addressing you, I take a liberty not warranted by the rules of Etiquette; But although I have not the honor of knowing you personally; with your character I am by no means unacquainted—presuming on which, and your known politeness, I address you on a political subject, that has excited much Interest in this State. Many of the principles of Goverment, that have for a long  378 

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time been considered as Settled in the Elder States, are now here under discussion. Among which is the power and duty of the Judges of a State, in suits between individuals regularly before the Court, to decide on the Constitutionality of Acts of the Legislature of the same State; which are in contravention of the constitution of the United States, or their own State: or, of the Judges of the United States courts, to decide on the constitutionality of acts of the Several States or Congress; which are in contravention of the Constitution of the United States. Or, in other words, the power and duty of the Judges to declare Such acts void. This question has been discussed with more Interest on account of recent decisions of the Courts of this State. Those who deny this power in the Judiciary, cite as an authority, your letter to Mr Jarvis Respecting certain passages in his Book—the other party deny that your letter will bear such a construction—and its interpretation has become a matter of Newspaper discussion. This must not surprise you, for, I assure you, there is no man whose political opinions are more reverenced in this State—No one whose declared opinion would go further to sanctify or disgrace a political measure. As I believe an improper and unfair construction has been given to your Letter; you will do Justice to yourself, and oblige me, by communicating your Real opinion on this Subject. I know well that it is disagreeable for those who have retired from public life, to have their opinions again brought upon the “Gridiron” of public discussion; but in this case, the Evil, if any, has been effected. With Great respect I Remain Your Obt. Humble Servt Robt W. Wells RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); adjacent to closing: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire”; endorsed by TJ as received 26 June 1822 from “Stells Robert H.” and so recorded (omitting middle initial) in SJL. Robert William Wells (1795–1864), public official, was born in Winchester. After spending several years as a federal surveyor, probably in Illinois and Missouri, and studying law, he established a legal practice in 1820 in Saint Charles, Missouri’s temporary capital. Wells served the new state in the legislature, 1822–25, designed its great seal, adopted in the former year, and was attorney general of Missouri, 1826–36. President Andrew Jackson appointed him the federal judge

for the district of Missouri in 1836. Shifting to the western half of Missouri when the district was subdivided in 1857, Wells retained his judgeship for the rest of his life. In 1845 he was president of a convention that wrote a constitution that the state’s voters rejected, and later in the decade he published two treatises on Missouri law. Wells’s 1854 decision that Dred Scott did not have the legal right to sue for his manumission in federal court was later upheld in the United States Supreme Court by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. Although Wells owned one slave in 1830, seven a decade later, and fourteen in 1850, he supported the Union during the Civil War and was president of an emancipation convention in 1862. He held real estate

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1 2 M AY 1 8 2 2 in Cole County worth $15,000 in 1850, and  his fortune was valued in excess of $100,000 a decade later. An active member of the Democratic Party and numerous civic organizations, Wells died during a visit to Bowling Green, Kentucky (DAB; Lawrence O. Christensen and others, eds., Dictionary of Missouri Biography [1999],

788; William V. N. Bay, Reminiscences of the Bench and Bar of Missouri [1878], 538–44; JEP, 4:561, 565 [18, 27 June 1836]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mo., Cole Co., 1830–50, 1850 slave schedules, Jefferson City, 1860; gravestone inscription in Woodland–Old City Cemetery, Jefferson City).

Notes on Bricks Needed for Monticello Columns and Cisterns [by 13 May 1822]

Estimate of bricks for 6. shafts of Dor. columns larger diam 23.I. dimd do 20.1 I Shaft about 14.f. clear of base and cap. 16. headers lay a course to be laid in alternate courses 8. stretchers1 lay a course call each third of the column 5.f. or 20. courses suppose for the lowest & middle third, the large bric[ks] and the upper third the dimd bricks the lower & middle 3d 20. courses header × 16 = 320. headers 20. do stretchers × 8 = 160. stretchers d upper 3 10. do headers × 16 = 160 10 do stretchers2 × 8 =  80 each column then will take large headers 320 480. headers small do 160 large stretchers 160 240. stretchers3 small do 80 6. columns will take large headers 1920 2880 small do 960 large stretchers 960 1440 480 small do 4320 Say 2200 large headers to wit 280. spare ones 1100 large stretchers 140 1100 small headers 140 600 small stretchers 120 5000 680 4320 5000



 

 380 

 

 

1 3 M AY 1 8 2 2 4

about 1000 common bricks to fill the hollows + 4000 do for cistern 5000 May 13. 22. wrote to J. Perry to provide them. MS (ViU: TJP); written in TJ’s hand on verso of portion of a reused address cover from Joel Yancey to TJ; undated; edge trimmed; with additional notations, omitted here, also included in TJ’s Notes on Monticello Cisterns and Columns, [14 June 1822–29 Sept. 1824], and accounted for there. The 6. shafts of Doric columns were for Monticello’s West Portico.

TJ’s letter to John M. Perry of may 13. 22, not found, is recorded in SJL with the additional bracketed notation: “5Ý column br. 5000. common.” 1 Manuscript:

“streachers.” “streachers.” 3 Manuscript: “stretcers.” 4 Reworked from “500.” 2 Manuscript:

From Francis Eppes Dr Grandpapa Millbrook May 13. 1822 I merely write a few lines to inform you of the success of my negociation. Papa can only spare at present money for the purchase of two books, Bacons Abridgement, and Thomas’s Coke Littleton, which I beg you will send for with yours. the money you have in your hands it will therefore be no trouble to retain a sum sufficient to purchase the books and pay their freight, and this my Father authorises me to say. I have a copy of Blackstone and a very good Law Dictionary and by the time that the others arrive will perhaps1 be enabled to send for more. bad crops and bad prices, added to my Fathers ill health and the loss of 9000 wt. of tobacco by fire last winter have rendered it impossible to incur any other expences than those which are absolutely necessary. knowing these circumstances and moreover in conversation having discovered that he had otherwise appropriated the greater part of the money we had calculated on, I forbore to ask any thing more than what I conceived essentially requisite. I am pursuing the plan you advised and have already made some progress in my Lord Coke: I do not find him any thing like as difficult as I had anticipated, and presume from this circumstance that the almost insuperable obstacles encountered by others were owing entirely to the want of arangement in the old editions. I have as yet met with nothing that a little more, than ordinary attention could not master.—My Father is still in very delicate health and at present almost a cripple in consequence  381 

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of a wound in the arm by an unskilful bleeder; he desires to be affectionately remembered to you and requests that you and Aunt Randolph will take Millbrook in your way on your return in which request I most sincerely join.— Accept the asurance of my constant affection Frs Eppes. RC (ViU: TJP); endorsed by TJ as received 16 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

1 Manuscript:

“pirhaps.”

To Richard Randolph Dear Sir Monticello May 13. 1822. Your favor of Apr. 10. was recieved in due time as had been some time before the 6. barrels of waterproof cement from you. I had already laid in as much Roman cement as did my 2d & 3d Cisterns, with a barrel surplus towards the 4th and last. the 2d and 3d were done under the superintendance of mr Coffee, and with perfect success. we opened a barrel of yours and he tried several fair and careful experiments according to the directions you had given. in every instance this cement dissolved on being put into water, while we saw that the Roman became immediately set and hard on being put into water. I have still one cistern to finish, but after the unsuccesful trials by mr Coffee who understood the manipulation of these things so much better than I do, I am afraid to risk it with yours. it would be giving up a finishing of the success of which we are certain for one which our experience teaches us to doubt at least. there is no call at the University for any thing of the kind nor could I recommend to that what I am afraid to try myself. in this state of things I will make any disposition of the 6. barrels you will direct. but seeing no probability of their being employed in this neighborhood, I think the best would be to send them down to you, which I will do if you think so also. I do not know whether you continue your pottery. if you do I will request of you 50. pots for the sea-kale such as you saw here, which indeed are made on the exact model of mr Wickham’s. if delivered packed in hogsheads to the order of Colo Peyton, he will, on sight of this letter, pay for them. accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Bernard Peyton to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Richard Randolph”; endorsed by TJ.

Images of shards from pots for the sea-kale found at Monticello are reproduced elsewhere in this volume.

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To Ritchie & Gooch Messrs Ritchie and Gooch Monticello May 13. 22. I am thankful to you for the paper you have been so kind as to send me, containing the arraignment of the Presidents of the US. generally as peculators or accessaries to peculation, by an informer who masks himself under the signature of Åa native Virginian.’ what relates to myself in this paper, (being his No VI. and the only No I have seen) I had before read in the Federal Republican of Baltimore of Aug. 28. which was sent to me by a friend with the real name of the Author. it was published there during the ferment of a warmly contested election. I considered it therefore as an electioneering maneuvre merely, and did not even think it required the trouble of recollecting, after a lapse of 33. years, the circumstances of the case in which he charges me with having purloined from the Treasury of the US. the sum of 1148. Dollars. but as he has thought it worth repeating in his Roll of informations against your Presidents nominally, I shall give the truths of the case, which he has omitted, perhaps because he did not know them and ventured too inconsiderately to supply them from his own conjectures. On the return from my mission to France, and joining the Government here, in the spring of 1790. I had a long and heavy account to settle with the US. of the administration of their pecuniary affairs in Europe, of which the superintendance had been confided to me while there. I gave in my account early, but the pressure of other business did not permit the accounting officers to attend to it till Oct. 10. 1792. when we settled, and a balance of 888. D 67 C appearing to be due from me (but erroneously as will be shewn) I paid the money the same day, delivered up my vouchers, and recieved a certificate of it. but still the articles of my draughts on the bankers could be only provisionally past, until their accounts also should be recieved to be confronted with mine. and it was not till the 24th of June 1804. that I recieved a letter from mr Richard Harrison the Auditor informing me Åthat my accounts, as Minister to France, had been adjusted and closed’ adding Åthe bill drawn and credited by you under date of the 21st of Octob. 1789. for banco florins 2800. having never yet appeared in any account of the Dutch bankers, stands at your debit only as a provisional charge. if it should hereafter turn out, as I incline to think it will, that this bill has never been negociated or used by mr Grand, you will have a just claim on the public for it’s value.’ this was the first intimation to me that I had too hastily charged myself with that draught. I determined however as I had allowed it in my account, and  383 

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paid up the balance it had produced against me, to let it remain a while, as there was a possibility that the draught might still be presented by the holder to the bankers: and so it remained till I was near leaving Washington on my final retirement from the administration in 1809. I then recieved from the Auditor, mr Harrison the following Note. ÅMr Jefferson in his accounts as late minister to France, credited among other sums, a bill drawn by him on the 21st Octob. 1789. to the order of Grand & co. on the bankers of the US. at Amsterdam for Banco f. 2800. equal with Agio to Curr t florins 2870. and which was charged to him provisionally in the official statement made at the Treasury in the month of Octob. 1804. but as this bill has not yet been noticed in any account rendered by the bankers, the presumption is strong that it was never negociated or presented for payment, and mr Jefferson therefore appears justly entitled to recieve the value of it, which at 40. cents the gilder (the rate at which it was estimated in the above mentioned statement) amounts to Dollars 1148. Auditor’s office, Jan. 24. 1809.’ Desirous of leaving nothing unsettled behind me, I drew the money from the treasury, but without any interest, altho I had let it lie there 20. years, and had actually on that error paid 888.D. 67. cents an apparent balance against me, when the true balance was in my favor 259.D. 33. cents.···The question then is How has this happened? I have examined minutely and can state it clearly. Turning to my pocket Diary I find that on the 21st day of Octob. 1789. the date of this bill, I was at Cowes in England, on my return to the US. the entry in my Diary is in these words, Å1789. Octob. 21. sent to Grand & co. letter of credit on Willinks, Van Staphorsts and Hubbard for 2800. florins Banco.’ and I immediately credited1 it in my account with the US. in the following words, Å1789. Oct. 21. By my bill on Willinks, Van Staphorsts & Hubbard in favor of Grand and co. for 2800. florins equal to 6250 livres–18 sous.’ my account having been kept in livres and sous of France, the Auditor settled this sum at the current exchange, making it 1148. Dollars. this bill, drawn at Cowes in England had to pass through London to Paris by the English and French mails, in which passage it was lost, by some unknown accident, to which it was the more exposed in the French mail, by the confusion then prevailing; for it was exactly at the time that Martial law was proclaimed at Paris, the country all up in arms, and executions by the mobs were daily perpetrating thro’ town and country. however this may have been, the bill never got to the hands of Grand and co. was never, of course, forwarded by them to the bankers of Amsterdam, nor any thing more ever heard of it. the Auditor’s  384 

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first conjecture then was the true one, that it never was negotiated, nor therefore charged to the US. in any of the bankers’ accounts. I have now under my eye a duplicate furnished me by Grand of his account of that date against the US. and his private account against myself, and I affirm that he has not noticed this bill in either of these accounts, and the Auditor assures us the Dutch bankers had never charged it.···The Sum of the whole then is that I drew a bill on the US. bankers, charged myself with it on the presumption it would be paid, that it never was paid however either by the bankers of the US. or any body else. it was surely just then to return me the money I had paid for it. yet the ÅNative Virginian’ thinks that this act of recieving back the money I had thus thro’ error overpaid Åwas a palpable and manifest act of moral turpitude, about which no two honest, impartial men can possibly differ.’ I ascribe these hard expressions to the ardor of his zeal for the public good, and as they contain neither argument nor proof, I pass them over without observation. indeed I have not been in the habit of noticing these morbid ejections of spleen either with or without the names of those venting them. but I have thought it a duty on the present occasion to relieve my fellow citizens & my country from the degradation in the eyes of the world to which this informer is endeavoring to reduce it by representing it as governed hitherto by a succession of Swindlers and Peculators. nor shall I notice any further endeavors to prove or to palliate this palpable misinformation. I am too old and inert to undertake minute investigations of intricate transactions of the last century; and I am not afraid to trust to the justice and good sense of my fellow citizens on future, as on former attempts to lessen me in their esteem. I ask of you, gentlemen the insertion of this letter in your paper: and I trust that the printers who have hazarded the publication of the libel, on anonymous authority, will think that of the answer a moderate retribution of the wrong to which they have been accessory. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC). Printed in Richmond Enquirer, 17 May 1822, and elsewhere. Ritchie & Gooch was a partnership formed in 1820 by Thomas Ritchie and Claiborne W. Gooch to publish the Richmond Enquirer. The firm dissolved toward the end of 1828 (Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:1138; Richmond Enquirer, 3 Mar. 1820, 7 Nov. 1828). The arraignment of the presidents of the us was reprinted in Let-

ters addressed to the People of the United States, by a Native of Virginia, on the subject of Illegal and Improper Disbursements of the Public Money, &c. originally published in the Federal Republican (Baltimore, 1822; reprinted in New York the same year, retitled Public Defaulters Brought to Light). TJ confused letter number 3 by “A Native of Virginia,” which did not name him and which appeared, along with an unsigned article attacking him for other reasons, in the 28 Aug. 1821 issue of the

 385 

1 3 M AY 1 8 2 2 Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, with letter no vi, from a later, unidentified issue of the paper. In this sixth letter the author, who has sometimes been identified as William B. Giles, but whom TJ eventually believed to be Jacob Wagner, accused him of committing “a palpable and manifest act of moral turpitude,” one that “regards the public interest, and about which no two honest impartial men can possibly differ.” The essayist wrote that, inasmuch as the ex-president had admitted “in his own hand writing” (p. 14) to receiving in 1789 the “cash” for the abovementioned bill on Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, “Mr. Jefferson has twice received the money on this same bill—first at Paris, where he negotiated it, in 1789, and afterwards at Washington in 1809. And I do contend, that, upon no correct principle of law or morality had he a shadow of right to take the money a second time. . . . Neither Mr. Jefferson, nor any body else, had a right to profit by the loss of the bill in question, which the government will be bound in justice and good faith to pay, should it ever be presented for payment. And here it may be proper to remark, that no security, by way of in-

demnity to the U. States, in the event of a contingency of that kind, was taken from Mr. Jefferson. His accounts as minister in France had been settled and closed for nearly twenty years. They were opened for the unworthy—I will not say dishonest— purpose of taking money from the public treasury which he had not the shadow of  right to claim or demand. If any one should ask how the accounting officers of the treasury were induced to allow to Mr. Jefferson this claim?—it may be answered, that, even in our republic, there are not wanting men who will wrong the public and their own consciences, for the purpose of obtaining favor with certain great men” (p. 15). Richard Harrison’s letter to TJ was actually dated 24 Oct. 1804, not the 24th of june 1804 (PTJ, 44:598–9). agio is the percentage charged when exchanging a currency for a more valuable one (OED). For the entries from TJ’s pocket diary and account with the us, see MB, 1:746, and PTJ, 24:187, respectively. 1 Word interlined in place of “charged myself with.”

From Samuel Smith (of Maryland) Dr sir. Baltimore 13 may 1822 In publick life those to whom we render the greatest service are little sensible of it—I have rendered to Colo Monroe the greatest service that Could have been rendered to a President of the U. S—I have brought the publick expenditures within the receipts for which I ought to have his thanks, instead of the hostility (I fear) he entertains towards me. In 1819–20. I was Called to be Chairman of the Committee of Ways & Means, my duty, (as assigned by the Rule of the House) was to examine into the publick expenditures—The secy reported a deficit of five million, it was in truth Eight. A Loan became indispensable, my Object was to make that as Small as possible—On a Critical examination and Close Scrutiny I found that Retrenchments from the Estimates1 to the Amount of two million, two hundred thousand2 dollars, Could be made without injury to the publick service. they were opposed but the House sustained me—At the session of 1820–21. a  386 

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seven3

deficiency of million was reported by the secy of the treasury.— This Caused a strict enquiry on the part of the Ways & Means, and we found a most prodigal expenditure of the publick money, especially on fortifications, and in Consequence4 I reported appropriations Specifically to each fortification, and refused to appropriate anything for Dauphine Island. this gave great Offence to the secy of War, who made great exertions with the members individually and with the senate, the House sustained me,—the senate refused, but the House Stood firm, and we had nearly lost the military app: Bill,— Dauphine Island has already Cost $254.000., and all they have to shew is the foundation laid for the Off. Barracks and some Bricks burnt—It was intended to mount 116 Guns & to defend a pass where „at high water„ there is only Eight & a half feet—In that session the retrenchments made from the Estimates exceeded $2.200.000— making a saving in two years of $4.400.000—I asked the President at the beginning of the last session, if the publick service had suffered by those deductions. he said,—No—I then said: that if they had not been made he must have applied for another loan of five millions, which would have made his administration very unpopular, and that by what I had done I had shewn myself to be his best friend, altho: I believed I had made myself obnoxious—He said—No—that I had acted the part of an honest independent Representative of the people, and no One Could or ought to Censure me—And those were probably the real sentiments of the moment. They were Changed by the influence of the secy of War, with whose Views they militate—and by whom the President was induced to send his message respectg Dauphine Island, but the reasoning of the Com: on Military Affairs was such that no member of either House Could be brought to move a Cent for that silly Object. It would have Cost a million and have required 2000 Men in time of War to defend it—During the last session the W & M. reduced the Estimates $435.000—But apps for new Objects to nearly that amount were made— I had hoped the President would have given me the mission to Lisbon, he has given it to General Dearborne who did not want it, He is in the receipt of $20.000 Þ annum. his son is rich and his son in law worth $100.000—Nothing but my poverty which is extreme, almost amounting to want, Could have induced me to solicit an office—I was further induced, by the President having assured me of his wish to serve me—on first5 seeing me after my misfortunes. He desired me in Case I wanted an Office6 to apply to him direct, and not thro: any of his secretaries—I have troubled you with this detail to which an answer is unnecessary, and am, with the highest regard— your Obed servt S. Smith  387 

1 3 M AY 1 8 2 2 ·RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson. Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 6 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Treasury secretary William H. Crawford announced a deficit of five million dollars in his 10 Dec. 1819 annual report to Congress. A year later his report of 1 Dec. 1820 put the shortfall in excess of seven million (ASP, Finance, 3:423–6, 547–53). militate: in this context, “conflict” (OED). Despite President James Monroe’s plea in a 26 Mar. 1822 message to Congress respectg dauphine

(Dauphin) Island in Mobile Bay for a resumption of work on fortifications there, no further funding was forthcoming at this time (ASP, Military Affairs, 2:368–75, 388–9; Calhoun, Papers, 6:xiii–xiv, 761, 7:xxvi–xxvii). Henry Dearborn’s wealthy son in law was Joshua Wingate. 1 Preceding

three words interlined. interlined. 3 Word interlined in place of “five.” 4 Preceding two words interlined. 5 Word interlined. 6 Preceding six words interlined. 2 Word

From William W. Hening Sir, Richmond, May 14. 1822. I am thankful for your friendly note of the 8th just received. It is much to be regretted that the state of our finances did not permit the legislature to enable me to complete the Statutes at Large without delay, instead of restricting the publication to one volume a year, according to the existing law.—Notwithstanding the embarrassment which this arrangement necessarily produces, I published the 8th & 9th vols last year, and am about to commence the 10th so that I always have a large portion of my capital in stock perfectly inactive.—The 8th volume terminated the laws under the colonial government; the 9th commences with the revolution, and comes down to the end of the year 1778.—Being desirous to ascertain the precise day on which our governours were elected, I must trouble you for information as it respects your own election.1 The journal2 of the H. of Delegates, of the May session 1779, is unfortunately lost. I have now in the hands of the book-binder, the 8th & 9th Volumes, for your library; as well as a complete set for the University of Virginia; which will be forwarded by the first safe conveyance.— I thank you for the offer of your old MSS, containing historical documents.—I have it in contemplation to publish a supplementary volume consisting of historical documents only.—With this view I have been3 making considerable collections.—Judge Tucker has very obligingly furnished me with some very valuable old papers, which contain documents no where else to be found, by me. On this subject I ask your advice and assistance. I am particularly anxious to exhibit a connected view of the public papers, from the period of the stamp-act to the revolution:—not only state-papers, properly so called, but the  388 

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proceedings of public bodies, and periodical publications.4—Your friendly aid in not only directing me to such papers as fall within my plan, but pointing out where they may be obtained will be peculiarly acceptable. I am respy Yrs Wm W: Hening RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to John Vaughan, 2 July 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 15 May. The existing law, “An Act authorising William Waller Hening to Publish an Edition of certain Laws of this Commonwealth, and for other purposes,” committed Virginia to the purchase of 150 copies of each volume of this series for up to $5 per copy, “of six hundred pages, large octavo,” stipulating further, “nor shall more than one volume of the said edition to the

number of copies taken by the state be paid for out of the treasury in any one year” (Acts of Assembly [1807–08 sess.], 24 [5 Feb. 1808]). 1 In margin adjacent to this sentence TJ interlined “1779. June 1.” 2 Manuscript: “jounal.” 3 Manuscript: “bien.” 4 In margin adjacent to this sentence TJ interlined “41–83. 12. v. f.,” a reference to the collection of eighteenth-century Virginia newspapers that he had sold to the nation in 1815, and which was lost in an 1851 fire at the Library of Congress (see Sowerby, nos. 535–9).

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 16 May 1822 I was favor’d with yours on the subject your curtail, & the dft: of $250, which appeared yesterday, & was paid— The curtail of $500 was due this day, & I was obliged to get the favor of the Directors to suspend it till your1 $2,500 note2 falls due there, which will be in a few days, when I told them it should be paid.—The Cashier informed me it would be likely that a further sum of $250 would be asked on the $2500, as the $500 was intended to come off the $4000, & ten pr cent, or little upwards, is about the curtail they have ordered on each note— I have not been able to get the money from the Literary fund yet for Jefferson, because unfortunately the deed of trust & Bond were represented in the former, to be of “even date,” when in fact, one was dated on the 22d & the other the 29th Apl, so that one or the other must be altered—I have sent both back to him, since when I have heard nothing from him— I was without a note for the renewal of your $4,000, & was obliged3 to resort to your power of Atty, which shews the necessity of its existence—in haste— With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truly. B. Peyton  389 

1 6 M AY 1 8 2 2 ·RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 21 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (ViU: TJP-ER); address cover only; with MS of Valuation of Poplar Forest Slaves by Richard Walker and Joel Yancey, [Jan. 1823], on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Poplar Forrest near Lynchburg”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Richmond, 16 May.

·The cashier of the Farmers’ Bank of  Virginia was William Nekervis. For Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s deed of trust & bond, see note to Peyton to TJ, 15 Apr. 1822. 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript: 3 Manuscript:

“yourr.” “not.” “abliged.”

From Jeremiah Greenleaf Sir, Philadelphia May 17 1822 I have done myself the honour to transmit you a copy of the 3rd. Edition of “Grammar Simplified,” which I beg you will have the goodness to accept and give a cursory perusal. This work claims the merit of being more simple, and of being calculated to impart a knowledge of Grammar with more facility, and in a much shorter time, than any other system extant—and should you think it redeems the pledge, given in the title, a1 few lines, expressive of your opinion, would be most gratefully received.···Accept, Sir, my assurance of high consideration and respect.  J. Greenleaf. Quondam Lieut. in the U.S. Army. P.S. You will probably recollect, that in 1819, I presented you a copy of the first Edition2 of “Grammar Simplified,” and that you excused yourself from examining it, on account of the “torpor of age and the drudgery of letterwriting”—but I have lately been reading the Scriptures, from which I learn, that a certain woman was heard, on account of her much importunity. Perhaps I may be heard on the same account. J.G. RC (DLC); dateline adjacent to closing and full signature; beneath full signature: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Late President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. The Bible describes Jesus rewarding the importunity of a Canaanite woman

who had refused to accept his original, dismissive reply to her petition (Matthew 15.22–8). 1 Greenleaf here canceled “letter by mail.” 2 Manuscript: “Editon.”

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From Charles Cocke Sir. Charlottesville May 20th ’22. I take the liberty of submitting to your examination the accompanying address to the people of Albemarle, with a request that you will decide the question started in the letter of my friend Mr Gordon, which you will herewith receive. As soon as this paper was written, I laid it before a few of my friends, and the friends of the University, and desired them to say whether its publication could by any possibility prove detrimental to the interests of this institution—or to suggest such alterations, or omissions as would effectually guard against a consequence which no selfish considerations could justify me to myself, in bringing about— At their suggestion one or two trivial alterations were made, but none of the gentlemen seemed to apprehend any bad consequence to the University from the proposed publication—Mr Gordon’s letter, however, has not only brought me to weigh this subject more deliberately myself, but has also induced me to hold a second and more numerous council of my friends, to decide upon the propriety of giving this paper to the public—Among them there was found to be some diversity of opinion—I have therefore, determined to take the liberty of referring the question to your final decision—for which liberty I shall make no apology—perfectly assured that the deep interest you feel in the subject to which this question relates will prompt you without hesitation, to encounter any1 trouble which may be necessary to enable you to guard against danger, an enterprize which already owes so much to your fostering care—I am sure I need not ask you to lay aside all delicacy towards me in deciding this question—My first wish is the prosperity of this institution—my next is to vindicate myself from a censure which I feel I have not deserved. May I ask you to favor me with as early an answer as will suit your convenience. With the profoundest respect and regard Yr: Obt: Sert: Ch: Cocke RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 6 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Charles Cocke (ca. 1786–ca. 1863), physician, planter, and public official, was a native of Amelia County. He received a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1806 with a thesis on the “Identity of Gout and Rheumatism.” Cocke relocated around 1815 to Albemarle

County, where he built a large house at his Esmont estate in the southern part of the county. He subscribed $500 to Central College in 1817, joined the Agricultural Society of Albemarle the same year, and chaired some of its meetings thereafter. Cocke became a local magistrate in  1819. He held a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates, 1821–22 and 1826– 28, and the Senate of Virginia, 1830–35,

 391 

2 0 M AY 1 8 2 2 1839–40, and 1841–43. Cocke was founding president of the Albemarle County auxiliary of the American Colonization Society in 1825. He owned forty-two slaves in 1820 and thirty-four in 1840. Thereafter, Cocke lost much of his fortune, reportedly through speculation in Texas lands. By 1850 he owned no slaves, and he was listed in the census as a farmer with lands valued at $1,000. Cocke served as an Albemarle County sheriff the following year. He had moved to Nelson County by 1860, when his real estate and personal property were worth $30,000 and $500, respectively (“The Cocke Family of Virginia,” VMHB 4 [1897]: 438; DNA: RG 29, CS, Amelia Co., 1810, Albemarle Co., 1820, 1840, 1850, Nelson Co., 1860; Woods, Albemarle, 169–70, 377, 380; University of Pennsylvania Medical Graduates, 16; Lay, Architecture, 135; Central College Subscription List, [ca. 7 May 1817], document 4 in a group of documents on The Founding of the University of Virginia: Central College, 1816–1819, 5 May 1817; True, “Agricultural Society,” 269, 297, 302; Leonard, General Assembly; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 31 Mar. 1825; JSV [1829–30 sess.], 29 [8 Jan. 1830]; Nelson Co. Will Book, M:125). The accompanying address was presumably a version of Cocke’s communication To the Freeholders of Albemarle (publication date uncertain; signed and dated Esmont, Apr. 1822; John H. Cocke’s copy in ViW), which vindicates his conduct in the Virginia House of Delegates; defends, on the grounds of both practicality and economy, his opposition to moving the state capital from Richmond

to a western location; rebuts the charge that he could have done more for the University of Virginia; criticizes the lower house for harboring “violent antipathies” and “narrow-minded jealousies” against that institution and of containing “at least its usual quantum of ignorance and of prejudice” (p. 6); concedes the damage done by the “great, very great mistakes . . . in the estimates laid before the Legislature of the cost of this establishment” and the “continued cry of Åmore money,’ with a confession at the same time, that much less had been effected with that before given, than had been expected” (p. 10); states that little should have been expected at this time from the General Assembly; and describes TJ as “the Liberal Patron—the Enlightened Founder” of the school and “one who having devoted the splendid meridian of his life to the establishment of the liberties and independence of his country, is employing the serene evening of his days in securing the only means, by which these blessings can be perpetuated—the means of giving to his countrymen knowledge to understand and to appreciate their rights— and virtue to defend them” (p. 15). Although the enclosed letter of my friend mr gordon has not been positively identified, an undated closing fragment of a letter signed by William F. Gordon, addressed to Cocke, and reading “evidence of my friendship for you, and intended in aid of those great questions in which we have a common concern. In haste. farewell·yr friend” is in MHi. 1 Reworked

from “the.”

From Joseph Echols D sir. Lynchburg 20th May, 1822. your extensive Knowledge of mankind and your literary Acquirements together with your Philantrophy induces me to disclose to you my novel project hoping you will grant me (in confidence) your oppinion and advice on the Subject of my enquiry, the more fully to enable you to form an oppinion I will give you a Sketch of my history.···I am a Virginian by birth of Reputable but Rather obscure  392 

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Parentage had no connection or friend in my youth of that Standing in life to forward me in my Views, and although I had a Small patrimony (my Parents died before I was 12 months old) yet my Guardian neglected my education almost entirely. I was permitted to go to School one year at the age of 14 in which time I acquired a Knowledge of the Arithmatick, and which constituted almost the whole of my education. at 17 I was turnd loose on the world to shift. Since which time I have been engaged in trade & have Succeeded So well as that the income of my estate is at this time ample to Support myself & little family (having a wife & 3 children) in a Genteel or Respectable Style and be accumulating Something without my Personal attention to business—and although I am now 33 year old I am Particularly desirous of Acquiring an education not only that I may Receive the enjoyment of it myself but that I may be more usefull to Society and more especially with a View to benefit my family. it Seems however to be a novel undertaking and you will Greatly oblige me to Give me your Views on the Subject which I hope you will indulge me with and if you think it a Rational Scheme Give me your advice as to the particular course I Should take—& what Schools you would Recommend to me— I am of oppinion I could Withdraw my mind from my family and business so as to Study as well as ever I could or I could with convenience I presume take my family with me. having only 3 children & 2 of which are of propper Size to be at School. yours Respectfully Joseph Echols RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson esq Charlottesville Va”; franked; postmarked; endorsed by TJ as received 21 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Joseph Echols (1789–1824), commission merchant, was born in Halifax County and conducted business, with and without partners, in Lynchburg and Richmond from at least 1816. He resided in 1820 in Lynchburg, where he owned eight slaves, and he purchased the Franklin Hotel there in 1823. Echols died in Lynchburg of bilious fever the following year. Shortly after his death his personal estate, which

included thirty-two slaves, was valued at slightly over $10,000 (Lyon G. Tyler, ed., Men of Mark in Virginia [1906–09], 5:124; Richmond Enquirer, 14 Nov. 1816; Richmond Compiler, 17 July 1818; Lynchburg Press and Public Advertiser, 19 Oct. 1818; DNA: RG 29, CS, Lynchburg, 1820; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 24 Sept. 1823; Fincastle Mirror, 11 June 1824; Richmond Constitutional Whig, 24 Aug. 1824; Lynchburg Hustings and Corporation Court Will Book, A:67–8, 218–22; gravestone inscription in Green Hill Cemetery, Union, now W.Va.).

 393 

From John Rhea Sir Washington 20th May 1822 please to accept the inclosed copy of a circular Letter—I have the honor to be with sincer esteem— Your obedt servt John Rhea RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 30 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William J. Coffee, 4 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Late President of the United States Milton Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 22 May. Enclosure: Rhea to his constituents, Washington, D.C., 8 May 1822, describing the exploration, settlement, development, and independence of the New World; reporting on Congress’s recognition of the newly independent former Spanish colonies to the south, efforts by the United States to obtain reciprocal trade agreements, American imports and exports, and the establishment of a territorial government for Florida; giving the current national debt as $93 million; stating that a decrease in revenue from import duties will necessitate the borrowing of money; contending that this is the time to extinguish the public debt through the encouragement of agriculture,

manufactures, and commerce; stressing the importance of coastal fortifications; hailing the Battle of New Orleans as “a victory, never equalled in ancient or modern times” (p. 6); commenting that, under the recent congressional reapportionment, each member of the House of Representatives will represent 40,000 persons; noting that, although the United States Army only musters 5,420 soldiers, the militia boasts about one million; asserting that “the republican sovereignties of the respective states” should “be maintained pure and inviolate” and that the “consolidation of these United States cannot be effected otherwise than by the depression and destruction” of their independence (p. 9); warning against amending the United States Constitution; and arguing that for its many blessings the American people owe “equivalent gratitude to the Supreme Sovereign of the Universe, and a devotion to virtue and piety” (p. 10) (printed circular in MBAt).

From George Hebb Sir. Baltimore May 21st 1822 I read some time since, but not with much attention, the charge exhibited against you by “a Native of Virginia” as I thought it so improbable, that a Person, who had served their Country so many years, in various Departments of the Governments, would, particularly for so small and inconsiderable a Sum, have committed an Act unworthy of himself and disreputable to his Government—but since the appearance of your Letter explaining the transaction, I have been induced to examine it with more Attention, and although I am perfectly satisfied with the exposition of the transaction, still I find that it is not sufficiently clear and explicit to satisfy the publick generally— upon Mercantile principles, a Bill is not drawn except for a Quid pro Quo, hence it is infered by some that when you drew the Bill you  394 

2 1 M AY 1 8 2 2

received the Money from some person for the amount and that as you represented the Government, if the Bill was lost, it was a gain to the Government if never presented for payment and that upon correct principles the amount should not have been refunded to you by the United States—but from your communication on the Subject, I infer and of which indeed I have no doubt, the Bill was forwarded by you to Mesrs Brand & Co to negotiate and when sold to apply the proceeds to your credit, either to be remitted to you or Subject to your Bill upon them and as the Bill was never received by them, you never received from them or any other person the amount of the Bill—I have been induced to address you that you may place the subject in a clearer point of view, for I have so high an opinion of the correct administration of our Republican Institutions generally, that I feel always anxious, that any charge against its officers for Male-administration should be refuted—It was fortunate however, that the charge has been made even at this Late period, as it is probable, if it had been made after your death, no person could have placed it in so clear a point of view or have given an exposition so satisfactory to your Friends; it would give me much pleasure to satisfy every enquiring mind on this subject, which I feel assured you will not only do on your own account but for your attachment & Respect for our republican Institutions—whether “a Native of Virginia” has been governed by patriotic or sinister motives, in his1 expositions, I know not, but I think it will produce some good effects; many accounts, will be closed, where nothing was due and other accounts will be liquidated and closed, which would otherwise have been lost. I remain very respectfully your most ob [. . .] Geo Hebb RC (DLC); end of closing illegible; endorsed by TJ as received 30 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Ira H. Taylor, 27 Aug. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Baltimore, 21 May. George Hebb (1777–1846), merchant and public official, was a native of Saint Mary’s County, Maryland. He moved about 1802 to Allegany County, where he helped found an Episcopal church in 1812. Having represented Maryland’s Western Shore in the state senate, 1813–16, Hebb relocated to Baltimore and went into the hardware business. He later served as a justice of the peace in that city, 1827–28.

Hebb was a correspondent and staunch supporter of John Quincy Adams. From about 1830 he resided permanently in Cumberland in Allegany County, where he sat on the local orphans’ court, 1833– 37, and owned two slaves in 1840 (Portrait and Biographical Record of the Sixth Congressional District, Maryland [1898], 147–8; J. Thomas Scharf, History of Western Maryland [1882; repr. 2003], 2:1349, 1375, 1413, 1423; DNA: RG 29, CS, Md., Saint Mary’s Co., 1800, Cumberland, 1840; Edward C. Papenfuse and others, eds., An Historical List of Public Officials of Maryland [1990–·], 1:43; Laws Made and Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Maryland [Annapolis, 1813], 93; Baltimore American & Commercial Daily Advertiser, 30 May 1815; Baltimore Patriot

 395 

2 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 & Mercantile Advertiser, 24 Oct. 1821, 30 Aug. 1826, 18 Mar. 1828; Baltimore Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 9 Mar. 1827; MHi: Adams Papers; Baltimore Sun, 25 May 1846; gravestone inscription in Rose Hill Cemetery, Cumberland).

·The letter explaining the transaction is TJ to Ritchie & Gooch, 13 May 1822. mesrs brand & co: the Parisian firm of Grand & Compagnie. 1 Manuscript:

“his his.”

From Thomas G. Watkins Dear Sir, May 21.—22 Glenmore Although the crou’d at the convention was not by any means so great as had been anticipated, yet I think your removal from the scene was fortunate, as the most of those who attended from a distance, associated monticello & yourself with their other objects of particular consideration. And the extraordinary and continued pressure upon your attention for so long a term in continued succession, must have proved too much for your age if your health & strength had not been more than usually enfeebled by the recent accident you had sustained in your falls. Much regret was expressed at your absence, and considerable disappointment manifested; but your explanation sent down to the Revd Mr Hatch, was very generally satisfactory—and so far as I cou’d hear, entirely unobjected to, and unobjectionable. I attended each day, except the second, on which it rained; On saturday the third of the preaching days, the Bishop himself honoured us with a long sermon, delivered with extraordinary ardour, and apparently prepared with great deliberation. The text was taken from the 14th verse of the 31st chapter of the book of Job. And after maintaining with zeal and the usual force of argument—that morality was an insecure foundation of itself, to build our hopes of salvation upon— is a strain somewhat unusual, I thought,—he exclaimed with great emphasis away then with morality, it is at best, but the abstraction of Vice; and let us erect our fabric upon the stabler foundation of virtue and religion. I fear this Doctrine if successfully established wou’d lead us to unhappy consequences, not perhaps within the contemplation of the good Bishop.1 If our citizens cou’d once be induced practically to adopt the principle of passive obedience, and yield up their consciences to the dicta of an oligarchy of ministers; and an administration of our political government—capable of wielding these, shoud occur—Our liberty as in Europe wou’d become a despotism, and our religion a mere form—for its support. For myself I am daily more convinced, of the propriety of taking the word of GoD into my own hands—and relying upon such lights as he may vouchsafe to allow me  396 

2 1 M AY 1 8 2 2

for its just construction—by this means I may avoid the difficulties thrown in my way by the conflicting constructions of the more rigid sectarian, who if he cannot unite with his brother to partake, at the communion table, of the divine symbol here—how can he hope to enjoy the real presence hereafter? where pure charity alone is admissible to be seated before the throne of GoD! I have just received my “Enquirer” of the 17. Inst—and read your exposition of the statement of the “native Virginian”—You may indeed rely on the justice of your fellow-Citizens—who do not forget that,—but for the same trust on former occasions, they might now have the misery and mortification only to be called your fellow subjects.—You, might, without condescending to explain, have relied on the confidence and affection of your friends to do you justice—But it affords them a grateful triumph over their enemies—and it will be received as a manifestation of your obliging consideration of them, rather than a notice of your obscure accuser, whose falshood, however unworthy in every other respect will live in the recollection of Americans, from the circumstance of its causing to be handed down to posterity,—the remarkable fact, that a most favourite president among them—who had never considered it worth his while to notice the abstract misrepresentations of hostile party spirit—deemed it proper to set the example of prompt pecuniary accountability, in the highest officer, upon the slightest charge of defalcation, or appearance of error. I beg that you will accept for yourself and present to your household with you in retirement the affectionate respects of your friend & obedient Servt Th G Watkins RC (DLC); addressed: “Mr Jefferson at Poplar Forest near Lynchburg”; redirected in an unidentified hand to “Monticello”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Milton, 22 May 1822, and Lynchburg, 3, 7 June; endorsed by TJ as received 9 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Bishop Richard Channing Moore based his long sermon of 18 May 1822 at the gathering in Charlottesville of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Virginia on the

biblical verse “what will I do when God confronts me? What will I answer when called to account?” (Job 31.14). During the reign of the Stuarts in England, Tories promoted an ideology of passive obedience and non-resistance to the monarchy and established church. TJ’s exposition is his letter to Ritchie & Gooch of 13 May 1822. 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

 397 

From Charles W. Goldsborough Sir. Washn 22nd May 1822. Entertaining for you, as I do, the most unfeigned respect & esteem— feeling, in common with the virtuous part, at least, of the American family, & with those who desire the perpetuity of our republican institutions, gratitude to you for the many important services you have  rendered to our republic, & the wise political maxims which you have inculcated by precept & by example: I should do violence to my own sentiments & feelings, were I to forbear assuring you that I am one of the last men in existence, who would do or say any thing calculated in the remotest degree to disturb your tranquility even for a moment—that I am one of the first who would use all moral & lawful exertions to put down the man who would attempt to assail your character:—that I consider the character of our sages & patriots, as a species of holy national property, which every freeman & lover of his country should cherish & defend. When I assure you that I can lay my hand upon my heart &, in the sincerity of perfect truth, aver, that I have never knowingly committed the slightest tresspass against these principles: you will, I know, readily acquit me of all authorship or agency in the unjust rude & vulgar production, which has lately appeared—signed “a native of Virginia.” I am utterly at a loss to conceive, upon what grounds, upon what act in my whole life, the imputation of my having been the author can have originated. It may appear presumptuous in me, but I have always honestly differed in opinion with you upon one point—that is the extent to which the liberty of the press ought to be tolerated; & when I see the purest & most exalted characters of our country so grossly & unjustly attacked—when I see the licentiousness of the press sacrilegiously assailing virtuous venerable age—I cannot refrain from wishing that the laws of the land interposed an effectual shield for it’s protection. I offer You the homage of perfect respect & esteem Ch: W: Goldsborough RC (DLC); dateline beneath signature; at foot of text: “Th. Jefferson esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 31 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

 398 

To Joseph Echols Sir Poplar Forest May 23. 1822: I recieve here your favor of the 20th expressing your desire to enlarge your stock of knolege, than which nothing can be more commendable; but I should not think your purpose of attending an Instructor at all necessary. we have now such excellent elementary books in every branch of science as to make every subject as plain as a teacher can make it. in Natural philosophy we have Joyce’s Scientific dialogues and Nicholson’s Philosophy in Chemistry the Conversations in Chemistry. in Natural history Buffon. in Antient history the first 20. vols of the Universal history. Gillies’s history of the world, Gillies’s history of Greece. Livy, Sallust, Cæsar, Tacitus, Suetonius. Gibbons’s decline of the Roman empire in Modern history Robertson’s Charles V. Russel’s Modern Europe Hallam’s history of the middle ages. in English history Rapin’s history of England 15. v. 8vo Belsham’s histories of the 3. Georges Baxter’s history of England. I omit Hume as too false in his matter, and too seducing in his style to be trusted in Astronomy, Ferguson’s Astronomy. in Mathematics and geometry alone I do not know what are the best English books. at your age I presume you do not propose to throw away 5. or 6. years in Latin and Greek. I am persuaded you will find science enough in the English language to employ your life and especially if you avoid wasting time on books of little merit. I pray you to accept this short sketch as a proof of my respect for your request rather than as worthy your acceptance from one to whom writing is not easy and who tenders you respectful salutations Th: Jefferson RC (Anonymous, Boise, Idaho, 2013); corner torn and damaged at crease, with missing text supplied from PoC; addressed: “Mr Joseph Echols Lynch-

burg.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph Milligan to TJ, 27 Nov. 1820; edge trimmed.

 399 

From Samuel Smith (of Maryland) Dr sir Baltimore 24 May 1822 The Federal Republican Continues to wage War against you, and takes advantage because you have not explained the nature of your private Account with m Grand, and with the Credit given by you in your Account, thus, “By Cash recieved from m Grand for Bill &c &c.”—Your explanation is full and Complete as to the United States having no right to retain the money, but I was just now Stopt in the Street by a firm friend of yours, who put the federal Repn of this morning into my hands, and expressed his opinion, that some Statement ought to have been made shewing either that you had remitted the money to m Grand, or that he had no Claim upon you—I answered— that the publick had nothing to do with your Account with your private Banker, that it was evident that m Grand had never recd the money, and that if you had been his Debtor, he knew where to find you, and no doubt would have Called on you for the Amount long since, and the subject would more early1 have been Elucidated—He appeared to be satisfied— Mr Loughborough has declared to his Cousin Comptroller Anderson that he is not the Author—Mr Wagner resides in Baltimore, and from some facts2 Stated, he may be the Author—but he is a Pennsylvanian, and the Author asserts this morning that he is in truth a Native of Virginia—I send you the paper and am with the sincerest regard your Obed servt S. Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 30 May 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Bernard Peyton, 3 Sept. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello Va”; franked; postmarked Baltimore, 24 May. Enclosure: Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, 24 May 1822. TJ gave his explanation in his letter to Ritchie & Gooch of 13 May 1822.

Newspapers had recently and probably mistakenly attributed the articles published pseudonymously by “A Native of Virginia” to “a Mr. Rob’t loughborough [i.e., Robert H. Goldsborough], lately a federal representative in the Senate of the United States, from Maryland” (New Haven Connecticut Herald, 16 Apr. 1822, and elsewhere). 1 Word

2 Smith

 400 

interlined in place of “easily.” here canceled “which he.”

From George Hebb Sir. Baltimore May 25. 1822 I addressed you on the 21st Int. Since when “A Native of Virginia” has again appeared in the Federal Republican with remarks on your Letter of explanation of the Bill Transaction and although his writing Discover him to be a man of considerable ingenuity, Still his resoning is deceptive and unsound—the effect appears, however, to produce some excitement and a Belief with some that the amount of the Bill was received twice by you—in canvassing the Subject with some of my acquaintances Several Points have presented themselves to me which might tend to make the subject more clear—The Bill was, enclosed by you to Grand & Co—by reference to a copy of your Letter inclosing the Bill the manner of applying the proceeds of the Bill may be assertained, whether it was to be remitted to you or to remain with them subject to your order or whether to be applied to any other account as directed by you, if the latter, as the Bill was not received by them, there must have ben some other appropriation instead of it—it may give you some trouble1 to examine old Papers and correspondences—but as you have commenced the Subject, it would be satisfactory to your Friends that the transaction Should be placed in the most unquestionable point of view, which I feel assured you can do—···Information was received here this morning that Reigo and the Principle members of the Cortes had ben assasinated and that the Mob entered the Palace and murdered the whole of the Royal Family—this account was communicated in a private Letter from Madrid to a House at Paris & a private Letter conveyed it to the Editor [of]2 the London Courier and was published in that paper on the 13th April—···I remain your Most Obt Geo Hebb RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Hebbe George” received 30 May 1822 and so recorded (with last name spelled correctly) in SJL. TJ’s letter of explanation was his missive to Ritchie & Gooch of 13 May 1822. The report that the president of the

Spanish Cortes, Rafael del Riego y Núñez (reigo), and a number of his liberal colleagues had been assassinated and that in response a mob had killed the whole of the royal family was false. 1 Manuscript: 2 Omitted

 401 

“treouble.” word editorially supplied.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Poplar Forest May 25. 1822. I recieve here your favr of the 16th and am equally mortified at my own inattention to furnish you renewals of my notes before I left home1 as at Jefferson’s2 failures to do what was regular and3 necessary to enable you to receive4 the money expected. by this date however all is surely brought to rights, and the inconveniencies relieved to which these irregularities have exposed you. I found my people here all but without bread, corn scarce in the nbhood and at 4.D. cash. from necessity as well as in full confidence you will have recieved our money, I have drawn on you this day in favr Archib. Robertson for 150.D. to pay for our corn. the preparns for a tobo crop here are beyond any thing I ever had. 300,000. hills, four fifths of them in ground newly cleared, and nearly all planted by the favr of the season will I hope make amends for the crop of wheat which is not promising. kindly5 seasons may still help it. the last year’s tobo now prising will be late at market, as it comes be so good as to pay the carriage.6 I leave this on the 28th for Monticello where I hope to find a letter of revival from you. when in cash be so good as to send to that place a cofe of Bourbon or Java coffee, for I believe it comes in Cofes of about 100. weight which with us is but a 4. months supply. let it be securely boxed or barreled agt the pilferings of the boatmen.7 ever & affect. yours Th:J. Dft (MHi); on verso of left half of reused address cover of Nathaniel Bowditch to TJ, 30 Oct. 1820; adjacent to salutation: “Colo B. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to Archibald Robertson, 25 May 1822. jefferson’s: Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s. A couffe (cofe) is a woven sack of varying size (L. Raymond Balthasard Maiseau, Annuaire du Commerce maritime

[1833–34], vol. 2, pt. 2, sect. 10, p. xxxii; Pierre Larousse, ed., Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe Siècle [1866–90], 5:297). 1 Preceding

four words interlined. here canceled “repeated.” 3 Preceding two words interlined. 4 Manuscript: “recive.” 5 Manuscript: “kindy.” 6 Sentence interlined. 7 Sentence interlined. 2 TJ

To Archibald Robertson Dr Sir Poplar Forest. May. 25. 22. I find that my plantations here will be out of corn before harvest, and that I must provide it before I leave the county. I expect therefore to purchase1 of mrs Mosely 30. barrels @ 4.D. which being to be paid in ready money I do it by a draught on Colo B. Peyton of Rich 402 

2 5 M AY 1 8 2 2

mond. I now inclose one to you for 150.D. on which I am obliged to request you to advance the money as follows. to mr Goff for mrs Moseley 120.D. to mr A. Bridgland who will call for it 2.16 to send me by the bearer Burwell, cash 27 84 150. I learnt after I left you in Nov. that the wheat on which I gave you an order fell short of expectation nearly one half, and we shall be late in getting our tobo to market. as soon as it can be there and sold I shall send you an order, on Colo Peyton. I shall not be able to2 make up the Deficiency of that and my last year’s3 account both, but I will do the most I can. I have made considble progress towds the discharge of my bonded debt to your late firm4 and a payment I shall make out of my tobo will bring it within the reach of another years resources. in the mean time the kind forbearance of mr Barrett has spared me the pain of urgencies which would have been beyond my power. I find preparns here for a tobo5 crop of greater promise than I ever had. 300,000 hills of which four fifths are in newly cleared land, and nearly the whole already planted.6 our wheat however is7 unpromising. kindly seasons may yet improve it8 I should have been very happy if your convenience would have permitted you to call and take a family dinner with us while here. my stay in the county has been too short to admit my visiting Lynchburg: but I shall be here again in a couple of months. in the mean time be so good as to furnish on the applicns9 of mr Goff the necessaries for the place as you have heretofore done to my preceding10 overseers, and accept the assurance of my great frdship & respect. P.S. a striped blanket by the bearer. I inclose a letter of advice to be forwarded to Colo Peyton with the draught. Dft (MHi); on verso of right half of reused address cover of Nathaniel Bowditch to TJ, 30 Oct. 1820; adjacent to salutation: “Archibald Robertson”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Bernard Peyton, 25 May 1822. Other enclosure not found. mr goff: William Gough. The order on Robertson in favor of Alexander Bridgeland (bridgland) was “for beef.” In his financial records for the preceding day TJ recorded giving a $10 gratuity to burwell Colbert (MB, 2:1386). A missing letter from Robertson to TJ of 24 May 1822 is recorded in SJL as received from Lynchburg the day it was written.

1 Reworked from “I have therefore purchased.” 2 Preceding five words interlined in place of “cannot.” 3 Word interlined. 4 Preceding four words interlined. 5 Word interlined. 6 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 7 TJ here canceled “entirely.” 8 Sentence interlined. 9 Reworked from “to give on the order.” 10 Preceding twelve words interlined in place of “same credit you have usually given to the probable and reasonable applicns of my.”

 403 

Account with Joel Yancey Yancey Joel 1815. Dec. 31 1816. Dec. 31. 1818. Apr. 11. May 2. 1819. Apr. 8. Apr. 27. 1820. Apr. 30 Oct. 24. 1821. Apr. 30. 1822. May. 25.

for 18161

Cr. 150 400

[ca. 25 May 1822]

50 for 1817 400 pd Univty 50 for 1818 400 for 1819 400 pd Univty 50 for 1820 400 for 1821 4002 d ty p Univ 50

MS (MHi); written entirely in TJ’s hand on a small scrap; undated.

in the credit column (MB, 2:1332, 1343, 1344, 1353, 1371, 1386).

TJ’s financial records indicate that on may. 25 1822 he gave Yancey two notes for $400, with the first carrying interest  from 30 Apr. 1821 and the second from 30 Apr. 1822. He had already given Yancey notes for the previous amounts

1 All the notations in this column except the last, along with the entries for 1821 and 1822, were added by TJ during a second sitting. 2 Remainder evidently added by TJ at a third sitting.

Account with Joel Yancey [ca. 25 May 1822]

1821. Jan " " " " March " May

"

June

12 1st

Cash Act. Dr To Amount due last year To Richard Walker. Amt his Act To Joel Yancey To John Gills in part. To James Cox in part. John Watts in part. John Gills To so much recd of Dudley for wheat. To balance in full of Dudley for the wheat. To Mr Jefferson Dft. on Peyton in favour of Johnathan Bishop  404 

$

C

32 14 4 3 5 5 1 100 43

63 25 58 " " " 50 " 80

136 48

2 5 M AY 1 8 2 2

To ditto. do— on do in favour of J. Yancey 135 " fowarded··· 481 24 Feb May

" " " 4 " 13 " " " "

June July

20 1st

Cr. By cash paid Wilkerson in part. for season of four mares 10 By Cash paid James Cox. over chage B.smithe Act By ditto for potatoe seed " By ditto paid Cheetwood for coopering in part. 5 By cash paid Butler for wheels 15 By cash paid Butcher Lynchburg for Beef for Mr Jefferson 3 By do paid Doct Streptoe 70 By do paid John Burton for corn 29 By do paid J Yancey for wheat furnished at Martins Mill July 1819 35 By do paid for carriage Iron salt from Lychbr " By do paid Wm Cheetwood for do 10 By do paid Butler in full for cart wheels 10 By ditto do Cheetwood for coopering By cash paid Doctr Davies for Medecine & prescription 10 By do paid J. Burton Þ receipt 50 fowarded··· 252

Dr 16th To Amt. brought foward To James Howard Þ Wm Thompson To James Howard Þ Mr Bocock June 18 To Refused Tobaco Sept To ditto··ditto 1822 Jan 6 To John Watts Þ Mr Robertson To Richard Walker amt his Act. To 17. bushels of wheat at 1.D.³To Dr Steptoe 6.57³Early 2/9 To paid the University his 4th instalment due Apr. 1. 1821. balance due him

$ 481 2 5 13 8

July

 405 

537.43

" 25 50 " " " 43 57 " 50 " —

" 251 cts 24 " " 94 75

14 " 12 50 24 03

639.72

50 28 262

2 5 M AY 1 8 2 2

July Sept

16 1st 4

Oct July

16

June 1 1822

Cr By Amount brought foward By Cash paid Bishop Þ receipt By ditto paid Wilkerson in full Þ receipt By cash paid Johnson Bocock for fixing cradles Þ receipt By ditto paid James Howard. for corn By ditto paid Robert Yancey for corn (8 barrels)3 By do J Yancey. for corn (5 barrels) By do ditto for corn By Cash paid Goggins & Irvine for pork for Bishop By ditto paid J. H. Burton for horse By ditto paid Cockram for horses By do Johnson Bocock in full

MS (MHi); written in an unidentified hand on both sides of a single sheet, with notations added by TJ on verso rendered in italics above; undated, but evidently composed around the time of the settlement of TJ’s Poplar Forest plantation account with Yancey on 25 May 1822 (see MB, 2:1386); endorsed by TJ: “Yancey Joel. plantation acct for 1821.”

252 25 136 48 5 " 10 " 5 " 20 " 12 50 12 50 44 35 100 7 639

" " " " 724

1 Correct sum is $249.25. Recto ends here. 2 TJ actually owed Yancey $25.27 (see notes 1 and 4). 3 Omitted closing parenthesis editorially supplied. 4 Correct sum is $639.73.

From Joel Yancey, with Jefferson’s Notes Dr sir 26 may ,22 Mr Bowcock was overseer for you last year at tomahawk, and was entitled to Sixteen barrels of corn as his share, which at the request of Mr Randolph I bought of him for the use of the plantation at two dollars Þ barrel, and he expected the money when Mr Randolph was last up, but he did [not]1 see him, I believe he is in great want, and would be very thankful he could receive it as soon as possible Joel Yancey [Notes by TJ on verso:] Miller’s corn was 34.D.2 his tobo is − ₁− ¹₅ Bococke’s 16.B.3 @ 2.D = 324 D  406 

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June 7. 22. pd by ord. on A. Robertson & reimbd to him by ord. on B. Peyton for 66.D. RC (MHi); dateline beneath signature; adjacent to signature and dateline: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL; with TJ’s notations on verso. At some point around this time Yancey wrote Thomas Jefferson Randolph that “I send you the a⁄c sales Mr Jeffersons Tobo, and Millers and Bococks shares I have settled as near right as I can agrreebly to  their bargains, which amounts appears after taking out all the expences to be $50.90. for Bocock, and $34.42, for

Miller the Dfts you can leave with Mr Gough, and I will let them know as soon as I can, that they are ready for them” (RC in MHi; undated; addressed: “Mr T. J. Randolph”). A missing letter from TJ to Yancey of 26 May 1822 is recorded in SJL. 1

Omitted word editorially supplied. Amount interlined in place of “abt 2. Bar. more yn Bococke’s.” 3 Reworked from “of course 15.” 4 Reworked from “30.” 2

Martha Jefferson Randolph to Ann C. Morris Dear Sister Poplar forest May 27th 1822 I received Your last some weeks before I left Monticello, but I believe you are so much accustomed to my bad ways that you do not1 require a fresh apology for every letter—I have in vain tried to be punctual, but bad habits are not so easily conquered, particularly when the causes which first gave rise to them still exist, and strange to say we are as much interrupted by company here as at Monticello. the neighbourhood is really an excellent one, and it being known that my visits are short the neighbours all croud in to see us and entertain us before we return. the roads are so good and the country is so thickly setled around us that I can pay as many morning visits here as in town, and even drink tea with some of them and return without danger or difficulty.2 there are no less than three great establishments upon what was my land. so much for securityships, how we shall get through with them remains yet to be seen. the neighbours are very kind good people one of them told My father he had sewed a patch of early peas on purpose for him, in addition to what his own family would require, another gave him an asparagus bed in his garden, and fruits, fresh meats, and all the delicacies of the season they supply us with in profusion, knowing as they do, that this not being our principal home those things must be neglected in our absence. it is a beautiful and flourishing part of the country and their devotion to My dear father makes me very partial to it. you would be astonished to see the  407 

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number of large brick houses many of them in a style of city refinement and luxury, the furniture equipages and grounds in a style uncommon in the country in this state. it is very agreable to see such appearances of prosperity and content in any part of our dear native state, which generaly speaking to my infinite sorrow I must acknowledge it, has been sinking in the scale of importance for many years back.3 the deplorable state of education is I have no doubt the cause of it. it is impossible to get a boy educated in the plainest way in Virginia at present. if the University prospers, as the Proffessors will all be brought from Europe and none but men of high science employed it may produce a change, but the effects will not be perceptible in our time I am afraid. the ensuing generations will profit by it. but most of my boys George excepted, and perhaps Lewis (who is thought to be a boy of better parts than common, & may derive some benefit from it) will be too old to go to school by the time it goes into operation the buildings would have been all finished this year but for the folly of the last assembly who actually stopped short at the last building the Library, and the workmen will be obliged to be discharged to be recalled after the next session, for there has been such a clamour about it that no doubt the next assembly will do every thing possible to repair as much as possible the mischief done by the folly and ignorance of the last. but reassembling workmen who must be brought from a distance; and in fact reorganising the whole business will occasion a great deal more loss of time than the year.4 you can have no conception of the beauty of the village. the two ranges of buildings on each side of a lawn flanked by the 10 large pavillions with their intermediate dormitories comunicating from one end to the other by an arcade in front of the dormitories and passing through the portico’s of the pavillions with their gardens offices yds & back, extending to a street on which the boarding houses with their gardens & & are built making 4 rows of buildings in the finest style of Ancient architecture. the Lawn between the two middle rows will have a Rotunda at one end in which the Library will be commanding the whole and this last building alone in[complete?] and after spending so much, as the finishing hand was about to be pu[t to it?] stopped short and refused to permit the library to be built in which a[ll the?] large lecturing rooms and the library will be. however next year I hope we shall retrieve our character. looking over this hurried scrawl I would really throw it in the fire if I knew when I should have time to write another but we set off home tomorrow and after our arrival collecting the family who are all dispersed, and as Papa terms it “opening shop” will ocupy my time pretty closely. adieu dear Nancy Ellen and Virginia who are with me  408 

2 7 M AY 1 8 2 2

join in love to you and dear Gouverneur, to whom Tim sends her remembrances5 Yours sincerely and affectionately M Randolph RC (PPAmP: Smith-Houston-MorrisOgden Family Papers); dateline at foot of text; damaged at seal; addressed: “Mrs Gouverneur Morris Morrisania Harlaem Post Office New York”; stamped; postmarked Lynchburg, 3 June. Ann “Nancy” Cary Randolph Morris (1774–1837), Thomas Mann Randolph’s sister and Martha Jefferson Randolph’s sister-in-law, was born at Tuckahoe plantation in Goochland County. In 1791 she moved in with her sister Judith and the latter’s husband, Richard Randolph (1770– 96), at Bizarre, their Cumberland County estate. Shortly thereafter rumors began to circulate that she had had an adulterous relationship with her brother-in-law, become pregnant, and given birth to an illegitimate child, who had then been murdered. Richard Randolph was tried for the alleged infanticide in Cumberland County in April 1793, with Martha Jefferson Randolph serving as a witness, and acquitted of all charges. Morris later claimed that the father was actually Richard Randolph’s brother Theodorick Bland Randolph (1771–92), to whom she had secretly become engaged before his death, and implied that the child had perished as a result of a miscarriage. Having moved north about 1807, she became acquainted with an old family friend, the statesman and diplomat Gouverneur Morris (1752– 1816), and worked for him as a housekeeper at his Morrisania estate in Westchester County, New York. The couple married there on Christmas Day in 1809, and they had a son, also named Gouverneur, in 1813. Morris continued to live at Morrisania until her death (Jefferson Randolph Anderson, “Tuckahoe and the Tuckahoe Randolphs,” VMHB 45 [1937]: 72; PTJ, 25:621–2, 632–3; Marshall, Papers, 2:161–78; Cynthia A. Kierner, Scandal at Bizarre: Rumor and Reputation in Jefferson’s America [2004]; New-York Evening Post, 27 Dec. 1809; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., Westchester, 1820, 1830; New York Morning Herald, 30 May 1837).

what was my land: the Randolphs had sold the roughly one thousand acres they owned adjacent to Poplar Forest in 1810 (Thomas Mann Randolph and Martha Jefferson Randolph’s Conveyance of Bedford County Land, [before 19 Feb. 1810], and note). By securityships Randolph presumably meant “suretyships.” tim: Septimia A. Randolph (Meikleham). It had rained “morning till night or in showers” during a good bit of TJ’s May 1822 visit to Poplar Forest (Randolph to  Nicholas P. Trist, 21 May 1822 [RC in NcU: NPT]). Just after his return to Monticello, TJ was still suffering “from a violent cold taken in Bedford,” although “his sore throat” had by this time “left him, and his hoarseness diminished a good deal” (Virginia J. Randolph [Trist] and Martha Jefferson Randolph to Nicholas P. Trist, 31 May 1822 [RC in DLC: NPT]; MB, 2:1386). With the assistance of Dr. Thomas G. Watkins, TJ had largely recovered by mid-June (Ellen W. Randolph [Coolidge] to Nicholas P. Trist, 16 June 1822 [RC in ViU: Correspondence of Thomas Jefferson and the Jefferson Family]; Elizabeth Trist to Nicholas P. Trist, 9 July 1822 [RC in DLC: NPT]). On 1 Sept. 1822 Randolph wrote Nicholas P. Trist from Monticello that TJ’s role in restoring his native state, through the University of Virginia, “to her lost glory, is a cordial to my heart, and I hope will be a solace to his declining years. his old age as yet has few of the infirmities, and none of the decrepitude incident to his advanced years and I hope as his affairs become more prosperous, the natural chearfulness of his temper so important to health, and life even at his age, will return” (RC in NcU: NPT). 1 Manuscript:

“no.” “difficuty.” 3 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 4 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 5 Manuscript: “remembances.” 2 Manuscript:

 409 

From John Mantz Dear Sir Frederick Town Md May 28. 22 r My Son who now resides with M Elijah Brown will hand you this and would be glad to know how you where pleased with the side Leather Tanned in wood I sent you in 1821—and Should you want leather Upper Tanned in the Same Manner of a Supperior quality than the side sent you for your people please let me know and I will forward the Same to you by Mr Browns waggon at a Moderate price— and remain yours Respectfully—···obt S— John Mantz PS—I have also Superior quallity Spanish swet Sole leather—[. . .]— should you want any please let me know JM RC (MHi); one word illegible; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Manks Jehu” re-

ceived 3 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. swet: “sweat.”

From John F. Oliveira Fernandes Dear Sir! London May 28th 1822. My last respects to you, were dated in the latter part of June ultimo, in reply to your extremely obliging letter of the same month. Hopeful was I, at the time, to address you immediately after my arrival at Madeira; but anxious to pay my most sacred duty, both of respect and gratitude to His Most Faithful Majesty, I left the Island on the first of October for Lisbon, where I arrived on the 22d of the same. It was the King’s Pleasure to Appoint me His Minister Chargé d’Affaires, for this Court; having hardly time to arrange my own small matters, I proceeded to Falmouth, where I landed on the 9th of last Decemr and entered London on the 11th What different Sensations and ideas came to my mind, combining my own feelings when introduced to you by my friends, the Honble Thomas Newton of Virginia, and the Honble Cocke Senator of Kentucky. I was so kindly received & treated by yourself (then President of the United States) in November 1803;—with those, when presented by the Marquess of Londonderry to His Britannic Majesty! I leave it to your Consideration, knowing, long ago, my ideas & sentiments. Owing, perhaps, to my inability of managing the Affairs, it has been His Most Faithful Majesty’s Pleasure to remove me from this  410 

3 0 M AY 1 8 2 2

Court to that of Paris:—I am, however, uncertain, whether I shall go or not. It was my decided intention to defer till then, the honor of addressing you; but the Chevalier Francis Sólâno Constancio, a particular friend of mine, being appointed our Minister Chargé d’Affaires to the Government of the U.Ss, I thought proper to write to you, begging to introduce him to your acquaintance & favour. He is a gentleman of great information and ability; and I have no doubt, that his efforts in procuring a lasting alliance between the two Countries, will be happily crowned; much more so, if seconded by your wisdom & philanthropy. Really and sincerely interested in the continuance of your precious life & health, I shall always feel delighted and extremely thankful to have the honor of hearing from you; being, with the highest respect and consideration, Dear Sir! Your most obedt Servant John F d’Oliveira Fernandes RC (DLC); between dateline and salutation: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 Dec. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosed in Francisco Solano Constancio to TJ, 14 Dec. 1822.

William Cocke, a native of Virginia, actually represented Tennessee, not kentucky, in the United States Senate, 1796–97 and 1799–1805 (ANB).

From Richard Randolph Dear Sir Richmond 30th May 1822. The six barrels of hydraulic cement were sent to you with a belief that they would answer the purpose for which it was intended, and be useful to you in the construction of your cisterns. I am sorry that you are affraid to hazard the success of it in the cistern, and request you to use them in any way that you may think proper. Perhaps you may have occasion to use it at the Mill. Majr Gibbon has a cistern laid, and lined, with that cement, which, after standing ten days, was filled, and is now getting quite hard, and holds water perfectly. I have given directions for your bleaching pots to be made, and as soon as they are done, shall be delivered to Colo Peyton. It will at all times afford me pleasure to render you any service in my power. I am, with very great respect your friend Richard Randolph. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 3 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

the mill: TJ’s Shadwell mills.

 411 

To Richard Harrison Dear Sir Monticello May 31. 22. You have doubtless seen, under the signature of Åa Native Virginian’ a charge against me on the reciept of 1148.D. in 1809. which I had erroneously credited to the US. in 1789. on the presumption that a draught of mine, of that amount, in favor of Grand on their bankers in Amsterdam would be paid; which however miscarried, and of course was never paid. I stated in answer to this libellist what was the truth, shewing that as I had paid it to the US. and it had never been paid by them, it was just it should be returned to me, but the writer abandoning the charge of my having pilfered it from the Treasury,1 changes it to that of having twice recieved it, and to support this he falsifies that credit as entered in my account given in to you. I have the original now before me and it stands in these words Å1789. Oct. 1. by my bill on Willinks V. Staphorsts and Hubbard in favr of Grand and co. for 2800. fl equal to 6250æ–18s.’ and I am certain that that I filed with you is in the same words, which he falsifies into these 1789. Oct. 1. Åby cash recieved of Grand for bill on Willinck Et.’ 2 and on the single word Åcash’ which he has interpolated, founds his whole charge of my having confessed that I recieved the money for the draught. whereas I recieved not a copper.3 it was drawn and inclosed to Grand to be credited in our private account, & I therefore credited it to the US.···will you, Dear Sir, do me the favor to have my autograph account examined, and send me a certificate of the very words of this entry in my account, certified by the officer who has official custody of the paper or by yourself if within your line of office. and I must further request an immediate transmission of it to me, as it is not well to let these things take root in the public mind for want of timely contradiction. I am really happy in having occasion to recall myself to your recollection, and to renew to you the assurances of my real friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 22 Feb. 1821; at foot of text: “Richard Harrison esq.”; endorsed by TJ. The answer to this libellist is TJ to Ritchie & Gooch, 13 May 1822. In the original now before me, TJ’s Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary to

France, 8 July 1792, the date of the bill was given as 21 Oct. 1789, not 1789. oct. 1 (PTJ, 24:175–93, entry on p. 187; see also MB, 1:746). 1 Reworked

from “Treasurer.” closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 3 Word interlined in place of “coffer.” 2 Omitted

 412 

To Spencer Roane Dear Sir Monticello May 31. 22. In a single unguarded moment of my life, I did what is likely to draw a cloud over all my remaining days. the late W. C. Nicholas sollicited me to become an endorser for him of two notes of 10,000.D. each to the US. bank, promising he would not ask it’s continuance beyond a year. I had ever been very careful to avoid such implications: but a long and intimate friendship for him, great confidence in his honor, a connection then recently formed in our families prevailed on me finally, after holding the subject some time under advisement, and deciding, yea and nay, backwards and forwards, many times, to endorse, and I was finally entrapped by his failure. the bank offered indulgent accomodations on mr Nicholas’s giving his bond, with my grandson Th: J. Randolph and myself as securities. we gave the bond, because we could do no better. mr Nicholas died soon after, and this cloud is now hanging over us. at length a plank floats into view, which if we can lay hold of and secure, we shall still be saved. after 50. years withdrawal from attention to law cases, and a memory much in the wane, I remember nothing but general principles, little of their modifications by particular, and especially latter decisions. I deservedly therefore have little confidence in my own opinions. yet it is very important I should know what to expect. if we are finally to suffer the sooner we know it the better, that we may have more time to provide against it, by the sale of property. if we are to be saved, it will the sooner1 give me nights of sounder sleep. no one’s opinion in the US. would so decisively satisfy me as yours. yet I would not ask it, were it possible that the case should ever come before you as a judge. but that is impossible. our adverse parties are in Kentucky; there also is the property, the federal court there is our tribunal, and that of Washington our last resort. may I then ask of your friendship to consider this case, and tell me what I am to expect, and what course we had best pursue? to give you as little trouble as possible, I have made as full a statement of the case, as the papers I have been able to get, enable me to do. I have moreover made a summary Abstract from these papers, to which you might readily recur, should my statement need elucidation. there is indeed one paper which I have thought it best to inclose in full, because of it’s importance. it is something like a final statement or settlement of affairs, by accord, between mr Nicholas and the other parties, made six months only before his death. altho I have made an abstract of it pretty fully, yet you may wish to turn to the Original where the abstract is not satisfactory. if my view of the  413 

3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2

subject is correct, the exrs have no time to lose in bringing suit against Owengs, one of our adversaries, because, till that is done, any payment, really made, or fictitiously pretended and covered between him and Morrison, our other adversary, may be good against us. but I shall await your kind answer, only saying that if you feel the least impropriety in advising me at all, be so good as to consider this application as never made, and be assured of my continued and affectionate friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (NjP: Andre deCoppet Collection); endorsed by TJ: “Roane Spencer. May 31. 22.” The connection then recently formed was the 6 Mar. 1815 marriage of TJ’s grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph to Wilson Cary Nicholas’s daughter Jane H. Nicholas (Shackelford, Descendants, 1:77). TJ sought Roane’s opinion about possible lawsuits against Thomas Deye Owings and James Morrison to recover a debt of £10,000 Kentucky money, plus interest from 1 July 1805, owed to Wilson Cary Nicholas’s estate. Although Nicholas’s administrators, Robert Carter Nich-

olas, Wilson Cary Nicholas (ca. 1796– 1828), and Thomas Jefferson Randolph, hired Henry Clay, sued Owings in Kentucky’s Fayette Circuit Court late in February 1824, and received a judgment in their favor the following September, Owings was insolvent by then and no money seems to have been recovered (Clay, Papers, 3:281n; Fayette Circuit Court, File 583). Nicholas’s final statement or settlement of affairs has not been positively identified, but see note to Nicholas to TJ, 5 Aug. 1819. 1

Preceding two words interlined.

e n c l o s u r e s

I Statement on Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings [by 31 May 1822] The case of the exrs of W. C. Nicholas with Morrison, and of the same with Owings. George Nicholas of Kentucky was, in his lifetime, indebted to Wilson Cary Nicholas between 9. & 10,000.£. Kentucky currency, for so much cash advanced for him;1 to secure which he promised, in writing, to mortgage certain property. he was also, with Willis Green as his security, indebted to John Read £2336–17. current money of Kentucky, and was moreover2 a partner in the Bourbon iron-works (to the amount of − ²₄− ¹₈ of them) with John Cockey Owings and Walter Beall, under the firm of John Cockey Owings and co. which company was indebted to David Williamson3 of Baltimore in the sum of £2000. he owed to other creditors likewise between 6. and 7,000.£.4 George Nicholas died without having executed the mortgage to W. C. Nicholas, making James Morrison, and Joseph N. Daveiss his exrs, with power to dispose of his whole estate for the payment of his debts. the exrs mortgaged

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 to W.C.N. the lands and slaves specifically engaged to him by George Nicholas, &5 his lot of 5. acres of land in Lexington, whereon he lived, and a farm of 255. acres in the neighborhood being under mortgage to Willis Green (his security to Read) but whether by his own deed or that of his exrs is not said, the exrs6 conveyed the same to W.C.N. and S. Smith in consideration of their paying £2336–17 the debt due thereon to Read. W.C.N. and Samuel Smith accordingly7 paid the debt to Green, took assignment of his mortgage, foreclosed it, and bought the property.8 Williamson obtained a judgment against the Bourbon company, which judgment W.C.N. and S.S. purchased, and W.C.N. bought9 the whole 48. shares under execution. he foreclosed his own mortgage, and bought that property also10 under the decree of foreclosure. this mortgage had included the − ²₄− ¹₈ of the Bourbon works.11 On the 14th of June 1803. W.C.N. sold the whole property of the Bourbon company, which he had purchased under the decree, by Articles of agreement, to Thomas Dye Owings, warranting only the 21. shares of G.N. and only against claims under G.N. Thos D. Owings executes two bonds for the purchase money, one of 10,000.£ Ky to W.C.N. the other of 3366. £ to S. Smith. they are to bear no interest till July 1. 1805. and if he annually pays up 6. p. cent interest, the principal was not to be demandable until July 1. 1815. Owings exonerates the estate of G.N. from all debts to which it is liable for the Bourbon co. and is free to pay Beall and Green12 whatever G.N. owed them; and, if done within 2. years, he is to be credited for it. if the sale of the Sheriff of Montgomery of the Bourbon property should be set aside, then he is to repay to W.C.N. 1700.£ with interest from the date hereof. he is also to mortgage the − ²₄− ¹₈ to W.C.N. as security for the 13,366£ and also the remaining − ²₄− ⁷₈ after they shall have satisfied a mortgage of them to Beall. both covenant to execute the necessary bonds and deeds. he accordingly, on the same day, executed the two bonds as aforesaid and a mortgage for the 21. and 27. shares as agreed. W.C.N. in a letter to Morrison of 1805. Dec. 1. expresses his anxiety to take care of the widow and children of his brother; that, as things stand however, this is contingent, that if any accident happens to him, those who may have the direction of his affairs may not have the power or the disposition to provide as well for mrs Nicholas and her family as he wishes to do; that he has always considered the property he bought a pledge for Owings’ obligations, and his warranties, and expresses his intentions to settle any surplus remaining on mrs N. and her children. as to his brother’s general creditors, amounting to 6. or 7,000.£ they must be postponed to his specific liens; that he holds himself Owings’ bond for 10,000.£ for which he is willing to take lands, as he supposes S.S. would for that also for 3366.£ Nothing, but the death of mrs Nicholas,13 appears intermediate between this letter of Dec. 1. 1805. and Apr. 1. 1820. when in Articles of agreement of that date between N. & S. and Morrison it is stated that there has been no settlement between W.C.N. and T. D. Owings, that W.C.N. and S.S. have, out of the sales of the property, been paid their whole purchase money, interest, costs and charges (except Owings’ bond to S. Smith) they therefore grant, bargain, sell, convey, transfer and assign, by these articles, to Morrison, his heirs, exrs, admrs, and assigns all the residue of the property, real and personal, purchased by them as aforesd, all bonds, debts Etc [by terms

 415 

3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 reaching all choses in action] relating to, due, founded on, issuing or growing from the same, including the sale to T. D. Owings,14 and the Articles of agreement relating to it; To have and to hold the premisses to the sd Jas Morrison his heirs, executors admnrs and assigns, to their only proper use and behoof; and the sd W.C.N. and S.S. the sd premisses warrant and defend against themselves their heirs, exrs Etc. In trust 1. to pay all claims against the sd W.C.N. and S.S. as above mentioned. 2. the claims of Morrison for trouble, advances, management, collection, responsibilities, transactions of administration Etc 3. the Surplus to all the children of G.N. in a specified way. and Morrison warrants, as far as the premisses will go, to indemnify against T. D. Owings under the articles of agreement, and all other purchasers from W.C.N. and S.S. of the aforesd property, and other transactions relating thereto (except from the wives of W.C.N. and S.S.) they make Morrison their Attorney irrevocable, by himself in his life, or by15 substitute, or by last will, to enter into, and take possession of the premisses, and to demand, sue for and recover the same In trust for the uses aforesd. Samuel Smith, holding Owings’ smaller bond, and satisfied with it as to all his claims not yet satisfied, severs himself from this case, and disclaims all further connection, interest, or concern in it. W. C. Nicholas16 did not compleat, by a delivery to Morrison the assignment of Owings’ larger bond: but retained it in his own possession; and, consequently, the legal property in it remained in him until his death, which happened in Oct. 1820. and then became legally vested17 in the exrs appointed by his will, to wit his two sons Robert and Wilson Nicholas, and his son in law Thomas J. Randolph, in whose possession it still is. the death of W. C. Nicholas being in itself a revocation of the Attorneyship of Morrison, the exrs have to bring suit, in their own names, on the larger bond of Owings. Morrison cannot, on the sole ground of the Articles of agreement, because, on such suit, the original bond must be produced in court, as being the best, and therefore the only admissible evidence, of it’s existence and purport; and that the def. may crave Oyer of the condition, which can only be given on inspection of the bond itself, and this Morrison cannot produce.18 At this period he is bound to render to the exrs an account of his administration of their testator’s affairs, to wit, to shew what sales he has made, or has still to make of the mortgaged property bought in and conveyed to him by Nicholas and Smith or either of them, to whom, and for how much; what monies he has recieved, or still has to recieve, from whom and how much; to whom, and for what he has paid these monies, the expence of his collection and administration, the trouble of his own services (not of any incumbent on him as exr of G.N. but) as the Agent of W. C. Nicholas for which a reasonable Quantum meruit may be claimed, Etc. Etc. Etc.19 this settlement is indispensably necessary, as well of general right, as to shew the Surplus, if any, of which, in these Articles of agreement, he was made a trustee. for the assignment to him was not as of his own property, but in trust20 for the benefit of the children of G.N. as then intended, but now for that of the Creditors of W.C.N. whose rights as bonâ fide creditors,21 in whatever was the property of their debtor, are to be preferred to those of mere voluntary claimants:22 and the bond is a legal Asset to be administered by the executors among them according to the dignities of their respective claims.

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 ·The claim of one of these creditors; being under a peculiar protection of the law, against all others not of superior dignity, must now be stated. Thos J. Randolph, one of the exrs of W.C.N. was, in the lifetime of his testator, bound with him23 to John W. Eppes in 4. obligations amounting to 11,000.D. of this sum 10000.D.24 were the proper debt of W.C.N. for which T.J.R. was security only, and the remaining 1000.D. was the proper debt of T.J.R. for which W.C.N. was security only. at the death of W.C.N. a balance of 2750.D. with interest from the 1st of July 1819.25 remained due on these bonds, for which suit was brought by the obligee against the exrs of W.C.N. & T.J.R. as security, judgment obtained exn levied on the property of W.C.N. to the amt of 900. or 1000.D. the residue paid by T.J.R. which, after deducting his own26 portion of the debt, constituted him a creditor of W.C.N. for [2500.D. with int. and costs.]27 under judgment. Besides this, the sd T.J.R. is at this time under obligation to the Branch bank of the US. at Richmond as a security for W.C.N. in a sum of 20,000.D. due to the sd bank from W.C.N. on a bond of his of 20,000.D.,28 for the payment of which sum he is liable to be called on at every, and any moment at which the bank shall determine to withdraw it’s indulgence. thus a creditor of the sd W.C.N. by judgment and bond to the amount of···and holding the possession and legal property in the sd larger bond of Owings, he claims a right to pay, out of the sd bond, his own debt first, on the principle of law that an exr may first pay himself out of the Assets of his testator, before any other creditor, not of superior dignity. and should Morrison, under the inchoate lien or29 assignment of that bond in the Articles of agreement, apply to a Court of Equity to compel a completion of his right by formal assignment and delivery thereof, the sd T.J.R. insists that his own equal equity as a creditor by judgment and bond, will balance and rebut that of Morrison’s for services Etc. and having the advantage at law of the possession and legal right in the bond,30 a court of equity will not take that legal advantage from him, to bestow it on another, with whom he stands otherwise on equal ground at least. this would be, as the Chancellors have observed, in similar cases,31 to take away the plank which one has siesed in a shipwreck to give it to another. he claims therefore to retain his legal right to recover & recieve unobstructed32 the monies due from Owings, or so much thereof as may satisfy first his own just demand; not contesting however, at the same time, the right of Morrison to any surplus, beyond that, which his settlement shall shew to be justly due to him. Among the questions arising in this case, may be the following. in the preceding statement T.J.R. is called a creditor by judgment and bond. but how have been the decisions on this subject? on a judgment against Co-obligors, paid by one who was security only, does he thereupon stand ipso facto in the shoes of the obligee as a judgment creditor? or not until he has obtained a judgment, on his own suit, against his principal? Again, on the death of his principal before a suit brought, does his co-obligation make him, on payment, a bond creditor?33 or merely one by simple contract only?34 PoC (NjP: Andre deCoppet Collection); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; brackets in original except as noted below; docketed by TJ: “The Case of Nicholas’s Exrs with Morrison, and the same with Ow-

ings.” Dft (NjP: deCoppet Collection); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; with first three pages having wide margins characteristic of TJ’s drafts; endorsed by TJ: “Nicholas’s exrs v. Morrison and Owings.”

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 quantum meruit: “an amount considered reasonable to compensate a person who has rendered services” (Black’s Law Dictionary). 1 Preceding seven words interlined in Dft. 2 Word interlined in Dft. 3 In Dft TJ here canceled “& co.” 4 Sentence interlined in Dft, with “likewise” omitted. 5 Sentence to this point interlined in PoC and Dft. 6 Remainder of sentence interlined in place of “mortgaged to W.C.N. the property promised, to wit, lands and slaves, including, as is supposed, what had been mortgaged to Green.” With slightly different wording, and further interlineation of “and S. Smith,” Dft has the same revision. 7 Word interlined in PoC and Dft. 8 In Dft TJ here canceled “they bought up Williamson’s judgment.” 9 Reworked in Dft from “judgment they purchased, and bought.” 10 Word interlined in Dft. 11 Sentence interlined in Dft. 12 PoC and Dft: “Greenup.” 13 Preceding six words interlined in Dft. 14 PoC and Dft: “D. Owings.” 15 Reworked in Dft from “irrevocable in his life, by.” 16 In right margin adjacent to the beginning of this paragraph, TJ wrote “M. Ind. 72. a” (i.e., William Munford, A General Index to the Virginian Law Authorities, reported by Washington, Call, Hening and Munford jointly, and Munford separately [Richmond, 1819; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 (no. 583)], 72). Citation not in Dft.

17 Reworked in Dft from “became vested.” 18 In Dft, narrow-width format ends here at foot of third page. 19 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 20 Sentence to this point interlined in PoC and Dft. 21 In left margin adjacent to this portion of paragraph, TJ wrote “M. Ind. 238.” Citation not in Dft. 22 Remainder of sentence added in PoC and Dft. 23 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 24 Preceding two figures reworked in PoC and Dft from “10,000” and “9000,” respectively. 25 Preceding eight words, not in Dft, interlined in PoC. Dft here adds “still.” 26 Reworked from “against T.J.R. judgment obtained, and payment made by him, which, after deducting the 1000.D., his own.” Dft retains original wording. 27 Bracketed phrase supplied from Dft, where it was added to fill blank left there and in PoC. 28 Reworked from “on two Notes of his of 10,000.D. each,” with last word left uncanceled. Dft retains original wording. 29 Preceding two words interlined in PoC and Dft. 30 In right margin adjacent to this portion of paragraph, TJ wrote “Munf. Ind. 238.” Citation not in Dft. 31 Preceding three words interlined in Dft before “observed.” 32 Word interlined in Dft. 33 TJ here interlined “see 2. Call. 125. Eppes et al. v. Randolph” (i.e., Va. Reports, 6 [2 Call], 125). Citation not in Dft. 34 Paragraph written on a narrow scrap in Dft and pasted at foot of text.

II Abstract of Evidence in Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings Abstracts from sundry Documents in the cases of the Exrs of W. C. Nicholas with Morrison and of the same with Owings. 1799. Aug. 26. E. Randolph to W. C. Nicholas, stating the several characters of W.C.N’s claims on the estate of George Nicholas, then recently dead.1

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 Morrison & Daveiss, exrs of George Nicholas to Saml Smith & W.C.N. deed of conveyance (Original)2 of the lot in Lexington whereon G.N. lived, and a farm of 255. acres in the neighborhood in consideration of their assuming to3  pay Read’s4 debt amounting with int. & costs to £2336–17.5 1802. Oct. 31. ·The opinion of J. Hughes that the mortgages by the exrs of G.N. and to Green are valid. that there being full proof of the engagement of G.N. to mortgage, Equity considers that as done which has been agreed to be done. a part of the property mortgaged to W.C.N. being slaves,6 and left in possession of the estate, the mge will operate on that only from it’s date. 1803. June 14:7 Articles of agreement between W.C.N. and Thos Dye Owings. W.C.N. sells to T. D. Owings all the property of the iron works (Bourbon) and as to − ²₄− ¹₈ the property of G.N. he warrants against all persons claiming under G.N. Owings is to pay what remains unpaid by G.N. to the persons from whom he purchased these Iron-work lands. Owings agrees to pay to W.C.N. £13,366. Kentucky money, which sum is to bear no interest till July 1. 1805. and if Owings annually pays up 6. p. cent int. thereon, the principal is not to be demandable until July 1. 1815. Owings is to exonerate the estate from all debts to which it is liable for the Iron-company. Owings is free to pay Bealle and Green8 whatever G.N. owed them, and if done within two years, he is9 to be credited for it. if the sale by the sheriff of Montgomery, of the Iron-co’s property should be set aside, then Owings is to repay to W.C.N. 1700.£ with interest from the date hereof. Owings agrees to mortgage the − ²₄− ¹₈ to W.C.N. as security for the 13,366.£ and also the remaining − ²₄− ⁷₈ after they shall have satisfied a mortgage of them, to Beall. both covenant to execute all bonds, deeds Etc. necessary for compleat execution of these presents.10 1803. June 14. Thos D. Owings’s [original] bond to W.C.N. for £10,000. current money of Ky payable July 1. 1805. with an endorsement that if the interest on the bond is regularly paid annually, the principal is not to be payable till July 1. 1815. on the back of this bond is the name of W.C.N. in his own hand writing, but nothing written over it. 1803. June 14. Thomas D. Owings to W.C.N. mortgage [original] duly proved and recorded, of the whole of the iron-works lands to secure the payment of 13,366.£ Ky for which he has this day executed his bonds to W.C.N. with a reservation of a right to mortgage − ²₄− ⁷₈ to Beall to secure a sum due to him, defeasible on payment according to his obligation, bearing equal date herewith. without date11 ·a statement in W.C.N’s hand writing12 without date. that on assurances given him by G.N. in his lifetime that he would mortgage certain property to him he advanced for G.N. 9. or 10,000.£ G.N. died without executing the mge. 1800. Aug. 4.

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2

1805. Dec. 1.

the exrs mortgaged to him the property as specified13 in several letters of G.N. to W:C.N. part of the mortgage was of his rights in the Bourbon ironworks. the company owed debts, & G.N. still14 owed to some of the original proprietors for their interests not yet conveyed to G.N. while W.C.N. was foreclosing his mge, Williamson, a creditor of the co. obtained a judgment for 2000.£15 which W.C.N. bought up, and under the execution levied on that judgment the whole property was purchased for him, which he sold to Thos D. Owings, and took his bonds for the purchase money, and a mge on the property. the mge of the exrs was foreclosed, the whole property included in it was sold under the decree and bought up for him. the mge included − ²₄− ¹₈ of the Bourbon iron works. a considerable balance still remained due to him. Beall and J. C. Owings held the rest of the interest in the Bourbon iron works. he states that the lot in Lexington and farm had been mortgaged to a mr Read and his security16 Willis Green for 2000.£ from whom it was purchased by W.C.N. and Sam. Smith. [here follow some further matters, across which a pen has been struck, by way of erasure,17 to wit, instructions to Morrison to have a deed prepared conveying the property bought up for him under his decree, on certain conditions to mrs Nicholas and Children, and mentioning that two bonds were executed to him by T. D. Owings on the 14th of June last for 13.366.£ money of Kentucky. this fixes the date of this statement nearly]18 ·W.C.N’s letter to Morrison. expresses19 his anxiety to take care of the widow & children. that, as things stand, this is contingent. if any accident happens to him, those who may have the direction of his affairs may not have the power or disposition to provide as well for mrs Nicholas and her family as he wishes to do. he has always considered the property sold under his mge, and bought up for him, and that conveyed by the exrs to S. Smith & himself as a pledge for the payment of Owings’ obligations, if he should not be able to get the money from him or raise it on the property mortgaged by Owings20 to him, and as a pledge also for his warranty of the − ²₄− ¹₈ to Owings,21 and of all other his claims against the estate. he states his intentions of settling on mrs Nicholas and her children any surplus remaining after he is indemnified. he considers the claims of his brother’s general creditors. they may amount to 6. or 7000.£ and must be postponed to his specific liens. Owings22 has declared he could make the contract void if he pleased. in that case he would have to pay to W.C.N. £1700. with interest from June 1803. he wishes Morrison to convey to him all the interfering claims against which he is to secure Owings, in which case he will assign them to Owings,23 to remove that ground of contention: particularly Green24 and Beall. but

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2

1820. Apr. 1.

unless he had paid them, and assigned their claims to him (W.C.N.) within 2. years from the date of the contract, he is not entitled to a credit for what is due to them. Owings’s25 smaller26 bond for £3366. is assigned to S. Smith.27 he holds himself that for £10,000. he is willing to take lands in payment of his bond, and supposes S. Smith would take his payment in the same way.28 ·Articles of agreement and Indenture between Wilson Cary Nicholas & Saml Smith on one part, and James Morrison on the other, recite that George Nicholas died indebted to W.C.N. largely, that he was also a partner in the firm of John Cockey Owings and co. which company was largely indebted to Dav. Williamson of Baltimore. that he by will empowered his exrs Åto dispose of his whole estate for the payment of his debts,’ and made James Morrison and Joseph N. Daveiss his exrs. they, in conformity with a written engagement of G.N. mortgaged to W.C.N. sundry lands & slaves, which mge was afterwards fore-closed, the property sold, and W.C.N. became the purchaser. that Williamson sued the company, W.C.N. and S. Smith bought the judgment levied execution on the lands, iron works and other effects of the company, and W.C.N became purchaser. that W.C.N. and S.S. purchased of Willis Green his mge on a house and lot of G.N. in Lexington, and a farm in the neighborhood, foreclosed & purchased in. that James Morrison is a considerable creditor, over and above the assets which have come to his hands: that W.C.N. and S. Smith employed Morrison to sell, manage and collect the property and proceeds for the following purposes. 1. to satisfy themselves all purchase money, interest, costs, charges and expences: 2. to pay Morrison for his trouble, advances, responsibilities of administration or otherwise. 3. to the use of all the children of G.N. that Apr. 15. 1803. Wilson C. Nicholas sold to Thomas Dye Owings all the property sold under Williamson’s judgment, and assigned one of the bonds of Owings to S. Smith who is not yet paid: that there has been no settlement between W.C.N. and T. D. Owings, that W.C.N. & S.S. have, out of the sales of the property, been paid their whole purchase money, interest,29 costs and charges (except Owings’s bond assigned to S. Smith) that W.C.N. and S.S. are willing to convey and assign Etc. and the sd James Morrison to take, indemnify Etc. and the sd W.C.N. and S.S. do accordingly in consideration Etc. grant, bargain, sell convey, transfer and assign by these presents to the sd James Morrison, his heirs, exrs, admrs and assigns all the residue of the property, real and personal, purchased by them, or either as aforesd, all bonds Etc [a description including effectually all choses in action] relating to, due, founded on, issuing or growing

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3 1 M AY 1 8 2 2 from the same, including the sale to T. D. Owings, and the sd Articles of agreement relating to it, to have and to hold the premisses to the sd James Morrison, his heirs, executors, admrs and assigns, to the only proper use and behoof of him, his heirs, exrs Etc. and the sd W.C.N. and S. Smith the said premisses warrant and defend against themselves, their heirs executors Etc On trust 1. to pay all the sd claims agt the sd W.C.N. & S. Smith as above mentioned. 2. the claims of Morrison for his trouble, advances, management, collection, responsibilities, transactions of administration Etc. 3. the surplus to all the children of G.N. in a specified way. ·And the sd James Morrison, as far as the conveyed premisses will extend, will indemnify the said W.C.N. and S. Smith against T. D. Owings under the Articles of agreement and all other purchasers from W.C.N. or S.S. of the aforesd property, and other transactions relating thereto (except from the wives of sd W.C.N. and S.S.) they make Morrison their Attorney irrevocable, in his life by himself, or substitute, or by will to enter into and take possession of the premisses, and to demand, sue for and recover the same in trust for the uses aforesaid. In witness whereof Etc. PoC (NjP: Andre deCoppet Collection); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; brackets in original; referenced dates in right margin of versos editorially shifted to left margin; docketed by TJ: “Abstracts of Documents in the Case of Nicholas’s Exrs with Morrison and the same with Owings.” Dft (NjP: deCoppet Collection); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; with wide margins characteristic of TJ’s drafts and texts on which he invited the comments of others; docketed by TJ as above; endorsed by TJ: “Nicholas Wilson C.” 1

Dft: “deceased.” Preceding four words interlined in Dft in place of “mortgage.” 3 PoC: “to to.” 4 PoC: “Reed’s.” 5 Preceding thirteen words in Dft read “their paymt of £2336–17 s to John Reed.” 6 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 7 Dft (brackets in original): “1803. June. [14th erased].” 8 PoC and Dft: “Greenup.” 9 Preceding seven words interlined in Dft. 10 Dft here adds the bracketed sentence: “this paper is not signed, nor does it shew 2

whether an original draught or a copy.” 11 Dft here adds “between 1803. June 14. and 1804. June 14.” 12 Dft: “W.C.N’s statement.” 13 PoC: “specefied.” Word, spelled correctly, interlined in Dft in place of “described.” 14 Word interlined in Dft. 15 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 16 Preceding five words interlined in Dft. 17 Preceding eleven words in Dft read “erased by the pen struck across them.” 18 Superfluous opening bracket in front of sentence in PoC editorially omitted. Sentence interlined in Dft. 19 Word not in Dft. 20 PoC and Dft: “Owens.” 21 PoC and Dft: “Owen.” 22 In Dft TJ here canceled “boasts.” 23 Preceding nine words interlined in Dft, with last word rendered as “Owens.” 24 PoC and Dft: “Greenup.” 25 PoC and Dft: “Owen’s.” 26 Dft: “small.” 27 Omitted period at right margin supplied from Dft.

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1 JUNE 1822 28 Dft

here adds “desires him to retain Clay & Hughes as his attornies.”

29 Omitted comma at right margin supplied from Dft.

To John Adams Monticello June 1. 22.

It is very long, my dear Sir, since I have written to you. my dislocated wrist is now become so stiff that I write slowly and with pain, and therefore write as little as I can. yet it is due to mutual friendship to ask once in a while how we do? the papers tell us that Genl Starke is off at the age of 93. Charles Thomson still lives at about the same age, chearful, slender as a grasshopper, and so much without memory that he scarcely recognises the members of his household. an intimate friend of his called on him not long since: it was difficult to make him recollect who he was, and, sitting one hour, he told him the same story 4. times, over. is this life?···—with lab’ring step to tread our former footsteps? pace the round Eternal?—to beat and beat The beaten track? to see what we have seen To taste the tasted? o’er our palates to decant Another vintage?—···it is at most but the life of a cabbage, surely not worth a wish. when all our faculties have left, or are leaving us, one by one, sight, hearing, memory, every avenue of pleasing sensation is closed, and athumy, debility and mal-aise left in their places, when the friends of our youth are all gone, and a generation is risen around us whom we know not, is death an evil? When one by one our ties are When trembling limbs refuse torn, their weight And friend from friend is And films slow gathering dim the snatched forlorn sight, When man is left alone to When clouds obscure the mental mourn, light Oh! then how sweet it is to die! Tis nature’s kindest boon to die! I really think so. I have ever dreaded a doting old1 age; and my health has been generally so good, and is now so good, that I dread it still. the rapid decline of my strength during the last winter has made me hope sometimes that I see land. during summer I enjoy it’s temperature, but I shudder at the approach of winter, and wish I could sleep through it with the Dormouse, and only wake with him in spring, if ever. they say that Starke could walk about his room. I am told you walk well and firmly. I can only reach my garden, and that with sensible fatigue.  423 

1 JUNE 1822

I ride however daily. but reading is my delight. I should wish never to put pen to paper; and the more because of the treacherous practice some people have of publishing one’s letters without leave. Ld Mansfield declared it a breach of trust, and punishable at law. I think it should be a penitentiary felony. yet you will have seen that they have drawn me out into the arena of the newspapers. altho’ I know it is too late for me to buckle on the armour of youth, yet my indignation would not permit me passively to recieve the kick of an Ass. To turn to the news of the day, it seems that the Cannibals of Europe are going to eating2 one another again. a war between Russia and Turkey is like the battle of the kite and snake. whichever destroys the other, leaves a destroyer the less for the world. this pugnacious humor of mankind seems to be the law of his nature, one of the obstacles to too great multiplication provided in the mechanism of the Universe. the cocks of the henyard kill one another up. boars, bulls, rams do the same. and the horse, in his wild state, kills all the young males, until worn down with age and war, some vigorous youth kills him, and takes to himself the Haram of females. I hope we shall prove how much happier for man the Quaker policy is, and that the life of the feeder is better than that of the fighter: and it is some consolation that the desolation by these Maniacs of one part of the earth is the means of improving it in other parts. let the latter be our office, and let us milk the cow, while the Russian holds her by the horns, and the Turk by the tail. God bless you, and give you health, strength, good spirits, and as much of life as you think worth having Th: Jefferson RC (MHi: Adams Papers); addressed: “John Adams Ex-president of the US. Montezillo Mass.”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 4 June; endorsed by Louisa C. Smith. PoC (DLC); edge trimmed. Printed in Boston Christian Register, 6 Dec. 1822, and elsewhere. The intimate friend of Charles Thomson was Joseph Parker Norris. with lab’ring step . . . another vintage is extracted from the third part of Edward Young’s poem, The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality (London, 1742; see also Sowerby, no. 4548), lines 335–7, 338–9, 342, and 344–6. Athymy (athumy): “despondency, dejection” (OED). when one by one our ties are torn . . . tis nature’s kindest boon to die! are the third and fifth stanzas of Anna Letitia

Barbauld’s poem, “A Thought on Death, November, 1814” (William McCarthy and Elizabeth Kraft, eds., The Poems of Anna Letitia Barbauld [1994], 168, 320–1). William Murray, 1st Earl of mansfield and lord chief justice of England, ruled in Millar v. Taylor (1769) that authors retained full control over the disposition of their unpublished writings, whether the physical manuscripts remained in their hands or not. If a work were published without their consent, therefore, they could initiate “an Action upon the Case, for Damages, or a Bill of Equity for a Specific Relief” (James Burrow, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Court of King’s Bench [Dublin, 1784–85, and other eds.; Sowerby, no. 2085], 4:2396). TJ had recently been drawn into the arena of the newspapers when the pseudonymous “Native of Virginia” at-

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1 JUNE 1822 tacked him. In Virgil’s Aeneid, 2.518, the elderly King Priam donned the armour of youth as Troy fell (Fairclough, Virgil, 1:350–1). In the battle of the kite and snake, one of the fables attributed

to Aesop, a bird that attacks a dozing snake is killed by it. 1 Word

interlined. from “eat.”

2 Reworked

From Lafayette La grange June the 1st 1822

My dear Excellent friend, I Every day Lament the distance that Separates me from You; it Seems that at the actual period of the Great Crisis which Has for near Half a Century Worked Upon Both Hemispheres We ought to Be Near Each other as We Have Been in 81 at Richmond and in 89 at Chaïllot. But You Have Remained on the good Side of the Atlantic. there liberty, dignity, prosperity are the Happy and Ever thriving lot of that part of America Which, as Citizens, We May Call our own. And now Besides those two and twenty United Republican States, there are Rising New Republican Constellations, on the true principles of freedom, independance, and Equality, where it is to Be Hoped Royalty, Heredity, and privilege shall never Be admitted. I am Highly pleased With the Aknowledgement of the Commonwealth of Colombia as free and independant States and Would much Regret that dificulties should Arise in the Senate. the Right of Emancipation in the Colonies, under circumstances which Have Been fully Evinced in South America, Has Been professed and asserted By the U.S. in Such a forcible and fundamental Series of Arguments and actions that their Conduct With Respect to other parts of America Has Become a Matter of Course. france Herself Commits a downright impropriety in Hesitating on a point which Has Been So Honourably Supported By Her professions and Her arms Under Lewis the 16th’s Reign. But Her Government Wants Nationality, and while the ministers are Wavering and dumb on the Subject, the Commerce of paris and a few deputies Have, in a great dinner to m. Zea, taken the liberty to Aknowledge a Representative of the Colombian Republic. nor Have We thought that the fraternal ties which now Unite the patriots of Spain and those of france ought to deter us from an Hommage due to the General doctrines which are above Momentary Considerations. While I feel an inexpressible delight in the progress of Every thing that is Noble minded, Honourable, and Useful throughout the United states, I find, in the Negroe Slavery, a great drawback Upon my Enjoyments. it Raises a Sigh, or a Blush, according to the Company,  425 

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American or foreign, Where I Happen to Be. Let me Confess, my dear friend, I Have Not Been Convinced, and the less as I think more of it, By Your Argument in favor of dissemination. One is, I Believe, more Struck With the Evil When Looking Upon it from Without. as to the Remedies, they may Be Better Ascertained from Within. this Wide Blot On American Philantropy and Civilisation is Ever thrown in my face when I indulge my Patriotism in Encomiums, otherwise Undisputable. to See that plague Cured, while I live, is near to impossibility, But I Would like, Before I die, to Be assured that progressive and Earnest measures Have Been adopted to attain, in due time, So desirable So necessary an object. prudence as well as Honor Seems to me to Require it. the state of Europe is Very Critical. when You Consider what is Called the Holy Alliance of all the Dynasties, ministries, priesthoods, armies, and Administrations of Europe, Saving Spain and portugal, when it is a fact that the League of all the Existing, past, and possible Aristocracies of this World know much Better their own interest, are more linked together, and Have much improved the Civil and military, public and Secret means of oppression, it Seems that Europe is quite Unable to Rise to freedom. Her Situation Seems the more Unretrievable as it is Universally aknowledged that Upon the liberties of france depend the Preservation of Spanish and portuguese liberty and the possibility of italian Emancipation. add to this the Evident preference which Emperor Alexander gives to His Antiliberal duties as the Agammennon of the Sainte alliance over the Wishes of His people and the Views of His predecessors, a disposition which is Worked Upon By Co despots and Co Aristocrats By all the means that a Cunning and Corrupt diplomacy Can Employ. in france, garantees Have Hitherto Been more Attacked than the material Enjoyments of the Revolution. the mass of the people are not Sensible of the dangers that awaït them; the Horns of Counter Revolution are drawn in as Soon as they meet too great an obstacle. Bonapartian Experience Has mingled With Emigrant pretensions; and on the patriotic Side, an other part of the Bonapartists, alive to their Rememberances, faithfull to imperial legitimacies and imperial Habits, stand in the Way of the pure friends of liberty and Equality, Muster Against them all the Mistaken impressions which an abuse of the Name of Republic Has left in the minds of the people, and are more apt to impede than facilitate the claims of national Sovereignty. However, on the other Hand, there is a patriotic fermentation in a great part of Europe. italy, the peninsula, and france as far as it formerly was Extended to the Rhine, are in a state of Sympathy Which  426 

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forebodes, in Case of Emancipation, Ready and powerfull alliance in the great Cause of Right Against privilege. Signs of discontent, attempts to Rouse in arms pop out in Several places and are a motive or pretence for Severities Which do not tend to Soften the public mind. there is in the french youth more knowledge, liberality, devotion to freedom, and patriotic activity than at any other period of our History. troops are not So firm in their obedience, they Have more of the Citizen than the Court might Wish. there Exists particularly Among the Young Non Commissioned officers a more Civic Spirit than in the Remnants of the imperial armies, and Learned Corps, Artillery and Engeneers are generally patriots. it Seems Government are aware of A Situation mutually Critical. Arrestations Have Been made, Court martials and Assizes on treasonable pretences Have Been Held, and are now ordered in Several places, Namely in the departement du Haut Rhin, which Has not deterred the electors from Returning my Son as a member from what is Called the High College. the Regiments are marched from place to place and Severed from a free Communication With the Citizens; Empeachments Have Been framed, Approved in Council, during the last Session Against Some deputies, Your friend at the Head of them; yet they Were not produced; Royalist papers now Encourage the court and ministers to a Bold attack Upon us. I don’t Believe it Will be Attempted. a new Session is to Be oppened on the 4h of June. We Have Been So often deceived in Speculations Upon the Eastern War that Nothing Remains But to Waït the Event. there are ten fold the Materials Which at an other period would Have precipitated Russia Upon turkey, and all christian potentates Upon Each other. But the fear of Western Emancipation, and the Concerns of despotism and privilege Are foremost in all those legitimate and aristocratic Heads. in the mean while the Greecks are making a Glorious attempt to Emerge from Servitude; But at the Same time that the Counter Revolutionary Cross of fanatical missionaries is Carried in our towns and Villages under the protection of Government, all the governments of the Sainte alliance are Secret Ennemies to the liberal Cross of Grecian insurrection, not Even Excepting Emperor Alexander, and Setting foremost the British Government whose Conduct in that Respect Has Been Equally Cruel and infamous. it is However a fine prospect to foresee those old, classical, Republican Names moulded Again into a Confederacy With the immence improvement of American institutions. How Honourable for france Had she Been in a Situation to Send a tricolored flag in the Archipelago With the Avowed1 purpose to protect Grecian liberty! an other idea Has Seized my fancy,  427 

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and I Have Several months Ago imparted it to the president and other friends in the Cabinet of Washington. it is the Wish that the flag of the U.S. Should Ride over those Seas, along those Coasts, yelding a Refuge Against murder and persecution, Combining philantopic Measures With Such of the Naval powers, and france is Conspicuous among them, Who far from lending their Assistance to acts of Cruelty, are disposed to protect Unarmed populations. But I Would Wish for Some thing more. it is the positive intention to advise and assist the Greecks in their Exertions towards a Republican Confederacy among their islands and Such part of their Coasts as may Associate With them; nor do I doubt But What in a little time the Conduct of the turks towards the American Navy would justify Any part she might please to take in the afair, and Promote the advantages, moral, political, and Commercial that Could Be thereby provided for the U.S. all the navies of Europe think themselves Called to A Cruise in the Archipelago. the flag of America is Cruising in the Mediterranean, where By the Bye, I Suppose they should Be Rather friendly than Hostile, nay, on occasion, as far as prudence permits, Really Serviceable to the friends of liberty in italy. it Seems to me that Archipelago should also Be an object for a Cruise. inclosed You Will find the Last proclamation issued at Epidaure on the 1st January. the Grecian Citizen Who Brought it to me, Enquired whether I thought a Loan of A Million of dollars Could Be procured in the U.S. my answer, after Having Consulted with mr Gallatin, Was that I didn’t2 think it possible to Succeed With Government, But as to the Second part of the Question, whether a Loan might Be obtain’d from private Capitalists, on Conditions advantageous to them, I thought a trial Should Be made, as it Was Nothing more than Sending a Confidential traveller to marseïlles, and Hence to the U.S. where I Would Be Happy to provide Him With my letters of introduction to Such persons as Could Be the Best judges and advisers in the Business. My family are for the most part now with me at La grange and Beg to Be most Respectfully Remembered to You; the Eldest of my grand daughters, married to my Colleague Brigode, in the department du nord, Has made Anastasia a grand mother By giving me a great Grand daughter in addition to twelve Grand children. I must leave that Company, my two daughters and a third one, Emily George’s wife for a very tedious Session at paris. my Son, now my Colleague, goes with me. How the meeting of the two parties in the House Will turn out I don’t pretend to foretell. m. de tracy is in Good Health, But altho’ He Has partly Recovered His Sight the melioration does not go So far as to admit Long Reading or writing; A few pages, one letter  428 

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now and then is the most He Can Venture to do. it is a great pity His Studies Have Been thus Schackled; our Society, or more properly our family at La grange Has for Eight months past Received the precious addition of two Amiable Young ladies, Britons By Birth, Americans in their Heart, whose Sympathies With us are never more Evident than in their Respect and Attachment to You. the Elder miss wright did for the first time Give me the pleasure to Read the praise of America from an English pen. on that ground Began an Acquaintance which Soon Became Affectionate mutual friendship. You Have No doubt Read Her letters on Society and manners in the U.S. I recommend the Second English Edition where Some Errors Have Been Rectified, Some observations Explained to advantage, and a tale Relating to You, which she Had Heard at Newyork, and immediately Sacrificed the moment A Hint Was given on the Subject, Succeeded By a Very pretty Story which she Had Reasons to Believe perfectly Correct. I much Want to know Your opinion of that Work which Has Been translated in German, Spanish, french, and modern Greeck, and if favorable, as I Hope it will Be the Case, I am Sure no greater Gratification Can Be offered to my Young friend. I was pleased to See in the Second edition A few Severities Softened; a Sentiment in which no Spirit of party will, I know, prevent You from Agreeing. I Have Read in a letter of Jeremy Bentham this judgment on the author „She is the Sweetest and Strongest mind that Ever Was Cased in a female Body„. I Beg You to present my most affectionate Respects to mrs Randolph; my family Request to Be also most affectionately Remembered to Her and to You. I intend writing to our Excellent friend Madison; should time, on this occasion, Be deficient I depend Upon You to let Him Hear of me and my Sense of public affairs on this Side of the Atlantic. the Recent Nomination of mr freyssinious Celebrated for His pious public Conferences, and lately made a Bishop in partibus, to the place of Grand master of the University Could Suffice to Give You an idea of the actual plan of Education. it is Conformant to the doctrine of Jesuits and quite opposed to the feelings of Young Generations. How Such discordances may Be Settled, time shall discover. Let me Hear from You, my dear Jefferson, give me Every particulars Respecting Your Health and whatever Relates to You, family, friends, and Believe me, as I know you do, forever, your affectionate Grateful friend Lafayette I am Very Happy to Hear our Worthy and able friend Gallatin does not Yet leave His station in which He is Very Useful, much Liked  429 

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and Respected, and would Have, I think, Settled the Commercial differences more Easely With mr pasquier than it Has Hitherto Been possible to adjust them With mr Hyde de Neuville. RC (DLC); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Monticelo State of Virginia”; with signed note dated 20 Aug. 1822 by Daniel Brent on address leaf reading “forwarded thro’ the Dept of State by Mr Jefferson’s respectful obedt servant”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Preamble to the Greek Constitution and the Greek National Assembly’s proclamation of 1 Jan. 1822, declaring the nation’s independence from the Ottoman Empire; accusing its oppressors of intolerable, arbitrary, and barbaric treatment; calling for the preservation of Greek lives, honor, and property, and the reestablishment of freedom and self-rule; hailing Greek military victories over the Turks; announcing the assembly’s dissolution and the formation of a central authority, based on justice and the rights of man, to direct the affairs of the Greek nation; and calling for national unity, obedience to the new government, and submission to its laws (Tr in DLC; in French; printed in English in Edward Blaquiere, The Greek Revolution; Its Origin and Progress [London, 1824], 327–9, and elsewhere). During the 1780s TJ lived in Paris next to one of the city gates, La Grille de Chaillot (chaïllot) (Howard C. Rice Jr., Thomas Jefferson’s Paris [1976], 51). In 1822 the United States consisted of twenty-four states, not two and twenty. In his letter to Lafayette of 26 Dec. 1820, TJ optimistically predicted that the dissemination of slavery to western states and territories would lessen its evils and facilitate its eventual end. the peninsula: the Iberian Peninsula. Lafayette’s son, George Washington Lafayette, had recently been elected to the Chambre des Députés from the Haut-Rhin department in northeastern France. Lafayette imparted his proposal that the United States support the Greek revolution in a 22 Jan. 1822 letter to James Monroe (NN: Monroe Papers). anastasia was Lafayette’s daughter Anastasie, comtesse de La Tour-Maubourg, while

emily was his daughter-in-law, Françoise Émilie Destutt de Tracy Lafayette. The tale included in the first edition of Frances Wright’s Views of Society and Manners in America (London, 1821; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 7 [no. 354]), but excised from the second, regarded TJ’s efforts, while president, to practice republican simplicity in his dealings with foreign diplomats. This nearly caused a diplomatic incident when the wife of the Spanish minister deemed such behavior to be insulting to her king and country, and the minister himself came to the President’s House to complain: “Mr. Jefferson, while occupied in his library, was informed that the Spanish minister was in an adjoining apartment; he called immediately for his boots, and putting one on, and holding the other in his hand, proceeded to the room. Having half opened the door, he issued orders to the servant behind him, touching his horse, and then advancing, and drawing on as he did so his remaining boot, welcomed his visitor with his wonted amenity. ÅPray be seated; be seated; no ceremony here, my good sir. Very glad to see you;’ and then, without regarding the disconcerted air of the astonished representative of Spain and the Indies, entered with his wonted ease into general conversation, opposing the gentleman to the minister, and the unaffected majesty of the philosopher to the frozen haughtiness of the diplomatist. The combat was soon decided. The Spaniard departed, and reported to his lady and diplomatic friends that, when they went to the house of the American President, they must leave the dignity of their masters at home” (pp. 125–6). In a 24 Oct. 1821 letter to Pierre Étienne Louis Dumont, jeremy bentham remarked that Frances Wright had “one of the sweetest and absolutely the strongest minds ever cased in a female body” (Timothy L. S. Sprigge, Stephen Conway, and others, eds., The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham [1968–·], 10:414). On 1 June 1822 Denis Frayssinous (mr freyssinious) had been ap-

 430 

3 JUNE 1822 pointed French minister of public instruction, with the titles of bishop of Hermopolis and grand master of the royal university (Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education 4 [1881]: 112).

1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“awowed.” “din’t.”

From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. June 2nd 1822. we are nearly out of grain only five or 6 barrills now on hand. consequently expect we must purchase tomorrow. on that you will please to decide and let me no as to quantity and terms Some acquaintances of the neighbourhood say thare will be no doubt but that the banks will be discounting so as to render it quite possible to obtain any sum required as to that you no doubt have or can obtain surfishent information.···in addition to that chance thare will be the wheat crop which may be sent to markit by the first of september or at least so much as would be surfishent to command the small sum due to me. I am very unwilling to be troublesome especially to you sir but haveing been for the last two years under a sort of preperation to procure a home I am still determined to put an end to the arrangement by either succeeding in the purchaseing some whare or giveing it out finally and how I can do with a family of 21 persons in number without a home is in my view quite impossible under those circumstances is the only inducement of my being so troublesome. it seems that I shall be Obliged to go westward not finding any chance of Obtaining such land here as will produce a support for my family with the small sum which I could pay.···with sincere esteem &C E: Bacon RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ.

From Richard Harrison Dear Sir Washington June 3. 1822. I have just had the honor to receive your letter of the 31st ulto, and I beg to assure you that it is a source of no little regret to me that I am unable to furnish the extract you require, as the original account rendered by you of your pecuniary transactions of a public nature in Europe, together with the vouchers and documents connected with  431 

3 JUNE 1822

it, were all destroyed in the Registers office in the memorable conflagration of 1814. With respect, therefore, to the sum of $1148 in question, I can only say that, after full and repeated examination, I considered you as most righteously and justly entitled to receive it; otherwise it will, I trust, be beleived that I could not have consented to the repayment. I have never seen the last publication you refer to under the signature of “a native of Virginia,” but your answer to the first I think ought, and it doubtless will, satisfy every honest and honorable man in the nation;—and if I could presume to offer an opinion, it would be that the subject is not worthy of further trouble or notice on your part. During the late Session of Congress I was called on by the Committee on Public Expenditures for information relating to this same bill; and as it may be agreeable to you to have a copy of my answer, I do myself the pleasure to enclose one, although another has been made at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury, probably, also for your use. With Sentiments of very sincere respect and esteem, I have the honor to remain, always, R. Harrison Dear Sir Your obedt Servt P.S. The “Native of Virginia” is no doubt apprized of the loss of your accounts, or, it is to be presumed, he would not have ventured to vary the wording of his charge in the manner he has done. RC (DLC); postscript on verso of address cover; addressed: “The Honble Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Washington, 4 June; endorsed by TJ as received 9 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. your answer to the first: TJ to Ritchie & Gooch, 13 May 1822. In addition to the enclosure printed below, at or around this time TJ also received copies of three other pertinent documents: (1) Harrison to Gabriel Duvall, Auditor’s Office, 10 Mar. 1809, which reads “I have examined and adjusted an account between the United States and Thomas Jefferson late Minister of the United States at Paris and find that the sum of one thousand, one hundred & forty eight Dollars is due from the United States unto the said Thomas Jefferson, being the value of Two thousand, eight hundred &

Seventy Guilders brought provisionaly to his debit in the adjustment of his accounts at the Treasury Þ Report No 15,871 beyond the amount which appears to have been actually paid to him by the Bankers of the Department of State at Amsterdam and which sum is to be entered to the debit of Suspense account, a credit for the same having been passed to said account.·As will appear on reference to the above mentioned Report No 15871 and to the Statement herewith transmitted for the decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury thereon” (Tr in DLC; in a clerk’s hand, signed by Harrison; at head of text: “No 21,387 (Copy)”; at foot of text: “To Gabriel Duvall Esqr Comptroller of the Treasury”; endorsed by TJ: “Quietus on settlemt of my public accts as Minister to France”). (2) Harrison’s certificate on proposed payment to TJ, [10 Mar. 1809], which

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3 JUNE 1822 reads “The United States, To Thomas Jefferson, late Minister of the U. States at Paris, Dr·For this sum, being the value of 2870 guilders, brought to his debit in the settlement of his accounts at the Treasury, Þ Report No 15,871;—beyond the amount which appears to have been actually paid to him by the Bankers of the Department of State, at Amsterdam; at 40 cents Þ guilder·Dolls. 1.148.·The above statement is grounded on a bill credited by Mr Jefferson, as drawn by him on the Bankers at Amsterdam, under date of 21st October 1789, for Bo f. [i.e., Åflorins banco’] 2,800, equal with agio @ 2½ Þcent. to bo f. 2870: which Mr Jefferson supposes was sent to his Agent at Paris,— but who had not occasion to use it.— However this may be, it has never yet appeared as a charge against the United States, in any account rendered by those Bankers;—and, probably, never will.—It is, nevertheless, submitted whether some guarantee against all future demands may not be proper on the part of Mr Jefferson” (Tr in DLC: TJ Papers, 187:33192, 33195; in Patrick Ferrall’s hand, including Harrison’s signature at foot of text and, between statement and explanation of statement, copies of 10 Mar. 1809 attestations by Ferrall, of the Auditor’s Office, and Andrew Ross, of the Comptroller’s Office; undated; docketed by Harrison: “Copy of a certificate in favor of Thos Jefferson, as Minister to France, for the value of a certain bill drawn by him

on the Bankers of the U. States at Amsterdam.—Taken from the Record of Reports kept in the Auditors Office; the original being lost or destroyed in the Registers Office”). (3) Harrison to Joseph Anderson, Auditor’s Office, 29 May 1822 (his reply to the request of the secretary of the treasury), which reads “Agreeable to your request I now send you a copy of my letter to the Chairman of the Committee on Public Expenditures, in answer to a call made by him for information on  the subject of a certain bill drawn by  Mr Jefferson, as Minister to France, on the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam—I also enclose a copy of my Certificate, as recorded in Report Book O, on which the value of said bill was refunded.—I have not the means of furnishing further explanation of this transaction, unless a copy from my Records of the Report on Mr Jeffersons General Accot Currt, in Guilders, should be supposed to afford any that is material. In that Report he is provisionally charged with the bill in question” (Tr in DLC, in Harrison’s hand and signed by him, dateline beneath signature, at foot of text: “Jos. Anderson Esq Comptroller of the Treasury,” endorsed by TJ: “Harrison R. to the Comptroller”; Tr in MHi, address cover only, with PoC of TJ to Julius A. Bingham, 2 July 1822, on verso, addressed by Harrison: “The Comptroller of the Treasury”).

e n c l o s u r e

Richard Harrison to Henry Williams Dwight Sir Treasury Department Auditors Office April 10th 1822. In answer to your letter of the 8th Inst, I have the honor to inform you that the Accounts of Thomas Jefferson Esqre, as Minister to France, were finally settled and closed at the Treasury in the Month of October 1804; but they, with all the original papers & documents appertaining thereto, were destroyed in the Registers Office by the Conflagration of the public buildings in the Summer of 1814; and, owing to that occurrence, I cannot be so particular as I might otherwise be. The Records of my own Office, however, enable me to state that, in the course of examination, I discovered that among his other bills on the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam, Mr Jefferson had credited one dated

 433 

3 JUNE 1822 October 21. 1789 for Guilders 2870, which had never been paid, or at least never charged to the United States, by the said Bankers. Although I had some reason at the time to suppose this bill had not been used by his agent, yet as it was still possible that it might have been negotiated, I deemed it my duty to hold Mr Jefferson accountable, and accordingly brought the amount to his debit provisionally; that is, without passing a corresponding Credit in favor of the Bankers, or any one else; and keeping the subject open for ulterior decision. Thus the matter rested untill the Month of March 1809, when, no claimant appearing, or being likely to appear (in fact none has appeared even to this day) and believing Mr Jefferson justly entitled to receive back the money with which he had been charged, but never paid, by the United States, I could no longer feel myself justified in the delay of an official act necessary to his Reimbursement. For your further satisfaction I inclose Copies of the Statement & Certificate on which the Repayment was made. I have the honor to be, with great Respect, Sir Your obed. Servt (Signed) R. Harrison Tr (DLC); in Harrison’s hand; at head of text: “(Copy)”; at foot of text: “The Honble Mr Dwight Chairman of the Commtee on public Expenditures, House of Representatives”; docketed as a “Copy of a Letter from the Auditor of the Treasury to the Chairman of the Commee on public Expenditures”; endorsed by TJ: “Harrison R. to Dwight.” Tr (DLC). Henry Williams Dwight (1788–1845), attorney and public official, was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1809, and established a legal practice in his hometown. After serving as an aide with the rank of colonel during the War of 1812, Dwight sat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1818–19, received an honorary master’s degree from Williams College in 1822, and was on that institution’s board of trustees, 1829–37. He was also a member of the United States House of Representatives, 1821–31. A Federalist and later an adversary of Andrew Jackson,

he opposed slavery and supported the policy of Indian removal. In addition to a final term in the Massachusetts House in 1834, Dwight devoted much of his time after leaving Congress to breeding livestock and, as a recovering alcoholic, lecturing on the evils of intemperance. He died suddenly “from congestion of the brain and bowels” while visiting New York City (Biog. Dir. Cong.; Benjamin W. Dwight, The History of the Descendants of John Dwight, of Dedham, Mass. [1874], 2:752–3; General Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Williams College [1920], 9, 186; Pittsfield [Mass.] Sun, 13 May 1818, 12 Sept. 1822, 14 Nov. 1833; Barre [Mass.] Patriot, 7 Mar. 1845; gravestone inscription in Stockbridge Cemetery, Stockbridge). the bankers of the united states at amsterdam: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard. TJ’s agent was Ferdinand Grand, of the Parisian firm of Grand & Compagnie.

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir, Richd 3 June 1822 t I am just favor’d with yours of the 25th cur , & am pleased to be able to say, that I recd on friday last the money expected from the Literary fund—$3,000 of which is at your credit—···I have this day pd your dft: favor A. Robinson for $150—  434 

4 JUNE 1822

·The coffee you write for shall be forwarded tomorrow, & send to=day, by Woods Boat, a small bundle for you, from Philada, which I wish safe to hand—he will probably leave it with Vest at Milton— Jefferson is here, his Tobacco will be sold tomorrow, I hope at a long price—say $5 @ 12 general sales—I hope yours from Bedford will turn out better than last year—I will do the best possible with it—···in haste Yours Very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 9 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to H. C. Carey & I. Lea, 27 June 1822, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monti-

cello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 3 June. a. robinson: Archibald Robertson. jefferson was Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. [by 4 June 1822] With considerable deficulty I have ingaged the 20 barrills corn at 20/. per barril the price is from 4$ to 4$ 50Cts. Mr Rogers would not take less than 4$ 50. the payment for the 20 barrills is to be made at August Court. I could not get any longer time Thare is at charlottesville a horse drover immediately from Missourie with some Chickasaw horsis and one young mule he offers to take fifty dollars for the mule it is a tollerable good one, not of the Smallest nor of the largeest Kind to its age it is 3 years old and well made for service. I forgot to inform you that I have administrated on the estate of John Bacon whom I bought the nigroe of above nine years sence he has never been herd of sence the perchase is presumed he must be dead and his estate seems to belong to his heirs which is his brothers. I expect it will soot for the paymt of the bond which was put into Mr Dawsons hands to come in with the amount which will be due to me at the fall. I believe the amount of sd bond is betwen 3 & 400 dollars besides interest. RC (ViU: TJP-ER); undated, but evidently written by 4 June 1822, when TJ entered in his financial records that he had drawn an “ord. on Jas. Leitch for 50.D. to E. Bacon to buy a mule” (an entry he later canceled) (MB, 2:1386); addressed: “Mr

Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ: “Bacon Edmund. June··1822.” the bond was TJ’s Promissory Note to Edmund Bacon, 7 Apr. 1813.

 435 

Account with Bernard Peyton for Tobacco Sales Sales four Hhds: Leaf Tobacco by B. Peyton for a⁄c Mr Th: Jefferson d 1822 Rich 4 June·To sundry persons for Cash (viz) “s 7= 17701 − 160= 1610 nett to T. Adkins at " " 8= 1965 − 165= 1800 " " Rutherford " " " 9= 1660 == === 1500 " " Gray " " " 10= 1500 − 152= 1348 " " Caskie " nett 6,258 Charges cash pd fght: on 6258 ›s nett at 2/– pr hund $20.88   "· "  for notes $2, Canal Toll $1.67 " 3.67 Drayage 80 ¢, Comssn at 2½ pr ct $12.13 "12.93 Nett prcds: at Cr T. J. E.E. MS (MHi); in Peyton’s hand; endorsed by TJ: “Peyton Bernd sale of. June 4. 22”; with related calculations by TJ beneath endorsement: “ “  D 62.58| 485.33 (7.75½ 43806  47270 43806 34640 31290 3350.”

$6.30 7.00 6.05 12.40

$101.43 "126.00 " 90.75 "167.15 $485.33

" 37.48 $447.85 B.P:

and are cask marks standing for Thomas Jefferson Randolph and Thomas Mann Randolph, respectively. e.e.: “Errors Excepted.” 1 Equal signs in the following column editorially altered to minus signs.

From John Adlum Dear Sir Near George Town D.C. June 5th 1822 I went last week to see the Baltimore cattle show, with a view to get the members of the Agricultural Society of Maryland to recommend the cultivation of the vine, and the making of wine— I had previously sent four kinds of wine to the President of the society, and which was drank at the Societies dinner, and generally spoke favourably of—Particularly the kind made from a grape called the Bland, to which I have added Madeira, and is said to have been originally found in Virginia—  436 

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·The enclosed letters were shewn to the President of the Society, Mr Skinner and others,1 Mr Skinner has a desire to publish them in his American Farmer, Which I could not consent to without your leave, I have therefore taken the liberty of sending them to you (that if you should consent to their publication) you may strike out such parts as you may think proper—Or if your inclination and leisure permit to write one with the substance more condensed— I have now about four acres of vines now planted about two of which are in bearing, and the other two acres I expect will bear fruit next year—And I planted out about 14000 cuttings this season, and to my great mortification, I observe to day hundreds of the buds that were, just putting out schorched by the heat of the Sun which must have happened on fryday saturday and Sunday last—Where the leaf was fairly formed they resisted the heat of the sun and are growing, And I hope the number will be sufficient to plant out ten acres, with what I have growing— From present prospects I hope to make six or seven hundred gallons of wine this year, Last year while I was on a trip to the West Indies upwards of three hundred gallons of my wine turned to vinegar, for want of proper attention to racking— My desire to promote a new article of culture in our Country, And which I think of great importance, will I hope plead my excuse for troubling you— I am Dear Sir With great respect Your most Obedt Servt John Adlum RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 9 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (CtY: Franklin Collection); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to Samuel B. H. Judah, 27 June 1822, on verso; addressed: “The Honble Thomas Jefferson Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Georgetown, 6 June. Enclosures: TJ to Adlum, 7 Oct. 1809, 20 Apr. 1810.

The president of the Maryland Agricultural Society (agricultural society of maryland) was Robert Smith, TJ’s secretary of the navy and, briefly, his attorney general. The grape called the bland was a variety of fox grape. racking is the process used to “draw off (wine, cider, etc.) from the sediment” (OED). 1 In the left margin TJ here wrote “09. Oct. 7.·10. Apr. 20.”

To Elizabeth Chase Monticello June 5. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to miss Chace for the volume she has been so kind as to send him by the hands of his grandaughter Ellen Randolph. it brings together many excellent morsels of morality,  437 

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and others addressed to the finest feelings of the human heart; and, with his thanks he prays her to accept the assurance of his high respect. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; dateline at foot of text; with recipient’s name spelled correctly in TJ’s endorsement, but rendered as “Chace Elizabeth” in SJL. Elizabeth Chase (1767–1840), woman of letters, was born in Baltimore, Maryland. A daughter of the Anglican clergyman Thomas Chase, and a half-sister of Samuel Chase, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and United States Supreme Court justice, she compiled a number of works, including Extracts in Prose and Verse, By a Lady of Maryland. together with a collection of Original Poetry, never before published, by Citizens of Maryland, 2 vols. (Annapolis, 1808), and Miscellaneous Selections and Origi-

nal Pieces, in Prose and Verse. consisting principally of pieces of moral instruction, descriptions of fine scenery, delineations of distinguished characters, &c. (Baltimore, 1821; TJ’s copy inscribed “Thomas Jefferson Respectfully presented by The Editor” and reportedly presented by TJ to Cornelia J. Randolph on 24 June 1822, subsequently sold by Christie’s, London, auction 6973, lot 336, 3 Mar. 2004). Chase proposed in 1824 to publish her father’s translation of the Punica by Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus, but the idea apparently did not come to fruition (birth record in Saint Paul’s Church Records [MdHi]; MdBmAED: Chase Family Papers; New York National Advocate, 9 Feb. 1824; Baltimore Sun, 2 May 1840).

To Charles W. Goldsborough Sir Monticello June 5. 22. Your favor of May 22. is duly recieved and calls for my acknolegements of it’s kind expressions towards myself. I assure you with truth that your disavowal of the slanders of the Pseudo-Native of Virginia was not necessary to satisfy me that you are free from that imputation. the real author is too exactly known to me from particular information, as well as from the internal evidence of his writings to seek his designation elsewhere.···any difference between us in political opinion weighs no more with me in the estimate of character, than differences of opinion in law, religion, physics or on any other subject. if man is to separate himself from all who do not think with him in all points, he must stand alone and aloof from all society. for no two minds are alike in all things [a]ny more than two faces. with a perfect belief in the candor of your assurances, accept those of my entire good will and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Joseph C. Cabell to TJ; torn at seal; at foot of text: “Charles W. Gouldsborough esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

TJ thought that Jacob Wagner was the real author of the “Native of Virginia” articles.

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To John Laval Dear Sir Monticello June 5. 22. I wrote to you on the 26th of Apr. requesting you to send me the Herodotus 3. v. Thucydides 2. v. Xenophon 5. v. & Plutarch 6. v. of the same format in 16s with the Dion Cassius formerly sent me. the letter may have miscarried, or the books may have been sold. a line of information, to settle my expectations will be recieved as a favor. in the mean time accept my salutations of esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (PPAmP: DCAR, Sol Feinstone Collection); at foot of text: “Mr John Laval.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; with notation by TJ at foot of text regarding his letter to Laval

of 6 June 1822 (one word editorially corrected): “June 5. I recd his lre of May 11. and in[s]tantly wrote him that it rendd unnecessary any answer to the above”; endorsed by TJ.

To Thomas Whittemore Monticello June 5. 22.

I thank you, Sir, for the pamphlets you have been so kind as to send me, and am happy to learn that the doctrine of Jesus, that there is but one God, is advancing prosperously among our fellow-citizens. had his doctrines, pure as they came from himself, been never sophisticated for unworthy purposes, the whole civilised world would at this day have formed but a single sect. you ask my opinion on the items of doctrine in your catechism. I have never permitted myself to meditate a specified creed. these formulas have been the bane & ruin of the Christian church, it’s own fatal invention which, thro’ so many ages, made of Christendom a slaughter house, and at this day divides it into Casts of inextinguishable hatred to one another. witness the present internecine rage of all other sects against the Unitarian. the religions of antiquity had no particular formulas of creed. those of the modern world none; except those of the religionists calling themselves Christians, and even among these, the Quakers have none. and hence alone the harmony the quiet, the brotherly affections, the exemplary and unschismatising society of the Friends. and I hope the Unitarians will follow their happy example.···With these sentiments of the mischiefs of creeds and Confessions of faith, I am sure you will excuse my not giving opinions on the items of any particular one; and that you will accept at the same time the assurance of the high respect and consideration which I bear to it’s author. Th: Jefferson  439 

5 JUNE 1822 ·RC (MMeT: Whittemore Papers); at head of text in an unidentified hand: “Footnote·One of these chatechisms was sent to Mr Jefferson. He had taken much interest in religion, as avowed by the liberal sects. He noticed the little work as follows”; addressed: “The revd Thomas Whittemore Cambridge port near Boston”; franked “Free,” with TJ’s franking signature clipped; postmarked Charlottesville, 6 June; with notation beneath address: “Presented to Tufts College Library by Mrs. Thos. Whittemore, March, 1875.” PoC (DLC).

·A missing letter from Whittemore to TJ of May 1822 is recorded in SJL as received 1 June 1822 from Cambridgeport (later part of Cambridge), Massachusetts. It apparently covered the abovementioned pamphlets, which included Whittemore, An Epitome of Scripture Doctrine, comprised in A Catechism, for the Use of Children (Boston, 1821). In his autobiography Whittemore mentioned sending TJ a copy of the catechism while disparaging it as “a work for which I was not properly qualified” (Whittemore, The Early Days of Thomas Whittemore. An Autobiography: extending from A. D. 1800 to A. D. 1825 [1859], 292).

To John Laval Dear Sir Monticello June 6. 22. I have this moment recieved your favor of May 11. which renders unnecessary any answer to mine of yesterday.1 where yours has been loitering for nearly a month is unaccountable. respectfully yours Th: Jefferson RC (Christie’s, New York City, 2017); addressed: “Mr John Laval Philadelphia”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 8 June; endorsed by Laval.

1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

From Alexander Garrett Dr Sir Charlottesville 7th June 1822 I am again out of funds to meet the drafts of the Proctor of the University and the holders of a few, are pressing. I therefore enclose a check for three thousand dollars for your approval. I would come up to see you in person, but am detained by the court setting today. I intend starting early tomorrow morning to Richmond and wish to take the enclosed check down with me. Respectfully Your Mo. Obt St Alex: Garrett RC (CSmH: JF); addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found.

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To Archibald Robertson Dear Sir Monticello June 7. 22. I promised Robert Millar and···Bocock, my overseers of the last year to pay them through you, to the former 34.D. & to the latter 32.D. for which I now inclose you an order on Colo B. Peyton for 66. dollars. they will call on you soon after your reciept of this. I salute you with friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 19 Feb. 1821; at foot of text: “Mr A. Robertson”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation: “66.D. for Millar & Bococke.” Enclosure not found.

From Anonymous (Henry Whiting) To Mr Jefferson. June 7. 1822. There is scarcely a young man in the United States, who is not desirous of having among his future recollections, that he has shown some mark of respect to the Patriot and Sage of Monticello. The person who takes the liberty of presenting to Mr Jefferson the accompanying little work, does it with no other view; and only regrets that his humble character & name oblige him to do it thus anonymously. It is not expected that the eye of aged wisdom will dwell even for a moment upon the simple text; but the illustrations, sanctioned by a known and respectable name, may afford some gratification to a mind, which has been accustomed, in earlier years, to investigate the condition of our aborigines, with a deep & philanthropic interest. Most respectfully written, with an earnest prayer for Mr Jefferson’s continued health and happiness. RC (DLC); in Whiting’s hand; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter covering the “poem Ontwa” received 15 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: [Whiting?], Ontwa, the Son of the Forest. A Poem (New York, 1822). Henry Whiting (1788–1851), soldier and author, was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts. He joined the United States Army as a cornet of light dragoons in 1808 and transferred to the infantry in 1815 and the artillery in 1821. Whiting was promoted to second lieutenant in 1809, first lieutenant in 1811, captain in 1817, major in 1835, lieutenant colonel in 1838, and

colonel in 1846. He was given the brevet ranks of captain in 1814 for meritorious service during the War of 1812 and brigadier general in 1847 for gallantry at the Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican War. Whiting served as a quartermaster, 1835–38, deputy quartermaster general, 1838–46, and assistant quartermaster general, 1846–51. In addition to Ontwa, which is usually attributed to him, he published the long narrative poem Sannillac in 1831. A resident of New York City owning real estate worth $2,000 in 1850, Whiting died in Saint Louis, Missouri, and was buried in Detroit, Michigan (Henry S. Nourse, ed., The Birth, Marriage and Death Register, Church Records

 441 

7 JUNE 1822 and Epitaphs of Lancaster, Massachusetts, 1643–1850 [1890], 118; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:1030; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., New York, 1850; New York Evening Post, 23 Sept. 1851; gravestone inscription in Elmwood Cemetery, Detroit).

·The verbal illustrations in Ontwa were taken from manuscripts in the possession of Lewis Cass, the longtime governor of Michigan Territory.

From Joseph Jones Sir; Collrs office Petersburg June 8th 1822 The Ship Scipio S Drummond master, has arrived at this Port from Liverpool. In the manifest of said Ship there is a Box containing a portrait, addressed to you; as I know of no agent of yours in this place—you will be so good as to advise in what way it may be forwarded. I am Sir, with great Respect your obt Servt Joseph Jones Collr RC (DLC); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Jones; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 6  June 1822 received a week later and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to James Ronaldson, 18 July 1822, on verso; addressed in a different clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jef-

ferson Esquire Monticello”; stamped; postmarked Petersburg, 10 June. For the contents of the box from Liverpool, see James Boardman to TJ, 16 Jan. 1822.

From Spencer Roane Dear Sir. Spring-Garden, near Hano Town, June 8. ’22. I did not receive until yesterday, your favour of 31st ulto, with its’ enclosures. I learn with very great concern, that a pecuniary Embarrassment is hanging over you, arising from your friendship for a man, in whom, at the time, we all had the highest confidence. All your friends take a deep interest in the serenity of the Evening of your life. I add my earnest prayer, that it may be as tranquil and as happy, as the meridian and progress of that life, have been useful and illustrious. With these sentiments, it gives me pleasure to say, that I see no reasonable objection to my yielding to your wish, on the case you have propounded. It cannot be improper to pass an opinion upon a case, which can never come before me.—yet I cannot, instantly, turn my attention to this case, to my own satisfaction: nor, probably, until my return to Richmond, after Harvest, say in about three weeks from this time. I cannot do it sooner, for want of books, and from the pres 442 

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ent feeble state of my health. All my law-books are at Richmond, and it may be necessary to consult some of them, in forming the opinion requested. My health is, also, far from being good. It has been very delicate, and I have been reduced low: but, by attending strictly to my diet, in the Country, & taking exercise on horseback, it is greatly mended: and, unless I am overpowered by the warm weather, I hope it will be completely restored; or, at least, that I Shall be rendered better able to attend to business, than at present. If this delay Should not be inconvenient to you, I will, with pleasure, undertake the business on my return to Richmond. Under that idea I retain the papers: or, in the contrary Event, I would promptly return them to you. A Notification to the last Effect, directed to Richmond, would speedily reach me. With the most sincere respect & Esteem, I am, Dear sir, your friend & Servant, Spencer Roane RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 15 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to William H. Keating, 18 July 1822, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello Albemarle” by

“mail to Milton”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 11 June. TJ’s pecuniary embarrassment arose out of his friendship with Wilson Cary Nicholas.

From Benjamin Waterhouse Dear Sir, Cambridge 8th June 1822. I here send for your acceptance a copy from my last edition of the Lecture on the pernicious effects of Tobacco, and of the other strand in the same cord, ardent spirits, on young subjects. You may notice in the introduction to this American edition, that  I  have had recourse to great names, in order to magnify my apostleship. Dr De Carro in Vienna, informed me that he found some difficulty in obtaining a license for his German edition of it, lest it might injure their revenue from tobacco! This would doubtless create a smile in the cultivators of that popular plant in Virginia. I hope you will give the production a deliberate reading, and if I have preached a false doctrine to tell me so, that I may have time to repent. It contains the sum & substance of all that I know of the origin of chronic disorders.— I fear that this part of the union will, e’re long, be the region of religious animosity. The more numerous “orthodox” party have, by circular letters, recently organized a large convention of their ministers from all corners of the State, in Boston, probably 200. And they  443 

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have appointed a committee of thirteen, 12 of whom are high toned Calvinists, to report at their next annual meeting an answer to this question—“What is a christian church, with whom they ought to hold communion?” This is meant to excommunicate us Unitarians. Although they consider us as the “goats,” we absolutely feed cloath & support these persecuting sheep. The whole orthodox flock are fed on goats-milk; for whenever there are meetinghouses to be built, professorships established, or missionaries to be sent, they come with their empty pails to the goats, though brousing on the barren mountains of Satan, & after they have stripped them dry, they are left to be turned off on the left hand to everlasting perdition, while those on the right are basking in glory! As to argument or satire1 with such men, it is chopping a block with a razor. For more than a dozen years, have the pulpits of Massachusetts been chiefly filled with Connecticut ministers. They have more fieldpreaching-eloquence than ours, & in our democratical mode of settling a minister, they find a majority in their favour; and when once settled, these men soon drown the still, small voice of reason. In the pulpit, and at the bar, the New Hampshire & Connecticut gentlemen out-talk us. We have great writers & reasoners in Massts but the common people reap little benefit from their labours; for as Swift says ···Stars beyond a certain height, ···Give mortals neither heat nor light. Our legislature have imitated Congress in choosing a distinguished unitarian for their chaplain; and a worthy man, driven from his pulpit by an association of ministers in Connecticut2 was selected to preach our annual election sermon.3 It is these things that has roused the holy ire of the calvinists. But it will probably end here, as at the reformation,—the minority will ultimately triumph. While men are scowling on each other, Heaven continues to smile upon us. Our mountains & vallies, our fields & our gardens bear no tokens of a wrathful GoD.—That you may be long continued among us, a benefit & example to our nation, is the ardent desire of your steady friend & humble admirer Benjn Waterhouse ·Post scriptum— Almost all the calvinistic ministers who now discredit Massts are from the Connecticut & New Hampshire colleges. Some from the New York & New Jersy seminaries—States, full 50 years behind Massts in theological studies. Their preachers have a sort of methodistical eloquence, captivating to the multitude. And as our selection & ordination of ministers are perfectly democratical, they find no diffi 444 

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culty in creeping into most of our pulpits, excepting in Boston, & its immediate vicinity. There is a very richly endowed theological college established at Andover, less than 20 miles from this place, exclusively calvinistic. An illiterate merchant of Newbury Port has already given it more than 120,000 dollars, and is able to give it as much more at his death. The buildings are extensive and the library encreasing, wc will infallibly make it unitarian within 40 years— We have a monthly Review devoted to the cause of Unitarianism, conducted chiefly by my son in law Henry Ware, who is considered as a leader in the cause. We have also several Newspapers, & a tract society, supported by subscription, the great object of which is to republish & diffuse such productions as are best calculated to illustrate the doctrine of the one all perfect GoD. I enclose two numbers that happen to lay on my table, without any reference to their contents, merely to show you how we Yankees violate that law of Moses, wc says, thou shalt not mix linen & woolen, nor plough with an ox, and an ass. B.W. RC (DLC); postscript on a separate sheet; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Waterhouse, Cautions to Young Persons concerning Health, in a Public Lecture delivered at the close of the medical course in the chapel at Cambridge, November 20, 1804 (5th ed. and 2d American ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1822; for 1st ed., see Sowerby, no. 994), which includes an introduction printing, in whole or in part, letters in support of his efforts written in 1805 by James Sullivan, David Ramsay, Benjamin Rush, and TJ, the last dated 9 Mar. 1805 (pp. vi– xii). Other enclosures not found. In the Bible, God separates goats from favored sheep (Matthew 25.31–3), and he speaks to Elijah in a still, small voice (1 Kings 19.12).

Jonathan Swift wrote that the stars beyond a certain height, give mortals neither heat nor light in his lengthy narrative poem, Cadenus and Vanessa (London, 1726), 21. The chaplain of the Massachusetts House of Representatives was William Jenks, while Daniel Huntington gave the annual election sermon in Boston in 1822. William Bartlet, a merchant of newbury port, ultimately donated more than $160,000 to the Andover Theological Seminary, including $50,000 at his death in 1841 (DAB). The biblical injunction not to mix linen & woolen, nor plough with an ox, and an ass appears in Deuteronomy 22.10–1. 1 Preceding

two words interlined. two words interlined. 3 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 2 Preceding

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To John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir Monticello June 10. 22. I have been so late in getting my tobo to market that I have not been able sooner to remit you the 1st year’s interest. so dilatory are the means of the farmer & planter.···Francis wrote me that you were willing I should import for him (with some books I am importing for myself from London) Thomas’s Coke Littleton & Bacon’s abridgment. these are dear books and with the loss by exchange, duties, freight & other charges will cost as follows, £ sterl. Bacon’s abridgment 7. vols bound 7– 7 Thomas’s Coke Lit. 3 vols unbound £4–4, binding 15/ 4–19 D 12– 6 = 54.67 Exchange is I believe @ about 12½ p.c. 6.83 duties & custom house charges about 18. p.c. 9.84 freight, port duties Etc about 10. p.c. 5.46 76.80 ·order inclosed on B. Peyton 163.20 240. according to this the Bac’s abridgment costs 45.89 D it’s American price is 50.D. the Coke Lit. costs 30.91 it cannot be bought in this country. according to the above statement I inclose you an order for 163.20 D on Colo Peyton which with the 76.80 cost of the books makes a year’s interest. I hope the return of genial weather will reestablish your health.1 present me respectfully to mrs Eppes and accept for yourself assurances of my affectionate friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover to TJ franked by Alexander Smyth; at foot of text: “John W. Eppes esq.”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 12 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. the coke lit. costs 30.91: on a small, undated scrap, TJ calculated the cost of purchasing, binding, and importing John H. Thomas, A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute

of the Laws of England (London, 1818), as or before he composed the above letter to Eppes (MS in CSmH: JF; see also Richard Rush to TJ, 9 Oct. 1821). TJ’s financial records indicate that he drew the enclosed order for 163.20 d, not found, on 12 June 1822 (MB, 2:1387). 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

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From John Laval Sir, Philadelphia June 10th 1822 th t I delivered, on the 10 of May, to Cap Richard Davis of the Schooner Lydia Davis of Richmond, a Small Bundle containing the Books you demanded by your letter of the 26th of April. I wrote, on the 11th of May, to Coll Peyton, to whom I addressed the package, inclosing in my letter the receipt of Capt Davis. I wrote also to you, on the Same day, to advise you of my having fulfilled your Order, & remitted my account, agreeably to your request. as my letter has miscarried, though put into the Post-Office, in my presence, as it appears by yours of the 5th instant just come to hand, I Subjoin Copy of Said Letters & Account I am with the highest Consideration & respect Your very humble Servant John Laval RC (MHi); written on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on p. 1, enclosures on pp. 1–3, and address on p. 4; dateline beneath signature; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq. Monticello— Va”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 10 June; endorsed by TJ as received 18 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. En-

closures: (1) Dupls of Laval to TJ, 11 May 182[2], and enclosure. (2) Tr of Laval to Bernard Peyton, Philadelphia, 11 May 1822, which reads “I delivered, yesterday, to Capt Richard Davis, of whom I  annex the receipt, One Small Bundle of Books for Mr Jefferson, Which he requested me to direct to your Care.”

To Thomas Ritchie Dear Sir Monticello June 10. 22. I have to return you infinite thanks for the kind interest you have taken in the late denunciation against me by a Pseudo-native of Virginia, and particularly for the proofs of it furnished thro’ the hands of my grandson. it has been a rule of my life, steadily observed to take no notice of anonymous defamations. but I know that money imputations are more apt than others to excite suspicions and that suspicions are at this time every where abroad. I thought it therefore due to myself, and respectful to public opinion, to explain this case authentically, and under my own signature, and for the same reasons I give the 2d paper, now inclosed to you which will close my notice of this libeller. I have no right however, dear Sir, to occupy gratis, so much of your columns; for these two papers have become so [. . .] let me pray you then to state to Colo Peyton what you deem a pr[oper] compensation, and he will pay it on sight of this letter. I shall be particularly gratified  447 

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by being permitted to discharge this debt to you and with this assurance be pleased to accept that of my great friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; torn at seal; at foot of text: “Mr Ritchie”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Ritchie & Gooch, 10 June 1822.

TJ’s grandson: probably Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

To Ritchie & Gooch Messrs Ritchie and Gooch Monticello June 10. 1822. In my letter to you of May 13. in answer to a charge by a person signing himself ÅA Native Virginian’ that on a bill drawn by me for a sum equivalent to 1148.D. the Treasury of the US. had made double payment, I supposed I had done as much as would be required when I shewed they had only returned to me money which I had previously paid into the treasury on the presumption that such a bill had been paid for me:1 but that this bill, being lost or destroyed on the way, had never been presented, consequently never paid by the US. and that the money was therefore returned to me. this being too plain for controversy2 the Pseudo-Native of Virginia in his reply No 32. in the Federal republican of May 24. reduces himself ultimately to the ground of a double reciept of the money by me; 1st on sale or negociation of the bill in Europe, and a 2d time from the treasury. but the bill was never sold or negociated any where. it was not drawn to raise money in the market; I sold it to nobody; recieved no money on it, but inclosed it to Grand and co. for some purpose of account; for what particular purpose neither my memory, after a lapse of 33. years, nor my papers enable me to say. had I preserved a copy of my letter to Grand inclosing the bill, that would doubtless have explained the purpose. but it was drawn on the eve of my embarcation with my family from Cowes for America, and probably the hurry of preparation for that did not allow me time to take a copy. I presume this because I find no such letter among my papers. nor does any subsequent correspondence with Grand explain it, because I had no private account with him; my account, as Minister, being kept with the Treasury directly: so that he, recieving no intimation of this bill, could never give me notice of it’s miscarriage. but, however satisfactory might have been an explanation of the purpose of the bill, it is unnecessary at least; the material fact being established that it never got to hand, nor was ever paid by the US.  448 

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·And how does the Native Virginian maintain his charge that I recieved the cash when I drew the bill? by unceremoniously inserting, into the entry of that article in my account, words of his own,3 making me say in direct terms that I did recieve the cash for the bill. in my account rendered to the Treasury it is entered in these words Å1789. Oct. 1. By my bill on Willincks, Van-Staphorsts & Hubbard in favor of Grand and co. for 2800 flor.—equal to 6230 livres–18 sous.’ but he quotes it as4 stated in my account rendered to and settled at the Treasury, and yet remaining, as it is to be presumed, among the archives of that department “By cash recieved of Grand for bill on Willincks Etc” now the words Åcash recieved of Grand’ constitute Åthe very point the pivot on which the matter turns’ as himself says and not finding, he has furnished them. although5 the interpolation of them is sufficiently refuted by the fact that Grand was, at the time, in France, and myself in England, yet wishing that conviction of the interpolation should be founded on official document, I wrote to the Auditor, mr Harrison, requesting an official certificate of the very words in which that article stood in my autograph account deposited in the office. I recieved yesterday his answer of the 3d in which he says ÅI am unable to furnish the extract you require, as the original account rendered by you of your pecuniary transactions of a public nature in Europe, together with the vouchers & documents connected with it, were all destroyed in the Register’s office, in the memorable conflagration of 1814. with respect therefore to the sum of 1148.D. in question, I can only say that, after full and repeated examinations, I considered you as most righteously and justly entitled to recieve it. otherwise, it will, I trust, be believed that I could not have consented to the repayment.’ considering the intimacy which the Native Virginian shews with the Treasury affairs, we might be6 justified in suspecting that he knew this fact of the destruction of the original by fire when he ventured to mis-quote. but certainly we may7 call on him to say, and to shew, from what original he copied these words Åcash recieved from Grand’? I say most assuredly8 from none, for none such ever existed. altho’ the original be lost, which would have convicted him officially, it happens that when I made from my rough-draught, a fair copy of my account for the Treasury, I took also, with a Copying machine a press-copy of every page, which9 I kept for my own use. it is known that copies by this well-known machine, are taken by impression, on damped paper, laid on the face of the written page while fresh, and past between10 rollers—as copper plates are. they must therefore be true fac-similes. this press-copy now lies before me has been shewn to several persons, & will be shewn to as many  449 

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as wish or are willing to examine it;11 and this article of my account is entered in it in these words Å1789. Oct. 1. By my bill on Willincks, Van-Staphorsts and Hubbard for 2800. fl. equal to 6230. livres 18. sous.’ an inspection of the acct too shews that whenever I recieved cash for a bill, it is uniformly entered Åby cash recd of such an one Etc’ 12 but where a bill was drawn to constitute an item of acct only the entry is Åby my bill on Etc’ Now to these very words ÅCash recieved of Grand,’ not in my original, but interpolated by himself, he constantly appeals as proofs of an acknolegement under my own hand that I recieved the cash. in proof of this I must request patience to read the following quotations from his denunciations as standing in the Federal republican of May. 24. page 2. Column 2. l. 48. to 29. from the bottom. Åhe [mr J.] admits in his account rendered in 1790. and settled in 1792. that he had recieved the Åcash’ [placing the word cash between inverted commas to have it marked particularly as a quotation] that he had recieved the Åcash’ for the bill in question, and he does not directly deny it now. will he, can he, in the face of his own declaration in writing to the contrary, publicly say that he did not recieve the money for this bill in Europe? this is the point on which the whole matter rests, the pivot on which the argument turns. if he did recieve the money in Europe (no matter whether at Cowes or at Paris) he certainly had no right to recieve it a second time from the public treasury of the US. this is admitted I believe on all sides. now that he did recieve the money in Europe on this bill is proved by the acknolegement of the reciever himself, who credits the amount in his account, as settled at the Treasury thus “cash recieved of Grand for bill on Willincks & Van Staphorsts 2876.13 gilders=1148. Dollars.”’ 14 Col. 3. l. 28. to 21. from bottom. Åthere is a plain difference in the phraseology of the account from which an Extract is given by mr J. as above, and that which he rendered to the Treasury. in the former he gives the credit thus ÅBy my bills on Willincks Etc.’ 15 in the latter he states “By cash recieved of Grand for bill on Willincks Etc.”’ 16 there is a difference indeed as he states it, but it is made solely by his own17 interpolation. Col. 3.18 l. 8. from bottom. Åthat mr Jefferson should, in the very teeth of the facts of the evidence before us, and in his own breast, gravely say that he had paid the money for this bill, & that therefore it was but just to return him the amount of it, when he had by his own acknolegement sent it to Grand & co. and recieved the money for it, is, I confess, not only matter of utter19 astonishment but of regret.’ I spare myself the qualifications which these paragraphs may  450 

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merit, leaving them to be applied by every reader according to the feelings they may excite in his own breast. He proceeds ÅAnd now to place this case beyond the reach of cavil or doubt, & to shew most conclusively that he had negociated this bill in Europe, and recieved the cash for it there and that such was the understanding of the matter at the treasury in 1809. when he recieved the money,’ these are his own words Col. 4. he brings forward the overwhelming fact Ånot hitherto made public but stated from the most creditable and authentic source that one of the accounting officers of the treasury suggested in writing the propriety of taking bond & security from mr J. for indemnification of the US. against any future claim on this bill—but it seems the bond was not taken, and the government is now liable in law,20 and in good faith for the payment of this bill to the rightful owner.’ how this suggestion of taking bond at the treasury, so solemnly paraded, is more conclusive proof than his own interpolation, that the cash was recieved, I am so dull as not to percieve, but I say that had the suggestion been made to me, it should have been instantly complied with. but I deny his law.21 were the bill now to be presented to the Treasury, the answer would & should be the same as a merchant would give. Åyou have held up this bill three and thirty years without notice: we have settled in the mean time with the drawer, and have no effects of his left in our hands. apply to him for payment.’ on his application to me, I should first enquire into the history of the bill; where it had been lurking for three and thirty years? how came he by it? by interception? by trover? by assignment from Grand? by purchase? from whom, when & where? and according to his answers I should either institute criminal process against him, or if he shewed that all was fair and honest, I should pay him the money, and look for reimbursement to the quarter appearing liable.···the law deems 7. years absence of a man, without being heard of, such presumptive evidence of his death, as to distribute his estate, and to allow his wife to marry again. the Auditor thought that 20. years non appearance of a bill which had been risked thro’ the post offices of two nations, was sufficient presumption of it’s loss. but this self styled Native of Virginia thinks that the 33. years now elapsed are not sufficient. be it so. if the accounting officers of the Treasury have any uneasiness on that subject, I am ready to give a bond of indemnification to the US. in any sum the officers will name and with the security which themselves shall approve. will this satisfy the Native Virginian? or will he now try to pick some other hole in this transaction, to shield himself from a candid acknolegement, that in making up his case, he supplied by gratuitous conjectures, the facts  451 

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which were not within his knolege, and that thus he has sinned against truth22 in his delations before the public? be this as it may, I have so much confidence in the discernment & candor of my fellow citizens, as to leave to their judgment, and dismiss from my own notice any future torture of words or circumstances which this writer may devise for their deception. indeed could such a denuntiation, and on such proof,23 bereave me of that confidence & consolation, I should, thro’ the remainder of life, brood over the afflicting belief 24 that I had lived & labored in vain. Th: Jefferson Dft (DLC); brackets in original. Enclosed in TJ to Thomas Ritchie, 10 June 1822. Printed in Richmond Enquirer, 18 June 1822, and elsewhere. TJ had, in fact, preserved a copy of his letter of 21 Oct. 1789 enclosing a bill to the Parisian firm of Grand & Compagnie (PTJ, 15:526–7). TJ’s Accounts as Minister Plenipotentiary in France, 8 July 1792, give the date of this bill as 21 Oct. 1789, not 1789. oct. 1 (PTJ, 24:175–93, entry on p. 187; see also MB, 1:746). TJ eventually sent the original press-copy quoted here to Bernard Peyton in Richmond to substantiate his claims. See Peyton to TJ, 3 Oct. 1822, and note. 1 Text from “money which I had” to this point interlined, with superfluous closing colon editorially omitted. 2 Manuscript: “controvery.” Richmond Enquirer: “controversy.” 3 Preceding four words italicized in Richmond Enquirer. 4 Unmatched opening single quotation mark preceding this word editorially omitted. 5 Preceding eight words interlined in place of “and.” 6 TJ here canceled “surely.”

7 Reworked from “he adventured to mis-quote it. otherwise we might.” 8 Word interlined in place of “certainly.” 9 Manuscript: “whick.” Richmond Enquirer: “which.” 10 Word interlined in place of “thro’.” 11 Text from “has been shewn” to this point interlined. 12 Omitted closing quotation mark supplied from Richmond Enquirer, here and at next quotation. 13 Correct figure is “2870.” 14 Omitted closing double quotation mark editorially supplied. 15 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. Phrase not in quotation marks in Richmond Enquirer. 16 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 17 Reworked from “I say truly there is a difference. but what makes it? his own.” 18 Reworked from “2.” 19 Word interlined. 20 Word italicized in Richmond Enquirer. 21 Word italicized in Richmond Enquirer. 22 Preceding two words interlined. 23 Word interlined in place of “evidence.” 24 Richmond Enquirer: “evidence.”

To Samuel Smith (of Maryland) Dear Sir Monticello June 10. 22. I am to thank you for your favor of May 24. covering the reply of the Native Virginian born in Pensylvania, which I had not otherwise had notice of. he therein, I observe, confines himself to the charge of a double reciept of the money by me. I send to the Enquirer this day what will pulverise his proofs of that charge, and close my notice of  452 

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him. I recieved two letters from Baltimore signed George Hebb, entirely friendly in their purport and I have no reason to doubt their being genuine. not knowing however the writer or handwriting, I am obliged to be on my guard against answering them. because this may be Wagner still under another false name, hoping to get at something which might be drawn from me in a frank communication to a friend. it would not be the 1st trick of the kind tried on me. I dare say you remember such letters written to me by John Rutledge in the name of a goldsmith in Newport. if mr Hebb is a real person known to you, & you should chance to see him, do me the kindness to explain this matter to him as an apology for his recieving no answer. both his & your suggestions were attended to in writing to Ritchie. Your favor of May 13. did not come to hand till the 6th inst. where it had been loitering for nearly a month is unaccountable. I learn it’s contents with sincere regret. the long course of your services, and their value merit surely the favor of our country, and your qualifications were particularly those suited to the case in question. some circumstance probably, unknown to us stood in the way of the wishes of the President to serve you on this particular occasion, and we may still repose our hope on the French adage that Åtout ce qui est differé n’est pas perdu.’ that it may be verified as to yourself is my sincere wish.···with the assurance of which accept that of my constant friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Spencer Roane to TJ, 25 Feb. 1821; at foot of text: “honble Genl Saml Smith”; endorsed by TJ.

For the August 1801 letters written to  TJ purportedly by john rutledge under the pseudonym “Nicholas Geffroy,” see PTJ, 35:3–6. tout ce qui est differé n’est pas perdu: “not all that is postponed is lost.”

From John Adams dear Sir.— Montezillo June 11th 1822— Half an hour ago I received, and this moment have heard read for the third or fourth time, the best letter that ever was written by an Octogenarian1 dated June the 1st. It is so excellent that I am almost under an invincible temptation to commit a breach of trust by lending it to a printer. my Son Thomas Boylston, says it would be worth five hundred dollars to any newspaper in Boston, but I dare not betray your confidence.2 I have not sprained my wrist, but both my arms and hands are so over strained that I cannot write a line—Poor Starke remembered nothing, and talked of nothing,3 but the Battle of Bennington—  453 

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·poor Thomson is not quite so reduced. I cannot mount my Horse, but I can walk three miles over a rugged rockey mountain, and have done it within a month; yet I feel when setting in my chair, as if I could not rise out of it, and when risen, as if I could not walk across the room; my sight is very dim hearing pretty4 good, memory poor enough.— I answer your question? Is Death an Evil. It is not an Evil. it is a blessing to the individual, and to the world. yet we ought not to wish for it till life becomes insupportable; we must wait the pleasure and convenience of the5 great teacher.—Winter is as terrible to me, as to you, I am almost reduced in it, to the life of a Bear or a torpid swallow. I cannot read, but my delight is to hear others read, and I tax all my friends most unmercifully and tyrannically, against their consent. The ass has kicked in vain, all men say the dull animal has missed the mark. This globe is a Theatre of War. its inhabitants are all heroes.6 the little Eels7 in Vinegar and the animalcule in pepper water, I believe are quarrelsome, the Bees are as war-like as Romans, Russians, Britains, or Frenchmen.8 Ants or Caterpillars9 and Canker worms; are the only tribes amongst whom, I have not seen battles, and Heaven itself if we believe Hindoos, Jews, and Christians,10 has not always been at peace. We need not trouble ourselves about these things nor fret ourselves because of Evil doers but safely trust the ruler with his skies. Nor need we dread the approach of dotage, let it come if it must.—···Thomson it seems11 still delights in his four stories. and Starke remembers to the last his Bennington, and exulted in his Glory, the worst of the Evil is, that our friends will suffer more by our imbecility than we ourselves.— Diplomatic flickerings, it seems have not yet ceased, it seems12 as if a Council of Ambassadors could never agree.— In wishing for your health and happiness I am very selfish for I hope for more letters; this is worth more than five hundred dollars to me, for it has already given me,13 and will continue to give me more pleasure than a thousand—Mr Jay who is about your age I am told experiences more decay than you do.— I am your old friend— John Adams RC (DLC); in Louisa C. Smith’s hand, signed by Adams; at foot of text in Smith’s hand: “President Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. FC (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). Tr (MHi: Adams Papers); unsigned. Recorded in SJL as received 22 June 1822. Printed in Boston Christian Register, 6

Dec. 1822, and elsewhere, with wording following FC. little eels in vinegar: vinegar eels. The pioneering Dutch microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek studied animalcules extensively during the 1670s and

 454 

11 JUNE 1822 thereafter, including bacteria in pepper water (DSB). 1 RC: “Octogenearian.” FC and Tr: “Octogenarian.” 2 Sentence not in Tr. 3 Preceding four words interlined. FC and Tr: “and could talk of nothing.” 4 RC: “pritty.” FC and Tr: “pretty.” 5 RC: “this.” FC and Tr: “the.” 6 Omitted period supplied from FC and Tr. RC: “I believe,” redundant and not in FC, is editorially omitted.

7 RC:

“Eeels.” FC: “Ells.” Tr: “eels.” in RC altered to period as in FC and Tr. 9 RC: “Caterpilars.” FC: “Catterpillars.” Tr: “caterpillers.” 10 FC and Tr here add “& Mahometans.” 11 Here and immediately below, RC: “seemes”; FC and Tr: “seems.” 12 RC: “seem’s.” FC and Tr: “seems.” 13 Preceding six words not in FC or Tr. 8 Comma

To Thomas Appleton Dear Sir Monticello. June1 11. 1822. My last to you was of May 25. since which I have recieved yours of July 7. and Sep. 3. we have been in hopes of hearing from you of the shipment of the Capitels. without waiting for that however we now make a remittance of the conjectural balanc[e] on the following view. D Proceeds of the bill remitted 1683 my part of it 444 the part of the University 1239 deduct for Raggi’s (Giacomo) order 200 sum applicable to credit of the Capitels. 1039 their whole cost on board ship estimated 1900 ·balance now remitted 861 which sum of 861.D. subject to loss or gain of exchange we now enable Colo Bernard Peyton of Richmond to remit by bill to mr Samuel Williams No 13. Finsbury square London, your correspondent. any small variation of final balance it will be an accomodation to settle thro’ your friend in the US as suggested in your letter. The buildings for our University will all be compleated in the course of the summer except the Rotunda for the Library expected to cost 50,000.D. this sum the legislature refused at their late session to furnish, which of course suspends our commencement of this building until that body shall think better of it. the numerous changes made in the late elections are thought to hold out a hope that that which will assemble in December next will authorise us to proceed. we have however 2 to suspend our proceedings in the mean time till that or some succeeding legislature shall be more favorable to the establishment; and so long also we must suspend our orders for the capitels  455 

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which in my letter of Apr. 16. 21. I thought might be called for, for that building. Giacomo Raggi left us at the close of his term. he had managed his affairs more prudently than Michael, as he recieved from us at his departure upwards of 1100.D. the savings of his 3 years service. he left us well contented and with an intention to be back in a year to settle. we have never heard whether Michael got back safely to his family. accept assurances of my constant friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. July 1. I inclose you in this my duplicate, a triplicate of the bill of Joseph Marx senr on Marx & Wheattal of London in favr of Samuel Williams for 293 £–12 s–6 d sterling equal at par to 1305.D. but costing here at the present rate of exchange 1422. D 45 C. I inclose it, by way of trial as to speed & certainty, thro’ Messrs Dodge and Oxnard my correspondents at Marseilles, to which place it passes thro’ the office of state under cover to mr Gallatin. we are now at the 1st of July without any information as to our Capitels later than yours of Sep. 3. which is a circumstance of uneasiness as the buildings wait for them. PoC (DLC); one word faint; at foot of first page: “Thomas Appleton”; with added postscript to missing Dupl; written perpendicularly in left margin of first page: “1st thro’ S. Williams & B. Peyton” (with variant of notation at foot of text: “the original went thro B. Peyton to Saml Williams”); endorsed by TJ: “Appleton Thos June 11. 22. & P.S. July 1.” Recorded in SJL under both 11 June and 1 July 1822, with the latter reading (opening bracket in original; closing bracket

editorially supplied): “Appleton Thos P.S. to lre of June 11. [thro’ off. state, Gallatin and Dodge].” Enclosed in TJ to Dodge & Oxnard and TJ to Samuel Williams, both 11 June 1822, and TJ to Daniel Brent, 1 July 1822, not found, but recorded in SJL as “a note inclosing” Dupls of TJ’s 11 June 1822 letters to Appleton and Dodge & Oxnard. 1 2

Word interlined in place of “May.” Manuscript: “hower.”

To Dodge & Oxnard Messrs Dodge and Oxnard Monticello June1 11. 1822. th My last to you was of the 19 of April of the last year. since that I have recieved yours of Sep. 24. and Oct. 1. 21. the articles by the brig Union were also recieved in good order and of approved qualities. I now make my annual request for the articles noted at the end of this letter, to meet which I remit with this letter to my friend mr John Vaughan of Philadelphia the sum of 180.D. which I am in hopes he will invest and forward to you in a bill of mr Girard’s on Paris as usual. this, according to former prices, with the little balance in your  456 

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hands, I suppose sufficient for the articles, and little balances either way may be settled in the next annual call. I wish you may recieve it in time to ship the articles in all September which is of importance towards their escaping the summer heats and winter storms & cold. if you will be so kind on reciept of the remittance to drop me a line, it will the sooner relieve suspence as to it’s safe conveyance. I will thank you for information also of the price of the best brandies of your port. I salute you with great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson 100. bottles of Ledanon.2 240. do vin rouge de Bergasse. 125. do Muscat de Rivesalte. 100. do vin blanc de Limoux. 36. do virgin oil of Aix. 75. “ maccaroni. 6. double bottles Anchovies.3 P.S. July 1. the inclosed letter to mr Appleton our Consul at Leghorn, being important, I have thought I could not adopt a safer conveyance than by asking permission to pass it in this my duplicate4 thro’ your hands. what it will cost you in postage you will place of course to my account. RC (NjP: Andre deCoppet Collection); addressed: “Joshua Dodge esq. Consul of the US. of America Marseilles”; lacking 1 July postscript; stamped; postmarked; endorsed by a representative of Dodge & Oxnard as received 17 Aug. PoC (MHi); on verso of cover addressed in an unidentified hand to a “Mr Madison”; with added postscript to missing Dupl at foot of text; notation by TJ written perpendicularly in left margin: “1st thro Vaughan.·2te thro’ off. of State & Gallatin”; at foot of recto: “turn over” for Dft of TJ to Dodge & Oxnard, 2 July [1822], on verso; endorsed by TJ: “Dodge & Oxnard. June 11. 22. & P.S. July 1”; with note by Thomas Jefferson Randolph on a small scrap, attached next to TJ’s list, recording his own order for 96 bottles of claret, 24 of muscatel, 24 of Limoux wine, 25 pounds of macaroni, and 12 bottles of oil, which would cost, according to his calculations, a total of $42.72. Recorded in SJL under both 11 June and 1 July 1822, with the latter reading (brackets in original): “Dodge & Oxnard. 2te & P.S. to lre

of June 11. [thro’ same channel]” as preceding entry (i.e., United States Department of State and Albert Gallatin). Enclosures: TJ to Thomas Appleton, 11, 12 June 1822. Enclosed in TJ to John Vaughan, 11 June, 2 July 1822, and TJ to Daniel Brent, 1 July 1822, not found (see note to TJ to Appleton, 11 June 1822). 1

Word interlined in place of “May.” left margin of RC adjacent to each item in TJ’s list, a representative of Dodge & Oxnard placed a “TJ” followed by the number assigned to the box or boxes in which each article was to be transported. To the right of the list, the same person noted how TJ’s wine was to be shipped: the Ledanon in twenty-five containers, the vin rouge in eight boxes, each to contain thirty bottles, and the muscatel and vin blanc in boxes holding twenty-five bottles. 3 Remainder only in PoC. 4 Preceding four words interlined. 2 In

 457 

To LeRoy, Bayard & Company Messrs Leroy & Bayard Monticello June 11. 1822.1 Availing myself as heretofore of your kind indulgence as to payment of the principal of my bond to Messrs V. Staphorsts and Hubbard, until it can be done without too great a sacrifice of property, I now desire my correspondent in Richmond Colo Bernard Peyton to remit you on my account the sum of 125.D the interest on it for the last year and salute you with great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph Dougherty to TJ, 13 Feb. 1821; endorsed by TJ.

messrs v. staphorsts and hubbard: the Amsterdam firm of van Staphorst & Hubbard. 1 Date

reworked from “May••1822.”

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello June 11. 22. Your favor of June 3. is recieved. of the funds of mine now in your hands the balance due to yourself is first to be paid. on the 7th I drew on you in favor of Archib. Robertson for 66.D. and yesterday in favor of Wolfe & Raphael for 400.D. I must request you to remit to messrs Leroy & Bayard for me 125.D. with as little delay as may be. The sum of 1305.D. clear of exchange is to be remitted for Thos Appleton Consul of the US. at Leghorn to Samuel Williams No 13. Finsbury square London. of this 444.D. is to be purchased with my money and 861.D. with the money of the University which mr A. Garrett I expect has furnished you or will furnish you. we must be proportionably charged with the additional sums required by the exchange to nett those sums in London. with the remittance to mr Williams, be pleased to forward my inclosed lre to him I must pray you also to remit to John Vaughan of Philadelphia such a sum as, according to the exchange, will nett at Marseilles 180.D. of this 137.44 is on my own account & 42.56 for Jefferson to whom you are to charge that much, and to each of us our respective proportions of the additional sums rendered necessary by the exchange. By the next mail I shall request a remittance to London of about £45. sterl. nett of which I shall more particularly advise you. Your’s affectionately Th: Jefferson  458 

11 JUNE 1822 •PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Joseph C. Cabell to TJ; at foot of text: “Colo Bernard Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: TJ to Samuel Williams, 11 June 1822.

jefferson: Thomas Jefferson Randolph.

To Richard Rush Dr Sir [ca. 11 June 1822] Your favr of Oct. 9. was recd in due time, and the last envoi of books mentd in it from Lackington1 came safely to hand. having occn for another call of that kind, to save you trouble I address it to him2 directly so as to require from you only the having the lre put into his hands.3 but I leave it open, lest any thing should have intervened to render any other address more eligible. and for that reason have not addressed the remittce of £45. sterl. to him directly, but to yourself, your kind offers of service having encoraged4 me to leave that5 article of confidce still with you. The buildings of our University for the accomodn of Professors & students are, we may say compleated: & there remains only a single one for more general purposes6 to erect before we might open our instn. but our last legislre refused the money for that, abt 50.« D.7 it was remkble as more truly a parliam. indoct. than was ever before assembld in our state. the late elections, making favble changes give us hopes that the next session will set us a going again. in the mean time we are suspended, and so must be our applicns to your isld for Professors. Our country is8 rising very slowly indeed out of the catastrophe of 1820. since that time we have had poor crops and poorer prices. whether the Russians & Turks will open a market for our produce you will know before we shall. an internecine war between these two sets of barbarians scarcely interests humanity while it opens a prospect of the liberation of Greece, the dissoln of the holy alliance &9 employmt for the industry of better people. the general distress of our country has become sensible to our treasury. the annual exp. of the govmt exceeding our annual income has produced a good deal of dissatfn thro’ the country of which you will have seen strong indicns in the last Congr. it will perhaps oblige the admn to slacken their system of fortifns & naval constrns, so as to proceed no faster than we can pay. this discontent has in a considble degree been artificially excited, by those who have so prematurely & indecently commencd electioneering operns for the next Presidt. the proceedings of the last Congress were  459 

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disagreeably tinctured by the spirit of the different partisans. many names are mentd for the future choice, but Adams, Crawford, Calhoun & perhaps Clay are those out of which the choice will probably be made. the Missouri question seems at present as dead as if it had never existed,—yet a spark will revive it, and that of this election is quite strong enough for that purpose. this great contingency is in favr of the Northern candidate. the character of the highest promise in our country mr L. we are likely to lose by a pulmonary complt. his abilities informn integrity & amiable disposn had attracted universal favor altho’ too young for a present candidate. our 5. first presidts have all gone out of office or will do so in their 66th year. if this singular coincidence were to be regarded mr A. would be nearest to it. he will be about 60. in the year 24. The most serious uneasiness among thinking men at10 present is the steady march of our Judiciary towds a consolidated govmt and the drawing all powers within the pale of the genl one. many instances of this might be cited, but two among them are the most remkble. 1st in the case of Maryld which ld a very moderate tax on the property held within the state in the form of U.S. bk stock. the decision of the sup. ct is considd as exempting from state taxn that particular and very extensive description of property, while the constn exempts none. a proprietor converting his bds & other property into bank stock no longer contributes a cent to the support of govmt 2. the 2d case11 decided 1. that a state can be brot before the US. Judiciary even at the suit of one of it’s own citizens. & 2dly that Congress can delegate to the corporn of Washn 12 a power to pass laws superseding the state laws within the state. this was a law passed by the state for the suppression of gamblg and forbidding und a penalty the sale of lottery tickets. no controul over such a law is given by the constn to Congress itself.13 the dissensions produced by the Missouri question, rather smothered than extinguished, prevent for the present any concerted action of the states towds effecting a more practicable responsibility of the judges than the bug-bear of impeachmt Our present wheat crop is most unpromising. great preparns for tobo are making within this state. but it has to encounter the casualties of the season. knowing how desirble in your situan, informn from your own country must be, these general observns are hazarded by a recluse who is truly among those who knows most imperfectly what is passing. you will be so good as to accept them as mere tokens of good will & with them the assurances of my affectte esteem & respect.  460 

11 JUNE 1822 •Dft (DLC: TJ Papers, 228:40748); on portion of a reused address cover from Bernard Peyton to TJ; undated but, based on internal evidence, presumably written around the time of TJ’s letter to Bernard Peyton of 11 June 1822; at head of text: “Rush.” Not recorded in SJL and probably never sent. envoi: “parcel; package.” The single building still to be constructed at the University of Virginia was the Rotunda. Parliamentum indoctissimum (parliam. indoct.): “most ignorant parliament.” The northern candidate for president was John Quincy Adams. TJ correctly surmised that the country would soon lose South Carolina congressman William Lowndes (mr l.) to a pulmonary complaint. He died on 27 Oct. 1822 (ANB). The two recent United States Supreme Court cases that represented for TJ the steady march of our judiciary toward consolidated government were McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). ld: “levied.” bds: “bonds.” und: “under.” 1

Preceding two words interlined. Word interlined in place of “Lackington Hughes & co.” 2

3 Preceding eight words interlined in place of “it’s handing to them.” 4 Word interlined in place of “induced.” 5 TJ here canceled “portion of the business.” 6 Preceding four words interlined. 7 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 8 TJ here canceled “but little.” 9 TJ here canceled “a demand for.” 10 Manuscript: “a.” 11 TJ here canceled “is more extraordinary as it.” 12 Preceding two words interlined. 13 Preceding two sentences interlined in place of “and as the case was that of a law of the corporn authorising the sale of lottery tickets in a state which had suppressed lotteries & forbids the sale of tickets within it, a case which is not given to Congr. itself by the constn, it seems to enable them to exercise powers thro’ the instrument of that corporn who have not been given to themselves by the constn. the uneasy state of the public,” with the caret mistakenly placed in front of the period at the end of the preceding sentence. Following the interlineation TJ canceled “it follows from this decision that an authority that Congress, thro’ the instrument of the Washn corporn.”

To John Vaughan Dear Sir Monticello. June1 11. 1822. The season is come for paying you my respects of annual trouble. I have occasion to remit to messrs Dodge and Oxnard of Marseilles for wines Etc the sum of 180.D. clear of exchange. I now desire my friend & correspondent at Richmond Colo Bernard Peyton to remit to you that sum with whatever addition may be necessary on account of exchange. if mr Girard indulges us as usual with his bill, it will be a security to me that I shall not the next year go without the wines to which I am habituated.•••Do you hear any thing from or of Correa? we know nothing of him since his arrival at London. Our University is thrown back for a year by the refusal of our late legislature to furnish money for the only edifice now wanting to  461 

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compleat it & which will cost about 50.« D. we hope the next will be better advised and will set us a going again. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson P.S. I inclose my letter to messrs Dodge & Oxnard to be forwarded with the remittance. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Adams to TJ, 3 Feb. 1821; endorsed by TJ: “Vaughan John June 11. 22.” Enclosure: TJ to Dodge & Oxnard, 11 June 1822.

The only edifice now wanting to compleat the University of Virginia was the Rotunda. 1

Word interlined in place of “May.”

To Samuel Williams Sir Monticello in Virginia June 11. 22. Your favor of June 12th was recieved in due time. having occasion now to remit to mr Appleton a further sum of 1305. Dollars I have desired my correspondent in Richmond Colo Bernard Peyton to procure a bill netting that sum in London, made payable to yourself according to his instructions. this sum I have to request you to remit to him with the inclosed letter which informs him of the disposition of the money. a line notifying me when you make the remittance will be thankfully recieved. Accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Dupl of Richard Rush to TJ, 11 Dec. 1820; at foot of text: “Mr Samuel Williams”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosures: TJ to Thomas Appleton, 11, 12 June 1822. Enclosed in TJ to Bernard Peyton, 11 June 1822.

To Thomas Appleton Dear Sir Monticello June.1 12. 1822. From a desire that our letters respecting the affairs of the University, as being to be placed on their files may be kept distinct from what respects myself personally, I place in this letter separately the information that I have put into Colo Peyton’s hands the sum of 444.D. for M. and Mde Pini, which he will include in the bill with the 861.D. for the University. I shall not lose sight (as soon as it can be done without too great a sacrifice) of M. and Mde Pini’s preference to have their capital remitted to them. in the mean time the punctual remittance of the interest, the higher rate of that interest here than there, and the less danger of revolution and it’s uncertainties, will I  462 

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hope reconcile them to a continuance of indulgence for a while. with my respects to them accept assurances of my great friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on a reused address cover from James Rawlings to TJ; at foot of text: “Thos Appleton esq.”; with TJ’s notation written perpendicularly in left margin: “1st thro’ B. Peyton & Saml Williams.•duplicate thro’ Office of State, Gallatin & Dodge”; endorsed by TJ. En-

closed in TJ to Dodge & Oxnard and TJ to Samuel Williams, both 11 June 1822, and TJ to Daniel Brent, 1 July 1822, not found (see note to TJ to Appleton, 11 June 1822). 1

Word interlined in place of “May.”

To Francis Eppes Dear Francis Monticello June 12. 22. I recieved while at Poplar Forest your’s of May 13. and am glad to learn that you find Coke Lit. not as difficult as you expected. the methodical arrangement of his work and the new notes and cases have certainly been a great improvement. according to your information I have retained in my hands enough to import for you this edition of Coke Lit. & Bacon’s abridgment. the present high exchange, our enormous duties and other charges bring them very high. still I observe the Bacon will come at 45.89 D which is 4.D. less than the American price. the Coke Littleton being a new publication comes to 10.D. a vol. of which more than 1.D. a volume is our own duty. at the close of your reading of the 1st vol. we shall hope to see you. I suppose you ha[ve] heard that the Trists have lost their mother. Ever & affectionately your’s Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas Appleton to TJ, 10 Oct. 1820; mutilated at seal; at foot of text: “F. Eppes”; endorsed by TJ. the trists have lost their mother: Mary Trist Jones Tournillon,

the mother of Nicholas P. Trist and Hore Browse Trist, died at her Louisiana home on 26 Apr. 1822 (Nicholas P. Trist to Virginia J. Randolph [Trist], 5 May [1822] [NcU: NPT]).

From Samuel B. H. Judah Respected sir New York June 12th 1822. I have the honour to present you a copy of a poem that has obtained some considerable celebrity in this country—but be assured I have not the vanity of sending it thinking it worthy of your notice—but it is forwarded to you as sincere testimony of the reverrance an unknown  463 

12 JUNE 1822

youth holds the venerable patriot to whom his country owes so much.1 I should never have presumed to forward it faulty as I feel it is but that being flattered by the favorable opinion of several of our most celebrated critics—I presumed that it might amuse you in an hour of leisure—I beg of you not to judge of it by the severe rules of composition as it is the first work of the kind from the pen of a young man scarce sixteen years old—who if it should be his fate to try his pen again feels asured that another production shall do himself and perhaps his country more honour than this I have the honor to be Yr most obdt Servt saml B H Judah RC (CtY: Franklin Collection); addressed (trimmed): “[. . .] Jefferson Esqr Montecillo [N]ear Charlottesville V.”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Judah, Odofriede; The Outcast; A Dramatic Poem (New York, 1822). Samuel Benjamin Helbert Judah (ca. 1806–76), author and attorney, was a lifelong resident of New York City. Having received a classical education there, he composed three plays that were produced at a city theater between 1820 and 1823. Enraged that these efforts did not fare better, Judah, writing under the pseudonym of “Terentius Phlogobombus,” published Gotham and the Gothamites, A Medley (New York, 1823), a work in which he satirically attacked over one hundred of his fellow New Yorkers. For this he was convicted of libel, fined $400 plus court costs, and imprisoned when he could not pay. Released after several weeks on the grounds of poor health, Judah then studied law, was admitted to the New York bar

in 1825, and made his living thereafter as an attorney. He continued to write, however. His later productions included The Buccaneers; A Romance of our Own Country (1827), the Maid of Midian (1833), and other works. Judah’s personal and real-estate holdings were estimated to be worth $23,000 a few years before his death (DAB; Charles P. Daly, The Settlement of the Jews in North America [1893]: 139–45; New-York Evening Post, 9 Sept. 1823; New York National Advocate, 15 Sept. 1823; Albany Argus, 3 Mar. 1825; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., New York, 1870; Goulding’s New York City Directory for 1876–’77 [1876], 2:718; New York Co. Surrogate’s Court Will Book, 234:392–412). Judah also sent copies of Odofriede to John Adams and James Madison, on 12 and 14 June 1822, respectively (MHi: Adams Papers; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:535–6). 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

From Peter B. Read Sir, June 12th 1822 You will please to send down your waggon or ox cart for the purpose of moveing down, to shadwell about half a dozen, peices of thin sawd, timber for, the posts of the Mill boalting chest, which will be all that, I shall want likewise, the1 grind stone, as we shall want to grind every day & the coopers dont grind2 but once a week. tharfor, thay can easily come down to do it,—  464 

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•I cant think of crossing the river to eat or, sleep. you will tharefor be so good, as to send down with the waggon a straw bed as I prefer it to feather one, & I will lodge in the counting room of the mill & informe me by the bearer, how I am to board, at shadwell3 the sooner the waggon or cart comes the better as I want to get all arrangements made my benches &C fixd this evening ready to comence by Sunrise in the morning P. B Read RC (MHi); written on a half sheet; dateline beneath signature; at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson Esqr”; endorsed by TJ, with penciled notations presumably relating to his letter to Bernard Peyton of 20 June 1822 in an unidentified hand beneath endorsement: “fish•Laval•nail rod•fish.”

A boalting chest is the case in which a bolt, or flour-sieve, operates (OED, “bolt”). 1

Manuscript: “the the.” Manuscript: “girnd.” 3 Manuscript: “shadweell.” 2

To John Adlum Sir Monticello June 13. 22. Your favor of the 5th has been duly received,1 covering my two letters to you of Oct. 7. 1809. and Apr. 20. 1810.2 which I now return3 of these be pleased to make whatever use you think proper. but I should think the4 first half of the last letter had better be omitted, as it would encumber mr Skinner’s columns with matter entirely useless & uninteresting to his readers. I am very glad to learn that you are pushing that culture, and I hope you will particularly that of what I would call the Caumartin grape, as it’s wine resembles so exactly that of the Caumartin Burgundy. I presume you know that a wine of remarkable merit is made in considerable quantities in a district of N. Carolina on Scuppernon creek. this wine, when it can be obtained unbrandied would be drank at the first tables of Europe in competition with their best wines. what of it however is sent to the general market at Norfolk is so brandied as to be unworthy of being called wine. to get it without brandy requires a troublesome correspondence & special agent. until this fatal error is corrected, the character of our wines will stand very low. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “Majr John Adlum near Georgetown Col.”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 18 June; endorsed by Adlum. PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Caesar A. Rodney to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Enclo-

sures: enclosures to Adlum to TJ, 5 June 1822. By caumartin grape TJ apparently meant the Alexander grape. Earlier in his retirement, TJ had compared favorably

 465 

13 JUNE 1822 the wine produced by Adlum in Maryland to two French reds: caumartin burgundy, which may have been a Pommard of the Clos de la Commaraine (MB, 1:675; TJ to Jean David, 25 Dec. 1815), and Chambertin, a “burgundy wine made from Pinot Noir grapes grown in vineyards located in the village of Gevrey-Chambertin” (OED; TJ to Adlum, 7 Oct. 1809). An undated letter from “Skinner” (probably the agricultural writer John S. Skin-

ner), which came “with Millet,” is recorded in SJL as received 3 Aug. 1822 from Baltimore, but has not been found. 1 Manuscript:

“recived.” in RC from “Apr. 10. 1820,” presumably by Adlum. Not corrected in PoC. 3 Preceding four words interlined. 4 Manuscript: “the the.” 2 Reworked

To de Bure Frères Messrs DeBures freres Monticello June 13. 22. Your favor of Aug. 24. of the last year was recieved on the 22d of December. the books came also in good condition. altho’, at the date of that letter you had not recieved the 100. Dollars remitted for you thro’ mr Vaughan, yet, knowing that the part of the same bill of exchange, destined to another person, was recieved by that person Sep. 21. I took for granted you recieved your part about the same date. ƒ  the balance for 1820. due to you was 38.40 the envoi of books 1821. amounted to 344.90 placing me in your debt 383.30 the remittance of 1821 of 100. Dollars would overpay that sum as I suppose by about 140. to 150. francs. My demand of books for this year goes to London, so that I have nothing to ask of you for the present. it would indeed be very acceptable if, as far as the balance remaining in your hands will go you could send me the Dion Cassius of Sturtz named in my last Catalogue, the Traité elementaire d’Histoire Naturelle1 of Dumeril, and the Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des Nations of Voltaire. I observe so many different editions of all Voltaire’s works in 8vo are in a course of publication that it is possible some one of the editors might be willing to detach this particular work, and sell it separately. this parcel, tho small, would come safely in a box to the care of mr Beasley Consul of the US. at Havre.•••for the present accept my salutations of esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Taylor to TJ, 25 Feb. 1821 (see note to TJ to John Taylor, 14 Mar. 1821); with additional notation by TJ at

foot of text: “this was not sent till July 1. & then thro’ office of State & mr Gallatin”; endorsement by TJ torn. Enclosed in TJ’s missing letter to Daniel Brent of

 466 

13 JUNE 1822 1  July 1822 (see note to TJ to Thomas Appleton, 11 June 1822). another person: Joshua Dodge. envoi: “parcel; package.” For TJ’s last

catalogue, see the enclosure to his letter to de Bure Frères of 19 Apr. 1821. 1 Manuscript:

“Naturille.”

To John M. Goodenow Sir Monticello June 13. 22. I thank you for the volume of American jurisprudence which you have been so kind as to send me. I am now too old to read books solidly, unless they promise present amusement or future benefit. to me books of law offer neither. but I read your 6th chapter with interest and satisfaction, on the question Whether the Common law (of England) makes a part of the laws of our General government? that it makes, more or less, a part of the laws of the states is, I suppose an unquestionable fact. not by birthright, a conceit as inexplicable as the trinity, but by adoption. but, as to the Genl government, the Virginia report on the Alien and Sedition laws has so compleatly pulverised this pretension that nothing new can be said on it. still, seeing that judges of the Supreme court, Iredell, for example Elsworth, Story, had been found capable of such paralogism, I was glad to see that the Supreme court had given it up. in the case of Libel in the US. district court of Connecticut the rejection of it was certainly sound; because no law of the Genl govmt had made it an offence. but such a case might, I suppose, be sustained in the state courts which have state laws against libels. because as to the portions of power within each state assigned to the General government, the President is as much the Executive of the state, as their particular Governor is in relation to state-powers. these however are speculations with which I no longer trouble myself; and therefore, to my thanks, I will only add assurances of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Caesar A. Rodney to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Goodenow.” John Milton Goodenow (ca. 1782– 1838), attorney, public official, and judge, was born in Westmoreland, New Hampshire. He taught school, studied law in several northeastern states, and operated a mercantile business in Maine before moving around 1812 to Ohio, where he was admitted to the bar, established a legal

practice, settled in Steubenville, and was appointed a federal tax collector by James Monroe in 1817. Goodenow sat in the Ohio legislature in 1823, became a prominent Freemason, and served as a Jacksonian in the United States House of Representatives, 1829–30. Following a brief stint on the Ohio supreme court, he relocated to Cincinnati, where he was presiding judge of the local circuit court of common pleas, 1833–34. Goodenow moved with his family to Texas in 1837 and died the following

 467 

13 JUNE 1822 year, during or shortly after his return to Cincinnati (ANB; DAB; Hartford Connecticut Mirror, 28 Feb. 1814; Steubenville Western Herald, 6 July 1815; JEP, 3:97, 98 [12, 15 Dec. 1817]; Chillicothe Supporter, and Scioto Gazette, 25 Jan. 1827; Ohio State Journal, and Columbus Gazette, 9 Jan., 29 June 1833; Columbus  Ohio State Journal and Register, 25 July 1838; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 28 July 1838; gravestone inscription in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati). The volume of american jurisprudence was Goodenow’s Historical Sketches of the Principles and Maxims of American Jurisprudence, in Contrast with the Doctrines of the English Common Law on the Subject of Crimes and Punishments (Steubenville, 1819; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 [no. 598]), which argued against the use of English common-law precedents in criminal cases either in Ohio or in federal courts.

•In his lengthy report on the alien and sedition laws, which he completed early in January 1800, James Madison argued strongly against the notion that the common law of England “makes a part of the law of these states; in their united and national capacity” (Madison, Papers, Congress. Ser., 17:303–51, quote on p. 326). The suit of United States v. Hudson and Goodwin, which originated in the us. district court of connecticut, arose when a newspaper in that state published an allegation in 1806 that TJ and Congress had “in secret voted two millions of dollars as a present to Bonaparte for leave to make a treaty with Spain.” The United States Supreme Court ruled on the case in February 1812 that federal courts “have no common law jurisdiction in cases of libel against the government of the United States” (U.S. Reports [7 Cranch], 11:32–4, quotes on p. 32).

To William W. Hening Dear Sir Monticello June 13. 22. Your favor of May 14. was a fortnight on it’s passage to me. the volumes of Manuscripts I described to you shall be at your service whenever you enter on the additional volume you propose. of State-papers, papers of the proceedings of public bodies and periodical publications, I now possess nothing. I had a tolerably compleat collection of Virginia newspapers from 1741. to 1783. and also a full collection of pamphlets from the Stamp act to the Revolution. but these have been all transferred to the Library of Congress. in answer to your enquiry as to my election to the government of this state, it was on the 1st day of June 1779. The set of your collection of laws, destined for the University shall be duly taken care of when recieved: and I shall be thankful for your two new volumes 8th and 9th. Accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Caesar A. Rodney to TJ; at foot of text: “Wm W. Hening esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

 468 

From Israel Pickens Sir State of Alabama Cahawba—Executive Office June 13. 1822 The legislature of this state by an act at their last session have incorporated a seminary under the style of “The trustees of the University of Alabama” and have invested it with the seventy two sections of land reserved by Congress for endowing such an institution within the State. It will very shortly become the duty of the Trustees to provide for investing & preserving the ample funds which they have in charge, and also for putting the institution into operation on1 a scale corresponding with its endowment & with the publick expectation. A charge so important to the present & future interests of our community justifies the wish entertained by those who have to administer it in the commencement, to obtain the most approved models & plans both for the buildings and for the government of such litterary establishments, which our country can furnish; with the advice of those whose experience wisdom & research may add value to their opinions. I am therefore desirous to procure for the use of the board, the plan of building adopted for the University of Virginia, which has been favoured by your patronage; and also the system of government & instruction, including the accounting department. In procuring which any assistance you may have the kindness to render, will be thankfully appreciated; and the more especially if accompanied with your own views on such points as you may deem useful to this infant institution. In thus soliciting your attention I am encouraged to beleive that you will not deem the trouble unpleasant, as it is understood that your retirement from the long & busy theatre of publick life has been of choice devoted in part to these subjects, & generally to the cultivation & extension of science. By the act of incorporation the Governor is ex officio a presiding trustee, twelve others are triennially appointed by the legislature. The lands are directed to be sold, on five instalments. The kind of funds in which the proceeds will be invested, is not yet determined; nor is the scite as yet fixed, yet this will most probably be done by the legislature at the ensuing session so far as regards the male branch, (there being a female branch authorized by the charter).2 I have the honour to be with great respect & consideration Your Most obt Israel Pickens RC (MHi); addressed: “His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlotte-

ville post Office Virginia”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Greensboro, Ala., 28

 469 

13 JUNE 1822 June; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Aug. 1822 from “Catawba. Alaba” and so recorded in SJL. Israel Pickens (1780–1827), planter and public official, was born near Concord, North Carolina, and graduated from Jefferson College (later Washington and Jefferson College) in Pennsylvania in 1802. He was a member of the North Carolina senate, 1808–09, and of the United States House of Representatives, 1811–17, where he favored the declaration of war on Great Britain in 1812. At the end of his third term Pickens relocated to Alabama Territory, where he served as register of a federal land office, 1817–21, a member of the territory’s constitutional convention in 1819, and governor of the new state, 1821–25. As governor he supported the creation of both the University of Alabama and a state bank to help impoverished landowners. Pickens briefly held a seat in the United States Senate in 1826, but illness soon forced him to leave Washington. He died in Cuba while trying to restore his health (ANB; DAB; William S. Powell, ed., Dictionary of North Carolina Biography [1979–96], 5:95–6; AMobU: Pickens Family Papers; Biographical and Historical Catalogue of Wash-

ington and Jefferson College [1889], 15; JEP, 3:92–3 [6 Mar. 1817]; Journal of the Convention of the Alabama Territory begun July 5, 1819 [Huntsville, 1819], 3; Montgomery Alabama Journal, 25 May 1827; gravestone inscription in Greensboro Cemetery, Greensboro). The Alabama legislature incorporated a seminary with the 18 Dec. 1821 “Act Supplementary to an act to establish a State University” (Acts passed at the Third Annual Session of the General Assembly of the State of Alabama [Cahawba, Jan. 1822], 3–8). The 2 Mar. 1819 United States “Act to enable the people of the Alabama territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states,” reserved “seventy-two sections or two townships . . . for the support of a seminary of learning” (U.S. Statutes at Large, 3:489–92, quote on p. 491). The University of Alabama ultimately opened at Tuscaloosa in 1831 (James B. Sellers, History of the University of Alabama, 1818–1902 [1953]). 1

Manuscript: “on on.” Omitted closing parenthesis editorially supplied. 2

To William J. Coffee Dear Sir Monticello June 14. 22. I am in the daily hope of hearing from you on the subject of the engraving of the ground plan of our University, as to price and any other particulars you would recommend. When in Bedford I examined the Doric entablature for which I should want ornaments, on the model of that of the Thermæ of Dioclesian, of which you took a note. my room will require 16 of the human busts, 20. ox sculls entire, and 4 other ox sculls cut in halves & mitred for the 4. corners, to be of composition. the spaces for the metops are 15.I. high & 14.I. wide.1 our 2d cistern answers well, having now 4 f 3.I. water. the last (or 3d) has but 2 f 1.I. altho it has exactly the corresponding and equal area of roof to supply it. I think the fault may be in the gutturs conveying the wa[t]er, and shall2 have that examined. I salute you with friendly esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson  470 

14 JUNE 1822 •PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Thomas P. Jones to TJ, 5 Mar. 1821; mutilated at seal; at foot of text: “Mr Coffee”; endorsed by TJ.

or “compo,” is “a mixture of whiting, resin, and glue, used instead of plaster of Paris for wall and cornice ornamentation” (OED).

The thermæ of dioclesian were the baths of Diocletian in ancient Rome. By my room, TJ meant the central dining room at Poplar Forest. composition,

1 Sentence interlined, with omitted period editorially supplied. 2 Manuscript: “shell.”

To Joseph Jones Sir Monticello June 14. 22. I have to thank you for the notice you have been so kind as to give me in yours of the 6th of the reciept of a box with a portrait for me from Liverpool. I have no advice of such a thing, nor knolege of or from whom the portrait is. I will ask the favor of you to draw on Colo Bernard Peyton my correspondent at Richmond for the amount of freight, duties & other charges on the article, to whom I write this day to pay your draught. I presume there are generally vessels passing from Petersbg to Richmond. if you will have the goodness to put it on board one of these addressed to Colo Peyton he will pay the transportation and forward it to me. Accept the assurance of my gre[a]t [es]teem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of RC of Richard Rush to TJ, 11 Dec. 1820; mutilated at seal; at foot of text: “Joseph Jones esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Not recorded in SJL.

Jones’s letter to TJ of the 6th was actually dated 8 June 1822.

To Frederick A. Mayo Dear Sir Monticello June 14. 22. I sent you the other day about 20. small volumes to be bound. when ready be pleased to deliver them securely done up in strong paper, to Colo Peyton who will forward them by a waggon, and at the same time send me your bill which shall be promptly paid. remember always to put silk tapes into the volumes.1 I salute you with friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. do not forget the Johnson’s dicty PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; adjacent to signature: “Mr Mayo”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

 471 

Notes on Monticello Cisterns and Columns and Possible Book Purchases Cistern No 3. June 14. June 22. r=1.04 23 July 5

[ca. 14 June 1822–29 Sept. 1824]

f I 2– 1 2– 1.¾ 2– 11 2– 6¼1

•Perry. June•bricks 20. 1400 21 1400 22 1400 •24 Philips’ 2. men. July 10. half day 11. a day 12.2 2. oclock3 1822. Aug. 30. col. bricks Jerry Isaac Aug. 30  525 500 500 500 31  500 500 Chisholm. Cistern No 4. Lewis worked 2½ day ²₂− ³ viz. Aug. 21. 22. − Perry bricks. 1824.

29. 400

Mo M f D D 5.33 217.30 (40. say 50 2133 4005 Gurney 1– 1–0 Grose 9–6 Collier 9 Jamieson 1– 0–0 Sinclair 1– 0–0 3–19–6 Fonblanq. abr. ca. eq.

1–15–0 2– 2–0 3–17–0

Baxter Cruden Sheridan Mason

1–11–6 1–11–6 0– 5–6 0– 6–0 3–14–6 3–17– 3–19–6 11–11– Oxf. & Camb. 4– 2 F.E. 4–19 7– 7 12– 6 ••£ D say 25 = 111.  12½ p.c. 14 125.D 1–11–6 15 4– 4 3 7– 7  473 

14 JUNE 1822

3– 3 4 2– 2 2– 2 16 2– 2 1–15 1–10 34– 7 MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 232:42099); written entirely in TJ’s hand on both sides of a small scrap. mo m may stand for “Monticello mountain.” The books and prices listed here probably relate to TJ’s preparation of recommendations to guide the reading of Francis Eppes and Nicholas P. Trist (TJ to Eppes, 9 Apr. 1822, and enclosure; TJ to Trist, 14 June 1822). abr. ca. eq. was A General Abridgment of Cases in Equity, Argued and Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery, &c.

(London, 1732, and later eds.; Sowerby, no. 1755). f.e.: Francis Eppes. 1 Following six lines also on verso of TJ’s Notes on Bricks Needed for Monticello Columns and Cisterns, [by 13 May 1822], with heading there reading “common bricks brought” instead of “Perry.” 2 TJ here canceled “a day.” 3 Following five lines of text also on verso of TJ’s Notes on Bricks. 4 TJ here interlined a calculation adding 1,008.47 to 23.85 to get 1,032.32. 5 Remainder on verso.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello June 14. 22. On the 12th I drew on you in favr of John R. Campbell for 101.34 D and in favr of John W. Eppes for 163.20 D I shall postpone awhile as well as lessen my demand on London. mr Jones Collector of Petersburg informs me he has recd for me from England a box containing a portrait. I have desired him to forward it to you and to draw on you for the amount of freight, duty & charges. Mayo will deposit with you a small bundle of books, which be so good as to forward by a waggon to be left at Raphael’s who will pay the carriage. so also as to the portrait. I must request you to send me in the same way 3. boxes of tin of the kind furnished to mr Brockenbrough for covering houses. I have lost sight of the dates of renewal of my several notes in bank. perhaps you can inform me of them. in the mean time I inclose you a set for fear of my being too late. affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Thomas Mann Ran-

dolph to TJ; adjacent to closing and signature: “Colo B. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ.

 474 

14 JUNE 1822 Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation: “renewals.” Enclosures not found.

•TJ indicated in his financial records that the 12 June 1822 order in favr of john r. campbell was “for oats” (MB, 2:1387).

To Nicholas P. Trist Dear Sir Monticello June 14. 22. Your favor of April 14. came to hand on the 8th of May. the tragedy of Ld Byron was immediately put into the hands of the family & was I believe read by every member of it.•••I do not know whether I gave you a Catalogue of the Law-books necessary for a course of Law-reading. having lately had occasion to make out one for Francis Eppes, I shall subjoin it to this letter, lest I should not have given you one before. it’s cost will be about £35. sterling, such another importation the following year would make up a sufficient law-library for a commencing practitioner. since you left us I have recieved Thomas’s new arrangement of Coke Littleton. it is admirably executed. the whole matter of Coke & of Littleton is digested according to Blackstone’s method, not omitting one word; to which are added the Notes of Lords Hale & Nottingham, of Hargrove and of Thomas himself, and the subsequent cases on the same matters. it is now unquestionably the elementary book to be first read by every student; and is as easy & more profound than Blackstone. your friend F. Eppes is now engaged in it. his proposed marriage in Sep. with our neighbor Eliz. R. will probably be some interruption to his studies.•••The buildings of accomodation for the Professors & students of the University, that is to say the Pavilions, Hotels & Dormitories, will be entirely compleated within 3. months from this time. you will have seen by the papers that our late legislature refused to enable us to proceed with the Rotunda. it is said by those who attended it to have been truly the Parliamentum indoctissimum that ever assembled in this state. the late elections have changed a majority of the members, and given us some valuable friends. should the next session merely relinquish the debt of 120.«.D. which it is believed they will, our annuity will in 3. years enable us to finish the Rotunda, and then to open the institution: should they give us 50.«.D. additional to build it, we may open within the year succeeding the gift. some of the family writing to you occasionally, I shall leave small news to them. your friends in this neighborhood are well, and your grandmother was well a fortnight ago, when I left Bedford. Accept the assurance of my affectionate attachment and respect. Th: Jefferson  475 

14 JUNE 1822 •RC (DLC); with MS of enclosure subjoined; addressed: “Mr Nicholas P. Trist La Fourche Louisiana”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 16 June; endorsed by Trist. PoC (CSmH: JF-BA); on a reused address cover from Caesar A. Rodney to TJ; with PoC of enclosure subjoined; mutilated at seal; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: enclosure to TJ to Francis Eppes, 9 Apr. 1822. hargrove: Francis Hargrave. The proposed marriage of TJ’s grandson Francis Eppes and Mary Elizabeth Cleland Randolph (eliz. r.) actually took place in Albemarle County on 28 Nov. 1822. They moved to Poplar Forest shortly thereafter (Shackelford, Descendants, 1:172–3; Martha Jefferson Randolph to Nicholas P. Trist, 22 Nov. 1822 [RC in NcU: NPT]). parliamentum

indoctissimum: “most ignorant parliament.” Trist’s grandmother was Elizabeth Trist. Martha Jefferson Randolph informed Trist from Monticello on 1 July 1822 that when TJ addressed the above letter, he “omitted the Donaldsonville in the direction,” and that “if there are 2 post offices it may occasion some delay.” She also remarked that TJ’s finances were “arranging them selves so as to give a reasonable prospect of seeing him relieved without a sacrifice.” Trist wrote Virginia J. Randolph (Trist) from Lafourche on 29 July that TJ’s missive had “no doubt past me some distance, for a servant has just returned without it, from the next office below: I have however taken measures which will bring it back next week” (RCs in NcU: NPT).

From William T. Barry Sir Lexington Kentucky 15th June 1822 It is with diffidence that I have presumed to send you the enclosed Circular. Your leisure is doubtless often interrupted by applications for the aids to be derivd from your tallents and enlarged experience. The importance of the subject1 must plead my apology. Accustomed as we are to look up to you as one of the Fathers of the people, and as the great benefactor of our common Country, we shall be proud to have your countenence in this important undertakeing: the sanction of your name will have weight with the people of Kentucky; they will attend to your suggestions as to the counsels of wisdom Allow me Sir to use this occasion to say to you what I am prompted to do by my own feelings. It was my happiness to be born in Virginia after our country was free. I read in its history the distinguished part you acted in the memorable struggle by which that freedom was won; it was thus in early life, as I was taught to love my country, that I imbibed with the spirit of patriotism, a sentiment of profound regard for one whoes fame is identified with his countrys glory. In all the great events that have marked our political history the happy influence of your virtue & tallents are perceived. But the period of the greatist interest to me was that of ’98 & 1800. At that time I had groun up sufficiently to be enabled to understand something of the nature of our government, and the propriety2 of the conduct of those who ad 476 

15 JUNE 1822

ministered its concerns. The part you then took in checking the mad carreer of aspireing ambition, and in vindicateing the rights of the people, against the encroachments of power, was not less distinguished in my humble opinion, than your conduct in the period of the Revolution. In the latter era the virtuous and enlightened Statesman preserved that liberty & independance which in the former had been atchieeved by patriotism & valour at the expense of so much blood & treasure. Yes Sir the republican principles3 that placed you at the head of the American government, and which continueed throughout your whole administration, will ever be hailed with joy by the friends of freedom; They will serve4 as a cloud by day & a pillar of fire by night, to guide this nation in time to come to the high destanies that await it. Conscious of the great debt of gratitude that the people of the United States owe you for your distinguished public services; and fired as my5 soul is with an inextinguishable flame of gratitude, I cannot suppress the generous impulse that prompts me, in this my first address to you & perhaps the only one that I shall ever have the pleasure of makeing, to express my admiration of your character, and the sincere wish I have for your happiness & prosperity. I am dear Sir what every lover of freedom would be proud to acknowledge with sentiments of profound respect your friend & obdt. Svt. W. T. Barry RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Va”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. William Taylor Barry (1784–1835), attorney and public official, was a native of Lunenburg County who moved with his parents to Kentucky in the mid-1790s. After studying law at the College of William and Mary in 1804, he was admitted to the Kentucky bar and established a legal practice in Lexington the following year. Barry sat in Kentucky’s House of Representatives, 1806–07 and 1809–10, the United States House of Representatives, 1810–11, the United States Senate, 1815–16, and the state senate, 1817–20. He was also a trustee of Transylvania University, 1807–21, and its professor of law, 1820–24. The owner of ten slaves in 1820 and four a decade later, Barry was lieutenant governor of the commonwealth, 1820–24, during which time he pressed strongly but unsuccessfully for the creation of a system of free public education.

He also supported Kentucky’s debtors in a series of clashes that culminated in his service as chief justice of the state’s highest tribunal, 1825–26, when the legislature temporarily ousted the incumbent. Barry was Andrew Jackson’s postmaster general, 1829–35. Appointed minister plenipotentiary to Spain in the latter year, he fell ill en route to his new post and died in Liverpool, England (ANB; DAB; William and Mary Provisional List, 7; Lexington Kentucky Gazette, 18 Dec. 1806, 15 Aug. 1809; Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1815–16 sess.]: 218, 219 [26 Jan. 1816]; A Catalogue of the Officers, Teachers, & Graduates of Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky [Lexington, 1826], 4, 5, 8; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Fayette Co., 1820, Lexington, 1830; City of Washington Gazette, 19 Sept. 1820; Louisville Public Advertiser, 29 Jan. 1825; JEP, 4:8, 9 [9 Mar. 1829]; Jackson, Papers; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 13 Oct. 1835; gravestone inscription in Frankfort Cemetery, Frankfort).

 477 

15 JUNE 1822 •Biblical references to a cloud by day & a pillar of fire by night leading the people of Israel appear in Exodus 13.21–2, Numbers 14.14, and Nehemiah 9:12, 19.

1 Manuscript:

“subjct.” “propiety.” 3 Manuscript: “pinciples.” 4 Word interlined in place of “be to us.” 5 Barry here canceled “heart is.” 2 Manuscript:

e n c l o s u r e

Circular Soliciting Information to Improve Education in Kentucky SIR, We take the liberty of addressing you on one of the most important interests of society, the cause of Education. The Legislature of Kentucky, at their last session, made liberal appropriations of money for the benefit of Schools, Academies, Colleges and the University. We were appointed a Committee to collect information and to arrange a plan for carrying into effect, in the best manner possible, the benevolent purposes of the state. We are aware of the difficulty of the task, of the extent of our responsibility, and of the value of the aids which we may derive from the experience of our elder sisters in the Union. We wish to avoid, if possible, the evils attending upon a bad beginning, and to secure to ourselves and to our children, the advantages of a good system from the commencement of our labors. Believing you to be friendly to an object intimately connected with the prosperity and happiness of our common country, and willing to contribute whatever may be in your power to its accomplishment, we beg leave to trouble you with this circular, and to call your attention to the questions subjoined. Any information or suggestions which you may give in aid of our plan, will be gratefully received and faithfully employed. We shall be much obliged to you for as early an attention to our communication as your convenience will permit. Letters can be directed to our Chairman, at Lexington. With great regard, we are, sir, yours, W. T. BARRY, Chairman. D. R. MURRAY, JOHN POPE, D. WHITE, J. R. WITHERSPOON, W. P. ROPER.  March 13, 1822. QUESTIONS. 13. How many children usually at1. Has any system of common schools been established by law in your state? tend one school? 14. To what kind of superinten2. If so, are they supported by a public fund, by taxation, or by a charge dance are they subjected? 15. Are they free to all children, or upon parents and guardians—whose children and wards are sent to school? only the children of the poor? 16. Are they attended by children 3. Are your counties or townships divided into school districts, with one of every class of the community? 17. What portion of children in your school in each, or otherwise?

 478 

15 JUNE 1822 •4. What officers are employed in carrying into effect your system of schools, how are they appointed, what are their several duties and what their compensation? 5. Are your teachers employed by the month, or at a certain price for each scholar? 6. What is the average price given per month, or per scholar? 7. In what manner is the teacher boarded? 8. Is any particular qualification required in teachers? 9. Can they be removed, and by what authority? 10. Are females ever employed as teachers? 11. If so, what is the difference in cost between male and female teachers? 12. How many months in the year, and at what seasons are your schools kept?

community receive the rudiments of education at these schools? 18. What is the probable average expense per month or per year, of educating a child at one of your common schools? 19. What branches of knowledge are taught therein? 20. Of what improvements does your system seem to be susceptible? 21. Do the people of your state appear to be satisfied with the present plan? 22. If you can give a brief detail of the origin and progress of your system, it might afford many useful hints for the guidance of the Commissioners in avoiding those errors which have been discovered in your state only by experience.

Broadside (DLC: TJ Papers, 222: 39670). Reprinted in Report of the Kentucky Commissioners, 28–9.

[1821 sess.]: 3 [15 Oct. 1821]; [1822 sess.]: 3 [21 Oct. 1822]; Taliaferro P. Shaffner, ed., The Kentucky State Register, for the Year 1847 [1847], 54–5; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Breckinridge Co., 1820–70, 1850, 1860 slave schedules; Breckinridge Co. Will Book, 1:350–1; Urbana [Ohio] Union, 7 June 1871; gravestone inscription in Murray Cemetery, Cloverport, Ky.). David White (ca. 1785–1835), attorney and public official, practiced law in Kentucky from at least 1809, represented Henry County in the state House of Representatives, 1816–18, sat in the state Senate in 1820, and held a seat in the United States House of Representatives, 1823– 25. He supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election and Andrew Jackson in 1828. After his congressional term ended, White served briefly as president of the Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky in 1825. He then returned to the legislature’s lower house, representing Franklin County, 1826–27, and Anderson County, 1828–29 and 1830–31. The owner of three slaves in 1830, White was a circuit court judge, 1833–35, and a resident of Franklin County at the time

David R. Murray (1790–1871), merchant, farmer, and public official, was born in Washington County, Kentucky, and settled permanently by 1820 in Breckinridge County. Having enlisted as a sergeant in the militia in 1812, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel three years later and to colonel in 1818. Murray also served in the Kentucky House of Representatives, 1820–22, and as a justice of the peace. The owner of four slaves in 1830, twenty-two in 1850, and nine in 1860, he possessed real estate worth $25,000 in 1850 and property valued at just over $61,000 in 1870 (Henry H. Crittenden, comp., The Crittenden Memoirs [1936], 525; Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Kentucky. Soldiers of the War of 1812 [1891], 8; Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1816–17 sess.]: 141 [18 Jan. 1817]; [1817–18 sess.]: 208–9 [30 Jan. 1818]; Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1820 sess.]: 3 [16 Oct. 1820];

 479 

15 JUNE 1822 of his death (Frankfort Argus of Western America, 18 Feb. 1809; Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1816–17 sess.]: 4 [2 Dec. 1816]; [1817–18 sess.]: 4 [1 Dec. 1817]; [1826–27 sess.]: 3 [4 Dec. 1826]; [1828–29 sess.]: 3 [1 Dec. 1828]; [1830– 31 sess.]: 3 [6 Dec. 1830]; Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1820 sess.]: 3 [16 Oct. 1820]; Clay, Papers; Philadelphia National Gazette and Literary Register, 8 Oct. 1825; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Anderson Co., 1830; Washington Globe, 22 July 1833; Lexington Observer and Reporter, 25 Feb. 1835; American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge 7 [1836]: 311). John Ramsey Witherspoon (1774– 1852), physician and public official, was born in Prince Frederick Parish, South Carolina. He attended the College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), 1792–94, during which time he served as  an amanuensis for his distant cousin John Witherspoon, the school’s president. After he graduated, the younger Witherspoon returned to South Carolina and established a medical practice in Christ Church Parish, which he represented in the South Carolina House of Representatives, 1803–09. He relocated to Kentucky the following year and by 1820 owned fifty-one slaves in Fayette County. Witherspoon became a trustee of Transylvania University in 1815 and held a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives, 1821–22. By 1830 he was living, along with ninety slaves, in Greene County, Alabama. Having settled permanently on a plantation in that county near Greensboro, Witherspoon possessed sixty-two slaves and real estate worth $6,790 in

1850 (Princetonians, 1791–94, pp. 464–7; BDSCHR, 4:611–2; Joseph Bailey Witherspoon, The History and Genealogy of the Witherspoon Family (1400–1972) [1973], 137–42; Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1815–16 sess.]: 219 [26 Jan. 1816]; [1821 sess.]: 3 [15 Oct. 1821]; [1822 sess.]: 3 [21 Oct. 1822]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Fayette Co., 1820, Ala., Greene Co., 1830–50, 1850 slave schedules; gravestone inscription in Stokes Cemetery, Greensboro). William P. Roper (d. 1833), attorney and public official, represented Fleming County in the Kentucky House of Representatives, 1805 and 1811–12, and in the state Senate, 1820–24. He numbered Henry Clay among his legal clients. Having been appointed a commonwealth’s attorney in 1817, Roper served as a circuit court judge, 1824–33. He owned seven slaves in 1820 and nineteen a decade later (Lexington Kentucky Gazette and General Advertiser, 13 Aug. 1805; Frankfort, Ky., Palladium, 17 Aug. 1811; Journal of the Senate of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1816–17 sess.]: 241–2 [5 Feb. 1817]; [1820 sess.]: 3 [16 Oct. 1820]; [1821 sess.]: 3 [15 Oct. 1821]; [1822 sess.]: 28 [24 Oct. 1822]; [1823–24 sess.]: 3 [3 Nov. 1823]; [1824–25 sess.]: 94 [23 Nov. 1824]; [1833–34 sess.]: 34 [4 Jan. 1834]; Clay, Papers, 2:340, 575, 884, 3:142; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Fleming Co., 1820, 1830; Lexington Observer and Reporter, 21 Aug. 1833). William T. Barry also sent copies of this circular to John Adams and James Madison late in June 1822 (MHi: Adams Papers; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:493–5, 539–40).

From Samuel Smith (of Maryland) Dr sir Baltimore 16: June 1822 I had the pleasure to recieve your kind letter of the 10th Inst yesterday—Mr George Hebb is personally known to me. he is a good Democrat, of fair Character, and respectable. he is however One of those would be Politicians, to whom I would advise your Answer to be in the general, and referring to the Enquirer, he might wish by publish 480 

17 JUNE 1822

ing to show a Correspondence with you, he is a political friend of mine, & Corresponds with me, whilst I am in Congress: I understand by a letter from Doctor Eustis, that Mrs Dearborne demurrs to going to Lisbon, where she had formerly been with Govr Bowdoin (her former husband) if he does not accept, a letter from you to the President might be of use—or I might go to Madrid in place of Mr Forsyth who means to Come home, altho: I should not be so well pleased with Madrid as with Lisbon, our affairs with Spain are not on a pleasant footing—I cannot ask Mr Madison. a letter from him would be important I understand by a letter from Mr Crawford that the first quarter of 1822 gives a Nett Revenue of $939.000 more than that of 1821—and the Debenters amount to less than he had Contemplated—I am Dr sir your sincere friend S. Smith RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 22 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

In this context debentures (debenters) are government bonds bearing interest (OED).

From H. C. Carey & I. Lea Dear Sir Philad: June 17th 1822 We take the liberty of addressing you in consequence of having recd a letter from Mr J McKinnie proposing to supply him with Books for an establishment he is about to make in Charlottesville & shall be under obligations to you for any information respecting his present Situation & future prospects— Mr McK mentions your name, among others, that he would refer us to as persons acquainted with his character &a Having the utmost reliance on your information We remain yo Obt Sts H C. Carey & I Lea RC (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello. V.”; endorsed by TJ as received 23 June 1822, but recorded in SJL as received a day earlier. H. C. Carey & I. Lea was a printing and bookselling partnership in Philadelphia formed by Mathew Carey’s son Henry Charles Carey (1793–1879) and son-inlaw Isaac Lea (1792–1886) when the elder Carey retired in 1822. The new concern flourished during the decades that followed, becoming for a time the nation’s

largest publishing and bookselling house. In 1833 William A. Blanchard joined the company, which was accordingly renamed Carey, Lea & Blanchard. Henry C. Carey left the enterprise by the end of the 1830s and Lea stepped down in 1851, leaving Blanchard as senior partner. It continued as Blanchard & Lea until Blanchard retired in 1865. Thereafter, the firm was known as Lea and, from 1907 until its sale in 1990, as Lea & Febiger (ANB, 4:378, 13:320; David Kaser, Messrs. Carey & Lea of Philadelphia: A Study in the History of the Booktrade [1957]; PHi: Lea &

 481 

17 JUNE 1822 Febiger Records; New-York Evening Post, 4 Feb. 1822; Robert Desilver, The Philadelphia Index, or Directory, for 1823 [Philadelphia, 1823]; Desilver’s Philadelphia Directory, and Stranger’s Guide, for 1833 [1833], 31; John G. O’Brien, O’Brien’s . . . Pocket Directory to the Principal Mer-

cantile Houses in the city of Philadelphia for 1838–39 [1838], 19; A. M’Elroy’s Philadelphia Directory, for 1839 [1839], 143; McElroy’s Philadelphia Directory, for 1852 [1852], 35; McElroy’s Philadelphia City Directory for 1865 [1865], 82).

Philip N. Nicholas’s Memorandum to Thomas Jefferson [ca. 17 June 1822]

It appears by an endorsement of Mr Jefferson on the assumpsit of Ed: Pendleton & Peter Lyons, that the following sums were recd by him on acct of Wm Short. Viz: Nov. 21st 1798.1 £5002 Dec 3. 300. 1799. Jan: 14. 400. It appears from the books of Gibson & Jefferson in the handwriting of Geo: Jefferson decd that in nov. 1800 Mr Pendleton paid 394 pounds 10. to Gibson & Jefferson3 for Thomas Jefferson esq. which was passed to his credit with them, & for this Robinson’s exor now claims a Credit— MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39673); entirely in Nicholas’s hand; undated. For more on these transactions, see next document and Wilson Cary Nicholas to TJ, 30 Apr. 1820.

1

Year interlined in place of “1800.” Reworked from “$500.” 3 Manuscript: “Jefferon.” 2

Memorandum to Philip N. Nicholas Extracts from the letters and accounts of Th: Jefferson relative to a sum of £394–10 which passed thro’ his hands from Pendleton and Lyons. or rather thro’ those of his correspondents Gibson & Jefferson. Geo. Jefferson to Th Jefferson. Nov. 11. 1800 Åhaving been much engaged last night after the arrival of the post, I entirely forgot in my hurry to inform you that I recieved a few days ago of messrs Pendleton and Lyons 1315.D. on account of mr Short.’1 Th: Jefferson to George Jefferson. Nov. 29. 1800.2 ÅI would wish you to retain awhile the money you recieved from mr Pendleton. it is  482 

17 JUNE 1822

necessary for me to know from the Secretary of the Treasury whether he chuses to recieve the money, or to pass it as a payment to mr Short.’ do to do Jan. 5. 1801. ÅI desired the Secretary of the Treasury to give orders on you for the monies last recieved from messrs Pendleton and Lyon, as they belong now to the US. and not to mr Short who looks to them for his money.’ Extract from the accounts of Gibson & Jefferson with Th: Jefferson 1800. Nov. 7. By cash recd of Pendleton & Lyons on account3 of E. Randolph’s order for the  £ s benefit of W. Short 394–10 1801. Jan. 3. To cash paid J.H. to the order of O. Wolcott 394–10 June 17. 22. The above extracts are truly taken from my letters & accounts, and contain all the information I possess relative to the transaction which they concern. Th: Jefferson MS (DLC); entirely in TJ’s hand; endorsed by him as directed to “Nicholas Norborne” and so recorded (with additional notation: “certif. as to £394–10”) in SJL.

1 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 2 Date interlined, with day editorially corrected from “27.” 3 Manuscript: “acount.”

j.h.: John Hopkins, the federal commissioner of loans for Virginia.

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 17 June 1822 I am favor’d with yours of the 11th: & 14 Inst:, & note contents—•••Your blank notes are in time for the next renewals of your notes, & it will be well to send blanks the 1st: of every other month— I have purchased, agreeable to your directions, a bill of exchange on London for £293.12.6, which at par there, is $1305, for which I paid 9 pr Ct premium, making $1,422.45 paid for the bill, & my Comssn for effecting negotiation & remitting, 1 pr ct, making the total cost of the bill $1,436:67—of which $488.80 is your part, & at your debit, agreeable to your memorandum, & $947:87, to the debit of the University, which leaves the University fund, placed in my hands by Alexdr Garrett for this purpose, deficient $86.87, of which you can advise him, if you please—The first & second of these bills, together with your letter, all addressed to Saml Williams London, are this day  483 

17 JUNE 1822

Mailed for New York, to go by the first Vessel for London or Liverpool, this is to say, your letter, and one of mine, by the first Vessel, & my second, with a duplicate of the bill, by the next succeeding Vessel, the 3d bill is retained in my possession—on this transmission, have charged 75¢ of the postage to the University, which is to be added to the above sum of $86.87— Agreeable to your further directions, have purchased a bill on N. York for $125, at an advance of 1½ pr Ct—say at your debit $126.88, which I have remitted to Messrs: Leroy Bayard & Co of New York on your a⁄c —•••Also a bill on Philadelphia for $196.20,—which will allow to Jno Vaughan, to whom it is remitted, the $180, you wished remitted, & 9 pr Ct (the exchange on England) premm, to place it in Marseilles,1 which may be too great, or too small an allowance, for all I know, as I do not know the rate of exchange with that place, I have mentioned your wishes however to Mr Vaughan, & he will no doubt do what is proper2 in the matter, add to this bill the premm on Philada of 3 1½ pr ct, & the whole cost of it is $199:16—of which, agreeable to your memorandum, your proportion is $152.07, which is at your debit, and $47.09 at the debit of Th: J. Randolph—all which hope will be agreeable to you— Your several dfts:, of which I am advised, have nearly all arrived, including one of $400, to Wolfe & Raphael, not advised of, which are paid— I will attend to the package you expect from Petersburg & from Mayo, & will forward them, together with the Tin, to Wolfe & Raphael of Charlottsville as directed— I write in haste— Yours with great sincerity B. Peyton RC (MHi); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on pp. 1–2, enclosure on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello—Charlottesville”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Richmond, 17 June; endorsed by TJ as received 22 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

By your memorandum, Peyton evidently meant TJ’s letter to him of 11 June 1822. 1 Manuscript:

“Merselles.” “propeper.” 3 Preceding five words interlined in place of “my Comssn of.” 2 Manuscript:

 484 

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton Bill for £293.12.6 at par is add 9 pr Ct prmm on exchge paid for the bill my Comssn 1 pr ct Total cost— At debit T. Jefferson "•  " University

$488.80 947.87

$1305.00 117.45 $1,422.45 14.22 $1,436.67 ⎫

⎬

1,436.67 ⎭

Bill on New York for •add premm 1½ pr ct At debit T.J.

$125 1.88 $126.88

Bill on Philada $180, on Marseilles1 is •add 1½ pr ct prm. on Philada

$196.20 2.96 2 $199.16

At debit T. Jefferson $152.07 "•  " T. J. Randolph 47.09 MS (MHi); in Peyton’s hand; conjoined with covering letter; undated.

⎬

[ca. 17 June 1822]

⎫

199.16 ⎭

1 Preceding

two words interlined (with latter editorially corrected from “Merseilles”) in place of “add 9 pr ct prmm.” 2 The correct amount is $2.94.

From James Duke, with Jefferson’s Note Sir Mill Brook 18 June 1822 Mr Killes Hord, who by the1 request of my Brother Richd Duke came up for the purpose of seeing Mr Jefferson, relative to engageing with him as a mechanic, on which subject I have been inform,d you requested my Brother2 to make some enquiry, he however having left home3 the day before Mr Hords arrival here for Richmond. This therfore will inform Mr Jefferson that Mr Hord has ample testimonials of his workmanship & skill & I have no hesitation in saying he is deserving of the recommondations his neighbour has given him both as a mill wright4 carpenter & wheel wright & am man of the utmost integrity Respectfully you Obt Sert James Duke  485 

18 JUNE 1822

[Note by TJ at foot of text:] he has a small family. asks 300.D. a year & to be found. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded (with place of composition given as “Mill-brook Alb.” and with the additional bracketed notation: “by Achilles Hord”) in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with PoC of TJ to William J. Coffee, 10 July 1822, on recto and verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Eqr Monticello” by “Mr Hord.” James Duke (ca. 1784–1844), artisan and longtime business partner of his elder brother Richard Duke, assisted his sibling in the management of Albemarle County’s extensive Rivanna Mills during the 1820s. He purchased a brick mill and store of his own in the county in 1832 and later established a mill on nearby Rocky Creek. Duke, who owned twenty slaves in 1820 and ten a decade later, also served as an

Albemarle County magistrate beginning in 1838 (Walter Garland Duke, Henry Duke, Councilor: His Descendants and Connections [1949], 108; Woods, Albemarle, 182, 378, 403; James Duke and Richard Duke to John H. Cocke, 20 Apr. 1814 [ViU: JHC]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Albemarle Co., 1820, 1830; Richmond Enquirer, 9 Mar. 1821). Achilles (killes) Hord lived in 1820 in Orange County with his wife, two young children, and four slaves (DNA: RG 29, CS, Orange Co., 1820). found: furnished with room and board. 1

Manuscript: “the the.” Manuscript: “Brothe.” 3 Manuscript: “hone.” 4 Manuscript: “wrigh,” here and later in sentence. 2

From William Johnson My dear Sir Charleston June 18th 1822 I have repeatedly heard you express the high Respect in which you held the late Genl Gadsden, and beg leave now to introduce to your Acquaintance a Grandson of his Mr John Gadsden a junior Friend of mine who proposes to pay his Respects to you during an Excursion for the Summer. Permit me to avail myself of this Occasion to renew the Assurance of the profound Respect and Esteem with which I subscribe1 myself Your very humble Sert Willm Johnson RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. 1822 and so recorded (with additional notation: “by Mr Gadsden”) in SJL. John Gadsden (1787–1831), attorney and public official, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, and graduated from Yale College (later Yale University) in 1804. Having been admitted four years later to the Charleston bar, he was elected city attorney in 1809. Gadsden served in

the South Carolina militia during the War of 1812 and rejoined the service in 1818 as a judge advocate. He was also a member of the state House of Representatives, 1819–20, United States district attorney for South Carolina, 1820–31, and intendant (mayor) of Charleston, 1827–29. Gadsden owned sixteen slaves in 1820 and six a year prior to his death in Charleston (BDSCHR, 1:299, 304, 5:98–9; John Belton O’Neall, Biographical Sketches of the Bench and Bar of South Carolina [1859],

 486 

20 JUNE 1822 2:51–6; Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Yale University . . . 1701–1910 [1910], 82; Charleston City Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 24 Aug. 1808; Charleston Courier, 17 Oct. 1809, 18 Nov. 1820, 4 Sept. 1827; Charleston City Gazette and Commercial Daily Advertiser, 10 June 1812; Charleston Carolina Gazette, 28 Feb. 1818; DNA: RG 29, CS, S.C., Charles-

ton, 1820, 1830; JEP, 3:236, 240, 401, 405, 4:160 [23 Jan., 7 Feb. 1821, 3, 10 Jan. 1825, 21 Feb. 1831]; Savannah Georgian, 8 Sept. 1829; gravestone inscription in Saint Philip’s Episcopal Church Cemetery, Charleston). 1 Manuscript:

“subscibe.”

To John Laval Th: Jefferson to mr Laval [20 June 1822] I was in hopes my letter of the 6th would have got to hand with that of the 5th and saved the trouble of yours of the 10th. the whole has proceeded from the mail-delay of that of May 11. which did not come to hand until June 6. all however is now right, the books are recieved, and I have this day desired Colo Peyton my correspondent in Richmond to remit you 31. D 57 C•••Accept my friendly & respectful salutations. PoC (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39675); on verso of a reused address cover from Daniel Brent to TJ; undated; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 20 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello June 20. 22. Presuming that herrings are now at market, I will thank you to send 6. barrels for me to Lynchbg, and 4 [bar.?] of herrings & 2. of shad to Milton. also a quarter ton of nailrod to Milton, to wit 2. bundles of 8d size, 2. do of 20d size o 6d of the intermediate sizes. I must also request you to remit for me to John Laval Bookseller of Philadelphia 31. D 57 C when you procure a bill for the remittance to Williams of London, I should be glad to recieve a 4plicate to inclose to Appleton. affectly yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Thomas G. Watkins to TJ; one word faint; at foot of text: “Colo Peyton”; endorsed by TJ.

 487 

From Joel R. Poinsett Dear sir Charleston june 20th 1822 It is so long since I had the honor of seeing Mr Jefferson, that I must appear almost a perfect stranger to him. This letter therefore will not only introduce to his well known hospitality Mr J. Gadsden the attorney of the U.S. for this district, and my particular friend, but will serve to remind him of one, who is with great veneration for his Character, and with the highest esteem, his most Obt Servt J. R. Poinsett RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thoms Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. 1822 and so recorded (with additional notation: “by Mr Gadsden”) in SJL.

From John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir, June 22. 1822 Your letter of the 10th instant enclosing a draft on B. Peyton of Richmond for 163.20 cents was received by the mail on the 21st— Being a farmer and planter myself I know from experience the uncertainty of their resources in point of time. I should feel much greater pleasure in furnishing Francis with the books necessary for his profession if I could induce myself to believe that he would ever practise law. I think however like most other young men who have something he will find home after marriage too comfortable to encounter the drudgery of practise. It was my wish at any rate that he should complete his law reading before he thought of a permanent settlement for life. To reason however with a man or boy in love is hopeless. He will now soon be of age after which I can exercise no controul over him except1 so far as his respect for my opinions may induce a voluntary acquiesence2 on his part. There is only one circumstance in which I shall be pointed—He must not marry until he gets possession of his property which cannot be until the end of the year. Every man who marries should in my opinion have a home whether he inhabits or not. In any other circumstances I should look forward with great pleasure to an event calculated to promote his individual happiness. I confess however as a parent I cannot but consider this premature marriage as death to his future prospects. To see him settle down as a mere Farmer and3 planter with perhaps less skill and industry than his neighbours is so different from the course my partiality4 as a parent perhaps had marked out for him, that I cannot look forward to his  488 

24 JUNE 1822

marriage before he has completed his law reading with any feelings but those of heart felt sorrow and regret. To the young lady of his choice there can be from what I have heard no possible objection. But I should feel the same repugnance to the most angelic woman upon earth if his marriage was either to drive or charm him from the profession for which he is destined. I presume Francis has communicated to you his prospects and perhaps your views on the subject may differ from mine. Accept for your health & happiness my warm wishes and present me affectionately to all the family. yours sincerely.5 Jno: W: Eppes RC (MHi); addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello Near Milton”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 24 June; endorsed by TJ as received 26 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Francis Eppes would be of age on his  twenty-first birthday, 20 Sept. 1822 (MB, 2:1051n). The young lady of his

choice was Mary Elizabeth Cleland Randolph (Eppes). 1

Manuscript: “exept.” Manuscript: “acquesence.” 3 Manuscript: “and and.” 4 Manuscript: “partialily.” 5 Manuscript: “sincerey.” 2

From Julius A. Bingham Dear Sir Rockville, Md. June 24, 1822, In presenting to the People of the United States, proposals for so important a work as the one which is here enclosed, I have thought it no less prudent than respectfull, to make the object known in the commencement, to one who has bourne so conspicuous a part in the formation and administration of our government as yourself. Under this impression, sir, I have taken the liberty to address a prospectus to you, and to state, that an expression of your views [res]pecting it, will be truly gratifying, and may be, beneficial, to me, Should you deem it worthy the attention, and the task not too laborious, it will give me pleasure to forward the work for your inspection, previous to its going to press. With sentiments of high esteem, sir, very truly, your Friend J. A. Bingham RC (MHi); damaged at seal; addressed: “Thos. Jefferson, (former President of the U.S.) Montecello, Va”; stamped; postmarked Rockville, 24 June; endorsed by TJ as received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Prospectus of a New Work. Presidents’ Speeches, &c.,

wherein Bingham proposes to publish, as soon as enough subscriptions have been received, a volume containing the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, United States Constitution, George Washington’s Farewell Address, and all of the existing presidential messages

 489 

24 JUNE 1822 to Congress, inaugural addresses, and public speeches to date, along with engraved portraits of the first five presidents and “copious notes, illustrative of the principles, motives, and results, of these interesting Documents”; with the work to be edited by John B. Colvin, total between 600 and 700 pages on “good paper, with new and handsome type,” and cost $3.50 in boards or $4 bound, payable upon delivery; subscription papers to be available at both Andrew Way’s store and Benjamin O. Tyler’s lottery office in Washington (broadside in MHi: Adams Papers; reprinted in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 28 June 1822, and elsewhere). Julius A. Bingham (ca. 1793–1885), printer and physician, was born in Connecticut and served as an ensign in the New York militia during the War of 1812. He later moved to Maryland, where he published the Rockville True American from 1819 until at least 1824. A supporter of John Quincy Adams, Bingham relocated by the autumn of 1825 to Ohio, where he printed another newspaper, the Portsmouth Western Times, 1826–31. By

1850 he was described as a physician in Springfield Township, Gallia County, and two decades later he was listed as a benevolent-society agent in York Township, Medina County. Bingham owned real estate worth $400 in 1850. His real estate and personal property were valued at $1,200 and $400, respectively, in 1860, and $2,500 and $500 a decade later (DNA: RG 15, W1812PBLWAF; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 28 Jan. 1820; Fredericktown [later Frederick], Md., Bartgis’s Republican Gazette, and General Advertiser, 18 Mar. 1820; Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:269; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 31 Aug. 1824; Chillicothe, Ohio, Supporter, and Scioto Gazette, 26 Jan. 1826; Nelson W. Evans, A History of Scioto County, Ohio [1903], 516; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ohio, Wayne, 1830, Porter, 1840, Springfield Township, 1850, 1860, York Township, 1870, 1880). On this date Bingham wrote John Adams and James Madison similar letters enclosing copies of his prospectus (MHi: Adams Papers; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:538).

From James Maury My dear Sir, Liverpool 24 June 1822 When my son James lately left this place it so happened that I could not write to you as I intended: he is gone out with the intention of remaining for good. I must premise to you that this son of mine has, for many years, labored under nervous affections to such a degree as greatly to have impeded his progress in acquirements equal to my original expectations: a circumstance which makes him appear to be what he really is not: he however is amiable and good: may I take the liberty to request you to favor him with your notice & kindness? You & I have lived to see many things come to pass, as well political as commercial, which, in this country, had for ages, been considered as next to impossible: a recent one just occurs, which you may read in this newspaper: namely the passage in the Upper House of a bill for opening intercourse with the United States & their Colonies. accept the best wishes of your old friend James Maury  490 

24 JUNE 1822 •RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 12 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. Following its passage in Parliament’s House of Commons and House of Lords (upper house), “An Act to regulate the

Trade between His Majesty’s Possessions in America and the West Indies, and other Places in America and the West Indies” became law on 24 June 1822 (The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 George IV. 1822 [London, 1822], 196–207).

From Bernard Peyton Dear sir Richd 24 June ”22 Agreeable to the directions contained in your last, now before me, have this day fordd to Lynchburg, care Archibald Robertson, six Blls: Herrings, & will by the first Milton Boat, send you 4 Blls: Herrings & two of Shad, & the Nail rods written for, if to be had. I have already fordd the 3 Boxes tin to Raphael at Charlottesville, you wrote for in a former letter; the package from Petersburg & from Mayo have neither come to my hands yet—•••I will tomorrow for’d the $31.57 to John Laval of Philada as requested & under cover you will find a triplicate of the bill for’d Williams of London—•••The remittance to Mr Vaughan of Philada: was rather too much he writes me—•••In haste Yours very Truly B. Peyton •Your Bedford Tobacco not heard from yet— RC (MHi); dateline beneath full signature; endorsed by TJ as received 26 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Robert G. Scott, 9 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed (one word editorially corrected from “Chartollesville”): “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Char-

B.P.

lottesville”; stamped; postmarked Richmond, 24 June. Peyton neglected to enclose in this letter the promised triplicate of the bill of exchange (see TJ to Peyton, [27 June 1822], Peyton to TJ, 27 June 1822).

From Jonathan Thompson Custom House New York—•

DEAR SIR •June 24th 1822. Inclosed is a bill of lading for a box of seeds received per the Ship Six Brothers, Williams Master from Havre the amount of expenses paid the Captain are as follows.  491 

24 JUNE 1822

Freight from Havre Transportation from Paris paid by him

$1.— 1.24 2.24 Primage 10 PerCt 23 $2.47 The box I have forwarded to the care of Mr Bernard Peyton, Richmond, Virginia—There is no charge for expenses or duties here—•••With great respect, am Your Obt Servt Jonathan Thompson RC (MHi); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Thompson; at foot of text in same clerk’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson Esq. Monticello Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

From John Vaughan D sir Philad 24. June 1822 Your favor was recd & I have procured from Mr Girard 960 Franks on Paris which I have remittd to M Dodge—But during some serious indisposition of one of our family—your letter for M Dodge is mislaid[—]I regret the circumstance & request that you will immediately Send me another & copy, one shall go from hence, one from N York—the Bill 1o & 2d went this [Day] I remain with respect & affection Yr friend Jn Vaughan The outrageous attack of the Native Virgn has excited much indignation—His malevolence at first & his weakness & wickedness since have been made by you fully apparent RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; edge chipped; endorsed by TJ as received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with related calculation by TJ beneath endorse-

ment: “180 960 (5.33 900 600 540 60.”

From William J. Coffee Honor’d Sir New york 25–June. 1822 The receiveing a letter from you was a Pleaseing favour which I had look’d for som time, and in answer as relates to the Engraving of the ground Plan of the University the letter that accompanys this will put you in Possession of wat you request to know. Mr. m. is a Gentleman of the first abilitys in that art in this City and the date of Estimate will show that I had not neglected the favour of  492 

25 JUNE 1822

your Commission, and the delay, has been from a wish to Inform you of my Progress in the work for the University. as respects the ornaments for Bedford I shall Promptly attend to them but must beg your Politenss to give me the following Information for If I do understand your letter am suspicious of som mistake in the ornaments for the Pavilion No 1. which must have happened through looking at the same order in the Portico at monticello hal a Note tells me of 30 mettle Heads but no ox Sculls. Should there be any Sculls in the Same frize with human Heads, If there ought to be I am rong having Cast in mettle 12 human Heads for that Pavilion. In the example by Nicholson from the Baths of Dioclesian no ox scull is Shown or can I find it so in aney other work that I have looked at in fact this mistake of mine If it is one would Extend to Every frize of that order and Example, and tharefore I see thee Necessity of your opinion, the way I look’d at the Subject was that you Intended to ornament two rooms at Bedford One as in the North Easte Portico at monticello the other as in your dining Room, in which case it would be the human Bust alone in one entablature, and in the other entablature alternately an ox scull and Pateras, as in Palladeos Doric It is som wat Painfull to think that your 3d Cistern should be doubtfull it was my thoughts & hopes that it would Prove the best of the three Cisterns, and If it should Prove faulty it is moste likely to be in the Bottom oweing to thinness this will be soon remedyed by Laying on ¾ of an Inch more on the old, but I should be Inclined to think the fault in the Conductor’s Farther Speaking of the Engraving I think the Price a little High much more so then I had any Ideae, however nothing less will do have seen two artist (the first and the second) rate man the Price I found the same I tharfore had no doubt who should have the work should you Conclude to give an order it may be to me or to mr. M. or should youe Please to have the Drawing returned it is in my Possession. The time it would take by the Engraver would be about two months Sir youe will Please to receiv my Dutifully Respects and wishes for your good Health W. J. Coffee •NB. In1 your Letter you do not say that the miterd halves are for outer or iner angles or Boath will you be so good as to say RC (DLC); written on a sheet folded to form four pages, with letter on pp. 1–2, postscript following enclosed memorandum on p. 3, and endorsement on p. 4; beneath signature: “To Thos. Jefferson,

Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as received 5 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with calculations by TJ beneath endorsement related to the cost of architectural ornaments for the parlor at Poplar Forest:

 493 

25 JUNE 1822 “75. f and “.36 .36 cents 80 450 28.80.” 225 27.00” Enclosed letter not found.

mr. m.: Peter Maverick. By the portico at monticello hal and north easte portico, Coffee means the Entrance Hall at Monticello. pateras, in this context, are ornaments or decorations “resembling a shallow round dish” (OED). 1 Manuscript:

“NB. n.”

e n c l o s u r e

William J. Coffee’s Memorandum on His Work at the University of Virginia [ca. 25 June 1822] Progress of the work for the University I find I have taken this Worke much too Low I now think by $200. for have been obliged to model Every distinct ornament for the Purpose the Last of thease models I have now in hand, I then have to repeat Each of theas for thee Quantey the Siz of thee Entablatures theare thee Led Ornaments Verey Larg which is Verey difficult to Cast that difficulty however I have surmounted and the Casts of Boath Entablature are Just Brought in by the Founders Each distinct Cast of theas Led ornaments Cost me 75 Cents the Founders Chargex then thare has been my attendans and the modeling of this alone of Each ornament would be Eaquel to the Price I have afixe’d and agreed to take, I shall Endevour to send them to the tim apointed and when theey are on the ground must Leave my under Value to your Judgment and thee Honor of The Proctor x for workman ship onely with out the Led or the finishing them from the sand which I have to do my self

MS (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39679); entirely in Coffee’s hand; originally conjoined with covering letter; undated.

From LeRoy, Bayard & Company Sir New York June 25th 1822. A few days since we had the honor of receiving your valued letter of the 11th Inst and Shortly after a remittance from Colo Bernard Peyton of Richmd for One hundred & twenty Five Dollars, the Interest due on your Bond— By the Heirs of mr Van Staphorst we are desired to inform1 you that a final Settlement of his Estate—is2 now making, which renders it necessary that this bond should be paid, and we therefore with reluctance have to urge your early attention to the same, not wishing how 494 

26 JUNE 1822

ever that any sacrifice of property should be made to effect this object, we have stated that no payment can be effected sooner than Six months hence, which will we trust afford time to make the necessary provision With Respect We [are]3 your Obedt & Hble Sts LeRoy Bayard & [C]4 RC (DLC); in the hand of a representative of LeRoy, Bayard & Company; at head of text: “To his Excellency Thos Jefferson Esqr”; mistakenly endorsed by TJ as a letter of 26 June 1822 received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

1 Manuscript:

“imform.” “in.” 3 Omitted word editorially supplied. 4 Omitted initial editorially supplied. 2 Manuscript:

From Thomas L. McKenney Weston-Heights of Geo: Town DC1 June 26. 1822

McKenney

Tho L to Tho Jefferson—greeting—& begs leave to present him with a prospectus of the “Washington Republican & Congressional Examiner,” and to assure Mr Jefferson of his veneration for him.—Tho L McKenney begs leave to add his best wishes for Mr Jefferson’s happiness, present & future.— RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); endorsed by TJ as received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Thomas Loraine McKenney (1785– 1859), public official, was a native of Maryland’s Eastern Shore. He moved in 1809 to Georgetown, District of Columbia, where he operated a dry-goods store. After seeing action as a militia officer during the War of 1812, McKenney served as superintendent of Indian trade, 1816–22, and as a director of the Bank of Columbia in 1819. He owned three slaves in 1820. In 1822 McKenney founded the Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner to promote Secretary of War John C. Calhoun’s presidential aspirations. Although McKenney gave up editorial control of the paper a year later, Calhoun rewarded his efforts by appointing him superintendent of Indian affairs in 1824. Having previously helped to craft the Indian Civilization Act of 1819, prior to his dismissal from this post in 1830 McKenney advocated for the Indian Removal Act of the latter year and assembled an extensive col-

lection of Indian artifacts, books, manuscripts, and portraits. This body of material eventually made its way into the Smithsonian Institution, although an 1865 fire destroyed the portraits. McKenney’s published works include Sketches of a Tour of the Lakes (1827), History of the Indian Tribes of North America, 3 vols. (1836–44), and Memoirs, Official and Personal (1846; repr. 1973). He was living in poverty in a boardinghouse when he died of typhoid fever in Brooklyn, New York (ANB; DAB; Herman J. Viola, Thomas L. McKenney, Architect of America’s Early Indian Policy: 1816–1830 [1974]; City of Washington Gazette, 29 Mar. 1819; Georgetown Metropolitan, 28 Mar. 1820; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., 1820; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 13 Aug. 1822; Boston Daily Advertiser, 7 June 1823; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 14 May 1827, 8 Mar. 1859; Jackson, Papers; Washington Daily National Journal, 26 Aug. 1830; New York Evening Post, 21 Feb. 1859). 1 Abbreviation

 495 

interlined.

e n c l o s u r e

Thomas L. McKenney’s Prospectus for the Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner [by 11 June 1822] PROSPECTUS of the WASHINGTON REPUBLICAN, and Congressional Examiner. •••• A new paper, under the above title, will be published in the City of Washington, on the evening of Wednesday the seventh day of August next, and will be continued as an evening paper, twice a week. Fifty years have not yet passed away, since the patriarchs of the Revolution affixed their names to that “Declaration,” which assigned the United States a conspicuous and independent position in the map of nations; and their subsequent progress exhibits a chequered infancy of difficulty and danger. Political collisions have threatened the very existence of that liberty whose cry caused our swords to leap from their scabbards, and to sever the mightiest link in the chain which had heretofore bound the two hemispheres together. The question of political independence disposed of, the public mind gradually settled down into tranquillity; but the weakness and effects of a system of government established amidst the perils and difficulties of the Revolution, soon startled it from its momentary repose. The principles of legislation then became subjects of discussion, and their application to the character and circumstances of the new Union was directed by the sound, steady, and forcible impetus of public opinion. The value of the Constitution developed itself in the rapid and extensive diffusion of protection and prosperity. Public confidence, the natural effect of that mutual security which flows from a recognized and established system of government, superseded terror and indecision by industry and enterprise. Scarcely, however, had the Constitution gone into operation, before the spirit and views of Federalism began to develope themselves, and to cause violent political contentions. A long and doubtful struggle followed; but Republican principles ultimately gained the ascendency. The arduous conflict in the late war, an event which severely tested the capacity of the people for self-government, and irrevocably decided the question in the affirmative, completed their triumph. The motives of the Federal party we impeach not. That they acted under the influence of mistaken principles, public opinion has long since determined. The war, and the events of the preceding twenty years, lessened the number of its advocates. Party dissentions had subsided, and were rapidly floating down the tide of oblivion, when a new opposition, assuming to itself a name foreign to our institutions, suddenly appeared, and attempts to scatter the seeds of fresh discords. Under specious and popular pretexts, this new and audacious enemy aims, with the overthrow of the present administration, at the prostration of those establishments which have been reared by wisdom, and sanctioned by experience. The character of this spirit, though it professes to be that of reformation, may be estimated by the tone of its prin-

 496 

26 JUNE 1822 ciples, and by the palpable means on which it relies for success. By false charges, and highly-wrought misrepresentations, it levels obloquy against the President, and those Members of the Executive who have evinced the most enlightened and disinterested zeal in upholding the true interests of the country. It would cover the last of that “patriot band” which gave the country political being, with popular odium, and drive him from the presidential chair, suspected and dishonoured. It would even pursue him into his retirement, and plant thorns of anguish in the pillow which shall receive the last impress of his venerable head. The great charm of the American Constitution is the harmonious construction of its general and local governments, and their associated operation for the extension and preservation of an equal share of liberty to each integral part of the Union. By this means the diffusion of freedom is not only individually greater, but embraces a vaster extent of territory than political philosophy has ever yet considered practicable. The contempt with which the union of these States was originally marked by the sceptics of Europe, soon gave way to more sober doubts as to the possibility of its duration. Reason and prophecy were both enlisted to antedate its destruction; precedents were marshalled against it; the arrogant foretold its catastrophe; and the ignorant believed it. Time has partially removed the film of error;— doubt is rapidly brightening into conviction;—expectation into wonder;— hope into admiration;—and the arrogance of pride and folly seeks a refuge from universal scorn, by skulking behind the weak and worn-out subterfuges of the frailty of human judgment, and the uncontrollable chances of futurity. It is the determination of the proprietor of “The Washington Republican,” to defend that Constitution which has already given so many incontrovertible proofs of its peculiar consonance to the opinions and interests of the people. His scheme also embraces a vigorous and consistent support of the existing administration, so long as it shall continue to discharge the high duties intrusted to it with fidelity and economy. An enemy to waste and extravagance on the one hand, the proprietor avows an equal hostility against parsimony and injustice on the other. Disposed—determined to watch over the disbursements of the public money, his vigilance will ever be as sensibly alive to the fiscal operations of the government, as it will to the lawless and anarchical march of those desperate principles which, in the madness of retrenchment, would destroy the executive and the constitution together. His economy implies a correct and judicious distribution of labour and recompense—a watchful supervisorship of the legislative appropriations—skill and decision in making and enforcing the fulfilment of contracts—and a careful superintendence of those officers to whom the charge of the public accounts is committed. The economy of the Radicals embraces a desolating, all-sweeping retrenchment— the rejection of all the claims of present labour for reward—and the striking off all securities for labour to come. Grasping at a sordid and momentary popularity, it looks neither to the means nor the consequences of its operations; but violently attempts to throw open the flood-gates of prejudice, and, on the inundation of all that is honourable and beautiful and constitutional, to float its promoters into the deserted seats of power. In resisting such a spirit, and in strongly marking the distinction between the economy of Republicans, and the mere amputation of the Radicals, which would leave the government

 497 

26 JUNE 1822 a limbless and desolate trunk, the proprietor feels that the sovereignty of public opinion will be enlisted on his side. By that opinion,—the natural and only legitimate source of all power,—he is confident that his motives will be correctly appreciated, and his exertions generously rewarded.—By that opinion he is content to stand or fall. The department appropriated to the “Congressional Examiner” will be filled with energy, and directed by an undeviating regard to truth and justice. Not only will the legislative proceedings be given with accuracy, and, where their importance may require it, with copiousness; but the qualifications of every prominent member of Congress for the high station he occupies, will be examined in a series of political portraits, drawn with equal truth and intrepidity. The strictures which will be called forth in the execution of this duty, shall never descend to personal invective, nor private slander. The education, the intellect, the judgment of every public character, belong to the public, and are the legitimate subjects of public discussion. To these we shall principally confine ourselves. Engrafting our hopes on the interests of the Commonwealth, we shall make these interests the compass of our course; and wherever we find them endangered by the clamours of an ignorant faction, or the schemes of unprincipled artifice, we shall not hesitate to drag the delinquents before the tribunal of the public,—and, placing ourselves by their sides, the accuser and the accused together, await, without trembling, the judgment of public opinion. The other arrangements of the Washington Republican, literary as well as mechanical, may be given in a few words, as it is considered better to allow the paper itself, which will so speedily be placed in the hands of the public, to assert its own claims to support, than to swell out this prospectus by elaborate promises, and a thousand-times-told professions. A portion of the paper will be appropriated to select literature, which will include interesting extracts from the most valuable new publications, and such critical notices of American and English literature, as may be warranted by the character and importance of the works under review. The paper will be of the first quality, the type new, and the workmanship of approved skill and correctness. Advertisements will be inserted; and the paper itself published twice a week at five dollars per annum, payable in one month after the commencement of the paper, by those who may have subscribed previous to the publication of the first number, and by all others on entering their names as subscribers, and all subsequent years in advance. For the accommodation, however, of those who may desire a daily report of the proceedings of Congress, it will be published every evening during the session, should a sufficient number of subscribers to justify the additional expense indicate their desire to that effect, before the commencement of the session; and, for this daily paper an extra charge of three dollars will be made. Subscriptions and communications for the above paper, may be forwarded (post paid) to the proprietor, to the care of Anderson & Meehan, printers, Washington City. THOMAS L. M‘KENNEY. SUBSCRIBERS’ NAMES.

RESIDENCE.

 498 

no. of semi-weekly papers.

no. of daily during congress.

26 JUNE 1822 •Broadside (MoSHi: TJC-BC); undated. Printed in Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 14 June 1822, and elsewhere.

•On 11 June 1822 McKenney sent James Madison a copy of this prospectus (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:533).

To Benjamin Waterhouse Dear Sir Monticello June 26. 22. I have recieved and read with thankfulness & pleasure your denunciation of the abuses of tobacco & wine. yet however sound in it’s principles, I expect it will be but a sermon to the wind. you will find it as difficult to inculcate these sanative precepts on the sensualists of the present day, as to convince an Athanasian that there is but one God. I wish success to both attempts, and am happy to learn from you that the latter, at least, is making progress, and the more rapidly in proportion as our Platonising Christians1 make more stir and2 noise about it. The doctrines of Jesus are simple, and tend all to the happiness of man. 1. that there is one3 God, and he all-perfect: 2. that there is a future state of rewards and punishments: 3. that to love God with all thy heart, & thy neighbor as thyself, is the sum of religion. these are the great points on which he endeavored to reform the religion of the Jews. but compare with these the demoralising dogmas of Calvin. 1. that there are three Gods: 2. that good works, or the love of our neighbor are nothing: 3. that Faith is every thing; and the more incomprehensible the proposition, the more merit in it’s faith: 4. that Reason in religion is of unlawful use: 5. that God, from the beginning, elected certain individuals to be saved, & certain others to be damned; and that no crimes of the former can damn them, no virtues of the latter save. Now which of these is the true and charitable Christian? he who believes and acts on the simple doctrines of Jesus? or the impious dogmatists of Athanasius and Calvin? verily, I say that these are the false shepherds, foretold as to enter, not by the door into the sheep-fold,4 but to climb up some other way. they are mere Usurpers of the Christian name, teaching a Counter-religion, made up of the deliria of crazy imaginations, as foreign from Christianity as is that of Mahomet. their blasphemies have driven thinking men into infidelity, who have too hastily rejected the supposed Author himself, with the horrors so  499 

26 JUNE 1822

falsely imputed to him. had the doctrines of Jesus been preached always5 as purely as they came from his lips, the whole civilised world would now have been Christian. I rejoice that in this blessed6 country of free enquiry and belief, which has surrendered it’s creed and conscience to neither kings nor priests, the genuine doctrine of one only God is reviving, and I trust that there is not a young man now living in the US. who will not die an Unitarian. But much I fear that when this great truth shall be re-established, it’s Votaries will fall into the fatal error of fabricating formulas of creed, and Confessions of faith, the engines which so soon7 destroyed the religion of Jesus, and made of Christendom a mere Aceldama: that they will give up morals for mysteries,8 & Jesus for Plato. how much wiser are the Quakers, who, agreeing in the fundamental doctrines of the gospel, schismatize about no mysteries, and keeping within the pale of Common sense, suffer no speculative differences of opinion, any more than of feature, to impair the love of their brethren. be this the wisdom of Unitarians; this the holy mantle which shall cover within it’s charitable circumference all who believe in one God, and who love their neighbor.—I conclude my sermon with sincere assurances of my friendly esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (MBCo); at foot of first page: “Doctor Waterhouse.” Dft (DLC). Tr (Thomas C. Desmond, Newburgh, N.Y., 1953). Tr (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). In the Bible Jesus teaches his followers that to love god with all thy heart, & thy neighbor as thyself, is  the sum of religion (Matthew 22.36–40; Mark 12.28–31; Luke 10.26–7). Elsewhere he warns of false shepherds, who “entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way” (John 10.1). For extracts from the above letter that its recipient soon released for newspaper

publication, see Waterhouse to TJ, 14 Sept. 1822, and note. 1 Reworked in Dft from “our antiChristian Maniacs.” 2 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 3 Dft: “one only.” 4 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 5 Word interlined in Dft. 6 Word interlined in Dft. 7 Preceding two words interlined in Dft in place of “first.” 8 Word interlined in Dft in place of “metaphysics.”

From Thomas G. Watkins Dear Sir, Glenmore June 26. 1822. Since last Court when, at Charlottesville, you desired me to send in my account—one circumstance or another has occured to prevent my attention to the subject untill now,—I send it enclosed. I am with the greatest respect Your most Obdt servt Tho G Watkins  500 

26 JUNE 1822

falsely imputed to him. had the doctrines of Jesus been preached always5 as purely as they came from his lips, the whole civilised world would now have been Christian. I rejoice that in this blessed6 country of free enquiry and belief, which has surrendered it’s creed and conscience to neither kings nor priests, the genuine doctrine of one only God is reviving, and I trust that there is not a young man now living in the US. who will not die an Unitarian. But much I fear that when this great truth shall be re-established, it’s Votaries will fall into the fatal error of fabricating formulas of creed, and Confessions of faith, the engines which so soon7 destroyed the religion of Jesus, and made of Christendom a mere Aceldama: that they will give up morals for mysteries,8 & Jesus for Plato. how much wiser are the Quakers, who, agreeing in the fundamental doctrines of the gospel, schismatize about no mysteries, and keeping within the pale of Common sense, suffer no speculative differences of opinion, any more than of feature, to impair the love of their brethren. be this the wisdom of Unitarians; this the holy mantle which shall cover within it’s charitable circumference all who believe in one God, and who love their neighbor.—I conclude my sermon with sincere assurances of my friendly esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (MBCo); at foot of first page: “Doctor Waterhouse.” Dft (DLC). Tr (Thomas C. Desmond, Newburgh, N.Y., 1953). Tr (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). In the Bible Jesus teaches his followers that to love god with all thy heart, & thy neighbor as thyself, is  the sum of religion (Matthew 22.36–40; Mark 12.28–31; Luke 10.26–7). Elsewhere he warns of false shepherds, who “entereth not by the door into the sheepfold, but climbeth up some other way” (John 10.1). For extracts from the above letter that its recipient soon released for newspaper

publication, see Waterhouse to TJ, 14 Sept. 1822, and note. 1 Reworked in Dft from “our antiChristian Maniacs.” 2 Preceding two words interlined in Dft. 3 Dft: “one only.” 4 Preceding three words interlined in Dft. 5 Word interlined in Dft. 6 Word interlined in Dft. 7 Preceding two words interlined in Dft in place of “first.” 8 Word interlined in Dft in place of “metaphysics.”

From Thomas G. Watkins Dear Sir, Glenmore June 26. 1822. Since last Court when, at Charlottesville, you desired me to send in my account—one circumstance or another has occured to prevent my attention to the subject untill now,—I send it enclosed. I am with the greatest respect Your most Obdt servt Tho G Watkins  500 

27 JUNE 1822 “Mr

•RC (MHi); addressed: Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 29 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Thomas G. Watkins [after 9 Aug. 1821] Mr Jefferson To Tho G Watkins•Dr $ Cts 1821 July 20. Prescription & medicine at Mr Peytons for Mrs Marks 2 00 21. Prescription & medicine Do 2 " 22. Prescription medicine & blister plaister Do 3 " " Call visit & advice for negro Carpenter Lewis 2 August 1. Visit to Mr Peytons attendg prescn &c Mrs Marks 3 50 8   Do••••••••Do•••Do Do 3 50 9. Prescripn & medicine Betty’s child (when on a visit to Mrs R.) 2 " $ 18 00 MS (MHi); written by Watkins on a half sheet and docketed by him: “Mr Jefferson A/c”; undated; endorsed by TJ: “Watkins Dr Thos G.”; with additional notation by TJ beneath endorsement: “June 30. pd by order on Raphael.” A blister plaister (blister-plaster) is “a plaster for raising a blister” (OED).

mrs r.: TJ’s daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph. TJ’s signed order of 30 June 1822 that Isaac Raphael pay “Watkins or order” $18 is in MHi, written entirely in TJ’s hand on a small scrap, and endorsed by him: “Watkins Dr Thos G. June 30. 22.”

To John Adams Dear Sir Monticello June 27. 22. Your kind letter of the 11th has given me great satisfaction for altho’ I could not doubt but that the hand of age was pressing heavily on you, as on myself, yet we like to know the particulars and the degree of that pressure. much reflection too has been produced by your suggestion of lending my letter of the 1st to a printer. I have generally great aversion to the insertion of my letters in the public papers; because of my passion for quiet retirement & never to be exhibited in scene on the public stage. nor am I unmindful of the precept of Horace Åsolve1 senescentem, mature sanus equum, ne peccet ad extremum ridendus.’•••in the present case however I see a possibility that this might aid in producing the very quiet after which I pant. I do not know how far you may suffer as I do, under the persecution of letters,  501 

27 JUNE 1822

of which every mail brings a fresh load. they are letters of enquiry for the most part, always of good will, sometimes from friends whom I esteem, but much oftener from persons whose names are unknown to me, but written kindly and civilly, and to which therefore civility requires answers. perhaps the better known failure of your hand in it’s function of writing, may shield you in greater degree from this distress, and so far qualify the misfortune of it’s disability. I happened to turn to my letter-list some time ago, and a curiosity was excited to count those recieved in a single year. it was the year before the last. I found the number to be 1267. many of them requiring answers of elaborate research, and all to be answered with due attention and consideration. take an average of this number for a week or a day, and I will repeat the question suggested by other considerations in mine of the 1st. is this life? at best it is but the life of a mill-horse, who sees no end to his circle but in death. to such a life that of a cabbage is paradise. it occurs then that my condition of existence, truly stated in that letter, if better known, might check the kind indiscretions which are so heavily oppressing the departing hours of life. such a relief would to me be an ineffable blessing. but yours of the 11th equally interesting and affecting, should accompany that to which it is an answer. the two taken together would excite a joint interest, and place before our fellow-citizens the present condition of two antient servants, who having faithfully performed their 40. or 50. campaigns, stipendiis omnibus expletis, have a reasonable claim to repose from all disturbance in the Sanctuary of Invalids and Superannuates. but some device should be thought of for their getting before the public otherwise than by our own publication. your printer perhaps could frame something plausible. C. Thomson’s name should be left blank, as his picture, should it meet his eye, might give him pain. I consign however the whole subject to your consideration, to do in it whatever your own judgment shall approve, and repeat always with truth the assurances of my constant & affectionate friendship and respect Th: Jefferson RC (MHi: Adams Papers); addressed: “John Adams Montezillo near Quincy Mass.”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 29 June; endorsed by Louisa C. Smith. PoC (DLC); endorsed by TJ. solve senescentem . . . ridendus (“Be wise in time, and turn loose the ageing horse, lest at the last he stumble amid jeers”) is from Horace, Epistles, 1.1.8–9 (Fairclough, Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, 250–1).

my letter-list: SJL. In a missive to his granddaughter Ellen W. Randolph (Coolidge) of 16 Jan. 1822, TJ stated that he had received 1,267 letters in 1819, not the year before the last. That figure greatly exceeds the number documented in SJL for either year. stipendiis omnibus expletis: “and completed their military service.” 1 Manuscript:

 502 

“solvere.”

To H. C. Carey & I. Lea Messrs Cary & Lea Monticello June 27. 22. In answering the enquiries of your letter of the 12th I must first observe that what I shall say is on the report of my neighbors, & not of my own knolege. the mr Mckennies (for there are two brothers of them) came to Charlottesville some two or three years ago, & set up a weekly paper on a small scale, at 3.D. a year. it was understood that they had little capital, and they did the whole business themselves, as well manual as editorial. they are considered as very industrious, honest and correct men. I have never heard a word to their prejudice. Charlottesville at present is a poor stand for book-selling. the neighborhood is of plain industrious farmers; the town of [r]etail merchants & mechanics, of about 250. free inhabitants. the merchants sometimes have a shelf or two of books, but they are of very slow sale. whenever1 the University opens, it will probably be an excellent station for classics & books of the sciences which will be taught there. it will require a correspondence with the continent of Europe, particularly with Paris & Amsterdam, the best and cheapest editions of Classics coming from Germany. but the time of opening the University is entirely uncertain. this is as good an account of the place persons & prospect as I am able to give you, and with it be pleased to accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 3 June 1822; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ. H. C. Carey & I. Lea’s letter to TJ of the 12th was actually dated 17 June 1822. Clement P. McKennie and John H. McKennie (the mr mckennies) commenced publication in January 1820 of  Charlottesville’s first newspaper, the

weekly Central Gazette. TJ subscribed to the paper, 1821–23 (Brigham, American Newspapers, 2:1112; Woods, Albemarle, 99, 260; MB, 2:1377, 1390). H. C. Carey & I. Lea’s reply to TJ of 2  July 1822, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 10 July 1822 from Philadelphia. 1 Manuscript:

“whenver.”

To Samuel B. H. Judah Monticello June 27. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns thanks to mr Judah for the poem of Odofreide, of which he has been so kind as to send him a copy. the chill of 80. winters has so compleatly extinguished his sensibility to the beauties of poetry; as to leave him no longer competent either to enjoy or judge them. he transfers therefore to the younger members of his family a pleasure which their more susceptible imaginations  503 

27 JUNE 1822

may feel and relish and with his thanks, he presents to mr Judah his respectful salutations PoC (CtY: Franklin Collection); on verso of reused address cover of John Adlum to TJ, 5 June 1822; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ.

To Bernard Peyton Th: Jefferson to Colo Peyton [27 June 1822] I am in hopes you will have discovered that the triplicate of the bill to Williams was omitted to be inclosed in yours of the 24th as therein supposed, and that it is now on the way to me, as I withold the duplicate of my letter to Appleton in order to inclose it to him. affectionate salutations. •P.S. do not forget my quarterly acct ending with this month. PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Reuben G. Beasley to TJ, 1 May 1822; undated; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 27 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

From Bernard Peyton Dr sir Richd 27th June 1822— I omitted in my last to enclose a triplicate of the bill of exchange forwarded to Mr Williams of London, and do so now under cover herewith. I paid your curtail of $500 at the Farmers Bank this day it being taken off your $2500 note instead of the $4,000.—•••I have heard nothing yet of your bundle from Petersburg or from Mayo, nor have I been able to forward your herrings and Shad to Milton, I will do so the first opportunity— Very respectfully sir Your Mo: Obd: B. Peyton •P.S. The writer of this is desired to say that Mr Peyton’s pen hand is so much crippled he cannot write— RC (MHi); in N. N. Wilkinson’s hand, signed by Peyton; endorsed by TJ as received 29 June 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to James Madison, 6 Oct. 1824,

on verso; addressed by Wilkinson: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 27 June. Enclosure not found.

 504 

From William Lambert Sir, City of Washington, June 28th 1822. The method of determining the longitude of any place by occultations, and solar eclipses, has been, and perhaps, always will be considered among the best for that purpose. It must be acknowledged, that the process is tedious and laborious; but the accuracy of the results, when due care is taken in the operation, will amply compensate for the trouble of computing the necessary elements. In this method, particularly, we have it in our power, by a proper reduction of the latitude of the place, and of the Moon’s equatorial horizontal parallax, to find the longitude, allowing for the spheroidal form of the Earth, which, by other methods, susceptible of less accuracy, is seldom taken into view. The rough draft herewith inclosed, is intended by its author, for the use of the seminary near Charlottesville, in your neighbourhood; and I shall be gratified to learn, that the rules and process therein exhibited, have been, or may be serviceable in promoting a competent knowledge of that branch of science, with which they are connected. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most Obedt servant, William Lambert. RC (ViU: TJP); addressed (trimmed): “[Thomas?] [Je]fferson, Monticello, Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 1 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

William Lambert’s Methods of Calculating the Moon’s Parallaxes To find the Moon’s parallaxes in longitude and latitude, independent of the altitude and longitude of the nonagesimal. •••• An example will be taken from the report relative to the longitude of the City of Washington, in the case of the immersion of η Pleiadum, (Alcyone) October 20th 1804. •••• With the Moon’s true longitude, 56.° 26.′ 12.″ 93, latitude 4.° 30.′ 25.″ 30. dec. N. and the obliquity of the Ecliptic, 23.° 27.′ 54.″ 25. dec compute the Moon’s Right Ascension, 52.° 58.′ 27.″ 81, and declination, 23.° 45.′ 25.″ 45. dec North. Find the angle between the parallels to the ecliptic and equator, = 13.° 55.′ 2.″ 59 dec, which subtracted from 90°, leaves 76.° 4.′ 57.″ 41. dec the angle between the meridian passing thro’ the Moon’s centre, and a parallel to the Ecliptic.

 505 

28 JUNE 1822 •From the Moon’s Right Ascension, increased by 360.° subtract the Right ascension of the meridian, 346.° 8.′ 35.″ 37, the remainder, 66.° 49.′ 52.″ 44 dec, is the Moon’s horary angle, or distance from the meridian, East. With the Moon’s horary angle, = 66.° 49.′ 52.″ 44. dec E. declination, 23.° 45.′ 25.″ 45. dec North, and the latitude of the place, reduced, 38.° 42.′ 59.″ 44. dec N. compute the Moon’s true altitude, 32.° 12.′ 16.″ 72 dec, and angle of position, 57.° 58.′ 3.″ 67. dec. ° ′ ″ dec angle between meridn passing thro’ ☽’s centre, and parl to eclip: 76. 4.57.41. Angle of position,•••at•••••do + 57.58. 3.67 Angle between the vertical circle, and a parallel to eclip: 134. 3. 1.08. •or the excess above 90°, (in this case) of the parallactic angle, = 44.° 3.′ 1.″ 08. dec With the Moon’s horizontal parallax, reduced, 1.° 0.′ 58.″ 82. dec and the true altitude, 32.° 12.′ 16.″ 72. dec compute the Moon’s parallax in altitude, = 0.° 52.′ 5.″ 05 dec, and apparent altitude, exclusive of refraction, = 31.° 20.′ 11.″ 67. dec. •••• For the parallax in latitude. ° 

′ 

″ dec

Moon’s hor: parallax, reduced, 1. 0.58.82 Sine, 8.2488931. • "•  apparent altitude, 31.20.11.67 Cosine, 9.9315224. angle between vert: cir: and par: to ecl: 134. 3. 1.08 Sine 9.8565655. Parallax in lat. found nearly. 0.37.26.03 Sine 8.0369810. ° 

′

″ dec

Moon’s true latitude, North, 4.30.25.30. Parall: in lat. found nearly, − 0.37.26.03. •Moon’s apparent latitude, N: found nearly, 3.52.59.27. •••• For the parallax in longitude. °

′

″

Moon’s hor. parallax, reduced, 1. 0.58.82 Sine, • "•  apparent altitude, 31.20.11.67 Cosine, Angle between vert: circle and par: to eclip. 134. 3. 1.08 Cosine Moon’s apparent lat. found nearly 3.52.59.27 ar. co. cosine • "•  •parallax in longitude, 0.36.17.77 Sine Correction of the Moon’s apparent Latitude. Constant log. 4.7124. Twice sine of par: in longitude, 16.0471. °

′

″

Sine of twice Moon’s true lat: =  9. 0.50.60 Correction − 0.90 3.52.59.27. Moon’s app: lat. N. correct 3.52.58.37. •"•true lat. 4.30.25.30 Parallax in latitude, 0.37.26.93.

 506 

9.1950 9.95451

8.2488931. 9.9315224. 9.8421658. 0.0009981. 8.0235794

28 JUNE 1822 The parallactic angle may also be computed by having the altitude of the nonagesimal, the Moon’s true distance therefrom, and the true latitude; for, we have two sides of an oblique angled spherical triangle, viz: the altitude of the nonag: = 49.° 35.′ 51.″ 28 dec, and Moon’s distance from the North pole of the Ecliptic, = 85.° 29.′ 34.″ 70. dec. also, the contained angle, 50.° 35.′ 6.″ 30. = the Moon’s true distance from the nonagesimal given, to find the parallactic angle, = 44.° 3.′ 1.″ 05, and Moon’s true altitude, = 32.° 12.′ 16.″ 74. dec hence the parallax in altitude is found to be 0.° 52.′ 5.″ 05 dec, and the Moon’s apparent altitude, = 31.° 20.′ 11.″ 69. dec exclusive of refraction. In computing the Moon’s parallaxes in longitude and latitude, we use the log. cosine of the parallactic angle for the parallax in latitude, and the sine for the parallax in longitude;—for the cosine of 44.° 3.′ 1.″ 05 dec, is equal to the sine of 134.° 3.′ 1.″ 05, and the sine of the former, equal to the cosine of the latter. It will be found, on trial, that the small variance in the parallactic angle and Moon’s true altitude, obtained by different methods, will not amount to the − ₅− ¹₀− ₀ part of a second in the parallaxes. •••• We shall now proceed to find the parallaxes in longitude and latitude by the method which I generally use for that purpose. °

′

″ dec

Moon’s hor: parallax, reduced, 1. 0.58.82 Altitude of the nonagesimal, 49.35.51.28 2 Log. A, 8.1305692. Moon’s true dist. à nonag: 50.° 35.′ 6.″ 30 sine. 9.8879369 log. B, 8.0185061 Natural Natural cosine Moon’s Corresponding log. 9.9949207. arith: comp: 0.0050973. log. B + 8.0185061. tangent, 8.0236034.

Sine, Sine log. A.

8.2488931. 9.8816761. 8.1305692.

cosine, (C) num: C, true lat. (D)

9.8027270. 7.9332962 0085762. 9969077. 9883315.

par: in longitude, 0.° 36.′ 17.″ 77. dec which added to the Moon’s true distance, gives 51.° 11.′ 24.″ 07 dec, the Moon’s apparent distance from the nonag: East. For the Moon’s apparent latitude. °

′

″ dec

°

′

″ 

Moon’s hor: parallax, reduced, 1. 0.58.82 Altitude of the nonagesimal, 49.35.51.28 •Corresponding natural number, − 0114967. •Natural Sine Moon’s true lat: 0785814. •diff: = Nat. number, (F.) 0670847 •Moon’s true dist: à nonag:  ••"•• apparent dist. do ••"•• true lat. North, ••"•• apparent lat. N. •Parallax in latitude,

Sine, 8.2488931. Cosine 9.8116769. (E) 8.0605700. log.

50.35. 6.30. ar. co. s. 51.11.24.07 Sine, 4.30.25.30. ar. co. co.s. 3.52.58.36. tang. 0.37.26.94.

8.8266234. 0.1120631. 9.8916650. 0.0013451. 8.8316966.

By the first method, we refer to the Equator,—by the latter to the Ecliptic, and the results agree as nearly as might be expected by using seven places of

 507 

28 JUNE 1822 logarithms, besides the index, instead of eight or nine. This process will also shew the care taken to have the Elements correct, in the original calculations, to ascertain the longitude of the Capitol in this City from Greenwich Observatory. William Lambert. City of Washington ⎬⎫ ⎭ •June 27, 1822.3 The foregoing example exhibits the process when the Moon had north latitude: the immersion of γ , on the 12th of January, 1813, when the Moon had south latitude will here be taken from page 37. of the printed report. •••• With the Moon’s longitude, 62.° 31.′ 38.″ 54 dec., latitude, South, 5.° 5.′ 42.″ 58 dec, and the obliquity of the Ecliptic, 23.° 27.′ 43.″ 50 dec, compute the Moon’s Right ascension, = 61.° 29.′ 31.″ 80 dec, and declination, 15.° 41.′ 12.″ 90. dec North. With the Moon’s lat. Right ascension, and the obliquity of the Ecliptic, find the angle between the parallels to the ecliptic and equator, = 10.° 59.′ 53.″ 64, which subtracted from 90°, gives 79.° 0.′ 6.″ 36 dec, the angle between the meridian passing thro’ the Moon’s centre, and a parallel to the Ecliptic. From the Moon’s R.A. 61.° 29.′ 31.″ 80 dec, Subtract the R.A. of the meridian, = 20.° 57.′ 45.″ 95 dec, for the Moon’s horary angle, or distance from the meridian, = 40.° 31.′ 45.″ 85. dec. East. With the Moon’s horary angle, = 40.° 31.′ 45.″ 85. dec E. decl: 15.° 41.′ 12.″ 90. dec N. and the latitude of the place, reduced, = 38.° 42.′ 59.″ 44. dec N. compute the Moon’s true altitude, = 47.° 44.′ 15.″ 23. dec and angle of position, = 48.° 55.′ 54.″ 02. dec ° ′ ″ dec Angle between the merid. passing thro’ the ☽, and par: to ecl: 79. 0. 6.36. Angle of position, (Moon east of meridian) + 48.55.54.02 Angle between the vertical circle, and par: to ecliptic, 127.56. 0.38. With the Moon’s hor: parallax, reduced, 0.° 59.′ 24.″ 517 dec, and Moon’s true altitude, = 47.° 44.′ 15.″ 23 dec, compute the parallax in altitude, 0.° 40.′ 28.″ 06, and Moon’s apparent altitude, (exclusive of refraction) = 47.° 3.′ 47.″ 17. dec For the Moon’s apparent latitude. °

′

″ 

Moon’s hor. parallx reduced, 0.59.24.517, • "•  apparent Altitude, 47. 3.47.17 angle bet. vert. circle and par: to ecl: 127.56. 0.38 parallax in lat: found nearly, 0.31.55.05. •Moon’s true lat. South + 5. 5.42.58 •Moon’s apparent lat. nearly 5.37.37.63.

Sine, cosine, Sine, Sine

8.2375540. 9.8332698. 9.8969259. 7.9677497.

For the parallax in longitude. Moon’s hor: parallax, reduced, • "•  apparent altitude,

°

′

″ 

0.59.24.517. Sine, 8.2375540. 47. 3.47.17 cosine, 9.8332698.

 508 

28 JUNE 1822 angle bet: vert. circle and par: to eclip. Moon’s apparent lat. found nearly,

127.56. 0.38 5.37.37.63

Parallax in longitude,

0.24.59.84

cosine, 9.7886954. ar: comp. cosine 0.0020979. Sine 7.8616171.

Correction of the Moon’s apparent latitude. Constant log, 4.7124. ° ′ ″ dec Twice sine of parallax in longitude, 15.7232. Sine of twice Moon’s true latitude, = 10.11.25.16. 9.2478. − 0.484 9.6834. Moon’s apparent lat. found nearly, 5.37.37.63. ••••do••  do•••correct 5.37.37.15. Moon’s true latitude, South, − 5. 5.42.58 Parallax in latitude, correct, 0.31.54.57. •• Method II. °

′

″  dec

Moon’s hor: parallax, reduced, 0.59.24.517. Sine, 8.2375540 Altitude of the nonagesimal, 62.26.37.89 Sine, 9.9477072 Moon’s true lat. 5. 5.42.585 ar. comp. cos: 0.0017195. (A,) 8.1869807. (A.) 8.1869807. ⎫ Moon’s true dist. à nonag. ⎬ Sine ⎭ ••27.° 47.′ 48.″ 04. 9.6686983 Cosine 9.9467509 (B.) 7.8556790. (C.) 8.1337316.6 •Nat. number, 0136060. •arith: comp. 9863940. •Corresponding log: 9.9940505. ••arith: comp: 0.0059495. ••log. (B) + 7.8556790. •••tangent, 7.8616285. par: in long: 0.° 24.′ 59.″ 84. dec •• For the Moon’s apparent latitude. °

Moon’s horiz: parallax, reduced, Altitude of the nonagesimal, Corresponding natural number, Natural sine Moon’s true lat. + Natural number, (E) Moon’s true dist. à nonag: • " • "

apparent dist: do true lat. South,

• " apparent lat. do diff: = parallax in lat.

′

″  dec 

0.59.24.517 62.26.37.89

0079942. 0888102. 0968044. °

′

″ 

27.47.48.04. 28.12.47.88 5. 5.42.58. 5.37.37.15 0.31.54.57.

 509 

Sine, 8.2375540. cosine 9.6652221. Log. (D.) 7.9027761. log. ar: comp. sine. Sine ar: comp. cosine, tangt

8.9858951. 0.3313017. 9.6746364. 0.0017195. 8.9935527.

28 JUNE 1822 •The agreement of the results obtained by two methods so different in their process, shews the correctness of the principles on which both are founded; and if all the elements are computed with due care, there will seldom be a variance of more than − ₁− ¹₀− ₀ of a second. To have a perfect coincidence, the logarithms, &c. must be extended to more than seven places of figures, besides the index. My object in transmitting this communication, is to contribute, in some degree, to the knowledge of practical astronomy at some seminary in my native state: for this purpose, it is respectfully forwarded to you; and if any part requires explanation, it will be promptly attended to. William Lambert.

June 28, 1822. MS (ViU: TJP); written entirely in Lambert’s hand on two sheets, each folded to form four pages, with last page of second sheet blank; at foot of text: “Honble Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia.” The nonagesimal is the point of an ecliptic highest above the horizon (OED). The report relative to the longitude of the city of washington was Lambert, Abstracts of Calculations, to ascertain the Longitude of the Capitol, in the City of Washington, from Greenwich Observatory, in England (Washington, 1817; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 7 [no. 303]; TJ’s copy in MBPLi). The printed report is the enclosure to Lambert to TJ, 18 Mar. 1822.

1

Overscoring, here and below, indicates that the characteristic of the logarithm is  negative, while its mantissa remains non-negative. 2 Superfluous degree, minute, and second symbols and “dec” abbreviation above numbers immediately preceding editorially omitted. 3 Page 4 ends short at this point. 4 Superfluous second symbol and “dec” abbreviation above “0” and “48,” respectively, editorially omitted. 5 Superfluous degree, minute, and second symbols and “dec” abbreviation above numbers immediately preceding editorially omitted. 6 Page 6 ends here, with repetition of final line “Brought forward” to head of page 7 editorially omitted.

From John Vaughan D sir Philad. 29 June 1822 On 24. I remd to M Dodge S Girards Bill for 960 fs at 5² −− ⁰ for which I paid him 184.61 I recd from Mr Peyton a remittance of 196²−− ⁰ which leaves a balle in your favor of 11.59 $196:20 I advised that the letter for Dodge was mislaid.1 It has since been found & goes tomorrow via Havre—In future it would be well to send a Duplicate of the Directions when one might accompany 1 & 2nd Bill I remain with respect D sir your friend Jn Vaughan RC (MHi); at head of text: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

remd: “remitted.” balle: “balance.” 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

 510 

Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses [June 1822]

  D. Average 6. pavilions have cost 52,713 4. do will cost 33,563 10 86.276 8,628 2. hotels have cost 8,216 4. do will cost 16,000 6 24,216 4,036 82 Dorm’s have cost 52,998 27. Dorm. will cost 11,952 595 109 64,950 175,442 10. pavs @ 6000 would have cost 60,000 @ 7500 75,000 6. hotels @ 3,000. would have cost 18000 @ 3,500 21,000 109. Dorms @ 400 would have cost 43,600 43,600 121,600 139,600 if the estims of the buildgs 1819. were 6000. 3000. & 400, have cost 44. p.c. more if 7500, 3500 & 400. they have cost 25. p.c. more. MS (ViU: TJP); entirely in TJ’s hand; undated; endorsed by TJ: “Notes. June. 1822.” For the estims of 1819, see Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Cost Estimates for Uni-

versity of Virginia Building Construction, 1 Oct. 1819, enclosure no. 7 in University of Virginia Board of Visitors Report to Literary Fund President and Directors, 4 Oct. 1819.

From William H. Keating Sir. Philadelphia July 1t 1822 Although I have not the honour of your acquaintance, I take the liberty, of trespassing upon your time, to offer you the enclosed pamphlet, which contains, I believe, the description of the first new American mineral, discovered and described by Americans— In dedicating it to you, Mr Vanuxem and I have gladly seized the first opportunity of manifesting the feelings of veneration, which we, in Common with all the people of these states, experience for one, who, in his exalted station, has by his pursuits and patronage of science  511 

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Contributed so much to raise the scientific character of our country, both at home and abroad— I remain very respectfully Sir Your most obedt Servt  Willm H. Keating Professor of mineralogy and chemistry in the Univy of Pennsa RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Honle Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ (trimmed) as received 13 July. Recorded in SJL as received 13 July 1822. Enclosure: Keating, Account of the Jeffersonite, a New Mineral Discovered at the Franklin Iron Works, near Sparta, N. J. by Lardner Vanuxem and Wm. H. Keating . . . Extract from the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. II. Part II.—June 1822 (Philadelphia, 1822). William Hypolitus Keating (1799– 1840), scientist, educator, and attorney, was born in Wilmington, Delaware, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1816. Having continued his studies for a time in Europe, he returned to his alma mater in 1822 as professor of mineralogy and chemistry as applied to agriculture and the arts, a position he retained until 1828. A secretary of the American Philosophical Society, 1823–27 and 1832, and councilor, 1831 and 1836–40, Keating discovered roughly ten minerals during his career. In 1823 he accompanied a United States Army expedition to explore the Minnesota and Manitoba re-

gions, and a year later he helped found and taught chemistry at the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. After a  four-year stint in Mexico working for a  mining company, Keating returned to Philadelphia, held a seat in the state House of Representatives, 1832–34, and was admitted to the bar. He died suddenly on a business trip in London, England (ANB; DAB; University of Pennsylvania Biographical Catalogue of the Matriculates of the College . . . 1749–1893 [1894], xxii, 55; APS, Minutes, 18 Oct. 1822 [MS in PPAmP]; Henry Phillips, “A List of the Officers and Councilors of the American Philosophical Society . . . From 1769 to 1890,” APS, Proceedings 27 [1889]: 90–1, 99–100; Journal of the Forty Third House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania [1832–33], 1:3; Journal of the Forty-Fourth House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania [1833–34], 1:3; London Times, 20 May 1840; gravestone inscription in Old Swedes Churchyard, Wilmington). An image of Jeffersonite is reproduced elsewhere in this volume.

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Richd 1 July 1822. My last letter will carry you the bill of exchange, which I carelessly omitted in the one preceding it.•••I hand herewith your a⁄c current to date, agreeable to your request, which I have no doubt will be found correct.—•••Your last dft: favor A Robertson for $66 has not yet appeared, nor has the bundle or bill from Petersburg yet appeared.—•••I have found no Boat to take your Herrings Shad & Nail Rods to Milton, & Of course have not perchased them—they will be sent by the first Boat— In haste Very respectfully sir Your Mo Obd Sevt B. Peyton  512 

2 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 1 July; endorsed by TJ as received 5 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

To William T. Barry Sir Monticello July 2. 22. Your favor of the 15th of June is recieved, and I am very thankful for the kindness of it’s expressions respecting myself. but it ascribes to me merits which I do not claim. I was one only of a band devoted to the cause of independance, all of whom exerted equally their best endeavors for it’s success, and have a common right to the merits of it’s acquisition. so also in the civil revolution of 1801. very many and very meritorious were the worthy patriots who assisted in bringing back our government to it’s republican tack. to preserve it in that, will require unremitting vigilance. whethe[r] the surrender of our opponents, their reception into our camp, their assumption of our name, and apparent accession to our objects, may strengthen or weaken the genuine principles of republicanism, may be a good or an evil, is yet to be seen. I consider the party division of whig & tory, the most wholesome which can exist in any government, and well1 worthy of being nourished, to keep out those of a more dangerous character. we already see the power, installed for life, responsible to no authority (for impeachment is not even a scare-crow) advancing with a noiseless and steady pace to the great object of consolidation. the foundations are already deeply laid, by their decisions, for the annihilation of constitutional state-rights, and the removal of every check, every counterpoise to the ingulphing power of whic[h] themselves are to make a sovereign part. if ever this vast country is brought under a single government, it will be one of the most extensive corruption, indifferent, and incapable of a wholesome care over so wide a spread of surface. this will not be borne, and you will have to chuse between reformation & revolutio[n.] if I know the spirit of this country, the one or the other is inevitable. before the canker is become inveterate, before it’s venom has reached so much of the body politic as to get beyond controul, remedy should be applied. let the future appointments of judges be for 4. or 6. years, and renewable by the President & Senate. this will bring their conduct, at regular periods, under revision and probation, and may keep them in equipoise between the general and special governments. we have erred in this point, by copying England, where certainly it is a good thing to have the judges independant of the king. but we have omitted to copy their caution  513 

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also, which makes a judge removable on the address of both legislative houses. that there should be public functionaries independant of the nation, whatever may be their demerit, is a solecism in a republic of the first order of absurdity and inconsistence. To the printed enquiries respecting our schools, it is not in my power to give an answer. age, debility, an antient dislocated, and now stiffened wrist, render writing so slow and painful that I am obliged to decline every thing possible requiring writing. an act of our legislature will inform you of our plan of primary schools and the annual reports shew that it is becoming compleatly abortive, and must be abandoned very shortly after costing us to this2 day 180,000.D. and yet to cost us 45,000.D. a year more until it shall be discontinued, and if a single boy has recieved the elements of common education, it must be in some part of the country not known to me. experience has but too fully confirmed the early predictions of it’s fate. but on this subject I must refer to others more able than I am to go into the necessary details; and I conclude with the assurances of my great esteem & respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); edge trimmed; at foot of first page: “Mr W. T. Barry.” Printed in Report of the Kentucky Commissioners, 31–2, Alexandria Herald, 17 Jan. 1823, Richmond Enquirer, 18 Jan. 1823, and elsewhere. The act of our legislature allocating $45,000 a year for the provision of the elements of common education

to the children of the poor was a 21 Feb. 1818 Virginia “Act appropriating part of the revenue of the Literary Fund, and for other purposes” (Acts of Assembly [1817– 18 sess.], 11–5). 1

Word interlined. Preceding two words reworked from “60,00.” 2

To Julius A. Bingham Sir Monticello July 2. 22. Your favor of June 24. is recieved. age, debility and the manual difficulty and pain of writing, have obliged me to withdraw from every thing possible which requires writing, and especially from every thing political; on which subject I read nothing, but leave the future to the generation which it concerns. they are to feel the good and the evil of measures, and therefore have alone the right to direct them. these considerations will, I hope excuse me from saying any thing on the subject of the Prospectus you were pleased to inclose. Accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Tr of Richard Harrison to Joseph Anderson, 29 May 1822 (see note to Harrison to TJ, 3 June 1822); at foot of text: “Mr J. A. Bingham”; endorsed by TJ.

 514 

To Dodge & Oxnard July 2. after I had sent my duplicate of June 11. with a P.S.1 of yesterday to the Post office, I recieved a letter of June 24. from mr Vaughan informing me he had that day remitted you by duplicates mr Girard’s bill for 960. franks: that my original to you2 which I sent to him was mislaid and praying me to send him 2 copies of it, which I now do. 1 Preceding

Dft (MHi); on verso of PoC of TJ to Dodge & Oxnard, 11 June 1822; partially dated. Not recorded in SJL.

2 TJ

six words interlined. here canceled “of June 11.”

To William Lambert Monticello July 2. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Lambert for the paper he has been so kind as to inclose to him for the University of Virginia, which shall be taken care of for that Institution. as to himself he has long since withdrawn his mind from all attention to difficult subjects, finding that lighter reading is more congenial with the quiet & repose which age and debility now render his summum bonum. he desires mr Lambert to be assured of his great esteem & respect. PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Richard Randolph to TJ; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ.

To Thomas L. McKenney Monticello July 2. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr McKenny for the kind expressions of his note of June 26. and for his attention in sending him a copy of his Prospectus. but age, debility and an aversion to politics have for some time withdrawn him from every thing of that character. he reads but one newspaper, and that of his own state, and for the sake of the advertisements chiefly: giving a preference to whatever will tranquilise, rather than disturb the quiet in which he wishes to pass his remaining days. he salutes mr McKenny with respect. PoC (CSmH: JF-BA); on verso of a reused address cover from Caesar A. Rodney to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

Although TJ also subscribed at this time to the Charlottesville Central Gazette, the Richmond Enquirer was the one newspaper alluded to here.

 515 

From William Short My dear sir Philada July 2. 1822 It has been a long time since I have had this pleasure. It was on the 5th of Decr in acknowlegement of your kind & friendly favor of the 24th Novr. I there agreeably to your request gave you some account of your old friend Charles Thompson. I have accidentally within a few days spoken with a gentleman who went to pass a day with him, & I availed myself of this to make further enquiry for your information. A stranger who was here & who wished much to have a sight of this historical personage, prevailed on Colo Pickering to accompany & introduce him. They went & dined & passed the day, & I learn from Colo Pickering that although he found him in excellent bodily health & good spirits, & evidently happy, yet his mind is so completely gone that he, Pickering, is not certain that he was recollected & could not discover whether he was really known to him, during the whole of the visit. He talked a great deal & with a loud & firm voice—but with a total loss of memory, so that he would repeat the same story again & again without the least recollection of having told it before. The group which the visitors found there was the Patriarch in his ninety second year, a maiden sister above eighty & perfectly deaf, with a baptist preacher totally blind, who had come there on a visit also—As the visit lasted only a certain number of hours Colo Pickering says they found it interesting—but that the mind of Charles Thompson is too far gone to admit of any resource from it. On the whole I think the lot of this venerable man an enviable one, considering he is deprived of what we are told is the greatest solace of age, children to continue us after our death. He has good bodily health, is free from that gloom so generally attendant on years, & probably with no anxiety as to the future. There is nothing, as I understood, either peevish or fretful in his deportment, & his life is a kind of gentle & regular vegetation, which, if without many charms, is at the same time free from many pains. Your letter gave me much pleasure, both as relative to your own health & to the progress of the University. All your friends in common with myself were much pleased indeed to learn that you were able without inconvenience to be so much on horseback. It is said here that a disposition hostile to the University is growing up in the State, principally from the increasing influence of the Presbyterian preachers: & that they have established a periodical work in Richmond for the purpose of making more effectual their attacks on the University. I hope this is not so, or that they will not succeed.  516 

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•Although again disappointed in my hopes of going this year to pay my respects to you & visiting this fine monument of architecture, in a country where the genius of this art had certainly “shed its malediction”—yet I will never abandon the hope of enjoying this pleasure more than once. I am now about to commence again the journey I mentioned to you having undertaken last year without completing it. I must have expressed myself badly if I gave you to understand that these Canada lands were a speculation. A speculation for a single man is always unwise, but a speculation in land would be the most unwise of all. Indeed of all the great land speculators that I have known in this part of the world, & of whom many were thought to be erecting principalities for their children, I can at this moment bring to my recollection only one who has made any thing in that way. The most remarkable whom I have known is the rich David Parish, who with Gerard of this City, enabled our government to make its first war loan. His investments in the St Lawrence Country, taking into calculation the interest on those investments, amounted on an exact calculation made three years ago to eleven hundred thousand dollars & some fifty or sixty above. This immense investment so far from bringing him any interest is an annual source of expence to him for taxes & other charges. Fortunately he has had a back strong enough to bear this so far. He is now established as one of the Court Bankers at Vienna—& should war take place I should not be surprized if he should find that load too heavy for him, Atlas as he is. As for my lands in that quarter they are a mere microscopic object— but yet too great for me to neglect altogether. Thus far they have been to me only a source of constant expence, & I am told will continue so until I shall go there & put them in some other train. They were forced upon me by a speculator, who had mortgaged them to me for the security of money loaned. He soon failed, & when these lands were sold they did not bring the amount of my debt by several thousand dollars, which I was advised I could save by purchasing the land & selling it to settlers. I have learned many years ago that it would have been much better to have put up with the heavy loss of that time, as the purchase I made has increased it much since. How does it happen that the Presbyterians are acquiring such influence in Virginia at the very time that they are losing it altogether in their former favorite region? At Boston the revolution in this respect seems to be complete. There is scarcely a man or woman there of information or fashion, who is not professedly unitarian. Even Cambridge has been taken complete possession of by this new school, who affirm however that they are the oldest of the Christian sects, & that the  517 

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idea of the trinity was an interpolation only after some centuries. The principal of Harvard University & all the Professors are unitarian— And from this source teachers of the doctrine are dispersed throughout the United States. You know without doubt, that the Chaplain, chosen last year by the house of representatives, is one of them. And such an instinctive terror of this new doctrine now exists among all the other Christian sects, that they have all buried the hatchet hitherto raised against each other, & have become a band of brothers to combat this new enemy, the most dangerous probably they have ever had. Your old friend Majr Butler, as you know, is no more. He wasted away gradually & by degrees also sank into rest. It is said, but is mere report, as the will has not yet been recorded, that he has left one of his daughters, a maiden lady of much worth & accustomed for some years back to transact his business, his sole Executrix. For a long time he has not been on speaking terms with his only son in law—& it is thought there was no cordiality with his son. He was in Europe at the time of the father’s death, & returned to this City only yesterday. An abortive attempt has just been made here to find subscribers for a most important work, a canal from the Chesapeake to the Delaware. It has fallen completely through. $400000. only were attempted to be raised, & not a tenth part I believe, was subscribed. The house of representatives of this State voted $75000. last winter towards this undertaking, which the Senate in their stupid wisdom rejected. This, together with the learned lucubrations of Mr Monroe on internal1 improvements, has cast a blight on the business. It seems to me that first & foremost the Congress ought to have made this canal as an item of public defence, more important certainly than any of those fortifications they have been erecting at a much greater expence—The Congress failing, this State ought to have done it, or lastly they failing, the City of Philada ought to have done it as a source of great prosperity to their commerce. In the meantime exertions are making & with every prospect of success to make the River Schuylkill navigable from its source, so as to bring to the City the fine coal with which its borders are furnished in inexhaustible quantities—& also a canal is making to connect the Susquehanna with the Schuylkill at Reading. My paper warns me that I have already taken up too much of your time—but I cannot end my letter without renewing the assurances of those sentiments of attachment & devotion, which you have so long known, & with which I shall ever be, dear sir, your affectionate friend W: Short  518 

2 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 13 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. The Presbyterian periodical was the Richmond Family Visitor, published between 1822 and 1826 (Lester J. Cappon, Virginia Newspapers, 1821–1935 [1936], 175). shed its malediction: TJ stated in his Notes on the State of Virginia that “The genius of architecture seems to have shed its maledictions over this land” (Notes, ed. Peden, 153). gerard: Stephen Girard. The principal of harvard university was John T. Kirkland, while the chaplain of the United States House of Representatives was Jared Sparks. Pierce Butler’s only son in law was James Mease.

•President James Monroe presented Congress with his learned lucubrations, a lengthy essay discussing the constitutionality of federal support of internal improvements, as an addendum to his 4 May 1822 message vetoing a bill funding repair of the Cumberland Road (Message from the President of the United States, with his objections to the bill for The Preservation and Repair of the Cumberland Road; Also, a Paper, containing his Views on the subject of Internal Improvements [Washington, 1822]; see also Monroe to TJ, [August 1822?], and note). 1

Manuscript: “intenal.”

To Samuel Smith (of Maryland) Dear Sir Monticello July 2. 22. Your favor of June 16. is recieved. altho’ I have almost universally declined embarrassing the government with sollicitations of mine on behalf of either persons or subjects, yet no rule of that kind shall stand in the way of rendering you any service I can. I will only request (in order to avoid an useless sollicitation) that you will be so [g]ood as to drop me a line in the case of Genl Dearborne’s decli[n]ing to go to Lisbon; on reciept of which, I will immediately write to [the] President as urgently as decency or the prospect of effect will permit. my own expectation is, I confess, that the General will not dec[l]ine the mission. and therefore I wish not to write until it is kn[o]wn, as the effort might be as premature on my part, as useless an[d] unavailing to yourself. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of RC of John Laval to TJ, 11 May 182[2]; several words faint; at foot of text: “Genl S. Smith”; endorsed by TJ.

To John Vaughan Dear sir Monticello July 2. 22. I recieved yesterday your favor of June 24. and I now inclose you two copies of my letter to Dodge which I hope he will still recieve in time to have my wines here before the winter storms set in.—can you  519 

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tell me any thing of Correa? I salute you with thanks for your kindnesses and assurances of my constant friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of William W. Hening to TJ, 14 May 1822; at foot of text: “J. Vaughan esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: two Trs, not found, of TJ to Dodge & Oxnard, 11 June 1822.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir, July 3. 1822 I have fallen short about 60 sheets of Tin of the quantity wanting, if you will be so good as to loan me that quantity I will return it, as Soon as I can get a box from Richmond, by leting it come in your cart that comes for the cuting machine you will oblige Sir your obt Sevt A. S Brockenbrough RC (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ, with his additional notations beneath endorsement: “60. sheets of tin•repaid Aug. 7. 22.”

From James Ronaldson Sir Phila July 3–1822 Knowing you take a lively interest in all that is goeing forward in the United States, marking the improvements, and their progress towards independence of other countries, for whatever is necessary or usefull, I have taken the liberty of sending you a copy of my latest specimen of Printing type thinking it will suffer nothing from a comparison with any thing of the kind; perhaps I view it with a partiality natural to one who has occupied himself quarter of a century in bringing the foundry to its present state. Looking back twenty five years calls to recollection feelings and anxieties that are now viewed with surprise. I remember on my friend Arch Binny and Self asking the opinion of the best acquainted with the Printing, “If the Letter founding would answer in this country,”1 and the general answer was “that it would not do here for many years to come” In fourteen years Binny & Ronaldson had it may be said entirely put the foreign articles out of the US market, in this contest we were assisted by the Congress exempting Regulus of Antimony from import duty; this though a small amount of patronage as respects money, was very usefull in the infancy of the bussiness. The case is now entirely altered, for as there  520 

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exists in the US a general disposition to bussiness, and the occupations in it being [comparatively]2 few, in consequence of so much of our work being done abroad, and imported here in the form of manufactured goods, the branches of employment that do succeed, are soon filled to their maximum; this is strikeingling manifast in the trades of, Printing, and paper makeing;—and the Letterfounding is fast aproaching the same state; the genius of Arch Binny simplified the processes, and by puting it within the reach of a greater range of talent, there are now in the US six letter foundries, and several Sterio ones, with the probability there will be more—Now the country has the manufactory; it may be worthy the statesmans consideration “the importance and means of secureing the raw material” haveing done my part—in establishing the manufacture, I have got too much cooled by time for careing about the other. This retrospect brings to my recollection the pleasur and satesfaction enjoyed in an interview with you at the government house Washington, introducid by Dr Leib a conversation that then took place on the practical state of our manufactures—led me to employ a person to collect specimens of all kinds of cloth then made in this neighbourhood, and sending them to you; though their appearance was very humble yet in them I thought the embryo3 of future greatness was visible, but fancy herself could not have drawn a picture of such perfection as we have attained, without Legistlative patronage:—Thou[gh] the legistlation of Senates has been absent, that of c[ir]cumstances have come forward with irrisistable force.4 we cannot sell to foreigners produce sufficient to buy the things wanted, we must either make them, or go without; The citozens are of a character not likely to5 embrace the latter option, so we must manufacture. It would now be very interesting to possess the collection of specimens I have refered to, they would be a curiosity. I pray you’l pardon this, (to me unexpected) long epistle and be pleased to accept along with my esteem my ardent wishies for your health & happenes With Great Respect I am &a James Ronaldson P S—If a copy of this specimen would be of any use in the library of the University now established× and I had the address one would be sent— × in

your neighbourhood

RC (DLC); dateline adjacent to closing and signature; edge torn; addressed:

“Thomas Jefferson Montecello Va”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked

 521 

3 J U LY 1 8 2 2 Philadelphia, 4 July; endorsed by TJ as received 10 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Specimen of Printing Type, from the Letter Foundry of James Ronaldson, successor to Binny & Ronaldson (Philadelphia, 1822).

Large, 2:299–300; OED). sterio: “stereotype.” Writing to TJ from Philadelphia in 1806, Ronaldson had sent specimens of all kinds of cloth (Ronaldson to TJ, 22 Feb. 1806, and TJ to Ronaldson, 13 Oct. 1808 [both in DLC]).

Under the provisions of a 27 Mar. 1804 “Act for imposing more specific duties on the importation of certain articles; and also, for levying and collecting light money on foreign ships or vessels, and for other purposes,” regulus of antimony, the metallic form of that element, could be imported free of duty (U.S. Statutes at

1 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 2 Brackets in original. 3 Manuscript: “embroy.” 4 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 5 Manuscript: “to to.”

From N. N. Wilkinson (for Bernard Peyton), with Jefferson’s Notes Dr sr Richmond July 3d 1822 By Mr Harlow’s boats you will receive, 4 Blls. herrings, 2 Bundles 20d nail rods 2 do. 8d & 61 Bundles of the sizes between making in all 10 Bundles—if delivered in good order pay frght: as customary— Your Obd: Sevt B Peyton By N. N. Wilkinson P.S. I could find no Shad but those with heads on, I therefore bought none— [Notes by TJ on verso:] ž 100 XXd 4000 100. VIII 10,000 300 X to XVI. 19,000 the dam will take 2,400 June 20. 22. I asked 2. bundles 8d 2 20d 6. intermediate RC (MHi); entirely in Wilkinson’s hand; notes and an additional evidently unrelated calculation in TJ’s hand on verso; postscript adjacent to closing and signatures; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson

Monticello pr Mr Harlow”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from Peyton received 15 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. 1 Reworked

 522 

from “3.”

From Charles Yancey (1770–1857) My dear Sir, Buckingham July 4th 1822— your highly esteemed favor of July last enclosing a draft for our Court house was duly received, and I owe an apology for not answering it earlier, which is as follows—upon the Submission of your plan to the board of Commissioners, it was disapproved, much to my mortification; and a plan adopted Similar to the Albemarle Court house, I still indulged the hope that before the work progressed too far to make a Change of the plan, that the strong objections to the plan would be manifested, and fortunately two of our Commissioners were Called over to Charlotte ville last month, while there they saw & heard from the members of the Court & bar the strong objections to the plan of your Court house, that they have Changed their opinion,1 & on Saturday last I obtained a board, when your plan was adopted entire with one dissintient only,—we have directed a wing on each Side, of 16 feet Sqr attached to the main building by an entry of eight feet with an arch on each Side, flat roof & colums to the wings, the propriety of which I doubt as they will not finish well to the porticoe of the main building, & being so much lower will obstruct air &C— their being no partition2 wall to support the outer walls we have thought it best to make the latter two bricks thick—Mr Brookes a tinner at the university has offered to do our roof, but having heard you had dismissed him for extravagance in price although a good tiner; we returned him for answer that, we would employ him to do our Court house if he would submit the price of the Work to you, in his proposals I think he offers to do the work for about $6.30. a Sqr the roof-guttering piping &C another Charge but I do not recollect the prices—we have determined to cover with Tin, as you advised, & any information you may Choose to afford us, eit[her] in relation to Mr Brookes, the price of Such work, & whether other persons than Mr Brooks, equally skilled in Tining Cannot be had; will be thankfully received3 by me who has already tresspased too much on your Valuable time, patience & goodness with real & sincere regard, yr H Serv. Charles Yancey— P.S. the wings are intended for offices of the Clk of the superior & County Courts RC (DLC); torn at seal; addressed: “The honorable Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; stamped; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL as received 10 July 1822.

1 Manuscript:

“opion.” “partion.” 3 Manuscript: “recived.” 2 Manuscript:

 523 

From John Quincy Adams SIR, Department of State, Washington, 5th July 18221 In compliance with the above Resolutions I have forwarded to you for the use of Virginia University,2 the Documents mentioned in said Resolutions. I have the honour to be, with respect, Sir, Your obedient humble servant, J. Q. Adams Broadside (ViU: TJP); with additions in a clerk’s hand as noted below, signed by Adams; subjoined to enclosure; notations by TJ at foot of text relating to his 5 Sept. 1822 reply to Adams: “State papers of 1818. 8. v.•Secret journals of Congr. 4. v.•Journals of Federal Convention 1. v.•Census for 1820”; endorsed by TJ

as a “(Circular)” from Adams received 25 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. 1 Day, month, and last digit of year added in a clerk’s hand. 2 Preceding two words added in a clerk’s hand, filling in a blank and canceling the printed word “College.”

e n c l o s u r e

Extracts from Resolutions of United States Congress [ca. 5 July 1822] Extracts of a Resolution, approved 27 December, 1813. “Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, of the public journals of the Senate and of the House of Representatives of the present, and every future, Congress, commencing with the present Session, and of the documents published under the order of the Senate and of the House of Representatives, respectively, from the commencement of the present Session,—shall be transmitted—one copy to each University and College in each State, and one copy to the Historical Society incorporated, or which shall be incorporated in each State.”•••(to be sent when ready)1 Extracts of a Resolution, approved 23 December, 1817. “Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of State cause to be distributed one set of state papers and public documents, printed by T. B. Wait and Sons, in pursuance of Acts of Congress heretofore passed,—to each University and College in the United States.” Extracts of a Resolution, approved 23 January, 1819. “Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of State cause to be distributed one copy of Seybert’s Statistical Annals—to each College and University in the United States, if applied for by such College or University.”

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5 J U LY 1 8 2 2 Extracts of a Resolution, approved 11 January, 1822. “Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be furnished to—the Colleges and Universities in the United States, each one copy—of the Secret Journals and of the Foreign Correspondence ordered to be printed by the several resolutions of Congress passed on the 27th of March, 1818, and of April 21st, 1820.” Broadside (ViU: TJP); with one addition in a clerk’s hand as noted below; undated; with covering letter subjoined.

1 Parenthetical phrase added in a clerk’s hand.

Estimate of Material Needed for Shadwell Milldam [ca. 5 July 1822]

Estimate. for milldam stretchers. 10. of 40 f. each reach across the river 8. tier of them (4. on each side) 80. trees tiers 50. to each course × 4 courses 200. tiers1 each of the 80 stretchers will give 1. 80 •  120. more 10 f long, 5. to a tree 120. 24. trees 200. 104. trees the stone pens 10.f. wide, 4 f. deep inter dam 2.f 12.f. or 4 yds wide. each yard running measure = 5⅓ yards 133. yards 666 44 710 cubic yds stone MS (CSmH: JF); on portion of reused address cover to TJ; entirely in TJ’s hand; with TJ’s Estimate of Tin Needed to

Roof Monticello, 5 July 1822, on verso; undated. 1 Manuscript:

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“tyers.”

Estimate of Tin Needed to Roof Monticello Measures of the roof for estimating tin•July 5. 22. N.E. quarter beginning with the piazzo roof, 5 planes to N.E. Portico top line bottom line half height sq. f squares boxes tin 1. 21–6 9–0 15 f–3 11–2 170.25 1.70 2. 9–0 7–2 8–1 17–3 140. 1.40 3. 0–0 7–0 3–6 20–4 71. .71 4. 29–6 27–6 28–6 16–0 456. 4.56 5 25–0 11–6 18–3 14 255. 2.55 boxDD 10.92  8 × 13 = 104 sq. squares the 4. quarters of roof 11 × 4 = 44 the dome 3¾ = 3¾ boxes D D. 47¾ = 32 @ 13. = 416 Note a box of tin contains about 225. sheets 13¼ I by 10⅛ I = − ¹₁− ¹₂ of a foot Dome. 2. sides. 6. sides

top line bottom half height sq. f squares squares boxes 7–2 11–7 9–4½ 6–0 54. .54  × 2 = 1.08 5–6 9–3 7–4½ 6–0 44.25 .44¼ × 6 = 2.65 3.73 2½

MS (CSmH: JF); on verso of portion of reused address cover to TJ; entirely in TJ’s hand; with TJ’s Estimate of Material Needed for Shadwell Milldam, [ca. 5 July 1822], on recto.

The East Portico (n.e. portico) at Monticello leads into the Entrance Hall, the primary point of entry for visitors.

To LeRoy, Bayard & Company Messrs Leroy and Bayard. Monticel[l]o July 5. 22. Your favor of June 26. is just now recieved. after the delays of my last bond with which I have been indulged I consider it my bounden duty to obey the call for the principal whenever required. this delay was at first made convenient by the great revolution which took place in our circulating medium some time past; and the continuance of low markets since that period has not yet relieved the scarcity of medium so far as that fixed property can command even the half of what is it’s value in regular times. my own annual income arises from the culture  526 

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of tobacco and wheat. these articles, from the interior country cannot be got to market till the spring of the year ensuing their growth: and at that season alone the cultivator1 can pay from his produce. still if the earlier term of 6. months be necessary for the affairs of the heirs of mr Van Staphorst, it shall be complied with by a sale of fixed property, altho’ it will double the debt. if, on the other hand, consistently with their convenience, the indulgence can be continued until the ensuing spring, (say all May) it can then be paid without loss, and shall certainly be paid. this however is left to your kind consideration, and your final determination shall be my law, at any loss whatever. with the just acknolegement of the past indulgencies accept the assurance of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; dateline faint; endorsed by TJ.

LeRoy, Bayard & Company’s favor of june 26 was actually dated 25 June 1822. 1

Manuscript: “culivator.”

From John P. Van Ness Sir Washington July 5th. 1822.— Mr Henry Middleton Jnr of S. Carolina, Son of our Minister at St Petersburgh, having intimated to me that, being about to visit Virginia, he would probably do himself the honor of giving you a call, I take the liberty of offering him this line of Introduction to you—a liberty for which I have no doubt that, after an acquaintance with him, you will feel disposed to excuse me.— With Mrs Van Ness’ & my own, friendly regards to Mrs, Miss, & Govr Randolph, as well as yourself, I remain with high consideration & respect your obedt, hble Servant John P. Van Ness RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 11 July 1822 and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “by Henry Middleton”) in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Frederick A. Mayo, 13 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Hond by Mr H. Middleton Jnr.” John Peter Van Ness (1769–1846), attorney, soldier, banker, and public official,

was a native of Columbia County, New York. Having graduated in 1789 from Columbia College (later Columbia University), he studied law, was admitted to the New York bar, and established a legal practice. Van Ness was a presidential elector for TJ and Aaron Burr in 1800 and represented New York as a Republican in the United States House of Representatives, 1801–03, before accepting an appointment from TJ as a militia major in the District

 527 

5 J U LY 1 8 2 2 of Columbia. He settled permanently in the nation’s capital, rose to the rank of major general of militia during the War of 1812, was one of James Madison’s commissioners of public buildings, and served as president of the Bank of the Metropolis, 1814–46. Elected a Washington alderman in 1829, Van Ness was also the city’s mayor, 1830–34. He owned twelve slaves in 1820, seven a decade later, and four in 1840. Van Ness was buried in an elaborate mausoleum he had constructed for his wife in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington (Biog. Dir. Cong.; PTJ, 36:81–2, 38:680, 40:623–4; Thomas, Columbia University Officers and Alumni, 112; Hudson [N.Y.] Gazette, 8 Jan. 1799; ASP, Miscellaneous, 1:336; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 11 May 1813, 12 Jan. 1814, 3 June 1829, 8 June 1830, 6 Nov. 1834, 9 Mar. 1846; Madison, Papers, Pres. Ser., 9:71; DNA: RG 29, CS, D.C., Washington, 1820–40). Henry Middleton (1797–1876), soldier, author, and namesake son of TJ’s correspondent Henry Middleton (1770–1846), was born in Paris, France. He graduated from the United States Military Academy

at West Point in 1815 and served as a second lieutenant of engineers in the United States Army until the summer of the following year. Middleton read law under Tapping Reeve and James Gould in Litchfield in 1817, studied in Edinburgh, and qualified for the South Carolina bar in 1822. He spent much of his time thereafter traveling in Europe and America and writing. Prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War, he published works in which he opposed protective tariffs and the issuance of paper currency, examined the economic causes of slavery, and argued that the harsh southern climate made it a necessity for agriculture. Middleton was living in 1870 as a farmer in Asheville, North Carolina, where he owned real estate and personal property worth $20,000 and $1,500, respectively. He died during a visit to Washington, D.C. (South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 1 [1900]: 246; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:708; The Litchfield Law School, 1784– 1833 [1900], 18; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.C., Asheville, 1870; Washington National Republican, 16 Mar. 1876).

From William Lambert Sir, City of Washington, July 6th 1822. In reply to your friendly and much valued note of the 2d instant, received this morning, I request you to be assured, that it is not my intention to fatigue you unnecessarily with the investigation of astronomical rules and process connected with the report made in November last, relative to the longitude of the Capitol in this city; but it appears a duty incumbent on me to explain such parts of that work as are given in abstract; to shew its nature and extent; and to furnish, from time to time, to mathematical students at the principal seminary in my native state, the methods best adapted to ensure accurate calculations of solar eclipses and occultations of fixed stars by the Moon, which they may hereafter apply to a correct determination of the geographical position of their University, or such other places in Virginia, as may be deemed expedient. It will be gratifying to me to know, that  528 

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any future communications of the like tendency, if they should be made, may, with propriety, be inclosed to you. •I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most Obedt servant, William Lambert. RC (ViU: TJP); at foot of text: “Honble Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 10 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

From John Laval Sir, Philadelphia July 6th 1822 l I have received from Col Peyton, your Correspondent in Richmond, a Draft on the Bank of U.S. for Thirty one Dollars & fifty seven Cents Which I have placed to your Credit. I am With the highest Consideration & respect Sir,•••your most obedt Servt John Laval RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; adjacent to dateline: “Thomas Jefferson, Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as received 14 July 1822, but recorded in SJL as received two days earlier.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Dear Sir July 8h ’22 1 Above you have the cost of Frize ornaments as agreed on with Mr Coffee—the bearer of this will bring the Tin which you so good2 as to loan me most respectfully Yours A. S. Brockenbrough RC (DLC); subjoined to enclosure; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ: “Prices. composition ornaments.”

1

Manuscript: “ornanents.” in manuscript.

2 Thus

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Arthur S. Brockenbrough’s Notes on Contract with William J. Coffee [ca. 8 July 1822] Extract from the agreement entered into between1 the Proctor of the University of Va & W. J. Coffee for the composition ornaments for the Entablatures of the drawing rooms &c at the U.Va•Viz Ionic with modilions in Pavilion No 3—Frize 4½ inches wide at 36 cents per ft—Flower in pannels 6 cents each Egg & anchor 12 cents pr foot— •• Ionic from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis in Pav: No 1 Frize 6 inches wide at 36 cents per foot— MS (DLC); in Brockenbrough’s hand; undated; with covering letter subjoined. Brockenbrough’s 18 Mar. 1822 agreement with Coffee is printed below as an enclosure to Brockenbrough to Univer-

sity of Virginia Board of Visitors, 7 Apr. 1823. egg & anchor are “varieties of the echinus, produced by the alternation of vertical with egg-shaped ornaments” (OED). 1 Manuscript:

“betwen.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Richd 8 July 1822 The above articles were forwarded several days ago by Brice Harlow’s Boat, & hope they will reach you safely, there is not a Bll: of nice clipd shad in the place, they have been quite scarce and very dear1 all the spring—as I could not get them really good, tho’t it best to send none—•••The Nail Rods were the best assorted I could find in the place, they are also scarce— I recd to=day a small Box seeds from New York for you, which shall go by the first good opportunity—there are however no Waggons at present—•••Nothing yet recd from Petersburg or from F. A. Mayo for you— Yours very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); subjoined to enclosure; endorsed by TJ as received 11 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

By clipd, Peyton most likely meant headless and preserved. 1 Manuscript:

 530 

“deer.”

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Account with Bernard Peyton Thomas Jefferson Esqr

To Bernard Peyton Dr 1822 Richd •2d July— To Cash pd for 10 Bundles 559 Ûs. assorted Nail rods at 8¢. $44.72  "• "• " for 4 Barrels herrings at $4¼ 17.00  "• "• " 0.001  "• "• " Canal toll, Drge: & Commission on the above 2.17 at debit T.J. $63.89 E.E. B Peyton By N. N. Wilkinson MS (MHi); entirely in N. N. Wilkinson’s hand; with covering letter subjoined.

1 Entry canceled and largely illegible, with cost reworked from “0.50.”

drge: “Drayage.” e.e.: “Errors Excepted.”

From Spencer Roane Dear Sir. Richmond, 8th July ’22. I arrived here, about a week ago, much fatigued; and have been, since, much oppressed by the heat of the weather. As soon as I got rested, I turned to the authorities applying to your Case, and the result is herewith submitted. I only regret that I had not more time, and more strength:—but I beleived it might be important to you, to receive back the papers as Early as possible. I have also feared that my opinion might be swayed by my wishes, on the occasion; but I beleive & hope it has not. You will please to observe that my opinion is bottomed upon the principles of the English & Virginia decisions. I know nothing of those of Kentucky: but I presume they will respect those of the parent-State. I presume, also, that the federal courts will, as they have often professed to do, respect the principles of decision, adopted in the several States. With true respect & Esteem, I am, Dear sir, your friend & Servant, Spencer Roane P.S. I have submitted the state of the Case, and my opinion, in Confidence, to my particular friend, Wm Brockenbrough—undoubtedly,  531 

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one of the soundest & ablest judges, in Virga,—and he Entirely concurs with me in my opinion. S.R. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 13 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosures: enclosures to TJ to Roane, 31 May 1822. Other enclosure not found. Judge William brockenbrough (1778–1838) served as a Rockfish Gap commissioner and was, like his cousin Roane, a leader of the so-called Richmond

Junto, a firm supporter of states’ rights, and a vociferous critic of United States Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall. He sat on the Virginia General Court, 1809–34, was that body’s president from 1820, and held a seat on the state’s highest tribunal, the Court of Appeals, 1834–38 (DVB; WMQ, 1st ser., 18 [1910]: 198–200).

From Benjamin Waterhouse Dear Sir, Cambridge 8th 1 July 1822 th Your letter of the 26 of June I have read again & again, with renewed satisfaction; and believe with you that “there is not a young man now living in the U. S. who will not die an Unitarian.” Yet must the young be enlightened, and the Platonizing christians counteracted; and I have seen nothing so likely to do so much good in the process as your letter, if you will allow me to give it publicity. The cause stands in need of just such a letter, from just such a personage. The timid, the hesitating, the half informed of both sexes, would be comforted & encouraged by seeing how Calvinism appears in the eyes of strong reason, deep research, & long experience. The supporters of the dogmas of Calvin recoil, now & then, from the strong explosions of the venerable Adams, who has been, as he tells them, an Unitarian from his youth. He is, like yourself, a strong & zealous advocate of the doctrine of the “One all perfect GoD.” Is it not surprizing, that unitarianism is so much resisted in Pennsylvania, seeing its celebrated founder, was the great champion of it? Penn’s treatise, entitled “The sandy foundation shaken,” is a rich quarry of unitarianism, wc we are continually working here, but is totally neglected in Philadelphia. My high opinion of it may be, partly, owing to my Quaker education. Dr Fothergill, in whose family I resided several years, strengthened my faith in it. His brother Samuel Fothergill, an eminent preacher among the Quakers, preached on the Calvinistic doctrine of election & reprobation, at Rhode Island in 1754, and closed by saying, that “it was the doctrine of Devils, & sprung from Hell.” My parents often mentioned the anecdote. In the year 1790, I declared from the pulpit of the first church in Boston, that “the present prevailing spirit of benevolence was owing  532 

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principally to the diffusion of a religion, as much above all others, as Heaven is above earth. Let him who doubts, compare it with the next best system the world ever possessed—Did not Moses bring famine & other plagues on the Egyptians? Elijah deprived the earth of rain, and destroyed with fire those who opposed him; as did Elisha those who mocked him. Did not David curse & kill those he hated or envied?— But the Founder of the religion of humanity, came without judgement, anger, or revenge. All his transactions were for the benefit of man. He allayed the winds, wc threatened destruction to the mariners; he restored limbs to the lame—sight to the blind, speech to the dumb,— clean flesh to the leprous—a sound mind to the insane,—and life to the dead.—All his were works of beneficence, diffusing charity & good will to men, accompanied too, with a spirit so sublime & friendly, that the human heart, with unbidden veneration, bows down before it.” The address was to the Humane Society, whereof Govr Bowdoin was President, & nearly all the clergy of Boston & its vicinity present, when I told them that so long as they continued to inculcate the pr[e]cepts of the Religion of humanity, with that benevolent, gentle, pious, charitable, tolerating spirit, wc so eminently distinguish those present, they would be regarded among its brightest ornaments—and I added, that I hoped what I had said would not be less grateful in coming from a person educated in that religious persuasion wc teaches every man to be his own priest. I never could believe the doctrine of innate depravity; yet is there nothing I meet in life more likely to make me hesitate, and listen to it, than to see a man of common understanding, and more than ordinary learning, and ordained to teach christianity to the people, labouring all his life, to hold up that religion according to “the five points” of John Calvin, in all its contradictions, frightful prospects, shocking partialities, & endless horrors, when the divine author of it says to us, & all mankind—“Come unto me all ye that labour & are heavy ladened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you, & learn of me; for I am meek & lowly in heart, and ye shall find rest to your souls; for my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.” This, like other Quaker sermons, has extended to an unpremeditated length, when I only meant to ask permission to set your letter in a candlestick, instead of hiding it under a bushel in the desk of your friend Benjn Waterhouse RC (DLC); edge trimmed; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late President of the United States”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 (reworked from 18) July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

wc: “which.” the founder of the religion of humanity: Jesus. In the Bible he says come unto me all ye that labour . . . for my yoke is easy, and my burden is light (Matthew

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8 J U LY 1 8 2 2 11.28–30). The biblical parable of the candle under a bushel appears in Matthew 5.15, Mark 4.21, and Luke 11.33.

1 Reworked

from “7th.”

Notes on Architectural Ornaments for Poplar Forest [by 10 July 1822]

Hall 36. Metops 14.I. wide 15.I. high 4. do angular, mitred. the two moieties equal to one whole June 14. wrote to Coffee for the above1 Parlour. 74.8 f of frize. but say 80.f running measure2=28. D 80 c MS (ViFreJM); written entirely in TJ’s hand on a small scrap; undated, with conjectural date based on TJ to William J. Coffee, 10 July 1822.

hall: dining room. 1 2

Sentence interlined in a different ink. Remainder of line in a different ink.

From Arthur S. Brockenbrough Mr

July 10h 22

A. S. Brockenbroughs respects to Jefferson and informs him he will with pleasure attend the conference to morrow on that important Subject Mr Garrett had mentioned it to me before— I have seen Mr Thorn relative to your brick work he can’t do it, (as Capt Perry in whose employment he is) is absent and they are now burning a kiln of bricks which Thorn is obliged to attend to—Mr Phillips this morning promised me to send two young1 men up about 12 or 1 OClock to day to do it for you I have no doubt of his doing so—if he should not, by leting me know in the morning I will send you a Mr Hawkins Who is a Good workman and to day is jobing for us but can go at any moment RC (CSmH: JF); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

1 Manuscript:

 534 

“yound.”

To William J. Coffee Dear Sir Monticello July 10. 22. Your favor of June 25. is just recieved. on consideration of mr Maverick’s proposals for the engraving of the University I conclude that it be done in what he calls the line manner, which he says will cost 112.D. and continue good for 6. or 8000 impressions. I will therefore ask the favor of you to engage him to do it in that way and when done to have 250. copies struck and forwarded to me by water thro’ Colo Peyton. he asks on what kind of paper? of the names and qualities of the different kinds of p[a]per I am ignorant, and must leave it therefore to him to have it done on what is very good. he might send me a proof sheet in a letter by mail. the cost of the plate & impressions shall be remitted him on reciept of his bill. I would wish him to retain [the]1 plate until called for, becaus[e] if we find the impressions sell [r]eadily2 we shall call for more. You are right in what you have thought and done as to the Metops of our Doric pavilion. those of the baths of Diocletian are all human faces, and so are to be those of our Doric pavilion. but in my middle room at Poplar Forest, I mean to mix the faces and ox-sculls, a fancy which I can indulge in my own case, altho’ in a public work I feel bound to follow authority strictly. the mitred ox-sculls for my room are for it’s inner angles. [T]he other room in that house of which I meant to ornament the frize, is the Ionic of the temple of Fortuna virilis. my frize is 5.I. wide, very nearly, I believe, of the breadth of those of the Ionics you have to do for some of the rooms of the Pavilions. I will request you to make for me 80. feet, running measure of that, of composition. If there has been any error in your estimate of the leaden ornaments, I have no doubt the Proctor will do what is reasonable and right, as it can never be a duty to injure another. I shall be glad to recieve the ornaments for my rooms early in September when my workman will go to Poplar Forest. it is very desirable that those for the University, and the engravings also should be done with as much expedition as may be, to be forwarded by water thro’ Colo Peyton. when you forward my parcel, be so good as to send me the bill of cost thro’ the mail and it shall be remitted without delay.•••I salute you with friendly esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on reused address cover of James Duke to TJ, 18 June 1822;

three words faint; at foot of first page: “Mr Coffee”; endorsed by TJ.

 535 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •The doric pavilion in question at the University of Virginia was Pavilion I. Poplar Forest’s middle room is the dining room, and the other room is the parlor. my workman: John Hemmings.

1 Mutilated

2 Mutilated

at seal. at seal.

From Maria Cosway My dear friend London 10th July 1822 I have at last finished all the affairs which have kept me here after the loss of poor mr Cosway and am returning to the tranquillity, good climate & favorite as well as usefull occupation of my dear College at Lodi. I promised in my last to acquaint you of my destination that I might have the pleasure of hearing from you, little did I expect I should be detaind So long.—In appearance mr C. passed for being very rich, but in reality was farr from it, little had but what depended on the Sale of his valuable & immense Collection & that Sold for very little, the times are bad here, all complain for want of money, and it is too natural every one will deprive themselves of the Superfluos, and only in that the Collection1 Consisted, However, if what I have is not Sufficient for this Country where I am going I shall be Comfortable and at ease. My activity requires Some occupation & what I have chosen is a glorious one, & every Circumstance does incorage me to it, particularly its happy Success. I have lost many valuable old friends and at my Age & my Sentiments new ones I little care for. Children are growing tender plants, & by planting virtues in their hearts & minds, affection & gratitude reward & console my assiduity & labours, and is a Constant Succession of Satisfaction & enjoiment.—But, all this is about myself, permit me to be anxious about you, & to enquire the state of your health, happy you will ever be, because you know too well in what best happiness Consists, After all it much depends on the choice we make, & in what we make it Consist, and yours must be Successfull.— The whole world is a grand lesson, all in trouble, all at work, for what! in constant ambitious struggles, Aiming at impossibility to obtain, & end on a rock in the middle of the Seas.—I wish I could see you on your charming Monticello! could I drop back Some of my Years I should be happy to pay you a Visit. I have visited Scotland & have been delighted, the Scenery beautifull & the Nation brave, Constant & faithfull to the Sentiments of their forefathers of whom they inherit the Characteristic Virtues. How this Nation triffles itself away!— I hope to hear from you, a letter addressed to Lodi Via Milan2 will find your ever obliged & Sincerly aff te Maria Cosway  536 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 2 2

•I beg to be rememberd to your Daughter. Can you tell me where my brother (George Hadfield) is, & what he is about? RC (DLC); addressed: “Thoms Jefferson Esqre Monticello Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as a letter from “Causway Maria” received 8 Sept. 1822 and so recorded (with last name spelled correctly) in SJL. Enclosure: enclosure to TJ to George Hadfield, 10 Sept. 1822. Enclosed in Richard Rush to TJ, 12 July 1822, and Daniel Brent to TJ, 3 Sept. 1822, not found (see note to preceding document cited).

Cosway alludes to Napoleon’s end on a rock in the middle of the seas, the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena. TJ’s daughter was Martha Jefferson Randolph. 1 2

Manuscript: “Colection.” Preceding two words interlined.

From LeRoy, Bayard & Company New york July 10th 1822,

By this mornings mail we were honored with your reply to our respects of the 26h Ulto The delay required for the payment of the Bond most cheerfully do we accord, & Sooner than expose the author of the Declaration of our Independence,1 to unnecessary sacrifise of property It would afford us pleasure by advancing the amount ourselves, But we feel convinced that the heirs of Mr Vanstaphorst will be gratified by this opportunity of Testifying their respect, to that of their Fathers’, We shall advise them that the payment is deferred until may next, With Sentiments of high regard We beg leave to Subscribe Your Obedt Sets LeRoy Bayard & c RC (DLC); in the hand of a representative of LeRoy, Bayard & Company; at head of text: “To His Excellency Thomas Jefferson Monticella”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 (reworked from 18) July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

LeRoy, Bayard & Company’s letter to TJ of the 26h ulto was actually dated 25 June 1822. 1 Manuscript:

“Indepence.”

From Caesar A. Rodney Honored, Revered & Dear Sir, Wilmington July 10th 1822. It is with deep regret I have observed a malevolent attempt, to disturb the repose of your old age, by obtruding on the tranquility of your retirement, with an attack as unfounded & untrue, as it is unjust & ungenerous. Such is the fell Hydra of party, that all its heads cannot  537 

1 0 J U LY 1 8 2 2

be rendered inoffensive, tho’ they may be harmless. In this instance (as in all others) you have obtained a complete triumph over the calumniator who subscribes himself A native Virginian. With the exception of two newspapers printed out of this State, & a contemptible one published1 here, said to be owned by one of a family indebted to your liberality, for the continuance of his father in the office of Collector, all the papers of the U. States, have with one voice espoused your cause. A just tribute paid to exalted worth & virtue. There is one point of veiw, however, in which I have not yet seen the subject placed, & which appears to me in a legal or mercantile light, to be conclusive to shew, that no money could have been received by you, for the Bill drawn in favor of Le Grand, at Paris. He was not at Cowes to give the money to you for the draft, nor could you have received it from any third person, for the Bill was payable to Le Grand, & not to any other individual. If you had however procured the money for it, you must have made it payable to the person from whom you received the cash, & who in the ordinary course of business would have been paid by the bill in his favor when he got the money for it himself. But the simple fact, that it was drawn in favor of an absent man, who was not present to give you the cash for it, not merely negatives the idea that any money was received by you at the time, the Bill was drawn; but proves conclusively that none could have been received, from the very nature of the transaction. I was about to notice this circumstance in our Republican paper; but I considered the slander as amply refuted & put at rest already. Please to remember me particularly to Mr & Mrs Randolph, & to beleive me with every sentiment of respect affection & gratitude. Yours Most Sincerely & Truly C. A. Rodney RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 17 (reworked from 18) July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. The contemptible Wilmington Delaware Gazette was a Federalist newspaper owned from 1820 to 1830 by Samuel Harker (Brigham, American Newspapers, 1:82). Allen McLane, a Federalist and Revolutionary War veteran, served as customs collector for the Delaware dis-

trict and revenue inspector at the port of Wilmington, 1797–1829 (PTJ, 36:393n; JEP, 1:228, 4:11, 17 [27 Feb. 1797, 10, 11 Mar. 1829]). le grand: Ferdinand Grand of the Parisian firm Grand & Compagnie. our republican paper: the Wilmington American Watchman and Delaware Advertiser. 1 Manuscript:

 538 

“pubished.”

From William Lambert Sir, City of Washington, July 11th 1822. Having in the last communication I had the honor to make to you, explained the motive which induced me to transmit sundry astronomical calculations for the use of the University of Virginia, the inclosed is offered to their acceptance, thro’ you, for the purpose of promoting the knowledge of a branch of science, which, if properly attended to, may hereafter be beneficial to the American community, in ascertaining with precision, the longitude of such points as may be considered material, particularly those within my native state, for which, it will be confessed, I have always had, and still retain a partiality. I am well aware, that much study and labor are required to make any person a master of this subject; and that few in any country, comparatively speaking, turn their attention to it; but I shall not think myself unprofitably employed, to aid those few, while I have leisure, at such seminaries of learning in the United States, as I may prefer, with rules and process founded upon correct principles, which may be interesting for them to know, and may, at some future period, be usefully applied. Another reason which more immediately concerns myself, has led to this communication. Not having time, during the last fall and winter, to examine and revise the calculation founded on the solar eclipse of August, 1821, and suspecting that some errors might exist in the elements, especially in the Moon’s parallaxes, the work has been undertaken, and the results are tested by such methods and process of computation, as cannot fail to ensure their accuracy. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most obedt servant, William Lambert. RC (ViU: TJP); addressed (trimmed): “[Thomas?] Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 17 (reworked from 18) July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

e n c l o s u r e

William Lambert’s Calculation of the United States Capitol’s Longitude from Greenwich Calculation of the longitude of the Capitol, in the city of Washington, from Greenwich observatory, in England, from the beginning of the Solar Eclipse of August 27th 1821, Examined and revised. ••

 539 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 2 °

′

″  dec1

Latitude of the Capitol, by a mean of 21 observations 38.52.45.— •Do••••• do••  reduced, (320 to 319) 38.42.14.51. Obliquity of the Ecliptic, 23.27.56.50. Moon’s longitude, (Naut. Alm.) 152.31. 7.39. • "•  true latitude, North descending 0.11.41.70. •• h. m Sec. d ° ′ ″ dec Beginning of the Eclipse, Augt 26th 19.22. 4.50. = 290.31. 7.50. Estimated longitude, West + 5. 7.42 — Corresponding time at Greenwch 27th 0.29.46. 50 ☉’s R.A. 155.44.54.35 Right ascension of the meridian from beginning of , 86.16. 1.85. ••Do•••••do•••••••from beg: of ♑, 176.16. 1.85. •• Method I. With the Moon’s longitude, = 152.° 31.′ 7.″ 39 dec., true lat. N. 0.° 11.′ 41.″ 70. dec and the obliquity of the Ecliptic, 23.° 27.′ 56.″ 50 dec, compute the Moon’s right ascension, = 154.° 33.′ 49.″ 98 dec, and declination, North, 10.° 46.′ 13.″ 14. dec Find the angle between the parallels to the Ecliptic and Equator,[✴] = 21.° 4.′ 32.″ 80 dec, which added to 90°, gives 111.° 4.′ 32.″ 80 dec, the angle between the meridian passing thro’ the Moon’s center, and a parallel to the Ecliptic. From the Moon’s Right ascension, subtract the right ascension of the meridian from , the remainder, = 68.° 17.′ 48.″ 13 dec, is the Moon’s horary angle, or distance from the meridian, East. With this angle, − the Moon’s declination, and the latitude of the place reduced, compute the Moon’s true altitude, = 23.° 36.′ 1.″ 18 dec., and angle of position, = 52.° 18.′ 7.″ 34. dec ° ′ ″ dec Angle between merid. passing thro’ ☽’s center, and par: to Eclip: 111. 4.32.80. Angle of position, (☽ East of meridian) + 52.18. 7.34. Angle between the vertical circle, and a par: to ecliptic 163.22.40.14. With the Moon’s hor: parallax à ☉, = 0.° 55.′ 4.″ 75 dec, and true altitude, = 23.° 36.′ 1.″ 18 dec, compute the parallax in altitude, = 0.° 50.′ 47.″ 54 dec, which subtracted from the true altitude, gives 22.° 45.′ 13.″ 64 dec, the Moon’s apparent altitude, exclusive of refraction.

[✴] From 9 to 3 signs of the Moon’s Right Ascension, in a place of north latitude, the parallel to the ecliptic ascends above the parallel to the Equator, the angle between the parallels, is then to be subtracted from 90°. From 3 to 9 signs, the parallel to the ecliptic descends below the parallel to the equator, and the angle is to be added to 90°, for the angle between the meridian passing through the Moon’s center, and a parallel to the Ecliptic. The contrary for a place of south latitude.

 540 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 2 For the parallax in latitude. °

′

″  dec

Moon’s hor: parallax à ☉, 0.55. 4.75 Sine 8.2046948. • "•  apparent alt: 22.45.13.64 Cosine 9.9648135. Angle between Vert. circle and p. to E. 163.22.40.14 Sine 9.4564562. Parallax in lat. found nearly 0.14.31.75 Sine 7.6259645 Moon’s true lat. N. 0.11.41.70  " apparent lat. S. found nearly 0. 2.50.05. For the parallax in longitude. °

′

″ dec

Moon’s hor. parallax à ☉, 0.55. 4.75 Sine •"• apparent altitude, 22.45.13.64 Cosine, Angle bet: vert. circle, and pl to ecl: 163.22.40.14 Cosine, Moon’s apparent lat. found nearly 0. 2.50.05 ar: comp. cosine, Parallax in longitude, 0.48.40.18 Sine

8.2046948. 9.9648135. 9.9814616. 0.0000001. 8.1509700.

Correction of the Moon’s apparent latitude. Constant log. (one fourth of the radius in sec. 51566.″) 2 × Sine parallax in longitude, Sine of twice Moon’s true lat. = 0.° 23.′ 23.″ 40 dec

4.7124. 16.3019. 7.8327. ″

•••[☞]

dec

Correction, + 0.07 Moon’s app. lat. S. nearly, 2.50.05. •••Moon’s app: lat. S. correct, 0.2.50.12.3 ••

8.8470.2

Method II. With the altitude of the nonagesimal, = 74.° 43.′ 21.″ 03. dec the Moon’s distance from the north pole of the ecliptic, = 89.° 48.′ 18.″ 30. dec and true distance from the nonag. = 65.° 32.′ 15.″ 87 dec, find the parallactic angle, = 73.° 22.′ 40.″ 14 dec, and the Moon’s true altitude, 23.° 36.′ 1.″ 18. dec Find the Moon’s parallax in altitude, and apparent altitude, which will be the same as before. The process for the parallaxes in latitude and longitude, is to be varied by using the log. cosine of the parallactic angle, in the former, and its log. sine in the latter: the cosine of 73.° 22.′ 40.″ 14. dec being equal to the sine of 163.° 22.′ 40.″ 14 dec, and the Sine of the first, to the co-sine of the other arch. As the same results will be produced, it is unnecessary to repeat the operation. •• ☞ The correction is always to be subtracted from the Moon’s apparent latitude, except in cases where the parallax in altitude is greater than the Moon’s true latitude; the apparent latitude is then of a contrary denomination to the true latitude, and the correction is add[ed.]

 541 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 2 Method III. It is customary for some astronomical calculators to find the parallax in longitude by approximation, and to extend it to the second only; this is not sufficiently correct. To have it so, we should carry it to the fourth approximation, and then the parallax in longitude will be accurately ascertained. Moon’s hor: par: à ☉, Altitude of the nonag: Moon’s true latitude, N. Moon’s true distance à nonag:  1st approximation, a+b, b+c  2d approximation, a+d b+e,  3d approximation, a+f b+g Parallax in longitude, a+h,

°

′

″

dec

0.55. 4.75 Sine, 74.43.21.03 Sine 0.11.41.70. ar: comp. cos: Sine

8.2046948. 9.9843747. 0.0000025 8.1890720.(a)

65.32.15.87 0.48.21.78 66.20.37.65 0.48.40.06 66.20.55.93 0.48.40.18 66.20.56.05. 0.48.40.18

9.9591532.(b) 8.1482252.(c) 9.9618811.(d) 8.1509531.(e) 9.9618979.(f) 8.1509699.(g)4 9.9618980.(h) 8.1509700.(i)

Sine Sine Sine, Sine, Sine Sine Sine Sine,

The above process by approximation is tedious; the following rule is attended with less labor, and will always5 give a correct result. •••(a) found as above 8.1890720. Moon’s true distance à nonag: 65.° 32.′ 15.″ 87. cosine, 9.6170987. Corresponding natural number, 0063998. (A) log., 7.8061707. •••Natural number, A, 0063998. ar. comp. 9936002. •Corresponding log. 9.9972117 •arith: comp: 0.0027883. (a) 8.1890720. Moon’s true dist. à nonag. ⎬⎫ 9.9591532. Sine ⎭ 8.1510135. par: in long: 0.° 48.′ tangent, 40.″ 18. dec For the Moon’s apparent latitude. °

′

″ dec

Moon’s hor: par: à ☉, 0.55. 4.75 Altitude of the nonages: 74.43.21.03 Corresponding nat. number, 0042215 Nat: Sine Moon’s true lat, 0034019. (C) South, 0008196 °

′

″

Sine, 8.2046948. cosine 9.4207709 (B) 7.6254657. log.

Moon’s true distance à nonag: 65.32.15.87. ar. comp. S. • "• apparent dist: do 66.20.56.05 Sine • "• true latitude, 0.11.41.70. ar. co: cos. • "• apparent lat. S.• + 0. 2.50.12. tang. Parallax in lat. correct. 0.14.31.82.

 542 

6.9136019 0.0408468. 9.9618980. 0.0000025. 6.9163492.

1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •The accuracy of the last result will be tested by Doctr Maskelyne’s rule, assuming the Moon’s apparent latitude to be 0.° 2.′ 50.″ 12. dec °

′

″

Moon’s hor: parallax à ☉, 0.55. 4.75 Altitude of the nonag: 74.43.21.03 Moon’s app: lat. S. (assumed) 0. 2.50.12 1st part parallax in latitude 0.14.30.75 Moon’s hor: parallax à ☉, 0.55. 4.75 Altitude of the nonagesimal, 74.43.21.03 Moon’s apparent lat. (assumed) 0. 2.50.12 ng " true dist. à nonag: + p–a–r:–in₂–l–o– – 65.56.38.66 •2d part par: in latitude 0. 0. 1.07 + 0.14.30.75. •1st part parallax in lat. 0.14.31.82.

Sine, cosine cosine, Sine Sine Sine Sine cosine Sine,

8.2046948. 9.4207709. 9.9999999. 7.6254656. 8.2046948 9.9843747. 6.9160545 9.6102642. 4.7153882.

To find the Moon’s augmented Semidiameter. °

′

″

dec

Moon’s true zenith distance, 66.23.58.82. ar: comp: sine, • " apparent• do 67.14.46.36 Sine • " horizontal Semr 0.15. 4 — Sine • " augmented Semidr 0.15. 9.74. Sine  Inflection of light, − 0. 0. 2.98.  Semidr corrected, 0.15. 6.76. Sun’s Semidiameter, •"•irradiation of light, •"•Semidiamr corrected, Moon’s  do••• do Moon’s apparent lat.

″

0.0379337. 9.9648135. 7.6417419. 7.6444891.

dec

952.15. − 1.62 950.53. 906.76 Sum, 1857.29 170.12 Sum, 2027.41 log. 1687.17 log.

3.3069415. 3.2271589. 2)6.5341004. 3.2670502. 0.0000002.

Moon’s apparent lat: arith. comp: cosine diff: ☉ and ☽’s ⎬⎫ 30.′ 49.″ 48 dec = 1849.″ 48 dec log. 3.2670504. apparent long. ⎭ °

′

″

dec

Sun’s longitude at beginning of the Eclipse, 153.50.37.00. Parallax in longitude, − 0.48.40.18. Diff: of ☉ and ☽’s apparent longitude, − 0.30.49.48. True longitude ☽’s center, by calculation, 152.31. 7.34. Apparent time at Greenwich, when the Moon had that long: 0.29.46.42. •••" ••of the beginning of Eclipse at Washington 19.22. 4.50. Longitude, in time, 5. 7.41.92. Equal to 76.° 55.′ 28.″ 80. dec This result differs − ₁⁶− ₀⁰− ₀ of a second from that contained in my report, page 64, which, in the latitude of the capitol in Washington, amounts to 15 yards,

 543 

1 1 J U LY 1 8 2 2 2 feet, 5 inches, if taken singly; when combined with the other results, page 79, the variance amounts to − ₁¹− ₀⁰− ₀ of a second, = 2 yards, 1 f: 11 inches, nearly. •• To find the parallactic angle, and Moon’s true altitude. °

Altitude of the nonagesimal, Moon’s true dist. à nonag. •••••••arch I. Moon’s dist. from N. pole Eclip: •••••••arch II, •••••••arch I, Moon’s true dist. à nonag. Parallactic angle, •••••••Arch II, Parallactic angle, Moon’s true altitude,

′

″

dec

74.43.21.03 tangent, 65.32.15.87. cosine, 56.35.24.48 tang: 89.48.18.30. 33.12.53.82 cosecant, 56.35.24.48 Sine 65.32.15.87 tangent 73.22.40.10 tangent, 33.12.53.82 cotangent, 73.22.40.10 cosine, 23.36. 1.18. tangent,

10.5636038. 9.6170987. 10.1807025 10.2613926. 9.9215580. 10.3420545. 10.5250051. 10.1839216. 9.4564565 9.6403781.

Rule II. °

′

″

dec

°

′

″

dec

Moon’s true dist. à nonag: 65.32.15.87 Moon’s dist: from N. pole Ecl: 89.48.18.30 Altitude of the nonagesimal, 74.43.21.03 •••diff: =•Arch A. 15. 4.57.27. •••••••arch B. 65.30.12.60. Arch A, •• B, ••Moon’s true altitude,

log. versed Sine, 9.7678282. •  Sine 9.9999975 •  Sine 9.9843747. •  Secant 10.0152244. •  Versed Sine 9.7674248. •  Secant, 10.0152244. •  Secant, 10.3823312.

23.36. 1.17. Cosecant, 10.3975556. 90 — —— •Moon’s true zenith dist: 0.0379337. 66.23.58.83, ar: comp. sine, •• "•true dist. à nonag. 65.32.15.87 Sine, 9.9591532. •Altitude of the nonag: 74.43.21.03 Sine 9.9843747. Parallactic angle, 73.22.40.17 Sine, 9.9814616. •By rule 1, 73.22.40.10 ••Mean result, 73.22.40.13. ☞•The small variance in these elements would not affect the Moon’s parallaxes in longitude and latitude, − ₅− ¹₀− ₀ part of a second. When the original calculation of the longitude, by this eclipse was made, the author was too much occupied with observations of the Moon’s transits over the meridian at the Capitol, in Washington, and the calculations founded thereon, to examine and revise it at that time. It occurred to him lately, that a small error had been committed in the Moon’s parallaxes in longitude and latitude, and that determined him to employ more than one method to ascertain those elements with due precision. The first method is wholly independent of the altitude and longitude of the nonagesimal: the Second, by finding the parallactic angle and Moon’s true altitude, confirms the accuracy, or points out the errors that may have been made in the first, and both are a never failing check on the results found by the third method, which is the one generally used by astronomical calculators.

 544 

1 2 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •The angle of position referred to in this communication, is the angle opposite to the complement to 90.° of the latitude of the place, reduced; and to find it, in this case, we have the contained angle, = the Moon’s horary angle, 68.° 17.′ 48.″ 13. dec and two sides of an oblique angled spherical triangle, viz: the Moon’s North polar distance, = 79.° 13.′ 46.″ 86 dec, and complement of the latitude of the Capitol, in Washington, reduced, = 51.° 17.′ 45.″ 49 dec, to find the other side, = the Moon’s true zenith distance, 66.° 23.′ 58.″ 82 dec, and the angle of position opposite to the second side, = 52.° 18.′ 7.″ 34 dec. The third angle, = Moon’s true azimuth from the North, 95.° 5.′ 30.″ 74. or 84.° 54.′ 29.″ 26. dec from the South, not being wanted in the calculation of the Moon’s parallaxes. This last angle is opposite to the Moon’s north polar distance. William Lambert. City of Washington, July 11th 1822.

⎬

⎫ ⎭

MS (ViU: TJP); written entirely in Lambert’s hand on two sheets, with each folded to form four pages, the first page numbered by him, the last page blank, and the whole bound together with string; brackets in original; one word partially obscured by binding. my report: enclosure to Lambert to TJ, 18 Mar. 1822.

1 Abbreviation editorially raised one row to head of column. 2 Overscoring indicates that the characteristic of the logarithm is negative, while its mantissa remains non-negative. 3 Superfluous minute and second symbols above the “2” and “50,” respectively, editorially omitted. 4 Period editorially changed into a closing parenthesis. 5 Lambert here canceled “be found to.”

From John Adams Dear Sir Quincy1 Montezillo July 12th 1822 Yours of the 27th June is received with pleasure, for the free air of it delights me. Your number of 1267. letters in a year, does not surprise me; I have no list of mine, and I could not make one without a weeks research, And2 I do not believe I ever received one quarter part of your number. And I very much doubt whether I received in the same year one twelfth part; There are reasons enough for the differance. I hope one day your letters will be all published in volumes; they will not always appear orthodox, or liberal in politicks; But they will exhibit a mass of Taste, Sense, Literature and Science, presented in a sweet simplicity, and a neat elegance of Stile, which will be read with delight in future ages. I think that when a people turn out their old servants, either by legal suffrages, or from complaisance to a vulgar opinion, they ought to grant them at least, an outfit; for by making them conspicuous, and multiplying their acquaintances, they expose them to expences heavier than when in office. Your stationary bill  545 

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alone for paper, Quills, Enk, wafers, wax, sand and Pounce, must have amounted to enough to maintain a small family.—I never can forgive new york, Connecticut, or Maine for turning out Venerable men, of sixty, or seventy; from the seats of Judgement, when their judgement is often the best, to turn out such men to eat husks with the prodigal, or grass with Nebuchadnezzar ought to be tormenting to the humanity of the nation; it is infinitely worse than saing “go up thou bald Head.” For my part, my blindness and Palsy lay me under a necessity of neglecting to answer many letters, and other kind civilities which otherwise I should delight to acknowledge. I believe it will be best to brave it ou[t,] it will be impossible to conceal anything.— I am your friend of forty seven years Standing.— John Adams RC (DLC); in Louisa C. Smith’s hand, signed by Adams; edge trimmed, with missing text supplied from FC; endorsed by TJ as received 23 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to John Adams (of Richmond), William H. Fitzwhylsonn, and Thomas Brockenbrough, 18 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed in Smith’s hand: “Thomas Jefferson—late President of the United States—Monticello—Virginia”; franked; inconsistently postmarked Quincy, 11 July. FC (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers); dated 10 July 1822. Newly appointed ministers plenipotentiary were customarily granted an outfit of one year’s additional salary to cover the expense of furnishing themselves for this duty (PTJ, 28:619n).

The 1821 new york state constitution required its chancellor and justices of the supreme court to step down at the age of sixty. Those of connecticut (1818) and maine (1820) specified that judges were not to serve beyond seventy years of age, although Maine exempted justices of the peace (Benjamin Perley Poore, The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws of the United States [1878], 1:263, 796, 1346). In the Bible, the prodigal son is reduced to eating husks before returning to his father, nebuchadnezzar goes mad and eats grass, and children who mock the prophet Elisha by saying go up thou bald head are killed by bears (Luke 15.16; Daniel 4.25, 32–3; 2 Kings 2.23). 1 2

Word not in FC. FC: “but.”

From Joshua Dodge Esteemed Sir— New York 12 July 1822. I take the liberty of informing you of my arrival in this place on the 10 instt from Marseilles, via Paris, London & Liverpool; family business, which required my presence in my native town, rendered it necessary that I should make a temporary visit to Salem for which place I leave tomorrow, & should consider it a high honor to have the pleasure of hearing from you during my Stay there. It having been very necessary that I should arrive at Salem as soon as possible, I had not time to await the Presidents permission. I sincerely hope he will  546 

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excuse my having so done, I shall hold myself ready at his orders to depart for Marseilles at a moments warning, & I should esteem it a very high favor if you would write to him on the subject; I have wrote to the secretary of State concerning same & have forwarded him a letter from Mr Gallatin respecting it; during my temporary absence from Marseilles, Mr Thomas Oxnard, a native of Portland & nephew of the late Commodore Preble is encharged with my procuration for conducting the Consular business. I am in hopes to obtain permission from the President to remain a few months in the United States, & if So, I shall do myself the pleasure of paying you my personal respects, an event which I very much desire.•••I yesterday recd your esteemed letter of 11 ultmo addressed to me at Marseilles, which I shall forward to my house by first opportunity, probably next week, & you may depend that immediate attention shall be paid to its contents; the price of our Brandy, was, when I left, at about 300 frs per pipe of 120 Gall. the quality is very good particularly that of Cette of which we make considerable shipments from our Port, half pipes or quarter pipes could be had, costing perhaps a little extra, or it could be bottled; it would be necessary to know the colour that would be wanted; whether dark or light. I forward by this days post a pamphlet which our Consul at Paris requested me to send you— I have the honor to remain very respectfully, Sir, Your Most Obedt Servt Josha Dodge RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 18 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL; with additional notations by TJ adjacent to endorsement relating to his reply to Dodge of 19 July 1822: “Presidt. visit. brandy dark.” RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Charles J. Ingersoll, 16 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed:

“Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello. Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 12 July. The pamphlet sent to TJ at this time at the request of our consul at paris, Isaac Cox Barnet, has not been identified.

From Nathaniel H. Loring Charlestown Massachtts July 12th 1822.

I take the liberty of enclosing a copy of an address delivered in this  town, before the Citizens, on the Anniversary of National Independence. At the same time I desire to express my profound veneration for your character, and gratitude for those great benefits which, in common with all Americans, I have received at your hands. N: H: Loring:  547 

1 2 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •RC (DLC); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Loring, An Address, delivered at the request of the Republican Committee of Arrangements, on the Anniversary of Independence, Fourth July, A.D. 1822. Charlestown, Mass. (Boston, 1822), celebrating American independence, an event “destined to illuminate the most distant and degraded nations” (p. 5); hoping that the current generation will merge the doctrines of their revolutionary forefathers with those of Jesus in order to destroy tyranny and superstition; stressing the importance of education, good parenting, simple habits, and the exercise of every republican virtue; emphasizing the necessity of preserving the Union, the dissolution of which would exacerbate sectional jealousies and probably end in armed conflict; warning of the dangers posed by luxury, speculation, and the accumulation of power by the well-to-do living in large cities; and praising TJ’s administration, as “a practical exposition of the principles of our constitution,” and lauding the “simple dignity with which Jefferson clothed his rank as first republican of the world” (p. 19). Nathaniel Hall Loring (1799–1838), journalist and attorney, was born in or

near Boston. He entered the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1814 and was expelled five years later after he and several of his fellow cadets issued a protest against a superior officer. A year prior to delivering his 1822 Fourth of July speech, Loring gave a public reading in Charlestown of the Declaration of Independence. By 1825 he had moved to Lebanon, Pennsylvania, where, as a junior editor of the Lebanon Republican, shortly after TJ’s death he published TJ’s letter to him of 8 Aug. 1822. Loring returned permanently to Charlestown by 1836 and practiced law (Charles Henry Pope and Katharine Peabody Loring, Loring Genealogy [1917], 99; A Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, containing Boston Births from A.D. 1700 to  A.D. 1800 [1894], 347; Patrick G. Wardell, Genealogical Data from United States Military Academy Application Papers, 1805–1866 [2002], 1:3; note to Ferdinando Fairfax to TJ, 13 Mar. 1820; Washington Gazette, 26 July 1821; Washington, Pa., Examiner; and Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Repository, 13 Aug. 1825; Philadelphia National Gazette and Literary Register, 12 Jan. 1826; Albany Argus & City Gazette, 29 Aug. 1826; Rodenburgh’s Charlestown Directory [1836], 52).

From Richard Rush London: July 12. 1822.

Received and forwarded by R. Rush, who begs at the same time to  renew to Mr Jefferson the assurances of his faithful and highest respect. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 8 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Thomas Leiper, 6 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson. Monticello”; with notation in Daniel Brent’s hand above address: “Dept of State, 3 Sepr 1822—Recd here this day.” Enclo-

sure: Maria Cosway to TJ, 10 July 1822. Enclosed in Brent to TJ, 3 Sept. 1822, which may have consisted only of Brent’s unsigned note and an address cover (RC in DLC, with Dft of TJ to Benjamin Hale, 6 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson, Monticello”; franked; postmarked Washington, 4 Sept.).

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To Charles Yancey (1770–1857) Dear Sir Monticello July 12. 22. Your favor of the 4th is just recieved. mr Brooke’s price of 6.30 D the square for laying on the tin of a roof, is exorbitant. it may be done, as well as he can do it for 1. Dollar the square. we went on at the University giving him that price until ¾ of the houses were covered. we were led to it from a belief that it could not be done without the very expensive & complicated machine which he used to bend the tin, which he told us was a patent machine, costing 40.D. and not to be had in the US. at that stage of our business I got him to come and cover a small house for me. seeing his machine at work, and how simple the object was, I saw that the same effect could be produced by two boards hinged together. I had this done accordingly, and it did the work as neatly & something quicker than his 40.D. machine, while this could be made for 50. cents. we then ceased employing mr Brookes,1 and set a common negro man to work with our board machine, & he has covered all the remaining houses as neatly and securely as those done before. any person will learn to do it in a day as well as in a year, and when you are ready, mr Brockenbrough will spare you this man for a week or so, to shew any body you please how to do it. you will have to get your tin from Richmond at 13.D. a box. a box does a square & a half, and a handy man will lay a square a day. your building exclusive of the wings2 will require nearly 30.3 boxes. the tin for a square costs 8. D 67 c & the putting it on about 1.D. say 10.D. a square, instead of 15.D. mr Brooke’s price. this is exactly what is asked here for heart-pine shingling. the tin requires that the sheeting be jointed, and the surface entirely smooth & even. You should take care that the roofs of your wings do not rise so high as the bottom of your entablature. indeed this cannot be necessary, for if the rooms be 16.f. square and 12 f. pitch, the roof, if of pediment pitch, will be only 4.f. high, making 16.f from the floor, whereas the bottom of the entablature of the main building is 20.f. from the floor: but if you put flat & guttured roofs on them (as our dormitories have) they are but 2 f high. I recom[mend] this strongly, because they will be vastly handsomer & [. . .] cheaper than the common roof. they need no rafters, no tin covering, and the gutturs are better of wood than of tin or any other metal. the manner of making them may be seen at the University or at4 this place. I heard you were at our last court, and should have been much gratified had you taken your quarters here. I would have gone to the University with you, & pointed out the particulars which you should attend to in your building. should  549 

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you pay another visit to the neighborhood, I shall hope you will do me the favor to call. Accept the assurance of my [great?] [es]teem and [re]spect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); damaged at seal; closing faint; endorsed by TJ: “Yancey Charles. July 12. 22.” The small house was Monticello’s North Pavilion.

1 Manuscript:

“Brokes.” four words interlined. 3 Number interlined in place of “40.” 4 Manuscript: “a.” 2 Preceding

From John H. Coleman Sir Paris Bourbon County Kentucky July 16th 1822— I flatter myself that you will not be displeased at the liberty I take of troubling you with this communication—There is at this time an interesting and important political question that agitates to a great degree the body politic of our State—And knowing the sincere and heartfelt interest that you have ever entertained for our common Country; I have concluded that you might not be disinterested in a matter so important to a Western State—This question has arisen from the pecuniary embarrassments of our State, and has assumed a shape that is well calculated to alarm the friends and Republicans of our Govt.— A discord exists between our Legislative and Judicial departments— The Legislature in 1820 enacted a Law establishing the “Commonwealth’s Bank.” As there was no specie deposited in its Vaults the paper soon after it’s issue began to depreciate: but as the measure was a very popular one at our next session a Law was passed requiring a Plaintf who had recovered Judgt., to endorse upon his execution when issued that the paper of that Bank should be taken in discharge thereof; and if this step was not taken that the Deft. should have a right to replevy the debt for two years to be discharged in specie— This Law was opposed by some of our Citizens; and a Party who had recovered Judgement for a debt brought the question before our Circuit Court by moving to quash a Replevy Bond, on the grounds that the Law authorising the proceedings was contrary to the Federal and State Constitutions—The Judge decided the Law to be unconstitutional. The Legislature were then in session;—and proceeded instanter to act upon the business in a manner which you will observe by a perusal of the document which I have taken the liberty herewith to communicate—In the lengthy discussion upon the Subject our members refered to that excellent authority written by yourself in “Notes of Virginia”—Where you so perspicuously shew the relative nature  550 

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and duty of the several departments of our well organised Govt.— This authority would have been conclusive; but the Supporters of the Law attempted to diminish it’s influence by producing a Letter which you have lately written to Mr Jarvis who has recently composed a political Work: and they relyed upon that part of your letter in which you remark “You seem in pages 84 & 148. to consider the Judges the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one that would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy”—they further attempted to shew that by the tenor of that letter that1 if a Judge should decide a Law unconstitutional, that the Legislature were required by a sense of duty to remove him from office, if they deemed the Law essential and important to promote the happiness of the Country—All men admit that “Salus populi, Lex suprema” but most politicians would contend, that if a law is passed in contravention to the constitution, that, that instrument must be impaired and paralyzed if the Law is enforced—And that however great may be the necessity of the Law, that where there is a discrepancy between the Law and the Constitution that the latter must prevail, untill it is regularly altered or amended— I sincerely apologize, Sir, for troubling you with this communication—and would not have written it, but in consideration of the very high esteem and veneration in which I hold your character as a Statesman and a Republican—and beleiving that although your personal interest may not in the slightest degree be affected;2 that you still retain that general and patriotic feeling, and those orthodox principles of liberty and equality which have been so proudly cherish[ed] by the western people—Pardon me Sir for making the request that if it is not inconsistent with your feelings or convenience that you will give me an answer and communicate even briefly your views upon this political subject—I wish to make no public use of it; but as I am a young man and meet with some difficulty upon the subject, it would be highly gratifying to know yr sentiments—My Father who (when living) was your warm personal friend taught me when a youth to cherish the noble principles that you dictated for your Countrymen and since I arrived to the age of maturity I am confirmed in the rectitude of his precepts— Accept Sir, the assurances of my highest respect and best wishes that the evening of your life may be as tranquil as the meridian of it was usefull Very Respectfully your humbl Servt John H. Coleman. RC (MHi); damaged at seal; addressed: “The Honble Thomas Jefferson Monticello

near Charlottesville Virginia”; franked; postmarked Paris, 20 July; endorsed by

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1 6 J U LY 1 8 2 2 TJ as received 3 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found. John H. Coleman (d. 1826), attorney, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, in the spring of 1818 and served four years later as a manager of a lottery to raise money to build a Masonic hall in Paris in that county. He owned nine slaves in Harrison County in 1820. Coleman helped choose Henry Clay’s slate of presidential electors in 1824 but also took part that year in an unsuccessful attempt to convince Andrew Jackson to attend a public dinner in Paris. He died in Athens, Alabama (Bourbon Co. marriage records [Madison Co. courthouse, Richmond, Ky.]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Harrison Co., Marysville, 1820; Acts passed at the second session of the thirtieth, and the first session of the thirty-first General Assem-

bly for the Commonwealth of Kentucky [Frankfort, 1823], 90–6; Frankfort Argus of Western America, 18 Aug. 1824; Jackson, Papers, 5:573; Frankfort Commentator, 9 Sept. 1826; Lexington Kentucky Reporter, 11 Sept. 1826). Bourbon County Circuit Court judge James Clark had recently ruled in the case of Williams v. Blair that the 25 Dec. 1820 “Act to regulate endorsements on executions” was unconstitutional. The Kentucky legislature impeached him in May 1822, but it could not muster enough votes to remove him from office (Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, begun and held . . . on Monday the thirteenth day of May 1822 [Frankfort, 1822], 64, 67–8, 116). 1 2

Coleman here canceled “even.” Manuscript: “effected.”

From Francis Glass Vir Præstantissime Lebanon, Ohio, Sexto decimo die Julii, Doctissimeque. Anno Christi, 1822. Etsi Tibi forsitan ignotus sim, tamen quibusdam de causis literas hasce ad Te mittere sum ausus;—Sperans tam illustrem tamque doctum Virum ausa mea boni consulturum.—In præsentiâ adstrictus sum scribendo illustrissimi Ducis Præsidisque Georgii Washingtonii Vitam, in usum classicorum discentium, in hisce civitatibus nostris Americanis fœderatis. Opus ejusmodi (ni multùm fallor,) valdè desideratur; lectio enim clarorum virorum vitarum ad virtutem et egregia facinora vehementer incendit:—preterea, quod nunc instat, vel modò præteriit, animos juvenum majore studio plerunque occupat, quàm quod vetustate obscuratur. Talis historia latinè exarata (dummodò bene compositeque condatur,) ad famam Doctrinae literarumque harumce civitatum plurimum conferet:—Quam bene scripta fuerit Vita ejus herois, malo in aliorum judicio relinquere, quam in hisce literis ponere.—Haud longè à re alienum erit, paucula nonnulla de me ipso loqui; Hibernus Sum; Pater, ob imperii iniquitatem, patriam fugere non dubitavit; et in hanc regionem demigravit, ubi Philadelphiæ supremum diem obiit. Græc. Latin. et Gallic. Linguas per quindecim annos, apud Pennsylvanos docui; et in hance Rempublicam deveni; ubi paulò post adventum, tertianâ correptus, ad inopiæ extremum redactus fui; sex liberi mihi sunt, quos ut sustineam, magnopere mihi  552 

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nitendum est; et quamvis omnia ad victum necessaria vilia hîc sint, tamen doctrina vulgo jacet neglecta; Philadelphiam regredi valdè aveo, at ob paupertatem, manere hîc, invitus cogor. Ego, qui nihil aliud per omnem vitam egi, quam ut adolescentes erudiendo tempus conteram, haud facìlè ad labores rusticos animum aut corpus induco. Si quis Mæcenas mihi inveniatur, qui in perficiendo vitam illustrissimi Washingtonii mihi patrocinabitur, et tantum opis mihi præbebit, quantum ad sustentandam familiam sat erit, voti maximi compos ero; at dirâ paupertate à perficiendo illud opus impedior.—Trium mensium spatium sufficiet ad hanc historiam complendam; nihil aliud quam quod familiam per spatium istud alere queat, à quovis patrono peto; si exemplar istius biographiae videre vis, maximæ voluptati mihi erit, ad Te partem, quæ jam exaravi mittere.—Si necesse esset, documenta quam plurima tam doctrinæ quàm morum, exhibere queo. Licentiæ hujus epistolæ veniam des, humillimè precor: ob incuriam quâ scriptæ sunt hæ literæ, indulgentiam tuam quoque petere cogor; penitus enim à morbo diuturno nondum convalui; quocirca mendis meis plurimis ignoscere et favere dignator.— Sum, Domine Excellentissime Servus Humillimus, Tuus Franciscus Glass. e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Most Distinguished Lebanon, Ohio, the sixteenth of July, and Learned Sir. Year of Christ, 1822. Although perhaps unknown to you, I, nevertheless, dare to send you this letter, with the hope that a renowned and educated man such as yourself will approve of my undertaking. I am currently obliged to write a life of the most illustrious leader and president George Washington for the use of classical scholars in our American federation. A work of this sort (unless I am much mistaken) is very necessary, because reading about the lives of famous men inspires virtue and the performance of outstanding deeds. Besides, current events, or those of the recent past, often capture the imagination of young people more than those obscured by antiquity. Such a history written in Latin (provided it is treated skillfully) will contribute greatly to our nation’s reputation for learning and literature. I prefer to leave to the judgment of others how well the life of this hero has been written in the past rather than insert such comments here. It will not now be inappropriate to say a few things about myself: I am Irish. Because of the injustice of its rulers, my father did not hesitate to flee his native land and immigrate to this country. He died in Philadelphia. I taught the Greek, Latin, and French languages for fifteen years in Pennsylvania before coming to this state. Soon after my arrival, I was stricken with tertian fever and reduced to extreme want. I have six children, whom I have struggled mightily to support. Although the necessities of life are inexpensive here, learning is completely neglected. I long to return to Philadelphia but, on account of my financial distress, I am compelled

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1 6 J U LY 1 8 2 2 to remain in this place. Throughout my life I have done nothing but educate young people. In consequence, I cannot easily apply either my mind or body to rustic work. If some Maecenas could be found to serve as my patron for completing the life of the illustrious Washington and offer me sufficient help to sustain my family, I will have received an answer to my greatest prayer. Terrible poverty prevents me from finishing this work. Three months will suffice to complete it. I desire nothing more than what will support my family during that period. If you wish to see a copy of this biography, it will be my very great pleasure to send you the portion I have already written. If necessary, I can also furnish many proofs of my learning and character. I humbly beg you to pardon the presumptuousness of this letter. I am compelled to seek your indulgence, too, for the carelessness with which it has been written. I have not yet fully recovered from my long illness. Please forgive, therefore, my many errors and show me your favor. I am, most distinguished Sir, your humble servant Francis Glass. RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Ad Virum Excellentissimum Thomam Jefferson, &c.” (“To the Most Distinguished Thomas Jefferson, etc.”); endorsed by TJ as received 3 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Lafayette, 4 Nov. 1824, on verso; addressed: “His Excellency, Thomas Jefferson, Esquire Late President of the United states.—Monticello, Virginia” by “(Mail)”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Lebanon, Ohio, 23 July. Translation by Dr. John F. Miller. Francis Glass (1790–1824), educator, was born in Londonderry, Ireland, and immigrated with his family to Philadelphia when he was about eight years old. Having been educated in the latter city, he taught French, Greek, and Latin in various parts of Pennsylvania from at least 1810. Glass moved around 1817 to Ohio and settled in Warren County by 1820. A year later he wrote James Madison from

Lebanon, where he continued to work as a language instructor and primary-school teacher. Glass died in Dayton, Ohio (Roscoe H. Eckelberry, “Francis Glass, Master Teacher,” Educational Research Bulletin 13 [16 May 1934]: 107–12, 132; Glass, A Life of George Washington, in Latin prose [1835], esp. i–xv; Philadelphia Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, 2 July 1810; Wilmington Delaware Gazette and Peninsula Advertiser, 4 Apr. 1815; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ohio, Warren Co., Wayne, 1820; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:268–70; Chillicothe Supporter, and Scioto Gazette, 23 Sept. 1824; Salem [Mass.] Observer, 25 Sept. 1824). Glass completed his biography of George Washington (georgii washingtonii vitam) by the summer of 1824, but he died before he could see it into print. The work was published by one of his former students about a decade later and went through three editions (Eckelberry, “Francis Glass,” 111–2).

From Louis Petit Trés Honorable Seigneur Juillet 16–1822 J’ai l’honneur d’exposer bien humblement, à Sa Graçe, que mon Pére étoit Negociant de Lyon en France, et qui ayant été Compris par le gouvernement dans des affaires politiques, a été non Seulement obligé de quitter le pays Natal, mais d’abandonner tous ses biens, meubles, et immeubles, qui depuis plusieurs ans de travau, et indus 554 

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trie avoit accumulé pour le Soutient d’une nombreuse famille, lui ayant été le tout Confisqué, et d’une réspectable Situation, a été réduit a la plus grande détrésse. Le Cœur Doux, et Bienfait de Sa Graçe, se laissera attendrir sur le funeste Sort de Cette infortuneé famille, touché d’un Événement si facheux, Sa Graçe, ne se refusera pas de lui accorder les devoirs de toute Âme Sensible. En cet espoir je prie, Sa Graçe, à agreér d’avance ma plus vive reconnaissance, et Croire, que je ne Cesserai d’adresser mes plus fervides Vœux à l’Éternel pour la Conservation de ses preçieux jours; ainsi que de Ceux de toute sa trés respectables dinastie, et je suis avec le plus profond réspect—le trés humble, et trés Obeissant Serviteur Louis Petit e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Very Honorable Sir July 16–1822 I have the honor to explain very humbly to His Grace that my father, a merchant in Lyon, France, having been thought by the government to be involved in political affairs, was forced not only to leave his native country, but also to abandon all the personal possessions and real estate he had accumulated through work and industry over the course of a number of years for the support of his numerous family. Everything having been confiscated, he has been reduced from a position of respectability to the greatest distress. His Grace will allow his tender and generous heart to be moved by the disastrous fate of the unfortunate family affected by this regrettable event. His Grace will not refuse to grant that which is owed by every sensitive soul. With this hope, I beg His Grace to accept in advance my deepest gratitude and to believe that I will never cease to send the eternal being my most fervent wishes for the preservation of his precious days, as well as those of his very respectable lineage. I am with the most profound respect—the very humble and very obedient servant Louis Petit RC (ViW: TC-JP); dateline at foot of text; at head of text: “À Sa Graçe Thomas Jefferson expresident des États-Unis”; endorsed by TJ. Translated by Dr. Genevieve Moene.

From Walker C. Buckner Dear sir, July 17th 1822. My name is Buckner. I am a wayfaring man at present, and am in great necessity. I keep my accompts regularly inserted, and am reputed to be a man of as much veracity, and have as good credit as any man in the state of Virginia. I would wish to borrow thirty dollars of you, and I would make a point of paying you in the fall. I have an estate of two thousand dollars coming to me in the fall, (in September.) I heir of my brother Horace Buckner, who was a surgeon in the  555 

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peace establishment. He died without making a will. I received an elegant education, learning the Greek and Latin, and turning out to work was disagreeable to me. I retain the Latin perfectly. I translated the first page of Ovid’s metamorphoses, and an excellent Latin teacher affirmed that the translation was more elegant than the translation which the translator gave who translated the book page for page. I retain it in memory, and as I have heard that you are very fond of elegant belles-lettres, I will give it an insertion in my letter. It is as follows, Animus fert dicere formas mutatas in corpora Nova. Dî, (nam vos et mutastis illas,) coeptis Adspirate meis, deducite que carmen perpetuum Ab origine mundi primo ad tempora mea. Translation: My muse induces me to sing of metamorphoses. Ye gods, (for ye also have transformed the bodies,) Inspire me in my essays, and spin out one continued story From the first beginning of the world down to the present time. Give my compliments to your family. I am, dear sir, With great respect, Walker C. Buckner. P.S. I would be very much obliged to you, sir, if you would send me an answer, and should you think proper, you will oblige me very much if you would send me some money as a loan inclosed in the letter, and I will pay you again in the fall. W.C.B. RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 18 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Walker C. Buckner (b. ca. 1789), soldier, was a native of Culpeper County. He was described as a farmer when he enlisted as a private in the United States Army in 1813 in Reading, Pennsylvania. Buckner’s term ended after one year, but he rejoined the service in Petersburg in 1818. His second stint in the military concluded after only six weeks with his dis-

charge “for inability.” Of “unsound mind” according to one source, Buckner was deceased by the end of 1840 (“Records of Men Enlisted in the U.S. Army Prior to the Peace Establishment, May 17, 1815,” p. 36, record no. 7833, and “Records of Men Enlisted in the U.S. Army from May 17, 1815, to 1821, Inclusive,” p. 26, record no. 2170 [DNA: RG 94, RUSAE]; VMHB 64 [1956]: 366; Richmond Enquirer, 17 Nov. 1840).

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From John Gardiner Sir Washington 18th July 1822 I presume to address you at this time because I believe it will be in your power to save a Man (who was once highly respectable & respected) from utter ruin, & because I believe it will give you pleasure to do so. Your friend Mr Gallatin did, about the year 1808 or 1810 introduce into the Treasury department a Swiss named Fredk Tschiffely de Wangan, he was born a patrician of the City of Berne, served in the Army of his Country as Captain, fell in love with a plebeian married her, thereby displeased his friends, came to America, suffered great privations, & in his distress was placed by Mr Gallatin in Mr Nourse’s office (at the very lowest salary then given in the Treasury $300. é Ann,) with this remark by Mr Gallatin, “I have put your foot into the Stirrup you must help yourself into the Saddle.” In the course of 10 or 11 years Mr T rose gradually from $300 to $1400 é Ann: in the General Land office, but was about 18 months ago dismissed by Mr Crawford. The cause of his dismissal shall be related when I have finished the history of the unfortunate Tschiffely.1 When he was dismissed he had a wife & six or eight Children, he travel’d to the western country to look for a Clerkship in the Land offices, but found not an officer there who would employ a Clerk who had been dismissd from the General Land office—he betook himself to the bottle for relief—he returnd home, & has since been wandering in Virginia seeking employment as a Clerk, or as a teacher of the French & German Languages, but without success; & it is due to you that I should say, I fear his want of success has been, at least in part, owing to the habit of seeking that temporary relief from his woes. An incoherent letter which I received from him yesterday, states in one place “I shall leave Fredericksburgh to go I know not where, I have lived for the last three days on three biscuits éer day.” In another place he says, “I may perish on the road, but I will see Mr Jefferson and Mr Madison, & you shall hear no more of me till I am happier.”2 His respect for your Character & person & for that of Mr Gallatin are such that I hope his intemperate habits may be overcome, were he within the occasional reach of your Eye, on your farm, or in your house, or in your Manufactory. I have been told that you have an extensive nail factory. The recovery of steady habits will I think be a great object with Mr T— & the certainty of your reporting justly of his conduct will be a strong stimulus to reform. His friends here aid his wife to support her numerous family—Mr Wirt & his family are very kind & I am persuaded  557 

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Mr

Wirt will use all his influence to restore Mr T— to the public service if the fascination of the bottle can be destroyed. The cause of Mr T—’s dismissal arose thus. When Mr Tiffin was Commissr of the General Land Office, he directed that a favourite Clerk should print for the office its Patents &c. When Mr Meigs became Commissr he directed that Mr Tschiffely should have half the printing of the office, at the same price; they continued to print the patents till last year, when Mr Tschiffely was dismissed—the other Clerk was retaind, but I was dismissed because I had procured parchment from them, though I did so with the knowledge & Consent of the Commissioner Unfortunately we were not native Citizens, the other Clerk was, & had friends in Congress from the State of Ohio. I have written with the hope that you may be able to save a most unfortunate man from ruin, & transform him into a useful member of Society & remain with the most perfect veneration Sir your obedt servt John Gardiner RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 23 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Joseph Coolidge, 24 Oct. 1824, on recto and verso; addressed: “Thomas Jef-

ferson Esqr Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 19 July. 1

Manuscript: “Tshiffely.” Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied. 2

To William H. Keating Monticello July 18. 22.

I thank you, Sir, for the Account of the new Mineral discovered by yourself and mr Vanuxem, of which you have been so kind as to send me a copy, and more particularly for the honor done my name by the appellation given it. age and a decayed memory have very much weakened my attention to the physical sciences, but nothing can ever weaken my affection to them, and the pleasure with which I observe so many of my young countrymen pursuing them with an ardor & success equally honorable to themselves & our country. permit me to place here my friendly recollections of mr Vanuxem with assurances to yourself of my high esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Spencer Roane to TJ, 8 June 1822; at foot of text: “Wm H. Keating”; endorsed by TJ.

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To Spencer Roane Dear Sir Monticello. July 18. 22. Your favor of the 8th is duly recieved, and will, I fear, add years to my life, if sound sleep contributes to health, and health to the continuance of life. it lifts a burthen from my breast which was oppressing me night & day. I have a numerous family of grandchildren, who are as children in my affections, having been brought up in the house with me; and altho’ my property is considerable while together, yet when divided into a dozen parts it will be barely a subsistence to each. I learn with great regret the state of your health, and that it is the visceral complaint which seems peculiar to the tidewaters. Girardin, who contracted it in Richmond came up to Milton where he lived 2. years & was perfectly restored, and thence removed to Staunton. and continues in sound health. but the great Sydenham found nothing to be relied on but long journies on a hard trotting horse, and that he found infallible. when threatened with a complaint of this kind while I lived at Washington Dr Eustis referred me to Sydenham, corroborated by his own experience, and a couple of hours riding every day relieved me from a case tolerably manifest, altho but incipient. I should be much gratified to hear of your visiting Kentucky on a Coach-horse. we look to you as the bulwark of our political state, and from public as well as private affections have great anxieties for your health. with the most fervent prayers for it’s restoration accept the assurance of my affectionate friendship and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (Herman Blum, Philadelphia, 1950); at foot of text: “the honble Judge Roane.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

TJ suffered for nearly two years from a similar visceral complaint, chronic diarrhea, beginning early in 1801 (PTJ, 43:611).

To James Ronaldson Dear Sir Monticello July 18. 22. Your favor of the 3d is duly recieved and with it a copy of the Specimen of your types, for which accept my thanks. altho’ increasing debility warns me that it cannot be long before the transactions of the world will close upon me, yet I feel ardent wishes for the continued progress of science and the arts, and the consequent advancement of the happiness of man. when I look back to Bell’s edition of Blackstone (about 1773.) and compare his with your types, and by the progress of the last half century estimate that of the centuries to come I am  559 

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cheared with the prospects of improvement in the human condition, which altho not infinite are certainly indefinite. a stiffened wrist, the consequence of a former dislocation, rendering writing slow and painful I can only add my prayers for the general advancement of my country to the assurances of my1 great and friendly respects to yourself. Th: Jefferson RC (NNGL); addressed: “Mr James Ronaldson Philadelphia”; franked; postmarked; endorsed by Ronaldson as a letter of 16 July 1822 received seven days later; with additional notation in an unidentified hand beneath endorsement:

“Type specimens.” PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph Jones to TJ, 8 June 1822; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ. 1

Manuscript: “my my.”

To Robert Sinclair Monticello July 18. 22.

I thank you, Sir, for the letter of the 8th and the information with which you favored me. age and debility have necessarily withdrawn me from Agricultural pursuits, but I shall forward your letter to Govr Randolph, who will doubtless avail himself of it’s purport. he is ardent in whatever relates to agriculture, and is probably the most skilful farmer in our state. Accept the assurance of my esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Benjamin Waterhouse to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Robert Sinclair”; endorsed by TJ. Robert Sinclair (1772–1853), manufacturer, was a lifelong resident of Baltimore and a member of the Maryland Agricultural Society, the Maryland Society for Promoting the Culture of the Vine, and a local fire company. He established a factory to produce agricultural implements in Baltimore in 1820 and added a seed store shortly thereafter. This concern, which was called Sinclair & Moore from 1825, sold, among other things, Thomas Mann Randolph’s “Hill Side Ploughs.” It remained in operation until at least 1835 (J. Thomas Scharf, History of Baltimore City and County [1881], 930; Federal Intelligencer,

and Baltimore Daily Gazette, 8 Sept. 1795; Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser, 4 Jan. 1812; Baltimore American Farmer, 3 Mar., 2 June, 29 Dec. 1820; DNA: RG 29, CS, Md., Baltimore, 1820– 40; The Baltimore Directory, for 1822 & ’23 [Baltimore, 1822], 250; Baltimore Patriot & Mercantile Advertiser, 28 June 1822, 3 May 1823; Easton, Md., Republican Star and General Advertiser, 31 May 1825; Baltimore Gazette and Daily Advertiser, 23 Sept. 1828; Matchett’s Baltimore Director, Corrected up to September, 1835. For 1835–6 [1835]; Baltimore Sun, 28 Oct. 1853; gravestone inscription in Friends Cemetery, Baltimore). Sinclair’s letter to TJ of the 8th, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 12 July 1822 from Baltimore.

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To Jonathan Thompson Dear Sir Monticello July 18. 22. Your favor of June 24. was recieved in due time, and I have ever since been endeavoring to get an US. bank-bill to cover the disbursements you were so kind as to make for me for the box of seeds. the bills of that bank, being the only form of remittance of small sums which we can make by mail are very rarely to be had in our inland situation. I have at length got a 5.D. bill which I inclose. the surplus is not worth noting, or may meet some similar & future incident. with my thanks for your kindness, accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; at foot of text: “Jonathan Thompson esq.”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation: “5.D.”

To Joshua Dodge Dear Sir Monticello July 19. 22. I recieved yesterday your favor of the 12th from N. York, and sincerely congratulate you on your arrival in your native state. I have no doubt the President will consent to the stay which you desire. we expect him daily on a visit to his estate adjoining Monticello, when I shall probably have repeated interviews with him, of which I will avail myself to obtain the permission you ask, which may be more effectually urged in conversation than by writing. I am flattered by your promise of a visit to us, and shall be happy to recieve you here. should you take Richmond in your tour, I would recommend to you when arrived at Fredericksburg, to take the stage to this place first, and hence to Richmond, rather than that to Richmond first and thence to this place. I have been endeavoring to introduce a taste for the lighter & cheaper wines of the South of France to the exclusion of the strong & dearer wines of Portugal & Spain, and I should gladly give you letters to Richmond, which with the benefit of your presence, would probably be the beginning of a first1 demand of experiment, which I think would soon become considerable. your account of the price and quality of the brandies of Cette is so encouraging that I will ask the favor of you to order a quarter pipe to be added to the articles stated in my letter of June 11. and to be in bottles, in which it will come safer. the dark colour is generally preferred with us. this may cause  561 

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my invoice to overgo my remittance. the difference may conveniently be paid either here or there. I salute you with great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of William Barret to TJ, 13 Mar. 1821; at foot of text: “Joshua Dodge esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

1 Word

interlined.

From Frederick D. Tschiffely Respected Sir, [received 19 July 1822] Having an impediment in my speech, permit me to have the honor of addressing you in writing. Not to intrude too long on your time, Sir, I shall be brief & concise. In 1808 I was introduced in public Office by Mr Gallatin, with a salary of $310 pr annum; from that I rose gradually to one of $1,400. On the 15 of March 1821, the Commissioner of the General Land Office dismissed me, by order of the Secretary of the Treasury, & thereby deprived 8 children, soon a ninth one, and a wife of bread. No reason or cause have ever been assigned for this harsh treatment. Mr Meigs’s letter of dismissal is one of recommendation. My respectful, twice repeated, applications to the President of the United States, for an investigation or redress, have not even been attended to. Unable to procure any longer employment in the City of Washington, I left my family 3½ months ago, in search of bread & in order to lessen the expense at home. Some friends have taken care of 4 of my children—my wife supports the others by needle work. I have not succeeded in my pursuit—have no hope left, & travelling on foot & often destitute of food, my existence is truly a wretched one. The french and german languages, arithmetic &ca are familiar to me. I wish but for the means to earn an honest living. Would you, Respected Sir, be pleased to honor me with your counsel & advice? I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, your obdt servant, F. D. Tschiffely RC (MHi); undated; endorsed by TJ as received 19 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only;

with Dft of TJ to Nicholas B. Pryor, 16 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr Present.”

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1 9 J U LY 1 8 2 2 •Frederick David Tschiffely (1780– 1839), public official, educator, and translator, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Having attained the rank of captain in the Swiss military, he immigrated to the United States in 1805, settled by 1809 in  the District of Columbia, and became a naturalized citizen in 1814. An accomplished linguist, he taught French, Italian, and German and worked as a translator in Alexandria for a time. Finding it difficult to provide for his family, Tschiffely, with the assistance of his fellow Swiss native Albert Gallatin, secured a clerkship at the United States Treasury by 1810. He worked as a clerk at the General Land Office in Washington, 1811–21, and printed land patents for that office from 1815. Following his dismissal in March 1821, Tschiffely went back to teaching, did some translating, advertised his services in Washington as “an Agent for transacting all kinds of public business,” traveled widely in search of gainful employment, and suffered from bouts of intemperance. Following a stint in Baltimore, he returned

by early in the 1830s to Washington, where he died (John Gardiner to TJ, 18 July 1822; Ralph Beaver Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers [1934], 3:174–5; Alexandria Daily Gazette, Commercial & Political, 25 Mar., 26 June 1809; Michael Tepper, ed., New World Immigrants [1979], 1:260; Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, Transmitting a Statement of the Sums Paid to Each Clerk in the Several Offices of the Treasury Department . . . in the year 1811 [Washington, 1812]; Tschiffely’s naturalization record [DNA: RG 21, CCDCMB, 6 June 1814]; Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, Transmitting a Statement of the Names of the Clerks in the Treasury Department . . . during the year 1817 [Washington, 1818], 18; Washington Gazette, 22, 23 Mar. 1821; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 27 Mar. 1821, 17 June 1833; Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:545–6; JHR, 20:26 [7 Dec. 1826]; For 1834. A Full Directory, for Washington City, Georgetown, and Alexandria [1834], 54; gravestone inscription in Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington).

To Benjamin Waterhouse Dear Sir Monticello July 19. 22. An antiently dislocated, and now stiffening wrist makes writing an operation so slow and painful to me that I should not so soon have troubled you with an acknolegement of your favor of the 8th but for the request it contained of my consent to the publication of my letter of June 26. No, my dear Sir, not for the world. into what a nest of hornets would it thrust my head! the genus irritabile1 vatum, on whom argument is lost, & reason is, by themselves, disclaimed in matters of religion. Don Quixot undertook to redress the bodily2 wrongs of the world, but the redressment of mental vagaries would be an enterprise more than Quixotic. I should as soon undertake to bring the crazy skulls of Bedlam to sound understanding, as to inculcate reason into that of an Athanasian. I am old, and tranquility is now my summum bonum. keep me therefore from the fire & faggots of Calvin and his victim Servetus. happy in the prospect of a restoration of primitive Christianity, I must leave to younger Athletes to encounter and lop off the false branches which have been engrafted into it by the mythologists of the middle & modern ages.•••I am not aware of  563 

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the peculiar resistance to Unitarianism which you ascribe to Pensylvania. when I lived in Philadelphia there was a respectable congregation of that sect, with a meeting house and regular service which I attended, and in which Dr Priestley officiated to numerous audiences. Baltimore has one or two churches, and their Pastor, author of an inestimable book on this subject, was elected Chaplain to the late Congress. that doctrine has not yet been preached to us: but the breeze begins to be felt which precedes the storm; & fanaticism is all in a bustle, shutting it’s doors and windows to keep it out. but it will come, and will drive before it the foggy mists of Platonism which have so long obscured our Atmosphere. I am in hopes that some of the disciples of your institution will become missionaries to us, of these doctrines truly evangelical, and open our eyes to what has been so long hidden from them. a bold and eloquent preacher would be no where listened to with more freedom than in this state, nor with more firmness of mind. they might need a preparatory discourse on the text of Åprove all things, hold fast that which is good’ in order to unlearn the lesson that reason is an unlawful guide in religion. they might startle on being first awaked from the dreams of the night, but they would rub their eyes at once and look the spectres boldly in the face. the preacher might be excluded by our hierophants from their churches and meeting houses, but would be attended in the fields by whole acres of hearers and thinkers. missionaries from Cambridge would soon be greeted with more welcome, than from the tritheistical school of Andover. such are my wishes, such would be my welcomes, warm and cordial as the assurances of my esteem and respect for you. Th: Jefferson RC (MeHi: Dr. John S. H. Fogg Autograph Collection); addressed: “Doctr Benjamin Waterhouse Cambridge Mass.”; franked; postmarked. PoC (DLC). Tr (Lb in MHi: Adams Papers). genus irritabile vatum: “the fretful tribe of bards” (Horace, Epistles, 2.2.102, in Fairclough, Horace: Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, 432–3). fire & faggots:

“the punishment of being burnt alive for heresy” (OED). The Baltimore minister who had been elected chaplain to the late congress was Jared Sparks. The biblical phrase prove all things, hold fast that which is good, is in 1 Thessalonians 5.21. 1 Manuscript: 2 TJ

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“irretabile.” here canceled “grievances.”

To Peter Minor Dear Sir Monticello July 20. 22. They tell us, and rightly, that one good turn deserves another. on this authority I ask the acceptance, by your son, of a keep-sake from me. it is an article of the tackle of a gun-man, offering the convenience of carrying the powder & shot together. I presume he is a gun-man, as I am sure he ought to be, and every American who wishes to protect his farm from the ravages of quadrupeds & his country from those of biped invaders. I am a great friend to the manly and healthy exercises of the gun. will you be so good as to be the channel of my conveying to him this offering, and of my thanks for the elegant and comfortable hat he was so kind as to send me, and to accept for yourself the assurances of my great friendship and respect Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Joseph C. Cabell to TJ, 10 Mar. 1821; at foot of text: “Peter Minor esq.”; endorsed by TJ.

From Frederick A. Mayo, with Jefferson’s Note Hono: Sir Richmond the 22 July 1822. I am some what at the loss, respecting the small Vols now on hand, as your Honours directions mention (letter all the Vols of Plutarch as each is now lettert on the back) and so as it respects the rest, it cartaintly can be done, but will not the title be verry large & corouded, at least much longer than common, as the piece of morreoco on the back must be the Size of two titles to contain the same, and the Vols have become considerable smaller, but should it be your hono: wish, not to shorten the titles, the Vols shall be done in that way; and I hope I will be partend for haveing inquirit, as your Hono: Orders had been plainly given before Your humble Servant Frederick A Mayo [Note by TJ beneath endorsement:] July. 26. answd leaving it to himself RC (MHi); at foot of text: “The Hono: Tho: Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

TJ’s directions are not recorded in SJL and have not been found, but his july. 26 reply, also missing, is listed there.

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From DeWitt Clinton Albany 23 July 1822

With Govr Clinton’s most respectful compliments

RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 31 July 1822 from “Clinton.” Enclosure not found.

William H. Hening’s Prospectus for a Vaccine Dispensary CIRCULAR. •••• VACCINATION. •••• ••••

PROPOSALS BY DR. WM. H. HENING, OF RICHMOND, to establish by subscription, A VACCINE INSTITUTION, for the benefit of the people of virginia. •••••••••••

The necessity of preserving a constant supply of the pure Vaccine infection, is deemed of such high importance, that in almost every part of Europe, Vaccine institutions have been created and protected by almost every government. In our own country, laws creating similar institutions have been enacted; viz. the act of Congress entitled “An act, to encourage Vaccination,” and the act of the Legislature of this state, creating the “office of Vaccine agent.” It is deemed scarcely necessary to advert to the causes which led to the repeal of these very salutary laws: they must be known to all who have taken any interest in the subject. It is sufficient to say, that it was not produced from a loss of confidence in the prophylactic powers of Vaccination, but principally from a belief, that, if repealed, that kind of monopoly which their existence was believed to create, would be destroyed; and consequently it would be left to the exertions of individuals, and the object desired would be with more certainty attained. Whether these expectations are to be realized or not, remains to be seen. To the man of research, whether of the medical profession or not, it is scarcely necessary to say any thing relating to the present received opinions of the efficacy of Vaccination, in exterminating the Small Pox. It still continues with rapid strides to extend its blessings to the world, prostrating in its course every obstacle which ignorance, prejudice or su 566 

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perstition itself, had reared against it. In one of the reports of a foreign Vaccine establishment, it is said, that of 2,671,662 persons properly Vaccinated,1 and subsequently exposed to the contagion of Small Pox, only Seven took that disease. All the annual reports of Great Britain, unite in saying, that Small Pox does not occur after Vaccination, in a greater proportion than Small Pox again occurs in the same person after having once received it, either by innoculation, or in the natural way. And even admitting that Small Pox would in every instance follow Vaccination, still it would remain of the utmost consequence to continue its use, in as much, as the malignancy of Small Pox would be destroyed, and the disease in every instance rendered mild, and unattended with danger. I have been lately very warmly solicited by gentlemen of standing in different parts of this state, to establish by subscription, a Vaccine institution. The attempt is now made, fondly believing, that I shall meet with that degree of encouragement which the importance of an institution of the kind demands. If that support is afforded, the people of this state will have it in their power to derive every benefit from this important discovery, on terms which all must say are reasonable; and that from an establishment of their own creation, and conducted by one of their own citizens. From the nature of things, Vaccination must be almost exclusively confined to the medical profession. It is to gentlemen of that profession, therefore, that I more particularly address myself; and it is from them, that I expect to derive the most effectual aid; all other persons, both in this and the adjoining states, who feel an interest in the formation of such an establishment, are invited to subscribe. The practicability of supplying every applicant, with the genuine Vaccine infection, from an institution located in this city, was most clearly evinced while I held the appointment of Vaccine agent for this state. The Vaccine Virus was distributed to 62 counties, and in many instances to 6 or more individuals in the same county. Since the repeal of the law creating that office, I have kept up a constant supply of pure Vaccine Virus, and have most freely supplied all who have applied for it, both in this and other states, without any compensation. I propose to furnish it hereafter on the following conditions: 1. Five dollars paid in advance, will entitle every subscriber to be supplied with the genuine Vaccine matter as often as is desired for five years. 2. Ten dollars paid in advance, for life. I am disposed to appoint an agent in every county; any gentleman who will take upon himself the trouble of obtaining not less than five  567 

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subscribers, and sending me their names and place of residence with the amount subscribed, shall be entitled to the benefits of the institution without any charge. ☞Editors of newspapers in this and adjoining states, by giving this a few insertions in their respective papers, will be entitled to the benefits of the proposed establishment without any charge. WM. H. HENING. •July 24, 1822. Broadside (DLC); with one correction in Hening’s hand; addressed by Hening: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr Monticello Albemarle”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 12 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Aug. 1822 and so recorded (with additional notation: “postmark Richmd”) in SJL. Printed in Richmond Enquirer, 26 July 1822, and elsewhere. William Henry Hening (ca. 1791–1848), physician and eldest son of TJ’s correspondent William W. Hening, was born in Albemarle County and as a child there received smallpox vaccination thanks to TJ. He earned a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1814 with a thesis on “Arsenic.” Hening was a surgeon’s mate in the 4th Rifle Regiment of the United States Army, 1814–16. After his resignation he spent the summer of 1816 as a surgeon on an army expedition to Wisconsin, and later that year he moved to Richmond and established a medical practice. From 1818 to 1821 Hening held the office of vaccine agent for Virginia. In the autumn of 1825 he moved permanently to nearby Powhatan County, where he continued as a physician, vigorously supported the Whig party, and cultivated a farm, garden, and fruit orchard. Hening owned three slaves in 1830 and eight a decade later (Lennoe S. Drew, The Shropshires and Allied Families [1948], 177–8; Hening to TJ, 27 Sept. 1824; University

of Pennsylvania Medical Graduates, 32; Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:523; Richmond Enquirer, 5 Oct. 1816, 30 May 1848; Hening to James E. Heath, 13 Jan. 1818 [Vi: RG 3, Governor’s Office, Executive Papers]; The Richmond Directory, Register and Almanac, for the Year 1819 [Richmond, 1819], 50; Alexandria Herald, 3 Mar. 1820; Marion Harland’s Autobiography: The Story of a Long Life [1910], 135–6; DNA: RG 29, CS, Powhatan Co., 1830, 1840). The act of congress, “An Act to encourage Vaccination,” became law on 27 Feb. 1813 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:806–7). The Virginia office of vaccine agent was created under a 4 Feb. 1814 “Act for the free distribution of genuine Vaccine Matter for the use of the Citizens of this Commonwealth” and abolished legislatively on 6 Mar. 1821 (Acts of Assembly [1813–14 sess.], 43–4; [1820–21 sess.], 11). The French vaccine establishment had reported nearly a decade earlier that only 7 out of the 2,671,662 individuals “properly vaccinated” in that country had contracted smallpox (European Magazine, and London Review 63 [1813]: 510). 1 Remainder of sentence reworked by Hening from “only seven subsequently exposed to the contagion of Small Pox, took that disease.”

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From Absalom H. Brooks Sir Staunton July 25 1822 you will please to Excuse me for wrighing to you also Excuse the many faults that will be in this letter as I have had only about three quorters Scooling. I was informed last fall that you Said that a tin roofe Could be put on for the same price1 „that a Joint Shingle roofe was done for„ which is $2„50 for Squaire„ I find it is likeley to keep me from getting the Covering of the buckenham Court house which enduceses me to make so free as to lay down a rule by which you will be the better able to make up youre mind 1 Joint Shingle will make 4  Inches by 6 the Carpenter has to take up one Shingle and lay it down and take up 1. naile and Drive it and then done. but the tinner has to take up one pece and slip it under the Edge of the other and then hammer it Smooth the length of ten Inches and then take up the punch and make three holes lay back the punch and get three nailes drive them turne the tin over the heads and hammer severel time over to get it Smooth and to lye [Closte] the tin will make 5½ by 8 Inche2 I think when you take it into Consideration you will think quite diffirentley also when I informe you that I beleave that myself and apprentice Can put on more tin than any three men3 in the same time and I also beleve that a man well acquainted with working tin well save a box in every 8 squaire„ owing to the wet weather while I worked at youre office I had to work verry hard when the weather would admit So that I think it would not be fair to Judge from my work while under youre inspection pirsons are frequentley rong in making up thare minds as Mr Brockenbrough was about Cuting tin he brought me from two a box to one Shortley I hired a Journaman his wages board and washing Cost me a bout $27 pr month and he Could not Cut and macheine 1 box a day you will see thare was a littel loss to me. but my apprentice Could Cut nearley a box and half a [day]4 and macheine it as to the Covering thare Should be a good price for it it is ingeoreous to the Iyes and very disagreable work espesuley in hot weather yourse Respectfuley A H Brooks I hope you will do me the favour to Send me a few lines RC (DLC); one word illegible; endorsed by TJ as received 27 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. youre office: Monticello’s North Pavilion.

1 Manuscript:

“pric,” interlined. eight words interlined. 3 Manuscript: “me.” 4 Omitted word editorially supplied. 2 Preceding

 569 

From Peter W. Sproat Sir, Philada July 26th 1822 I Enclose you by this days Mail a copy of the Savage Beauty a Novel recently written by me as a specimen of American Writing— Please Sir to accept of my great Respect and best wishes for your mental felicity in the serene evening of your days— P W Sproat. RC (MiU-C: Thomas Jefferson Collection); addressed: “To his Excellency Thomas Jefferson. Late President of the U.S. Montiello”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 26 July; endorsed by TJ as received 31 July 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Peter W. Sproat (d. 1832), author, lived in Philadelphia from at least the summer of 1818. He published several works in that city during the ensuing decade, including The Savage Beauty, A Satirical Allegorical Novel, and The Temple of Sensibility. A Parnassian Wreath, both in 1822, and General Welfare: an investiga-

tion of the powers vested in the Congress of the United States, by the constitution, in 1828. Sproat also operated a “military and naval intelligence office” on Spruce Street. He was in his fifties at the time of his death in Philadelphia (Philadelphia Franklin Gazette, 1 July 1818; Clay, Papers, 4:113, 650; Desilver’s Philadelphia Directory and Stranger’s Guide, for 1828 [1828], 78; DNA: RG 29, CS, Pa., Philadelphia, 1830; Philadelphia Album And Ladies’ Literary Port Folio, 28 Apr. 1832 [age given as fifty-one]; Interment Book of Union Cemetery, Philadelphia [PPGen] [age given as fifty-nine]).

To Absalom H. Brooks Sir Monticello July 28. 22. I recieved yesterday your favor of the 25th. it is certainly my opinion that you charge too high for your work in covering with tin, and this opinion is founded mainly on information from yourself. I learnt from you that a man can do a square a day of that covering. for this your charge was 5.75 D which I consider as too much for the earnings of a day. a box of tin costing 13.D. does a square & a half. consequently the tin for a square is 8.67 D and adding your 5.75 brings it nearly to 15.D. the work is so simple that any person of common understanding can perform it. we made a simple machine of two boards hinged together which bends the tin as quick and as perfectly as the expensive machine you used. the last row of houses has been covered very perfectly by a common negro man whose labor is not worth more than half a dollar a day; so that these covers have cost but about 10.D. a square, and our workmen asked that for heart-pine shingling. I have therefore (in the belief I should do a public good) recommended to my neighbors1 the substitution of tin-covering to shingling; I have  570 

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recommended the same to a gentleman having superintendance of the public buildings in Washington, and being written to on the subject by one of the Commissioners of Buckingham C.H. I gave him the opinion which truth and candour required, that your price was much too high, and that I thought he could have it well done for 10.D. at this price I hope the practice will become general, while I really think that your price will discourage it’s extension. my motive has been purely public good, & not at all to injure you, to whom I assure you I wish prosperity & success, & that you possess my esteem and respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of otherwise unlocated letter from Dabney Cosby to TJ, 17 Mar. 1821 (addressed: “The Honble Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Staunton, 19 Mar.; recorded in SJL as received 20 Mar. 1821 from Staunton); endorsed by TJ: “Brooks A. H. July 28. 22.”

the last row of houses to be covered with tin was located at the University of Virginia. TJ had corresponded with Charles Yancey (1770–1857), one of the commissioners of buckingham c.h. 1

Preceding three words interlined.

To Andrew Dunlap Monticello July 28. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Dunlap for the copy of his eloquent oration which he has been pleased to send him, and especially for the kind and partial expressions in it which respect himself. the adherence to the principles of the revolution is always welcome to him, and he thinks it singularly happy that a day is set apart in every year, for the effusion of those sentiments of freedom and equality which are felt by the nation and are equally testified and nourished by the enthusiasm of the occasion. he salutes mr Dunlap with esteem and respect. RC (NNU: Fales Family Papers); addressed: “Mr Andrew Dunlap Boston”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 28 July; endorsed by Dunlap. PoC (DLC); on verso of a reused address cover from Bernard Peyton to TJ; endorsed by TJ. Andrew Dunlap (1794–1835), attorney and public official, was born in Salem, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard University in 1813. After his admission to the bar in 1816, he practiced law in Salem and, from 1820, in Boston. A staunch supporter of Andrew Jackson,

Dunlap served for one term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1826– 27, and was United States district attorney for Massachusetts from 1829 until his resignation due to poor health just before his death in Salem (De Coursey Fales, The Fales Family of Bristol, Rhode Island [1919], 123–7; MaSaPEM: Dunlap Papers; Harvard Catalogue, 190; Salem Gazette, 20 Sept. 1816, 29 Aug. 1820, 27 Mar., 28 July 1835; Boston Commercial Gazette, 15 May 1826; JEP, 4:6, 7 [6, 7  Mar. 1829]; Jackson, Papers, 7:678, 679, 8:470–2; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass.,

 571 

2 8 J U LY 1 8 2 2 Boston, 1830; Dunlap, A Treatise on the Practice of Courts of Admiralty in Civil Causes of Maritime Jurisdiction [1836]). Dunlap’s eloquent speech was An Oration, delivered at the Request of the Republicans of Boston, at Fanueil Hall, on the Fourth of July, 1822 (Boston, 1822), which portrays the American Revolution as a principled struggle to attain the rights of man; states that the revolutionaries renounced “totally, and forever, those absurd, and tyrannical maxims of politics, which are the stay of the Priesthood, the props of Nobility, and the foundations of the Throne” (p. 7); salutes the contributions of Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, James Otis, George Washington, and others; refers to Boston, Lexington, and Bunker Hill as “holy ground” (p. 12); comments regarding “the two great political rivals,” TJ and John Adams, that, though their “lives have usually, been embittered by injustice, and persecution,”

they “have outlived the prejudices, which party animosities have excited against them; in their own time, the storm has passed by, and the last hours of their course are unclouded and serene” (pp. 14–5); hails the tide in favor of free institutions sweeping across Europe and South America; and rejoices at the progress of the arts and sciences in the United States, while lamenting the continued existence there of “the crying sin, the heavy curse of slavery” (p. 20). Dunlap also sent John Adams a copy of his oration, which prompted Adams to reply from Quincy on 13 July 1822 that Dunlap had “made one mistake however. Jefferson and Adams were never rivals, it was Hamilton that was the rival of Jefferson” (RC in NNU: Fales Family Papers; in Louisa C. Smith’s hand, signed by Adams; omitted period editorially supplied).

To John Wayles Eppes Dear Sir Monticello July 28. 22. I learn with sincere regret the continuance of your ill health, placing at the same time much reliance on the vis vitae at your time of life, which is quite sufficient to promise a restoration of order to the system. the benefit you recieved from the springs the last year encourages confidence in a repetition of the experiment.•••I think with you that it has been unlucky that Francis so early adopted views of marriage. the European period of full age at 25. years is certainly more conformable with the natural maturity of the body and mind of man than ours of 21. the interruption of studies, and filling our houses with children are the consequences of our habits of early marriage. yet, being a case not under the jurisdiction of reason, we must acquiesce and make the best of it. he could at no period have chosen a more amiable companion, or one better educated, and he gives me strong assurances that it shall occasion but little interruption to his studies. he will be accomodated, whenever he pleases with the house at Poplar Forest and a plantation around it sufficient for the force he may have; stating to him at the same time that I must make no deed of any part of my property, while my commitment for mr Nicholas is hanging over my head: as the indulgence of the bank would probably be  572 

2 8 J U LY 1 8 2 2

withdrawn were their security in the extent of my possessions to be brought into suspicion. the land which I formerly proposed to you, with which I was not then acquainted, I found on subsequent examination was very inferior. a little of it was good but the main body of it run down into the barrens of the water-lick. that now destined for him is a part of the old Forest, and every part of it good. indeed the house itself is worth more than the whole of the other land. I have thought it a matter for consideration with Francis, whether he had not better divide his time among his friends for the first twelve month, in order to get a year before hand to have a crop, stock and provisions Etc before he incurs the expences of house keeping; assuring him that the greater share he gives us of his time, the greater will be our gratification. yet all this must be left to the inclinations of the young people themselves, and our affections will of course bend us to their gratification. with my respects to mrs Eppes, and sincere prayers for the restoration of your health, be assured of my constant & affectionate attachment. Th: Jefferson RC (ViU: TJP); addressed: “John W. Eppes esq. Mill-brook.” PoC (CSmH: JF); on a reused address cover from Bernard Peyton to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

vis vitae: “vital force” (OED). Francis Eppes’s amiable companion was his fiancée, Mary Elizabeth Cleland Randolph (Eppes).

To Caesar A. Rodney Dear Sir Monticello July 28. 22. Your favor of July 10. has been recieved. the view therein taken of the impossibility of the fact charged by the Native Virginian is certainly conclusive; but I believe we may leave that calumniator to the judgment of the world. The public papers have announced your mission to Buenos Ayres, but the silence of your letter on the subject is at least not confirmative of it. I sincerely wish success to those governments and hope you will be useful to the one you go to: and especially to advise them against the heretical example of Mexico, of introducing crowns, diadems, sceptres, Emperors and kings into the vocabulary of America. there is more in names than is generally attended to. the definition of the term and powers of an Emperor will be sought in the histories of Rome, Russia, Germany, and even of Marocco & Hayti; and we shall hear him talking of Åmy people’ as of Åmy sheep and cattle.’ if they need an energetic executive, the necessary powers may be as well1 given to and exercised by a President as an emperor or king. we are  573 

2 8 J U LY 1 8 2 2

not told whether he of Mexico is to be hereditary, for life, years or at will. one of the latter I hope for the credit and good of the people. emperors and kings are the natural enemies of republics; and there is not one in Europe who does not look on ours as on the Gorgon’s head. I suspect that the title of the empire of Mexico will drive Texas into the republic of the United states. God bless you and give you many & happy years. Th: Jefferson RC (Christie’s, New York City, auction 1450, 16 Dec. 2004, lot 403); addressed: “Caesar A. Rodney esq. Wilmington Del.”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 28 July. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of John H. Cocke to TJ, 21 Mar. 1821; damaged at seal. Although Rodney’s mission to buenos ayres had already been announced in various American newspapers, he was

not confirmed as minister plenipotentiary there until January 1823 (Richmond Enquirer, 2 July 1822, and elsewhere; JEP, 3:320, 327 [13, 27 Jan. 1823]). Agustín de Iturbide (1783–1824) led the shortlived empire of mexico, 1821–23, first as head of the provisional government and then as Emperor Agustín I. 1

Manuscript: “be as well be.”

From James Oldham Deare Sir [by 29 July 1822] I expect to se Mr Mechick tomorrow or the day after, and if he has any Plank that will anser your memorandom I will get it brought in immediately and inform you of it. With Grate Respect I am Sir your Obt Sevt J; Oldham RC (CSmH: JF); undated, but probably composed prior to Oldham’s letter to TJ of 29 July 1822; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; with apparently unrelated calculations by TJ on address leaf; endorsed by TJ.

mr mechick: Jonathan Michie. By your memorandom, Oldham may have meant a version of TJ’s Notes on Tin and Plank for Monticello, [by 29 July 1822].

From James Oldham Dear Sir University July 29. 1822. I have examened the Lumber at the Mills of Jonethan Mechick, Jesse Garth, J. Owens and John Rodes, nether of these have any Lumber on hand that would sute your perpose, this day week being Court day will be an Opertunity to asertain if any can be gotten which I will be certain to attend to. With Grate Respect I Am Sir your Obt Servent J; Oldham  574 

1 AUGUST 1822 RC (CSmH: JF); addressed (trimmed): “Thos Jefferson [Esqr?] Monticell[o]”; endorsed by TJ, with his additional notations beneath endorsement:

“Mechick Garth Owens Rodes

⎫ ⎪ ⎪

⎪ saw mills.” ⎭

jonethan mechick: Jonathan Michie.

Notes on Tin and Plank for Monticello [by 29 July 1822]

Area of house 6096. sq. f deduct flat top abt 1080 5016 = 50 squares 50. sq. require 33. boxes of tin = 429.D. each pavilion 500. sq. f = 5. square the 2. will require 7. boxes tin = 91.D •• the dome (excludg lead & plinths) 13. sq = 10. boxes1



plank wanting. 1300.f. 23.f. long heart. 1.I. thick •for terrasses 200.f. 11.f. no matter width. 1500 for N. Pavilion 324.f. 18 f. long flooring 1½ I. for Green house 250.f 12.f long 700.f 1¾ I. thick. lengths 18.f or 12 f. heart. mill



MS (Laurence Gouverneur Hoes, Washington, D.C., 1947); written in TJ’s hand on both sides of a small scrap; undated,

but evidently referenced in James Oldham to TJ, [by 29 July 1822]. 1

Recto ends here.

From “B.” Sir— [by 1 Aug. 1822] The maker of the enclosed speech, accompanied Lewis & Clark, when he was an uneducated boy, over the Rocky mountains. The sentiments contained in it, are so much like your own, that a person unknown to you, is tempted to forward it to you, and it is without mr. S. knowledge. I ought perhaps to add, that he accompanied the party of Pryor with the Mandane chief up the Missouri afterwards, and lost one thigh by reason of a wound which he recd in the action that produced the retreat of that party.—With the highest respect for you I am &c B.  575 

1 AUGUST 1822 •RC (MHi); undated; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson, Late President of the U.S. Montecello, Va”; franked; postmarked Lexington, Ky., 1 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as received 29 Aug. from “Anon.,” with his additional notations (brackets in original): “postmark Lexington Ky [Shannon’s speech],” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Speech of George Shannon, Esq. On the resolution for the removal of Judge Clark from office on account of his decision in the Bourbon Circuit Court against the constitutionality of the Endorsement and Replevin Laws ([Frankfort, 1822]), postulating that “the safety of the Commonwealth is the supreme law” (p. 3); arguing that the recent revisions to the endorsement and replevin laws in Kentucky were both necessary and entirely constitutional; contending that they introduced no new principles and did not reduce the sum owed by debtors or deprive plaintiffs of their legal rights; suggesting that, if courts are allowed to invalidate laws, “it at once

concentrates in their hands a supreme, uncontrollable, tyrannical power” (p. 6); asserting that judges are ultimately responsible to the people and may be removed for cause by their representatives; maintaining that the “enemies of the whole system of relief, the Commonwealth’s Bank and all, driven from every other point, have taken refuge in the judiciary,” where “they hope to break down and destroy what they could not prevent” (p. 17); warning that courts will not stop at merely repealing laws, but will, in fact, enact “arbitrary rules of their own” (p. 17); and concluding that Judge James Clark is unfit for office and should be removed. George Shannon (mr. s.) at this time represented Fayette County in the Kentucky legislature (Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1821 sess.]: 178 [7 Nov. 1821]; [1822 sess.]: 145 [19 Nov. 1822]).

From Absalom H. Brooks Sir Staunton August 1st 1822 I received your favor this day Stating that I informd you that I Can put on a Squaire a day. my Self and apprentic never did put on but verry little more than a Squaire in a day nor do I beleave any man can do it, so I must have said wee Could insted of my Self as to the price it was 5 d not 5.75 d as to the Simplisity of the work I beleve a Carefull tinplateworker will Save as mutch tin as will pay any negros wages and a greate deale over if you will put youre self to the troble to Examen the Seames of work don on the west range you will find that thare is a Considerable more tin put on that building then I put on buildings of the Same Sise. the macheine Comes next I have seene it and I would venter all that I posess if disposed to bet that I Can turne more tin in three hours than Can be turnd with it in a day as to the cost of the covering that the negro don I think from the time he was covering the building next the roade thare Could be no calculation made for it was a long time and I think I was in that nabourhood twiste and it was not half done when I was thare last and I think it seven or Eight weeks from the first to the last time I heard Severel Say from the waist of tin and the lenght of time Spent it would be Cheaper to give me my price than otherwise in my other letter I laide down a  576 

1 AUGUST 1822

rule by whitch you Could assertain the difference in time betweene putting tin and wood but you have over looked it Sapose I was to go from home forty or fifty miles to put on 20 Squaire at 2„50 d what would I make it would take my self and a nother hand a bout a month frome the time wee left home till wee returned I Could not get any Jorneman to work out for less than twenty dollars and his board and washing which would Cost me nearley twelve dollars which would be 32 d then I would have 18 d for my months work and traveling Expence[s] which would be if I went in the stage about Seven dollars, and the weare and tarre of Close would bring it down to but a trifle. yess to less than ten dollars besides I must always give one dollar for the carriage of the machene it would bring it down to five dollars in the month than I Earent Every weeke when I worked peace worke in baltemore I would heare mention that five dollars is the least that I have heard of it Should be a good price because it is engoorous to the Eyes no pirson Can work at it unless thare Eys are verry good it has worsted mine some I would not accuse you with aiming at doing me an enjurery no Sir I bleave you would not harme any man if you new it but I must insist upon it that you have not had an opper tunity of Judging what it is worth to Cover with tin because it allways took us both about as many days as thare was squaires and I am Convinced that wee could put more on than any three men. I am thankfull for your attention and esteem to me and sorry that I hav to troble you so mutch as to ask the Same favour a Second time I am Sincerely youre friend and well wisher A. H. Brooks RC (DLC); edge chipped; endorsed by TJ as received 3 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (CSmH: JF-BA); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Ste-

phen Simpson, 27 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thos Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Staunton, 2 Aug.

From Samuel Garland Sir Lynchburg Aug. 1. 1822 For your conveniance I some time past inclosed your bond (to the late A Robertson & Co of this place)—to my friend Mr Wm Barret of Richmond, he advised me that you had proposed paying the amount in instalments at the end of every six months (if I am not mistaken) untill the whole was paid, Mr B. has made me no remitance on that account for a long time—Mr Miller to whom this debt is going is exceedingly pressing upon me to close his collections, I beg Sir to call this subject to your attention—•••Most Respy Yr. obt. St. S. Garland  577 

1 AUGUST 1822 •RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 3 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Thomas Leiper, [27 Oct. 1824],

on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Charlottesvill”; franked; postmarked Lynchburg, 2 Aug.

From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Note Deare sir. August 2nd 22. I would be obliged to you to no what you are willing to take for the carriage. in a note last yeare you proposed to take what the carriage maker would think it worth of 1 Charlottesville. I am intirely willing to allow you the value of the article but consider the carriage maker of Charlottesville an unfit person to fix the price on it. we all no that his work is more deare than at any other place in all my acquaintance. besides when ever he sells a Job of work it is for some sort of trade scasely any cash we find when any article of property is offerd at public sale for cash it sells cheap. I should be willing a person that is a good Judge of the article should value it. I considerd Mr Randolph as good a Judge as any he has often seen such articles sold I got him to inquire at Richmond what a carriall could be bought at. he tells me a plenty can be bought at from 35 to 50$ they are often braught to Charlottesville and sold for about the same I consider yours worth some more than a common carriall some parts of it is far from being as good as new which you can see on examination Mr Th J Randolph mention’d to Mr E Randolph yesterday conserning my Joining him in the mill his reply was that he was on a treaty with Read and that he thaught the trade would be closed he had much better Kept Colclaser than read in my Opinion I calculate to leave virginia in the next month. I am yours sincerly E: Bacon [Note by TJ beneath endorsement:] he agreed verbally to give 75. D RC (ViU: TJP-ER); dateline at foot of text; adjacent to closing and signature: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. TJ’s note to Bacon of the preceding year has not been found. The carriage maker of charlottesville was Fran-

cis Modena. A carriole (carriall) is a “small open carriage with a seat for a single person” or a “covered light cart” (OED). e randolph: Thomas Eston Randolph. 1 Thus

 578 

in manuscript.

From William A. Bartow Sir, Richmond Augt: 3rd 18221 th Yours of the 26 ult: has been duly received and is now before me; so far as I am informed there is no edition of the translated classics going on in England upon an extended scale, some new translations of individual authors or works have lately been given to the world, and occasionally a new edition of translations heretofore published— translations of, Aristotles rhetoric by Crimmin 1 vol 8vo of Aristophanes by Mitchell in 2 vols 8vo, Quintus Curtius by Pratt 2 vols 8vo and some others, have lately appeared—some of these I have now on sale, and can readily procure any work as I regularly import direct from London—I have no printed catalogue of my books but will do myself the pleasure of transmitting to you by the earliest opportunity some of the english catalogues with which I am regularly furnished by my2 London correspondents Respectfully yours &c W A Bartow RC (MHi); at foot of text: “Thos Jefferson Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Aug. from “Bartow D. A.” and so recorded (with full 18 Aug. 1822 date of receipt) in SJL. William Augustus Bartow (1794–1870), bookseller, stationer, and farmer, was born in Westchester County, New York. After serving as a private during the War of 1812, he moved around 1815 to Richmond, where he joined his brother Robert to form R. & W. A. Bartow, a bookselling firm that also operated in New York City. Bartow relocated his offices to the latter city by 1825, and until early in the 1830s he also did business in Washington, D.C. In 1836 he closed his shop and turned to farming. Settling permanently by 1838 in East Fishkill, New York,

Bartow owned real estate worth $16,200 in 1850 and more than $20,000 a decade later (Evelyn P. Bartow, Bartow Genealogy [1875], 92–3; New-York Gazette & General Advertiser, 11 Nov. 1817, 18 Oct. 1819; Richmond Commercial Compiler, 24 Nov. 1818; Richmond Enquirer, 21 Feb. 1822, 9 Apr. 1824; Longworth’s New York Directory [1825]: 72; [1836]: 81; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 16 Nov. 1825, 7 June 1828; Washington Daily National Journal, 16 Mar. 1831; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., East Fishkill, 1850, 1860; New York Herald, 21 Feb. 1870). A missing letter from TJ to Bartow of the 26th of July 1822 is recorded in SJL. 1 Reworked

from “1821.” “mey.”

2 Manuscript:

From Nicholas P. Trist Dear Sir La-fourche August 3d 1822.— rs If M Randolph had not fortunately mentioned that you had written to me, I should not probably, have had the pleasure of receiving your kind favor at all; owing to this, however, it has only been a few weeks longer in reaching me than if it had stopt at Donaldsonville.  579 

3 AUGUST 1822

You had the kindness to furnish me with the list of Law-books, before I left Monticello: but as I knew it would be useless to search for the new arrangement of Coke Littleton in this country, I procured Hargrave and Butler’s edition of the original work, with Jacob’s Law-dictionary, as I passed through Louisville, intending to send to New-orleans for the 2d Inst. as soon as I should want it. This has not yet happened; owing to the continual interruptions I have experienced; and all I hope to accomplish this year, for I shall again have to leave home in November, will be a second reading of Co. Lit., after which the new arrangement will be read with the more pleasure. I am happy to hear of the change in our Legislature, as I should never have permitted myself to hope for any thing in favor of the university, from the same spirit which appeared to rule there last session: It is strange it should be so different from that which seems to pervade every other state in the union. Even in New-orleans, they are making great exertions for the promotion of education, and have now got at the head of their college, a man (Mr Lakanal), who would do honor to any institution; at least, if we may judge of him by the letters he produces from the most distinguished Literary and scientific men in France, in which he is addressed as the father of some of their first institutions. I suppose however, you are acquainted with him, as he had an introduction to you from the Marquis La-fayette. The people are certainly much in want of these exertions, especially the lower and by far most numerous class; for it is impossible to conceive of greater ignorance than theirs. On this bayou, for instance, the banks of which are settled like a village for thirty or forty miles, by spaniards and acadians, there is certainly not more than one out of five voters who knows what he votes for, or has any conception of the government he is under. They are plundered by their justices of the peace; and their most obvious rights are trampled on by every daring adventurer who can shove himself into any petty office over them: Besides, the almost impossibility of convicting even notorious offenders against the Laws, especially of the U.S., proves them to be totally deficient in that public spirit and honesty which must exist to render a people worthy of such a government. I shall conclude these remarks, which probably inform you of nothing you do not already know, with the two following facts that will give you an idea of the present state of things in the city: Mr Grymes was lately reelected to the Legislature, by a majority over every other candidate, although he had not long before exerted all his talents and influence in opposition to the proposed Laws against gaming, and in favor of the old practice of farming out the right to sell licenses for “tripots,” when every street  580 

5 AUGUST 1822

them.—Mr

was full of Mazureau, a lawyer of eminence, and the head of the european and St Domingo french party, was in the same election made a member of the Legislature, and still retains his office of attorney-General, in spite of the constitution and all that is said about it. My correspondents in the family can easily save you the trouble of writing to me, which I hope you will not take again, as I know how overcharged you are with such business.—Browse is well, and desires me to join the assurance of his affectionate remembrance to that of Your very devoted Servt Nicho Ph: Trist RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 29 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to John H. Cocke, 24 Nov. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello Near Charlottesville Al-

bemarle County Virginia”; franked; postmarked Donaldsonville, 6 Aug. For the new arrangement of coke littleton by John H. Thomas, see TJ to Francis Eppes, 9 Apr. 1822, and note. tripots: “gambling joints; dives.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 5 Augt ”22. d I rec some, days ago five Hh’ds your Bedford Tobacco, & finding the River so very low as to render it doubtful when the balance could reach here, tho’t it best to dispose of those, without waiting for the balance, as this is the shipping season, & not much time to be lost.— I have done so & enclose a⁄c sales here with, which I hope will be satisfactory With great respect Dr sir Yours very Truly B. Peyton New Wheat 7/3 declining " Flour $6¼ do RC (MHi); dateline beneath signature, with postscript adjacent to signature and dateline; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of

TJ to Peyton, 29 Apr. 1825, on verso; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 5 Aug.

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e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Tobacco Sales Sales 5 Hogsheads leaf Tobacco by Bernard Peyton                for a∕c Mr Thos Jefferson

1822 Richd 2d August—To sundry persons for Cash 5 Hhds: Viz: 1

" " Refused2 Refused

No 1=1900=130= 1770

" 3=1782=132= 1650 3420 ℔s: " 5=1847=130= 1717 " " 6=1476=== 1356 " " 7=1723=== 15903 "

to Gray & Pankey to   do. to Mr Brander to R. Anderson  & Co

at $7.20 = $246.24 at 5.75— 98.73 " 4.45— 60.34 "

3.55—

56.45 $461.764

Charges— To Cash pd freight 8083 ℔s: nett at 25¢ $20.20 ⎬⎫  Do for notes at 50¢   2.50 ⎭ = $22.70  Canal toll do. at 2/6 $2.08 Drayage at 9d $0.63 — 2.71 Commission at 2½ pr cent   11.54  $36.95 Nett prcds: at Cr T Jefferson— $424.81 E.E. Bernard Peyton By N. N. Wilkinson MS (MHi); in N. N. Wilkinson’s hand, except as indicated below; with TJ’s notations on prices per pound near foot of text: “lowest 3.55 highest 7.20 average sale 5.63 average nett 5.25” and TJ’s calculation of the average net price on verso: “8083| 424.81 (5.25 40415  20660   16166   44940”; docketed by Peyton: “Th: Jefferson a∕c Sales Tobacco.”

e.e.: “Errors Excepted.” 1  The lower of the two abbreviations in this graphic stands for TJ’s Tomahawk plantation at Poplar Forest. 2  Reworked by Peyton from ditto marks, here and below. 3  Beneath this column TJ drew a rule, with the sum of 8,083 underneath it. 4 To the left of this sum TJ divided 5 into 28.15 to get 5.63.

To Thomas Ritchie Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 6. 22. If you have on hand any more of the Reports of the Commrs of Rockfish gap on the subject of the Univty I will thank you for half a dozen. repeated applicns to me from other states for the scheme of  582 

8 AUGUST 1822

educn proposed for our Univty I generally answer by a copy of that. I take for granted you present your acct for these things with that of the Enquirer to Colo Peyton for payment at the periods which suit you. I would be obliged to you to send me also copies of the sessions acts of our legisl. subsequent to that of 1815.16. that is to say of the last 6. sessions, and should be glad to be set down as an annual subscriber for them.1 if you have any number of the Rockfish reports remaining they would sell very rapidly if deposited at the Univty, as every body almost who comes to see it, asks for the plan of it. the ground plan (as communicated to the last legislature) is in the hands of the Engraver, and will soon be for sale at the Univty to those who visit it. I salute you with constant friendship & respect Th:J. FC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Francis Adrian Van der Kemp to TJ, 12 Mar. 1821; entirely in TJ’s hand; at foot of text: “Mr Ritchie”; endorsed by TJ.

The engraver was Peter Maverick. 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

From Samuel Williams Sir, London, 6th Augt 1822 I have duly received your Letter dated the 11th of June, and from Colo Bernard Peyton, of Richmond, agreeably to your directions, a Remittance of £293.12.6– for the use of Mr Thomas Appleton of Leghorn, to whom I have remitted the Net proceeds, at the Exchange of 48.d¼ I have the honour to be respectfully Sir, Your obedient Servant. s. Williams. RC (CSmH: JF); in a clerk’s hand, signed by Williams; at foot of text: “Thomas Jefferson, Esqr Monticello, Virginia”; endorsed by TJ as received 11 Oct. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

To Francis Glass Sir Monticello Aug. 8. 22. Your letter of July 16. is duly recieved, and not holding a ready Latin pen, I must acknolege it in humble English. I doubt whether in this country we have Latin readers enough to make a life of Washington, in that language, a saving enterprise. it would be more read in foreign countries,1 [a]nd especially in the Northern ones of Europe. however, on this you would of course take the previous advice of your  583 

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bookseller. I wish it were in my power to yield the pecuniary accomodation which your letter mentions as necessary to that enterprise. but at the general crush of credit which overwhelmed so many 3. or 4. years ago, I was among the great sufferers, as endorser for a friend who failed at that time. this places me under such embarrasment as to have no command even of small sums. I hope the neighborhood from which you write, and to which your situation will be known will be a more succesful resource for the aid you require. with my regrets that my situation refuses me that gratification accept the assurance of my respects Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Frederick A. Mayo to TJ; one word faint; between closing and signature: “Mr Francis Glass”; endorsed by TJ.

Wilson Cary Nicholas was the friend who failed financially. 1

Manuscript: “coutries.”

To Nathaniel H. Loring Monticello Aug. 8. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Loring for the copy he has been so kind as to send him of his eloquent oration of the 4th of July last. he sees with gratification the principles of pure republicanism which breathe thro’ the whole and especially those which respect the Ark of our covenant the Union of these states. it’s preservation depends mainly on the restraint of the public functionaries of the General as well as State governments to the exercise of that portion only which, in the distribution of the powers of government the people have ascribed to them respectively. that balance is the basis of our compact of union, and when broken the compact, and with it the Union is gone. the sleepy indifference of the nation to incipient usurpations, [will,]1 I fear, make the bed of their2 repose the bed of death to this sacred and blessed bond, the perpetuation of which should be our first & last prayer. he presents to mr Loring his most respectful salutations. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Archibald Stuart to TJ, 24 Mar. 1821; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ. Reprinted, from an unidentified issue of the Lebanon [Pa.] Republican, in the Albany Argus & City Gazette,

29 Aug. 1826, with “Mr. N. H. Loring” as the internal address. 1 Word, damaged at seal, supplied from Albany Argus. 2 Manuscript: “theeir.” Albany Argus: “their.”

 584 

To Peter W. Sproat Monticello Aug. 8. 22.

Th: Jefferson returns his thanks to mr Sproat for the copy of his allegorical Novel which he has been so kind as to send him. from the subject allegorised he has long withdrawn all attention. having entire confidence in the functionaries at the helm of affairs, he rests in security under their care. still the right of criticising their measures is important, and when exercised with candor and judgment is salutary to the public. he prays mr Sproat to accept his respectful salutations. PoC (IMunS); on verso of reused address cover to TJ; dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ.

To Samuel Garland Sir Monticello Aug. 9. 22. Your favor of the 1st is duly recieved. on reciept of a letter of Feb. 6. of the last year from mr William Barrett of Richmond informing me that he was in possession of my bond to Robertson & co. I stated to him that I believed I could make him semi-annual payments of 750.D. each until a full discharge of the debt. I made him two payments amounting to 1250.D., but failed entirely in my third of March last. the 4th which will be due the next month will be made at the stated time, as will those also of the ensuing year, except that that of March next may not be exactly to the day, as tobacco from Bedford can rarely be got to Richmond quite so early. I doubt if I shall be able to make good the omitted instalment the next year. if I do not, I must sollicit a delay of the final extinction of the debt another half year. I have deferred writing to mr Barrett only until I could accompany it with my remittance. Accept the assurance of my great respect. Th: Jefferson RC (Joseph Rubinfine, Cocoa, Fla., 2018); addressed: “Mr Samuel Garland Lynchburg”; franked; postmarked Charlottesville, 11 Aug. PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from John Rhea to TJ; endorsed by TJ.

 585 

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 12. 22. Yours of the 5th is recieved announcing the sales of 5. hhds of my tobo. my confidence in you always satisfies me that the sales have been as good as the market would admit. this is one third of the crop, the whole being 15. hhds, and these having netted 8083 Û we may presume the whole will nett about 24,000 and will be down without delay.1 I was obliged to draw on you on the 9th 2 in favor of Wolfe & Raphael 180.D. and of John Rogers 93.33 D both of which draughts probably go by the present [m]ail. will you be so good as to send me 4. barrels of Roman [c]ement by the first boats. ever & affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Taylor to TJ, 25 Mar. 1821; torn at seal; at foot of text: “Colo Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. TJ’s financial records indicate that the draft in favor of wolfe & raphael was

“for groceries & cash,” while that for john rogers was “for 30. Barrels corn @ 3.D. and 10. b. oats @ 2/” (MB, 2:1388). 1 Preceding

2 Reworked

six words interlined. from “10th.”

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 16. 22. My last notes for renewal were sent June 14. and the inclosed I presume will be in time. In the last account recieved from you I am properly charged 1822. May. 28. my note at Virga bank discounted 330.D. but I see no Credit for that sum recieved at the bank. is this an omission in the account, or a proof of my ignorance. ever and affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of William Maury to TJ, 8 Mar. 1821; at foot of text: “Colo Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. Recorded in SJL with additional bracketed notation: “renewals.” Enclosures not found.

From Thomas Skidmore Sir, Newyork 18th Augt 1822. To know how to achieve the grandest object that the mind of man can contemplate, and not to have the means of achievement; to speculate on the sublimest spectacle as a mathematical certainty, &1 to want the aid that can make it a physical one, appreciable by the grosser  586 

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senses of our race, as well as by persons of refined intellect; such a situation is, surely, not to be envied, if, indeed, it is not to be commiserated. Feelings which I will not attempt to describe, but which originate from a mind placed in such circumstances, and which I believe you will justly estimate, prompt me to lay before you the elements of a discovery, which I think I have made, in the construction of telescopes, and to which I conceive, the whole history of man, in point of importance, or of magnificence of result, is unable to furnish us with a parallel. I know that your advanced age, and the retirement from the world which the infirmities it usually brings along with it, have made sacred and inviolable, ought to admonish me to abstain from this intrusion;— but how should I pardon myself, for saving to you the trouble of the perusal of this letter, and the reflections to which it may give origin, if, as the price of this forbearance, so great a delay should (possibly) arise, in the accomplishment of my (perhaps well founded) views, as to postpone to a period beyond the termination of your life, the completion of an instrument so dear to a philosopher as that must be, which could exhibit to his astonished eye, the physical properties of the moon, and even of the most distant planets and their satellites, in as distinct, and clear, and true a light, as if they were actually brought within a few yards or even a few feet of our naked eyes? And I trust, that this invasion, which I now take the liberty of making upon your retirement, will find, if not the forgiveness, at least, the palliation, of your judgment, in what you will discover to be the fact, that the principles on which the truth of the supposed discovery rests, are very few and extremely simple, and also in the familiar acquaintance you probably have, with the principles themselves. If the conception of an optical machine which is supposed to be capable of producing such extraordinary effects, originate in the mind of one who has no resources with which to verify, physically, the truth of such conception; there seems, for him, but one alternative, and that consists in exhibiting it, intellectually, to those whose mental qualities are such as to enable them, to predict, from its conformity or non-conformity with truths already demonstrated, how far it may be proper to afford to it, approbation or patronage. The realization, then, in my own instance, of this alternative, forms a prominent motive of the freedom I have taken in forwarding to you this communication; &, if the circumstances, before mentioned, shall not have made it improper in me, I cannot but hope, that, directly, or indirectly, the effort I am making in behalf of my proposed instrument, will not have been made, if worthy of it, without some success.  587 

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 Let me proceed, then, to explain the principles of the proposed instrument. It is a telescope entirely of the reflecting kind. It is there­ fore, totally exempt from the evils, always more or less formidable, attendant upon refraction. It may then be expected that if the image be made upon the retina of the eye, from a surface of the proper cur­ vature and truth of figure, we shall see our object as it actually is. This, you will agree with me, is a great desideratum. But, I should preface my description, with a simple statement of what all optical writers, from the predecessors of Sir Isaac Newton, down to the present time, agree upon, as facts established by experience. The eye, say they, is so constituted, that at a certain distance, say from 6 to 10 or 12 inches from it, (different in different persons), an object, for instance a page of printed letters, appears to give the great­ est ease and perspicuity of vision. At a greater distance the object becomes indistinct; at a nearer distance, the letters appear to be dou­ bled or blurr’d, as the common expression is. No other than the most advantageous is considered as the natural distance; and this latter dis­ tance is made, when they speak of the powers of magnifying instru­ ments, the standard of comparison. Thus, in the adjacent figure, let C and arrow AB, be supposed to be equal to  the natural distance of some certain person, say 10 inches. Now, were the con­ stitution of the eye, such as to allow the arrow at AB, to be brought to DE, say 5 inches from the place of the eye, C; & still to afford distinct and clear vision, this arrow, would appear to be of dou­ ble the length which it has at AB. The angle ACB, is said to be the angle of vision under which we view the arrow, at 10 inches from the eye. The angle DCE, would also be the angle of vision of the same arrow, when placed between DE, if distinct vision could be had of it there. Remove the arrow now to, between FG. 2½ inches from the eye C, &, as before, if distinct vision could be had of it there, it would have a length compared to the same arrow at AB, as 10 inches are to 2½ inches, that is as 4 to One; since it is 4 times nearer to C, than is AB. Its angle of vision also, would correspond with the apparent in­ crease of its length, as is shewn by the letters FCG. Again, place the arrow between HI, half as far from C, as FG is, that is, 1¼ inches. The apparent length of the arrow in this position, will be to the same arrow, when at AB, the natural distance, as 10 inches are to 1¼ inches; that is,  588 

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as 8 to 1: and the angle of vision, if it could be distinct under such circumstances, would be shown by the letters HCI, corresponding to the enlargement of the arrow in its present position. Last of all, remove the arrow to between KL, taking again half the last distance from the eye C, that is, at ⅝ths of an inch from it, and the arrow, in its new position, if it could be clearly seen there, would appear to be magnified above its natural size, in the ratio of 10 inches to ⅝ of an inch; that is, as 16 to 1; so that, if the arrow were actually an inch in length, in its natural view, under the present, or a similarly magnified aspect, it would appear to be 16 inches long. And, if we consider the arrow as having breadth or thickness also, the same ratio of enlargement would take place. One thing, in this little sketch of elementary principles is quite obvious; and it is to this obvious fact, that I beg your particular attention. It is this, that when the arrow is removed from AB to DE, or to FG, or to HI, or to LK, an enlargement of the angle of vision, also takes place, concurrently with & inseparably from an increase in the length of the arrow; and that one event cannot take place without the other; and that whereever an augmentation of the angle occurs, we may without mistake, or fear of mistake, infer that a corresponding increase of the length and breadth of an object which stretches across the said angle of vision, will also take place. So, again, whenever an apparent enlargement of the dimensions of an object takes place, it is equally fair, to infer that this enlargement is produced by viewing it, under an enlarged angle of vision. It will be obvious, therefore, other circumstances being equal, that this will be the greatest magnifier, which causes the rays of light flowing from an object, to converge the fastest, or what is the same thing, with the greatest angle. Thus, an object seen distinctly, under the angle DCE; will magnify more than when the same object is seen under the angle ACB2—and will be doubly magnified, since it is only half as far from the eye C. An object seen under the angle FCG, will also be magnified more than when seen under the angle DCE and in the inverse ratio of their distances from the eye C. So will it be of the same object when seen (distinctly) under the angle HCI, which being greater than FCG, produces a corresponding augmentation of the object. The angle KCL, being an angle still greater than any of the preceding, affords an increase of magnifying power corresponding with the law already named. Lastly the greatest angle under which it is possible to view any object is that of two right angles, that is, a right line, and in this case, that right line is, NCM. It is plain, to a mathematical mind, that, the arrow in all its various positions, is the chord of the angle which it subtends; or in other  589 

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words, the chord of the angle of vision. And the same mind would probably prefer, to the rule already laid down for ascertaining the ratio of apparent magnitude, a rule something like this. As the Co-sine of half the greater of the two angles of vision, is to the Co-sine of half the smaller angle of vision,* so is the natural distance (say 10 inches) to the ratio of magnitude, or in other words, to the magnifying power. All this is predicated upon the supposition that the naked eye is possessed of properties, different from what is known to be the fact. Now, optical instruments, it is well known, all possess their valuable properties, in the one fact, that they cause the rays of light to converge very fast, that is, under great angles; whereby they are enabled, readily to enter the pupil of the eye, under such circumstances as to produce the most distinct vision. But every optical instrument, now known, from the microscope with its spherule eye-glass, in some instances, of − ₂− ¹₀− ₀th part of an inch in diameter, to the telescope of Herschell, have, in their very structure, and ever must have, as any one may convince himself, by reading optical works, only moderately large angles of vision. Their magnifying power is therefore very much circumscribed; and for this very obvious, and (in the present state of the science of vision,) invincible reason, to wit, that they can never cause the rays of light, which, originally flow from luminous bodies in right parallel lines, ultimately to converge geometrically to the centre of a sphere, there forming a focus, and at the same time, permit the eye to approach and occupy that focus. Such an instrument has never been made; such an one I think I know how to construct. Let me proceed. A concave spherical reflector does not converge the rays that fall into it, parallel to its axis, to the centre of the sphere, nor, indeed, to any other point or geometrical focus. They are more or less dispersed, as you are no doubt aware. It is the concave parabolical reflector, that possesses this property, and it is no other. But as there are a great variety of parabolas, as many indeed as there are cones to cut them from, their foci are in different relative positions. Some have it (the focus) within the concavity of the parabola, and, in the line of its axis, more or less distant from the vertex of the axis. One there & one only3 is which has its focus4 neither within nor without the cavity5 of the parabola, but in the plane, which may be supposed to cover its mouth, and therefore between the two. Others again have it without the parabola’s cavity, more or less remote from the vertex of the axis, as * To wit, that belonging to the natural distance.

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axis6

N.B. This figure appears like the section of an oblique angled cone, which is not the fact. The cone is right angled. I was in too much haste. T. S.

the itself is shorter or longer. To exemplify: A parabola, cut from a sharp cone, as the one at our right, which is elongated in the direction of its axis AB, may have its focus, say at ☉, to which point all the rays, that fall into it in the usual manner, will be converged, like radii to the centre of a sphere, or a great7 portion of a sphere. Another parabola, cut from a cone of a smaller relative height than the preceding, and also exhibited at our right, may have its rays converge to a point, ☉, in the axis ☉C, where this axis meets the line AB, which last is at right angles with the former; and to this point all the rays of light that enter the concavity, when the axis is in a line coincident with the line of sight to, the luminous object, will be converged. This, then, I conceive is the long sought optical machine. It is this machine which can converge, to a point the rays8 in the open air, (a medium more fit, than any we know, for the per-transmission of light), where we can have full and free access to it, as at ☉; and where their convergency to that point, is, evidently9 the same as if they proceeded at right angles from all parts of the represented semi-sphere DCE, whose radius of curvature is ☉C. It is therefore to the point ☉, that the eye is to be applied when the greatest magnifying power which is possible, is to be sought; and the effect of such an application, if I have taken true facts, and reasoned justly from them, can amount to neither more nor less than this, that it annihilates all distance between our eye and the object we behold! This will appear, not to be doubted, when it is considered, that the co-sine of half the angle of vision (to wit; the angle or rather right line A☉B in the above figure—or 180°) is equal to nothing, or in other words has vanished. The ratio therefore of a vanished quantity, or nothing, to 10 inches the distance of natural distinct vision, is infinite— or what amounts to the same thing, the apparent remoteness of the observed object is annihilated. Let the eye be now placed within the concavity of the reflector, and occupy a point in the axis, that point for instance where the two lines  591 

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F and G meet it near the point ☉. The angle of vision in such case, would be contained between the lines F near ☉, and G near to ☉, so to speak, which is an angle much less than the angle A☉B. So that in this new position of the eye, the rays that are converged towards ☉, between A and F and between G and B are lost, since they do not enter it; and as a legitimate consequence, the magnifying power would be considerably diminished. This diminution it will be apparent, will be more or less, as the eye is carried more or less, within the concavity of the reflector. It need scarcely be said that when we use this telescope, the back of the observer, as in Herschell’s, is towards the object viewed. It should therefore be made so large that the light intercepted by the observer’s head and the upper portion of his body, should be inconsiderable, when compared to the area, of the mouth, so to speak, of the reflector; the diameter of that of Herschell’s being four feet. This, from his experience, has been found sufficiently large, to allow a quantity of light to strike the eye, sufficient for the purposes of distinct vision. I infer, that under precisely similar circumstances, the same would take place in mine. Now, as to the execution. To obtain the perfect parabolic form or curve, has been thought to be extremely difficult, and perhaps impossible. Mr Herschell is stated to have discovered a very useful method of obtaining the curve of the parabola, which he used; And that he keeps it a secret. For my own part, I would ask, what can be more easy, after ascertaining the kind and magnitude of the cone wanted, than to construct it very carefully conformable thereto, and as carefully also, to cut away, parallel to one of its sides in the proper point, all save the smaller portion, which will be possessed of a perfectly plane surface bounded by the parabolic curve wanted—copies of which can easily be obtained, by placing the said plane surface upon another plane surface and with a pointed instrument marking around the margin of the preserved conical fragment? I confess that I think that where a thread or silk string, is used to obtain this curve, (as is the fact sometimes), that success is not to be expected for obvious reasons—but in such a mode as this, I discover no source of greater error or uncertainty, than there would be in attempting to draw a true circle, with a good pair of compasses. There is more labor in the process, to be sure, and that is all. It seems evident to me, then, that the means are at hand, of obtaining the true figure. The converging of the rays, geometrically true to their common focus, may confidently be expected, as it is certainly  592 

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very much to be desired where we want a perfect image. At least, I submit it to your judgment, if I am wrong. As to the material. It may be of glass; but then it would require, before silvering, to have, both concave and convex surfaces ground parallel to each other, and this, tho’ by no means an impracticable achievement, would yet be attended with some danger of being broken. It would be exposed to the same contingency afterward. In its favor it may be urged, that it reflects extremely well; and that it is not subject to be tarnished. We may use the speculum composition of Sir Isaac Newton. But this must then be made very heavy, for purposes of strength; it is also liable to tarnish. The weight of Herschell’s is stated at 2118 Ûs. This is an evil which should [be]10 remedied if possible. Cast-steel, too, I think might be used. I would cause enough to be melted, under proper chemical circumstances, to make a reflector, of 4 feet diameter and ½ an inch in thickness, with a short hollow stem on the back of it, to receive an iron or other strong rod, to be used to elevate it at any angle of the horizon, and point it to the object. The weight of a cast steel one, would then be about 300 Ûs—a seventh part of that composed of what is called the speculum-metal. Silver and platina, every thing considered, might perhaps be11 entitled to preference, over all I have mentioned, but the high price of the first, and the great difficulty there would be in procuring and fabricating the other, probably will place them out of consideration. But the cast-steel one, and the speculum-metal one, are liable to tarnish. Let us take a clear transparent circular glass-plate, large enough to cover the mouth of the reflector and let us cement its external edge, air-tight, to it. Let there be, however, in the centre of this glass plate, a circular hole large enough to admit so much of the head as to enable the eye of the observer to be placed even a little within the focus—and let this hole be closed again, by cementing into it a hollow glass semi-globe, thro’ which the rays shall pass freely, and without refraction, since they fall on its surface at right angles. The concavity of the reflector is now filled with common air, which contains oxygen gas, a prolific source of injury to the surface of metallic mirrors. Let it be further supposed that two small holes are made into some (immaterial it is, what) part of the reflector, by means of which and other contrivances, with the injection of dry hydrogen or nitrogen or other suitable gas, the common air is driven out of the reflector’s cavity, the substituted gas, occupying its place. Any effects that might be apprehended from a variation of the pressure of the atmosphere, may be obviated  593 

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by causing the contained gas, to have communication, thro’ one of the aforesaid orifices, the other being closed, with the cavity of a bottle of elastic gum or caoutchouc; which, when the internal exceeds the external pressure, will, if it be thin, as it should be, expand; and when the case is reversed, will collapse. It is understood, probably, that the telescope I have projected requires no inclosing tube, as in the case of Herschell is indispensible. This is no trifling advantage. The weight of his, made of rolled iron, could not, from the data I calculate from, be less than about 7,000 Ûs. There is one instance, however, in which it might, possibly, be desirable to use a tube with my telescope. When it is said, that an optical instrument magnifies to infinity, it is saying all that can be said. But if the whole moon, for instance, be magnified to infinity—it is equally certain that a part of her surface may also be so magnified— and who will say that a portion or part being made larger to such an extent, is not more magnified, than when the whole only experiences such an enlargement? When a portion only of a luminous object is to be magnified, the remainder of it is to be excluded by some opake material and this material may be, for the tube, chiefly12 canvass, and for the covering of the end of the tube, metal, in the form of a circular plate, with a small hole cut into its centre into which might be inserted a double13 concave glass, in order to give such divergency to the incident rays as to cause them, (in manner the same as when the entire luminous object is viewed) to strike upon and spread over the whole surface of the mirror, which, by the by, under such circumstances, would require a trifling alteration of its curvatures. But so perfect, I apprehend would be the telescope in its most simple form, that I imagine that this modification would seldom be resorted to. It would become necessary, in directing this telescope to the sun, to guard the eye against its power as a burning mirror. This protection would be afforded by colored glasses of various shades, large enough to cover the reflector’s mouth—as is now practised on many occasions of a similar kind. It is probable that I have been tedious, and I know I have been unscientific in my mode of exhibiting the principles of optics in connection with my telescope. Nor have I explained them at all, under any apprehension that they were not much better understood by yourself than by me: but it was necessary to take some standard and acknowledged facts, and by applying them legitimately, and in a manner as extensively as the limits of a letter would allow, to ascertain if I may  594 

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not have discovered a valuable combination (if combination that can be called which has, intrinsically, but one piece or part) of the elements of optical science. The subject of the absolute cost, for which such a telescope can be constructed, I confess myself inadequate to do justice to, be the mode pursued, what it might. But from the fact, that it consists, as it were of a single piece—that it will be very light—that consequently little and simple mechanism would be wanting to enable the user to give it any direction that might be desired, I am of opinion, that tho’ the gigantic one of Herschell’s required and obtained the patronage of George the Third, and cost a great deal of money, yet that this could, without inconvenience, be embraced by the finances of many private gentlemen in this Country, to say nothing of the State or General Governments—and that after a first and successful effort should have been made, all the most respectable seminaries of science in this or any other country could command the means to purchase one. I desire You to judge how happy for our national science will that day be, when such an event is consummated. One remark more I may make, and, I trust, with propriety; and it is this, that it may seem to be more proper to have consulted the science of this City, before consulting strangers who are remote. I propose to avail myself of both resources; but, since the yellow fever, in some measure, prevails here at present, most of our professors and other enlightened men are absent—and therefore inaccessible to me at present. To other men of science, in the various states, as I happen to know them by reputation or otherwise, I shall take the same liberty that I have taken with you, that of making known my views—and I beg that you will also make them known to any one you think proper; and I beg this, under the expectation, that ultimately, some individual or government, if my views shall be deemed to be correct, will not hesitate to bestow on the world on himself or itself, and on myself a very great benefaction; a benefaction, which, it cannot be possible to fail of justly appreciating, when it is considered that if the optical machine is actually found to possess the great magnifying powers which I attribute to it, the problem, long contested among astronomers, of the moon and other heavenly bodies, being inhabited by animated beings, must be conclusively decided.— I have, the honor to be, Sir, with the greatest esteem & respect your Thos Skidmore Most obt st •43 Hester st ••N. York  595 

18 AUGUST 1822 •RC (DLC); at foot of text: “Th: Jefferson Esq.”; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Thomas Skidmore (1790–1832), inventor and reformer, was a native of Newtown, Connecticut. He became a teacher, working successively in Princeton and Bordentown, New Jersey; Richmond, Virginia; and Edenton and New Bern, North Carolina. Skidmore then spent a few years engaged in chemical and mechanical research in Wilmington, Delaware, and Philadelphia. He settled in New York City in 1819 and became a leading figure in its labor movement. Skidmore devised a “Hydraulic & Steam Engine,” and he published articles on Robert Hare’s compound blowpipe. An abolitionist, advocate of women’s rights, and proponent of social revolution through democratic means, in 1829 Skidmore helped establish the Working Men’s Party and published The Rights of Man to Property! Being a proposition to make it equal among the adults of the Present Generation: and to provide for its equal transmission to every individual of each succeeding generation, on arriving at the age of maturity. He soon left the Working Men’s Party to form the Agrarian Party. When Skidmore unsuccessfully ran for the state legislature in 1829 on the latter party’s ticket, he was described as a “machinist.” He died in New York City from “inflammation of the liver” caused by cholera (Amos Gilbert, A Sketch of the Life of Thomas Skidmore [1984; repr. of 1834 articles, ed. Mark A. Lause]; Edward Pesson, “Thomas Skid-

more, Agrarian Reformer in the Early American Labor Movement,” New York History 35 [1954]: 280–96; Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788–1850 [1984; repr. 2004]; New York National Advocate, 21 June 1819; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., New York City, 1820; American Journal of Science, and Arts 5 [1822]: 153–4, 347–51; New York Commercial Advertiser, 28 Oct. 1829; Boston Investigator, 17 Aug. 1832). The telescope of hershell refers to the forty-foot reflector built in 1789 by the British astronomer Sir William Herschel (ODNB). A parabolic or parabolical reflector is “made in the form of a paraboloid of circular cross-section so as to reflect parallel rays to a focus, or produce a parallel beam from a source at the focus” (OED). speculum composition or speculum metal is “an alloy of copper and tin used for making specula” (OED). 1

Manuscript: “& and.” Manuscript: “ACD.” 3 Preceding three words interlined. 4 Word interlined in place of “axis.” 5 Reworked from “axis.” 6 Manuscript: “aixis.” 7 Reworked from “greater.” 8 Preceding five words interlined. 9 Manuscript: “is, evidently is.” 10 Omitted word editorially supplied. 11 Skidmore here canceled “considered.” 12 Word interlined. 13 Word interlined. 2

From Berriman B. Breedin Sir Mobile 19h August 1822 a The interest, for the new College in Virg ; which has been ascribed to you, induces me to take this liberty; and my anxiety for the education of a Son, who I have every desire to see at school in my native state, must be my appology So little is said in the news papers on the subject of that establishment, that we, in this Country, are in total ignorance as to the period at which a commencement will be made, and, as to the rules which  596 

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will be adopted in relation to the age, advancement in learning or other qualifications of the applicants for admission If there had been a prospect of obtaining this information at other hands, it would have spared me the pain of taking a liberty with you, but deprived me of the pleasure of having it from yours.—•••Respectfully, B. B. Breedin RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Thomas W. White, 8 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Monticello”; franked; postmarked Mobile, 20 Aug. Berriman (Beriman) B. Breedin (1794– 1854), merchant and attorney, was a native of Jefferson County (later West Virginia). He sold goods near Harpers Ferry in 1814 and was operating an auction and commission business in Philadelphia five years later. Breedin then relocated permanently to Mobile, Alabama, where in 1822 he was appointed a notary, justice of

the peace, and low-ranking militia officer. A political supporter of Andrew Jackson, he made his living as a lawyer in Mobile, where he owned two slaves at the time of his death (Charles Town Farmer’s Repository, 16 Feb. 1815, 13 Nov. 1816; Philadelphia Franklin Gazette, 21 July 1819; Philadelphia Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, 10 July 1819; Alabama Historical Quarterly 6 [1944]: 207–8, 324; Mobile Commercial Register for the Country, 18 July 1832; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 22 May 1835; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ala., Mobile, 1850; Ala. Census, Mobile Co., 1855 [A-Ar]; gravestone inscription in Church Street Cemetery, Mobile).

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Richd 19 August 1822 The balance of your Tobacco is now all here, say ten Hhds:, in addition to the five before advised of, & will be sold tomorrow—by the next mail you will receive the a⁄c sales— The River is so extremely low, that Boats can scarcely pass, particularly up the Rivanna, this has prevented my sending earlier, the stone Ware left with, & pd for by me, to Richd Randolph, for you, & will probably prevent the 4 Casks Roman Cement, ordered, from reaching you soon by that mode of conveyance, the first that offers however shall be embraced— Your dfts: to W. & Raphael & Rogers,1 advised of, have neither appeared, when they do, the money will be paid. Your favor of the 16th:, Reached me this morning, covering blanks for the renewal of your notes at Bank, which shall be attended to.•••I am sorry there should have been a doubt, even for a moment, on your mind, about the $330 entry in my last a⁄c current, & am pleased you have mentioned it:—on reference to your a⁄c rendered up to the 1st of April, you will find, that you have credit, on the 27th  597 

19 AUGUST 1822

March, for $326.48, being the nett proceeds of the $330 note now in question, which was discounted on that day, & fell due on 28th May, when it was taken up by me, & properly entered to your debit the same date— Judge Green & myself have it in contemplation to visit you, from the 1st to the 10th: next month,2 provided it suits your annual visit to Bedford, which we would not on any account interfere with, but would make it to suit your convenience, at a later period.—Judge G. is anxious to form an acquaintance with the person he has ever most admired & reverenced, politically, & in his public character generally, & I am persuaded you will be pleased with him, as a man of Roman virtue, fine Talents & character, but of most unsightly appearance— With sincere regard Dr sir Yours very Truly Bernd Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 23 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

1 2

Manuscript: “Roges.” Manuscript: “next Mo: month.”

w. & raphael was the Charlottesville firm of Wolfe & Raphael.

From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Notes Deare sir. Augst 20th 1822. The paper containing a settlement of accounts dated January 28th 1821. saying all accts up to the first day of that month say Jan:y 1st 1821. was settled and on that day was due me $634.71. Jany 1st your acceptance of Meeks’ order in favour of my son 12. •wages of 1821 to sepr 22nd 166.671 •Wages of 1822. to sepr 22 166.67. $980.05 •The above sums with the interest on each as intitled is a correct statement as far as I now recollect. respectfully yours E: Bacon at this time I cannot say whither or not it will soot me to remaine untill Christmas. I shall immediately inquire into the chance of my geting a corner of the presidents land could you inform me who to apply to to no the terms of sale. I would Gladly perchase 300 acres if I could get it at about $4000 as he ows me money  598 

20 AUGUST 1822

[Notes by TJ beneath endorsement:] 1822. Mar. 31. my assumpsit to F. Bacon for Meeks 12: D2 Balce wages of ys year assumps. Meeks By 8.4 Bar. corn 24. D Sep. 22. wages of this year ym D Int. on 634.71. to ys day 1. 8. 225 do•on 166.67. from Sep. 22. 21  1. year do•on 12.D 8.22

1821. Jan. 1. Sep. 22. 1822. Jan.3 1.

By 8. barrels corn @ 3 D

634.71 166.67 12. 166.67 65.72 10.6 .52 1056.297

1.y. 38.04 8.m. 25.36 21.D. 2.22 .71 .09 65.71 RC (MHi); dateline adjacent to signature; addressed: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. 1 2

Reworked from “166.66.” Remainder written in a different ink.

3

Reworked from “Mar.” Reworked from “12.” 5 Reworked from “27.” 6 Line interlined. 7 Reworked from “1046.28.” 4

From Joshua Dodge Respected Sir— Salem 20 Augt 1822 g I have had the pleasure of rec your esteemed letter of 19 ultmo & beg you to accept my sincere thanks for your kind attention to my wishes & I sincerely hope that I shall soon have the pleasure of thanking you in person. It was near seven years that I had been absent from my native Country & the pleasure I felt in revisiting it was indescribable; absence had served to impress more deeply in my Memory the scenes of my youth & still more deeply in my heart did I feel the proud satisfaction of being a Citizen of the United States—the more we see of foreign countries the more we become attached to our own, and consequently our attachment becomes still greater to those liberties which the Fathers of our Revolution have blessed us with & which in the immortal declaration of our Independence are so admirably set forth; the getting  599 

20 AUGUST 1822

that declaration by heart should be the first lesson given to our youth— I have wrote to Marseilles respecting the addition of the Brandy to your order & you may depend it will be attended to—I sincerely thank you for your kind offer of letters, to your friends at Richmond, they will be to me of the greatest use—I have recd an answer from the Department of State approving of my absence—I have the honor to remain with sentiments of the highest esteem, your most Obedt Servt— Josha Dodge RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 31 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Francis W. Gilmer, 30 Nov.

1824, on verso; addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello—Virginia”; franked; postmarked Salem, Mass., 23 Aug.

From James Rawlings Office of the Mutual Asse Sy •Richmond 20th Aug. 1822.•

Dear Sir, Bearing in mind the unpleasant occurrence caused by Mr Kinsolving in 1820 and wishing to avoid in future a similar one, I have not placed in the hands of any Agent or collector the subsequent claims of the Mutual Assurance Society on you for the Insurance of your property, but have kept them back in this Office with a view to their collection directly here—. I now annex a statement of the claims of this society on your property at Monticello, and also their claims on the remaining property at Milton purchased by you of Henderson’s legatees—. The claims on the latter property were at the rate of $9₁−¹− ₀¹₀ − ér Annum as heretofore advised, but have been rescinded except as to $1₁−⁵₀−⁴− ₀ ér Annum under the information contained in your favour in 1820. Will you be pleased to remit the amount of these claims to me by check, drft, or otherwise as may be most convenient & much oblige Yr most Ob James Rawlings •P. Agt M A Sy Due on property at Monticello Quotas of 1821 & 1822 & Quota of deficiency @ $17.96 each year $53.88. Interest on 17.96 from 1t Apl 1821 to 1t Sepr 1822 1.53. $55.41 Quotas of the years 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1815 1816. 1817 1818. 1819. 1820 1821 & 1822. @ $1₁−⁵₀−⁴− ₀ ea yr $21.56.  600 

22 AUGUST 1822

Interest on the same to 1t Septr 1822 whole amount due RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 24 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Cummings, Hilliard & Company, 25 Oct. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr Monticello near

7.43

28.99 $84 40

Milton”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 20 Aug. p. agt m a sy: “Principal Agent Mutual Assurance Society.”

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 22 Augt 1822 I hand herewith a⁄c sales your ten Hhds: Tobacco, at the best prices I could obtain, in presence of a large company of purchasers— Except1 Nos 2. & 4. of the T.H. Tobacco, every Hhd: was too soft, & had a funky smell, the Tobacco was also short, with the above exception, & some of it poor, & deficient in substance—the B.C.’s were by no means as well managed as the TH’s, but neither as well assorted as they might have been, but still there is a great improvement upon last year, & I hope by the next crop, there will be no fault in management or order. I forwarded by a Waggon yesterday, to the Care of Messrs: Wolfe & Raphael charlottesville, a bundle of Books from Mr Ritchie of this City, which I wish safe to hand. The Canal is now so low that an empty boat cannot pass— With great respect & regard Yours very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); on a sheet folded to form four pages, with enclosure on p. 1, letter on p. 3, and address on p. 4; addressed: “Mr Thomas Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 22 Aug.; endorsed by TJ as received 25 Aug. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. The tobacco came from TJ’s Tomahawk (t.h.) and Bear Creek (b.c.’s) plantations at Poplar Forest. Martha Jefferson Randolph reported to Nicholas P. Trist from Monticello on 1

Sept. 1822 that TJ “will make this year from 30 to 40 hogshead of tobacco at Poplar forest, which untill this year the first of Jefferson’s [i.e., Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s] superintendance has regularly brought him in debt. the drought in this neighbourhood [i.e., Monticello] has been so dreadfull that many people will not make bread, but we have not suffered as much I believe as our neighbours although the crops are very short” (RC in NcU: NPT). 1 Manuscript:

 601 

“Eccept.”

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Bernard Peyton for Tobacco Sales

⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

Leaf.—

⎪

⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪

Refused.

⎪ ⎩ ⎧ ⎪ ⎪

⎨ ⎪

⎪ ⎩

Sales 10 Hogsheads Tobacco by Bernard Peyton for a⁄c Thomas Jefferson Esq: 1822 Richd 22 August, To sundry persons for cash 10 Hhds: Tobacco Viz: žs T.J. No 2=1740=140=1600 nett, to Gray & Pankey at $7.20 $115.20 T.H. " " 4=1872=142=1730" , to J. & W. Gilliat " 7.00 121.10 T.J. " 1=1700=138=1562" , to Luke & Sizer " 5.65 88.25 B.C. " " 2=1765=135=1630" to D. Barclay " 5.75 93.72 " " 3=1687=137=1550" to Luke & Sizer " 5.55 86.02 " " 4=1770=138=1632" to J. &. W Gilliat " 6.05 98.73 " " 5=1505=135=1370" to Luke & Sizer " 3.85 52.74 " " 6=1596=136=1460" • do.•• do. " 3.85 56.21 " " 7=1842=142=1700" to D. W. & C. Warwick " 3.50 59.50 T.J. 1 45.99 " 8=1386=126=1260 " • do.•• do. " 3.65 T.H. $817.46 Charges.— žs: Cash paid frght: 13,864 at 20¢. $27.72 4.07 Do " "  1630 " 25¢. Do " for notes at 50¢. 5.00 $36.79 To Canal toll do. at 2/6 4.17 To Drayage $1.34, Comssn at 2½ pr $20.44 21.78 $62.74 Nett proceeds at cr Th: Jefferson Esq. $754.72 E.E. B. Peyton By N. N. Wilkinson MS (MHi); entirely in N. N. Wilkinson’s hand; conjoined with covering letter; with related calculations by TJ adjacent to signatures: “154.94 817.46 (5.27½ 77470 42760 30988 117720 108458 92620” and

|

|

“154.94 754.72 (4.87 61976 134960 123952 110080.” luke & sizer was the Richmond firm Lucke & Sizer. e.e.: “Errors Excepted.” 1 Beneath this column TJ drew a rule, with “15494” underneath it.

 602 

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 22d Augt ”22. I Take leave to introduce to your acquaintance my particular friend Col John Campbell of the Executive Council, who will hand you this, & who it is only necessary to know, to highly esteem. I solicit for him your civilities, and am, With great respect Yours very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); dateline beneath signature; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Nov. (reworked from Oct.) 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (ViW: TC-JP); address cover

only; with Dft of TJ to Benjamin H. Rice, 10 Aug. 1823, on verso; addressed: “To Mr Jefferson Monticello.” Enclosed in John Campbell to TJ, 4 Nov. 1822.

Samuel A. Bumstead’s Description of Thomas Jefferson [Fluvanna Co., 23 Aug. 1822]

After I got about 3 miles from his house and was about entering the Richmond road, I saw a man on horse-back at a distance off; it was difficult to conceive what the matter was or whether he wanted anything of me by his making toward me with so much speed—as he advanced within plain sight I was well aware by the cut of his jib who it was. His costume was very singular—his coat was checked gingham, manufactured in Virginia I suppose. The buttons on it were of white metal and nearly the size of a dollar. His pantaloons were of the same fabric. He was mounted on an elegant bay horse going with speed— and he had no hat on but a lady’s parasol, stuck in his coat behind, spread its canopy over his head, which was very white—his hair is quite thick—his complexion sandy—and his eye, the eye of an eagle— his features regular and resembling very much the portrait you have in your parlor—He cast his very penetrating eye at me and gave a polite nod of his head as he passed. This was Thomas Jefferson—and as you may naturally expect quite gratifying to me in having my curiosity answered. Had he not have appeared in such a hurry I should have stopt and entered into conversation with him. I intended to have inquired the road that leads into the Richmond road of the first person that I met—but as soon as I saw him I forgot all about it—such a great man in such a plain and singular garb so struck me that I had not another thought about me but the request you made of me—I should have complied with your request if he had not appeared so much in haste—but I am told it is his usual gait. He does not appear  603 

23 AUGUST 1822

as old as he really is—He is in his 84th year—He was remarkably erect and had every appearance of antiquity about him. I am told he always rides in this manner during the summer without any hat— often times many miles—it was very warm when I met him to-day and I thought he looked pretty well heated. Thus much of this extraordinary man of whom the world has heard so much—whose writings have made so much1 bustle. I think I can never forget his looks—indeed they are pretty well fixed in my minds’ eye. I am now at a public house in Fluvanna Co—there is no village here. I shall expect to reach a place called Beaver Dam tomorrow. With affection Your nephew S. A. Bumstead. Printed in VMHB 24 (1916): 310–1, and there described as an extract from a letter of 23 Aug. 1822 addressed to Bumstead’s “Aunt Lilly”; according to the editor’s summary of the beginning of the letter, Bumstead detailed “his travels from Staunton over the Blue Ridge by way of Fisher’s Gap, his visit to the Virginia University; his breakfasting at Charlottesville and noting his disappointment at not finding Mr. Jefferson at home and his disappointment at having to leave Monticello without meeting him” (p. 310). Samuel Andrews Bumstead (1799– 1894), clergyman, was born in Boston and graduated from Middlebury College in 1820. After teaching for three years at a classical school in Brookeville, Montgomery County, Maryland, he attended Princeton Theological Seminary, 1823– 24. Although forced by illness to withdraw early, Bumstead was licenced to preach by the Massachusetts Congregational Association in 1823, ordained in Boston five years later, and subsequently ministered to Dutch Reformed congregations. In Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, he served as a pastor at Manayunk, 1830–53, and Roxborough, 1836–42 and

1849–53. Bumstead then moved to Illinois and preached at Spring Lake, Tazewell County, 1853–61, Raritan, Henderson County, 1861–74, and Norris, Fulton County, 1874–88. The owner of real estate worth $2,000 in 1850, he died of “paralysis” at his home in Raritan (Walter E. Howard and Charles E. Prentiss, comps., Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont . . . 1800 to 1900 [1901], 63; Necrological Reports and Annual Proceedings of the Alumni Association of Princeton Theological Seminary 2 [1890–99]: 243–4; Henry C. McManus, Roxborough Presbyterian Church [1904], 16–7; Middlebury, Vt., Religious Reporter, 19 Aug. 1820; DNA: RG 29, CS, Pa., Roxborough, 1840, 1850, Ill., Fulton Co., Farmington, 1880; gravestone inscription in Raritan Cemetery, Raritan). On 3 June 1822 TJ purchased a parasol from the Charlottesville store of James Leitch (TJ’s Transactions with James Leitch, 12 Dec. 1821–12 Sept. 1822, entry for 3 June 1822). At this time TJ was seventy-nine, not in his 84th year. 1 Printed

 604 

text: “somuch.”

From Lewis D. Belair Respected Sir Philada August 24th 1822 Permit me Through your Goodness to Inclose The Within Small Packege for your Friend Captain Philip Slaughter of Culpepper County Virginia, It is a Small Book “The Imitation of Christ”1 é de Kempeeis Which Mrs Slaughter Expressed a Desire to have, all Tho Scarce In English I have Procured it, and now Take The Liberty to Present it to her as a mark of my Great Esteem and Friendship, It is more Than Three months Since I have had it and for The Want of a Safe Conveyance It [ha]s been Detained In my hands, I Thierfore take This Liberty and Desire your Indulgence? Permit me at The Same time to Tender you The assurance of my Great Respects, and of The pleasure I Should have to be Informed of The State of your helth, and of The Progrssed State of your University “That Most Splendid Edifice!,” I had The Honor to Call at your mansion, In march Last, but unfortunately you Was not at home, I Was on my Return from The French Settlement In Alabama, I am Sir With Respect your Humble Servt Lewis D Belair Foreign Bookseller RC (MHi); mutilated; endorsed by TJ as received 4 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Francis W. Gilmer, 4 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Honble Thomas Jefferson Esqr Montecelo Near Charlottes Ville Va”; franked; postmarked Philadelphia, 28 Aug. Enclosure: un-

identified English-language edition of De Imitatione Christi (Imitation of Christ), the fifteenth-century work by Thomas à  Kempis (Thomas Hammerken or Hemerken). 1 Omitted closing quotation mark editorially supplied, here and below.

To George Tucker Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 24. 22. I thank you for the copy of your Essays which you have been so kind as to send me. I have read them with great satisfaction, have been led by them into many and new reflections, and felt an interest in all the subjects selected, those excepted which are of a political character. from all attention to politics I have long withdrawn my mind. resigned with entire confidence to the care of those on whom the public interests have devolved by natural succession, I have no fear but that all is going on well.  605 

24 AUGUST 1822

•I avail myself of one of the essays, that on Architecture to say that I am sure it’s author would see with pleasure what we have done here in that way for our University. the finest specimens of every order have been selected. they have been executed with rigorous exactness, and the design and style of the whole is in a classical chastity, of which I think no equal example exists in the US. one building only is still wanting to compleat the establishment, and to give Unity to a whole seen as yet but as detached parts. if curiosity should lead to such a visit, I should hope to derive from it the advantage of seeing you at Monticello, and of accompanying you to the University, four miles distant only. it is directly on your way to Congress, and the stages go from hence to Fredericksburg & Richmond three times a week. in the mean time I may perhaps have the pleasure of seeing you in Lynchburg: or of recieving you to take family fare with us at Poplar Forest which I expect to visit in October or November. I pray you to accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViW: TC-JP); on verso of a reused address cover from Alexander Garrett to TJ; at foot of text: “George Tucker esq.”; endorsed by TJ. your essays: [Tucker], Essays on various subjects of Taste, Morals, and National

Policy (Georgetown, D.C., 1822; Poor, Jeffferson’s Library, 14 [no. 929]). The one on architecture was on pp. 109– 26. Only the Rotunda was still wanting to compleat the University of Virginia.

From James Oldham Dear Sir University August 25th 1822. I have receiv,d 700 feet of good flooreing plank for you, but it is not all in Lengths as you wanted, the 18 f t Lengths is not to be had except it is of the roughest kind of lumber. the Lengths I have got are 12, 14, 16. f t to Wit 31 bords of 12 f t 51 do 14 f t 14 do of 16 feet. to lay a floore with bords that are shorter than the length of the room requirs a little more labour in makeing the heding Joints which should be groved together and the bords aranged thus

With Grate Respect I Am Sir your Obt Sevt $27–50c

Price of the bords delivered.  606 

J; Oldham

28 AUGUST 1822 •RC (ViU: TJP); postscript adjacent to closing; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received from “Oldam James” the day it was written and so recorded in SJL.

heding joints: in woodworking, a heading joint is “a joint between the ends of two boards made at right angles to the grain of the wood” (OED).

To Henry Clay Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 28. 22. In the general sufferings by the misfortunes of the late Colo Wilson Carey Nicholas, my grandson Thos Jefferson Randolph & myself are in danger of a heavy participation. we were bound to the bank of the US. in Richmd jointly and severally for him in the sum of twenty thousand Dollars, and my grandson was under some additional obligations. a plank however seems to float within our reach, which, if we can secure it, will save us from the wreck. this happens to be in the state of Kentucky, and we are anxious to engage your professional services in our behalf. Thomas Deye Owings of that state was indebted by bond to W. C. Nicholas in the sum of 10,000 pounds Kentucky money, the principal payable July 1. 1805. there is reason to presume that no payments, either of principal or interest have been made on this bond; and our request to you is to have suit brought on it immediately in the Federal district court of Kentucky. Colo Morrison of that state acted during mr Nicholas’s life as his Attorney in fact, as to all his property and interests in Kentucky; and in order to enable him to transact the business with effect, that property was conveyed to him absolutely, but expressly in trust: and Owings’ bond was specifically included in the conveyance. but, at the same time, the bond itself was retained by mr Nicholas in his own possession; and at his death it has come to the hands of his executors, in whom the legal property, as well as possession, of course is, and in whose name alone can a suit on it be maintained. they do not know whether Colo Morrison sets up any claim of personal right in this bond. if he does we shall ask your assistance against him also. uncertain whether a letter might find you in Kentucky, and indeed whether it might be agreeable to you to undertake the cause, I inclose all the necessary papers to my friend and relation Dabney Terril, who will be so kind as to form a point of communication between us, and those who may be interested or concerned in the case. these papers are so full and particular that I need go into no further details here. a copy only of the bond is sent, which may serve to commence the action on, and we reserve the original to go by a safer conveyance than the public mail. altho’ I can  607 

28 AUGUST 1822

have nothing to do in the action on this subject, in my own name, I am really interested as deeply as the parties themselves. because if the exrs can pay the debt out of this property of Colo Nicholas, it will shield me from being called on for it. my grandson, as exr, will attend to the duty of a proper compensation for your trouble, and he writes to mr Terril on that subject. should your law, like ours, require a plaintiff, not a resident of the state, to give security for costs of suit in case of failure, my antient friend John Brown of Lexington will I trust give me the benefit of his responsibility for the costs, as perhaps will mr Terril himself, on my assuming, as I do assume, to indemnify them against all loss on that account.•••in hope we shall not fail in the advantage we promise ourselves of your kind aid to help us out of the difficulties in which this unfortunate engagement has involved us, I pray you to accept the assurance of my very sincere esteem for you, and of my high respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (ViU: TJP-ER); on a reused address cover from Spencer Roane to TJ; at foot of text: “the honble Henry Clay esquire”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found.

A missing letter of this date from TJ to Dabney C. Terrell is recorded in SJL. It presumably enclosed all the necessary papers on the litigation discussed above.

From Robert Mills My dear Sir Columbia Augt 28. 1822 Permit me to enclose you my pamphlet on the Internal Improvement of South Carolina, with the expression of the sincerest esteem and the highest respect for your exalted character.—Should your leisure at any time admit of your perusing it, I shall be gratified, and I trust that I shall have written nothing but what will meet with your approbation—If I shall appear to be too sanguine, attribute the warmth to the best of motives the love of country—The pamphlet was hastily written with the view to affording some general light to our citizens, but you will examine it with the eye of a friend.— It is a source of much pleasure to me to learn of your continued health; may this blessing my dear Sir continue with you thro’ life, and the sincere prayer of my heart is that when it pleases God to call you from your useful labors here, he may call you to rest in the bosom of his love,—Mrs Mills joins me in this expression of respect & esteem.— I salute you dear Sir affectionately Robt Mills PS. I have been now nearly two years in the service of my native state. Should it not be too fatiguing to you will you favor us with a line?—  608 

28 AUGUST 1822 •RC (DLC); addressed (trimmed): “[. . .] Jefferson Esqr Monticello [A]lbemarle County Virginia”; franked; endorsed by TJ as received 8 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Mills, Internal Improvement of South-Carolina, Particularly Adapted to the Low Country (Columbia, 1822), asserting that the unhealthiness of the lower portion of the state restricts population growth and agricultural advancement; proposing “a general system of embanking, draining and reclaiming our river and swamp lands, rendering them fit for cultivation and capable of becoming the permanent residence of a white population” (p. 4); arguing that doing so will increase land values substantially, reduce disease and death rates, enhance riverine navigation, and lead to the “gradual decrease of the slave population, and a

rapid increase of an industrious white population” (p. 10); contending that South Carolina can, out of the profits arising from its acquisition and reclamation of such lands, purchase six thousand or more slaves annually and resettle them in Africa; mentioning TJ’s unsuccessful negotiations as president with the Sierra Leone Company and, later, Portugal, to establish a colony for free blacks on that continent; quoting a passage critical of slavery from Query XVIII of TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia; and stating that gradual abolition will improve agriculture, increase wealth, promote morality, induce white settlers to migrate to the region, and “remove the stigma which has unjustly been attached to the Southern States on account of the existence of slavery amongst us” (p. 28).

To Bernard Peyton Dear sir Monticello Aug. 28. 22. At the time of writing my letter of the 16th I expected I was wrong as to the 330.D. and had I thought of looking to the preceding quarterly account, I should have seen that I was wrong.1 however all is now right: I inclose you a check on the Farmer’s bank for 1059. D 66 C which please to recieve and place to my credit in your account. I shall within a few days have to draw on this deposit as well as on the fund of my tobacco, which will be enlarged by shipments of flour by the first tide, our wheat being actually in the mill and it’s grinding to commence tomorrow. I mention this as supplementory for meeting the draughts I shall make and paying up your balance. I must ask the favor of you to send me 8 boxes of tin by the first waggon, as we are now waiting for it. also to send me by the first boat from mr Andrew Smith a box to contain 50. panes of glass 12. by 18.I. and 50. panes 12.I. square. affectionately Yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on reused blank sheet with a wax seal; at foot of text: “Colo Peyton”; endorsed by TJ. TJ describes the enclosed check, not found, in his financial records for 3 Sept. 1822: “about Aug. 27. I recd. from Th:J.

Randolph as exr. of W. C. Nicholas a check on the Farmer’s bank at Richmond for 1059.67 for which I am accountable to that estate” (MB, 2:1388). 1 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied.

 609 

Notes on Delivery of Building Material for Shadwell Milldam 1822. Wormly Aug. 6 24 7 8 16 9 ⎬⎫ 10 ⎭ 12 13 14 13 15 21 16 20 17 20 19 19 20 21 11 22 20 23 20 24 18 26 16 27 19 28 20 29 15

Jerry 22 20

19 21 15 20 20 11 8 11 18 19 9 20 15

Isaac 23 8 17

17 10 28 20 20 17 18 22 20 19 20 20 15

[ca. 29 Aug. 1822]

Ned 23 7 13

total. 92 15 66

34

34

18 24 7 26 26 21 20 18 19 21 19 19 14 18 21 15

18 24 56 78 89 81 80 35 59 71 70 74 49 66 81 60

305

3281

309

256 11982 the whole interruptions amount to about 4. days work of the 4. carts; and leave 17. days for the performance of the work. there were 2 mule carts with 2. mules in each, & 2. oxcarts with a yoke in each: and 4. small boys & girls assisted loading. nearly the whole stone was furnished by the hill above the coopers shop. MS (ViU: TJP); on verso of portion of a reused address cover from John Vaughan to TJ; entirely in TJ’s hand; undated.

1 Preceding two columns should read 79 and 327, respectively. 2 Correct total is 1,197.

 610 

From George F. Hopkins Sir, State of New York, Aug. 1822. [received 29 Aug. 1822] I submit to your candid examination the Observations which accompany this letter. They had for their basis the quotations from the Notes on Virginia which are prefixed to them. This valuable work I read many years since with delight and edification; and the estimation in which it is held among men of sense and letters, must insure to it a durable fame. Whatever may be the worth of the observations, there is no person to whom they can be submitted with so much propriety as to yourself. The reasons for this it were unnecessary to enumerate. Should it be your opinion, after you have given the humble performance a perusal, that it possesses sufficient merit to entitle it to publicity, I beg permission to add to it such remarks as you may think proper to offer in relation to it. I am aware that I have undertaken to treat of subjects that are better fitted for men of infinitely higher qualifications than those to which I can make pretension. Believing, however, that the explanations I have given are founded in truth, I submit them respectfully to your examination; conscious, as I am, that notwithstanding the defects with which the performance will be seen to abound, it will receive such commendation from an enlightened mind as it may be justly entitled to. More cannot be expected. As I must presume that in some instances at least, and perhaps in many, appropriate terms may not be made use of, I have left a margin on each page, in order that more correct words or phrases may be1 substituted. In this respect, permit me to request of you to make such corrections as may appear to you expedient and proper. If the attempt2 receives your sanction, I propose to commit it to press as soon as it shall be returned to me; but this will be done anonymously, as I have powerful reasons for choosing such a course. With the highest respect, I am, Sir, Your most hum. servt Geo. F. Hopkins. •N.B. Please direct to me at the New York post office. RC (MHi); partially dated; addressed: “The Hon. Thos Jefferson, Esqr”; endorsed by TJ as a letter of “Aug.—1822” received 29 Aug. 1822 from New York and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: manuscript copy, not found, of “Hortensius,” Observations on Electricity, Looming, and Sounds (New York, 1822; 2d ed., nam-

ing Hopkins as author, New York, 1825), which opens with a series of quotations on warm bodies of air and looming from Query VII of TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia (Peden, Notes, 77, 80–1). George Folliet Hopkins (ca. 1769–1848), printer, stationer, and customs inspector,

 611 

29 AUGUST 1822 published the New-Jersey State Gazette in Trenton, 1793–94, two newspapers in New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1795–96, and four others in New York City in conjunction with Noah Webster later in the decade. In addition to his printing activities, he manufactured and sold paper, served as a lieutenant in the militia in 1802, and was active around that time in the organization of the American Company of Booksellers, a pioneering trade association. Having gone bankrupt in 1821, Hopkins continued to work as a publisher, wrote a monograph on meteorology, relocated to Brooklyn by 1828, and served as a customs inspector, 1829–48. He died in Rahway, New Jersey (John Bidwell, American Paper Mills, 1690–1832 [2013], 147, 308; Joseph J. Felcone, New Jersey Books, 1698–1800: The Joseph J. Felcone Collection [1992], 18–21; Brigham, Amer-

ican Newspapers; Longworth’s New York Directory [1797]: 206; [1800]: 232; [1828]: 320; [1842]: 317; DNA: RG 29, CS, N.Y., New York, 1800, 1810, Brooklyn, 1830; New York American Citizen and General Advertiser, 4 May 1802; New York American Citizen, 21 June 1803; Philadelphia Aurora General Advertiser, 23 Apr. 1804; New York National Advocate, 25 May 1821; A Register of Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the service of the United States, on the 30th of September, 1829 [1830], 48; Doggett’s New-York City Directory, for 1847 & 1848 [1847], 203; Middletown, Conn., Constitution, 30 Aug. 1848). 1

Hopkins here canceled “made use.” Word interlined in place of “performance.” 2

To Bernard Peyton, with Jefferson’s Note Dear Sir Monticello Aug. 29. 22. I find that in my letter of Yesterday I omitted to notice the paragraph in yours which promised me a visit from judge Greene and yourself. nothing can give me greater pleasure than such a visit. altho not personally acquainted with the judge, I have been taught to revere him for every good quality, and to consider him as one of the sheet anchors of our republican bark. I shall be at home all September, & ready to recieve the visit with distinguished Welcome. present1 me to him with all respect, and accept for yourself the assurance of my affectionate esteem. Th: Jefferson [Note by TJ at foot of PoC:] wrote P.S. for 3. bundles 150 Û spike-iron by 1st waggon. RC (CtY: Franklin Collection); lacking postscript (trimmed); adjacent to signature: “Colo Peyton.” PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of DeWitt

Clinton to TJ, 26 Mar. 1821; endorsed by TJ. 1 Manuscript:

 612 

“prent.”

To Thomas Skidmore Monticello. Aug 29. 22

You must be so good, Sir, as to excuse me from entering into the optical investigation which your letter of the 18th proposes. the hand of age presses heavily on me. I have long withdrawn my mind from speculations of that kind, my memory is on the wane I1 am averse even to close thinking, and writing is become slow, laborious & painful. I will make then but a single suggestion on the subject of your proposition, to shew my respect to your request. To distinct vision it is necessary not only that the visual angle should be sufficient for the powers of the human eye, but that there should be sufficient light also on the object of observation. in microscopic observations, the enlargement of the2 angle of vision may be more indulged, because auxiliary light may be concentrated on the object by concave mirrors. but in the case of the heavenly bodies, we can have no such aid. the moon, for example, recieves from the sun but a fixed quantity of light. in proportion as you magnify her surface, you spread that fixed quantity over a greater space, dilute it more, and render the object more dim. if you increase her magnitude infinitely, you dim her face infinitely also, and she becomes invisible. when under total eclipse, all the direct rays of the sun being intercepted, she is seen but faintly, and would not be seen at all but for the refraction of the solar rays in their passage thro’ our atmosphere. in a night of extreme darkness, a house or a mountain is not seen, as not having light enough to impress the limited sensibility of our eye. I do suppose in fact that Herschel has availed himself of the properties of the parabolic mirror to the point beyond which it’s effect would be countervailed by the diminution of light on the object. I barely suggest this element, not presented to view in your letter, as one which must enter into the estimate of the improved telescope you propose. you will recieve from the professional mathematicians whom you have consulted remarks more elaborate and profound, and must be so good as to accept mine merely as testimonies of my respect Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); at foot of first page: “Mr Thomas Skidman.” Not recorded in SJL.

1 Preceding

seven words interlined. here canceled “object of observation.” 2 TJ

 613 

From Henry Dearborn Dear Sir, Lisbon August 31t 1822— Knowing me so well as you do, you could not have contemplated my present situation, and especially at my time of life, no one better knows my deficiencies for my present situation than your self, the very perticular and flatering manner that my nomination, and notification of it was made, opperated as the strongest inducement for my accepting the appointment. it being intirely unsought and unexpected on my part or by any of my friends, the very flatering notice of it from the President placed me in a situation very difficult for me to discribe, but here I am, and not without hopes of being of some service to my Country. thus far, appearences are favourable, and if I should succeed in healing some old bruses, and in establishing a friendly intercourse on fair and reciprocal principles, I shall, I hope, return home with satisfaction to my self and to my Government and friends. no exartions of such abilities as I possess shall be wanting in effecting the wishes & expectations of the President. I trust that my stay here will not extend over two years at farthest, Mrs Dearborn is with me and also a grand-Daughter. Mr Thos Brent Secretary of Legation arrived two days since from Madrid. the account he gives of the affairs in Spain shews a want of confidence in the King, with great struggles for overseting the present sistem of Government. great hopes are now entertained by the friends of the present Government from the recent change of the Ministry, the new Ministers are concidered sound & true.—an Election for a new Cortés has been made here1 since I arrived, it was attended with no turbelence, but was carried through very quietly.— with sentiments of the highest respect and esteem I am Sir your sincere friend and Humble Servt Henry Dearborn RC (DLC); at foot of text: “The Honbl Thomas Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Oct. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Dearborn’s grand-daughter was Laura Matilda Gay (Davis). The want of confidence in Ferdinand VII of Spain resulted from the discovery in July of a conspiracy to move him from Madrid to the insurgent provinces, where he was to organize the overthrow of the revolutionary regime and promul-

gation of a more conservative constitution. Whether through cowardice, indecision, or a desire to be reinstalled only as an absolute ruler, Ferdinand ultimately refused to leave the capital, and the plot failed. During the subsequent change of the ministry, moderate liberals were purged from office, leaving the more radical element in complete control (Paul W. Schroeder, Metternich’s Diplomacy at Its Zenith, 1820–1823 [1962], 195–6). 1 Word

 614 

interlined.

From James Monroe [August 1822?]1

I intended in my late visit to albemarle to have communicated freely2 with you, and mr madison,3 on the subject of internal improvment, in reference to the power of the general govt, especially as to the appropriation of the public money, but circumstances were unfavorable then, to such a communication. my object has been, rather to state, certain facts and considerations, which I was compelled to advert to, in deciding on that great question,4 than to enter on the question itself, for having communicated fully my views to Congress, when that decision was taken,5 I can add nothing on it now, which is6 worthy of attention.7 When I came into this office, rumours were circulated, that I differd in opinion from mr Madison, respecting the right of Congress to adopt and execute such a system of improvment. It was asserted that I thought, that the power, did exist.8 These rumours were circulated, with greater activity, just before the meeting of Congress, and in consequence, I9 bestowed on the subject, all the consideration, which the time & my other engagments permitted, and having made up, a decided opinion, that the power had not been granted, I declar’d it, in the first message to Congress, after my election. From that period, there was cause to apprehend, at every succeeding10 session, that an act would be passd asserting the right, & thus my attention was drawn continually to it. An act finally did pass, which I negativ’d, for the reasons stated, in the message announcing the decision.11 In examining the question, I review’d, what had been previously done, by Congress, and had been sanctiond by my predecessors,12 and particularly by yourself & mr madison, for whose example, as to purity of principle, & strength of judgment, I have always entertaind the highest respect. I examind also the ground, on which the acts, thus sanctiond, rested. my attention was necessarily drawn to the Cumberland road,13 and to several others which had been constructed,14 a bill relating to the former, having brought the subject before me. That road was provided for, by the compact with ohio, by which the expense attending it, was to be defray’d by the appropriation of − ₂¹−₀th part of the net proceeds, of the sales of lands, in that state, which might be made after the 30th15 of June 1802., the consent of the States, through which the road should pass, being first obtain’d. The election of Representatives, for the territory was to be made, in october, & the convention to meet on the first monday in novr, of that year, so that the appropriation, would commence its operation, before the compact proposed,  615 

AUGUST 1822

to.16

was acceded Nearly 1.500.000 dolrs had been expended on that17 road, when I came into this office, a large portion of which, had been advancd from the Treasury, by anticipation of the fund referrd to, which has not yet been reimbursed, & probably never will be. For the construction of the other roads, the money appropriated, was drawn directly from the Treasury. The question however turnd, more especially, on the Cumberland road, and on the principle, on which the appropriation was made in its favor. On full consideration,18 I could perceive no difference between the appropriation of money arising from the sale of land, or from direct taxes, imposts, & excises;19 nor could I perceive any difference between an appropriation founded on a compact with a new State, or without such compact.20 The power to admit new States, into the union, involved none, as I presumed, to give them money or land.21 That the unsold land, in a new state, should still belong to the U States, after such admission, would follow of course,22 altho’ it should not be provided for, by compact. Had nothing been said about it, it cannot be presumd that the new State would be [not claimd or?] To be admitted into the union23 on a footing with the original States, the citizens of the new, owning the land which they had bought & paid for,24 is all that they could claim. To prevent all doubt however on this point, it was proper, to specify in the conditions, on which admitted, that the new state should have no right to the unsold land. The US. own land, in most of the original States, as custom house offices, & in some I believe, as post offices. The property is protected by the Laws of the States. The unsold land in the new States would stand on the same ground. To admit them, to the rights of the original states, is an act of great magnanimity, as well as wisdom. To allow25 them rights not belonging to the new States, wod merit a different character. I concluded therefore that the power to admit new states, granted none, to give to such States, the public lands within them. The money, under any view which may be taken of the subject, arising from the sale of the public lands, is the property of the U States. It is not the Gift of a new State, it [could not prob.?] make any difference.26 nor can any right be deriv’d, from a compact with the new State, as to the mode of disposing of it, and especially in the original States. That right can be derivd from the constitution only, and was the same before the compact that it was after it. The question therefore which occur’d was, what had been done by Congress, and been sanctiond by mr Madison & yourself? a road had been laid out from Cumberland to27 Wheeling, passing through the three States above  616 

AUGUST 1822

mentiond, and in the construction of which, the sum above mentiond, had been expended, & in the mode stated.28 the U States therefore did not derive their right to this unsold land, from the compact—nor could they derive the right to appropriate, either the land or money, arising from its sale, either to the construction of a road or to any other purpose within the state, and much less, within an original State from such compact— Nor would the compact have been onerous, to prohibit the taxation, tho I applaud the policy pursued—the right to pursue it however is derivd from another source—the power granted over the public money, & the national purpose to which applied. 2d Dft (NN: Monroe Papers); fragment consisting of first two pages; undated, but evidently composed after Monroe’s return to Washington in August 1822 from Albemarle County, his first visit since the delivery of the 4 May 1822 veto message alluded to here (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:558, 563). 1st Dft (NN: Monroe Papers); incomplete; undated; differs somewhat from 2d Dft, with only the most significant variations noted below; several words illegible; with notes by Monroe at head of third and fourth pages, respectively (one word illegible): “The idea of deriving a right by compact with a new State to lay out our own land or money in [. . .]” and “perpetual quarrel between States & genl govt in abridgment of the rights of the people”; endorsed in an unidentified hand: “1819•Dft of a letter presumed to be to Mr Jefferson.” Not recorded in SJL and probably never received by TJ. Monroe addressed the issue of internal improvements on 2 Dec. 1817 during his first annual message to congress: “A difference of opinion has existed from the first formation of our constitution, to the present time, among our most enlightened and virtuous citizens, respecting the right of Congress to establish such a system of improvement. Taking into view the trust with which I am now honored, it would be improper, after what has passed, that this discussion should be revived, with an uncertainty of my opinion respecting the right. Disregarding early impressions, I have bestowed on the subject all the deliberation which its great importance, and

a just sense of my duty required, and the result is, a settled conviction in my mind, that Congress do not possess the right. It is not contained in any of the specified powers granted to Congress; nor can I consider it incident to, or a necessary mean, viewed on the most liberal scale, for carrying into effect any of the powers which are specifically granted. In communicating this result, I cannot resist the obligation which I feel, to suggest to Congress the propriety of recommending to the states the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution, which shall give to Congress the right in question” (JHR, 11:9–17, quote on p. 15). In his 4 May 1822 message announcing the decision to veto “An act for the preservation and repair of the Cumberland Road,” Monroe stated that “A power to establish turnpikes, with gates and tolls, and to enforce the collection of tolls by penalties, implies a power to adopt and execute a complete system of internal improvement. A right to impose duties to be paid by all persons, passing a certain road, and on horses and carriages, as is done by this bill, involves the right to take the land from the proprietor, on a valuation, and to pass laws for the protection of the road from injuries; and, if it exist as to one road, it exists as to any other, and to as many roads as Congress may think proper to establish. A right to legislate for one of these purposes, is a right to legislate for the others. It is a complete right of jurisdiction and sovereignty, for all the purposes of internal improvement, and not merely the right of applying money, under

 617 

AUGUST 1822 the power vested in Congress to make appropriations, under which power, with the consent of the states through which this road passes, the work was originally commenced, and has been so far executed. I am of opinion that Congress do not possess this power—that the states, individually, cannot grant it; for, although they may assent to the appropriation of money within their limits for such purposes, they can grant no power of jurisdiction or sovereignty by special compacts with the United States” (JHR, 15:560–1, quote on p. 560). compact with ohio: the 30 Apr. 1802 “Act to enable the people of the Eastern division of the territory northwest of the river Ohio to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States, and for other purposes” stipulated that “one twentieth part of the nett proceeds of the lands lying within the said state sold by Congress, from and after the thirtieth day of June next, after deducting all expenses incident to the same, shall be applied to the laying out and making public roads, leading from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic, to the Ohio, to the said state, and through the same, such roads to be laid out under the authority of Congress, with the consent of the several states through which the road shall pass” (U.S. Statutes at Large, 2:173–5, quote on p. 175). 1 1st Dft begins “Dear Sir•••Washington.” 2 In 1st Dft Monroe here canceled “& fully.” 3 Preceding three words not in 1st Dft. 4 In 1st Dft Monroe here canceled “of the power of Congress.” 5 In 1st Dft text from “communicated fully” to this point instead reads “ reflected much, & explaind fully my views in a message to Congress.” 6 Preceding five words not in 1st Dft. 7 In 1st Dft “worthy attention” is interlined in place of “further at this time.” 8 Sentence not in 1st Dft. 9 In 1st Dft remainder of sentence reads “ then

bestowed to the subject, all the consideration I could and in my message, brought it into view, with the expression of my opinion that Congress did not possess the power.” 10 Word not in 1st Dft. 11 1st Dft here adds “& which you have seen.” 12 Remainder of sentence in 1st Dft reads “& the ground on which they acted ” 13 In 1st Dft Monroe here interlined “wh passes through parts of maryld Pena & Virga.” 14 Remainder of sentence not in 1st Dft. 15 2d Dft: “20th.” 1st Dft: “30th.” 16 Sentence not in 1st Dft. 17 Word interlined in 1st Dft in place of “the construction of this.” 18 Text from “For the construction” to this point not in 1st Dft. 19 Monroe here interlined and canceled a partially legible passage reading “when brought into the treasury, it would rest on the same grounds & be [. . .].” In 1st Dft text from this point to “an appropriation” instead reads “& of that which arises from imposts or direct taxes, nor in.” 20 Preceding three words interlined in place of “directly from the Treasury.” 2d Dft ends here. 21 Monroe here canceled “a gift of either, must be gratuitous, and the right to give it, derivd from other sources.” 22 Preceding four words interlined in place of “would be a necessary consequence.” 23 Sentence to this point interlined in place of “In regarding the conditions on which the new state should be admitted, it would be proper, to provide.” 24 Monroe here canceled “as those of the original did.” 25 Word interlined in place of “give.” 26 Preceding seven words interlined. 27 Preceding two words interlined in place of “the seat of the Genl Govt to.” 28 Page 3 ends here, leaving some blank space. Final page is oriented upside down with respect to those preceding it.

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From Frederick A. Mayo Springhill Bindry near Richmond•

Hono: Sir •Sept 1—1822 I have this Day delivered the Books to Capt Peyton and sincerely1 hope they may soone be received by your Honour;—The same time take the liberty of forwarding my Acount Your humble Servant. Frederick A Mayo NB. I am realy sorrow that I have not yet2 been able to obtain the Dictionary before ordered, as it appairs to be out of print, the only chance will be, to get a Second hand Copie. RC (MHi); with enclosure between signature and postscript; endorsed by TJ as received 4 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Jonathan Thompson, 4 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “The Hono:

Thomas Jefferson Mounticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 2 Sept. 1 Manuscript:

2 Manuscript:

“sinerely.” “jet.”

e n c l o s u r e

Account with Frederick A. Mayo [ca. 1 Sept. 1822] •••The Hono: Thomas Jefferson [182]2 to Frederick A Mayo [Marc]h 7. to binding in extra Calf 4 Vols Dion Cassius @ 75. $3 " April 12 to Ditto 2 Vols Edingburg Review @ 75 1.50 to 3 Vols Montagne in extra Calf @ 125 3.75 Sept 1. to binding 9. Vols Plutarch in extra Calf @ 75 6.75 to Ditto 3 Vols Herodotus do 2 25 to Ditto 2 Vols Thucydides @ 75 1.50 to Ditto 5 Vols Xenoph @ 75 3.75 to Ditto 2 Vols Biblia @ 75 1 50 $24.00 MS (MHi); in Mayo’s hand; conjoined with covering letter; mutilated at seal; undated. extra calf is “a better grade of calfskin in lieu of morocco” (Matt T. Roberts

and Don Etherington, Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books: A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology [1982], 95). biblia is the Latin spelling of “Bible.”

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“Roberts” to James Madison, with Postscript to Thomas Jefferson [Ed. Note: “Roberts,” who wrote under an apparent pseudonym and claimed to be a Revolutionary War veteran, composed a letter to former president James Madison dated Pennsylvania, 1 Sept. 1822. Although Madison’s copy has not been found, a transcription of it was later sent to TJ. In a five-page document received at Monticello in the summer of 1824, the author blamed Madison for both the War of 1812 and “the deplorable condition of our common Country” since that time; accused Madison of bringing on the conflict in order to secure his reelection as president and thus obtain “one hundred thousand dollars (4 years salary)”; excused the British policy of impressing American seamen; stated that the war had led to thousands of deaths and the wasting of “hundreds of millions of our money”; and lamented that, due to “the just vengeance of an angry & offended Diety,” the United States had suffered droughts, disease, bankruptcies, and depressed economic conditions. Beneath his signature, “Roberts” appended a postscript evidently intended for TJ and referencing his refusal while president to submit the 1806 Monroe-Pinkney commercial treaty with Great Britain to Congress, which reads as follows:] “☞ NB. The act of rejecting a treaty without laying it before the Senate is also a distinguished link in the Chain of causes and effects that brought the Country to the present miserable condition. Independent of Embargo’s, non Intercourse & non importation laws: when fortune and good policy, in combination offered to throw into our nation’s lap, the benefit of Trade & commerce, enable us by Duty on imports & tonage to throw off the burthen of the revolutionary debt, and become what we contended for, realy & truly free and independent!” (Tr in DLC; adjacent to signature: “James Madison Esq.”; above postscript, in parentheses: “Copy”; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire. Monticillo Virginia” by “mail”; endorsed by TJ as received 24 Aug. 1824 from [parentheses editorially changed to brackets] “Anonymous. [Roberts] Angloman” and so recorded [with last word rendered as “Anglomany”] in SJL). Printed in full in Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:565–70.

 620 

From Bernard Peyton Dear Sir, Richd 2d Septr 1822 I was favor’d last evening with yours covering chk: on Farmers Bank for $1059–66 which is at your credit in a⁄c as directed— Any dfts: you may have occasion to draw will be honor’d as heretofore— I have this morning procured the 8 Boxes Tin, 3 Bundles spike Rods, & 1 Box Glass 12/18, but could not find, at Smith’s, or any where else, 12/12 Glass, he is good enough to say he will order it immediately, from Boston.—the Tin & Rods I have directed to go by the first Waggon for Charlottesville, & the other articles by the first Boat for Milton, there are none of either here just now tho’, & suppose there will be no boat for a considerable time, as the River is uncommonly low—Waggons have been more scarce this summer than I ever knew them, I hope tho’ one will soon be found— I shall leave here tomorrow, pass thro’ Culpepr, & hope to reach Monticello about Saturday or Sunday next, accompanied by Mrs Peyton & Judge Green, mean time, remain, With sincere regard Dr sir Yours very Truly B. Peyton RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 4 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Joseph Anderson, 4 Dec. 1824, on

verso; addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello Charlottesville”; franked; postmarked Richmond, 2 Sept.

From Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir 2nd Septr 1822 Shadwell Mill I have been grinding all day, altho’ to a very great disadvantage— the works are badly constructed but I trust a remedy may yet be found—I saw Mr Read at Court—and he has promised to be here tomorrow and to bring Mr Ligon with him— very respectfully Yrs Thos Eston Randolph I shall be glad if you will direct Mr Meeks to fix the partition for the midling room— RC (MHi); written on a half sheet; dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Thos Jefferson Esqr.”

mr ligon: Willis Liggan.

 621 

From George W. Erving Respected Sir— Washington Sep. 3d 1822. (at Col Bomfords) One of my first duties after my return home, & my greatest pleasure is a pilgrimage to Monticello, & I had arrived thus far on my way when Mr Monroe informed me that you did propose to make a distant journey, & may have actually commenced it;—he encourages me to ascertain the fact by writing to you,—if you shoud still be at Monticello & will allow of my visit I will leave this immediately With very sincere respect & grateful attachment Your very obliged & obt St George W. Erving RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 8 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 5 Dec. 1824, on recto and Dft of Articles of Agreement between Brockenbrough and John Gray, [ca. 5 Dec. 1824], on verso; addressed: “To Thomas Jefferson Mon-

ticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked Washington, 5 Sept. Although Erving left the American diplomatic service in 1819, he delayed his return home from Europe until the spring of 1822 (Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 8 June 1822).

From Samuel Overton Dr Sir Nashville Tenn: 3rd Sepr 1822 I do with confidence write You as a Gentn, to recommond me to some person in Urope or the U S A that You have confidence in as a Vintner—I have no doubt but the Latitude of this place answers with that of France where some amongst the best of Wine is made—I have nothing more than hopeing the fiew remaining days of Your life may end in peace with Youself & God together with a good concince let me hear from You on the rect of this—•••Yrs &c Saml Overton PS. the people here are in great distress on acct of ye exchange of paper curency &c SO RC (MHi); at foot of first page: “Turn over” for postscript on verso; endorsed by TJ as received 18 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (CSmH: JF-BA); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to James Johnson, 7 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson late Presi-

dent of the U.S.A Montacello Va”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Nashville, 4 Sept. France is actually located well north of Nashville’s line of latitude.

 622 

From Alexander Garrett Dr Sir Charlottesville 4th Sept. 1822 I send for your approval the check of two thousand dollars enclosed; besides several drafts which have been presented for payment (& which I could not pay for want of funds) Mr Peyton has sent me his account for the purchase of the bill of exchange on Leghorn by which the University is in his debt about $100. and which I wish to send him by the return mail,•••I would have wrode up to see you in person but buisiness prevents, Respectfully Your Mo Obt Alex: Garrett RC (CSmH: JF); addressed: “Mr Jefferson Monticello”; endorsed by TJ as received the day it was written and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure not found.

To Bernard Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Sep.1 4. 22. Presuming that in addition to the proceeds of my tobo you have recieved the amount of the check on the farmer’s bank for 1059.D. inclosed in my letter of Aug. 29. I yesterday drew on you in favor of Wolfe and Raphael for 103.84 and this day in favor of James Lietch for 908.47 & of Martin Dawson for 49.54 and I shall be obliged to draw in a few days for 750. D and one or two smaller draughts. to assist in meeting these & to make up my balance to you I2 only await a tide in the river to ship flour, and the coming in of a balance of about 1200.D. from my mill tenants. the former however is a sure and early reliance. affectionately yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Francis Eppes to TJ, 27 Mar. 1821, not found (see note to TJ to Eppes, 8 Apr. 1821); adjacent to signature: “Colo Bernard Peyton”; with related calculations in pencil at foot of text in an unidentified hand, tallying the $1,811.85 in drafts mentioned above and also adding 166 to 1,059 for a total of 1,225; endorsed by TJ. TJ’s letter of aug. 29 to Peyton was actually written on 28 Aug. 1822. TJ’s financial records specify that the draft in favor of wolfe and raphael was intended to pay John Gilliam for “a bay of Diomede blood, 6. y. old last spring,

5 f–1½ I. high, a dim star in forehead, slight snip on nose, short ears.” TJ had purchased this horse on 12 Jan. 1822 (MB, 2:1382, 1388). The order on james lietch (Leitch) cleared TJ’s “acct. from Aug. 1. 20. to Aug. 1. 21” (MB, 2:1388; Leitch Daybook, p. 465). The draft in favor of martin dawson covered “the amt. of my acct. from Aug. 1. 21. to Aug. 5. 22 and including an assumpsit of 21.79 for Ewen Carden which charge to him accordingly” (MB, 2:1389). 1 TJ

here canceled “24.” nine words substituted for

2 Preceding

“I.”

 623 

To John Quincy Adams Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 5. 22. As Rector of the University of Virginia, I have recieved at several times the underwritten volumes of which I make this acknolegement as a proper voucher for your office, and pray you to be assured of my constant sentiments of respect and esteem. Th: Jefferson State papers of 1818. 8. vols 8vo Secret journals of Congress. 4. v. 8vo Journals of the Federal Convention 1. v. 8vo Census for 1820. 1. v. folio. PoC (ViU: TJP); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 2 Apr. 1821; at foot of text: “The honble John Q. Adams”; endorsed by TJ.

To William Barret Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 5. 22. I failed wholly in the payment to mr Miller which I should have made in March last, from circumstances it was not in my power to controul. that due this day shall be made within a very few days, by an order for 750.D. on Colo Bernard Peyton. I have no reason to doubt that I shall be able to make good the succeeding payments as stipulated; except that the next, due in March next, cannot be made to the day. my reliance for it is on my Bedford tobo, which never gets to market till May. the omission of the last instalment may oblige me to ask a delay of the ultimate extinguishment perhaps a half year beyond that before proposed: but it is equally possible that I may be able in the present or ensuing year to discharge the whole at a single payment. I can assure you that I have not another more anxious wish than the final discharge of this debt, and that my mind will remain justly impressed by the kindness of your indulgence, and more strongly urged by a just sensibility of it to hasten the moment by every means in my power. Accept [the assura]nc[e o]f my [g]reat esteem & respect. Th: Jefferso[n] PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of John Barnes to TJ, 2 Apr. 1821; closing and signature faint; at foot of text: “Mr William Barrett”; endorsed by TJ.

TJ’s financial records indicate that Bernard Peyton paid “750.D. to Barrett for B. Miller” on 6 Nov. 1822, not within a very few days (MB, 2:1391).

 624 

To Patrick Gibson Sir Monticello Sep. 5. 22. I recieved a few days ago your favor of Aug. 27. & have this day written to the President on it’s subject. he had left our neighborhood two or three weeks ago. I sincerely wish he may find it practicable to comply with your request, and assure you that nothing will gratify me more at any time than to be useful to you, and that I retain for you constant sentiments of friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of Louis H. Girardin to TJ, 1 Apr. 1821; at foot of text: “Mr P: Gibson”; endorsed by TJ.

Gibson’s favor of aug. 27 to TJ, not found, is recorded in SJL as received 31 Aug. 1822 from “Elwood.”

To George F. Hopkins Sir Monticello Sep. 5. 22. Your letter of Aug. __ was recieved a few days ago. of all the departments of science no one seems to have been less Advanced, for the last hundred years than that of Meteorology. the new Chemistry indeed has given us a new principle of the generation of rain by proving water to be a composition of different gasses, and has aided our theory of Meteoric lights. electricity stands where Dr Franklin’s early discoveries placed it, except with it’s new modification of Galvanism. but the phænomena of snow, hail, halo, Aurora Borealis, haze, looming Etc are as yet very imperfectly understood. I am myself an empyric in Natural philosophy, suffering my faith to go no further than my facts. I am pleased however to see the efforts of hypothetical speculation because by the collisions of different hypotheses truth may be elicited and science advanced in the end. this sceptical disposition does not permit me to say whether your hypothesis for looming and the floating volumes of warm air occasionally percieved may or may not be confirmed by future observations. more facts are yet wanting to furnish a solution on which we may rest with confidence. I even doubt as yet whether the looming at sea and at land are governed by the same laws. in this state of uncertainty I cannot presume either to advise or discourage the publication of your essay. this must depend on circumstances of which you must be abler to judge your self; and therefore1 I return the paper as requested with assurances of my great respect. Th: J[e]ff[erson]  625 

5 SEPTEMBER 1822 •PoC (DLC); signature faint; at foot of text: “Mr George F. Hopkins.” Printed in Hopkins, Observations on Electricity, Looming, and Sounds; together with a Theory of Thunder Showers, and of West and North West Winds (2d ed., New York, 1825), 38. Enclosure: enclosure to Hopkins to TJ, [received 29] Aug. 1822. The new chemistry is the name commonly given to Antoine Laurent Lavoisier’s eighteenth-century reformulation of the field by disproving the theory of phlogiston, explaining combustion, and establishing a systematic chemical nomenclature (W. F. Bynum, E. J. Browne, and

Roy Porter, eds., Dictionary of the History of Science [1981], 299). Hopkins’s hypothesis for looming was that it was “occasioned solely by the agency of the sun operating on vapour.” He believed that floating volumes of warm air arose almost exclusively in lowlands; that larger ones contained more heat than their smaller counterparts; and that, although they were infallible precursors to a thunderstorm, they never occurred immediately after one (Hopkins, Observations, 8–10, 14, quote on p. 14). 1 Text from “in this state” to this point not in Hopkins, Observations.

To Samuel M. McKay Monticello Sep. 5. 22.

I thank you, Sir, for the copy of your Oration of the 4th of July, which you have been so kind as to send me, and I have noticed with satisfaction the observations on political parties. that such do exist in every country, and that in every free country they will make themselves heard, is a truth of all times. I believe their existence to be salutary, inasmuch as they act as Censors on each other, and keep the principles & practices of each constantly at the bar of public opinion. it is only when they give to party principles a predominance over the love of country, when they degenerate into personal antipathies, and affect the intercourse of society and friendship, or the justice due to honest opinion, that they become vicious and baneful to the general happiness and good. we have seen such days. may we hope never to see such again! accept the assurance of my respect. Th: Jefferson RC (NNGL); addressed: “Mr Samuel McKay Pittsfield. Mass.”; franked; postmarked; endorsed in an unidentified hand as a letter of 15 Sept. 1822. PoC (CSmH: JF-BA); on verso of reused address cover of Mathew Carey & Son to TJ, 30 Mar. 1821; endorsed by TJ. Printed under correct date in Pittsfield Sun, 24 Oct. 1822, and elsewhere. Samuel Michael McKay (1793–1834), soldier, businessman, and public official, was born in Vermont. After relocating to

Massachusetts, he served as an artillery lieutenant in the United States Army, 1813–19, and, later, as a colonel in the state militia. Having settled in Pittsfield by 1820, McKay was a member of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, a merchant and owner of a cotton mill, and one of the directors of a local female academy. He also received an honorary master’s degree from Williams College in 1823, was active in the state Republican Party by the following year, held a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, 1823–27,

 626 

5 SEPTEMBER 1822 1828–29, and 1833–34, and sat in the state Senate, 1829–31. McKay died of consumption in Pittsfield (Heitman, U.S. Army, 1:670; DNA: RG 29, CS, Mass., Pittsfield, 1820, 1830; Pittsfield Sun, 25 Oct. 1820, 11 Sept. 1823, 19 Feb., 8 Apr. 1824, 1 Mar. 1827, 25 July 1833, 9 Oct. 1834; David D. Field, A History of the Town of Pittsfield, in Berkshire County, Mass. [1844], 77–8; Masssachusetts Register, and United States Calendar; For the Year of our Lord 1830 [(1830)], 17, 18; gravestone inscription in Pittsfield Cemetery, Pittsfield). McKay’s oration of the 4th of july, An Address, delivered at the request of the Republican Committee of Arrangements, at Pittsfield, on the anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1822 (Pittsfield, 1822), describes this “birth-day of their civil and religious liberties” as a sacred

“political Sabbath” (p. 3), whose celebration is “hallowed and sanctified in the sight of Heaven” (p. 5); hails George Washington’s military and political accomplishments; quotes from TJ’s First Inaugural Address that “We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans” (p. 7); warns of the dangers posed by factions, unprincipled opposition, and political apathy, but posits that parties “organized on principles of truth, justice and good faith” are “vitally important to the preservation of the republic” (p. 9); criticizes the inordinate influence of property in choosing United States senators; reminds his listeners that it “is the constant fluctuation of wealth, which gives security to the republic” (p. 16); states that American institutions are both flexible and capable of improvement; and calls for an end to religious bigotry.

To James Monroe Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 5. 22. I have made it a rule, and have pretty steadfastly observed it, not to permit myself to be used as an instrument to trouble and embarras the government with sollicitations for office. now & then however a case occurs which from peculiar circumstances, cannot be declined. still I wish it always to be understood that I ask no departure from what justice, or the necessary rules of government may require. a year or two ago, in a letter to mr Secretary Thomson, I seconded the application of mr Gibson of Richmond for the reception of his son into the corps of Midshipmen. the father is a most worthy man, was, jointly with my late friend and relation George Jefferson, for 20. years my correspondents in business in Richmond, of the purest integrity & personal worth. he is one of those who suffered in the general catastrophe1 of commerce which took place two or three years ago, has a numerous family, and is rendered helpless by the deplorable state of his health. I inclose you a letter lately recieved from him, with the expression only of the gratification I should feel should the necessary rules of the government now admit his request. accept assurances of my constant and affectionate esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (NjP: Andre deCoppet Collection); mutilated at seal, with missing text supplied from PoC; addressed: “James Mon-

roe President of the US. Washington”; franked; postmarked; endorsed by Monroe. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address

 627 

5 SEPTEMBER 1822 cover of Tarlton Saunders (for James Lyle [1798–1850]) to TJ, 7 Apr. 1821; torn at seal; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure: Patrick

Gibson to TJ, 27 Aug. 1822, not found (see note to TJ to Gibson, 5 Sept. 1822). 1 Manuscript:

“catastophe.”

From J. F. Daniel Lobstein Lebanon Pva 1 Septembre 6. 1822.

Honorable and Respected Sir! Two years ago I took the freedom to send you by Mr Belair Book Seller in Philadelphia a Prospectus of a work entitled: Topography of Philadelphia etc. which work I had intend to publish on a Subscription in this Country, and you had the goodness to subscribe for a Copy, which flattered me very much, than what could be more honorable to me, than to have the Name of the celebrated and distinguished Jefferson in the list of my subscribers—whereas I have since sending you a Prospectus been buisy with endeavours to complete the Work as much as possible, and have now finished the manuscript, and have a Specification of the contents printed in german, for distribution in Germany, and whereas I understand that you Respected Sir are a protector of the german language, have in your possession many distinguished german works, and can speak the Language; I therefore take the Liberty to send you honorable Sir a specification of my work in german, I should flatter myself very much, and think it a particular honor to recieve your sentiment of the work, wheter you think this work worthy of publication, your sentiment I shall recieve with estimation as all your adwise respecting my work—not with standing the number of subscribers for my work, the expence of Publication is to extravagant so that I am compelled to send the work to Europe for publication, which I am sorry to do, for my circumstances, will at present not admit it—. You will pardon Respected Sir, that I took the freedom to send you a prospectus of my work as rememberance untill I may have the pleasure to do the same of my work as soon as printed, it will therefore give me great pleasure to hear the sentiment of so honorable a Person as Jefferson of my contemplated work. I have the honor to remain with sentiments of the highest esteeme Your most humble obedient servant Lobstein M.D. RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 6 Oct. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Johann Friedrich (Jean Frédéric) Daniel Lobstein (1777–1840), physician, was

born into a family of doctors in Strasbourg, France. After working for a time at a hospice there, he studied medicine at the Université de Paris, received a medical degree in 1803, and taught briefly in

 628 

7 SEPTEMBER 1822 Marburg. Lobstein then joined the French army and served as a military surgeon throughout the Napoleonic Wars. Having returned to Strasbourg in 1815, he went bankrupt, immigrated in 1818 to the United States, and became a naturalized citizen in 1827. He practiced medicine with a specialty in obstetrics, mostly in Philadelphia until 1831 and then in New York City until his death. Lobstein wrote many scholarly works and belonged to numerous learned societies on both sides of the Atlantic (Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales, 2d ser. [1864–89], 2:755; Biographisches Lexikon der Hervorragenden Aerzte aller Zeiten und Völker [1884–88], 4:17; Philadelphia Poulson’s American Daily Advertiser, 25 Sept. 1818; Reading, Pa., Berks and Schuylkill Journal, 16 Sept. 1820; The Philadelphia Directory and Register, for 1821 [Philadelphia, 1821]; Desilver’s Philadelphia Directory, and Strangers’ Guide. 1831 [1831], 125; Longworth’s New York Directory [1831]: 414; [1839]: 411). Lobstein also sent copies of his prospectus in English to James Madison and John Adams, on 19 and 21 Oct. 1822, respectively. He informed Madison that one goal of the projected book was cor-

recting misimpressions of America and persuading European readers that genuine liberty could only be found across the Atlantic (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:588–9; MHi: Adams Papers). The enclosed eight-page specification of the contents printed in german is in DLC: TJ Papers, 223:39768–71. It is an expanded version of the five-page, English-language manuscript in the author’s hand that he had forwarded to TJ through Lewis D. Belair toward the end of 1819 (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39737–9; see also TJ to Belair, 18 Dec. [1819], and note). The prospectus details Lobstein’s credentials, publications, and future writing plans, and states that the proposed work on Philadelphia will cover a wide range of topics, including architecture, banks, climate, education, gardens, government, law, libraries, manufacturing, medicine, policing, publishing, and religion. The book seems never to have been published. TJ did not, in fact, understand the german language (TJ to Lobstein, 10 Oct. 1822). He also never owned many publications in that tongue. 1

Word interlined.

From “The Querist” Hond Sir Williamsburg Sepr 7th 1822. Having had my curiosity excited on a few questions which I consider may be explained by those who are conversant with philosophy and Science in general; I have from a knowledge of your extensive researches, taken the liberty to request of you a solution of the following queries. 1st why is the savage state called a state of nature?, considering that Adam was the first man & he a perfect one? 2d why does vegetable matter when decayed enrich the ground on which it was produced,? These are not idle questions Sir, intended to give pleasure to the writer while proposing them to you, but questions about which he has had frequent conversations & of which he is anxious to get satisfactory solutions. Your speedy answer will be received with gratitude by yr most Ob st “The Querist”1  629 

7 SEPTEMBER 1822 •RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as an anonymous letter containing “queries” and so described (recorded as received 15 Sept. 1822) in SJL.

1 At foot of text the author canceled “yr ansr directed as abo.”

From William J. Coffee Honed Sir Newark. New Jersey Sept. 8th 1820 [1822] About the midle of this month it was your request to have the ornaments for Bedford House, as well as the ornaments for the University they are all, in great fordwardness and will be redy for shipment on the Last of this month, no time has been Lost sincs I have been at home or have I applyed a single hour to any other Employment so verry Laboreous & difficult has been this undertaking. but my sending them to that time will in som mesure depend on the Unfortunate state of this City which has becom so dangereous to the Health and Life of it’s inhabitants as nearty to drain a 3d of the number it Contained at least all that can any way Convenintly leave such a sink of disease and corruption, I need not say to you that it will Contunue its Scourgeing march ontill the first part of November at which time we are visited by the Healthy nor’west winds and a Black, frost. so much do I dislike this Stinking Pestilential City, and so dread the prevailing fever that I thought it Proper to leave the City for this little Town I tharfore at all Chances of fire & Robbery have Locked up my furniture all the Led ornaments and in fact all I have, Except my Tools and thee moulds for thee internal Ornaments which I must now finish in this Town, they will take me to finish about 3 weeks to Compleat the whole & as soon as that is don If it is at all Prudent I shall go in to New-York. Pack then up & send then by the first ship to Richmond but all that I shall advise the Proctor with be for the time.•••on the arrival of your Last favour I waited on mr. maverick gave him your Drawing the Oarder and all necessiry information as I have not seen him sincs I hope he has wrote to you to whom I refered him for any other information he might stand in want of he Pronised to send you a Proofe Plate I hope by this time he has don so. If he has not & you will be Pleased to let me know I will write to him as he also may have Left the City I am Sir yours to Command with mech Esteem and Respects W: J: Coffee NB. The Enclosed youe will have the goodness to forward to mr. Brockenbrough it is on the subject of the Ornaments the Contences of whih he will show to you of Corse.  630 

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I hope your Cistern by this time is quite full and will mrs Randolph have the goodness to inform mr. Easton Randolph that I have not forgot his Painting RC (DLC: TJ Papers, 218:38947); misdated; endorsed by TJ as a letter of 8 Sept. 1822 received 20 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MoSHi: TJC-BC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to

Catesby Jones, 8 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “The Honbl Thhos Jefferson Esqr Montecello State of Virginia”; franked; postmarked Newark, 8 Sept. Enclosure not found.

From Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir Sunday—8th Septr 1822 r Your favor dated Sept •22—by some accident did not reach Ashton before yesterday, and as I was confined at the Mill until nearly midnight, I only received it this morning— The articles of agreement drawn by you in 1817, were return’d to you unexecuted, and the objections to them, altho’ not very important, were then explain’d to you; you did not renew them, nor did I ask it, conceiving, that in the absence of a new contract, the former one (which was well understood by members of your family) would be obligatory on both parties— With regard to my expecting a suspension of part of the current rent, I am not aware of ever having spoken of it—and in truth I deem’d it totally unnecessary even to hint it to you—it being a matter not novel to us, and must I suppose be well understood, both by Landlords and Tenants of Mills—If during a Lease, the repairs to be made by the Landlord are not executed in time, by which delay the tenant sustains considerable loss, surely the least he can expect is a deduction of Rent—I say nothing about damages—because in affairs of business, as on all other occasions, I wish to be govern’d by liberal principles, and your example has been worthy of imitation—This however is not a continuation of an old Lease, but is the commencement of a new one, and I will only observe, that as you assured me the Mill should be ready for the first of the grinding season (and it assuredly might have been so) I cannot conceive it unreasonable that I should expect the Rent to commence only from the time of the Mill being in a condition to perform regular work— I am Yrs with perfect esteem Thos Eston Randolph RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 9 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL.

TJ’s missing letter to Randolph dated septr 22 is recorded in SJL as having been written on 5 Sept. 1822.

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From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. Sepr 9th 1822 I wish to inform you that if we do not make better arrangements to feed Jerrys mules that they will absolutely give out. Jerry says that you tell him that he is to bring a certain number of logs a day and that it takes him till after night to do it. I can say to you that he is commonly after 8 oclock at night before he comes to feed his mules and even then no food to give them without going to the corn field for it. I would advise that the teams should have time to bring food and to take time to feed their teams properly. you can plainly see that the teams are geting very poor. they absolutely want rest as well as good feeding. I expect to purchase in a day or two a waggon and team for the purpose of my moove if you will feed them and let Joe shoe them you may have their work by leting Davy drive the team perhaps two or 3 weeks in that time you can get the most of your dam hauling over. I shall be under the necessaty of geting a little Job of repairing a carriall to put a pair of shafs and new curtains of lining painted precisely such as you had put to the coache which you proposed leting me have. this Job can be done in a very short time by Johnny & Burrell and for which I am pearfectly willing and indeed it would be an accomodation to me to get them to do it for which I will allow you full compensation in accounts.1 I expect to take the coache of you in addition to the one spoken of wanting repairs. I expect it would soot you to have a credit on your bond to John Bacon for the amounts of whatever you may have done for me.•••with sincere respect &C E Bacon RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. carriall: “carriole” (see note to Bacon to TJ, 2 Aug. 1822). A coachee (coache)

is a “long, lightweight horse-carriage” (OED). johnny was probably John Hemmings. burrell: Burwell Colbert. 1 Manuscript:

“acccounts.”

From Abraham Runnels St Barts 9th Sept: 1822.

The homage, Sir, which is induced by superior virtue, and transcendent talents, is as honourable to them who bring, as to them who receive it. You have filled so large a space, not alone, in your own country but in the world, that it would be difficult to determine which is most indebted to you. And you have, involuntarily levied a contri 632 

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bution upon the suffrages of mankind, which, though always payable can never be paid, but will descend, not as an incumbrance but, as a privilege to posterity which it may be proud to own, and to exert itself to liquidate. When I look back upon that revolution by which, fraught as it was with promise, more has been achieved for the happiness of Man, than was at first contemplated or foreseen—when I remember that while I was lisping the alphabet, at an ordinary day-school, from a little horn-book, better fitted for a play thing than a vehicle of instruction, You with other associates as dignified as yourself were engaged in asserting and promulgating, to an admiring world, maxims and precepts that lay buried in a long and dark night of superstition—or was silenced by the iron hand of power—when I look around and see these same precepts, now distinctly understood, maintained and practised throughout the great empire of which you are at once a founder and a citizen, I think I may, not unjustly, consider myself liable to be envied by those who are to come after me, for having lived and been a cotemporary with them and with you: And for having been a witness to the most important transaction of any times—a transaction by which Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness were /:if I may so say:/ discovered not to be any otherwise dependent upon human institutions, than as these can give security to the enjoyment of them. When I come down to a later and more active period of my life, and return to an accident by which in the first year of the french revolutionary wars, I was introduced to your notice as claiming restitution of a property detained within the jurisdiction of the U.S. contrary to the stipulations of your early treaties with France—I close with these cheering recollections as with so much of what remains to endemnify me for the rigour of my subsequent fortunes. And I conclude you will admit them, in the place of better, as apologies for obtruding, unknown as I am to you, save what remembrance of me the incident just quoted, may furnish, upon your time and attention. That I admire you as a public benefactor—or that I hallow your pre-eminent talents and endowments,1 as a scholar, Philosopher and Statesman, can add nothing to your fame; while this gratuitous confession that I do both the one and the other, may draw down upon me a charge of presumption, and of arrogating a competence to judge of the great qualities by which you are distinguished; and which, alone, can justify that admiration. I came into the world while you, Sir, and other great assertors and vindicators of your political liberties were engaged in the momentous and arduous struggle of that period. I could very little more than read,  633 

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and I had not maturity of intellect or judgement to appreciate the motives or examine the provocations which, in justification of your proceedings on that occasion, are recited and embodied in that singularly happy, and, if I dare indulge my own taste, matchless compendium of natural and political rights and duties, penned, I beleive, by yourself “the declaration of American independence.” That independence, embracing, virtually, more than the emancipation of your own happy country from european domination, was achieved while I was yet a very young, though not a very heedless, observer of what was doing in the world. And I was not a little vain of what I then beleived was my own discovery “that it was accomplished less by the prowess of Arms, than the might and power of intellect and mind, that were engaged in furthering it.” I have lived, Sir, to see you grow, within the limits of my short life, into one of the most powerful empires of the earth! And I actually see concentrated in your civil and political institutions, all of wisdom and of equity /:with none of the infirmities:/ recorded of old—or to be found in modern use and practice. And when I reflect upon the virtues and talents by which all this must necessarily have been achieved, I am smitten with admiration of them, and exult in these triumphs of reason over error and prejudice—and I feel an irresistable desire of presenting to you, who sustained so signal a part in the attainments of your own country, and the ameliorations which are, under your own eyes and observation, growing out of her example, my humble but devout congratulations. They will not be the less acceptable to you for coming under a name that has no claims to renown, and is no otherwise distinguished than by the defeats which have followed all the owners of it, in the ordinary industrious pursuits after fortune. If you discover some vanity associated with the desire of tendering to you this homage of my most profound respect—you will perceive, too, that it is tempered by an honest solicitude to bring my little mite to the stock of universal acknowledgement for the eminent services you have rendered mankind. The just and laudable views of others, are never indifferent to the Philanthrope. It is by this general feeling and on this principle that I presume to bespeak an interest with you in behalf of my only Son, who went, in the beginning of last Spring to N. York for medical relief from a disease that had baffled the remedies in use in these countries. Recent accounts from him make him much better—and hold out reasonable expectations of his eventual recovery: So that he may be soon able to resume his former pursuits.  634 

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•He had been, some years ago, engaged in a course of medical studies in the University of Pennsylvania under the late Professor Barton— but was obliged to discontinue them on account of a derangement in my pecuniary affairs. His education has not been neglected; Nor was he slow in acquiring useful knowledge. His moral principles are sound & good. Under the late enactments of the British Government, and especially that one of them, which opens the ports of her colonial possessions to the trade of the U.S. there will, perhaps, be occasion for the presence of commercial Agents to watch over the interest of their citizens. If such an appointment could be obtained for him at Trinidad, St Vincents, St Lucia, or St Kitts, he would Zealously exert himself to do the duties of it, and to justify the personal confidence which the appointment would necessarily imply. Dare I, Sir, to ask your notice of him? This letter will find him in New York and will be transmitted to you with his address. So that should you conclude to countenance his application to the competent department of your Government, You may know how to trace him. If I should be so fortunate to raise an interest with you, the desire to know something about me will, necessarily, follow. I ought, therefore to provide for such an event, by offering you a reference, that might satisfy your enquiries in that respect. Baron Stackelberg, the Minister plenepotentiary of Sweden at the Seat of your Government, will have no reluctance to furnish what information you may take the trouble to require about me—And though there are occasions, when it is not forbidden to speak honestly of ourselves, I should prefer that Gentleman’s account of me to any I can give of myself, as not liable to the suspicion of selfishness. You see, Sir, how regardless I have been of forms, and of conformity to exteriour decorum, when I have dared to address you with a freedom which scarcely any thing but long acquaintance or old friendship, if not your own magnanimity, can excuse. Whatever impediment a just preference for applications from your own citizens may raise to the success of the personal object of this letter, I shall be, nevertheless, consoled to know that you have bestowed some regard on the general purpose of it. And I shall preserve with a religious feeling whatever evidence you may afford me that you have done so. I am aware, Sir, that you are in the shade of retirement, concluding a life in which, even, the Savage, with one single approach to civilization, has an interest. But I trust the effort you may be induced to make in support of my views, as to my Son, will be no infraction of any rule you may have laid down for yourself to abstain  635 

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from public concerns. And I shall be contented to have it considered as a private benefaction to him and to me. If I shall ever know that I have been admitted to a place, even, at the foot of the list of names that have communicated with you; I shall think my own, not undignified by it. For I am with very great deference and respect Sir your very obedt H: St Runnels RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. 1822 from “Runnels” and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to John C. Calhoun, 5 Jan. 1825, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esquire Monticello Virginia”; franked; postmarked New York, 16 Oct. Dupl (MHi); at head of text: “Copy”; on verso of last page: “Address. George Runnels. At Mrs Rey’s. Bloomingdale road, near New York•Abm Runnels. St Barts.” Enclosed in George Runnels to TJ, 18 Oct. 1822. Abraham Runnels (d. 1826), merchant, was a Swedish subject from a prominent Dutch-creole family trading in a partnership on the Caribbean island of Saint-

Barthélemy by 1793. In that year he was detained and his property seized by a French privateer that captured the American vessel in which he was traveling to Hamburg. Although Runnels then sought his assistance in Philadelphia, TJ as secretary of state was unable to do anything for him (Daniel P. Kidder, ed., The Persecuting Governor [1849], 69–70, 86; PTJ, 26:624–5, 792–4, 27:9–10; Stackelberg to TJ, 29 Oct. 1822). The phrase life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness appears in the Declaration of Independence (PTJ, 1:423, 429). 1

Preceding two words not in Dupl.

From Philip P. Barbour Sir, Sept. 10th—22. I beg leave to introduce to your acquaintance, Mr John Fray, & William Wright of Madison, who have some idea of renting your mill. I am acquainted with them both; I consider them gentlemen of great respectability of character, and of entire sufficiency, to meet any engagement which they may make in relation to the renting of the property. I am resp’ly your’s &c P. P. Barbour RC (MHi); endorsed by TJ as received 11 Oct. 1822 and so recorded (with additional bracketed notation: “Fray & Wright”) in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with FC of TJ to James Breckinridge, 22 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqr. Monticello” by “Messrs Fray & Wright.” John Fray (1787–1880), merchant and miller, was a native of Madison County. The owner of three slaves in 1810 and

eighteen two decades later, he moved early in the 1830s to northern Albemarle County, where he established a mill and general store. Fray possessed twenty-seven slaves in 1840, nineteen slaves plus real estate worth $10,800 in 1850, and property valued at $47,000, including twenty slaves, in 1860. Having retired from business by 1870, he died of “senile decay” at his home in Albemarle County (Florence Virginia Fray Lewis, A History & Genealogy of John Fray (Johannes Frey) of Culpeper

 636 

10 SEPTEMBER 1822 County, Virginia [1958], 15–7; DNA: RG 29, CS, Madison Co., 1810, 1830, Albemarle Co., 1840–70, 1850 and 1860 slave schedules; Richmond Daily Dispatch, 22 Apr. 1880). A young merchant named William Wright owned six slaves in Madison County in 1820. This is presumably the

same person who later appears in that county as “William J. Wright,” the owner of three slaves in 1830 and seven in 1840 (DNA: RG 29, CS, Madison Co., 1820– 40). Neither Fray nor Wright rented a mill from TJ.

From Peter Derieux Monsieur Richmond ce 10. Sepbre 1822. Il n’y a que la crainte de vous importuner qui m’a privé depuis tant d’années de vous presenter Les nouvelles assurances de mon respect, et celle des sentiments de ma reconnaissance pour vos anciennes bontés, et J’ose esperer que vous voudrés bien me pardonner la liberté que j’en prends aujourdhui, en consideration de L’occasion qui y donne lieu.•••Mon plus Jeune fils, qui depuis quelques années, fut nommé Deputé Greffier de la Comtée D’Essex en Virginie, est devenu (par un mariage avantageux quil a fait a Tappahannock,) proprietaire d’une bonne Terre avec plusieurs negres; il m’ecrivit dernierement pour me demander un peu de l’espece du Bled dont j’eus L’honneur de vous envoyer un Epi, Lorsque je residois a Raleigh, mais n’ayant eu depuis aucune occasion de le cultiver, j’ai tout a fait negligé de le conserver; oserois-je vous prier, Monsieur, de voulloir bien me faire le plaisir de m’en envoyer quelques grains. Vous me demandates dans le tems Les avantages que ce bled avoit sur celui de ce pays. J’en ay depuis trouvé la relation suivante, dans une publication Anglaise.•••„The Stems of the Egyptian wheat are remarkable Stout, and from the extremity of each Stem, Shoot three Ears triangularly; This wheat is not only fine in quality, but extremely abondant in produce; it was Last year sown by way of experience by some few Farmers, near London, and it has exeded all their expectations; a single grain produced from 60 to 77. Stalks, and the Ear of each stalk is six sided, each side containing from 14. to 16. grains, the result of which was, that a single grain produced 6468.„1 Mde Derieux a L’honneur de vous presenter son respect et j’ai celui d’être Monsieur•••Votre trés humble et trés obeissant Serviteur Peter Derieux Senr

 637 

10 SEPTEMBER 1822 e d i t o r s’

t r a n s l a t i o n

Sir Richmond 10. September 1822. Only the fear of disturbing you has kept me for so many years from presenting you with renewed assurances of my respect and gratitude for your former kindnesses, and I dare hope that you will be willing to forgive the liberty I am taking today, because of the occasion that gives rise to it.•••My youngest son, who a few years ago was appointed deputy clerk of Essex County, Virginia, has become (through an advantageous marriage in Tappahannock) the owner of a good piece of land with several negroes. He wrote me recently asking for a little bit of the wheat that I had the honor of sending you while I lived in Raleigh. Having had no opportunity to cultivate it since then, however, I neglected to keep any of it. Dare I implore you, Sir, to send me a few grains, please? You once asked me what made this wheat better than that found in this country. I have since discovered the following account in an English publication.•••“The Stems of the Egyptian wheat are remarkable Stout, and from the extremity of each Stem, Shoot three Ears triangularly; This wheat is not only fine in quality, but extremely abondant in produce; it was Last year sown by way of experience by some few Farmers, near London, and it has exeded all their expectations; a single grain produced from 60 to 77. Stalks, and the Ear of each stalk is six sided, each side containing from 14. to 16. grains, the result of which was, that a single grain produced 6468.” Mrs. Derieux has the honor of presenting her respects to you, and I have that of being Sir•••your very humble and very obedient servant Peter Derieux Senr RC (DLC); dateline at foot of text; endorsed by TJ as received 20 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (MHi); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to William Dabney, 8 Dec. 1824, on verso; addressed: “The Honble Ths Jefferson Monticello Near Milton Albemarle Cty Va”; stamp canceled; franked; postmarked Richmond, 11 Sept. Translation by Dr. Genevieve Moene. Derieux’s plus jeune fils, Peter Justin Derieux (1800–48), later served as a sheriff and justice of the peace in Essex County. He had married Catherine Croxton early in 1821 (8 June 1835 affidavit in file of Christopher Williams, pension no. R. 11,564 [DNA: RG 15, RWP]; sheriff’s performance bond of the younger Derieux

and others, 15 Jan. 1844 [ViTEMH]; ViHi: Derieux family Bible). The unidentified publication anglaise from which Derieux quotes evidently drew on descriptions of Egyptian wheat that were printed and reprinted in various English and American sources. A variant of the section down to “all their expectations,” for instance, appears in the Town and Country Magazine; or, Universal Repository of Knowledge, Instruction, and Entertainment 24 (1792): 47, while a version of the remainder of the passage is to be found in the Literary Panorama, and National Register, new ser., 7 (1817– 18): 127. 1 Omitted closing guillemet editorially supplied.

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To George W. Erving Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 10. 22. I recieved yesterday your favor of the 3d & hasten to say that I shall be at home during the whole of this month and shall be happy to recieve the visit with which you promise to honor me, whenever most convenient to yourself; and to express to you in person the pleasure which such a favor will ever give me. with this assurance be pleased to accept that of my great esteem and respect. Th: Jefferson RC (Heritage Auctions, auction 6175, Dallas, 11 May 2017, lot 47087); addressed: “George W. Erving esquire at Colo Bomford’s Washington”; franked;

postmarked; endorsed by Erving. PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of John Vaughan to TJ, 24 Mar. 1821; endorsed by TJ.

To George Hadfield Sir Monticello Sep. 10. 22. I had the pleasure, a few days ago, of recieving from your sister, mrs Cosway, a letter dated London July 10. covering that which I now inclose you. she was shortly to leave London for Lodi her future residence. I shall write to her very soon at that place. should you have no better means of conveying a letter to her than under the cover of mine, I shall forward it with pleasure, and be glad to be enabled to inform her that you are in health & doing well. accept my friendly and respectful salutations. Th: Jefferson PoC (DLC); on verso of reused address cover of William DuVal to TJ, 13 June 1821; at foot of text: “Mr George Hadfield”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosure not found. George Hadfield (1763–1826), architect and younger brother of TJ’s friend Maria Cosway, was born in Florence, Italy, and educated at the Royal Academy of Arts in London early in the 1780s. After working as an assistant to the noted designer James Wyatt, 1784–90, he won a scholarship from the Royal Academy and spent several years back in Italy honing his craft. In 1795 Hadfield came to Washington, D.C., to superintend the construction of the United States Capitol. Friction with his fellow architect William Thornton, among other things, led to his dismissal from that position three years later. Hadfield subsequently patented a ma-

chine for making bricks and tiles, founded an architectural academy, became a naturalized American citizen in 1802, and designed many buildings in and around Washington, including an arsenal, a branch of the Second Bank of the United States, the city hall, a jail, a theater, and Arlington House, the mansion that overlooks what later became Arlington National Cemetery. He died at his residence in Washington (ANB; DAB; PTJ, esp. 33:462–3; Edward C. Carter and others, eds., The Journals of Benjamin Henry Latrobe [1977– 80], 3:72; C. M. Harris and Daniel Preston, eds., Papers of William Thornton [1995–•], vol. 1; List of Patents, 22; Hadfield’s naturalization record [DNA: RG 21, CCDCMB, 14 Aug. 1802]; Washington Daily National Intelligencer, 6, 13 Feb. 1826; gravestone inscription in Congressional Cemetery, Washington).

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To Thomas Eston Randolph Dear Sir Monticello. Sep. 10.1 22. th Yours of the 8 was duly recieved. on the question of any suspension of current rent the facts are very simple. the sinking of the floor of the mill house which was within my care and responsibility having deranged the boulting geer which was under yours, I thought myself bound to repair it. and accordingly Gilmore, at my expence, put it into as perfect order as it ever had been, and I stood then clear of all future charge on that score. in like manner the sinking of the forebay deranged a water wheel. altho a question might well have been made and the wheel might have been repaired I undertook to have a new one made. this I could easily have had done during the season that grinding is suspended. but you expressed an anxiety to have the boulting geer entirely changed, & constructed on a different plan which you thought would improve the mill. I was under no obligation to make any such improvement, nor did I understand it, yet I told you I would do it, and employed mr Read to do it, entirely on your recommendation of him. but I observed to you, & to him in your presence that as I was bound to make the wheel, he must do that first, that I might not fail in my obligation, and he2 might make such change in the boulting geer afterwards as you desired. you said however that you had rather have the boulting geer first done because3 that would enable you to set one pair of stones agoing, and you were willing to wait for the 2d wheel. as I wished the wheel done first only to clear my liability to you, I acquiesced, considering that a postponement at your request, and for your convenience, not mine, was a compleat dispensation, and release of my obligation in point of time and certainly I could not have supposed that a delay asked by yourself could be imputable to me. it was a mere accomodation to yourself & which I verily believe has left the mill in a worse state. but if you think I have incurred liability to you by yielding to your request in every thing, let us leave it to arbitration at once & know where we stand. You do not say in your letter whether you consider the form of lease I sent you as correct. if you doubt it we can easily compare it with Shoemaker’s lease and the explanations in the Governor’s handwriting when he and you took the mill. if it is correct I will make a fair copy for signature. ever & affectionately Yours Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on reused address cover of Joel Yancey to TJ, 18 June 1821; en-

dorsed by TJ: “Randolph Thos E. Sep. 10. 22.”

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11 SEPTEMBER 1822 the governor’s: Thomas Mann Randolph’s. 1 Reworked

from “9.” interlined in place of interlined and partially illegible passage end2 Word

ing “while my dam is on hand. I must enquire and.” 3 TJ here interlined and canceled (edge trimmed) “the difficulty in [under]taking that Joe shall do the work you propose.”

From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. 11th Sepr 1822 In my arrangements of my moove I have considerd to make you a propersition respecting the money due to John Bacon. I have a waggon and several horses to buy and altho I should be Obliged to pay a much higher price than if I had cash to perchase with yet for your accomodation I expect I can procure those articles by giveing orders on you payable in as short a time as can be possoble for you to appoint. the sooner you can pay the cheaper I can purchase. I had it in contemplation before I recieved your note yesterday to ask you to let Joe Iron a waggon for me which would be worth $40 which he & his striker could do in 10 days and that you could also furnish the Iron on terms of 12 months credit. this would enable you to pay 80 or 100$ of the above bond. I dont wish to be trouble some to you in the least. I only propose such things as I consider to your interest and confess it is more sootable to get so much of my arrangements done at home as I can than to go else whare. I am to see a man to day about a waggon & team and would tharefore be very thankfull if you could say the earliest hour you could enable me to draw on you on acct John Bacons bond on you. I am really disposed to do nothing against your wish & interest. but if I leave any of my affairs unsettleed here it may cost me more trouble than my situation will admit. all my relations even my old mother is going with me. sincerly yours &C E Bacon RC (MHi); dateline at foot of text; addressed: “Mr Jefferson”; with canceled notation by Bacon on address leaf: “Mr Randolph.”

No note from TJ to Bacon around this time is recorded in SJL and none has been found.

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From Edmund Bacon, with Jefferson’s Notes Deare sir. 11th Sepr 22 I am sorry to be under the necessaty of troubleing you so often especially when I no you are busiyly ingaged but such is my necessaty as to inforce1 me to be troublesome. Joe says by his haveing Davy that he can make the spikes for the dam and Iron the waggon in 10 or 12 days. if you can have it done I will let the man no that I will take it. he is Obliged to no this evening whither I want the waggon or not. if it was not for that I would not think of troubleing you with two applications a day on the same subjec [T]he time is very short that I have to make arrangements for my Journey. indeed I aught to be gone in a few days. hope tharefore sir that you will excuse my being so troublesome I will get from the Blacksmith in charlottesville a statemt of his price for Ironing a waggon and will give it to you so that you can charge the same amount against John Bacon-bond and you can furnish me the Iron to be bought on 12 months credit say 500 pounds @ what ever they ask for Iron and the man who has the wood works of the waggon asks for it 30$ in any store you may chuse so that you will get a yeare on the whole. Mr Dawson of Milton has such Iron as will do. I dont no that Mr Leitch has the right sort. those amounts with the 75$ for the coache will be a smart pay ment towards the bond say 500 Ûs Iron @ 7$ 7 35 Order in store for the wood 30 •Ironing the waggon 40 •Coche 75 180 If one hundred and fifty dollars more could be paid any time could be had for the balance till next June certainly Yours &C E Bacon I would also be glad to get a set of harness which you [co]uld get from Watson or Bishop without money [Notes by TJ beneath endorsement:]

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11 SEPTEMBER 1822

Sep. 12. ord. on Lietch Iron•.07•500 ironing waggon coachee

40 6.50

my bond to E. Bacon assd to J. Bacon dated Apr. 7. 1813. 370. D with Int. from Aug. 1. 1813. see entry of Apr. 7. 13. 3.50 1.25 4.75 RC (MHi); dateline adjacent to closing and signature; edge torn; addressed: “Mr Jefferson”; endorsed by TJ. The man who has the wood works of the waggon was William Bacon. A coachee (coache; coche) is a “long,

lightweight horse-carriage” (OED). For the entry of apr. 7. 13, see TJ’s Promissory Note to Edmund Bacon, 7 Apr. 1813, and MB, 2:1288. 1 Manuscript:

“inforee.”

From Edmund Bacon Deare sir. [ca. 11 Sept. 1822] I think that Davy could be spaired to smite for Joe in one hour Joe can make as many spikes as would be surfishent to nail on the faceing of the dam of three or four days length which the hands can put down & fill with rock. in that way I should think the Job I want done could be done but certainly you no best what soots you.—my arrangements has been indeavouring through the benefits of the sum due to John Bacon to carry a poor & unforchinate sister and four small children to a part of the world whare they could more easey procure their support. she married a man who is of no sort of Benefit to his family. each of John Bacons brothers & sister being intitled to an equil potion of his estate I had concluded to let my sister have the benefit of her own part and four others to Obtain the necessary means to moove. for this purpose the waggon is intended. but whither I can be able to obtain those articles on the terms of payment in June next is quite doubtfull I had a hope that you could have found it convenient to have fixed a time of payment in 90 or 100 days which would enable the above  643 

11 SEPTEMBER 1822

arrangement to be carried into effect. but your good treatment ever shewn to me forbids my further presing you and the intention of this note is to communicate to you my reason for haveing so far bothered you on the subjec. If 250 or 300$ could have been raised conveniently I expect the above object could have been made otherwise must faile the situation of my sister is such as not for me to leave her if I can help it. I am Yours &C E Bacon RC (ViU: TJP-ER); dateline presumably adjacent to signature and torn away at seal, but letter apparently written by Bacon around the time of his two letters to TJ of 11 Sept. 1822; addressed: “Mr Jefferson.”

Bacon’s poor & unforchinate sister, Judith, had married Richard Bacon in 1805 (John Vogt and T. William Kethley Jr., Albemarle County Marriages, 1780–1853 [1991], 1:22).

From William Griffin To the Right Honourable Jefferson Septr 11th 1–1822— r Worthy S for these two Reasons to wit I was lately at the agency in the Chicksaw Nation & as Mr R. C. Nichols knew I was about Erecting or trying so to Do an Establishment in that Nation he askd Me if I ever had Read the acts of Congress Concerning of Any ones A Comeing into any of the Indian Nations for any persons who had it under Contemplation of comeing in or Haveing any thing To Do with any of the Nations I Replyd I had Not I askd him if he had Such A law I askd him to let me see it he let me have it I Read It all over found it of A Date Somewhat older than the present plan Calld the Missionary Sistem also Ratifyed by your Honour is the first Reason the Second is I Saw in the first of March A paper from Boston At Mr Cyrus Kigsburys Mahew establishment Choctaw Nation which Informd me of A formedable Board of Our Most Respectablest Charactors in the United States of Haveing formd A Board for Civilizeing of all the Indian Tribes in the United States also has seen another at the Rev; Thos C. Stewarts Est; Chicksaw Nation (S.C. Int) gave Me the Same account it rejoiesd My Soul to find out that god has said in his gospel that it should be Preachd to all Nations2 then the end of this world Should Come Mathew 24 & 14 also glory be to Him who liveth for ever & ever he is Now about to bless the poor Chidren of Abraham that thro the lines of Ishmael Descending thro Hagar the egyptian Woman Genesis 12 & 2 they are Now about to obtain the blessing of Abram gensis 28 & 4 Chapt 21 & 13 again 1 epistle peter 2 Ch 10 which in time past were not A People but are Now become the  644 

11 SEPTEMBER 1822

people of god I see Now that the prayers of My brethren The Baptist that were Made & put up to god forty years ago is Now about to be Answerd which was for his word to Run & be gloryfyd & let his truth spread From Sea to Sea & from the Rivers to the end of the earth yes Honourd Sr I say those great & precious promises are Now about to be fullfilld also thoese prayers Heard altho Made & prayd so long ago Many of those My Dear brethren has fell asleep & some others have Run into the Melstrum and errors of predistination whose Lamps have No oil & Snuffs are burnt up I always Did oppose & trust I Shall always oppose that Soul Killing God Dishonouring Damnable Heritickcal Doctrine of particler Election in A word May it please your Honnour I always did Believe ever since I had A Knowledge of what believeing was that the gifts & callings Of god was freely Communicated by the Holy Spirit to all individuals without their Repentance according as its laid Down by our lord in St Johns Gospe1 1 Chapt 4 & 9 verses in him was life & that life was the light of Men That was the true light which lighteth every Man that cometh into the world that Christ Came not for our sins to die for A part3 only but also for the Sins of the whole world 1 epist of John 2 & 2 And he is not4 the propition for our sin only but For the sins of the whole world 3 & 16 for god so loved the world that he gave his Only begotten son &c 17 for god Sent Not his son into the world to condem the world but that the world thro him Might be saved 18 & he that believeth &c St John 16 Chapt begining at the 7 verse Down &c for if I go not5 away the Comforter will Not come but if I go away I will send him &c & on the Day of penticost that Holy & Heavenly Moniter & comforter enterd on the work of his office in fine I believe that Jesus Dyed for all & that every son & Daughter born from Adam Has all got A Day of visitation that the Holy Spirit will lead guide all that will Repent by forsakeing all Sin Loathing of it in thought word & action, that in their accepted time can turn from sin but if they turn not that God Will take his Spirit from them & they are given up to a hard heart & Reprobate Mind & as the wicked is the Sword of God he lets them live here to fill Up the Measure of their iniquity & goes on like paul lays them Down in 1 Chapt Of his epistle to the Romans 28 verse Down please worthy Sir to excuse me For troubleing thy attention with A scitch of my faith as I Do not believe that the Complyance of any external act can Justify any Man or Mortal But only faith that works by love I have left what I have in view by this Communication & must Return while I Relate some of My late impressessions to your Honour I enterd the Cherokee Nation on the 12 Day of June 1820 without Makeing any applycation for any assistance to any Source or power only  645 

11 SEPTEMBER 1822

what I was Moved by the Holy Spirit as I sot out from within ½ Mile of the salt seas to preach to those people of the forrest for whose Salvation my Bowels have often yearnd & got about half way before I knew that there was A Missioner teacher or preacher amongst any of them & since I have been A travailing amongst them I have My Compassions enlarged For their Salvation I have travailed thro & thro the Cherokees Choctaw & the Chicksaws A Studying over those poor Children of the forrest State & have Concluded the Method of Civilizeing of them would be Much to the glory Of god also conducive to their Salvation for I Never saw any poor creature As Hungry for Religion learning & Civilization as they are for they have Got to see already how much better they would be off if Rightly taught In those great Matters I on last evening Crossd over tombeckbee at the Cotton ginn town it being the third time Iv travaild over & over their land A Studying over the best plan to begin on the Civilization of them I travaild in too Days about 65 Miles thro the excellentest large leavols Of the Richest Land I ever saw & the onliest Range that Rich land can Produce I Rode A Creature Iv Rode 8 years Next December Near 16 hands High & the grass in Many places was higher than it & so thick that I Could Scarcely See A Spot of the earth as big as my hand unless I was in A trace & it appeard to be Richer than any soil I ever saw & in the Rout I only saw 7 Settlements & how far across I cant so well tell but expects It the Same & in all that expanded Glory of land6 but little water for Man or beast there Can Never be water Mills erected nor yet water to Supply the Nessary uses of the Husband Man what little water I Saw I tasted of it & it Seemd to look like Chalk & water I allowd the fiftieth part was silt [. . .] Mud or Chalk Iv Concluded the best Method to Civilize them to send for the Indian Cheifes to Congress & See if they will be wiling to have their lands laid out into Range lines & then Divided into Section & for every 16 Sext to be for Schools & at the Corner where 4 Range lines Meet, to have thro their expence horse Mills Erected which will be Sufficient for 4 townships & Men of ingenious talents To attend on teaching & Makeing the Indian Men Laibour in the farms And the females to Spin weave & Cook &c they Seem very ingenious & Atentive to Learn I have talked with Several of their Head Men & They Seem to approve of the plan Id beg that government would Take My Case into consideration & grant me the Reliefe I have sent On for to the presbiterean Board of Missions at Boston the which applecation was Made to Mr Jerimiah Evarts No 22 pinkney street Boston Also to Mr Samuel T. Armstrong Cornhill No 50 Boston but Have found out as Im  646 

12 SEPTEMBER 1822

Not of their order Ill not probably Succeed I am Sr in all Humble Submission your Most obedient And very Humble Servt &c— William Griffin Iv A very great Desire to be Adopted one of the Civilizers &c Also all kinds of Mechanical Business as Iv A Set of the best men Selected for the Purpose with Husbandry— RC (MHi); mutilated at seal; postscript on address leaf; addressed (one word editorially corrected from “Uninited”): “To the Right Honourable Thomas Jefferson Former President of the United States Of America”; franked; postmarked Columbus, Miss., 2 Oct.; endorsed by TJ as received 22 Oct. 1822 with the notation “postmark Columbus” and so recorded in SJL. r. c. nichols: Robert Carter Nicholas (ca. 1788–1856). cyrus kigsburys mahew establishment: Cyrus Kingsbury’s Mayhew mission in present-day Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. The board for civilizeing of all the indian tribes in the united states, referred to later in this letter as the “presbiterian Board of Missions,” was probably the American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States. The passages from genesis are “I will make you into a great nation and I will bless you” (12.2); “May he give you and your descendants the blessing given to Abraham, so that you may take possession of the land where you now live as an alien, the land God gave to Abraham”

(28.4); and “I will make the son of the maidservant into a nation also, because he is your offspring” (21.13). Variants of the phrase from sea to sea . . . to the end of the earth appear in the Bible (Zechariah 9.10; Psalms 72.8). 3 & 16: John 3.16. Paul’s epistle to the romans, 1.28, reads “And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient.” As part of its effort to civilize the Indians, the United States government had built during TJ’s presidency a cotton gin on the east bank of the Tombigbee (tombeckbee) River near present-day Amery, Mississippi. The site was known as Cotton Gin Port (cotton ginn town) (Dunbar Rowland, Mississippi [1907], 1:575–6). horse mills are “driven by a horse; usually, by one walking in a circle or in a wheel” (OED). 1

Reworked from “Feby 14th.” Preceding three words interlined. 3 Preceding five words interlined. 4 Word interlined. 5 Word interlined. 6 Preceding two words interlined. 2

From Edmund Bacon Deare Sir. Sep 12th 22 as time with me is short to do what is before me will You give me the order to the store for the Iron say 500 pounds which I expect will do. if it should not I can get more. Also the order in the store for thirty dollars to William Bacon for the wood. the waggon will be here this morning and I would like to give him the order on deliverry of the  647 

12 SEPTEMBER 1822

waggon. Also will You lend me the bedford cart to bring the Iron home to day it shall be sent back the moment it returns. Sincerly Yours &C E Bacon RC (ViU: TJP-ER); written on a small scrap; dateline adjacent to closing and signature; addressed: “Mr Jefferson.” On this date, TJ purchased five hundred pounds of bar iron from James Leitch’s

store for $41.67 and gave Bacon an order on Leitch for thirty dollars (TJ’s Transactions with Leitch, 12 Dec. 1821–12 Sept. 1822; MB, 2:1389).

From Chiles Terrell Dear Sir, Richmond September 13th 1822 I herewith transmit you, a demonstration, of a Theory of due East and West lines, which was published in the Enquirer, on the 20th of may 1815, by myself, under the signature of, a Citizen of Richmond. I know, that it would be sufficient for you, to have only the proposition stated, as I at first gave it, to the public on the 25th of February 1815: But confess, that I have the vanity to wish you, when at liesure, to read my demonstration, which is original, as it relates to myself, being deduced from the doctrine of the Sphere and the properties of the Earth. Besides, I think it important, in developing the principles of Mapping, and may account for many irregularities, in Surveying and Navigation, which have usually been ascribed1 to the variation of the needle and other causes. My object in the demonstration, was not only to refute the reasoning of my opponents, but to illustrate the subject, so that it might be understood by surveyors and other readers unacquainted, or but slightly acquainted, with the Mathematics. Hence it appears in a language and manner not strictly scientifical. But such as it is, without farther Apology, I present it to your consideration, and if it should afford you any Satisfaction, it will be but a very small return, for that which I have long enjoyed in the perusal of your Notes. With salutations of sincere respect, and the Kindest wishes, I remain a citizen of Richmond, and an Emigran[t] from the Banks of the Mountain stream,—O—my—chu[m] Chiles Terrell RC (DLC); edge trimmed; endorsed by TJ as received 20 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Chiles Terrell (1780–1852), educator, surveyor, and farmer, was an Albemarle County native who taught English, French,

geography, history, mathematics, and moral and natural philosophy in Richmond from 1810 until at least 1824. Having surveyed land in Kentucky beginning in about 1826, he moved to Louisville the following year and became a professor of mathematics at Jefferson Seminary. Terrell owned twelve

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13 SEPTEMBER 1822 slaves in 1820, seven a decade later, and three in 1840. He settled permanently in 1839 in McCracken County, Kentucky (William H. Perrin and others, Kentucky. A History of the State [1885], 326; KyLoF: Terrell Papers; Richmond Enquirer, 29 May 1810, 29 Nov. 1811; Richmond Virginia Patriot, 21 Dec. 1814; Richmond Enquirer, 4 Sept. 1818, 6 Apr. 1824; Journal of the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Kentucky [1828–29 sess.]:

173 [18 Dec. 1828]; DNA: RG 29, CS, Richmond, 1820, Ky., Jefferson Co., 1830, McCracken Co., 1840, 1850; gravestone inscription in Oak Grove Cemetery, Paducah, Ky.). your notes: TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia. my—chum probably refers to Mechum’s River, which is located a few miles west of Charlottesville. 1 Manuscript:

“ascribled.”

e n c l o s u r e

Chiles Terrell’s Discussion of Due East and West Lines [by 20 May 1815] Boundary Lines. As we were the first to set the mathematicians by the ears, by giving place to a very brief and well written, though modest communication from “A Citizen of Richmond,” it gives us pleasure to afford that gentleman an opportunity of demonstrating; in a more explicit way, the correctness of his proposition. Editor To the Editor of the Enquirer The National Intelligencer of the 11th. of April, contains remarks on the boundary line, between the northern states and Lower Canada, by Mr J. Wallace of Georgetown College, in which he grossly misrepresents the communication published upon that subject, in the Enquirer of the 25th. of February last, by a citizen of Richmond. Mr Wallace blends what the citizen advanced—with what a writer in the Petersburg Courier has urged to support the contrary; falsely charges the former with changing the words of the Treaty—“a line due west,” for a “right line due west;” insinuates that he maintained the impracticability of delineating a parallel of latitude; resorts to ridicule both against the citizen and the writer in the Courier—and finally—from premises, which support the Citizen’s proposition, deduces a contrary and preposterous conclusion, viz. The coincidence of lines due east and west, with parallels of latitude.— The writer in the Courier (who from the signature J.W. is understood to be Mr John Wood, President of the Petersburg Academy,) has replied to Mr Wallace, so far as Mr Wallace’s remarks applied to him, and to that part of the Citizen’s proposition, which he supported; and in his communication of the 25th. of April, he has very ingeniously and concisely shewn the absurdity of Mr Wallace’s Theory. But as neither of those gentlemen has explained the subject, according to the view of the citizen, it becomes his duty to demonstrate, what he advanced to the public. Therefore in order to correct misrepresentation; to refute the charge of changing the words of the Treaty; and to establish the truth of what the citizen advanced, Mr Ritchie is requested to republish from the original communication, the two following passages, with the subsequent remarks and demonstration—

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13 SEPTEMBER 1822 1. “In the 5th. article of the Treaty it is stated, that the above line shall proceed from a point, in the middle of Connecticut River, on the 45th. degree of north latitude, due west on the same latitude. Now it is impossible that the line should proceed, both due west and on the 45th. parallel of latitude.”— 2 “If our commissioners had admitted as the northern boundary of Louisiana, a line due west from the north west corner of the Lake of the Woods, instead of a parallel of latitude, passing through the same point, we should have lost land enough for a large state.” It is evident from the above, that there was not a change of the words a “line due west,” for a “right line due west.” It is also evident, that what was advanced by the Citizen, on this subject, was one proposition, consisting of two parts, viz. 1st. That a line due west, could not be delineated on the 45th. parallel of latitude, from a given point in the same: but 2dly. that it would lie between the parallel and Equator. The writer in the Courier (or Mr John Wood) admits the 1st. part of the prop. but denies the 2d. Mr Wallace admits niether, but in attempting to demonstrate the contrary, (viz. the coincidence of east and west lines, with parallels of latitude,) makes use of premises and reasoning, which support both—This difference of opinion between two eminent Mathematicians (for it appears from Mr Wallace’s references, that he is a man of great mathematical reading; and Mr Wood, whose profoundity in the Mathematics is unquestionable, may be considered the Descartes of the age;) This difference of opinion, between these great men, I say, will justify the Citizen, in giving the public a demonstration of what he advanced. 1st. According to the definition of east and west points, they are on the Equator, being made by the intersection of this circle with the horizon. Hence at the time of the Equinoxes, the sun rises in the east, & sets in the west, of every place between the Equator and poles, as well as of every place on the Equator. 2d. If two compasses be set in the plane of the same meridian, one on the Equator, the other at a place of north or south latitude, the right lines from their centres to that of the Earth, will meet there,1 at an angle equal to the latitude of the place, and being produced, will (by the 15th. prop. of the 1st. Book of Euclid) meet the surface of the lower Hemisphere, in the same meridian, the first on the Equator, the other in the nadir of the given place of north or south latitude. 3d.•The east and west line of every place, being in the same plane, with the right line passing from that place through the centre of the Earth to the nadir, it is evident that the east or west line of every place of north or south latitude, will, (by the 1st. and 2d. of this demonstration, the 6th. def. of the 11th. Book of Euclid, and2 the 3d. prop. of Spherics) when produced both ways, recede from the nearest pole—and consequently, from the parallel of latitude, and converge towards3 the Equator, until it meets it, in the Horizon at the distance of 90° from the place, and at an angle equal to the latitude of the place; thence produced, it will recede from the Equator and incline towards the other pole, until it completes a great circle, in the nadir of the given place, bisecting the Equator, (by the 1st. of Spherics) in the east and west points of the said place.

 650 

13 SEPTEMBER 1822 4th. The parallel of latitude, passing through any place north or south of the Equator, being a less4 circle, produced from the same poin[t] from which the east and west line,5 of the place is produced in a different direction, (which is evident from the definition of a parallel, and the 3d. Art. of this demonstration) it follows that the parallel of latitude and the east and west line are two circles lying out of each other, and touching in one and the given point; and that they can touch each other at no other point, is demonstrated by Euclid in the 13th. prop. of the 3d. Book.— And since no two points in the east and west line; can coincide with any two points in the parallel of latitude; and since a line must lie between two points, it is evident, that a line due east or west cannot coincide with one parallel to the Equator. Therefore, the Citizen was perfectly correct, in asserting that “a line due west, from a point on the 45th. parallel of north latitude, could not be delineated on that parallel.” And by the 3d. Art. of this demonstration, it is evident that “if the northern boundary of Louisiana, should be established due west, instead of, on the parallel of latitude of the same place, we should lose land enough for a large state.” Cor. 1st.—By the 3d. art. of this demonstration it is also evident, that the east or west line of any place, north or south of the Equator, cuts none of the meridians, except the one from which it proceeds6 at right angles; but meets them at obtuse, angles, towards the Equator, until it arrives there. Therefore the Surveyor in attempting to deliniate a line due east or west with his compass, from a place in north or south latitude, will depart from his original course every time he changes his place and sets his compass for a new object; and every departure will proceed at right angles to the meridian of the station, but meeting the meridians in advance, at obtuse angles on the side towards the Equator; therefore he will incline (from the parallel of latitude) towards the Equator, although he is declineing from the east or west line of the given place.— Hence if one place be due7 east of another, the latter is not due8 west of the former; and hence when a line is run due east or west from a place, north or south of the Equator, it is impossible for the line forwards, through the sights of the compass, to coincide with the one delineated behind. Cor. 2d.—If, in running with a compass, a line due east or west, from a place north or south of the Equator, the distance between the several stations, be considered very small and equal, the line thus discribed will represent the Spiral described by a ship, sailing due east or west from a similar place. And since the Equator cuts all meridians at right angles; and a parallel of latitude cuts them at acute angles towards the nearer pole, in consequence of their convergency, and a ship sailing from a place in a parallel of latitude, meets all the meridians in advance at obtuse angles towards the Equator; Therefore, it is evident, that the Spiral or Loxodromic described by a ship sailing due east or west from a place of north or south latitude will lie between the parallel and the Equator, inclining to the latter, if pursued in the direction, in which the vessel sails. And if the ship in sailing, meets the meridians at obtuse angles towards the Equator, and leaves them at right angles; it is evident that the Spiral which she discribes will be denticulated on the sides,9 or zig-zag. This Theory of sailing is also supported, by the consideration that the angle, between the east and west line and touching parallel of Lat,10 is not evanes-

 651 

13 SEPTEMBER 1822 cent; since it is not the point, from which the vessel starts, & its great circle, (in which the east and west lines lie)11 which move around the globe; but the vessel itself which begins its motion in the great circle, and yielding to the first impulse, must move therein, the first moment of its motion, and consequently recede from the parallel and incline towards the Equator. It appears from the above demonstration, that the 16th. prop. of the 3d Book of Euclid, is perfectly consistent with it; since there is no occasion for the object moving due east or west, to divide the angle contained by this course, and the parallel of latitude passing through the place from which the object moves. Therefore Mr Wallace has misapplied this proposition.* Again if the idea of delineating a parallel of latitude, through sights on a staff, inclining (from the staff of the compass) towards the Equator, at an angle equal to the latitude of the place, be a new one to Mr Wallace; is it not probable that he derived it from the proposition of the Citizen, since it is evidently deduceible therefrom, by the 6th. def. of the 11th. Book, and the 29th. prop. of the 1st. Book of Eucli[d?] In dismissing this subject, the Citizen declares that he never considered the ambiguity as operating against the reputation of the very respectable personages, who were concerned in making the Treaty. He supposes that the commissioners, being occupied in settling the important interest of the two nations, adopted the common opinion on the subject in question, without discussion, and that the Prince Regent, President and Senate, afterwards admitted, in the same manner, what the Comissioners had adopted.— He did at first suppose, that the ambiguity might arise from an error in the press, but finding that several gentlemen, whom he consulted on the subject, believed the expression to be both original and correct, he thought it a favourable opportunity to bring the subject before the public for discussion, as the attending circumstances, would probably cause more attention to be paid to it, than would be, if it were abstractly proposed. He therefore conceives,12 that henceforward, all parties and classes will admit both the truth and propriety of what he advanced, and has demonstrated. A Citizen of Richmond * To shew that the due East or West line must be a common Tangent to the prime Vertical and touching-parallel.13 Tr (DLC: TJ Papers, 222:39744–7); undated; edge chipped and trimmed, with missing text supplied from Richmond Enquirer; written on seven numbered pages. Printed in Richmond Enquirer, 20 May 1815. The 28 Dec. 1814 treaty of Ghent between the United States and Great Britain ended the War of 1812 (Hunter Miller, ed., Treaties and other International Acts of the United States of America [1931–48], 2:574–84). Sphaerics (spherics), a work by the ancient astronomer and mathematician Theodosius of Bithynia, discussed spherical geometry (DSB; OCD, 1503). cor.: “corollary.”

1 The parenthetical phrase “by the law of Gravitation” is here canceled, apparently by Terrell. Revision not in Enquirer. 2 Manuscript: “and, and.” Enquirer: “and.” 3 Preceding two words interlined, apparently by Terrell, in place of “approach.” Revision not in Enquirer. 4 Enquirer: “small.” 5 The words “of the line” are here canceled. 6 Preceding six words interlined, apparently by Terrell, in place of the uncanceled bracketed phrase “its own.” Revision not in Enquirer. 7 Word interlined, apparently by Terrell. Revision not in Enquirer.

 652 

14 SEPTEMBER 1822 8 Word

interlined, apparently by Terrell. Revision not in Enquirer. 9 Remainder of sentence not in Enquirer. 10 Preceding five words interlined, apparently by Terrell, with unmatched closing double quotation mark editorially omitted. Revision not in Enquirer.

11 Parenthetical phrase reworked, apparently by Terrell, from “the east and west lines.” Revision not in Enquirer. 12 Enquirer: “concludes.” 13 Note, apparently by Terrell, not in Enquirer.

From Patrick Gibson Dear Sir Woodville 14th Septr 1822— I have just received a letter from my Son in Richmd transmitting the purport of one you have had the goodness to address me in answer to my last, for which accept my sincere thanks—I trust you will not deem it an abuse of your kindness, if I again trouble you with a further request, that, should my present application meet with no better success than it did last year, you will still aid me in procuring for my Son a birth at West Point, which I understand to be a school for the Naval as well as Military profession—A Mr Allen of Richmond has lately obtained one for his son, by an application to the President—It is reported here that the bench has lost one of its brightest ornaments in the death of Judge Roane—Accept the assurance of sincere respect and esteem— Patrick Gibson RC (DLC); endorsed by TJ as received 20 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. RC (DLC); address cover only; with Dft of TJ to Granville Sharp Pattison, 8 Dec.

1824, on verso; addressed: “Thomas Jefferson Esqre Monticello”; franked; postmarked Fredericksburg, 17 Sept.

To Isaac Miller Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 14. 22. The inclosed packet was directed to mr Dabney Terril under the belief that it would find him in the state of Kentucky & residing chiefly with you. it has been since suggested that he may be gone to N. Orleans. as the object of the letter is only to ask him to do the friendly act of committing the packet inclosed to particular or other proper counsel at law, I will take the liberty of requesting you, in case of his absence to open the papers addressed to him, and to consider them as addressed to yourself. when once disposed of as is therein recommended, they will leave no other trouble incumbent on you. the bearer mr Greene will put into the hands of mr Terril or yourself the  653 

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sum of 100. Dollars, Virginia money, as a compensation in part, to the counsel to be employed.•••the executors of the late Wilson C. Nicholas are the formal parties, but my grandson Thomas J. Randolph, is the only one of them personally interested; and, altho’ my name can have nothing to do in the suit, yet as I was joint security with him for mr Nicholas, I am in reality equally interested. the case is indeed of immense consequence to us both which I hope will apologise for my asking eventually of you to take the trouble here proposed.•••Your friends in this neighborhood are generally well, except mrs Lewis, on whom age and the gout are continually pressing. altho’ of about the same age, I have more health & activity. I am able to walk but little, but can ride 15. or 20. miles without fatigue. I hope you enjoy the good health you had while here & I pray you to accept the assurance of my continued friendship & respect. Th: Jefferson P.S. a line on the reciept of these papers assuring me of their safe receipt will relieve me from anxious suspence. PoC (MHi); on verso of a reused address cover from Bernard Peyton to TJ; at foot of text: “Mr Isaac Miller”; endorsed by TJ. Enclosed in TJ to John H. Peyton, 14 Sept. 1822. Isaac Miller (ca. 1766–1844), planter and public official, was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, but relocated while young to Charlottesville, where he married a daughter of TJ’s friends Nicholas Lewis and Mary Walker Lewis. He served as the town’s postmaster, 1792–97, became a magistrate in 1801, owned a tavern and operated a tannery, frequently transacted business with TJ, and sat on a committee to draw up plans for Albemarle County’s new courthouse in 1803. A year later Miller moved his family to Kentucky, settling just outside of Louisville in Jefferson County. The owner of more than a thousand acres and between thirty and forty-five slaves, he served as a federal tax collector, 1814–17, supported Andrew Jackson’s presidential candidacy in 1828,

and was a judge on the local circuit court (Warren Kellar Frederick, “Cemeteries and Churches in Jefferson County” [1920 typescript in KyLo], 116; J. Stoddard Johnston, Memorial History of Louisville from its first settlement to the year 1896 [1896], 504–5; Woods, Albemarle, 81, 252–3, 311, 377, 389; Axelson, Virginia Postmasters, 3; MB; Henry Duncan to TJ, 22 Apr. 1806 [DLC]; Richmond Virginia Gazette, and General Advertiser, 2  Sept. 1807; DNA: RG 29, CS, Ky., Jefferson Co., 1810–40; JEP, 2:531, 533, 3:71 [1, 5 Oct. 1814, 16 Jan. 1817]; Louisville Western Courier, 19 Sept. 1816; Frankfort Argus of Western America, 16 Jan. 1828). The inclosed packet, not found, may also have been enclosed in the missing letter of 28 Aug. 1822 from TJ to Dabney C. Terrell (see note to TJ’s letter of that date to Henry Clay). the suit was that of the executors of Wilson Cary Nicholas versus James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings.

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To John H. Peyton Dear Sir Monticello Sep. 14. 22. Your brother Colo Bernard Peyton informed me that he had a friend, mr Greene, going immediately to Kentucky, who would be sure to call on you on his way, and who would be so kind as to take charge of the inclosed packet to mr Miller, if I should lodge it with you. it’s safe carriage to it’s address is of the greatest importance to me, and I therefore ask the favor of you to recieve & hold it up and deliver it to mr Greene on his arrival with you. accept the assurance of my great esteem & respect. Th: Jefferson PoC (MHi); on verso of reused address cover of Bernard Peyton to TJ, 5 July 1821; at foot of text: “Mr J. H. Peyton”; endorsed by TJ as a letter to “Peyton John Hooe” and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: TJ to Isaac Miller, 14 Sept. 1822, and enclosure.

From Benjamin Waterhouse Dear Sir, Newport Rhode Island Sepr 14th ’22. th I read your letter of the 19 July with pleasure, and though at first disappointed, I cannot wonder at your reluctance to its publication seeing, as I find by your letter, that our brethren in the South are yet slumbering from the opiates of past ages. As times change how some sort of men change with them! Less than 20 years ago, those who governed our1 University quarrelled with me, & finally cut me off from among them because I would not join them in abusing, & accusing of atheism the then President of the U.S. and now those very men desire above all things to make public use of the sentiments & opinions of that personage to give popularity to their2 views of the christian religion! Neither Theophilus Parsons, Geo. Cabot or John Lowell expressed so virulent a spirit as Jonathan Jackson. His son was my immediate successor in the chair of the theory & practice of physic. Some person, with no bad intention, quoted from memory a passage of your letter, which caused me to have it corrected, as in the enclosed extract. The calvinistic newspaper remarked upon it, that they were very glad to find Mr J. had arrived, at what Mr Willberforce calls “the halfway house.” I was startled a year or two since, on hearing that Dr Pettigrew in his memoirs of Dr Lettsom of London had inserted a dozen or more of my letters to that gentleman, even to my poetry!! As you will only have the trouble of reading this, for I am not so unfeeling as to expect a return, unless it should be at the rate of  655 

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exchange between the value of your letters & mine, at the rate of what we used to call here “old tenor,” (when a dollar was eight pounds,) and sterling. I may possibly this once, amuse you by writing, without exacting a return. [I a]im to give you a just idea of our religious, & perhaps political condition at Cambridge, & of course Boston.— Between my house & the colleges is a level piece of ground of 20 acres. About 100 yards from my door is the episcopal church: 50 yards farther is the University chapel or unitarian church, where go my wife’s family, her father & sister: an 100 yards beyond that is the old calvinistic meeting house, erected 150 years ago, in which the “commencements,” & public instalations of the University are always held. Except now & then, when we attend the episcopal church, we pass by the two first every week, & attend the services in the old calvinistic meeting house whereof A. Holmes DD. & LL.D, author of the American annals, is pastor. We do this from respect to the man, an old friend, & a very worthy character. As his congregation is dwindling, my leaving it, would be removing a single brick, that would loosen several others near it. As we are known to differ in sentiment, we never dispute, nor even mention the public controversy. Intimate as he has always been in my family, he never asked me why I never offered my children to anyone for baptism, & I never ask him how he can believe in Calvin’s “five3 points.” Dr H. is an honest man, born & educated in Connecticut, & by far the richest clergyman in New England, and may give 50,000 dollars to his favorite Andover. In case of sickness, or absence of Dr Holmes, Dr Ware, the Prof r of Divinity, & the great champion of unitarianism preaches for him, while the calvinistic Dr occasionally officiates in the University, or unitarian chapel. & the President preaches in the old meeting house. The sunday before I left Cambridge—H. Ware Junr my son in law, preached in the unitarian episcopal church, built in Boston, by royal patronage & called the Kings chapel, while its pastor, Dr Freeman, preached in my sons church being the very structure wherein Cotton Mather, of magnalia celebrity, poured forth the troubled stream of his eloquence, in the 17th century. What will be the end of this theological net-work? Add to this Mr Holley, Prest of the Transylvania college is now in Boston, preaching long & loud in a stile that puzzles people to know whether he incline most to Socrates or Jesus. I asked one who had attended him, what he said of the latter, he replied nothing at all yet have his admirers in Boston, subscribed 20,000, dollars to build him a church, so easy are those people carried about by every wind of doctrine. A Bostonian is “full of notions,” and to be found on the top of every wave. While these efforts are m[ade in] the day time, a very eloquent  656 

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& newly imported methodist collects a vast croud in the evening, & it is not long since they [. . .] a camp-meeting. It is remarkable that there is not a single Quaker in Boston & but one Jew. The writer of the journal of the Dartmore prisoner, in his definition of a New Englandman, calls him “a go to meeting animal,” You would think so, were you to attempt to ride through the streets of Boston of a sunday, at the hour, when the churches are just out. The side walks, or bricked way cannot contain the people. This is a matter of curiosity to strangers, especially when they take into the account the remarkably well dressed people, which has given rise to the remark of strangers, that “Boston has no rabble.”— In this state of things & condition of the people, is the Religion of reason raising her head in the midst4 of a sensible5 race. It is next to impossible that fanaticism, or calvinism can maintain its footing here, especially while the preachers of “the one all perfect GoD” retain their present great weight of character. The Roman catholics have a vast congregation in Boston, & over them a Bishop of inestimable worth, & prudence. No clergyman is there more respected, for his learning, eloquence & goodness. His removal would be a public loss. That you may see what sort of sermons the people of Boston & Cambridge listen to, I send you a copy of one preached by the younger Mr Ware, and written while on a visit to New York, where his younger brother is settled, in a new and tasteful structure, built, almost entirely by New Englandmen & their descendants.6 I contemplate the improvement of education with pleasure. When I was a young man, I had not any7 acquaintance of 26 years of age, who could, away from his own study, on a visit in a distant city, write such a sensible discourse as8 that on three important questions relating to the christian name & character. Some of his discourses are more brilliant, but none less sensible. From such a specimen in such young men, you can judge of the effects 50 years hence. The Apostle at Baltimore, the chaplain of Congress, who is now preaching in Boston, is under 30 years of age. The famous Osgood, who is certainly a very able & eloquent man, & who is now probably on his death bed, is well aware that he will be succeeded by an unitarian. He, as well as his coadjutor, Parish have undergone a great change since President Monroe visited Boston. Both of them have confessed some of their political mistakes, & partly atoned for their abuse. It is remarkable that both of them disapprove the high handed conduct of the calvinistic convention, and have predicted the consequences. Even Andover groans out loud at the prospect around her. She dreads the effect of reason. It is somewhat remarkable that even here on Rhode Island, they almost shudder at the  657 

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name of an unitarian. Although the founder of the Sect of Hopkinsians issued all his dogmas from this town, where he had little or no influence yet I could have hardly imagined that every pulpit on this Island is shut against every man bearing the name of unitarian. The Episcopal church is here the most numerous, next the Quakers; then the Baptists, with a few methodists and Moravians. The Jews are become extinct, & the lamp of their synagogue gone out. I remember them here very numerous; in general rich, & respectable. On the approach of war, & decay of trade, they fled. They follow not the usual laborious trades of the christians, but pursue those callings which are generally exercised in secret among themselves. Twenty years ago, one of their tribe commanded a very handsome military company, or corps of volunteers, in Boston. As to politics, the notorious federalists in Boston very generally, talk & act like republicans, while most of the republicans talk as the federalists once did. They speak of our administration in a stile that proves their ignorance, and of the navy, & some of its officers as worse than useless. The fact is, the parties are so nearly amalgamated, that the great brawlers on both sides have lost their usual stimulus, and having no longer occasion to rave at the opposite party they have now turned upon their own. A middling interest is rising out of the extremes of these associations; but they are all so languid that nothing very honorable will come of it. When a people “are full of idleness & full of bread,” it does seem as if the whale they constitute, stood in need of some tub to play with. The Bostonians must have military parades, cattle shows—agricultural projects, great personages, or sea serpents, or religious controversies, or a great conflagration to keep them from looking sour and making faces at one another. But enlist them very heartily in any cause, and they can hate, or be benevolent equal to any set of men upon earth. Being on a visit to my native place, I cannot employ the forenoon of a rainy day more agreeably than by recording a few particulars of my natale solum. Is it truth, or am I blinded by partiality when I say that this small state of Rhode Island has been fertile in events, and by no means destitute of distinguished characters. Between the years 1720 & ’25, this Island was the residence of the famous Dean Berkley, afterwards Bishop of Cloyne. It is even said that he wrote his immortal work in this Island.9 The house he built, called Whitehall, still remains, & is shewn as the Dutch shew that of Erasmus at Rotterdam. This celebrated philosopher & his companions left behind them traits of their brilliant characters. The Dean left his library to Yale college, as well as the estate he possessed here, where  658 

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Mr

Keyes erected & endowed a Latin school for youth of the Episcopal church. You doubtless recollect that Berkley & his associates came out to establish a college at Bermuda, for the conversion & education of our North American Indians; but they could not find the summer Islands, or mistooke Rhode Island for Bermuda. About the year 1754 Abraham Redwood10 a benevolent & opulent gentleman of the Society of Quakers, established a public library, containing the best English books, & Latin classics of that day—accessible on very easy terms to every inhabitant. The structure is, at this moment, one of the best copies of Grecian architecture I ever saw in America. When the Redwood Library was founded, there were but two colleges in New England, one at Cambridge, the other at New Haven. A college in Rh. Island was not then contemplated. The very learned President Stiles was Librarian of the Redwood collection nearly thirty years; and he has often declared that he owed his great attachment to literature, which was extraordinary, to that fine library. It was “the Redwood Library” that rendered reading fashionable throughout the little community of Rh. Island during 70, or 80 years, wc advantage was not then enjoyed in Massts New Hampshire, or Connecticut. It diffused a knowledge of general & particular11 history, geography, ethics, & poetry & polite literature. It opened to the youth of both sexes an acquaintance with antiquity: it gave them a knowledge of Greece & Rome, of Asia, modern Europe, the English classics & belles lettres. It sowed the seeds of the scienc[es] and rendered the inhabitants of Newport, if not a learned, yet a better read, & inquisitive people than any other town in New England. When the British army occupied Rh. Island, they, in a manner, destroyed the Redwood Library, by carrying off books of entertainment as English poetry, voyages & travels; all the books on medicine, leaving behind little else than folios on serious subjects.•••So much we owe to Abraham Redwood, the William Logan of Newport. He first establishd a fine garden here well stored with curious foreign plants in hot houses, greenhouses, & extensive open grounds for indigenous ones. Nor was his liberality confined to such things;—industrious young men struggling on to obtain comfortable livelihoods, were objects of his benevolence. I am now writing this in the house of his granddaughter, Mrs Champlin, the seat of elegance & opulence. Next to Dean Berkley, we must mention Callender in the line of theology, who wrote the best account of the colony of Rh. Island & Providence Plantation. Then comes Dr Stiles afterwards President of Yale college; nor must we pass over Dr Hopkins founder of the sect, calld after him Hopkinsians,—Dr Arthur12 Browne, who died President  659 

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of trinity college Dublin, was born, and received13 the groundwork of his education in this town, where his father was episcopal minister In the department of physic, it behoves us to record that the first public lectures ever given in North America on Anatomy, physiology & surgery, were by Dr Wm Hunter, in the court house of Newport, father to the gentleman of the same name, now in the Senate of the U.S.— This was prior to the existence of the medical school of Philadelphia. In experimental, or mechanical philosophy, the name of Joseph Brown can never be forgotten here. This self taught genius, amongst other useful things, constructed and put into complete operation, the British invention of the steam engine for freeing a mine, belonging to his family from water. Nor ought we to pass over, in our catalogue of eminent men his friend Stephen Hopkins the Samuel Adams of Rh. Island, whom you knew in Congress, & who is immortalized by his signature.— Among military commanders, our little state may boast of General Green, and of Oliver Hazard Perry, whom Nelson, were he living, might envy. We can almost boast of Decature, for his father and mother were born here— In the “fine arts,” so called, we enumerate my old friend & school fellow Gilbert Stewart, who every body knows, stands preeminent as an head painter. After thus boasting of our great men, before the braggadocia spirit evaporates entirely, I must speak of the Island itself. I have seen not a little of other countries, but I never saw any Island that unites finer views rendered pleasant by variety, of hill & vale, rocks, reefs beaches, Islands, & perennial ponds than this. Until I saw other parts of the world, I did not sufficiently appreciate this. I have always heard it praised by strangers, and long remember it the resort of the opulent invalid, since I can remember any thing, but I never duly estimated its beauties until this visit; when I have explored it from shore to shore in every direction, & cease to wonder at its celebrity. Before the discovery of our mineral springs Rh. Island was in one view the Bath of the American world; & the lumber room of the colonial faculty. What they could not cure they threw in a heap here. This and “the Redwood library” gave it both a literary & a genteel air; and rendered it the best bred society in N. England[.] But—alas!—how changed!— The British destroyed, for fewel, about 900 buildings, of be sure the poorer sort; yet it has never recovered the delapidation. The town of Providence has risen to riches & elegance from the ruins of this once beautiful spot; while Newport resembles an old battered shield—Its scars & bruises are deep and indeliable. Commerce, & all the Jews are  660 

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fled. The wharves are deserted & the lamp in the synagogue is extinct; and the people are now so poor, that there are not more than 10, or a dozen people who would have the courage to invite a stranger to his table. General Dearborn has demonstrated to me that it never can be a safe naval station; and that it never can be so fortifyed as to resist a powerful attack by sea. They must therefore stick to the spirit of their ancient motto—“In Domine speravimus” You owe to an easterly storm of rain the tedious task of reading this long epistle. Should I keep it till tomorrow I shall probably burn it, from a second thought, of why should I impose such a task as reading this upon a person who may loathe the sight of another letter from any one? Its preservation from the flames now arises only from the reflection, that reading a letter is somewhat different from being obliged to notice it by any sort of acknowledgement or answer.—I consider the effects of an old dislocation, & that gradual, but very natural irksomeness of arrangeing & committing thoughts to paper, at a period of life, when a man ought to be relieved from every labour but thinking—•••What a life the antient Patriarch[s] must have led!—So many years old—000,000,! and no books, and if they had, no spectacles—no telescopes—no tobacco—no rum—wine like our cider—no commerce—no post office—outlived love & fighting, their vale of life must have been what we in this day can scarcely [. . .]14—a sort of valley of the shadow of death.! But how blessed are You? How differently situated & circumstanced?—a mind stored from reading and every convenience from art to aid declining nature and with this consolatory reflection, that you have not served an ungrateful public. That your rewards may encrease, until you receive the great one, in another & a better world is the prayer of B. Waterhouse RC (DLC); torn at seal and edges chipped and trimmed; first five pages (out of eight) numbered by Waterhouse; endorsed by TJ as received 26 Sept. 1822 and so recorded in SJL. Enclosure: Henry Ware Jr., Three Important Questions Answered, relating to the Christian Name, Character and Hopes (New York, 1822; Poor, Jefferson’s Library, 10 [no. 545]). Other enclosure noted below. Regarding TJ’s letter to him of 26 June 1822, Waterhouse’s correction, as in the enclosed extract, not found, was published in the Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot, 28 Aug. 1822, Richmond

Enquirer, 6 Sept. 1822, and elsewhere, and reads (brackets in original) “A mistake rectified—It has been asserted, from memory, in some of the papers, that in letters from Åthe great philosopher and statesman of the south,’ to a literary gentleman of eminence in this neighborhood, Åthat if the religion of Jesus had always been preached, in its original simplicity and power, there would not this moment have been a single human being who was not a Christian.’ This is not exactly so expressed by the illustrious writer.—His words are: ÅTheir blasphemies, [the corruptors of Christianity] have driven thinking men into infidelity; who have, too hastily,

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14 SEPTEMBER 1822 rejected the supposed author Himself, with the horrors so falsely imputed to Him. Had the doctrines of Jesus been preached always as purely as  they came from his lips, the whole civilised world would now have been Christian. I rejoice that in this blessed country of free inquiry and belief, which has surrendered its creed and conscience to neither kings nor priests, the genuine doctrine of one God is reviving. But much I  fear that when this great truth shall be established, its votaries will fall into the fatal errors of fabricating formulas of creed and confessions of faith, the engines which so soon destroyed the religion of Jesus, and made of Christendom a mere akaldama.’ The letters are in Mr. Jefferson’s happiest style, and amply refute the calumnies of his political enemies respecting his opinion of the Christian religion and its immaculate author.” The British politician and philanthropist William Wilberforce referred to Unitarianism as a halfway house between orthodoxy and infidelity in A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians (London, 1797), 475. old tenor, middle tenor, and new tenor refer “to the successive issues of paper currency in the colonies of Massachusetts and Rhode Island in the 18th century” (OED). A New England man is described as a go to meeting animal in Waterhouse, ed., A Journal, of a Young Man of Massachusetts, late a surgeon on board an American privateer, who was captured at sea by the British, in May, Eighteen Hundred and Thirteen, and was confined first, at Melville Island, Halifax, then at Chatham, in England, and Last, at Dartmoor Prison (Boston, 1816), 84. Boston’s Catholic bishop of inestimable worth was Jean Louis de Cheverus. The Baltimore apostle was Jared Sparks. The criticism of those full of idleness & full of bread paraphrases a biblical passage, Ezekiel 16.49. A whale is distracted by a tub in Jonathan Swift’s A Tale of a Tub. Written for the Universal Improvement of Mankind (London, 1704), 14. natale solum: “native soil.”

•The immortal work that the philosopher George Berkeley composed during his residence in Rhode Island, 1729–31, was Alciphron: Or, The Minute Philosopher. In Seven Dialogues. Containing an Apology for the Christian Religion, against those who are called Free-thinkers, 2 vols. (London, 1732; Sowerby, no. 1522) (ODNB). Bermuda was previously known as the Somers (summer) Islands. Upon his death in 1776 william logan, of Philadelphia, donated his sizable collection of books to the city’s Loganian Library and to the Library Company of Philadelphia (“At the Instance of Benjamin Franklin”: A Brief History of the Library Company of Philadelphia [rev. ed., 1995], 36). At the time of his death, Arthur Browne was senior proctor, not president of trinity college dublin (DNB). William Hunter served in the senate of the u.s. from 1811 until 1821 (Biog. Dir. Cong.). Stephen Hopkins was presumably immortalized by his signature on the Declaration of Independence. gilbert stewart: Gilbert Stuart. indeliable is an obsolete variant of “indelible” (OED). The colonial Rhode Island motto “In Te, Domine, Speramus” (in domine sparavimus) means “In Thee, Lord, is our Trust” (William G. McLoughlin, Rhode Island: A History [1986], 59). The phrase valley of the shadow of death appears in the Bible, Psalms 23.4. 1

Word interlined in place of “this.” Reworked from “his.” 3 Omitted opening quotation mark editorially supplied. 4 Manuscript: “midts.” 5 Waterhouse here canceled “people.” 6 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 7 Word interlined. 8 Manuscript: “is.” 9 Omitted period at right margin editorially supplied. 10 Manuscript: “Redwod.” 11 Preceding two words interlined. 12 Manuscript: “Authur.” 13 Manuscript: “receieved.” 14 Word damaged at crease. 2

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From Thomas G. Watkins My Dear Sir, Glenmore Sepr 15. 1822. It was by the merest accident, when travelling to the south some years ago for Mrs Watkins’ health that, I was led to purchase and settle in Albemarle. when this situation was determined on, however, I began to think seriously of winding up the balance of my life in it. That I might do this with the more composure, Which had become necessary to me, I at first determined to avoid for reasons of quiet, every source of competition amongst my new neighbours—even that which might arise from a fair exertion of professional efforts to be useful. This however was not permitted to me—I was voluntarily, on their part, called by the people, at first decidedly against my wish, to exercise amongst them, whatever capacity to be useful, education or experience might have endowed me with. Without charge in the first instance, a grateful feeling, for the unexpected kindness and attention which flowed in upon my insulated family—alone impelled me to obey the wishes of my neighbours—and it was not untill I had been compelled to depart from this first course and was unconsciously led to an extent of employment, somewhat extraordinary for an unconnected & unaspiring stranger, that, I discovered with great regret that envy was already roused; and had set in motion the tongue of slander against the justice of my claim to professional confidence. I wou’d instantly have complied with my own wishes and the claims of my family, to desist from the practice; but, was already reduced to a dilemma, which a little longer continuance was necessary to extricate me from, and I persisted in the practice; untill envy itself, driven from its first ground of attack, by the general expression of public sentiment in favour of my success—admitted my claim, in this, by an appeal to avarice; and leaving me now no sufficient motive for continuing the contest—I yielded1 to various influences in withdrawing myself from general attention to business. And now I had hoped to be permitted to remain unnoticed in quiet—But not so. That spirit of the Dog—which, while it wou’d not eat the hay itself, cou’d, yet, not bear to see a neighbour enjoy it—was still active. It happened that my father and his youngest brother who were early, uniform and useful whigs; suffered much persecution and loss of property from the Tories during the revolutionary War, and I was led at a very early period to adopt a great portion of their indignation and resentment against this party—insomuch that in the struggles between thei[r suc]cessors— since softened down to the denominations of federalist and republican; my ar[dor] has sometimes impelled me, from a real or supposed  663 

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propriety, to raise both my voice and pe[n] in favour of the latter. According to federal policy; without refuting the truth of my arguments they have been answered by a fabrication of calumnies artfully levelled against my reputation. These dead and pointless elswhere, have been partly from envy or private motives, & partly from federal rancour, no where yet extinct,—conjured up against me here: and I have even been compelled to notice them, untill justice was satisfied and malice silenced. It was not however untill I was in Tennessee last winter, that, I received information, that, some persons had been insinuating falshoods from this place, as baits to fish for injurious rumors against me there: And during the momentary ebullition of excitement produced by this information, I felt anxious for the triumph of some evidence to my friends there, that whatever hostility might exist against me here, it was partial and unfounded in justice. Accordingly I was led improperly to request, in a letter to your2 Grandson Mr Th: J. R.,—that he wou’d propose to you my wish for the offer of a professorship in the University of Va. whenever it might go into operation. I have regretted this proposition on many accounts. Having been impelled ho[w]ever under a painful excitement of feeling to make it—You will pardon the explanation of m[y] motives. I had some reason to hope—from the usual regular degree of Doctor of Medicine which I had obtained from study, and an honorary diploma evincive of distinguished standing in the practice confered on me by the medical society of my native state Maryland;—together with incontestible evidence from a high and general source of invariable succes[s] in every situation—that, I might satisfy you of my capacity to fulfil the duties of professor of the Theory & practice of Physic, at least,—if such a professorship was contemplate[d.] I thought, too, from the extensive opportunity I have had, of becoming acquainted with the genius and character of our American youth, that, I might be of some service in organizing and supporting a system of police for academick government—that wou’d tend to promote such order and satisfaction as might3 establish the popularity and usefulness of an institution, whose regulations to conform to the just objects of our Government, ought to start under many innovations upon those already established in various other parts of our Country.—But among all my motives, I must candidly confess, that, upon a more deliberate examination of them—I find; that at the time the request was made, a selfish wish to obtain a vain triumph over enemies that magnanimity shou’d rather have studied to disregard—was the most active one. This reflection together with the consideration that I ought not to have subjected you to the necessity of a refusal under a just conviction  664 

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of the incompetence of my claims, induces me to withdraw the request, if it has been imparted, as I presume it has, to you, by Mr Randolph. My life has been chequered, from its early infancy, with incidents and reverses that, rarely occur in this land of more equal comforts—and justice. in one of the earliest and most trying of these, you have been the ready but unconscious author of effective relief. The concurrence of your public principles, with those which early passion & prejudice cooperated to inculcate more strongly in me, will account for my political adhesion—The personal favour alluded to—which cou’d have flowed from no motive but benevolence—for the origin of that personal devotion to you—which has been too long uniformly and notoriously indulged; to subject me to the suspicion of originating it here, or sinister design in repeating it at this time. your recent notice of me, too, has been far beyond the claims of greater individual merit.4 I shou’d have been incapable, therefore, of cherishing the least dissatisfaction towards you, whatever regret I might have felt—had my request continued and been refused. You will believe me, therefore, that my only reason for withdrawing it is—because it ought not to have been made—nor wou’d it under more deliberate reflection. However their habitudes may still attach to my mind or my manner—in my heart I feel that ambition and vanity are dead. An unhappy irremediable misfortune—has long imposed upon me the propriety—in a great degree necessity of making my establishments too transient for permanent5 public usefulness or private happiness. When my affections or friendly attachments were just beginning to form, they have been suddenly torn up by the roots. If the machinations of illiberal conflicting interests and hostile views were successfully put down; the harvests to be reaped were abandoned before fruition. But with an active mind disposed to be useful—I have helped the public good, when I cou’d not promote my own—I have been led, upon the spur of various occasions, to furnish for the press political dissertations— which have yielded to others immediate fruit; while the brambles have been made to attach to me, long festering in my good name and interests. The last of many similar ones, I send you as affording a specimen of the principles contained in these essays.—which, if—(directed to a population extremely ignorant and prejudiced)6 it is remarkable for the mediocrity, at best, of its execution—it was equally so for the success of its design. Displaying the original standards of Whig & Tory, and rallying their forces regularly under these—the republicans were enabled to obtain a majority of upwards of 500 in their elections—after having lost them the fall before—by a majority of about 40 against them.  665 

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This pamphlet published in german & english, caused the federalists to go from Pennsylvania to ransack Tennessee for calumnies against me. And a federalist of their neighbourhood—informed of this pamphlet, while volunteering the hand of Clanwilling too—contrived upon occasion, to have these calumnies drawn from thence and located here, with exaggerations proportioned to distance, from the sphere of their original fabrication. But notwithstanding these rubs, my chief remaining incentive to life is, a hope or desire to be publicly useful. I have long reflected upon the causes of the origin and success of our revolution— & the probable influence of many surrounding and growing causes, upon the duration of its effects. On these subjects with a contrasted view of the principles and course of some revolutionary characters—I think something very useful might be written—& I had even conceived perhaps the vain hope—that if I cou’d have been placed in a convenient way for it—I might myself, if nothing better offered, have yet been enabled to mature my own views and collections on these subjects. Be this as it may I cannot cease to revere your principles and cherish, in every situation, towards yourself and family the most devoted attachment—while I am with the most profound respect Your friend & Obedient servt Th: G Watkins RC (DLC); corner torn and edge chipped and trimmed; endorsement by TJ torn. Recorded in SJL as received 21 Sept. 1822. Enclosure not found. In a fable attributed to Aesop, a dog in a manger prevents some hungry cattle from consuming their hay. Watkins submitted an essay in 1814 in order to receive the degree of doctor of medicine from the University of Maryland, and he held an honorary diploma from the Medical Society of Baltimore (Watkins, A Topographical Sketch, with remarks on the Diseases of West Tennessee [Baltimore, 1814]; Baltimore American & Commercial Daily Advertiser, 9 Feb. 1815). Elizabeth Trist reported to her grandson Nicholas P. Trist from Liberty on 2 Sept. 1822 that Watkins had been called in the previous month to deal with an outbreak of illness among the Randolph grandchildren. Virginia J. Randolph (Trist), in particular, had undergone “a course of bleeding and calomel that wou’d have petrefied her Grand Father and Father had they known it with horror.” As “their

prejudices wou’d make them oppose any measure sufficiently bold to be efficient,” Martha Jefferson Randolph had taken full responsibility and informed neither TJ nor Thomas Mann Randolph of the method of treatment adopted (RC in DLC: NPT). In a letter to Andrew Jackson dated Glenmore, 6 July 1822, Watkins reported that although TJ had been “very feeble” since April, his health had recently improved; relayed TJ’s request that Jackson send him a copy of John Overton’s Vindication of the Measures of the President and his Commanding Generals, in the Commencement and Termination of the Seminole War (Washington, 1819), which TJ was reported to have said “affords some of the best arguments against the censures thrown out on that occasion”; stated that, although TJ wanted the University of Virginia to open soon, its progress had been impeded by the “several partial Interests combined against it”; and included Watkins’s own suggestion that Jackson write a letter in support of the institution, which could be published anonymously in the Richmond newspa-

 666 

15 SEPTEMBER 1822 pers, “while the more prominent characters among us would know the source” (RC in DLC: Jackson Papers). 1 Manuscript:

“yieded.” “your your.” 3 Reworked from “wou’d.” 2 Manuscript:

4 Sentence interlined, with caret mistakenly placed in front of the period at the end of the preceding sentence. 5 Word interlined. 6 Inconsistent comma editorially changed to a closing parenthesis.

 667 

Appendix Supplemental List of Documents Not Found Jefferson’s epistolary record and other sources describe a number of documents for which no text is known to survive. The Editors generally account for such material at documents that mention them or at other relevant places. Exceptions are accounted for below. From Benjamin H. Rand, 16 Dec. 1821. Recorded in SJL as received 20 Jan. 1822 from Philadelphia. Rand also wrote former president James Madison on 16 Dec. 1821. In that letter, which is presumably similar to the one he sent TJ, he announced that he was forwarding Madison a copy of his “elegant” engraved broadside “Edition of the Farewell Address of the late President Washington” (Madison, Papers, Retirement Ser., 2:437). From Charles Massie, 4 Jan. 1822. Recorded in SJL as received 5 Jan. 1822. From William Croswell, 16 Jan. 1822. Recorded in SJL as received 24 Jan. 1822 from Boston. To Hannah Proctor, 7 Feb. 1822. Recorded in SJL with the additional bracketed notation “22.12½.” TJ indicates in his financial records that he paid Proctor $22.12½ on 7 Feb. 1822 in order to settle a debt owed her by the Monticello carpenter Edmund Meeks since the preceding November (MB, 2:1380, 1383). From Anonymous, 18 Mar. 1822. Recorded in SJL as received 28 Mar. 1822 from New York. From Richard Johnson, 8 May 1822. Recorded in SJL as received 31 May 1822 from Richmond. From John Williams, [received 12 May 1822]. Recorded in SJL as received on that date from “Williams John. (Senator of Ten.).” From Thomas Hickey, 3 July 1822. Recorded in SJL as received 5 July 1822 from Charlottesville. From William Matthews, 26 Aug. 1822. Recorded in SJL as received 27 Aug. 1822 from Charlottesville. To William Matthews, 27 Aug. 1822. Recorded in SJL.

 669 

INDEX Aaron (Hebrew priest; Moses’s brother), 56, 90, 94–5, 306, 309n Abbot, David: on Congress, 337–8; identified, 340n; letter from, 337–40; on state and federal courts, 338–40 Abbott, Josiah B.: introduced to TJ, 336 Abraham (Old Testament patriarch), 59, 644 Abstracts of Calculations, to ascertain the Longitude of the Capitol, in the City of Washington (W. Lambert), 505 An Account of some German Volcanos, and their productions (R. E. Raspe), 288, 289n Account of the Jeffersonite, a New Mineral Discovered at the Franklin Iron Works, near Sparta, N. J. by Lardner Vanuxem and Wm. H. Keating (W. H. Keating), 511, 558 acid, marine (hydrochloric, muriatic), 95 An Act appropriating part of the revenue of the Literary Fund, and for other purposes (1818), 514 An Act authorising William Waller Hening to Publish an Edition of certain Laws of this Commonwealth, and for other purposes (1808), 388, 389n An act concerning the University of Virginia (1821), 118–9, 199n, 208. See also A Bill, Concerning the University of Virginia An Act for locating the Publick Squares, to enlarge the Town of Richmond, and for other purposes (1780), 201n An act for the establishment of an University (1819), 192, 193n An Act for the removal of the Seat of Government (1779), 192, 193n, 200 An act to amend the act, entitled, ¡an act to reduce into one act, the several acts concerning the Literary Fund’ (1822), 248, 261–5, 285 An Act to encourage Vaccination (1813), 566 An Act to extend the time for locating Virginia military land warrants, and returning surveys thereon to the general land office (1821), 8 An Act to regulate the duties on imports and tonnage (1816), 171, 173n Adair, John, 226 Adam (Old Testament figure), 56, 91, 629, 645

Adams, John: on aging, 454; and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 237n; and attacks on TJ, 454; correspondence of, 545, 546; correspondence of published, 502; and correspondence with TJ, 454; on death and dying, 454; and Declaration of Independence, 274; and education, 480n; friendship with TJ, 546; friendship with F. A. Van der Kemp, 32; health of, 32, 423, 453, 454, 501, 502, 546; identified, 4:390–1n; letters from, 453–5, 545–6; letters to, 423–5, 501–2; political rivalry with TJ, 572n; presidency of, 33; and publication of TJ’s letters, 453, 501, 502, 545; reading habits of, 454; relationship with T. Pickering, 218; on religion, 454, 532; on retirement, 545–6; and surviving signers of Declaration of Independence, 12, 14n; on ubiquity of conflict, 454; works sent to, 66n, 76n, 126n, 223n, 237n, 287n, 464n, 490n, 572n, 629n Adams, John Quincy: and accusations against L. Harris, 9; and Federalist party, 307; identified, 12:91–2n; letter from, 524; letter from, to P. de Polética, 67, 67–8; letter to, 624; presidential prospects of, 306, 369, 460; recommends T. Munroe (ca. 1798–1834), 66, 67, 103; as secretary of state, 100n, 547; sends works to University of Virginia and TJ, 524, 624; works sent to, 153n, 237n Adams, Louisa Catherine Johnson (John Quincy Adams’s wife): popularity of, 37 Adams, Samuel (1722–1803): as member of Continental Congress, 660 Adams, Thomas Boylston: on publishing TJ’s letters, 453 Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): and land claims, 100n; ratification of, 98–9, 100n; and U.S. relations with Spain, 309n Adancourt, Francis: as printer, 16n Addison, Joseph: works of, 251 Address, delivered at the organization of the faculty of Dickinson College, January, 15th, 1822 (J. M. Mason), 235, 236n

 671 

INDEX An Address, delivered at the request of the Republican Committee of Arrangements, at Pittsfield, on the anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1822 (S. M. McKay), 626, 627n An Address, delivered at the request of the Republican Committee of Arrangements, on the Anniversary of Independence, Fourth July, A.D. 1822. Charlestown, Mass. (N. H. Loring), 547, 548n, 584 An Address delivered before the Medical Board of S. Carolina, at Columbia, December, 1821 (T. Cooper), 229n, 275 Address delivered before the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, at its annual meeting, on the Fifteenth of January, 1822 (N. Biddle), 216–7, 241, 242 An Address delivered before the Rockingham Agricultural Society, October 18th, 1821 (W. Plumer [1789–1854]), 97, 156–7, 179 Address delivered before the Worcester Agricultural Society, September 27, 1821, being their Anniversary Cattle Show and Exhibition of Manufactures (J. Russell), 87, 125 An Address delivered to the Citizens of Bristol, R. I., July Fourth, 1821 (J. D’Wolf), 130 Address of Jonathan Allen, Esq. President of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, delivered before the Berkshire Association for the promotion of Agriculture and Manufactures, at Pittsfield, October 4, 1821 (J. Allen), 121–2 Address to the Graduates of the SouthCarolina College, December, 1821 (T. Cooper), 229–30n Adelung, Friedrich: Catherinens der Grossen Verdienste um die Vergleichende Sprachenkunde, 40; and P. S. Du Ponceau, 9; as philologist, 9; sends work to TJ, 9; Uebersicht aller bekannten Sprachen und ihrer Dialekte, 9, 10n, 198, 225 Adkins, T.: buys TJ’s tobacco, 436 Adlum, John: and grape cuttings, 437; identified, 1:587n; letter from, 436–7; letter to, 465–6; and publication of TJ’s correspondence, 437, 465; travels of, 437; and wine, 436–7, 465 Aeneid (Virgil), xlix

Aesop: referenced by TJ, 424; referenced by T. G. Watkins, 663 Africa: and colonization, 609n African Americans: colonization of, 609n; and suffrage, 149, 152n; and University of Virginia, 549, 570, 576. See also slavery; slaves Agamemnon, king of Mycenae (mythological character), 426 aging: J. Adams on, 454; and dementia, 12; TJ on his own, 25, 36, 73, 82, 126, 156, 165, 191, 216, 246, 319, 327, 327, 357, 358–9, 359, 378, 385, 390, 423, 501, 503, 514, 514, 515, 515, 558, 560, 563, 613 Agricultural Society of the Valley (Winchester): described, 316n; and J. Madison, 316n; TJ elected a member of, 316, 317, 327 agriculture: Agricultural Society of the Valley, 316, 317, 327; and ancient superstitions, 242; annual income from, 526–7; Berkshire Agricultural Society, 121–2; books on, 18, 97, 156–7, 179, 241, 242; crop rotation, 97n, 217n; fences, 318; government subsidies to, 121n; implements of, 121n; and manure, 97n; Maryland Agricultural Society, 436–7; and T. M. Randolph, 560; and U.S. economy, 394n; and weather, 601n; Worcester Agricultural Society, 87, 125. See also crops; Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture; plows Alabama (state): cotton crop in, 257; French settlement in, 257, 605; governor of, 469; grapes grown in, 257; legislature of, 469, 470n; and presidential election of 1824, 307 Alabama, University of, 469, 470n Alagón, Francisco Fernández de Córdova y Glimes de Bravante, duque de: and land grants, 98–101 Albemarle County, Va.: courthouse in, 523; map of, xlv (illus.); roads in, 215, 224; sawmills in, 574–5; weddings in, 184. See also Central College; Virginia, University of Albemarle County Circuit Court, Va., 373 Albemarle County Court, Va., 366, 435, 440, 500, 523, 549, 574, 621 Alciphron: Or, The Minute Philosopher. In Seven Dialogues (G. Berkeley), 658 alcohol: abuse of, 27, 443, 499, 557–8; bottles and jugs for, 561; brandy, 42,

 672 

INDEX 457, 465, 547, 561, 600; spirits, 27, 378, 443; taxation of, 27; temperance, 27, 121–2n, 292n; whiskey, 41, 42. See also drunkenness; wine Alexander (“the Great”), king of Macedon, 579 Alexander I, emperor of Russia: J. Bentham on, 372n, 377; and Congress of Troppau, 40; and Greece, 427; and Holy Alliance, 426; and military appointments, 67, 103; TJ on, 40, 377; TJ’s relationship with, 66 Alexander, William: and J. Monroe, 136–7 Alien and Sedition Acts, 33, 34, 467, 468n Allen, James Skelton, 653 Allen, Jedediah, 653 Allen, Jonathan: Address of Jonathan Allen, Esq. President of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, delivered before the Berkshire Association for the promotion of Agriculture and Manufactures, at Pittsfield, October 4, 1821, 121–2; identified, 121n; letter to, 121–2 Allender, Sidney: signs petition, 146 almanacs, 42 almanacs, nautical: used to calculate longitude, 540 almonds: and Moses, 95 alum: TJ purchases, 50 American Academy of Arts and Sciences: fellows of, 354; Memoirs, 354, 355–6 American Academy of Language and Belles Lettres: identified, 15:423n; mentioned, 259 American Annals; or, a Chronological History of America, from its discovery in 1492 to 1806 (A. Holmes), 656 American Antiquarian Society: Archæologia Americana: Transactions and Collections, 322–3, 326; building for, 325; collections of, 323, 325; donations to, 325, 326n; incorporation of, xlix; letter from, 322–4; meetings of, 322, 325–6; members of, 325–6; R. Newton as recording secretary of, xlix–l, 25, 323; report of, 322, 325–6; I. Thomas as president of, xlix–l, 322, 325, 326n; TJ elected a member of, xlix, 25; and TJ’s membership diploma, xlix–l, 25, 196 (illus.) American Colonization Society, 294n

American Farmer: prints TJ’s writings, 437, 465 American Philosophical Society: members of, 65n, 266n, 512n American Revolution: books on, 666; and boycotts, 144–5; mentioned, 599; and Va. land warrants, 7–8. See also Revolutionary War The American Senator. or a copious and impartial report of the Debates in the Congress of the United States (T. Carpenter), 166, 181 American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States: E. Caldwell as recording secretary of, 249, 250n; constitution of, 236–7, 250n, 260n, 267–8; criticism of, 267–70, 277, 293–4; dissolution of, 294n; J. Madison on, 258–60; mentioned, 644; TJ declines membership in, 249–50, 267, 270 American Watchman and Delaware Advertiser (Wilmington, Del., newspaper), 538 The Analectic Magazine, 190, 197 An Analytical Digested Index of the Reported Cases in the Several Courts of Equity, and the high Court of Parliament (R. W. Bridgman), 334, 335 anchovies, 457 Anderson, John (of Botetourt Co.): property of, 103n Anderson, Joseph: as comptroller of U.S. Treasury, 17, 400, 433n Anderson, Mrs. Robert: signs petition, 146 Anderson & Meehan (Washington firm), 498 Andover Theological Seminary, 445, 564, 656, 657 Anglo-Saxon (Old English) language: instruction in at University of Virginia, 276; study of, 276 Annapolis, Md.: Maryland Gazette, 248n, 311 Annual Report of the Canal Commissioners, communicated to the legislature, Feb. 18, 1820, 290–1n The Annual Report of the Canal Commissioners of the State of New-York, Presented to the Legislature, the 27th February, 1822, 271 anonymous authors: letter from accounted for, 669; letters from, 88–9,

 673 

INDEX anonymous authors (cont.) 147–8, 170, 183, 341, 342, 441–2, 575–6, 620, 629–30; in newspapers, 398, 438 antimony: used in casting type, 520 The Apocryphal New Testament, being all the Gospels, Epistles and other pieces now extant (ed. W. Hone), 18 Apollo (ship): seizure of, 177n Appleton, Thomas: and capitals for University of Virginia, 373, 455–6, 462; consul at Leghorn, 457; identified, 8:162n; letters to, 455–6, 462–3; and P. Mazzei’s estate, 462–3; TJ pays, 455, 458, 462, 483–4, 487, 491, 504, 504, 583 Apprentices’ Library (Philadelphia), 189, 224 Archæologia Americana: Transactions and Collections, 322–3, 326 Archer, William: as Va. legislator, 110 Archer, William Segar: as member of U.S. House of Representatives, 300–1, 302n architecture: architectural ornaments, 215, 470, 493–4, 494, 529, 530, 534, 535, 549, 630. See also building materials; Virginia, University of: Construction and Grounds Aristophanes: The Comedies of Aristophanes (trans. T. Mitchell), 579 Aristotle: Dissertation upon Rhetoric, translated from the Greek of Aristotle (trans. D. M. Crimmin), 579 Armstrong, Samuel T., 646 Army, U.S.: size of, 394n Arnold, Ann: signs petition, 146 Arnold, Benedict: Va. invasion of, 192, 193n, 200 A. Robertson & Company (firm): TJ’s debt to, 403, 577, 585, 624. See also Robertson, Archibald Arrian (Flavius Arrianus): Epicteti Stoici Philosophi Enchiridion: Unà cum Cebetis Thebani Tabula. Quibus adjiciuntur hac Editione Simplicii Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti. Item Arriani Commentariorum de Epicteti Disputationibus, Lib. IV (ed. H. Wolf), 279 art. See painting; sculpture Articles of Confederation, U.S., 489n asparagus, 407 astronomy: applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 219; books on, 399;

collegiate education in, 303; and lunar calculations, 505, 505–10, 528, 539, 539–45; and solar observations, 505, 528, 539, 539–45; study of, 334, 355–6 Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton’s principles (J. Ferguson), 399 Athanasius, Saint: creed of, 499–500, 563 Atlas (mythological character), 517 Augusta Chronicle & Georgia Gazette (newspaper), 132 Augusta County, Va.: and suffrage in Va., 151; and University of Virginia, 252 Ausonius, Decimus Maximus: D. Magni Ausonii burdigalensis Opera (ed. J. Tollius), 279, 280n azedaracs (chinaberry), 166 Aztec Indians, 95–6 Baal (ancient deity), 93 Babcock, Amos G.: A Journal, of a Young Man of Massachusetts (ed. B. Waterhouse), 657 bacon, 30 Bacon, Ann Simmons (Edmund Bacon’s wife): identified, 17:25n; and turkeys, 643 Bacon, Edmund: and J. Bacon’s estate, 435; buys carriage from TJ, 578, 632, 642, 643; buys corn for TJ, 318, 431, 435; buys oats for TJ, 273–4; debts owed to, 318; on escape of H. Hemings, li; family of, 366, 431, 641, 643–4; flour for, 187; harness for, 642; and horses and mules, 368, 435, 632, 641; identified, 1:52n; letters from, 187–8, 273–4, 317–9, 351, 366–7, 431, 435, 578, 598–9, 632, 641, 642–3, 643–4, 647–8; letters to accounted for, 578n, 641n; Monticello overseer, li, 317–8, 351, 598; moves to Ky., li; orders goods for TJ, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 366; photograph of, 196 (illus.); plans to move west, 366, 431, 578, 641, 642, 647–8; seeks land in Va., 366, 598; and Shadwell mills, 578, 643; slaves of, 318, 435; TJ pays, 44, 648n; TJ’s account with, 366–7, 431, 598, 599; TJ’s promissory note to, 435, 632, 641, 642, 643, 643–4; and wagons, 632, 641, 642, 643

 674 

INDEX Bacon, Fielding W., 366, 598, 599 Bacon, John: estate of, 435; promissory note assigned to, 632, 641, 642, 643, 643–4; sells slave to E. Bacon, 435 Bacon, Judith, 643–4 Bacon, Mary Anne Williamson: identified, 11:451n; moves to Ky., 641 Bacon, Matthew: A General Abridgment of Cases in Equity, Argued and Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery, &c., 334, 335, 336n, 473; A New Abridgment of the Law, 381, 446, 463; A New Abridgment of the Law (ed. H. Gwillim), 334, 335 Bacon, Richard, 643, 644n Bacon, William, 642, 647–8 Bagby, Mr.: at Poplar Forest, 69 Baggaley, Ann: signs petition, 146 Baker, Jerman (1776–1828): and Baker v. Preston, 52; identified, 9:278n; letter from, 354; sends parcel through TJ, 354 Baker, John Wayles (TJ’s grandnephew): identified, 6:65n; parcel for, 354; suspended from South Carolina College, 228, 230n, 273n Baker v. Preston, 52, 158 Baldwin, Cornelius, 378n Baldwin, Roger Sherman: identified, 247n; letter from, 246–7; letter to, 274; and proposed biography of R. Sherman, 246–7, 274 balloons, 344–9, 359 Baltimore, Md.: banks in, 250; cattle show in, 436; Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, 383, 400, 401, 448, 450; newspapers, 214. See also McCulloch, James Hugh (father of James H. McCulloh): collector at Baltimore Bancroft, Aaron: identified, 323–4n; as vice president of American Antiquarian Society, 323 Bancroft, Edward: and L. P. Barziza, 202; identified, 9:7n Bangs, Edward Dillingham: identified, 324n; as member of American Antiquarian Society, 323 Bankhead, Ann (Anne) Cary Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter; Charles Lewis Bankhead’s wife): identified, 2:104n; and TJ’s estate, 272 Bank of Baltimore, 250 Bank of the United States: and renewal of charter, 340n

Bank of the United States, Second: Boston branch of, 164; currency of, 350, 561; and McCulloch v. Maryland, 460 Bank of the United States, Second, Richmond branch of: drafts of, 309, 529; and W. C. Nicholas’s debts, 165–6, 413, 417, 572–3, 607 Bank of Virginia (Richmond): TJ’s loan from, 330, 374, 586, 597–8 bankruptcy: legislation on, 80, 82n, 149, 195, 300–1, 302n banks: in Baltimore, 250; currency issued by, 212, 214, 222, 235, 350, 550, 561, 622; in Ky., 550, 576n; in Va., 298, 431. See also Bank of the United States; Bank of the United States, Second; Bank of Virginia (local branches); Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (local branches) Banks, Linn: identified, 13:406n; as speaker of Va. House of Delegates, 11n, 110, 208 Baptists: in R.I., 658 Barbauld, Anna Letitia: “A Thought on Death, November, 1814,” 423 Barbour, James: identified, 4:415–6n; as U.S. senator, 83 Barbour, Philip Pendleton: identified, 5:391–2n; introduces J. Fray and W. Wright, 636; letter from, 636–7; as speaker of U.S. House of Representatives, 300, 302n Barclay, David: identified, 14:535n; purchases TJ’s tobacco, 602 Barère, Bertrand: La Libertád de los Mares, ó el Gobiérno Inglés descubiérto (trans. C. Le Brun), 95–6, 156 Barnard, John: A Present for an Apprentice, 189, 224 Barnes, John: and P. Cardelli’s busts, 212, 299, 301, 310, 327; health of, 310, 327; identified, 1:32n; letter from, 310; letter to, 327; and TJ’s health, 310 Barnes, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Barnet, Isaac Cox: identified, 5:463–4n; sends works to TJ, 547 Barré, Isaac, 145 Barrell, George: and Jewel of Malta, 60n Barret, William: identified, 16:592n; letter to, 624; and TJ’s debt to A. Robertson & Company, 403, 577, 585, 624

 675 

INDEX Barry, William Taylor: circular on education, 476, 478–9, 480n, 514; identified, 477n; letter from, 476–8; letter to, 513–4; on TJ, 476–7 Bartlet, William, 445 Barton, Benjamin Smith: identified, 1:521n; as university professor, 635 Bartow, William Augustus: and books for TJ, 579; identified, 579n; letter from, 579; letter to accounted for, 579n Barziza, Lucy Paradise, Countess (Antonio Barziza’s wife; John and Lucy L. Paradise’s daughter): birthplace of, 201–2; family of, 202; marriage of, 201 Barziza, Philip Ignatius: identified, 9:7–8n; letter from, 201–2; letter to, 214–5; and L. L. Paradise estate, 201–2, 214–5 basalt, 310 Bass, J. H.: A Greek and English Manual Lexicon to the New Testament, 18 Batture Sainte Marie, controversy over: books on, 181 Baxter, John: A New and Impartial History of England, 399 Baxter, Richard: writings of, 473 Baylor, George: and G. Washington, 137 Beall, Walter, 414, 415, 419, 420 beans: given to TJ, 255 Bear Creek plantation (part of TJ’s Poplar Forest estate): corn grown at, 69; tobacco at, 601, 602 Beasley, Reuben Gaunt: and books for TJ, 51, 466; identified, 12:43–4n; letter from, 364; and seeds for TJ, 364 beavers: and gloves, 47 Beck, Matthias: as vice director of Curaçao, 32 Beckley, John James: as clerk of Va. House of Delegates, 200, 201n Bedford County, Va.: deeds of trust for land in, 165–6; land prices in, 106; roads in, 70. See also Poplar Forest (TJ’s Bedford Co. estate) Bedford County Court, Va.: and TJ’s petition to alter road, 70 beds: feather, 465; straw, 465 beef: mentioned, 351; at Poplar Forest, 405; TJ purchases, 241, 258, 284, 315, 403 beeswax: experiments with, 218; TJ purchases, 50

Belair, Lewis Descoins: as bookseller, 628; identified, 13:32n; letter from, 605; sends book through TJ, 605; and University of Virginia, 605; visits Monticello, 605 Belknap, Jeremy: A Discourse, intended to commemorate the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, xlix–l Bell, John R.: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 Bell, Robert (of Philadelphia): as printer, 559 belles lettres: study of, 334 Belsham, William: TJ recommends, 399 Belsunce de Castelmoron, Henri François Xavier de, bishop of Marseille: medal honoring, 39, 118 Bennett, James: citizenship of, 345–6; flying machine of, 345–6, 349n; petitions Congress, 345, 346, 347, 349n Bennett, Thomas: as governor of S.C., 228, 232, 234n; identified, 6:89–90n Bennington, Battle of (1777), 453, 454 Bentham, Jeremy: on Alexander I, 372n, 377; on F. Wright, 429 Bentley, William (of Virginia): account with TJ, 31; identified, 2:186n Benton, Thomas Hart: criticizes American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 259, 260n; identified, 72n; letter to, 72; sends work to TJ, 72 Bergasse, Henry, 457 Berkeley, George: Alciphron: Or, The Minute Philosopher. In Seven Dialogues, 658; on immaterialism, 58, 60n; as resident of R.I., 658–9 Berkshire Agricultural Society: J. Allen’s address to, 121–2 Betty (TJ’s slave; b. 1801): child of, 501 Bias, Cesario: as clerk for B. Peyton, 53, 187, 332, 364; identified, 16:274–5n; introduced to TJ, 364; letter from, 332; travels of, 364 Bibb, George Minos: and Va. land grants, 208n Bible: Acts referenced, 55, 56, 60n, 61; bound for TJ, 619; Daniel referenced, 546; Deuteronomy referenced, 445; Deuteronomy referenced by TJ, 163, 164n; Ecclesiastes referenced by TJ, 73, 74n; Exodus referenced, 56, 60n, 90, 95n, 306, 309n, 477; Exodus ref-

 676 

INDEX erenced by TJ, 163, 164n; Ezekiel referenced, 658; Galatians referenced by TJ, 333, 334n; Genesis referenced, 149, 152n, 242n, 644; Isaiah referenced, 38n; Job referenced, 396; John referenced, 56–61, 645; John referenced by TJ, 499; 1 John referenced, 645; Joshua referenced by TJ, 275; Judges referenced, 205; 1 Kings referenced, 58, 444; 2 Kings referenced, 546; Luke referenced, 58–61, 533, 546; Luke referenced by TJ, 499; Mark referenced, 58, 60n, 533; Mark referenced by TJ, 499; Matthew referenced, 56, 58–61, 209, 390, 444, 533, 644; Matthew referenced by TJ, 499; mentioned, 93–4; miracles in, 89, 94–5; Nehemiah referenced, 477; New Testament, 212, 241–2; Numbers referenced, 57, 60n, 94–5, 477; Old Testament, 89; 1 Peter referenced, 38n, 644–5; Psalms referenced, 645, 661; Revelation referenced, 57, 59, 60n, 61n; Romans referenced, 38n, 645; 1 Samuel referenced, 58, 60n; Septuagint, 18; Thessalonians referenced by TJ, 564; TJ orders, 241–2; works on, 18; Zechariah referenced, 645 Bibliographie de la France, ou Journal Général de l’Imprimerie et de la Librairie, 177 Biddle, Nicholas: Address delivered before the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, at its annual meeting, on the Fifteenth of January, 1822, 216–7, 241, 242; identified, 2:74–5n; letter from, 216–7; letter to, 241 Bigelow, Jacob: identified, 12:617n; writings of, 356 A Bill, Concerning the University of Virginia, 129, 220, 222n, 260, 265n. See also An act concerning the University of Virginia (1821) Bingham, Henry Vest: identified, 365n; and judicial review, 364–5; letter from, 364–6 Bingham, Julius A.: identified, 490n; letter from, 489–90; letter to, 514; proposed work of, 489–90, 514 Binny, Archibald: as typefounder, 520, 521. See also Binny & Ronaldson (Philadelphia firm) Binny & Ronaldson (Philadelphia firm): as typefounders, 520

Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (J. Sanderson), 246–7, 274 Biot, Jean Baptiste: writings of, 335 birds: and flight, 347, 359; swallows, 356 Bishop, Jonathan: TJ pays, 404, 406 Bishop, Joseph: buys bark from TJ, 351; and harness for E. Bacon, 642 Blackburn, Samuel: as Va. legislator, 109, 110, 129, 208, 260, 262–3, 264, 285 Blackford, Arthur & Company (Shenandoah Co. firm): and University of Virginia, 211 Blackstone, William: Blackstone’s Commentaries (ed. S. G. Tucker), 282; Commentaries on the Laws of England, 381, 475, 559; Commentaries on the Laws of England (ed. E. Christian), 334, 335; mentioned, 334–5 Blackstone’s Commentaries (W. Blackstone; ed. S. G. Tucker), 282 blankets: “paint,” 40; striped, 40, 403 Bleake, Margaret: signs petition, 146 blindness, 516, 546 Blount, Willie: identified, 284n; letter from, 281–4; letter to, 358–9; and republican principles, 281–3, 358 Boardman, James: identified, 162–3n; letter from, 162–3; sends portraits to TJ, 162 boats: carriage to and from Richmond, 39, 71, 79, 117, 118, 131, 169, 203, 212, 214, 222, 244, 250–1, 258, 287, 309, 310, 320, 330, 332, 349, 350, 358, 375, 402, 435, 471, 491, 512, 522, 530, 581, 586, 597, 601, 609, 621, 623, 630 Bocock (Bococke; Bowcock), Mr. (overseer): mentioned, 405; TJ pays, 406–7, 441 Bocock (Bowcock), Johnson, 406 Bomford, George, 622, 639n Bonaparte, Joseph: and muscat grape, 320 Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I, emperor of France books: on agriculture, 18, 97, 156–7, 179, 241, 242; on American Revolution, 666; of aphorisms, 65, 119–20; for apprentices, 189, 224; on astronomy, 335, 399; binding of for TJ, 10, 115, 240, 280, 329, 471, 491, 504, 530, 565, 619, 619; biographical, 73n,

 677 

INDEX books (cont.) 246–7, 274, 358, 375, 376, 439, 552–3, 554n, 565, 579, 583–4, 619; biographical on TJ, 254; on botany, 18; on chemistry, 64, 156, 399; for children, 439, 440n; classical, 73, 123, 197, 202, 240n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 466, 503, 556, 565, 579, 619; competition with foreign, 171; cost of, in Great Britain, 334, 335; dedicated to TJ, 96n; dictionaries, 256, 280, 381, 471, 580, 619; on European affairs, 234, 255; on gardening, 18; on geography, 237, 375; on geology, 125, 193; on government, 54, 364–5, 379, 551; on grammar, 15, 76, 390; on history, 73, 123, 197, 202, 240n, 254, 358, 375, 376, 399, 439, 466, 619, 656; influence of foreign, 173; as luxury goods, 172–3; on mathematics, 399; on meteorology, 611, 625–6; on moral philosophy, 74–5, 126; on morals, 437–8; on natural history, 399, 466; on natural philosophy, 335, 399; on neutral rights, 156; novels, 570, 585; on N.Y., 254; on orthography, 198, 225; packing and shipping of, 181; on philology, 473; of poetry, 441, 463–4, 503–4; on politics, 372n, 524n, 525, 624; price of, 473–4; on rhetoric, 473, 579; school textbooks, 238, 358, 633; of speeches, 489–90; on spelling, 253–4, 294–5; of state papers and public documents, 489–90, 524n, 524, 624; tariffs on, 4–5, 6–7, 11, 19, 21n, 27, 30, 55, 72, 78, 171–3, 197–8, 225; on Vt., 254. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Books & Library; law: books on; religion: works on; subscriptions, for publications; Virginia, University of: Books and Library boots, 196, 430n Boston, Mass.: banks in, 164; glass from, 621; B. Waterhouse on, 656–7, 658. See also Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell: as Boston customs collector botany: books on, 18; scholars of, 62; study of, 64n, 356 Botetourt County, Va.: surveyor of, 102–3 bottles, 39, 561 Bourbon Iron Works, 414, 415, 419, 420 Bowditch, Nathaniel: identified, 8:456n; as a Unitarian, 159; writings of, 355, 356

Bowdoin, James (1726–90): eulogy for, 356; as president of Humane Society of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 533; writings of, 355 Bowdoin, James (1752–1811): identified, 3:96n; mentioned, 481 Bowling, James: identified, 16:145n; and TJ’s debt to L. Bowling, 19, 131 Bowling, Lewis: TJ’s debt to, 19, 131 bow-wood. See Osage orange (bow-wood) Bowyer, John: as Va. legislator, 178, 248, 262 Bracton (Bratton), Henry de: Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, 335, 336n Bradford, James: accused of forgery and theft, 77n; described, 77n Bramham & Bibb (Charlottesville firm), 49 Brande, William Thomas: A Manual of Chemistry, 64, 156 Brander, Mr., 582 brandy: French, 42, 457, 547, 561, 600; as wine additive, 465 bread: corn ground for, 318; scarcity of, 241, 402, 601n breadfruit tree, 257 Breckinridge (Breckenridge), James: identified, 13:304n; letter from, 312; letters to, 28, 332–4; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 312, 328, 332; as Va. legislator, 220 Breckinridge, John: and Kentucky Resolutions, 34, 35n; TJ on, 34 Breckinridge, Joseph Cabell: identified, 8:487n; and Kentucky Resolutions, 33; letter to, 33–5 Breedin, Berriman (Beriman) B.: family of, 596; identified, 597n; letter from, 596–7; seeks information on University of Virginia, 596–7 Brent, Daniel: forwards letters to and from TJ, 430n, 456n, 548n; identified, 8:495–6n; letters from, 303–4, 548n; letter to, 292–3; letter to accounted for, 456n; as State Department clerk, 292–3; and works for TJ, 292–3, 303 Brent, Thomas, 614 Brice, Ann: signs petition, 146 Bridgeland, Alexander: TJ purchases beef from, 403 Bridgman, Richard Whalley: An Analytical Digested Index of the Reported Cases in the Several Courts of Equity,

 678 

INDEX and the high Court of Parliament, 334, 335 Brigode, Célestine Louise Henriette de Fay de La Tour-Maubourg, baroness de (Lafayette’s granddaughter), 428 Brigode, Romain Joseph, baron de, 428 Briscoe, William: recommended by R. H. Harrison, 139 Brister, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Brockenbrough, Arthur Spicer: contract of, with W. J. Coffee, 530; identified, 14:142–3n; letter from, to J. Oldham, 122–3; letters from, 29, 211, 271, 356–7, 520, 529, 534; letters to, 29, 215; letter to accounted for, 117n; as University of Virginia proctor, 29, 29, 55n, 115–6, 117, 122–3, 211, 215, 261, 263, 271, 285, 356–7, 374, 440, 474, 494, 520, 529, 530, 534, 535, 549, 569, 630 Brockenbrough, William: described, 532n; gives legal opinion, 531–2 Brockenbrough & Harvie (Richmond firm): and University of Virginia, 211 Brooke, Sir Robert: La Graunde Abridgement, 335 Brooks, Absalom H.: and Buckingham Co. courthouse, 523, 549, 569, 571; identified, 17:386n; letters from, 569, 576–7; letter to, 570–1; and Monticello’s North Pavilion, 549, 569; as tinsmith, 569, 570–1, 576–7; and University of Virginia, 549, 569, 576 Brosius, Francis Xavier: edits The Elements of Natural or Experimental Philosophy (T. Cavallo), 303 Brown, Elijah: and leather for TJ, 410 Brown, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Brown, James (1780–1859): identified, 17:397n; as Va. Literary Fund accountant, 160n, 178, 199n Brown, James P., 20 Brown, John (1757–1837): friendship with TJ, 608; identified, 16:391–2n Brown, Joseph: steam engine of, 660 Brown, Martha: signs petition, 146 Brown, Samuel: family of, 20; identified, 5:365n; letter from, 19–21; proposed visit of, 20; and tariffs on books, 19 Browne, Arthur: and Trinity College (Dublin), 659–60, 662n Browne, Marmaduke, 660 Brown University: United Brothers’ Society, 131n brushes: shoe, 50

Bry, Henry: identified, 17:187n; letter from, 210; and roses, 210; visits Monticello, 210 Buchanan, James: as director of public buildings in Richmond, 200, 201n; family of, 200 Buchanan, John: and Va. Capitol Square, 193n, 200 Buckingham County, Va.: clerk of, 523; new courthouse in, l, 84, 523, 549–50, 569, 571 Buckingham County Court, Va., 523 Buckingham County Superior Court of Law, Va., 523 Buckner, Walker C.: financial situation of, 555–6; identified, 556n; letter from, 555–6; and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, 556; requests loan from TJ, 555, 556 Buckner, William Horace, 555–6 Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de: and natural history, 399 Bugbee, Abner S.: as educator, 219; identified, 220n; letter from, 219–20; as mapmaker, 219; seeks professorship, 219 building materials: bricks, 276, 287, 380–1, 387, 472–3, 523, 534; cement, 287–8, 288–9, 318, 341, 341–2, 359, 382, 411; cement, Roman, 214, 222, 235, 244, 342, 382, 586, 597; composition, 470; iron, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 647–8; lead, 43, 44, 174; lime (mineral), 287, 288, 310–1; logs, 525, 632; lumber, 55, 116, 122, 211, 574, 606; nails, 41–7, 50, 211, 280, 319, 522, 569; paint, 211; plank, 55n, 116, 356–7, 574, 574, 575, 606; plaster, 214, 215, 222, 244, 258, 309; screws, 44; shingles, 36, 549, 569, 570, 576–7; steel, 41, 49; stone, 271, 356, 525, 610; tarras, 290, 291n; timber, 55, 64, 351, 464; tin, 174, 211, 474, 484, 491, 520, 523, 526, 529, 549, 569, 570–1, 575, 576–7, 609, 621; window glass, 609, 621; window weights, 211 Bumstead, Samuel Andrews: describes TJ, 603–4; identified, 604n; travels of, 604n; visits Monticello, 604n Bunker Hill, Battle of (1775): TJ references, 367 burgundy (wine), 465 Burk (Burke), Capt., 310, 320 Burke, Edmund: Reflections on the Revolution in France, 279

 679 

INDEX Burnside, Samuel McGregore: as corresponding secretary of American Antiquarian Society, 323; identified, 7:47–8n Burr, Aaron (1756–1836): alleged conspiracy of, 191 Burton, Hutchins Gordon: health of, 17; identified, 11:51n; letter from, 17; and scuppernong wine, 17 Burton, J. H., 406 Burton, John: sells corn to TJ, 405; TJ pays, 405 Burtsell, Peter: identified, 66n; letter from, 119–20; letter to, 65–6; publishes Lacon: or Many Things in Few Words; addressed to Those Who Think (C. C. Colton), 65, 119–20 Burwell (TJ’s slave; 1783–ca. 1862). See Colbert, Burwell (TJ’s slave; 1783–ca. 1862; Critta Colbert’s husband) Butler, Mr.: TJ buys wheels from, 405 Butler, Charles: Notes on Lord Coke’s First Institute, or Commentary upon Littleton, 580 Butler, Frances, 518 Butler, Pierce: death of, 518 Butler, Thomas, 518 buttons, 42, 44, 46, 48, 603 Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron: works of, 343, 475 Cabell, Joseph Carrington: and establishment of University of Virginia, 128, 313; and funding for University of Virginia, 101, 107, 107–10, 123, 157; and goods for TJ, 310; health of, 107, 119, 285; identified, 2:489–90n; letters from, 107–12, 128–30, 158–60, 178, 207–8, 220–2, 248–9, 260–5, 285–7; letters to, 107, 123, 157, 188; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 4, 264, 285, 317, 328; sends greetings to TJ, 271; as Va. state senator, 107–11, 157, 158–9, 199, 207–8, 220–2, 248, 260–5, 285–6, 329; visits Monticello, 264, 285 Cabell, William H.: correspondence with J. C. Cabell, 112n; identified, 84–5n; introduces H. Carrington, 84; letter from, 84–5; on T. M. Randolph, 112n Cabot, George: B. Waterhouse on, 655 Caesar, Julius: writings of, 399

Calamities of Authors (I. D’Israeli), 253, 254n Caldwell, Elias B.: as recording secretary of American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 249, 250n Calhoun, John Caldwell: identified, 12:300n; presidential prospects of, 132n, 369, 460; as secretary of war, 387 calico, 47 Callender, John: and history of R.I., 659 Calvin, John: mentioned, 563; as religious leader, 532, 533, 656; TJ on, 499–500 cambric (textile), 45 Cambridge University, 333 Campbell, George (ship captain), 39n, 39 Campbell, John (ca. 1788–ca. 1867): introduced to TJ, 603 Campbell, John R.: TJ pays, 474 camphor, 218 canals: at Columbia, S.C., 341; on James River, 601; in N.Y., 271, 293; and transportation costs, 53, 187, 436, 531, 602; in U.S., 518 candles, 42, 43 Canning, Stratford, 300 Capitol, U.S.: latitude and longitude measurements at, 287, 314, 505, 508, 528, 539, 539–45 Carbonari (revolutionary societies), 57, 59, 60n Cardelli, Peter (Pietro): bust of J. Madison, lii, 36, 38, 163, 196 (illus.), 212, 299, 301, 310, 320, 327, 332; bust of J. Monroe, lii, 36, 38, 163, 212, 299, 301, 310, 320, 327, 332; bust of TJ, lii, 36–7, 38; identified, 14:523n Carden, Youen: assumpsit for, 623n; identified, 2:38–9n Carey, Henry Charles: identified, 481–2n. See also H. C. Carey & I. Lea (Philadelphia firm) Carey, Mathew: and debts to British merchants, 3, 35; identified, 4:430–1n; letter from, 3; letter from accounted for, 35n; letter to, 35 Carleton, Henry: The Laws of Las Siete Partidas, 239 Carpenter, Thomas: The American Senator. or a copious and impartial report

 680 

INDEX of the Debates in the Congress of the United States, 166, 181 Carr, Peter (1770–1815) (TJ’s nephew): education of, TJ on, 252; identified, 3:540n carriages: carrioles, 578, 632; coachees, 632, 642, 643; gigs, 360; mentioned, 617n; repair of, 632; sold to E. Bacon, 578, 632; stagecoaches, 358, 561, 577, 606 Carrington, Henry: and Charlotte Co. courthouse, 84; identified, 85n; introduced to TJ, 84 Carrington, Paul, 84 Carro, Jean de, 443 Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton): signer of Declaration of Independence, 14n carts: mule, 610; ox, 464, 465, 610; for transportation between Monticello and Poplar Forest, 64; to transport buildings materials, 366, 520, 648; wheels for, 405 Caruth, Sally: signs petition, 146 Cary, Archibald: as director of public buildings in Richmond, 201n Cary, Wilson Jefferson: identified, 4:58–9n; as Va. legislator, 285 Caskie, Mr.: buys TJ’s tobacco, 436 Cass, Lewis: identified, 17:204n; and Indian affairs, 259; and Ontwa, the Son of the Forest. A Poem (H. Whiting?), 441, 442n Cassii Dionis Cocceiani Historiae Romanae (Cassius Dio), 73, 123, 197, 202, 240n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 619 Cassius Dio: Cassii Dionis Cocceiani Historiae Romanae, 73, 123, 197, 202, 240n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 619; edition of by F. W. Sturz, 466 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount: as foreign secretary, 410 Catherine II (“the Great”), empress of Russia: as linguist, 225 Catherinens der Grossen Verdienste um die Vergleichende Sprachenkunde (F. Adelung), 40 Catholicism: in Boston, 657 cattle: in agricultural shows, 87n, 436; breeding of, 122n, 242; fodder for, 273; mentioned, 93, 217n, 643; and milk, 273 Causici, Enrico: and P. Cardelli’s busts, 301n Cautions to Young Persons concerning Health (B. Waterhouse), 443, 499

Cavallo, Tiberius: The Elements of Natural or Experimental Philosophy (ed. F. X. Brosius), 303 Cebes (Greek philosopher): Epicteti Stoici Philosophi Enchiridion: Unà cum Cebetis Thebani Tabula. Quibus adjiciuntur hac Editione Simplicii Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti. Item Arriani Commentariorum de Epicteti Disputationibus, Lib. IV (ed. H. Wolf), 279 cement: for canals, 341; for cisterns, 235, 382, 411; fireproof, 359; minerals for, 288–9, 289–90; pozzolana, 288, 288–9, 289–90; R. Randolph’s Directions for Making, 341–2; Roman, 214, 222, 235, 244, 342, 382, 586, 597; sent to TJ, 287, 311, 318–9, 341; waterproof, 287–8, 290–1, 311, 341 Census, U.S.: of 1820, 292–3, 303, 372n, 524n, 624 Central College: subscription for, 404, 405. See also Virginia, University of Central Gazette (Charlottesville newspaper), 503, 515n Cervantes, Miguel de: Don Quixote, 563 Cette (Sète), France: brandy from, 547, 561 Champlin, Martha Redwood, 659 Chaplin, Sophia: signs petition, 146 Chapman, Nathaniel: identified, 1:663n; and F. Watson, 363 charity: medical, 217–8; requests to TJ for, 76–7, 248, 256–7, 311, 371; TJ comments on, 246 Charles III, king of Spain: and W. Fla., 297 Charles C. Watson & Sons (Philadelphia firm): and draft on Thomas Leiper & Son, 343n, 350; identified, 351n; letter to, from B. Peyton, 350–1 Charleston, S.C.: olive trees in, 257 Charlotte County, Va.: courthouse in, l, 84, 196 (illus.) Charlottesville, Va.: boarding costs in, 24; bookstore proposed for, 481, 503; as center of Va. population, 151; Central Gazette, 503, 515n; convention of Protestant Episcopal Church of Virginia held in, 368, 376–7, 396; earthquake in, 343–4; size of, 503; stagecoach to and from Fredericksburg, 561, 606; stagecoach to and from Richmond, 561, 606; and suffrage in Va., 151

 681 

INDEX Chase, Elizabeth: identified, 438n; letter to, 437–8; Miscellaneous Selections and Original Pieces, in Prose and Verse, 437–8 cheese: TJ orders, 44 Cheetwood, William, 405 chemistry: books on, 64, 156, 399; collegiate education in, 302, 303; new theories, 625, 626n Cherokee Indians: missionaries to, 645–6 Cherokee rose, 210 Chesapeake, USS (frigate): capture of during War of 1812, 57, 60n, 334n Chester, Peter: as British governor of W. Fla., 296 Chesterfield County, Va.: Va. legislators from, 83 Cheverus, Jean Louis de, 657 Chickasaw Indians: missionaries to, 644, 646 chickens, 227–8 children: books for, 439, 440n; death of, 195; orphanages, 195. See also education; Jefferson, Thomas: Family & Friends: relations with grandchildren; schools and colleges; specific entries for TJ’s Eppes and Randolph descendants chintz (textile), 51 Chisholm, Hugh: and cisterns, 472; identified, 3:67–8n Choctaw Indians, 644, 646 Christian, Edward: edits Commentaries on the Laws of England (W. Blackstone), 334, 335 Christianity: and E. P. Page’s cosmology, 55–9; and prayer, 93; tenets of, 75, 93; and theism, 89–95; TJ on, 439, 499–500, 563–4; and Trinitarian doctrine, 467; works on, 439, 440n Christmas: mentioned, 598; and mince pies, 79n; at Monticello, 79n Christopher Hudson v. John Hudson and Charles Hudson, 373 Cicero: Cato Maior de senectute, 75, 76n; De Officiis, 280; TJ recommends, 251 Cincinnati, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio, 20 cisterns: at Monticello, 235, 287, 381, 382, 411, 470, 472, 493, 631 Claiborne, Thomas Augustine: T. G. Watkins assaults, 210n claret (wine), 457n

Clark, Christopher Henderson: identified, 2:323–4n; and TJ’s petition to alter Bedford Co. road, 70 Clark (Clarke), George Rogers: and Ky. land claims, 226, 227n Clark, James (of Kentucky): as circuit court judge, 550, 552n, 576n Clark, Robert: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 Clark, Zephaniah: as publisher, 16n Clarke, George Rogers. See Clark (Clarke), George Rogers Clarke, William: family of, 76–7 classics: education in, 556; TJ on best editions of, 503 Clay, Henry: identified, 10:378n; letter to, 607–8; presidential prospects of, 306, 307, 369–70, 460; and Va. land grants, 208n, 261, 265n; and Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 414n, 423n, 607–8 Cleaveland, Parker: An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology, 289, 289–90 clergy: and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 259; criticism of, 91; and voluntary associations, 268 Clifford, John D.: and Museum of Natural and Antiquarian History, 206 Clinton, DeWitt: and canals, 271, 293; as governor of N.Y., 290–1; identified, 8:348n; letters from, 271–2, 566; letter to, 293; presidential prospects of, 369; sends gift to TJ, 566; sends pens to TJ, 271–2, 293 Clinton, George: as vice president, 340 cloth. See textiles clothing: boots, 196, 430n; boycott of British, 144–6; buttons, 42, 44, 46, 48, 603; coats, 603; dresses, 147n; gloves, 47; hats, 48, 49, 565; homespun, 146; imported, 144n; linen, 225; manufacture of, 144n, 144–6; pantaloons, 603; parasols, 47, 603, 604n; patterns for, 43, 47; shoes, 51, 196; for slaves, 225; vests, 43, 47; women purchase, 143, 144–6 Clough, Alexander: and G. Washington, 137 clover: as fodder, 273

 682 

INDEX coaches. See carriages coal: shipment of, 518 coats: gingham, 603 Cobbs, Mr. (of Bedford Co.): family of opposes new road, 70 Cochran, John: and smallpox, 138 Cocke, Charles: friendship with W. F. Gordon, 391, 392n; identified, 391–2n; letter from, 391–2; To the Freeholders of Albemarle, 391, 392n; and University of Virginia, 391, 392n; as Va. legislator, 221 Cocke, John Hartwell (1780–1866): and J. C. Cabell, 285; identified, 3:136n; letter from, 3; letter to, 4; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 3, 4, 28, 317, 328; and University of Virginia construction, 357n Cocke, William: identified, 5:652n; introduces J. F. Oliveira Fernandes, 410 Cockram, Mr., 406 coffee: Bourbon, 402; East India, 402; green, 45, 319n; TJ purchases, 319, 402, 435 Coffee, William John: and cement for TJ, 288; and cisterns at Monticello, 382, 470, 493, 631; contract for work on University of Virginia, 530; correspondence of, 174; fashions ornaments for TJ, 470, 493–4, 534, 535, 630; fashions ornaments for University of Virginia, 215, 494, 529, 530, 535, 630; identified, 12:523n; letters from, 492–4, 630–1; letters to, 470–1, 535–6; mail forwarded for, 183; Memorandum on His Work at the University of Virginia, 494; and painting for T. E. Randolph, 631; and University of Virginia ground plan, 470, 492–3, 535, 630; visits Monticello, 273 Cohens v. Virginia, 54n, 362, 367, 460 coinage: gold and silver, 365n Coke, Sir Edward: The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England: or a Commentary upon Littleton, 463; Institutes of the Laws of England, 334, 335, 381, 580; A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute of the Laws of England (J. H. Thomas), 381, 446, 463, 475, 580 Colbert, Burwell (TJ’s slave; 1783–ca. 1862; Critta Colbert’s husband): clothing for, 225; and financial transactions for TJ, 403; and goods for TJ, 41, 43, 44, 403; identified, 4:496n;

mentioned, 632; TJ’s relationship with, 403n Colclaser, Daniel: identified, 11:603n; as miller, 578. See also Randolph & Colclaser (Albemarle Co. firm) Coleman, John H.: family of, 551; identified, 552n; and judicial review, 550–1; letter from, 550–2 colleges. See schools and colleges Collier, John: writings of, 473 Colombia, Republic of: recognition of, 425 Colton, Charles Caleb: Lacon: or Many Things in Few Words; addressed to Those Who Think, 65, 119–20 Columbia, S.C. See South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina) Colvin, John B.: and J. A. Bingham’s proposed work, 490n; identified, 1:107n The Comedies of Aristophanes (Aristophanes; trans. T. Mitchell), 579 comets: study of, 355 Commentaries on the Laws of England (W. Blackstone), 334, 335, 381, 475, 559 common law: and jurisprudence, 467, 468n; and libel prosecutions, 467, 468n Commonwealth Bank of Kentucky, 550, 576n A Comparative View and Exhibition of Reasons, Opposed to the Adoption of the New Constitution, of the State of New-York (B. Romaine), 152, 153n compass (magnetic): and magnetic declination, 104, 105n, 182 The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality (E. Young), 301, 302n, 423 Comyns, Sir John: A Digest of the laws of England, 335, 336n Confederation Congress: TJ as member of, 26. See also Continental Congress, Second Congress, U.S.: acts of published, 171, 173n; acts of reviewed, 283–4; and bankruptcy law, 80, 82n, 149, 195, 300–1, 302n; and calculation of longitude of U.S. Capitol, 314; and Christian missionaries, 644; and Cohens v. Virginia, 460, 461n; criticism of, 311; debates in, 300–1; documents presented to, 166, 181;

 683 

INDEX Congress, U.S. (cont.) donates works to U.S. colleges and universities, 524, 524–5; duels between members of, 300, 302n; and electoral qualifications, 204–5; and federalism, 33; and internal improvements, 518, 615, 616, 617n; and investigation of A. Jackson, 37, 38n; and judicial review, 80–1, 204, 353–4, 367n, 379; and land grants, 100, 469, 470n; legislative powers of, 337–8; letter to Va.’s senators and representatives, from University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 11; and manufacturing, 520; members of, 17, 498, 558; Memorial of Learned Institutions to Congress, 6–7, 27, 78; mentioned, 59, 444, 481, 606, 646; and MonroePinkney Treaty (1806), 620; J. Monroe’s messages to, 387, 615, 617–8n; Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 30, 55, 72, 78n; petitions to, 19, 27, 78, 212, 225, 345, 346, 349n; presidential messages to, 303, 305–6, 309n, 489–90n; and prime meridian, 314; publication of proceedings of, 498; and recognition of independence of Spanish colonies, 394n; reports to, 82n; and Revolutionary War compensation claims, 136–42; salaries of members of, 337; secret journals of, 524n, 525, 624; and state papers and public documents, 282; and tariffs, 4–5, 6–7, 11, 78, 197–8, 225; and term limits, 204; TJ on, 361, 459–60; and Va. land warrants, 8. See also Capitol, U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S.; Library of Congress; Senate, U.S. Connecticut: religious intolerance in, 176; and superannuation of judges, 546 Constancio, Francisco Solano: introduced to TJ, 411 Constitution, U.S.: and copyright protection, 171, 173n; and court jurisdiction, 80–1; and civics education, 281–2; and federalism, 337–8, 340n; Journal, Acts and Proceedings, of the Convention, assembled at Philadelphia . . . 1787, which formed the Constitution of the United States, 524n, 624; and judicial review, 204, 338–40, 364, 365–6n, 379, 550, 551; mentioned, 496, 497, 548n, 616, 617n; proposed

amendments to, 82, 83, 283, 394n, 617n; publication of, 489n; and states’ rights, 339, 361, 460, 461n; threats to, 268–9; TJ on, 34, 82 Construction Construed, and Constitutions Vindicated (J. Taylor [of Caroline]), 73 Continental Congress, Second: and Declaration of Independence, 274; mentioned, 660; resolution on desertion of C. Lee, 138. See also Confederation Congress Conversations on Chemistry: in which the elements of that science are familiarly explained (J. H. Marcet), 399 Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter): attends congressional debates, 300; and busts for TJ, lii, 36–7, 38, 163, 212, 299; delivers books and manuscripts, 437; and engravings for TJ, 245, 299; greetings sent to, 10, 527; health of, 300; identified, 6:646–7n; letter from, to M. J. Randolph, 38n; letters from, 36–8, 299–302; letters to, 163–4, 212, 245; as linguist, 163; plans to visit Baltimore, 301; sends greetings to relatives, 301; TJ gives money to, 52, 212; on Unitarianism, 38; visits Poplar Forest, 377n, 408–9; visits Washington, 36–8, 163 Cooper, Eliza: signs petition, 146 Cooper, Elizabeth Pratt Hemming (Thomas Cooper’s wife): mentioned, 227 Cooper, Mary: signs petition, 146 Cooper, Thomas (1759–1839): An Address delivered before the Medical Board of S. Carolina, at Columbia, December, 1821, 229n, 275; Address to the Graduates of the South-Carolina College, December, 1821, 229–30n; on F. W. Eppes, 227, 229; identified, 2:377n; on legal education, 230n; letter from, 227–30; letter to, 275; on medical education, 230n; mentioned, 303; president of South Carolina College, 227–9, 233; professor at South Carolina College, 159; on religious education, 230n; and student misbehavior at South Carolina College, 21, 227–9, 230–4; University of Virginia professorship proposed for, 21–2 Copeland, Ann: and Limestone Survey lawsuit, 373

 684 

INDEX copyright: and U.S. Constitution, 171, 173n corks: TJ orders, 245, 258 corn: as crop, 69, 318; as food, 318, 402, 642; at Highland estate, 351; at Monticello, 318; at Poplar Forest, 69, 405, 406, 406; price of, 351, 402, 435, 599; supply of, 351; TJ buys, 402, 402–3, 431, 435, 586n Cornwallis, Charles, 2d Earl Cornwallis: surrender of, 138–9 Corrêa da Serra, José: European travels of, 13; health of, 13; identified, 4:538–9n; and W. Short, 13; and J. Vaughan, 461, 519–20; and Wistar parties, 13 Cosby, Dabney: as brick mason for University of Virginia, 29, 252, 276; identified, 13:500–1n; letter from, 252–3; letter from accounted for, 571n; letter to, 276 Coskery, John: identified, 322n; letter from, 321–2; letter to, 357–8; and stoves, 321–2, 357–8 cosmology: of E. P. Page, 55–9 “The Cosmonist.” See Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel Cosway, Maria Louisa Catherine Cecilia Hadfield (Richard Cosway’s wife): as educator, 536; family of, 536, 537, 639; identified, 14:209n; letter from, 536–7; on Scotland, 536; wishes to visit TJ, 536 Cosway, Richard (Maria Cosway’s husband): art collection of, 536; death of, 536; financial situation of, 536 cotton: as crop, 257; damask, 50; green seed (Sea Island), 257; manufactures from, 21 Courier (London newspaper), 401 cows. See cattle Cox, James, 404, 405 Craddock (Cradock), John (boatman): boats of transport goods, 318–9 cradles (agricultural tool), 406 Cramer, Thomas: identified, 316n; letter from, 316; letter to, 327; as secretary of Agricultural Society of the Valley, 316, 317, 327 Craven, John H.: identified, 2:112–3n; and Pen Park mill, 187 Crawford, William Harris: identified, 7:425–6n; presidential prospects of, 306, 369, 460; as secretary of the treasury, 386–7, 432, 481, 557, 562 Creighton, Isaac (ship captain), 203

Crimmin, Daniel Michael: translates Dissertation upon Rhetoric, translated from the Greek of Aristotle (Aristotle), 579 crops: flax, 21, 217n; hemp, 21, 217n; oats, 317–8, 351; price of, 381, 459; yields of, 381, 459. See also corn; cotton; tobacco; wheat Croswell, William: letter from accounted for, 669 Cruden, Alexander: writings of, 473 Crump, George William: as Va. legislator, 286 Crump, James Otway: as forgery victim, 77n “Crump, James Otway” (pseudonym): letter from, 76–7; requests assistance from TJ, 76–7 Crump, Maria Clarke: family of, 76–7; as forgery victim, 77n Cullen, John (1797–1849): analyzes cement, 288, 290; identified, 17:401n Cumberland College (Nashville, Tenn.), 205 Cumberland Road: J. Monroe on, 615–8; and Ohio, 615–6 Cumming, William: duel with G. McDuffie, 300, 302n Curaçao: public records of, 32; and slave trade, 32; trade with colonial Va., 32 currency: amount of in circulation, 26, 526; depreciation of, 26; exchange of, 583, 622; paper, 212, 214, 222, 235, 350, 550, 561, 622; and prices, 578; for TJ, 19n, 586n; in Va., 26 Curtius Rufus, Quintus: The History of Alexander the Great (trans. P. Pratt), 579 Cushing, Jonathan Peter: as president of Hampden-Sydney College, 129–30 Custis, John Parke: death of, 139 Cutler, Manasseh, 355, 356 Daggs, Margaretta B.: signs petition, 146 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper). See National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper) dams: on Rivanna River, 368, 522, 525, 610, 632, 641n, 642, 643 Dauphin Island, Ala.: fortifications on, 387 Daveiss, Joseph N., 414, 419, 421 David, king of Israel, 58, 60n, 533 Davies, Dr., 405

 685 

INDEX Davis, John, 355 Davis, Laura Matilda Gay, 614 Davis, Polly H.: will of, 210n Davis, Richard (ship captain), 375, 447 Davy (TJ’s slave; b. 1784). See Hern, David (Davy) (TJ’s slave; b. 1784) Dawson, Martin: and goods for TJ, 366; identified, 2:281–2n; as merchant, 374n, 642; TJ pays, 623; TJ’s account with, 623n; and TJ’s promissory note to E. Bacon, 435 deafness: and old age, 516 Dean, James, 356 Dearborn, Henry: financial situation of, 387; identified, 1:280n; letter from, 614; mentioned, 661; as minister plenipotentiary to Portugal, 387, 481, 519, 614 Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell: as Boston customs collector, 39, 39, 113, 118, 118, 131, 164; financial situation of, 387; identified, 4:197n; letters from, 39, 164–5; letter to, 113; TJ’s account with, 39 Dearborn, Sarah Bowdoin (James Bowdoin’s widow; Henry Dearborn’s third wife): identified, 5:165n; in Lisbon, 481, 614 Death: A Poetical Essay (B. Porteus), 60–1n debt, public: increase of, 337; TJ on, 255–6 de Bure Frères (Paris firm): identified, 10:232n; invoices from, 71, 120; letter to, 466–7; TJ purchases books from, 71, 120, 466; TJ’s account with, 466 Decatur, Stephen: American naval commander, 660; identified, 6:273–4n Declaration of Independence: committee appointed to draft, 274; mentioned, 496, 599–600; publication of, 489n; quoted, 219, 633; signers of, 12, 14n, 246–7, 274; TJ as author of, 537, 633–4 Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise du: maxim attributed to, 38n De Imitatione Christi (Thomas à Kempis), 605 Delaplaine, Joseph: identified, 3:51n; letters from, 223, 237–8; proposed American travel guide, 223, 223–4, 237; sends work to TJ, 238 Delaware Gazette (Wilmington, Del., newspaper), 538 Democritus (Greek philosopher), 242n

Demosthenes: TJ recommends works of, 251 Denniston, Rebecca: signs petition, 146 De Officiis (Cicero), 280 de Pradt, Dominique Dufour, baron. See Pradt, Dominique Dufour, baron de Derieux, Maria Margherita Martin (Peter Derieux’s wife): sends greetings to TJ, 637 Derieux, Peter (Justin Pierre Plumard): identified, 3:395–6n; letter from, 637–8; and wheat, 637 Derieux, Peter Justin: and wheat, 637, 638n Descartes, René: mentioned, 650 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude: health of, 428–9; identified, 1:262n Devore, Mary: signs petition, 146 Dexter, Samuel: identified, 10:173n; writings of, 356 Dey, Anthony: identified, 17:595n; letter to, 21; and machine for preparing flax and hemp, 21 Dick (Yellow Dick) (TJ’s slave; b. 1767): family of, 30; as wagoner, 30 Dickinson, Charles Henry: duel with A. Jackson, 210n Dickinson College: educational objectives of, 236n; TJ on, 235 A Dictionary of the English Language (S. Johnson), 256, 280, 329, 471, 619 A Digested Index to the Nisi Prius Reports (J. Manning), 336n A Digest of the laws of England (J. Comyns), 335, 336n Dille, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Dinsmore, James: identified, 1:136n; mentioned, 194 Dio, Cassius. See Cassius Dio Diocletian (Roman emperor): baths of, 470, 493, 535 Diomede (TJ’s horse), 623n A Discourse, intended to commemorate the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus (J. Belknap), xlix–l Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit (J. Priestley), 58, 60n D’Israeli, Isaac: Calamities of Authors, 253, 254n; maxims of, 371 Dissertation upon Rhetoric, translated from the Greek of Aristotle (Aristotle; trans. D. M. Crimmin), 579 D. Magni Ausonii burdigalensis Opera (D. M. Ausonius; ed. J. Tollius), 279, 280n

 686 

INDEX Dodge, Joshua: identified, 11:488–9n; invoice from, 561–2; letters from, 546–7, 599–600; letter to, 561–2; and medal for TJ, 39; plans to visit TJ, 547, 561, 599; TJ pays, 466, 492, 561–2; visits U.S., 546–7, 561, 599, 600; and wine and groceries for TJ, 510, 547, 561–2, 600. See also Dodge & Oxnard (Marseille firm) Dodge & Oxnard (Marseille firm): account with TJ, 510; identified, 17:530n; letters to, 456–7, 515; TJ pays, 456–7, 515; TJ sends letters through, 456, 457; and wine and groceries for TJ, 39, 456–7, 461, 462, 519, 547. See also Dodge, Joshua; Oxnard, Thomas Donaldson, Mary: signs petition, 146 Don Quixote (M. de Cervantes): TJ references, 563 dowlas (textile), 48 Draper, George: and G. Washington, 138 drawings: architectural, 196 (illus.); by TJ, 1, 196 (illus.); by E. Vail, 302n Drummond, Spencer (ship captain), 442 drunkenness: TJ on, 378. See also alcohol: abuse of Duane, William: as editor of Philadelphia Aurora, 142–3; family of, 142–3, 191; identified, 1:49n Dudley, Mr., 404 dueling, 210n, 300, 302n Dufief, Nicolas Gouin: bookseller, 376; identified, 3:98n Duke, James: identified, 486n; letter from, 485–6; recommends A. Hord, 485 Duke, Richard: family of, 485; identified, 13:598n Duméril, André Marie Constant: Traité élémentaire d’Histoire Naturelle, 466 Dunlap, Andrew: identified, 571–2n; letter to, 571–2; An Oration, delivered at the Request of the Republicans of Boston, at Fanueil Hall, on the Fourth of July, 1822, 571, 572n du Pont de Nemours, Eleuthère Irénée: gunpowder of, 41, 46, 47; identified, 3:414n Duvall, Gabriel: as comptroller of the treasury, 432n; essays of, on election of 1800, 247–8, 311

“D.W.”: letter from, 183; proposes military-science professorship at University of Virginia, 183 D. W. & C. Warwick (Richmond firm): purchases TJ’s tobacco, 602; and University of Virginia, 211 Dwight, Henry Williams: identified, 434n; letter to, from R. Harrison, 433–4; and settlement of TJ’s account, 433–4 Dwight, Timothy: on colleges in southern U.S., 229 D’Wolf, John: An Address delivered to the Citizens of Bristol, R. I., July Fourth, 1821, 130; identified, 17:570–1n; letter from, 130–1; letter to, 189; oration of, 130–1, 189 D’Wolf, Sylvia Griswold (John D’Wolf’s wife): as amanuensis, 130, 189 Eagle Hotel (Richmond), 107 Early, Mr., 405 earthquakes: in Charlottesville, 343–4 East Florida: land claims in, 98–101. See also Florida East India Marine Society, 331, 362 The East-India Marine Society of Salem, 331, 362 Easton, David: family of, 135n; and R. H. Harrison’s Revolutionary War service, 134, 160–1; identified, 135n; letter from, 134–5; letter to, 160–1 Easton, Sarah Harrison (David Easton’s wife; Richard H. Harrison’s daughter): and R. H. Harrison’s Revolutionary War pension, 134, 135n, 136–42 Echols, Joseph: family of, 392–3; identified, 393n; letter from, 392–3; letter to, 399; seeks educational advice from TJ, 392–3, 399 Eckert, Susanna: signs petition, 146 Eddystone Rocks (English Channel): lighthouse at, 164n Edinburgh Review: bound for TJ, 619 education: British influence over U.S., 173; civics, 281–3; classical, 24, 556; elementary, 176, 294–5; English language, 68, 161; federal appropriations for, 243, 244n; female, 143, 144n, 469; and free libraries, 74, 167–8, 176; of Indians, 32, 237n, 249, 250n, 275, 646, 659; in Ky., 476, 478–9, 480n; Lancasterian system, 142; Latin, 79n, 161, 659; military instruction, 124,

 687 

INDEX education (cont.) 183; of the poor, 248, 262, 263–4; religious, 230n; of southern students, 154, 188, 190, 229; textbooks, 238, 358, 633; of TJ, 24; TJ on, 150, 235, 293, 358; in Va., 74, 293, 408, 514. See also education, collegiate; schools and colleges; specific entries for TJ’s Eppes and Randolph descendants education, collegiate: curriculum of, 153, 302–3; faculty for, 190; funding for, in Md., 153–4, 155n; and sectional differences, 154; and student misbehavior, 227–9, 230–4; TJ on, 275. See also schools and colleges; specific entries for academic subjects Edwards, Eleanor: signs petition, 146 Egypt: and Jewel of Malta, 58, 60n electricity: study of, 625 An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology (P. Cleaveland), 289, 289–90 The Elements of Natural or Experimental Philosophy (T. Cavallo; ed. F. X. Brosius), 303 Elijah (Hebrew prophet), 533 Elisha (Hebrew prophet), 533 Ellicott, Andrew (1754–1820): identified, 5:101n; memorandum to, from J. Girault, 295, 296–8, 312; as surveyor, 297n, 312; and W. Fla. border, 296–7 Ellsworth, Oliver: as Supreme Court justice, 467 Embargo Act (1807): mentioned, 620 English language: Anglo-Saxon (Old English), 276; applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 68; books on grammar of, 15, 76, 390; dialects of, 356; dictionaries, 256, 280, 329, 471, 619; study of, 161 Enquirer (Richmond newspaper). See Richmond Enquirer (newspaper) Epicteti Stoici Philosophi Enchiridion: Unà cum Cebetis Thebani Tabula. Quibus adjiciuntur hac Editione Simplicii Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti. Item Arriani Commentariorum de Epicteti Disputationibus, Lib. IV (Epictetus, Cebes, Simplicius, and Arrian; ed. H. Wolf), 279 Epictetus (Greek philosopher): Epicteti Stoici Philosophi Enchiridion: Unà cum Cebetis Thebani Tabula. Quibus adjiciuntur hac Editione Simplicii

Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti. Item Arriani Commentariorum de Epicteti Disputationibus, Lib. IV (ed. H. Wolf), 279 Episcopalians: Charlottesville convention of Va. diocese, 368, 376–7, 396; and education, 368, 370, 371; mentioned, 656, 658, 659, 660 An Epitome of Scripture Doctrine, comprised in A Catechism, for the Use of Children (T. Whittemore), 439, 440n Eppes, Francis Wayles (TJ’s grandson): education of, at South Carolina College, 21, 227, 229, 302–3; identified, 4:115n; leaves South Carolina College, 302–3; and legal education, 303, 334–5, 381, 446, 463, 473, 475, 488–9; letters from, 302–3, 381–2; letters from accounted for, 230n, 303n, 335n; letters to, 334–5, 463; marriage of, 475, 476n, 488–9, 572; mentioned, 165; and Poplar Forest, 22, 572–3; relationship with father, 446, 488–9; and student misbehavior at South Carolina College, 230n; and TJ’s estate, 272; TJ’s relationship with, 334–5 Eppes, John Wayles (TJ’s son-in-law): financial situation of, 302–3, 381; and grapes, 22; health of, 21, 22, 180, 381–2, 446, 572, 573; identified, 1:337–8n; invitations to visit, 382; letters from, 21–3, 179–81, 488–9; letters to, 165–6, 446, 572–3; library of, 166, 179, 181; and loan to TJ, 166, 180, 446, 488; and W. C. Nicholas’s debts, 417; and proposed land exchange with TJ, 22, 165, 180; relationship with son, 21, 381, 446, 488–9, 572–3; and sale of Pantops, 350n; sends greetings, 180–1; TJ pays, 474; TJ sends greetings to, 335; urges TJ to write history, 180 Eppes, Martha Burke Jones (John Wayles Eppes’s second wife): identified, 2:127n; sends greetings, 180; TJ sends greetings to, 166, 335, 446, 573; TJ sends plants to, 166 Eppes, Mary Elizabeth Cleland Randolph (Francis Wayles Eppes’s wife; Thomas Eston Randolph’s daughter): identified, 11:632n; marriage of, 475, 476n, 489; TJ on, 572 Eppes, Richard (of Sussex Co.): as Va. legislator, 83n

 688 

INDEX Erasmus, Desiderius: home of, 658 Erving, George William: identified, 2:32n; letter from, 622; letter to, 639; as minister plenipotentiary to Spain, 98, 100n; and visits to Monticello, 622, 639 Essais de Montaigne (M. de Montaigne), 619 Essai sur les Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations (Voltaire), 466 An Essay on a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages of North America (J. Pickering), 198, 225 An Essay on Man (A. Pope; French translation by C. Le Brun), 96 Essays on various subjects of Taste, Morals, and National Policy (G. Tucker), 605 Eston (TJ’s slave; b. 1808). See Hemings, Eston (TJ’s enslaved son; b. 1808) ethics: study of, 334 Euclid: writings of, 650, 651, 652 Europe: scarcity of bread in, 241; works on, 234, 255, 399 Europe after the Congress of Aix-laChapelle. Forming the Sequel to the Congress of Vienna (D. D. de Pradt; trans. G. A. Otis), 255 Europe: or a General Survey of the present situation of the principal powers; with conjectures on their Future Prospects (A. H. Everett), 234, 255 Eustis, William: identified, 1:584n; mentioned, 481; and TJ’s health, 559 Evarts, Jeremiah, 646 Everett, Alexander Hill: Europe: or a General Survey of the present situation of the principal powers; with conjectures on their Future Prospects, 234, 255; identified, 10:364n Everett, Edward: identified, 8:49–50n; letter from, 234–5; letter to, 255–6; sends work to TJ, 234, 255; writings of, 356 Everett, Oliver: identified, 355n; letter from, 354–5; and Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 354, 355–6 exercise, physical: and health, 443, 559 Family Visitor, 516 Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Richmond): funds embezzled from, 328, 329n; orders on, 609, 623; TJ’s loan from,

298, 298–9, 330, 374, 389, 504, 621; and University of Virginia, 374 Farrar, John: identified, 13:382n; writings of, 356 fasting: practice criticized, 93 Federalist party: and J. Q. Adams, 307; electoral defeats, 665; and federal judiciary, 305; praises TJ, 307; principles of, 496; TJ on, 361, 513; T. G. Watkins on, 307 Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph (newspaper), 383, 400, 401, 448, 450 fences: in agriculture, 318 Ferdinand VII, king of Spain: and E. Fla., 99, 100n; family of, 401; lack of confidence in, 614; rumored assassination of, 401 Ferguson, James: Astronomy explained upon Sir Isaac Newton’s principles, 399 Fernagus De Gelone, Jean Louis: as government employee in Haiti, 142; identified, 11:127–8n; letter from, 142 Ferrall, Patrick: Treasury Department clerk, 433n feudalism: and gifts to feudal lords, 23, 61, 376 fevers: described as typhoid, 196; tertian, 552. See also yellow fever files (tools), 50, 51 Finley, Anthony: identified, 6:55n; letter from, 189; letter to, 224–5; sends work to TJ, 189, 224 firearms: cannon, 387; equipment for, 565; muskets, 150; TJ on, 565 fire engines: in Philadelphia, 195 first meridian. See prime meridian The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England: or a Commentary upon Littleton (E. Coke), 463 fish: anchovies, 457; herring, 487, 491, 504, 512, 522, 531; sent to TJ, 531; shad, 301, 487, 491, 504, 512, 522, 530; TJ purchases, 487 Fisk, Allen: edits Murray’s English Grammar Simplified (L. Murray), 15, 76 Fitch, William D.: and goods for TJ, 244, 309, 318–9n; identified, 9:483n flannel: TJ orders, 45 flax: as crop, 217n; preparation of, 21, 122n Flood, John: sells horse to TJ, 375n

 689 

INDEX Florida: land claims in, 119; territorial government of, 394n. See also East Florida; West Florida flour: price of, 52, 52–3, 187, 187, 298, 581; received as pay, 187; sale of, 52, 52–3, 187, 187; from Shadwell, 187; shipment of, 163, 609, 623; transported to Richmond, 169. See also Monticello (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): flour from Flournoy, Thomas C.: identified, 5:331n; letter from, 369–70; and presidential election of 1824, 369–70; urges TJ to seek presidency, 369 flowers. See plants; specific flower names fodder: for horses, 273, 274n, 368; mentioned, 632; for mules, 273, 274n, 632; for oxen, 273 Fonblanque, John de Grenier: A Treatise of Equity, 334, 335, 336n, 473 food: almonds, 13; anchovies, 457; asparagus, 407; bacon, 30; beef, 92–3, 241, 258, 284, 315, 351, 403, 405; biscuits, 557; bread, 241, 402, 601n; cakes, 13; cheese, 44; fish, 487; grapes, 22; greens, 255; herring, 491, 504, 512, 522, 531; ice cream, 13; kale, sea, li; macaroni, 457; millet, 466n; mustard, 44, 49; oats, 317–8, 475n, 586n; olive oil, 39, 118, 457; peas, 343, 407; pies, 79n; pork, 85, 406; and prayer, 92–3; puddings, 92–3; raisins, 13, 42; shad, 301, 491, 504, 512, 522, 530; strawberries, 343; turkey, 79n; vegetables, 196. See also alcohol; beans; coffee; corn; flour; oil; rice; salt; spices; sugar; tea; wine Foote, John Parsons: identified, 266n; letter from, 265–6; letter to, 315; publishes Western Quarterly Reporter of Medical, Surgical, and Natural Science, 265–6, 315 Force, Peter: identified, 14:577–8n; The National Calendar, and Annals of the United States; for MDCCCXXII, 303, 304n Forsyth, John: identified, 13:579–80n; as minister plenipotentiary to Spain, 481 Fossett, Joseph (Joe) (TJ’s slave; b. 1780): as blacksmith, 632, 641n, 641, 642, 643; and goods for TJ, 44; identified, 4:245n fossils: study of, 125, 193 Fothergill, John: identified, 6:101n; and B. Waterhouse, 532

Fothergill, Samuel, 532 Fourth of July: orations, 130, 547, 548n, 571, 572n, 584, 626, 627n France: Chambre des Députés, 177, 427, 428; excise taxes and duties in, 173; and Greek independence, 427, 428; and Lafayette, 426, 427; literature of, 177; and smallpox vaccination, 567; and South American independence, 425; and U.S., 177, 430; wines from, 561. See also French Revolution; Gallatin, Albert: as minister plenipotentiary to France; Institut de France; Jefferson, Thomas: Public Service; Louis XVI, king of France; Napoleon I, emperor of France Franklin, Benjamin: busts of, lii; and Declaration of Independence, 274; inventions of, 346; Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. F.R.S. &c. (ed. W. T. Franklin), 168; portraits of, 291; praised, 572n; science of, 625; stove of, 321; and warm baths, 292; works attributed to, 75, 76n Fray, John: identified, 636–7n; introduced to TJ, 636; and TJ’s Shadwell mills, 636, 637n Frayssinous, Denis, 429, 430–1n Fredericksburg, Va.: stagecoach to and from, 606 Freeman, James: identified, 10:430–1n; as Unitarian minister, 656 Freemasonry: and cosmology, 56; symbolism of, 60n French and Indian War, 297n French language: letters in, from: P. Derieux, 637–8; C. Le Brun, 95–7; L. Petit, 554–5; A. Thiébaut de Berneaud, 62–4; spoken in Washington, 37, 163; study of, 562; TJ on study of, 163 French Revolution: TJ on, 384 Fry, Joshua (ca. 1760–1839): friend of D. F. Robertson, 209; identified, 17:29n furniture: presses, 164n Gadsden, Christopher: TJ’s opinion on, 486 Gadsden, John: identified, 486–7n; introduced to TJ, 486, 488; visits Monticello, 486, 488n Gallatin, Albert: and appointments, 557, 562; conveys letters and parcels, 456,

 690 

INDEX 457n, 466n; and J. Dodge, 547; identified, 1:599n; mentioned, 557; as minister plenipotentiary to France, 428, 429–30 galvanism: study of, 625 gambling: laws prohibiting, 460, 580–1 gardening: books on, 18. See also seeds gardens: Jardin des Plantes (Paris), 364; at Monticello, 368 Gardiner, John (ca. 1770–1839): on character of F. D. Tschiffely, 557–8; identified, 12:147n; letter from, 557–8 Garland, John Belfield: identified, 239n; and Jefferson Society of Washington College, 238, 251–2; letter from, 238–9; letter to, 251–2 Garland, Samuel: identified, 16:30–1n; letters from, 77–8, 183–4, 577–8; letters to, 168–9, 585; and TJ’s debt to A. Robertson & Company, 577, 585; and TJ’s debt to Mr. Hawkins, 77–8, 168–9, 169–70, 183, 298 Garret, Eliza: signs petition, 146 Garrett, Alexander: as Albemarle Co. clerk, 373n, 440; identified, 5:567–8n; letters from, 440, 623; letter to, 373–4; as University of Virginia bursar, 3, 29, 117, 188, 211, 215, 271n, 356, 373–4, 440, 458, 483, 534, 623 Garth, Jesse: sawmill of, 574–5 A Gazetteer of the State of New-York (H. G. Spafford), 253 A General Abridgment of Cases in Equity, Argued and Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery, &c. (M. Bacon), 334, 335, 336n, 473 A General Index to the Virginian Law Authorities, reported by Washington, Call, Hening and Munford jointly, and Munford separately (W. Munford), 418n General Land Office, U.S.: employees at, 557, 558 General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church (New York City), 368, 370, 371 Geoffrin, Marie Thérèse Rodet: maxims of, 37, 38n geography: applicants to teach at University of Virginia, 219; books on, 237, 375; and due east and west lines, 648, 649–53. See also Ellicott, Andrew (1754–1820); Lambert, William; maps; prime meridian

geology: books on, 125, 193; study of, 278, 355–6; TJ on, 193. See also mineralogy Γεωπονικά. Agricultural Pursuits (trans. T. Owen), 18, 242 George III, king of Great Britain: mentioned, 595 George IV, king of Great Britain: and appointments, 410; as prince regent, 652 Georgia, University of: and tariffs on books, 11, 78 German language: study of, 562; works in, owned by TJ, 628, 629n Germany: scholarship in, 503 Ghent, Treaty of (1814): and national boundaries, 649–50, 652 Gibbon, Edward: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 399 Gibbon, James: and cement, 288, 288–9, 289–90, 411; identified, 2:669n; letters to, from D. M. Randolph, 288–9, 289–91 Gibson, Alexander: identified, 17:424n; seeks appointment, 625, 627, 653 Gibson, Patrick: family of, 627; financial situation of, 627; health of, 627; identified, 4:523n; letter from, 653; letter from accounted for, 625n; letter to, 625; seeks appointment for son, 625, 627, 653; TJ on, 627. See also Gibson & Jefferson (Richmond firm) Gibson & Jefferson (Richmond firm): identified, 1:44n; and payments made for TJ, 483; and payments to TJ, 482, 482, 483. See also Gibson, Patrick; Jefferson, George (TJ’s cousin) gigs: travel in, 360 Giles, William Branch: possible author of “A Native of Virginia” articles, 386n Gill (TJ’s slave; b. 1792). See Gillette, Gill (TJ’s slave; b. 1792) Gillette, Gill (TJ’s slave; b. 1792): allocations to, 317–8 Gillette, Ned (TJ’s slave; b. 1760): and Shadwell milldam, 610 Gilliam, John, 623n Gilliat, J. & W. See John & William Gilliat (Richmond firm) Gillies, John: The History of Ancient Greece, its Colonies, and Conquests, 399; The History of the World, from the reign of Alexander to that of Augustus, 399 Gills, John, 404

 691 

INDEX Gilmer, Peachy Ridgeway: identified, 16:543n; and TJ’s petition to alter Bedford Co. road, 70 Gilmore, Joseph: identified, 16:30n; and repair of TJ’s mills, 640 Gimbrede, Thomas: engraving of J. Monroe, 299, 301n; identified, 1:23n gimlets, 49 Girard, Stephen: identified, 8:587–8n; invests in federal bonds, 517; and payments made for TJ, 456, 461, 492, 510, 515 Girardin, Louis Hue: health of, 559; identified, 1:633–4n Girault, John: identified, 297n; memorandum of, to A. Ellicott, 295, 296–8, 312; and W. Fla. border, 296–7 Gist, Nathaniel, 137 Glass, Francis: identified, 554n; Latin biography of G. Washington, 552–3, 554n, 583–4; letter from, 552–4; letter to, 583–4; seeks TJ’s assistance, 552–3 glass, window: Boston, 621; sent to TJ, 621; TJ orders, 609 gloves, 47 glue: TJ orders, 42 God: as creator, 89, 91, 92 Godman, John Davidson: edits Western Quarterly Reporter of Medical, Surgical, and Natural Science, 265–6, 315; identified, 266n; letter from, 265–6; letter to, 315 Goggins & Irvine (firm), 406 gold: as currency, 365n Goldsborough, Charles Washington: and freedom of the press, 398; identified, 8:201–2n; letter from, 398; letter to, 438; and “A Native of Virginia,” 398, 438; on TJ, 398 Goldsborough, Robert H.: and identity of “A Native of Virginia,” 400 Goliath (Old Testament figure), 60n Good, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Good, Maria: signs petition, 146 Good, Maria, Jr.: signs petition, 146 Goode, Robert: as director of public buildings in Richmond, 201n Goodenow, John Milton: Historical Sketches of the Principles and Maxims of American Jurisprudence, 467, 468n; identified, 467–8n; letter to, 467–8 Gordon, Eleanor A.: signs petition, 146 Gordon, Jane: signs petition, 146 Gordon, William: The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of

the Independence of the United States of America, 145, 147n Gordon, William Fitzhugh: friendship with C. Cocke, 391, 392n; identified, 5:270n gorgons (mythological creatures), 574 Gorman, John: identified, 14:557–8n; letter from, 194–5; letter to, 215–6; orders goods for TJ, 46, 47, 50; as stonecutter, 195, 215–6 Gough, William: identified, 85–6n; letter to, 85–6; as Poplar Forest overseer, 69–70, 85, 403, 407n gout, 654 Gouverneur, Samuel Lawrence: and J. Monroe, 277 government. See politics Grabe, John Ernest: edits Septuaginta Interpretum, 18 Graham, Edward: identified, 12:175n; letter to, 102; and survey of Natural Bridge, 102 grammar: study of, 276, 390 Grammar Simplified; or, an Ocular Analysis of the English Language (J. Greenleaf), 390 Grammatica Anglo-Saxonica ex Hickesiano Linguarum Septentrionalium Thesauro Excerpta (G. Hickes), 18 Grand, Ferdinand: as banker, 383, 385, 400, 433n, 434, 448–51, 538 Grand & Compagnie (Paris firm), 384–5, 395, 401, 412, 448, 449, 450 grapes: Alexander (Cape of Good Hope), 465; Bland, 320; effect of weather on, 437; fox, 320, 436; from France, 22; grown in Ala., 257; muscat, 320–1, 337; vine cuttings, 22, 320–1, 337, 437. See also Monticello (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): viticulture at; viticulture; wine grass: as fodder, 368 La Graunde Abridgement (R. Brooke), 335 Gray, Mr.: buys TJ’s tobacco, 436 Gray & Pankey (Richmond firm): buys TJ’s tobacco, 582, 602 Grayson, William: and G. Washington, 137, 138 Great Britain: agriculture in, 217n; and Balkans, 372n; and colonization, 490–1, 635; cost of books in, 334, 335; debts owed to merchants of, 3, 35; economic distress in, 156, 255–6, 536; exchange rate in, 583; excise

 692 

INDEX taxes and duties in, 172, 173; and Greek independence, 427; House of Commons, 491n; House of Lords, 490–1; influence of, in Europe, 256; influence on U.S. education, 173; judicial system in, 80; and Mississippi lands, 295; and smallpox vaccination, 567; trade policies of, 490–1, 635; and U.S., 144–6, 490–1, 620; and W. Fla., 295, 296–7. See also Adams, John Quincy; American Revolution; Embargo Act (1807); George III; George IV; Jefferson, Thomas: Opinions on; Pinkney, William; Rush, Richard; War of 1812 Greece, ancient: agriculture in, 217n, 242; history of, 399 Greece, modern: constitution of, 430n; legislature of, 430n; and Ottoman Empire, 430n; war of independence, 427–8, 459 A Greek and English Manual Lexicon to the New Testament (J. H. Bass), 18 Greek language: classical works written in, 73, 123, 197, 202, 240n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 565, 619; pronunciation of, 356; study of, 399, 556; works in, 212, 241–2, 278, 356 Green, Frederick: and Maryland Gazette, 311 Green, John Williams: B. Peyton on, 598; TJ on, 612; visits Monticello, 598, 612, 621 Green, Samuel: and Maryland Gazette, 311 Green, Willis: and W. C. Nicholas estate, 414, 415, 418n, 419, 420, 421 Greene, Mr.: and W. C. Nicholas estate, 653–4, 655 Greene, Nathanael: as general, 660 Greenleaf, Jeremiah: Grammar Simplified; or, an Ocular Analysis of the English Language, 390; identified, 14:458–9n; letter from, 390 Greenlee, William: Botetourt Co. property of, 103n; Rockbridge Co. property of, 28, 102, 181–2 greens (vegetable): given to TJ, 255 Green v. Biddle, 208n Greenway, James: herbarium and manuscript of, 18 Greenwich Observatory, England: and prime meridian, 287, 508, 539–40, 543 Gregg, James: and South Carolina College, 232

Griffin, Thomas: identified, 86n; letter from, 86–7; letter to, 113–5; and University of Virginia, 86, 107, 107–11, 113–5, 118–9, 128, 158, 207, 264, 285; as Va. legislator, 86, 107–9 Griffin, William: letter from, 644–7; as missionary to Indians, 644–7 Griffith, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Griffiths, Elijah: identified, 1:237n; letter from, 195–6; on Philadelphia orphanage fire, 195; seeks appointments, 195; on weather, 196 Grimes, Eliza: signs petition, 146 grindstones, 366, 464 groceries: purchased by TJ, 39, 586n. See also food Grose, Francis: writings of, 473 Gross, Ezra Carter: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 Grymes, John Randolph, 580–1 Gunn, John: Richmond lots of, 192, 200 gunpowder: mentioned, 565; TJ purchases, 41, 46, 47 guns. See firearms Gurney, Anna: writings of, 473 gutters: for Buckingham Co. courthouse, 523; at Monticello, 470, 549; TJ on, 549; at University of Virginia, 549 Gwillim, Henry: edits A New Abridgment of the Law (M. Bacon), 334, 335 Hackley, Richard Shippey: E. Fla. land claims of, 98, 100–1, 119; identified, 9:57n Hadfield, George (Maria Cosway’s brother): family of, 537, 639; identified, 639n; letter to, 639 Hagar (Old Testament figure), 149, 644 Hailman, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Haines, Hiram: identified, 17:240n; letter to, 23; and pocketknife for TJ, 23; and portrait of TJ, 23; and TJ’s Notes on the State of Virginia, 23 hair: lock of TJ’s requested, 36, 209; TJ’s described, 603 Hale, Sir Mathew: as legal authority, 334–5, 475 Hallam, Henry: View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages, 399 Hamilton, Alexander (1757–1804): relationship with TJ, 572n

 693 

INDEX Hammond, Charles: identified, 17:399n; Review of the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Cohens vs. Virginia, 362, 367 Hampden-Sydney College: funding for, 109, 110, 111n, 129–30, 158, 159 Hancock, John: and American Revolution, 572n Hansford, Alexander: purchases books, 278 Hansford, Theodosius: and artifacts for University of Virginia, 278; and books for University of Virginia, 278, 279–80; identified, 279n; letter from, to University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 278–9; letter to, 328 Hargrave, Francis: as legal authority, 334–5, 475; Notes on Lord Coke’s First Institute, or Commentary upon Littleton, 580 Harker, Samuel, 538n Harlow, Brice: boats of, 522, 530; delivers letter, 522n Harper, Robert Goodloe: and medallion of G. Washington, 162 Harrah, Margaret: signs petition, 146 Harris, Mr. (of Bedford Co.): family of opposes new road, 70 Harris, James (1766–1830): identified, 55n; letter from, 55; and lumber for University of Virginia, 55 Harris, Levett: accusations against, 9; and F. Adelung, 9; identified, 1:379–80n; letter from, 9–10; letter to, 40; proposed visit of, 9, 40; sends book to TJ, 9, 40; sends greetings to Randolphs, 10; sues W. D. Lewis, 9 Harrison, Carter Henry: identified, 336–7n; introduces Abbott and Myers to TJ, 336; letter from, 336–7; and TJ’s health, 336 Harrison, Grace Dent (Richard H. Harrison’s wife): death of, 134, 137 Harrison, Jesse Burton: education of, 26–7; identified, 17:557–8n; TJ introduces, 26–7 Harrison, Richard (auditor of the treasury): identified, 1:43n; letter from, 431–3; letter from, to H. W. Dwight, 433–4; letter to, 412; and settlement of TJ’s account, 383–5, 412, 431–3, 433–4, 449, 451 Harrison, Robert Hanson: correspondence with G. Washington, 134, 137–41; death of, 134, 141, 160, 161n;

family of, 134, 135n, 137; and A. Hamilton, 138; health of, 138, 140; identified, 141n; and Lafayette, 135n; personal papers of, 134, 137; Revolutionary War service of, 134, 135n, 136–7, 141–2, 160; as secretary to G. Washington, 136, 141; Supreme Court appointment of, 136, 139, 140 Harter, Eleanor: signs petition, 146 Harter, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Harvard University: faculty at, 159; J. T. Kirkland as president of, 4–5, 27; mentioned, 659; public ceremonies at, 656; and tariffs on books, 4–5, 6–7, 11, 27, 30, 78; G. Ticknor’s professorship at, 5, 7n; and Unitarianism, 518, 564; B. Waterhouse’s professorship at, 655 Harvie, Jaquiline Burwell: and University of Virginia, 328, 329n “Hassan, Nathan Ben” (pseudonym of Christian Schultz). See Schultz, Christian Hastings, Warren: impeachment of, 37, 38n Hatch, Frederick Winslow: and Charlottesville convention of Va. Episcopalians, 376–7, 396; house of, 23–4, 61; identified, 17:483n; invited to dine with TJ, 184; letters from, 61–2, 184; letters to, 23–4, 376–7; letter to accounted for, 184n; officiates at weddings, 184; TJ gives money to, 23–4, 61, 376, 377n hats: given to TJ, 565; TJ orders, 48; wool, 48, 49 Haüy, René Just: writings of, 335 Hawkins, Mr.: TJ buys horses from, 77–8, 168–9, 183, 298 Hawkins, Abner B.: and University of Virginia, 534 Hawkins, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Hawley, Abraham: account with TJ, 318n; identified, 16:645n Hawley, Gideon: as superintendent of N.Y. common schools, 75 hay, 317–8 Hay, George: and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 277; identified, 2:402n; and J. Monroe, 277 Hay, William (1748–1825), 193n, 200 Hayne, William Edward: and South Carolina College, 232

 694 

INDEX H. C. Carey & I. Lea (Philadelphia firm): and J. Delaplaine’s proposed American travel guide, 223; identified, 481–2n; letter from, 481–2; letter from accounted for, 503n; letter to, 503; and proposed Charlottesville bookstore, 481, 503 health: alcohol abuse, 443, 499, 557–8; and bathing, 319; bile, 218; blindness, 516, 546; catarrh, 291; colds, 291; cough, 291; deafness, 516; debility, 454; diarrhea, 559; and diet, 443; and exercise, 443, 559; fever, 196, 552; gout, 654; hand injury, 504; hearing loss, 310; leg injury, 64; memory loss, 12, 423, 454, 516; “nervous affections,” 490; palsy, 453, 502, 546; and physical habits, 291, 292; pulmonary complaint, 196, 460; rheumatism, 315n; of slaves, 64, 501; and sleep, 559; smallpox, 138; smallpox vaccination, 566–8; speech impairment, 562; stomach ailments, 255; vision loss, 428–9, 454, 569, 577; and warm springs, 572; weather’s effect on, 300; of women, 196; wounds, 575. See also aging; Jefferson, Thomas: Health; medicine; mental illness; yellow fever Heath, James Ewell: identified, 17:425n; as Va. auditor of public accounts, 158, 159 Hebb, George: identified, 395–6n; letters from, 394–6, 401; and “A Native of Virginia,” 394–5, 401, 453; and rumored assassinations in Spain, 401; S. Smith (of Md.) on, 480–1 Hemings, Beverly (TJ’s enslaved son; b. 1798): escapes, li–lii, 196 (illus.); on Monticello slave lists, li–lii Hemings, Eston (TJ’s enslaved son; b. 1808): drives cart, 64 Hemings, Harriet (TJ’s enslaved daughter; b. 1801): escapes, li–lii, 196 (illus.); on Monticello slave lists, li–lii Hemings, Madison (TJ’s enslaved son; b. 1805): family of, li–lii Hemings, Sally (TJ’s slave and mother of children fathered by him; 1773–1835): family of, li; identified, 3:610–1n; and TJ, li Hemmings, John (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1776): and goods for TJ, 46; identified, 15:60–1n; letter from, 35–6; letter to, 64; travels to and from

Poplar Forest, 35, 64, 535; as woodworker, 35–6, 64, 632 hemp: as cash crop, 217n; preparation of, 21 Henderson, Bennett: legatees of, 600 Hening, William Henry: identified, 568n; Prospectus for a Vaccine Dispensary, 566–8 Hening, William Waller: identified, 1:158–9n; letter from, 388–9; letters to, 374, 468; The New Virginia Justice, 329, 330n, 374; The Statutes at Large, 374, 388–9, 468 Henrico County, Va.: and Capitol Square, 192, 193n, 200 Henry, Patrick (1736–99): identified, 4:604–5n; mentioned, 149 Henry, Patrick (of Rockbridge Co.): identified, 11:397–8n; and survey of Natural Bridge, 182 Hern, David (Davy) (TJ’s slave; b. 1784): identified, 1:464n; wagoner, 632, 642, 643 Hern, Lilburn (TJ’s slave; b. 1809): health of, 64 Hern, Randal (TJ’s slave; b. 1802): sent to Monticello, 30 Hern, Thrimston (Thrimson) (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1799): clothes for, 194; and J. Gorman, 194–5, 215–6 Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiarum (Herodotus), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619 Herodotus: Herodoti Halicarnassei Historiarum, 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619 herring: sent to TJ, 491, 504, 512, 522, 531; TJ orders, 487 Herschel, William: British astronomer, 590, 592–6, 613 Hickes, George: Grammatica AngloSaxonica ex Hickesiano Linguarum Septentrionalium Thesauro Excerpta, 18 Hickey, Thomas: letter from accounted for, 669 Hickman, William Waters: identified, 368–9n; letters from, 368–9, 370–1; seeks TJ’s assistance, 368, 370–1; visits Monticello, 368, 370 Higginbotham, David: identified, 4:154n; letter from, 166–7; letter to, 224; TJ’s debt to, 166–7, 224 Highland (J. Monroe’s Albemarle Co. estate): corn grown at, 318, 351; J. Monroe at, 615, 625; J. Monroe plans to visit, 561; sale of, 598

 695 

INDEX Hinduism: and theism, 91 Historical Sketches of the Principles and Maxims of American Jurisprudence (J. M. Goodenow), 467, 468n history: study of, 334; TJ asked to write, 165, 180. See also books: on history The History of Alexander the Great (Q. Curtius Rufus; trans. P. Pratt), 579 The History of Ancient Greece, its Colonies, And Conquests (J. Gillies), 399 The History of England (P. de Rapin Thoyras; trans. N. Tindal), 399 The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688 (D. Hume), 399 History of Modern Europe (W. Russell), 399 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (E. Gibbon), 399 A History of the English Law (J. Reeves), 334, 335 The History of the Reign of Charles V (W. Robertson), 399 The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America (W. Gordon), 145, 147n The History of the World, from the reign of Alexander to that of Augustus (J. Gillies), 399 Hite, Mr., 378n hogs. See pigs holland (textile), 42, 43, 44 Holley, Horace: identified, 12:405n; as preacher, 656; as president of Transylvania University, 21n, 159 Holmes, Abiel: American Annals; or, a Chronological History of America, from its discovery in 1492 to 1806, 656; B. Waterhouse on, 656 Holmes, Hugh: identified, 6:114–5n; as president of Agricultural Society of the Valley, 316 Holt, William C.: as speaker of Va. Senate, 208n Holy Alliance: and Alexander I, 426; and Greek independence, 427; mentioned, 426, 459 Holyoke, Edward A.: and tariffs on books, 198n; writings of, 356 Hone, William: edits The Apocryphal New Testament, being all the Gospels, Epistles and other pieces now extant, 18

Hopkins, George Folliet: identified, 611–2n; letter from, 611–2; letter to, 625–6; Observations on Electricity, Looming, and Sounds, 611, 625–6 Hopkins, John (commissioner of loans): and lawsuit against E. Randolph, 483 Hopkins, Samuel: American theologian, 658, 659 Hopkins, Stephen: as member of Continental Congress, 660 Horace: TJ quotes, 501, 563 Hord, Achilles (Killes): described, 486n; family of, 486; seeks employment, 485–6 Hornish, Mary: signs petition, 146 Hornish, Sarah: signs petition, 146 horses: and E. Bacon, 641; Chickasaw, 435; coach, 559; cost to hire, 116; from Curaçao, 32; fodder for, 273, 274n, 368; mentioned, 93, 430n, 454, 617n, 646; owned by TJ, 273; at Poplar Forest, 405, 406; riding of, 443, 559; theft of, 228; TJ buys, 77–8, 168–9, 183, 298, 375n, 623n; TJ rides, 224, 424, 516, 559, 603–4, 654 The House Carpenters’ Book of Prices, and Rules for measuring and valuing all their different kinds of work: and wages at University of Virginia, 122 household articles: alum, 50; beeswax, 50, 218; blankets, 40, 403; bottles, 39, 561; buttons, 42, 44, 46, 48, 603; candles, 42, 43; carts, 366, 648; chamber pots, 45; corks, 245, 258; dishes, 41; earthenware, 597; glue, 42; ink, 545–6; iron salt, 405; knives, 23; lampblack, 50; linseed oil, 174; locks, 46; needles, 41; padlocks, 42, 45, 48, 49; pitchers, 41; plates, 49; pounce, 545–6; shot, 41, 565; sifters, 42, 174; stoves, 211, 321–2, 357–8; tablecloths, 50; tallow, 241; thread, 41–4, 46, 47, 48; tumblers, 40; tureens, 45; turpentine, 174; wafers (for sealing letters), 545–6; wax, 545–6; wineglasses, 40. See also building materials; clothing; furniture; tools House of Representatives, U.S.: chamber of, 300–1; chaplains to, 37–8, 518, 564, 657; and congressional reapportionment, 394n; debates in, 300–1; journals of, 166, 181, 524; mentioned, 386, 387; Military Affairs Committee, 387; Public Expenditures Committee,

 696 

INDEX 432, 433n; and revision of judiciary law, 81; Speaker of, 300; and taxes, 5, 6–7; Ways and Means Committee, 386–7. See also Congress, U.S. Howard, James, 405, 406 Howard, John: penal reforms of, 142 Hudson, Charles: and Limestone Survey lawsuit, 373 Hudson, Christopher: identified, 8:653n; and Limestone Survey, 373 Hudson, John: and Limestone Survey lawsuit, 373 Hughes, James, 419, 423n Hughes, Wormley (TJ’s slave; b. 1781): and Shadwell milldam, 610 Hull, Mary: signs petition, 146 Humane Society of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 533 Hume, David: The History of England, from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688, 399; TJ on, 251 Hunter, William (d. 1777), 660 Hunter, William (1774–1849), 660, 662n Huntington, Daniel, 444 Hyde de Neuville, Anne Marguerite Joséphine Henriette Rouillé de Marigny (Jean Guillaume Hyde de Neuville’s wife), 37 Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume: E. W. R. Coolidge on, 37, 300; as French ambassador to U.S., 430; identified, 4:374–5n Hymns of Intercession for All Mankind (C. Wesley), 60n Imperial (ship), 51, 120, 120, 194 impressment: of American seamen, 620 Inca Indians, 95–6 Independence Day. See Fourth of July Indiana: state papers of, 325 Indians, American: artifacts of, 278; artifacts of, in museums, 206; Cherokee, 645–6; Chickasaw, 644, 646; Choctaw, 644, 646; education of, 32, 237n, 275, 646, 659; land purchased from, 296; languages, 198, 225, 356; missionaries to, 644–7; plans for civilizing, 236–7, 249, 250n, 258–60, 267–8, 269, 646–7; treaties with, 32, 33n; and U.S. War Department, 259, 260n, 269; works on, 441 An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body (B. Rush), 292n

insanity. See mental illness insects: effect of on agriculture, 106; and flight, 347 Institut de France: and Société de Géographie, 177 Institutes of the Laws of England (E. Coke), 334, 335, 381, 580 insurance. See Mutual Assurance Society Internal Improvement of South-Carolina, Particularly Adapted to the Low Country (R. Mills), 608, 609n An Introduction to Natural Philosophy (W. Nicholson), 399 inventions: American claims to, 345–6. See also machines Iredell, James: as Supreme Court justice, 467 Ireland: oppression in, 145 iron: bar, 40, 44, 45, 51, 648n; purchased by TJ, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 647–8; tools, 43; for wagons, 641, 642, 643. See also naileries: nail-rod and iron stock iron salt, 405 Isaac (TJ’s slave; b. 1768): and Shadwell milldam, 610; as wagoner, 351, 472 Isaacs, David: identified, 7:321–2n; letters from, 241, 258, 284, 315; sells TJ beef, 241, 258, 284, 315; sells TJ tallow, 241; TJ’s account with, 241n Ishmael (Old Testament figure), 644 Islam, 59, 91 Isocrates (Athenian orator): Isokratouz Logoi Kai Epiotolai: Isocratis Orationes et Epistolæ. Cum Latina Interpretatione Hieronymi Wolfii, Ab Ipso Postremùm Recognita (trans. H. Wolf), 279 Isokratouz Logoi Kai Epiotolai: Isocratis Orationes et Epistolæ. Cum Latina Interpretatione Hieronymi Wolfii, Ab Ipso Postremùm Recognita (Isocrates; trans. H. Wolf), 279 Italy: agriculture in, 217n; stonecutters from, 373, 455, 456 Iturbide, Agustín de (later Agustín I, emperor of Mexico), 573–4 ivy (plant): as advertisement, 95n Jackson, Andrew: on J. Q. Adams, 307; duel with C. H. Dickinson, 210n; as governor of Fla., 37, 38n; hostility toward W. H. Crawford, 307; identified, 15:233–4n; letter from, 210–1; on J. Monroe, 307; presidential

 697 

INDEX Jackson, Andrew (cont.) prospects of, 306, 307; on TJ, 307; and TJ’s health, 210; and University of Virginia, 666–7n; and T. G. Watkins, 210–1, 666–7n; and work for TJ, 666n Jackson, James, 655 Jackson, Jonathan, 655 Jacob, Giles: A New Law Dictionary (eds. O. Ruffhead and J. Morgan), 335, 580 James River: water level of, 581, 597, 621. See also boats: carriage to and from Richmond James River Company, 289 Jamey (Jamy) (TJ’s slave; b. 1802), 30 Jamieson, John: writings of, 473 Jardin des plantes et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle: seeds from, 364, 491–2, 561 Jarvis, William Charles: identified, 16:256n; and judicial authority, 73; letter from TJ referenced, 73, 74, 150, 151, 175–6, 283, 364–5, 379, 551; The Republican; or, A Series of Essays on the Principles and Policy of Free States, 73, 74, 76n, 175–6, 283, 364–5, 379, 551 Jay, John: J. Adams on, 454 Jefferson, George (TJ’s cousin): identified, 1:44n; mentioned, 627; and payments to TJ, 482–3. See also Gibson & Jefferson (Richmond firm) Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton (TJ’s wife): death of, 26 Jefferson, Thomas Books & Library binding of books, 10, 18, 115, 240, 280, 329, 330, 349, 471, 491, 504, 530, 565, 619, 619; borrows books, 165, 166, 179, 181; bound pamphlets, 468; catalogues from booksellers, 73, 579; and newspaper subscriptions, 503n; orders books, 73, 123, 197, 256, 292–3, 358, 439, 459, 466, 471, 582–3, 619; packing and shipping of, 197, 471; purchases from de Bure Frères, 71, 120, 466; purchases from J. Leitch, 42; reading habits of, 514, 515, 515; receives works, 65, 72, 76, 119–20, 121, 125, 126, 130, 156, 156, 156–7, 189, 191, 193, 224, 225, 235, 241, 242, 255–6, 294–5, 314, 315, 328, 362,

367, 374, 437, 439, 459, 466, 467, 475, 487, 499, 503, 558, 559, 571, 584, 585, 605, 625, 626; recommends books, 334–5, 335–6, 399; requested to review books, 15, 75, 167–8, 294–5; sends manuscripts, 625; subscriptions, 197, 241–2, 323, 326, 628; works sent to, 15, 51, 64, 71, 71, 74–5, 79, 87, 88, 95–6, 97, 118, 120, 120–1, 125, 130–1, 143, 152, 169, 170, 170, 177, 179, 189, 194, 198, 202, 203, 205, 214, 216–7, 222, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 243, 250–1, 258, 265–6, 271, 287, 298, 303, 322–3, 329, 331, 343, 362, 375, 376, 390, 391, 441, 443, 445, 447, 463–4, 474, 511, 520, 547, 547, 570, 575, 601, 608, 611, 657, 665, 666n (See also Library of Congress) Business & Financial Affairs account with T. Appleton, 462, 487, 491, 504, 504, 583; account with E. Bacon, 366–7, 431, 598, 599; account with W. Bentley, 31, 80; account with M. Dawson, 623n; account with H. A. S. Dearborn, 39; account with de Bure Frères, 466; account with Dodge & Oxnard, 510; account with D. Isaacs, 241n; account with J. Laval, 358, 375, 376, 447, 487, 487, 491, 529; account with J. Leitch, 623n; account with F. A. Mayo, 18, 18, 115, 213, 619, 619; account with A. Robertson, 69, 403; account with J. Thompson, 120, 120–1, 170; account with T. G. Watkins, 500, 501; Account with J. Yancey, 404, 404–6; bonds with van Staphorst & Hubbard, 458, 494–5, 526–7, 537; bond with W. C. Nicholas and T. J. Randolph, 165–6, 413; buys and sells slaves, 106; debt to A. Robertson & Company, 106, 403, 577, 585, 624; debt to L. Bowling, 19, 131; debt to Mr. Hawkins, 77–8, 168–9, 169–70, 183, 298; debt to D. Higginbotham, 166–7, 224; debt to P. Mazzei, 462–3; debt to N. & J. & R. van Staphorst, 458, 458, 484, 494–5, 526–7, 537; debt to J. Yancey, 70, 106, 404; endorses notes for W. C. Nicholas, 413, 442, 572–3, 584, 607–8, 654; estate of, 272–3; gives

 698 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) money to E. W. R. Coolidge, 52, 212; Invoice from de Bure Frères, 71, 120; Invoice from Joshua Dodge, 561–2; Invoice from Lackington, Hughes & Company, 71, 203, 251; and lease of Shadwell mills, 631, 640; and Limestone Survey lawsuit, 373; loan from Bank of Virginia, 330, 374, 586, 597–8; loan from J. W. Eppes, 166, 180, 446, 488; loan from Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 298, 298–9, 330, 374, 389, 504, 621; loan from W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 609n; loan from T. J. Randolph, 374–5, 434; loans requested from, 555, 556; orders wine from J. Dodge, 561–2, 600; orders wine from Dodge & Oxnard, 457, 461, 462, 519, 547; promissory notes to Edmund Bacon, 435, 632, 641, 642, 643, 643–4; rent due TJ, 168–9, 319–20, 623, 631; sells flour, 52, 52–3, 187, 187, 609, 623; sells tobacco, 407n, 446, 581, 582, 586, 597, 601, 602, 609, 623; sells tree bark, 351; as W. Short’s representative, 482, 482–3 (See also Barnes, John; charity; Gibson, Patrick; Gibson & Jefferson [Richmond firm]; Mutual Assurance Society; Peyton, Bernard; Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings) Correspondence anonymous letters to, 88–9, 147–8, 170, 183, 341, 342, 441–2, 575–6, 620, 629–30, 669; anonymous publications by, xlix, 132–3, 133–4; correspondents described by TJ as insane, 60n; description of, in retirement, 164, 165, 501–2; fatiguing or painful to, 126, 164, 165, 175, 190, 334, 390, 423, 501–2, 514, 514, 560, 563, 613, 661; letters of application and recommendation from, 245–6, 246, 519, 625, 627, 653; letters of application and recommendation to, 16–7, 66–7, 68, 127, 161–2, 219–20, 344–9, 370–1, 485–6, 632–6; letter of introduction from, 352; letters of introduction to, 84–5, 226, 336–7, 364, 486–7, 488, 490, 527–8, 603, 636; publication

of papers, 73–4, 88, 175–6, 277, 292, 293–4, 319, 424, 437, 453, 465, 501, 502, 532, 533, 545, 563, 655, 661–2n; spurious letter allegedly from, 132–3, 133 (See also slaves: letters from; slaves: letters to) Descriptions of appearance, 603–4; biographies of, 254; by S. A. Bumstead, 603–4; clothing, 603 Family & Friends friendship with J. Adams, 546; friendship with L. Levi, 73; relations with grandchildren, 334–5, 463, 559, 572–3; relations with N. P. Trist, 344n Health aging, 25, 36, 126, 156, 216, 246, 319, 327, 327, 357, 358–9, 359, 378, 385, 390, 423, 501, 503, 514, 514, 515, 515, 558, 560, 563, 613; debility, 25, 246, 378, 423, 514, 514, 515, 515, 559, 560, 654; diarrhea, 559; good health of, 10, 12, 196, 210, 327, 372n, 409n, 654; illness of, 409n; injured in fall, 26, 396; memory loss, 378, 413, 558, 613; physical habits of, 291, 292, 319, 327; staphylococcus infection, 12; and warm baths, 319; wrist injury, 126, 423, 514, 560, 563, 661 Honors & Memberships Agricultural Society of the Valley, membership, 316, 317, 327; American Antiquarian Society, membership, 25, 196 (illus.); American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, membership in declined, 249–50, 270; Société Linnéenne de Paris, membership, 62 Literary Quotes A. L. Barbauld, 423; Horace, 501, 563; Tacitus, 25; Virgil, 424; E. Young, 423 (See also Bible) Opinions on Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 98–9; age of maturity, 572; aging, 73, 191; Alexander I, 377; American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States,

 699 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) 249–50, 267, 268–70; ancient Greek agriculture, 242; bankruptcy law, 80; books, 78; British government, 255–6; canals of New York, 293; Christianity, 439, 467, 499–500, 563–4; citizens, duties of, 150; civilizing the Indians, 267–8; clergy, 268; colonial independence, 513; common law, 467; conflict as a natural law, 424; criticism of public officials, 585; death and dying, 423; differences of opinion, 438; early marriages, 572; education, 24, 150, 235, 275, 293, 358; education of southerners in the North, 275; election of 1800, 513; European affairs, 241, 255–6; federal judiciary, 34, 80–1, 513–4; Fourth of July orations, 571; freedom of the seas, 156; geology, 193; government employment, 246; gun ownership, 565; R. Hackley’s land claims, 98–100; human progress, 559–60; Indians, 275; Jesus, 439, 499, 500; judicial review, 73, 80–1, 364–5, 367, 550–1; medicine, 666n; Missouri question, 72, 460; monarchical forms of government, 573–4; phenomenon of looming, 625; poetry, 503–4; political divisions, 513; political parties, 626; prejudice, 189; public speaking, 251; publication of his letters, 319, 424, 501, 563; T. M. Randolph, 560; reading, 424; religion, 212, 439, 655; replying to anonymous attacks, 447; reviewing publications, 76; roofs, flat, 549; science, American, 558; slavery, 426, 609n; state versus federal authority, 513, 584; Supreme Court, 80–1, 361, 367; taxes, 11; truth, 625; Union, 584; warm baths, 319; wine, 378, 465, 561; younger generation, 275, 359, 605 Portraits engravings of, 23n; given as gifts, 23, 36, 209, 291–2; mentioned, 603; Saint-Mémin’s physiognotrace, 23n Public Service in Confederation Congress, 26; in Continental Congress, 274; as a director for locating public buildings in Richmond, 200, 201n; as

governor of Va., 26, 193n, 200, 388, 468; inaugural addresses of, 627n; as minister to France, 26; praised for, 149, 476–7; as president, 96, 142–3, 180, 430n, 548n; as vice president, 34, 312 (See also Virginia, University of: Board of Visitors) Travels to Natural Bridge, 102, 104, 168, 182 (See also Poplar Forest [TJ’s Bedford Co. estate]) Writings Abstract of Evidence in Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 413, 418–23; Bill for the Removal of the Seat of Government of Virginia, 193n, 200; Bond of Wilson Cary Nicholas, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Jefferson Randolph to the Second Bank of the United States, 165–6; Declaration of Independence, 12, 14n, 147–8, 219, 274, 496, 537, 599–600, 633–4; Estimate of Material Needed for Shadwell Milldam, 525; Estimate of Tin Needed to Roof Monticello, 526; First Inaugural Address, 627n; Kentucky Resolutions, 34, 35n; List of Books Recommended for Reading Law, 335–6; Memorandum to Philip N. Nicholas, 482–3; Notes on Architectural Ornaments for Poplar Forest, 534; Notes on Bricks Needed for Monticello Columns and Cisterns, 380–1; Notes on Delivery of Building Material for Shadwell Milldam, 610; Notes on Monticello Cisterns and Columns and Possible Book Purchases, 472–4; Notes on the State of Virginia, 23, 212, 517, 550–1, 609n, 611, 648; Notes on Tin and Plank for Monticello, 575; Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, 511; Notice for Anonymous Insertion in the Richmond Enquirer, 133–4, 196 (illus.), 196 (illus.); Order on Bernard Peyton for “George G. Leiper,” 343; Petition of University of Virginia Board of Visitors to United States Congress, 72, 197–8; plans for a courthouse, 1, 196 (illus.);

 700 

INDEX Jefferson, Thomas (cont.) Rockfish Gap Report of the University of Virginia Commissioners, 190, 582–3; Statement on Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 413, 414–8; Summary Journal of Letters, 502 Jeffersonite (mineral), l–li, 196 (illus.), 511–2, 558 Jefferson Society of Washington College: named for TJ, 238; TJ on, 251 Jefferson v. John Hudson and Charles Hudson, 373 Jenks, William: as chaplain of Mass. legislature, 444 Jennison, Samuel: identified, 324n; as member of American Antiquarian Society, 323, 326 Jeremiah (Jerry) (TJ’s slave; b. 1777): as wagoner, 318, 472, 610, 632 Jerry (TJ’s slave; b. 1777). See Jeremiah (Jerry) (TJ’s slave; b. 1777) Jesuits: mentioned, 429 Jesus: crucifixion of, 57, 58, 60n; doctrines of, 548n; mentioned, 645, 656; and E. P. Page’s cosmology, 56, 58, 59; as prophet, 90, 91, 93; TJ on, 439, 499, 500; B. Waterhouse on, 533 Jews: in U.S., 657, 658, 660–1. See also Judaism Joe (TJ’s slave; b. 1780). See Fossett, Joseph (Joe) (TJ’s slave; b. 1780) John (New Testament evangelist), 57 John (schooner), 310, 320 John VI, king of Portugal and Brazil, 410–1 John & William Gilliat (Richmond firm): purchases TJ’s tobacco, 602 John Cockey Owings & Company (firm), 414, 421. See also Owings, John Cockey Johnson, Mr. (boatman): transports goods, 214, 222, 258, 330, 332 Johnson, Chapman: as attorney, 328, 329n, 332; and establishment of University of Virginia, 129, 158; and funding for University of Virginia, 107, 108–9, 123n, 128, 220, 260, 261, 313–4; identified, 5:530n; letter from, 313–4; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 28, 313, 328; as Va. state senator, 157, 178,

199, 207, 221, 248, 263, 264, 285, 286, 328, 329 Johnson, Henry: identified, 240n; letter from, 239–40; sends work to TJ, 239 Johnson, Richard: letter from accounted for, 669 Johnson, Richard Mentor: identified, 5:586n; as U.S. senator from Ky., 83 Johnson, Samuel: A Dictionary of the English Language, 256, 280, 329, 471, 619 Johnson, William (1771–1834): identified, 1:555n; introduces J. Gadsden, 486; letter from, 486–7 Johnson, William R.: as Va. legislator, 83n Johnson & Warner (Philadelphia firm), 256, 329 Johnston, George: as G. Washington’s aide-de-camp, 137, 138 John Van Lew & Company (Richmond firm): and University of Virginia, 211 Jones, Cave: identified, 127n; seeks position at University of Virginia, 127 Jones, Joseph: and goods for TJ, 442, 471, 474; identified, 13:565–6n; letter from, 442; letter to, 471 Jones, Mary: signs petition, 146 Joseph (Jesus’s father; New Testament figure), 56 Joshua (Old Testament military leader), 205 Journal, Acts and Proceedings, of the Convention, assembled at Philadelphia . . . 1787, which formed the Constitution of the United States, 524n, 624 A Journal, of a Young Man of Massachusetts (A. G. Babcock; ed. B. Waterhouse), 657 Joyce, Jeremiah: Scientific Dialogues, intended for the Instruction and Entertainment of Young People, 399 Judah, Samuel Benjamin Helbert: identified, 464n; letter from, 463–4; letter to, 503–4; Odofriede; The Outcast; A Dramatic Poem, 463–4, 503–4 Judaism: teachings of, 91, 92, 93. See also Jews judiciary, U.S.: and federalism, 33; judicial review, 73, 82, 83, 204, 305–6, 338–40, 367n, 379; TJ on, 34, 80–1, 460, 513–4. See also Supreme Court, U.S.

 701 

INDEX Junius, Franciscus: Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et AngloSaxonica (ed. T. Marshall), 18 Juranits, György: Praecipuum Atque fundamentalem in Neutoniana motuum Planetariorum Theoria errorem Pluribus demonstrat argumentis, 32 Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη. The New Testament, in Greek and English (A. Kneeland), 212, 241–2 kale: pots for, 196 (illus.), 382, 411; sea, li, 196 (illus.) Keating, William Hypolitus: Account of the Jeffersonite, a New Mineral Discovered at the Franklin Iron Works, near Sparta, N. J. by Lardner Vanuxem and Wm. H. Keating, 511, 558; identified, 512n; letter from, 511–2; letter to, 558; names mineral after TJ, l–li, 511–2, 558 Keech, Alexander: identified, 155n; letter from, 153–5; letter to, 190; on northern colleges, 154; seeks information on University of Virginia, 153, 190 Kendall, Edward Augustus, 355 Kendall, Woffendall: Revolutionary War officer, 138 Kentucky: banks in, 550, 576n; Bourbon County Circuit Court, 550; education in, 244n, 476, 478–9, 480n; endorsement and replevin laws in, 550, 576n; and judicial review, 550–1; judiciary, 531; legislature of, 34, 227n, 244n, 478, 550–1, 552n; Resolutions, 34, 35n; and Va. land grants, 208, 221, 261–2, 265n Kentucky Gazette (Lexington, Ky., newspaper): publishes C. Rafinesque’s essays, 205, 207n Kercheval, Samuel: and fireproof cement, 359; identified, 1:567n; letter from, 359 Kerr, John: and corn for TJ, 318 Kerr, Margaret: signs petition, 146 Kerr, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Keyes, Mr. (of Rhode Island): Latin school of, 659 King, Rufus: and E. W. R. Coolidge, 38n Kingsbury, Cyrus: identified, 10:158–9n; as missionary to Indians, 644 Kinkead, Thomas: Botetourt Co. property of, 102, 103n

Kinsolving, James: and Mutual Assurance Society, 600 Kirkland, John Thornton: identified, 5n; letter from, 4–5; letter to, 78; as president of Harvard University, 27, 518, 656; and tariffs on books, 4–5, 78 Kneeland, Abner: identified, 213n; Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη. The New Testament, in Greek and English, 212, 241–2; letter from, 212–3; letter to, 241–2 Knights of Malta: and Jewel of Malta, 58, 60n knives: pocketknives, 23 Koch, Dorothea: signs petition, 146 Kuntz, Elizabeth, Jr.: signs petition, 146 Lackington, George: bookseller, 459 Lackington, Hughes & Company (London firm): and books for TJ, 71, 251; identified, 17:197n; invoice from, 71, 203, 251 Lacon: or Many Things in Few Words; addressed to Those Who Think (C. C. Colton), 65, 119–20 Lacy, Benjamin: and Limestone Survey lawsuit, 373 “Lætitia Lookabout” (pseudonym): A Sketch of the Rights of Boys and Girls, 228, 229n Lafayette, Françoise Émilie Destutt de Tracy (Lafayette’s daughter-in-law), 428 Lafayette, George Washington (Lafayette’s son): as legislator, 427, 428 Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, marquis de: correspondence with S. Bernard, 300; and Destutt de Tracy, 428–9; and events in Europe, 426–7; and events in France, 426, 427; family of, 428; and A. Gallatin, 429–30; and Greek independence, 427–8; and R. H. Harrison’s Revolutionary War service, 134, 135n, 160–1; identified, 1:270–1n; introduces J. Lakanal, 580; introduces E. Vail, 299–300, 302n; as legislator, 428; letter from, 425–31; letter from accounted for, 302n; and J. Madison, 429; medallion of, 162; plans to visit U.S., 300; portraits of, 162; and slavery in U.S., 425–6; and South American independence, 425; and F. Wright, 429

 702 

INDEX La Grange (Lafayette’s French estate), 302n Lakanal, Joseph: identified, 9:268n; introduced by Lafayette, 580; as president of Orleans College, 580 Lake Erie: and War of 1812, 311 Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Le Français de: mentioned, 356 Lamb, John Fergusson: identified, 105n; letter from, 105; and medical education at University of Virginia, 105 Lambert, William: Abstracts of Calculations, to ascertain the Longitude of the Capitol, in the City of Washington, 505; astronomical calculations, 505, 505–10, 528, 539; calculates latitude and longitude of U.S. Capitol, 287, 314, 505, 508, 528, 539, 539–45; identified, 1:54–5n; letters from, 287, 505, 528–9, 539; letters to, 314, 515; lunar calculations, 505, 505–10, 528, 539, 539–45; Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a Report of William Lambert, on the subject of the Longitude of the Capitol of the United States. January 9, 1822, 287, 314, 508, 543–4; and prime meridian, 314; and University of Virginia, 287, 505, 510, 515, 528–9, 539 lampblack, 50 lamps: used in lighthouses, 185, 216 Lancaster, Joseph: educational system of, 142 language: Indian (American), 198, 225, 356; study of, 9, 225. See also AngloSaxon (Old English) language; English language; French language; German language; Greek language; Latin language; Spanish language lanterns, 185, 216 Laporte, E.: letter from accounted for, 257n Laporte, Peter (Victoire Laporte’s husband): financial situation of, 256; identified, 14:273n Laporte, Victoire (Peter Laporte’s wife): identified, 17:120n; letter from, 256–7; letter from accounted for, 257n; requests assistance from TJ, 256–7 Lasteyrie du Saillant, Virginie, marquise de (Lafayette’s daughter): family of, 428 Latin language: letter in, from: F. Glass, 552–4; study of, 79n, 161, 399, 556,

659; TJ on, 79n; works in, 32, 242n, 278, 552–3, 554n, 583–4 latitude: and calculation of longitude, 505; calculations for U.S. Capitol, 287, 540, 543–4, 545 La Tour-Maubourg, Anastasie, comtesse de (Lafayette’s daughter): family of, 428 Lattimer, Nancy: signs petition, 146 Lattimore, Hannah: signs petition, 146 “Launcelot Light” (pseudonym): A Sketch of the Rights of Boys and Girls, 228, 229n Laval, John: account with TJ, 358, 375, 376, 447, 529; and books for TJ, 73, 123, 197, 202, 358, 375, 376, 439, 447, 487; and N. G. Dufief’s business, 376; identified, 11:284n; letters from, 123–4, 202, 375–6, 447, 529; letters to, 73, 197, 358, 439, 440, 487; TJ pays, 487, 487, 491; TJ’s correspondence with, 440 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent: theories of, 625, 626n law: books on, 239, 329, 330n, 334–5, 335, 362, 367, 374, 381, 418n, 442–3, 446, 463, 467, 468n, 473, 475, 488, 559, 580; British, 531; common, 467, 468n; endorsement, property, and replevin, 364, 365–6n, 550, 576n; on gambling, 460, 580–1; and judicial review, 364–6, 367, 378–9, 550–1, 576n; martial, 384; Spanish, 239; study of, 230n, 303, 475, 488–9, 580; TJ on study of, 334–5. See also Virginia: laws of The Law of Nature (Volney), 75, 126, 167, 176 Lawrence, James: quoted, 57, 60n; TJ quotes, 333, 334n The Laws of Las Siete Partidas (trans. L. Moreau Lislet and H. Carleton), 239 Lea, Isaac: identified, 481–2n. See also H. C. Carey & I. Lea (Philadelphia firm) lead: architectural ornaments of, 494, 630; bar, 43; white, 44, 174 leather: for shoes, 410; tanning, 410; TJ buys, 49, 318n Le Brun, Charles: identified, 96–7n; letter from, 95–7; letter to, 156; recommended by T. Kosciuszko, 95, 97n; translates B. Barère’s La Libertád de los Mares, ó el Gobiérno Inglés descubiérto, 95–6, 156; translates A. Pope’s Essay on Man, 96

 703 

INDEX Lédenon, France: wine from, 457 Ledlie, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Lee, Charles (1731–82): accused of desertion, 138 Lee, David B.: flying machine of, 344–9, 359; identified, 348–9n; letter from, 344–9; letter to, 359–60; petitions Congress, 345, 349n; rivalry with J. Bennett, 345–6, 349n Lee, Richard Henry: recommends W. Kendall, 138 Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ (H. de Bracton), 335, 336n Leib, Michael: identified, 4:174n; introduces J. Ronaldson, 521 Leiper, Elizabeth Coultas Gray (Thomas Leiper’s wife), 360 “Leiper, George G.” (pseudonym): letters from, 341, 342; TJ’s loan to, 341, 342, 343, 350, 352, 352, 353, 357, 360–1, 363; visits Monticello, 341, 352, 360 Leiper, George Gray (Thomas Leiper’s son), 352, 363 Leiper, Thomas: and election of 1800, 247–8; family of, 363; and “George G. Leiper,” 341, 343n, 350, 352, 352, 353, 357, 360–1, 363; identified, 7:37n; letters from, 352–3, 363; letters to, 352, 360–1; quarry of, 360; and F. Watson, 352, 363 Leitch, James: account with TJ, 44, 623n; extracts from daybook of, 40–51, 174n, 225n, 280n, 319n; identified, 1:65n; letters to, 174, 225, 280, 319, 368; makes payments for TJ, 41, 368, 435n, 647–8; and packages for TJ, 118, 298; store of, 604n, 642, 647; TJ orders clothes from, 225; TJ orders goods from, 40–51, 174, 225n, 280, 319, 643; TJ pays, 623 LeRoy, Bayard & Company (New York firm): identified, 9:580n; letters from, 494–5, 537; letters to, 458, 526–7; and TJ’s debt to N. & J. & R. van Staphorst, 458, 458, 484, 494–5, 526–7, 537 Le Souef, Jeremiah: as vice consul at London, 79 Letter from the Secretary of State, transmitting a list of the names of Persons to whom Patents have been issued . . . For one year, prior to the 1st January, 1822, 292–3, 303, 304n letter press (copying device), 449

Letters on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrines of the Protestant Episcopal Church, addressed to the Rev. Wm. E. Wyatt, D.D. (J. Sparks), 37–8 Lettsom, John Coakley: memoirs of, 655 Leusden, Johannes: works of, 242n Lewis (H. Chisholm’s slave), 472 Lewis (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1760): health of, 501 Lewis, Mary Walker (Nicholas Lewis’s wife): health of, 255, 654; identified, 2:291–2n; letter to, 255; TJ gives wine to, 255; and vegetables for TJ, 255 Lewis, William D.: lawsuit against, 9 Lewis and Clark Expedition: G. Shannon as member of, 575 Lexington, Ky.: medical school in, 20; Museum of Natural and Antiquarian History, 206 Leyburn, Mrs. (John Leyburn’s wife). See Ocheltree, Mrs. (later John Leyburn’s wife) Leyburn, John: identified, 103n; letter to, 102–3; and survey of Natural Bridge, 102–3, 181–2 libel: prosecutions during TJ’s presidency, 467, 468n La Libertád de los Mares, ó el Gobiérno Inglés descubiérto (B. Barère; trans. C. Le Brun), 95–6, 156 libraries: free, 74, 167–8, 176; in Philadelphia, 189, 224. See also Library of Congress; Virginia, University of: Books and Library Library of Congress: TJ sells personal library to, 295, 312, 468. See also Jefferson, Thomas: Books & Library Lieper, Thomas. See Leiper, Thomas Life of George Washington (J. Marshall): mentioned, 180 Liggan (Liggon; Ligon), Willis: mentioned, 621 lighthouses: proposed improvements to, 184–6, 216 Lilburn (TJ’s slave; b. 1809). See Hern, Lilburn (TJ’s slave; b. 1809) lime (mineral): as building material, 287, 288, 310–1 Limestone Survey (Albemarle Co.): lawsuit over ownership of, 373 Lincoln, Levi: family of, 73; identified, 1:49–50n Lindsay, Eliza: signs petition, 146 Lindsay, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146

 704 

INDEX Lindsay, Mary: signs petition, 146 linen, 43, 225 linguistics. See philology Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linné): and Société Linnéenne de Paris, 62 linseed oil, 174 Linville, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Literary Fund: and annuity for University of Virginia, 29, 29, 86, 101, 110, 113–4, 127–8, 199, 208, 475; and education of the poor, 119n, 160n, 248, 262, 263–4; funds of, 110, 119, 129, 158, 159, 178, 207–8, 220, 222n, 263–4, 265n; and General Assembly, 29, 119, 222n; and loans for University of Virginia, 10, 29, 86, 108, 111n, 113–4, 118–9, 127–8, 128–9, 178, 188, 192, 199, 200, 207–8, 208–9, 215, 220, 248, 249n, 261, 262, 265n; and loan to T. J. Randolph, 349, 350n, 389, 402, 434; and primary education, 74–5; reports of, 158, 160n; resolutions of the president and directors, 119, 199; support for, 108, 109; University of Virginia Board of Visitors reports to, 10–1, 113–4, 190; and U.S. debt to Va., 158, 178, 192, 199, 221 Lithgow, Alexander: tried for embezzlement, 328, 329n, 332 Littleton, Sir Thomas. See The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England: or a Commentary upon Littleton (E. Coke) livestock: draft animals, 632; feed for, 69; oxen, 610. See also cattle; horses; mules; pigs; sheep Livingston, Robert R.: and Declaration of Independence, 274; identified, 4:638n Livy: TJ recommends works of, 251; works of, 399 Lobstein, Johann Friedrich Daniel: identified, 628–9n; letter from, 628–9; proposed book by, 628, 629n locks: padlocks, 42, 45, 48, 49; for presses, 164n; stock-lock, 46 Logan, Deborah Norris (George Logan’s wife): mentioned, 12 Logan, William (1718–76): library of, 659, 662n London: Courier, 401; exchange rate at, 583 Londonderry, Marquess of. See Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount Long, Catherine: signs petition, 146

longitude: calculations for U.S. Capitol, 287, 314, 505, 508, 528, 539, 539–45 looming, phenomenon of, 611n, 625, 626n looms, 47, 51, 147n Loring, Nathaniel Hall: An Address, delivered at the request of the Republican Committee of Arrangements, on the Anniversary of Independence, Fourth July, A.D. 1822. Charlestown, Mass., 547, 548n, 584; identified, 548n; letter from, 547–8; letter to, 584 lotteries: tickets for, 460; for Washington, D.C., 461n Louis XVI, king of France: reign of, 425 Louisiana (state): attorney general of, 581; congressional delegation from, 37; constitution of, 581; laws of, 239; legislature of, 580–1; and presidential election of 1824, 307; state papers of, 325; N. P. Trist on, 580–1 Lowber, Edward: and University of Virginia, 211 Lowell, John: B. Waterhouse on, 655; writings of, 356 Lowndes, William: allegedly endorsed for president by TJ, xlix, 132–3n, 133n, 307; death of, 461n; health of, 460; as member of U.S. House of Representatives, 37; presidential prospects of, 132–3n, 369, 460 Lucke & Sizer (Richmond firm): buys TJ’s tobacco, 602 Lucy (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1800): proposed sale of, 70, 106 Ludwell, Philip: family of, 215 lumber: kiln for drying, 116; for Monticello, 574–5, 606; used at University of Virginia, 55, 116, 122, 211 Lycurgus (Spartan lawgiver), 238 Lydia Davis (schooner), 350, 375, 447 Lyons, Peter: as administrator of J. Robinson’s estate, 482, 482–3 M’Adden, Margaret: signs petition, 146 macaroni: T. J. Randolph orders, 457n; TJ orders, 457 M’Beath, Nancy: signs petition, 146 M. Acci Plauti Sarsinatis Umbri Comœdiæ XX Superstites, et Deperditarum Fragmenta (Plautus; ed. J. P. Pareus), 279 M’Clellan, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 M’Cluney, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 M’Clure, Jane: signs petition, 146

 705 

INDEX McCorkle, William B.: identified, 8n; letter from, 7–8; and Va. land warrants, 7–8 McCulloch, James Hugh (father of James H. McCulloh): collector at Baltimore, 71, 79, 118, 169, 179, 203, 222, 250–1; family of, 203; identified, 10:407–8n; letters from, 79, 203, 250–1; letter to, 71; TJ pays, 235 McCulloch, Robert: identified, 12:49n; letter from, 55; and University of Virginia, 55 McCulloch v. Maryland, 460 M’Dermot, Jane: signs petition, 146 McDuffie, George: E. W. R. Coolidge on, 37, 300; duel with W. Cumming, 300, 302n; as member of U.S. House of Representatives, 37, 38n, 300, 361; National and State Rights, 367 machines: for bending tin, 549, 570, 576, 577; cutting, 520; flax and hemp preparation, 21; flying, 344–9, 359; loom, 47, 51, 147n; steam engine, 660 McKay, Samuel Michael: An Address, delivered at the request of the Republican Committee of Arrangements, at Pittsfield, on the anniversary of American Independence, July 4, 1822, 626, 627n; identified, 626–7n; letter to, 626–7 McKee, Andrew: TJ buys hat from, 48 McKenney, Thomas Loraine: identified, 495n; letter from, 495; letter to, 515; and Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner, 495, 496–9, 515 McKennie, Clement P.: and Charlottesville Central Gazette, 503; TJ on, 503 McKennie, John H.: and Charlottesville Central Gazette, 503; and proposed Charlottesville bookstore, 481; TJ on, 503 McLane, Allen: as Wilmington, Del., customs collector, 538n Macneven, William James: and W. T. Brande’s A Manual of Chemistry, 64, 156; identified, 65n; letter from, 64–5; letter to, 156; A Tabular View of the Modern Nomenclature, and System of Chemistry, 64 Macon, Nathaniel: identified, 4:169–70n; letter from, 204–5; letter from accounted for, 205n; sends greetings to TJ, 31; and separation of powers, 204 McRae, Allen: as Va. legislator, 83n Madeira (wine), 436

Madison, Dolley Payne Todd (James Madison’s wife): visits Monticello, lii Madison, James (1751–1836): and Agricultural Society of the Valley, 316n; and Alien and Sedition Acts, 467, 468n; and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 237n, 258–60; anonymous letter to, 620; and appointments, 67n, 481; P. Cardelli’s bust of, lii, 163, 196 (illus.), 212, 299, 301, 310, 327, 332; on clergy, 259; and conflict between A. Jackson and T. G. Watkins, 211n; and education in Ky., 480n; and 1812 election, 369; and establishment of University of Virginia, 110, 372n; and R. H. Harrison’s Revolutionary War service, 135n; health of, 315n, 332; identified, 1:7n; and internal improvements, 615, 616; and Kentucky Resolutions, 34; and Lafayette, 429; letters from, 258–60, 315, 372; letters from accounted for, 329n, 378n; letters to, 249–50, 328–9, 377–8; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 28, 285, 315, 332; mentioned, 33–4, 66; and outbreak of War of 1812, 620; and peace with Great Britain, 652; political influence of, 83; and R. Rush, 372, 377; and TJ’s health, 372n; visitors to, 557; visits Monticello, lii, 28n; works sent to, 76n, 126n, 153n, 217n, 237n, 287n, 331n, 372n, 464n, 490n, 499n, 629n, 669 Maecenas, Gaius (Roman statesman), 553 Maffet, Margaret: signs petition, 146 Magic Harmonies; exemplifying the Second Advent Dispensation (E. P. Page), 57, 60n Magnalia Christi Americana: or, the Ecclesiastical History of New-England (C. Mather), 656 magnesium oxide (magnesia): TJ purchases, 49 Magruder, Thomas: identified, 17:607–8n; letter to, 24; and sons’ education, 24 Maine: state papers, 325; and superannuation of judges, 546 Malherbe, François de: and French language, 83 manatees, 32

 706 

INDEX Mandarin (ship), 71 Manning, James: A Digested Index to the Nisi Prius Reports, 336n Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl of: and authors’ consent for publication, 424 Mantz, John: family of, 410; identified, 16:460n; letter from, 410; as tanner, 410 A Manual of Chemistry (W. T. Brande), 64, 156 manufacturing: of clothing, 144–6, 191; encouragement of in U.S., 143, 144n, 144–6, 191, 394n, 520; expansion of, 520–1; foundries, 520, 521; paper, 171–2; printing, 171. See also mills; textiles maps: of Albemarle Co., xlv (illus.); of TJ’s Virginia, xlvi–xlvii (illus.); of University of Virginia, xli (illus.), xlii–xliii (illus.), xliv (illus.). See also geography Marcet, Jane Haldimand: Conversations on Chemistry: in which the elements of that science are familiarly explained, 399 Marks, Anne Scott Jefferson (TJ’s sister; Hastings Marks’s wife): health of, 501; identified, 6:35n; visits C. Peyton and family, 501 marriage: in Albemarle Co., 184; TJ on, 572 Marsden, James: and Va. Capitol Square, 193n, 200 Marshall, John: identified, 4:302n; and judicial review, 339; Life of George Washington, 180 Marshall, Thomas: edits Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et AngloSaxonica (F. Junius), 18 Marshell, Polly: signs petition, 146 martial law: and French Revolution, 384 Martin, James: flour mill of, 405; identified, 2:6n; and TJ’s timber, 64 Marx, Joseph: as director of Richmond branch of Second Bank of U.S., 456; identified, 12:241–2n Marx & Wheattall (London firm), 456 Maryland: economic conditions in, 154; and education, 153–4, 155n, 243, 244n; legislature of, 153–4, 155n, 244n; state papers, 325 Maryland, University of: medical experiments at, 218

Maryland Agricultural Society, 436–7 Masclet, Amé Thérèse Joseph: and medallion of Lafayette, 162 Maskelyne, Nevil: W. Lambert uses rules of, 543 Mason, John (British author): writings of, 473 Mason, John Mitchell: Address, delivered at the organization of the faculty of Dickinson College, January, 15th, 1822, 235, 236n; identified, 236n; letter to, 235–6 Massachusetts: education in, 243, 244n; legislature of, 243, 244n, 444; works on, 356 Massie, Charles: identified, 9:124–5n; letter from accounted for, 669 mathematics: books on, 399; collegiate education in, 302; geometry, 399; study of, 562; University of Virginia professorship of, 219 Mather, Cotton: Magnalia Christi Americana: or, the Ecclesiastical History of New-England, 656 Matthews, William: letter from accounted for, 669; letter to accounted for, 669 Maury, Francis F., 209 Maury, James (1717–69): and TJ’s education, 24 Maury, James (1746–1840): on AngloAmerican relations, 490; as consul at Liverpool, 162; identified, 1:82n; introduces sons to TJ, 490; letter from, 490–1 Maury, James Sifrein: health of, 490; identified, 8:628n; introduced to TJ, 490 Maury, Thomas Walker: Albemarle Co. school of, 24; family of, 24; identified, 4:500n Maverick, Peter: and University of Virginia ground plan, 492–3, 535, 583, 630 Maverick, Samuel: and grapes, 257, 378; identified, 17:407n; letter from, 257; letter to, 378 Maxwell, James: and Analectic Magazine, 197; identified, 16:217n; letter from, 197; letter to accounted for, 197n; and Port Folio, 197n Mayer, Tobias, 356 Mayo, Frederick August: binds books for TJ, 10, 18, 115, 240, 280, 329, 330, 349, 471, 491, 504, 530, 565,

 707 

INDEX Mayo, Frederick August (cont.) 619, 619; and books for TJ, 256, 280, 329, 374, 471, 474, 619; identified, 13:456–7n; letters from, 18, 280, 329–30, 565, 619; letters to, 115, 213, 240, 256, 471; letters to accounted for, 10, 565; seeks recommendation, 115; TJ on, 115; TJ pays, 213; TJ’s account with, 18, 18, 115, 213, 619, 619; and transmission of packages to and from TJ, 484 Mazureau, Etienne (Stephen), 581 Mazzei, Elisabetta. See Pini, Elisabetta Mazzei (Philip Mazzei’s daughter; Andrea Pini’s wife) Mazzei, Philip: identified, 3:380–1n; TJ’s debt to, 462–3 Mead, Charles: The School Exercise, containing a Course of Lessons, in which the various branches of education are introduced as Subjects for Reading in Schools, 238 Mease, James: family of, 518, identified, 7:382n medals: depicting Lafayette, 162; depicting G. Washington, 162; honoring H. F. X. de Belsunce de Castelmoron, 39, 118, 131 Medical College of Ohio (Cincinnati): students at, 20 Medical Society of Baltimore, 664 medicine: alum, 50; blistering, 501; bloodletting, 21, 381–2, 666n; calomel, 666n; camphor, 218; education in, 19–20, 229n, 230n, 635; magnesium oxide (magnesia), 49; plasters, 501; rhubarb, 49; for slaves, 501; smallpox vaccination, 566–8; sulfur, 50; TJ on, 666n; turpentine, 174; wine, 255. See also health Meeks, Edmund: as carpenter, 621; identified, 14:541–2n; TJ pays, 41, 368; TJ pays debts of, 669; and TJ’s account with E. Bacon, 598, 599 Meigs, Josiah: as commissioner of General Land Office, 558, 562; identified, 5:297–8n; meteorological register of, 301 Meikleham, Septimia Anne Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter): sends greetings, 409 Melville, David: identified, 186n; letter from, 184–6; letter to, 216; and lighthouses, 184–6, 216

Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, 64n A Memoir, on the Geological Position of a Fossil Tree, discovered in the Secondary Rocks of the River Des Plaines (H. R. Schoolcraft), 125, 193 Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 354, 355–6 Memorial of the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson), 72 mental illness: of J. Randolph (of Roanoke), 300 Mercer, Charles Fenton: compliments E. W. R. Coolidge, 38n; as Va. legislator, 178 merchants: debts to British, 3, 35 Mercury (planet), 355, 356 Message from the President of the United States, transmitting a Report of William Lambert, on the subject of the Longitude of the Capitol of the United States. January 9, 1822 (1822; J. Monroe), 287, 314, 508, 543–4 Metamorphoses (Ovid): W. C. Buckner’s translation of, 556 meteorological observations: by J. Meigs, 301; by N. P. Trist, 343. See also weather meteorology: TJ on, 625; works on, 356, 611, 625–6 meteors, 355 Methodists: mentioned, 656–7, 658 Mexico: TJ on, 573–4 M. Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes Undeviginti: His Accesserunt Fragmenta Alia, Hoc Est, Quæ Ex CCCLXXXVIII Supersunt CXLV Declamationes (Quintilian), 279 Michie, Jonathan: sawmill of, 574, 574–5 microscopes, 590 Middleton, Christiana: signs petition, 146 Middleton, Henry (1770–1846): family of, 527; identified, 5:547n; as minister plenipotentiary to Russia, 66 Middleton, Henry (1797–1876): identified, 528n; introduced to TJ, 527; visits Monticello, 527n Middleton, Jane Ann: signs petition, 146 Middleton, Kizia: signs petition, 146 military: and collegiate curriculum, 183; and education, 124

 708 

INDEX Mill Brook (J. W. Eppes’s Buckingham Co. estate): crops at, 22; described, 22, 165; invitations to visit, 382; overseers at, 22; slaves at, 22 Miller, Boyd: and TJ’s debt to A. Robertson & Company, 577, 624 Miller, Isaac: identified, 654n; letter to, 653–4; and Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 653–4, 655 Miller, Mary: signs petition, 146 Miller, Robert (overseer): TJ pays, 406–7, 441 Miller, Thomas (of Powhatan Co.): as Va. legislator, 220 millet, 466n Milligan, Joseph: binds books for TJ, 115; identified, 1:37–8n; TJ on, 115 mills: horse, 646; J. Martin’s, 405; at Pen Park, 187; stones for, 464, 640. See also manufacturing; Monticello: sawmill at; sawmills; Shadwell mills Mills, Eliza Barnwell Smith (Robert Mills’s wife), 608 Mills, Robert: identified, 2:438n; Internal Improvement of South-Carolina, Particularly Adapted to the Low Country, 608, 609n; letter from, 608–9; and S.C. Board of Public Works, 608; and slavery, 609n; and TJ’s health, 608 Milton, Va.: boats traveling to and from, 222, 491, 621; warehouses at, 600–1 mineralogy: collegiate education in, 302; and discovery of new minerals, 511–2, 558. See also geology Minor, Garrett (of Fredericksburg), 107 Minor, Peter: family of, 565; identified, 3:146n; letter to, 565 Miró, Esteban: as Spanish governor of W. Fla., 297 mirrors: as scientific equipment, 590–4, 613 Miscellaneous Selections and Original Pieces, in Prose and Verse (E. Chase), 437–8 Mississippi (state): land claims in, 295 Missouri (state): and judicial review, 364–6, 378–9; property and replevin laws in, 364, 365–6n; and statehood, 72 Missouri question: TJ on, 460 Mitchell, Nancy: signs petition, 146

Mitchell, Susannah M.: signs petition, 146 Mitchell, Thomas (translator): The Comedies of Aristophanes, 579 Mitchill, Samuel Latham: identified, 8:604n; mentioned, 58 Modena, Francis: Charlottesville carriage maker, 578 Monroe, Elizabeth Kortright (James Monroe’s wife): popular opinion of, 37 Monroe, James: and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 249, 250n, 267, 277; and appointments, 217, 218, 245, 246, 387, 453, 481, 519, 614, 625, 627, 653; P. Cardelli’s bust of, 163, 212, 299, 301, 310, 327, 332; and J. Dodge, 546–7, 561; and Greek independence, 427–8; and R. H. Harrison’s Revolutionary War service, 134, 136–7, 160–1; identified, 1:349n; and internal improvements, 518, 615–8; letters from, 277–8, 615–8; letters to, 245–6, 267, 293–4, 627–8; mentioned, 622; opposition to, 496–7; pays E. Bacon, 351; portraits of, 245, 299, 301n; presidency of, 9, 99, 177, 277–8, 287, 306, 307, 314n, 562; presidential messages of, 303, 305–6, 309n, 387, 615, 617–8n; presidential tour, 657; and public lands, 616–7; Revolutionary War service of, 136–7; and South American affairs, 277–8, 294; TJ forwards letters through, 267, 277; and U.S. foreign relations, 614; and U.S. fortifications, 386, 387; vetoes bills, 615, 617–8n. See also Highland (J. Monroe’s Albemarle Co. estate) Monroe-Pinkney Treaty (1806), 620 Montaigne, Michel de: Essais de Montaigne, 619 Montgomerie, Thomas, 139 MONTICELLO (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): architectural ornaments at, 493; cisterns at, 235, 287, 381, 382, 411, 470, 472, 493, 631; coopers at, 351, 464; cooper’s shop at, 610; corn crop at, 318; described, 163; Dining Room (Breakfast Room), 493; dome of, 526, 575; East Portico, 526;

 709 

INDEX MONTICELLO (cont.) Entrance Hall, 493, 526n; flour from, 19, 77, 117, 131, 168, 169, 179, 187, 187, 366; gardens, 368; grain for, 317–8; greenhouse at, 575; gutters at, 470, 549; icehouse at, 212n; insurance on, 600–1; library at, 334; main house at, 575; North Octagonal Room, lii, 196 (illus.); North Pavilion, 549, 569, 575; plants growing at, 166; roofs at, 470, 526, 549, 575; sawmill at, 330; slaves at, 195, 215–6, 501, 610; slaves at listed, li–lii; smokehouse at, 79n; snow at, 212n; South Pavilion, 575; stonework at, 195; Tea Room, lii; terraces at, 575; turkeys at, 79n; viticulture at, 378; weather recorded at, 163–4, 212; West Portico, 195n, 380–1; wheat crop at, 106. See also naileries Visitors to Abbott, Josiah B., 336; Belair, Lewis D., 605; Bry, Henry, 210; Bumstead, Samuel A., 604n; Erving, George W., 622, 639; Gadsden, John, 486, 488n; Green, John Williams, 598, 612, 621; Hickman, William Waters, 368, 370; “Leiper, George G.” (pseudonym), 341, 352, 360; Madison, Dolley and James, 28n; Middleton, Henry (1797–1876), 527n; Myers, John S., 336; Peyton, Bernard, 258, 310, 598, 612, 621; Peyton, Julia Amanda Green, 621; Todd, John Payne, 28n; Wallace, James W., 320 moon: and astronomical calculations, 505, 505–10, 528, 539, 539–45 Moore, Gabriel: swindled, 77n Moore, Richard Channing: as Episcopal bishop of Va., 371, 396; identified, 10:151n; and University of Virginia, 129 The Moral Instructor, and Guide to Virtue and Happiness (J. Torrey), 74–5, 126, 167, 176 moral philosophy: works on, 74–5, 126 Moravians: mentioned, 658 Moreau Lislet, Louis: identified, 4:639–40n; The Laws of Las Siete Partidas, 239 Morgan, George (Col.): and A. Burr conspiracy, 143, 191

Morgan, John: edits A New Law Dictionary (G. Jacob), 335, 580 Morgan, Katherine Duane: Circular on the Encouragement of Domestic Manufactures, 143, 144–7, 191; family of, 142–3, 191; identified, 144n; introduced to TJ, 142–3; letter from, 142–4; letter to, 191; visits Washington, 142–3 Morgan, Thomas: family of, 143; public service of, 143, 144n Morris, Ann Cary Randolph (Martha Jefferson Randolph’s sister-in-law; Gouverneur Morris’s wife): friendship with M. J. Randolph, 407–9; identified, 409n; letter to, from M. J. Randolph, 407–9 Morris, Eliza: signs petition, 146 Morris, Gouverneur (1813–88), 409 Morris, Mary: signs petition, 146 Morris, Richard: as attorney, 261; as Va. legislator, 109, 111n, 129, 208, 220–1, 248, 261–2 Morrison, James: and W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 280–1, 413–4, 414–7, 418–22, 442–3, 531–2, 559, 607–8, 653–4, 655 Morrison, Jane: signs petition, 146 Morrow, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Morse, Jedidiah: and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 236–7, 249, 259, 267, 267–8, 277, 293–4; family of, 259, 260n; identified, 12:508n; letter from, 236–7; letter to, 267–70; and report on Indians, 259, 260n; writings of, 237 Morse, Richard C.: family of, 260n; and report on Indians, 260n Morse, Sidney Edwards: and American Society for promoting the civilization and general improvement of the Indian Tribes within the United States, 260n; family of, 259, 260n Moseley (Mosely), Mrs.: TJ buys corn from, 402–3 Moses (Hebrew prophet), 57, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95n, 445, 533 Muhammad (founder of Islam), 499 mulberry: trees, 166 mules: as draft animals, 610; fodder for, 273, 274n, 632; at Monticello, 273; sent to and from Poplar Forest, 35, 64; TJ purchases, 435 Mullan, Jane: signs petition, 146

 710 

INDEX Munford, William: A General Index to the Virginian Law Authorities, reported by Washington, Call, Hening and Munford jointly, and Munford separately, 418n; identified, 10:447–8n Munroe (Monroe), Thomas (1771–1852): identified, 8:314n; letters from, 66–7, 124–5; letter to, 103; seeks appointment for son, 66–7, 103, 124 Munroe, Thomas (ca. 1798–1834): education of, 66, 124; identified, 67n; seeks military appointment in Russia, 66–7, 67, 103, 124 Murray, David R.: circular on education, 478–9; identified, 479n Murray, Lindley: Murray’s English Grammar Simplified (ed. A. Fisk), 15, 76 Murray’s English Grammar Simplified (L. Murray; ed. A. Fisk), 15, 76 muscatel (wine), 457 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. See Jardin des plantes et Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Museum of Natural and Antiquarian History (Lexington, Ky.), 206 museums: in Lexington, Ky., 206 music: and African Americans, 79n; violin, 79n muskets, 150 mustard: purchased by TJ, 44, 49 Mutual Assurance Society: and Milton warehouses, 600–1; and TJ’s insurance, 600–1 Myer, Jefferson S.: family of, 16, 17n; identified, 17n; letter from, 16–7; seeks military appointment, 16–7; and U.S. Military Academy, 16 Myer, Solomon: death of, 16; as editor of Unpartheyische York Gazette, 16, 17n Myers, John S.: introduced to TJ, 336 naileries: at Monticello, 557; nail-rod and iron stock, 487, 491, 512, 522, 530, 531, 612, 621 nails: as building material, 522, 569; purchased by TJ, 41–7, 50, 280, 319; sprigs, 41, 43; for University of Virginia, 211. See also naileries N. & J. & R. van Staphorst (Amsterdam firm): identified, 9:581n; TJ’s debt to, 458, 458, 484, 494–5, 526–7, 537 Naples, kingdom of (later Kingdom of the Two Sicilies): and Carbonari, 60n

Napoleon I, emperor of France: death of, 536; and freedom of the seas, 156; and U.S., 468n Nashville, Tenn.: economic conditions in, 622; and viticulture, 622 National and State Rights (G. McDuffie), 367 The National Calendar, and Annals of the United States; for MDCCCXXII (P. Force), 303, 304n National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper): criticism of, 305; and J. W. Eppes’s library, 181; as party newspaper, 305; prints work by J. Wallace, 649 “A Native Born Virginian” (pseudonym): letter from, 147–8; and revision of Va. constitution, 147–8, 150–1; on suffrage in Va., 148–51; urges TJ to resume political activity, 147–8 “A Native of Virginia” (pseudonym): accuses TJ of misuse of public funds, 383, 385–6, 394, 395, 400, 401, 412, 432, 447, 448, 449, 450–1, 452, 454, 492, 537–8, 573; identity of, 383, 386n, 398, 400, 438, 452–3; opposition to in U.S. newspapers, 538; TJ’s replies to, 383–6, 394–5, 397, 400, 401, 412, 424, 432, 447–8, 448–52, 452–3, 480 The Natural and Civil History of Vermont (S. Williams), 254 Natural Bridge, Va.: survey of, 102, 102–3, 104–5, 181–2; TJ visits, 102, 104, 168, 182 natural history: books on, 399, 466; museums of, 206; study of, 278 natural philosophy: books on, 399; collegiate education in, 303; study of, 334; TJ on, 625 navigation: and due east and west lines, 648, 651–2. See also Rivanna River Navy Department, U.S.: applications to, 627. See also Thompson, Smith Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon: mentioned, 546 Ned (TJ’s slave; b. 1760). See Gillette, Ned (TJ’s slave; b. 1760) Negrin, Paul, 271n Neilson (Nelson), John: identified, 5:299–300n; mentioned, 194 Nekervis, William: as cashier of Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 298–9, 389; identified, 17:274n; letter from, to B. Peyton, 298–9

 711 

INDEX Nelson, Mr. See Neilson (Nelson), John Nelson, Horatio, Viscount: as naval commander, 60n, 660; quoted, 57 Nelson, Hugh: identified, 1:500n; letters from, 30, 337; letter to, 11; and tariffs on books, 30; as U.S. representative from Va., 30; and vine cuttings for TJ, 320–1, 337 Nelson, Lucy Grymes (Thomas Nelson’s wife): and compensation for husband’s service, 26 Nelson, Thomas (1738–89): compensation for heirs of, 26; death of, 26; as governor of Va., 26; Revolutionary War service of, 25–6 Nesselrode, Karl Robert von, 66, 103 A New Abridgment of the Law (M. Bacon), 334, 381, 446, 463 A New and Impartial History of England (J. Baxter), 399 New England: clergy of, 443–5; physical habits in, 291; trade of, with West Indies, 32 New Jersey: education in, 244n; G. Washington’s retreat through, 136 A New Law Dictionary (G. Jacob; eds. O. Ruffhead and J. Morgan), 335, 580 New Orleans, Battle of (1815): J. Rhea on, 394n Newport, R.I.: British depredations in, 659, 660; description of, 656–8, 660–1; history of, 658–9 A New Society, for the Benefit of Indians, organized at the City of Washington, February, 1822, 236–7 newspapers: advertisements in, 498, 515; Annapolis Maryland Gazette, 248n, 311; Augusta Chronicle & Georgia Gazette, 132; Baltimore Niles’ Weekly Register, 18, 214; Charlottesville Central Gazette, 503, 515n; collection of Va., owned by TJ, 389n, 468; criticisms of TJ in, 73, 398, 438; Federal Republican and Baltimore Telegraph, 383, 400, 401, 448, 450; Lexington Kentucky Gazette, 205, 207n; loaned to TJ, 166, 181; London Courier, 401; Petersburg Daily Courier, 649, 650; Petersburg Intelligencer, 132n, 133n, 133; Richmond Commercial Compiler, 110–2; Salem Gazette (Mass.), 198n; subscriptions to, by TJ, 214, 503n, 515n, 583; Unpartheyische York Gazette (Pa.), 16, 17n; Washing-

ton Republican and Congressional Examiner, 495, 496–9, 515; Wilmington American Watchman and Delaware Advertiser, 538; Wilmington Delaware Gazette, 538. See also National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper); Richmond Enquirer (newspaper) Newton, Sir Isaac: gravitational theory of, 32; mentioned, 588, 593 Newton, Rejoice: identified, 25n; letter to, 25; as recording secretary of American Antiquarian Society, xlix–l, 25, 323, 326 Newton, Thomas (1768–1847): identified, 3:611n; introduces J. F. Oliveira Fernandes, 410 The New Virginia Justice (W. W. Hening), 329, 330n, 374 New York (city): General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, 368, 370, 371; and medical education, 20; TJ desires to visit, 246; yellow fever in, 595, 630. See also Thompson, Jonathan: as collector at New York New York (state): and canals, 271, 290–1n, 293; commerce of, 32; constitutional convention of 1821, 57, 60n, 152; constitution of, 149, 152n, 152, 153n; mortgages in, 13–4; public records of, 31–2; suffrage in, 149, 152n; and superannuation of judges, 546; utopian schemes for, 58, 60n; works on, 254 Nicholas, Mr.: and S. Roane, 54 Nicholas, George: debts of, 414; estate of, 414–5, 416, 418–21; family of, 415, 416, 420, 421, 422 Nicholas, Margaret Smith (Wilson Cary Nicholas’s wife): mentioned, 416, 422 Nicholas, Mary Smith (George Nicholas’s wife), 415, 420 Nicholas, Philip Norborne: identified, 17:273–4n; and E. Randolph’s estate, 482, 482–3 Nicholas, Robert Carter (1729–80): as director of public buildings in Richmond, 201n Nicholas, Robert Carter (ca. 1788–1856): as administrator of W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 414n, 416; identified, 5:646n; and missionaries to Indians, 644 Nicholas, Wilson Cary (1761–1820): bond with TJ and T. J. Randolph,

 712 

INDEX 165–6, 413; death of, 413; estate of, 280–1, 413–4, 414–7, 418–22, 442–3, 531–2, 559, 607–8, 609n, 653–4, 655; finances of, 413; identified, 1:223n; and Kentucky Resolutions, 34, 35n; TJ endorses notes for, 413, 442, 572–3, 584, 607–8, 654 Nicholas, Wilson Cary (ca. 1796–1828): as administrator of W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 414n, 416 Nicholson, Peter, 493 Nicholson, William: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy, 399 Niles, Hezekiah: identified, 4:178n; letter from accounted for, 214; letter to accounted for, 214; and Niles’ Weekly Register, 214 Niles’ Weekly Register (Baltimore newspaper), 18, 214 Non-Intercourse Act (1809): mentioned, 620 Norfolk, Va.: and medical education, 20 Norris, Joseph Parker: family of, 12; visits C. Thomson, 12, 423 North, Lord Frederick (later 2d Earl of Guilford): as British prime minister, 145 North Carolina: wine from, 378 North Carolina, University of: and tariffs on books, 11, 78 Notes on Lord Coke’s First Institute, or Commentary upon Littleton (F. Hargrave and C. Butler), 580 Notes on the State of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson): G. F. Hopkins on, 611; mentioned, 550–1, 648; phenomenon of looming discussed in, 611n; quoted, 517; and religion, 212; and slavery, 609n; TJ on, 23; and weather, 611n Nottingham, Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of: mentioned, 334–5, 475 Nourse, Joseph: as register of U.S. Treasury, 557 nutmeg, 49 oats: as fodder, 273–4; price of, 318, 351; purchased by TJ, 475n, 586n Observations on Electricity, Looming, and Sounds (G. F. Hopkins), 611, 625–6 Observations on Modern Gardening (T. Whately), 18 Ocheltree, Mr. (of Rockbridge Co.), 182

Ocheltree, Mrs. (later John Leyburn’s wife): TJ sends greetings to, 103 Ocheltree, James: heirs of, 182; Rockbridge Co. land of, 28, 102, 181–2 Odofriede; The Outcast; A Dramatic Poem (S. B. H. Judah), 463–4, 503–4 Officer, Margaret: signs petition, 146 Officer, Mary: signs petition, 146 O’Hara, Mary: signs petition, 146 O’Harra, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Ohio: and internal improvements, 615–6, 618n; support for H. Clay in, 307, 369–70 oil: experiments with, 218; linseed, 174; olive, 39, 118, 131, 457; turpentine, 174; used in lighthouses, 185, 216 Oldham, James: as builder for University of Virginia, 115–6, 117, 122–3; finances of, 116; identified, 3:520n; letters from, 115–7, 574, 574–5, 606–7; letter to, 117; letter to, from A. S. Brockenbrough, 122–3; and plank for TJ, 574, 574, 606 Oliveira Fernandes, John Francisco: identified, 9:263–4n; introduced to TJ, 410; introduces F. S. Constancio, 411; letter from, 410–1; as Portuguese diplomat, 410–1; returns to Portugal, 410 olives: oil, 39, 118, 131, 457; trees, 257 “On a large Fossil Trilobite of Kentucky” (“The Cosmonist” [C. S. Rafinesque]), 205, 207n Ontwa, the Son of the Forest. A Poem (H. Whiting?), 441, 442n optics: and telescopes, 588–91, 613; TJ on, 613 An Oration, delivered at the Request of the Republicans of Boston, at Fanueil Hall, on the Fourth of July, 1822 (A. Dunlap), 571, 572n oratory: collegiate education in, 251–2 Orleans College, 580 Orr, Margaret: signs petition, 146 Osage orange (bow-wood), 166 Osgood, David: mentioned, 657 osnaburg (oznabrig, oznaburg): fabric, 40, 48, 50; thread, 41, 48 Otis, Harrison Gray: compliments E. W. R. Coolidge, 38n Otis, James: and American Revolution, 572n Ottoman Empire: and Greece, 430n; and Russia, 372n, 377, 424, 427, 459

 713 

INDEX overseers: crop share of, 406–7; at Mill Brook (J. W. Eppes’s Buckingham Co. estate), 22. See also Bacon, Edmund; Bishop, Jonathan; Bowling, Lewis; Gough, William; Miller, Robert; Yancey, Joel (d. 1833) Overton, John: A Vindication of the Measures of the President and His Commanding Generals, in the Commencement and Termination of the Seminole War, 666n Overton, Samuel: on economic distress in Nashville, 622; identified, 3:209–10n; letter from, 622; and winemaking, 622 Ovid: Metamorphoses, 556 Owen, Thomas: translates Γεωπονικά. Agricultural Pursuits, 18, 242 Owens, J.: sawmill of, 574–5 Owings, John Cockey, 414, 420. See also John Cockey Owings & Company (firm) Owings, Thomas Deye: and W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 413–4, 414–7, 418–22, 442–3, 531–2, 559, 607–8, 653–4, 655 oxen: breeding of, 122n; as draft animals, 610; fodder for, 273 Oxford, University of, 333 Oxnard, Thomas: conducts consular business, 547; identified, 17:530n. See also Dodge & Oxnard (Marseille firm) oznaburg. See osnaburg (oznabrig, oznaburg) Packet (brigantine), 39n, 39 Page, Edward Postlethwayt: identified, 15:583n; letter from, 55–61; Magic Harmonies; exemplifying the Second Advent Dispensation, 57, 60n; prophecies of, 57; regarded as insane by TJ, 60n; utopian scheme of, 58, 59, 60n; worldview of, 55–9 Page, Elizabeth Nelson (Thomas Nelson’s daughter; Mann Page’s wife): and compensation for father’s service, 25–6; identified, 17:611n; letter to, 25–6 paint, 211 painting: at University of Virginia, 356 paintings. See Jefferson, Thomas: Portraits Palladio, Andrea: referenced, 493

Palmer, Charles: buys TJ’s flour, 187; identified, 14:535–6n pantaloons, 603 Pantops (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): and T. J. Randolph, 350n paper: for printing, 171–2. See also stationery Paradise, John: American sojourn of, 201–2, 214–5; identified, 9:284–5n Paradise, Lucy Ludwell (John Paradise’s wife): estate of, 201–2, 214–5; identified, 9:285n; residence in America of, 215 parasols, 47, 603, 604n Pareus, Johann Philipp: edits M. Acci Plauti Sarsinatis Umbri Comœdiæ XX Superstites: et Deperditarum Fragmenta (Plautus), 279 Paris: La Grille de Chaillot, 425; martial law declared in, 384; observatory at, 287; Treaty of (1763), 296, 297n; Treaty of (1783), 297; Treaty of (1803), 177n Parish, David: as banker, 517; property of, 517; subscribes to U.S. war loan, 517 Parish, Elijah: mentioned, 657 Parker, James: and Roman cement, 290, 342 Parker, Leonard Moody: identified, 17:276n; publishes TJ’s letter, 73 Parsons, Theophilus: and B. Waterhouse, 655; writings of, 356 Pasquier, Etienne Denis: as French minister of foreign affairs, 430 Patent Office, U.S.: reports of, 292–3, 303, 304n patronage: letters of application and recommendation from TJ, 245–6, 246, 519, 625, 627, 653; letters of application and recommendation to TJ, 16–7, 66–7, 68, 127, 161–2, 219–20, 344–9, 370–1, 485–6, 632–6 Pattyson, Martha: signs petition, 146 Pattyson, Mary Ann: signs petition, 146 Paul, Saint, 55, 60n, 645 Pausanias: works of, 375 Paxton, William: identified, 16:163n; letter from, 181–2; letter to, 104–5; and survey of Natural Bridge, 102, 102, 104–5, 181–2; TJ pays, 104–5, 182 peas: grown at Natchez, Miss., 343; grown for TJ, 407 Peck, William D., 356

 714 

INDEX penal institutions, 142 Pendleton, Edmund (1721–1803): as administrator of J. Robinson’s estate, 482, 482–3 Pendleton, William F.: as director of Va. Literary Fund, 118 Penn, William: religious beliefs of, 532; The Sandy Foundation Shaken, 532 Pennsylvania: canals in, 518; and internal improvements, 518; legislature of, 518; proposed improvements to agriculture in, 217n; supreme court of, 9; Unitarianism in, 532 Pennsylvania, University of, 363, 512, 635 pens (writing instruments): metallic, 271–2, 293; points for, 293 Perry, John M.: and bricks for Monticello, 381, 472–3; as builder for Central College–University of Virginia, 534; identified, 1:192–3n; letter to accounted for, 381n Perry, Oliver Hazard: American naval commander, 660 Peters, Richard: identified, 9:539–40n; letter to, 242; as president of Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 242 Petersburg Academy, 649 Petersburg Daily Courier (newspaper), 649, 650 Petersburg Intelligencer (newspaper), 132, 133n, 133 Petit, Louis: family of, 554–5; letter from, 554–5; seeks TJ’s assistance, 555 Pettigrew, Thomas Joseph, 655 Peyton, Bernard: account with TJ, 19, 52, 118, 131, 163, 169–70, 187, 187, 222, 319–20, 330, 374, 436, 485, 504, 512, 531, 582, 586, 597–8, 602, 609, 621; and books for TJ, 71, 118, 120, 169, 170, 179, 194, 203, 214, 222, 235, 250–1, 258, 298, 329, 349, 358, 375, 447, 471, 491, 504, 530, 601, 619; and P. Cardelli’s busts, 299; and corks for TJ, 245, 258; and draft on Thomas Leiper & Son, 341, 343n, 349, 350, 352, 353, 357, 360–1; family of, 655; and fish for TJ, 487, 491, 504, 512, 522, 530, 531; forwards goods for TJ, 131; forwards letters for TJ, 456n; and goods for TJ, 39, 118, 212, 214, 235, 244, 258, 298, 309, 310, 327,

330, 332, 382, 402, 411, 435, 471, 474, 484, 491, 492, 504, 512, 530, 535, 586, 597, 609, 621; on J. W. Green, 598; health of, 504; identified, 6:51–2n; introduces C. Bias, 364; introduces J. Campbell (ca. 1788–ca. 1867), 603; letter from, to Charles C. Watson & Sons, 350–1; letters from, 52, 118, 131, 179, 187, 222–3, 244–5, 258, 298, 309–10, 330, 332, 349–50, 357, 364, 389–90, 434–5, 483–4, 491, 504, 512–3, 522, 530, 581, 597–8, 601, 603, 621; letters from accounted for, 131n, 320n; letters to, 19, 117–8, 169–70, 214, 235, 245, 319–20, 353, 374–5, 402, 458–9, 474–5, 487, 504, 586, 586, 609, 612, 623; letters to accounted for, 343n, 350n; letter to, from W. Nekervis, 298–9; and nailrod for TJ, 487, 491, 512, 522, 530, 531, 612, 621; payments made for TJ, 19, 46, 52, 113, 115, 118, 131, 164, 169, 169–70, 170, 179, 183, 194, 235, 250, 298, 330, 341, 343, 349, 353, 360, 375, 389, 402, 402–3, 404–5, 407, 434, 441, 446, 447, 458, 458, 461, 462, 462, 474, 483–4, 485, 487, 487, 488, 491, 494, 504, 504, 510, 512, 529, 583, 583, 586, 597, 609, 621, 623, 624; and payments to TJ, 80, 117–8, 179, 214, 298, 309, 353, 361; plans to visit Monticello, 258, 598, 612, 621; as T. J. Randolph’s agent, 436; and T. J. Randolph’s loan from Va. Literary Fund, 389, 402, 434; as T. M. Randolph’s agent, 436; as surety for J. Preston, 52; and TJ’s bank notes, 19, 52, 222, 235, 244, 310, 319–20, 402, 474, 483, 586, 597; and TJ’s flour, 19, 52, 52–3, 117, 131, 179, 187, 187, 609, 623; and TJ’s loan from Bank of Virginia, 330, 374, 586, 597–8; and TJ’s loan from Farmers’ Bank of Virginia, 298, 298–9, 330, 374, 389, 504, 621; and TJ’s tobacco, 319–20, 402, 435, 491, 581, 582, 586, 597, 601, 602, 609, 623; and University of Virginia, 374, 455, 483, 484, 485, 623; visits Monticello, 310; and wine for TJ, 118, 118 Peyton, Craven: identified, 1:415n; and A. S. Marks, 501 Peyton, John Howe: identified, 11:64n; letter to, 655; and packet for I. Miller, 655

 715 

INDEX Peyton, Julia Amanda Green (Bernard Peyton’s wife): plans to visit Monticello, 621 Phelps, Hugh, 161 Phelps, Jefferson: identified, 161–2n; letter from, 161–2; seeks TJ’s assistance, 161 Philadelphia: fires in, 195, 196n; libraries in, 189, 224; and medical education, 20, 660; proposed book on, 628, 629n; TJ desires to visit, 246; weather in, 196 Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture: addresses to, 216–7, 241, 242 Philips, Mary: signs petition, 146 Phill (Phil) (TJ’s slave): as blacksmith, 30 Phillips, William B.: employees of, 472, 534; identified, 14:164n philology: works on, 9, 473 Pickens, Israel: identified, 470n; letter from, 469–70; and University of Alabama, 469 Pickering, John (1777–1846): An Essay on a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Languages of North America, 198, 225; identified, 15:55n; letter from, 197–8; letter to, 225–6; reviews Uebersicht aller bekannten Sprachen und ihrer Dialekte (F. Adelung), 198, 225; and tariffs on books, 197–8, 225; writings of, 356 Pickering, Thomas: and goods for TJ, 44, 45; identified, 15:386n Pickering, Timothy: and J. Adams, 218; friendship with C. Thomson, 516; identified, 16:601–2n; as secretary of state, 218 pies: mince, 79n pigs: at Poplar Forest, 30, 85 Pini, Andrea Tozzi (Elisabetta Mazzei Pini’s husband): identified, 12:265n; and P. Mazzei’s estate, 462–3 Pini, Elisabetta Mazzei (Philip Mazzei’s daughter; Andrea Pini’s wife): identified, 12:265n; and P. Mazzei’s estate, 462–3 Pinkney, Charles: recommends T. Munroe (ca. 1798–1834), 66 Pinkney, William: identified, 1:414n; as U.S. senator, 37 Pitcher, Nathaniel: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 pitchers, 41

plants: decay enriches soil, 629; sent by TJ, 166. See also botany; seeds; specific plant names plastering: at University of Virginia, 356 plasters (medicinal), 501 Plato: mentioned, 500 Plautus, Titus Maccius: M. Acci Plauti Sarsinatis Umbri Comœdiæ XX Superstites: et Deperditarum Fragmenta (ed. J. P. Pareus), 279 Pleasants, James: identified, 2:185n; letters from, 31, 353–4; letters to, 79–82, 361; plans to visit TJ, 353, 361; and W. Ronald’s estate, 31, 80, 117–8, 179, 298, 309, 353, 361; and University of Virginia, 354, 361; and U.S. judiciary, 80–1, 353–4, 361; and visits to Monticello, 31, 79; and visits to Poplar Forest, 31, 79 plows: plow plates, 43; used in agriculture, 87n; J. Wood’s cast-iron, 75–6 Plumer, William (1759–1850): identified, 2:348n; on TJ, 179; TJ misattributes authorship to, 157n, 179 Plumer, William (1789–1854): An Address delivered before the Rockingham Agricultural Society, October 18th, 1821, 97, 156–7, 179; identified, 97–8n; letters from, 97–8, 179; letter to, 156–7 Plutarch: Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae (ed. G. H. Schaefer), 73n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 565, 619 Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae (Plutarch; ed. G. H. Schaeffer), 73n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 565, 619 A Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveller, along the line of the Canals, and the Interior Commerce of the State of New-York (H. G. Spafford), 254n poetry: sent to TJ, 441, 463–4, 503; TJ on, 503–4. See also books: of poetry Pogue, Robert: family of, 226, 227n; health of, 226; and J. Lindsay’s estate, 226–7n; petition of, 226–7n; praised, 226 Pogue, William Lindsey: identified, 226n; introduced to TJ, 226; and R. Pogue’s petition, 226 Poinsett, Joel Roberts: identified, 13:271–2n; introduces J. Gadsden, 488; letter from, 488 Polética, Pierre de: identified, 14:342–3n; letter to, from J. Q. Adams, 67, 67–8; and T. Munroe (ca. 1798–1834), 67,

 716 

INDEX 103; as Russian minister plenipotentiary to U.S., 66 politics: books on government, 364–5, 379, 551; collegiate education about government, 282; elections, 180, 305, 306, 307, 369–70; federal system of government criticized, 337–40; Jacobinism, 269; study of, 281–3; TJ on political parties, 626, 627n; and voluntary associations, 249–50, 268–70; in western U.S., 306–9. See also books: on politics; Federalist party; Republican party Pollock, John: identified, 15:432n; TJ purchases leather from, 49 Polybii Historiarum (Polybius), 375 Polybius: Polybii Historiarum, 375 Pope, Alexander: An Essay on Man (French translation by C. Le Brun), 96 Pope, John: circular on education, 478–9; identified, 11:185n Poplar Forest (TJ’s Bedford Co. estate): acreage of, 272; architectural ornaments for, 470, 493–4, 534, 535, 630; barns at, 64; carpentry at, 35–6; corn for, 402–3, 405, 406; corn grown at, 406; dining room at, 35–6, 470, 534, 535; and F. W. Eppes, 572–3; hogs at, 85; horses at, 405, 406; invitations to visit, 403, 606; main house at, 572, 573; management of, 272; mules sent to and from, 35, 64; neighbors provide food to, 407; overseers at, 69, 406–7, 441; parlor at, 493–4n, 534, 535; pork from, 30; provisions for carpenters at, 85; M. J. Randolph visits, 377n, 382, 407–8; skylight at, 35; slaves at, 30, 70, 85, 106, 272, 402, 501; TJ plans visits to, 10, 335, 372, 375, 376–7, 377, 403, 606, 622; TJ returns from, 31, 382, 408, 475; TJ’s grandchildren visit, 377n, 408–9; TJ visits, 31, 377n, 402, 403, 470, 598; tobacco grown at, 69–70, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407n, 435, 491, 581, 585, 586, 601n, 624; visitors to, 407; wheat grown at, 69, 106, 402, 403, 404. See also Bear Creek plantation; Gough, William; Miller, Robert (overseer); Tomahawk plantation; Yancey, Joel (d. 1833) pork: as pay, 406; for slaves, 85; transported to and from Poplar Forest, 30 Porteus, Beilby: Death: A Poetical Essay, 59, 60–1n Port Folio: TJ subscribes to, 197n

Portugal: and colonization of African Americans, 609n; Cortes of, 614; elections in, 614; and U.S., 614; wine from, 561 Post Office, U.S.: and mail service, 246, 440, 447, 453, 487; TJ requests list of post offices, 292–3 potatoes, 405 Potomac River: mentioned, 278 pots: clay, li, 196 (illus.), 382, 411 Powell, Leven: and G. Washington, 137 pozzolana (volcanic ash), 288–9, 289–90 Pradt, Dominique Dufour, baron de: Europe after the Congress of Aix-laChapelle. Forming the Sequel to the Congress of Vienna (trans. G. A. Otis), 255 Praecipuum Atque fundamentalem in Neutoniana motuum Planetariorum Theoria errorem Pluribus demonstrat argumentis (G. Juranits), 32 Pratt, Peter: translates The History of Alexander the Great (Q. Curtius Rufus), 579 Preble, Edward: U.S. naval commander, 547 Presbyterians: influence in Va., 517; missions to Indians, 646–7; and University of Virginia, 516 A Present for an Apprentice (J. Barnard), 189, 224 President’s House: mentioned, 430n Preston, John (d. 1827): and Baker v. Preston, 52; as treasurer of Va., 158 Priestley, Joseph: Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit, 58, 60n; and Unitarianism, 564 Prigg, Rachel: signs petition, 146 prime meridian, 314 printing: in U.S., 11, 171 privies, 357n Proceedings and Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson): copies of requested, 582, 583; distributed by TJ, 582–3 Proctor, Hannah: letter to accounted for, 669; sends paper, 317; TJ pays, 669 Providence, R.I.: cloth from, 147n Pryor, Nathaniel Hale, 575 public health. See health; medicine punches (tools), 569 Puñonrostro, Juan José Arias-Dávila y Matheu, conde de: and land grants, 99, 100n

 717 

INDEX Quakers: and education, 532, 533; in New England, 657, 658, 659; oppose Calvinism, 532; TJ on, 424, 439, 500 quarries: in Va., 195 Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorum Versiones perantiquæ duæ, Gothica scil. et Anglo-Saxonica (F. Junius; ed. T. Marshall), 18 “The Querist” (pseudonym): letter from, 629–30; questions TJ, 629 quills (writing instruments), 545–6 Quincy, Josiah (1744–75), 145 Quintilian: M. Fabii Quintiliani Declamationes Undeviginti: His Accesserunt Fragmenta Alia, Hoc Est, Quæ Ex CCCLXXXVIII Supersunt CXLV Declamationes, 279 Radford, William: identified, 4:318n; mentioned, 31; road through land of, 70 Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel: and botanical garden for University of Virginia, 206; and Cumberland College, 205; identified, 15:41n; letter from, 205–7; letter to, 243; and museum for University of Virginia, 206; natural history collections of, 206; seeks professorship, 205, 243; and Western College of Kentucky, 205, 206; works of, 206, 207n Raggi, Giacomo: account with University of Virginia, 271n; identified, 14:67n; as stonecutter at University of Virginia, 271, 373, 455, 456 Raggi, Michele: family of, 456; identified, 14:67n; as stonecutter at University of Virginia, 271n, 456 raisins: TJ orders, 42 Ramage, Rebecca: signs petition, 146 Ramsay, David (1749–1815): identified, 7:28n; as reference for B. Waterhouse, 445n Ramsey, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Rand, Benjamin H.: letter from accounted for, 669; and G. Washington’s Farewell Address, 669 Randal (TJ’s slave; b. 1802). See Hern, Randal (TJ’s slave; b. 1802) Randolph, Cornelia Jefferson (TJ’s granddaughter): identified, 3:635n; works given to, 438n Randolph, Ann (Anne) Cary. See Bankhead, Ann (Anne) Cary Randolph

(TJ’s granddaughter; Charles Lewis Bankhead’s wife) Randolph, Ann Cary. See Morris, Ann Cary Randolph (Martha Jefferson Randolph’s sister-in-law; Gouverneur Morris’s wife) Randolph, David Meade (ca. 1759–1830): and cement, 287, 288, 288–9, 289–90; finances of, 290; identified, 9:101n; letters from, to J. Gibbon, 288–9, 289–91 Randolph, Edmund: as attorney general, 81; estate of, 482, 482–3; identified, 6:108–9n; and G. Nicholas’s estate, 418 Randolph, Ellen Wayles. See Coolidge, Ellen Wayles Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter) Randolph, George Wythe (TJ’s grandson): education of, 408 Randolph, Jane Hollins Nicholas (Thomas Jefferson Randolph’s wife; Wilson Cary Nicholas’s daughter): and T. J. Randolph, 414n Randolph, John (of Roanoke): compliments E. W. R. Coolidge, 38n; sanity of questioned, 300; as U.S. representative from Va., 300 Randolph, Martha Jefferson (Patsy; TJ’s daughter; Thomas Mann Randolph’s wife): children of, 408, 666n; correspondence of, 112n, 164n, 184n; and J. W. Eppes, 180–1; greetings sent to, 10, 180–1, 303, 429, 527, 537, 538; and R. Hackley’s land claims, 98; health of, 273n; identified, 2:238n; introduces K. D. Morgan, 142–3; letter from, to A. C. Morris, 407–9; letter from, to N. P. Trist, 272–3; mentioned, 163, 501, 631; modifies bedroom at Monticello, 164n; and Poplar Forest neighborhood, 407–8; purchases goods, 45, 47–51; and TJ’s estate, 272–3; and TJ’s health, 409n; and N. P. Trist, 409n, 476n, 579, 601n; and University of Virginia, 408, 409n; visits Poplar Forest, 377n, 382, 407–8; visits Richmond, 180–1 Randolph, Mary (Thomas Mann Randolph’s sister; David Meade Randolph’s wife): greetings sent to, 164; sends greetings to TJ, 38, 301 Randolph, Mary Elizabeth Cleland. See Eppes, Mary Elizabeth Cleland Randolph (Francis Eppes’s wife; Thomas Eston Randolph’s daughter)

 718 

INDEX Randolph, Mary Jefferson (TJ’s granddaughter): correspondence with siblings, 79n, 147n, 212n, 230n; describes Christmas celebrations, 79n; mentioned, 163; plans to study Latin, 79n; sends greetings to N. P. Trist, 273n Randolph, Meriwether Lewis (TJ’s grandson): education of, 408; future prospects of, 272–3 Randolph, Richard: and cement, 287–8, 318–9n, 341, 341–2, 382, 411; and earthenware for TJ, li, 382, 411, 597; identified, 7:154n; letters from, 287–8, 310–1, 341, 411; letter to, 382; sends shale to TJ, 310–1; visits Monticello, 310 Randolph, Septimia Anne. See Meikleham, Septimia Anne Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter) Randolph, Thomas Eston (TJ’s cousin): agreement with TJ, 631, 640; and W. J. Coffee, 631; identified, 1:488n; letters from, 621, 631; letter to, 640–1; letter to accounted for, 631n; and Shadwell mills, 578, 621, 631, 640. See also Randolph & Colclaser (Albemarle Co. firm) Randolph, Thomas Jefferson (TJ’s grandson; Jane Hollins Nicholas Randolph’s husband): carries papers for TJ, 447; endorses bank notes, 330; identified, 1:190–1n; letter from accounted for, 281n; letter to, 280–1; and loan from Va. Literary Fund, 349, 350n, 389, 402, 434; loans TJ money, 374–5, 434; as manager of Monticello, 187, 272, 366, 578; as manager of Poplar Forest, 64, 69–70, 272, 406–7, 601n; and medal for TJ, 131; and W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 280–1, 413, 414n, 416, 417, 418n, 607, 608, 609n, 654; orders food and wine from Europe, 457n, 458, 484, 485; and J. H. N. Randolph, 414n; sells tobacco, 435, 436; and Shadwell estate, 350n; and TJ’s estate, 272; and TJ’s petition to alter Bedford Co. road, 70; and University of Virginia, 664, 665; visits Richmond, 119 Randolph, Thomas Mann (1768–1828) (TJ’s son-in-law; Martha Jefferson Randolph’s husband): and agriculture, 560; boats of, transfer goods, 287; and carriages, 578; children of, 10, 119, 666n; on Cohens v. Virginia,

54n; described, 112n; dispute with Va. Council of State, 110–2; estate of, 272; family of, 119; as governor of Va., 54, 110–2, 178, 192, 193n, 201n, 208n, 305–6, 309n; greetings sent to, 10, 27, 527, 538; identified, 1:420n; introduces W. L. Pogue, 226; letter from accounted for, 209n; letters from, 118–9, 192–3, 199, 226–7; letters to, 10–1, 98–101, 127–8, 200–1, 208–9; as Literary Fund president, 199, 208–9, 215; mentioned, 288, 310, 341; sells tobacco, 436; and Shadwell estate, 350n; and Shadwell mills, 640; TJ on, 560; and University of Virginia, 10–1, 127–8 Randolph, Virginia Jefferson. See Trist, Virginia Jefferson Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter) Randolph & Colclaser (Albemarle Co. firm): as tenants at Shadwell mills, 623; TJ’s account with, 320 Rankin, Christopher: identified, 295–6n; and land claims, 295, 312; letter from, 295–6; letter to, 312 Raphael, Isaac: and goods for TJ, 474, 491; and payments made for TJ, 343, 360, 501n. See also Wolfe & Raphael (Charlottesville firm) Rapin Thoyras, Paul de: The History of England (trans. N. Tindal), 399 Raspe, Rudolf E.: An Account of some German Volcanos, and their productions, 288, 289n Rawlings, James: identified, 11:521n; letter from, 600–1; and Mutual Assurance Society, 600–1 Rea, Jane: signs petition, 146 Read, John (of Kentucky): and W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 414, 415, 419, 420 Read, Peter B.: horse of, 368; identified, 331n; letters from, 330–1, 368, 464–5; as miller and millwright, 330, 331n, 464–5, 578, 621, 640 Redwood, Abraham: garden of, 659; public library of, 659, 660 Reed, Hannah: signs petition, 146 Reeves, John: A History of the English Law, 334, 335 Reflections on the Revolution in France (E. Burke), 279 A Register of Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the Service of the United States, on the 30th of September, 1821, 292–3, 303

 719 

INDEX Reichart, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 religion: J. Adams on, 454, 532; and the afterlife, 92; atheism, 655; Baptists, 658; and bigotry, 627n; Catholicism, 657; Episcopalianism, 656, 658, 659, 660; and fasting, 93; Hinduism, 91; Islam, 91; Jesuits, 429; Judaism, 91, 92, 93, 657, 658, 660–1; Methodism, 656–7, 658; and morality, 93; Moravians, 658; and prayer, 92–3; Presbyterianism, 517, 646–7; Quakers, 424, 439, 500, 532, 533, 657, 658, 659; C. Schultz’s Defense of Theism, 89–95; Shakers, 271–2, 293n; theism, 89–95; TJ on, 212, 439, 655; Unitarianism, 439, 443–5, 517–8, 532, 656, 657–8; in Va., 517; B. Waterhouse on, 532–3, 655–8; T. G. Watkins on, 396–7; works on, 278, 445, 473, 532, 605, 657, 658. See also Christianity rent: from Shadwell mills, 623, 631, 640 Report of the Committee of Finance to the United States Senate on the Memorial of the Trustees of Transylvania University, 171–3 The Republican; or, A Series of Essays on the Principles and Policy of Free States (W. C. Jarvis), 73, 74, 76n, 175–6, 283, 364–5, 379, 551 Republican party: electoral successes of, 665; and federal judiciary, 305; presidential slate of, 306–7; TJ on, 361, 513; T. G. Watkins on, 306 Review of the Opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Cohens vs. Virginia (C. Hammond), 362, 367 Revolutionary War: British depredations during, 659, 660; compensation claims, 25–6, 134, 136–42; debts from, 620; prisoners of war, 137–8; records destroyed or lost during, 192, 193n; and Va., 26, 149; G. Washington’s retreat through N.J., 136. See also American Revolution Rey, Mrs. (of New York), 636n Rhea, John: identified, 2:358–9n; letter from, 394; sends constituent circulars to TJ, 394 rhetoric: books on, 473, 579; study of, 334 rheumatism: J. Madison’s, 315n Rhode Island: history of, 657–61; motto of, 661, 662n

rhubarb: TJ purchases, 49 rice: TJ orders, 174 Rice, John Holt: and establishment of University of Virginia, 129, 159–60; identified, 12:18n Richard Anderson & Company (Richmond firm), 582 Richardson, Ann: signs petition, 146 Richmond (brig), 39 Richmond, Va.: banks in, 29; boat carriage to and from, 39, 71, 79, 117, 118, 131, 169, 203, 212, 214, 222, 244, 250–1, 258, 287, 309, 310, 320, 330, 332, 349, 350, 358, 375, 402, 435, 471, 491, 512, 522, 530, 581, 586, 597, 601, 609, 621, 623, 630; British destroy public records in, 192, 193n, 200; Capitol Square in, 192, 200, 201n; Eagle Hotel, 107; fires in, 195–6; flour prices at, 52, 52–3, 187, 187, 298, 581; flour shipped to, 117, 609, 623; and medical education, 20; stagecoach to and from, 358, 561, 606; state capitol at, 109, 111n, 392n; TJ as a director for locating public buildings in, 200, 201n; TJ’s tobacco sold at, 581, 582, 586, 601, 602; tobacco prices at, 298, 435, 436n, 582n, 602n; tobacco shipped to, 585; tobacco sold at, 435, 436; wagon carriage to and from, 118, 245, 258, 298, 471, 474, 601, 612, 621; wheat prices in, 298, 581. See also Bank of Virginia (Richmond); Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Richmond); Gibson, Patrick; Gibson & Jefferson (Richmond firm); Peyton, Bernard Richmond Commercial Compiler (newspaper), 110–2 Richmond Dock Company, 289 Richmond Enquirer (newspaper): and “A Native of Virginia,” 397, 447–8, 452–3, 480; prints articles on University of Virginia, 111n, 128, 276n; prints court rulings, 52; prints TJ’s correspondence, xlix, 294n; prints University of Virginia annual reports, 190; prints work by C. Terrell, 648, 649; and T. M. Randolph’s dispute with Va. Council of State, 111–2n; T. Ritchie as editor of, xlix, 109, 110, 111n, 132; and TJ’s alleged presidential endorsement, xlix, 132–3, 133; TJ submits items to, 132–3, 196 (illus.),

 720 

INDEX 196 (illus.); TJ subscribes to, 515, 583 Riego y Núñez, Rafael del: rumored assassination of, 401 Ritchie, Thomas: and anonymous letter by TJ, xlix; as editor of Richmond Enquirer, xlix, 54, 109, 110, 111n, 132, 158, 196 (illus.), 649; identified, 1:214n; letters to, 132–3, 447–8, 582–3; and “A Native of Virginia,” 447–8, 453; and University of Virginia, 109, 110, 583; and works for TJ, 582–3, 601 Ritchie & Gooch (Richmond firm): identified, 385n; letters to, 383–6, 448–52; and “A Native of Virginia,” 383–5, 448–52; as publisher, 54 Rittenhouse, David: stove of, 321 Rivanna River: dams on, 368, 522, 525, 610, 632, 641n, 642, 643; ice on, 117, 131, 163, 168, 169; navigation of, 77, 168; water level of, 366, 597. See also Shadwell mills Rivesaltes, France: wine from, 457 roads: in Albemarle Co., 215; in Bedford Co., 70; poor condition of, 215, 224; in U.S., 615–8; in Va., 407 Roane, Spencer: death of, 653; friendship with J. Taylor, 54; health of, 54, 442–3, 531, 559; identified, 9:73–4n; and judicial authority, 82, 83; letters from, 442–3, 531–2; letters from, to A. Thweatt, 54, 83; letters to, 413–4, 559; and Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 413–4, 442–3, 531–2, 559; urges TJ to resume political activity, 53; and Va. politics, 54, 83 Roberts, Susanna: signs petition, 146 Robertson, Mr. (of Virginia): payment made through, 405 Robertson, Archibald: account with TJ, 69, 403; agent for TJ, 491; identified, 4:94–5n; letter from accounted for, 403n; letters to, 402–3, 441; as merchant, 403; and payments for TJ, 402–3, 407, 441; TJ invites to dinner, 403; TJ pays, 402, 434, 458, 512; TJ’s debt to, 106. See also A. Robertson & Company (firm) Robertson, Duncan Forbes: family and friends of, 209; identified, 17:583n; letter from, 209; letter to, 36; and

lock of TJ’s hair, 36, 209; TJ gives miniature portrait to, 36, 209 Robertson, William (1721–93): The History of the Reign of Charles V, 399; works of, 251 Robinson, John (1704–66): estate of, 482, 482–3 Robinson, Margaret: signs petition, 146 Robinson, Merit M.: on R. Hackley’s land claim, 100, 101n Robinson, Rebecca B.: signs petition, 146 Rockfish Gap, Va. See Virginia, University of: Establishment Rodes, John: sawmill of, 574–5 Rodney, Caesar Augustus: defends TJ, 537–8, 573; identified, 2:191n; letter from, 537–8; letter to, 573–4; as minister plenipotentiary to Argentina, 573, 574n Rogers, John (of Albemarle Co.): sells goods, 351, 435; TJ pays, 586, 597 Romaine, Benjamin: A Comparative View and Exhibition of Reasons, Opposed to the Adoption of the New Constitution, of the State of New-York, 152, 153n; identified, 6:219n; letter from, 152–3; on N.Y. constitution, 152, 153n Rome, ancient: agriculture in, 217n; historians of, 356; history of, 399; roads of, 288 Ronald, William: estate of, 31, 80, 117–8, 179, 298, 309, 353, 361 Ronaldson, James: and domestic manufacturing, 520–1; identified, 1:18–9n; introduced to TJ, 521; letter from, 520–2; letter to, 559–60; sends cloth to TJ, 521; Specimen of Printing Type, from the Letter Foundry of James Ronaldson, successor to Binny & Ronaldson, 520, 521, 559. See also Binny & Ronaldson (Philadelphia firm) Roper, William P.: circular on education, 478–9; identified, 480n roses: Cherokee, 210 Ross, Andrew: Treasury Department clerk, 433n Ross, David (Maj.): and G. Washington, 137 Rowlett, William: buys TJ’s flour, 52 Ruffhead, Owen: edits A New Law Dictionary (G. Jacob), 335, 580

 721 

INDEX Ruggles, Benjamin: identified, 362–3n; letter from, 362–3; letter to, 367; sends work to TJ, 362, 367 Ruggles, Charles Herman: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count: biography of, 356 Runnels, Abraham: identified, 636n; letter from, 632–6; restitution claims of, 633; seeks appointment for son, 634–6 Runnels, George: education of, 635; health of, 634; seeks appointment, 634–6 Ruple, Danah: signs petition, 146 Rush, Benjamin: identified, 1:185–6n; An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body, 292n; as reference for B. Waterhouse, 445n; “a Scale of the Progress of Temperance and Intemperance. Liquors, with their Effects, in their usual Order,” 291, 292n Rush, Richard: and books for TJ, 71, 203, 251, 459; forwards letters to and from TJ, 548; identified, 5:79n; letter from, 548; letter to, 459–61; sends greetings to TJ, 372, 377; and University of Virginia, 372n, 459 Russell, Jonathan: Address delivered before the Worcester Agricultural Society, September 27, 1821, being their Anniversary Cattle Show and Exhibition of Manufactures, 87, 125; identified, 87–8n; letter from, 87–8; letter to, 125 Russell, William: History of Modern Europe, 399 Russia: army appointment sought, 66–7; and Ottoman Empire, 372n, 377, 424, 427, 459. See also Alexander I, emperor of Russia; Harris, Levett Rutgers, Henry: as patron, 167n Ruth, Jane: signs petition, 146 Rutherford, Mr.: buys TJ’s tobacco, 436 Rutledge, John: writes TJ under a pseudonym, 453 Sainte Marie, Batture. See Batture Sainte Marie, controversy over Saint John’s College (Annapolis), 153, 155n Saint-Mémin, Charles Balthazar Julien Févret de: portrait of TJ by, 23n

Sallust: TJ recommends works of, 251; works of, 399 salt: TJ acquires, 47 saltpeter, 50 Sample, Margaret: signs petition, 146 sand, 321, 494n, 545–6 Sanderson, John: Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence, 246–7, 274; identified, 16:214n The Sandy Foundation Shaken (W. Penn), 532 Saunders, Robert: and funding for University of Virginia, 107–8; identified, 9:123–4n The Savage Beauty, A Satirical Allegorical Novel (P. W. Sproat), 570, 585 sawmills: in Albemarle Co., 574–5; at Monticello, 330 saws: crosscut, 50; handsaws, 48, 50 “a Scale of the Progress of Temperance and Intemperance. Liquors, with their Effects, in their usual Order” (B. Rush), 291, 292n Schaefer, Gottfried Heinrich: edits Plutarchi Vitae Parallelae (Plutarch), 73n, 358, 375, 376, 439, 565, 619; edits Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco (Thucydides), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619; edits Xenophontis Opera (Xenophon), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619 Schaffer, Louisa: signs petition, 146 The school boy’s introduction to the geography and statistics of the state of NewYork: designed for the use of common schools, under the patronage of the Legislature (H. G. Spafford), 253 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe: identified, 125–6n; letter from, 125–6; letter to, 193–4; A Memoir, on the Geological Position of a Fossil Tree, discovered in the Secondary Rocks of the River Des Plaines, 125, 193 The School Exercise, containing a Course of Lessons, in which the various branches of education are introduced as Subjects for Reading in Schools (C. Mead), 238 schools and colleges: Andover Theological Seminary, 445, 564, 656, 657; British influence over U.S., 173; Brown University, 131n; Congress donates books to, 524, 524–5; Dickinson College, 235, 236n; General Theological Seminary of the Protestant

 722 

INDEX Episcopal Church (New York City), 368, 370, 371; Hampden-Sydney College, 129–30, 158, 159; Harvard University, 4–5, 6–7, 11, 518, 564, 655, 656, 659; laws and regulations governing, 232, 233; literary and fraternal societies at, 131n, 238; medical, 19–20, 660; northern seminaries, 154, 188, 444–5; Orleans College, 580; Petersburg Academy, 649; Saint John’s College (Annapolis), 153, 155n; student misbehavior at, 227–9, 230–4; and tariffs on books, 4–5, 6–7, 19, 21n, 78, 172; textbooks for, 238, 358; Transylvania University (Lexington, Ky.), 11, 78, 478, 656; Trinity College (Dublin), 659–60; University of Alabama, 469, 470n; University of Georgia, 11, 78; University of Maryland, 218; University of North Carolina, 11, 78; University of Pennsylvania, 363, 512, 635; Washington College (later Washington and Lee University), 158, 159, 238; Yale University, 658, 659. See also Central College; South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina); United States Military Academy (West Point, N.Y.); Virginia, University of; William and Mary, College of Schultz, Christian (“Nathan Ben Hassan”; “X.Y.Z Cosmopolite”): Defense of Theism, 89–95; identified, 88–9n; letter from, 88–9; occupations of, 90–1; on religion, 88, 89–95 Schuylkill River: navigation of, 518 science: TJ on, 558 Scientific Dialogues, intended for the Instruction and Entertainment of Young People (J. Joyce): TJ recommends, 399 scientific instruments: microscopes, 590; mirrors, 590–4, 613; telescopes, 586–96, 613. See also surveying Scipio (ship), 442 Scotland: M. Cosway on, 536 Scott, Jane: signs petition, 146 Scott, Martha: signs petition, 146 screws, 44 sculpture: P. Cardelli’s busts, 163, 196 (illus.), 212, 299, 301, 310, 320, 327, 332 scuppernong (wine), 17, 378, 465 Secret Journals of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress, from the first meeting

thereof to the dissolution of the Confederation, by the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, 524n, 525, 624 seeds: potato, 405; sent to TJ, 364, 491–2, 530, 561; wheat, 637 Semple, James: identified, 5:374n; on University of Virginia, 286 Senate, U.S.: and Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 99; and appointments, 513; Committee of Finance, 171–3; debates in, 301; elections to, 627n; journals of, 166, 181, 524; and judicial review, 80, 82n, 83n; members of, 660; mentioned, 387, 425; and Monroe-Pinkney Treaty (1806), 620; popular election of, 204–5; ratifies Treaty of Ghent (1814), 652; reports to, 170, 171–3; and tariffs, 6–7, 21n, 225; and term limits, 204; women on floor of, 301. See also Congress, U.S. Seneca (the Younger): TJ quotes, 25; writings of, 93–4 Septuaginta Interpretum (ed. J. E. Grabe), 18 Serveto (Servetus), Miguel: execution of, 563 Sète. See Cette (Sète), France Seven Years’ War. See French and Indian War Seybert, Adam: identified, 1:172n; Statistical Annals, 524 shad: mentioned, 301; TJ orders, 522, 530; TJ purchases, 487, 491, 504, 512 Shadwell (TJ’s estate): TJ conveys part of to T. J. Randolph, 350n Shadwell mills: counting room, 465; dam at, 368, 522, 525, 610, 632, 641n, 642, 643; flour mill at, 19, 117, 187, 609; flour sieve at, 464; fodder from, 273; J. Fray and W. Wright as prospective renters of, 636, 637n; lease of, 640; mentioned, 411; mill wheels at, 640; and T. E. Randolph, 578, 621, 631, 640; and T. M. Randolph, 640; rent for, 623, 631, 640; repairs to, 330, 464–5, 621, 631, 640. See also Shoemaker, Jonathan Shakers: pens made by, 271–2, 293n Shakespeare, William: As You Like It referenced, 91, 95n; Macbeth referenced, 300, 302n; Othello referenced, 233, 234n; Romeo and Juliet referenced, 13, 14n

 723 

INDEX shale, 288, 288–9, 289–90, 310–1, 318–9n Shannon, George: as explorer, 575; as Ky. legislator, 576n; Speech of George Shannon, Esq. On the resolution for the removal of Judge Clark from office on account of his decision in the Bourbon Circuit Court against the constitutionality of the Endorsement and Replevin Laws, 575, 576n; wounded, 575 Shannon, HMS (frigate), 57, 60n, 334n Shaw, Lemuel: and education, 243, 244n; identified, 243–4n; letter to, 243–4 sheep: shears for, 47 Sheldon, Elisha: and G. Washington, 137–8 shells, 278 Shepherd, Mary: signs petition, 146 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 37, 38n Sheridan, Thomas: writings of, 473 Sherman, Roger: and Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence (J. Sanderson), 246–7, 274; and Declaration of Independence, 274; TJ on, 274 shirting (textile), 47, 51, 147n Shoemaker, Jonathan: identified, 1:109–10n; as Shadwell mill tenant, 640 shoes: brushes for, 50; improvements in, 196; TJ’s, 51 Short, William: and J. Corrêa da Serra, 13; financial situation of, 14; and L. Harris, 10; identified, 1:39n; and internal improvements, 518; investments of, 13–4; lands of near Saint Lawrence River, 13–4, 517; letters from, 12–4, 516–9; purchases wallpaper for TJ, lii; and religion, 517–8; and C. Thomson, 516; TJ represents, 482, 482–3; and TJ’s health, 10, 12, 516; travels of, 13, 14, 517; and University of Virginia, 516–7; and visits to Monticello, 14; on War of 1812, 13; and Wistar parties, 12–3 shot: case, 311; purchased by TJ, 41 Sierra Leone Company, 609n sifters: wire, 42, 174 silk: tapes, 471; TJ orders, 42, 43, 44, 47 silk tree, 166 silver: as currency, 365n Simes, Ann F.: signs petition, 146 Simes, Mary F.: signs petition, 146 Simonson, Jane: signs petition, 146

Simplicius of Cilicia: Epicteti Stoici Philosophi Enchiridion: Unà cum Cebetis Thebani Tabula. Quibus adjiciuntur hac Editione Simplicii Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti. Item Arriani Commentariorum de Epicteti Disputationibus, Lib. IV (ed. H. Wolf), 279 Sinclair, Sir John: identified, 9:144n; writings of, 473 Sinclair, Robert: and agriculture, 560; identified, 560n; letter from accounted for, 560n; letter to, 560 Six Brothers (ship), 491–2 A Sketch of the Rights of Boys and Girls (“Launcelot Light” and “Lætitia Lookabout”), 228, 229n Skidmore, Thomas: identified, 596n; letter from, 586–96; letter to, 613; proposed telescope of, 586–95, 613 Skinner, John Stuart: and American Farmer, 437, 465; identified, 15:361n; letter from accounted for, 466n Slagle, Martha: signs petition, 146 Slaughter, Elizabeth Towles (Philip Slaughter’s wife), 605 Slaughter, Philip: work sent to, 605 slavery: abolition of, 57; and colonization, 609n; Lafayette on, 425–6; R. Mills on, 609n; opposition to, 572n; TJ on, 426, 609n. See also Missouri question; slaves slaves: E. Bacon’s, 435; behavior of, 194, 215–6; as blacksmiths, 30, 641n, 641, 642, 643; bread for, 402; as carpenters, 36, 64; and Christmas, 79n; clothing for, 194, 225; crop rations for, 317–8; of J. W. Eppes, 22; errands by, 46; escaped, li–lii, 196 (illus.); health of, 64; letter from, 35–6; letter to, 64; medical treatment for, 501; at Monticello, li–lii, 195; pork for, 85; price of, 106; sale of, 106, 272; transport goods, 610; valuation of, 22; J. Yancey’s, 70. See also African Americans; slavery; specific entries for Virginia plantations slave trade: and Curaçao, 32 smallpox: and Continental army, 138; vaccinations, 566–8 Smith, Andrew: and cement, 214; and glass for TJ, 609, 621; identified, 14:439–40n Smith, John Augustine: as president of College of William and Mary, 286 Smith, Margaret Spear (wife of Samuel Smith [of Maryland]), 416, 422

 724 

INDEX Smith, Robert (1757–1842): identified, 1:340n; as president of Maryland Agricultural Society, 436–7 Smith, Robert (printer): and case shot, 311; and election of 1800, 247–8, 311; letters from, 247–8, 311; regarded as drunk by TJ, 248n; requests money from TJ, 248, 311 Smith, Robert I.: as agent for Johnson & Warner (Philadelphia firm), 329 Smith, Samuel (of Maryland): as chairman of Ways and Means Committee, 386–7, 481; on character of G. Hebb, 480–1; financial situation of, 387; identified, 1:361n; letters from, 386–8, 400, 480–1; letters to, 452–3, 519; and J. Monroe, 386, 387; and “A Native of Virginia,” 400, 452–3; and W. C. Nicholas’s estate, 415–6, 418n, 419–22; seeks diplomatic appointment, 387, 453, 481, 519 Smith, William Penn: identified, 68n; letter from, 68; seeks position at University of Virginia, 68 Smith & Riddle (Richmond firm): identified, 11:112n; imports tarras, 290. See also Smith, Andrew snakes: sea serpents, 356 Snow, Mr. (ship captain), 39 Société de Géographie, 177 Société Linnéenne de Paris: Mémoires de la Société Linnéenne de Paris, 64n; TJ’s membership in, 62, 177 Society of Friends. See Quakers Socrates: mentioned, 656 Solomon, king of Israel, 60n Solon: mentioned, 238 Sommerville, John, 210–1n Sophocles: Σοφοκλέους Τραγωδίαι Ζ. Sophoclis Tragoediæ VII. Unà cum omnibus græcis Scholiis ad calcem adnexis, 279 Σοφοκλέους Τραγωδίαι Ζ. Sophoclis Tragoediæ VII. Unà cum omnibus græcis Scholiis ad calcem adnexis (Sophocles), 279 Southall, Turner: as director of public buildings in Richmond, 201n South America: republics in, 425; TJ on independence movement in, 294; TJ on political organization of, 573; and U.S., 394n. See also United Provinces of South America South Carolina: Board of Public Works, 608; canals in, 341; governor of, 228,

232, 234n; internal improvements in, 608, 609n; medical education in, 229n; presidential caucus in, 132, 133 South Carolina College (later University of South Carolina): and J. W. Baker, 228, 230n, 273n; curriculum of, 302–3; and F. W. Eppes, 21, 302–3; faculty at, 227, 228, 230n, 230–4; influence of clergy at, 230n; laws and regulations governing, 232, 233; president of, 21, 233; student dissatisfaction at, 21; student misbehavior at, 227–9, 230n, 232–3, 233–4, 273n, 275; and tariffs on books, 11, 78; trustees of, 228, 232 spades, 49 Spafford, Horatio Gates: A Gazetteer of the State of New-York, 253; health of, 253; identified, 1:106n; letter from, 253–4; letter to, 294–5; moves to Pa., 253; A Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveller, along the line of the Canals, and the Interior Commerce of the State of New-York, 254n; proposed biography of TJ by, 254; proposed history of N.Y. by, 254; proposed spelling book by, 253–4, 294–5; The school boy’s introduction to the geography and statistics of the state of NewYork: designed for the use of common schools, under the patronage of the Legislature, 253; visits springs, 253 Spain: and Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 98–9, 309n; colonies of, 277–8, 294; conspiracy to overthrow regime in, 614n; constitution of, 99, 101n; Cortes of, 98–9, 101n, 401; and E. Fla., 98–100; and France, 99; and La., 99; politics in, 614; relations with Great Britain, 99; rumored assassinations in, 401; and tariffs on books, 173; and Treaty of Paris (1763), 296, 297n; and Treaty of Paris (1783), 297; and U.S., 430n, 468n, 481; and W. Fla., 295; wine from, 561. See also Ferdinand VII, king of Spain Spanish language: works in, 95–6 Spanish moss, 210 Sparks, Jared: as chaplain of U.S. House of Representatives, 37–8, 518, 564, 657; identified, 12:189n; Letters on the Ministry, Ritual, and Doctrines of the Protestant Episcopal Church, addressed to the Rev. Wm. E. Wyatt, D.D., 37–8; as Unitarian minister, 564, 657

 725 

INDEX Spartan (schooner), 203, 222, 250, 251n Specimen of Printing Type, from the Letter Foundry of James Ronaldson, successor to Binny & Ronaldson, 520, 521, 559 Speech of George Shannon, Esq. On the resolution for the removal of Judge Clark from office on account of his decision in the Bourbon Circuit Court against the constitutionality of the Endorsement and Replevin Laws, 575, 576n Sphaerics (Theodosius of Bithynia), 650 spices: nutmeg, 49. See also salt spinning machines. See machines; manufacturing; textiles spirits (alcohol), 378, 443 Spooner, Alden B.: as Va. legislator, 83 springs: therapeutic, 253, 572 Sproat, Peter W.: identified, 570n; letter from, 570; letter to, 585; The Savage Beauty, A Satirical Allegorical Novel, 570, 585 Stackelberg, Berndt Robert Gustaf: as reference for A. Runnels, 635 Staphorst, N. & J. & R. van (Amsterdam firm). See N. & J. & R. van Staphorst (Amsterdam firm) staphylococcus: TJ infected with, 12 Stark, John: death of, 423; health of, 423; Revolutionary War officer, 453, 454 Starke, William A.: and G. Washington, 137 State Department, U.S.: forwards letters, 430n, 456, 457n, 466n; and Marseille consulate, 547, 600; papers of, 282, 312; and W. Fla. border, 295. See also Adams, John Quincy; Brent, Daniel State Papers and Publick Documents of the United States: given to U.S. colleges and universities, 524n, 524, 624; loaned to TJ, 165, 166, 181 stationery: letter paper, 142, 545–6 Statistical Annals (A. Seybert), 524 The Statutes at Large (W. W. Hening): publication of, 374, 388, 468; sources for, 374, 388–9, 468 Staunton, Va.: potential location for state capital, 109, 286, 328; and suffrage in Va., 150, 151 steam engines, 660 steel: blistered, 44, 49; German, 41; purchased by TJ, 41, 49; tools, 51

Steptoe, William: identified, 7:388n; as physician, 405 Sterne, Laurence: works of, 251 Stewart, Thomas C., 644 Stiles, Ezra: as librarian, 659; president of Yale College, 659 Storer, Dorothy Hanson (Richard H. Harrison’s daughter): and R. H. Harrison’s Revolutionary War pension, 134, 135n, 136–42 Story, Horace Cullen: identified, 331n; letter from, 331; letter to, 362; sends pamphlet to TJ, 331, 362 Story, Joseph: identified, 10:75–6n; as Supreme Court justice, 467 Stout, Isaiah, 318 stoves: J. Coskery’s, 321–2, 357–8; Franklin, 321; in lighthouses, 185; Rittenhouse, 321; for University of Virginia, 211 strawberries: as crop, 343 Stuart, Archibald: identified, 2:93–4n; as judge, 373n Stuart, Gilbert: artistic career of, 660; identified, 7:526–7n Stuart, John: as Indian agent, 296 Sturz, Friedrich Wilhelm: edits works of Cassius Dio, 466 Stuyvesant, Peter: as colonial governor of N.Y., 32 subscriptions, for publications: Bibles, 241–2; journals, 197, 323, 326; legal, 583; newspapers, 214, 498, 503n, 583; on Philadelphia, 628. See also books; Jefferson, Thomas: Books & Library subscriptions, nonpublication: for Central College–University of Virginia, 404, 405; for proposed Va. vaccine dispensary, 567–8 Suetonius: writings of, 399 sugar: brown, 46 sulfur: TJ purchases, 50 Sullivan, James: as reference for B. Waterhouse, 445n Summers, George William: identified, 238–9n; and Jefferson Society of Washington College, 238, 251–2; letter from, 238–9; letter to, 251–2 sun: and astronomical calculations, 505, 528, 539, 539–45 Supreme Court, U.S.: appointments to, 139, 140; and Cohens v. Virginia, 54n, 81, 362, 367, 460; criticized, 54, 338; expenses of, 338; and Green v. Biddle, 208n; and R. Hackley’s land claims,

 726 

INDEX 101n; and impeachment, 80–1; and jurisdiction of federal and state courts, 338–40; and McCulloch v. Maryland, 460; and J. Marshall, 339; procedures of, 81, 338; and term limits, 80–1, 204; TJ on, 34, 80–1, 361, 367, 460; and United States v. Hudson and Goodwin, 467, 468n. See also judiciary, U.S. surveying: chain for, 104–5n; compass for, 104, 105n, 182; and due east and west lines, 648, 649–53; fees for, 104–5, 182; and Natural Bridge, 102, 102–3, 181–2. See also scientific instruments swallows: migration of, 356 Swedenborg, Emanuel: mentioned, 58; and theology, 60n Swift, Jonathan: quoted, 444; A Tale of a Tub, 658 Sydenham, Thomas: medical theories of, 559 A Systematical View of the Laws of England (R. Wooddeson), 334, 335 A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute of the Laws of England (J. H. Thomas), 334–5, 335, 381, 446, 463, 475, 580 tablecloths, 50 A Tabular View of the Modern Nomenclature, and System of Chemistry (W. J. Macneven), 64 Tacitus: TJ quotes, 25; TJ recommends works of, 251; writings of, 399 A Tale of a Tub (J. Swift), 658 tallow, 241 tarras, 290, 291n taverns: advertisements for, 95n taxes: on books, 6–7, 11, 19, 21n, 27, 30, 55, 72, 171–3, 197–8, 225; customs, 39, 51, 71, 71, 113, 118, 120, 120, 164, 169, 170, 194, 203, 222, 235, 250, 394n, 446, 463, 471, 474, 520, 620; on free whites, 148; on imports, 145; on paper, 171–2; as revenue, 172; on wine, 27, 39 Taylor, Hannah: signs petition, 146 Taylor, John (of Caroline): Construction Construed, and Constitutions Vindicated, 73; identified, 10:89–90n; Tyranny Unmasked, 54; works sent to, 54 Taylor, John (of South Carolina): burned in effigy, 228; and South Carolina College, 232 Taylor, Nancy: signs petition, 146

Taylor, Rebecca: signs petition, 146 Taylor, Robert Barraud: as attorney, 328, 329n, 332; and R. Hackley’s land claims, 98–101; identified, 14:94n; as member of University of Virginia Board of Visitors, 328, 332 Taylor, Samuel (1781–1853): as Va. legislator, 248 tea: drinking of, 407; grown in U.S., 257 telescopes: W. Herschel’s, 590, 592–6; T. Skidmore’s proposed, 586–95, 613 Tennessee: and states’ rights, 305 Terrell, Chiles: and due east and west lines, 648, 649–53; identified, 648–9n; letter from, 648–9 Terrell, Dabney Carr (TJ’s grandnephew): identified, 9:482n; letter to accounted for, 608n; and Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings, 607, 608, 653–4 Terry, Ann: signs petition, 146 Texas: TJ on, 574 textiles: in agricultural exhibitions, 87n; calico, 47; cambric, 45; cassimere, 42, 43, 44, 48; chintz, 51; crepe, 46, 47, 145, 147n; domestic, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 143, 144n, 144–6, 225n; dowlas, 48; flannel, 45; holland, 42, 43, 44; homespun, 146; leghorn, 147n; linen, 43, 225; Manchester cord, 44; manufacturing, 144–6; osnaburg, 40, 48, 50; plain cloth, 50; Providence cloth, 147n; sent to TJ, 521; shirting, 47, 51, 147n; silk, 42, 43, 44, 47, 471; ticking, 47; wool, 42, 217n. See also manufacturing; thread Theodosius of Bithynia: Sphaerics, 650 Thiébaut de Berneaud, Arsenne: identified, 63–4n; letter from, 62–4; as secretary of the Société Linnéenne de Paris, 62 Thomas, Isaiah: and American Antiquarian Society, xlix–l, 322, 325, 326n; identified, 16:352n Thomas, John Henry: A Systematic Arrangement of Lord Coke’s First Institute of the Laws of England, 334–5, 335, 381, 446, 463, 475, 580 Thomas à Kempis (Thomas Hammerken [Hemerken]): De Imitatione Christi, 605 Thomas B. Wait & Sons (Boston firm): identified, 7:646n; and State Papers and Publick Documents, 524

 727 

INDEX Thomas Leiper & Son (firm). See Leiper, Thomas Thompson, Isabella: signs petition, 146 Thompson, Jonathan: account with TJ, 120, 120–1, 170; as collector at New York, 51, 71, 118, 120, 120–1, 169, 170, 179, 194, 364, 491–2, 561; identified, 17:225n; letters from, 51, 120, 194, 491–2; letters to, 71, 170, 561 Thompson, Smith: and appointments, 627; identified, 17:437–8n; as secretary of the navy, 16 Thompson, William (of Virginia), 405 Thompson, William Augustus: and W. J. Coffee, 174, 183; and goods for TJ, 174; identified, 175n; letters from, 174–5, 183; letter to accounted for, 175n Thomson, Charles: health of, 12, 423, 454, 502, 516; identified, 9:342n Thomson, Mary, 516 Thorn, Abia B.: as brick mason for University of Virginia, 534 Thornton, Mr.: and University of Virginia, 123 “A Thought on Death, November, 1814” (A. L. Barbauld), 423 thread, 41–4, 46, 47, 48 Three Important Questions Answered, relating to the Christian Name, Character and Hopes (H. Ware [1794–1843]), 657 Thrimston (Thrimson) (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1799). See Hern, Thrimston (Thrimson) (TJ’s slave; b. ca. 1799) Thucydides: Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco (ed. G. H. Schaefer), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619 Thucydidis De Bello Peloponnesiaco (Thucydides; ed. G. H. Schaefer), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619 Thweatt, Archibald: desires to publish TJ letter, 73; identified, 2:85n; letters from, 53, 82; letters to, from S. Roane, 54, 83; letter to, 73–4; urges TJ to resume political activity, 53, 82 Thweatt, Lucy Eppes (Archibald Thweatt’s wife): TJ sends greetings to, 74 ticking (textile), 47 Ticknor, Anna Eliot (George Ticknor’s wife): marriage of, 27–8 Ticknor, George: on alcohol, 27; as Harvard professor, 5, 7n; identified, 8:242n; letter from, 26–8; marriage

of, 27–8; sends greetings to Randolphs, 27; and tariffs on books, 5, 7n, 27, 78; as Unitarian, 159; and University of Virginia, 27 Tiffin, Edward: as commissioner of General Land Office, 558 tin: boxes, 210, 526; gutters, 549; price of, 174, 549, 570; roofs, 174, 523, 526, 549, 569, 570–1, 575, 576–7; TJ buys, 474, 484, 491, 609, 621; for University of Virginia, 211, 474, 520, 529 Tindal, Nicholas: translates The History of England (P. de Rapin Thoyras), 399 tobacco: abuse of, 443, 499; destroyed by fire, 381; grown at Mill Brook (J. W. Eppes’s Buckingham Co. estate), 22; grown at Poplar Forest, 69–70, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407n, 435, 491, 586, 601, 602, 624; grown in Va., 443, 460; price of, 582n; price of in Richmond, 298, 435, 436n, 602n; sale of, 435, 436, 446, 581, 582, 586, 597, 601, 602, 609, 623; shipment of, 585; and TJ’s debts, 166, 319–20; TJ’s income from, 526–7 Todd, John Payne (James Madison’s stepson): identified, 4:188–9n; visits Monticello, 28n Tollius, Jacob: edits D. Magni Ausonii burdigalensis Opera (D. M. Ausonius), 279, 280n Tomahawk plantation (part of TJ’s Poplar Forest estate): corn grown at, 69; overseer at, 406; tobacco grown at, 582, 601, 602 Tompkins, Daniel D.: identified, 7:370n; presidential prospects of, 306, 369 tools: files, 50, 51; gimlets, 49; grindstones, 366, 464; handsaws, 48, 50; mentioned, 271n, 630; of millwrights, 330; punches, 569; spades, 49; steel, 51 Tories. See Federalist party Torrey, Jesse: education of, 167n; friendship with I. Briggs, 175; and free libraries, 167–8; identified, 8:669n; letters from, 74–6, 167–8, 175–7; letter to, 126; The Moral Instructor, and Guide to Virtue and Happiness, 74–5, 126, 167, 176; visits Monticello, 167, 168n; and J. Wood’s plow, 75–6 To the Freeholders of Albemarle (C. Cocke), 391, 392n Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de: and Société Linnéenne de Paris, 62

 728 

INDEX Tournillon, Mary Louisa Brown Trist Jones (wife successively of Hore Browse Trist [1775–1804], Philip Livingston Jones, and Etienne St. Julien de Tournillon): death of, 463 Towles, William Beverley: education of, 26–7; identified, 17:564n; TJ introduces, 26–7 Tracy. See Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 60n Traité élémentaire d’Histoire Naturelle (A. M. C. Duméril), 466 Transylvania University (Lexington, Ky.): Board of Trustees, members of, 21n; funds for, 20, 478; library at, 20; medical school at, 19, 20; petitions Congress, 19, 21n; president of, 21n, 656; students at, 19, 20; and tariffs on books, 11, 19, 21n, 78, 171–3 Treasury Department, U.S.: Register’s Office, 431–2, 433. See also Anderson, Joseph: as comptroller of Treasury; Crawford, William Harris; Duvall, Gabriel: as comptroller of Treasury A Treatise of Equity (Fonblanque), 334, 335, 336n, 473 trees: almond, 94, 95; bark of, 351; breadfruit, 257; as building material, 525; olive, 257; silk, 166; TJ sends, 180 Tremble, James: and survey of Natural Bridge, 102, 103n Trinity College (Dublin), 659–60 Trist, Elizabeth House: friends and family of, 666n; health of, 475; identified, 1:73–4n Trist, Hore Browse (1802–56): correspondence with N. P. Trist, 343; health of, 581; identified, 15:142n; and mother’s death, 463 Trist, Nicholas Philip: and book for TJ, 343, 475; correspondence with M. J. Randolph, 112n, 409n, 476n, 601n; correspondence with E. Trist, 112n, 666n; correspondence with H. B. Trist, 343; correspondence with V. J. R. Trist, 28n, 302n, 344n, 476n; on education in La., 580–1; education of, 475, 580; identified, 14:9–10n; on J. Lakanal, 580; and legal education, 344n; letters from, 343–4, 579–81; letter to, 475–6; Miss. business of, 343; and mother’s death, 463; and University of Virginia, 475, 580

Trist, Virginia Jefferson Randolph (TJ’s granddaughter): clothing for, 147n; correspondence with M. J. Randolph, 164n, 184n; correspondence with siblings, 79n, 147n, 212n, 230n; correspondence with N. P. Trist, 28n, 302n, 476n; identified, 10:492n; illness of, 666n; visits Poplar Forest, 377n, 408–9; visits Richmond, 273n Troppau, Congress of, 40 Tschiffely, Frederick David: family of, 557, 562; as federal employee, 557, 558, 562; J. Gardiner on, 557–8; identified, 563n; intemperance of, 557–8; letter from, 562–3; seeks advice from TJ, 562; seeks employment, 557 Tucker, George: Essays on various subjects of Taste, Morals, and National Policy, 605; identified, 5:458–9n; letter to, 605–6; TJ invites to visit Poplar Forest, 606; and University of Virginia, 606 Tucker, St. George: edits Blackstone’s Commentaries (W. Blackstone), 282; and W. W. Hening’s Statutes at Large, 388; identified, 1:617n Tufton (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): family members visit, 377n tumblers (drinking vessels), 40 turkeys: at Monticello, 79n; price of, 643; theft of, 227–8 turpentine: used in medicine, 174 Turpin, Philip: identified, 4:41–2n; and Va. Capitol Square, 193n, 200 turtles, 32 “Two Dialogues between Philocles and Horatio, concerning Virtue and Pleasure,” 75, 76n Tyler, Benjamin Owen: and J. A. Bingham’s proposed work, 490n; identified, 12:537n Tyler, John (1790–1862): as potential Va. legislator, 286–7; and University of Virginia, 286 type foundries, 520, 521 Tyranny Unmasked (J. Taylor [of Caroline]), 54 Uebersicht aller bekannten Sprachen und ihrer Dialekte (F. Adelung), 9, 10n, 198, 225 Union (brig), 456 Unitarianism: and J. Adams, 532; criticized, 439; and Harvard University,

 729 

INDEX Unitarianism (cont.) 518, 564; in New England, 443–5, 656, 657–8; in Pa., 532; spread of, 38, 517–8; TJ on, 439, 500, 532, 563–4 United Provinces of South America: independence of, 277–8, 294 United States: agriculture promoted in, 394n; Articles of Confederation, 489n; cost of books in, 334; debt to Va., 158, 160n, 178, 192, 199, 221, 261, 262, 264, 265n; economy of, 13, 459, 526; elections in, 180, 204–5; fortifications, 387, 394n, 459, 518; and France, 177, 430; and Great Britain, 144–6, 490–1, 620; and Greek independence, 427–8; and jurisdiction of federal courts, 305–6; and land grants, 100; militia in, 394n; national debt, 337, 394n; net revenue of, 481; Panic of 1819, 365n, 584, 627; population of, 337, 372n; and Portugal, 614; presidential elections in, 132–3, 133, 247–8, 305, 306, 307, 311, 369–70; printing in, 11, 171–2; and public education, 243, 244n; and public lands, 616–7; roads in, 615–8; sectional divisions in, 154, 306; and South American republics, 277–8, 394n, 425; and Spain, 309n, 430n, 468n, 481; state papers and public documents, 166, 181, 489–90, 524n, 524, 624; state versus federal authority, 152, 304–6, 338–40, 394n, 460, 513; trade of, 35, 177n, 394n, 490–1, 635; travel guides for, 223, 223–4, 237. See also Bank of the United States; Bank of the United States, Second; Congress, U.S.; Constitution, U.S.; Post Office, U.S.; specific departments United States District Court, Connecticut District, 467, 468n United States District Court, Kentucky District, 607 United States Military Academy (West Point, N.Y.): appointments to sought, 653; students at, 16 United States v. Hudson and Goodwin, 467, 468n An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time to the Present, 18, 399 Unpartheyische York Gazette (Pa. newspaper), 16, 17n Utley, Vine: and bathing, 291; health of, 291; identified, 14:43–4n; letter from,

291–2; letter to, 319; and physical habits in New England, 291; and physical habits of B. Rush, 291; and physical habits of TJ, 291, 292, 319; and portraits of TJ, 291–2; and warm baths, 292, 319 Vail, Aaron: family of, 299 Vail, Eugene A.: and P. Cardelli’s busts, 299, 301n; drawing of Lafayette’s La Grange estate, 302n; and engraving of J. Monroe, 299; family of, 299; Lafayette introduces, 299–300, 302n Valentine, Mary: signs petition, 146 Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian: friendship with J. Adams, 32; health of, 31; identified, 4:501n; letter from, 31–3; and N.Y. public records, 31–2; and TJ’s health, 31 Vanderlyn, John: portrait of J. Monroe, 299, 301n Vankirk, Elizabeth: signs petition, 146 Van Lew, John, & Company (Richmond firm). See John Van Lew & Company (Richmond firm) Van Ness, John Peter: identified, 527–8n; introduces H. Middleton (1797–1876), 527; letter from, 527–8 Van Ness, Marcia Burnes (John Peter Van Ness’s wife), 527 van Staphorst, Mr.: heirs of, 494, 527, 537 van Staphorst, N. & J. & R. (Amsterdam firm). See N. & J. & R. van Staphorst (Amsterdam firm) van Staphorst & Hubbard (Amsterdam firm): TJ’s bonds to, 458, 494–5, 526–7, 537 Vanuxem, Lardner Clark: as geologist, l–li, 511–2, 558; identified, 16:340–1n; as professor at South Carolina College, 303; TJ sends greetings to, 558 Vargas, Don Pedro de: and land grants, 99, 100n Vater, Johann Severin: identified, 1:652n; as philologist, 9 Vaughan, John (1756–1841): and J. Corrêa da Serra, 461, 519–20; family of, 492; handles financial transactions, 461, 491, 510; identified, 1:453n; letters from, 492, 510; letters to, 461–2, 519–20; and “A Native of Virginia,” 492; and payments made for TJ, 456, 458, 466, 484, 492, 515; TJ sends

 730 

INDEX letters through, 457n, 462, 492, 510, 515, 519; and University of Virginia, 461–2 Vermont: and education, 244n; history of, 254n; legislature of, 244n Vest, Charles: account with TJ, 317, 318n; and goods for TJ, 435; identified, 16:434n Vesuvius (volcano), 288 View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (H. Hallam), 399 Views of Society and Manners in America (F. Wright), 429, 430n A Vindication of the Measures of the President and His Commanding Generals, in the Commencement and Termination of the Seminole War (J. Overton), 666n A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (M. Wollstonecraft): satirized, 229n Vine and Olive Colony. See Alabama (state): French settlement in Virgil: Aeneid, xlix; TJ quotes, 424 Virginia: banks in, 298, 431; clergy in, 129, 159–60; constitutional convention for proposed, 150–1; constitution of (1776), 147–8; Council of State, 110–2, 159, 603; crops in, 443, 460; and debts to British merchants, 3, 35; and education, 74, 293, 408, 514; elections in, 455, 459, 475, 580; exchange rates in, 298; Federalists in, 286; General Assembly, 7–8, 24, 26, 28, 52, 54, 74, 83, 107, 108, 109–10, 113–4, 119, 148, 151, 157, 158, 178, 192, 193n, 199, 200, 201n, 243, 261, 264, 275, 286, 312, 313, 314, 328–9, 332, 333, 354, 374, 388, 461–2, 566, 583; General Court, 52n; governor, 26, 111–2n, 151, 159, 305–6, 309n; House of Delegates, 83n, 109–10, 111n, 129, 151, 158, 160n, 178n, 192, 193n, 199, 200, 201n, 208n, 220–2, 226n, 227n, 248, 249n, 262–5, 285, 286–7n, 309n, 329n, 392n; House of Delegates, journals of, 388; and Ky. land grants, 208, 221, 261–2, 265n; land claims of veterans from, 7–8; land prices in, 106; law in, 531; laws of, 374, 388–9, 468, 583; maps of, xlvi–xlvii (illus.); migration from, 149, 150; and proposed relocation of state government, 286, 328, 333; quarries in, 195; religion in, 517; roads in, 407; Senate of, 109, 110, 129, 151, 160n, 199, 248, 262–3, 264, 265n; and states’ rights,

83, 305; suffrage in, 147–8, 148–51; TJ’s collection of newspapers, 389n, 468; trade with colonial N.Y., 32; trade with West Indies, 32; treasury of, 117, 158, 389n; U.S. senators from, 83n; vaccine agent for, 566, 567, 568n. See also Bank of Virginia (Richmond); Central College; Literary Fund; Mutual Assurance Society; Notes on the State of Virginia (Thomas Jefferson); Richmond Enquirer (newspaper); Virginia, University of VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF Administration and Financial Affairs accounts of, 4, 211; Alexander Garrett’s Account with the University of Virginia, 3; applicants for employment at, 127; Joseph C. Cabell’s Statement of Funds Needed by the University of Virginia, 101; and Farmers’ Bank of Virginia (Richmond), 374; funding for, 10, 29, 101, 107, 107–9, 113–4, 117, 118–9, 123, 127–8, 128–9, 158–9, 160n, 178, 188, 190, 192, 207–8, 208–9, 211, 215, 220–2, 243, 248, 249n, 252, 260–5, 285–6, 313–4, 328–9, 356, 372n, 392n, 404, 405, 475; TJ’s Notes on University of Virginia Building Expenses, 511 (See also Brockenbrough, Arthur Spicer: as University of Virginia proctor; Central College: subscription for; Garrett, Alexander: as University of Virginia bursar; Literary Fund) Board of Visitors annual reports of, 10–1, 14, 24, 28, 113–4, 190, 332; and construction of University of Virginia, 28, 86, 113–4, 312, 356; and faculty recruitment, 68, 114, 205, 243; and funds of University of Virginia, 29, 86, 101, 275, 312, 332; letter from, to Va.’s senators and representatives in Congress, 11; letter to, from T. Hansford, 278–9; and loans for University of Virginia, 28, 29, 29, 108, 113–4, 157, 199, 200, 208–9, 243, 261, 262; meetings of, 3, 4, 28, 116, 243, 264, 285, 312, 313, 315, 317, 328, 332, 356; members of, 28, 261; Minutes of, 3, 4, 317; petition of, to U.S. Congress, 30, 55, 72, 78,

 731 

INDEX VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF (cont.) 197–8; reviews financial accounts, 3, 4 Books and Library books and manuscripts for, 278, 279–80, 287, 314n, 328, 388, 468, 503, 505, 510, 515, 521, 524, 528–9, 539, 624; and tariffs on books, 4, 11, 72, 78 Construction and Grounds African Americans (free and enslaved) employed at, 549, 570, 576; botanical garden for, 206; brick makers and brick masons at, 252, 276, 534; building costs, 101, 211, 243, 261, 392n, 511; building materials for, 55, 122, 123, 474, 520, 529; capitals for, 271, 373, 455–6, 462; cisterns, 382; design of, 80, 469, 606; disputes with workmen, 115–6, 117, 122–3; dormitory rooms, 116, 313, 408, 475, 511, 549; gardens, 408; ground plan of, 10, 470, 492–3, 535, 583, 630; gutters for, 549; Hotel A, 116; Hotel B, 116; hotels, 122, 211, 215, 357n, 408, 475, 511; kiln for drying lumber, 116; library, 28, 114, 157, 190, 408, 455; maps of, xli (illus.), xlii–xliii (illus.), xliv (illus.); ornamental work, 215, 493, 494, 529, 530, 535, 630; painters and glaziers for, 211; Pavilion I, 116, 357, 493, 530, 535; Pavilion II, 357; Pavilion III, 530; pavilions, 192, 313, 356, 408, 475, 511, 535; privies, 357n; progress of, 190, 275, 286, 313, 328, 332, 356, 455, 459, 475, 516, 605, 666n; roofs, 549, 570, 576; Rotunda, 55, 127–8, 190, 200, 208, 248, 252, 260–1, 262, 264, 275, 276, 285, 286, 313–4, 328, 329n, 333, 356, 408, 455–6, 459, 461–2, 475, 606; stonecutters at, 271, 373, 455, 456; stoves for, 211; tinsmiths at, 569, 570, 576; visitors to, 79–80, 286, 333, 361, 604n; wages for workmen, 10, 29, 116, 117, 119, 122–3, 188, 200, 211, 271n; wagons for, 116; walls and fences at, 356–7; West Range, 576; workmen at, 84, 408 Establishment commissioners’ report, 190, 582–3; and General Assembly, 10, 11n, 24,

127–8, 129, 157, 158, 199, 220–2, 243, 248, 252, 264, 275, 276, 286, 313, 314, 315, 328–9, 332, 333, 354, 372n, 392n, 408, 455, 459, 461–2, 475, 580, 583; opening of, 24, 108, 127–8, 153, 157, 188, 190, 219, 243, 275, 286, 313–4, 328–9, 332, 461–2, 503, 596; opinions on, 107, 114–5, 154–5, 279, 333; opposition to, 108, 128, 129, 158, 178, 261–4, 313–4, 392n, 516; TJ as founder of, 154, 212, 392n; TJ’s vision for, 80, 235, 333 (See also Central College) Faculty and Curriculum clerical concerns over, 129, 159–60, 178; T. Cooper as proposed professor, 129; faculty applicants, 68, 205, 219; faculty compensation, 219; mathematics professorship, 219; medical school, 105; medicine professorship, 105, 664–5; militaryscience professorship, 183; naturalhistory specimens for, 206, 278, 328; proposed curriculum, 24, 276; recruitment of faculty from Europe, 190; TJ recruits faculty, 190 Students prospective students, 155, 188, 596–7; room and board, 188 viticulture: in Europe, 378; in U.S., 378. See also grapes; Monticello (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): viticulture at; wine Volney, Constantin François Chasseboeuf, comte de: criticism of, 176; The Law of Nature, 75, 76n, 126, 167, 176 Voltaire (François Marie Arouet): Essai sur les Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations, 466; works of, 466 Vowles, John: and University of Virginia, 122 Wagner, Jacob: identified, 3:262n; possible author of “A Native of Virginia” articles, 386n, 400, 438n, 453 wagons: fitting with iron, 642, 643; mentioned, 366, 410, 464, 465, 530, 632, 641, 643, 647–8; transport goods to and from Richmond, 118, 245, 258, 298, 329, 471, 474, 601, 609, 612, 621; transport people and goods between Monticello and Poplar

 732 

INDEX Forest, 30, 64; for University of Virginia, 116 Wait, Thomas B., & Sons (Boston firm). See Thomas B. Wait & Sons (Boston firm) Wait, Thomas Baker. See Thomas B. Wait & Sons (Boston firm) Walker, Mary Ann: signs petition, 146 Walker, Richard, 404, 405 Wallace, James (d. 1851): and due east and west lines, 649, 650, 652; and South Carolina College, 303 Wallace, James M.: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 Wallace, James Westwood: forwards correspondence for TJ, 320; identified, 1:57n; letters from, 217–9, 320–1; letter to, 246; as physician, 217–8; seeks appointment, 217, 218, 245, 246; TJ recommends, 245, 246; and vine cuttings for TJ, 320–1, 337; visits Monticello, 320 Waltz, Barbara: signs petition, 146 Warden, David Bailie: on foreign relations, 177; identified, 1:141n; letter from, 177; sends publications to TJ, 177 War Department, U.S.: and Indians, 259, 260n. See also Calhoun, John Caldwell Ware, Henry (1764–1845): and Unitarianism, 656 Ware, Henry (1794–1843): Three Important Questions Answered, relating to the Christian Name, Character and Hopes, 657; Unitarian minister, 445, 656 Ware, William: Unitarian minister, 657 War of 1812: British destruction in Washington, 431–2, 433; and economy, 13, 620; and politics, 496; U.S. declaration of, 620; and Va., 149, 158, 160n, 261, 264, 265n. See also Ghent, Treaty of (1814); New Orleans, Battle of Warwick, D. W. & C. (Richmond firm). See D. W. & C. Warwick (Richmond firm) Washington, D.C.: British destruction in, 431–2, 433; corporation of, 460, 461n; repair of public buildings in, 570–1; society of, 37; weather in, 300. See also Capitol, U.S.; National Intelligencer (Washington newspaper) Washington, Bushrod: and G. Washington’s papers, 141

Washington, George: as army commander, 138; biographies of, 552–3, 554n, 583–4; bust of, at Monticello, lii; correspondence with R. H. Harrison, 134, 137–41; correspondence with TJ, 193n; Farewell Address, 153n, 168, 489n, 669; on federal judiciary, 139; and A. Hamilton, 138; and G. Johnston, 137; judicial appointments of, 139; medallion of, 162; mentioned, 149; papers of, 141; portraits of, 162, 291; praised, 572n, 627n; as president, 136; on smallpox, 138; travels of, 138, 140 Washington and Lee University. See Washington College (later Washington and Lee University) Washington College (later Washington and Lee University), 109, 111n, 158, 159, 238, 251–2 Washington County, Pa.: Franklin School of, 144n, 147n Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner (newspaper), 495, 496–9, 515 water: chemical composition of, 625; medicinal use of, 218 Waterhouse, Benjamin: on alcohol and tobacco abuse, 443, 499; on Boston, 656–7, 658; Cautions to Young Persons concerning Health, 443, 499; edits A Journal, of a Young Man of Massachusetts (A. G. Babcock), 657; education of, 532, 533; family of, 532, 656; identified, 1:300n; letters from, 443–5, 532–4, 655–62; letters to, 499–500, 563–4; and publication of TJ’s letters, 532, 533, 563, 655, 661–2n; and religion, 443–5, 499–500, 532–3, 563–4, 655–8; on R.I., 657–61 Watkins, Henry Edward: as HampdenSydney College trustee, 129–30; identified, 13:361–2n; as Va. legislator, 110 Watkins, John (of Jefferson Co., Tenn.): death of, 304, 309n Watkins, Susannah (Susan) Woodrow (Thomas G. Watkins’s wife): health of, 663; sends greetings to TJ, 309 Watkins, Thomas G.: assaults T. A. Claiborne, 210n; and Charlottesville convention of Va. Episcopalians, 396; and P. H. Davis’s will, 210n; family of, 304, 309n, 663; identified, 12:270n; and A. Jackson, 210–1, 666–7n; letters from, 304–9, 396–7, 500–1,

 733 

INDEX Watkins, Thomas G. (cont.) 663–7; and “A Native of Virginia,” 397; as physician, 409n, 501, 663, 666n; on religion, 396–7; TJ’s account with, 500, 501; and TJ’s health, 210, 666n; and University of Virginia, 664–7; and U.S. politics, 304–8, 663–4, 665–6; visits Monticello, 304, 309; writings of, 663–6 Watson, Charles C.: identified, 351n Watson, Charles C., & Sons (Philadelphia firm). See Charles C. Watson & Sons (Philadelphia firm) Watson, David (1773–1830): identified, 11:181–2n; as Va. legislator, 158, 159, 248, 261–2 Watson, Fontaine: identified, 17:579n; T. Leiper on, 363; TJ introduces, 352 Watson, John (1760–1841): identified, 2:238n; Milton merchant, 351, 642; as J. Monroe’s agent, 318 Watterston, George: identified, 8:445n; as librarian of Congress, 312 Watts, John: Bedford Co. landholder, 404, 405; identified, 7:516n Way, Andrew: accepts book subscriptions, 490n weather: and clothing, 196; cold, 163–4, 185–6, 195, 196, 212, 457; drought, 106, 196, 601n; effect on crops, 196, 437, 601n; effect on health, 196, 291, 443, 531; effect on shipping, 117, 166, 203, 250, 519; effect on travel, 215, 215, 224; frost, 185–6, 630; hail, 625; heat, 196, 257, 437, 443, 457, 531, 569, 604, 611n, 625, 626n; ice, 117, 168, 185, 186, 203, 222, 250, 258; rain, 28n, 64, 196, 396, 409n, 569, 625, 658, 661; snow, 212n, 625; temperature readings, 212, 343; thunderstorms, 626n; in Washington, 300; wind, 630. See also meteorological observations weaving. See textiles Webb, Samuel Blachley: as G. Washington’s aide-de-camp, 137 Weekly Register. See Niles’ Weekly Register (Baltimore newspaper) Wells, Robert William: identified, 379–80n; and judicial review, 378–9; letter from, 378–80 Wesley, Charles: Hymns of Intercession for All Mankind, 57, 60n Western College of Kentucky (Hopkinsville), 205, 206

Western Quarterly Reporter of Medical, Surgical, and Natural Science, 265–6, 315 West Florida: border of, 312; ceded to Spain, 297n; and Great Britain, 296–7; and Treaty of Paris (1763), 296; and Treaty of Paris (1783), 297. See also Florida West Indies: trade with, 32 Whately, Thomas: Observations on Modern Gardening, 18 wheat: as cash crop, 431; as crop, 22, 69, 87n, 460; Egyptian, 637; ground at Shadwell mills, 187, 609; ground for TJ, 405; at Mill Brook (J. W. Eppes’s Buckingham Co. estate), 22; at Monticello, 106; as payment for debts, 106; at Poplar Forest, 69, 106, 402, 403, 404; price of, 405; price of in Richmond, 298, 581; seeds, 637; TJ’s income from, 526–7 whiskey: TJ orders, 41, 42 White, David (ca. 1785–1835): circular on education, 478–9; identified, 479–80n White, Sarah (of Washington, Pa., 1st listed): signs petition, 146 White, Sarah (of Washington, Pa., 2nd listed): signs petition, 146 White House. See President’s House Whitehouse, Charlotte: signs petition, 146 Whitehouse, Olivia: signs petition, 146 white lead, 174 Whiting, Henry: identified, 441–2n; letter from, 441–2; and Ontwa, the Son of the Forest. A Poem, 441 Whittemore, Thomas: An Epitome of Scripture Doctrine, comprised in A Catechism, for the Use of Children, 439, 440n; identified, 17:420–1n; letter from accounted for, 440n; letter to, 439–40 Wickham, John: and clay pots, li, 382; identified, 2:395–6n Wickliffe, Robert: and Transylvania University, 21n Wigglesworth, Edward, 356 Wilberforce, William: on religion, 655 Wilkerson, Mr., 405, 406 Wilkinson, N. N.: as clerk for B. Peyton, 504, 522, 531, 582, 602; letter from, 522 Will (William) (TJ’s slave; b. 1753), 30 Willard, Joseph, 355, 356

 734 

INDEX William and Mary, College of: funding for, 130, 158–9; influence of clergy at, 129; president of, 286 Williams, Calvin (ship captain), 491–2 Williams, Jared: as reference for J. S. Myer, 17 Williams, John (of Tennessee): letter from accounted for, 669 Williams, Samuel (1743–1817): The Natural and Civil History of Vermont, 254; writings of, 355 Williams, Samuel (ca. 1759–1841): forwards correspondence, 456n, 462; identified, 17:132n; letter from, 583; letter to, 462; and remittances to T. Appleton, 455, 456, 458, 462, 483–4, 487, 491, 504, 504, 583 Williamson, David, 414, 415, 418n, 420, 421 Williamson, Peregrine: TJ orders pens from, 293n Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard (Amsterdam firm), 383–5, 386n, 412, 432n, 433n, 433–4, 449, 450 Wills, Andrew: and Anglo-Saxon language, 276; identified, 276–7n; letter from, 276–7 Wilson, Mary (of Washington, Pa., 1st listed): signs petition, 146 Wilson, Mary (of Washington, Pa., 2nd listed): signs petition, 146 Wilson Cary Nicholas’s Administrators v. James Morrison and Thomas Deye Owings: W. Brockenbrough’s opinion of, 531–2; described, 414n; and legal counsel for plaintiffs, 607–8, 653–4; and I. Miller, 653–4, 655; S. Roane’s opinion of, 413–4, 442–3, 531–2, 559; TJ’s abstract of evidence in, 413, 418–23; TJ’s statement on, 413, 414–8 wine: abuse of, 499; brandy added to, 465; burgundy, 465; claret, 457n; French, 561; glasses for, 40; of Lédenon, 457; Madeira, 436; as medicine, 255; mentioned, 13; muscatel, 457; Portuguese, 561; production of, 622; for T. J. Randolph, 457n, 458, 484, 485; red, 457; of Rivesaltes, 457; scuppernong, 17, 378, 465; sent to TJ, 39, 118, 118, 131; Spanish, 561; tariff on, 27, 39; TJ gives to M. Lewis, 255; TJ orders from J. Dodge, 561–2, 600; TJ orders from Dodge & Oxnard, 457, 461, 462, 519, 547; TJ recommends, 378; white,

457. See also grapes; Monticello (TJ’s Albemarle Co. estate): viticulture at; viticulture Wingate, Joshua, 387 Winn, John (d. 1837): identified, 2:201n; merchant, 643 Winthrop, James, 355, 356 Wirt, William: as attorney general, 99; family of, 557; identified, 1:341–2n; and F. D. Tschiffely, 557–8 Wistar, Caspar: death of, 12–3; identified, 1:101n; and Wistar parties, 12 Wistar parties: J. Corrêa da Serra attends, 13; described, 12–3, 218; W. Short attends, 12–3 Witherspoon, John Ramsey: circular on education, 478–9; identified, 480n Wolcott, Oliver (1760–1833): as secretary of the treasury, 482–3 Wolf, Hieronymus: edits Epicteti Stoici Philosophi Enchiridion: Unà cum Cebetis Thebani Tabula. Quibus adjiciuntur hac Editione Simplicii Commentarius in Enchiridion Epicteti. Item Arriani Commentariorum de Epicteti Disputationibus, Lib. IV (Epictetus, Cebes, Simplicius, and Arrian), 279; translates Isokratouz Logoi Kai Epiotolai: Isocratis Orationes et Epistolæ. Cum Latina Interpretatione Hieronymi Wolfii, Ab Ipso Postremùm Recognita (Isocrates), 279 Wolfe, Fanny: signs petition, 146 Wolfe, Joel. See Wolfe & Raphael (Charlottesville firm) Wolfe, Sarah: signs petition, 146 Wolfe & Raphael (Charlottesville firm): and packages for TJ, 298, 484, 601; payments made for TJ, 213; TJ pays, 19, 52, 458, 484, 586, 597, 623 Wollstonecraft, Mary: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 229n women: asylums for widows, 195; boycotts by, 144–6; document by: K. D. Morgan, 144–7; education of, 143, 144n, 469; letters from: E. W. R. Coolidge, 36–8, 299–302; M. Cosway, 536–7; V. Laporte, 256–7; K. D. Morgan, 142–4; M. J. Randolph to A. C. Morris, 407–9; M. J. Randolph to N. P. Trist, 272–3; letters to: E. Chase, 437–8; E. W. R. Coolidge, 163–4, 212, 245; M. Lewis, 255; K. D. Morgan, 191; A. C. Morris from M. J. Randolph, 407–9; E. N. Page,

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INDEX women (cont.) 25–6; role of, 143; and textile manufacture, 144–6 wood: for E. Bacon, 642, 647; for gutters, 549; hauling of, 351; shingles, 36, 549, 569, 570, 576–7. See also building materials Wood, Mr. (boatman), 435 Wood, Jethro: identified, 10:428n; plow of, 75–6 Wood, John (ca. 1775–1822): and due east and west lines, 649, 650; identified, 2:96n Wood, John Henry: boats of, 214; identified, 17:516n Wood, William (d. ca. 1822): boats of, 117, 118; identified, 15:414n Wooddeson, Richard: A Systematical View of the Laws of England, 334, 335 Woodward, Augustus Elias Brevoort: identified, 1:165n; letter from, 127; recommends C. Jones, 127 wool: forest cloth, 42; production of, 217n Worcester Agricultural Society, 87, 125 Wormley (TJ’s slave; b. 1781). See Hughes, Wormley (TJ’s slave; b. 1781) Wren, Mr. (boatman), 309, 332n, 349 Wright, Frances: J. Bentham on, 429; friendship with Lafayette, 429; identified, 15:612–3n; Views of Society and Manners in America, 429, 430n Wright, William (of Madison Co.): identified, 637n; introduced to TJ, 636; and TJ’s Shadwell mills, 636, 637n Wydown, Samuel: plans to visit TJ, 184 Xenophon: Xenophontis Opera (ed. G. H. Schaefer), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619

Xenophontis Opera (Xenophon; ed. G. H. Schaefer), 73n, 358, 376n, 376, 439, 619 “X.Y.Z Cosmopolite” (pseudonym of Christian Schultz). See Schultz, Christian Yale College (later Yale University): library at, 658; mentioned, 659 Yancey, Charles (1770–1857): and Buckingham Co. courthouse, l, 84, 523, 549–50, 571; identified, 17:280n; invited to visit Monticello, 549–50; letter from, 523; letter to, 549–50 Yancey, Elizabeth Macon (wife of Joel Yancey [d. 1833]), 106 Yancey, Joel (d. 1833): buys horses for TJ, 77–8, 169; and Central College– University of Virginia subscription, 404, 405; identified, 4:318n; letters from, 69–70, 406–7; letters to, 30, 106; letter to accounted for, 407n; and purchase of TJ’s slave, 70, 106; slaves of, 70; as superintendent of Poplar Forest, 30, 69, 106, 406–7; TJ pays, 404, 405, 406; TJ’s account with, 404, 404–6; TJ’s debt to, 70, 106, 404 Yancey, Robert, 406 Yates, John Van Ness: as N.Y. secretary of state, 75 yellow fever: in New York City, 595, 630 Yorktown, Va.: siege of, 26 Young, Edward: The Complaint: or, Night-Thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, 301, 302n, 423 Young, Jesse Comstock: identified, 15–6n; letter from, 15–6; letter to, 76; sends work to TJ, 15, 76 Younger, Triffy: signs petition, 146 Zach, Franz Xaver von, 356 Zea, Francisco Antonio, 425

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The Papers of Thomas Jefferson are composed in Monticello, a font based on the “Pica No. 1” created in the early 1800s by Binny & Ronaldson, the first successful typefounding company in America. The face is considered historically appropriate for The Papers of Thomas Jefferson because it was used extensively in American printing during the last quartercentury of Jefferson’s life, and because Jefferson himself expressed cordial approval of Binny & Ronaldson types. It was revived and rechristened Monticello in the late 1940s by the Mergenthaler Linotype Company, under the direction of C. H. Griffith and in close consultation with P. J. Conkwright, specifically for the publication of the Jefferson Papers. The font suffered some losses in its first translation to digital format in the 1980s to accommodate computerized typesetting. Matthew Carter’s reinterpretation in 2002 restores the spirit and style of Binny & Ronaldson’s original design of two centuries earlier. ✧